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Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre roproduit en un seul cliche, il est filmd d partir de Tangle supdrieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images ndcessaire. Les dcagrammes suivants illustrent la m6thode. by errata ned to lent une pelure, fapon d 1 2 3 32X 1 2 3 4 5 6 » \ * />-^J^-^^^ ^ / ;»\» I .1' .1*' .!/« kXN^ \^^' -/ Ms. ' V I) ^-Z 'rv. '^ r v m I I . ', 'A \ /". /> /'.'; / I- r 'T-^ .•'•" ^•' 1 « J K\; •' ••" ^ > ..^ .v'--/|1, <^/ -^7 ^;/ .'"(^„.- . >♦(' r 5 _ jK - ■ ■T.- fc i^-r-vT^Ct ft"' Cj^'-'M < I at.*""* /..i,.,.j.< ',,, r..i-' ■'-■•'•■ . V f / 1 A SYSTEM A T I C T I! K A T I S E , H I.-Ti'i; IC A L, r/ri OLOC IC AL. AND IMiACTlCAL, l.W ON T II K 1- ti> .1.' PIUNCIPAL DISEASES O F T H k) INTKKIOK \'ALL1:Y 01' XOimi AMERICA, A S T II K V A V I' E A li I N T II V. CAI'CASIAN, ArillCAN, IXDIAN'. AXD KSUri.MAl'X VARIIlTirs OF rrs roiTLATioN. IJV DAXlKli DKAKK, M. T> C I X C I \ N A T I : W I N T II R () ? 1? . S M I T H .'V, CO., T U B L I S II E R S 1' II 1 1, A 1) K I.I' II I A : liinci;, i:i,i,i(ii" &, co. NKW VdRK MASd.N & LAW, 1 8 f) . BJL-L \ /',,/. „,• ,'•/./ •-X., . '^^ -4 V Vv--t^s ...„..-> <<-" T X T Katurcd according to act of Congress, in the year 1840, by Damkl DuAKK, i\[. D., iu the Clerk's (Jirieo of tlio District Court of tlio United States, for the District of Oliio. CIXCINNATI: Morgan and Ovcrcnd, Printert . TO Tin: ni YsiciAXs OF Till. 1 X T E R 1 II V A L L E Y ¥ X IT 1' 1 1 A M 1 ] 11 1 C A, T III -i IMPERFKCT ATTi::\irT I ,' Damkl e United TO LA \ AN EXTENDED FOUNDATION I' OR / IILSTOilY or ITS DISEASES. IS REsrLCTFl-LLY IXSPRinKI), BY THEIR F E L T, W 1, A BORER, THE AUTHOR. , iirJ of ll IC pal di I.NTr.Kli lacts, but tl have III ] W' V I! E I' A (.; E . Tin; o])jcct propo^^ed in the lollowiiii,' work, i.s to i;'i\'c an account of the cauHcs, symptoms, patliolo;;y, and treatment, of the princi- pal didoaseH of an extensive portion of Nourii A>n;i(i(.v — its lNri:nioR VAf.M-.v. In exploring it, for tlic purjioac of collcctinu facts, tiic Author endeavored to leave; hchinil him all opinions but the sini,'le one, that he who would observe correctly, must have no theories cither to nmintain or destroy. To say that he has always been faithful to this rule of observa- tion, would be rash ; but, lie iiifii/ say, that he has sincerely and earnestly desired, to keep himself under its sway. I le nmy allirm, still further, that it has been his constant aim, to purify from er- ror, the facts he was collecting' ; and lie trusts, therefore, that all the more important will be f'-^und substantially correct. Neverthe- less, the country to whicli the work relates, is of such vast geographical extent, that he cannot doubt, but that every reader will detect some errors, in what relates to the topography, climate, or diseases of his own locality. But while the object of this work is to embody facts, drawn, by personal intercourse, from numerous living physicians, or from publications made by them and their predecessors, and to combine the whole with his own observations, he has not been unmindful of the discoveries and improvements in etiology, j)atliology, and practice, of older and more enlightened countries ; but sought, as far as they have become known to him, to amalgamate the foreign with the indigenous, and thus present to his brethren of the Interior Valley, a book of practice, so full on all the diseases of which it treats, as to make it a useful manual for daily reference. He is obliged to admit, however, that, while seeking after knowledge among the physicians of his own country, he could give but !'ttle attention to the writings of those w^ho live in otht jountries. Long journeys of observation, repeated through a large part of several years, with elementary teaching in winter, have much abridged the time for bibliothecal research ; and, perhaps, even diminished the taste for tliat mode of inquiry. Extensive as his explorations have been, large regions of country remain unvisited ; and many conclusions, at which he has « ' 1 1 r*l ■'■k vl i'i!r:r.\CL:. nrrlvrd, wu'jrUi pos-ihly liavo hcvu didrrrnf, Imd the fufts, wliirli tliost! rt•gi(>ll.^ could have I'liriii^hid, htcii ohtainrd hy Iiiiii. Vet, OS his npivoiKil cxaiMin.'itioiH \v( re carried throiif,dj eii^'htrcn de- f^rvcA ol' lafiliide, and nrjirly a-^ iriaiiy erinanent Juxta-i)OHiti()n. 'J'iiere is, more- over, a fourth variety, tiu; Moni^olian, represented by the trilxvs of Es(|uimau\', whose huts of snow are scattered across the; iu)rthern extremity ol' the \'ailcy ; wlio subsist on a : impKr diet, and live in a lower t(ini)ei'atuie, tlian any other known portion of the human race ; and, therefore, present, in their habits and physiol- o^^'y, nmny points of intei'est, to which he has given such attention as the books of voyages and trav(ds, hav(! enabled him to bestow. In his traveling intercourse, with his brethren and collabo- rators of the Great \'alley, from i'lorida, through to Canada, inclusive, although going among tiiem generally, without letters of introduction, he has, with very few exceptions, been received in the kindest manner, and allbrded every facility in their power; for winch he cheerfully makes this jiublic acknowledgment. To designate, by name, all who manifested a high and encouraging interest in his enterprise, would be to form a catalogue too long for introduction here ; but of gentlemen residing without the United States, he is not at liberty to omit the names of I'rofessor Josej)h Morrin, of t^uebec, Professor Archibald JIall, of iMontrcal, and Captain John IJcnry Lefroy, of the lloyal, oNIagnctical, and Me- teorological Observatory, Toronto, as having aflbrded him im- portant assistance. While piosccuting his researches, he visited the larger part of the military and naval posts of the Interior A^alley, both Ameri- can and British, bearing a letter, explanatory of his object, fi-om Major General Scott, and received, at each, such facilities as were practicable. II Ui^ n rati" lleiil dent fern I m.'iiii pt.'iti trust- Th bool that but 1 clim.'i tain (I ting, the r. (.'apta culed could 1 rnr.FACF.. Ml T r'tc, wliifli ill), ^'('t, lltCf'll (ll- riK4:^ that :ci of the KTUl coii- s work to mill V'ari- vitli each r two arc r(jual ad- ) varieties ! in, morc- :! tribes of ' northern , and live )n of the [I phyyiol- 1 attrntion o bestow, collabo- Canada, letters oi' eived in • power ; nt. To ()iiraging too long le United |i' Joseph •al, and nd j\Ie- Uini im- part of A me ri- le t, fi'om lities as He de.-ire.-<, al.-rror.s nmy bo found, though none he trusts of gnat maunitnde. The hydrographical map, whieh forms the frontispiece of ilu' bookjecemed indispeiisable to its plan 'J'iie reader will pen-eivc, that it is not designed to represent r:ivil and politi(.'al divisions ; but to assist in connecting what is said on medical topography, elima'c, and the iimit.s imposed by latitude and altitude, on cer- tain disrnses, into one system. It was drawn by .Major D. I*. W'hi- ting, I'. S. A., who also drew several of the topographical maps : the remainder and larger part were from the accurate iieucil ol' Captain ('. A. I'uUer, V, S. Civil Kngineer. They were all eve- cuted under the author's inspection, out of the best materials Ik; eould eommand ; for a part of which, togc^'lier witli many u.-( I'ul :estions,he is ind(d)ted to the veteran Topographical Mngineer, PU m Colonel Stephen 1 1. I^ong, V. S. A. 'J'he engra\ in;':s are (ui stone, ])y a young (icrman artist, jMr. A. Woeher, of Cincinnati, and will, the author trusts, be found not unworthy oT the typographical execution, under the supervision of Mr. Charh"^ II. I'ronson ; whosu abilities and taste as a ])ractical printer. hav(>. overcoim^ many didiculties, resulting from the introduction of uu)i-e tlian a huiulred Statistical Tables, and from the absence of the Author, at the University of Lnujsville, during the past winter, while the work was in the press. I'inally, the Author desire.s to express his obli- gations to ^Messrs. Winthrop B. Smith & Co., for their willingness to turn aside from their ordinary business, and become the pub- lisher.s of the largest original work which, as yet, has been written and printed in the Interior Valley ; thus rendering it, in all les- pects, an indigenous production. The germ of this work, v.-as a pamphlet entitled '' N't fliers C 0!l- ccrnirtfr Ctucinnnti,''' printed for distribution, forty years ago. The greater part of the Interior \'alley of Xorth America, was at that time a primitive wilderne.'-s. Ten ycar.s afterward, the via PREFACE. ill author formed the design of preparin j; a more extended work, on the diseases of the Ohio Valley ; but being called to teach, he bt -ame interested in medical schools, \vhich, with the ceaseless hioors of medical practice, for the next twenty years, left no time for personal observation, beyond the immediate sphere of his own buf^iness. Meanwhile, settlements extended in all directions, with which the area of observation expanded ; and the plan of the proiniscd \/ork, underwent a corresponding enlargement. He could look upon this long delay, without regret, if he were con- scious, that his work had, thereby, been rendered proportionally more perfect ; but he is obliged to confess, that the labors of a pioneer in many tl'ings, have not been auspicious, to a high de- gree of perfection, in any ; and, that a new country, Vv^ith its di- versified scene, and objects, is not favorable to the concentration of attention, upon any one. lie exp'^cted to have introduced into the first volume, the article, Yellow Fever, but found it would swell the book to an inconve- nient size. It will make the first part of the second volume ; the materials for which have been chiefiy collected, and considerable portions of it written, so that the author hopes it may be com- mitted to the press in about a year. On the manner in which the work (when finished) will be re- ceived by the profession, he docs not attempt to form a prediction ; but has entire confidence in the justice of those for whom it is especially designed. lie has, also, no reason to doubt, that the periodictil press of the country, will treat him with equal justice; and he desires nothing more. If a seC' l edition should be de- manded, the errors which maybe pointed out, would be corrected, and new facts and observations introduced : If the work prove a Tailurc as it respects public favor, the author will not be without his reward ; for he has found enjoyment in the labor of producing it; and, having confidence in its general accuracy, knows that it must stand as a great collection of facts; a p'cture of the etiolo- gical condition and the diseases, of a newly settled country, in the middle of the nineteenth century; with which future, and more gifteil, medical historians, will compare the causes, phenomena, and treatment of the maladies which may then prevail. Cincinnati, December 20, 1849. DAN. DRAKE, M. D. Introili work, on teach, he ceaseless ft no time re of his Urections, le plan of lent. He vcrc con- ^rtionally 3ors of a . high de- [th its (li- en tration le article, inconvc- nne ; the riiderable be com- 11 be re- diction ; lom it is that the justice ; d be de- jrrected, prove a without oducing 3 that it i etiolo- , in the 1 more omena, 1 D. TABLE ^F COxNTENTS. BOOK FIRST. GENERAL ETIOLOGY. PAOE. Introduction, -... i PART I. TOPOGRAPHICAL Ax\D IIYDROCIRAPIilCAL ETIOLOGY. CHAP TEH I. GENERAL ANALYSIS. Sect. I. Of thr Natural Boundaries, Area, and Aspects, .... f, II. Of tlie Ilydrograpliical System, 8 III. Of Altitudes and Configuration, 19 IV. Geological Outline, 2G V. llydrographical Basins, ----..... 2;' CHAPTER IL THE SOUTHERN IIYDR0(;RAPIIICAL BASIN. GULF OF MEXICO. Sect. I. Position, Form, and Area, ..-.-...30 II. Depth, - 33 III. Currents, 34 IV. Temperature, 3G V. Tides and Inundations, 39 VI. Coasts, 40 CHAPTER Iir. THE SOUTHERN BASIN— CONTINUED. SPECIAL MEDICAL TOPOGRAPHY Oi' THE COASTS OF THE GULF OF MEXICO. Sect. I. Vera Cruz, .12 II. Tampico, -- ........ 44 III. Galveston Island and Town, ........45 IV. Havana, and the Island of Cuba, 46 V. Key West, 47 VI. Tampa Bay and Fort Brooke, 49 VII. Ponsacola: Tlie Bay and Town, 49 VIII. Mobile Bay and City, 54 IX. Minor Bays, ...........57 X. The Pino Woods, 59 1" ■•: i li i.' * X TABLE OF CONTENTS. CIIAPTKR }y. THE SOUTHERN liASlN— CONTINUED. THE DELTA OF THE M1S.SIS.SII'1M — COXSIUEllLU AS A TART OF THE GULF {.OAST. .^cct. L D('scrii)tivi^ Hydrogrnpliy, Gl IF. Else and I'all of llic J.owiT I\Ii.s.sis.sipj)i, ..... CI HI. Di'iiUi of tlio Lower ."Mississippi, ...... - 6G 1\'. Toiiipiriiture of the iviver, 07 V. Siispciuicd Olid Dissidvcd .Mulrrials of tlii/ Rivei', - - - - 70 VL GoolofjicaLAiio, J)i'plii, Growth, Strucliirc, and Clieniical Composition of the Delta, 7.3 VI L \'(';j;ctaliuii, ...........77 VIIL h^aliitary Influences of the Jussieua Gi-aii(Hflora, .... 79 CIIArTJ'Jl V. THE SOUTHERN BASIN— CONTINUED. LOCALITIES IN AND AROUND THE DELTA OF THE :\IISSISSirrL Sect. I. IMihtary Posts, 8G 11. Tile Balizo and I\larine E.Ktreinity of tlio Delt-., .... 88 III. N<'W (irK'ans, - - 07 IV. Smaller Towns within the Delta. 105 V. Towns on the Blurt's of tiifi Delta, 108 VI. An Early Voyage up the ^Mississippi, HI CHAPTER VL THE SOUTHERN BASIN— CONTINUED. MEDICAL TOrOGRAPHY OF THE POTTOMS AND BLUFFS OF THE jMISSISSIPPI river ABOVE ITS DELTA. Sect. L The Tensas or Conr.ordin, Bottom, ....... lOO 11. The Tensas ]?oltom, ccnlinued — Localities of its Bluffs, - . 123 [11,1 The Yazoo Bottom, l-2'J III. The St. iM-aiicis Bottom, 131 IV. General Remarks on the preceding Bottom, 13(1 V. American 15ottom, ......... ];j7 VI. Upper Mississippi, --....-... 141 CHAPTER YII. THE SOUTHERN BASIN — CONTINUED. MEDICAL TOPOGRAPHY OF THE REGIONS Wl-.ST OF THE GULF AND OF THE [MISSISSIPPI RIVER. Sect. I. Region South of the Rio Del Norte, 151 II. Basin of the Rio Del Norte, 152 III. Southern Texas, 157 IV. Valley of the Red River, 159 V. The Arkansas [iiver, 1G3 VI. 'I'lie Ozark ."Mountains, - . Hi', VII. The Missouri River, I6G MEDll Sect. Il III V \ V VI VII 1: ;ect. TABLE OF CONTENTS. XI r OF THE _ Gl - Gl - CC - 07 - 70 sition of - 73 - 77 - 79 sirri. 86 88 97 105 108 111 F THE 120 123 129 131 13(i 137 111 .F AND lol 152 lo7 159 1G3 1G5 166 CITAPTKR VTTT. THE SOUTHERN BASIN —CONTINI^ED. MEDICAL TOPOGRAPHY 01' THE PiEGIOXS EAST t)F THE OUI, THE :sn^-i;lSSH'l'[, AND SOUTH OF THE OHIO liASlX. ^^ect. T. f!pn'jT.i;)liipnl anil (^iooIoL''ic:il Outlines, ---... n. The Coiuil'y E;ist iiiid South of A|)i),'il;icliicola I!av and River, III. JJasin of tlic A|i|)iiinclii('ola River, ------- IV. Ilusiu of tlie .A.lal);iina River, V. Hasin of the Tu.=cah)osa or Eiaek Warrior RiviT, .... VI, Lnealilies in th(^ Basin of tlio Tonihecli\eral Features, Sect. I. II. 111. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. X. XI. XII. XI 11. XIV. XV. Troujrii of tho River, Soutiiern CJhio Basin. The Tennessee River, - Basin of the Cundicrland River, ... Basin of Green River, . . - - - 217 219 222 233 230 The Left Bank of the Ohio, from Green to Salt River: Basin of the latter, 2 1 1 '•'ails of the Ohio, Louisville, . - - - Basin of the Kentucky River,- - . . - Basin of Liekiiiir River : Xorlli East Ki.'Utncky, - General Rcni;irks and ConelnsioMs, - - - . The Ohio River, from .Maysvill'- to Bit; Sandy River, Basins of tlie Big Sandy and Guyandotle Rivers, B isin of the Keiiawlia River, . . . - Basin of the AIonon;raliela River, . - . - Pittsburgh and its Di ,'endenciis, - - . - 21G 219 251 257 253 259 2f.1 2G1 271 CHAPTER X. THE SOUTHERN BASIN — CONTINUED. MEDICAL TOPOGRAPHY OF THE RE(HONS EAST OF THE MISSISSIPPI: BASIN OF THE OHIO, ON THE NORTHERN SIDE OF THE RIVER. 275 Sect. I. Bisiu of the .Alleirhnny Riv^T, 11. Basin of Beaver Rivi'r, Connoaut Lake, Bcnver and Erie Canal, - III. Ilasin (if the ^Inskin^nm River, .---... 201 IV. The Ri'iiion between the Muskingum and the Scioto Rivers — Hocking R ver, 290 V. Basin of the Scioto River, 292 VI. The Mi Hisin — Citv of Cincinnati :97 4 i VII. Northern Banks and Hills of the Ohio River, from the Oreat Miami to the Wubasli, ......... 302 M Xll TABLE OF CONTENTS. t VIII. Busin of Wliilo River, - IX. liasin of tlic WalKi.sh, - X. Ruiiiaiiider of tlio Oliio Bu.sin, 309 :ui 316 CHAPTER XI. THE SOUTHERN HASIN — CONCLUDED. REOIONS EAST OF THE Ml^SISyU'PI RIVER, AND NORTH OF THE OHIO BASIN. Sect. I. General Views, IL Basin of the Kaskaskia River, III. Basin of the Illinois River, - IV. Basin of Rock River, - - . . V. Ilcniuin(Jer of the Southern Basin, 31'J 320 3-^0 327 330 CHAPTER XII. THE EASTERN OR ST. LAWRENCE HYDROGRArillCAL BASIN. GENERAL VIIAVS OF THE WHOLE BASIN : LAKES SUPERIOR, JIICHI- GAN, AND HURON. Sect. I. Basin of Lake Superior, 333 IL Basin of Lake IMicliigan, --.-.... 33G [X.] Basin of L;iko Huron, 315 [VI.] Straits between Luke Huron and Lake Erio : Lake St. Clair, - 351 CHAPTER XIII. THE EASTERN OR ST. LAWRENCE BASIN — CONTINUED. BASIN OF LAKE ERIE. Sect. I. Basin of the River Raisin, ---.-... 3f)'J 1 1. Basin of the IMaunice River and Bay, ---... ,'jGO IH. The Sandusky Basin, .'iCG IV. Basin of Huron River, --..-... 3(39 V, Basin of Black River, 371 VI. The Cuyahopa Basin, 370 VII. Basin of the Chagrin, ----.,,.. 375 VIII. Basin of Grand River, 377 IX. Lake Shore, from Painesville to Buffalo, 378 X. City of Buflalo, 380 XL Northern side of the Erio Basin, - - 3g2 XII. Remarks on tlio Basin of the Upper Lakes, - - - . . 35^4 CHAPTER XIY. THE EASTERN OR ST. LAWRENCE BASIN- BASIN OF LAKE ONTARIO. •CONTINUED. Sect. I. II. III. IV. V. VI. Vll. Hydrograpliical outlines, ---..... Basin of tiie Niagara River, --.... The Lake Shore from Niagara River to Genessco River, - Basin of Genessee River, ----... Basin of Oswego River, with its Lakes, Basin of Black River, -----... Coast of Lake Ontario, from Niagara River to Burlington Bay, ■ 389 390 392 394 400 405 40G VIII ix.! x.i Sect. l.| 11. III. IV.l V. VI. VII. VIII. Sect. I. U. t 309 nil 316 OF TUE 3ia 320 3:20 327 330 lASIN. , MICIII- 333 336 315 351 TABLE OF CONTENTS. VIII. Coast nnil Basin of iiako Ontario, from Burlinfjton Bay to the Valloy of tlio TrtMit, IX. Basin of Hk; Trent, and tlie Buy of Uninlo, X. Kingston, CHAPTER XV. THE EASTERN OR ST. LAWRENCE BASIN -CONCLUDED. Sect. I. Tlic River St. Lawrenci-, from Lako Ontario to tlio Island of Montreal, II. Basin of Ottawa River, III. island and City of Muntrral, IV. Region Soutli and North of the St. Lawrence, between Montreal and Qnrhcr, ..-------- V. Quebec,- ...-------- VI. Estuary of the St. Lawrence, VII. Pardlel hetween the -Mi.ssissipiii and St. Lawrence Rivers, VIII. Of the St. Lawrence as a jilace of Sunnner Resort fur Invalids, - CIIArTER XVI. THE HUDSON AND ARCTIC HYDROGRAPHICAL BASINS. INTRODUCTION. Sect. I. The Hudson Ilydrographical Basin, II. The Arctic llydroirraphical Basin, Conclusion of Tojiojjraph;-, -.-•--- ZUl ■103 411 413 111 417 418 420 ■1-Jl 420 •130 432 437 412 44G \i ;d. 350 360 306 309 371 372 376 377 378 380 382 3S4 389 390 392 394 400 405 400 PART II. CLIMATIC ETIOLOGY. CHAPTER I. NATURE, DYNAxMICS, AND ELEMENTS OF CLIMATE. Sect. I. General Views, ......---- II. Causes wliich modify the Climate of the Interior Valley, CHAPTER IT. TEMPERATURE OF THE INTERIOR VALLEY. Sect. T. Mean Temperature of the Year, ...---• II. Extremes of Heat and Cold, III. Distribution of the Mean Annual Temperature through the Seasons, IV. Distribution of Temperature through the Months, ... V. Pairs of Months, VI. Diurnal and Sudden Variations, --...-. VII. Mean Temperatures Deterinincrl by Induction, . . . . VIII. Temperatures of St. l/ouis and Cincinnati, with Diagrams, - IX. Curve of Mean Temperature of the Interior Valley, . . . CHAPTER III. ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE OF THE INTERIOR VALLEY. Sect. I. Introduction, II. Barometric Observations at St. Louis, Missouri, . . . . III. Barometrical Observations at Cincinnati, Ohio, .... IV. Barometric Observations at Hudson, Ohio, 447 449 453 ITS 485 4'I6 507 510 516 ''•19 u30 531 .531 536 541 1^1 11' xir TABLE OF CONTENTS, narometric < )l)servatioiis at Toronto, Cuiiiulu \\ est, . . - Hiiroiiu'tric ()l)sorviitions at Monlri-al, (Junaila East, ... (ieinT.ilizatioiis, .--.-..- .- I'liy.siological and Etiological ElTccts of varying Atniosiilicric rres^ure, CllAPTKK lY. WINDS OF THE INTERlOll VALLEY. Introductory observations, ----.- T,il)nlar Vitnvs of tlio \\'iiid at our .Military Posts, ... Tabular Virvrs of tin; Wind !:t various Civil Stalions, Ordi-r, Rolativo Prevalence, Cliaracteristics, and ElVects of our Various Winds, ........ CIlAPTEll [IV]. AQUEOUS METEORS. Sect. T. Tvainaud Snou', .-....- II. Clear, Cloudy, Rainy, and .Snowy Days, .... III. Humidity, ...-.--. 1 [IV.] V. VI. VII. Sect. I. II. III. IV. 51.5 r).")0 5.50 5JG r)57 .5.")0 5C4 591 GUI CHAPTER V. ELECTRICAL PHENOMENA; DISTRIBUTION OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS. Sect. I. Atmospheric Electricity. — Thunder Storms. — Hurricanes, - - CIl I Climatic Distribution of Plants and Aniuu.ls, ... go;; Sect. II. ill. IV V. VI. PART III. PHYSIOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL ETIOLOGY. CHAPTER T. POPULATION. Sect. I. Division into Varieties, -...----- II. Caucasian Variety. — Historical, Chronological, and Geographical Anal- ysis, III. Physiological Characteristics, IV. Statistical Physiology, .... CHAPTER IT. MODES OF LIVING. Sect. I. Diet.— Solid Food, .... II. Liquid Diet and Table Drinks, . . - III. Water, IV. Alcoholic Beverages, . . - - - V. Tobacco, ...... 637 6.38 611 650 653 657 601 6CS 673 CHAPTER III. CLOTHING, LODGINGS, BATHING, HABITATIONS, AND SHADE-TREES Sect. I. Clothing, ..-..-.- II. Balliing, ........ III. Lodgings, ...-.--. I IV. Habitations, V. Shade-trees. ■ 676 679 671} 6S1 6S3 SPECUL S3ct. L IL III. 545 5j0 ;g«ure, 556 r.57 5G4 Various 572 587 5'Jl GUI ANIMALS. Gil 637 il Anal- 638 61t C50 653 657 CGI 6G8 673 IE-TREES. 676 679 671} 6f;i 6S3 TABLE OF CONTENTS. CHAPTER IV. OCCUPATIONS, PURSUITS, EXHRCI.-i;, AND RECREATIONS. Sect. I. Agricultural Lalmrs, II. Commercial Pursuits, .-.-_... ill. Aliuiniraud Siiieltiug, IV. Salt Making, V. Mi'chaiiical and Chomical .Arts, anil Maiuifuclures, - - . . VI. E.xurcisc, Refi-atiou, aiul Amusement. Conclusion of Hook First, XV GR4 GS5 g:ii GDI 61)5 696 701 ROOK SECOND. FEBRILE DISEASES. TAUT I. AUTUMNAL F F, V F R. CHAPTER T. NOMENCLATURE, VARIETIES, AND GEOCiKAPIIlCAL LIMITS OF AU- TUMNAL FEVER, TOC ETHER WITH THE TOPOGRAPHICAL AND CLIMATIC CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH IT PREVAILS. Sect. 1. I> liohclaturc. — Variety. — IdiMility, .... 7^3 II. Gi.'ojrraphical Limits, ------- 701 III. Coiiiiilioiis which impose Googra])iiical Limits, and give unequal preva- lence to Autumnal Fever, ..... 7Q9 CHAPTER II. SPECULATIONS ON THE EFFICIENT CAUSE OF AUTUMNAL FEVER. Sact. I. Meteoric Hypothesis, - 716 II. ;\Ialarial Hypothesis, --- 7]g III. Vegeto-Aiiimalcular Hypothesis, > 723 CHAPTER III. MODE OF ACTION, AND FIRST EFFECTS OF THE REMOTE CAUSE OF AUTUMNAL FEVER. Sect. L Application of the Poison, 728 II. Mode of Action, --.- 732 CHAPTER IV. VARIETIES AND DEVELOPMENT OF AUTUMNAL FEVER. Sect. I. Varieties, ----.--...- 734 II. Development and Pathological Character, 736 CHAPTER V. INTERMITTENT FEVER— SIMPLE AND INFLAMMATORY. Sect. I. Simple liitermitteuts— History and Pathology, - - - 712 II. Treatment of Simple Intermittiuls, - . - - 743 III. Intlammatory Intermitteuts, ------ 751 >, i :'l ■■) f m mv. 1 ^ I i ■ lii XVi TABLE or CONTENTS. C1IA1»TER VI. MALIGNANT INTERMITTKNT FEVER. Sect. L Cononil 'liHtorj-, -.--... 7jG II. Sjiii])ton)aloloj;y, ....... 75,^ HI. I'atliolojjy and Comjjliciitions, ..... 764 IV. Tr-atmi.'.'ii in tlie I'iiroxysin, ---.-. 76.') V. Trfatmcnt in tlio lutcriiiissioii, ..... 773 VI. Conclusion, -..-.-.. 77^ CIIAPTEll YJI. REMITTENT AUTUMNAL I'EVKR — SIMPLE AND INFLAM.MATORY — CON.SIDERED TOGETHER. .Sect. I. Symptoinn, .--.-... 779 II. TreaUiient, .--.-... 75^ CHAPTER VIII. MALIG^ ANT REMITTENT FEVER. Sect. I. (ioneral Remarks, - 794 II. Diagnosis and Futliology, .--..... 795 III. Treatment, idO CHAPTER IX. PROTRACTED, RELAPSING, AND VERNAL INTERMITTENTS. Sect. I. Chronic and Relapsing Cases, -..---.. 809 II. Vernal Interniittents, 811 III. Treatment — Hygienic and Medical, ...... y^.j CHAPTER X. PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY AND CONSEQUENCES OF AUTUMNAL FEVER. Sect. I. Mortality of Autumnal Fever, 818 II. Condition of tl'.e Ulood iii Autumnal Fever, 819 III. Pathological Anatomy of Intermittent Fever, .... 820 IV. Pathological Anatomy of Remittent Fever, 823 V. Consequences of Autumnal Fever, ... . . 831 CHAPTER XI. CONSEQUENCES OF AUTLMNAL FEVER. Sect. I, Diseases of the Spleen : General Views, .-..-- 835 II. Splenitis, -.--.---... 83S III. Sujipuration of the Spleen, ...-..-- 840 IV. Enlargement of the Spleen, ....... 842 V. Diseases of the Liver, 849 VI. Dropsy, ........... 855 VII. Periodical Neuralgia, -- 663 cough. 756 758 7G4 7C5 773 77d MATORY — 'III 'ENTS. 779 78i 794 795 7D9 809 811 yi4 TUMNAL 818 819 820 823 831 835 838 840 842 849 855 663 i I PRINCirAL DISEASES 01' '11 1 r. INTERlOil \ALLEV OV NOHTJI AMEillCA. GENERAL ETIOLOGY. IXTIiODCCTlON. Tiirr.E nvo. dii^cascs wliicli opcur indcpemlcudy of .ill Icnnvrn cxtornnl iiiflu- cnocs, wliicli alVei't indlvid'ials of all ra(?es, ami present in :ill cases Substan- tially tlio same symptoms aii'l lesiuiis of stni<'turc ; of wliicli caiicor, fungus li,Tm;ito(los, melanosis, -wens, cataract, or-sllieations, apojiloxy, and various elirouie airectious of tlie sl' tlic same, of they difi'urcd iversity would it of niudiflcu- t an account, lit diseases of 'isiun, fur it is can originate he bottom of rtli niuy pre- I, should have lin of North lis work re- tlio medical to this duty, cams to their eediiigly dis- ould, at first orable to the continuity, now physi- thc reader, d into three earth, eon- s superficial uality of its Olid conipri- on, sensible tic or mete- to society, ation, diet, ■OOK I.) INTRODUCTION. 8 drlnkM, clothing, occupations, amu.wmcntH, intcllcr tual cultivation, and mtTal iiuiirovt'iiient : in whiih arc cniltraced the .social and ph_v.' Hudson I two dcgro ■g Apjialachi degree of the inime torrid zoii Ocean, diverge fi regularly II. A to speak eighteciitl seventiotl meridian ; decree of tho one 1 western i longitude If we a the Valle; the whole uninhabit [book I. to lower t'lcva- e jmcs (ivor the iIktii jtnrts of Ik' iVi'Zcii seas ari! euii.staiitl)' a lower level, icw, and so to l)iit cueli to fol- tlio wliolo intu injdislicd, each 70 the method, a Ecalo. I ^ J/AJiT FIIJST. TOlHXiRArillCAL AND lIVDllOiiUArillCAL KTIOlAKiV. CHAPTER I. (1 KNiniAL ANALYSIS. SKCTIOX T. NATI'RAL nOUNDAllIES, AliKA, AND ASPECTS. T. NaTIUAI, IJolIND.MilKS. — TllC TnTKUIOU Vai.I.DY of NoKTII AMKRtCA begins witliiii tlic trnjtics, and t(Tniin:itoH witliln tlie polar circlt' ; traviTsin^r tlio eontiiHMit from nouth to iiortli, and jiassini; tlirougli tlic ontiri' novtlieni, temperate zone. In the south it rests upon, and is deeply indented liy, tlio Gulf of i^fexleo; in the north it bears a .similar relution to the Polar Sea and Hudson l>ay: the latter penetrating,' it so deejdy, as to come witliin twonty- two de^rrei's of latitude of tlio (Inlf of ."NIexico. On the cast its limits are the Appalachian Monntains, which extiMid from tiie thirty -tlurd to the litty-third degree of latitude, each end terminating in a low water shed. On the west, the immense chains of llocky and Sea-side Mountains, beginning within the torrid zone and ending beyond the p^lar circle, seclude it from the Pacific Ocean. These mountain borders, as may bo seen on the map (P/. I), diverge from each other as they cross the continent, and thus the ^'alley regularly widens as it passes from south to north. II. AuKA. — Of the area of this great intermontano region it is not easy to speak with much precision. To the south its latitudes vary from the eighteenth to tlie thirtieth parallels; in the north, from the littieth to the seventieth. In the south, its eastern margin is found near the eighty- first meridian ; its western, in tho one hundred and fifth ; but in the fifty-third degree of latitude, it advances cast to the fifty-sixth meridian, and west to the one hundred and si.xteenth; finally, in the sixty-eighth parallel, its western margin is found in the one hundred and thirty-sixth degree of longitude. If wc assume eight millions of square miles as the area of North America, the Valley cannot bo estimated at less than six millions, or three-fourths of the whole continental surface. Its northern half, however, is rendered nearly uninhabitable by the state of its surface and its climate; and, therefore, the ■}\ *f - ' »T! THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE [book I. PART I.l portion wlilch presents objects of immediate interest to the medical ctiolo- gist, doc not exceed three millions of square miles, of which, as yet, not more than one-third has acc^uired even a sparse civilized population. gcnorall whicli 1 i m III. Asi'ECTS. — The Rocky Mountains, which, as wo have seen, constitute the western boundary uf the Great Valle}', are a continuation of the Cordil- leras of .Mexico. Their course is nearly north west, to the twenty-eighth or thirtieth parallel; then north, to the forty -fourth or forty-fifth, and then north-north west to the seventieth, where they reach the Polar Sea. Their elevation, which becomes rather greater as we advance, varies from ten to fourtoerK thousand feet. They are composed of many chains, closely united by offsets. Their average distance from the coast of the I'acific Ocean, to which they lie nearly parallel, is about ten degrees of longitude. Very near that coast, however, there runs another chain, of narrower base, but equal or greater altitude, especially in the far north, where some of the peaks rise to the bight of fifteen or sixteen thousand feet. These moun- tains originate in the peninsula of California, near the tropic of cancer, and terminate about the sixiietli degree of north latitude. They are called, by Ilumbuldt, the Ca'ifornian Maritime Alps — by Fremont, the Sierra Nevada. Many -if them arc volcanic. The valley of the Oregon, or Columbia Eiver, lies between this chain and the Rocky Mountains, and makes its way to the Pacific through the former, about the forty-sixth parallel. The physiiuan who would understand the true character of the climate of the Interiur ^^alley, from south to north, cannot too strongly fix his attention on these lengthened and elevated mountain chains, which so eflPectually cut it off from the genial influences of the Pacific Ocean. In descending upon the plain, of which they constitute the western buttress, we find that they rise from five to sis thousand feet above it. Reyond the fiftieth degree of north latitude, a chain of lakes approaches them, and a long river flows near their base into the Polar Sea. Rclow that parallel the lakes are distant ; the rivers generally flow off at right angles from; these mountain chains ; und spurs and tracts of hill or high table land project from them, or are lound insulated upon the plain, of which the most elevated and extensive are the following : 1. The Sweetwater Mountains and Black HUh. — Shooting out from the flanks of the Rocky ^Mountains, between the forty-second and forty-tiiird parallels, the Sweetwater mountains bear to the east, from the one hundred and ninth to the one hundred and sixth meridian ; when, receiving the name of Rlack Hills, they stretch off to the north cast, and terminate about the forty-sixth parallel. Their altitude ranges from four to eight thou&and feet. 2. The Llano Estacado, or Staked Plain, lies south of the last, in mean latitude thirty-fom degrees north, and m, an longitude one hundred and two degrees west. It may be regarded as an extensive tract of table land, the as a ru!. eighth the :\Iis| undeterl % [book I. medical ctiolo- ch, as yet, not lation. seon, constitute of the Curdil- onty-eighth or fifth, and then ir Sea. Their irics from ten chains, closely of tlie I'ucific 3 of longitude, •ower base, but ; some of the These moun- of cancer, and are called, by Mcrra Nevada, ilunibia lliver, its way to the the climate of lis attention ctually cut it ing upon the that tliey rise gree of north iws near their distant ; the chains ; aud or are lound iisive are the out from the forty-tiiird one hundred ng the name te about the iOus,and feet. ast, in mean red and two le laud, the PART I.] INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. general surface of which is, by estimate, two thousand feet above the streams which flow around its steep acclivities.* 3. The Ozark Mountains. — They commence not far from the eastern margin of the Llano Estacado, of which they ought, perhaps, to be regarded as a ruggod continuation ; and, bearing north cast, terminate about the thirty- eiglith degree of north latitude and the ninety-ilrst of west longitude, near the ^lissouri river. Their l>rcadth is not great, and their elevation (as yet undetermined) is, pcrliaps, not above that of the Llano Estacado. 4. The. Colcau des pralrira, a table land rising to tlie hight of eighteen hundred and even two thousand feet, and distributing the rivers which origi- nate upon it, between the Mississipjii and jMissouri. Its head or northern extremity is in latitude forty-six degrees north. Such are tlie chief protuberances on the groat inclined jilain, which descends from the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains, to the synclinal axis, or trough, of the Valley. Let us pass to a similar survey of the eastern side of the Valley. As we have already seen, the Appalachian .Mountains limit the Valley plain to the ea.st. In lengtli and breadth they are but little more than one third as great as the Rocky Moun^nins, — in altitude, about one-fourth; though a few r-vmmiits, botli in the south and north, rise to more than one- third of the elevation of the highest points of the western chain. Their general course is north east, and mostly parallel to the western shore of the Atlantic Ocean. They are composed of interrupted, but nearly parallel, ridges; which, between the latitudes of forty-two and forty-six degrees, are cut tlirougli in two places to the level of the plain of which tlicy are tlie eas- tern rampart, and in one place to tlie level of tlio sea. On their \. .3tern side, they are flanked by an elevated belt of hills, from the latitude of forty-two to thirty-three degrees ; where, in North Alabama, it turns to the west, and approaches the ]\Iississippi in the direction of the Ozark ^Mountains. The plain, which stretches from the Appalachian chain to the trough of the Great Valley, is much narrower than that of the opposite side ; and, although in general more rugged, presents no hills or table lands approaching in hight the Ozark IMountains, the Llano Estacado, or the Black llills. That which constitutes the greatest difi"erence in the aspect of this, compared with the last, is its interruption above the forty-second degree of latitude, uy the Great Lakes, and the formation of the St. Lawrence, which makes its way tlirough the Appalachian chain: — for this there is no parallel on the western side. The northern part of thr, interior of the continent presents much less of a valley aspect. The Rocky Mountains continue to the Polar Sea, near the seventieth degree of latitude ; but the Appalachian range expires before it «,1 1 II' * Commerce of the Prairies. By Josiah Gregg, now M. D. 8 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE I BOOK 1. I'ART I.] m readies the Labrador cu,v?.t of the Pacific Ocean, about the fif'ty-tliirJ par- allel. Thus it may be saiil, that a great flat stretches across the uorthcrn part of the continent from the llocky 3Iountains, mIucIi is repeatedly indented by the sea, from tlie mouth of 3IcKenzie River, ear the ter- mination of the Ttocky IMountains, round to the coast of Labr; lor, resting on the (lulf of St. Lawrence. It will be seen from these statements, that the eastern side nf tlie Litcrior Valley is much less protected from the influences oi the Atlantic Ocean, than the western is from those of the Pacific. SECTION IL IIYDROGRAPIIIGAL SYSTEM. We must now take a brief preliminary view of the hydrology of the region, the boundaries, area, and aspects of which have been comprehensively sketched. L Seas. — Penetrating deeply into tlie southern and northern sides of the Valley, the Gulf of Mexico and Hudson ]5ay (two mediterranean seas) exert a decided influence on its physical character; for they give a great extent of inland sea coast; while they, respectivel}', draw to themselves, from opposite directions, many large rivers which originate near each other in the central parts of the ^'alloy, and thus establish a sort of water axis through the continent, nearly in the direction of the meridian. II. Lakes. — ^Vhile the south-western third part of the Valley is nearly destitute of lakes, the other parts present them in countless numbers. The smaller appear to be dispersed without any kind of order ; but the larger, present a series, or system, which merits attention. Commencing with Great Bear Jiake, a large sheet of water in the north-west corner of the "Valley, near the Arctic Circle, west longitude one hundred and twentj'-seven degrees, the lacustrine chain stretches toward the south east. To that lake at first succeeds a series of smaller ones, with intervening straits, which connect them with Great Slave Lake. After this follows, in the same range, Tiake Athabasca, then the smaller lakes Wollaston and Peer, then Lake "Wnnii- peg, of larger size, and near it the well-known Lake of the "Woods, in the forty-ninth degree of north latitude and ninety-fifth wes< longitude, with which arc connected, by the river Winnij)og, a considerable series of smaller lakes. The chain now suddenly ex])ands into great dimensions; the first Unk, Lake Suporim", being tlie largest on the continent. To this succeed Huron and [Michigan, and then Erie, which approaches the flanks of the Appu lachian Mountains, in the latitude of forty-one degrees north, and the longitude of eighty degrees west. "With Lake Erie the axis changes from I south mounta several many si world Bear, S middle Churcl Superio fourths scries n the norl chain ninety- axis inti To the surface known ? [BOOK I. TART I.] INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 9 fty-tliird par- thc iiortliern is repeatedly ear the ter- lor, resting on if tlio Interior tlantic Ocean, rology of tbe npreliensively 1 sides of the raneau seas) give a great insclve.«, from 1 utlior in tlie axis through ley is nearly niLers. The it the larger, g with Great the A'alley, vcn degrees, lake at first jieh connect range, Lake juko "Winni- oods, in tlic gitiide, with s of f^nialler is; the first his succeed f the Appu !i, and the langes from south east to nortli east, and is continued in that direction, parallel to the mountains, through Lake Ontario, until it roaches the St. Lawrence ; which haa several lacustrine expansions, and is connected laterally with Chaniplain and iiuiiiv .'iniallcr lakes. This is, per]ia]is, the longest series of lakes wliioli the world contains. The superfluous waters of those which lie I'arthest north, as Rear, Slave, and Athabasca, flow into the Arctic Sea. Further south, the middle portions (of wliieh Lake Wiimiiieg is chief) jiour their waters, through Churchill and Nelson Elvers, into Hudson Ikiy. The eastern, from Lake Sujierior to Lake Cluimplain, flow into the fiulf of St. Lawrence. For three fourths of !*■; length, that is, from (!reat Hear Lake to Lake ^Michigan, the series runs almost parallel to the I'ocky ^lountains; diverging, however, to the north at an angle of a few degrees; wliile the last fourth part of the chain lies parallel with the northern Ajipalachian ]\rountains. About the ninety-seventh degree of west longitude, in Lake Wiiuiipcg, the lacustrine axis intersects the river axis between Hudson ]}ay and the (iulfof iMexico. To the north east of this extended chain, on every side of Hudson ]>ay, the surface abounds in lakes, but they arc generally small and without any known systematic distribution. nr. EivERS. — The invention of steamboats has given a new impulse to settlements on the banks of rivers. There we find the largest cities; and between them, where tlie banks and bottom lands are sufficiently elevated, wo have the densest rural population. Thus our rivers have become objects of paramount interest to the medical etiolgist; and without a full considera- tion of them, but little can bo said on the endemic felirile diseases of tlic country, lleserving all details for subsequent chaiiters, T prop(j,>-e, in tliis preliminary and perspective view, to present a rapid, yet systematic, enu- meration of the most important. For this the way has been prepared, by the general survey of oiu* momitains, elevated plains, seas, and lakes, with some of wliich every considerable river, either at one or the other of its extreniities, is connected. In calling them over, it will be advantageous to do it by the centers or axes in which they originate. Of these centers, some are entirely within the A'alley — others, among the mountains which constitute its lateral boundaries. I shall begin with the former. 1. Ydlhij llijilrografliical Axes and Centt'rs. A. Of these centers the ii.ost im[)ortant is the region wliicli lies west of La]:e Superior, in mean latitude forty-seven degrees north, and mean longi- tude ninety -five degrees west. Its position, as may be seen on the map (P/. /.), is near the superficial center of the continent. Its average elevation is about fi[\eQ\\ hundred feet above the sea, its greatest, less than two tliou- sand, and still it sends off vast rivers, in three different ciirection^. a. The ^[hsisc?', of which the most northern branch — latitude fifty- nine degrees — is the Liards or Turn Again; then the Vnjigah or Peace River; lastly, the Athabasca. It flows through most of its course near the base of the mountains, and enters the Polar Sea, having its cmhouchure in the north-wGst corner of the Valley, at a higher latitude than any other river of the continent. 14 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE [book I. PART I.] •'ill M (I '^^"^ II , ill I'. .(! !il /;. Tho north ami soutli brandies of the Susk..i.chau'av, wliich flow eastwardly to Hudson 13ay. r. The Missouri, wliich, by its northern branch, tho Maria, lias a con- nection with this axis. d. Frazcr Rlccr, which fiows southerly, and discharges its waters into the Pacific Ocean through Vancouver Sound, in north latitude forty-nine degrees. e. Tho North Fork of Oregon or Columbia River, which, after uniting with tho South Fork, reaches the same ocean, a little r.bovo the forty-sixth parallel, near the one hundred and twenty-fourth meridian. B. The Southern llocky Mountain Axis. The mean latitude and longi- tude of this axis may be taken at forty-one degrees north, and one hundred and seven degrees west. Its average elevation is eleven thousand feet. On the east or valley side, it sends down : a. Tho southern rivulets of Big Horn, an important branch of the Yellow Stow., which, flowing north cast tlirough &ix degrees of latitude, unites with the Misssouri under the forty-ninth parallel. h. The Nebraska or Plalle, which, flowing nearly cast, traverses the great inclined plain of the Rocky I^^ountains, and empties into the Missouri Kiver, below the Yellow Stone, in tho forty-first degree of latitude. c. The Ka?isas, which flows nearly cast, to unite with the Missouri below the Platte, precisely at the western boundary of the state of 3Iissouri. d. Tho Arkansa!!, which traverses the same plain, at first to tho east, and then to the south east, until it joins the Mississippi, near the thirty-fourth degree of latitude, thirteen hundred miles below the Platte, and more than two thousand below the Yellow Stone. e. Red River, which has less connection with the axis than the last, and after flowing eastwardly for several hundred miles, turns to the south-south east, to discharge its waters into the jMississippi, in north latitude thirty-one degrees, being the last tributary of that great river. /. The Rio del Norte, which descends to the south, then turns to the south east, and discharges its waters into the Gulf of Mexico, in latitude twenty-five degrees. As the Missouri, after receiving the Yellow Stone, Platte, and Kansas, unites with the oMississippi, it follows that all the eastern rivers originated by this hydrographical axis, except the Rio del Norte, discharge their waters into the gulf through that great river. On the western side of the Rocky JMountains, the center we are now considering, originates : •< [book I. (vliich flow 1ms a con- (vatcrs into forty-nine tor uniting forty-sixth and longi- no hundred 1 feet. On the Yellow unites with OS the great souri Kiver, souri IdcIow Duri. east, and lirty -fourth more than last, and louth-south thirty- one irns to the n latitude PART I.] INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 15 .4 d Kansas, originated leir waters m are now "• The southern fork of the Columbia, known under the name of Lciris /iiri-r, whicli flows nearly nortli west to join the Northern Branch, or Clarke River, at Wallah Wallah, and then proceeds to the Pacific Ocean. h. The Rio Colorado, whicli, i)ursuiiig a smith-we.stcrly course, enters the northern extremity of the (Julf of California, about the thirty-second degree of north latitude. Let us now turn to the eastern or Appalacliian mountain chain, beginning in tlic north. Tlie rivers which it originates are smaller, and tho hydro- graphical centers less obvious, but still recognizable. A. The elevated White and Cireen Mountain axis, sends down to the north the Chaudiere, Nicollet, Yamaska, Si. Francis, and many smaller rivers to the St. Lawrence; to the west, tlicy pour several .streams into Lake Cham- plain, whence tlicy make their way througli the RichcliciL to the same great river; to the south, they give origin to the St. John''<<, Penobscot, Kenne- bec, and Connecticut, which flow into the Atlantic Ocean. B. The Adirondack center, lying between Lake Ontario and Lake Cham- plain, in mean latitude and longitude, forty-four and seventy-four degrees, has an average elevation at four thousand five hundred feet, and originates a number of rivers, which radiate in all directions. a. To the east, it sends down the Saranac, the Au Sable, and some smaller streams which empty into Lake Champlain. b. To tlie north, the Salmnv, St. Jiegis, Racket, La Grasse, and Oswe- gat chic, tributaries of the St. Lawrence. c. To the west. Black Hirer, of Lake Ontario. d. To the south. West Canada River, ia which arc the celebrated Trenton Falls, by which it descends to the Mohaick. Lastly, e. The Hudson, which flowing also to the south, enters the Atlantic Ocean at New York. The area of this center is small, and the rivers which it originates, though numerous and abounding in water, are short. C. Further west and south, in the mean latitude of forty-two degrees and longitude of seventy-eight degrees, lying in the states of New York and Pennsylvania, we have anotlier Appalacliian center, the average higlit of which is about eighteen hundred feet. The rivers which flow from it are as follows : a. To tlie north, the Gennesee, or principal river of Western New Y' rk, which discharges its waters into the middle of the south side of Lake < 'n- tario, after traversing less than a degree and a half of latitude. I ■ ^ n IG Tin-: nuNxirAL diseases of the [book PART I.] I). The O.fwc^o, wliicli llk(3\vi.so outers Lake Ontario, nnd disdiarpos the water of many long, narrow lakes, wliicli «ro lod by .streams which originate iu this coiitur. c. To tho cast wo have many of tlic western branches of the Siisqucfuni- nn/i, which, pursuing nearly a south-easterly course, enters tho head of Chesapeake Hay. il. From the south-western declivity of this center, all the head waters of tho A/li\<<-/iri)ii/ descend to form that river, which, pursuing a southerly course to I'ittslnirirh, join.-^ tho Mdiiniii^/i/ir/n ; wlion the united stream takes tho name of O/ilo, and flows in a west-south-west course to the Mississippi. D. Jjetwcou tho thirty-in^hth and thirty-ninth degrees of north latitude, and seventy-ninth and I'iglitieth of west longitude, in the state of ^'irginia, wo have a third liydrogra])liical axis, in which aro found the celebrated min- eral springs of that state. Its average levels may bo given at two thousand feet. To the east it throws off — a. Tho Polomac, which, after bending to tho north, turns south easterly, and enters Chesapeake Bay. /). James Rivcr,\\j'wg south of tlie last, running more directly cast, and en- tering the siiuio bay near its junction with the Atlantic Ocean. c. To the nortli, this center sends out the Monongahela, which flows in that directi(jn, to unite, at Pittsburg, with its larger and longer fellow, the Alleghany, in forming tho Ohio river. il. From tho same center, Grrcnhrlcr River passes off to the south west, and descends, by a comparatively short course, into the Kanaicha 7{ircr,and thence into the Ohio. Pedee, tho Atl: ,/. Tl which c by a 801 r. T between east dirt Let U: which 111 i ■ iliillll. S. The last hydrographioal axis in this chain of mountains is found chiefly in tho state of North Carolina; but it comprehends, also, the south- west angb of Virginia, tho northern parts of South Carolina and Georgia, and the oijstern margin of Tennessee. Its moan latitude is thirty-six de- grees — its mean longitude, eighty-two degrees. Its mean elevation Is greater tlian either of the last two, being not less than throe thousand feet, with some peaks much higher. From tho eastern and southern margin, it throws into the Atlantic Ocean — a. The Roanoke, or at least one of its largest branches, which enters Albemarle Sound. h. Cape Fear River, wholly within the state of North Carolina, which reaches tho Atlantic Ocean by a south-east course. c. The Yadkin, which, on entering South Carolina, takes on the name of H [book t. isolinrgos tlic liitli tiiigiiiato Simqiiehfoi- tlie head of oad 'wntors of utlitvly course am takes tbo isissippi. lortli latitude, of \'irgiuia. ,'lebruted inin- two thousand soutb easterly, ,• cast, and cn- yliifh flows ill er fellow, the poutli west, ha River, and ins is found , the soutli- iid Georgia, irty-six de- elevation Is luusuud feet. INTEinnil VAM.KY OF XORTII AMKRICA. i: ;n tiic Atlantic which enters ■olina, which the name of FART I.] Pnlei', and cotititming in a direction oust of soiitli, dirtcharges its waters into till- Atlantic. (/. '\'\\ii Cntairlid, m \V(ifirr'\ the ftmtil Itirrr, ami t\\Q Sa hula Ulrrr, which coiivcrjro into a coniinon troiiitli that hears the name of Saiiln-, and hv a si'Utli-ea.sterly course, arrives at the Atlaii,,i'. c The Scraniifili, wliit-h, for most of its course serves, as the divi*!!?!^' lino between South Carolina and (ieorj,'ia. Jt holds a direct, and iieuily south- east direction to the Atlantic Ocean. Let us iinw turn to the interior, and enumerate the most important rivers which flow over it, from this axis. /'. Tlio KriHiir/ia Rii'i'r. To the north this summit level sends off tlio Kennwha, which for some distance hears the name of Nrw Hirer. Ita course is first north east, and then north; so that it actually passes through th(! etlL'e of the hydron;ra|ihical center last des(;ri'ied; after which it hcnds to the iiortli west, to unite with the Ohio Kiver, at l'oii:t Pleasant, two hundred and seventy four miles below !*itt! central portions of the summit level, where it interlocks with tho sources of the Kenawha, The Tennessee, constituted by tho union of these mountain streams, descends to the south west, through tho eastern end of the state which bears its name; thou passing within sight of the north-west corner of Georgia, and dipping into North Alabama, as low as tho latitude of thirty- four degrees thirty minutes, it wheels to the north, and traversing the states of Tennessee! and Kentucky, in tho meridian of eighty-eight degrees west, joins the Ohio, of which it is the largest tributary, at Paducah. forty-five miles from the Mississippi. This junctiou is six hundred and sixty miles 2a t^i K ■■'\ ' 1 Hi 1 IH TIIK PRINCIPAL DIHKAHKS OF THE [boob I. rART i. Mi 1 h boliiw that of tliu Keiiuwlia, wliilo thu liuuJ rivulutu of thu two rivers uru iit tlio hunii) Iiiciility. Ic. C/iiiltfifntoc/i'i' Hirrr. Jin mmrovf, wliioli iiitcrlnrk witli tlioso of the Toniicj^siH', arc fniniil cliiclly in tlto Htiiti> of j referred. In their origins, however, they are not actually limited to the centers and axes witli which they liavc their chief connection. Thus, the portions of UKmntain which lie between the five Appalacluan centers just described, act as water sheils between the Atlantic plain and the Interior N'alloy; the whole range of the llocky Jbiuntains throws down streams into tlie heart of the continent, and also into the Pacitic (Jccan, yet they chiefly flow from the two portions of that chain which have been indicated. Still further, within the Valley, a water shed everywhere divides the streams of the north from those of the south; and yet, the cen- ters and axes west of Lakes Superior and ^Michigan, and south of Lake Eric, send out nearly all the rivers which have their origin icithin the Valley. It ha vcrseil 1 1 lAxis, wl ?ippi IS x.\\'< mil latitud ' north a ..■': tcon m. ■^ [DUOK I, rivors uro in tlioHO of tlie .MUllth-WCHt \>\\t at l('ii;:tli (ii'iir^riii unci f i>t' Mfxici), u, atul u little (lo^ri'OH. nml It id's of tliis iraltcc, iil'tor- KiitL'iiiiy tiui til-SOUtil-\V08t state; liaviiig of its own. , ill this frreat of tlio A|i|ia- otliers wliicli ilatfiinn. On ■ IHItlld, of tlic iillji'i llildtlc, ch disci largu irclo, tliat is. L'M traversed western jior- ;er [)urtiuii axes, nearly lowever, they y liave their veen the five the Atlantie Jlountains the Paeitic which have everywlicre et, the eeu- ith of Lake within the PARTI.) INTKRIOR VAIJ.RY OF NORTIf AMERICA. 10 siicrioN III. AI,TITri)F:s AND CO.VFir.Cn AT[ON. It has been already intiniati'd that the inti'vicr of the eiuilinent is tra- versed l»y a deo|i, wimlini.'. IniiL'itiidinal de|iresslun, eonstitutiiif; a KviKTiiml axis, wliich extends froiu the (Inlldf .Mexii-o to Hudson Hay. Tin! Missis- siiiiii is found in this trough, through two thousand one hnndn'd and ninety- t\V" udK's, ami nearly sixteen degrees of latitude; that is, from the gulf, in lasitudo twenty-nine «legrees iinrth, to the nmuth (tf St. IVter's Kiver. in n.rth latitude forty-four degrees lifty-two minutes. Ilercf the axis iiiakeD a w"'.' :<'■ to tlio west, iiud incloses the latter river for four hundred and thir- teen iiiiKs, to the uip|ier end of IJig Stone Lake,*" into which the St. I'eter'w, liavin.' its origin iu the adjacent Cotrnu, des prairies, on the west, dischargcH it.* w.itors. Within three miles of this point, to the north, is the siiuthern end of Lake Traverse. The ground between tliem is low, and when the St. Peter's is swulleii, it somotiiiies sends a portion of its waters into this lake, so that causes have passed from one to the other. t Kruni the other extremity of Lake Traverse, Swan, or Sioux Creek flows to the north, and unites with lied Ili\ir, whii'h, having descended from the highlamls to the east, now occupies the synclinal axis to Jiake Winnipeg, in north latitude; fifty degrees twenty minutes. I'ruin the north end of the latter lake, in latitude lil'ty-threc degrees forty-two minutes, to Hmlsnn 15ay, in latitude fifty-seven degrees, the axis embraces Nelson lliver, Having traced it to the sea, let us return to the summit level or culnunating line, between Pig Stone and Traver.*e Lakes. Its distance from tlie (lull" of .^lexicn, fnllowini' the .sinuosities of the! trough, is two thousand six hundred ndle.-i ; its hnigitude ninety-six degrees thirty-four minutes we.st ; its latitude forty-five degrees thirty-five minutes, or s ,. teen degrees thirty minutes frum that of the cmboucliun of the ^lississippi. Its altitude, ('ohmel Long assures me, cannot exceed nine hundred and seventy- five feet, if .Mr. Nicollet be correct in assigning nine hundred and sixty-six feet as the elevation of Pig Stone Lake. This gives a rise from the (iulf of Mexico of nearly twelve inches for every iiiinutc of latitude; and of four inches and a half for every mile, following the course of the river. As the distance from this lino of culmination to Hudson Pay is but twelve degrees thirty minutes of latitude, and the li>ng level of Lake Winnij)eg intervenes, it follows that the descent of tlie trough to the north is under a different law from that to the south. To Lake Winnipeg, now estimated by Colonel Long at the elevation of seven hundred and Htty feet, the fall is gradual and moderate ; from that lake to Hudson Bay, precipitous. J t '1 » Nicollet. ITydrograpliical ba.sin of the Upper Mississippi, 1841. t Narrative of an Expedition to tlie source of ttie St. Peter's River, under the com- mand of Stephen H. Long, Major U. S. T. E. Compiled by N. H. Keating, l&S.J. 20 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE [DOOK I A projection or profllo of tliis water cu, vc may be seen in PL II. Fig. 1. Its ii'irtliorn extremity is three degrees tliirty minutes wo'^t of its southern, the l(in;:itu(le ui the latter being eighty-nine degrees six minutes west, that of the former ninety-two degrees thirty-six minutes; but at the summit level, as we liave just seen, it is ninety-six degrees thirty-four mhiutes, and at the efilux of Nelson lliver frum Lake Winnijjeg, ninety-eight degrees, or nine degrees west of the mouth of the ^Fississippi. A wide and deej) current from the north, nmst have excavated this trough across the continent, and TiUkc Traverse and IJig Stone Lake, are but hollows or chasms, left filled with water when that river ceased to flow. They arc long, narrow, serpentine, and lie in the course of the obsolete river. They resemble the pools of a wet-',veather stream, during a drought, or, more exactly, the crescent lakes of the lower Mississippi, which, as we shall here- after see, were once portions <-f its ancient channel. The width of these lake? is from one to two miles, and the immediate valley in which they lie but two or three times as much; then comes a rise of fifty or one himdred feet. ,vith a gradual ascent beyond, to the elevation of one thousand eight hundred or two thousand feet, on tlie Cotciui dcs prairies to the west, and another nearly as high, to the east, on which the 31issis- sippi originates. Such is the great continental rqueduct, which, from the junction of Red River with tiie Mississijipi, in the state of Louisiana, under the thirty- first parallel, to the Saskatchawan, which unites with Lake Winnipeg and Nelson River about the fifry-fourth degree, receives and transmits, to the seas of the south and the north, all the superfluous waters v.hich fall to the west of the trough, as far as the crests "f the Rocky Moui;tains. As tliis long .synclinal axis runs nearly parallel to the mountain ranges, the inclined plain which lies between them is an irregular parallelogram. Its general aspect is to the east, but as it advances from the mountains, one portion inclines to the south, and another to the north. The line of this culmination leaves the Rock;, Mountains about the forty-eighth or forty- nintli degree of north latitude ; and advancing a little south of east, roadies Lake Superior, wliich is, as it were, set into its eastern extremity. On its way it is cut through by tlie trough or synclinal axis whicli has been described. Let us turn to the region east of that axis. Measured from south to north, its length is nearly as great as that of tlic western plain, but its bi'oadth far less, and very une(puil in different latitudes. Relow the l.Ui- tude of thirty-four degrees it is narrow; it then suddenly spreads out to its greatest width, having for its eastern limits the spines of the Appalachian Mountains, from North Carolina to I'ennsylvania; when, about the latitude of forty-one degrees north, its breadth is reduced nearly two thirds, and so con- tinues to Hudson Ray. Through this plain th '"c is also a culminating ridge, which extends from the mountains toward the central water axis. ■^ ■;''% I .8 N^ II [book I. 7. //. /•;,-. 1. :' its simtliorii, tcs west, that t the suniuiit • niiimtt'S, and lit degrees, or 'd this trough re but luilUnvs w. Tliey arc river. They Lght, or, more \e shall here- lio immediate cines a rise of le elevation of M (Ics pralnes h the 31issis- ; junction of er tlie thirty- \'inni[)eg and nits, to the cl; fall to the in ranirc.s, the loiTrani. Its luiitains, one line of tin's ith or forty- east, roadies lity. Un its •h has bceu un south to iiiii, but its )\v the lali- s out to its Appalaehian le latitude of and .so con- cuhniiiating water axis. ■^ r hi O .'J/o' yi'l ^ \i'rit'fiithif)ti ^ }l>iu[li uj'tlftjiaiiirijt '.;,r/l of I Il,nm.f thr t'bii. t\ }ht',ll, ,'l'ir/iilr H 1^' j-Tft/r/fn > n r> c 30 > \ r i I SForh riullw II •Mna / Smitfu I'Ufiii rr "S.r fVr4 ri.,itxil ^ ^Ah,i How rr - f (!,t,rinuf fi . h _—- ■^ *" f l-rtiinj K>rf 5 \\'lor.io,>y Vork Farh «/■ Itaii-int ■e X ■► J'"\ Miii,//i (;/■ liaiis,,, n HooiKillr iM„„(h or.>li. < » H o > n in H 5 2 .1 11,1, /it, I, y M" '\ % 4 . i 1i i!i PAnT J rAiiT I.] INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 21 • ■ ^' From tlio .soutlicrn side of this elevation, tlio waters ultimately reacli the (lull' of Mexico, through the Mississipjii ; from tlio northern they fall into tlio Lakes and the St. Lawrence, and reach the Atlantic Ocean to the north east. Here, then, is a now and distinct hydrological system — another .'synclinal axis, snmcwlnit at ridit angles to that which has been delineated, and con- tiiied to the middle imrtioii of tlie eastern |dain. It hegiiis with Lake Supe- rior, and ends with the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Jn times past it had extensive water communications with the last, liy several rivers, hut especially the Illi- nois, which originates anmiid the southern extremity of Lake ^lichigan, and Hows to th(! ^Mississippi througli a depression in the intervening harrier; which is so deep, that in times of flood, canoes have passed from one trough or .svnclinal axis into the ■/, of those which might pass from south to north. If one were drawn for every degree of longitude, from the synclinal axis to the Rocky Mountains, it would be found (if its extremities rested on the sea) that the convexity of each would be greater than that of the preceding; and that the whole would traverse the rivers nearly at right angles. It would also be seen that, in the north, the lines tlius projected would approach the level sea much more slowly tlian to the soutli ; indicating tliat the broad region west and north west of Hudson ]jay, inclines to tl;c sea in a very gradual niaiiner, and thus explaining its lacustrine character, l^ similar longitudinal curves wer ^ projected on tlio eastern side of tlic axis, the first two or throe would rise v.itli great regularity, jiass over the high ■p/atcan, where we li.id the sources of the 3Iississi)ipi, of Red River, and the St. liOui.s, and then sink to the level of Hudson l{:iy, by a rapid descent, intersecting many rivers in their progress. The next would disjilay a diflercnt character. Ascending from tlie gulf, thev wotild, after a reirular rise to the latitude of thirtv-four degrees north, mount over the spur of the Appalacliiun Mountains, which has • . ■ 5 ^':.i:\ : .. .;i ■> . 1 22 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE [book t. , t I ' I boon irciitioned as strctoliinrj across tlio nortliern part of Alabama and ]\Iis- 3issi]t|ii; dcHCciicl, and traversing the Tcnnossco, Ciuubcrland, and Ohio basins, at elve thousand feet; cross the gulf, and rising, terminate on the mountains of Cuba, and on the still lower water table, which traverses the long peninsula of Florida, I'rom south to north. From the northern coast of the gulf to the shores of Lake Michigan, such lines would descend rapidly from tlie lofty sjiines and peaks of the luicky Mountains; then curve more gently over the broad, inclined j)lain wliich stretches from the base of those UKuuitains to the synclinal axis; dip into that axis, reiiscend, and traversing the narrower and less elevated ])lain to the east, rest on tlie sunnnits of tlie Ajipalachian range, at an altitude a third or fourth as liisih as that i, 1)1(1 wi'.st of the ■ the siiunnit «ho\v the (lit [book r. la and 3Ii.s- Uliio lia.sins, ic low sum- ■1 of tlio lat- , from wliich loso over the cvatioiis and tlicrs of the lut the otlior, iurfacoij sink cs of clcva- "N'alloj-, frciu ii liave l)Ocu •iirvcs woiihl to a greater 'il frdiii tliat (le of tlurty i\\ from Wfst ■ the Corilil- ross the gulf, lower water til to north. fhiiian, such tlie Kof.'ky jilaiu which is ; di]) into ted pliiiii to tude a third 'or want of '1, hut its xeeutcd did the Juicky le Siiuth, or to liivcrs; d then con- d the great lid seventy tliree lum- tlie great re-'tseends. PART I.] INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 2n and still hearing a little south of east, passes over Illinois and Indiana: crosses the Olno Kiver at tlie Falls; traverses the state of Kentucky, and nt.iv he suiiiioscd to terminate (iii the IJal.nm Mountain of A'irginia; which I'rofessor llo'^ers inibrms me has an altitude of live thousand tw hundred feet. * Tiiis iiniflle, wliile it demonstrates tlie true valley character of the interior of the continent, Avill serve, especially, to illustrate the portion which lies between the thirtv-third or thirty-fourth and the forty-first parallels of latitude. lu pa.s.siiig further north, the form of the curve undergoes a change. A line projected in the forty-second degree would descend, like the last, from the summits of the Roidcy Mountains; cross the synclinal axis, where the surface of the Mississip])i is six hundred feet above t'^c sea; then curve over liills two hundred feet higher: then sink to the level of Lake ^lichigan. live hundred and seventy-ciglit ; traverse that lake; rise to one tlionsand over the water shed hetwccn it and Lake Erie; cross the south-western por- tion of that lake; and ascend the mountains of New York and i'ennsylvania, to an elevation of two tlionsand feet. Anotlier, in t1ie latitude of forty-three degrees, would describe a curve 1 1' tlie same kind, to tlie synclinal axis, at l'rairi(! du (,'liien, where the surface of the Mississippi is six hundred and fortv-two feet al)ove the sea; then ascend the water table between that river and Lake Michigan, tliree hundred feet higher; traverse the lake and the water shed to its east as before; sink to the level of the straits which con- nect Huron with Ih'ie, live Imndred and seventy feet : then rise to the chvatioii of from eight hundred to one thousaml feet, in traver.-ing (!anada, north of Lake Krie; then sink to five hundred feet at the Falls of Ni;igara; pass on through Western Xew York, near the same level; descend the valley of the Mohawk, enter that of the Hudson, and, by a little deflection to the south, terminate on the Atlantic < >cean. at the city of New York. A curve in the latitude of forty-four degrees, intersecting the svn(dinal axis at an elevation of six hundred and eighty-four feet, wouhl have all the infl:>xions of the hist; sink to the level of two hundred and thirty-two feet, at tiie efflux of the St. Lawrence from Lake Ontario; then reiiscend, and terminate on the summits of the Adirondack Mountains, in northern New York, at the altitude of four thousand feet. The euvve of the next jiarallel, fort^ -five degrees, descending from the mountains like the rest, wcmld intersect the synclinal axis where the surface of the St. Peter's Jliver, occupying it, is nine hundred and forty- six feet, or thirty feet below its greatest elevation ; ascend the high lands between tl)at river ; 1 the .Mississippi; pass the Falls of St. Anthony, eleva- * The (liila for this rnrvo are derived from rremoiit, Nicollet, the civil enfiiiieers of Illinoi.s, Iiitlini;;i, ami Kciitiu-ky, uiid the jreologists of \'irj,Miii:i. Many of tlir altitudes west of the Mi^-issii)pi arc those of rivrrs, at low water, while those 1o the east are the siiinmi! h>ve!s of the h.w hills. My (h-aii;rhtsiiiai). Captain Fuller, has ondeuvoivd to 5ihow the different kinds of sur.''uce — prairie, woodland, and river. M ;0' 1»»»J 24 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE [nooK I. rART I. I tod oiijlit linmlrofl and fifty-six foot ; riso tonne tlinus 1 bofnrc de.sceii(liiip upon Jiakes .Micliii:an and ]Inr(jn, with tlioir intorvonu.i>; water .shod as bo- foio; tlion travorso Canada AVost; sink to tlie levol of tlie St. Jiawronoc a short dihtanco above Montroal ; and linally, l)y a rapid ascont, rost on tbo Groon and Wliito .Mountains of Xow England, at tiio altitude of four or live tliousand foot. Tlic carve of f(trty-si.x: doirroos would pass over tlio lioad of tlio C'olcnw drs yjrrtir/'cv, wlucli i.s two thousand foot in liigiit; then intorsoot Eod ilivor in the synrdinal axis a littlo north of its ijreato.st elevation, at tlio altitude of about nine Inindrod and sixt3'feot; thou rise upon the sloping plain, from twelve to fourteen hui\drod foot high, on which the Mis.sissippi dosconds; then rantro over the water shod botwoon Ijako .Mioliigan and J^ake Superior, at a still liiu'hor altitude; thou sink to the level ami pass through the northern margin of Lake Huron, at five hundred and seventy-eight foot ; to rise again as it traverses (,'anada, to the general bight of eight or nine hundred foot; then descend and cro-s.s the St. Ijawronoo a short distance above tide water; after which, suddenly rising, to rost upon that jxirtion of the Ajipalachian chain which is found in Lower Canada aiul the state of .Maine, at the liight of three thousand feet. The curves, roprosenting the forty-seventh and tbrtv-pighth parallels of latitude, cut the .synclinal axis whore Ucd Ilivor, which still occupies it, has an elevation of more than eight huinlred feet; ■whonco tliey nnunit upon the plateau, about fourteen hundred foot high, on which, and between which ])arallels, the 31i.-sissippi, Eed Jliver, and the St. ]iOuis have their sources. From tliis elevation they descend to Lake Supe- rior, six hundred and twenty feet, which they traverse from end to end; then reiiscend to tiie g(!noral elevation of one tliousand feet, as they traverse Canada; then descend to tide water, in crossing the St. Lawrence below Quebec; whence they rise upon th.e last portion of the Appalachian Mountains, south of that river, and cease at the elevation of about three thousand feet. The parallel of f(jrty-nine degrees, gives a curve which descends on the watershed between the Missouri and the Saskatchawan of Hudson Bay; dips to the level of aba_y. Iron, those which cast their waters into the Gulf of Mexico, the ]jakes, and the St. Lawrence. The curves of the next two parallels, in descending, cross the synclinal axis in Lake Winnipeg, at the level of seven hundred and fifty feet; then re- iiscend, but not to as high a levol as the last; pass near to the south-eastern projecti. lachiaii c of (lie or The li are now or Davis into the Mountain of evirv theii' 1"\\ I of latilm thousand to the so rniiiato in Thus, y witii thos( after W',.> r of Mexico The UK supposing tioiis ovei thousand latitude ol many peal tion, porh.'i of three tl ohian rang tion were i terly, it w^ far on this Tiio ])l;i or the syn would pas.- portions ol Missouri, ( middle Te A\'isconsin, uortli. won series of h hundred ai on the sui thence dow wlnJo Kill and Winn [book I. vo doscciHliiifj r slit'il as 1)0- t. Lawrence a , vest oil tlio uf four or live he Cofcfiii lies lU'd Jilver in le altitude of iig ]ilaiii, from ij)i desceiKls ; lake Superior, li the northern to rise airain hundred feet; ve tide water; 3 Ajipalachian :>, at the liight -seventh and e IJcd Jliver, hundred feet ; I feet higli, on r, and the St. Lake Supe- to end ; tlion thoy traverse renec Leh)w 1 Mountains, ee thousand seends on the Judson Bay; ed llivcr in es along the uperior and teen hundred and passes le ])reeeding, representing, the streams ters into the tlu! synclinal eet ; then re- outh-eastcni rART I. INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 25 projoetion nf Hudson IJay; ri.-^e over the expiring extremities of the Appa- laehian chain beyond the St. Lawrence, and then suddenly sink to the level of the ocean. The hiizh lamls, or mountains, near the eastern margin of the oiuitinont, arc now at an ciiil, and the valley plain opens out upon the Atlaiitii.' Ocean, or I)avis' Strait. We liave now arrived at Hudson Lay, which penetrates into the very heart of the continent. On the west, Imwcvcr, the Infty I'ocky Mountain horder, continues uni)roken and unreduced in altitude. The curves of evuv parallel of latitude, descend as before from their snnimits, andieach their lowest level in Hudson ]5ay; beyond which, through eight or ten degrees of latitude, they rise to the (uncertain) elevation of nine hundreil or one thousand feet, and terminate with the coast of Labrador. From the sixtieth to the seventieth degree, tlie curves still descend from the high level, but ter- minate in Hudson Kay, or the straits which connect it with the ]'olar Sea. Thus, we tiiid that the curves in the extreme north, are almost identical with those of the extreme south; and that the eoidiguration uf the ^'alley, after wo reach Hud.^on Bay, is nearly the same with that around the Gulf of Mexico. The mechanism of the Interior A'alley may be still further illustrated, by supposing certain horizontal ])lanes or linos, to lie carried in various direc- tions over its surl'ace. Thus a horizontal j)lanc, at the altitude of twelve tlionsand feet, apj)lied to the whole range of llocky 3Iountains, from the latitude of eigliteeu degrees to sixty-eight degrees, north, would cut througli many peaks, and pass over many others; the excesses and defects of eleva- tion, perliaps, nearly cmnpensating each other; ami a phn'c at the elevation of three thousand iive hundred or four thousand feet, applied to tlie Appala- chian range, would give nearly the same result ; and if a plane at this eleva- tion were carried from the entire length of the 7\pp.''. jhian Mountains, wes- terly, it would not reach tlie llocky .Mountains, but cut the great prairies far on this side. The jdane at the elevation of a thousand feet, or of the culminating lino or the .synclinal axi.s, at Jiake Traverse, nine hundred and seventy-five feet, would pass a little above, or rest U])on, or cut through, the sunnnits of those portiuiis (,!' the A'alley which are comprehemled in the following states: Iowa, Missouri, except the Ozark Hills, north-eastern Missis-jippi, north Alabama, nn'ddle Tennessee, western and middle Kentucky, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, "Wisconsin, .Michigan, and Canada West. 'J'he same plane, carried to the nortli. would apply with c(pnd accuracy to a far greater area. Finally, a series of horizontal planes, rising from two hundred and thirty-two to seven hundred and iil'ty feet, luid then sinking tln-ough the same scale, would rest on the surfaces of all the great lakes, from Ontario up to Winnipeg; and theiU'C down through Deer, Athabasca, and Slave, to Great Bear J^ake; the whole lying in one axis (broken only by the high lands between Superior and "Winnipeg;, and ranging with the longest diagonal of the Valley, from I 26 TIIR PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE [nooK 1, I'ARf I. south cast to nnrtli west. Oiio oxtreinity of tliis ra?ijrn is in latitude furty- tliroo tlc^'rnos nortli, and longitudn sixty-seven degrees west ; the other in hititudo sixty-seven degrees north, and longitude one hundred and twenty- <■ n four degrees west. m SECTION IV. GEOLOGICAL OUTLINE. Having shown tlio jieculiar gcograjdiipal and hydrograjiliioal systrni of tho (Jroat \'nl](!y, it will bo proper to give a comprehensive introductory notice of its mineral geology. I. Tlie soil or loose covering of the surface of a country consists naturally of the (h'hrh of the subjacent rocks, gradually accumulating upon them, and varying in depth and (|iuilities according to their mineral constitution. As some rocks undergo disintegrati(ni nuich more rajtidly than others, it follows, that they have covered themselves with a deeper bed of their ruins. Thns the shales, marls, and soft slates, with many sand and limestones, decay more rapidly than granite, or syenite, and other primitive rocks, and there- fore have a thinner soil. "When the rains M'asli tliis pulverulent tJchris from the hills to the valleys, it is Ixirne along by the streams, and gradually deposited in beds, which arc raised liigher by eacli succssivo inundation oi' the banks. These are the alluvial grounds or bottom lands. In composition they are by no moans so simple as the soils wliich remain in si/i/, fur tlie wreck of various strata are mingled, and a variety of organic matters, transported by the waters, become enveloped in them. By this transportation, it may happen, that the banks of the lower portions of a river, or the shores of a lake in which it disem- bogues, may be comjxisod of materials widely different from tlio rocks on which the_y rest; of which our Great Yallc}- presents many striking examples. All its rivers, when swollen by rains, and some even in their lowest depres- sion, transport a variety of materials ; and often deposit them at great distances from their original beds; thus creating a nuisfc extensive and com- plicated system of alluvial grounds; some of which become dry after the freshets have subsided, wliile others remain permanently covered with water. in the form of shallow jionds, marshes, or mere swales. It is not practicable, to estimate the area of these grounds ; but they are so continuous, that every part of the A'alley, from mountain to mountain, and from sea to sea, might 1)0 traveled over, without leaving them except to cross the streams by which the}' have been deposited. IT. What has been said, affords but a limited conception of the surface of the Interi(»r Valley. Along many of its rivers, and even mill streams, there are, in the rear of the alluvial bottoms, older and higher deposits of trans- ported materials; which, it may be seen at a single glance, were made by rivers nil I same valK times reee a third tei the organ I longer sub aggregate, f(jr they ai lU.'.V deposits o viilleys am Tliey are f least fifti" oft he \'all their arran they have 1 depi'sits, w roi'ks, at v; depth of \v; bedded.-'^ Bubjeet, am dilferent n;i the regions mineral cliai by filling n Icveliiess, ai IV. Wei the nature ( of our physi along its syi out ; eaeli t eeedi'd by a that we pasj formations \ met uitli. alluvial dcpo To these, in posit, exten of Illinois ai Wisconsin, n basin ; t]]v\i and lastly u] [llOOK I, hititudo forty- ; the dtlior in il and twfutv- system of tlio ictory notice of isists naturnlly \um tlicni, and istitntidii. As lors, it follows, :• ruins. Tims estonos, decay ks, and there- to tlio valloys. lods, wliii'li arc riicso arc the y no means so ions strata are vatcrs, become at the banks ii.'li it disem- tlio rocks on 'm[' the st'a in the south, up to the liight of at least iifteen huiulred feet; botii on the mountain slopes and elevated portions of tlie \'allev plaii'.. The materials which c(Mnpose them, are water worn, and their arrangement, not less than their miscellaiieons character, shows that tliey liave been transported from tlie north. Nearly eoi^xtensive with these depi sits, we find inuneiise bowlders, or blocks of granite and other primitive at vast distances from their parent strata, indicating not only f^reat roc lei'tll o f wat( r, but bnovs of moving' ice in whiel til ev must liave been im bedded.'*^ 31edical geology does not rc([uire a furtlier develojinient of this Bulijeet, and it only remains to add, that these deposits have receivi'd the dilfcrent mimes of diluvioii, dril't, and post tertiary; and that they give to tin; regions in whicli they abound, a surface wliich liears no relation, in ita mineral character, to the rocks which are buried up beneath. They have, also, by filling np the ine(|ualities of a rocky surface, produced one of greater levelness, and thereby favored the ])roduction of jKUids and marshes. I \ . We must now penetrate tlie loose, upper eoveriii'js, and brieflv indicate tl of al le iia ture of the strata lielow. Tn doing this, if we iM'gin. as in tlie study lur physical geograiihy, at the Gulf of ^lexico, and proceed up the ^'alley, 1 1 ; I If its synclinal axis, we shall find that different rocks successively crop out; each to constitute the surface for a certain space, and then to be suc- ceeded by a deeper, wliich has emerged from beneatli it. Wc shall Jilso find, that we pass progressively from tlie very newest to the oldest; though nil the forniatioiis which lie between those extremes, in all countri es, niav ni it bo met with. 'J'hus, around the Culf of 3Iexico, we begin on broad and deep ts; then rise on diluvial or post tertiary, and then on tertiary. all To tl u\ial (leoosi lese, ni soiitl;ern Ahil lama ami 31 ississiiun, sn( eceds a cretaceous de- posit, exf ending into west Tennes.see; followed by tl ne eoa .fill \V iiiois a isconsin, u nd 31 issoun : th len, auvancinir, we arrive, ui northern iiluiois 1 f( Tlli rniations and pon the Devonian shales and sand stones, which underlie the coal ones, and slates, basin; then upon the Silurian or transition limestones, saiidst and lastly upon granite and other primitive rod ve rocks; winch stretcli nor tlierly * Dralic. Trans. Amcr, Ph. Soc. New Series, Vol. II, Ic'l?'. 2S TIIR PRINCIPAL DISKASns i »F TIIK [book I. TART I. I P from [jiikc S'ljH'rior to the Vohw Sea. To tin.' cast and wtst nf tlio line Buppiiscfl to lii.vo l)cpn travcli'fl over, most of tlicso fonnatiotis f<|)i'oiiil out with LTcat r('j.'Miirity and ani|ilitudt.'. 'i'lius, tlioro is a ^(.'oln^rical, nut lotis tlian a '_'<'oL'ra])liica1 unity, in tlio Intoiiur N'allcy. Not llic unity of a sinj^lu forni.itioM, cxi.stinir I viTywIitTc, but tluMinity of ono system (s of its suv- or (Iril't or puf^t PART 1. 1 INTIMlIOli VAr,M:Y OF NoUTII A.MI.IMCA. '![) )<:rapliy of tlio ■il into ro^^ions, which wc have itiiral dividing usill^• tlioin as ,il status, hut heir ooiiiiuonOL' analysis. "/. J ), it soon One of tho ntlierii sources north latitude, ciglit do;j.roc!; axis of Lake y-lirst dogroe; whoii it turns northorly, and passing round the hrad or snuthorn oiid of l-si>>ippi. It has now attained tho mean latitude of forty-ei^^ht do;:re. s, and, hy its ino- (pialities of suriai'o. dotermines tho waters which lall upon it, in three dili'erent directions — toward the (lidf of .Mexico by the Missis.-ip, ', t!ie (lulf of tho St. Lawrence hy t!ic Itivcr St. liouis, and iliidsini IJay hy JU'd liivcr. ]{evond this, to tho west, it is out through liy tho synclinal a.\is, in whii-li wo liiida point, whonco the streams flow to tho south and iioiili. It then risisaiul hours away to tho l{ocky Mountains, in nortli latitude lilfy-ono or li,ty-two dehio and Indiana, it gradually sinks, until, at Ciiicago, in I Hindis, it has i'alleii to six hiiiidreil feet; the elevation of tho lake being five hundred and sovonty-eiglit. h'roiii this depression it rises as regularly as it had fallen; and on following it to the region west of Lake Superior, at the sources of the ^Mississippi, we find it restored to its mountain elevation, of from thirteen to seventeen hundred feet. It then sinks, in the .symlinal axis, to nine hundred and seventy-iive ; beyond which it gradually riso.s, with the great inclined plain, to the lieeky Moiint'iii.'s. The eastern boundary of this division of the Croat A'alley is, of eourse, tho Appalachian 3Iountain.s at the sources of the Alleghany, .Moiiongahela, Ivou- awlia, Cumberland, and Tennessee liivers, round to tho state of (Jeorgia; with the low water shed tlimugh the western part ol that state and the center of Florida ; in other words, the eastern limits of this jiortioii of the (Ireat Valley as already deiincd. The v,-estern boundary is tho Kooky Mountanis. The greater jiart of tho waters of this extensive region, find their way to the gulf, through the Mississippi; but the ivers of Texas, of the eastern mar- gin of Mexico, of tlie eastern siile of :\Ii.ssissipiii, of the whole of south Ala- bama, of the western margin of Georgia, and the western lialf of Florida, reach the gulf by their own proper clumnels. Hence the ^Mississippi drains but a part of this region, and cannot, properly, give its name to tho whole, which I shall therefore call the SouTiiKnx, or >Ii:xican IIvDiioouAniicAL Basin. IL Starting, as before, from the mountain sources of the Alleghany River, we advauco northerly, between them and the sources of the Sus(|uehannah, on n m 80 Tin; riMNcii'.M, diskahf.s or thf. (nooK I. r*BT I. !;■ tlio riirlit, nml fliosi' <<[' tlic (icin nml O,«\vo!.'n, of Liikr nntnrin, mi tlic left III the viilli-y of the Mi)lia\vk, iili((iit tlio |)!iriilli'l nf turty-tlircM! do^'roi'H, tin- watershed sinks to tli" liii^lit tit" lour IminlrL'il iukI twciity-livo feet ; hut soon rises ti> tlio altitmle ufas niiiiiy tlioiisinnls, ami wimls luiionj^ tlio Adironihiek Mountains, between hukt; Ontario and Lake Cliainiikiiii ; wheru it sepnrates tlie waters wiiiili IIo\v into tlioso lakes nnd tin; St. hawrenee, IVoiu tliose ot Hudson Ikiver. It is tliiii dejiressed to oik' liundred and forty-seven feet, in-tween tiiat river and Luke Clianiiilain ; to riso U|)on tlio (ireeii Monntaiiifi of N'erniont, tin; Wiiito .^lountains of New llani|is!iirL', and tlie mountains ot Canaihi Hast, to tlieir lenniniition nt Capu (iaspe, on tlio (lulf of St. liaw- rcnt'o; about tlio latitude of furty-eiglit iI(>^'reos iiortli, and longitude of sixty- four deLTce.s west. On tlie north sidt^ of the ^iilf, it reeoinnienceH west of Davis' Straits, not far from the sixty-fourth meridian, and lifty-third jiarallel: and passing south of Avest, divides tho waters of the St. Lawreiieo from those of lludsou Straits and l)ay. Apiiroai'hinj; Lake Superior, it winds round tho northern curvo of tliat lake (to wliieli it ajiproaclics very near), separa- ting its tributaries from the rivers of the southern extremity of Hudson ]Jay; and eontinuin;; to tho south west, divides tho sliort rivers whieh fall into Lake Sujierior, from the loii;.'er wiiich llow' into Lake Winnipeg; until it reaches the great eulminating ooiiter, on wliich the ^Nlississipjii has its origin. From this jdateau, round tho southern t;i(lo of tho Lakes to the place of Htarting, on tiio table laud of the Appalachian mountains, tho boundary is, of course, that already tnieed out. 'i'iio area of this ba,-in is m\u-]\ loss than that of tho southern or Mexii-an. As a// its waters hud their way to the ocean through the St. L;uvrenc(>, it may bo named tho St. L.vwhexcu IIy- DUOiiKAi'uicAi, Ijasin. Other a])pellatious, however, would bo almost e((ually proper. Hmbraoing so many groat lakes, it might bo called tho Basin ok Tin: Lakks; and, comprising the eastern portions of the A'alley, a term ox- prossing that fact would bo ajipropriate. ]Oxtremo precision would adopt ]']asti;ii.\ for tho whole, and Lake and Si. Laicrciicc fur its two great divisions. IIL The region which jmurs its waters into Hudson Bay, extends from the seventieth to tho one hundred and firtuouth doureo of west lon;:;itude ; that is, like the Mexican Basin, tpiito across tho Interior Valley; while that last described, is sot into one of its sides. Tho southern boundary of the region which throws its waters into Hudson Bay is, of course, the northern boun- dary of the two basins just described. Its northern boundary, coinmoncing at tho Rocky ^Mountains, about tho fifty-fourth parallel, is the flat water shed, which, running to the north east, separates the waters of the Athabasca River and Lake, on the left hand, and those of the Saskatchawan and Mis- sinnippi, or Churchill, on the right. Turning to the north, about the one hundred and fifth degree of longitude, it divides tho waters of Athabasca Lake, and Great Slave Lake, from those of Chesterfield Inlet; after which, It turns Thlewee Melvill.' I Hudson . (li'irnH'S, till' L'L't ; Imt Hooii Adiriiinlack it sc|mr!itt"s iVdlU tluiso ol ty-80vcn toot, fii Miiuntains ■ iiKiuntaiiis ot f dl" St. Law- itiulo ol'hixty- leiiccs west ul •tliiril parallel: lice IVdiii those t wiiitls nmiid iioar), f^i'liara- ty (if Umlsoii k'ors wliicli fall inipi';:; until it has its (ivi,!j;in. ti) tho iilacc ul' bduiiilary is, of mu;li loss than oil- way to tho AWKKNTli IIy- iliiiuot e(iually thu ]).\.-lN OK y, a tiriii cx- wmild adopt its two great tends from the iiiijitudt'; that while that last of the region irtherii boun- y, coininoiicing tho flat water the Athabasca wan and Mis- labout the one of Athabasca ; after which, PAKT ■■ INTEIUOli VA1,LI;Y Ol" NOUTII AMKIUCA. 81 it turns n.n-tli eastwardly, nnd ^'ivos ori^hi to ntreniiis which fall infd tho Tidewei'rlidk, ur llaek's llivcr, of tho PdlarSea; beyond which, I'dimd to >b'lviilc' I'eiiinsulM, it has not been traced; iidr has that to the Sdiitli of lludsdii .o,N Ih iPUOdllAllllfAI. 1{.\SI.N. I\'. T'.^ n.'maimler df the (Jnat Interinr \';illey, constitutes thf I'ni.Ai; IIviiKoiiUAi'iin \i. 1i\-in; wliii'h inebides the whdle iidrtliem sea cua.-l nf tin.' continent, fidii. IJnlliii I5a\ in the ilucky Mountains. From the proximity of llndsnii IJay nii t!ie soutli, the Polar IJasIn ddcs iidt extend far in that diri'iti'in. until after we have [la-sed westwardly beyond tinit bay, when it dins sdutli td the lifty-fdnrth degree of latitude; and embraces the various Btrcanis which make np .McKen/ie liiver. Its western boundary is, of Course, the lb ky Mdimtains. Its northern boundary, tlie INihir Sea, is »bd\U the si,\ty-iiinth er seventieth paralhd — its Idiigltiides fidiii tlie nine- ty-third to the one liundn'd and tiiirty-seveiitli degree; but in estimating its area, wo must not fdrgct the great reduction of length in the degrees of Idiigitude wifliiu the pdlar cird", where this IJasin has its extreme breailtli; .still, it is of greater ana than the St. Lawrence, thdiigh n!si|)pi I'iver and its banks; tliiril, of the regions west of the (Julf and River; fourth, of tlie regions to tlieir east. The natural relations between the Gulf of .Mexico and the Interior \"allcy of Niirtli Anjeriea, which it limits to the south, arc so intimate, that without a preliminary study of the former, no successful progress can be made in the medical toodgraphy, hydrology, climate, and endemic diseases of the latter. Beyond tit : , however, the gulf has claims upon our attention; for the com- mercial cities, fortresses, and naval stations, which must forever surround it, re(pii''e that a chapter should be devoted to its descrijition. This I .shall do under the following heads — Pis it ion. Form.. Area, Depth, Currents, Tem- perature, Tides, Iiiuadatioas, and Casts, SECTION I. POSITION, FORM, AND AREA. The ninetieth meridian west, and the twenty-fourth jiarallel north, intersect each other very near the center of tlie Gulf of Mexico, and thus fix its mean latitude and loni>;itude. The extremes of the former are from a little below eigliteen to a few minutes above thirty degrees north — those of the latter, between eiiihty-one and ninetv-eii!,ht decrees west. FrdUi Cape Catoche, the termination of the peninsula (jf Yucatan in the soutl), round to t\v: Bio del Norto, i;i the west, it ■washes the coasts of ?»Iexico; on wdiich we find Vera Cruz and Tampico. On that side, the Cor- dilleras approach it so near, that some of their peaks can bo seen from its surface. North cast of the Del Norte, it washes the shores of Texas, Louis- iana, .Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida. Its remaining laiul limits are the Island of Cuba to the south t'ast. Thus, low hiiuls surround it on every side, except the west. This mediterranean sea has two important connections with tlie Atlantic Ocean: one on the south by the Strait of Yucatan, between Capi! Catoche and Cape Antonio, whore it opens into the Caribbean Sea; the other ou the east, by the Strait of Florida, between Cape Sable and Havana. In reference to the terrestrial zones, it is divided almost Cijually between the torrid and temperate. Its figll south side the Missis being the Its area thousand t may be mi mands of Interior V The folli by Lieuten known as beyond tli( There is a few miles t north (pf Gi forty miles, fathoms. J north east. TN'itli a line i one hundrec Florida. S hundred aii With these fifty miles f) two huudre( Thus the curved inch suggests th; on. At the orations, we latter, to rec the two has certain, from lie ( in varic of the water proceeding, i 3 [book I. PART. I.] INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 38 ■< . ir BAST N. t, first, of tlie uf the vogions t. uterit'i- ^'allcy }, tliat without )e msidc in the ; of the latter. ; for the o(rin- cr surround it, This I .shall do hirrcids, Ttvi- north, intersect us fix its mean a little behiw le of the latter, 'uoatau in the the coasts of side, the Cor- |e seen from its Texas, Louis- limits are the It on every side. Int connections Icatan, lietwecn Ihean i^ea; the le and Havana. Ijually between Its figure rudely approaches a broad, irregular oblong. Its north and south sides are pressed toward eacli utlier, near their middle, by the delta of the Mississippi and the promontory of Yucatan, a line from one to the other being the shortest by which it can be crossed. It's area, if we take seven hundred miles for its average width, and one thousand for its mean length, is seven hundred thousand stiuarc miles. It may bo more or less, but exactness on this point is not re(iuu-ed, for all de- mands of our object are satisfied, by knowing that immediately south of the Interior Valley there is au extensive body of warm water. SECTION II. DEPTH. The following statement of facts bearing on this point, has been sent me by liicutenant Maury, of the Hydrographical Office. Washington : — " Little i3 known as to the deiith of the central part of tlie Gulf, except that it is beyond the usual reach of the " deep sea lead " — say one thousand feet. Tliere is a belt of soundings all around the Gulf, varying in breadth from a few miles to one hundred and forty or one hundred and fifty. For example : north (if Cape Catoche the ^/ater ,:rradnally deepens for one hundred and forty miles, until no bottom is reached at one hundred and ninety-eight fathoms. So, als'*, fr(jm the 1'ortugas one hundred and eighty miles to the north east, it deepens, from sixt^ fathoms lear those islands, to no bottom •with aline of one hundred and sixty-two fathoms; which jioint is also about one lunidred and oiglity miles from the nearest point of the Peiuiisula of Florida. So, too, south of Appalachicola the slioal water extends off two hundred and fifty miles to soundings of one hundred and twenty fathoms. Witli these exceptions, if you will draw a lino parallel to the shore, and about fifty miles from it, entirely around the Gulf, this line will run along in about two hundred feet of water." Thus the bottom near the shore of the Gulf presents the junction of two curved inclined planes, an earthy and an aqueous; — a mechanism wliich suggests that a process of filling up has long existed, and may still be going on. At the same time, the entire bed may be rising. Admitting these op- erations, we may say, that the former leads to extension of the land ; the latter, to recession of tlie waters. And that a change in the relative levtds of the two lias taken place within a modern (geijlogical) period, is rendered certain, from the existence of long, low banks of recent marine shells, whicli lie (in various places near the shore), several feet above the present level of the water. At what ratio this process has been carried on. or is now proceeding, is unknown. 'i '■ • ' ■ ■hi ,: i!! liH .,1 ,'fi ,-'-li; ■i'^i i i ' ■4 ilr il*' j ■ lift - ■ '!,' ^H i it I in !'■ '.■■ 34 THE PRINCirAL DISEASES OF THE [book i. SECTION III. CURRExNTS. It is liold as a fact, by niariiio ]i}(lrogra])licrs, tliat the trade winds, from the coast of Africa to tluit of South America, by acting on the surface of the Atlantic Ocean, inii)ede its movement to tlie east, in the direction of the earth's rotatiiiii: and thus cause an accumulation of the retarded water against the American continent, between the tropics, Mhcncc it flows off laterally. The currents to the north are all tliat demand attention from us. These, followinic the coast of iSoutli America, enter tlie Caribbean Sea by the "Wind- war 1 Lslands, and traversing tliat sea, south of Ilayti, Jamaica, and Cuba, pass through the strait between tlie latter island and the promontory of Yuej,tan, into the Gulf of 3Iexico. Humboldt recognizes this current as a realitv; and Lieutenant Browning* informs me that the evidences of it are conclusive. First. In traversing those straits and the Caribbean Sea, south of Cuba, a ship's dead reckoning reij^uires an alhjwance of half a mile an hour for a westerly current. Stcoiul. When ships depart from Jamaica for EnfThnd, they prefer to sail to the west, and make a detovr through the Gulf of ^Fexiiio, round the Island of Cuba; thus keeiiing with the current, which more than compensates for the increased length of the voyage. It would appear, however, that the tropical water, thus introduced from the Caribbean sea, does not make a circuit directly round the west end of the Island of Cuba, to the Havana and Florida Straits ; but is diflused through the Gulf, performing in it a kind v,f circuit, and at last issuing through the straits just mentioned, as the M'oll-knovn and celebrated Gulf Stream. On this point Humboldt holds the following language: " The coast of 3Icxico, along the iMexican Gulf, may be considered as a dyke, against which the trade winds, and the perpetual motion of the waves from east to west, throw up the sands which the agitated ocean carries along. This currei>t of rotation runs along South America, from Cumana to the Istlimus of Darien ; it ascends toward Cape (^atoche, and, after Avhirling a long time in the Afexican Gulf, issues through the Canal of Florida, and flows toward the l-?anks of New Foundland. The sands heaped up by the vortices of the waters, from the Peninsula of Yucatan, to the mouths of the Rio del Norte and the IMississiiipi, insensibly contract the basin of the Mexican Gulf. Geological facts, of a very remarkable nature, prove this increase of the continent. We see the ocean everywhere retiring. M. Ferrer found, near Sotto la Marina, to the east of the small to^m of New Santandor, ten leagues in the intoiior of the country, moving s.xnds filled with sea shells. I myself observed the same thing in the vicinity of Antiaua and New Vera Cruz. The rivers which descend from tlic Sierra PART 1.] Madre, an increase tl Furlhei writes me "The c varies in f( currents. circuit of corroborati wliicli ebb sonictinies south east, rise nor fal Aii'i'in: to its term For eight ( reaches tin the east, t two degree Now, by the cast, ev to deposit t ferential ran while it was cause the di and the nev The assume as a reality. should certa Ft fill I hi : the Gulf,'frc the IJalize, t an eildy, ant delta (,f the from (Jape F the water is remainder n Cub:i. consti A 'hough nioveiiiciit.s Ai to the Gulf, 1 is furnished I It * United States Navy. [book I. PART !•] INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH a:\IF,RICA. 85 ! wintls, from surface of tlic of the earth's ivater against i off laterally. Ill us. These, by the'SVind- ica, and (Juba, promontory of i current as a inces of it are ean Sea, south lalf a mile an ini Jamaica for /■ through the th the current, he voyage. It luced from the est end of the iflused through Iff throuirh the If Stream. On lonsidered as a n of the ■\\-avei? |n carries along, uniana to the |fter wliirling a )f Florida, and ped up by the mouths of the basin of the ure, prove this retiring. M. t(n,-u of New kif s.inds filled T ~ Itho vicinity of lorn the Sierra Afiidro, and enter the Atlantic Ocean, have in no degree contributed to increase the sand bank." * riirlhcr: Lieutenant 3Iaury, of the Ilydrographical oihcc, Washington, writes nieon this subject as follows : "The current fmm the (Jaril)l)ean sea, after passing the Yucatan Strait, varies in force and direction, so as often to prtnlucc many eddies and counter currents. Still, my own opinion is, that, for the most part, it pcrfnrnis the circuit of the Gulf: but not in any well-marked or constant channel. In corrnboration of tliis I would mention the tides at Vera Cruz, for instance, whii'li ebb and flow onc-e in twenty-four hours at ordinary times; 1)ut wliich sometimes flow continuously to the north west, and at other times to the south oa.'^t, for three or four days together; sometimes, again, there is neither rise ntir fall for several days." Ai^a'in: The course of the Mississipjd, from the nnrnth of the Ohio lliver to its termination at tlie Balize, seems to throw some light on this subject. F(ir eight or nine hundred miles, its bearing is west of south, but when it reaches tlie vertex of its delta, at the mouth of Red lUver, it turns so far to the cast, that, in flowing through two degrees of latitude, it makes nearly two degrees and a half, or one hundred and fifty uiiles, of longitude. Now, by what agency has the direction of the river been turned and kept to the east, ever since it reached the (!ulf at themoutli of lied Uiver, and began to deposit that silt, of which the delta is composed? Has not a gentle circum- ferential movement of the gulf waters carried the silt in an eastern direction, wliile it was subsiding? Such a movement, however slow, would of necessity cause the deposits to tall where we now see them ; that is, give to the delta and the new river bed, j)recisely the form and direction which they exhibit. The assumed cause explains tlie plieiiomena, and may therefore lie admitted as a reality. If the river Ijcd, on entering the gulf, turned to the west, we should certainly regard it as evidence that no currents flow from that direction. Fi It'll/ J/: Lieutenant IJrovrning informs me, that, near the ciistern margin of the (lulf, from the Tortugas and Key West, round to I'ensacola, or even to the IJali/.e, there is a gentle current from south to north. Tliis is evidently an eddy, and implies a stronger current in the ojiposite direction ; from the delta of the 3Iississippi, to the extensive reef which projects into the Giulf from C;t|)o Fh)rida to the Tortugas. Impinging against this reef, a part of the water is returned to the north, along the coast of Florida, while the remainder makes its wa_> through the straits between that peninsula and Cub:i. constituting the Gulf Stream. Although we regard this Stream as depending essentially on the oceanic movenifuts which have been described, wo must not overlook tlio contributions to the 43, 1 found the temperature of the mouths of the 3Iississip]ii forty-four degrees, Fahrenheit. Five miles beyond the l)ar of the S(mth West Pass, the river water, distinguishable from that of the Gulf by its turbidness and yellowish tint, was still the same in temperature; but that drawn up from a depth of sixty feet, being brackish and less turbid, was fifty-one, or seven degrees warmer. The temperature of the earth iu that latitude, twenty-nine degrees north, i.s, however, about seventy, or nineteen degrees greater ; showing that the 31ississi]»pi had exerted a cooling influence to an unascertained depth. Passing laterally out of this river current, to the distance of a few mil'^s, in the midst of traus[)arent salt water, I found the temperature at the surface fifty-seven degrees. Sound- ings were not made at either station ; but as they were at the same distance from the shore, and the bottom is known to be an inclined plane, the differ- ence between forty-four and fifty-seven degrees (thirteen) was undoubtedly attributable to the Mississippi. To wliat distance in the (iulf Jiat difference extends, is unknown; but it is by no means as far as it would be, if the river discharged itself by one mouth instead o: several. These observations were made, however, when the river water had its min- imum temperature. In the latter part of summer and in early autumn, it attains to more than seventy degrees ; when its cooling effect is nearly or quite nullified. A few days after these observations were made, I found the surface of Lake Pontchartrain and Lake Borgne — shallow bays of brackish water, lying nearly a degree further north — to be fifty-six and fifty-five dc- PART I.J grees. It whili' tliL' latter; wli On tlio sat open (lull n.iy. half doclc ill .) the larges charges it.- (>ffoct of r I'orty-iiine li>tli. 1 fol CuU; off 1 five dogrei influoiice. Jbit, of referable ti with so ni which liav forced by called "no .'Several sue (Julf is dec estimable ( he had seci long eoiitin the Florida At wha rivers and turo of the siderations vernal cipi l5<43, giv the Mis.siss nine and ; according ti At what mum heat? •'iutuninal ci of incroasui ._^ l)alc's. l^'l.VUo IM'l, .\j)r ^^' r- [book 1. I, and of that J tho mouth OS north, arc ) the nortliorn .«a, than tho.grecs further and feet above )eraturc whicli t nungles. In lay be aUowed lie temperature t. Five niiU's sruishable from ill the same in being brackish e temperature wevcr, about n had exerted ly out of this •ans[)arent salt rees. Sound- same distance inc, the ditter- s undoubtedly lat difference be, if the river r had its min- irly autumn, it t is nearly or le, I found the ys of brackish d fifty-tive de- PART I. INTERIOR VALLMY OF NORTH AMHRICA. 87 crees. It is worthy of remark, tliat no river of any size enters the former; while the small rivers, Pearl and Pascagoula, discharge their waters into the latter; which, therefore, although a little fnrtlier S()Uth, was one degree cooler. On tlie same vnvago, 1 found the temperature outside of Dauphin Island, in tho npi!n (!uU', but ill shallow snuiidings, lifty-si.s; degrees; in ascending .Mobile JJav. half a di'grec north of Lake Horgiie, fifty-two degrees; and at the d(u;k in Mdbili', turty-niiie degrees and a half. As the Alabama lliver, tlie largest tributary of tho (iulf east of the delta of the Mississippi, dis- cliarges its wati'rs into liiis 15ay, we have additional evidence of tlus ciKiling etTect of river water, in the sinking of the therinonieter from lilty-six to forty-nine degrees and a lialf, in a distance of fifty miles. In 1S44, April ll'tli, 1 found the heat fif Lake I'mitcliaitraiii sixty-nine degrees; that of the (Iulf, off Dauphin Island, se'onty degrees; and that of 3Iobile Kay, sixty- five degrees, or four beln"- that of Pontehartrain ; — still showing the river influence. But, of cour: all f\ui cooling of the 'lortliern margins of the (Iulf is not referable to the intlux of riVLT water; for the winter exerts its influence, and with so much greater cflect, as the waters are slialhiwcr. Still, th(! facts which have been cited demonstrate, that the atmospheric influence is rein- forced by the fluviatile; and at certain times, when the mnuntain winds, called "norther.>," descend and sweep over the (Iulf with great velocity, for several successive days, their cooling influence on the shallow waters of the (Julf is decisive, even as far south as Key West. I was assured, by the late estimable Commander Johnston, U. S. N., that when stationed on that coast, he had seen mnny of its fish benumbed, and even destroyed, liy (me of these long continued and violent winter tempests, acting on tlie shoal waters of the Florida lleof. At what period of the year tlie cooling influence of the northern rivers and tho northern winds, effects the greatest reduction of the tempera- ture of the shallow waters of the (Jnlf, is not known; but from various con- sideration.s, wo may fix the minimum between the end of ]\'bruary and the vernal eipiinox. If this be correct, the observations made in February, li^43, give us the minimum heat of the shallow waters, from the mouths of tho Mi.ssi.ssippi to 3Iobile Bay, inclusive, and the scale is, forty-four, forty- nine and a half, fifty-two, fifty-five, fifty-six, and fifty-seven degrees, according to the saltncss, not the depth, (,f tho water. At what period of the year do the waters of the ("Iulf attain tlioir maxi- mum heat? This is not known, but vi all probability, it is not far fi(jni the autumnal equinox. The following observations show, imperfectly, the ratio of increasing vernal temperature near the shore. Dates. l>^l:t, Miircii i:t I'' 11, Ai)ril 10 " " 24 2<;_Poiitrh artrair..| Lak e norgne. 56" 69" _Gulf._ 56" 7()0 I Mobile Day. 52"'^" 80" I'M i i ■:it )ri [■I J 1 II U8 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE [nooK I. From tlio.so mniil)ei'S it appear,^, tliat tlio rise of (^Julf tenipcrature in the spriiiir, is at the rate of halt' a degroe a day. If the nortiicni portions of the (julf arc cooled b}- those river euircnts, the siiutliern are wanned by the great marine current, which enters it from under the eciuator, through the Strait of Yucatan. Under these influences, the temperature, in traversing it from north to south, ought to rise m(jre rapidly than it would from the mere influence of climate; but we arc in wa\it oi" observations on this point ; and, indeed, I have not been able to collect many experiments on the tcniperatiu'c of any part of the Gulf, beyond the limits just given. For the following, I am indebted to Lieutenant 31aury, of the llydrographlcal OHiee, Washington. srnrAn: tkmi'Khatirk of tiir cvlv op mi:\K'o. \;iin<> (pf vo 57" (IP rj'J" 75" yio Sf)" The value of those ob.sorvations wo;dd bo mucli greater, if the latitmles, distances from land, and depths of watci, had been noted. The highest among them is eighty-six degrees, in tlie moi.th of August, north of Key West. 3Ir. Lyell * has quoted from [Major Eennall, another observation of the same amount; but in what latitude it was made is not stated. If we receive them as correct, wo may conclude thai, the heat of the middle and soutliern jiarts of tho Culf, is several degrees higher than tliat of the Atlantic Oc^aii in the saiie parallels; a difl'ereiu-o attributable no dmdjt to the introduction of tropical waters from the CariI)boan Sea. The cxistonco, to the south of tho Great Interior A'alloy, of this immense basin of tropical water, having a temperature several degrees higher, th i i if the strait between Yucatan and Cuba had no existence, is a hydmli : i.-d condition, which deserves tho attention nf llie meteorologist and etiitloglst of the A'alley. If it were replaced by land, our south and south-west winds, in Avinter and spring, would fall far short of producing those thaws wliii/h, at present, they infallil)ly occasion, oven in Canada, if they continue to blow fur a few days. Taken in connection with tlie IJoeky ]\Iountain?, it also explains the surprising reduction of temperatvu'e which follows on a change in tlic course of the wind, from a few points south of west, to a few points north of west ; by which, currents that have passed over tho warm surface of the * Principles of Geology. Vol. I, p, 166. ■4 rvRT I. ("lulf, arc r The physii on its coas to the mi>.< I. Tii.i: sidcral'h.' li of small b; (,'aptaiii .\i that they o full moons. tlirec mont East I'ass. during tha When the above New Troost, civi to the sout to the hight IT. I.\L-.N their ordina opposes tlici over the low in the niont Biilcs nj) the Ciiursc, inuii from its ton another visi sun display( Tlie IGth w from the ea; with copiou: dation was ; their boats. Anderson, a In 3Iobilc a south win( and, on the • several incln It. 1:1 [hook I. rature in tliu vvv cui'vcnts, iters it tVoiii si; iiifliu'uccs, to rifse niuro 2 arc ill Avaut jIc to onllcct f, beyond the lilt 3Iaury, of PART I. INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 89 'I'l'MI. CI 'water .Mm. Max. T:i"" S'}"" 7(r )^1^ -f,o f,00 IV* TC" 1 r)7'> (il" J .VJ" T.-)" I 81° ' SG^ i the hititudcs, The hi-liost nrtli (if Key servation of ted. Tf wo iiiddK' and that of tlie no doubt to this in mi on sc her, tlin if liydroli ;..i.'-il nd etioLiprist west winds, ws whiei!, at toldow for dsn cxjilnins aiii'e in tlie iiits iiovtli of u'faee of the Ciulf, are roplaoed by currents from the snowy sunmiits of tliose mountains. The phvsieian will also pereeive. that those who navigate the Gulf, or reside on its coasts, must, forever, be liable to the diseases whiidi {irojiorly belong to the most southern elianites. SECTION V. TIDES AND INUNDATIONS. J TiiiKS.— Along all the northern coasts of the (Julf the tides are of incou- sideral.lehigiit; esiieeially in the rivers, where tliey are less than in the heads of small bays and inlets. In the month of the .Mississipjii, 1 was told by Cajitaiu Arnable, the observing coiiiniaiider of the towing steamer, i'lKcnix, that they ordinarily rise about a foot, the weather being calm. At new and full moons, tiiey reach eighteen inches. jNIr. Parker, an intelligent pilot, made three moiitlis of daily consecutive observations, at the IJalize, in the South Ka^-t Pass, having devised for the purpose a graduated scale. The highest, during that period, was thirty-three inches; the lowest less than a foot. When the Mississippi is low, the tide is said sometinics to manifest itself above New Orleans; the water, of course, being fresh. At .Mobile, Mr. Troost, civil engineer, estimates their average bight at a foot. At Tampico, to the south west, they rise, however, as Lieutenant liruwniug informs me, to the liight of four feet. IT. T.NCNiATioxs. — A gale, to or from the land, may raise the tides to double their ordinary hight, or prevent them altogether, according as it promotes or opposes them. A tempest sometimes drives tlie waters up the rivers, and over the lowlands, creating a deluge. At the Balize, there is a tradition that in tile month of August, ISPJ, the water at Fort Ht. Philips (P/. V ), tliirty miles up the .Mississijipi, rose nine feet in half an hour; the Balize was, of course, inundated, and every cabin half way to New Orleans wa,s removed from its foundation blocks. In August, ]s:!l, the same place experienced another visitation. For several days preceding it, the reflected light of the sun displayed a greenish tint; showing a peculiar condition of the almosphcre. Tiic PJth was rainy, with gusts. At night, the wind became suddenly lixed from the east ; and blew with the utmost violence. (.)n tlie 17th it continued, with copious rain, from clouds whicli hung very Liw; and, by night, the inun- dation was at its hight. Nearly all tlie people of the village were driven to their boats. The rise was many feet. These facts were given me by Mrs. Anderson, an observing lady, long resident at the T3alize. In 3Iobile I?ay, on the 18th of October, 1S41, as Mr. Troost informed me, a south wind, of five days' continuance, raised the water nine feet four inches; and, on the Itli of .March, 18P2, another, of ten days' duration, heaped it up several inches hidier. I M'-'x 'm- MU . ■4. {■'> .1 '^ 40 THE PRINCIPAL DISKASES OF THE [book I. ; 41!) I .f mm The istliiiiiis on VfWuih Now Orlofiiis is built, sufTors oerasional (Klugcs of the same kind, from Luko J'ontfliartrain, wliic-li convert tliu cyjiri's.s swamps in the rear of the city, into deep ponds, and even How over many of the streets. Ill I'ensacola IJa}-, tlio fury of the waves is directed upon tlic long, narrow dune of wliite sand, calli'd Santa Kosa Island (see /*/. /// ), wliich they mount over, but tailing into the I>ay and Sound which lie in its rear, do no mischief. Sl.nilar inundations are occasionally oxporicncod, from the same cause, on the islands of Galveston and Key West. In short, they occur throughout the whole coast, for everywhere it lies so low as to permit them. IJut they never happen in many places at the same time; for a wind which may occasion them at one locality, might blow the water from another. The low shores of the Ciulf must forever remain liable to these deluges, and of course they will always abound in pools and marshes. SECTION yj. COASTS. What has been said ou the shoal waters and inundations of the Oulf, will suggest the general character of its coasts — vrcrjiirjicrc loir. From A'era Cruz around to Cape Florida, there is not a single league of rocky, or iron- bound shore ; nor any other harbor ei^ual to that of Fensacola, the entrance to which is through water only twenty-four feet in depth. Everywhere the tides and waves fluctuate on sloping Ijcaches of sand or silt; the latter being present, however, only at the mouths of rivers; and where it can be kept in place by the I'oots of grasses. T' o sand is generally wliite, and so fine as to be readily moved by the waves, or drifted by the winds. IJy these agents, dunes of irregular and ever-changing forms arc built up; some of which con- stitute peninsulas, while others are severed from the main land, and converted into crescent islands. The watery surface is not less diversified than the earthy. Numerous creeks and bays of every size and form, lagoons, ponds, swamps, and marshes, are intermingled with the earthy deposits and drifts ; and present, throughout a terraqueous margin ; which sufficiently indicates that the surrounding continent is advancing u2)on the (lulf. Some of the pools and marshes consist of fresh water; others are brackish; others almost as salt as the Gulf itself. In some places there are long, navigable sounds, or lagoons, between the main land and the dunes or sand islands. The principal l)ays are, Tam[)a, Appalachicola, Pensacola, and ^Mobile, to the cast of the delta of the iMississippi ; and Galveston, IMatagorda, Espir- itu Santo, Corpus Christi, Aransano, Santiago, and Tampico, to its west. PART I.] Hcsidcs the western "The sh first to the presents a and from fo water lakes shut in; otl by several Rivers en silt, in pro drained. ( plislied its \ the bottom commandiiii other rivers eftect has n Oi)po>it(! th fever, than t bottoms abfi tertiary plai eastern side to the tortia These ger and west of alluvial depe however, nui will, thcrefoi of the coas. rr"^ [book I. Ill (Ulugcs of |)ros,s swaiii|)S many of the long, narrow , wlik-li tliey t.s rear, do no inic cause, on hero it lies so s at the same ii'lit blow tlio these deluges, TART !•] INTERIOR VALLKY OK XORTFI AMERICA. 41 the Gulf, will Froni A'era (.•ley, or irou- the entrance erywliere the le latter being an be Icept in d so fine as to these agents, of which con- and converted ficd than the agoons, ponds, ts and drifts; iitly indicates Sonic of the otiiers almost igable sounds, is nd ^Mobile, to agorda, Espir- its west. ]}esidcs these, smaller bays and lagoons are numerous. In reference to the western c-rmst, Humboldt observes — "The sliore of the pruvinces of Santandcr and Texas, from the twenty- first to the twenty-ninth degree of iiortli latitude, is .'singularly festooned, and presents a succession of interior basins from four to five leagues in breadth, and from forty to fifty in lengtli. They go by the name of lagunas, or salt- water lakes. Some of them (as the Lake dc Taniiagua ) arc eoniphtely shut in; others (as the L. .Aladre and the L. de San IJernardo) connnunicatu by several channels with the ocean."'* Ivivers enter tlie heads of many of the bays, and are filling them uj) with sill, in proportion to the extent and hfoscne.ss of the surfaces which are drained. Of the whole, the Mississippi is the only river which has accom- plished its work; having not only filled up its bay, but built up land from the bottom of the o]ien sea; — an achievement which has resulted from its commanding the ri'.-.;ources of a larger portion of the continent, than all the other rivers frimi (^apc Florida to Vera Cruz. A striking and instructive eftei't lias resulted from the partial filling up of many inlets. Their shores opposite the river deposits, are everywhere more infested with autumnal fever, than further down their estuaries, near the Culf, where their banks and bottoms aliound in sand derived from the margins of the tertiary or post- tertiary plain, which surrounds the Ciulf. Beneath these deposits, on the eastern side of the Gulf, wherever rocky strata are to be found, they belong to the tertiary formation.s, and consist of friable lime and sand stones. These general descriptions are applicable to the coasts of the Gulf east and west of tlie delta of the Mississippi ; but do not apply to that iminenso alluvial deposit, which requires to be described separately; that description, however, must be given in connection with both the Gulf and Kiver; and will, therefore, be deferred until we have examined the principal localities of tiie coas.. *NewSpaiii,Vol. II, p. 185. ill r.4i I. 1 ' V -.'H ,1 ^^1 V. '4 42 THE riMNCirAL DISEASES 01" THE [llOUK 1, PART I. ^iiiiiyiiii CllAPTi '^ HI. 'I' UK S U T H K 1! N I? A .s . N , V O N T I N T ll I) . SPECIAT. MEDICAI, TOrotiUAI'HY OV THE COASTS OF THE CCLF or MEXICO. Fx pr(i<'(M'(lin,L' io dosoribo surli Idciiitu's iis arc of interest to tlio jilivsician, a (Hiestioii of liinils arises. Sliall uo taku tlioso |)laeo.s only wliieli stand ui)on tlie (lulf, lilio \'era Cruz and Pensacola, or ascend tlio rivers wliicli enter it, as far as scttlcniciits liave Itcen made u|ion tliein V Tlie answer must l)e. that tlie former woidd Itc too restricted, and tlie latter too extended. T shall, therefore, take the intermediate limits of tide water, which will carrv us to the heads of the river estuaries and of the Utile bays; ami enalile ii.'-' tn cmlirace, in the zone of the (iulf coasts, such localities as Fort IJrooke anil ]Mul)ile. In entering on this, tlio beginnin;: ol oiir medical tojiography, T jiroposo to start with the most southern locality, A'era Criiz, on the western side of the Culf, and travel north to the delta ol' the Mississijipi ; then, tti begin anew, at the most distant jioint in the south, Havana, and travel northerly to the sauic delta. SECTIO.X I, VERA muz. Yi;i!.\ Cuvz, the most populous town and the commercial mctrnpidis of the Republic of ^Fexieo, and the largest city of the western (!ulf coast, has at all times l)eoii an object of interest, with the medical etiologist ; and yet 1 have not met with the materials for a satisfactory description. Its latitude is lit" 11' Ti-J" \., longitude 0(3" S' 4;V' AV. Tt wa? founded liy the S|)aniards near the clo,se of the sixteenth or in the be- ginning of tlie seventeenth century, about two hundred and fifty years ago; on the spot where Cortes first landed for the conquest of Mexico.* We are indebted to Humboldt, for a sketch of its topography. "It is situated in an arid jdain, destitute of running water, on which tlio north winds, which blow with impetuosity from October until April, have formed hills of nioviiic" sand. These downs (Mcs'nnos dr Arena) chanirc their form and situation every year. They are from eight to twelve meters (twenty-six to thirty-eight feet) in higlit. and contribute very much, by the reverberation of the sun's rays and the high temperature which they ac((uire during the summer months, to increase the suffocating heat of the air of A'era Clavigcro's History of Mexico, Vol. II, p. 296. Cruz. 15ct are marshy ; naiit water i Kl I'aiicho ( nutives. if niiioiig the t fices of \'er; (iccaii, the s rock !.•< to bt giiiL' the sail tliis water p It is r;iin wa is "I ;i VI TV the r,|i-t i> ii to have rocd mf'^-'iiK'^, an Tennya. in ci.-.fM|'iis, II tioii of the h ▼hi'-li the ve milifiiry. T UJ)"M as one ^nr\\ was A. i>. isr., that the pojMi is given by y oirciil;ir, fnmt Baii'l hills, an up"ii rain coll answer Ijut \ the water of i outsi:!,. i,r (ll, sert d dwelliii streets (Piice i an air of inchi UpoM."t \\x of the city..! 'file castle island, in fron Aceordiiiff i *roiit. E.s. M + .Voles of 'I'l T Uccolloctioii m [llOUK I. PART I. I\Ti;iiro|{ VAIJ.DY OF NOIJTH A.MKKICA. 43 1-' TIIH iA'l.V 1 (lie iilivsician, y wliifli stand rivers wliifli ? 'I'lie answer r t'i'j fxlt'iult'd. vliieli will carry and cnaltlo us '(lit IJriinkL' and t(i|ii';:i;ildiy, I on tlie wt-'.stcru isipjii ; then, tu ana, and travel ictrnjiolis (if the f ciiast, lias at ist ; and yet I AV. Tt was (jr ill tlie bo- I'ty years ago; liieo/'- We arc ■. (Ill wliicll tllc itil Aiiril, have Arr/ui) cliaiiiri' I twelve meter.' •y niueli, liy the li tlicy acfjuirc tlie air ui' ^'era Cruz. IJctwiM'ii the eity and the Ardyn (lavilaii, in the midst of the ilowns, are marshy gmunds edvered with ni.iii;:Ies and nthcr liriishwiKid. Tiio stiig- naiit water iil'the I?a\iii de la Tcmliladera, and the small lakes nf rildrniiga. Kl llanclnt de la llnrtali/.a, and Arjoiia, neeasidii inferinittent levers aiiKHig tlic nutives. It is imt im|iriili;ilile that it is, also, mit eiie nl'the least im|i(irtant aiiiiiiiL' till' fatal causes (pf the m/nitd jirirfn, or yelhiw fever. Ail the edi- fices (if \'era Cruz are ('(instructed of materials drawn I'rom tlie lidtti.m of the ocean, the stmiv haliitation of the .Madrcjinres ( |iieilras di; .Miicaia ), fur no rock is to he found in the environs of tlie city." " Water is found on di^'- piiii: the sandv snil of \'era Cm/, at tlii; deiilli of a iiieteT ( It.^ feet); Imt tliis wat( r iinicceds fniiii till' liltratimi of the marshes (innied in l!.e dnwiis. It is rain water, whieli has lieeii in cdiitact with the roots of ve^fctaliles ; and in 111 ii very had ((iiality, and only us'd for washiii;.'. 'I'he lower jieojile (and the fact is iiii|i(irtaiit for the medical to]io(rra|iliy of A'era Cniz) are (ibli;_'('d to have recourse to t!ie water of ;i ditch ( r^'/'/" ), which cuiiies I'rnm tht; W,','" /"!>', and is somewhat lietter than tlic wdl water, or tli;it nf tlie lirook of Teimya. I'eii|ili,' in vnsy circinnstances, hdwever, (hiiilv rain water cdlleeted in ci>teriis, of which the eoiistruetion is e.xtreniely ini|ir(i|ier, with the exee|i- tion (if the lieautifiil cisterns ((il^:^//its ) of the castle of San Juan dTlloa. of ▼lii'-li the very pure and wholesome water is only distrilmted to tlmse in the military. This want of . l>'l."), when visited liy Xormaii, it was not materially diU'erent, exee[it that tlie iio]iiilatiiin, which ilumliiddt stated at more than sixteen thousand, is .L'iveii by 31r. Xoriiiaii at six thousand. "The form of the city is si'ini- oirciilar, frontiiii,' tlie sea. It is situated on an arid plain surror.nded liy sand hills, and is very badly supplied with water, — the chief reliance being npen rain collected in cisterns, which are often so poorly constructed as to answer but very little purpose. The chief resource of the lower classes is tnc water of a ditch, so impure as frenuently to occasion disease." " The OUtsiile (if the city hinks solitary and miseral)]e enough. The ruins nf de- serted dwelling houses, dilajiidated public edifices, neglected agriculture, and street«; (iiice populous and busy, now still, and overgrown with weeds, give an air (if melancholy to the scene, which it is absnlutely distressing to look upon. T Mr. Thompson informs us that there are large swamjis in the rear of the city..| 'I he castle of San Juau dTllia, stands upon and nearly covers a rocky island, ill t'roiit of the eitv. Aeeordiug to Ilumlidldt, the rich merchants of ^'era Cruz, at tlie time of *Polit. Es. oil New Pp.niii, Vol. II, p. 175. + Notes of Travel, p. 1)0— 'JG. i Recollections of Mexico. l m\ Ml i li I; >■ 1| I ''■■ I' I.' IP'I^I' 44 TIIK rillNCirAI, DISEASES OF THE [nooK I. Iiis visif, Iiiid siminior rosidoiiroH at, tlic inloriir town of .fiilapa, fuiir tliousaiwl fix't ali()ve tliu (itilf; wlii.Tc they t'lijoyoil ii " oxil aiitl ajrroealili; rctroat, wliili; tho Pim.''t was nlninst utiiiilialiitaMi! from tlio iniisfluitoos, tlio prcat licat. ami till) yellow fover." Tliat disease, It is well known, prevails in N'eia Ciu/, every year; suspeiuled, or nearly ho, (luriiif,; the winter, Init retnrninjr after tlip vi'rnal ecjuinox, witli as nmeli certainty, as interuiitteiits and remittents roiMir, l>'!fore (he aiitninual e;(nin'i.\-, aloni^ tho rivers of Illinois, or Alahania. Aecitrdinpr to IfnndinMt, it never extends into the eovintry. It may be eoN looted from him, tiiat intermitteiits nlno ooenr in Vera ('rnz, and nt other places along that roast; Init to what extent, I eannot discover; nor whether a disease, answering:; to tho remittent antnnninl fever of the more nortlieru portions of the \'all"y, ami diNtinL'uisliahle from yellow fever, is met with there. SECTION II. TAMIMCO. At tlic distance of al)out two hundred miles north-north west from Vera Crux, in the state of Tamaulipas, wo have the Mexican town of Tampico. Its position, in L. "i-" N., is on tlie left or northern bank of tho Jiivcr I'aimeo, innnodiately below the junction of tho Jliver Tamissee, and six miles from tho (lulf. Tiieso rivers, which resemble deep and winding canalji, descend from tho Sierra .Madre, or eastern range of the Cordilleras; and travorso tho broad, flat, and fertile zone, whieli surnjunds tho western segment of tho rotroiit, wliilo L'rciit licJtt, iiiiil ill Vt-ni Cruz rcturniiip at'tcr uiid riMuit touts is, or Aluhanin. It may ])C cnl- i, and at otlier r ; iKir wliotlier more nortlicrii LT, is met with west from ^'oru vu of Tampico. k of the llivcr luisscc, anil six winding canali", Cordilleras; and Is tlio western 1 west, and tin; ■' of San Luis lieso rivers, aiid running nearly between tlieiu at around Vera luctive soil, ami uilt on a LoU ing foul beacli, ar, to the nortli reat rains ; Imt )et\veeii the t\V" ide of the river, ,de of the Gulf, is attraetivc to mnication witli riling, U. S. N. P»RT I. INTI-inolt VAI.F.KV III NnUTII AMIlllICA. 45 the interior; niul the liarlinr itsolf is niori' acccy.sihle than most others nn tlie we.storri si lo of the (Julf. The coimni'ni.d iutercourso liefwceii this | laeo and New Orli'ans, always considerahU'. is Hlvdv, herealtcr. to he «•• iniudi irreater as to give to its im'dical lip|iugra[)hy a d('ci(h'(l inijinrtanfe, l''rom Jjeufcnant Uniwiiiiig, I learii that intermittent fevers prevail, e«|H'ciiilly in siiriuL'; hut as the siunmiT comes on, they are merged In yelhw fiser, wldch, as at N'eru Cruz, may he regarded as tlie gri'at and nevur failing endemic. srx'Tiox ill. (1 AI.Vr.STON ISLAM) AND T()\V\. This is at once the name of a hay, an island, and a new Anieriean city, of the state of Texas. Tiie lln/hna the form of an irregular jiarallelngrain; .vitli one end on the (iidf, and the other forty miles north, in the emintry. The San Jacinto enters its north-west, and the llio 'I'rinidad, or Trinity Biver, its north-east coriu'r. Its width is from twelve to eighteen miles, with •n average de|itli of nine or ten feet; reduced to live or six, over lied l"'ish bar, whiidi bisects it into nearly eijual parts. '/'//(' Isliind lies with its eastern half immediately in front ol this hay, within a mile of the main land; and extends west south-west, in a straight line, to a length of tiarty miles, with a breadth of four or five. The harbor is between tlie eastern end of the i.>dand and the mouth of the bay, with an entrance from the east.* At the entrance of the l)ay, there is a low', flat island, containing about one thousaiul acres, which, witii ]}idivar I'oint, a promontory of the nudn laiul, limits the harln/r to the north, (lalveston island is but a compact bed of drifted sand, rising a few feet above the level of the Gidf. and liable to partial inundation, from the iluctiuitions produced by Itrong southern and eastern winds. The Cii'v, of which the Fiat, is •J'.)" IS' N., and Lou. IHi" iV W., stands adja- cent to the harbor, on the north side of the i.sland. Xt'ar the water's edge, in front of the former, the surf has thrown up a levee of sand and shells about two feet high in its center, and one hundred feet broad ; immediately in the rear of which, is a broad depression, so low tliat high tides run into it, and raiu water accumulates, so that it presents either a marsh or a sheet of water, three-(|uarters (tf a mile long, and from one to three hundred feet broad. The principal business street, called the Strand, runs upon this natural levee; and on the south side arc the warehou,scs, which run back over the morass, which receives their filth. The rest, and more interior portions of the city, are built on a dry and porous soil, and present an aspect of cleanliness and comfort, t •Texas; by Mrs. Mary Austin Hollcy, 1836, p. 26. + An account of the Yellow Fever, whicli appeared iu the city of Galveston, 1839 : by Ashbel Smith, M. D. ■i i • t ^v.jlj |«. hi liffi I ■!i I! .: w »■ .1 4G THH rRLN'CIPAL DISEASES OF THE [book i. I'lifil alumt. l!^;>(), rjialvc'stnii i^ilaiid was luiiiilialjitod ; in 1807, the cniiirratiDii to it, from the T'liitcd States, l)t'f'aiiie active; in 1H-V.\ the city ci'iitaiiiuil from two tlidusaiid to two thonsand tivo liundrcd inhaliitants, and tlic iiuHilK,'r lias been increasing ever since. (Jalvoston has experienced .several inva.«ions of yellow fever, when that disease was eiiidenu(^ in New < trleans. It is al.so lialile to tlie eonunon forms of antnniiial fever. IJetween (ialveston and the delta of the ^Iissis,~^i]»])i, there is no coast locality of interest, and in pursuance of the plan already annouuccd, we must now transfer ourselves to the eastern side of the (lulf. SECTION IV. HAVANA, AND THE ISLAND OF CUBA. Althongii the Island of Cuba makes no part of the Interior Valley of North America, the relations between them are so intimate, that the medical historian of the la*ter, should include the former in his descriptions.* These relations are three fold : 1. The meteorology of Cuba gives us a tropical starting point for tabular views of the climates further north. *J. It is im- possible to study the yellow fever of the northern shores of the Gulf, without a reference to the city of Havana, o. That city and the island to whieli it belongs, are the chief places of resort for those invalids of the A'alley, who seek a southern winter residence. Cuba is a long, narrow island, lying nearly east and west, between tlie latitudes of twenty and twenty-tliree and a half degrees north. Its extremi- ties and center are elevated and broken; in fact, may be regarded as a mountain of the sea. The greatest bights are in the eastern extremity of the island, where the Pico de Tarquino rises to the altitude of eight thou- sand four hundred feet. But as this portio.i of the Island lies in the seventy-seventh degree of west longitude, it is too renvite from the (!ulf of !Mexico and the coast of Flor- ida to exert an}' perceptible eft'ect on the climate of eitlier. The Island, moreover, presents its extremity instead of its side to the fiulf, which greatly reduces the influcrice it nnght otherwise exercise. Intermittent fever, but not yellow fever, prevails along the rivers of Cuba."!' Havana (PI. J) stands on the northern margin of the island, ner.r its western extremity, in N. Lat. 2:]" !>' liT", and W. Lon. -S-J" li2' 53", about one hundred miles from Cape Flurida. A capac!' •,;,, Iiarbor, M'ith high, rocky portals, washed by the (ivlf Stream, abounds in shipping, at all seasons of * I have not lirnn nbli> (o tnoi't with any full (loscriptibri of tho mndicnl fopofrra[)liy of Havana ; and tiip account wliicli I expected from u iiiglily iutolligeat medical friend, once rcsidrnt tliere, has not conic to hand. t Notes on Cuba. By a riiysician. fART 1.] the year e: tho westen corner of t from which row, and k ir.l!>. its the yellow f ease irom t prevailed as December, ; year. Tlui.- a manner iui New ( >rlcaiis If Havana because of time reipiirec The water Georgia, in t sixty feet, j Bay. twoiity- Theiice to Ca continues to s fflerireiice, hov dred miles, th «re the T(jrtu bw i.slaiids, is and corals. ] whole series, i A'-7/ Wrst Island is aboii of Florida, an Stream rollino Florida Kecf,' * Norman . f t Adventures 1848. i Bradford's II II Cayos, Rocki [BOr)K 1. n 1!<:')7, the in is:;'.!, the .1 iiihaliitaiits, is cxj)crieiicecl oiiiio in New vor. ; is no coast iced, we must rior ^'allcy of at the moilieal :ions.'^ These us a tropical . ± It is im- } CiiU', withuut ,nd tu which it he Valley, who between the Its extrcnii- regardufl as a extremity of eidit thou- egree of west coast of Fh)r- Tlie Island, wliicdi greatly .unt fever, but and, ncr.r its .■1' r)0", about itb hiali, rockv all seasons of ic;il toi)0V 48 THE PRLXCFPAL DISEASES OF THE [book I. TAHT I.] lengtii from cast to west is seven iiiile.s, witli an average breadth of two. Its elevation varies from that which permits an overflow by ordinary tides, up to ten feet ; the greater portion, however, not rising above sis or seven, T!ie surface (if the IsUmd presents many niarslies and shalhjw basins, filled during the rainy season with fresh water; whieli, although imbibing from the soil, or nteeiving from the spray of the (iulf, snilieient salt to render it brackish in the dryer porLidUs of tlie year, is the most potable whic! can be obtained in the Island. The surfaee has a layer of soil supporting an herba- ceous vegetation, and .shaded by a growth of small trees and shrubs.* Seve- cral years ago, Commander Mcintosh, U. S. N., while stationed at Key West, had (as ho inf(»rmed mo ) a numl)or of vistas cut through this jungle, along which he dug ditche;5, and allowed the tides to flow 'nto the marshes, and the fresh water of t'.." ;.reat ra'ji. to flow out; whereby the salubrity of the Island, as he believer, I'ad been greatly increased. Occasionally, the waves throw upon the shores of the Island an immense quantity of sea weed, enveloping nioUusca and other marine animals; the de- composition of which, under the action of an almost tropical sun, adds greatly to the deleterious qualities of an atmosphere, already impure i'rom more per- manent causes.f These deposits are made under the influence of agitating winds, which are sometimes so violent as to drive the waves over the whole Island, and produce great .:li,,'astation. The chief settlement of the Island is the town, harbor and military post of — Key Wkst, in N. Lat. 24^' a.T and W. Lon. 81^' 52'. For a while, this was the principal naval station of the United States for the (julf of ^Mexico. It lias. ever since been a military post. The inhabitants of the town consist largelv of wreckers, or persons engaged in saving the crews and cargoes of vessels wrecked on the Florida Reef. Yellow fever prevailed at this place, as an epidemic, at the time it was a naval station ; but is not an annual visitant, as it is of Havana, ninety miles further soutli. According to the army returns, autunmal fever is not very prevalent. The average ratio of intermitting fever is twenty per cent. of remitting fever two per cent.t It can scarcely be doubted that additional attention to tlie surface of the Island would render it, for a southern locality, highly salubrious. Tamp.\ B miles into tli wliich, to tli • inhabitants, -; Alafia, an inf is one hundr( criiitracted, t Tliere are ^^^ vial deposits. IP wet grounds, dry and suffici the former jir Four IJro( bank of the c It has bei ■gcarocly ever tliiit I if iuteri/ •di.-casv has m lurg'ViMs: whn tracti'd (.Isewli Tampa Ba\ minatiii!) of th at HM distant | th'.' iii.'St soutl • Dr. .Alorgi'ii ; Pliil. Jour, of llio Med. and Tliys. .Sci. Vol. viii, p. 51. + N. Amer INIod. and Surjj. Jour. Vol. iii, p. 24. t Med. Statis. U. S. Arniv, 1840. I. The ben witli the Gulf which i.< tweni which rise but Tiiat on th( is called Fo.sti * f'ommandor t Med. Statis. 4 [book I. :i of two. Its lary tides, up six or seven. buhius, lilltid [nibibing t'roui t to render it wliic! eaii be :ing an herba- rubs.* Sevo- . at Key West, 1 this jungle, ) the marshes, he salubrity of d an immense limals; tlic de- u, addfi greatly rom more per- ce of agitating over tlie whole t of the Island while, this was Mexico. It has e(jnsist largely goes of vessels time it was a la, ninety miles x'r is not very )er cent. — of lat additional uthern locality, PAnri.] INTERIOR VALLEY Or NORTH AMERICA. 49 SECTION VI. TAMPA BAY, AND FORT RROOkE. Tampa Ba^ ( P'. I) extends in a north-east direction, about thirty-five miles into the ixninsula of Florida. It bifurcates into heads; the larger of which, to the west, having no rivers, and being, as yet, nearly destitute of iiiliiibitants, may be dismissed from further r.otice. The other receives the Ahifin, Mil innonslderalde stream; and the river Ilillsboro', whicli, at its mouth, is iiiu' hundred and tliirty yards wide; though but a few miles up, it is so (Mntracted, that a steamer can with difficulty turn in its channel. There are oyster beds at its junction with the Kay, and, of course, no allu- vial deposits. To the east, between it and the Alafia, there are some low wot ;:rounds, and actual marshes; but its banks and the coast to its west, are dry and sufficiently elevated, bearing open forests of jiine and nerubby oaks — the former predominating on its right bank, the latter on its left.* Fort Brooke, N. Lat. 27" 57' arid W. Lon. 82» 35', stands on the east bank of the estuary of Ilillsboro' River. It has been regarded as a highly ralubrious post. Yellow fever has scarcely ever invaded it. The ratio of remittent fever is nine per cent. — ■that of intermittent, seventy-three per «ent. The high ratio of the latter idi.-ease has not, however, '^ostrnyod the ehiraeter of this post, with our army gurgoons; who have observed that a large p'-oportion of the cases were con- trairtcd clsewhore, when the troops were on detached service. t Tanijia l»ay affords the best harbor .south of Pensacola; and, since the tor- niinatiiin nf the Seminole war, settlements have begun uj)on its banks, which jKt U'l distant period may render it an eligible winter residence for invalids — fho nii.ist southern to be found on the Peninsula of Florida. \ SECTION VII. PENSACOLA : THE BAY AND TOWN. I. The boantiful B.w of Pensacola, in the state of Florida, is connected with the Gulf of flexion, by a strait one mile in width, the greatest depth of wliieli i.s twenty-four feet. The banks of this entrance consist of sand drifts, which rise but a few feet above the surface of tlie water. That on the west side, separated from the main land by a shallow lagoon, is called Foster's Island; that of the opposite side, likewise separated by :i » fommandor Jolinslon, V. g. N., and Dr. Holmes, U. S. A., MSS. penes me. + Mfd. Statis. U. S. A., p. 296. 4 ,i1 if \* V ; .'-y . '•' ' 1" . 'A. ■■■'^' y 50 TIIH PRINCIPAL DIi^EASES OF THE [nooK I, long, navigablo sound, is called Hanta Eosa Island. This island stri.'t(.'lii'.~ off to tlio oast fur the distanco of forty miles, being from one to two miles in width, and rising in some plaees to such a hight, that its wliite sands are visible to a considerable distance, and serve as beacons to tlie navigator. Its surface j)rcsonts many little jiools and marshes, abounding in shrubs and rattlesnakes, and is generally studded with tufts of a heath-like undershruL (' Crratiola crlcoldcs ), among which there are a few scattering and stinituJ pines and live oaks. Its whdle outer beach is lashed by the waves and swcll.« (if theCJulf. Its opposite slioro is separated from the continent, by Santa Rosa'Souiid, just mentioned, Avhich opens into the l}ay of Pensaeola, about three miles from its mouth. From below the junction of the Sound, the Bay widens; yet one shore is everywhere distinctly visible from the other On both sides a post - tertiary or tertiary plain, from tuenty to eighty feet high, composed of yellowish sand abuvo, ami white sand beneath, approaches more or less chjsely to the margin (if the ])ay, and constitutes it.> banks. At the distance of about twenty miles inlaml, the Bay, like that of Tampa, tcrmiiuites in two heads or subordinate ba^s. The eastern, called St, ]\Iary de (ialves, has two small tributaries bcarin: the names of Yellow Water, and IJlaek Water llivers. The western, nanidl I'jscambia, receives the waters of the river Eseaniliia. The two former oi these rivers, drain but a small tr.-ot of sterile cnuntry, and tiierefure throw into their receptacle a correspondingly limited quantity of silt. Thiir estuaries, however, are flanked with impenetrable cypress swamps, as may be seen by a reference to ./*/. JII. The Kscamltia, originating in the state of Alabama, where the soil is fertile, has brought down, and deposited in it- portion of the bay, an extensive bed of alluvion, wliich is suificiently elevatC'! to support such trees, shrubs, ami gramineous plants, as delight in sub- aquatic situations. Among the last, is a tall culniiferous grass {Pliroi^miti coMinuiih), having ])erennial roots, but annual stems, whieli, by their luxuri- ant growth, and speedy decay, constantly add to the vcgetal)le elements i^; these dej)i)sits of silt. Near its moutli, this river, like the others, is borderuJ with broad cypress swamps, which are terminated by higher post-tertiar. deposits, bearing long-leaved pines. In the first twenty miles from the Oul;, that is to the place of bifurcatim', the axis of Pensaeola iJay is nearly nnrtli- oast; but the prongs, or subordinate bays, turn to the north. In variiu- places the shores are skirted with narrow salt marshes, and, around tlk heads of the Bay, especially between its divisions, there are extensive cypres.- swamps. A'iewed fnmi an)' position, Pensacnla Bay is an object of much naturai beauty. Its jiellucid waters, salt eiidugh to abound in oyster beds, au encircled at their very edge with a narrow girdle of white sand, wliici; harmonizes pleasantly with the foliage of the live oaks, magnolias, cy[)resstv- hollies, and various flowering shrubs, which overshadow its margins, aiiJ ' 1:-J:I >' O 1 \\ ^ ':i ■ a V 1 r; 'V''', a .1 . i ■ \ o ' '; :r. ■-•\ [nooK I, ;laii(l strctL'lc- ;o two niiks in liito sands aro navigator. Its in slinili.s and iko untltTslirul n<: and stuntuJ avos and swell.- nont, liy Santa L'lisaodla, abdut tlio Sound, tbf from the otliur Mity to ciglity sand beneath. 1 constitutes it- Jay, like tliat «i lutarics Lcarin: western, naniei two former i therefore throw ^ :)f silt. Tlitir wamps, as njay ng in the stiiti' leposited in it- icicntly elevate! delight in sub- ss i^PliragmUo V their luxuri- le elements m1 rs, is hordi.'i'L'ii r pdst-tertiury I'mni the (lu!;. nearly nm'tli- 111 varii u- d, around tJK tensive eyprt'S.- le tl much natura ■ster beds, au ite sand, wliit' ilias, cy[)resse> s luargh's, aii' I' s 'Y PART I.] relievo tlie shadiiw till The iiie< iiiteru.st wit inijiiirtiiiic liarlmr on tills liay a At tliu flit I (if Santa I!. Fui't Harrai anotlier iiu mile hiiflier one to tlie and vllow .> jilaee to j.Ia . sueli liicalitt i'-^! the soluble ' ; the insoluM and manure, are speedily pears. Still aecuuiulatioi thus pools or been ireneral Yard, as nnn marsh, and s * of the old C keeping still II. Town i.s a level pla water, and si where enviroi narrow, semi (Cup I- CSS us I bushes (.!/■/// prod net of r swampy belt In the montl degrees Fa hi and that the the water of the rays of t Pensacola made before liPi'i J p\Rr I. INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH a:\IERICA. 61 rclicvu tlic soniljcr I'lick gvouiul of loiig-leavoil jiiiio woocls, wliieh uvor- sliailnw the higliLT terraces. The luedieul, naval, ami military histories of Pensaeola Buy, are of tMjual interest with its scenery. Tlio first merits great attention, from the national importance of the two latter. Constituting the only sheltered anil capacious harhor on the northern semicircle of the (lulf, the (lovcrnnient has made this liay a naval station, and erected 'he various works necessary to its defense. ■ At the entrance there arc three fortifications: Fort I'ickens, on the west end ' of Santa llosa Lsland; I'ort .MeOree, nn the cast end of Foster's island; and Fort Harrancas, a mile above, on more elevated ground. At the distance of another mile, on the same low sand riilge, stands the Navul Hospital ; and a mile higher up the hay, on the same side, the Navy Yard. The road from one tn tlie other (tf these establishments, pa.sscs over louse dunes of white and yellow sand, which, by the action of the winds, is continually drifted from place to jilacf. These sands produce pines and other plants that flourish in ; such localitcs ; but their recrements do not accumulate on the surface; for the soluble parts sink with the rain water into the hiose strata beneath, and the insoluble are buried up by the action (if the winds. Even the mold ami manure, which are thrown upon the gardens attached to the Navy Yard, are speedily dissipated, and a surface, not unlike that of drifted snow, reiip- '.' pears. Still, in the midst of these dunes, there are concavities in which ■ accnniulatidns of so:-, or matters impervious to water, have been made, and thus pools or swales, bearing sub-aipuitic shrubs and herbaceous plants, have been generated. They are, however, of limited extent. Above the Navy Yard, as may be seen on /'/. ///, there are two bayous, bordered with salt marsh, and surrounded by dry and elevated jiine terraces, jiresenting the site of the old Cantonment Clinch. Ten miles from the portals of the Bay. keeping still on its western side, stamls tlie ancient — II. Town ok Pkn-acola, in N. Lat. :iU« 2>'' and W. Lon. ST" 12'. Its site 'is a level plain of lilown sand, rising but a few feet above the surface of the water, and surrounded by the post-tertiary, pine-covei'cd terrace, which every where environs the IJay. Between the town plat ami this terrace, there is a narrow, semi-circular belt of swamp, originally covered with cypress trees, (Cuprcsaus disticha), which have been replaced by a dense jungle of Titi bushes (Mijl()cariu7)i ligustrinum). Numerous springs of soft water, the product of rain upon the adjacent plateau, discharge themselves into this swampy belt, the extremities of which are salt marshes, of limited extent. In the month of March, I found the heat of these springs as low as sixty-two degrees Fahrenheit; a temperature, which shows tlicir origin to be superficial, and that they had been aifected by the previous winter. By these s])rings the water of this paludal t'-act is kei)t pure; and by the compact Titi grove, the rays of the sun are prevented from acting on its surface. Ponsacola is an old town, and settlements near the outlet of the Bay were made before that of the town. Having belonged successively to Spain, A ^:ii sA M 62 'IIIE PRINCIP.AL DISEASES OF THE [UOOK I, t tAvr I.] Franco, Engliiinl, and tlio United States, its pojiulation, iniprovcnicnt." and modes (if livin;:, offor a niixtiiro of tlic wlidlo. The liouscs, ninstly of wood, are cliiefly Ixiilt in the Spanisli and Freneli stales, and scatteriiigly distrilju- tcd over the j)lain. Apart from tlio jieojde of the town, tlie seainiMi of onr national sliijis, the persons attached to the Navy Yard, and tlie i^inall garrisons wliich man tliC different forts, the pojmhition of Pensacola IJay is hnt limited ; for the siir- roiuiiling country is, in general, too sterile for profitable agriculture. Tlic densest population, beyond the Innits of the town, is found near tlie mouth of lilaekwater Eiver. The yellow fever has been several times prevalent in the town, among the ship[)ing, t'Tiii at the Navy Yard ; but the number and malignity of its inva-ions bi.^r no comparison to its severe visitations of Mobile and New Or. Ol tua nil' intermittent and remittent fever, it will be proper to speak more extensively . From tho forts to the town of Pensacola inclusive, (all on the west side of the Bay), although there are some swales and small swanipj or ponds among the sand dunes, and some narrow tracts of salt marsh, there arc, as we have seen, no deposits of silt; and the organic matters accumu- lated in the wet or paludal spots, are chiefly those which belong to tho piiiL forest. Now the inhabitants of this range of coast have for a long time enjoyed an exemption from autumnal fever, remarkable for a southern locality. The town of Pen.saeola has even been rt^^orted to as a summer residence hv citizens of Mobile and New Orleans. When, however, we ascend the same coast, about ten miles above the town, to the estuary t)f tho Escambia Kivor, we Cud a state of things entirely difierent. The silt brought down by that stream, has filled, as we have seen, a large portion of tho western head of tlic Jla\', and thus generated a marsh, several miles in width, near which tlic S(!ttlers have been fatally scourged by autumnal fever; although they escaped yellow fever when it prevailed in the town and Navy Yard below. Tlio medical history of this devoted locality dates back more than eighty years, as may be seen from tho following narrative by Lind. * " In the year lT(i(), sixteen French protestant families, consisting of sixty persons, were sent, at the expense of tho English government, to AVcst Florida. Tho ground allotted for their residence was on tho side of a hill, surrounded with marshes, at the mouth of tho river Hcambia.t These new planters arrived in winter, and continued jierfectly healthy until the sickly months, which in that country are those of July and August. About that time eight gentlemen (from one of whom I received this account) went to * Essay on tho Diseases Tiicideiital to Europeans, in Hot Climates. By James Lind. M. D. Pliil. Ed., 1811, p. 161. + Escambia. this new se general ass them Wiis s becoming t day seven spi't; lint, tinned in [ inoiitlis, tliL .t, once the heail of .^^ollile JJay."*" Thence to the head of the existing Bay. tliere is a scries of low, alluvial islands, surrounded by river I'haiuiels, known uiuhr the names Mobile, Tens;iw, and Sj)anish IJiver. Two-tliirds of the region which tlic river drains, is composed of loose or decomposable tertiary and cretaceous dejiosits, suffudently fertile to support a luxuriant tree and herbaceous vegetation; and hence the supply of alluvion is inexhaustible. ^Vith these materials, orgaiuc and inorgainc, the river has filled the upper part of the 15ay: and is still carrying on a work, which has been already completed in the estuary of the ^Mississippi. When the drift- wood ami sand meet the tides of the Uav, they are loda'cd against the shores, or deposited on the bottom; but the argillaceous matter advances further toward the (Iulf, and gives to the haver part of the 15ay a bottom of nuul, which is gradiudly diminishing the depth of its waters. Thus, at some in- definitely future period, tlie Bay will bo filled uji: after which, the 31obile, like the .^lississippi River, will begin to pnject a peninsula, or cape, into c r^ Dr. Heustis: Ainer. .lour. .Med. and Pliys. Sci., Vol. XIX, p. G8. v^-v X J PL IV [nuuK I. ly tliL' most (if Moxic'j rt> tlinii lialt' triitcs it (III ,110 (if wliitc is the liiir- ■r iiiL'i'os.s (if nil, but foon 1 its wostoru tcrior. Tliis li it retains [ifist tertiary L'1I(AV, wliitc, ■ral iiKiiitlis, (•(iiistituont liydni.irrajili- (jiial in area lieiiee, more Culf. Tlic ealoosa and naiue (if tlic klice ^n'adu- iiilf, mingle uir jilaec of to till.' head ruunded liy iiiisli liiver. (if lodsu or ' til fjujijiort y- of alluvion 10 river lias , wliicli lias ■n tlio drift - the shores, iiccs further iiii (if imul, lit some iii- the ]Moliile. cape, into G8. •» » I'-'.M -^ f •"o ^ /v , --^J^" . -7^ ^^^ 1-L__-^ > ' ./• * ,/ |- ^' y/.- •' y i • «»> ^ *ttt ' "" •/ •C?' o x:-^ ^/■: v^^ ^^ X' V vf^^JjjLl ' ' " '• i y * tw j Big * A ^ m * i-iLJ'' ^'' »■. IH m PART I.] tllOfilllf. I Tniii|i!i n.i.\. less tliari I In II gf'iii Tiiliiiui •>f«t'i;i the orilcr in relative iii!ii.'i ifrcHsivi' eli'\ Mlmrrs til' M' yoinl wliiuli I ami cdVcnMl closely III! til 11. Mnll «if suiitli-east it.x western si Lon. 87" .'>!»' water's e(l;,'(j prist tertiary, marfrin mxt t sisteil fit' rivfi wliicli is s'liii (Ireat \'alKy, f'ruin sinking i grMUiidf, that at some distan sand for sixti deeper, a fetid water was sp( depth of twen then came to To the Sint portions of wl waves, when s chietly siippliei lidriiiL' sand toi nf silt and drit npper or Udrth is a small lia^ Tliree Mile Cn ( *n each side ol shadowed with other trees an PiRT I- INTKinOU VALLKY OF NORTH AMIiUICA. fut the i|i|ii, MuMlc, IViisaoola, ami Taniiiii ostuarii's, wo fiinl tlint tlio lalin of lilliiif? ii|), Iuih hi't-ii according to tlio onliT ill wliicli tlicy Imvo bucii nanuil; wliicli, ajrain, ('orr(S|MiiiiIs to tlic rclafivi' niaLMiifmlt' of tho rivers \vlii<'h ciiti'r tliciii, ami tlic fertility and jto- LTcs!si.s.siplli, is linilt near tlio present head of tlic l^ay, on its western side, tliirty miles from the (inlf, in N. liat. .'!(•" 11' 1^", and W. liOii. >1" •'»!''. Its sitt! is an ancient lioaeli of tlie I5ay, rising from tlio water's odgo to tlio liiglit of eight or ton foot, and oxtending hack to tho post tertiary, or tertiary plain, at the disfanee of .six or seven miles. The margin next tho liay, was criminally overflowed hy tides and waves, and eon- sisted of river alluvion, imhedding tho trunks of trees. Much of the site, 'vtii'-h is soinowhat terraced, like the river hottoiiis of the interior oi' the (Ireat \'alley, is sandy, with hods of elay heiieath, which prevent the rain,- from sinking into tho earth, and lead to the formation of swales, or marshy grounds, that re([uire ditching before they ean ho eultivated. A well, du;, at some distunee from the l>ay, but on tho eity plat, passed through yelh w sand for sixteen foot, aftording godd water; but on descending a few feet deeper, a fetid miid, enveloping tin; trunks of trees, wa.s reached, aiul the water was spoiled.* In another part of the city, a well was dug i. die depth of twenty-livo feet. It pas.sed through strata of elay and sand, and then eamo to marsh mud, with tlio trunks and leaves of trees, f To tho SMUtli, adjnining tlio eity, there is a cypress swamp, eon.siderablo portions of which arc ovorllowcd In- the high tides of the IJay, or by the waves, when swells from the (iulf ascend it. The water of this swamp is chiefly supplied, however, by springs, which issue from tho base of the ncigli- lioriiig sand terrace. The margin of tho swamp rests on an immense deposit nf .viilt and drift wood, whiidi presents a foul and suspicious aspect. On the upper or north side of the city, anav alioiuids ir islets and licds of alUiviim, cnvel- oping driftwood and covered witli a heavy growth of reed grass (^Pkrau- mi/rs cnmmviih), and (jther ai|uati(' and .ay Ijeiiig tm oil tlie terracT C(1, api)cars to ■iif« of ]Moljilo. ace of escajA cil for addii)L' to wliicli riia} south-west ot d pine, is tbe Ige of a vallc} o form a CdU- (juantity ol ort of crater tick ; whifli. tertiary f^am! 1, was sixty- e as tliat at tills fountain subterranean ctly heard, at V ear to tlii' uiid, was not u'ed i.y hoM- ti'iited tit tilt lerscns afhrni, •uund. Tlv. iar niovenieiii far behm tin PART I.j INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. Ol ni surface. Sonic eflorts have been made to add tliis jdace to Spring Hill, as a suininer resort ; but the desire of those who retreat fruni the e]iiden)ics of the fitv, is, to reinain so near as to receive early intelligence from those . wlioni they have left behind, and, as yet. it has nut been nun h fre(|uented. % About two hundred yards below this spring, on the same level, there is an- utliur whii-h emits no sound. Its temperature is one degree less. \ . Jxii.vnir.vM'S. — A settlement was commenced on Mobile Ea}-, by the French, about the year 17<'(l. In 171-, llomans ])ublished a map, which presents Fort L(uiis, near i r on the spot where the city now stands.* F'rciu that time, until the cession uf Louisiana to the United States, in l^d:!, Mobile was occupied cither by the French or Spaniards. For many years after the ccasion, it attracted but little notice, and continued to be a rude and un- iinp'irtant village; but about the year 1^■J^., it began to lix the attention of the people of the ncjrthern states of the Union; and in twenty years l)ecamea city of eight or ten thousand inhabitants; consisting chiefly of Americans, the '* French and Spaniards having nujstly left it. The new houses, nearly all (jf wood, are built in the fashion of other American towns, though many of the old liabitations are interspersed among them. The streets are paved with semi- fossilized shells, chietly the Ronauh ri/rc/ioiilrs ; which are f)und in long. low beds near the city, as also in various (jther places around the Gulf, at the elevation of a few feet above the highest tides. f Next to New Orleans, 3Iobile has suffered more from yellow fever than any other town north of Havana and Tampieo. As mighi be expected from itj; topography, faithfully represented in PI. IV, autumnal lever, both intermit- tent and reniittent, uf every type and grade of violenrc, is an annual visi- - taut; and frequently :,nipores on the yellow fever a cer'.aiii degree of periodi- city It is not, of course, limited fj the city; but a| pears, with even greater intensity, among the people of the surrounding alliuial plain and on the foul niari:ius of the I5ay, lioth above and below the ci'.y. The inhabitants of the neigliboriiig pine woods remain exempt. SECTION IX. .MINOR HAYS. Between Mobile and New Orleans, there are throe small Bays (PI. V), wliieii deserve the attention of tlio medical topographer; as they are jilaces of refuge for the )ieo})lo of those cities during the prevalence of epidemics; anil resorts for sea batliing, not only for those citiziens, but the people of the inte- rior. They are defended from the Gulf by a series of islands, which stretcli ; ! M Darby's Louisiana, p. 31G. + Conrad. \ .1* 58 THE PRINCIPAI, DISEASES OF THE [book I. (liroeti/ west frntn tlie mouth of Mobile T5ay, under tlic nanios (if Paujiliiii, Petit IJois, I'ouiiJ, ILirn, Dofr, Sliip, and Cat; between wbieh and the main land tlioro is watoi of sufficient dej)th for small steamers. T. l*As('A(ioui,A ])AV. — Tills is the must eastern. It reeeivcs, on its west side, the waters (if I'lisca^oula Kiver, which drains the ton or twelve soutL eastern eounties of the state of iMississippi, a;id some of the adjuining |iart> of Alabama. IJein;.^ an alluvial stream, it has made extensive deposits in it.- cstuar}', and reaches the Bay by two nmuths, which arc separated and skirted by low alluvial grounds and small lakes. On the opposite coast (if the Hay, there arc likewise marshes and lai^oons. ]?etwecii tlicni, to the ea.st, stands the old French vilhip3 of Pascacronla, now Krcbbsvijle; and near the junction of tiie river with the Bay, there are modern residences, with an ex- tensive hotel, havinji places for sea bathing in front. These settlements arc on higher and dryer banks, which, at their base, present a fillet of white santj. in beautiful contrast with the waters of the Bay.* The French settlement on this ]}ay, was among the first on the northern shores of the Gulf of .Mexico, and dates back to the early part of the eighteenth century. As Doctor Fearn, of Mobile, has informed mo, it i« seldouj visited by yellow fever; and being but little infested even witli autumnal fevers, has become a place of suuuner retreat for the peo[)le nl that city. It. Bay 01-" BiLOXi.— To the .shores of the Bay of Biloxi bchiugs the distinction of having received the first inunigrants to Louisiana. The set- tlcnuMit was begun l)y the French, in tlie month of May, Kitll'.t I am indebted to the distinguished Dr. Samuel A. Cartwright, of Natchez, for a;i account of this locality, at which, he spent several months. The Bay is in front of an arm or prong of Pascagoula Sound, with which it has a con- nection, as may be seen on /*/. V, about fifteen miles west of Pascagoula Bay. From its mouth, Biloxi Bay projects inlaiul to the north-west, with an average width of two niiles, until it attauis the length of twelve uv f(nu-teeii The villas or i*ettlements called Biloxi, are situated on the peninsula nr tongue of land between Pascagoula Sound and this inlet, which, in their roar, is (locally) called Ba(.'k Bay. This peninsula is about two niiks widi and nine long. Its siu'face is sandy and sterile, with a narrow strij) of lowor and riclier soil. There are no marshes, howver, between the Sound atn! Back Bay; but on the fai'ther or continental .lide of the Bay, there uiv fresh water swainjis. Three streams or bayous eater the Bay on that siilo; all of which arc d< ep and narrow. The Peninsula of Biloxi, is a place cl sojourn for the people of New Orleans, during the prevalence of yelhw fever. » ncsaiicon's Annual Txcgistpr, p. 150. t Bancroft's Hist, of the Col. of tlic I'. S. \\\. HI, p. 'JO!. J \nT i.j Imf it has not fever, however, III. Bay . I liave not the that the Pine V the waters of t traiu-e of the I> Sliii'Mshi.ro ; anil New Orliai found a salubrii low tcver. It^ The medical t ciiniprchend s[)ei by comparing ■ tnpograpliical co (ir marshy tracts, ami yellow fever :wliieh, give it a c %lcposit of sea sa of I'cn«acola and from Lake Pontc eacola ; and eonsc ..dcsi-rihcd. Betw luiidred and fift ri^c" liigh(}r. Til llic'tween Pensacol Jatter and Lake I tliaduwcd with cy with a sninbcr dr; and I'lianicteristic many parts, as be to tlie exclusion o ,,of limlis to a grc |intorcoluiniiiatio!i, i^consumes their she '|]iave fallen, prosen ;icause why so littl ' tliar hut little niol -surface remains hi 1 1' I, — r^w, 1 [book I. of Paii|iliin, ind the inaia •;, on its Avcst twclvo SOlltL joining parts oposits in it- ■paratcil and )sito coast of II, t(i the east, and near tlio , witli an ox- ttlemcnts arc if \Yliite i-aiid. the northern r ])art (jf tlif nod nio, it i> L'd even witli the people ui i lieh^ngs tl.i ta. The set- t of Natchez, Tlic Bay it has a coii- )f Pascagiiula th-wcst, witli (jr toiirtecii ;)cninsuhv nv ich, in tlioir (I miles villi (rip i)f lower Si'Und am! , there arc un that siile; a place o' yclh w fever av I \nr i,J INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 59 \utunnial Tint it has not always remained oxoinpt from that epidemic, fuver. however, scarcely ever invades it. III. IJay of St. Louis. — This beautiful little Bay lies west nf I^ilux" ;vl have not the materials fm- a descriptiun, Imt may state, in general terms, .;that the I'ine "Woods apiimach the ( i ulf shi re to its cast : and th;.! it receives the waters of two small iivors, the Jourdain and the Wolf. Near tlie on- traiu'c of the Bay, on its eastern side, is J'ass Christian, and on its western, Fliifldsh(.ro'; both of M'hieh are summer retreats for the j)eoplc of Mobile .and New Orleans, especially of the latter. Tins indicates, that it has been ifouiid a salubriou.«; locality; yet, mon; tlian oiue, it has ln.'en invaded by yel- low fever. Its lialiility in autumnal fever ajurcars to be small. 4 SECTiOX X. THE riNE WOOl).-^, The Miedieal topography of a country would be incomplete, if it did not Cniiiprehend specimens of its healthy localities along with the siekly ; as it is . hv eoniparing tliem, that we arrive at a knowledge of the infliieiice of ' top'igraphical conditions, under the same climates. If tin lnw and alluvial or uKusliy tracts, around this part of the (i ulf, are infested with autumnal and yellow fevers, tliere is an adjacent plain, the hight and composition of whirh, give it a decided characti.T of salubrity. This tertiary or jKst -tertiary deposit of sea sand and clay, has been already referred to in th.e descriptions of I'en»acola and Mobile. It borders the north-eastern segment of the Ciulf, from Lake i^Jntchartrain, or rather from the delta of the Mississippi to I'en- fdeiija: and conso(|uently lies in the rear of all the places which have been •deserihed. I'etwecn the city of ^Mobile and I'ensacohi, its altitude is one jhundrod and tifteen or twenty feet ; but further back from the coast, it ;rilai:\ they 3wiso isHUC ady given. c of vliicli ^', in yt'lldw ittf'itb ami gum and ) S( il, foul ■while tlif springs of 1 ■'Vl •1 -f , >k m D. PART OF )f the Mis- I the coast ul This JOVO. Ities are ua- isin, with a in the end. to (lescrik >so physical directly or Ith object?. V;-^.!^' - [■I ■ . ■•l »RT 1.) i.N' ■I Tliu axis of tlic iiiid nortli west I'n (iulf I if Mi'xieo, t( aiulers of tliu stre; cxtri'iiiitics (li/fcT a west, the Di'lta is uast, by the terti;ii and of Baton Kcniirt affcr pas.^iiifr tliat t iiako J'liiitL'liartraiii St. Jjoiiis; tlius iiic ''iM, Iieloiig to it, waters of tlio 3Ii.ssi river a few miles bi iK'sceiit from the j> tlioiico, by the I>ayi Luke ]i(prgiie and fl the mouth of I'oarl bays, is sliallow and than as portions of J the 3Iississi|ij(i by historic period, the 1 and of course tlio Whether it did not known. For the di; before a levee was ci swell.s, a great (juaiii just nientione7 n ■,ff '' V SECTION I. DESCRIPTIVE IIVDRoGRArilV. The axis of the Delta of tlic ]\Iif;si,>isi|i|)i (1*1. V), lies iiearlv snutli-cast ;iii(l imrtli ■vvost from tlie IJalize, or junction of the North j'last l*a>^s witli the duU' of Mexico, to the n.outh of lied River; a ilistaiiee, f 'llowinir the lue- unders of tlie stream, of three luimlred and forty miles. '^ In hititiide, those extremities differ about two degrees — in longitude, nearly three. On the west, the Helta is bounded by the diluvial jdains of Opeloiisas — on the LMst, liv tlie tertiary, or post-tertiary highlands of West and Kast I'eliciar.a. and of IJaton llouge ; which, having closely a(>]iroaehed the river, recede from it alter passing that tay uf St. Jjouis; tlius includinir those lakes within the I'l-lta. 'J'hat tiiev ^A^ in fact, belong to it, i.s rendered certain, by the discharge of a portion (jf the waters of the Mississippi through the Iberville — a bayou whi'-li k'avcs tlio river a few miles behiw Jiaton Rouge, and joining the River Amite, after it.« descent from the plateau just mentioned, flows into fiake Maurepas; and thonce, by the JJaycm Mancliac, into I'ontehartrain, which is connected with hake Rorgne and the (lulf, by channels that meander among the Jtigolets at the mouth of Pearl River. The water of these lakfs, or, more properly, lavs, is shallow and brackish ; and thev can bi; regarded in no other li::ht, than as portions of the Gidf, partly iilled up widi silt, carried into them from the Mississippi by the Iberville, Amite, and I'earl Risers. Within the liistiiric period, the Iberville has conveyed but a moderate quantity of water; a'ul of eoiu'se the deposits from that source have latterly been small. Whether it did not formerly discharge a more copious stream, cannot be known. For the distance of one hundred and forty miles, the Mississippi, before a levcc was constructed, poured over its left bank, during its annual swolLs, a great quantity of water, which finally m;!de its \n} into the lakes just mentioned, and by its deposits must have contributed to their filling up. The prevention of this overflow by- art, has thus diminished to st.me extent the ratio of deposition in the lakes, and pndonged indefinitely the jtrocesN of Ujcir transformation into dry land. At present, the tract between tliem ami the river, varying in width from five to twenty-four miles, is a cypress swamp, with ponds which are nearly on a level with the lakes. Much of it, how- ever, in autumn, becomes dry land; and most of it is sufficiently elevated la admit of being reclaimed 1)y adequate ditching and draining. Soutii of J^ake Borgne, down to Chandelcur Bay. there is, however, an extensive tract, (ex- tending from the left bank of tho Mississijipi ), which is permanently terra(iue- "Us, and mostly irreclaiiaahle. That portion of the Delta which lies south-west of the !\iitsissippi, is larger, • Nicollet ; Hydrograph. Basin. '■\X:- 'i(i "*( 02 'YllE rULNCli'AL DISEASKS OF TIIK [nooK I. r>BT I. I.N 'I 1111(1 its liydrop-Mjiliy iiiucli iiioro intricato. Tts i^rticral fnirfiico is I'vcry- wlit.To bflow tliiit nf tlic wators wliicli flow tliri)U'.Mi, or rust upon it, wlii'ii their LTi-at roiiiitaiii, tlio Mississipiii, is swollen. Hence most of it is iniiii- lialiited ; ami presents an indesiM'iliablo lahyrintii of lakes, ponds, liayoib, swainjis. and sliaking prairies; nnicli of wliieli, however, hy early autuinii, l)oc'oines so dry as even to oppose an obstacle t(j its cultivation. The waters which replenish tids .system of natural canals and reservoirs, are derived from two sources: ./"•'>■/, the streams which descend from tiie plateau of Opelousa.- on the west, and the bottom lands of lied River on the north; svcoiid, the bayou;., or lateral outlets of the Mississippi, which are three in nund)er. The largest and uppermost, is the Atchafalaya, wliieh leaves the IMissis.sipjij only three miles below the mouth of IJed lUver, and, in the opinion of Mr. Darby, '■' was once the bed of the latter ri\('r. The descent of tliis bayou, at first, is rapid, and its course nearly south; while that of the .^lissis.sippi. after the separation, is south-east; and hence they f^.iverge from each other One hundred and twenty miles below, the main river sends out ]Jayou l*la- (|ueniiiie, which runs nearly west, until it joins a branch of the Atchafalaya. Thus reiiifori'ed, that bayou, when its parent stream is swollen, assumes tin aspect of a largo river. As it winds its way to the south-south-east, on a plain which declines gently to the south -south -west, it disc-harges a great (Quantity of water over its right bank, ami sends olf lateral bayous, whicL coimect it with the Teche, with Lake Chetin ■ lies, or Crand Ijake, and \ with several smaller lakes; while it pours a deep iiiundution over many ex- tensive swamps. IJeiore read ing the (lulf, at the distance (following it.- meandiM's ) cf nearly two hundred i^ilcs, it enters the hiwer end of Lake Clieli- machcs, on issuing from which, it receives the IJayouTeeho; whence both, in 1 a single channel, flow on to Berwick's ]Jay, an arm of the IJay of Atchafa- [ laya. There is, as yet, but little cultivation on the banks of the Atchafalaya and still less on those of the lake with which it is so intimately connectcil: tor the entire area around that large reservoir, is suliject to deep aniiual inundation. When the ]Mississip[)i is low, the current in the Atehai'alaya and Teclio is very slack, and the tides flow up them to a great distance. The position of the Teche is west of the Atchafalaya, and its genera', course nearly parallel to that bayou. It .skirts the plains of Opelousas, aii'i traverses the parish of Attakajias, having lateral connections in its ujijiLr part, with tlie Atchafalaya, of which the principal is the IJayou Courtableaii through which, however, it di>es not, at present, receive mucli water. In the ojiinion of ]\Ir. ])arby, a part of lied lliver once flowed in tit Teche — a theory which may explain why its waters no longer rise to tlu level of its b.Tiiks. This beautiful natural canal forms the south- westori. water boundary of the Delta. Geographical Description of the State of Louisiana, 1817. Let us return ti licjow iJayoii I'laipi j,a I'oiiri'lie. the i The Course of this between IJarataria ciiiiipli''atinns, are tract between thcs lictwecii tlie iia Orleans, abounds ii and lakes, of whicli I'roni this rajiid and south of the [Kirtioii of whicli \> tiulf, there are larg and deep solitude ol Darby as proluundh Tiie remaining li\ begin with the ;Mis>i On botli sides, an ; t!ie river three or foi greater than tluit of ciiii.'-ideralile (pi:inti(\ ():i the outside of tl wliii'h may aver.-ige ! swamps in the rear. few inches, to ponds summer, they are all swamp have become Sialic plantations » tlie banks or escapes will lint ilnw cfT to tl allies, are then reip which it is discliar2-e( fur this purpose, is i Being jilaeed in the d the wheel drives the that behind, of eoursi through the principal As tlio voyager tra iiitural scenery, wliicl * In tlio forofroinfr sk Geograplior, Mr. Darby, known accuracy, and hii •■ "H" [riooK I. ; cvcry- it, wlicii is iiuiii- hayous, iUlttUllll, <> wattrs Vt'd I'lDIU lj)eliiiisa> U)?l(l, till iiunil)LT. issis^ijijii n of Mr bayou, iit ississi[)[pi, (•ll (itllLT .you Pla- •liaiiilaya, annus tin ;ast, on !i ? a grt'iit )us, wliifli iako, an J many ux- (iwiii;^; it.- la'(^lioti- ■c both, in Atcliala- (•liafaliiy:! loimoi-tcil: [) aiuuKil cliai'al.'.yii ancc. s gencrii. Imsas, aii'i its \i\\i'i:: irtabluaii loil in tl !■ Ise to till' li-westcri. r\RT !■ INTF.inoil VAI.LMY OF NORTH AMERICA. 63 I lift us ri'tuni to till' Mis.sissi|ijii. At hoiialilsoiiviilv, twunty-lour miles lit'low IJayou i'lai|Ui'iiiiii(', ami ciirlity above New ( Irleans, is tlu'oiliux o!" Mmvou b;i i'ouirlie. till' last of any coiisiderabli; size, sent oil' liy tli'! great river. Tlie eourso of tlii.s buyou is at tirst soutli, ami tlien south-west, to the (iiilf, lii'tween I'arataria and tlio Timballier I>ays. Its length, siiiunsities, and oiiui|ili''atii>iis, aro nuieh less than those of the Atchafalaya. 'I'lie entire tract between these two bayous i.s .subject to deep, yearly submersion. That between the I, a I'nunhe and the Mississijijii, in the direction (.f Ni v, Orleans, abounds In streams whieli originate within the delta, and in jmuds aiiil lakes, of whieli the largest is ]5arataria. I'rom this rajiid hydrograjihieal sketeh, it will be seen that the Delta, west and .south of the Mississippi, is a true terraipieims region, the greater jMirtioii of wliieh is annually iumidati'd ; while in the neighborlio(]d of tlie (lulf, there arc large tracts of permanent salt marsh. The perfect silence and deej) solitude of Uiany part.-> of this peculiar region, are described by Mr. Darby as profoiuidly impressive. * The remaining hydrographical description need not det:iiii us long, We begin with the [Mississippi, at the head of the l>elt:i, and lnjlow it to the (Julf. (,)ii both sides, an artilieial levee, or earth end)aid;ment, raises th(; banks (d' the river three or four feet al;ove tlieir original bight, (which was previously giratcrthan tliat of the swamps bchiml), and thus prevents the escapt; of any oiiiisiderable (puintity of water, excejit when a crevice is accidentally formed. On the outside of this end)aid[■" THE [ IK II IK I. .* "I" (III' \'alli'v. 'riiiTc 1m' IiMiks ///' tn lii'liiilil it — licrc lie InnkH i/nirii ; tlicrc (ii! si'ivH .siri'.iiiis ntiiiiiiiir "ifn llic riviT — lion' Im' scch lliriii llnwiiijr "■'// ; (/in< Ills lii'ri/.iiii is /.'/////'i/ — licrc it is /nni/iil/itts ; tlicri' r/Mv /n//// dl' ulijcfl.s cii.'ililcs liiiii til r.s(iiii;it(' iiis |iri>i.'Vi'ss — licrc iiiiilnniiiti/ ^'wvs liiiii tlic rcclin;,' nl' inoviiii.' lit nil I'llily. All ciiumI saiiiciicss |irrviiil.s in tlic •■^iiliji'its nl' nillivatii'ii mi tlir liaiiKs; s.i l!iat aliiinst tlir (nilv sniuii' nl' varirlv. is in tin- stslc nl' tlic I'lij I'rt'iii'li iiiiii new Aiiicrii-aii |ilan(atiiiiis, as lliey a|i|i('ar in .siicccssinii. I'assiniT l>y New (>rK'ans, wliicii is utic liiinilrcil ami i'nur inilcH rrniii llic jiini'linii nt'tlii' Mississiiijii witli tlic (lull', tlic vnyai'cr. al tlic ilistaiicc (if iilty ( r siviv mill's lulnw ihc cily, limls liimsclt' mi :i Kind nl" [iciiinMilar cajn', uliifli jirnjccts lidldly Imt nlilii|iicly iiitn the (lull': willi Cliamlilciir I'.ay nn his Ict't. aii'l l»:isliaii l!ay nii liis ri^Iit. Tlic liaiiks liavc liccniiic iiiiicli 1 i\vcr, anil tiic Iidts nl" arable lainl iiarrnwcr; at Iciiirtli, llirnii;:li smiic iialunil nr artilicial njiciiiiiL', lie catclics a iiiniiiciitary jjlancc nl' tlio f^rccii waters i.l tlic (lull". Kuillicr nil. the hanks sink nearly tn llu' level nf tlie saU water, .'iiiil the s\vani|is, willi a iliiiiinislicil imnilicr nl" trees, licuiii In ernwd lianl U[imi tlic river: wliiili, alter liavinir.iriveii nil" iiiinierniis small liaymis, divi'les, a'.unit twenty miles t'miii its teniiiii.ilinii in tlie (iull", intn tlirec clianiiels, am! thus iircseiitsa siilmnliiiato and nmrc limited delta. These ehannels are called the N"v/// M'.'v/ /Vrv.s-, the South /*■.<. and the .\or//i /-'.(tsf I'u^s ; the last nl' which, at the distance nl' seven nr eiu'ht miles rmni the (lull', sends dll'. nnrtherly. the /'(/»• [ini|iriated to it. fiiRr i.f INTK SITTIOX II. KI.t:iiui" iVom tin- Cinlf. •1(16 Milcs.~ 'Jll " L^7 " 101 " K;iiii:c rriiin low to liiiii wator. ;VJ l'.it.«~ .SO " •2'y " t 11 " CinriiiiKiti. on tlu> Oliio River, 1548 63 Nicollet. — Too much, I suspect. Darby. Nut having data range rrmii Inw to lii< At lirst view, it in liigli and low water, verse i.s the fact; fni ''■lurrcMco ji.s wo desi •li'e|ily siiliiiierged eve While Ihc rivers, ' iiid fall several time ■ ■••■It.'i, has generally h through t Tliegroate.stflondcan •inrth have not then hi '''"'^' '■" l^l-"{, r fonnd tli'-'su instances, liowevi spring fiooda. TIk! sustained olevati. >ivo opening of spring, Vrkiui.sas, and the Teniu *'i« sources of the Missi ^"vc'u and forty-eight d 'Vi'.-t, its vernal ri.se wo ''"'"••ition. After the .sul fl"ffs into its bayous, or boon effused drains off in !;iicl hare, and at length, temhor, are dried until tli "lonths, from a saturated * Barton, in Hi rAiii' I' INTIlKIOIl VAI.I.KY OF NollTII AMF.IUCA 06 'M! lU Not liaviiii; (laJ.'i fiT tlic Mis^isniiipi ;i1mivc Nafilicz, I liiivf aiMcil tl ran;:"' IVi'iii lu\v to liigli \vuU:r at ('iiitiimati, on llic Oliio river. At lirxt view, it tni^lit l»c Hiij)|Mi,H('tl, lliat flm l(iii;.M'r tlu; raiif^o Itctwcfti I,i:.'li ami inw water, tlio greater is tlie nverlluw nf lli(« baiik.s; luit lln' re- verse i.s tlic! ("aet; I'nr tl.e imiii(latii»iis l)e«'iiiiie ilec|)fr, and of innre rreijiieiit .iicurreiiee a.s wo ileseeiiil ; and liiit I'nr tlie levees, llie wlmlc! |>elta wniiM Ik' ,li'(|ilv siilinierged every N|iriii^^ and Hiiiiiiiier. Willie I lie river.s, wlii'li, !•)' their uiiidii, iiiaku iiji IIh^ .Mi.ssis.-ii)>|ii, rise iMil fall several times in the eonrse of every year, that riv«r, within th« I'cha, lias ^ri'iierally hut one rise and mie fall; that is, ania.\iihuni which it vldwly attains, and a niininiun) to which it sink.M us gradually, 'i'his will :i|i|K'ar iVnni the I'dllowinfj; TAiii.i; ; *" MoNTIII.V KIX'KSSKIN OK TIIK M ISSlSSII'I'l KItOM IlKiU W.\TKIt MAKK .\T NkW ()ki,i;ans: Avi:ii.MiK of tiiI': (Wi.kni'Ah vi;aii.«, ISIJ.'t, |S;5d, is;;;'*, and ls:i(». \ .liiiiiiiiry, I'l'liriiary, Miirrli, A|iril, .\l.,y, June, 7.1)0 n.i.j 'l.'J7 2.U4 ■1.(i7 1.7',' Fool. July, :..Kj August, 7.!I7 Si'|ii('iiilior, lll.KI ( tclolier, l.J.XJ Novi'iiibtT, ii].;ij F)i'ci;;ka;!|;:; iU' riiK SIU'I'ION III i>i rrii oi' riii; i,o\vi;i; ;\ii;;;'.i:;:;i!'ri III iiil\iiniini^ Iriiiii (lie inliMiur (n llii< (iiiH', llic voinniit i>( lli<' rivrr in (Tt'iisi's Imi- more in ,i vcilii'iil. liiiiii in Ji linri/oiilMl ilirnliuii. Iiitlct'il. il;i wnllli aliDVc till" inniilli nl (lie iMissniiri, in uricn i|iii(t> ,'im f,';r('!il. iih licinw llic iiiinilli tit' Kt'il l{i\ or, I 111' l;is( 111' ilM 1 1 iliiil.n ii'M \\ itliiii I lie I >i'll ii, ilM (lc|il,li lii'inincs SI) j;f<'al, (li.il il;l^^. ;iiul isImiuIs Jiif ii('!nl\ iiiiKiiowii; mihI MiiifM iiir iiIiiup.mI lis rnrc. ('\i'i'|il mIhU!'; il.'- liiiiiKs Ai'ciiimIc simimiIiii;,''* Ikivc iiol, Iiuwcvit, lici'ii iii:iil(< lit iii:iii\ |ii>inl.'' Ai'i'urilini^ to Mr. |)iirl>\.' !iii MdinciiMiiri'iiicnl. tiiKrn iiiiit' unit's lit'luw lilt' I'llliix III ll.'i\tiii L:i l''i>iiri'lii'. :nitl tiiio liiiiiiln'il iiinl M'\fii(\ li\i' litiiii (III' mil N iiiniilli. ;';i\i .1 i!i'|illi 111' iiiii' Ininilrril mihI lillv It'i't lu'iifiilli lii;';li ualiT iiKirk \( Ni'\v OiIi'miin, Mr AiIhtI SIi'iii, ('i\il MnniiuHM, i aiitl I'rtilf.sstir Kiilili'll, of liu- Miilitjil ('ullt'i'i' nl l.iiiiisi:iiiJi,| li.'ivi' jiiaili" stuiiitliiij'.s wliit'li ravt'. rt'.^|it'i'li\i'I\ , nui" liiiiitlii'il Jiiitl lilly, nnil niii' Immlrtitl ami IhiIn Iwh Ifi't , luit ui \^\\. .'n'Vfial !';i'iitli'im'ii aiirlaiu dlVu't'iH nf tlu'anin. in Miiimlin;:; ti|i|itisitt' llu- Uariai'Ks. llni'i' iiiili's lu'luw lln" lily, liuiutl a luml ti|' slill jvifaliT tli'|)tli. ( >!' thr ,siinnilin;';s 110111 tliis |iiiinl In llif tli\ isiiMi intii tlirt'i' I'asst's. (wfiilv null's iVnni t!u' (iiill, I raiimil speaK. In tlu' Siuilh \\ i's( Pass. Mr Sit-in I'tinml llu' a\ iTa;:;!' tlt'|itli si\l v-t'i;:;lil I'l'i't ; l!u' i;-n'alt'sl. t'i:,'lil\ ; tin- Ii'asI, Hi'in I'linr. Nt-ar llir nnlli'l nr liar, il Wiis twtMUN iwii: iMi lilt' liar, as Knv as lillfi'ii, aiul t'\t'ii ihirli't'ii Ici'l I'lHir imlii-^ Tho Stuilli Pass is nuii'li sliallnwi'V, ami (lit- Ntiiili l'".a.sl. I'liss is :ilsti iml. sc ilot'p as tilt' Snulh \\ I'sl. ,\ssimiiii:.t tMit' tit till' lowtist stmmlings ti|i|itisili' tlu' fit v ~ iiiic liiiiulvt'ii ami ti!l\ t't't't as tlu' basis nt' ji t-alt'iilalitm, ami tlt-ilm'tiiii,!; llu'rcrruni ten !t't't tt>v (lio tall lit' tilt' riviT t'rtuii tlu> lilv tn tlu> (Jiilf, ami lil'lfoii I't'cl lor the ilt'pth t>t' wati'v at thi> Stuith W't'st I'-'s-. wf liml llial (lie liollniii, at that t'ass is omi luimlrt'tl ami t\voiit\ -livf tci't liio;luir than the liolttuu opiiosili' lh wator at tlio boltoiu in rroiil of tin- I'itv must ast'tMiil that liiirht ln't'inv it i-an snvnumnt tlio bars and roach tlif C<\\\(. iH- t'lst> it I'tinstitutt's an oiltlviiii;- pnol. Tho fall i>t' tho suvtati' ot' tlu' Missis.-i|)|ii, at low wator. thnm^li that |i:irt o( tho Polta whioh oxlomis t'roni its vovtox at Koil Kivor to Now Orloaiis, is sixtv-tivo toot: whioh. tliviilotl l\v tho ilistanoo — twti luuulroil and thirty-six uiilos — is oijual to thvoo inohos ami throo-tonths |H'r niilo. I?olow tho city to tho (.lulf, tho fall is ono inch ami fwo-loiuhs. Thus, tho farther tho J'olla * Postriiiiion oi' La., p. (i.'>. ^ Pot-iiiuonts till ilu> N,uio;alioii of tli • ^lissi.-isippi Kiyor, p. 47 i Coininori.-ial Koviow in' tlio t^outh West. Vol. 11. p. i'M. 4 r«iii' I IN' J- .•iilviiiii'ivt iiil'i IliK ( mIihvit il'i ciirirlil IM.Mi'll .'iml Ml ,^ ■Vl'r.'l"!' Vcloi'il y |'(,| Scvrr.il ciri'iiiii' l;ii"i'lv ;Jn|i|ilii'il I'loi lli.'iii iH li.'iiili.'i Ill-Ill mIiiiII.iw liviT i:^ niiic .Hill l!i;il <>\' till' air, ( I i-,i/rns /Kir/fius, Ik- mi il is I'v iiii|iin;'-iii;r i, c.'ili'iii'; wliilc, ;il, (I w.'ilci's were ilc-ir. w.ilcrs will III' ciMili-r aliiii,' nil I III- |il,'iiii. l.'ililiiili', .-iiiil aiiiilliiT Ii|(i|irr In llic |;ili|||,|, fiililiT, liayiii^f |,|i;ii, : tlirniiirli. 'I'liiiH, as I iic.'iily wcsl, i.s |,\vu ill- till' iinrlli. Iiiiili lii'ini' ■•"1 l\lissi.Msi|i|ii, |,||(> Ailia nearly inidor l\w. p.-n II|ijH'r ,Mis.sIssi|i|ii nri^ rcrcrciicc III iIm; Ddiu liiiiir Inr tlio avcrairii laiiiiliTil .•iimI forty niil lillcil with cmijcr wal,( estimate tlio viYcvl of ascorlalii Imth tli(> arc Till- fmiiicr may ho nli from tho inoiitli dCKcd ;iiid it.s liroadth at, half IS it.s aroa; hut U, ihh bajnii.s, giving two liui The lattor (/rsii/rra/mii,- LTcafor diHioulty. It ] lint met with the roi l^^-l.'l, T found the temp m run' I INTKinolJ VAI.I.KV (IK NoKTII AMKUITA «7 ;i,|v,iiii'i'M iiil" III'" <r|r;ii|H, rii>rcii:(Ml |{i(l<|i'll .'lii'l Ml Sli'iii h.ivi' liri'ii Inl III li\ nil l.wii I'ci'l i,ci mcimu'I :ri li n • V('i:i "I' vrliMilv lnr nil HLjiin'M nl' w.'iliT. IIIIIU'.' lllit. Si' iiiulrcil (im ton mr tlu' lluil IjMISltl' (.!' Iho icli tlu' it |Kirl 'litis, is vtv-six lio city l>olt:i •ri;:\ii'i;itA ri'i.i; or 'I'lii: invi;K ScvitmI riii'iiiiisl.'inri'M iiilliii'iii'i- I lie (,nii|ii'i;i I ill <■ ol' i i vciM : /'V;-,v/ A Hiri'iim |;il 'cIv .Jllliliiii'll llnlll :l|il ilii'.'l, will lin UJIIIIHT ill willliT iiilij ciiiili I ill IMMIIIIICI, tli.iii il'< li.iiiLi Iii'IM'mI.Ii IIic miiiI.'ii'i', or (lie iiir rcMtiii;' ii|iiiii il,. Siinnil A sll.'liliW liver is llllieji Mdulier li|uii;'lll hi I In' le|ii|iei ,il iiic nl' (,he eiirlJl';. mil IlKM', ,iiiii lli.'it, III' l.lie nir, lliiiii a (ieejier (uie. 'I'lnnl. All .■illiiviiil ii.inl l.iirlii'l river will, ,-,ilfns iKiriliKs, lie inure lienleij Ity l.lie mum rliiiii uiie wliieli is l,rii.ii:.|i;ireiil, ; nn i|, is liy iiii|iiii;.'iii,"; nii Mdliil iimi ii|iiii|iii< JMnJieH, l.li;i.l, llie miiii'h iiiyH |ier In liie hllilmle, while I he l.'lller, il ilr lluwl Iriilll l.lie lliillh, will he ('(iMer, ll.'l.vill^[; llllll. wlliell in l.lie nie'in ul' ,'ili \'\i hlilllden il, |i;ih pIlhM'iJ tlirdiiiHi. '^lln,'^, n.'^ I luive Hever;il liiiie,') (iIiscivihI, l.he Ohii'l(ii, l,li(! wlinle iiie niirt.lir'rii. if we JiH.snriie Iwu miles an liiiiir fur l,lie iiyera;.';!^ velneit.y of l.hi! river, !is it. I,r;ivi;r.se,s t,hi; l)(;it,;i. three liiiiiilred and furLy inilcM, lliiil, |iort,ioii oi' tlm river bed em|itie,s it.siill', and is lilleil with ciidIit wal,i'r rrmii tin; imrlli, every seven dayn. 'In enahh; u.h l.n I'sliiii.'itc tliii ('Heel, III' this circiilatinii on the eiiinate of tlm l)elia, we niu.st ;isreilain lioth tiie area of the rivi^r's siirl'aee, and it.s ael,ii;il t,iiii|iiiature. Tile foriiier may Ik; olitaiiied witJioiit, niueh uncertainty, 'i'akin;.' its ienfrth, iVdiii lli(! nioutli of lied l!iv(;r to the J>ali/.e at three hundred and forty inileh, ami its lireadtli at half a mile, we liavi; one hundred and si:venty .sijiiare mile.s as its area; Imt to this wi; may safely add thirty, for the area of the f/reatr;r bayous, .giving two hundred s(|uan! miles of river surfaee within the Delta. The VAiiiir (IcsiJcnilinii — llio annual temperature of tliis wati.T — presents a irreater dillieulty. It lias not, indeed, lieen aseert.'iined ; at least, I liave luit met with tlio renuisite observations. On the tilth of February, 1^4!5, l fouiul the temperature of the water flowing into the <^Julf over the •i ^'•^:>'V.; 08 TIHi riUNCirAL DISEASES OF THE [book PAP.T. I.] IN I -,. ., '■'. '■ !■ bar (if the Soutli Wo!y indicate, as a general average, a difference of thirteen and a half degrees between the waters arriving from the north, and those sojourning in the flulf, on which the base of the Delta rests. T did not, however, find an ecjual difference in summer. On the r)tli of June, of the same year, the temparatiu'e of Lake I'ontchar- train was seventy-eight; that of the Mississippi within the Delta, on the 7tli, was seventy-two — difference six degrees. This date was too early !)y almost two months, to give the liighcst summer heat. On the corresponding day of 1S4('», Professor Eiddell * found the heat to be seventy-five, or three degrees greater. Tlis observations, continued, at sliort intervals, from the -1st of May to the 1-th of August, show a gradual rise from seventy-two degrees at the first date, to eighty-five on the 1st of August; after wdiich the temperature declined. The mean of his observations from the 1-tli of July to the PJtIi of August — eiglity-thrco degrees — may, perhaps, be reeei\ od as the m(i.rhn>i)n summer temperature of the river, in that year, at New Orleans. Opposite the same city, in February, 1843, the minbnnm was forty-one degrees. The mean of thes(; luunbers, sixty-two degrees, may, in the absence of better data, be received as the annual temperature of tlic river as it passes 1)y the city, and it is several degrees below the atmosjdierir mean. Thus, observation confirms the a 'priori conclusion, that the 31issis- sippi acts as a cooler to tlu> banks and the atmosphere of its Delta; and when we recollect that it meanders through that region, until its surface amount.s to two hundred stpiare miles, that its trough is replenished every seven day? and that nearly all population and all cultivation are on its immediate banks, from which the water is abstracting caloric and transporting it to the Gulf, we seem called upon to believe, t^'at its climatic influence ought not to be overlooked. This, however, is far from being equal throughout the year; for, as it depends on the quantity of water, it is, of course, least in the latter part of sumnuT and in early au.amn, when the river is low; and we find, in fact, that its temperature then rises to the mean heat of the atmosphere. Thus the extremes of winter and summer, are greater in the river than in the atmosphere of the Delta; and the difference results from depression of » Com. Rev. of the South West, Voi. II, p. 436. fflii'i e i the former in winti year. I>ut it is not by eliiiiate of its Delt; to .July, there is a we have seen, of lai tnre below the mcii which it overflows, s it; but a greater e and September, win face of the ground t This evaporation, m III conclusion, it ma lend their influence winds, than would o to the batdcs a elimat It would be iiitere; at tlio different parall with the mean atmos not yet been made. difference between tw( of the year. On the pcrature near Bayou on the loth, near Ca showing that it had o dred miles. On the ] not so high, I had foi .irrecs, and at the low three time? as great a hetweon the stations is a flow through two de (ine degree of te n'^ierat tliirty-three hundredth e.\periment, the tempei though both the disti sufficient, if the ratio o nearly two degrees. T this constancy; but th^ develop the ratio of i reduced elevation above PAT. vr. I.] INTERIOR VALLHY OF \ORTII AMKP'CA. GO thu fiii'iiK'r ill winter and spring, ur ratlior iur the first lialC dI' the ealonilar year. IJut it is not by its teniporature only, tliat the Mississippi acts npon tlin climate of its Delta. Durinir its annual fluoil, which cuntiinies fmni .^^arch to -Tuly, there is a constant iniiltration into the banhs, and an inundation, as we have seen, of lariro jiortions of tlie Delta. As this water has a tempera- ture below the mean heat of the ground which it penetrates, or the surface which it overflows, some degree of refrigerating effect may bo attributed to it; liut a greater effect results from the evaporation in June, July, August, and September, wdach, of necessity, prevents the sun from heating the sur- face of the ground to as high a temperature ari it would otherwise attain. This eva|)oration, moreover, maintains the humidity and frc-hncss nf tlie air. Ill conclusion, it may be said that, while tlie river fionds, in .March and A[iril, lend their influence to the production of occasional cooler days and rawer wimls, than would otherwise occur, they assist, in ]\Iay and June, in giving to the banks a climat(! whose dcliciousncss is eijualed only by its salubrity. Tt would be interesting to know the mean annual temperature of tlie river at the different parallels wliicli it traverses, for tlie purpnse of ci.mpariiig it with the mean atmospheric temperature ; but observations to this end have not yet been made. I will, however, state a few which go to show the (liiTerence between two distant poinLs, at nearly the same time, in two seasons of the year. On the 7th of June, 1"*4o, the river being very high, its tem- perature near Bayou Sara, within the ])elta, was seventy-three degree^ and on tlie loth, near Cairo, about nine hundred miles above, it was seventy; showing that it had only ac(juired one degree of heat, for every three hun- dred miles. On the 10th of February of the same year, wlien the river was not so high, I had found it, at the upper of these stations, thirty-four de- crees, and at the iowe " "ty-two, indicating an increment of heat nearly three time? as great as in the mouth of June. The difference in latitude lietween the stations is a little more than six degrees. So that, in summer, a flow through two degrees of latitudo was i^ecessary to the ac([uisitinn of one degree of tr n'^ierature ; but in winter, a degree of latitude gave one degree tliirty-three hundredths of heat. It deserves to be added, that in the latter experiment, the temperature continued substantially the same to the IJalizc; tlmugh both the distan e by the river and tlie difference in latitude were snflScient, if the ratio of increase had continued the same, to have raised it nearly two degrees. The small change of level may have been one cause of this constancy; but the facts are too few to warrant a goneraiization, ur t(.» develop the ratio of increased temperature, from diminished latitude and reduced elevation above the level of the Gulf. '■A . JV- i-l :'-'i ! 70 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE [book I, 5J i SECTION V. SUSPENDED AND DISSOLVED MATERIALS OF THE RIVER. I. It will aid US in studying tlio medical geology of the Delta, to pass in review the materials which the river draws to itself from the countries which it drains; for all its deposits, however modilied cir mingled, arc thence obtained and transmitted to its estuary. 1. As may he said of every other river, the waters which constitute the Mississippi are derived from the atmosphere, and reach its trough directly by flowing on the surface, or indirectly from under the surface, tlirougli which they have descended to burst out in the form of springs. AVe shall hereafter see, that the rains which fall within the basin of the Mississippi, arc ciiiefly derived from the Gulf of ]Mexico; and thus the river is but the return to that reservoir of what had been given out. 'J'hat portion of its water which flows from the surface, is not from rains alone, for nearly all the sub- ordinate rivers, which unite in forming the main truidi, originate in latitudes or at elevations above the sea, in which deep snows a. ."ually fall; and hence the spring floods are composed largely of snow M'ater. Within the basin of the ]Mississip]ii, we have, as was shown in Clmptcr L almost every kind of geological formation; and tlius our s[)rings and smaller streams throw into the river all the saline ingredients which water, as it flows among, or cuts through, various strata, is ca{)able of dissolving. Of the whole, bicarbonate of lime and muriate of soda are undoubtedly the most abundant; but tlio former, from mere exposure and agitation, is in part decomposed and deposited before it reaches the Delta. The latter, however, contiiuies in solution, and even increases in quantity, as the current advances; as lied liiver and the Arkansas, especially the former, aflford, when low, a water so impregnated with salt as sometimes to impart a brackish taste* '2. The su.sponsion of inorganic matter is immensely beyond its solution: and this again, from the variety of our mineral strata, may be as diversified as that of any other river. In centuries indefinitely past ( the diluvial period), when mighty torrents traversed the continent from north to south, they no doubt rolled before them a great amount of solid matter in fragments too large to be suspended ; and strata of pebble stones and gravel, in all probability, lie deeply buried up in the Delta ; but at present, solid mineral matters are tran.sported to it by suspension only. These are chiefly alumina or clay, and silicious and calcareous sand, very finely comminuted. Of the;:e, and otlicr susjiendcd mineral matters, it is only the most finely pow- dered that reach the Delta, the coarser being deposited by the way; and bence, in descending the river from any point above, we observe a regular decrease of the larger debris of rocks, and a corresponding, proportional m- r»RT 1.] IN 'I III it; i\ * Darby's View of the United States, p. 317. crnase of the small tho.se portions of t days thus carried ( last is chiefly from the Ohio, are ahva arc bluish. '.]. The vegetable ported materials. a. The forests on perpetually uprooti growth .vhich, it its progress, this d branches, and all (le]iosited by the w; Delta; yet not a lit floated ofl" on the si fi. The autumnal c is very great; and li ill their progress give c. Tile drainings ( the water has found t 4. The animal kiiii deep enough to float i and many animals of uplifted by their flood: ther, most of the tret their way into the riv they abound. 5. All our cities a tributaries. Their po ordinary dependence o: the private and public dustry. Thus a civic iusuluble — is perpetu? 0. The recrements f thricj as many flat boa noticed; nor should wc abounding in saline iiig of many thousand cord 7. Finally : The wf mia. This was first a I^tates Military Acade * Proceed! 1 ..(. P*RT I.] INTERIOR VALLEY 0F<' NORTH AMERICA. 71 crnasc of the smaller; — the liigliest degree of conimimitiDii Ixjing seen in tlui.^e portidns of the Delta mIir-Ii pniject farthest into tlie (lulf. Of tin,- (■lays tlms earried ddwn, some are blue, others yellow, and others red. Tin- last is chiefly from the river wliieh hears tliat name. Those furnished hy the ( )hio, are always of some shade of yellow ; those from the xMLssouri, arc bluish. ;_!. The vegetable kingdom eontributes largely to the mass of trans- ported materials. a. The forests on every tributary send down trees, and the Mississippi is perpetually uprooting the groves of eotton wood, and other trees ; for the ;.^rowth ./hich, it had not f»nly deposited the soil, but sown the seed. In it.s progress, this driftwood becomes gradually stripped of its bark and livauehes, and all its soluble parts dissolve in the water. IMueh of it is ik'posited by the way, and much is towed to the shore after it reaches the I)olta; yet not a little is deposited in the salt marshes of the iJalize, or finated oif on the surface of the Gulf. /(. Tlie autumnal contribution of forest leaves and luxuriant annual plants, JR very great; and from their levity, many of tliem reach the Delta; having ill their progress given out to tlie water all their soluble elements. c. The drainings of swamps and marshes, holding in solution whatever the water has found to di olve, must not be overlooked. 4. The animal kingdom throws in a liberal contributioii. Every tributary deep enough to float a carcase, is from time to time retpiired to bear it off; and many animals of various sizes, which have perished on their banks, are uplifted by their floods, and borne away to the connnon trough. Still fur- ther, most of the trees and plants, whether green or in decay, which find their way into the river, take with them the worms and insects in whicii they aI)ound. 5. All our cities and larger towns are on the Mississippi and its great tributaries. Their population cannot fall far short of a million ; and the ordinary dependence of the whole is on their rivers, to receive the contents of the private and public sewers, and the drains from all establishments of in- dustry. Thus a civic contribution — organic and inorganic, soluble and insoluble — is perpetually going forward. G. Tlie recrements from more than four hundred steamers, and twice or thrico as many flat boats, make an element of impurity not to be passed un- uotioed ; nor should we overlook the discharge into the river of the ashes, abounding in saline ingredients, which are produced by the daily combustion of many thousand cords of wood. 7. Finally : The water of the 3Iississippi abounds in riuirosropk i»fn- mia. This was first announced, I think, by Professor Bailey, of the United States .Military Academy, in February, 1845.* In a specimen of water •■■;,«.■ ■„* •. •H^-''- IV li!' r-., ■ t f M l|l * Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History. t^v| 72 THE PRINCIPAf, DISEASES OF THE [boox I. takoii from tlic rivor oppn.sitc ?(. LouifJ, lie detected ii^ loss than twenty species, all living and active, a part of tlicr.i soft, and a part with hard, silicious shells. Most of the species were in great numliers. 11. Sucli are the elonionts, oriranic and inofiranic, livin;:; and dend, witl: which tlio Mississippi l)econies l'rei;.ditr(l in its transit down the Interior Val- ley. The catalogue is rather startling; hut liefdre wo decide against the purity of its waters, we must recollect a few facts. First. Their itninenso volume. Sci'owL The su' dence in their eddies of a great deal of matter) which cannot, fnmi its weight, be liorne up Avitlunit a rapid current. Thiid. The disintegrating and decomposing power of water, and the readiness with wliich gases, the product of decomposition, escape from running stroani.s Fourth. The fact, that when the river is low, and the heat of the latter part of summer in the south is great, the proportion of foreign ingridient.s is much less, tliun during the fl(M)(ls of spring and sunnner. In a series of o.xperinients, by IVofossor l{idd''ll, cuntinucd frnm tlie 2."tl\ of May, wlicn the river was witliin two feet of its greatest altitude at New Orleans, until tlio lOtli of August, whc'.i it was but eighteen inches above hw water mark, tlie projjortion of suspended matter gradually lessened to onc- thinl. At the beginning, tlio heat of the river was seventy-tliree degrees — at tlie end, eighty-three degrees. Tlius, the rnuxhiiiim of both atmosplierie a.id river lieat in the Deltn, coincides with the vi'uiimvm of rivor imj]urity Tf tliis fact have no bearing on the question of salubrity, when the water is used as a beverage, its connection with the production of gases is obvious, and well litted to show, that in the season when fevers — ascribed to the jiresenec of gases — are prevalent in tlie Doha, the material supplied by the river for their development, is greatly reduced, by diminution in both the volume of wnter, and the prop(jrtiou of foreign ingredients. TIT. The saluljrity of the ^lississippi water, or that of the IMissovu'i, which imparts the character of turbidiioss, is not an open question. From St. Louis to New Orleans, the testimony of tlie population on its banks, and of tliose who spend a gretit nart of tlieir lives upon it as watermen, is uncfiuivocally in its favor. 31any persons d ink it before its suspended materials have subsided, and seem to prefer it to that which has been icn- darcd transparent by tliiic or art. Tliat it produces some effects on the sys- tem, which transparent water, from wells and springs, and our other rivers, does imt, is an established popular opiiiiou. It is even regarded by ninny persons as being, to a certain extent, medicinal, and especially adapted to the cure of chronic functional disorders of the stomach, bowels, and liver — au opinion in wliich I am disposed to concur. That its daily use averts some forms of disease, may be admitted as probable ; but precise obser\a- tions on all these points are wanting; and I shall dismiss the subject with the presentation of two facts, in wliich, I trust, the reader will take a pleasant interest. First : I'rofessor Bailey, after observing its numerous shoals of microscopic aniiualculcu, expresses the opinion, that they are \ PART I.J IXTE Millif iciitly abundant Ills bi'tters on Louis! tliiit the Mississijipi dcs fcmutets ! ^^ OEOLOniCAL AGE, ( The Didta, from its marine dejiosits whic Koiige; such deposits the continent was rais on the scale of ordinal the river were surnidui their surface, and ovei irrowtli been then notcc he a.scertained, the pm (lata, recourse has been hy the river, and an as latter, on soundings in give even appro.xiniativ Atcliafalaya should be the ci.rront determined tions of silt correspondi ivjiiiputation would bo filled would, however, st i'' the period which imnn ratio of fibing up was require to be answered. been Vfpeatedly made, s\ the filling up of the ]on< as it is now penetrated doubtless went on with ^ cretaceous deposits on b a full share. Happily the question c not of importance to the till! anuiunt and composit 'he composition of the mi In the month of Ap proportion of suspended i la the year 18-14, the i i rwj I. INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. suH'iiioiitly al)nn(lant to roniler the water somewliat niitntions. Second: Tri his fii'tters on lioiiisiann, written in tlic jcar 17i')], C'aptiiin Iini.«su intornis us, that the Mississijuii water lias tlic jirujterty of cuiitriliutiiig to tlic ''jWondih' lies /mw'f«/" SECTION Vi. GEOLOGICAL AGE, DEITfr, (JROWTII, STRUCTURE, AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE DELTA. The T)elta, from its bott(5m up, is, of course, a newer formation than the marine deposits which arc scon ah)ng ita northern border above IJaton Kouffc; sueli deposits liaving 1 eon ff such (lata, recourse has been had to the ([uaiitity of silt annually brought d(A\ii hy the river, and an assumed depth of the basin filled up; relying for the latter, on soundings in the Gulf beyond the line of river deposits. ]}ut to ous, I give even approximative exactness to this method, the river above the IJayou the I Atchatalaya should 1)0 canned at every statre of water, and the veloeit\ of the I the current determined for every elevation; this being done, and the propor- the I tious of silt correspondingly ascertained, an important jiart of the data for a I computation would be obtained. The depth of the bay which has been isouri, I filled would, however, still remain a desideratum; and the question, whether, 'roil! I in the period which immediately succeeded the elevation of the continent, the anks, i ratio of ilbing up was not much higher than at the present time, would en, i> I require to be answered. "When the great currents, to which reference has iiulcd I heen repeatedly made, swept over the Interior A'"alley from north to south, I en- I the filling up of the long arm of the Gulf, which penetrated the continent sys- I a,s it is now penetrated by a similar arm from the Gulf of St. Lawrence, ivcrs, ■ doubtless went on with great rapidity. To this end > loose tertiary and cretaceous deposits on both sides of the ancient ostuary, no doubt contributed a full share. er— ■ Happily the question of the rate at which the Delta has been deposited, is verts ■ not of importance to the medical geologist ; but he is interested in knowing erva- K the amount and composition of the suspended matter of the river, and, also witli I ihe composition of the mud of the Delta itself. ke a ■ In the month of April, 1838, 3Ir. Stein, at New Orleans, found the srous ■ proportion of suspended matter to be y^V o ^" bulk, or about yJ-„ in weight. are ■ la the year 18-14, the river being at a mean bight, I took up from near m^rl' S':>h:'.', >.: : ■-"•'!' i . !•' ^ ''■ ' ' , '•* \i .'.•'..r'. ■•".•' '• tf ' • ' . ' Si;..j'*-, f-.i';' ■■. • >;•;;.■ ■• • tV. :.; ' • *x..\\ ■ . ■« f'0^,t ^n I •! f I 74 TiiK ruiNcirAii DisKAHios OF Tiir: DOUK I J r,v^ ]i . I' • ' its niiddio, on tlio iJlst of March, a bottle of water, eight Imndrcil nml .sixty miles above New Orleans; on the lU of April, another, four lmiulr('(l miles lower down; ai-.d on the 10th, a tliird, opposite the city. Tliest; hottlo reniaiiiui closely eorlicd until the I'lth of ,>Iay, when they were opened at the laboratory osirous of knowini ilusircd l)r. Eayniond the filter; which ho d parts — Sulphiite of Koda, \v Orjjaiiic nmlter, will We may, T suppose, consisted largely of tli iVofcssoi- liailey. We are indebted to Kclta, at \ew Orleans, dried by a heat of two following results — Silica, ... Ahiiniiia, ... Oxide of iron, - Lime, ... MufjDpsia, Munguncae, Potassa, anioiinl not det yoda, « The silt obtained in tl cliief material of which tl superficial ])arts ; but tli !iave been floated down '.liiofly the trunks and bi I'ver, as the sea was alwj "t tlie land, wc may supp loss degree. The wcll-walcr obtai; * Note, bv Dr. Raymond.- Fahrcnhclt; at this tempera would retain water equal to a •"? ,4RT I.] rNTKIUDR VAF.I.F'.Y Ol" NOllTII AMllllICA. 76 Silirn, . . . . . Aliiinii...| Oxido of iron, . - . . Ciirlioniiti! of limp, rhos|)liitti'H of uliiinlnti tind iron, Vi'Hclaltli' mold , or urine. - UndvcumpoHi'd orguuic mutter, • Posirons of knowing what elements were dissolved in tlio same water, I (Icsireil Dr. Raynioiul to analyze a portion of that whieh had [lassed tiirough the filter; which ho did, and obtained the following results, from one hundred parts — 4^.00 iH.r.o 11.00 H.OO 1.(10 :«.()o :.:>{) • lOU.OO Suipiiiite of soda, witlui tracL* of tlio chlorides of lime and ningnesiu, Orijanic matter, witli a trace of silica, .... 1110.00 We may, T suppose, assume tiiat this organie matter, with traces .if silica, consisted largely of the tribes of microscopic animalcules, discovered by J'nifes.sor liailey. We are indebted to I'rofessor Iliddell f^r analysis of the mud of the l>t'Ua, at Xow Orleans. It was take., from the river's bank, and after lieing dried by a heat of two hundred and twelve degrees Fahrenheit, gave the t'ullowing results — Silicii, . - TIL'S Phosphoric acid. O.-M AInniinn, - - . y.ii .'^ulpiniric acid, - 0.07 Oxide of iron, - . . 4M Carhoiiic aciil. (t.74 liiiiie. . . 2 (Its ('lilorine. O'Ol ]\I;if;nosia, . . L.W Water, ■A.V2 Manganese, - . O.Ul Organic matter, - :t.i(» Potassa, umonnt notdet erinined } Loss, ... 1.03 ijoda, " i( Total KIO.OO The silt obtained in these and all other experiments of a like kind, is the cliief material of which the Delta is composed, at least in its more recent and superficial parts ; but there is imbedded in it whatever solid matters may have been floated down and lodged in the estuary; which, of course, arc iliiefly tlio trunks and branches of trees and the bones of animals. IMore- uver, as the sea was always present, resisting, as it were, the encroaehmeuts fif the land, we may suppose that marine exuvitv; are present to a greater or less degree. The icc/l-icater obtained in such a heterogeneous deposit, r not, of * Note, by Dr. Raymond. — In this analysis all the precipitates were dried to 212° I'alircnhcit; at this temperalnre the alumina, oxide of iron, and carbonate of lime would retain water equal to about one-half of tlieir weight. /'i " ^ • I* ■'(-... ■ ■ ,'• -. .• ■*■ f.. i: . . -; ■••■! 'ih ■'.■ iV, - $^^. Ill • M f ' » ■' '"l ■ \ ' ' \r ■ .«! ■i- 7('. Tin: PIMNCIIVM, niSKASMS OF THK niioK 1 t'KUi'sr. Ill' viM'v |iiiri>. I'l'nri'.ssur Itiililcll • 1ms (■Miinimil lliat {iH'iidid i: till' iiiuiiili 111' S('|it('iiilii'r, wIh'Ii iIk' livtT wiis Imv, liy ii wi'll, tin I'l'il ilicp, i New (Mli'iuis. I'liilrr ('vii|iiirii(iiin, it left a rcsiirMiiii nt' snlid imillcr cijiialt II fwflvf Imiiilrciltli [larl, li_v Wv'iglit, nf the wuttT t'iii|ilns('tl ; Imt, in tb nil III til 111' |)(M'fiiil)i'r, I lie |irii|iiirtinii was au^rniriitcil to a It'ii liuiiilrnl ami iiiii< ■ l)-i'iiiirtli. 'I'liis rcsiiliii' was ut' an nlivc ciiliir, uinl iiiiiiartcil a sharji tii>tr Kxainiiii'il witli tin' iiiii'riisi'ii|ii', iivarly uiic-rourtli u|i|»t'arril to ciiiisist nI • ir<;aiii/i'il iiiattvrs, mu'Ii as tliu .s|iiif»il('S. (ir j»('niis of aly;r, and auiiiialculu with tliiir n\a. Tliu iiiiiu-ial iiigriMJiciit iinivcd to lie — ISicarlHiiiatc nl' liiiic, IJicailiiiiiatc nt' irmi, .Muriate (if liiiu', Miiriati! (if imi;:iii'8ia, Muriate nf snda. J?('iii;: williiii six miles nf Laiie I'lmleliiirtrain. tliis well liad |ierlia|)s liwii reaelied liy peredlatidii finiii tliat Imdy ef salt water, and was imt, tlierefen, a fair i'e|ireseiitative u\' the wells (if tiie l>elta ralile presci |iiisiirc. A small as dn naiTiiW forehead, modi I'liirk bones, Heeined to No (charcoal, ashes, or or li'ittenis of the tanks the ill!,' ill temperature in dill' t!io iihservatioii being ma pniai'lied much nearer to slidwud, not les.s than the oiici,' (if the Lake, althoi margin. On exaininiiig this wat( ill it a liberal (juantity o ami a trace of muriate of with the water there wa larburetted hydrogen. Ill these excavations, n turi'il; and none are fou geiiurally. The coarse sands of the Imiidrcd miles below the only the very finest can be irtliok'ss, it is more silit suppose. I- The native tree and ^«pceies as delight in a war fl'iurish in deep water, but hi(|iiidambar everywhere tbe unenviable distinction Mill' iNTKitiort vaij,i:y or Noirrir aaiiiijk' \. 1 1 iter of twii ft'i't .six iiiflu's; llio hcmnuhI, of kIx Itct ; tli-- tliird, nf I'liir lit t ; and llie I'linrtli, of twelve IVct at ii .slmrt (li.striiico u\\, willi a Iia.-c nf (wciil)- li.flit luet fur tlio riKits. It wiiM iinlii'ildcd in a ^^^lt, iIcrp-Mail^ iimlil. \\ licii out witli tlii> s|iiul(', iimi!li (iftliiH wimhI ri'sonililfil cliethc in ttxliirc, Imt liunl- Mirtl nil (In ill,!:;. This Ntad'iiiciit wa.s cniidrnn d liy Mr. Kclvv, wlm cnii- ijuctod till" c.vcavatiiiii. At tlic di'|illis nt' scvi-ii ami si.xtcL'ii f't'L't, Imriit wocd was iiM.'t witli. No hIicIIs, nr hones nl' land aniinal.s, or fisli, woro ohscrvi'tl ; hilt ill 11 tank prL'vioii.sly exfuviitc;d, at tin' dc|illi dj' .^ixtirn ll't't, tin- ski Ictori (if a man was (omid. The craiiiiiiii lay liftwicn IIk; n-ots of a liif, and wan in toloraldf iiicNcrvatioii, Init nio.st of llm otiicr Iioncs fninildi'd 'in fx- pusMiT. A small 1)^ i/i !//>!, \vlii(di I saw, indicati'd tlic mali.' sex. A low and iiiiiTiiw fnndioad, iiiodcrato I'acia! iiii;j;li', and iirniniiifnt, widely sfjiaiatcd cliiM'k lioiics, socinod to jirovo it of tlio saim; race w.ili oiir |irt's«'nt IndiuiiH. Nd cliarcoal, aslios, or ornanicnts of any kiml, were foninl amiind it. In tiie bottoms of tlie tanks tliere was a eoiLsfant Ijoilin;,^ iipof Lraeki.-ii water, vary- iiif; in tem[)eratui'o in dilfereiit fountains, from oi^dity to ei;i^lity-two (le;:rees — till' idiservatioii being iiiado on the od of .May. As this tem|R'rat are ap- proacliod nuudi nearer to that of Lake I'oiiteliartrain tliaii the ,Mississi]i|ii, it showed, not less than tlio brackish tasle of the water, the aiihterraiiean inllu- eiiee of the liake, although at the distance of four or live inile.s I'mm its iiiavL'in. On examining this water in the Lahnratory of I'rofessor lliddell, we found ill it a liberal ijuantity of muriate of soda, with some muriate of magnesia, ami a trace of muriate of lime; no sul[)hiiric acid or iron was present. Along with the water there was a constant evolution of ga.s, which jiroved to bo i;ii'l)uretted hydrogen. Ill these excavations, no fraginonts of rock or rolled [lebbles were oiiconn- turud; and nono are found in the banks of tho river, ur on the surface geiiurally. The coarse sands of the Missouri, found also in tlie !Mississiji|)i for many liuiulrcd miles below the junction of those rivers, are not met with here, as only the very finest can bo suspended long enough to reach the J>elta. Nev- ii'tliL-less, it is more silicious than a casual insjiectiun would kad us to suppose. SECTION VII. VEGETATION. I. The native troo and shrub vegetation of the Delta is composed of such species as delight in a warm, rich, and wet soil. Nono are so anuatic as to flourisli in deep water, but many grow in swamps which are never dry. The hiiiuidanibar everywhere abounds. Tho Cypress, c(|ually abundant, enjoys tlie unenviable distinction of giving its name to every swamp ; but is, at the : .:• ■ ,|j- / y;.}; mi * 1 ••, V'M^v. i'i-:*. I it 78 THE PRINCIFAl- DISEASES OF THE [nooK sanio tint' , cndowod beyond every other tree with a garniture of tlio Icng niciss, whicli is to 111' met with evcrywhore as we aseetid tlie river, until wo |ias> lioyoiid the Uelta, up to tlie latitude of thirty-tliree degrees thirty niinutos 'J'lic Live Oak (^Q'fcrcns /v/r/^f), prefering the sandier and dryer soils, is found froui the chores o^ the (Julf to tlie thirty-third degree of latitude The Mi;/i/n/!i\. the I'apaw ( ^\)ionjis scrruhita, or Fan-l*alm, called Palmetto by the people, the Sahid ailint!<()in, or small Fan-Palm, and Black Willows ( Salir ) of a large size, take it-s place. As we descend the narrow cape which projects into ihe Gulf and sinks nearly to its level, most of the trees which have been named disap])ear, leaving the hiSL three in undiminished vigor. Down to the lowcji oxtromity of this tongue of new land, tufts of Mistletoe {Visc/im (////inn). seen as far north as the fortieth degree, continue to show themselves; ad roinind tlie voyager of the upland forests of the interior, when no other familiar object meets his eye. The jdaii of this work does not permit, or demand, a more extended notice of the native Sylva of this region; and I shall conclude with the remark that the great curretit which transports a'd dejiosits the soil of the continent in the Gulf, also brings down the seeds ot Aio forest trees generally. 31aii} perish in the heat and moisture of the new locality, but many others germi- nate and flourish; and thus the catahigue common to the two regions might be much augmented, if this were an occasion which required it. IL Li further illustration of the climatic and topographical condition o; the Delta, it may be proper to notice a few of its cultivated exotics. Its firs! staple Avas Bice, which is still cultivated above and below Fort Jackson, iniJ- way between New Orleans and the Balize. Indigo was once successfully cultivated, but is now neglected. Cotton flourished well, but has been almost supcrsedeu by Sugar Cane, the northern limit of which is about thirty degrees thirty minutes. The Peach tree grows and bears luxuriantly but the Apple finds the soil and climate too warm for the growth and ripe- ning of its fruic. The Orange bears the open air as far north as the Sugar TART I.I INTERK Cane, 1)ut at that point snur: "U the neck of la to if, and the fruit is sw Iiear-s a delicious fruit. Wlicat cannot be cultiva SALUTARY INFLI The Delta, from the la of the city, to its tormin: nnit'orniity of physical el the city, to Clietimachcs griat number of small ba first Section of this Chajtt of the La Fourclio, the T a3 little affected with auti the city. Doctor Cartwr the influence of a plant, tli tion. I ])ropose to transci and thereby promote furth ho pmcccds : — •' Nearly the whole sui surface of many (jf the degrees of latitude, are coy graiuliflora, the plant wliicl ties. Besides the Jussieui other aquatic plants, both ] the aquatic plants were t Lmma minor, or Dutch n yijhipha cccruUa, with its b: like leaves; besides the Ifydivcofi/le vulgaris ; and s gulf weed, was very commo; tion of the Jussieua grand liad more or less attaclimei uatans was only found in sa insignificant plant. The Ju; h i.s a large flowering plant, jf the water, and gives the * Western Journal of M r.lRT !■ INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 7!) Cane, but at tliat j)i)iiit is liaLlc to be dcstrnycd l)y the frost, and its fniit is sour: oil tlie neck of land below New Orleans, the vliniate is more congenial to it, and the fruit is sweet. The V'lg tree attains to its greatest hight, and lioars a delicious fruit. I'hc (i rapes of the interior do not succeed; and Wheat cannot be cultivated. SECTION VIII. SALUTARY INFLUENCE OF THE JUSSIEUA GRANDIFLORA. The Delta, from the latitude of New Orleans down to the Gulf, and west i)f the city, to its termination on the further side of Eayou Teche, has much niiitoruiity of physical character. It abounds in lakes, from Barataria near the city, to Chetimaches beyond the Atchafalaya; and is traversed by a frivat number of small bayous, in addition to the larger enumerated in the first Section of this Chapter. It includes the fine and flouri.shing settlements of the La Fourcho, the Techo, and the Attakapas, all of which appear to bo aa little aifected with autumnal or yellow fever as the INlississipjii coast above the city. Doctor Cartwright, of Natchez,* has ascribed this exemption to the influence of a plant, the name of which stands at the head of this Sec- tion. I ])ropose to transcribe so much of this jiapcr as will jiresent his views, auJ tliereby promote further incpiry. After a brief topographical outline, ho prdcecds : — •' Nearly the whole surface of many of the bayous, and a considerable surface of many of the lakes, in all that part of Louisiana behjw thirty degrees of latitude, are covered, in a greater or less degree, with the Jussieua grandifiora, the plant which possesses hygienic or health-preserving proper- ties. Besides the Jussieua grandiflora, I observe a considerable number of other a(|uatic plants, both plucnogamous as well as cry})togamous. Among the aquatic plants were the VaUitrirhc a'juatira, or water star grass; the Lmma vniior, or Dutch meat; the ^/(Wa ?2«^«?;.9, or floating liverwort; the Xijmpha carulia, with its broad leavee ■ the Innurdiupalustris, with its grass- Hke leaves; besides the liaffietihi arnohUu ; Leninor/idris hnmhuUii ; the Ihjdi-ocuiijle mUjaris ; and a few others. On the bays, the Fkcus /uitan.f, or gulf weed, was very connnon. Nearly all the aqunt^c jdants, with the excep- tion of the Jussieua grandiflora, the Lemna minor, and the Fucus natans, had more or less attachments to the soil by means of roots. The Fucas natans was only found in salt water. The Lemna minor is a very small and insignificant plant. The Jussieua grandiflora, however, is exclusively aquatic. It is a largo flowering plant, which grows three or four feet above the surface of the water, and gives the water on which it grows the fallacious appear- "1 ! ■ ! :;W- m 1 . mm' » Western Journal of Medicine and Surgery (Louisville), Vol. I, p. 428. Iil,-i^. i^.,.^!lk:-'? 80 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE [book ance of a natural meadow. The root is several feet in length; is joiiitcd; about lialf an incli iti diameter; lies horizontally on the water, but an inch or two below its surfaec. Kaeli joint sends up tlic culm or stem of the ]iluiit; and around each joint of the r(.)ot, at the foot of the stem, are a great number of radicles, or hair-liko roots, some of wliich float on the smTacc of tbe water, and others dip down toward the bottom, or fasten themselves to old loirs. These radicles, or little roots, often liave adhering to them an inky kind of paste or substance, which is collected from the water, and no duiibf constitutes the nourishment or proper aliment of the plant to which tlicj belong. The roots, radicles and radicle leaves of the Jussieua grandiflora, form such a dense covering to the water, as to constitute a bridge sufiiciently strong to enable siuikes and grasshoppers to cross over the stag,. ant jiooLs in which it grows. I traveled forty miles in a canoe through bayous and lakes which were almost entirely covered by the Jussieua grandiflora, interniisiJ with a number of other ai^uatic plants. I was often unable to sco any water at all, except in the track made by the canoe. Although very frail, and easily pushed aside or broken, this floating plant afibrdcd considcruUc resistance to the progress of the canoe. On the wide bays and lakes, tlie winds often detach large masses of this and > Jier a(|uatic plants, which bcin^' driven about by the waves, and one detachment forced upon another, consti- tute what are called Jiouthic/ islands — which are often strong enough to hear the weight of a man in a recumbent posture. The Jussieua granditlura, together with the other arjuatic plants mentioned, we not only found on tlie lakes, bays and bayous, but they constitute the substratum of that singular and nondescript species of savannah called the jtrairie trciabUnd. Tliesi' prairies are constituted, in the first instance, of a vast assemblage of aquatic- plants. On this vegetable stratum, intermixed with the debris of their vei;e- table substances, a number of grasses and terrestrial plants, like pan.-ites. fasten themselves and grow. The whole is formed into a complete vegetable matress, strong enough to support a man in a crawling position, but \vA suflicicntly firm to enable him to Avalk upright. It is also too firm to aduii: the passage of a canoe. When the foot is placed upon it, tlie whole nia;-i trembles; hence the French name yvrnZ/ve Iranllioit, and the English nanit shakliKj pruirie. It is said, that if a hole is cut in it. fish may be caught with a hook and line. " The facts on which I rest the hygienic, or health -preserving properties c' the Jussieua grandiflora are — " First. That it purifies all stagnant water in which it grows. " Second. The remarkable exemption of the inhabitants of that section of Louisiana from malarious or miasmatic diseases. " 1. The water on which the Jussieua grandiflora grows, difi'ers essentially from other water, similarly circumstanced, where this plant docs not grow. Although I visited the country in which the plant is indigenous during s very dry and hot season, in the month of June, I found the stagnant p.ART ;.] INTER 'J water of the lakes am tasto, and smell, as if i Mexico, however, tlie water also of Bayou 1>] to a chemical afl^nity I uak trees and leaves w JJIack, ;i! though of a i mdl. It contained no and palatable as cistern impregnated with salt, stagnant lakes and bay. water. " T could discover no ivater in the lagnons, sav aijuatic plant under cons: " Xorth of the rcdon the same kind of alluvial which form tlie soil of Lo beeoiiics exceedingly inij consideration is found. "•ator of Lower Louisiana, has not the same efl'ect. ; 'ir sea water; because the :rii«-.s, whether in salt wat " I think it may be fairl hy botanists under the nari ■'I'lso substances whi-jh in waters in a warm climate. "-• The remarkalile hca oxemption from nialaiinis a ^'f country in whicli this arp ''>(al)lished beyond ca\il or Rater and swamps, than an tiic Ciiited States. "The country immediatol floating plant (whicli is aboii ^"tuli of the thirtieth, is i mte.'s — is covered with i: atmosphere is evidently insa itants sickly, and human life a-iuatic plant, immediately mre water, healthy, and long ■"untry is too new and too tl estimation of the health and lu 6 PA JIT .•] INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 81 ^fV the ular his.' until' >itOi. :tablc ut niit aduiit luas: 11 aim' nuglit tlOS t'l kion of [itially I crovr. ling a ignant water of the lakes and bayous iiilialilted liy this plant, as pure to the siiudit, taste, and smell, as if it had just fallen from the clouds. Near the Hulf of Mexico, however, the water of the bayous was impregnated with salt. The water also of Bayou Blaok, although fresh, had a darkish i.ppearanco — owing to a chemical affinity l)etwcen some ferruginous matter in the soil, and the ,!ak trees and leaves wliieh had fallen into tlic water. The water of IJayou ])lack, although of a dark color, was free from any disagreeable taste or smell. It contained no green scum, and was considered to be eijually as good and palatable as cistern water, except near the Gulf, where the water is impregnated with salt. The inhabitants who reside on the margins of the stauaant lakes and bayous of that part of Louisiana, drink no otlier kind of water. " T could discover no other cause for tlie remarkable purity of the stagnant water in the lagoons, swamps, lakes, and bayous of lower Louisiana, than the aijuatio plant under consideration. " North of the region wliere the Jussieua grandiflora flom-ishes, there is [\w ?ame kind of alluvial soil, formed by depositions of the identical river < wliich form the soil of Lower Louisiana; yet stagnant water, in hot weatlier. liceomes exceedingly impure, beyond the limits in which the plant under ■ insidcration is fouiul. 'J'he soil, therefore, cannot occasion the purity of the water of Lower Louisiana, because the same kind of soil, a little further north, has not the same efl'eet. Nor can the purity of the water be (nving to tlie salt Mf sea water; because the water is equally pure, wherever the aquatic jdant :rows, whether in salt water or fresh. "I think it may be fairly inferred, therefore, that the aijuatic plant known k botanists under the nanio of Jussieua grandiflora, con.sunies or feeds upon •'I'ise substances wlu ;h in other situations corruj)! and vitiate stagnant waters in a warm climate. '"2. The remarkable health and longevity of the inhabitants, and their exemption from malarious and miasmatic diseases. The fact, that the region 'f country in which tliis aquatic plant abounds is exceedingly healthy, can be (■>lal)lished beyond cavil or dispute. It nevertlieless contains more stagnant water and swamps, than any other iuliabited district of the same extent in the Tnited States. "The country immediately north of the lino bounding the growth of the iliating plant (which is about the thirtieth degree of north latitude), like that ■oiuh of the thirtieth, is alluvial, contains lakes, swamjjs, and stagnant kate.'s — is covered with nearly the same vegetable productions; but its atmosplicrc is evidently insalubrious, its stagnant waters impure, its inhab- itants sickly, and human life of short duratirm ; while the country of the hjuatic plant, immediately south of it, contains a wholesome atmosphere, [ure water, healthy, and long-lived iidiabitants. It may be supposed that this Icountry is too new and too thinly inhabited to enable us to form any correct Istimation of the health and longevity of its inhabitants. Such a supposition is 6 ' ' % ■ 11 .■\m f ■-*■■■.•■ -J-.- ' "^ ■>■.' l:\ . ).; ■■ ,;, ■; --•• , •■.''■■■I . ' I."'. ^'!iV., •\.',-» f: 82 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE BOOK 1. I'ART I.J IxNTER ••*,t i.i, Jl .'J. .; J- I' ' ■■ 'I • ; !■ ' ■ O ■V Ji; '\X erroneous. Althougli a considerable ^lart of tlio region abounding in tlic aquatic plant is uncultivated and almost uninhabited, yet a very considerable portion of this territory has been settled nearly a century. A large colony from Nova Scotia emigrated to it before the revolutionary •war. 8ome of the settlements south of New Orleans contain more free white inhabitants t'' the square mile, than the oldest and most populous settlement in Penn- sylvania. " It may be said that the inhabitants are the descendants of French and Spanish, and consequently no just coinj)arison can be drawn between tliin: and the descendants of the English. It is true that a largo portion of tlic inhabitants are of Trench extraction. A large settlement of them on tlii La Fourche, within this region, were born north of the United States, in tin cold latitude of Canada. C(jlonel Sparks, an intelligent planter, who reside- on Bayou La Fourche, in the midst of the colony which emigrated from Nova Scotia more than half a century ago, informed me, in 18ol, that a gvoai number of the emigrants were still living. Ho took me to a number of tlitir houses, and his statements were confirmed by the inhabitants themselves. I saw more than a sufficient number of gray heads, and healthy looking children, to remove all skepticism in reference to the health and longevity of its inhabitants. Besides the French population, this particular section ot country has spread through it a number of Italians, Spanish, Dutch, Gemiai;, Irish, Englisli, and Scotch. It also contains emigrants from almost evcrv state in the Union. The negro population is also considerable, and i> remarkably healthy and long-lived. It contains more negroes over oiit hundred years of ago, than five New England states put together, inclutlin.- the v/holo population, white and black. The population of this land if aquatic [)lants, owes its origin to so many difterent nations, that it is not unconnnon for the Creodes, or natives of the country, even when uneduoateii. to speak with great ease three or four ditferent languages. If it were triu, whi(.'h it is not, that the French people are exempt from miasmatic diseases, such as bilious, renuttent, and intermittent fevers, it would prove nothing; because the Germans, Spanish, Italians, Scotch, Irish, and English, togetlior with the negroes and emigrants from the states north o.f Louisiana, are all, in this land of aquatic plants, singularly exempt from such diseases. Eut I neither the French nor any other race of people arc thus exempt, wlion | they cross the line which terminates the growth of the floating plant. It is, therefore, a fair inference, tliat this plant, by consuming the impurities' of tlitl stagnant waters, prevents the generation of miasmata, and thus acts as sj prophylactic against bilious fevers, and other miasmatic diseases. "I am aware, tliat the inhabitants of the country themselves attribute I their peculiar healthfulness to the influence of sea breezes. Out of the lo- gion of the floating plant, sea breezes, however refreshing and beneficial t- some constitutions, have not been found to exert a prophylactic power inj preventing miasmatic diseases. It is not probable that the sea breeze' o would do more good f rioorgia, Candina, \h " In the summer of and am fully convinced ti'ict of country in wlii while thdse sections ]daiit was not found, ar " I visited, aniDUf ot near Berwick's Hay. a ([uarter of a milo froi liouses was occupied b aflurd access to the hi" liocholle, a few years pr oi' the houses cut dowi olitain a freer circulation tlie swamp, I perceived, whiodi M-as entirely stagn cover tlio ground. On a that besides a swamp of leiigtii, in front of the ])1 running back to a pral, tii'ii was another bayou icirost and cane-brake. I a sickly sp(.t, this was o profusion in all the waters w ill the swamp,s ; and wl n-ere isolated stagnant pot (ree from any offensive tas "M. Roolielle had fifty ffliito family consisted of al self and all the family, wi Mtivos of Buekiugham co t-ifioii with this large fam oeeurred, either amo^ng the "Ot been more than three tfie.so cases wore slight, an( i»ighb(,rsconfii-mod'thi.ssta '''eniselves. The negroes 'I'ld contented. "The next evening I p, iwsons and no negroes. T ''"•til. He marritHl a Span ^■^•eral children. He after^\ ''•'I'li-on. whose forn,er Jmsb 'ART I.] INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 83 wrmW do more good for the sca-coa.st of Louisiana, than for the sea-coast of rit'fii'jria, (^arohiia, "\'irgiiiia, and ^laryland. "Ill the summer of l^oi, I traveled extensively through Lower Louisiana, and am fully convinced, from wliat I saw and hoard, tliat the particular dis- trict of country in Avhich the floating plant abounds is preeminently healthy, nliile those sections of the State, similarly situated, but where the aijuatic plant was not found, are grievously afflicted witli malarious diseases. " T visited, among others, the plantation of 3L Koclielle, on a small bayou, near ]3erwick's 15ay. The dwelling-houses stood on the high ground about ;i c^uartcr of a mile from the bayou. The space between the bayou and the lifiuses was occupied by a swamp, through which a canal had been cut to afford access to the high ground or bluff, on which the dwellings stood. }{. rioclielle, a few years previou.sly, had the trees covering the swamp in front of tlic houses cut down, in order to gain a better view of the bayou, and (ilitain a freer circulation of air. As I jiasscd up the canal or ditch, through tlic .swamp, I perceived, on each side, the decaying timber lying in the water, wliich was entirely stagnant. In many places the water was not suilicieut to cover the ground. On ascending the bluff and looking around, I ascertained, that besides a swamp of a quarter o'" a mile in width, and three miles in k'Hgth, in front of the plantation, there was an innnense swamp in the rear, running back to a jtrairie tfonhhnit ; and on the lower side of the plauta- timi was another bayou of stagnant water, and on the upper side a thick forest and cane-brake. I thought, at the time, that if the country contained a sickly spot, this was one. The Jussieua grandiflora, however, grew in profusion in all the waters around, whether tlicse waters v.'cre in the bayous, nr in the swamps ; and whether they had cummunicatiun with the bayous, or were isolated stagnant pools, they were found to be pure and transparent — free from any offensive taste or smell. " M. Rochelie had fifty-throe negroes living on this plantation, and his wliitc family consisted of about a dozim ]iersons. lie informed me, that inm- solf, and all the family, wliite ar.d black, exce[)t the younger children, were natives of llockingham county, ^'irginia — that he had resided on the plan- tation with this large family nine years, during which time no deatii had oecrn'red, either among the whites or blacks, young or old — that there had not been more tlian three or four cases of sickness during any year — that tlieso cases were sliglit, and required little or no medical treatment. Ilis iieidihors confirmed this statement, and sjave noarlv as good an account cf themselves. The negroes with whom I met all looked hcaltiiy, hajip}-, aiul contented. " The next evening I put up at a house containing about twenty w''iito persons and no negroes. The patriarch of tlie family was a Kentuckian by With. lie married a .Spanish woman, wlio, dying, left him a widower witii J'voral children. He afterward married a French widow with two or three '.liihh'cn. whose former husband was a (Jerman. The children by tlie last n » ( ,♦! i.».'- /l-- ., :■'■■}' W;:-^ N >l -y ,■;,•'.' >!;■'■'-■■ lis '.'..'■ .,h, >■<>■'. ,■ : :4 . '■ . • • t , ■ ■ • il! H 1 - ' i..'i I >■ ' "0 84 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE [nooK I, PAKl I.J INTEI I' '^ if:: '■I ■ ";!' :^' iiiarrla^'o as woll as by tlie former niarrlagos, togotlior witli a few aunts ami I ther relatives, swelled the wlidle family to aliout twenty. N^j Icf.s than four laniruages, Eiigli.sli, Spanl.sh, Gei'niaii, and Frencli, were .sj-okci' by the sanio family, living umler the .same roof. I got two of tlie .sons of the old gentle- man by his first v/ifc, to take me in a eanoc uj) Bayou IJiaek. They wcro with me several days, and, as they spoko four languages, were of great u.se "u enabling me to collect information respecting this country, inhabited hj the floating pl.int and polyglot people. " If 1 have been nn.sinl'ormed in reference to the health of this section ul' the country, there also arc great number.s. in and about this city, deceived in this respect eijiially with myself. Numbers of peojile, in and about Natchez. iiave visited this rcyoa of country; some have removed to it; a few have been living in it for years. All with whom I have conversed, co'.icur in tlio same opinion of its healthfulness. It is true, they diifer in regard to tlio canscs of its singular salubrity; some ascribing it to the proximity of the sua, and the sea breezes; others, to the large open prairies on its western border, in and near tliat part of it called Attr.kapas, without recollecting, that tlio inhabitants of Terrebonne and La Fourche, who reside very remotely from tl.-se large [)rairies, and secluded from them by intervening forests, :nv L'(|r.ally, if not more healthy than those living near them." Apart from the conclusions oi Doctor Cartwright, this extract will be re- garded as valuable, from tlie informaiion it communicates on the topography (if that region, and the composition of its society, not less than its general salu- brity. Of it.s exemption from autumnal fever, I am disjiosed to think, how- ever, that Doctor Cartwright speaks in language ratlier too unijualiOcd; though no stronger, doubtless, than the facts given him by the people duriiiL' his visit demanded of him. When at New Orleans, in the spring of 184'>, T met with Doctor Walter Brashear, an aged and highly intelligent physi- cian, formerly of Kentucky, but long resident on the Lower Atchafalaya, ii' the midst of the Jussieua, who infm-med me, that intermittent and remittent fevers j)revail annually in that region, but on the whole, are mild — le.s.- fatal, indeed, than in Kentucky. Oil the hypothesis of Doctor C.artwright, without either adopting or ro- Jccting it, the following remarks may be made r 1. The ' coast.s,' as they are called, or baidcs of the Mississippi, from Xovr Orleans to the outlets of Bayou La Fourclie and Bayoa I'laqueniine, ( lying nearly north of the .'cgion where the Jussieua is su^iposed to destroy the cause of autumnal fever), are ecpially exempt from that disease, ami oipially abound in aged Creoles, although there are no lakes and no Jussieua: but the river is on one side, and v.ypress swamps are on the other. I wa? prevented fr"i:i visiting the district where the Jussieua grows, but travekd on the coasi.^. 2. If we examine the locality which the Jussieua overspreads by the facts furnisl. d by Darby, Cartwright, and others, we do not find that it alounds in those olc //' // ciiisc'i'c.f^ are cert; finii us, are natural ci daily librate. The c( lakes bridged over wit tlieir trembling crusts. shaking prairie, is nea that .shrub are pereiini the narrow tract of cvp of herbaceous vegetatii ciJiious forest trees, so roach the surface, whii tlien a belt of live oak, row zone of long-eultiv Cijnij)ared with the otlu and they are no lonn-or fnr ages could not hav^ anio'int of organic matti ited above, or doconipr until the inundation ^n slinuld not expect to see iurther up the ■"ver, >>. Dr. Cartwriglit a: •bis.seiua floats, to the a -:iy, that it prefers clear sliould, I think, regard '[uestion. PAUI !■ INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 85 ^m .vouikIs ill tlioso olcinoiits to wliii-li malaria is gi'iiorally asuribcil. Lako^, /■// 1! ciiiseli'cii, arc certainly not of that kind. TIid bayous, these writers in- toriii us, are natural canals, several feet (lee|i, in which the tides of the Gulf daily librnte. The central belts betwi'en them, called shaking jirairies, arc lalcL'S In'idged t)ver with matted jilants; for fish may be caught Ijy [lerforating tlii'ir trembling crusts. The narrow zone of palmetto swamp, which skirts the -liaking prairie, is nearl_^ destitute of annual vegetation ; and the leaves of that shrub arc perennial and most ditfu-idt of decomposition, 'i'lieii comes the narrow tract of cy])rcss swamp, densely over.'^hadowed, and e(jually devoid of herbaceous vegetation. To this succeeds the belt of cane-brake and de- ciduous forest trees, so dense tliat a bird cannot ll}' througli, nor a sunbeam reach the surface, whiidi of course can sustain no succulent annual ]daut.^i; then a belt of live oak, a ([uartcr of a mile in brcailtli ; and lastly, the nar- row zone of long-cultivated, arable land, terminating In the lake or baycm. (juiipared with the other varieties, the tillable portions do not make a third ; ;uid they are no longer subject to the inundations of the ^lississip])!, which fnr ages could not have thrown upon tlicm, by its overflowings, any great auiovmt of organic matter ; as most of it, in so long a voyage, is either depos- ited above, or decomposed, or so comminuted, that it remains suspended until tho inundation gradually sinks into the Gulf. Thus, a jj/vo/v'. wc shiiuld not expect to sec as much autunuial fever in that region, as in those iurtlier up the ■ "ver, o. Ur. Cartwright ascribes the transparency of the lakes in which the .fiisseiua floats, to the action of tliat plant ; Init may we not, as plausibly, say, that it prefers clear to turbid writers ".'' \\"\i\\ these facts before us. we should, I think, regard the preventive power of the Jussicua as an open iiuestion. '■X- ' ,;■' v-i; i ! ♦ .• \. ■ I ; 1 ♦ 'i ' ■ H ■••.•yVji.- , 1 86 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES oT THE [dook I. PART I.] iNTi: ; .. ■ \i CHAPTER V. THE SOUTHERN IJASIN, CO NT I NEED, LOCALITIES IN AND AROUND THE DELTA OF THE MISSISSIPPI SECTION I. MILTTARY POSTS. I. EoiiT LiviN'(i?TOX. — Oil tlio niaviiio boi-dur (if the Delta ( iV. V), tliroo (garters of a dogruo directly sniitli of New Orleans, near tlic mouth of Eayou La Fourclie, and at the junction of IJarataria liny with the Culf, lies the island of Grand Tevrc. IJising about two feet above the highest t' (es of tlio Gulf, it has a surface of dark sand, covered with grass, overshadowed with small live oaks. There is s'ullicient soil for the successful cultivation of melons; and other garden vegetaliles. Erom the middle l'" May io the mid- dle of August, there are land and sea breezes ; but the former often fail, and the latter not unfreipiently continue all night. For the remainder of the year the winds arc varia])le. In the year 1844, I received the foregoing fact.=5 from Captain Barnard, of the United States Corps A Engineers, who had been stationed for four years on tlie island, engaged in the ereetion of a Fort. The mean population through that ])'jrIod was fifty, of which four- fifths were negroes. Of the whites, many Avere directly from the northern states. Captam Barnard was unable to lecollect a ..ingle case of intermit- tent fever at that Post during the four years, and but one of remittent fever; the subject of which arrived with the d':,oasc upon him. The same was true of yellow fever; not a case of which had occurred, notwithstanding the usual intercourse with New Orleans, through Lake Baratari.i, had been kept up while the fever was epidemic in that city. Winter diseases be declaied to be unknown. II. FoiiT Pike. — The IshnuJ of Pditcfi CuqnUles, of which the north side is the site of Fort Pike, lies between Lake Pon'cha'^train and Lake Bovgne, thirty-five miles north-cast of New Orleans. Its area is seven by twelve miles; its elevation over the Gulf, two feet. Small shells, with an inter- mixture of argillaceous deposits, brought down b}- Pearl llivor, make up it? composition. It is intersected with numerous bayous of salt or braekit^h water; and all the marshes near or upon it contahi water of the sah.o kind The soil is fertile. In the sunnuer, tl."i prevailing wind is from the south- W cast, and con.«!efju('iitl Fcrt Piko has constii fever i.s far from bci and of remittents sevi III. l'a..T Wool Its .«ite is on the sout iif the connecting st marshes and cypress s tlie 3Iississi|i])i, wliiL pared with Fort Pike vaded by yellow fever iiiteniiittent form bein The remarkable di ous Posts, is ascribed frosh-water marslies ne IV. FouT St. Pii site sides of the 3Iissis furmcr, built long since cer; w! ich stands on tl from tl.'O mouth of tlie continenv. The eyjires which, composed of fine three feet produces ai water from 3Iarrh to J layer of mud and organ: sends up an offensive oi river is low, may retard lar stench. St. l*hilip was alwa Autumnal fever prevails Tlio ratio of intermitte fifteen per cent. ; and tl liad not, at the coming c Posts liigher up the rive relapses incessaut.J Ye The Rice lands of i. near, but chiefly above, : who, as Doctor Pandall -Mr. Loer, who resides ii healtliicr than the one * Med. Stat. U. S. A., p. t Ibid, p. 279. Dr. B. Ua ■■■f ■•■ PART I.] INTERIOR VALLKY OF NORTH AMERICA. 87 cast, antl consorjuoiitly tVoiii (iff the Gulf. Altliougli so near to Now Orleans, Fort J'iko has constantly remained cxeni >t from yellow fever; an..'1" Woon. — This Wk.u is distant luit seven miles from the last. Its .site is on the soutli side of the }iass or ehaniiel called Chef Meiiteur, one of tlic connecting straits between tlie two lakes. In its rear there arc marshes and cypress swanijis, such as cover the isthmus between the lakes and the Mississippi, which arc annually replen'shed with fresh water. Com- jiarud with Fort J'ike, this I'ost is deriiledly insalubrious. It has been in- vaJud b} yellow fever, and the ratio of autunnial fever is high; that of the iiiteniiittent form being seventy-six, and of the remittent twenty-seven. The remarkable difference in autumnal salubrity between those contigu- ous Posts, is ascribed to the existence of salt marshes near Fort I'ike, and t'rosli-water marshes near Fort "W'Kid.t IV. Four St. J'iiimi' and I'oiit Jacksox. — These I'osts are on oppo- site sides of the Mississippi, about seventy miles below New Orleans. The t'uriiier, built long since by the French, was abandoned in 1N31, for the lat- ter; wl ich stands on the right Lank of the river. Situated oidy thirty miles frum the mouth of the 31ississippi, those I'osts are on the vewcsi land of the contiuenv. The cypress swamps here alnio.st reach the river ; the banks of ffliieli, composed of fine silt and vegetable remains, arc so low, that a rise of three feet produces an inundation. They generally remain covered with water from March to June ; and when the water subsides, it leaves a new layer of mud and organic matter, which, under the action of a powerful sun, sends up an offensive odor. A strong wind from the Culf, even when the river is low, may retard its ..aters, and produce a deluge, followed by a simi- lar stench. St. Philip was always a sickly station; the same is true of Jackson. Autumnal fever prevails for six UKJuths after the fall of the river in June. The ratio of intermittents is one hundred and fourteen, that of remittents fifteen per cent. ; and these ratios would liave been higher still, if the troops had not, at the coming on of the sickly season for two years, been removed to Posts higher up the river. Malignant cases, however, were not numerous, but relapses incessant. + Yellow fever does not seem to have prevr.iled here. The like hinds of the Delta, are the narrow banks of the 3Iississippi, near, but chiefly above, Fort Jackson. They are cultivated mainly by whites, who, as Doctor llandall informed me, are not particularly unhealthy ; and Mr. Loer, who resides in their midst, assured me, that ho found his locality healthier than the one he had left in Ohio. Low levees, which terminate |%4- • '■'■' it- < ■ ^m ) it 'I M .It! » Med. Stat. U. S. A., p. 270. t Ibid, P- 275. ; Ibid, p. 279. Dr. 13. llandall, U. S. A., MSS.;;e«. mc. I :» 'i:t:!;: 68 TMH I'ltlNCII'Ar- DISKASF.S OF TIIF, nooK I. ftljuut I'lii't .(iii'ksdii, rotraiii tin; river iiltdvo that r(ist. TLo imiliiMiIa Ikh is so narrow, tiiat tlio (!ull', fsjiui-iall)- uu tlio cast cr left siilo, is uliuost cuii- stautl)- ill view. SECTION II. Till. i5Ai,izf;, AND marim: kxtijhmity or Tin: dkf.ta. I. 'roi'oniiAi'iiv AM) SniMiuv. — W'r. Iiavc ci.iiu'. at li'iiLitli, t'l tliu iiio,-i rcmarl\al)l(,' spot of tin; contiiK'nr. In riacliiiiir it, IVciii tlie imrtli, as. I'nr cxnin|tlo, frniii Ow .soiin.'PS of tlio 3Iissis.siiiiii, we travil .succe.ssively, jlixt. oil ]iriiiiitiv(', iiiistratilied ervstalline furiiiatiuiis; ,■•((•»///(/, uu aiieieiit, stratificil, pcnii-cry.stailine rooks, the wimle |iiirely mineral, and as destitute of or^'aniu forms as of organic tntitlo' ; thlrif, on old seeondary rocks, iiubedilinj^', iu tlio fossil state, tlio lialiitati'.iis of marine animals only, and tliey of s|iccits long since extinct; J'oiiiih, on torniations composed in part of tlio remaiii.- of piiraiitii! tropical ]ilants. tlioii;:;li lyini; in the tem[ierate zone; Jljth, on cleitosits containiny fossil marine forms, bearing' some resemlilanee to tliose found in tlio cxistinci; seas; xixths on deposits cnvelnpin^' various animal remains, luitli of land and sea, most of wliieli have liviiiL' archetypes; sccctith, on tracts so reeont as to entoml) only existing species of animals and plants; which brings us into the locality which lias been aniiouiiccd where the work of land making is in a"tual jirogress, and we arc shown the process of bnildine; u[) a continent from the bottom of the sea. To the medical geologist and to[)ographer, such a locality cannot be destitute (jf in- terest; as it alFords an o[n^)ortunity — the only one within the limits of our Great A'alloy — of contemplating the relations, in a hot climate, between tlif newest land and th(> first forms of veg(;talile and animal life which over- spread it; together with its ellccts, on the health of the first hnmaii inhabi- tants by which it is peopled. The Mississippi advances into the (lulf by extending its own trcmgh; tu wliieh end, the very resistance of the sea is made to contribute; for it> waves roll back the sediment which has been carried out, and press it against the growing extremity of the trough, as tlie weaver's beam drives up the thread: and tlms a bar is formed. Through this bar, the river continues tu cut its way ; leaving, on either side, the refluent silt, as the beginning of now banks, which are, therefore, at first submarine. In this natural masonry, the drift-wood of the river performs an important part. Becoming entangled and lixed, the silt collects around, and is condensed by it; — thus giving us the prijtotype of our brush-dams across the alluvial streams of the interior. Hence, before the bank has yet been vai.-ed above tlie surface of the Gulf, it? place may be discovered Ity the projecting limbs of trees, which serve in- stead of buoys to indicate the channel. Like a skillful architect, the ^Mississippi lays a broad and deep foundation I'VBTI.J iNTi:i{ nil wliii h to extend it,-. m:i1 cxtreniitieH of the ■ii'il the I'lirrenf.'i are ir- ;ol Hirfacu, having h Iruiu the axis of dill'iisii Wiiter is found to de( -ii'iiv,"* the ratio of inclii .«c;i. 'I' 111. The annual floods it' Imaks; during wliic (.f cvtensioii and that L'lvat altitnile of the m tlie loose texture of tl liiiiit.s to the advanceim tivivorscs the Gulf of .M ('( iitral America — form the Caribbean S'ea Iietu 'iulf Stream in the Flor l)ut let us return to t liiiiiii of this advaiiciii" roach the Gulf, small pas t!,rniigli which its waters t'.iis give liihnil extensi m tliwo lateral currents niul^ 'Xxavation through the h\ ;'.o hiiats of oystermen ai tuts to the salt water. < >'<'A\ widened and decpene 'iulf of much larger vessi l'a^scs, 8outIi West, 8outl ■lives. The banks are In 'vliieh to build; and as th ;. t le.^s than by flor)ds in tl 'W.Kid, are elevated on bh ' ineath the partially liardc t''i':itiiig the crust, a pole n; airestcd by buried drift-wc As we descend the 3Iissi ■titutiiig the apex of what a:ter tree disajipcars. Tuin •'^v. and the individuals a 'iiuidambar fail; but an . *J ^m I- HIT I.J intf:fiioii vali.ky of Noirrrr amuimca. so ,,:i wlii' Ii f" t'Xteiiil its n(|ucclut!t. Wlicii tlu; waters osca|ir tVinu tin' trnni- m;i1 oxtrciiiitiL's of tla; diftoroiit l*assos, tlioy s|irc;iil tlinm^'li a si'iiiiriri'lc ■iitil tliL' I'lirrciilji arc arn.'sti'il ; nud tliii.s tlitl'\isi' tlifir sodiiiicnt over a lipnil -nrfai't', liaviiiL' less and k's.s tn tlimw down, tlio further tlu'v advance iViiiii the axis (if diHiiHinn. My Hdundinj;' on a linu drawn IV-iiii this axis, tho ffiitur la found to do('|it'u at the; rate of a fathom for every nuK';'' wliieh -hiW.s the ratio of inclination of the alluvial |iliiin Iieiieath the level nf the - ;i. Tho ainiual Hoods of tho river occasion a lon;^-continued inuielatioii of it- hanks; during wliiish, di.'posits aro luado uiioii tlieiii; and thus tho work ,]' fxtension and that of elevation, ]iroceod sinudtaneonsly. l''roiu the .i\at altitude of the mountains in which the Mi.-souri.Kiver ori;.'inateH, and i!ii.' loose texture (jf the hroad plain over whirh it flows, there can he no iinlts to the advancement of the hed and hanks of the ^lississijijii, until it traverses the Gulf of Mexico and unites its rii.dit bank with tho peidnsula of Cditnil Anieriia — forming a salt lake oil the west; or pours its waters into t!i(j Carihhean Hea hetwcen Yucatan and Cuha, or nun^les them with tho liiilf Stream in the Florida Straits. lUit let us return to tho present time, and eontiMuplate tho existin_:r con- liition of this advancing extremity of tho Helta. For lifty miles hofore we nacli the Gulf, small [lasscs or ehaiuiels aro seen on each side of the river tlii'dujrli ■ivhicli its waters eseajc:, inlilieral ([uantilies, during every ilood; and t';:us give Idlrnil extension to tlio great submarine jdatform. As we descend, t'luse lateral currents multiply, and may be produced at any j)oint, by a little OkCavatioii through tho low and soft banks. .Many of them aro navigated by \e linats of oystermen and (ishormon ; who thus make the .vay by short ;ts to the saltwater. One, just lielow Fort .lackson, begin by art, was - 11 widened and deepened by the river, so as to permit the egress to the •iulf uf much larger vessels. After tho river has divided into three great I'lissos, South "West, South, and North East, tho side bayous still showthem- •Ivos. The banks are here so low, that it is difficult to find ground ou uliioli to build; and as they aro often overflowed by waves from the (iulf, ■lit kss tlian by floDds in t!ie river, tho scattered habitations, all constructed IwiKid, are elevated on blocks. They aro, however, continually sinking; for ' iiieatli tho partially hardened silt, there is a soft mud, into which, after per- fnitiag tlie crust, a pole may without difHculty bo sunk to any depth, unless ;i;rostcd by buried drift-wood. As we descend the ^lississippi towards .ts division into great Passes, con- jlifuting the apex of what may conveniently be called tho 15alize Delta, tree ;i!tor tree disajj^iears. Immediately below Fort Jackson, the species become fi'ff, and the individuals are sparse and of reduced size. Tho cypress and I li liiiJanibar fail; but an ..sh, tho sycamore, the one-seeded honey lucust, Med. Stat., U. S. A., p. 270. M'i' Ifji^"- ■'■■"■ ■■ • 5 1 1 t i ' ^ • ' . ;,■>.' »■ I i-;l i • r {H) TIIH IMUNCirAI, DISKASF.S OF THE [buur tlio tliick-I(>!ivu(l liacklti.'rry, immI tin,' cotfuii troo, still slmw tliniisflvos, \vit now !iimI tlicii II live oak. Luxiiriuiit tiit'ts of riii^tlrtoo nrc; oc('ii>iniially sii ;, and (cMtoons of long iiiomh arc not wanting', tlioii^'li K'hs profuse tliaii lii^rliT up tlu! river. Tlio grove is at la«t riMliiccd to pjiliin.'ttos, arlinresoont I'ldir- anil jriir«iiti(! Itlack willows; the last of wliielj V(Mitinx> fiirtlaT into tlic \\{\h:\. tliaii nil tli(> rest, mid liiially conK' to liu nearly tlio sole rcprcscnfativi's [ the forest. Hut in passing; hoyoiid tlu' limit of tlu; woods, we do not li!i\v tlio vc^jotalilo kingdom, for tlio oyo rests on boundloss fields of reed-^'ra>- (I'/inn/inifes cotnmKnIs), t\\o culni.s of wliicli rise to the liiglit of fifteen r twenty feet, and in appearanee re[)laee the cane-hrakes, which luxuriate on t' hi^'lier hanks of the river, l)ut eaiinot flourish with their roiits steeped i;, hraekisli water. From the upper deck of his .steamer the traveler here an- the grand system of natural eaii;ils, into wiiieh tlio .Mississippi finally diviili-: and Contrasts the color of their turl)id waters, with the preenish tint of thm with which they arc about to mingle. Kach canal has its winding vistn, aiil when huried too deep in the distant jungle to he seen, its hanks are indient..'. hy raiige:5 of willow trees. TJetween the principal I'asses, there are sli.'illn ponds of hrackLsh water, with mud bottoms; but salt marshes, too set't i;. most places to be passed over by men or cattle, constitute the greater part : tho surface. In the more fluid parts of these marshes, we find the rced-gr;i' loss abundant ; but the Tiiplat latifoiui, Sciqins Incuslris, and other aquati; plants, become more numerous. Of animals, herons and other wading birds, wild geese, gulls, eagles, ani the ]iur[ilo grakle, are common; the baidis of tho bayous are perforated l;. milliiitis of the fiddler crab, with one largo and one small claw; now v..\ then a porpoise ascends the stream by successive vaultings, which carry !:• back above tho surface; an otter sports or dives along tho banks; S!.; alligators, in multitudes, lurk in the jungle which overhangs them. 11. < 1 i:oi,0(iV. As in the i/oicml Delta, so in the siif)i>n/l)i(i/c or IJalizo Mil there are three great geological elements — silt, drift-wood, and tho roniains;' plants and animals which grow upon it. The amount of drift-wood is nmr!: less tlian is generally supposed. Arrested by the tides, it lodges in t;. recesses of the bayous, where it boeomcs fixed by silt, and willows S' :. take root \ipon it; while that which lies in the bracki.sh water is bored in;;. il'ircct'u)UAhy tho /'.')'eiG Pass, £ ; jiiL'8, for use in New Orleai „!• lurgi'a- r\RT I.J iNTrinroR valley of north America. 01 matter, tifliiT n'sting kii tlio •mrfiu'o or huriod IciR'atli, imiy huvo its ducoiu* nii«itii>ii {trotraetoil niid oHsontiiilly iiinilifiod. Tin; Imrs ftro rid;r<'s forined as nlrcmly intiiimh'il, liy tlic poiiflift of tic moving waturs of tlio riidf and river. Tlit-y advaiico gnidually into tlic t'trnier; wliii'Ii contend.''. Imt, .still reee(k'.M. 'i'lie ratio of tlii.-i advancement l,;is iidt lii'eii accurately ascertained. Mr. .McCullnii;^!! tell.>< nt>, * tli.-it while ho resided, for five yoar?, near tlio liar of tlio Soiitli West Pass, it ailvanced info the (Iiilf a (|iiarter of a niilo. ^Ir. Vniidcrslico, an olisorviiij? and rrliiililo iiilot nt tlio Malizp, infonned nio tliat tlio bar of tlio North Kast |'.i,s li:id iiilvanced iietirly liiill a mile in eleven years. These data would .■ive five miles in one hundrod years. Otlier data have both au;.'mi'iited and iliiiiiiii.'iiicd this ratio, No doubt, dilVerent bar.s (and even the ^^aiiio at ilifferciit jieriods) arc juishcd forward at varying ratio.s, according to the quantity of water directed again.st and over them. Thus, at the present time, wry little flows in the South I'ass, comiiared with tlio South Wcfit, and its [ilvniico, wo may [iresnme, is , orresiiondingly less. A channel, made by ilniliriiig transversely through tho middle of tiie bar in the North Kast I'ass, was soon filled up by the subsidence into it of the soft, un.sujtported walls of till' ridge left after tho dredging. I'urtiiiiis of tho bars present, at times, a sort of intumescence, or bulging nil, wliii'li, after a while, (lisap[i(>ars. The (ii^t notice of thisnioveinciit, which 1 ivi'iillect to have .seen, was by 3Ir. William .MtCiillougli, in l>o7. When ,;• the lializo, six years afterwards, 1 made tlii.s phenomenon tho subject of iiijuiry, and from the late Captain Taylor, boarding olficcr of tho port, Mr. Viiinler.slice and other respectable pilots, I obtained the folhiwing facts. 1. A .sloop was lost on a breaker lu ar tho entrance of the North Kast Puss. The water was merely (lee[) enough to cover her. After having been aliiinst a year out of sight, she began to reiippear, and in the course of an cijual 1 !i.'tli of time, even her lowist tinibcra were three or four feet out of water. The area on which she rested was estimated at an aero and a half. While ;: lier way ii[), tho waves tore off her planks, washed out tho silt, and ixi'isud lier ballast, nuicli of which was taken out. In tho course of another }i\ir, both tho bank and schooncjr had disappeared. -, A vessel grounded near or in the same I'ass, and to lighten her, tho lallast, consisting of bricks, was thrown overboard, in water eight or nine [frtt deep. In less than a twelve month, the bricks appeared above the .sur- f;ii?f', resting on a mud bank. Many of them were brought into tho ]}alizo. [Nitli)ng afterwards, tlioso left behind, witli the bank on which they resteil, bunk gradually 1)elow the surface, but not to their former depth; for the pater has since been shoaler over that spot than before. '■J. At the baiMC Pass, a ship from Liverpool, having as ballast, curb- '.'iMS, for use in New Orleans, re(j[uired to bo lightened ; which was done by r !!' .• r • * Documents, p. 77. 1/*:. t:;v^,.v ■••^ •■ 92 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE i BOOK riRT I.J INTER IC ' .41' ■ i i .:i-'\ •i. tLrowing tlicm overboard, in water fifteen or sixteen feet deep. In a liu, m(iro than a year, tliey began to show themselves above the water, and i, bank i>n which they rested, continued rising, until its surface, t(j the uxtc of half an aero, was five or six feet out of water. In a lew months it boga:. to sultsido, and at length disapiiearcd. ]3ut the water is not so deep at tl.:; spot as before. 4. A vessel called the C(nulor, after losing her anchdr in water iien'' eighteen feet deep, was herself sunk in still deerior water. In the cuMii:. year the anchor was raised until it was only three feet beneath the surfaa but ndthing was seen of the ship. 'I'hcse various masses of nnid, became so hard under exposure to tliu > ;• tliat men could walk upon them. They disap])eared eitlier by sinking i.rl the action of tlio waves; but we cdme now to examine others whicli liav remained permanently above tlie suri'ace of the (iulf. In various places along tlie inarginal line of this long, alluvial capo, arc ijk;. the present elevation of wliit-h above the Oidf could not have been tlic rc^v of de|)osits from the river. ]Mr. 3IcCullough mentions one near the ik'iii "West Pass, whicli was twelve feet above the surface of the Gulf anillia, received tlio name of 'liliraltar. Another, at the same Pass, on wliieli i. resided, was eight feet high ; but subsc(juently had sunk to tour. At the mouth uf the Pass a la Loutre, I visited one, the highest poiiit? which were only three or four feet above the water, whicli was sliual {. around it to the extent of many acres. Its surface was firm, but nut dn for the spray of the Gulf, and, to some extent, the waves, dashed ovor;: and had manifestl}' reduced its altitude. Great numbers of water-fowl mai it a place of resort. ]>y tlie action of the rains and waves, the surface ws; I cut into mii.iaturc river channels, inlets, and bays, sometimes filled wi water, and at otliers empty. The surface was a stift, blue clay, fragment? il which, rolU d by the currents, had become smooth and molded into spheroidai oval, or reniP'nn masses, resembling the rolled pebbles of the interior of t't- continent. The whole structure of the island, as seen whore channels h been cut in it, w.is stratified or lamellar, with a dip or inclination '.j tl, north, it did not contain either fragments of rock or fossil wood. In f; ;int of the Palize Bayou, a branch of the North-East Pass, lie iw islands of deeper interest than the last, though evidently of the same cl;!>: They arc separated from each other by a narrow strait or creek. TLoi'l lower portimis are overflowed by high tides ; but their more elevated \\min arc seven or eight feet above the mean surface of the Gulf. Tlie eastern, and, at present, smaller of these islands, sustains the aeti ; of the waves, which arc evidently truncating it at the water level, thus CR*| ting a wide, soft beach, and a glacis or bluif bank, several fe :t high, this bank, and also in the ravines of the beach, a distinct stratification i-j everywhere presented, with a dip, as well as I could determine, to the c;i-: and a line of bearing from south to nortn. On its beach, Lhe tide being ("I I fdund a feeble spring. that of tlie adjoining (J ,vit!i the water there wa mill oxide of iron. The the orifice, was, on the 'licit ; tliat of the beach, thu .season of the year, at the edge of the Gulf, No fu^jsil wood or peblik hank. The other, larger and :iviin the one just descril) u-ith that. Scattered ov( [arently of one character, nxiile of iron, deposited Jij :m the water was at res latter, there was an cxtric ny.kte fountains, there w i'lL'. Around the whole, Jfopest at the craters, am >ml analogous to a delug( 'if the island, has given it feet into the largest of tlici I T;.: tenii)orature at tliat dc Mriliee a mud cone, the side ami gas were made to bur i JiictcJ through the sides be ntwas prevented from escaj nccther with the stagnatio ': was at the time no escape o tim and escape of gas we 'jeetion of sand. The wati niaiie. vas noted at the tim( 'iiitod sea water. It tarnisli piegas burned with a snljil jpiiuvetted hydrogen, — the s "f the ' salines,' or brine spi It appears from all that h l.rBalizo Delta, a focus of j [of the gas. is most probabl 'f that quarter, some of ' Mr. McCullough has descr .'..f. raT i.j INTERIOR VALLEY OF x\ORTII AMERICA. 1)3 I fouml a focble spring, tlic -wator of wliieli was as strong as lirino, while t!i;it of tlio adjoining (Julf, dilutoil by tlie livcr, was only brackish. Alohtj ,vit!i tI:o watur there was an escape of gas, and frohi it a depn.'^it of sand aiiil iixido of iron. The tenqicrature of this sjiring, oigliteen inclies hehnv the (iniico, was, on the 4th of Mareli, 1843, sixty-four degrees, Faliren- luit; tliat of the beach, at the same deptli, fifty-six degrees; whicli, from tlio season of tlic year, may be taken as the winter h.eat of tlie ground ;it tbt' edge of the Gulf, where the inarine and river influences are blended. Xii t'lssil wood or pebbles were to be seen on this beach, oj- in the adjaccr.t bank. The other, larger and more elevated island, is, as I have said, separated :rom tlio one just described by a narrow bayou, its structure is the same irith t!iat. Scattered over its surface, there are several salt springs, all ap- lart'iitly of one character. Each has a sort of crater, lined with a glazing of ixiile of iron, deposited by the water as it flows out. In some of these cra- ters the water was at rest, while it was flowing out of others. From the lattov. there was an extrication of gas, but noiie from the former. In some i-ikte fountains, tliere was an escape of gas without any water being visi- ik'. Around the whole, there were broad deposits of sand, which were ■kpcst at the craters, and declined in all y raising over this "rilke a mud cone, the sides of Avhicli were thicker than the summit, water i.'l gas were made to burst from tlie latter; but when the gas was cou- kutcd throuii'h the sides below, the water ceased to flow from above, although i; was prevented from esca})ing through the lower orifice. This experiment, ia'therwlth the stagnation of the water in every crater from which there Tas at the time no escape of gas, shows conclusively, tliat it is to the evolu- itiiu and escape of gas wo should ascribe the fountains, and to thehi the jijection of sand. The water of the spring on which the experiments were niaiio, was noted at tlio time as being intensely salt; — it was, in fact, undi- luted sea water. It tarnished silver wlien laid in the issuing current, and I the gas burned with a sulphurous smell, and hence Uiust be regarded as sul- Ipliuvctted hydrogen, — the same gas that is evolved with the water of many if the 'salines,' or brine springs of the interior of the continent. It appears from all that has been said, that there is beneath the ultimate IvrBalize Delta, a focus of gaseous evolution, and that the upward pressure loftlic gas, is most probably the CuL-,.-e of the strange insular u]ihcavings of that quarter, some of which subside, while others, sustained below, • -Mr. McCuUough has described the Fn:nc at the South West Pass. — Documents, lo. "8, ■,.■',.■ i ! •'■■ i , . i ' ( ♦! ' < I'M nr ■ v\.X:\ . ..^ : ;; !•■ H' ■■i\y':S ■•■.;..•■'.'■ - . ♦".■. .r '\'\ • V ' *■ * ^ J im :■. *■■ if I' .■ 1 ■ 1: -ir-, . 94 THE TRINXIPAL DISEASES OF THE [hook :. roniaiii until wasiicil av.ay by tlio waves. On tlic clicmieal actions Ly wliit' tlio gas is dovolojiod, T sliall offer no speculation. Of the depth at wliiil tlicy take place, n()tliiiis. a deep and tranijuil bayou, resembling a bruad canal, turns directly to t!ie south, and reaches the Gulf at the distance of two miles, on either side of the two islands which have been described. On the right bank of this bavou, just below its efflux, stands the village of Balize, in N. Lat. 1:'.'" 7' 15", and W. Lon. 89" -i' 3G". It consists of small buildings erected on ll.'ks, with a single narrow and serpentine street or jironieiiade, which I'ol- lows the curves of the bayou, and has an elevation of but a f(jot or two above its waters. At the distance of one hundred or one hundred and fifty feet from the bank on which this street meanders, is the edge of an iuipene- trablo reed-grass swamp. Low as the bank still is, it has been raised, as have many of the little garden spots iu front of the buildings, with soil from tlio opposite side of the bayou. Tlie new ground beneath is, however, so soft, that the increased weight tends to shdc the street ; rendering new adilitions necessary, from time to time, to keep the street and yards dry. Occasionally, under high south-cast winds, the site of the whole village is inundated. When a spot is first reclaimed and planted, it produces badly; but as the ground is stirred and the rains wash out the salt, it undergoes amelioration, and yields the ordinary garden vegetables of the south in good perfection ; while the peach, and many southern flowering shrubs flourish equally well. //.s- People. — The population of the Balize is about two hundred and fifty ; consisting almost entirely of pilots, about forty in number, witli their fam- ilies, a few artisans rec^uired by their vocation, a teacher, a physician, and a number of slaves. Many of thcni have resided on the s[)ot for twenty or twenty-five years. A few families occupy the opposite bank of the bayou. Until within the last ten or twelve years, there were but few females; now, nearly all the pilots have wives. Thus there is a population sufficiently numerous and diversified to test the salubrity of this remarkable spot ; — the legitimate object of this extended article. My inquiries on this head were not limited to Doctor Henry A"an Antwerp, the salaried physician of the Pilot's Association, who had resided there for three years and a half; nor to the late Captain Taylor, the boarding officer, who bad lived at the place sixteen years; but extended to many of the pilnts and their wives, on whose intelligence and respectability I could rely. Iu giving the residts obtained, I propose, in view of the unique condition and character of this locality, not to limit myself to the diseases mentioned A.. \-.i ' ... . . . •■ , 1 ■■ I n .• •^;"' -''4'.^'' ;"'i "t," • • ' ' t ' '. • '' . ./•,: 'A'>]\ * .;, - ■■ II jH ' . (.• ■ ' ■ ■•' . I- ■:.'.. ' 1 •■•■'■::;l-. J.'-- •'!■'- ♦* V ■ ^' !• ^.''■•^':- ■ ■■ ■■■''. • ■ ■•;•!'■■■ . ,■< ■ ■ . « * * '■'■■■'. ■,'^>v^ ' •' ^ ■ • <■■•.' :■■!■:■. •• '■■■', • ■ . *' » .*' , * Corrupted from Valiza, Spanish, a beacon. On this spot tiie first sifriial for indi- Mtinc till' entrance into the ^Mississippi River was erected. The present iifrhtiiouse is two miles further down tiic North-east Pass. "V,."' ,' \. ■■ 96 THE PUINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE [book It-:- i- m '■I % in under otlier topograpliicul lieads; Lut to relate the substance of all I coulj collect. Tliclr Modes of Livaif/. — Before connnencing, it will be proper, however, to say a few words on the pursuits and modes of living of the people. The duties of the pilots call for great exposure, as a number of them arc at all times crui^;ing off the bar, in open boats. Formerly they were cxtrcmct, intemperate, but in latter ycar.«, their habits have improved; still, the im- provement is more in reference to the abuse than the use of ardent spirit> In summer a liberal (Quantity of elaret is consumed. Tea and coffee arc ii: general use, and the latter is frequently drunk on rising in the morning. Culinary vegetables are not abundant, and animal food is the stajile of tlit diet of the wliole population, being eaten three times a day. It consists chiefly of salted meats, fresh pork, beef, poultry, fish, and oysters. TAcir Diseases. — The prevailing disease at the Balize, and the 8out!: West Pass, is intermittent fever, generally of the tertian type, and mild i;; its character, with a tendency in the patients to relapse. Doctor Van Ant- werp h.ad seen only two malignant cases. Some innuigrants have lived tliori several years before they sickened. Mrs. Anderson, who had resided there longer than any other individual, thought the disease much less frequent tlia;. formerly. Doctor Van Antwerp had noticed a considerable number of dis- eased spleens, but very little neuralgia or dropsy, consecjuent on the fover Ilemitteots appear to be decidedly rare, and the same is true of yellow fever. notwithstanding almost every vessel from Havana and Vera Cruz cuter; through this Pass, and is visited by the pilot and boarding officer. Doct'T Van Antwerp arrived in October, 1839, when the fever was extensivelv prevalent around the shores of the Gulf, including, of course, New Orleans: and in 1841 and 1842, it was prevalent in that city and some other places: still he had seen only four cases; one of which occurred in a person fron: New (Jrleans ; two others seemed to have originated in the village, and tl;. fourth occurred in an oysterman, who declared he had not been at New 'Jr- leans. These cases occurred in different years. Eruptive fevers are exceed- ingly uncommon, and chronic cutaneous disorders seldom show themselves The itch is said to lose its contagiousness, and at length cease. The sum- mer gastro-intestinal affections, such as cholera morbus, cholera infantiin;. and dysentery, especially the two former, are unfrequent. Pulmonary ii;- flammations of all kinds are quite as uncommon. Dot 'or Van Antwerp v:5= induced to remove from the state of New York to the Balize, on account of his liability to pulmonary catarrh, which his residence at tlie latter place La- nearly removed. Croup is almost unknown. Of nervous diseases, convul- sions of children are more frequent than all the rest. Doctor Van Antwci'i had seen nine cases, five of which proved fatal. The number of childrer. among whom they occurred, was about forty — the time, three and a lial' years. The children who suffered, were not, as it is termed in the nursery, "within the month." Another disease of frequent occurrence is rhcuuia- . " ■"WXi » '.m * ■■:i ' '''J * i f y I * i ■ J" .'.' ' (f 3- i'-' y *M' .lilt u! ccLa- .nvu!- twcrf ildren half Irscry. tuiua* PIIIT I.] INTRRIi tisiii, which is generally fflio arc greatly exposed irlio liud resided there si patioiits had all arrive " tlic'k'ss, his wiCe, who ma cviik'iitly falling into tl IJalizf, had striiinous sw The negroes of the 11 Imt Indged in damper si ftill better health than iiituniiittent fever, to wli Tlioy average fifty in nun been hut two deaths. Tt results from this ra ill this lueality ; that sev( interior; and tliat aiitunn extensive districts of com I. Position axd Plan.- tlie h'ft hank of the .Missis ^■'" ■>'■*' i"- * After havi. tlio river, as wc have seen, ilieii to the south-cast, unti ami parallel to, the sou'Jien tind of Isthmus, formerly c rowest point is nof more tlu of that lake it makes a hors general course. Around tl liave the site of the City. l!y examining its plat (/^ tlioold or original town, ha «lii<'h rests upon the riv.'r, ^ 'treteli fmm the baidc in a r I t!ie First M'lmcijHillf^. Im 'ireetion, lies that extensif.n I ■'f'imclpalift/, the streets in v •"'•t'>-^-';ist. Above the ori<. * Ft will bo miiveiiirnl, ;ui.i p;i '^^pcak^of this city as having th w PART 1. INTERIOR VALLEY OK NORTH AMERICA. 07 tj^iii, which is generally subacute or chronic, and falls osiicciall_y on the pilots who arc grciitly cxi)(jsc(l. Consumption is said to be rare, Caj)tain Taylor, \x\h> \\vl resided there sixteeii years could rocidlect but three cases, and the patients had all arrive " tliere wit'' . ^ disease in its forniiny stage. Never- tliek'ss, his wife, wln) many years before had left the state of New York, was cviiU'iitly falling into that disease, and two of his children, born at the lialize, had strumous swellings and abscesses of the neck. The negroes of the ]?ali/.(! are fed on nearly the same food with the whites, Imt Imlged ill dam[icr situations near the ground; nevertheless, they enjoy Ptill better health than their masters. Almost their only disease is mild iiilcrmittent fever, to which, moreover, they arc less liable than the whites. Tliev average fifty in number, and during three and a half ycai's there had been hut two deaths. It results from this rapid .sketch, that no new disease has been devehi]icd ill this locality ; that several a[)j)ear to be less [irevalent here than in the iiitcrior; and tliat autumnal lever is not as malignnnt :is we find it in many isteiisivc districts of country several degrees further north. SECTION III. NEW ORLEANt*. I. Position and Pr.AX. — The City of New Orleans (PL 17) stands on tlic'h'ft bank of the .Mississippi lliver, in X. Lat. li!J» 57' "J:)", and AV. J.oii. ^H" .^)!i' 4". * After having, from its sources, jiursued nearly as(juth course, the river, as we have seen, while traversing the Delta, turns to the east, and thiMi to tlie south-east, until it reaches the Gulf. It is thus brought near, ami parallel tu, the southern coast of Lake Poiitchartrair«, so as to form a l;iii(l of Tsthmus, formerly called tlie Island of Orleans; which at th'i nar- rowest point is no<- more than five miles in width. Wlieii opposite the middle cif that lake it makes a horse-shoe bend by the south, and then flows off in its general course. Around the lower part of this bend, on the loft bank, we iinvc the site of the City. I'y examining its plat (7V. VJ ) it will be seen that the center consists of the ohl or original town, having the form of a parallelogram; otic end of whieh rests upon the riv.T, while its sides, and the streets parallel to them, Jtretch from the bank in a northern direction. This portion is now called the First Anoiicipulitij. Immediately below, the river having a south-easterly thiectinn, lies that extension of the old town, which now constitutes the Thlnl }[i(iiir!piili/i/, the streets in which run from the river, to the north, and north ni'i'th-oast. Above the original town, and coiiseijucntly Mithin the horse- i..- t. A'i- ■ ^ ■ * 1 ■Pii \ ■ 1 ^ \ '.<■■', ^ • t* • " ' s- ' •■■•'■■;' ■ .■'''_: ' ■ .' • ' ' if' ■■■'■■:- '^ • • , ^ . ■ ' "''- '■*■'■ fc.' ' • « • It will bo oniiveiiirnl, nud cannot ItNid toiuiy t r.icliral I'rrnr in a work of this kinil 10 fpciik of this city us having tlie lutitinJe of thirty, and longitude of ninety degrees. 98 THC PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE [booi PlXT I. IXTERK 'I . ■ , ■ '' shoe bend, is the Second Municipaiitij, with strceta running north-west, from the river. Adjoining this IMuiiicipulity, on thu south-west, and near the bottom of the liorse-shoc bend, is the I'aubourg or city of Lu Fayette; above which, (in the river bank, are two or three //rojcded viUagus ; after whidi, a,> we rise out of the concavity, to the nortli-west, we come to the town uf Carrolfon ; the streets of which run north nortli-east. Thus thu lint of coast, from the western limit of Carrolton to the eastern boundary of tlit Tiiir 1 .Municipality, is at least twelve miles ; and jmblic or private enterjiri>( in anticipation of tlie future, has already sought to give tlie great conuutiiix metropolis of the J/cxlcuu or Suullnyn JUi.siti, that extensidu. This, lunvovir, will aj)pear the less remarkable, when we recollc ,t, that the S2)read uf tiit city back from the river cannot be ert'ected without great labor and expense. At present, a line of three miles, the center of which shall be the adjacum angles of the First and Second .Municipalities, will cover those portions o; the city whicli are of most interest to the physician. The right bank of the river, is not without its attempted towns. Oppo- site La Fayette, are Cosmopolite and Gretna; across the river from tie First and Second Municipalities, lies MacDonoughville ; and facing the Tliiru Municipality, stand.s Algiers ; all of which are but inconsiderable places. From the dome of the St. Charles Hotel, standing near the center of tk city, the periscope presents many germinal villages, which suggest to tit mind a true idea of the vast relations of this spot with the interior ; tho inhabitants of whicli, in augmenting numbers, must forever continue to visit New Orleans, aiul thus maintain the interest of the medical profession, in aii that relates to its diseases. II. Lakks and SwAMi'S. — Directly north of the city, at the rectilinear distance of seven miles from the bottom of the horse-shoe bend, and tiLiu; four and a half from each of its extremities, lies the southern coast of Lake Pontchartrain. To the east, at the distance of twenty miles, is the coast o: Lake Borgne. At the same distance, to the south-east, is the small Lake Lery; at double the distance, Chaudeleur Bay. On the opposite side of tiit river, to the south-west and south, are Dcs Allemands, Ouacha, Petite, Ilerinitage, and Rondo Lakes, Avith Barataria and Bastion Bays, varying i;: distance by straight lines from ten to tliirty or forty miles from the city. Thus New Orleans is nearly surrounded by lakes and bays; to the we?t only are tliey absent ; and there tlie river in some degree supplies their pilace. by meandering from west to east for seventy or eighty miles. Even tbij. I however, presents an inadequate idea of the extent of watery surface ; for in every direction from the cit}', unless when we travel on the ' coast," or [ river bank, we encounter cypress swamps, terminating, either at the slicre of a lake, or in grassy savannas too wet to be traveled over. Before Icvce; were raised upon the banks, the whole region was annually overflowed; but during nine months of the year, a strip on each side, varying from a feif yards to a mile in width, was dry on the surface, yet abounded in water iiiiileriipath. At New < this strip was highest n stream when swollen, I roplciii.sliod the swamps i whicli the city stands wa, train, and Lake ]Jorgiio. III. Bayous.— These into which the swamps ai torn. Tlie draining is efl to cniiniorate. 1. To the north-west the .swanip into Lake Po lo'ilas. They do not cxci 2. JJ(i>/oti Metal rie. — sources of these bayous r Metnirie. Its course is e; tinned next. The 3Iotair to Julia street, in the Seci waters into that trough. land, and a good road. 3. The lUnjon St. Jo/, the river and the lake*, thi Originating, by several bi miles from the river, it trav way directly north, to Poi feeble current, but are deep 4. Pjaijou SdtiPuye or G tween the First and Third At first, its course is nearly ilischargcs its waters into tl ing straits between Pontcha also a road, and borders of a 5. Bai/ou Bienvoui, whi -Vunieipality and flows to tli 6. Iknjou Mazunt. — It r nearly in the same direction '• Brajou Merrier, whicl north-east. The last three bayous unit into Lake Borgne. Thus we see that the dedi "ikes, has numerous swamp-1 t'-isis of a hydraulic system, might, by human labor r)ropei Ir'- r»»T I. INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 0!) iiinlcrnoath. At New Orleans, as everywliere along the lower ^lisslssippl, this strip was highest next the river, and not only the ovorllowings of the stream when swollen, hut the rains, took a direction from the river, and rcpli'iii.'^hed the swamps and smaller lakes. The elevation of the hank (m ffliicli the city stands was but a few feet above the surface of Lake I'ontehar- t,-ain, and Lake IJorgno. 111. Bavous. — These lakes are, and must forever remain, the reservoirs into wliieh the swamps around New Orleans discharge their superfluous wa- ters. The draining is effected by natural canals or bayuus, which I proceed to enumerate. 1. To the north-west of the city, there are two or three, which run from the swamp into Lake l*ontchartrain ; one of which is called Baijoa Cluipi- Ujidas. They do not exert much, if any, influence on the city. 2. Bai/o/t JMctain'e. — I"'urther west, and nearly e({u' ^"'itant between the sources of these bayous aiul the river bank, is the beginning of the Bayou Metairie. Its course is eastward, until it joins the larger bayou, to be men- tioned next. The ]Metairie is cut by the new ship canal from Pontehartrain to Julia street, in the Second Municipality, and now, of course, discharges its waters into that trough. Along this bayou, there is considerable redeemed land, and a good road. 3. The lUiyon St. John. — Of all the bayous between the left bank of the river and the lakes, this confers on the city the most important benefits. (Iriginating, by several branches, in the Second IMunieipality, about two nillos from the river, it trav .'rses the First Municipality, and thence makes its way directly north, to Pontchartrain. Its waters, of course, flow with a feeble current, but are deep enough for sloop navigation. 4. Bayou Sauvar/e or GentUhj. — Its origin is near the dividing line be- tween the First and Third Municipalities, about two miles from the river. At first, its course is nearly north, but it bends to the north-east, and finally (lisehargcs its waters into the Pass called Chef ]\Ienteur, one of the connect- ing straits between Pontchartrain and Borgne. AhiUg this bayou, there is also a road, and borders of arable land. 5. Jjdf/ou Bienvenu, which originates in the eastern part of the Third Municipality and flows to the east. 6. Ikiyou Mazunt. — It rises a little further down the river, and flows nearly in the same direction. ", Baijou Merrier, which begins still further down, and runs to the north-east. The last three bayous unite, and under the common name of Mazunt, flow I iato Lake Borgno. Thus we see that the declivity between the left bank of the river and the lakes, has numerous swamp-bayous or natural canals, which constitute the basis of a hydraulic system, by which a large portion, if not the whole tract, might, by human labor rtroperly directed, be drained and dried. J. ■'.,'•• r.. ^;l-;'i|';|; • . ' ' H ' t i : ■Kill ♦« ' .■ C ■A'^-.fi"':'' :';v;-.-" >-... Mi 100 THE PRINCIPAL niSEASES OF THE [l 301 mi : ii 11 ^■■' f}-^-[^ IV. Pikes. — lint, witliout ditoliing, notliing (»f sulistaiitial value can be ac coiii[ili,slicMl ; lor, altlmngli tliu fall fmm tlic river to the lakes is about twil\v feet, iiiuf b (if it i.s near tlio I'nniier, aril tlie declivity get.s le.ss and less as wi refi'dc fVdin tlui river. IFcnce the water, after it lias sunk tn a certain li'vil, will not flow olV from tbe sAv:iin|i, witlioiit receiving an impulse from (be liai;'! of art. Wlieii intersecting or eunfluent ditcbes arc dug, and a common trunk is made to open into one of tbo bayous, tbo water gradually drains into it; not only off, but from beneatli, tbe .surface, down to tiic level of tbat wlii(l, is in tbe ditebes. In tins maimer tin; waters of tbe swamps are colluctii into tlie dikes wliii-li are dug tbrongli tbciii; but tbe inclination is ton Httl. to impart mucb current, and bcm-e, to tbe full efTect of emptying tbe niarslic; it bas boon found necessary to cstablisb a current from tbeir ditcbes into tlit bayous. Tbis is done by tbe paddle-wbeels already described in speakiiii.",; tbe Delta generally. Tbe only bayou, bowover, into wbieb tbo waters liavo yet been driven, is St. Jobiis. V. (yAN'ALs. — Tn 177(), IJaron do ('arondelet, Spanisb Governor of Lm. isiana, finisbed tbo sloop canal, wliicb still bears bis name. Its length is a mile and a balf. One end terminates in tbo Bayou 8t. Jobn; tbo otlitr witliin balf a mile of tbo river, wbcro tbcro is a basin; wbicb was dug in wbat bad, up to tbe time of its excavation, in 170(5, been a public ceuietorv, Tbe wbole is witliin tbe old city, now called tlie First IMunicipality. At- cording to ])r. Tliomas, '•' tbo yellow fever wbieb occurred in tbe antmiiii':' tbat year, was tbo first wbicb bad visited tbe city; but I liavo learned frim one of tiio oldest and most respectable Anglo-American citizens, riidiarl Ilelpb, Es([., tbat it occurred, be biniself being a patient, in 17!)1. Tliv effect of tliis canal was to promote tbe drying of tbat part of tbe swaiiir tbrougb wliicli it ])assed. Tbe Xt'«i Orleans Cr/wm^ was excavated many years afterwards. It extend^ I from a basin at tbo end of Julia Street, in tbe Second jMunicipality, to Lake Pontebartrain, a distance, following its banks, of nearly six miles. The ex- cavation of tbi.s canal tlirougb a cyjiress swamp, was at tbe xpense, asll liavo boon assured by Or. Meux and Dr. Darton, of several bundred live;, The work was continued through summer and autumn, and the laborer- 1 were chiefly immigrant Irishmen. They did not, however, perish of yellow fever, but of intermittents and remittents. As tbe water in this canal, is or. a level with that of Lake Pontebartrain, ditebes for draining the back part of the Municipality, and, indeed, the whole swamp between it and the lake. may be conducted into it. VL Street Currents. — The rains that fall on the city plat, which in- clines from the river, must, of course, take the direction of the swamps. A.-j far as the gutters are paved, the water flows with sufficient velocity to cam I • Essai sur la Fievre Jaune D'AmCrique. 1823, p. lO. r(RT I. IN'TEIUOR VALLKY OF NORTH AMKRICA. 101 l',,rwaril iiincli of tlio filtli tlimwii in tlii'iii; Imt wIictc llicy aro uii|t:ivi'cl. most of ;ti.« It'l't l)L'liiii^4t>, when riding through the northern part of the First iMuniciiiality, with Dr. Mcux. '2J. A crevice in tho Icveo above the city, at any jioint below IJayou Man- diac, may produce a much more extended inundation; such as occurred in the year ISKJ. As tho water, which was three or four feet deep, drained off rapidly int(j the lakes, it was supposed to carry with it a great deal of tilth, ami seemed to have had a salutary efTect on tho health of the city.* '.'A. I'ndcr strong winds from tho north and north-east, the waters of Lake I'niitchartrain may be thrown into the swamp to the depth of several feet, and even como into the thickly settled parts of tho city; an event which has happened more than once. Against this kind of deluge, there can be no protection ; and it should not, perhaps, in reference to tlic health of tho city, be regr^itted ; as it occurs upon a surface, which, under any degree of ditch- ing, '; likely to remain inordinately moi.st; and tho recession of the water can scarcely fail to carry off a large amount of filth. VIII. l''oi{ESTS. — To practice ditching, it is necessary to destroy the for- ests whicli overshadow tho swamp ; but this should not be done until tho ilitcliing can be commenced ; as an exjiosure of tho suriace to the rays of tho sun, must, of necessity, (juicken the dec(imi)osition of organic matter. L\. Fkvkks of tiik Swamp. — The inhabitants; of tho suburbs of the city, who live adjacent to, or within, tho swamp, but seldom affected by ■va- ^<■'. ^».'! ' i. ■ -v '* .^'•'^ •■ X> ■ ■ ■ . I • ',i '.yv'A,-.'r mm !■ \ ., >• I, t< ' W •Rnpport Piiblio au nom do hi Pocic'tii Mudicalo de la Nouvellc Orleans, Sur hi Fievre Jauae, 1819, p. 50. wNf?-;:. \>":. ■'■ ■>• .'- ... V, -. ■ ^'i t ^ ■■ « W2 TIIK rUlNCIl'AI, DISHASKH i)V Tlli'. [ BOOK I yolldw fever, are lialilt! to intfrinitteiit iind rciiiittciit lover; but eascH (| groat malignity uro imt jiarliiiiliirly e(iiiiiiinii. 'I'liese I'evora sninutiiiiea read, tlio center of tlio oity, but kucIi invutiiniiH aro not niitiual. Wo must now truiisfer ourselvos from tlio ,s\vaiii|», to tlio rivor siJu of tlio city. X. Tin; n.\TTUKr.. — l''iir a irreat lenp^tli of time, tlio .Missis.si|i])i, (buiii,- its annualllddds, lias been (le|i(isiliiig wilt in Irmit of tlio eity ; tlms rai.xin; am! wiili'iiiiig its bank in tlio i: wliicli is siillieieiit to turn tlio sterns of steambnats wliieli b'j at the whaivt- iij/ stream — that is, in the oppo.siti! direrlinii I'nuii that '..i wliieli the geiifni current of the river wnnld plaee them. As long a!s the cause of this eJily continues, tlio growth of the IJattiire whl, of course, go on, and bo aecoiuiia- nied, as it is, vitli some oneroaehment of iln; "'ver on the ojiposito bank Large |iortii,iis of the new alhivial jilain have been built u|icin, but a wide mar- gin remains unuovered with houses, and jiresents the upiiearaiice of a euiiiiuon, •wliieli even the mighty coiimierco of the intoriur, can but partially overspread with the produets (tf the soil. Portions of the outer edge have been raised, by art, above hi;j:li water mark; while others aro covered with planks sup- ported by props, eoiijstituting dijcks, which are extended so far out tlia: steamboats can lie at their terniinations. XI. City Kii/ni Ai.oxd Xiin Hivkk. — The streets adjacent to the river for three miles, aro compactly built up, and from the dwelling houses, taverns, drinking houses, warehouses, market-houses, oyster-shod.s, sugar-wharves, and cotton-presses, a vast ijuantity of filth, anil organic recrements, find their ■way into the water's edge; and although .^ portion may be wafted oiF, mucli is deposited on tlio subaiiuoous batturc, and, with tlie fall of the river, sub- jected to solar influe-.ice. * In throo vLsits to New Orleans, I ascertained, by personal inspection, that the eoiidition of tilings described by Dr. Picor- nell, in ISliJJ, still continued without much abatement, twenty years after- wards. Within that tiiii(\ the police had, it is true, been greatly iniiirovoJ; but the pHpulation had also greatly iucroased, with an inevitable auguiciita- tion of i'oul and corrupting oll'als. XII. Boats and Siiu'I'IN-c. — The last head gives a very inadequate idea of the amount of filth thrown into the river opposite the city. Its commerce during si.\ months of the year, is too great to be estimated by those wlw have not seen it. Three classes of vessels carry it on — flat boats, or arks, steamboats, and ships. * Dcs Considi-ratioii.s IIygi(>niqiies sur la Nouvelle Orleans. By J. M. Picoriiell, p. I9i 182.3.— Essay on tho subjoct of Quarantine Laws. By W. P. Hort, M. D., New Orleans Medical Journal, Vol. II, p. 1. P«RT 1. INTKKKi t Till' first Ii(> chiefly o| ndtoii. Their number i mp't'f, arc thrown froi thi'v are but partially th (li'.si'uiided the river liavi 1 1 till' hank, or half sunl, mutters exposed to the r The fitenm boats lie lietnx'on tlio adjacent por freii'lit is cotton, sugar, a if pcrsciiis on board of ea mill (lie laborers occupied Mmh. Thus the anioim the liafturo, during spring Tiic sliijis, not anclion fuiind ill two different phic tics — the steamers iiiterv .New Orleans, has sailed cnursc, with its hold in a ti catifiii is conducted where trnpiirtioii to the foul aeci Tnini the various sonrcei aljuwaiice for what is floa ilt'pogitcd with the river sil tliruo miles in front of the niiiits; which, on the subs cxpwd to the burning sun anv gases, noxious or innox tluni may be absorbed by tl tlie city; for the prevailing XIII. Fkvkks of tiik ]{ side of the city with that at ! t!ie Ideality of yellow fever, I riinittent. The latter, liow( in persons from the interior, pmems and become patieii I', tlie watermen's boarding 1 XIV. COXDITIOX OP TUB JTidth ; a (tiw aro broad, but a jiainiliar with the towns of tli "■"od of time but few of tlu liiiiprovemont has boon adva r»iiT INTKRIOR VAM.KY OF NORTIF AMRRICA. 103 Tho first lio cliiefly (ipiiosite La Fnyotti', niid further up tlio river to C'nr- r,,lti.ii. Tlic'ir munlier is inmionsr', iiiid varinus kimls of fihli, with (Inn)n^cd (ari.'1't'H. nro thrnwii from them, into tho vory innrf.iii of fht« rivor, wlioiice tlii'v arc hut |iartiiilly lliinfctl nil". Whi'ii thii boats arc sohl, niul thuso who jrs.'i'iiilfil th(^ rivt'K have lul't them, tlicy ot'trii lie, lor u \(n\ions of all snrts. The nnniher i,f pci'stins »»n hnard of each, while lyiii,L' at tlu- wharf, cannot he let-, than litty; anil the laborers oc<.'U|iicd near the water's edire, mi^rht bo counted by tliou- jniiils. Thus tho amount of iilth and feculence which falls u])oii this part of ;'r liatturo, during spring and tho early part of summer, is very great. Tiic sliips, ni)t anchored in the stream, bnt attached to the docks, arc rmid in two difVorent places, in front of tho Second and Third Municipali- !! s — the steamers intervening. Nearly every shi|t, in reaching tlu! port of N,\v Oilcans, has sailed within or very near tho tropics, and arrives, of i'urso, witli its hold in a filthy state. Tho work of debarkation and purifi- riitidii is conducted where they lie ; and conse([iieiitly, they contribute a full in |iiii'tiiin to the foul accnnmhitinns (iver which they ride. ■"" I'nin the various sources which have been indicated, afrer making ample alliwaiico for what is floated off by tho current, thoro must be annually 'li'[iii,«itcd with tho river silt, upon tlio sloping margin of tho Batture, for tliruc miles in front of the city, a deep and foul stratum of organic recrc- miiifs; which, on the subsidenco of the river, from duly to November, is cxiiiiPcd to the burning sun of the thirtieth degree of latitude. If there bo any trases, noxious or innoxious, developed during that period, a portion of tlii'iii may bo absorbed b}' tho river, but tho greater part must bo wafted into the city; for the prevailing winds arc between south-east and suuth-wcst. XI IT. Fkvuks of tiik Rivku Sidk. — For the purpose of comparing this M'le (if the city with that adjacent to the swamps, I will remark, that tiiis is tlie jin'ality of yellow fever, as tho other is of autumnal intermittent, and r niittont. The latter, however, occur hero also ; but many of the cases are in porsons from tho interior, who arrive with the scmina of the fevers in tiieir i systems and become patients, cither in the boats which bring thorn down, or in tlio watermen's boarding houses. XIV. Condition op tiik City. — Tho streets in general are of moderate wiikh; a few are broad, but a greater number narrow, using those terms as one jtauiiliar with the towns of tho interior is likely to employ them. F'or a long loriod of time but few of them were paved ; latterly, however, that important I improvement has boon advancing with commendable rapidity. The stones -'■^:m =^?..' I! iM J' ; i i • Dr. Hort. ; J'.'. •■ ■ '■ . 101 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE [book I'ART l.J IXTEIIIO :f ■ are l)rougl)t frointho Eastern States and Europe, as ballast, by sliips cn,L.;ieii in the cotton trauo. The squares are general]}' f-niall, and c( nscqncii'ly tbcir ceiitiid iiiit. are niui'li covered over witb bark buildings. Tlie bouses are very untMnial and unlike cacli otbor; tlio old Frencli and Spanish donncils being mostly'; wood, one or two stories bigb, and faced or surrounded with veramluliv In the old or b'irst .Municijiality, tbere are, however, many three htup, brick, as in the American or Second ^luuicipality there are many Iran;.' houses, built after the fashions wliich ])revail in tlie interior. Arrangcnium- for warming and drying are, in irian)- houses, defective and iiiade()nate: apj the invalid from the upper cornitry, who may have been accustomed to lodp in dry and warm rooms, will probably find himself placed, in winter ani early .spring, in a chandjer wliich, to his feelings, will prove both cool ai;!y. and generally throughout most of the year; but ardent spirits are likcviy} used with great liberality. Formerly, well-water, the composition of wliich has been already given, was extensively used; but since the year 1S;](). tlure has been a liberal supply of river-water, pumped up from a p(jint above tlv ship and steamboat wharves, into a re.'servoir with jjartitions, so that the tit- posit of sediment is going on in scnie, while the water is flowing off froi!. other compartments. XV. CoMrosiTiox OF SociKTY. — The settlement of Now Orleans was lie- gun by the French in the year 171S. Fn/Ui the begiiniing, African slavis made a part of the population. Settlements Avere soon made both above ai.i below the town. Five years after its foundations were laid, a company 'f Germans, who had left Europe for the purpose of settling on the Arkaiisa- were disappointed in tliuir (jbject, and established themselves on wlia^ ';\;- therefore called the (ierman coast, I'rom thirty to forty miles above the tmTi:, whence many of their descendants became mingled with its populatiuii 3ieanwliile, immigrants from France continued to arrive, and while a jRirtim remained in New Orleans, otliers settled on the coast above and below tlie town; and on the banks (»f the Uayiius l^a Fourche and Teche. In IT'I a body of French i'rom Nova Scotia, then called Acadia, having left tlia; province in consequence of its conquest by England, migrated to L(:iiisiai;a. I and settled partly in New Orleans, but chiefly mi that part of the river bank above the German settlement, which has since been called the Acailisii coast. In llChi, Louisiana was ceded by France to Spain, but the latter iljil not obtain possession until 1700, fifty -one years after the settlement of ^'eT>■ Orleans. An immigration of Spaniards now : lok place, but not, I think, t' i'lrh an amount as ma >j)aiii.i.ssij)pi Piiver. In cro wliiilo was once a cypress s' fiittiiig down the forest and readiiiig the Lake, the road uati'S into the Lake. Thus forest, on wliieh even the h wliieli the winds from the w literally without any restrai Ijiig wooden dock is nee( -'toamcrs which frequent tli '"lilt on blocks, or earthen i tlicm above the waves. Oi wter, every kind of impui '■il;ing the locality as a who! '^'iinp lies immediately in il la.ii.:;: IaRT I. INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 105 ;:ir!i ail aiiiouut as niateriully to aifrct the euiiipn.sitiim of sui'icty. The Sjiaiiisli doiniiiation continued tliirty-tw) years, and terminated Ly a rcstura- timi (if tlio colony to France. Two years afterward, it was sold to tlie I'liituil States, and ]iosscssion taken on the oOth of November, i80!). I'll til that time, thrre had been but little Anf^lo-Aniericaii innnigra- tioii, and the popidation did not much exceed eignt thousand. Since the traiisll'r, forty-iive years have elajised, and the permanent ])o]iulation has lisi'ii, including transient persons, to more than one hundred and thirty ;'iM!i^.. ?■■.■! ^ ■'■ ■ », • . .s " ■■'. .wamp lies immediately in its rear. i..,.1^'■ ;. I in' ' 106 TiiK rinNxn'AL disioasks of the [ BOOK fUT I.] IXTKIMO 1 r K' ': /■ kA l-r * Of the pr('v;ilciH!o nf .'uihiimiiil fever at tliis locality, cnniiiarod witli otlur places in tlio Polta, 1 am imt iiifdriiied. It has liecii atleeted with yclli.w fever; and it is in reference to the Iiistnry of that disease that an account of its topography becomes necessary. n. FuANKiiiN. — The 'leelie ( PI. V), one uf the most beautiful l)aynuj of the Delta, and the principal river of the Attakai'AS (^untrv, has units baid;s throe small towns, which rc((uire to bo mentioni'd. Tlie lowest is Franklin, on the riiiilit l)anlc of the bayou, in N. Lat. 'J!'" -I'l', at the lieail df low water steamboat navi/iation. Its population is four or five luuulrcd. Its site, which rises aliove the hii;hest freshets of the bayou, has in its rear tbe usual cypress swamps. Aut\nunal fever, as T learned from |)octor Ilornsliv, now of l'Iai[uomiue, occurs every autunni, Ixitli in tlio villaire aiul on the banks of tlie bayou above and below; but in sT(.nL'ral without any extraonii- nary violence. Yellow fever has invaded it, once or oftener. III. \i:w Tni:uiA is situated hiu;her up tlio Techo ( /'/. V), on the same side with Franklin, at tiic very margin of the Helta. It stands, in fact, in the extreme niaririu of the hii<;h plains of Opelousas, about twenty fiet above the surface of the baycui.* Its latitude is >W* N. Tiike Franklin, it is subject to autuuHial fever, and ha.s also been reached by yellow fever, when tint disease was e[)iuomic in New Orleans. TA'. St. >1autinsvii-i.io ( PI. F), is the hiirhest town up the Teclio, l)o- inn ill I'Jit. oO** 10' N. Its site is on the ridit bank, and is too elevatotl li be overfhnved by tlie greatest Hoods of the b.iyou; but so level, that t!ie rains do not drain off, and tlio surface becomes extremely soft in wet weather' At a distance fnnu the bayou, there arc the usual cypress swamps. St. -Martinsville, like the towns below, is subject to mild, endemial, autumnal fever, and has likewise experienced visitations of yellow fever. V. TiiiitODEAi'x. — We pass from the Techo to the Bayou La Fourche, which leaves the ]\Iis.«issippi on (he right hand side, one hundred and eighty- four miles from the Clulf of Mexico. The highly cultivated borders of t!ie La Fourche, protected by levees, are limited in the rear by swamps. On one of those belts, about forty miles down the bayou, stands tlie villai^o of Tliibn- deaux. wliicli in its medical topogra]>hy presents nothing peculiar, anil would not demand a notice, but that it has suffered one or more invasions of yellow fever. Xl. OoxAi.p.'JONVir.i,!:. — This beuutiful and comparatively new town, is built on the right bank of the ]\Iississippi, in N. Lat. oO", immediately be- low the efflux of the bayou which has just been described. Its site is more elevated than many others within the Delta, and docs not, therefore, suffor inundation from any but the greatest floods of the Mis.'sissippi. In cleanli- ness, as well as dryness, it may bo ranked Avith the best localities of the ol [)olta; and tiic swaniji rlv^ely as tlie same kind toWMS (if this region. A *' localities;, and sometimes it a few visitations, but i \II. I'l.AoUK.MINK is -i.ic. .>.'s, ami sninetinies assumes a. lualiirnant t\|ie. \'ell()W lever has niado it :i lew vi.-itations, but nunc were uf a violent eharaeter. VII. I'l.AcjUKMiNK is a res|)ectal)lo and wi'll-huilt town, of the smaller ,jz(\ situated tliirty-livo miles above DoiiaMsoiiville, on the ri^iilit side of the .Mississi|i|ii, imniedialely below the ellliix of 1»a\ou i'hujui^mino. Its site is Irv, but the bayou winds closely r(uuid it, iind there are, of course, cypress 5uain|is in its rear. It sulfers uio(Ierately from autunmal fever, and has .xbcrieiK'cd a few, but not very serious, invasions of yeUow fever. VIU. AnuM'I ok tiik Dki.ta. — This extends from the l>ayou I'laijuc- i;,iiie to the mouth of Jlcd IJiver, a distance of more than one liundn;J mill's, and includes the im|iortant parishes of \Vest JJaton llouirc, I'oint ('nii[i('o, and the eastern part of Avoyelles, all in the state of Louisiana. Tiio .Mississippi, through lu'arly the whole len<;th of this angle, llows close tp its left bank, wdiich is a continued tertiary blufl". The right bank is raised by a levee, which, lioAvcver, does not allord full protection from over- '.;.i\s: for the bends in the river are here of the most remarkable kind ; and ; nsoquontly, i'rom the retardation of the current, the Icivees are apt to give nv; luoreuver, the banks of the IJayou Atchafalaya, which flows through ;'.c western part of the angle, are so low, that in the annual rise of the )Iississi]»pi they arc dee[dy overflowed. Thus the settlerients in this bottom are cliietly on tlie river baid<, with a levee iu front, and swan)[)S, which gener- a'ilv ^h^\^ uji ill autumn, and bayous, ponds, and lakes, in the rear. 'J'his por- •.iiiof the Delta was settled by the rrench at an early period; and all tlie aralile land lias long been subjected to the action of the plow, and other a.riuultural implements, with full exposure to the rains and sun. Cotton, 'i .c t'l inner staple, lias largely given jilace to sugar. 1'he population ot' this ri'^niiu is entirely rural. There is not, I believe, a single town ; but at the (listauec of fifty-live miles above I'laqucmine, there is a public steamboat laiuliiig called Waterloo. I'Viin all that I have been able to learn, autumnal fever in this portion of i'jo Delta is generally mild and not remarkably prevalent. J)octor 'Ihomas Boaumont, who resided, wdien I saw him, on the tertiary plateau, several ffiiles from the Pelta, in the parish of Kast Baton llouge, assured me, that '..laligiiant cases of autumnal fever were decidedly more fre([ucnt and fatal whore ho thi'n lived, than in the Delta from which he had removed : and P'-ictor McKelvey, of St. I'raticisville, informed me on the authority of Doctor Ij. W. Smith, who had practiced his j)rofession on the Point Coupee coast, and also on the opposite bhiflTs in AVest Feliciana, that the fevers of autumn wro milder in the former than in the latter locality. We must now ascend t) tlie bluffs. ';.■::■: '.>.■ ti' , ' * '• . ';!' • '••■i ■ ...: I • ' 1 ,■1 t ■ ■ ' i' 1, * i i ij ^ . ■':■■■>•• i ■ ' ' •, * ; w '■ ' • . » • . . . li i.i' ■xi . l-^- i!l ir;i 108 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE [nooi ; SECTION V. TOWNS ON THE BLUFFS OF THE DELTA. Every locality described in tlie preceding >Secti(ins of this Chapter, li,., u'itlibt the Doltu, lias uri alluvial surraec, and rises but a few feet abuve lu river. Having traveled over the wliule of tliat peculiar region, we must inw ascend to the towns which have licen built upon its blufl's, beginning with ii; right hand, or south-western side. The bank or bluif which constitutes tb. boundary of the upper ])art of the Delta in that direction, rises thirty : forty feet above the river and its bayous ; and stretching off as a plain, i r. which there are many extensive prairies, constitutes the Or^i-OUSAS CoiNm I am inf rmed by Professor Forshey, of ^'idalia, that this plain is a bodi: diluvium or drift, having in its rear a higher tertiary formation, covered wiiL I pine forest. I. Oi'KLOusAS. — The position of this town, and its distance, (about five miles), from the navigable bayous of the Delta, may be seen in J'l. V. k the absence of any later descrijjtion, I shall transcribe from Darby, * tt? ft seen, cijiistitute its l)o ri,.iiiated by the tertiary J);iv, and reaches the Dt i.iit far below Baton Kdu: as the first high land, on m diich licre, instead of kce upon the bluffs. When th t!io west, he sees, on the iHittoin, with its levee, and swamps, which extend, wit) and other streams of the Del tliis broad paludal surface •vliatever exhalations may •i.iWIl, Baton llouge, standing o oO« ;](i' and W. Lon. Ol" ;i I'lrfy miles — from the Balii it< ?ito is about twonty-two f'lcli is the close approximat kel throughout the Delta, will, u\\ approaching this bin Tlio town plat is free from p I oxeursioii on the plain behinc I into the ground, and is reti sjiith, down the river, there 'I'wliieh are overflowed in tii I the town, there is a small tri arc backed, when the I'iver assured me, tliat tlie silt ther I ifliii.'h, in summer, follow on \ ".ae nearest swamp is fifteen i When visiting Baton lloud who had resided there more j who had been stationed there that, ill reference to interniitt '*o ivrarded as unhealthy ; an * I have been told, that iiorses n I lonipd to a lovcl surface, have slic H to ascend tlie i)lufls, when hro fliii'h strongly illustrates the flu I tlTect.^. * Med. Stat. U.S. A. p. 253. k1 ?ar 1.] INTERIOR VALLEV OF NORTH AMERICA. 109 iii.cn already designated as its angle. The [ilains of Opcljui^as, as -we liavo ii^t seen, constitute its Ixiiiiulary ill the furniiT dirct'tii.n ; in the latter it is n,,iiKited by the tertiary fonnatiMii, which .stretches westwardly from ."Moljilo ]!av, and reaches the Delta, a short distance above the Ijaymi llfervillc, nut far below Baton Enugo. It is coumiou to speak of the site of thi avn as the first high land, on which the eye rests in ascending the Mississippi; which here, instead of keeping out in the middle of the I'elta, presses luird upon the blufts. When the observer, standing upon the blulls, looks off to t!io west, ho sees, on the opposite side of the river, a low, wet, and level liottoiii, Avith its levee, and belt of cultivated ground graduating into cypress swamps, which extend, with the interruptions occasioned by the Atehafalaya and other streams of the Delta, quite across to the terrace of Opehnisas. ]\'oni this broad paludal surface, every westerly wind transports to the bliitrs diatever exhalations may arise. ]'ut we must fix our at'^.ition upon the Baton Rouge, standing on the bluff which has bt^on described, in N. Lat. oO" Ijti' and W. Lon. 01" 83', is distant from New (Orleans one hundred and fdy miles — from the Balize two hundred and furty-four. The elevatinn of its site is about twenty-two feet above 'li-^h water-mark of the river ; but such is the close approximation of the land and water surfaces to the same kel throughout the Delta, that ho who has sojuurned upon it for awhile, will, on approaching this bluff, regard it as much higher than it really is. * The town plat is free from ponds and marshes; but T observed, in a short excursion on the plain behind it, that the rain water docs not readily sink iiiti) the gi'ouiul, and is retained m the surface by its levelncss. To the ■Aitli, down the river, tlicre is a narrow, cultivated bottom, some portions ■f which are overflowed in times of high water. To the north, and adjdir.iiig tli.'tffl-ii, there is a small tributary, up which the waters of the Mississippi arc backed, wdien the river is high ; but Doctor R. F. Harney, TI. y. A., assured me, that the silt then deposited is washed away, by the copinus rains which, in summer, follow on the subsidence of the freshet. Up the river, the nearest swamp is fifteen miles, f When visiting Baton Rouge, in 1^44, I was informed by Doctor French, wh'i liad resided there more than thirty years, and also by Doctor Harney, j who had been stationed there for the greater part of a rpiarter of a century, [that, ill reference to intermittent and remittent fever, B.i ton Rouge cannot k' rcj'arded as unhealthy ; and, as far as the people of the town are con- •■•' ■. ■■•■ .'■'»&... . '.-•:■ ;'i: . .. ■ ^''V,u:,.^ '¥''^^^: r-'^'<:-'.i: ■..\;i' • ••■■v:tlix^i^.-''i'' • Kl'!ti■ I r I ♦ ' ) 4l' ■mt. * I have boon told, that horses reared in tlie . jwer jiart of the Delt::, and always accus- I lonied to a level surface, have shown preat awkwartlness and some (iinieulty, in attempt- ing to ascend thehluflri, when hrou^ht to thum, as tiiey occasionally have been ; a fact fhii'h strongly illustrates the flatness of that surface, and one of U,s physiological tfects, *.Med. Stat. U. S. A. p. 253. 110 THE rUINClPAL DISEASES OF THE [booi : riRT 1.] INTEIJKJ I . I 4 ■< i. cernod, T know of no facts wliioli cnntrailiet tlicir assertions. It lias sevm! tiincf:. Iiowcver, been visited by yellow fever. Mil'tiirii I'ost. — In the year ISlO, tlio (jtoveri/ii.jnt began tlie ercctiijii,: barracks on the bin!!", adjoining and above tlie town, and for tlio first >ii years, the soldiery siilTered more from sickness tlian at any otlier post int'iit United States; wliicli, of course, was charged upon tlie local situation Doctor Harney, however, ascribes their sickness and mortality to the fdlluiv. ing causes: F'iri: eighty or one hundred, situated twenty-five miles above Baton llougc, is a landing pdacc for East Feliciaiui ami other ])arishes of that part of Louisiana. From Doctor ]3eaumont I have learned, that it stands on a high blufl", at the | foot of wliich the river flows. Just above the village, there is an extensive swamp between tlie blulf and river, and below some smaller swanii)S aiic I ponds. It experiences an annual visitation of autumnal fever, like other places in the South ; but the chief reason for introducing a notice of it licrc is, that it has repeatedly suff"ered from yellow fever. IV. Bayou Sara, and St. Fuancisville. — These adjoining towns are • Medical Statistics, U. S. A. + Pitkin's Stat. Views of tiie United States, p. 17. .situated ten miles above ffirmcr stands on a botto it, on a tertiary bluff, ab ik'vatcd, in front, above (m partial inundation win wnv njtiiii this portion of plain, about half a nn'lo i spring floods of the Miss t!;e creek called Bayou S upon the same portions tliore is a low cotton-woo( of several feet. i>ayou S ing the terminus of a rail )^T. Fraxcisville lies Inamy terrace on which it ? and west of the town, are liaynu Sara, lies to the s cfitton-wood bottom alroad e!i.«t and south-west winds i.f the Bayou Sara, and an ravines; beyond which, the what broken. Diith these towns are Hal t'l have suffered more than invasions of vellow fever. t AN EARLY With the preceding Seeti( it? banks was finished. Imm '■niiiil ourselves in the midst I population; we saw the riv loinliankiuonts; the cypress i and various flowering shrubs sugar-cane ; swamps and ma I drift-wood arrested in its de; Ipropulsioii of steamboats, ahi JG'iw about to ascend the ri iHufTs and bottoms, above tlic jas an interlude, some extraci |.W Orleans to the Arkansa I'uPoisson, one hundred andl rmT I.] INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. Ill situated ten inilcs above I'ort llmlsoii, in tlio piirlsli of West Feliciana. The I'.niuT stands on a liottoni of niodnato width; tlio latti-r, iniinediatcly Ix'liind i;, oil ;i tertiary bluff, alxnit eii^hty feet iii Iii^iflit. Tlio site o*' IJayou Sara is ,!tvat('d, in front, above liigh water-niark of the river; its baek ])art is liable til iiiirtial inundation wlien the river is swollen, 'i'iie water then makes its ;vnv upiin tliis portion of the town by two routes. On the west, the alluvial iiliiii. about half a mile in width, sinks into a evjiress swamp, up whieli the siiiiiii' floods of the Mississippi creep upon the town jdat. To the east, is tho cri'uk called Bayou Sara, out of which the baek water of the river flows unnn the s.'une portions of the town site. Inunediately above this bayou, tiii'ic is a low cotton-wood bottom, whieli is annually overflowed to the dej)tli (if pcvend feet. iJayou Sara is a landing jdace of considerable business; be- ins the terminus of a railroad to Woodville, in the state of ^lississipjii. >'t. Fkaxcisvillr lies to the north north-east of IJayou Sara. The dry, Inamy terrace on which it standi?, abounds in grey sand ; in which, to the east and west of the town, are deep ravines. 1'he w(,'t bottom or swamp below liavou Sara, lies to the south-east of St. Francisville ; and the inundated r.itiiii-wood bottom already mentioned, to its north-west. Thus its south- wst and south-west winds pass over swanqis. In its rear, there are branches it' tlie Bayou Sara, and another stream called Anderson's Creek, flowing in riiviiiL's; beyond which, the country attains a higher elevation, and is .sonie- ffliat broken. I'uth these towns are liable to autumnal fever, fi'om wliicli the upper seems III have suffered more than tlie lower; and b(.th have experiericed epidemic invasions of yellow fever. SECTION VI. AN EARLY VOYAGE UP THE MISSISSltTI. With the preceding Section, our survey of the l>elta of the Mississippi and it? banks was finished. From the l^alize to the mov^.th of Eed lliver, we Inind ourselves in the midst of a highiy cultivated region, and a numerous p^ipiilation; we saw the river and its great bayous restrained by artificial I niilianknionts ; the cypress with its long moss superseded by the orange, fig, [and various flowering shrubs; the natural cane-brakes replaced by fields of sugar-cane; swamps and marshes drained by the labors of art; and the very 1 drift-wood arrested in its descent to the Gulf, and converted into fuel for the propulsion of steamboats, almost as numerous as the floating trees. We are Ip/iwabnut to ascend the river, and observe the hygienic condition of its Wuffs and bottoms, above tlic Delta; but before departing, I propose to offer, S5 an interlude, some extracts from the narrative of an early voyage, from how Orleans to the Arkansas river. It was performed by the Jesuit Father I f'u Poisson, one hundred and twenty years ago, and consequently but nine years ■ :■•■■ ^ .11 II ■ > ' mi' 4 . ■ 1 ♦ ■ !;i 4 i • .-.' _ } t s ■ i. 'V r. ::■;■.:■': '::^t-i:' •'••■J'> : ■; ■■■ • .-I;. , ; ••. '^ ' ,. 1 »■'■ ; .' • t ' '<^ 1,1-. • ■ '->■ \ H^. . ■ ■■-■J :■ :k. 4 • nu 'i'Mi; ritlXCII'AL DISEASES OF THE [book I aft(.'r tlic first scttloniont of tlio city. Tlio reading nf it will not only rolicvf tlio tt'ilimii of t()])n^fr;i|)liiciil (U'^cri|iti(in ; Imt, l)y sliowiiig tlic conditinn i; the river :iiul its hanks, wliilo in a state (if nature, will cnahio iis to estimate rniin,' fully tlio traiisfiirniations wliieli eivili/.atidu lias eU'eeted. VOYAOE OF Dll POISSON.» "Wo cniharlced on tlio li'itli of .^lay, 17-7, the Fathers Souol and Duma' with myself, under the direetioii nf the good man Simon. The Fathers lit (iiiiiMnio and h I'etit, lieing nhliged in a few days to take a different rimti;: the former, as you kimw, to the ^l/l/Mtmoi/s, and the latter to the ('/(/m., (.>ur haggagc and that i>f our hdatmon occupied a space, which filled up mr two hiiats to more than a fiot above the sides. Wo were perched up on » heap of chests and packages, without being aide even to change our positiuc, and it had already been prophesied to us that we could not go far witli tLi* equipage. In ascending the ^Mississippi wo coasted along Iiy the .slidroi;. conse(pience of the force of the current. We had scarcely lost .sight of .NVj Orleans, when a projecting l)ranch which had not been noticed by our luliii.>. man, caught in a chest, overturned it, caused it to make a somerset upon a young man who was near, and rudely struck Father Souel. Fortunatflvi: broke in this first effort, or both tlie chest and the young man would liavt been in the river. This accident decided us, when we arrived at Chapitmi- las, about three leagues distance from ^s'ew Orleans, to dispatch someone to Father do Bcaubois, to ask liiin for a much larger boat. " During all this time we were among (dd ac(puiiiitances. The barharou; name wliich the country bears, shows that it has been in other times iiilial- ited by savages, and at present they ajiidy this title to five grants which art along the 31ississippi. M. Dulircuil, a I'arisiaii, received us into his. Tl:? next three belong to three Canadian brothers, wlio came into the coiuitrv: settle, with nothing but the clothes on their back and tlie stick in tkir hand, but who have more advanced their fortunes than the graiitcos i:. France, who have sent out millions to establish their grants, which at tie present time are for the most part ruined. The fifth belongs to M. de KnlL a Swiss by birth, Seigneur of the Manor of T.ivry, near Paris, one of tie most honorable men that can be found. He had conic over in the .sank ship with us, to see for himself the condition of his grant, for which he liacl fitted out ships, and subjected himself to endless expenses. There arc kl each of these grants at least sixty negroes, who cultivate Indian corn, riff. i indigo, and tobacco. These arc the jiarts of the colony which arc iiif!!l flourishing. I now am speaking to you of a grant ; I shall also have caa-j sion presently to speak of a plantation and a settlement. You perhaps m not know what all these are: have patience then to read the explaiiatidii. r.iBT i.j INTER 10/ * Early .Tcsuit Missions in North America ; Trans, by tlie Rev. W. J. Kij); Purl !1 1 p. 2:i2~k'2. •■ They call a O'ni)// a c j.iny to one person alone, ship to dear the lands a wliu in the days of the ; iiid tlic 3Iar(]uises of .Mis this country. The greati xhijis fdlod with directors. M'kf, provisions and gooi jiM the woods, to build t liurn the canes and trees. iciustomcd to such kind o aiM,st part amused themseh «ittled; there they consul .'miuonced before the graii rhadly fed, refused to la were plundered. AVas not :lic obstacle which has jire^ Lave been, after the jirodigi ••They call a I'lantation j pany. A man with his wifi I him a house with four forkei j mt and rice for his food I i-'iiis a |)lantation of tobac throe or four negroes, bcho I ^hat they call « pJanlathni ; I a> ffhen they commenced ? •They call a Settlement, a j far distant from each other, "Besides these grantees ar [rtohave no other business t h'irls taken from the hospital' of equally good reputation, w j -'ire of a single household too jpi'osoiit nothing to terrify t pilose adventures would furni ?^'rs; these are for the most ■^Ii>^issippi by their parents or |«rth, prefer engaging themsc l-'liore to the other. TIdnl, js^'encl the 3Iississippi to the ^ I ''Jffulo country; they dry in * Of Law rART INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 113 ■■■"'TJIU if ■^ . 1 "They call a (fnint a cortain extent of territdvy [inoitiiJ by tlio India Com- lany tn I'uc person alone, or to many who have t'oruiecl together a partncr- J.iij) to dear tlie lands and make tlieiii valuable. These were the jiersons, fflio in the days of the groat Mississippi bubble * were called the Counts iiid the ^larquiscs of Mississippi. Thus the grantees arc the aristocracy of tills country. The greater part have never left France, but have ecjuipped .hiii3 fill>-'d with directors, stewards, storekeepers, clerks, workmen of different ;ra'lo<, provisions and goods of all kinds. Their business was, to penetrate liitu the woods, to build their cabins there, to make choice of lands, and to liurn the canes and trees. These beginnings seemed too hard to people not iccustomcd to such kind of labor : the directors and their subalterns tor the ;nM.st i)art amused themselves in places where there were some French already .settled; there they consumed their iirovisions, and the work was scarcely (iinmonced before the grant was entirely ruined. The workman badly paid, T biully fed, refused to labor, or else seized on his own pay, and the stores wore plundered. AVas not all this perfectly French"? But this was in part the obstacle which has jirovonted the country from being settled, as it should uve been, after the prodigious expense which has been lavished upon it. •'They call a Plantation a smaller portion of land granted by the com- pany. A man with his wife, or his associate, clears a small section, builds 1 liira a house with four forked sticks, which ho covers with bark, plants some e irii and rice for his food ; anotlicr year he raises more provisions, and kgiiis a plantation of tobacco, and if finally he attains to the possession of ; throe or four negroes, beludd the extent tu which he can reach. This is wliat they call a jihtntation and a j'/uhlcr. But how many are as wretched I a- when they commenced ? "They call a Settlement, a section in which there are many plantations not I far distant from each other, forming a kind of village. •Ik'sides these grantees and planters, there are also in this country, jieople iTiio have no other business than that of vagabondizing. I'ir-^f, AVomen and jiirls taken from the hospitals of Paris, from Palpttrit-re, or from other places I f eijually good reputation, who find the laws of marriage too strict, and the ■are of a single household too troublesome. A'oyagcs of four hundred leagues fvesi'iit notliing to terrify these heroines ; I have met with two of them, Iwliose adventures would furnish materials for a romance. Secovd, The voya- 2i'rs; these arc for the most part young people sent for some reason to tlie ph-sissippi by their parents or by justice, and who, finding it too low to dig the iwtli, prefer engaging themselves as rowers, and Avandcring about from one p'lore to the other. Third, The hunters; these at the end of the summer i-".ikI the 3Iississippi to the distance of two nr three hundred leagues to the i'jffalo country; they dry in the sun the flesh on the ribs of tlic butlalucs, ^:-^i:'" , ^y^''-^^ * r, ..■.■..•)!■• '< ■ >'■.'; -1 M: > (I ■j-'i; f J . <.i .. > . \ * Of Law, the Scotch financier in Paris. ^;;.-^?;*.' V 1 lit THK rRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE [booi: salt tli(; rest, and also niako bear's <»il. Towards spring tlioy tloscciid, aiii tlius t'urii.'sli i»nivisiuiis to tho Ciiloiiy. The cuuiitry wliit'h oxtciKls tVii,. New Orlcai.s even to tliis place, renders tliis business iiceessary, because it j. not sufiiciently inhabited, or enougli cleared to raise cattle there. At tK distance of owlj thirty loajfues from here thty begin iu find the bufl'aluc- and they are in herds on tlie prairies or ) y the rivers. During tlie past yw a Canadian came down to New Orleans with four IiuntU'ed and eiglity toiigui- of bufi'aloes he had killed during his winter cauipaigu with the aid of ohl; one associate. "Wo left the C/nqntuiihiH on the llOth. Although we had sent for a muc'; larger boat, and in spite of the new stiAving whicli our peojile made, w. were almost as much crowded as before. A\'e had but two leagues ti> iiiak. that day, to reach Jliuid Canes, the residence of M. de IJenac, director of tl.'. grant of M. d'Artagnan, where we were to sleep, lie received us in a vir, friendly manner, and regaled us with u carp from the waters of the Mis!- sippi, which weighed thirty-live pounds. The Lmut Cancn is the iiaii given to two or three grants along the iMississippi ; the jdacc is vcr^ imir:. like the CluipitDnlas, while the situation appears to me to be more bcautitul " The next day wo advanced six loagucs, which is about as much as tin; can ever accomplish in ascending the river, and we slej)t, or rather encaniiioJ. at the Gviinunx.''^ These are the quarters assigned to the lingering rcniiiai.; of that company of Germans who had diecl of misery, siime at the J'last, ai.; some on arriving in Jwouisiana. (Jrcat poverty is visible m their dwullini;; It is hero pro])erly that wo begin to learn what it is to voyage on the .Mb- sissippi; and 1 am going to give you a little idea of it, so that I shall iiotk obliged to rejicat the same thing every day. " Wo had set out at the season of the heavy floods, when the river li;iii risen more than forty feet above its ordinary level, and as almost all tLi ccuntry is composed of low lands, it was of course inundated. Thus wcmri exposed to the difficulty of not finding atlanaf/e, that is to say, ground oi wliich to do our cooking and to sleep. When we could find it wo slept i this way. If the ground was still muddy, as was the case when the wator I began to subside, they commenced by making a couch of branches, tliat tk matress might not rest on the mud. Then they spread upon the cartli a skin, or a matress, and clothes, if they had them. They bent three or four canes into a semicircle, both ends of which they fixed in the earth, and placca tbem at proper distances from each other, according to the length of tlie matress; on these they fasten three others crosswise, and then spreatl ovtr this slight framework the ha'irc, that is, a large cloth, the ends of which tlie; fold under the matress with great care. It is under those tombs, where ff'- are stifled with heat, that wo are obliged to sleep. The first thing wc do on »»RT I. INTERK il * German Coast. naoliing land, is to nrn mu.-kctiics do not pcnn lit' could enjoy the couli " There is much more Then tliey tie the boat t their cooking on top of ivo neither suj) at nil nm ti'Mi in wliich we were througli the whole ni'dit i» here called a raft is a rmifed: the current conti \)s .>ouie tree whosi; root :iii'unudato one ujkmi i\\v -iiiie which would furnisl t'nr three winters. These necessary to sail close to hAm tlie boat against th I'lwod uji in the waters un( "It wa.s also the season 'lu. During the whole v rather, always the burniii iiso over our boats a small •i'los, the higlit of the tree all the route, are on botii 1 Iiast breath of wind. Altli Itoczc does not make itself necessary to cross it, to ce «ithout ec!-satio!i, the water ;iiir>t. and altliough it is ve; I ret'nshniont wo had, was frc I tlie trees ; and we snatchec I landed. Tliero are in this ' gvaj)es, of which the one Tliuv are of the same spec I tky afford a juice which is 'uster of which has but th I plum. Our Indians call thei "Oiu- .stock of provisions cc I rancid, rice, corn, and peas. jaWexVatchez, Our butter mim distant from x\ow Or] jwrds on the rice, which did IsMsoning consisted of salt, be \m ordinary food of this Ci fiRT I. INTERIOR VAIJ.EY OF NORTH AMERICA. 11 r. reacliing land, is to arraiijro our Imin' with all dili^roiicc, fur ntliorwiso the muskc'tnes do not pcrinit us to uso it. If one oould sleep in the upon air, ho cimUl enjoy the coolness of tlio night, and would bo too haj)py. "There is much more cause of complaint when no C(i/iif/r can bo found. Tlion they tii; the boat to a tree. If they can find a raft of trees, they do their cooking on top of it, but if not, we go to sleep without supper, or rather wo iH'ither sup at all nor sleep at all, since we arc resting in the sann; situa- tlni ill which wo were during the day, with the additiuii of l)ciiig exposed throush the whole night to the fury of the musketoes. ]}y tho way, what i? bore called a raft is a citlloction of filiating trees whiidi tho flood has up- r.iiitoJ: tlie current contiiuially sweeping them down, they are finally arrested bvsiiinc tree whose root is in the ground, or by a neck of land, and there ii.eumulate one u])on tho other, and form enormous piles. "We have found .niii(\ which would furnish tho whole of your gond city of Tours with wood fur three winters. These jdaces are dillicnlt and dangerous to pass. It is necessary to sail close to these rafts; the current there is rapid, ami if it ■lashes the boat against the floating trees, it disappears at once, and is swal- lowod np in tho waters under tho raft. "It was also tho season of tho most excessive heats, whith increased each dav. During tho whole voyage we had but a single entire day of cloudy iToathcr, always the burning sun upon ouv heads, without being able even to iijo over our boats a small awning wliich might afford us a little shade. IJe- -iles, tlie hiifht of the trees and the denseness of the woods, which thmuiili allthc route, aro on both banks of the river, did not permit us to feel the kast breath of wind. Altliough tho river is a half league in breadth, tho koezo does not make itself felt except in the middle of the stream ; and it is necessary to cross it, to catch tho .sliglitest breath of air. ^Vc drew U]i, (fithout cessation, the water of the Mississippi through reods, to (piench our I'jirst, and although it is very turbid, we experienced no ill oflect. Another rcfri'Diinicnt wo had, was from tlie grapes hanging almost everywhere from tk' trees; and wc snatched them in pa.ssing, or gathered tliem when wo ; lamletl. There are in this ciunitrv, at least anio i": the Akensas, two kinds t' grapes, of which the one ripens in summer, and the other in autunni. I They are of the same S[iceies; tho gra[ios themselves are very smull, and I tie}- afford a juice which is very thick. There is also another kind, the cluster of which has but three grapes, whiidi are as large as the damask Iplurn. Our Indians call them u-sl, cunUii: raisi ', prune. "Our stock of provisions consisted of biscuit, butter which was salt and very [rancid, rice, corn, and peas. The biscuit gave out when wo were a little laWe Natchez. Our butter was gone when wo were only ten or twelve leagues distant from New Orleans ; we theroforo fed on tho peas, and after- Inrds on the rice, which did not fail until our arrival at this place. The jstasoning consisted of salt, bear's oil, and a particularly good appetite. The "5t ordinary food of this country, almost tho only food of many persona, ^:^^ .»••■ •^m: ■iff,:! .'. . ,lj.' ' ^ -if' - ' i i ■:'i I- ■If n • « • r- ■^ . V;:'^>. «■' ' ■ ■' • ' .'■ :•.,'• i"'.' • ' . . ' '(!,v ■■■'. ■, i'5»"'.J\ ", m-x /"''. ' ■■ ■■ " • ' . * , ■■lv:.V' 116 THK rFUNCIPAL DISEASF.H OF THE [•oo» I, P>IT I. INTFRI I, • f imd al)ovo fill nF tlio voynffors, is tlio ///v^ Tlioy liniiso tlic curn to rpmnvi' tin: (lutir .skin, Imil it for a lon<.' time in water, tlio Freticli ."(unctiiin's sia- soiiiiii;; it with oil, and thin constitutes tho .'//•'/. Tlu' IndiaiiH [louiid tlicrdrn vory fino, cook it sometimes with fat, but oftonor with water only, and tlii. \a ihii Kdi/otnitc. The i/r», imleod, is used instead of hread ; a ppoonfiil uf ffrti and a small pieei! of meat are taken together. " !{ut the greatest torment, in eomparisoii with which all tlie rest wuwVi bo but sport, which passes all belief, and has never been imagined in Fraiup, Btill less actually ex|ierienced, h that of the musketoes — the cruel perse- cution of the musketoes. The plague of Kgyj)t, I thiidc. was not im-ri; cruel — " T will send swarms of flies upon thee, and u[ion thy servants, and upon thy peopl(>. and into thy houses; and the houses of the Egyptians sliall be full of swarms of flies, and also the grountl whereon they are." TIht have here the //•f fire liad fallen on the spot. There are also the vtoiix/iijm^. whioh are like the limluls, with the exception that they arc much smaller, • that one can with dilliculty see them ; their attacks are particularly dirccti 1 against the eyes. There arc also tho f/ticjK'S, and the l/iou; iu one wurJ, there are mnnn ffenuH miiscanim. '' Hut none of these others are worthy to bo mentioned with tlic iniiske- toes. This little insect has caused more swearing since the French lim been in Mississippi, than had previously taken place in all the rest of i\w world. Whatever else may happen, a swarm of these musketoes embark in the morning with the voyager. \Vheii they pass among tho willows or near the canes, as very often takes place, a new swarm fastens with fury on tho boat, and never quits it. It is necessary to keep the handkerehief in (miii- tinual exercise, and this scarcely frightens them. They make a short cireiiii, and rt;turn innnediatcly to the attack. The arms become weary much sountr than they do. When we land to take dinner, which is between ten o'clock and two or three, there is an entire army to be combatted. We make a houcane, that is, a great fire, which wo stifle afterwards with green branclic-. But it is necessary for us to place ourselves in the very thickest of tlie smoke, if we wish to escape the persecution, and I do not know whioli i; worse, the remedy or tho evil. After diimer we wish to take a short nap at the foot of a tree, but that is absolutely impossible; the time allotted t>i repose is passed in contending with tho musketoes. Wo embark again in their company, and at sunset, on landing, it is neces.sary immediately to rii:i to cut canes, wood, and green branches, to make the lidirc, the tire for cook- ing, and i\w bourune. There, it is each one for himself ; but it is not one | army, but many armies which we have to combat, for that time of day lio- longs to the musketoes. One is perfectly eaten and devoured. Thoy get into the mouth, the nostrils, and the ears ; the face, tho hands, the body aro all Covered ; their sting penetrates the dress, and leaves a red mark on tlie ili.-li, wliich swi'Ils on fl (iiciiahle some of his n.'i '■M'li, told them, that I j'ari.s) "n.s there were .After having supped in hiiiir, although we know what address, with what ahvays find that some h; to insure a nn'serable ni "Such are the ineoni liow many voyagers endi liiiMlerate I Ther(> was i uHTi, one of those heroin^ til rejoin her hero. She i a little temporal benefit, this, should men fear it w "I return to my juiirii; ureniiig, no cabanage. \ (lovourod by tho nuisket( f'f Whitsunday, a fast-d, "Tlie Ist of Juno we found enough ground not 'luring the next day to giv and I embarked in a boat tancewe should otherwise nirans we avoided tho into "On the .'Jd, we arrived, ili'.*troyed nation), at the 1 •Mussieurs Paris. Here wc lioff to use, and during the liadniit permitted us to ^ niitliing which could add to (TMs is in every respect lil finer. ) The grant appearot h would have been worth st "«r people arrived in the ei "'iwrned with the pleasant n " In the evening we arrivi ^feissippi which empties in -no cabanage — millions Tliis was a fast-day ; the wa 'liat we should not be oblit to our crew. In the evening. Father Dumas and I embarked in a boat which during the ni^ jt was to go the same dis- tance we should otherwise have to accomplish on the next day. l>y this nu'.ins wo avoided the intense heat. ''On the od, we arrived, early in the morning indued, at HtnjviiuuUni (the ilistroycd nation), at the house of 31. du Buisson, director of the grant of Mussiours Paris. Here we found some beds, Avhich wo had almost forgotten liiiff to use, and during the uKn-ning took that repose which the muskctocs liad not permitted us to gain during the night. 31. du IJuisson omitted nitiiing which could add to our comfort, and regaled us with a wild turkey. (Tliis is in every respect like the domestic turkey, except that the taste is finer.) The grant appeared to us well arranged and in a good condition. It would have been worth still more if it had always had as good a director. Uur people arrived in the evening, and the next day we left the liaijoyuulus, '•brmed with the pleasant manners and civilities of 31. du l^uisson. "In the evening we arrived at a spot above the Moiickat* a braucli of tho Mississippi which empties into the Lake Jfanrc/His ; no ground for cooking, — no cabanago — millions of muskctocs during the night. J^ccdxiI ^mie. This was a fast-day ; tlio waters began to fall, which gave us reason to hope t'lat we should not be obliged t(j sleep much more in the boat. '.'■'?• I I. ■ » ■• f JU t"« * Bayou Iberville. lis THE PRINCirAL DISEASES OF THE [book VART I.J INTERIf ■^y^'i^ , :f. ■J I 1''^." -i i I. I "Oil the Uli we slept at /laloit Huikjc. Tliis place receives its name from a tree painted red hy tlic Indians, and which serves as a buundary IVir tlie hunting grounds of the nations who are ahove and helow. A\'e saw tlieii; the remains of a French plantation, ahandoned on account of the deer, tlie rahhits, the wild-cats, and the bears, which ravaged everything. Four if our people went on a hunting expedition, and returned next day without any other game than an owl. "On tlio 7th wc dined at the grant (jf M. Mczieres: it has the air of a plantation which is just cuninicnciiig. We saw there one hovel, sioiiii' negroc^ and a single laborer, who did us neither g(jod nor ill. ^\'e cahincil for the night at Point Cuiqn'c, before the house of a planter, who rcccivcil us with great attention. The rain detained us there next morning, and per- mitted us during the whole day to nialic but a single league, as far as tlie residence of another planter. His iiouse, whiidi was constructed from fmr forked sticks, gave us, for better and for worse, a shelter from a fi'iglitfii! storm. IIow much need have these poor people of consolation, both spiritual and temporal ! "On the Dth we had scarcely embarked when tliere came from the wooil- a most execrable odor. They told us that it proceeded fnmi an animal cL^m on shore, which they called h,'tf paioiti' and which spreads this disagrccaljlo smell everywhere about i*. A\'e cabined for the niglit at the Little Tonlvm, in tlie canes; during tlie winte they set them on tire, but during the sum- mer it is necessary to cut them to be able to cabin there. The Indian vil- lage is up (.1)0 country; from thence to the Gmit Tuniaiti it is ten or twelve leagues by the ^Iissis?ippi; but by land there is nothing but a mere neck which separates the two villages. Formerly they made a portage, crossing the land. They still call this passage t/ic jtort(/(/i' of the Cmss. The river had penetrated tliis point, and inundated it entirel}- during these great floods, and it was this place that wo had to cross the next day, that is l: say, a distance of two leagues, to avoid the ten leagues which it M'ould be necessary to go if we continued our njute by the Mississippi. AVe accord- ingly took an Indian at the Little Tonicas to act as our guide. "On the ItUli we entered these woods, this sea, tins torrent, for it is all these at once. Our i<;uide, whose lansi'uan'e none of us understood, addrossiJ us by signs; one interpreted tliese in one way, and another in a difTcrcnt wa}', so that we did everytliing at hazard. However, when a ]ierson lia; cntercd these woods, it is necessary to go on or perish ; for if he allows him- self to get into tlie current for the purpose of returning, the rapid streai;; will certainly dash the boat against a tree, which will break it into a thou- sand pieces. If it had not been for that, we should have retired from sudi an evil undertaking immediately, a.« soon as we saw ourselves embarked iiiit. It was necessary unceasingly to turn ab(nit the boat in a zigzag course ti prevent the bows from striking against the trees; and wo often founil it T/cdged between two trees which did not give it sufHcient space to pass, oou- trary (o the cxpecfation iif wliicii the entr.''.n.;e (if great length and cno ;he current, and which r bo entirely barred by a ,< tiiiii at the risk of findii tiiiiliiig sufficient water, came iioeossary to push poitplc was obliged to spr fast tlie boat to a tree wl rent should exceed that i iMt dash itself against a t'l fill ill a current which it was going to .sink. Tl tune there hajipened not After having passed anoti remained for a moment ii that of the oars ; wc did iliivoii liack, that is to say ikith; for if the oars had liave gone back to be d; baiTod the current. Our i w:iit(Hl ill a sad and mourl tliey saw lis out of ('.cger all the toils of this day. 1 ami a voyager who knows i if lie should escape its dan, jiile out they abridge the >aveil our lives, and w(; at 1 m these two fatal leagues. •Wo arrived then at f The ehief of this nation cai IT hands, embraced u. liis brotiiren had been at [ ''•"I'tli and very zealous. A\ '""/■(' there our huircs. ? ART 1. INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 119 trary to the oxpocfation of those wlio steered it. Now there was a torrent of which tlic entrance w-xs ahiiost closed by a raft, or iierhaps by two trees of sroiit leiiirtli and enorn.ous tliickness, prostrated aero.ss the two banks of the rnvront, and which ronoicred it more inipotnous; now, tlic entrance wonkl be entirely barred by a single tree, and it was necessary to chan<:c our direc- tion at the risk of finding the same obstacle a moment afterward or of not finding sufficient water, but instead of it, mud and brambles. Then, it be- ,Mine iioeossary to push on the boat by main strengtli. Often one of our i.i'imle was obliged to spring into the water even to his neck, to go and make hur hands, embraced us, spread out a mat and some skins before the cabin, and invited us to sleep there. Then he presented us with a large plate of I'lackhorries, and a mainic (that is, a basket) of green beans. It was truly a feast for us ; for the passage of (he Cross had not permitted us to stop for Jinner. ^ "ttn the 11th wc passed the night for the last time in the boat. On the 1-th wc cabined at Ecors hlaws, and on the l^th at Xntclirx. We innnedi- I ately made our visit to the Ivcvcrend rather Philibert, a Oapuchin, who is lie Cure, lie is a man of good sense, who was not frightened at seeing us, } 'IS liis brctiu'en had been at New Orleans ; in other respects, he is a man of [wth and very zealous. We afterward descended to the bank of the river ' iiwke (here our bu'trcs. t U ■ ',.,T- ' [•. •■ ' ' ' . . •'■■'■ J' '' ■■ ■ Vt'-v 4 ..'•^'•.'ti^r-'i ^J■:^''^■'" « I vni f . i ■ N ' • ■^ i V . \', . i '• : • ■ ;. :; ' • ..:.!' -.1 4 m 120 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE [nooKi IMRT I.] INTERIOI Ir'l.'-:^ "The French settlement at Natchez hiis become very important. Tlnv raise there a great deal of tobacco, which is esteemed the best iu tl,c country. " We left Natcliez on tlie 17th, and embarked, the Father Dumas ai;i] myself, in a boat which went out on a liuntiiig expedition. Our people ha! not yet prepared their provisions, that is to say, they bad not purchased uii^i pounded their corn. " As the flats now began to be seen, we found there the eggs of the turtk which were a new feast for us. Tlieso eggs are a little larger than pigcmi'. eggs, and are found in tlie sand of the flats, where tlie suu hatches tliui: The tracks which the turtles leave, enable us to discover the places wlicri they have concealed their eggs. They are found in great quantitits, ai.^! arc made into omelettes, which are much relished by people who are aceu,- tomed to eat nothing but ^rx. " They reckon the distance from New Orleans to Natchez at nearly a lui;;- drcd leagues, and from Natchez to Vntuu'i* at forty. We made this soc'ii' passage without any other adventure, except that during one night mo wti overtaken by a violent storm, accompanied with thunder and lightning. Y.: may judge M'hetlier a person is well pn^tected from the rain under the covi.r- i"g of a single clotli. The next day an Indian who was ascending the riv. with us went on shore for the purpose of hunting. We continued our ruut but had scarcely gone half a league M'hen lie appeared on the bank Avitli ;. deer on his shoulders. Wc tliereforc cabined on the first flat we came t for the purpose of drying our clothes and making a great feast. These p- pasts, which take place after a good chase, are perfectly savage in the v;,; they are conducted, though nothing can be more pleasant. The animal i- i pieccs in a moment ; nothing is lost ; our V(jyagers place it on the fire ur in ;; pot, each one according to his taste ; tlieir fingers and some little sticks sui- ply the place of all kinds of utensils for cooking and for the table. To a- them covered only with a cloth round the loins, more athletic, more ]jru\v!> . than the Indians themselves, stretched out on the sand or sijuatting clue like monkeys, and eating what they hold in their hands, one can scarcdv know whether it is a troop of gypsies, or of people who are assisting a: : witch festival. " On the 28d wc arrived at Yatoiis, a French post within two leagues ; the mouth of the river of that )iame, wliich emjities into the ^Missis^bipi There is an officer with the title of Connnander, togetlier with a dozen sui- diers, and three or four planters. The grant of 31. le Blanc was at tHH place, but it has gone to ruin like the others. The ground is elevated 1; mounds; little of it is cleared, and the air is, they say, unwholesome. Tl'. Commander, in honor of our arrival, fired ofi" nil the artillery of the f^n which consists of two pieces of very small cannon. The fort is a banael; i: ffiiieli the Commander lo I'luded by the situation ol aiiil Avu cabined in his coi '•On the "iGth we ree YatMiis tl) tlie Akensas tl rived there on the 7th o made a great feast of bea the chase. • After having walked Frer.eh dwellings. I was which was that of the Ci satisfaction that I was at t. aecntiiplish. I would iiiii-hed un the sea at tl Father Dumas was only in eiiii'arked again (Jii the mo i;ii> eiiinitry he did not fin tl kill some buff"aloes, wl nothing to live on Init sonn •■I liave now reached th( i( t Yazoo River. THE south: MEDICAL TOPOGRAPHY MISSISSIPF I.v continuing to ascend I lateriur "\'alley, it will faci I liyJntgraphy to divide it iiit t!ieffh(de, be tolerably well I it will Ii,j convenient to mak The Tei The Yaz The St. The Am The Upf 1'aRT I- INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 121 ^v'liirli the Comniaiulor Lnlges, surroundcJ by a single palisade, but well cle- !' ii'leil liy the situation of the place. lie received us in a very friendly way, a;ni wo cabined in hi.s court-yard. 'On the -Otli we reeinbarkod, the Father Dumas and myself. From Yat'ius to the Akcnsas they reckon the distance at sixty leagues. We ar- rivoil tliere on tlie Tth of Jul}-, without any other adventure than having made a great feast of bear's meat, which one of our pcoj)le had procured in t'lf chase. •Attor having walked about the eighth of a league, we arrived at the rivi'.fh dwellings. I was hidged in the house of the Company of the Indies, iviii'.li was that of the Commander when he is here, and found with great >aii.>taction that I was at the end of these two hundred leagues which I had ! I atciiiiiplish. I would rather twice make the voyage which we had just li'ii^ied on the sea at the same season, than to recommence this one. The ratlior Dumas was oidy in the middle of his njuto to go to the Illinois, and embarked again on the morning after his arrival; from this place to the llli- iM country he did not find a single habitation, but they scarcely ever failed t.i kill some buffaloes, which very well made amends to people who had ii'itliinu' to live on but some f/r/t. •I have now reached the end of my long and tedious narrative." ■Ill* .'vjl' .ri : /i. ■ K- ■. ■ •.^ '.•■'.: \, . • . :, I (• V.v!:.i- , U'i%-y Y''A:cJ^i.;j.;-- M-y-^:^4 : : ■of' . ti'i * ;, 1 .f •• .- CHAPTER VI. THE SOUTIIEIIN BASIN, CONTINUED, MEDICAL TOPOGRAPHY OF THE BOTTOMS AND BLUFFS OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER, ABOVE ITS DELTA. Ix continuing to ascend the Mississippi, or great synclinal axis of the I laterior Valley, it will facilitate the study of its medical topography and liydrography to divide it into natural sections, the limits of which may, on thcffhi'lc, be tolerably well ncfined. The following arc the divisions which (it will li J convenient to make — The Tensas, or Concordia bottom. The Yazoo bottom. The St. Francis bottom. The American bottom, The Upper ^lississippi. .V;?^;- ;..':" v. -5 t-.t' - , ! t •> '. ■t ,=i!f 122 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE [book RT. I.] INTERIOR ■v: : 1^- I:: i.A • ■ . 'i ' • ■ ' ■i' ■ . - (! . t m .:t^; -," * ■■ -. SECTION I. THE TENSAS OR CONCORDIA BOTTOM. Tliis Bottom, ■with but little modification of character, extends from t';- moutli of lied Iiiver to the diluvial bluft's, in tlic roar of the town of Uclom about ninety miles above the mouth of Arkansas Iiiver. It lies entiiLlv r. the western side of the IMississipiii, and is about five hundred miles lun;, Its range of latitude is fmm thirty-one to thirty-four and a half dogms north. In general its lower half is wider than its upper, except where tl Arkansas and White Rivers traverse the latter. Through its wliole lengtli, near the 3Iississippi, there arc beautiful croseti;t- shaped lakes, the oljsolcte Ijeds of large bayous or divisions of the river, i: not of the whole stream. These, and man^, ther lakes, lagoons, and cxtu:. sive swamps, are, every spring and early summer, replenished with wat.r: for although levees have been thrown up, they never wholly prevent an iiiuc- dation. There are, moreover, some other sources of supply, which must ii', be overlooked. First. AVater escapes from the Arkansas lliver into tli;- Bottom. Second. It is traversed by the Washita, wliich descends upon i; from the highlands to the west, and often overflows its banks. Tliii When t1io 3Iississipju is swollen, its waters flow up lied Eiver, and tlui ascend Black River, the W".shita, and other streams which originate intl:- Bottom, and tluis effect an overflow of its southern portion. By the same fiiit- let, when the great river subsides, a large portion of the diffused water i- drained off. Thus the river Breuff has its origin in the largest and mo>! northern of the lakes, called Villcmonts, an old river, and discharges it; waters into the Washita. Further down wo have the origins of the river Tensas, whicli, as it flows to the south, is reinforced from Lake Providence, Lake Josejili, Lake Concordia, Lake Lovelace, and many smaller hikes ar.i streams, before it unites with the Washita. Near their jnnction, the outk of Catahoola Lake, lying to the wcs*-, likewise enters the Wasliita, aft:: which the connnon trunk, under the name (»f Black River, discharges it- waters into Red River, thirty miles from the ^lississijtpi. TIuis, while hh' of the water which escapes laterally from the bed of the Mississippi, bek^ the mouth of Rod River, ever returns, but reaches the Gulf by new chan- nels which traverse the Delta ; that which leaves the Mississij)pi bctwds Arkansas and Red Rivers, is restored to the parent stream through tbe latter ; after having inundated the Concordia Bottom. The levees designeil for the protection of this Bottom, can never be as effective as those within the Delta. The range between high and low-water marks is much grcatir; and hence, when the river is falling, the saturated banks, lashed by tic waves produced by winds and steamboats, crumble in and carry with theiu portions of the levee. The materials of which the levee is formed an\ ] moreover, less argillaceous and adhesive, and therefore more readily givo way under the pressure of water. Thus, this long and otherwise exceed- 1 i;).'ly vahifible tract of alln tn be relieved from the con: The eastern boundary ol I'rnfessor Forshcy informei '.'.'nr tertiary or cretaceoi i„a!i k\^ published a map o t'le nmuth of Red River to fully illustrates the hydrogr of lakes, bayous, and cypref lity of Natchez, constitutes , Nearly all tlie redeemed the Mis.sissippi, the larger pri|iulatioii is altogetlicr ru frw villages which are scatt and can scarcely be regardec inhabitants. Ill ascending the ^Hssissij p site Natchez ; then Cuunnbia, Xupukon, higher up ; and las t mile? above Red River. Of fNatcliez. The second is tlic ; rials for a description. Tlie i Diorit special notices, even if Settled long since the Dell I chiefly Americans; and the ] \ coast below. To this cause, ^further north, they are decid Imalignant cases) than the pci hceii longest cultivated are th ithe margin of the Mississi])p lYellow fever, I believe, has n( THE TENSAS BOTTOM CO Of the bluffs on the wcsteri It" venture on a description ; v I'wir population is sparse; bi I'urisliing towns, which are of jThese bluffs, as wo ascend tli pgo HI, increase in hight u I'Wlioscd of loose tertiary dei PTav. From their summits tl I !■'!!!' ?1BT. I.J INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 123 i.i.rlv valuable tract of alluvion, is not likely to sustain a dense pf)pulation, or t-i l)f rolieved from tlio conse(jueuco9, to liealtli, of a yearly inundation. Tlio cast !rii boundary of this Bottom is the ^lississippi ; its western, as I'liifofsor Forsbey informed me, is a diluvial terrace, beyond wbieb rises a Iii:'!icr tertiary or cretaceous plain, covered with pine woods. That gentle- !ii;i!i has published a map of the long parish of Concordia, extending from tlij mouth of Ked lliver to a point nearly opposite "\lcksburg, which beauti- fuHv ilhistrates the hydrography of this Bottom, by dis[ilaying its labyrinth ij' lakes, bayous, and cypress swamps. A section of this map, opposite the citv of Natchez, constitutes I'l. TIL Nearly all the redeemed and habitable land of this Bottom is f(jund along tlie Mississippi, the larger bayous, and the numerous crescentic lakes. Tho ]„i|iulatiiin is altogether rural, and the staple of agriculture, cotton. The frw villages which are scattered hero and there, are of limited population, auJ can scarcely be regarded as diversifying the condition or character of its inliabitaiits. Ill ascending the ^Hssissipiji from Bed Bivcr, we have, first, VkldUo, oppo- site Natchez ; then Coiumhia, sixty miles below the mouth of Arkansas Biver ; 3'//"i("*', higher up; and lastly, /yt'A'^c/, at tho head of tho Bottom, ninety mile^ above Bed Bivcr. Of the first, something may bo said when describing .Vitelicz. The second is the largest of the whole, but I have not the mate- rials for a description. The last two arc so inconsiderable in size as not to lu' lit special notices, even if I could give tliem. >cttlod long since the Delta, the inhabitants of the Concordia Bottom are (liiefly Americans ; and tho plantations arc much newer than tliose of the c a-t below. To this cause, in j)art, at least, it may be owing thiit, although hrtlier north, they are decidedly more liable to autumnal fever ( including niilignant cases) than the people of the Delta. The plantations which have Iwii longest cultivated are the healthiest. The most salubrious are those on |:t!ij margin of the Mississippi, and its obsolete beds, the crescentic lakes. [iulluw fever, I believe, has never invaded these plantations. SECTION II. THE TEN.'iAS BOTTOM CONTINUED — LOCALITIE.S ON ITS BLUFFS. Of tho blufi"s on tho western side of the Tensas Bottom, I know too little It'i venture on a description; which, however, is not particidarly re(|uired, as llicir population is sparse; but those on the eastern side, support several 'urisliing towns, which are of decided interest to the topographical etiologist. |T!ic«o lilulfs, as we ascend the Mississippi from Bayou Sara, described on page HI, increase in bight until wc reach A''icksburg, and are everywhere l''mposed of loose tertiary deposits, which the river undermines and washes p;v;u-. From their summits the Concordia Bottom presents a vast grove of ; 't, ^.l,jr^■ :hM .....■■!■.'•, q 1 'i.H'i I, ' > * 1 •i^iii • -::■ I?' i' «.■' ''siiiii :!■ :• 1 ^ ' ' , • \L 'jr. , ■ K , ! '■f' . ■ ■ 11 4 ^ 1.1 • •! ■• ■ f ■ . • ■ ^ :»;. ■■ ^ .^1 ■y iF''t-..ii 124 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE [book ; cjpiv.ss, li(iui(lambar, aiul other lurcsi trees, ■witli a range of cotton fields >. tliu riglit bank of tlio river. In de.scriljing their localitien, I shall begin wit; that which lies furthest down the river. I. roUT Adams. — This village, as its name imports, was formerly a nnl;. tary jiost, but is now an innmrtant steamboat landiiifr, witli a jKijmlatiou ; tlirec hundred souls. It stands .seventy miles al)ove ]5ayou i^ara, and twoki above the mouth of lied Kiver. The ^Mississippi at this p'ace approaclu^ >. near tlie blufi's, that many of tlic houses arc built on its rugged declivity; the rest being near the water's edge Of the liability of this place t autunuud fever I cannot S] leak ; and have introduced this notice because i; has suffered from yellow fever. II. X.VTCHitz. — No city in the Mexican or Southern Basin has hadasniac: able medical historians as Natchez. Since Commissioner Andrew Elliwt I sojourned there, through the summer of 17i>7, and made the first report oc its disea.ses, * we have had Doctor Pcrlee, t Doctor Tooley, J Doctor Cart- wright, jl Doctor 3Icrrill, >; and Doct(jr jMonette, ^ who may bo considcredaj I having cxiiansted the subject. The cau.ses of its having received so inu:'; atteiitidii are, its early settlement and former political and commercial distinC' tion, togetiier with its frequent and fatal invasions by yellow fever. Natchez {PL VII) is situated in N. Lat. 31 o 33' 37", and W. Lon, 91" 28' 22"- The elevation of its site, according to jMr. Nicollet, is tf;| hundred and sixty four feet above the sea, and one hundred and sovoiity- ciglit above the river at low water ; which, consequently, is eighty-six fat above the Gulf of Mexico. I;i approaching Natchez the Mississippi flui;! nearly to the south, and when oppo,'='ite turns to the west. The streets wliifi rest upon the river, run to the south-east, and arc intersected by others at right angles. The lir.st of tlie hitter class is not on the margin of tho Uiif. and tluis there is, between that margin and the city plat, a promenade or nar- row connnoius. Tlic terrace on which the tity is built, consists of alternate lay- ers of tertiary sand and claj', with deposits of oceanic shells, the whole sur- mounted with a stratum of loamy marl, containing the del) is of plant- Well-water cannot be obtained bv digging into these strata, and henco, it; water used by tlie inhabitants is, cither, from tlie river, or out of cisteri!;! filled during tho rainy seas(jn.-'"'' The surface originally rugget' !ias, however, been leveled Ijy art; an enterprise which required a great deal of excavati": and filling up. it The country immediately around the city is high and tleep!; cut by ravines, which are destitute of water in dry weather, but convey tor- * Journal of Andrew Ellicott, late Commissioner, chapter 9, p. 4 to 1288. t Piiil. Jour. Med. Pliys. Sci. Vol. Ill, p. 1. i Hist, of the Yellow Fever of Nalehez in 1823. II Amer. Med. Rec. Vol. IX. j). I. § Phil. Jour. Vol. IX, p. 233. If Essay on tho Ep. Yel. rev. of Natchez. ** Doctor Curtwright. ft Doctor Merrill. : >- i i >c Til' 'l..i-. ■*' ' ' 1 , ^ 1 • ' 1 .i t I. U ..' i ' 1 1« -' I • ■ ■ /. ' '1 ' ■ »• ■ ■ * . - V, ,,„Ti.J IXTERIOI rirunt.s of water during tlio ■Vtlice raviiK'.s, and a dfjin ' • rivir, wcro fur many year,' "ami ill a gully between tli ■crii.'.-. t The water wliii bayous. Ono nriginatos |: converging, they meet an Crock, a larger stream, w miles of the city, to the along tlio bayous which di recqitiiclos of a great deal Xvkln'Z in the Coinitr;/ presents a highly cultivate jidiid, siiinetimcs the wurk plantations. Xutfliez under the Hill, I is a narrow and filthy sli , .along the base of the rugg [■'(latioii in high floods. The ViD.vr.i.v. — Opposite to l^ploasant village of Vidalia, ilouiiiaiia. It consists of £ osito the middle of tlu |kt above they recede from i |of them there is a depressic |ifloffe(l. Three miles in it; ' Like. Concordia, which, prot tbe river floods. Its banks WA.^'27, a* situated on an elevated undulating plain, well drained and dry, without Ewanijis or stagnant water of any kind in its neighborhood. In 1)^44, I f uml this description correct ; and I may add, that tho spot on which it ftantl- is tertiary, and identical in composition with the site of Natchez. L,Tlie country around it is rolling and highly cultivated. Tho village, although cone of the oldest in tho state of Mississippi, is small and seatteringly built. riius there are no topographical conditions in or around it, to prevent its being adequately washed by rains, and ventilated by winds. Lincascs. — Both Natchez and Washington have been, and still are, subject rt) autumnal fever, which annually assumes an epidemic character, and is \>^Xri ! - % ■ _ ■ \ . ■ • . . . • • Doctor Cartwright. t Doctor Toolpy. J Doctor Cartwright. }^Vestern Med. anil Phys. Journal (Cinciunati), Vol. I, p. 74. * it'-- ^«!J ■I ■ '■•I' •, •■-( : ■]; •■,1 120 THE PIlINCirAL DISEASES OF THE [nooi uftoiKT rat;il tliaii In the linttniii iloxi I>ay. ITe was kiiidlvr.- ceived by the (Ireat Chief — who was blaster of the Temple and limtbir :| the Sun. Iberville, delighted with the spot, projected a town, wliicli L named Kosalie, — the first ever planned on the banks of the Missi.ssi|j: Thus Natchez was settled in the second year after the arrival of the FreiicL : the .shores of Louisiana, and eighteen years before New ( )rleans. t On tlie -\: of November, ITli!^, the Indians massacred all the white men of the en] i save two, (whom they purposely kept as prisoners), and a few others wii escaped into the woods. They likewise destroyed all the children, aiiiuun;- ing in the whole to two hundred; and distributing the women among tit I tribe, reduced them to servitude. J In the month of February, 17oU,t's French, assisted by the Choctaw Indians, in retaliation, either killed or Ji." jiersed the whole tribe. Those wlio escaped assembled on Eed lUvcr, wliir.] they were made prisoners, and shipped to Ilispaniola as slaves. || After tli; extermination, the spot was repeopled with French. In 17<>>, Loiiisiaa passed from France to Spain, but the cast bank of the river above the tbirtv- first degree of latitude, including Natchez, of course, was aeknowledircJ '■ | France to belong to Great l>ritain. In the same year, Spain ceded Finn;: to that power. For sixteen years after these cessions, Natchez was in f- session of J'^ngland, durii.g which it received many adventurers from tb: I country, and also from Ireland, Scotland, and the cohiiiics, now riiitui States. In ITG!', the Spaniards took possession of it; and thus a Sjiaiiiii: clement was added to the already heterogeneous pojmlation. In IT'vJ, Grea: Britain relin(|uislied Florida to Spain, the hitter still retaining posscssiun : » Father Lo Petit: Early Jesuit Missions, i)art II, p. 280. + Histoirc de la Loiiisiane, Vol. I. Par C. (Jayarre. X Father Le Petit, in the Early Jesuit Missions, part II, p. 285. II Bancroft's History of the Col. of the U. S., Vol. Ill, p. 3G3. i I'AIT !•] INTERIO Xatchcz. In nr»r>, how Stiiti-'.-'. though she did n it Ik.'l'uii rapidly to aci .Niaiiianls .simultaneousl_) Tliib we see, that Nat >i;i.>i:?i.'K Ititdmn', niul n, mile liclow tlic niinitli uf Hig ])I;u k, a nnvI^ubK' (liliutiirvdf i;, Miosis' ijnii. Hetwi'fii this milionili'iic and tlio tnwii, tliero is a ](i'(iniiiiit,r iif t^•^tial•y riM-ks, a;:aiii,'ig JJhuk river, received frum tiJ French the name of (>iiniil d'tilfr ; and licnee, hy a solecism, the iiaiin' ; the town. As the hlnlf stretciics off to tlie smith-enst, :ind the river tl"i. to the soutli south-west, the town is huilt in the angle formed hy tln;r i divergence, on the hciul or u|i|icr end of a jihiin, wliieh is above liigli waur mark of the river, except in its greatest floods; Imt which, as it widens, sini, lower, so as to become inuntlated even within siglit of tho town. A cv[.r';: swamp, in fact, commences there, and coiitiiuies for six or seven miles ili\t: the .Mississippi, to the mouth of liinjua J'lcnr. Thus, while the inniu'dk; and ample site of the town is dry, oven during great floods, and is iit ., times one of the most plea.sant on the lower Mississijipi, the bottom t" :: south-west is uiiiuluibifalile, by reason of tho amiual overflows which !-|in.i| uiiward from the nioutli of the stream just mentioned. The exhaiati ;• from this paludal tract, are wafted by the prevalent south-west winds : summer and autunni directly over the town; but witldn its own borilrti there are fewer accumulations of decomposable, organic nnitter, than iiun-! the towns on tho lower Mississippi. Jk'iiig an im[)ortiiig and exporting tunii ! for a cousiilcrablo tract of country, steand)o;its land here almost dailj Autumnal fever is an annual epidemic at this place: but it has never sutWil an invasion of ycUow fever. \. \'icKsiu:it(i — is situated on the eastern side of tho Mississijipi rivoi | about fifty miles above ( J rand (jlulf, sixty-live above >'aLohez, and four iiiimlr.: and liftecn from New Orleans, on what wore formerly culled the Wa/unt 11" in X. Lat. .')2» 'J4'. \Vhile the Spaniards had possession of the left baiiKL! the river, they maintained at this place a fort called Noyales. * Tho city dauH back no further than the year IISIO. ]t.s site, the most rugged on tlielifffij i\Iississi[iiii, is a group of tertiary hills rising about three hundred and fil'tyl't above the level of the sea. They wore deeply cut into by ravines, fllii!i| liave been extensively filled up by the graduation of tho streets — a vvfi\ which wns commenced in the latter part of tho year l^oli, and coiitiiuies througli ISIJT, and 1^;)S ; during which tho leveling necessary to a railrdl dejjot, and a track leading into tho country', was executed. Tho stratum ci;;| through in these excavations, in some places to the dejitli of fifty feet, \vasil yellowisli, friable, tertiary loam. The (piantity removed was greater, peitej than in any other town on the Mississippi River. Originally both the laiHliD.'j place and tho business houses, were on tho upper part of the narrow bottom^ but a better landing below, has transferred the business; and in 1)^44, 1 js'l * EUicott. flRT I.] INTEI many deserted and de ;iiiil around them. Tin ;i!iil iii'ddcriiig flatboiit lunliafcly above this sp lintti'iii. tlirongli which (III the nppo.sito sitle of duMTilii'd, and which is city is hetwcen three an the .xlnpes or summits i of autuimiul fever, and I. This bottom, lyiiiiro nv'i-tliii'ds) opposite the riviT from \'ick.^lmrg, ul \Wit, fer nearly half its . The river bank, through t :i> tu bo overflowed wherev iipuii it — namely, Prince ijurg. The eastern boun '•omiiiciices where the tert Vieksburg, and oiuls wlior Tiiese b]iifl"s, in the soutlu wlicro Constitute the eas Utuccu Marion, Carroll Arkansas, or a little high. iHoiitli (,l' tlio Arkansas ][ cannot be less than sixty M'uss the Ten.sas Bottom k.^t eighty miles as tlio b •"^li^^si^^M'ppi, in the latitu..! livilrugraphy of this bottor I ivo have traveled. ]}o[ore Ijife'h liood, poured a sheet I even ill moderate swells, eroseont lakes — Wasliingti irliich lakes bayous flow ol i sends oft" bayous, espcciall> 'iie true sources of some ol "f the bottom generally, is yi- • '• >rf n fART I. INTERIOR VAIJ.EY OF NORTH AMKRIfA. •)ii ,i,;iiiv (loscrliil and tU'ciiyiii;,' liniisfS, with tlir liiirli waters (if tlio river in mill iinmiiil flieni. Tlio river sliore, alMn, uliiumded in sunken, ide on tlic slnjics er snniniits III' the MiifV. \'ickslmr;,' is lialde tit severe inviiwions if autuunial I'ovci', and has several times heen visiti'd l»y ycUuw lever. • t » . t SKCTION II. TIIK YAZOO ]5()TT(JM. 1. This bottom, lying on tlie east side of the Mississippi, has its lower lialt'( or iwi)-tliirds) opposite the upper halt' of the Tensas IJuttuni. In ascending the river i'l'nin \'icksburg, wdiere it may be said tiiciiiunieiice, we sail north nortli- uist, fur nearly half its length, and then iicrtli norlh-eabt, for the remainder. Tlio river bank, thrnugh the wlmle extent of this western boundary, is so low :htubi! uvertiowed wdierevcr levees are not erected ; and there is but one village u|iuii it — namely, Princeton, situated about one hundred miles above A'icks- burg. The eastern boundary is, in its curve, not unlike tlie western. ]t iiiiuiu'iu'cs where the tertiary blufls begin to recede from the river, just above Vii'kslui'g, and ends when they return to it, a short distance below .^leinphis. T'lR'ho hliilfs, in the southern jiart tertiary, in the nortliern cretaceous, every- wliuru constitute the eastern limit of the bottom. Its widest jiortion lies between Clarion, Carrtdl ci'unty, Mississippi, and Columbia, Chicot county, .U'kaiisas, or a little higher up, and eoiise(|uently near tlie latitude of the iiiuuth iif the Arkansas lliver. 'J"hc dianuter of the clli[ise at this point cannot be less tlian sixty miles ; and when we extend the line to the wcat, :icrut-.s the Tensas J>ottom to the terminal uplamls lA' Arkansas, we have at least eighty miles us the breadth of the interval, or liigh water-trough of the Mississippi, in tlie latitude df thirty-three degrees thirty miiuites. The liydiMgraphy of thi.s bottom is more simjile llian th.at of the two over whieh wo have traveled. IJofore levees were thrown up, the ]Misslssi})pi, in every biL'li lliiud, poured a sheet of water over its left bank upon this bottom ; and '.veil in moderate swells, sent out several streams, which replenished its lesceiit lakes — Washington, Swan, ]}olivar, Ilorse-Shoe, and Horn; from which lakes bayous flow olT through the interior of the bottom. It also ^:iid,s olf bayous, especially from its upper part, which may be regarded as tbe true sources of some of its rivers. Througli thos'.' bayous, the surface 'f the bottom generally, is still liable to inundation, while the levees along w .^ i.,j w \l:'-' ' i^i ' ■ •1 ^'r.- 130 THE nUNXIPAL DISEASES OF THE I'iOOK I. tlio li.'iuk of tlu! iMissis.sij)|)i, iiiul also tlicsc of tlic jii'liicijial Layfais. Lave retleeiiKHl many slijis ot' laii'l, which liavc boon bnjiij:ht umlor cultivutinn Nevi'ithck'^y, the anioui.t (if ji(i|)uhitioii in this iiiiinoiiHO tract of iiitcmi laiiil, is very little, ooiniiarcil with its area. The great, or rather the only river of tlie bottom is the Yazoo, wlijrA joins tlie ^lississijipi twelve miles ab(jve A'icksbiirg. In the iipjier part i; the bottom several bayous flow nut of the Mississippi, the largest of wjjiili, not far beluw Helena, is called the Vazoo I'ass. Its course is south-oa^t across the b(jtti'm to tin; cretaceous bluffs, where it unites with the Talhi- liatchee, whii li lias deseeuilod from the ailjacent uplands. The coiiiiinr; trunk now turns to tlie south, and flows near the bluffs almost to the 3Ii.v>. sippi. On its way many tributaries from the hills flow into it. (hi tie other side it is, near its mouth, augmented by the Sun Flower. Tiic nn.;:: of this large tributary, is nearly as far north as that of the Va/.on; and, lik the latter, it begins as a bayou of the ^Mississippi. In flowing on tu t!> south it is reinforced by other bayous, directly from the great river, or hAl- rectly fro'u the crescent lakes. Its baidcs generally arc overflowed durin,' the freshets of the parent stream. It is the central stream of the bottom. It; junction with the Yazoo, is about sixty miles from the confluence of the lattir with tlie Mississippi, near the village of Satartia. In the mouth of July, 1^^44, 1 ascended the Yazoo to the city of Yaz'V: formerly called ^lanchester, a distance of one hundred miles: the ^lississip]! being at the time near its extreme liight. Soon after entering the Yazno. we found ourselves in a crescent lake ; then succeeded a vista througli tk trees, which was from one hundred and fifty to two hundred and fifty \ari'- in width, and afforded almost the toxit'mloiih'o)), JHii)ii Tlii' steamboat lanih'ni;' iMftnii of the back com tVr tlie same region are .\ufmiiiial fever prcv k-iire nil the uplands in •ays lif yellow fever ha 'las never spread. [)n •ntci'ciiiirse with Yazoo iif,'vcr sutlere(| i, yisitat T T. The St. Francis :ri!itlis of White IJiver . ' " I'lwii of Helena, and ';'idreil miles of river di; t'ie ](,«• hilis. oil which I mil", above the mouth c 'Vaiifis. whicli, originatin, inMiovieve, Capo (iirardcf a!id joins the 3[i.ssissippi ii kansas. It has one lar^o 1 ^'Hsideralile distance nc ^\'iicii the :\Fi.ssissippi is ii "vor it.s right bank into M.>st of tliis bottom is i middlo latitudes whicli deli '^^no-hrakes. It seems i almiiiid^ ill small hike.s, 1;,; 'i""s of which may be so^ 'ii«i-.-li are found along the '!iv.r, an-, between tliem : -Toat for the growth of f ;''"-i' herhaeeous plant.s, wl 'lud's whicli ternn"nate this ^^ST ,.] INTERIOR VALIJ'.Y OF NORTH AMERICA. 131 Of tlio t'lwiis situated (in tliis long line of crctju-ooiip bluffs, most of wLich nrc lunv and far up the Yazno, I can say notliing except of the II, Crrv ni- Va/(k». — its site, in X. Lat. '•>-^' 4(1' isa gentle slope, wliich as- ,,111(1- irnuIualU fi'iini liiL'li water mark to the sunuuit of the blutf, in an east- rrlv ilin.'ctiiin. fmn'.; diately acress the river there are drowned ^and,*. The citv iilat U dry, elevated, and beautiful; but directtly ex[)osed to the Avestern, ..iiitli-western, and north-western winds, all ot which traverse the bottom. Th ' sti';nid)oat landing is mudi i'rei|uented, as this is the point to wliich the .■ittmi el' the back country is brought for exportation, and at wliich sup[ilies fit the same region arc landed. Antuiniial fever ]irevails at Yazoo, but not beyond the degn^e of its |U'eva- jciire nil the uplands in the rear of the town, and although genuine and fatal 'a>i'> iif vellow fever have been introduced from the towns below, the disease '::is ni'ViT spread. i)uriiig the prevalence of that fever in Vicksliurg, the Mitcinmrse with Yazoo has always lieen unrestricted, but the latter lia.s never «nfl'crcd n. visitation. : , -T 1 . . Wm ^ ,• 1 'm •'■■V;.T- \':1 M i ■ti l! • ''4 M SIX'TIOX III. THE ST. FRANCIS BOTTOM. I. T!io St. Francis Hott'un begins at the dividing waters between the aioutlis ef Whiti! liiver and the River St. Francis, at a point not far below •'lo t'lwii of Helena, and extends up tlio Avest side of the river, through four iiriilii'd miles of river distance, and more tlian three degrees of latitude, to v:.v liiw liili^. on vvliicji has been Imilt the new town of Commerce, thirty mik's above the moutli of tiio Ohio River. Its principal river is the ^t. '•"raiipis. whicli, originating on the high lands of ^lissouri, in the rear of Ste. 'u>novi(.'vo, Cape (iirardeau, and Commerce, enters the botfoni near its head, v.'A jiiius the Mississijipi not far above th" town of Helena, in the state of Ar- buisas. It has one large trilnitary, the Whitewater liiver, which Hows for 1 f'liisidcruble distance nearly parallel to it on its left or ^Mississippi side. ^\lieii the ^fississippi is in flood, an immense disi-barge of water takes plai-e iVor its right bank into this bittom, to be returned by the St. Francis. y\" ■ ■ ,. A :i fls wliich terminate this bottom, rise with considirable rapiditv into the ii'it a t. ■ p-^ '^' r 132 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE [book Ozark .Mmiiitaiiis. Tlicse Ijluffs arc but thii'.y poopled, and the general sur- face of the bottom lias a populatiou e(|ually sparse. Kvcii tlic right ))aiik u the ^lississippi lias l)ut scattered plantations, and few or no levees. But twu villages on this bank arc of suificient importance to be mentioned. II. IIi;m;.\a, in latitude about 84" -0', is remarkable for presenting us witli the fir^t land higher than tlie river bank, wliich, in ascending the ^lissis.'-ijij; from tlie IJalize, a distance of more than eight hundred miles, is seen m its western side. The site of tlie town itself is higher thau the banks above and below it ; while immediately back of it there are bluifs of consid- erable elevation. Whether they are tlie remains of an old diluvial deposit. or portions of the cretaceous formatii'u, I am unable to state. III. Nkw Madiui). — This village was a military ])ost under the Sjianisli regime. It is S'.tuJ'^ed eleven hundred and fifteen miles from the Balize, and one hundred ben , the moaii. of tlic Ohio, in Lat. oG» 34' 30" N. and Loii. 89" 27' liV W . ^ts population is small ; yet it lias claims on the consideration of the medical ctiologist, as standing in tlie focus of the only series of cartli- quakes, which have agitated the Interior ^'alley of North America, since iti discovery. JJegiiining on the liUh of December, 1>11, they continued fnr the next three years, during whi'li time but few days passed in suefessiuii. without repeated vibrations at this place and its neighborhood. Those vibrations produced in tlie town and the surrounding region some rcmarkaljlo topographical and liydrogra}>hi«;al cliaiigcs ; which, with an iiiijuiry into the influence of tlie wliole series of earth(puikes on the health of the people, may perhaps constitute the subject of a distinct Section. The scattered inhabitants of tlie St. Francis Bottom are, of course, su!j- ject to autumnal fevers, wliich often assume a malignant character: aiiJ returns of the intermittent form of the disease, throughout the succeodiii; winter and sjiring, are in many instances so frequent as to rendci emigration to some other point iiidis[)eiisahlo to recovery. As in the bottoms below, t!iu people inhabiting the banks of the .Mississippi are more healthy th.^.n tlnw living on tlie streams and lakes of the interior. Yellow fever has iicvor appeared either in Helena or New 3Iadiid. Let us now cross tlie Mississippi, and examine its eastern shores Beginning nearly o])p(isite the lower part of the St. Francis Bottom, aiiii ascending to the mouth of the Ohio lliver, we find a series of bluffs, wliidi alternately approach to, and recede from, the 31ississippi, with interveuini' bottom lauds at the points of recession. The four lower of these lilutfs lie in "West Tennessee, and have rcceiveil the name of Ciiickasaw, from tlie Indian trilie wliich once dwelt near or uin'ii them. The three upper, called 3Iills' Point, the Chalk Banks, and the Imi Banks, are hi the western jiart of Kentucky. They all belong to the creta- ceous formation ; Avhich, in its successive outcrops from the south, of cuurso. presents at these bluffs, which lie progressively north of each other, soiiic '. 5 "v :•'. '' .'! Hi i*-i J % 'J ^ * ' t »;•■-; I' ;.1 ;t4 •1' ''.:;!?',; « ;«. !'. i* f ' PlRT I.] INTMRf .-trata not soon Ijoforo I sliiill now (losoribo. I\'. Ml;^ll■llrs. — Till' Imilt (HI tlio IViurtli or )i htuidretl miles from tlio riovatinn above tlio j^n 5-cvcnty foot — over t! iicd (if loinn, Iii'liiiiii'iiii,; Mi'iiiplii.s (K'ciipics a ^on liiit no i)onils or swain]) fiof. afTonl water wliicli lino and siiljiliurous. T .if Wolf Itivcr, which h t!i'.' ni.rtli. 'i'he boftmnf tiiin I'otli frnni its ciwii 11 iii'iiitli, tlioyaro too dista Till'}- lie, moreover, to tli if Wolf Kivor, ojijio.'iito I'lwest (lopression (wliii-li inorlv dec]) enough for .st times .slid into the river; law been so ra]iidly mad Oi-lcans, above ordinary necessity been moved hall ilogree, a transfer of the iijilHisite side of the rive >octiiin is civoii in /V. [ .Meiii]ihis deserves the accounts : 1. For tlio last {'cw y raiiidity, and jiroiiiises to 1 liiixx'il, and tlins presents i '-. It has been made, \r which is situated at the m •^ Thrj eretaeeous blnf >ial bottiiin on the other studying the coinjiarative c "!i the two kinds of surfac ^- Its eoiiimereo with ij ivaril voyage in four day * r:im rlii, !ly iiidi'lito.l to J ""ct^ir ISorlaiulof Ai•lulnsu^•, •liich it riiibnioes. i!-ll!- \nf rvRT !•] INTIIRIOR VAI-LEY OF XORTII AMERICA. 100 i>0 strata not soon before. The only important town fduiul on these bluffs [ slmll iKiw (lopcribo. IV. Mkmi'MIS. — The cnniniorciiil niotropulis of Teiiitossoc ( 77. 17//*), is Iiiiilt (111 tho fourth or most sinith(.'ni Chiukasuw libiff, at tlie distance of jiinc knilretl miles frcin the ]5alize, in Lat. il-V' dS' X , and I.oii. '.W (Mi' ^^^ Its dovatiiin aboV(! the surface of the river at low water, is (jiie hundred and seventy feet — over the (Jnlf of Mexico, fjur hundird. Its site is a bed (if loam, beloiigiiiijf to the cretaceous formation. 1 'nlike Vicksburg, Mi'iiipliis occn|!ics a gently undulating jilaiii, on which tlierc arc some .swales, Imt no ponds or swamps. AVclls dug to the doptli of from thirty to sixty feet, afl'iird water which in most of t!icm i.s very good, ])ut in some, slightly .sa- line and sulphurous. Lnmediat(dy above the city, to the nortli, is the mouth (if Wolf liivcr, wlii(di has just before received t!ie JiOosahatehce, also from tlio n('rtli. The bottoms of this small river are wide, and subject to inunda- timi loth from its own floods and those of the ^lississippi; but, except at its iiv'uth, tliey are too distant from tho city to exert any influence on its health. Tlicy lie, moreover, to tlie north-east. At. ;, .1 iinincdiatcly below the mouth if Wolf liivcr, opposite the town as it was originally built, the water, at its lowest depression (which is forty-two feet from its greatest liight), was for- :;ierl\' deep enough for steamboats to land, and portions of the bluff some- times slid into the river; but in l'"-"20, an eddy began to form, and deposits liave l)(,'en so rapidly made, that many acres are now, like the batture at Xew Odeans, above ordinary high water mark, and the steamboat wharf has of neces.sit} been moved half a mile b(dow; causing an extension, and, in siiiuo ilesroo. a transfer of the cit\ in that direction. "West of the town, on the i.|iliiisite side of the river, is the >t. Francis IJottom, of which a vertical ,-ectiim is given in PL VI If. Meiii[ihis deserves the attention of the medical historian on gcveral accounts : 1. I'or tlio last few years it has increased in population with uneipialed .Mjiiility, and [iroinises to become a large city. Its [lopulatioii is exceedingly iiiixeil, and thus presents a great variety of constitutions. -. It has liceii made, b}' the (Icneral (lovennnent, the site of a Xav}' Yard, iTiUL-h is situated at \.\w. mouth of AVolf lliver. •1. Thy cretaceous bluffs on one side of tlio [Mississippi, and the low allu- viul bottom on the other, afford to its physicians many opp'iitunities for ^tiuhiiig the comj)arative characters, prevalence, and type of autumnal fcv(.rs "!i the two kinds of surface. 4. Its eoimnerce with Xew Orleans is ^reat, and steamboats make the ij ward voyage in four days, thus subjecting it to invasions of any and every M ■ \ ■ • ' ■ i ' i. ' -v -Mk 'lam cliii !ly iiiili'liti\i to JliK'tor Slij'.iiks ami Colonel .Morrison of .Meiniilii.s, ;uul I'octor Hoi'laiul of Arkiinsus, for the ni;:tcriais ol' tlii.s nui]), anil llio vcrHcal Kcctioa vliich it embraces. f" 1 11-: ;• 134 THE rillNCIPAL DISEASES OF THE [HOOK I. I'urni of (liscaso wliidi may prevail in tliat city, and can Le traiiMnittud Iv boats. T). As its site is more oxoiiipt iVdiii l(i|)(i. Lastly: This is the liiifhcst point up the -Mississippi, and tlie jivc'ati.>: elevation above the sea, at which yellow lever has yet (iccurred in the Intnl.: Valley, and it has appeared here but once; which was in the year l>:i'>, when it prevailed as a inortal epidemic. V. FoKT I'lL'KEKi.NG. — Ou the blutl", two miles below ^Icmphis, is the site uf old Fort Pickering; at which, attempts have been latterly made to luikl u town. 3luch of the tract is still covered with forest, and abounds in siniill shallow marshes or SAvales. lielow it to the south there is a f-mall stniiiii ■which enters the Mississippi on the south side of President's Island, wliiJ: lies in sight of Fort Pickering. I was assui'e(l that tliis spot is mure siilijii.; to autunnial fever than Mempliis, even at the uujuth of AVolf lliver. ^M. FiANDOi.i'U. — Tins town is situated on the second Chickasaw ]iluff, ahoui seventy miles above .Memphis. The bluff is higher, and more uneven on it- surlacc, than that of 31eni]iliis. Sliiles are apt to occur, ;iid its esc;ir|iniii.: is uncommonly rugged. AVhen visiting it, 1 observed the following .-.tratu, all belonging to the cretaceous formation. IJegiuning at the toji, after a covering of soil, there is yellowish loam, beconung yellow ochre, with frag- ments of (diert; at length growing foliaeeous, and graduating into daiv: brown, shaly carbonaceous matter or lignite, underlaid with sand, and 11;:. and yellow clay, mingled with shale, ^^lidcs of the bank jireveuted the ^'u- servation from being carried lower. 1"he surface of the bluil", although, as I have said, more uneven than that of 3Iemphis, is less cut up by ravines tL;ii. the tertiary hills of ^'icksburg; and i'rom the argillaceous character of tli upper stratum, tlie water whicli falls on it is apt to be retained in suiai; swamps, the soil of which is rich and the vegetation luxuriant. Ul' its au- tumnal fevers, 1 cannot speak. Of the villages of Fult(jn, 3Iills' Point, and Cfdundjus, on the blufls abi)Vt. I shall say nothing; but pass on to tlie nmuth of the Ohio l\ivcr. Soon aflu leaving Columbus, on the Iron IJauks, we reach the junction of the valiej of the Ohio Eiver with that of the ]\lississip[ii. In ascending the latter tu the former, for twenty miles, the bottom constantly widens, and extends \\it:. a breadth of many miles, far up the Ohio. It is heavily timbered witli c t- ton-wood and water-maple, and is so liable to inundation as to be in a givai degree uninhabitable, (icologically, it lies on the subjacent earboriifcreVu- formation, immediately north of, or beyond the cretaceous strata. Above not less^ than below the Ohio, the bottom is wide and low, subjut to overflows, and abounds in ponds and swamps. This, in fact, is the goiir ral character of the promontory above the junction of the Ohio and .Mi-'s-is- sippi; and from tlieir place of union to the rocky highlands of Illinois, the ib- PART I. INTER taiioo is ten or twelve I'railiially narrows, at li.si'.'^ ill ni'on the ?iis [iiiriitL' tlu! town of Com (if tlio river. A line twenty miles u]) tlie 01 jnn'tli, and tlie bottom sjKit within this low, pa iiiL'iliral topographer, is ( Vn. C.viuo.— Thool tk' junction of the Ohii liiiijijing one on the low ivxT. In its natural c ally wlii'ii the two rivcr> fniii f-ne or (wo, to six ( fa'o,. and the hight of < iMliitalisIs undertook to ;i!:(itlicr acro.ss the penii Ji.-ieiit for a town and its a'.eijiiijilislied. and there I'ai't of the plan wa.s, to i.Lisurc. or jicrcolato its 1 |i' tho levee, and jiaddle- t!ie ])c!la of the Mississi ::;(' .-ludy of the medical ;.;i'l (I'Tinan laborers won jliysician. who had spent -i.TL'rod nnicli from simpl n-'!;i|iSL'; hut that malign; .'r'-:a ovcrdow the hand oi lands which surround it on The distance of Cairo liiilcs; its hat. .'JT" 0' 25' - von degrees immediate] ■ '"•water opposite the to\ laai'Ired feet above the (li • Colon,.! LoiifT ( First Ej-j fur tiio low water level of tlio ll!i''r. Il'isin ),{i-om barom,.! aiiJlw..iity-fourfeet. Two I i''W"«A',y,„W6')],uve, however, w ii.s low water surface of tlia '"»"ll'. Helyii.fr, as we ougl ^iructe,!, bolli .Mr. Xicollet an '"^Srruatan elevation. It cam jlU'. (Jl)- au- i)Vt. aft'.i iiiO' r t- wit':: f, I- JilX'Ut i^si.v ..Ji- PART !■ INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 135 taiioo i^ ten or twelve miles. Tii eiuitimiin^^ iiji tlie 3Iis!^i.ssii)pi, the bottom "railiuillv iiiUTdWS, iit the .same time lioiMimin^ir iiinrc elevated, aiul at length iliji'ri iii up'iu the ?iis,si.^sii»]»i abmit thirty inih'S almve tlie Ohio, nearly op- nisitt' till) tiiwn of Comnieree, or the liead of the l)ottom on the western .siilo nf tliL' riviT. A line (h'awii from that jioint on the .Mississi|ijii to a point tufiitv miles up tlio Ohio Uiver, wnuM hav(! the hiixhlanils of Illinois on its ;iiirtli, anil tlie liottom whieh has been descriheil, on its south. The only SKit within tliis low, paludal, and pondy tract, that merits the attention of the mi'iliral top()2:ra[)hir, is Cairo, inniiediatL'ly above tiie junction of the tw(j rivers. \\\. Cuiio. — Tlic obvious value, to the stetimboat nuvifration, uf a town at till,' jiiiii'liiMi of the Ohio with tlic .Missi.ssippi, has led to expensive attempts at liuilJiiig oiii^ on tlie low capo, or pt'iiiiisula, immediately aliove their conflu- iiiee. In its natural conditinii, tliis spot was suliject, every sprinu', especi- ally wlieii the two rivers were in Hood at the same time, to an inundation, (mn one or two, to six or eiirht feet, aeeording- to the ineipialities of the sur- fii-e. and the hi^ht of the freshets. Aliout the year I'^oS, a company of capitalists undertook to throw up levees on the Ijanks of the (wo rivers, and aiiutlicr across the peninsula, so as to inclose u sort of triangular spiue, suf- fiuient fer a town and its environs. This cnter[)riso has been ( imperfectly) ai.CDiiiplislieil, and there is now a small, but not very llourishiiiu' vill.-iu'o. A |iai1 uf the [dan was, to throw out the water wlii'-li niiirht fall within tlii! in- i.liisuiv, or percolate its 1 anks while the rivers \.ere hiu'h, by means of drains to tlio lovee, and jiaddle-whecls similar to those employed for that jiurposo in tliC IV.ta of the [Mississippi. In the year 1^-11, M-hen I devoted a day to tlio study of the medical typi'p'aphy of this spot, a great ntunber of Irish amldennan laborers were cm[)loyed on thewnrk; and Doctor (.'ummingp, the pliyjii'iaii. who had S[ient two years among them, iiil'ormed me, that they had s:iiri.Ted much from simple intei'initti. nt fever, into which they continued to I'llapso ; hut that malignant cases were not eoinnion. "Whatever exemption I'ruin overflow the hand of labor may procure for the town ]dat, the drowned lands wliicli surround it on every side, will forever sulijint it to autumnal f(!ver. Tlic distance of Cairo from the IJalize, is twelve hundred and sixteen miles; its Lat. .'J7» 0' -Ja" X., and Lon. S'lo -j' :;i)" W. Thus it stands ^vcu degrees immediately north of \ew (Jrleans. The surface of rivers at ' v.- water opposite the town is between two hundred and ninety, and three . . . hcd feet above the Gulf — that of the town plat is about forty more.* 'Colonel J.an^ ( Fiyxf Exju'iUl.) luul fixi'd. by cstim.ilioii, on tlircc hundred fuct, fur the low wutcr level of the .Missi.ssi])|ii ;iiul Oiilo at their jiiiictioii ; liut Mr. Nicollet llijiir. ]i/i.triicli.'i|, holh .Mr. Nicollet and Colonel Lon srrcat uu elevalioa. It cannot, in fact, exceed two liundrjd and ninety feet. •' '(■ • no nthor bottom at all C(iiii|iaial)k' in width with those liclow. It iiiav, ic fact, bo said that v' have rcarhcd tnu vcrtox ol' (ho aiKiLMit estuary; \vluM;n it Avill In: profitablo to Liolc back, lor a moiiiciit, on the surl'acu over wliiduve liavc ascended. Three ,>i;oti(ii!.s of tliis surface are represented in J'/s. ]', I'// 17//, and another (which illustrates the bottom above) nuiy be lomid i:. 7V. AV. lly coiii[)ariiii,' these diap;ranis, it will bo ]ioreeived that the i>affii hydrographieal system prevails in all, but becomes less and less complieatuJ as wo ascend the river. Tlie are;, if this alluvial region, the most extensive in America, may U CSi; ■. '., • "u the mouth of .l!cd lliver, in latitude thirty-one degree?,!' the 'ii 'cr jx .oniity of the St. l^raneis IJuttom, in latitude thirty -i-ev'.i; degrees and a i,' • ;er, at about twenty thousand S(iuarc miles. The di.' aluuc will not answer, but that side channels, to relieve the main trunk, will be indispensable. The ujiperniost (,f these might bo carried, from some juiiit above tiie mouth of the Oliio, into Whitewater lliver, a branch of the !^t. Prancis; which river, thus augmented, would return the escaped water int the main trunk opposite the upper end of the Yazoo Bottom. Through tk; bottom one or more sluices might be made into the Yazoo Biver, wliii-li joins the Mississippi alntve ^'icksburg opposite the Tensas Bottom. To obviate tlie elfects of this restoratimi, other sluices might bo nnulo hel"W the Arkansas, into the bayous that ultinuitcly terminate in the Wasliita. whieli empties into Bed Biver. All the escaped water would thus, it is tnic aeain bo brouirht back into the main bod ; but relief mi^ht be criven bvwiileii- ing and deei»oning the baj'ous Atchafalaya, IMa(|uemine, Manchac, and b iruurt'lic, which ultimati triviiliiin' '"''''■'*' '^"^' P'"""' |;i;..i,,si|)pi, could, by pos> Ij';;, lii'tti'ins from inundatii |a:.tlinius thus formed, w laiil tiie veh)city of the cm Ifaw lung a period will e Iwill 1)0 dense enough, to lea fiif iipitcction from the flood laiijii of the bottoms, canno Ifi.'aal increase of summer a la,; 1 ill! porthm of the fireat •r cllinates, or, taking tl [t..j liuttuius from the mouth I. Above the St. Francis 1 Ihiiils. until wo ajiproach tl ali'ive the village of Cliester Istate of Illinois, about one luiterthe Aniorican Bottom mkus, until it attains, oppn ilts average width is about fi [t'lvii i,f Alton, twenty miles |(f -Mis.'iinri Biver; making : Idiate hank of the river is he [i^ a great deal of prairie, a p: irli are replenished in spr jTao inundation of this bottoi [t:i '>e helow. hi the Aniorican Bottom • [fit Chartres, Kaskaskia, C m>'". W: ■;r ;•. INTERIOR VALLKY OF NORTH AMERICA. 137 Irdiirlic, wliu'li iiUiniatcly Cdniniunicato witli tlio Ciulf. * "Witlidtit tliiis ir, villi"'' lateral ami jianiUcl chaiiiii'Is, im system dt' I'liibankinonts alniig the [■il)ility, ho uuulu .strmiij; aii upper irxtr-'iiii'y **' the Clulf is more than three huudreil feet; and, of cour.-i', if arti- jg,.j;il eliaiiiicls uf adeiiuatt; capacity slioukl bo pi vided, no overflnws would |(A'iir. It wiiuhl aid in this wurk, Iniwever, in several places uhere t1;e river lijakes (h'foKrs and retui'iis ahmst to tho pi.int of departure, tu cut through |t;;oi>tIiiiius thus fermed, M'horeby the h'ligth of the stream would be aliridged, jmll'iie velocity of tho current correspiDidiugly increased. Ifaw long a period will elapse, before tlio population of the Inteiior A'alley \vl\hi dense enough, to lead to tho execution of such an extended system (if iirntcction from the floods of the Mississippi, and to the complete roclara- laiiiiidf tho bottoms, cannot be predicted; but whenever it shall lie dune, a, ji.'iiiil increase of summer and autumnal salubrity must bo tlio couse(; ucc; ;iliiu piirtiou of the (Ireat ^'alley will then present nmre fertile S' i. , a' L'uCr climates, or, taking the year througliout, more healthy residen s, th'iD til' Ijultuiiis from the mouth of the Uhiu tu tliat of lied lliver. „ ♦ * 1 ' ii f .1 SECTION V. amf;ric.\x bottom. I. Ahiive tho St. Francis Bottom, there are no large and continuous interval iii>. until we approach the mouth of tlie Kask.iskia I'iver, inmiediatidy liliivi; tlie village uf Chester, whicli stands on carboniferous limestone, in the [stato iif Illinois, about one hundred miles above Cairo. At this jioint ■we IciitiT tlio American Bottom ( J'/. /A'). As this bottom ascends it gradually piiloii«, until it attains, ojijxisito St. Louis, the width of seven or eiiiht miles. [lt:eri niitmiiii. Doitdi' r'ari'd". of St. Louis, iiifoniicd iiic, tliat in former vcai- couM ilistintinifsli, liy tlieir .sallow coni)ile.\ion and langnid a^invt, the |ii of the American 15ottom from those of the country l)aek of the eity. Oil the Illinois liliilfs, oast of the bottom, tliert! i.s no spot wortliynf: tico. Tlie.su liltill's consist of limestone, euntainin;^ buds of coal. Ti elevation is from six to seven hundred feet above the sea. A coiislilini' jtortion of them is nppropriated to the culture of the lihiiivs roniui'n. and the UKiuufaeture of castor oil is prosecuted there and in St. Loui,*, t- greater extent than in any other part of the I'nitcd States. On tlic M by the old French town of Stc. fienoviuvc, witli ,1 «(■'. souri side, \\e may pass hy eral newer American villages, all .seated on, or at the foot of, the high 11: of earbonilerous limestone, which rise in some places like mural jirccipin. the hiL.'ht of eight hundred feet altove the sea, and stop at II. .J i:i'i'i;nso\ Uaiikai'ks. — The bhilT is here more depressed and of gen;! ascent from the river. This [lost is in Lat. .'5S" 'J.*^' N. and Ji(Jii. \W (i>'^' The carboniferous limestone, which alxjunds in coal, like the bhitfs on;! opi).isiti' side of the river, is considerably fractured, and portions of it :.: changed from their horizontal position, apparently by au upheaving I'r Thus the surface is uneven, and the rents and ajierturcs of the .strata liv tlie drainage of the surface. A great object of the Government in c^ta'l:?; ing this pi >t was, to have a healthy a.sylum for troops broken down h\ • vice in the hotter climates; to which end it would be well adapted, but:' the contiguity of the American IJittom on the ojiposite side of tlioriu According to Doctor De Camp, wlicncvor, in August or Sejitember, tlio w:;. blows over the barracks I'rom tliat bottom for a few days, intcrniitt'.!.' break out among the troo])s; while the people who live a mile or t the river, in the woods, escape. The returns show a ratio of thirty-fuui']' cent. ](er ainium for intermittents, and of sixteeu for remittents. t The liluf \vu ii' From the Ijarracks to St. Louis the distance is twelve mil cs. consisting of tlie same limestone, continue low, ami iu most places rise from the river. I'etween tlie two places, stamls the ancient Frencli vi ml' of Caroiidelet, bcariiiir to the Amcr lean Bott om a re lati on snnilar to tli: JefiTersoii IJarracks; but its native inhabitants do not seem to have -«uffi'! much from autunuial fever. Several miles higher up is the I'nitcd J'tJ Arsenal, built on a gentle and rocky slope. in. St. Lol'Is. — While New Orleans is the metropolis of the Tvhnle k of the IMissisf ipp St, L' luis is tlie emi)oriun) o opi f the northern half of that li;« I Destined to be forever tlie most important city on the banks of the Mi' * Fuck's Gazetteer of Illinois. t Med. Stat. U- S. .i .■r.':-' ,. •• ■ t - ■ < . ■ 1 . "l ' ■ I, 'I % • * " * .<-•■<':.■■.'-' PHX I m ::l !i;' lUT I.] INTKFIIOK \ i,:, ;i!j ivu New Uricaii.-i, ii Itii'L-ist. [[. ilistaiici; rrmii tln' I'ali (irleiiiis twi'lvc Iiiiinlri i M.nn. III!" i.v;;!»" W. ' ,i! lity. Till' ;:(.'ii(.'r;il en llll|ii, |>, III llduill^' tWl'lvi iiirh nine (li'grccH uf latiliii ■ ijll'll'tcr.S nf il lli'LTcO. I\\:-. ;it low water, (i|i|nj.situ l»v.' l!ie (I'liir, or llii'uo liiiii lr!i';i!iS. [f tliis lie c'uiroct, |wr lit}', i- tliiTO iiiclios ;iiii l.-ix ti'iitlis tor rai II iniiiiit T'ie tM|Mijri'a|i!iy of St limii \I1. /A' tliat a |tn>traet('(l ( iv Aiiii.ii''aii ]>i)ttoiii, sliows |!in< in that tract, when oa: lit >i'lc — t!ic Ijl'iI of the rive It; —anil ])uiii-uirs l.slaiid ii Jsts lif sainl witli L'liiljcdiliMl Ilk' of tlie river; but the 1; |i;;ini\v and .shallow eliainiel ixtumling iij) stream hv de| it:: till' harbor. IJoth i.shind ■^.i^ iiiid .sandy .^iirfaee.s, pre) :■ i-lanil is covered with y M' iit\- is built iu ii geiitl |i;iii'irth to south. It.s .site It'i ili'iHisJls of luam ; whirli, liiit'iatthe fouiidatiiiii.s of tl Iv till' vdclcs apjicar in low r:i'->t ilnwii the river are bui ft t'l inundation. A bayou 1 'I-'! 1 ■■tssu.s through this trae •iv-jij ],y ;i bi-ouk from the Irtifthe city lies Chouteau's la Ismail stream, aid having |ni"ii(.rthc plat, il a broiui Pii'l; thus adding t(; tlie pal Itiruf the jMiiid is de> ji, and lasu of population, it i.s beeun * 11 >'».v /.W. r. I Full, r r "I f I :vH Lkt I'] iMi;ia(ju VAM.nv oi" Noirni .\.mi:i;ii a. l:!!) hi, iib'ivc Ni'W Urloaii,'*, it imiy justly cliiiiu tlii; atti-iiliidi nf tlio iiadual KiJijst. It. ili.'taiK't' IViiiii tlif IJalizo is thirtooii liiiiidruil ami iiinctv miles — iVuni |i,u ilrluaiisi twi.lvi' liiiuilriil ami t'i;:lity-.si.\. Its Liit. is :5>«" :!7' -^" N. ; 11, iMi" i:/ :V.>" \V. Thus it stamls s- W :," N. -uA ]iV :',:>" \V. „i Ltiitv. Tlio ^a-iicral cniirM; dl' tliu Mis.sissiiU'i is well sluwii liy tli"SO uiipiij. Ill flowiiijr twclvi! Iiuiidrcd and i'ij;lity-six iiiik'S, and traviTsing ^,ir!'. iiiia-' drgrt'i's (if lalitiidc, its luii^itmU's at tlmsc citiL's. vary li.~s than |)ri"i|ii;irtcr.s dl' a di';,'r(.'L'. Aci-urdiiii^ tn Nicullil,''' tlio flt'vatinn dt' tlu.' Ivr!'. at low water, opiiusite St. Tiduis, is thivt; Iiundivil and eiglifv-twu feet tlif (lull', or tliiuo Imndrcd ami s(vciit\ -Iwn ahuve tlic snrl'ai'c ;it New Irl'M'!.-*. It' this In,' cciirt'i't, thi; I'all in the .Missis.»i|ii)i rrmii the ii)'j'ri- tn thi; iwriitv, is three iiiehes and turty-SL'ven hundredths a mile; i>y eiiiht inches ijj -ix teiitlis tor cai h iiiinute of latitude. tii|i(i;:rai(liy of St liouis and its envirniis, is so iiitelli_i:i1il_v rejiresented /'/. !X, that a jirntraeted deseri|itio!i is not neeessary. Its eontii:uity to Aniiri'aii I'ottoin, shows tliat it may he injuriou.sly all'ected l)y the exha- lli'iis Hi' that traet, when easterly winds prevail. The immediate hank on k' — the bt'il of the river — IMoody Tslaml oiiposito the ii|i|ier part of the Iv — and IHuK-an's Island in front of the lower part, are little else than de- iit-i iif sand with embedded drift-wood. 1'he former island lies mar the lllt'iiftho river; hut tlie latter is separated I'roni tlie St. LouLs slmn; by limrriw ami sliallow ehannel. This island, like otiiers of the .Mis.sissippi, iixtoiiiliiip' up stream by deposits on its head, and has eoiiio to interfere |t:i till' liarhor. l>otii ishind.s are subjeet to inundation, but their limited it.;h and .sandy surfaces, ])rovcut the I'orniation of ponds or uiarsLcs. The r i.-liiid is covered with young eottou-trees. Till' eity is built in a gentle bend of the Mississippi, wliieh flows nearly pni imrth to sontli. Its site is a bed of carboniferous limestone, eovi'red Itli ik'lioslts of loam; wliieli, thougli generally deep, are in many places so lia I'lat tlio foundations of the bouses rest on the solid ro(k. Above the lythe vncks appear in low blull's. Those portions of the city whirii lie >t iLiwn the river are built on low ground, which in high floods ai'e sub- It t'liiauulation. A bayou from the river on the wist side of Duncan's |l;u;il I asses through this tract, and is skirted b\- narrow marshes; it is also viM'il hy a brook from the adjoining low blull's. In the south-western Innfthe city lies Chouteau's Pond — a serpentine basin of water, supplied [a sii;all stream, a"d having an outlet which passes acniss the southern Irti'inifthe plat, i, -t broad ravine, to the river on the west of ])uncan's |:i!i'l; tlius adding to tlie paludal ehanicter of tiiat part of the city. 'J'lie t'T i)f the ]ioikI is dui ,1. ami its margins well delined; but with the in- risu of population, it is bccuniing a rece|itacle for filth. ^^tri :| 1 :l % * ^' I* • oil: •',.■••■:• * liyilrograph. Uusia. 110 Till-: rRINCIPAL niSEASKS OK THE ic .: Til front of tlio city tlie liciu-li or ij'iay i- iiiirrdw and jinveil. Tn tlir ■-,,. flniid t\\' l>^n, itwas (1l'i'|i1)' imiiiiliitcd. and tin; lirst rango of liousus ad their lower floors covered to tlio d.'ptli of several feet. Frmu tliesi' > the hank rises in a rrentlo and ro^'ular n:anner to tho eli vation of oii'l.t, ahove low water-mark. UKikin:r it four hundred and ,. higher li'vel. The rorks hcneath are (Mh-nnMiU^, with lieils of cinl, ;•. general aspect of tin,- surface is that of Icvehiess, and some small ];•; , iucliiiL" to 1)0 swanijiy; hut, in geiicral, the drainage i.s jiorfect, hv ii.v.i ,- ; the inoi[ualities, the fi. :' IjusIk's. The ra[)id growth of the city has led, in latter years, to a gt':; of leveling, aiul eonseijueutly to the exposure of much new surfaif • action of the eh nients. The settlement of St. Louis was iiegun on 'he loth of Fchnmr.-, ]'■• forty-six years after that of New Orleans; and twenty-i'our years hi.': of Cincinnati. Its founder was I'ierre Liguesto Tiadede, assisted! young creritain. In ITt'i^, the town, with liouisiana generally, jiasscd into the of Spain, having been previously ceded to her by France. Eut tlio iiiij gration of Spaniards was inconsiderable, and although the town comb:! under Spanish rule up to iSO:), the people were chiefly French. I:in year, Louisiana was restored to Franco, ami transferred, iiistcukr, ; United State;'; wheneo it began to receive a new element of pii[ii;l,::J Within tho last fii'tccn years, this po[iulation has increased at a roiii;i!k'.fl ratio; and for five or six years past, there has iieen a great influx fruiiii'sl many. Thus the present population Consists of three kind.'^, the it French, tho Anglo- American, and the (lornian. From the earliest date of its sett'v'nHMit, St. Louis has been an ciiij' of the fur trade of the vrest and north: and the head (|uarters of tit f/cxfx or (i/f/df/ces to be hereafter described. For the last twenty uy steamboat trade has been immense ; and, of course, its port has abi'u;. • - watcimcn of a diflerent class. Its inanui'ai'turhig jiopulation liasi:'; become numerous. The iidiabitants arc .supplieil with river-water, which i.i received tl'.r". hydrant system, .ifter depositing its silt in a reservoir. Situati'! eighteen miles below the junction of the ^Missouri with tho ^lissis-ij; on t!ie side through Mhicli tho former enters, the water pumped uji « Nicollot. y^i,r,,] jXTKRioi; J\- '<( t!io t>nvn U cntiiV ;r tirliiJ ill the (Ireat In 'i [ tiiiik up when the L-daiid eighty grains. Tl jipiivii down before it leave (' injured witii the Aiiier '. i.s hut little alfectcil bu:.:!';. in its rear. The \n 1.1 ti...' new extensions to t loiis are uicst exempt. t I. i;knf.i;.\i. Pesciiii'tio.v. ml \':i' head (if tho Aiiicric; id'-, 'ICO is eighteen miles. 1 lb: .' :;itus, and the Lpjicr coi 'lil «:iters which continue ■v.l!' "f .Mexico, flow out of i' i:!Mti'iii, hi'iiig transpare [i .' till' river at this juiict F ' t. ihree hundred and |l:i' !:':;ul [ifii'vial bottoms a; |fi:;i' 'Ms are in sig!it at the '-.::iidci'uiiibli;g bi.ijks, a: :■ I ^ hearing young grove ^r. I. iivu no longer seen ; bi 1 pi^rmanent islands, oversl ^v«. shrill)?, and herbaceous ■I'dilo to submersion duriiii ■f ' "I'm lands are luw, and, . At h'ligth, bowlders ( lavi!. and |i(djhles, begin to s As we advance, the dh I;: i:.s heeiriiie more clevatei l!''.;iiV.i- and hight. Tho 1 ' '^v, begin now to rise in I" v:iA display a surface of j ^F'rom the inoutii of the INIissc I'lis the waters of that river do n pssippi; Lular..' clearly (listing 'llie tvcstcrn side of the river. ■V' ' in.r !• iXTHRIOU VAIJ.I:Y or NMjRTH AMERICA. 141 jj. ]v vi the (iiwii i.s outiiVly fniui that, river, wliidi is well liiinv.ii to lie the L,; ; ivhiil ill the (Ireut Tiit'Ti ir N'alley.'' The dipiisit IVmii a j-iiigle gallon, (i,;'i 1 t"|'k ii[t when the river was almve its nieaii lii^irlit, ^vei^he(l (Jiie liuii- lUi'l eidity grains. 1'lie greater jiart it' this foreign matter i.s, however, : 4. ,',ii il.iwu before it leaves the rc-ervnir. ,' ;>ij.;uvil with the American JJottom oi; the opjiosite side of tlie liver, f^t. j^ . is liut little alfeeted with aatuMuial fever; nor is it :ts lialile as the ikii:.:rv ill its rear. The parts v.hieh sutler most are the southern buhurbs, Tjli! ii:o now exteiisiniis to the west. As in uur other cities, the central jior- gc- arc most exempt. SFXTK^X VI. VrVVAl MISSI.SSIITI. (iKNKn.vi, Pi:scnii'Tio\. — l-'mm St. Ijouis to the mouth (/f the ^[issouri jlf ,:':.' lii:ail I'f the Ameriean Huttum, which is found nearly o]ipi.site, the '^•MiiM! !.•< eighteen miles. Here, what may be called the Lower 3!ississi[ipi irmiiiati'S, and the I'pper commences. At this point it may be seen that the !ii 1 \v;itors which continue to the ]>ali/.e, and even njil the margins of the Iv.lf I f 3Iexieo, flow out (if the 3liss(i!iri ; tie se of the ^lississipjti, above iii'rti'iM, being transparent, and of a delicate, brownish tint. The sur- t! .;i;l. iM river at this junction, when the water is lowest, is, according to ree hundred and eighty-eight feet above the level of the oiliiig •■'.aiidcrunibliig b:;ii\s, .iiiil bars, and isLind;! e(>mposed of sand and trunks tivi- bcarhig young groves of ci .ton-Wfiod, ( destined soon to be swept :). are no lunger seen; but, as we ascend, broad expansinn, if the river, lili ji'mnatient ishuuls, overshadowed down to the water's edge, with various :-. s'lnibs, and herbaceous plants, meet the eye. Many of them, however, ■liililo to submersion during the spring freshets. For some distance up, ' ittuni lauds are low, and, like some of the islai'ds, are subject to iimn- |ti ;;. At length, bowlders of various sizes, and terraces of diluvial sand, avd, and pebbles, l)egin to show themseuos in the rear of the alluvial bot- As we advance, the distane-e between tlic "pposing hills gets less, thn It'ims beeomo more elevated and habitable, and the gravel banks increa.-e ''.;i''"r and bight. The hills, Avhich for .some distance were compara- '■ li\v. begin now to rise into greater altitude. J'art of them are wooded, m i'urt display a surface of prairie. Where a tributary enters, the valley 'From the nioutli of the IMissotiri to a dislaiice of, [icrliuii.s, 'lircc niilos bulow St. k'ii-. the wuturs of that rivor do not niiiifjlc, to any noticenl'Io extent, witli tlio.=c of tlio li-^^ippi; but are clearly ilistinguislnible by tliei'' color, ami are I'ouml, at all points, 'Vestern side of the river. ■ ■■ ' .-■ ' 1 ■ m * ,4r( U: THE PRINCIPAI, DISEASES OF THE pfAlIT!. INTERIOR . ^ ■■' i I ill IS jroiR'i'allv wiili'r, fiii< (1 tlio liiittiinis alidvo Jiiul lielow its IlKilU (U'|irL'ssr(.l ;is l)c to nvcrfinwcd. In .^nino jiImccs tlure are gciitlo rajiii].> |(,|' miles, ll:u v'wvy liLiiip: i'.n| andcd into shi al water, flowing over a ruvl ■ueii is ti.- V niii'i- .Miss is.^iiini, as r 1 lave seen it, to tlie iiioutli dl' l'\'V( three lmiiiii]ii uith tin; (luli'. The latitude of I'over I'iver is ah(nit fiit, doiirei's thirfv minutes north, or thirteen de^'rees thirty miiuitcs nortli <: 1 >ali/.e. ]• r.in her, a lew vula'jfes am lloUl t to tlie Falls of St. AntI lonv five huiidr two militav}' jio.^ts emln'aee nearly all the ii- tion: and as the nu'illcal topographer is interested in none hut ]. countries, I shall not attempt a further delineation, ])ut, returning i viiio' fimifh 'inri' o f the Missouri, ^ U did not overflow the m. Tt,' I"'l,ml;i sparse, and subject to intermittent and remittent fevers : whieh, !;.- ! Twynian, aiid doctor Thompson, and Poftor ."\Ic('ullough, of St. (' if. iniormeil m are sometimes of a malignant character. III. St. ('iiaiu,i:: Tl ree miles above the Mammellesis the i Id 1" lago of St. Charles, now (in popid ition as well as jurisdiction) an Ai; town. Tt stands on carboniferous limestone ri wiiicli rise ' rad uallv ;mi.:: 3Iissouri to tlie Idght of eiglity or one hundred feet. The cour:t r\ is dry, ami of tl i; same e levat loll. On tl 10 opposite or South sk wo mih.'s wiilo, wliuii ]> ,... il river there is a heavily timbered, rich bottom, t to be inundated. Nearly .surrounded by the localities whieh deseribed. the people of St. (^hailes, altl.ongh its site is of a lie acter, are by no means exemjit from autumnal i'evers. W'e must the Mississip[ii to the iltl in V. I^^ Towns ok Alton — Lowkk .\ni> Uppkh -Not I lavniir visiti'' II' II. towns, nor mot with a desrriptiou of their medical topographv, I wi mention them, but from the fact that, situated but a few miles aliovetl of the Missouri, it is pi'cdicted that they will grow into great conniieni portance. Lower Alt m is built ( n a roc l!ics. Tiie surface, ; i' ..'• 'Vc of forest iYi'li^' "f' t'lo 3Ii.ssissi|ijii.* Ol" the dcirroo in wliicli tlie^- are inlVstefl n;'! autumnal fever, coiiinared with otlier towns on tliL Missis^ipjii, I am nut liil'nriin'il- V. (jn.vfV. — This ti.wM stands on tlie Icf'l lianl; of the river in the '■tate of ilii:i is a little hi'low the I'orticth degree of latitude. Yi'^in Ddctui- l>;iuiei ki'il* lli'-irii tiiat its site is a diluvial terrai-e, eighty or one hniidrcd {'cet il, v tiio rivi'r. Its eomposition is sucli that it gr(H)dily al)snrlis the rains iri.i -li fall nimii it. and favors the iirodin-tioii of dust much more than mud. Wihwatcr, with its usual saline impregnations, is in general )isi>. The sur- iif till' ground in the vicinity of the town, is elevated, rolling, and dry. ir, alluvial creek enters the Mississipjii twelve miles above the town, and ih.'tlier nine miles below: but ni^ither approaches it so near a.^ to exert upon ^. ia!ialiit;Mits any iMJuriou.s influence. In tlie opposite direction the ci.ndi- ;i is less favorable. Near the town, there are low, wooded islands, which i|r viifl'.wcd in spring, and left with ponds to be evaporated in summer and Ltuiin: and on the furtlier side of the river, in the state of ^lissouri, there ff tiMi-t iif liottom, sidtject to annual inundation, with its conseipieut poiuls \i • iii;M>lies. The surface, generally, is prairie; but on the river bank there [i I'lvo of forest trees. These islands and the bottom lie to the west of { ,, and the ])revalent winds of summer and autumn pass over them; b :i.' intervening trees and river maybe supposed to exert a jirotecting I' 't ir Staid lias favored me with a historj of the diseases in this town for hi ear l'^4"_*, from which it appears that no case of autunnial fever occurred jii • jiraetifc until the latter part of September, and no new case apjiearcd [» a 111 lath from tliattime; from whii-h we may infer that the disease is -rv t'irniidalilo at this place. y.i'.icy is a young town wdiicli has grown rapidly to a respectable size. •: ji'iiulation is largely from New England and New York, witli a f( w from :.!!i'-ky and other states. The Kuropean immigrants arc principally (ler- !; — a lar'jre cleniout — v'Mi a considerable number from Inland and K112- I Thus, like rhe other towns ahng the 3Iississippi, this ( lubraces a 'y "f national temperaments and habits. !. 15ri!i,iX(;T0N. — Doctor Jtdm F. ITenry 'as favored me with the princi- :a:iterials of the fdlowing notice of this locality. Th.e city of J'urliiigton, bw:i. stands on the west bank of the 3Iississippi river, two hundred and |ftvi'.ii!rs aliove St. Louis, and a mile below tlic month of j'liiit llivrr: the 'Ic of which, according toNicolht. is 40" f^2' ")»i" \., and the elevation !0 .' surface of the river, at low water, four hundred and eivditv-six feet • " *< i'-''k"s r.a/ottccr of Illiiioi.'". M.-^. penvx me. 4 . lU THE rUINClPAL DISEASES OF THE f.lf.T I.] INTLRKJ |.| I I f' fildivo (lie Gulf. Tlio inituth cif Flint Iiimv lu.d du city iiiu S(|;ira!'. Miifl's, \viii(;h liLTO :iii|)roaf1i t > tlio very sIk/it-j of t].( jli'^sissiinii. Imiwl. jitoly l''l iw tlii'in, !i mIj) of iHittmii Ijiiul, ;i!.. v.t twi Ifuii, rod yr^nl'; in '■ l)'"_nn^ !i;!(l stretclius fi)!' ;i mile duwii the river;, li.ivi.i.L' foi- il • liaek gMiiJ !i r;in:/'' ('riilnlfs, wliicli ri.so ti» tlie e.stini;iteil lii;ilii ot'uDont one Iniinlnil!'.; A 8tre:ini originating in tlie renr makes its M'ay tlinnigli tliese 1jlii!!'>. a: traverse'^ tlie narnnv In tt( in, near its middle, to join the Mississippi, I;.! vallry is aliout tliree lnniilrcple every Ji^ai'-M more or less prostrated; iijr do the iinmigrants seem to become accliiuaitU Remittents also occur. It is an undeciiled point, whether the penplei;"! city who live on the bottom arc more subject t(» fever than those on the l.'>j The country population in the rear of the city arc not exemiit from tlioi'.-' especially where there is an extensive breaking \ip of new lands, as t'.i'" ginning of evdtivation. Near the river there is woodland, but pniiri'.«- • succeed, and spread olF indelinitely to the west. Tlii.s description of (h i ; • . tue tjipi'r J^Ii.ssis \ 11. l!o(.'K Isf.AM) I'urt Anii.'^tning. On idaml, ill the state of Li\ in the state of Illinois, ra ■...III. Three miles below properly belong to one 1 terms Hilly. T!ic island, according iiiili'< Iruiii the Ballze, ant N. L;ir, 41" ol' .")(i". Tl i«live hundred and twent' i.slaiid is about twenty tec Liii the .luutlicru extremity wator-iiKirk ; but to its soi: :i ti'iii.t of low bottom. St >i baveiipurt, but above o: iiiuuth of Hock Biver, this m. Thus, to the south ( iLure are tracts of insaltilir Mf the prevalence of aut not speak. Troops were st which the ratio of intermit '.11 per ecnt.r This locality, like St, Loi tk> tout of the 1 'pper l{a I tireiity six feet in lil'teen mi Vlll, (iAi.Kx.v.—The hi iiiMVf ,'^t, Louis about fou liiiefly the north-west, of F .Miisi.vsippi, ill the state of k' t.iwii, down to its mout ji'irreiit, except when very li j.steuf the town is a ravin h^iluriaii limestone. Narrow Jmiiig freshets of the ."\Iissi jae,p;iriiigaii ampler town phi 4'iiiiiig blufls. These bl pater. From the town d, jthrough a narrow defile ; bi llyirogiaph. ijii,siii. 10 u^^'ms '•■■'"*Vv fAPJ I.. INTERIOR VALLEY OF M)RT1I AMEUICA. 140 'i'liis Joscnptiun df t1io JJui-.'ingLon lucality, luiiy Htrvo lor a largo prupor- ill. KiK.'K Island Lucai.itv. — ll-nk l.-lautl wns ionuc'I'y tiio ::;te of Fort Aniistroiig. On tlie wostcjii >vh ni" the Mir-.^if^siiipi, »i|)]iii!;itc tlie jjlaiul, ill tlie state of low;', stauds tlio town nt' l)aveii|Mirt On tl.u ua. torn, ill the state of Illiimiri, ratlior lidnw the i>laiiil, .stands the tnwii of Stojihcii- i.iin. Tlnx'o inilos below is tlio uiuutli of Kuck ilivcr. Tlio wliolo of these pMiei'lv lieloiig to one lucitlit)-, wliieli I can ae.»-'-vili(' in tlio most general ttriiis only. Tlie i.slaiiJ, aecoriliiig to XieuUet, is seveiitccu Iminlrfil and tv.riity-two miles I'ruiii tlio JJalize, and tliree liuiidred and thirty-tW" almve ^>t. Louis, in X. Lut. 41" oV •"(U". The elevatidii o'' the sur'aeo uf the river at haven|iort is elevated abuvo high wiitiT-iiuirk ; but to its snutli, at tlie distance id' two nr three miles there is a U;ii.t of low bottom. iStoplieiison is on a plain h.'ss elevated tiain the site i4' Davenport, but above ordinary high water-mark. In the direetimi of the liiuutb of lluek Iviver, this bottom siidis so Inw as to W subjoet tu iiiunda- ti^'U. Thus, to the south of both towns, as well us of tho intervening island, tliure lire tracts of insalubriuus surface. Ut die prevalence of autumnal fever in I'avei.port and Stephenson, I can- not ^|leak. Troups were stationed at l.'\>rt Armstrong for seven years, during wbii'li the ratio of intermitteiits ■was seventeen jier cent., and of rendttents ii.ii jior cent.'!' Tliis locality, like St. liouis, is witliin tlie Illiiinis Coal IJasin. It lies at tliC fiiit of the rp[)ur l\a[iids, the fall on wliich, according to 2sicollet, is twenty six feet in lifteen miles. Vlir. (I.VLKXA. — The latitude of this town is 42" 2V X., — its distance [ali'jVc ,'^t. Louis about four hundred miles. It stands on either side;, Imt (.liiefly the north-west, of Fever River, six miles from its juiietioii with the Missi>.siiipi, ill the state of llliiiois. Frnin a point one or two miles above : t'ic t"\vn. down to its mouth, this river is a mere canal, wltinait pereejitible (.lUTOiit, except when very high, or when the Mis.-i-.-ippi is very low. The jsto of the town is a ravine or chasm, with high bluffs, eoinposeii (,;' upper tNluriau liiuestoii". X'arrow as the bottom is, a part is liable to inundation jtluriiig freshets of the Mississip[ii; but tn(> iuhalpitaiits, for tiu,' ])urpo,so of |ai:i[uinng an ampler town plat, are engaged in raishiu it with the (/c/jri.s of the ladjuining bluil's. These blull's albird eopiuus permanent springs of hard jffatev. From the town down to the 31ississippi, Fever Iliver meanders ftlirough a narrow dellle ; but at its mouth there is an alluvial !» ttom of 1 m ' Hydrograph. Uasin. 10 tMed. Slaf., U. S. A. ,i-r I -I 146 Tin: PRINCIPAL DL^EASES OF THE [book liiriitcil oxtniit, lialil'' to iiuiiidutidii, and a low, long i,4aii(l in tlie ]\Ii.<.-;,,.ii|,i wliicli tnrns the main j^trcam of that, river to tlio oiiposito or western siil, Tlic I'rw Inlia])itant.s who have rcsideil at tho mouth of I'Y'ver liivcr, liav boon very constantly an'octcd with fever in autnmn; hut those of tlie towr. ahove arc not jiarticadarly liahle; and the ominous name wliieli the rivw l;:i. acfinired (from a eorruiitioii of /V/r, bean ), is by no means aiijirujiriiit Tho French were the tirst inhabitants of this locality. At jircsent, its iniiH. lation is oxcoedin^rly mixed, and embraces not a few from England, attract' : thither by t1:o leail mines. IX. I'i!.\ii!ir. m; Cmikn — FoiiT ('uawfoiu). — Immediately above tin junction of Wiscinisiii Iviver with the ]\lississi|i|pi, lic:s I'mirlc du C/>lfii,{L,: general level of which may be seventy feet above low water. Tt cxton!. up the latter river eight or ten miles, anil is about two in width; Im:;; limited by ii range of hills rising more than three hundreil feet above i; The western margin of this plain is liable to inundation in high floods nf t; 31ississiii]ii: and when they subside, there renuiins, in summer and autuii.: a long, narrow slip of uuirsh, abminding in decaying organic matter. Ai;;- cent to the niimth of tho Wisconsin, this slip is much wider.* On the opji • site side of the river, the higli blufl's ju'css close upon it. The elill's of li^.u sides present on their summits the lower strata of the blue Silurian liimstirtl of Cincinnati, beneath which are saccharoidal sandstone and magncsiaiiliib- stone down to the water's cdgcf Its distance above St. JiOuis is about !:■: hundred miles; its Lat. 4:5 '^Ji' G" N., Lon. !)1« !»' 20" W. The elovaiK:. of tlio ]Missi,=i]i;: as it was here tliat tlio .Je.->uit Father 31ar([nette, and M. .loliil :.| dessendinir the Wisconsin lliver, reached tho JMississippi, on the 17tii rluiii', KlT-l-il A French t'ur-trading village was in due time ostahli'tt'ij hero, whieh ilourished awhile and tlien declined. Latterl}', it has attracted ittj attention of immigrants into \\'iseonsin, and piouiises to become a tow;) considerable size. For/ r'w/';/u/v/ stands on the same jilain with the village, but two ii; I nearer tlie moutli of t1ie Wisconsin: atid conse((uently is more exjiosul: insalubrious exhalations. Tho ratio of intermittents is twenty-eight u'A cent.; that of remittents, four.vj X. Fort Sxki.lixo. — This military post ( 77. f), the highest up '^tj Miij?issippi, stands ou the point of land immediately above the juiicti'i: he soon from this; * M.'d. St;it., U. S. A. i Nicollot : Ilylrofj. Hasiii. ^Med. Htat., U. S. A. fOwen: Goolofrical Ro]). !1 Bancroft: Hist. Col. U. S., Vol. ' ".virofrrapl). Basin. •'''•''li(T.stoiilian', n^' PAHT !■, INTERIOR VAI.LKY OF NORTH AMflRICA. 147 pif St. Peter's witli tliat river. Accordiii^i,' to Nieiillot, * the low wator-.sur- i;i,c uf the rivers at tliis jiiiietion, i.s hcvom huiidrud and t'orty-i'oiir I'cct ahovt! [Ijeiiull; tlie average elovatinn ol' the [ilaiii which the fort oe('U]iii'S, eight Imiiihvl ami lilfyj and the hight of a neigidioring hill, called the i'ihit Knob, „iic thiiusand and .six. The latitude of thi?; post is 1 1" .VJ' 40" >.'. — thu lnu- .'itipli! !i;i*' 4' r)4" W. It.s di.stance friiiu I'rairie dii Chien is two liiUKh'cd and ;;riv miles, from St i.ouis seven hiindiud ami fnrty-uight, from New Orleans ;w(i tliuusaiul and eighty-eight, and from the I5alizc two thunsand one liuii- .jnnl aiul ninety-two.t The deseent of the river, following its meanders to tW ( I lilt', is four ini-lies a mile: on a straight line, nine anda thiril inehes for tverv minute of latitude. The Mississipiii flows jiast JMjrt Hnelling with a rapid current ; but tlic ostiiarv iif the St. I'eter's is .sluggish, and the diseharge of its waters into the Mi:«jiit.sip|ii is impeded by an island, with a slough on the side whieli the ."^t. Peter's ap|M'oaelies, thrmigli a low prairie bottdjn a mile in width. | Tlio waters of the .Mississippi are transparent, but these of the St. I'eter's turbid and of a whitish hue, and hence its Tadian name, Minisotah, whieh ex- iires.ses turbidncss. || 'J'o the north of the pnst, nn the uplands, there are small lakes. !:; According to the army returns for ten successive years, Iniiiig which the average number of troops stationed at thi.s jiost was one iuimh'L'il and iitty, the ratio of intermittent fever was but a fraction over four jior coiit. [)er annum, and tliat of remittent, two. T] This is a much more limitoil [irovalence than would result i'rom the same to[)ographical cuuditluus ill tlio south, and shows, very conclusively, the influence of climat<-. Having arrived at the highest settlement on the .Mississippi Kiver. it may ill' instructive to recapitulate, in a tabular I'urm, the relative prevalence of autumnal fever at the military posts which stand upon its banks. ■j'-'p^: w ••M^. :■("■ ^'■.y':■ Posts. Fort Jiickson, liitori Roiino, J'li'T>oii liiirracks. Fort Aniistronu, Fort Crawl'orcl, Flirt Siii.'lliiiir, N, T,nl. otjo Oj)' 41" .'i'V ■l:\- 113' 41" 3-S I Dislrmie trcni Itii' l!a I 1 1/..'. I 30 m. 14.') 1 Iv'tT^ i l,'-2-2 1 mn •2A\)-2 r.liA :iiiiii Raiiii piT j Riitio [wr nlmvi' ilii' ii-nl. |UT nil- '■•■III. piT an' t.llll' 111' .Mt'\- lllllll 111' llUri- lllllll 1)1' Rr ico. Illil^^'Ht•<. niilli'iils. I ft. IK) Kit) 550 7'JO 8.">0 11:4 34 17 28 4 15 16 HI 4 9 It will be seen from this talile. that, in advancing north tlirougli fifteen liiws of latitude, and eight hiindred and fifty feet of elevation, tliei is, h:'h tlio c.\i"e[itiiu of Kurt Crawford (uufavortibly sitmited near tlio mouth t'.io Wisconi 11.1(1. 14S THE TRINCirAL DI8EASF.S OF THE inooi . riBT I.] iXTriRin r ■ mfi f ami fiiiirtcnii per cent, down to four; uiiil from ]5aton Kongo, the sccwiu jjo^t, ;i ri';^nl!ir (locroa.so ol' roniittuiiL luver I'niiii thirty to two |)or cent. Xr. Falls oi' St. Antiionv. — For nearly thirty miles aliovo Fort ^i.i,. ling there is a contliiui'd chain of rapiiln, in the midst of St. Antliony, the only casi ado of the I\li,ssi.«i?ip2'i l»iver. lis distancL' Im the fort is eight or nine.' miles. On a]i]iroaehiiig tlic edge of tlie rock from which the water is to fall sixtiv;. feet, the river spreads out to the Itreadth of more tiian six hundred yanLsil';; eontracts helow to Miie-third of that wlilth, and dashes forward over masH'- of roe!:, detached from tiie blufl's which forn< the chasm. 'J'iio river casiai is thus described liy Mr. Keating — "The irregular -iUtline of the fall, by dividing its Ijreadlh, gives it am. imprc'^sivo character. An island, stretching in tlic river both above ami in,- low the fall, separates it into tv.'o une(|Uid parts, the eastern being two hii:;- dred and thirty yards wide, and tlio western three hundred and ten. TL island itself is about one hundred yards wide. From the nature of the ru !; which breaks into angular and a])parently rhondxiidal fragments of a In;. size, tliis fall is subdivided into small cascades, which adhere to oacli nt!;.: .sf» as to form a sheet -if water, unront, but composed of an altcriuition i.; r tiring and salient angles, and presenting a great variety of shapes and sliaA- each of these forms in itself a jierfect cascade, but wiicn taken togotliir L one comprehcusivo view, tlicy assume a beauty of which wo could Lav-. scarcely deemed thcni suscepti])le. Wc ve seen nuuiy falls, but few wiii ': jire.sent a wilder and more picturesipie aspect than those of St. Aiitlii!,; The vegetation which grows anauid them is of a corresponding cliaraii'.r The thick growth upon the island imjiarls to it a gloomy aspect, eontra.stii;; pleasingly witli the bright surface of tlio watery sheet which retiects tlitv,. in many dill'erently colored hues." ■The country about the fort contains several other water falks wliiclii: roiu'csented as worthy of being seen. One of them, which is luit twj lu:.' and a half Irom the garrison, and on tlio road to the St. Anthory'.s, is vi:r.;:i- terestiiig. It is knuwn by the name uf IJruwus Fall, and is remarkiiblufurt'i. the soft beauties which it presents. Jvssentially diilerent from the St. Ant'.- ny's, it appears as if all its native wildness had been removoil by the liaiiJ ; art. A small, but beautilul stream, about live var^ls wide, flows u'cutlv until!; reaches the verge of a ruck, frfim whieh it is precipitated tu a depth offiir.' three feel, iireseuling a beautiful parabolic sheet, which drops withuut Ut I least deviation from the rcgidar curve, and meets with im interruption tiv:: neighl)oriug rocks, or other ini|iediments, untU it has reached its Ijwov k^a wiien '.t resumes its course, without any other diiferoiice than thai priiilr.'' by the white foam wiiich floats upon its surfueo. The spray, whieh tlii^'-- cade omits, is very con.siilerablo, and when the rays of the sun shine up'n.: produces a beautiful iris; ui)on the surrounding vegetation the effect oft-; spray is distinct; it vivifies all the plants, imparts to them an intense gi" ' 'iil"r, and gives rise to a iiiirniinitry. t)u the im: .! a ilcstriictivo natiin.'; lv>v .structure, has undc: i.'.\oavatiiin, similar in I'dv) nvl the ,s!icet of water; i vinicneo than that which r.aHfally iinpres.ijve In j'lircil to Constitute br-aut .iitemiifs to produce m f|n ifM laviVlinl for the pur| V(r. tliat tlicso f;ills po.s.- .■.'uTally (lisfinguislies the yk. Xicollct, ill his born .'lil'Tfhe name of Cascjid ■libcil. Tt originates j •:!-i!t with LakoCalhnun. - vral ethers, which dischi •at fall.*. Thus, there is t;.'a,>t the eye of taste, ,1 i'l'iiH' to add, that the roc' vliiiiaa or transition li.ui' •:|"i) tlie [irimitive fonnatii Ml. A'ov.AOKs o\ Tin: i'li'Cilcsoription of tiio YaI ■''■III-' to the phu; of this w. • n'fivalids of the north; bi : rilio dn,i,piiig valitudinar T'^iich a one, whom t!io h y-MhiUii of autumn have I) ■■■rt!i, .should lio looked up ■!''"ii-eiigiiu. Would M-aft hi: :''>ivhcoI raise him to n hi;,- ■''• "I'l.st not lounge in the c; ' '"'""dy and tobacco at t! j^trit.-r.ujiu. To enjoy the IV JM't rise with the sun ; and |«-'iO!i the long and deep .shad '""• Ifc should not seek tc ^ : fret liiii, ; and little Iiard |f T. altliough inconvenient at p U ohject for which he tra • Long's E-xpeJiiion to (!, ■ I (IT I.] INTRRIOR VALI.ny OF NrtRTIf AM[:RIC.\. 110 .iil"r, niul gives rise to a stouter growth tliaii is obsorvril npnii tlio surroniul- iiir; pountry. **ii t'lc iicijrlilmriDfr mck flic t'lVect is iis (.'liaracti'ristic, tlioiigh ,; ;i ilcstrut'tivo iiiituro; tlio siiray strikin;^ ngaiii.xt tlie ruck, wliicli is of a liHiH' ."trnctiiro, Iwis niulcniiincil it in a curvcil iiianticr. sd as (n jinnlnco an exoavatinii, similar iii form tn a Saxmi an-li, Iictwccii tlie surface of the rock iiiil the slioot "if water; under tliis larL'c ardi wo passed with no other iiicoii- vuiiiL'ncc than that wliich amse fnmi lh(> spray. 'I'liere is nothiii;: suhjinio ir awfully impressive in this cascade, liut it has every ffaturo that is re- luirfil tn ciiustitute heauty , it is such a fall as the hand of opuU'Ucc daily attoiiiiits t'l pro(hu/o in the midst (il'thnse L'anh'iis upon whiidi trensun'S have l.ceii lavished for the purpose of imitating' nature; with this diifcreucc, how- (.'ur. that these falls possess an easy trraee, destitute f>f the stiffness which ':c!ic'nillv distin^ziushes tin; work's of man from those of nature." ''' Mr. Xicollet, in his I)(\'iutiftd map of the Upper Mississippi, has iiulieated, imiKt the name of Cascade Creek, (ho stream which ]\lr. KeatiuLr has hero (|ii«ciiljod. Tt ori!.'iuates partly in liake Harriet, Avhieli is coiuu>cted hy a •trait with Lake ('alhouii. Ailjoinin^ the latter, is the l,akoof the Isles, and '(■vi'ral others, which discharirc their snpcrlluoiis waters info the river at the .Toat falls. Thus, there is much in the scenery of this wild and distant spot I . llM.^'t the eve of taste, ami "ratify the lover of uattu'e. It onlv remains t'r nil' to add, that the rocks which are here exposeil consist of the oldest "■iluriaa or transition liine and sandstone, bordering in geological position upmi the primitive I'ormatious. XII. \'ovai;ks ox Tui: ri'i'i;i; .Missi-sifi'T. — T have uo( introduced a lirii.'ftk'soviption of the J'"alls of St. Anthony without an ohjcct wliicli con- f'riiis te the plan of this work. Much has lieon puldished on winter resorts :' r invalids of the north; but the necessity of a summer voyafre or sojourn, I rthe drooping valitudinarian of (he south, has been too often ovcrloirked. T'l -ucli a one, wlimn (!ie heat of stuiuiier has wilted down. <>r the marsh cx- ;!i;ilatiuiis of autunui have blighted, a voyagi! of two thousand miles directly inortli, should lie loidvcd upon with liojie and favor. Kvery breath of the [>t"ani-(.'iigiiie would waft him into a codlcr climate, — every turn of the pad- ik'-wliool raise him to a higher level. I'ut to make this change a blessing, Ik'iinist not lounge in the cabin of his vessel or steep hinisidf in the fumes I'lhraiidy and toliacco at the bar, or doze aod dream away the day in his |«ato-roaiu. To enjoy the fruit, he nuist pluck it with his own hands. lie liiiiht vise with the sun ; and only retire from hi.? labors of active observation, p'lon the long and deep shadows of the Kocky .^Iountains have gathereil over p'lii. lie should not seek to pamper his appetite; petty annoyam-es must p* h'ot liiiii ; and little liardshi[is should rather be invited than shunned; If'r, altlidiigh inconvenient at the moment, they contribute in the end to the jiP It ohjort for which he travels. He ought to sojourn s.'.ceessively in the » !! '■*•■■ :'■ r ,4 * » : ♦Long's Expeiiition to the Source of tlio St. IVtrrs, Vol. I,]). 5295— ;J02. :.|i . 1 . '■ • • ' i • ■ . .<■■•■ 150 TUF. riUNCIPAL DISEASRS OF TUK [BOOK variitus ynnng niul floiirisliiiig towns to wliidi lio will lie lirniiirlit, mid Mwh tlit'ir cIiaractiT 1111(1 [if(is]p(cts; vi.-'it tlw iiiiiiis tlirniii:li wliidi tln' Mi-^i.^slji lias cut its way; ilesct'inl into tluir .-lialts, aiid sec tln' (it' ditai'Iitd liduj;. parent rcicks: sally out 11)11111 tlic rnllinir jirairics with liis Sl.-^ westcru side .-iv"i!i J'liver, the re'gioii to be described extends from the basin of the raiiiK" : tile U]nicrmost tributaries of the .Mississipiii, in one direction ; and from u shores of the Gulf aiul the liaiiks of the 31is.-issijijii, to the llueky 3Iouiitab ill the other. This vast re/^iou is traversed by a great number of rivdj. ^ which, those south of lied Iviver jioiir their waters into the Culf. — tli^. north, with itself, into the Mississipjii. Adhering to the jihiu of a 1 ivtir topographical description, we must ascend the most imjiortant of these livu- and add to their general description some brief notices of such localiti.!"- arc of pulilic interest, or fitted, by their salubrity or sickliness, tu illu.-tra; the eoniiectioii between the surface of a country and its endemic disca;.- At first view, this midertakino; apjicars to bo of great magnitude; aiul>'' would bo, if these imnieiise re\gioiis were jieopled like many other prntu!.- • the Interior Valley; but the larger portions of them are still a wilJornt;- and may be dismissed with a few general remarks. This chapter, niorciv.: IMRTI., INTKItlOlf VAM.IIY OF NOKTII AMr.IMCA. ir.i ■ii;i III' kt|it iVniu iiiiy /.'rent uxiiaii^iuii, Iiy a dill'i rout caiiso — tlio want of ,i,|irii|inati' materials I'nr tinnigni|ilii(«l (IrM'rijitiuii. ]ii jirnccodiiig td oxc- •;t, it. umli'r tliu.-iu I'miitatiuiis, 1 hliall, as already inlimatLd, cuiima'iici; in l.ir .^iiiitli. SUCTION' 1. IIKGION SOUTH <»F ■Illi; i;|i) Dlil, Ndli'l'i:. 'riic cliiso »|)|iroxiiiiatinii (iC llic ( 'ordilli ra.s tu llio (iuU' ut' 3Ioxicn, iVdiu I'matau to tlie llio del Norto, may lie >t the iitiT. ciiiuiirises the 7'// //v/.v <',i/in//is, or Imt emiiitries, of the Mexieaiis. W'itliiu the tn>ities it is restricted to a hreadtii of thirty or forty miles; Imt .;;,R' wo reach tiiu Del Norte, in N. Lat. lUi", it widens to a hundred. In ■y sniitli it Iieluiigs to tho stato of \'( ra Cruz, in the north t(» Tamanliiiati. ii.itily Santaiider. The maritime towns of \'era Cruz and 'J'ampieo, .;.;iily di'scribcd, lie witliiu the.sc states. Tin; soutlieni and hottest jiortioii ftliL'Zuno, i.s low and level; abounds in blown sanils, lake.s, and la^roons : ;i; very little fertility, and supports but a limited j)opulation. 'I'lio northern Miigi'.-i of the Tierras (,'alientes, while they sull'er le.ss from tropieal heat.«. ::iVo a richer soil and greater breadth. 1'hc rivers .if this more favored jior- iii ;u'c, the I'anueo, Tumisseo, Santander, and Fernando, which descend irmtlie flaidvS of the Cordilleras, and refresh the phiiii 'jh their passage to •'ii.' (liilf. Thus fertilized, the population of the northern parts of the zone, :- greater than of tho soutliern; liut of the decree in which they arc infested v'lih autumnal fover, or of tho inoditicatiuns which it presents.. 1 am unable '• .«|iL'ak. in tlie rear of this zone, wo come to the Tla-rca Tonjilinft/s, or temperate viiuntrics. They com]ir(hend the Sierra Mmlrc, and other mountains which iliiik tho Cordilleras, and at tho hi'dit of from four tliousand to six thousand fat, jirosent terraces on which staiul tlie cities of Jalapa, San Luis I'otosi. y.\>\ Sultillo. In vegetation and climate this zone diifers e. i/j i W <^ 1/^2 Till'; TRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE [book :, • 1 m ■M ■i ' I from the Ciilf of ^^rexii'o. For oxMinplo, if wc aiivaiu-o to tlio iii>rtli so far as to find a suiiinior (Mpiallv c-nol with tliat of tlic Ticirns Tciiijiladap, we Imvo a winter too riii'onms to 1 •■ li'irnc — the raiicrc liotwoon tlmso two scasnn? 1,0. couiin;: loiiiror as wo ]iriicred fruui tlu' trniiical ;;iino. ^Vitllill the Ikimii f,f tlic sniall II io Fernamhi. (ir Ti_i;ro, whi'li traverses the nortliern jiart (if tin. Tierras ralientes, tliere ai'e (w > tnwns, [Muiiteroy and Saltilln, whicli iiii;rit a more extended nntice than 1 am able to give them. I shall say a few woiv- of the former nnly. MnNTi:i!i:v — near tin- tv,-entv-sixtli deirrecs of novtli latitude — staiid.s ;it ;;:. elevatinii uf ahont lilteen huiidrvil feet ahovo the sea. Dooter Pniotor, in!:;. aceoniit of the diseases nf a pnrtion of the army, in lS-[(j and 1S47,* i^\ml- of the troojis as heiiiL' oneanjjied near ilic city, in a low bottom, alnnidantlv watered, and surrounded by sw.-unps. This cimditien of the surface .-iiiii- cicntly exjtlains the prevalence of intermittent fever, which they cxperiouccJ sncTiox II. BASIN OF THE RIO DEL NORTE. r. The oriirin, eoiu'se, and termination of this river, the lon2;e,st, except tii': 3Iississi)i]»i, which throws its waters into the Gulf of ■Mexico, has been jrivd. at pairo 14. its lower half constitutes the dividin,!r line between the (HitHJ States and tlie llejiulilie of ^Texico. Accordinij; to Hoctor Tlreirir,'''' tlic W Norte is a broad, shallow stream, eminently alluvial, niul aboundin:;' in sand- bars and snairs. Its direct descent from the l\ocky Mountains gives it many rapids and ripples, so that its navigation is of little value; Avhich, tnkcii ii. conneetiou with the sterility of uiuch of the country through which it fli^v will prevent the pojmlation of its banks and bottoms — at present s)iar>o- from ever bcc(}ming very dense. These banks in many places are not iikT' than ten i'eet above low water-mark, and yet, so great is the breadth of elian- nel, tliat tlio water does not rise high enough to overflow them. In fact, t!it Del Norte has but few tributaries, and in its descent loses so much wutii'liV iiililtration through the sand, that its depth rather dinunishes than increase- with its progress; thus reversing th(! l;iw which governs the JMissis-sipfi About the middle of its length, portions of it, in long droughts, sonictiiue entirely disappear by absorption. The geographical position of the Del Xortc gives it an otiidogicnl im- portance, wdiich will bo aji])reciated when its topography, climate, ami tli- eases are better known than at present. This importance results from it; valley being the natural terminus on the south-west of the vast plains vlneli » West. .Tour. ( Louisville), Juno, 184'?. + Com. of the Prairies, VoL I, \). I'.iS. nn: ,1 INTER lOr li • li.tffcon tlic lMi.ssi.ssi|)j>i and tlio ruielsj ^loTiiitiruis. Kven Lefuro vcacli- ji, • it f'riiiii tlic nortli, (lutarliL'J ridgos of tliat (•liaiii arc; oiicijuiitorod ; wliilo t ii;itelv beyond, tlio flanks of tlio Cordilleras of ^loxico are cluko at V, .1 As iiiaiiv yoars will clajiso before tlicro Avill be; mntli ]ii.|iiilatii,ii near 111!' lia.-^L' nr oil the slopes of tlio prcat niimntaiii oliain in liiglier latitudt s, wo j,!-! jiiiik to tlic Pel Norte for tliosc niodillcatioiis wliicli diseases undergo j^;iiii I'liaii'-"' of to|iogra]iliieal elevation. The valley of tlic Del Xorte, below tlie i'ro.!oi'v.\s. — This ^Mexican town stands on the right bank of the llio del Kvti', tiftv miles, by its meanders, from the (!ulf of .Mexico. The river, at tl;- 1 All. and below, as I am informed by Uoetor Langdon, who, dnriiig the la:' war, was for some time stationed at ^Matamovas, is narrow, nnuldy, ra- ti I ;i;iil I'lltlying ; on the whole, it resembles the ^NJississipjii ; even, like it. liav- Bi: II ti'lal estuary. The country on each side, from the month of the Del J ri" t'< the town, and above, is level, and sandy, with gmves of small tim- Vr ami an abundant growth of the priekly-pear. Innnediately above the tcini. t!ie river turns from its general south-eastern conr:-e, to the east: and ift'T making a bend of many miles, returns below the towii, an the south, so tvs as to be in sight. In this bend there is a small, permanent lake, or *ciU'I, wliich oceasionalh' in river floods extends its area to the edge ol town. T" tlif west of the town there is a larger lake, about two nnles long, which bto'iiies dry in the month of Augu.st. 'i'o the north and soutli of this lake, the p uml is a little more elevated than that on which the town is built, and KVi.ivd with small trees. On the whole, there seems to be but little fr,n:rd nr swamjiy land in the vicinity of .Matanioras. It dues not appear tcl' liable to yellow fever. Of the extent to which its inhabitants are sub- I j{(l tu autnamal fever. I cannot speak. The troops had both internuttent Hi'l niiuttciit fevers, but not to any remarkable degree; and their types ten: nearly the same that Doctor Langdon had been accustomed to see in iiv neighborhood of Cincinnati. III. I'lti-suuo Di'i. liio CliiAxnr: — Saxt.v Iiosa — Moxcr.ovA. — In the AHiiee of materials for a methodical topographical description of the re- pn 'ill each side of the Lower Del Xorte, 1 may give the iolh.wing extract (tf a litter, written from Monclova, in ^lexico, by Doctor (iregg, who was Utaclieil to the army connnanded by Oeneral Wool : "I have been surprised during our march, to hear of a considerable MUMUiit of intermittent fever among the jMcxieans. At /'/•(, s/'//o dc/ liio \.--h--. : *'- 'it- <5^•;.' ' • ^^ f. ; . ! ■ .1 ' i ? •f •:rir^-:K W , , ■ ' ' ■,• 1. . ,,^ ' \ ■ \} H'^y-' ':'•': ■.'■. ^ ■ ' ; ■ • ■.-, •" ■ " ■ ■ . ■ '■''.'■ ••> (* *'■■•' '. , ■ ' **■" ■■,''■■ • !*-;■• .' ^ ] '' * ,1 ,•.".■ V' ' , '.' •• • 'it- ;• •v.i«f 154 THE PRIN'CirAL DISEASES OF THE [doo£ : ! ■:. -h ^' t-v|-.- n - • I Gi-amlv (in N. Lat. 2So 2U' and \V. Lciii. Idti" :>ll' ), a town (,f sfiin..;; tliou.saiid inhabitants, many of tlio natives were Kufl'cring with eliill> fevers. Lip to tho niiJdlc of ( ictdljur, the time nf dur being tliere. KJV;; ton days al'torwards, I Inund tlie same disease still more prevalent (tluui!;!;;- uo means as bad as in many jiavts ot the A'alley of t!ie IMississiiijii duiiii:.' ,;. tunin ), in Santa llosa, a town of near three thousand Iidiabitants, in a! .; N. Lat. lil ' 'A\ and ( approximately ) in M'. Lon. 101'' 40'. The Pr..;. is sitnated virtually in the valley of the Hio (iraiide (being oidy fivr il; west of it, on a small tributary;; but Santa llusa is entirely inland, litii,:. the eastern base of a lofty and extensive ridge of mountains, wliidi ili.i.v the waters of the llio (irande from those of tlie interior of 31exiL'u. >:.:■ leaving Santa lui.sa, we have never been entirely out of sight of iiiouiit;i;;.. and at this plaec ( 3Ionelova ) we .ire eouipletely surrounded by thoni, t!, ;.. the eity itself is in the border of an extensive valley, looking to tlm ii<::„. ward. ]5ut even here ( N. Lat. 20 ' 54', AV. i.on. lOl ^' :!7' ) I iind tlic |. j»le alllicti'd to some extent with the same fever. Now, Santa EosaaiiiDl;- elova, with the intervening and surrounding eountry. ecrtainly do nut, / ■ ndhj, abound in the conditions to which, by observation, we are led to a-rf: autunnial fever; ami I am disjiosed to attribute tlie fever whicli waw- vails to an (irlijir'ml cause. Irrigation, you arc aware, is extensively ri;;:.. to in all the agricultural operations of tliis people, wlio cultivate suiiar. :• ton, and Indian corn, in abiuulanee, but are obliged to depend on irri.-a:! . If the surplus water Avcre returned to the streams by ditches, there v- 1; perhaps, ])c liut little malaria ]>roduced; but it is generally suft'erctlton: into till.' lower flats, and give origin to permanent ponds and marslii;>. Ti,': arc marshes below the l*residio, more extensive ones about Santa llusa. i:. many of considerable size in the vicinity of tins eity; all of which ^f::•^ liavc been ])roduccd in the manner I have j)ointed out." In ascending to what may be called the Middle Ivio del Norte, the coiic"" becomes more elevated and broken. 1\. ('iinnjAiR-A — the cajiital of the state of Chihuabua — stands nii:-: baidvs of tlie Conclias, a suiall, western tributary of the Del Norte. " Althir... situated about one luuidred miles east of the main chain of the Mexican I':' dillcras, Chihualuia is surrounded on every side by dctaclied ridges of iii;> tains, lint none of them of great magnitude. The elevation of tlic ■, above the (jcean is between four and five thousand feet; its latituilt :: vTi^o ;]()' >^^ . fj,,,| j(.^ entire population numbers about ten tli 'i-j- souls." i' I am not informed as to tho prevalence of autuuuial fivi'.- this locality. y. ]''U0M CirillUAUUA TO TlIK 1']l Pa.SO DEL NORTK. Tho latter tiWll : settlement, is found on tho western side of the Eio del Norte, two In"' • and tliirty miles nortli of Chihuahua, and two hundred and twenty U^' r> -.; INTCnin 1 •; !','. The charar (1 \.\-\i\ may be uml i; __•: • ■• Th(; I'i'ad frm \ , \rr|itii'n of the san( F ■ilr. hv the scarcity v' ;. hvcr an ''levated pi jinry, as it were, -M'.rr to the westwar .'!: ill many plai'C's of ,;.'!ieu]tural [iurj)oscs, • ••'i' fnr irrigation." :'.-Ii'(l with autnniiial \[. Ki. rAc' uiitlort^tnod fruin tlie tolldwing i)aiii^L;Tn]pli, by Duftfir ( ..? "Thi.' ri'iul fVdiii I'll I'asi) Hutitli is iiiu.stly ilnii ami beaut il'ul, -with J viptii'ii (if tlie sand liills Ix'Cnro .«])ol;oii nf: and is (Hily rt'iiderid disa- P , Me, liv tli(! scarcity, and (iccasimial ill saver ui' tbu water. 'I'lio ronto ^ ;.iv(i'aii I'lcxatcd iilaiii, anions.'' imnicrdus dotacliod ridges of b/W nidiin- j ,_>iiui's, as it were, ut" the main ('i)rdilleras, wliicli lie at a consiilerablo j;.;,ii;iu til the westward ^bist ot' tliesc extensive, intermediate plains, 1 '!: ill many places of Icrtilo-bidkiiig soil, must remain wholly unavailable f _:i.Miltural pur|)oscs, on account of their natural aridity, and a total lack ( ; •!• I'nr irri^'atinn." Dnetor Gregg does not tell us wlictlier this region [, ; f.vtiil with autuniiial fever. \ [. Ki, Paso del, Noi;tk. — This locality is the most attractive in the valley (/ t'.i' I'll Niirte. It will have at last the densest pdpulation, and prove to I t'i:;t ill which the most interesting observations on the diseases of tliat t:;!'. V will he made. According to Mr. Hughes, '' "the settlement nf tlie I'll ]' - rxtciuls from the falls of the llio (Irandc on the north, to the I'residii) c : ' - mth, a distance of twenty-two milvs ; and is oiiO continuous orchard 8 I \:!iov:u'('., '.'ndiracing in its amjdo area, an iiubistrinus pupulatiim of at 1 -• yit thousand." It is ''isdlated frnm all other Mexican settlements \, ■ .• miiuiitaiiis which rise on the east and west, and close in to the river 0'; I'r imrtli and south. The breadtli of the valley is about ten miiv.s." It 1- iii^itLd by water taken frdUi tlie Del >i'orte abtjve the scattered vili'igo of K' I'a-'i. The freshets of the river do not overfldw this bdttdm. 'J"he sur- r lii.' highlands are generally destitute of tindier. In latitude, tlie I'aso ir l::tle below the tliirt3'-second degree north. .f According to Kendall, the I 'itinn of this oasis of the desert, is chiefly S[ianisli, unmixed with lu- di,:. Of its autumnal fevers, I cannot speak, frdui want of ini'ormation. Vn. Saxt.v Fj:;. — We ascemi t., .•^anta To bv nassiii"' throuirh a c untrv but t'::ly inhabited. 'Jhis town, wellkudwu as the cajjital of New 3Iexicd, stands I. X. Lat. :!■>' 41', and in W. Lon. ( about ; 10(^'. Its elevation above the c 11 is estimated at se^'en thousand fcet.i; According to Doctor Cregg.'T '•;■- -itiiutinu is twelve i.r fifteen miles east (jf the l»io del Norte, at the :-tini ba.so of a snow-clad mountain, npiui a beautiful stream of a small ll-pwor size, which ripples down in icy cascades, and joins the river some lffi.'iity miles to the south-westward. The pdpidation of the city iiself but little cxpcods three t]u:)usand : yet, including several surroundiiig villages, Ifliich lire embraced in its corporate jurisdiction, it amounts to nearly six :-'-j,.- «« I • . J '.I k t; • • I • ' - ^ ■ 4 . » ' ' i •* :t> '■ ' ■ ■*M ''A ■■■::: *'.',''j' 'Com. of the Prairies, Vol. II, p. 83. ^ Doiiipluin's Expoditioii, p. '2&2. !<''iiii. of thu Pruirios, Vol. II. ■•■ Tnilivo of the Texan Expedition, Vol. II. ''"H!. of the Prairies, \o\. I, p. 111. ff Ibid. I .1 > 1 ( ■ i'l l^ll■■ ■'i'J ■ ' ■[.. . ir,r, THE rPtlNCIPAL DISEASES OF THE \KH, tlionsaiul .^diils." This is smiu'tliiiig iiiurc tlinii tho population of tlicLT-. pnivinr-c of Xow Mexico, as cstiniatod hy Doctor (Irccr;;. Tlio groat (jliv,. to a (Iciiso popnlatiiiii in tliis rcLaoii is tliu n-aiit of water; ami hciifo i;. .-: all tlio a^M'iciiltiirali.'^ts livi; aloiiir tlu; Del >«'ortc or its I'vw tributarif «■,;,•; rosort to iri'lL'atioii. In sucli a regi(jii, ponds and marshes arc, of efiur.: nearly uiduiown; and the diseases to wliicli they give origin, almost a* r- us will np[iear from the following statement, hy .l)oct, and which, with the siiiii!l-|i : I that followed in ^''\i\ carrieil off nearly ten per cent, of the populatimi, >- Mexico has oxpcrioiiced very little disease of a febrile character; so tiiai.J great a degree of longevity is attained there, perhajis, as in any other pC'. | of the habitable W(jrld. I'ersons, ■withered almost l.; mummies, aretnU".: countered occasionally, whose extraordinary age is oidy to be inferred !'rt| their recollection of certain notable events, which had taken place in t:;:- far remote." Santa Ft', of which this favorable aceouul is given, lies under tliujffil parallel with 3Iem])his and the southern portion of the St. Francis But! !i. which were described in tlie last elnqiter as having an elevation of tfel hundred ieet above tlie sea, with an excess of uioisture, and abounding in ;;■ tunmal fevers of a fatal character. \Ul. Y\hU'.Y OK Taos. — The last locality within the basin of the ll; .. Norte, which 1 shall mention, is Taos, l.\ing above Santa Fe, in N. Lat. v'! 2(1'. The stream which liiws through this valley, enters the .Del Norte liv;:;! left bank. The settlements in this valley are among the most northern of river. According to Doctor Gregg,"!" "no part of New Mexico cipial>t!.jj valley in amenity of soil, richness of produce, and beauty of appoaranct As this dista* ' region ( it may be hoped) will hereafter be visited byccrtr.l classes of invalids, I will transcribe from Doctor (Irec-u-, the foUowini: ii' of a natural curiosity ::j: '-Opposite Taos, for an uninterrupted dij^taiiw: I fifteen miles, the liio del Norte runs pent up in a deep a/zloM (gorge), tliri.c" whi( h it rushes in rapid torrents. This iVightrnl chasm is absidutely ii!'!-"! sable ; and viewed from the top, the scene is imposing in the extrenio. -V-i but the boldest hearts and firmest nerves can venture to its brink uiul Ivij down its almost perpendicular precipice, over projecting crags and deep iri'' ices, upon the foannng ctirrent of the river, which in some [ilaces appears' '' a small, rippling brook." * Com. of tlie PrairiL's, Vol. I, j). MG. t Il)icb i>. 145. i Ibid p. 1^ JiRT. I.J INTEHini y Vu' niiL'St now take lea guilts nf the ,— the level, the ■ ■uitire coast, extending fi Irnsp'mding, except in latit r tlie Gulf. The wliole Gu lUiie. ])as a belt eight or te I: s^treams. Although Ioa pv'ies. That part of the an Jaointo and Sabine Piivc nl laavily tind)ercd. The hJaeinto and Guadalupe, < Itvated for perfect draimigc le hottoiu lands of the Bra? t twenty miles in width, an T.xas. 's. By Mrs. Mary A ii.stii ,:ii'tL'(l lady, a niece of Mo.sp! MIS, resided for some time in tl INTERIOll VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 157 m \»V iiin?t ii"W tako luavc cf tlioso (k'taclicd and cxtrcnio west urn sctfle- ,(,, iit'tlic t to oast, al)out the thirty-fourth degree cd' latitude; the shorter ones miicli nearer the dulf; into the numerous shallow bays and sounds of !.i:!i. they all discharge their waters, between the latitudes of twenty-seven a liali' and thirty degrees north. It is the north-west segment of the sir wliifli receives these contriljuticns — more copious than those jjourcd ; I anv other ei[ual portion of its coast, from the Delta of the IMississippi i:-l to Yucatan; a sulTieiont evidi'uee that the region from wliidi they iw. i< neither so deficient in rain, ...jr abundant in absorbing sands, as that il'o Rio del Xorte further west. Xiit having \i.>ited any ]iart (jf tliis group of river basins, nor seen tlieir (liral topography described, f cannot S)iealc of tliem except in the most iiural terms. Mrs. llolley''' informs us that 'i'cxas, as it was tlien bounded, |_\ ;!:'■ Nueces to the west, and lied liiver to tlie north, presents three zones r.'.'ioiis, — tlie level, the undulating, and the billy. The level oeeui)ies ■ (.iitiro coast, extending from thirty to ei'ditv miles into the interioi-, and riv«j)i;iuling, except in latitude, to the Tierras Calientes of t!io western side t'i'flnU'. The wliide (iulf-margiii of this zone, from tlie Xoeccs to the ii:ic. has a belt eiglit or ten miles wide, consisting of prairie, except along •^tiranis. Although low and oxtremely level, it is almost free from |ar-!iijs. That })art of the level region which extends back between the n.laeinto and t^abino liivers, a1)out seventy nnles from the coast, is in gen- ;! Iiuavily tiiidiercd. The section of level country wdiich lies between the iiJaiinto and (iuadalupe, extends back about eighty miles; is suirieiontly kituJ for perfect drainage after rain ; and presents few swamps or ponds. iiehottom lands of the ])razos, San ]>ernardo, and Colorado, are from three twenty miles in width, aud heavily timbered, presenting cane-brakes of '■"'\\ ■«iji'. ■ 'Texas. By Mrs. INIary Austin Holloy : Lexington, IS.'JG. This lute uccoinplislicd 12 gifted huly, a niece of Moses Austin, the pioneer of tlio American emigrants to ':x;is, resided for sonic time in tlic region she lias described. 1 ■'L t H ,>•• I M...'-. 15^ TiiH ruixcii'Ai. disi;asi;s ov rirr: iiiiinoii?o cxtuiii. Tliiit jKntiiiii ti.' tlio Irvd laml wliicli liis lietv.!'.;, ■ (iii!i(l;i]ii[)0 mid llii3 Niieci's, is iiiirv(jwei', luit ;it the saiiic tiiiiu iimrf d.v,;, tliiiii tli(! rcir'uMiH just (JcscrllKnl. ^V^.■ cniiio imw to the uiKliihitin;^' ziiiic. Jit'twriMi the SaMiie ami ,",i, , cliitM liivi'i's, the iMHiutrv i.s tiiKhiliitiiif^ to llccl Jllvcr, (Jii its iKirtli, ati(li>:.. rises iiitn ri(l;.a'S hi^L'her than thi^i' uliii-h lielmi^ tu u mlliiiL'; tMniiitn. ]■ jiarti}- \v.iiiil-hiii(l aiiil |;iit]v jivairii'. — ev(iu\h< ve will watered. .\ir: the Irvi 1 eiiiiiilry iV. iii iIm- San .laci itn to the (luadaliiiie, the suitii , . gently uiidiilatiiiL', iliver ed with jirairio and iiirest, and abundaiitlv.;. ]ilied with [tennani'iit sjirinLis AVest id" the (d Xorte, and, }iursuii;g a north-easterly direetiui, i.:,". Texas at the so'irees of the Nneees Iliver. Thence, continuing in tlit',> (liroctioii to tl'O head waters of the San Saha, a bramdi of the Culura', ■ inclines to the east down the San Saba; crossing tlie Colorado si : .e (Lir.- below the mouth of that river, it is finally lost in the iinditlating laiiils:;:' lirazos. This rauL'e docs iii: •. Colorado. Similar .sjuirs stretch up to the Colnrado above SanSul;:'. considerable distance, and round the liead-Avaters of the San Arda- :. JJosque, tributaries of the Brazos. "The moaiitains are of third and fourtli magiiitude in point of clova:.; Those of the San Saba are nuicli the higlicst. Tl;osc are, in niaiivj.: • thickly covered with forests of oak, cedar, and other trees, inters|icrMif': a "reat variety of shrubbery. "This range of high land on its north-western frontier, is of vastar:/ tagc to the ,5tate of Texas. Tt not only remiers tlie atmosphere inori' o briou.s, but, alitiunding in eo[iious fountains of limpid water, it gives rist: the numi'rous rivulets wduch, bavini: first irrigated their own fruitt'iilv;::' flow oif with a rapid curreid, and unite to form the large rivers of tli'.' tral and western parts of the state. These last-mentioned ri\ ors art bi| formly more limpid than the rivers to the east of tlie Brazos. "North of tliis inountaiti range, and on tlie extreme licad-water:' ti'^ Brazos Iliver, the country beeianes level again and presents to tlievie«:'' terminable prairies. Tiiese stretch to the north and north-west be\i'm':i>' and Arkansas Uivers, and are linally lost in the vast oeeau of prain-'' terminates at the foot of the Kockv ^Fountains." * » Texas, by Mr.s. .AI. A. Ilolley, p. 21—23. '■] I.VTMUro X\\\i luitlino of tlio ph_\ , I, Iay.s hut a founda lati'iii, for want of vr, L'ive an addition -ivc rcgiiC!, in an ex \ lianii'tcr of this con Itiiecoa.st, i.i level — chii pin vi^'talilc remains; in i pt;ii:iiii.:.' silicious peltblcs. :a!»;i_vs calhd roltvn limes lime ( tertiary or cretacoi |iii iintaiiioiis region, with lliillii the San Antonio tak( Iff whii'li i.« exceedingly ci ||li;i< lia'l a (1 lily mornin; Jii'iM temperature of .sijv §jii'alt!iy region of countrv, Itlii' iiilialiitaiits, r.iid still ilirii inareliing thr(nigh mn :!T :^.V ;]l)" N., and Lou Isaiiil— chiefly Mexican. \::Wx ;iiii| aiitmnn ai'c dry. ■limit of the epideuiic preva t I. (ii:\i:KAr, T>i:srnii'Ti t'tiiLMvost of the (lidf aiK rviteriiigtlie .Mi.'liT I INTKRIOR VALLF.Y OF NORTH AMI.IMCA. V>d 'fhi.onitliiio nftlio physiral Lr<>iiL'ra|iliy nt' Ti'xa^", ovon if imt tno faviraMy 'HV'i lavs Itiit ii l''iuti(latiiHi fur it.-; iiicdiial tn|)(igr!i|iliy : anil ovni en tliis ■ in.|;itiiiii, fill' want of tlic riMjuisitc niati'i'ials, 1 canni't liuiM. I can, ' ;v.v.r, L'iv" an MiMitinnal ami cnvnilKirativi^ imtici; nf nu:' |Hirtinn i.|" tliin (•iiriiMvc rcuio'i, in an extract of a lottiM* from Doctor < i rcL'ir : "' '''rhi' L'cn- ,ril I'liarai'ti'r of tiiia country, to tin,' soiitlr.vard, tliat is, liotwi'cn tliis and t ir I'MU't, is k'vcl — cliicfly hiifli and dry idains. with fertilo soil, a't^nuding ii vi^'taiil • rcinaina: in many jilaoos, allnvial; in odii is, more elevated, con- Rj.|;,,jii(j gilicinu^ lieltldes. Tlicso jilains appear to lie Iiased on wlcit I liavu ;i',ri\- lallid /■'(//('« rmiestiMie, a, soft, friable, scini-deiMimposed e;irl)onate of 1 ;;,.i ( tortiiirv or cretaceous). ]>iit to tlie north wo have u hilly or low ui nntaiiiiiiis reL'ioii, with strata of lirmer limestone. At tlio base of these ssbill' tliu San Antonio takes its rise, by ininieroiis snrin^rs of jmre water, ono Irf wliicli is exccediii-:rr.i "^^M-t . m. *N IGo 'I'lii: I'liiNcii'Ai, 1)1si:asks or 'I'lir; fi«T !■ INTEIJI I •I-:' f- •■■ ami nil flio npjio.-ito hide by tlic livers of Tt'X.'i.s wliicli flow directly t(,iii[,; tilt! ;rr«|)her. Tliron,L'lKiut its ii|ili\ the fTi'eat bend, are limpid; but those of the south, and many of itsuij-; tributaries on )joth sides, Inive a reddish turbidness, and a bratkithiK from tiMvcrsing rock-salt formations. The rediicss is from clay, celumh;;: jicroxyde of iron, the saltness from muriate of soda — both of whicIi iiii|:.' nate its alhnial soil, and are regarded as the elements of its uuriv!ikil : :: lity.* We must now notice a i'(:w localities. II. AM:\ANnK[.\. — 'i'his town occupies the ri^'lit bank of the rivLM-, r: foot of it.5 rapids, in the parish of Itapide, distant iroiii New Oilcan.- i.: hundred and thirty-six miles, and from the niouth of lied Ilivcr ^ibuut-.;-. hundred. 'I'lie plain on which it stands rises above high water, but gniJiiL; sinks to the cypress-swamp level, and continues so for fifteen cr twi. miles back from the river. Innncdiately above the town is the fuut ul -: rapids, which, when the rivi'r is low, cause the navigation to termiiiato. Bayou llapide. Tiie banks of this bayou are sulliciently elevated fm' lu.' vatimi. Alexandria surlers equally with the towns of the upjicr part ol :. Delta from autumnal fever, and has once been visited by yellow fever. I'ti/c fjoitds. — Opposite Alexandria the pine lands approach to tlievrP shore of Red Iliver. Tliis plateau is handsomely undulated with liill a-- dale, and in tlie valleys there burst out innumerable springs. Tlic sti'taail have transparent water, flowing generally over white sand. The soil is i'- 1 parativcly poor, except the narrow intervals of the streams, -whicli alxiucJ-l magnolia.s, flowering shrub.s, and climbing vines, with the speckled tM!-! * Darby and Flint. the sliadod waters beiu ,M.* These pine wo |,rMarIiial fur thoir free III. .Vatciiitociiks.- I, rislit haiik of the river, ;tiii|. ill ci)n,seipienco of rcioliuJ by steamboats kaiititiilly .situated on ; jino liliiiF, with (ine see lesciiiitioii. The yellov t.ffii: though, accordiii; arriviii:.' there from New Mr. Darby t informs i iiictt with the pecati, whi ■^ tk' fiiilf of Mexico. ' IV. FoJiT Ji;sL'i>.— Th if .\iitcliitu(die.s, on the i about fwcnty-five miles f pine, with an intermixtnr ^■nn.'wliat rugged ; the ge( I ^tn-aui.'" there arc narrow I I'Ccdi, .sassafras, mulberry tuJo m^ 47' W.; its di; I miles. Tlio animal ratio rcriiittont, seven..! The y TliLs is the most soutlic it a di.staiice from, the : Full. Towson, Smith, (Wh fi'.iiri.-ibing town of Shrevc SlVOCulllO to V. FoitT TowsoN.— -TIu |!'>rW. Its site is .six pcnJ. The Kiamichi, a tri fhm of the fort, to the sou pTadually for a mile, wher Iiiiinediatcly in the rear the |1^;, which varies in breatltl <"! the opposite side by rol 'rith oak and pine. Throu^ Ifu.'-face, there flows a small •l-'lint's Recollections. = ^I^'d.Stat.,U.S.A.,p.237. 11 \U \\' '^lU r»»T I., INTERIOR VALF.EY OF NORTH AMERICA. KU •,';o >li;iilo'l waters l)oncat-h. ritially, tlio iiir lins a balm}- !iiiil tcrcliindiiiit' 1 r • Tlii'st' jiiiK' w«iii' ', liki,' tliusu iiciircr tlio (Julf, alruudy ile,sfril)tMl, aro ;■ vipliial tnr thoir iVei'dum tVom autuiniial lover. Ilf NATCiMTitciins. — Tlii.s iilil, uri^iiially S|iaiii.sli, tinvii in situatccl mi tlic r^iit |,;iiik of tlio river, oiglity iiiileH aliovo Aloxamlria, in N. J^at, IJl^ 4()'; mil, iu con8e([UOiK'0 of tlio rapids wliioli liavo Iiecii iiieiitiinKil, I'aiiiint lie rtai'lit'J by sicambnats when tlio river is low. Aer-ordin^' tn i'lint, it is Leautit'iilly situated (Jii a welI-devt'lii|H'd river bank, and oxtfiids back ti> a |iiie Muff, with iiiiu eeeiiery amu'id it. I liave not materials i'nv a I'ldler lisoiiiitiMn. Tlio yellow fover has never, as far as I can learn, visited tlii.x !iwn: though, according to Doctor Monetto, cases have oecnrrt'd in persons arriving' there from New Orleans; nor is autumnal fever very violent. Mr. I'arbyt informs us that, in the neighborhiHid of this town, we first meet ^"tli the jiocan, white-flowiring locust, and red cedar, in ascending I'roiu tlii'<'tuIt'of .Mexico. 1\'. FoiiT Ji;.>L'i'. — This post, established in IS'2'2, is situated south-west if Natchitoches, on the dividing ridge between lied Kiver and the Saliiiie, alji'Ut twenty-five miles i'rom each. The surrounding forest is coniimsi'd of line, with an intermixture of oak and hickory. The surface is rolling, and >Mnii.'wIiut rugged; the geological furniation, tertiary. Along the neigiiboring >[mmi there arc narrow bottoms, with a lark, tenacious soil, shaded with liedi, sassafras, mulberry, and C3])ress. Its latitude is ;)]".'!(•' X., hmgi- i tmle 0;]'^ 47' W.; its dLstance in a direct lino from the (lulf, (.iie hundred rr.ili.s. The annual ratio of intcrniiftcnt fever is twenty-i'(jur per cent.; of riiiiittont, seven. I The yellow fever has not invaded it. This is the most southern of a range of military posts lying west of, and it a distance from, the 3Iississi[ipi. The others, and ni'ire iiortliern, arc L Furt.- Towson, Smith, (libson, Leavenworth, and Calhoun. J'assing by the K fi'.'uri.sbing town of Shrcvcport, which I have not the means of describing, B^L' Ciiiiie to V, FouT Towsox. — The latitude of this post is o"^' ")r X., its longitude '•" r W. Its site is six miles north of lied l!iver, above the great elbow wMni. The Kiamichi, a tributary of that river, passes within the srine dis- ^t-inec (if the fort, to the south-cast. In front of tlie post the ground dcsi;ends K^Tidually fur a mile, when an undulating prairie, of great extent, l)v;gins. LliiiiiK'iliately in the rear there is an aln-njit descent of eighty feet into the val- ley, vrliich varies in breadth from a few yards to half a mile, and is bounded Pon the opposite side by rolling tertiary or cretaceous hills, densely covered Kiivith oak and pine. Through this valley, which is wooded, and has a ma'-'-'hy I'tunaco, there flows a small tributary of Ked lliver. The soil around tne ,' I t^l -it; ' •Flint's Recollections. :Md, ^tat.,U. S. A., p. 237. 11 t Statistics of Louisiana. It 12 Tirr, rRi\rip\r, I)I>t:asf.^< of tiii: [»nf)| ■} -1 • t^ I'orf, ('(iniiMPsi'il of sniid .'iiul cImv, is nnt very iimdiirtivi'. Tin' riiumal |r.. vnlciii'c 111' iiifcrmitlriit IVvcr iit lliis pHst is hik; Inimlrrd iiimI riiirtnii|,. ••(•lit. : i>\' rciiiitlciit, twenty. Il Im.s not f^ullVrrd iViiiii ycllnw IVvcr. \'I. Tim: \V.\siiir\. — Tlii.s ;:ro!it trilml.iry d' llnl Www lins ,i((,uir. i iHitorict V wliii'li cliiiiii.H fur it aimri! c.xti'iidcd iintici' lliiiii I liiivr tlic imaii. ■ piviii;,'. Tf.s uriiriii is in tlm O/ark Mmiiit liii.H, tlit'ir fidlod tlio Wiisliita Kill. iiiiincdiutt'ly iimtli of llic-nat liciid u[' linl IliviT, a lillK' liidnw tlio latitU'!' of tliirl v-l'our ilo<:rccs. 'I'akii:,:; at first iiiicastcni illrfftinii, it turns at \n: to till! soiitli-cast, and tlnii It tin- soiitli, wlicn it descends into tlic Cuir •. dia Mutton) ( /'/. 17/ ). and, under tlie name of iNuiro or I'dack, enters I!.,; River ahout tldrty nnles from its niontli. TtH p'cat trilmtarics tt; tlio ^y arc Saline Kivcr, joining it sonic distance np, and llie I)a}ouH Iliciif )h and 'I'en.saH, wldcli uiutc witli it in the MississiiPiii liottoin. < >n tlie ut. : side it receives, nearly o|i|i'isitc tlie.sc liayous, tlie Calalioola, ur liittlc Hi', • wincli lias traversed Lake Catalioola; and liiglier np, among minor str.ai.> tlic horhone, and Little .Missouri. Tlui.s the upper portion of this river is in lull lands, mid Its middle mart' junction of the hill lands with tlic Concordia l>ottoni, where it lluws in mi... a direction that, while its right liank looks to the liighlaiuls, its left istoii.. bottom, intii which it finally descends. I'ldng then joined by tlu; Imv :• just iiientidiied, it htses the character of an upland stream, and, lilldhvitl; redundant waters of the ^lississippi, in .spring and summer ovuriluw; r hanks far and wide. [n its topdgrajthy and aiituninal diseases, this hiwer portion of t:. Washita is so much like the lower portions of I'ed llivor and the )lis>ivii ;' tliat a separate notice is not demanded; and as there is not on its biiiib >. town of interest, we may jiass to the region of its uji|)er waters. VTI. Hot Si'KiNds. — Among the upper waters of tlie AVashita, in N. L: ;Uf' :}1' and W. Lon. Ii2'\5()'4r)", near the base of the south-eastern si | the Ozark .>biuntains, about six miles lun-th of theWa.shita I'iver, lie tliLui.- brated Hot Springs.* According to NicoUet,t their elevation is govciik'l drcd and eighteen feet above the (iulf of Mexico; the altitudes of scvtri | neighboring ridges being nine hundred and ninety-seven, cloven liuiuliiil sixty-two, and fourteen hundred and six. The springs arc about suvuiity:! number, and burst out near each other in the same valley. In tcininratur- they range from ninety-two to one hundred and iifty-one of ralirtii&:: They are limidd, emit no bubbles (»f gas, and have no particular taste. I-* many other hot springs, they hold silex in solution; for they deposit a fXi J which is composed of that earth, with lime and oxydc of iron..j: Tlies'ii'f rounding rocks manifest more or less of a volcanic character, as I ^ * Major Long's Expedition to Rocky Mountains, Vol. II, p. 2C9, etc. t Ilyilrograpli. Hasin. i Expedition, Ibid. r ** i rilT I.] IMHIMnU VAM.I'Y tH' .NulM'll AMKIilCA. Hi:; ,i(;,riiit'tl Ity Ptictor WanliT, wlm lian !*|iL'uh aiiil ;.'niii(Irur, ,1,1 1 its >iiniiiii'r anil autumnal hululirity is uiii|U(jstiiinablc. '■'(ir till' I't'iipl*' of' tlie far Hitutli, tlu' Wa.sliitu S|irin;:s ini;:lit lie niaili- an !itro>*'ii^' suiniiu'r ri'Mirt. as tliis is tln'ir ni'ai'L'Ht nmuntain lucalit) ; ami U} \\.\\hU if till' sniitliiTii part of till) Interior \'all") wlmsu (li.seasos rcijuiru ti - ,Mri tn li'it spriir.'s, tliusc df tlic \Va,«liila air far ninR' cfpnvi'niont tliaii tin; t -iiriiiirs "II t''U iiiiiiintaiiis uf \'ir;.'iiiia. If inir |p|i}siciaiis wouM turn tiiu tti'iiti'iii 'if tlii'ir [patii'iits to lliis lofaIit\. tlic only olijcotion — u want of uil'iirtaUc at'conimoilations — wouM soon lie obviated. SIX'TIOX \'. Tin: ai;k \.\.elow ',' 'l ' ii'ii'k, cretaceous pine bliitlV approach its right-hand bank, the bottoms t' ppo.site .side being low and brnad. At length these hills recede, and •■;;iliivial plains blend themselves with tho,-e of the Mis.-issippi, and alu-und ! liikcs, liayou,'*, and swamps, which are annually replenished by the spring 'lis. The junction of tliu two river.s is about in X. Lat. ^JG" 40' and W. I, !i. w :',[•. hi a.sccndiiig the river, after jiassing Little lioek, the traveler outers the .•;i ijri' iif Ozark >biuntaiiis, throiigli which, without falls or even rapids, the :I\ r makes it.s way. At I'ort Smith, nearly three hundred miles uji, he .still !;i:il.- a rugged country; but at Fort (Ilbsoii, one hundred miles fiirtlier, and -ix hundred and thirty inilcs from tlie mouth of the river, tlie ui oun- i;iins liuvo ceased, and the prairies, which stretch away to tlie Ivocky Mouii- iiiiiis. arc seen on every side. That portion of the valley which traverses ;':'■ Mil Country is much narrower than that below, and the bottoms are far -^^ liable to luundatloii. The deposits which are made upon them by the irisliets of the river abound In common salt, and the water ■n-hlcli is left I'.liiud contains a great deal of that salt in solution ; which, Mr. Nuttall sup- • . t •t^:-,- «ri:V 164 THE TRINCirAL DISEASES OF THE [BOOS I rillT 1. INTERI ■f ,' '! -1 , { :^ •• I ■ ' I • r '- -*■■ i I •r posos, cliccks the progress of organic decoirposition iu summer and autiiii;i. and (limiiiislies tlie prevalence of interniittt nt and remittent fevers.* Of tliat, tlie longer, p(jrtiun of the river which lies beyond Fort Gibson, ij tlic great prairies, I need not speak, as its banks are almost uninhahittd, TT. LiTTM'] 1\0CK. — Of the most important town in the valley of tlit Arkansas, I can say but little. Its latitude is o-l^ -\'>' 2o" N.,— its tlova- tion ab(>ve tlie level of the Gulf, three hundred .uid thirty-two feet— tb: of ]iig Ruck, three miles above, six hundred and eighty.!' Tlius the town ,: Little Rock is beyond the limits (jf the alluvial beds of the 3Iississippi. ]; fact, there are on the suutli side of the Arkansas a series of cretaceous l)liit:> below the tfiwn. On the immediate tnpngraphy of this locality I cant; speak f(ir want of facts. It has never been visited by yellow fever; and i^ not, I believe, greatly infested with iiitermittents auu remittents, considii::.- its latitude, and tlie t ontiguity of the river. III. FoKT Smith.— The site of this post, in N. Lat. 35*^ 22', ami ^V Lon. 1)4*"' !<>'. is the right bank of Arkansas River, which, at that p.ii.:. flows directly north. A tributary passes near tlie fort, on it south side, [in; enters the river just above it. l?niall lakes and marslies abfanid in cvr direction, some of which are subject to inundation from tlie river. Tlnkr- race on which tbc fort stands is about fifty feet above the alluvial plai:!- and consists of a dark-colored, slat}", mioaeoous sandstone. J The countrv beyond the bottom lands is broken, witli some eminences which arc ak ■■ mountahious. || TIio returns from this j.ist indicate a decided prevalence of autuiiiiii fever, especially the intermittent form, the annual ratio of which is ciielnE- dred and seven per cent.; tliat of remittents, fourteen. In the autumn.: the vear lS2o, there prevailed a malignant fever, which put on many of tL. symptoms of yellow fever, of Avliich more will be said in the history of tl.a: disease. {:; IV. Fort Oinsox. — The latitude of this post is 35" 48' N., its longitui 95^' D' \\'. It is situated on the left bank '^f the Neosho River, a nortliorr tributary of tlic Arkansas, three miles al)o\e their junction. Its sitei;' low bottom ; and about a mile and a half to its south south-west, botwtc the two rivers, their lies a sniaH lake surrounded with marshes. The dosoir.; to this lake from tiie fort is very little, and hence the latter is badly dniiiii This bottom, including the place where the fort is built, was a canc-braki Cane is found also on the ojiposite or south side of the river, which aboinii- in ponds and marshes. Immediately above the mouth of Neosho Kivo: "Verdigris Creek enters the Arkansas, and adds to the alluvial grounds n •Loiig'.s Exiiodiliou to the Rocky Mountains.— Nuttall's Travels in Arkansas - f 'eatIierstoiiIiau;r'r.s Report ami Excursion. + Nicollet : Hydrograph. IJasin. || Med. Stat. U. S. .\ iNuttuH's Travi'ls. §Ibid. :b: wust. For three -f r 'iid liy elevated prai •.xj'iftc'i], the army rep( •'' /"«/ sic';Iy, indeed, i: '"-'II. bcluw New ( 1 ■ •' iniiidrod and twent^ In advancing by a sim Ar!;nnsas to the 3rissoi f-niarks concerning the c : its oa.stcni niari'in a.' .T'ln thr mouth of St. Fi ''.iiidrcd miles, no consid «!i-k\ the ^laramec, beh ".:r tiling of interest to thi 'i'lio Arkansas, nearly a Arkansa.*.-; aii.l the ^lissi ■ir "igh the state of Missi ■:;'|'i. and advance westw; !i:!i, rulhng forest land; !i;e position and outline of ■1 il!o map of the Valley. i rated load, iron, and coppei f T. the snutli, these mount; i':o whole of AVhite River, I ; ia it above Little Rock I wliieh finally turns to the ' '.-asconado, and largo brand 'loyatod hydrograjdiieal cei 'jnu-s, is oscinpt from lak •!!^ topography with the br. ^^••i^^liita, and Arkansas, ovc •'■''"gt' results from a chan .•■i'irolydifrereiit. Loose ter '-yt'ie currents of rivers, ai J*»'^"is,are repkced by ol. '""Urian lime and sandstone, '''^'-^- Thus it is that mi!ii ^IBT !•. INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 1G5 :'v west. For tlirce-fourths of tho distance round it, tliis Idonlity i? onvi-- . riil liv elevated prairies, terminating in a range of hills. As iniglit be .•cincti'il. tlie army re})nrts represent t'lis as a very sickly post in autnnin — •i,i' most sii'-ly, indeed, in tlic -ndiolc Interinr "^'alley, except, perliajis, Fort ,I;:('":; hundred and twenty, for remittents, tw^tity-five per cent.* SECTION VI. THE OZARK MOUNTAINS. I;i ii'lrariciiig by a single step tlinmgli fmr degrees of latitude, from the Irknnsiis to tlie ^Missouri I'iver, it is is proper to make a few general ■marks concerning the country between tliem. Tliis lias been already done r its eastern margin, as we ascended tlie ^lississijipi ; wlien we saw tliat, ::.mttk' mouth of 8t. Francis River to tiiat of the ?dissouri, more than six 'iii;i!rcd miles, no considerable stream enter-' the cunuaon trough. Of the ,':,!e. tlie Maramcc, below St. Louis, is the largest, but does not present litliiiig of interest to tho medical tojiofjrapher. The Arkansas, nearly as high as we ascend it, flows through the state of Arkansas; and the ^Missouri, in like maimer, advances to tho ^lississippi :'ir'nL'!i the state of Missouri. As wc leave tho riglit bank of the ^Missis- > I i. and advance wcstwardly between these rivers, wo are everywlr re on '::.''i, rulhiig. forest land; which at length rises into the Ozark Mountains, il'/ J i'sition and outline of which were sketched in Cliapter T, and may be seen ". t!'.i^ map of the Vallej'. On the flanks of these mountains lie the oelc- ': r.it' d lead, iron, and copper mines of Missouri, mostly west of Rte. Gencv'eve. T the south, these mountains send down branches of the iJiver S't. Francis, ■'.e whole of White River, and some small tributaries of the Arkansas, Avhich i:i it above Little Hock. To the north, they throw ofi" the 3Iaramec, ■i!; linally turns to the oast, and unites with tlie ^lississippi; also the 'i;i>'' nade, and laro-e branches of the Osa2;o, which flow to the Mi>souri. This ■ levated hydrographical center (>f two stat , abounds in pure and permanent -['niiL's, is exempt from lakes and marshes and forms a siriking contrast in ;:• topography with the broad and wet alluvial bottoms of ]'ed Kiver, the ^^asliita, and Arkansas, over which we have just passed. This topographical •;i!!ge results from a change in the geidogical constitution, which is liere 'Hirely different. Loose tertiary and cretaceous deposits, easily moved about .'till' eurrents of rivers, and thus favoring tho production of wide alluvial •ttiims, arc rcplr.ced b}- older and more solid strata of carboniferous and ^:. inau lime and sandstone, reposing u])on, or around, unstratified m- primitive " ci;s. Thus it is that mineral geology illustrates medical topograiihy. 'W '■■■■■ v',.,»- ili.f^ ;'|'i%.v^t'^:|:r. . ..'"'Vl'' • • -m:: ■?■ M:- -■'::. -.4^' ^:^ »Mod. Stilt. U. S. A. 4 IGO THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE [book ! ; I I • : !') F M'^-- illii'ni' Of the autumnal diseases of tliis region, T cannot sjicak Mitli im;,: authority; l)ut whatever I c-an say, is in its favor. Beyond the westfr;. slopes of these mountains, we ecini' to the great treeless jdain, which ascii;'. to the liocky ^Mountains-. It Ix-gins between the ninety-fuiu'th and iiji,- . fifth degrees of west longitude, that is, not far ea.-^t of the western hniiiilar' of tlie states of ^lissouri and Arkansas; and there. c(juidistaiit hetwcen tj. Arkansas and the .^lissouri. we have the interhK-king sources of twi of tUi: considerahlo triliutaries. the Neosho and Osage, which flow off noarlv ■: opposite directions. SECTION VII. THE MISSOURI RIVER. I. (Ik.nkkai. DKsnni'Tiox. — Having myself ascended the ^lissnuri Iliv; to Fort Jjcavenwortli, nearly fi,ur liundred miles, beyond wliidi, fruiii ■ sparseness ot [lopulation, the baid^s at present oiler but little interest ti^ \.: medical topogi'apher, I am enabled (o speak with more confideuee tLa;, : Ivcd River and the Arkansas, which I did m ■ explore. According to Nicidlet,* the junction of the Missouri Vilth the ]Miisi;-jiii' fourteen hundred and eight miks from the (!ulf of 3Iexico, is in X. Lat. 'i' .')()' r)0" and W. Lon. !)(»" lo 45". Its surface, at Lav M-ater, is tlircok- dred and eighty-ciiiht feet above the Gulf. Its ireneral course frmnF:: Leavenworth to its mouth is so nearly east, that the dilFerence in kti;i.;: between the two points is only thirty-one minutes fifty seconds, and iiv -: : that diiferencc accrucsbetween Fort Leavenworth and the Kansas Eivor. ' mouth of which is only fifteen minutes thirteen seconds north ff :. junction of the 3lissouri with the ^Mississippi. The trough, or i;unicuh:. valley, through which the ^lissouri flows, is from two to four Uilles wiilo; s.. bounded by rocky limestone hills, which rise to the hight of from one hun- dred to three hundred feet. The fall in the 3Iissouri from Fort Luave:.- worth to the mouth of the rivei', a distance of three hundred and sew;.:; miles, is, according to Nicollet, three hundred -nud fifty-eight feet, — ueark- foot a mile, and M'ithiu thirty feet of the entire descent afterwards to t- Gulf of Mexico, a distance of fourteen hundred and uiirht miles. Nearly all the ^lissuuri bottoms are on the north or left side, the '.;■. : pressing against blufTs to the south or right side ; as the ^Mississippi, Iji- ' the mouth of the Ohio, presses on its bluffs to the east or left-hand i& ^Fost of the.so bottoms, in occasional extraordinary floods, like that of I'-l- are liable to inundation; but ordinarily, the greater part arc exempt. T' -' lagoons, and swamps are, therefore, much less common than along tlie 3Ii;'" sippi below ; and from the narrowness of the valley, they are, of cuiJv * Ilydrograpli. Basin. • ''•■'ijff r.lRT !•, INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH A:\IERICA. 107 ;. !i moro limited. Anotlior cause contriljuting to the same exemption, is riiusaiiclv ami absurljiiig (nuility n'l tlio gruiiiul, wliicli, along the 31isisi; III' ;uitiiiiin;il fcviT ; iiiid tlicri; is 11(1 oxciiiiitiiJii iVdiii (.Iiiit ojiidciiiio. On tl, Cdiitniry, it prevails in tlio bottmiis and on I ho liliiirs evrry yoar, tlumgh tlie iiuiiilior (if iiialigiiaiit cases is imt, ]i( rlia|is, as j^Ti'at as in iiioro suutlicrc lucalities of tlio saiiio t(i[io;.'ra|iIiiral cliaiackT. TI. OsAdK IJivi;u. — 'I'liis river, tlif sinirccs ol' wliieli Iiavo been iilicvi. iiidicatrd. after |iiirsiiiiig a iiortii-oast eourso tlirotigli a nitrj-'od euui i try, en- ters tlio Missouri by its right bank, (Hie bnndred and thirty miles iVuni in mouth, and eii^ht miles behiw the eaiiital of the state, Jlre^ently to Lt described. Frnni Mr. -Inhn .bihnscn, whn resides oiglitceu miles from it, mouth, T learned, that the back-watt'r of the 3lissouri, iu 1^1 I, ascLiido.] 1/eyond his residence; and that tlic Hood of the Osage itself deluged it.slj.t. tonis from \\ arsaw down, that is, through lu'arly lialf its length. T'uMiallv however, it does not overilow its baidli(t, or have ]»orti r^iijis liy copious rains. .^ Py ;!i;!i-dams. In a confined nvitL' . arisen on the low bluff iM'iii of twelve miles, to t |i'-:rata arc carboniferous lii p,'. A mill-stream, called t r;:i to sputli, up which the ' pi.>. Both the Femme and prter to half a mile in widt k-iiH.l poiidy. The town ( •iiid. All parts of this co fi iii(.-;t fertile and desirable o P'us to autumnal fever, e c';-t I saw a number of ca Ir Talbot, who had resided ii Y vi.*itatioiis, which, althou Eirgisli streams than clsewhci ^VI. Aiiiiow Hock.— This i||i!\ ■ ■ • ■ '"rm lnRTl.] INTKRIOIl VALLEY OF NoIfTII A.MKIMCA. 100 tij>ik lit" the river, fifty miles Iiii;lier iqi, iiiid uwv. imiiilred anil eidity-novcn HI the iiiiiuth (if tliu Missmiri. Tlic Iilull's, still eoinposod of earliniiifermis |i,j,;(i,no, arc less rii,L'',L;e(l niid imicli less elevated tliaii tliose of .Jeflersoii [iiv; Id'iii;.', aceordiii;; to Nieollet, old}' seventh-two feet above low water Uiirk, anil six limidred add two above tlie (lulf of .Mexieo. The eoiiiitry Lrunil Bill I'l villi' i.s dry and ^ollin,L^ bnt on the opposite side of tlicilver, tli.re is a bottom two ndles wide. A'isitiiii>' l5ooiiviIle and .lefl'rison (."ity Icar tlio same timo, T bad an op[)ortunify of comiiarinii- them, as t(» anUimnal ,r. ami foimil it decidedly more prevalent at (he latter, than the former. oonville. Tiie sandy and friable bottom on which it stands, ' ratlior, mi which it stood, is not only liable to overflows, but to extensive |vi:i:s-iii of its banks. Tn eonseijueuce of this, a vilbigc called New ]-"rank- ; Las arisen on the low bluffs in its rear. Through this village, I made an MiNuiiof twelve miles, to the town of I'ayette, in Howard (!ounty. The Tata are carbonil'erous limestone, and the surface is low, ridgy, or rol- l:. A mill-stream, called the ]5onno Femnie, traverses the county from |[::a to si'Utli, up which the back-water of the flood of lSd4 asceniled ten |il.>. Both the Femine and its pi^iieipal branches have bottoms from a ■'!' r tu half a mile in width, which, after floods or great rains, are left t; and pnndy. The town of Fayette is on rolling and suflieicntly dry '"'iiil. All parts of this county, — whicli may be taken as a specimen of »!. iiinst fertile and desirable of the wood-land portions of 3Iissouri, — are ob- )'u';i.> to fiutunmal fever, especially near the streams. In the month of |i'.: •.>t I saw a number of cases, some of which were malignant ; and Doc- |rTa!ljiit, who had resided in the comity several 3 cars, testified to the an- lial visitations, which, although general, are much more violent near the >li i^treams than elsewhere. ^ b AuKow lloCK. — This village is situated fifteen miles above ]joon- !l .1 4 ^.■' t " p- ■..•■i-":t ■^im ,•' - jlU ,1 • iff ■!■•■■ v:,. ' 17(1 THE PIlINXirAL DISEASES OF THE [BOOS villi-', ami two liuiiilrcd fruiii tlir uiuutli of l!ic rivur. Like the last, it .;;; on a level, but more elevated, rocky lihiQ" on the ri^ht hand, and h 1;,;.; little rurlher hack I'runi llie river. Opposite to it, the i>'issuuri Wt in, liable to inundation in river floods, and ihroughout tlie }-car ahountls iin n ; less in punds ami .slon;:li,s. In tlic rear of the village, on thf .suutli ^;i.. ; the river, at the distunee of a few miles back, runs the ".'dge :u : tlie river, is decidedly lialde to autumnal fever. This, in fact, is not ;i ■_■ lecture: for, since my visit in 1^4-1, I have been informed by Doctor Ti\t' that when, in summer and autumn, tlie wind sets over the village fiijiii ;... | bottom, the fever inevitably anpears. A'lll. Saline County. — Thl- is the name of the large county iiiw!. the two last-mentioned villages arc situated. The iMissoiu'i hero iii;i'i;',| great bend to tlie north, :ind hence the distance between those vill;!." much greater by the river than on the chord of the are. Except a iiifi: near tlie Missouri l\iver, slips along the branches of the La3Iiiio(£;| johis the ^Missouri above lloonvillc), and ctpses of small trees, slirul-,.. vines, scattered hero and there, this county is made up of undulating !«::. w1iii-li. from any point, extends in all directions to the limit of vision. )1:."| small natural ponds, and a greater number of wet [irairios, gonoralh : ■•I nectcd with sluggish brooks, are met with. In ftict, tlic grass ni;tti::..| interferes witli tlie ready and rapid flow of the rains which fall on tliu \>r~'- surface. The sub-stratum is carboniferous limestone, — the soil firtilc 11 ^ and abounding in organic matter. The jirairics of Saline Count\ aiv : beginning of the great plains wliich stretch south to the Arkansas KiviT,;:-! west to the Ilocky Mountains; and this descripvion n.ay be received a? ;;;;-• cable to their eastern margin generall}'. "When visiting this county in l'--| I was told by Doctor Ijoiig, of the interior village of ^Marshall, ai: Doctors Tait and Towles, of 3[iami, that intermittent and remittent fi.v::| prevail in all parts of it, but do not often assume a malignant cliarattcr IX. LicxiNCTON. — The young but ranidlv crowinjj town of Lexin;:-| like tlie others, stands on the south side of the river, and is two hunili't'i ^'1 ninetv-fjur miles from its mouth. The ^Missouri 'waslics the base > n'ir I.J INTER ini It 'iv ncrpciidicular limc- ■W'l hu'iilrcd feet aliov. -trata >f shale, wliii -tunc tlircugh which a |;V(. . til" liinc.*tone on whic M'r jiyairies here ajiproac] l(.;,ttr tlicm, .small miry ai fliaviii.' a (leiiso covering dt J; j^arati'S tlicm from the r gfiiio"!' the .Missouri, the b :;:i innndatinn, and alx I ;;i;anL'iit. Lexington, on v::l: autuninal fever. TI I • violently affected. Di I' v'T. near Lexington, ];a ■ 8 ! latal diameter along tl gf ?.<. l'i;(.-tor r'louinoy a ' tt'ijti on the opposite sidt Ht'jo adjacent prairies. .\'. MotTii OF Kansa.s ||e: nth, is so level that its c i'OIi.vSfiuri, is occasionally shi |.,('. tlie li'wer, there is '^'i a' |t'.«ulimersion. A mile bel |f';ai! that on which LexiiKft rl families reside. On tlio . tt^m of great extent, w ll ;'(.d. In the month of J p/tr among the inhabitants ^.i'^ "f tlic bluffs. e western boundary r |M;>>nnri llivcr, is the merit fund, tlirce hundred and s I'l ■■^•1' '^y W., and La( |l:-"uri is, at this point, so ptlii.'adj.dniiig hills may b( XI. MioTiionisT 3Ianua; bi.vs.—'Plicse establishment fry. a few miles south-west i Til'' aspect of the region wh fltd prairie and wood-land, ■ Umiins there are slips of gi * Fivmo ■ ■ . t rxsT I.. IXTERinil VAMJIY OF NORTH AMERICA. 171 •irlv ncrpendifuliir limestone blufl's on wliiuli it is l)iiilt. Tlic I'lcvatinn may 1, two liu'idrctlt'cot iiliove tlic vivcr. TnmicdiatL'ly oast of Lexiii<.'ton tlierc . -tratii if slialo. wliicli, I Dresiiiiio, uiidcrlio tlio coal and parbonit'erous l;ii.t iiH' tlmuirli wliioli we have jiassed IVoni tlio month of the river; and if ^. til" liiiir^tiiiie on which the town i.s hnilt must be the njipev Silnrian. It': ■ 'iniiric'S here ;i|i]iri.arli witliin two niihs of the jiver, and the moment wo t iir tliiiii. small miry and lai;<;ing rivnlets, with swampy tracts, the whole Ijmiic a (loiise covering of grass> arc met witti. Tlie slip of wood-land whicli snrati'S tlicm from the river, is dry and hilly. On tlie north or opposite „fii,; nftlic ^Iissonri, the bottum is broad, depressed, densely wouded, liable to li.r.uai inundation, and abounding in ])onds and swamps, some of whicli arc ^;vr/r;i!aiieiit. Lexington, on tlie whole, docs not appear to be seriously infested ^ritli aiitiunr.al fever. The prairies, as in Saline County, are generally, l)ut fir. t viuloiitlv affected. ])octor A'anghan amt Doctor Mvian, of the village of JlnvcT. iiwvr Lexington, have occasionally seen intermittents of a malignant E!:il fatal character along the erodes up which the back-water of the Missouri w>. J't;i.'tnr Flouvno_y and Doctor Diggcs, of Lexington, regard tlie low pi •• 111 III) the opposite side of the river as more unhealthy than tlie town, or ft'^.- ailjai'dit prairies. X, .Morrii OF Kans.vs Hivkr. — The bed of the Kansas Puvcr, near its "r. iitli. is so level that its current, when the river is not swollen above the }';-S'iiiri, is occasionally sluggi.sh. (In the upper .side, its banks are high, — K the li'Wi'r, there is •'! alluvial b(ittom of moderate width, which is liable It Milimcrsion. A mile jjtlow its mouth, at the foot of a l)lulY less elevated lt'.;ii! that on which Lexington is built, is "Wcstport Landing, where a number !';iiiiili('s reside. On tlie ojiposite side of tlie river, there is a low and foul ll ttni of great extent, which is liable to inundation, and is but thinly \vi\. Ill the month of August, I found a decided prevalence ol" autunnial I vtr aaumg the inhabitants of Wcstport, both at the base and at the sum- li.iu nf the bluffs. The western boundary of Missouri, from the state of Ai'hansas to the pl:j.*iiuri Piiver, is the meridian of the mouth of the Kansas .Kiver, which is if uiul, three hundred and seventy-two miles from the Mississippi, in Lon. hi. ■:,-l' :,.[" W., and Lat. 39" G' 3"- N. The low water-level of the j)h,v^nuri is, at this point, seven hundred feet above the fiulf.* The altitude io; thf ailjriiiiiiig hills may bo oiu> hundred and fifty feet higher. I XI. Mi-ymoDisT M.vnual Laiiou Sniooi., and otuku ^Fissionary Sta- iKiNs. — These establishments are found near each other, in the Indian coun- Iry. a few miles south-west of the junction of the Kansas with the 3Iissouri. ''■aspect of the region which they occupy is gentl}' rolling, with intermin- li'il prairie and wood-land, — the former predominating. Along the small itrwiiiis there arc .slips of grassy marsh, but no extensive swamps. Perma- '"•''!• ,t.' ■ l-"*' ■ ;.^ m^. '■■■'■:■':;>'',■ -■!;'■ ^.1-. t ' :_.:■•-. -Iji-irv ■.:...•■ * Fremont's First Report, p. 1S2, 183. .f a. •* t ■ '. . ' n. rr;-, • 4^ :: 1 ' ::r :- '■■} '-i' 172 THU PRINCIPAL DISKASRS OF THE iBOOl iioiit s[irln,£Ts arc numerous. The roi-ks l)enoath are Silurian liniestono. T:- Ba|)tist .Mi.«si(in building's wi'ro ort'ctud (Hi a iiniiric; but in 1^44, wlimj was tlicre, a grove nf various kinds of forest treos liad sprung up; apjidrirf; from tlio animal burning of the grass liaving lj(.'en prevented. Tliu mini!.' of btnevoliMit wliito persons, of botli sexes, attaelied to tlie two cstiill;.:. monts wliieti liavo been nanuil, and a tliird under tlio managenicrit ifv, Society of Friends, lias for .several years iieen suiVnieiit to test tlie aiifin:, salubrity "f tins Ideality; wliidi is decidedly lioaltliicr than the hlufl.< at;;. mouth of the Kansas, or the prairies of Saline Cuunty; the former ci.niii;:.. son showing the ins ;lnbrious intlnencc of the river, and the latter aiiiiiii;. cing the great fuet tliat, as we proceed westwardly on the jirairies, auturi fever becomes less and less ])revaleiit. XIT. VoiV£ iii:Avi;.\\voi!Tir. — Tiiis post stands on a high limcstdii' i;.: on the right haml side of the river, four hundred mih'.'; from its nifiit!;,;; Lat. .•;•.)■• 122' 40" N., and Lon. !)4» 44' W. The h.\v watc-.surfacc .i:J river is seven hundred and forty-six feet above thcdulf;* the .suiiir,:;: the hill on which tlio fort is erectod, is about nine hundred feet. Tln.rv flowing nearly South, dashes strongly against the rocks at theha.'^ei. hill. Ilall'-way u[), there breaks out a copious spring of water, the toni|(:5. ture of wiiicli 1 found to be fifty-four degrees, Fahrenheit, in the in :;;L August, On the opposite side of the river, there is a ])road and mirv ! :■ tom, with all the chara'^toristies of thtjse further down the river. I'l:; same side with the fort, above and below, but not very near, there arc rx' rower biittoms. The ground stretching off to tlie south from Fort ]mv::-\ worth, inclines a little, and becomes undulatory. It presents both praiiitf.! wood-land, the former greatly predominating, ancT becoming still nu'ivK' dominant as wc advance westwardly. In different dircv'ticns not far !r: the fort, I observed small tracts of grassy swamp. While this was a Cfil post the prevalence of autumnal fever was much greater tiian ait [iv-: although the condition of the hiw bottom on tlie oniiositc side of tin.' )I:: souri has not been materially changed: which shows that a part, atlww :| the early sickness was owing to tojiogi-aphical conditiuiis nearer t'.icsite: the fort, which have been (djviated. As the dragoons stationed how o;!:! .spent a portion of the summer and autuniii in excursions on the prairii\ "■: returns do nut admit of an accurate estimate of the ratios of intermittent ;:: | remittent fevers. XTII. Srrn,i:>ri:NT.* Xoutii of tiik ]Mis,^oui;t Piivriu. — These ?■."■• ments behtng either to the state of ^Missouri, which < xtends up to tlickd tudo of forty degrees thirty minutes, or to the southern or sonth-ir.-; " part of Tuwa, which rests upon that parallel. The former wore m first; but all are comjiaratively new. The jjriiicipal river of this rc.'i : I * Nicollet : IIy(lrograi)h. Basin. r,»T I.J LVTRiaoit 1 ■ "jiiip: chiefly to Towa, li ■ I'rairios between the lihe s()iitli-ca.st, until it re; Witliiu the state of .A f I!l tlio liftle basins ( ; r Cliiiritoii, <':l (Iran f r Miv-'iiri. Of this reg ir-'l-IiaJ and prairie, the I, cr .Mississippi ; the surface iii,it>'iiis; and intermittent I' d'.''nM!ig IJooiiville, some tin's rc'L'iini. Till' principal rivers of 4he Sliikagua, Iowa, Wabez "ID". tlio cciiiitry through wl IlisS'uri, with less autninna .\'!V. Tiik (iriKAT I'i.a km t ' ttic map of the Inte : jb till- cliaptor, trace the )> ' hi ''■'•■ To do this, he mu.' r. 1. '!!. 10iY\ keeping on t |( the back settl'Miients of J Ifanlly to tlic state of Arkai t% tlio mouth of the Kansas || -111 laiy of the state of 3Ji M rt'i-'ust to the junction of ■'-'4G"andW. Lon. ! lavi'a (•iiiropo- American pn] rii- :•-■:'•. Ilaviiig doii'; this, |iotiieoa.st and th'> IJocky 3 :■ v;i;tnc,?s of the savannas cry li^rils of buffaloes, and tl atural oliaractcristics of th '!'L'^tcil)he sketched in a (fee? of latitude; rises ro"' ^^^'•' the base of the Kocf I' streams; consists, at and r |liio!i largely iiuhibo its rive i"iv ea.storii part of the Val tsonoe of trees, often become f destitution of forest, and Wiiec? unwonted coldness in f*'->. when its grass has driec •"""th a region, except near .'-' • '; nil'; '" ^^TW l-.HT I, INTERIOR VALLP:Y CF NORTH AMERICA. 178 1 ',.n'in2 eliii'fly f" Town, is tlio Dos .Mdiiiof, wliioli f)rigi!iutcs on the f^.tcau ,: - I'rairics bctwocii tlic St. I'ctor's .'ukI tlic ^lissouri, ami flows nearly to ."iit!i-c'nst, until it rcaclios llio Mississiiipi. \Vi'.':iii the state of ."Missouri tlic jjojiulation of tliis rrfrioij is cliiefl}' f ;t1 ill the little basins of Salt Jliver, wliieli flows into the .Mississiii'ii, anil ( till' Chariton, f'x (irand, and tlio liittlc 1 Mat to I'ivers, wlileli einpt} into t I' Miv-^i'iiri. Of this region, T ean say but little. It presi'nts a mixture of ,.ir(ii'l-l:i;ul and praino, the latter increasing as we advanee from the Mi.-souri % .Mi>sis!-ipiii ; the surface is either flat or undulating ; the rivers have wide I Intt'iiis; and intermittent and remittent fevers are annual eiiideniics. When i; ri'in? IJoonville, some account was given of Howard County lying within i.U rcL'ion. 'i'lio principal rivers of south -oastern Towa ( after the Des 3Ioincs ) arc f JL' Sliikagna, Iowa, M'abezi}iimkau, and Makokety. As far as is known to HI., tk' Cduntry through wbieh tlicy .'iow, is in the main similar to northern Jl!>.> iiiri, ffitii less autumnal fever, because in higher latitudes. Xl\' TiiK (IiM'AT Plain.s — TiiK Inwan CouNTiiv. — If tlio Tcadcr will tr.rii t ' tliu map of the Interior A'alley (7'/. /), he may, by the descriptions In tlii> chapter, trace the lioundary line of the Caucasian and Indian juiai- l^tilP^. To do this, lie must descend frnn Santa F»', in N. Lat. '15"' -U' and Wi. I. ';. I'Ki^', keeping on the east side of tlie I'io del Norte, until ho comes ;|t t!ic liaek settl'Mucnts of Texas, about kititudc thirty-three; tben turn cast- i;iF:;rilv {(I the state of Arkansas ; then ascend on tlie ninety-fourth meridian P t'l' mor.tli of tlie Kansas; then go up the Missouri IJiver to the northern [:Ji 'HI l;iry of the state of Missouri, in liat. 41)" 8(1'; and tben travel north 1 1 rtli-iast to the junction of tlie St. Peter's witli the 31ississi]ipi, in X. Lat. 41- .■)•:' 4G" and W. Lon. IKJ^' -1' 51". In following such a line, he will :: l]uropo- American pnpulatio.. m his right, and an Indian popidatiou to I'ii.- i'.ft. Having done this, and cast his eyes on the Appalachian ^fountains |;|ci tliu •'a.st and the Ilocky Mountains to the west, he will at once perceive Pi?v.i;fness of the savannas Avhich arc still in the joint occupancy of niigra- ilciy licrds of buffaloes, and the savage tribes which follow on tiicir trails. The llstural diaractcristies of this boundless region may (as far as etiology is Ct' iL-tcil ) bo sketched in a few sentences. It extends through fifteen de- ||reo-: of latitude; rises regularly from south-east to north-west until it yeri.':;i ^ tlie base of the I'ocky Mountains ; has but little forest, except along ! streams ; consists, at and near its surface, of sand and other loose matters, Eft . , . wli:;'i largely imbibe its rivers ; enjoys but little rain, compared with the ■K lasterii part of the "N^alley ; from the dryness of the surface and the tsonce of trees, often becomes greatly heated in summer; from its declivity, ps destitution of forest, and its contiguity to the liocky IMountains, expe- Kiiccs unwonted coldness in winter ; and finally, suffers extensive running tis. when its grass has dried in autumn. < .'•'■'4. .'■ •-r .• b !l' r ; 1 • ' * . • ■ * ■' .' * ■ ' "% • • ■ ' • , • » ' ." ^f:*:^ n hih a region, except near the rivers which traverse its lower latitudes. #- J ... » . t •'t 'r ' ' ' 1 'i. 171 TFH", IMMNCIPAI, DISEASES OF Till', [*,<,, CUM I'L'vtT 1)1' mm li inrcstfil with iiiftM-niittcnt riml rPiiiiU'.'iit fevers; 1 1;- mny be 8('(iurj:;cil witli tin- iiMi'^ciua.siiv nl' tin' liiii;:s iiml joints. Its siiim;,. lio:iltli is likely td lio greater tliaii its winter. W. .loi i;m:v.< ok |fi;Ai,Tri o\ Tin; st;iiit viiyai:e .m this river does not ol'ten occur, and whoii it duos, it -i; .; not li(( |irei'erred to the others, !»y any who have health and ,laek Hills, makes its way to the South Tass of the 11 H Mountains. In making a summer jouniey on this route, as there i> much no"tbiiig, and very limited forcst.s, the heat may be oi'ipres^ivo, ud.l high altitude is attained; but fevers need not be apiireheiuled. .b:! passing the hundredth meridian, the dews arc so inconsidcrahlc, tliat '.:J little incuiivenience is felt from lodging on the grass, even withniit a::l Excursions of health, science, and pleasure united, might be made bv |;ir:.il tu the distance of several hundred miles; where, in the voiceless solitiH- the desert, they might pitch their tents, and plunge into rustication. In lids, more(Jver, might attach themselves to companies of emigrants Imiii- Oregon or Upper California; returning home as opportunities nii^l. In such journeys they would lind that radically curative and rcinvigura;: influence which short excursions cannot, of course, impart. Third. The route to Santa Fi. — Of the three routes this is, and! H long time will continue to be, the most traveled. Uoaring a little t "| south of west, it does not give the advantage of as cool a climate :i> others; but the surface \vhich is traveled over docs not generate auta:< fevers. Moreover, this route may be pursued at a later period iu autumn '- irnTi.j i\Ti:i;rni IcIl'ifTi't'tlie iithofH. All' J ■n.'ifn.'f that to Oregon; ai jt,[iPliiii'lii.Hj"uniey, by \\n'^\^ IIS viiK'vards <ni'\vy siinniiils of tin,' ic-laiiil streiigtli-giviiig bi Friini a deep conviction < Ic'ar^'.'s iif valetudinarians, piles in wliieli they opci'iil It'i.it '•"nilitioii of the atnin. ':i!!'V. gives origin to inft^ Ll. iiilirniiiies for which ;i Hi; is constantly imnie 1 1 He lives on a r .'iter. (i. lie takes recii' 7. llis eye and mi It.iinl in Contrast with tho.^ piHrares; and his new ones, ; (' lie is redeemed from t fuili are tlio therapeutics i '"}■ applicable? ]']vi:ry enli r '.bpeiisia, even that dej.e |rli'i> iif the liver, spleen, ai |i'l imagination,— ineluding Til apoplexy in its incip Hal palsies, following its atta' }r liiemurrliagie diathesis. f'ii tlie earliest predi.ipositin 'i'lfy t(i keep in his saddle t lint it may ho said, these j (ati'i.'is. Und(iubtedly they ( [q'^.'lH. Take them away, '""itains would be scarcely', turupe. 'T!11 ,in. INTERIOII VAF,l,i;V ol" NuUTII AMKIUCA. 17.'. l(';VTi't'tIio ntlior.^. Aii'itliL'i* rocfiTiiiiKMidati III h, that tlio distaiico i.-" imt m I Triit.'is that tu()roj:i'n; ami yet, after rcadiiiiL' Santa I'r, lie lias it in liis puwor It, irii'iir '''" J"'"''"'y' '')' i''-'^''i""li"o '''^' valley <>{' tin- llii del N.irti' t" the llu.ririis viiicvMnls nl' tho Kl I'lisn ; or he iiiny nsccnd tu the rich and ln'aiitit'iil fTiIK'V III' Taus; and IIrmii'C M'ali! tin" snrroiindiMjf outliirs i.f tlu' IJnrky iM'Ui.tiiiiis. His ('h-'vatinn. while .-ijniiriiinL' in these valleys, will ho t'inin L^.,, (, seven tli'in.sand feet ahMVo the (Itdf — (|uite e'[iial tu that nf the |f,Y''« T(ii>ili"f"'<, "1* teinjienite enuiitiies of Mixim; in addition t^ vliieJ!, Illc •^niiwy siinnnits nf the iiei^rhhurinfr nu nntains will often relVe.'^h him with Ic laiiil strengtli-glviny breezes of imre air. I'ruiii u ilcej) eonvietion of the value (.f these overland j lurneys \^^ several i..is iif valetiuliiinrians, I am constrained to point out snmo of tlie various iiMk.< in wliii'h they ojierati;: 1. Tin; jiatieiit esea|ie.s from that malaria, or liiat I'limlitinn of the atmos[ihere, whirh, in tlie larger jiortinus of the (Jrcat falk'V, gives origin to internnttent and renuttent fevers, too often followed I, jiiliriiiiliL'S for whieh a ehaniro of loeality is the only ctl'ectual remedy. \\r is udostantly inimcrsed in a dryer air. :>. He lodi'i's on a hard ^i 1 He lives on a reduced, solid, and simple diet. ;">. He drinks atiT. 'i. He takes regular saddle exercise, or relieves himself hy walk- 7. Ilis eye and mind are constantly excrciseil, on ohjeets whieh \u\\\ in contrast with those ho has loft behind. S. He is divested of his 1 Hires; and his new ones, althougii constant realities, arc few in nnndit'r. He ii redeemed from tho dominion of emiiiricism and jiolyiiliarmaey. pli arc the thcraiieutics of these journeys ; and to what inlirmi-ties arc >vap|ilieahleV Every enli^diteiied physician will answer: 1. To all forms If Jy«|iej).'.<•.■■ '1 * \ , , • • - ■ 'v. 1. .-.. I Ifl i7<; 'iim: n:i.\(ii'A[, iwHKAf^Es or the i«« \nV '•. IXTERfoit m¥\' • 'v ; I I ■J VUWTVAl VIII. T in«: S()T!Tiii; UN ijasin, continckh MEDICAL Toi'ooiJArrrY OF Tin; ur.cioxs east of the gvu y- THE MISSIS.SHTI, AND S(JUT1I OF THE OHIO UASIX. T. I SECTION I. GEOGRAITIICAL AND GEOLOUICAL OUTLINES. JMITS. — The rt';,'inii oiMvliiL'li \vo now enter, ooniprisos tlicmrrl side of Fliirida, tlio western niiirgin df (Jeurghi, nearly the whole of Ahkol a portion of East Louisliina, tlio entire .state of jMLs-sisHijipi, and the wc-t J of Tennessee. It is in fa(!t a lar^re section of tlie CJreat N'alley, and|ir(.;ta| to tlie medical topdjrraplier snl)jects of the pnivest interest. IF. lIii.L CouNTiiv — Oi.n (}KOLO(iicAi- FouMATioxs. — Tho nortli-cji&l portions of this region, in Georgia, Aluhania, and 3Ii,ssissippi, arc inutiiiti;: ous or liilh', being the extreme southern termination of the A]iii;i!:ri| chain, turned westwardly toward the iMissis.-iipjii Jiiver. From tlicso J.Lil lands, streams p(jur down to tlie Teiuie.ssee Itiver, to be di.scIi!ir{.X'J, ijil circuitous course, into tlie Ohio, while others, larger and more iiuiiicrjj flow directly to the (Julf. That portion of this water-shed which lieswiiiiJ the state of Georgia and the adjoining eastern side of Alabama, |s cmp.!?! of primitive roclcs ; M'hile further west, through the latter state, iiito.MKJ sippi, till- rock forniatinns consist of the older .'■ecoiidary or Siluri.iii hi stones, and of the sandstones and .slialcs which belong to the superiiuuii coal formation. On the Coosa Eiver, as far down as Wetumpka, priiiifcj rocks, in the form of gneiss and mica slate, show themselves; and at Tii-il loosa, tlic late capital of Alabama, on the Tuscaloosa or IJlnck Warrjj Kiver, and on the Catawba, above Centreville, coal makes its a])pearaiice tl the surfaie. III. TiiK Crktackous Fokaiattox. — Immediately south and west of t-'ifj formations, and sweeping roun^ from Georgia to West Tenncs-scc, wo Iw the larger portion of tlie most extensive cretaceous formation which oxi^tsJC; where (as far as wo yet know) in the Great Valley, or indeed on the coiit;:.'-| of Nortli America. The western purtion of this formation, lying bcyuiui-l Mississip[ii Ixiver, and traversed by the AYashita and Arkansas, lias tsl already noticed. The Mississippi cuts through this formation ( wliit'! r:l J.Mit'S its hhifls ), fmm thi. \i, \i' Vickshurg in the .st;it Ij! ,• 'i;ivi'r:i.st of an urgill.ic pikm-io, soft Nand.stoiio, ami ! ;.iN may he given hereal't rJii- jiLTCiilate into the eai i' r; hut where the rutto -; I'mmi lissures, and impel ill traii.sii'iit. ll'Jiiiiiiig at the east, the I'lnibiis, (Georgia, on the li In. the new capital of Ah Iirviisljoru, Dciiiiipdlis, Kut: Imi'ms, Va/.uo, Pontotdc, a liii.'l'lpli, .'^iinKTville, and li |i"aist'urmatii»ii i.s infested w: ti-iinf the Cruat Valley; 1 tlio Mississippi lliver. IV. Tmi: Ti:ktiai:v, l\ ' -ir- — Advancing southei ;"ii the newer depnsitv. wj livo ;ilix'aily cnutemphited tli Ifitnti; (lio newest geological •'•■"IN, m wliieh they repose. j-anii.' iVnin the diattalioocl fnii th'.- high liluffs of the A ' '' ''J's lid great widlli, i.s ( |r'.t;iiffm.s gr;„ij,, ]i:i« ,., ,1ij, f, If. IT '•. IXTKUIOR VAI.LKV (H NOllTII AMKIMlA. i; litititi;* it* bliifTs ), iVuiii llio woMtorii fxtn-iiiily nf Kt'iitiicky, t>t a lino not far ,;, to Vk'ksltiiv;: ill llic Mtutu of Misxi'tipiii. In aililitinu tn tlio Mi>.-. t'rHiii wliich the water, in many ]ilaci',s, runs oil' with (iilViculty; and ii u chij.'L'isli ami s\vani|iy .-trfams aru imt uufnmniun. As tiiu strata aro ft ", t'lo rivers, liotli Mnall ami lariri', luivo I'lirniLtl wi'lo \allt'\s, most of which •ulijeit to iiiumlatidii. AlthdU^'li the yiiv\\H, ;:».'oliinic;i]ly s)iLaluiii:', Itelmig h \.i.' itt'tucf'ius formation, no chalk hu.s yet been discovereil. The chiof , >its are caleureous, and called by the |ilo|)1l' 'ruttcii limeL-tone.' ;i\ ooii>ist of ail ar;,'i]laceiius, fri Ide carbonate of limo; but there arc, |iki'.vi«e, «.it't saiulstouc, and strata of day, sand, and ;,fravel, of whicli smiio jd.iil* may he u'ivuii hereaiter. ^\ here the last two are at the surl'aee, the ill' jiercolatc iiitn the earth, and I'inii |icruiaiieiit sjirings of ]iurc, soft r;i!ir; Init whore the rotten limestone shows Itself at ihe surface, as it is Im' Iniiu tissures, and impervious to water, the sjiriiigs are few, sujicrfieial, t':\ trniiMciit. li'.iiuiiiig at the east, tlie |irinci|ial towns in the cretaecmis formalinn are, I'linbiis, (icorgia, on tlie left bank of the ('iiattahouchee Uiver; Moiitgoni- Irv, tlie new ea|iital of Alabama; Wetnm[ika, Scliiia, Caliawba, Marion, Ir '•iisburu, Deinojxilis, I'aitaw, Tuscaloosa, and Pickeiisvillc, in Alabama ; I iiiilius, Vazoo, Pontotoc, and IbJly Springs, in ."\lis,-i.-si|ijii ; and .Memphis, ii^'l illili, SMUK'rville, and IJolivar, in Tennessee. The wliolc of the creta- I'j iw fonuutioii is infested with autumnal fever, beyond, perhaps, any other :ti.iii of the (lieat A'alley; but yellow fever has only oceurred at 31emphis, |iitlic' Miiisissippi llivcr. IV, TiiK Ti:iiTiAi;v, rosx-TiiitxiAuv, Dim uai., axii Ai.u'viai, T)i> •ifv — Advuiieing southerly from the cretaceous formation, v,e come p; utile newer dejiosits, which extend to the (iiilf of Mexi(.'n. wh' re wo l;ive aliXMily oiiutemplated their soutlnrii margin. These strata, which con- |titiito tliL' newest geiJogical beds, are still less consolidated than the cieta- in nil wliii'li they rcjtoso. The eocene, or ohlest. crop out with a line of |:i!!iu' IVmih the Ohattahoueliee River, to, or beyond, the Tombcekbee, and (nil till' high bluffs of the Alabama lliver, at Chiiboriie.* This formation, F 1 I lias no great widtli, is calcareous, ami, like its miiicrd analogues of the iMiKriiiis gr;,up, l;a« a dip to the s:outh or soutli south-west. To this sue- •■■•.■:'•,■•; ■ <;. ...■.; .■:■■.: \ -' * ■ . • .!..■•,• !l •5 h:- * Conrad. 178 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE [BOOI ' i -i' \ 'I m L'V^* 1.1 i 1 cc'cd the newer tcrtiiiry ami post-tertiary deposits of loam, gravel, and tar not yet eoiisoliduted into rock. As a general fact, the surface of tlio ttnL region, from ^'lorida round to tlie jMississippi lliver, is flatter, and lies a; lower love], than the cretaceous. Its fertility is le.'^s, and its iiiliaLlta],-. fewer, but most of it is better watered. The same rivers traverse Lutlit. gions, acquiring broader alluvial bottoms as tliey flow on to the (julf. 31j, of this extensive plateau has a dry and sandy surface ; but, on the otL:: hand, nuich of it near tlie streams is swampy. Its principal town?, oiF ;■ (Julf coast, are Tallahassee, in .Middle Florida; Claiborne, in Alabama; Jar-i. son, A'iclvsbnrg, and Natchez, in jMississippi ; and JJatou lluugo, tlic caii of Louisiana. Like t1'3 cretaceous formation, all the fertile parts of tliis region jr subject to autumnal fever of a violent character; and, as we have seci;,!:- towns on the Mississijppi luive been often visited by yellow fever. Thuiii-; populous portions of tlie cretaceous and tertiary regions here skctclicd ,,: he betwee.. the })arallels of thirty-one and thirty-three degrees north. SECTION IL THE COUNTRY EAST AND SOUTH OF APPALACHICOLA I?AY.\Nr RIVER. T. r!7:xEKAT. YiKws. — We are indebted to the Army Surgeons and Vf- graphical Engineers wlio served in this region during the Pemiudlo war, •• most that we know of its medical topography, as the greater part uf it :• uiunliaiiited, or but tliinl}' peopled.* When at Pensacola in 184o, I e ,:' not obtain facilities for visiting it. Tlic low water-shed which divide* ti.i streams thai flow into tlie Gulf of 3Iexico, from those which make thuir^- eastwardly, into the Atlantic Ocean, subsides cnthely before it rcaelu- ;!. twenty-eightli degree of latitude ; that is, about tlie middle of the polliIl^i Thence to '>pe Fable the surface is but little elevated above the sea, s:- has no particular inclination. Consef|uently, it is overspread by savanna;. swamps, immense grassy ponds, and small lakes, to a degree that mu?' i'"' ever render most of it uninhabitable It is called the .Evcrghulc Ai ■ the tN.cnty-eighth parallel, wliere the water-shed emerges from tlie '!■; level, the map discloses, that the number of lakes on its eastern side is w ■:;reater than on its western, or that portion wh.ich lies within the Mexia: Basin, and is traversed by the IIillsl)(n'o, Withlacoochee, Santa .Fc, Siir- nee, and some smaller rivers. According to Doctor Forry : "Tliis nortlicrn portion is an extensive pine forest, interspersed with ]H.:: swamps, low savannas, and hummocks, which last arc rich bottoms over-'r^: * Medical Statistics U. S. Army.— Forry on the Climate of the United State?.-^!" of the Scat of War in Floric'a, by Captain Mackay and Lieuteuant Blake, I'"'*- .States Topographical Engineers. If ■' ;V :: ■■ART I.j INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 171' with tree*, aii'l a reduiidant uiulcr-wood. Tlio l)arrons are cnvcvcd witli i'or- (.5(5 of pine, ^itli little uiulcr-growtli. Tlio snil consists mostly of saiul; l)ut ■!,(.• liumiiifii-'ks, wIiIl'Ii arc numerous, have a fertile soil composed of elny and ,jih1. The savannas, wliieh are covered with a tall crass, are inundated p lirin" tlic wet season. The river swamps are wooded Avitli a variety of heavv trees, wliilst tlie pine-barren swamjis are niostl}- overgrown with I cv|'re,«» and cypress-knees."* Tlio (li'V piiic lands arc composed mostly of silicious sand, more or less fcr- ;il;zcil with carhouato of lime and veg:'ahle mold. The swamps on the hor- TiLra of the rivers are formed by the inundations, which deiiosit alluvion on tlicii' iiauks, and thus dam out a portion of tlie returning waters. The :. Augustine, perhaps forty miles due cast from the (sul^" (jf Mexico, and k:.!v duo west from the Atlantic Ocean. T!ie fort, wliich lias been recently r lilf. is situated on rising ground, partially encompassed by a hummock. V. !:! describes almost a semi-circle, at an average distance of five hundred vi.'l- iVuiu the pickets. The surface of the surrounding country is slightiv i;: iiilatiiig. The soil of the so-called /■ii,r hdrrin consists of loose sand an.] ''j'lt admixture of vegetable mold, with an argillaceous sub-stratum. Its ]:..'ii;il vegetable productions are, the piitch jdne ( 7Vy^'^y r'hjhhi), black j. :( (J'liiYii.i iil^i'a ), scrub oak ( (Jiicinifi fui'slmi ), palmetto ( (^Imn) i ropa), J i (Marso herbaceous plants. The ///nninocks are rich, imirshy bottoms. I'i^t'd of vegetable deposition, overgrown with redundant vegetation. I Ii .1 fluuri,s]i the live-oak, with other species of the same genus, the cypress. bi ."I'lia, eahbage-tree, and several varieties of hickory ( ' '<'/■','■ ), all united p' aea'dagc of vines and ^ rambles extending from trunk to trunk and from bh to limb, constituting an inunense net-work of vegetation. |> ■Xu largo bodies of water exist in the vicinity of this post. Tlirei; milep II 'I'^'T- .':;: ji ■1 u ■•■ }' ■' > < ,1 ' ' ■ 1 '< . ••. 1 ■ ■ It. I i ' st^ 1;f.O :■ ft •'■ ■*■ '■ ^■^ ■" '-«;,' v; * Climate of the United Slates, p. 19.'}. fl' ISO THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE iiooj. mi V'- ' '■'{ • > . • ■ ' -^ '-' V '■ ■' . f-: fi-diii iliis jKiIiit is Silvi.'i' Spring, tlio sourc-o uf a hcautiful stream of t!ie>aii. nam". l''riiiii this \'i ui'taiii, rcmarkalilc lor its traiisparciKT, Silver (>[,.■ cmcrgos at oiii'o a hold stream, sixty yards wide and twenty feet deep, nr. ning into the ( >eklewa1ia about twelve miles from this post. "Altli(vugh large bodies of water do not exist in tlie vieinity, yet tlioaftK] ipiantity is very great, owing tn the extensive nuirshyluw-' iids, swamps, aj] .stagnant pools: and as the soil is not enniplctely coveri d with watcr.ttf eireumstances most conducive to the evolution of those morbific agents risu;'. ing from .solar influence, olitain. The humidity of t'^c vicinal huniinoeh mi rise to constant exhalations, which fall in heavy dews."* The annual ratio of intermittent fever at this post, as deduced frrim ;> returns of four years, is one hundred and twenty-three per cent. ; of res.:'- tent, twenty. Tliese ratios are decidedly high. " This post, however, has always been regarded as decidedly saluljriq; with tlie exception of the liability to fever and ague. A'iulent fever? if li; remittent form, and internuttents running into the same tyj)e, occurred i:.;:- latter ]iart of the sunnner of 1S37, owing, doubtless, to the circunistanct t.i: the smaller trees and under-growth of a neighboring hminniwh had hcon c: down, a, s a precaution against Indian aml)uscade. It is a well-known f;: that militar}^ stations, near jungles, often continue healthy until tbosoilL' brought under cultivation, or the trees and shrubbery cut down, exposiii^t:: boggy surface to the agency of solar action."!" "When adequate settlements shall be made at Fort King, it will pcrte become an important place of winter resort for invalids. L}iiig nearly a '> "rcc south of St. Angustine, and more than a degree south of Pensaiob.J must have a warmer -wii'ter climate than either; and being nearly t:- distant from the Atlantic Ocean and the (iidf of 31exico, on the sliui\- which those resorts for invalids are, respectively, situated, it liasane/il advantage as to diminution of atmospheric moisture and the absence i.li mixture of land and sea airs. III. l*]xcept Fort UroidvC and Fort King, nearly all tlie posts of Flri: were temporary, and their topography has not been published. I can:h| tlie following memorandums of two or three others, from conversatinm Assistant Surgeon llobncs. who served at each of them. 1. Fmi Wociisaxsa., — This post was situated about tliirty miles fmniuH rjulf, on the head waters of a small river which enters it between tlio^V;^' lacoochee and Suwanee. Its site was the edge of a wet prairie, ami; d it was regarded as one of tlie healthiest posts in Florida. '2. Fort Whiti' was erected on the left bank of the Santa Fe River, ah' | eighteen miles from its juintidu with the Suwanee. On tlie oppoj-ite si>- of the river ( whieh is forty yards wide ') there is a cypress . swamp. T: Climate of the Uiiitod States, pp. 2112-1:1. tMed.Stat. U.S. A., p.'' „:,.; INTER 10 A\i beneath are rottei I .ill its varieties, was conn ,i, Fnd MrCuinh.— '\ h; lii I'i'igia ill the va.'-t M tlie tliirty-second degr jnineJ by tlie Santa 1m', t Ills are nvershad(jwed llliiies s.'iw anywhere el I rii'lit side of this I'iver, ;)"' X. The lianks are .;i!'i ,ilb a sub-stratnni .l;'n\v!ied laiuls near this | BASIX n [, Tin; i:ivi;i!,— Tlii.' : I'li' .\|i[ialae]iian .Moun t'ae nm.'.t fasterii river of ir.pler the name of Chatt; I; it< luwer half traverses t' ■art of (ienrgia, the eastc niurida. II. FouT l\rrrciir.i,i..— niil'^ bcdnw tlie town of (' U'liieliee liiver, in N. Lat. .', •\d ridgo alumt one mile tt^ni is low, but nearl I'.vi.r, it was found remark U";!,:.' Hilly tliirteen per cei III. ('oi,i:mi;'-s, — I am ti'Jii 111' the medical topogn: !':i!iA"fthe Chattahoochee uiiij-liiio between Ceoru'ia ^\'- bull, near N.V' Id'. ;'-Maeo(.ns formation with "rM'tbeni part of (lie \ < [iii;i,sse,s of granite and oth ^iiitn .small islands. In so i:!t'ibed.-- of kuolhi, out of PlRT !■, INTERIOR VAI.I.KY OF NORTH /\MI;RICA. ISl r ,-■!{? licnoalli aro rntteii limcstoiiL', witli good springs. Autumnal fuvor, in ;,];it^ vai'ii'tic'-i. was connnon. X Fmt M-Coiah. — Tli(! Sunanoe Fuvcr, one of tlio largest in Florida, lajit.- I'li-i" ii' tl"-' ^'''•■^t Okeflnokce swanqi, extending i'roni tlic tliirty-first I, tlir thirty-second degree of iiortli lalilnde. On its way to tlie (lulf it is I jino;! liv tlie Santa !'(', just nienlioned, below >vlii(li its wide, swampy Lot- tins arc (iversliadowed liy ni'iss-lmng ey[press trees, loftier tluin I>oetor IImIhios f-inv anywhere else in Tlorida. l^ort ."NlcCondi is situated on tlie riilit side of tliis river, a considerable distance i'roiii the (lulf. about Lat. :!m" X, The l)anlis are roi-ky and sandy; tlie surface of the plain is white ,1! I .ith a sub-stratum of clay a foot beneath. There are no swamps nor Jr"\v!iud hinds near this piist; yet it is infested with autur.iiial fever. SKCTIOX III. BASIN OF TIIF. AlTAr^ACIl ICOLA RIVllR. I. Tin: liivKi:. — This c(jiisI(h,T;;l]h- river extends fnin tl;e soutiierii licnd iftlir A|i|i;dai-hian 31ountaiiis, directly soutli to tlie(!ulfof Mexico. It is tai'iiiiibt i.'astern river of this part oi tlie (Ireat A'alley. Its upper jjortinu. umli'r the name of Chattahoocliee, flows tlu'ough tlie jirimitive formations, — it* luwer half traverses the cretaceous and tertiary. It drains the western iurt of (l(.'(irgia, tlic eastern of Alabama, ;ind, to some extent, tlie northern ■I'Fluriila. II. Foi!T ^rrrciiKi.L. — This, now ungarrisoucd, post was situated ten Riik-hcLiw the town of Colund>us, on tlie right or west bank of tlie Chatta- ;;""rla'e llivcr, in X. Lat. '-Vl^ VX and \\. Lon. l^")'^ lu'. It occupies an elcva- tt't riilgo about one mile from the I'ivcr. ]5etween it and the river the li (t '111 is liiw, but nearly free from marshes. In reference tn no.tumnal f.vi.r. it was found remarkably salubrious; the annual ratio of ihtermittents U'.iL' "uly thirteen per cent.; of remittents, eight per cent.'" III. ('oi.v.Mii'-s. — I am iiulebted to Doctor Charles A. Hentz, for a descrip- I ti'iii of the medical topography of this place. It s'ands on the left or eastern l;i!ik nf tli'} Cliattahooehee lliver, which, for a bmg di.-tanee, makes the divi- :nii- line between Georgia and Alabama, in N. ]>at. ( about) •!-"' li-V, and ^\. Lon. near No"' I'l'. (ieologically, it is found at the junction of the orutacoims fdniiatiou with the primitive. Opposite to, and above, the upper iruurtherii part of the town, there are lajiids, and the river-bed aliound.- in pKasscs of t:ranite and other primitive rocks, which are mor(i or less gmuped i, into small idands. \\\ some places these rtieks have l)eeonie d.i'ciini[)osed i i:it'i hi'ds of kaolin, out of whieh a dentist of the town, by the aid of his blow- ;.. *■''.■*■ ■ . ■. ■ ■;"■*.■ .v,.....r' .■v..r ■' :■■■: 'C • '.' r m- • 'i. >^ " •r: aJ '. '., ''■ ':■' »Mciiical Stat. U. P. A. • f'^ .1 -' 182 THE nilNCIPAL DISEASES OF THE [Boor 111 ;,1 INTER I( ■I i 1 i#i IhN" pil)o, has iiiado artifuiul teotli. Tlic rajiuls at tliis place reiidor a liift.; ascent (if tlu! riviT liy .'■((.aiiilHiats iiiipracticalile. AVitliiii a mile of tlicii foot, tliL'VC arc two mill-duiiis; luit tlic duelivity ^ fever has not occurred in this lucsli:' SECTION IV. nA.-!IX OF THE ALAT3A:\rA RH r.R. I. Tir' PavKii. — It has been already stated that this river is conipi'SoJ : the Coosa and Tallapoosa, which, after their junction, assume a omiui:; name. As it descends to the south, it is re'inforced, through its riglit 1 aii by the Cahawba; but the number of its tributaries is small. Before rcao!:' ing the head of ]>robile T>ay it luiites with the Tombeckbee, and assunie the name of ^lobilo Iiiver. Here conuuences the long estuary — hm': described ou page 54 — whicli extends dowai to the city of Mobile, f-- ;;knipnts along this c with severe autumnal fe hanil siao, is the blight i oftciier, fri'ni yellow f'ev i advaiioed further up th A:'tci' loiiviiig the higli oO'iUJ and tertiary strata \][i liaiiks become more [jtroaiiis Avliich meander :;f. M(le, and a low botti •r.iiiiv [ilaces the bottom I ..u'lji.otod to cultivation, I !!]<«, ciitton-wood, magiK I ", The face of the acopt the c^-prcss. On j'liiiniits, in the form of |1 t!i sides, and abound i !■ t:,>1i is "ot unlike that o arc overshadowed with int .\« the river, desccndiii 8i'J.Ts of the strata, throu |bo;iriiig, the medical gcolo Ikeoniing acquainted with |t:ie region which he travc i'-ai:i, wliicli present shad il.".'ri!i', the hold out-crop of Itlit'refore, less disposed to ( lit: tM the limestone succe( Itite, ami shale, inclosinir o'( a:' Mwaiid much tliicker ! ■■ ' ;.-h hanks of coarse !■ -! pebbles, consolidatcf ' ■ waved, oblirpie, and i wizontal position. In low jsWs it.self. and the surfac ieii'niieratioii, no reference ii !iJ cretaceous groups of tl !':aiiio remains; nor is it n •I'-'l in the mineral constii t!ie surfaces which he studi( I^iit little (,f the bottoni- ^w\ much of it is subject ' I'ractieahle. It would sec f'-'ir such a stream, in the PART '■•] INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 1^^3 iMttlcments along tliis estuary are com|iarativr!y few, and tlicy aro infested tfith sovore autuniniil fevers. Near its terniinatinn in the Lay, on tlie left- Iiriil siJo, is tl'C blighted village nf JJlakely, whieh has suffered, onco or d^'ti'iier from yellow fever. That disease, liowcver, has not, I believe, yet aih-anceJ further up the estuary. Vfti'i' leaving the highlands, the Alal)ania River flows through loose crcta- ,,;„,us aiul tertiary strata, in whieh it eould not fail to excavate a wide valley. Tt* liMik-i hcconie more devehiped as we advance upward. ]iike other •t-iams ^vliieh meander in alluvial valleys, it generally presents a bluft" on I iitle, and a low l)ottom, subject to amuial inundation, on the otlier. In •;,:inv places the bottom is from two to three miles wide; and, where not -ulijieted to cidtivation, ])resents forests of eane, cypress, sweet-gum, syca- iiire. eutton-wood, magnolia, and live-oak, with an iron-gray drapery of long III ;?. The face of the blufls is generally wooded with the same trees, !i.Kopt the cypress, (hi their sunnnits the forest liecomes piny. These ■■•juiiiits, in the form of plateaus, stretch off from the river, indefinitely, on .1 t!i sides, and abound in swamps, the tree and herbaceous vegetation of :w!.;rli is "lit unlike that of the bottoms, while the dryer and sandier portions i are 'ivcrsliadowed with iiiterspersed pines and oaks. .\< the river, descending from the north, strikes against the out-cropping Lvj iif tlie strata, through whieh it cuts ac right angles to their line of Ik'iiriiig, the medical geologist, on the upward voyage, has an opportunity of Ik'Ciimiiig acijuainted with the mineral character of tlie superficial parts of ftlie rogin'i which ho traverses. At first, he sees beds of tertiary clay and |l-ai!i, which present shades of blue, red, and yellow; then comes, at Clai- pyAr.i'. tlio hold out-erop of old or eocene tertiary limestone, more S(did, and, ivfiire, less disposed to crumble awa}-, tlian the looser strata which overlie p:: to the limestone succeed, as wo advance, beds of sand, loam, gravel, lig- viiti'. aiul shale, inclosing gcodes, which are arranged in strata. Further up, iaruiicw and mucli thiclcer deposits of loose reddish clay and sand; then fid- llwliigh banks of coarse friable rocks, sand, dull red and blue clays, and Irlial pebbles, consolidated into brec da or pudding-stone, tlie stratification FK'ing waved, oblique, and extremely irregular, but on the whide aifeeting a 1 1 nz liital [losition. In low situations, a soft, bluish, cretaceous limestone now s.'tt> it.sclf, and tlie surface of the country becomes more rugged. ]n tliis I enmoratioii, no reference is made to the line of division between the tertiary a:.l iietaceous groups of the geologists, which aro characterized by different praiiie rcmauis ; nor is it necessary, for tlio medical etiidooist is only inter- 1 ill the mineral constitution of the rocks which underlie or constitute It:/' surfaces whicli he studies. Biit little of the buttom-land of the Alabama lliver has lieeii reclaimed; i;i'l much of it is subject to such deep inundations that its cultivation is aiiipraetieahle. It would seem scarcely necessary to say, that the inhabitants h-:;r such a stream, in the latitudes of thirty-two and thirty-three degrees m rt;V'Al-r^^.-?i'' ..'tv «: , ^ 1' 'u >..'i'' j".V'T-.;,;. 3-- k> , .. ^j,^-'- » , . t ■■-*•;!■. ■'ft ' ■ '■ • , r .■ ^ '■. . 1 ' ! . • * ■ •>>■ ',.■'■• i- ■ ■ • ^'. t ' T' * "^ ' " . \:«i ■J ' •^•v > , 1 . . 1 1 - 'I. I . m k ^s. 184 THE rRINCirAI, mSEA^ES OF THE [moi. :io r, nortli, ar^ siibjor-t to tlio worst forms of autiinniril fcvor. Tlio.so \\] at till' \v;it('i''s 0(1i:'f>. villi a swaiiiii lictwcoii tliciu ami tlio distant liluff*, said to 1)0 loss liaMo than tlmso wlio live on tlie blufl's; but tlio jiDjiula vislblo from the river is pparso : for oxpcriciifo has shown tho ii('ten,itv,i plaoiiitr fMiiiilics in tho [liiio woods, at the distaueo of one, two, or tliroc: fr oni too river lint fow t owns o( anv ponsidoriilih si/.o adcrii tho lianlcs of Alain liivor. Tlioso wlii'-h I am ali^mt tn (h-;rril)o aro tho most iuijinrtaut. an their ti iioprai'hy will servo, in some dogroo, to liU up the moajrer ni.,,;, which has lieon sketched. 11. ('i.Air.oKNi:. — This was oriainally a military jiost. It is sitnati very liiL;-h dull' on the loft sid(> of Alabama Uiver, not far above it.- jmioti :i with tho Tiimboekbee. in X. Lat. :>l " oil', it stands on tho ooceneor.'lJt tcrtiaiy oalearcous nxdc. According to J)oct junction, which is thruuu'h tho right or west bank liik tand> river, s 77/, 7 instructivi oir//. ■Tn 1>^;)1, tho lato respectable l>octor Tloustis pnhlisli ■aner on th •alitv T and m ll~-lo, T ]iaid it a short visit. T uaiii, plain on which th'' tuwn is built ciuisists of red and yellow 1 pebbles, which repose on strata of liluish rotten or cretaceous linio; saml asJ ett ni arliti', which shows itself in the river bank, between hiffli and linvwati marks. 'J'hc elevation of the site is not such as to preserve it from imuijf.' tion Avhen tho river rises to its greatest bight : and at such times tlio gmui above tho nioiith of Cahawba lliver aro likewise overflowed. On ?i«a: parts of it there were p.onds, which have been drained. To its iiortL-K-' extending from one river to the other, there is, as Doctor English ami I'liril jNIorrcU infirmed me, a liipiidambar swamp, about a mile and a half in v;' the uiargiii of which is throe niilos from town. On the opposite siileiil Alabama lliver, to the east, tho plain is elevated and sand\', but inelmli few ponds, {^ahawba is the seat of justice of Pallas eminty, coni'cvi. which Doctor Ileustis, in the paper referred to, speaks as foil ow.s; *Ncw (Cleans .TouriKil, Vol. lit, No. G. t Anu'ricau Journal, IMuy, l!->'M, [>. 75. 1) ,>,:■■; INTERIM Tli.ro is in this <'oi ^■,titii;eJ |)rincipally to tl Bi-;.;iti' lis is generally tl 1 i.rclerred, on acooi l;:i!;ui"!i, I' the le.ss salii porliaiis t'lcro is no com ^,;Mi:i changes take pi ,• uv, ill eoniuioii pa Lriitly a .«paco or stri[i tiyljni very poor and ( Lj eptinn of the more rei iamtiuii ill the soil is o\\ iitv tu tlio surface of t fciiit tliis liiucstoiio posse.'' TIiL' lainl, not only o Dm- lio divided into six i '•I'Hi.s cr swamjis, as tl; [l ■ i!.'vated river-land^ rilmniiiiock, or .secoi'j ili'k. Niiidy soil, fertile, a i:;i!. in iiiteniiediate fort bptaii'l. Fifth, second (Is. interspersed with festcnr (if the first division k liciiig tioniotiines a mo' irMth.aiidin other places c [it'.;er Mtiiations again, tin ' ;: J Very river, forming )t.i!iki.f the river or creek ^itii a greater or less extc plirst Sftileiiient of this pir-I;,nd,s were thickly co |n niiiny places, been enti f':L'.] aro extremely foiu '!::':li time they eagerly d' p-Sf'^ it does spontancon "taigir growth has bcei: '-Tj is, however, in this pi'ti' iVuiii tliO rivers and ( ¥ tlu! description is of t1 pituatijd on tlio rivi'rs ar lucts it is not DKx/c , [:airie er limestone ipialit l>"i:i Cahawba and tho ^ ^IFT i-. INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. IS.) . TliiTO is ill tills county n very onnsidoriihlo piTijinrtinii fif fcrtili' laiid. LiiitiiieJ nriiiciiially to the rivers, crei-ks, iiiid prairies. 'I'lie ii[ilaiiil in i tlier bJ'iKiiii'iis i'-^ generally tliin ami samly, yet wlien of innderale lortility, it is fc'"tdi iirefenvil, eii aepmnit of the juirifv nl' tlu' water and liealthl'iilneiss of li;i;;ui"!i, 1 1 t!ie Ics.s ftaliilu ms tliou;:!' i re ]irii(liiitive lands near the rivor.s. p^.ri]ai'> t'icro is no country [)0HSCSh;infr a greater variety :• li.'vatcd river-lands, of inferior fjuality. ami not suliject to overflow. i.iiii.liuiiiiiiock, or second river and crci'k-boltom. or low grounds of a loose, |ii;vk, suidy soil, fertile, and above inundation. Fourth, (irst ((uality . interspersed witli a few oaks, hickories, occ. Sixth, prairie. The kjhnt of the first division, or river-bottom, is extremely various !\ml irregu- l,r. l'oi:;g seiiietimes a mere border, of not more than forty or fifty yards in i!t!i. aiidhi other places extending from one to two miles from the river; and in tij:: ,-itiiatioiis again, the second ipialitv of upland or piny woods, icaohcs |otIij very river, forming high and ])reclpitous bluffs. Oeuerally, where one tar.k'f the river or creek is formed in this manner, the opposite one is low, ffitii a greater or less extent of rich river or creek-liottom. ]5eforc, and at p!ii>i SL'tilement of this country by the present white jiopulation, the rich riur-];.i;us were thickly- covered with gigantic cane; tins, since that time, has, 111 ni'juy places, been entirely destroyed by accidental fires, and by cattle, iliicli ;u'c extremely fond of it, especially wlieu young and succulent, at fir.di thiic they eagerly devour the whole plant. Thus, when the old cane h',u^ it dues spontaneously in a few years, after going to seed, as none of "Uiigcr growth has been left to succci'd, the crop is cntireiy destroyed. '."."J is however, in this state, a considerabh" proportion of cane land re- p'tL' fruin tlio rivers and creeks. It is scarcely necessary to say, that land fi! tliii- description is of the first quality. When the growth of cane is not IJit'uiiti.d on tlie rivers ami creeks, or. in other words, where the soil which ' 'iii'i> It is not »i(i(/i' Ititiil, the result of alluvion and inundation, it is of ':iino IT liuiestouc (quality."' h"ta Cahawha and the snrr.iundln2; eountrv have, from the beirinnins: of • . t . 4 :i'V: V ' A". . .'...•■■ '•■•il J'- *: .'''■'■;.■"..••.' 7^^'' A .. 18G Tin; PRINCIPAr- DISEASES OV TJIE l"o«, •,Rr. i.j LVTERK tlioir scttlt'inoiit, liocii siilijcct tn violciit and dftoii fatal ititcriiiitttnt ai:I:. rnitti'iit f'ovurs; hut, with tlio iimtrross nf cultivation, tliu severity if tU diseases lias l)oeii consiiluialilv mitiirated. IV. M.Vlilo.v. — Wo must iliver;.'c I'mni tlie bed nf tlio Alaliaiiia l]iv:/ Sciy siiniotliin;^ (if a tnwu situated on the waters of the Caliawha. 3ian.>r,\ the pi'iiieijial town of i'en-y eount}', which adjoins l>alhis eouuty on tlic !,Mr'" Tlio streams whieh f.ii;.'inate around it, How ])artly into the ("alunvha, a^li; part into tlie Tusealoosa. Its site is uneven, and the ground sl(H)c.«iniH ilircetions from it. Tlie ^'eneral surl'aee of the country around it isilrvari moderately fertile, witli seatteriiii;' jiines. Sh u^dis and marshes aiv j'tiv;: uundiei', anil (lie streams flow with ^'reater vehnity than in many otlHri^ri of Seutli Alaltama. The surface, nuicli of ',,hieh jirescnts reddi-li, -u;- loam, is undulating'. I'^roni the liest information 1 could obtain, the ini' ;;i::, liealth of Clarion is in liarninny with its favorable tojiograjihy. .^Ir. J v the teacher of one of the female acadenues, with h.is assistant.*, avi.ra.i; .seven persons in the family, all from tlio north, had resided here fouivur; without one attack of autnnnial fever. V. Ski.m.v. — The position of this town is ten miles above raliawla.'. tlie riuht bank of Alabama lliver. Its sitt; is an elevated sandy [ilain, ::;. sentin^' blulfs, washed jjy the river; whieh, on reaching the town, li"' fl W' i from the south-east, to bend soon aftr'rwards to the south-west. Tlic|l:i;: covered with oaks and scattering pines, is free from ponds and margin- I the north and east of the town, however, at the distance of two or ti;r:i j miles, there is an extensive swamji. Scift and goed water is obtained iiiti;| town plat, by digging twenty or thirty feet. From a comparison ef nil:.: inforuiatiou I could collect, at this place and Cahawba, cou(.'eriiing autiii,';.i fever, 1 am brought to the conclusion, that the disease prevails less licioth: there; which might be ex[)ccted from the ditfereuccs in their topograjiliy, I: lias not liei.'u visited by yellow fever. Ill a late paper by Doctor Harris, on the ^Medical Topography of So:;:: Alabama, I find the I'ollowing paragraph: "In l^'-!4, the yellow fever apjieared in Selma, and tliat section "ft:; country known as the I'leasant \'alley, ten or twelve miles north; one (S under Doctor niilli[is tcrnunated fatally (.n the third day after black viDiit and .several cases under my inspection on the fii'th and seventh days atur::; same, some in collapse. There was no yellow fever in ^Mobile at the time.'M It is remarkable that J>octor IIeusti.s, in his paper on the Discanv: Cahawba, is silent as to this alleged vcllow fever; and that Doctor Ltwi.-.;:! his 3Icdical History of Alabama, has not adverted to it; and erpially rdi:;i'i- able that, in the course of a rigid iuipiiry, in l>^\-'>, into tlie fevers uf ':-■ region, not one of its numertius physicians .should have mentiuiicil t ' :- *^\'est. Jour, of I\Io(i. and Siir., (Louisville), Jlecciuber, Is'lC. .,.■,;,[ |),„t..r Harris has |t!.i.« -tateiiioiit will again Vf. Mo\Ti:o\ii;i;v. — 'I jofliic state of Alabama jc.triii-.diijiping town of |l!,tK"j tliaii lias been ln',- |(i!i till' left hank of Ala Liit.-'l:'' III' and W. Lon. f'jMC Iii'iid Thus, in ap] il•lrt!l■«■o^t, and, in depar: froniarlcable manner, and l-w, l'iii,2', lieavily-timben lio riiltivatcd, except in E The iiiiiiiiMliate site of inaiiiiiliitlioatrc of hill-la i Stjivai', and extending \'vn »' :)i!aiii on which the city jottli'inciit, had some pi Ire iinpavcd, and but indil] |lie city, there are numeroi KC or le.>s elongated an^ llaii'au.*, wliieh gradually .. which gradually become more elevated and hill-like, but still em- :[ ■ 1; -tiiL'iiuiit and swampy streams. The uji[ior stratum of this tract is a ?aiRly Icani, with beds of silieious gravel. To the west north-west of ity, there is a margin of lower ami wetter bottom-land, on the upper end ifwhii'h attempts were once made to build a town, but it proved too insalu- iriMiv -111 tlie rear of this bottom, a plateau, as elevated as the site of the r ■ ,'i::s, and stretches westwardly to the junction of Catonia Creek with f i.vr, eiglit or ten miles below. The predmuiiiant growth of this plain k k. It abounds in ponds and marshes. After ascending the hills s(Uith if t: city, a long descent to the south very soon begins, and continues to itiiina Creek, which is found to the south-east, south, and south-west of the iy. at (Instances varying from throe to uinc miles. The valley of this stream iMii halt' a mile to a mile in width. Its depressed .surface is generally amiiV, and its tree, bu.sh, and herbaceous vegetation, luxuriant. The I'liiL' hills which bound it, present strata of fissile clay, and soft marlitc, or tt'.n limostone, — which, together with the superincumbent loam and sand ^■ -^it?. belong to the cretaceous formation. "With such a toi)ography, wo *= ' ' he surprised to learn, that this locality is among those Avhich arc iii- «■■ i with all the grades ami varieties of autunui.il fever; but it has never I '.idieed an invasion of yellow fever, although the intercourse by steam- at>. liotwcen it and ^fobile, is of the most intimate kind. AhoiU ten miles, by laud, above the city of [Montgomery, we reaf-h the it-'l "f Alabama lliver, or the junction of the Tallapoosa with the Voossx. ■m , ft 'vil •■•■,• 'J, ,1 ■, ■. -., ^ ' . ' 1 '« • : '•'•.•■'" ' ' ' ■>■•■<'. ■•-■.■ •'!i ■;■. |; '; ' •' ■' .. ■ V >• ' ' )f'7-^' 'U•■r''3\''M>7\^|:/■■ • ..• ■-■■ •v'k- ■■:•- . ■ i ■..- I '18 «•» ¥ 'ii .■ • I' ■ 18.^ TriK pRiNciPAr, DisKASRH OF Tin: [•ooii TIlC rn;ii|, lur IHMst (if tin' (lI>t:illC(', ]l!ISS('S (iViT .1 Jllatfllll. Wllicll nldllli.:. kIi:i11ii\v |iiiiitls :iiiil stii^iiaiil ^tl•l^■lllls, bnrdcrcd liy sluiijrlis, ami altimiili; • . various Kimls nf (•vor;L:ix'('iis. The (li'scciit iutu flic viillcy (if llic Tiilli, , is liy tlii'i'i' ti'i'vai'i's, tlio last of wliifli, cxtciMliii,:; to tli(( river's id'c, !«,', j(H'(, to (licp iiiiiiirlatioii, as a]i|)i'ars from tin; watur-iiiarks (ni tl;o ir^ Four miles from this crossiiiiir, is tlio town of \'ll. \\'i:riMi'i< A. — lis siti; is at tin; foot of tlie loiifrra]iiils of tin i' wliieli rivor diviiirs it into two villa^'i-s, (loiioiiiinatcd, from (lair i .; Mast and ^V^'st \\'etnin|ilIortar Crcclc. ii'd Ir::| cnoUL'h for mills, which represents nia'.iy others on the pine plains if .C Lama. It consists of a scries of narrow swinnps, through which tlicrc!-:! plugL'isli and interrupted current of clear water. Tho want of dcelivif > at the root of this topographical evil. IJcds of clay beneath the imro-,': surl'ace, prevent the rains from ]iercolating into the earth, and want : :^ retards their flowing off: and tlieroforo the water diffuses itself hiti.ri; Trees and shrubs which thmri.sh in such localities, multiply, and wl:;:; fall, tend still further to obstruct the feeble current, and thus tlio iii;ii.'''.J sujierlicial pond is extended. Mortar Creek, which enters the Cui'?;! \\'"\ three or tour nulcs below ^Vctumjika, has many tributaries partaldiiLMi;"! 01' less of its own character, and giving to tlie country, to the smitli-ii'-: : tlic town, a i;reat d"al of swamiiy surface. Thi-ouidi some I'f tlicso m ''..'I •wi.'cli are scjiaratcd by zi^nes of dry wooded plateau, ditches have Imto with tho effect of draining them, and cx|)osing a dryer and highlv fci;i!o-;>| faco. On a visit to tho cotton plantation of (J overnor I'itzpatricl;. i^il lies in a bend of the Coosa River, between the mouth of 3Iortnr ('m!;;.:J \Vetuni[ik:i, he iiifonncil me, that much of his land liad been rci]i'ciiii'iiii:;'-| manner. That jiart of it which lies nearest tlie rivor, gradually sink.- i:i! until it becomes subject to inundation. I'chiw the town, the buttciiis;"'! Coosa, on both sides, are, in fact, subject to overflow; and as the rivfl'nal bends to the wcs* its alluvial grounds, not less than the swamps orsw;iH;l the plain which I have described, unfortunately lie to 'be south-wcfttovi^ii^''' lr««r I.J I.VTKRI'M I , ;'t!ic tiiwn; and il lie vari'iiis forms of a \( hc.'iiiniiig of it.s .set lv.,;",iiipk;i, wliich is at tl tvdirrt'ii. An'itlicr fact must be i:ii. i iciility. The bod of f;ii' '.. ill the upper part ( jnviiiL' !i Ttli, and encounters th '■'ill- and autumnal fev( ptMthfl low and wet valley biiial fever abounds. ]}ey liillj" and healthy country i [,„, lrt«: '■; INTKRIOR VALLKV OF NOKTII A.MKIMC \. 180 rail c'f till' town; and tlii.H aocinuits satisfactorily fur (lio (li'ciilcil |,ii viilciico , [ ,,. vari'iii^ I'liJ'"'" "t" ''uitimiiiiil frvcr. uliirli liavi.' vi>itL(l tliis |i1;iil' since t,. l,o:iii'iiii;x ft" its «L'tt!(.iiR'iit in l^;i:>. Stt'innlMial.s iVniii Mtiliilo visit IVitiiiiitilia, wliicli is ut this head nl' naviij'atiiiii ; but tiic yellow :'i;vi'V liii« not \nx\wml .\ii,itli('r fact must 1)0 inLMitioiicil t<> (!oni|ili'tii tlio niidiiMl t<']iii^:i'a|iliy t»f tjii, i iiiilitv. Tlic bed uf tlic I'iviT, at tlio ti rniinatiun nf tl.e Inn^' I'alls or Vi,:!^ in i.li« upiicr part of (he town, is (.•()in|M)scd (if |iriniitiv(; mcks, /// .st'fii, kiviiiL' a ililt <)f ahiiut fnrfy-iivo dcvrecs tn tlu; north or inTth north-wi'st. [lavi'iiiii'i'^t "t" P"<-''f'''* "'"1 ""'■" ^hiti', wliii'h apiiar to he ni.dorI^'RASEr^ OF TIIR [•Ml Oil the liaiilcs of tlio (';ili!nvl);i I'lviT, wlicrf nutmiiiinl fi.'vcr rc;iji|ii;ir8, i rugged siirliU'i', witli nulc iiml |iiiK', mu'i'cl'iIs; tliu inliiiliitMnts of wIikIk . a coiii|ilt'to iiiiimniity IVmii fi'vi'i'. At lLii;:th tlii' Mirl'iicu lii'{;iiis to sivui, •, lower 1111(1 iiioru luvfl uniiui't, iiinl a dark Itrnwii, I'rialilo, ri'rrii;:;iiii)iis in tacLMius Haiwl^toiKj hlinws ilst'ir, III ('(iiiiiuitiiiii with iiirrea>iii;x cult wliiidi ann'li(irati<»ii I'niitimus to tin- town of Tu.^i-'alnosa, on tlio lilt tho TusualooiJa or IMat/k Warrinr Ilhir, iilidiit mir liuiiilrL'd miles fruinV, tiiiii[)ka; aii d oi and I'l :iv; W: IS eoiiniosi.'il ot red and yellow, dry, ernmljlnig .sa'id, gravel, : altbon^h hard and comjiact at the Mirfaee, i.s readily undermined and \v;i. . oway, forming deep raviiie.s. l'"rnin the iii..t!:-we,st round to the soiitli-c.; tbo terriieo is abutted bv a bill country, through whieb the river iii;ib-, way to tho ]ilain. Here, also, i.s the liiial out-crop of tbe iiiiperfccth _ Bolidatcd crctaeeou.s and tertiary strata; for coal i.s found but a »liirU: taneo above the town, as it is also above Ceiitreville, near the r:iL:ir: Eiver; iiidi(;utiiig that a carbonifernu.s formation here .supports the in.;,. ous, which at \Vetuiii[d;a rests u[»on the primitive. To the west, s .utli-ve.; and south of the town of Tn.'-ealoosa, tbe surface differs widely I'n in tl.i;i; tbe opposite directions. As it passes by the town, tho course of the riv.rJ nearly south south-west, and between them there is a narrow slip nl'lw': tom, which widens for a niilo almve, and then terminates. On tlio li;r;: side of the river, stands tho village of ^l'ortbl'ord, on a Avider alluvial |i: much of wbicb is liable to inundation, when the river is swidleii. A mile or two west of this village, tiiere is a creek called Oraiifri.', mi flows sluggishly through a foul, wuudcil swamp, that extends tu tliu nv there is a mill, the sunerinteiidcnt mI'w;.: below tho town. On this stret ni .ilitliiu:.' assured nie, that he bad l.icen sick with fever every autunm for l'( and that nearly every one of ten o]ierativcs, einplo3ed in the eslal had experienced an annual attack of tho same kind. After passing Tuscaloosa and its fatihutirii, 2s\irthford, the river tur; the west, which direction it maintains, as Doctor ])rish inl'ornicd iiif, fr oral miles, then bends to the south, and finally flows for a number nf the cast, until meeting i^andy Creek, it again turns to tbe south. Tk tbe south-west of Tuscaloosa, tbere is a great horse-shoe, or elliptiiall' broader than, liut anahiirous to, that of the Alabama liiver near Mniit: mil'. cry. Nearly the whole of the cxtcnsi\e tract there inclosed, is lialde ti datiou when the river rises higli, and much of it is overflowed in ci iliu: \t\V i.j INTHRKi Uf . , ■.. JJy the Hrst oi ^v;ii r.itcJ; and then i TLcsc |Mirtiiiiis aro, gi ; fAiui which there are u. iii..ri:iii.S di.'h'giircd I I;,. I !' iht.se pniids, out o l..i;i > iiinlcd to a great liitiii il mc, without fiiidii \)i u' .»wniup», one, o\ c ; iiii.rs lias a length ii i".>c Atvcral islands, on livi'dii these islands, as iKiuiiiiml fever. The fiiv.aliii'ha, is undoubtedly jriiicli, liowcvcr, are lujt as Th t'le suutli iif the tow iart«. dry, is nut free from jfiu'-iice with that of the pcrivvxisted in tho gout hi Tlsc'aloosa on V> krj' tiiljutary, almost a c •i!ii' cliaractcr of a mm ri ijcth its name and ' lliuii |iidi.s, it flows through pijinhitiuii when the river i ) Tut, and iiiiide foul with fx\it\k from tho river, :.L\ from the hill country ^luiuiial fever. U. Cul-MUtV liKTWKKN tCKi;KK IhvKU.— The dista -tijf course nearly from e ' '«> turmatioii, but much t H>, hy estimate, five o |i>i.r; and consist of trial Y gravel. The scattered ills liigliost hills are near tl: Imki'kbee, which has cut P'jits. Where the road c pitfmiptodly for two mi kality I did not discover ei I '^f •' INTKIIIOK VALL1;Y or NORTH A.MI.KICA. 11)1 Iff ., t-i. I>>' the first of June, nuimnlly. in^st of tlio wiitor dniiiis oil', or I.h r.itcJ; aii'l tlieii tlio i iiUivutinu i.l' (lio lii-licr parts is rt'i'diiiiiiriiri'tl. I";,iM.' iHirtimis !iro, gciaTiiIly, in tlio form of Imi;.', narrow, flat rlil^a'.«, |,itivi\.i wU'-Ii 'I'l-'i'i' '"'" pLiinniii'iit ,s\vaiii|is, la,i:ooiiH, niid jtoiuls, ^^itll low, 'uiiiwrgiiis. ili>fiaii'''^*l Ijy lalli'ii triH.-., and infr-tfd with vcMionioiis KiiaKca. Iiiii'.t'ilitse iioiidf*, out iif wluili a htrcaiu fluws during' tlie wliok' jear, lius ;iiiik(l tod yrcat dL'|itii, as Ooctor (iuild and l>iictnr Ilarrlii^utou iii- ..I i mt', wltlioiit fiiidiii^j; huttoni. It is douLtK'NS a natural Arti^iau well, [i; ii,r «\viini|)f, one, i-virsluidowod Ity linuidandiar. and liy (.■\jire.>-s with n: 111' >.s liiis a length of oiylit (.r tun ndlcs, with a liruudlh suilicicnt to >H' several i>lands, on wlii Lidth its iiaino and waters in the eliiinnel of tho Tombeckbee, near Uiiii jKilis, it flows through a wide alluvial valley, most of which is liable to D'jiiiiaiiuii when the river is swollen. At such times, steamboats ascend it Tihviihiusa. Near Hutaw, not far from its mouth, the valley is four miles ill'. uiiAso low and Hat that much of it is traversed on a causeway of logs, ua^li side of which there aro swamps and [londs, overshadowed by a dense (ir'>t. iiud made foul with the decaying limbs and leaves of trees, mingled liili ^ilt fi'uin tho river. 1 need scarcely add, that those who live on its :.k>, t'runi the liiU country above Tuscaloosa to its mouth, aro subject to muiiiiud fever. U. IViLXTRY IIETWKEN TuSCAt.OOSA AM) riCKKNSVILl.K ON TIIi: ToM- t KiiKi; lUvKU. — The distance between these two points is about lii'ty miles -I .'■ euursc nearly from east to west. Tlie nnid keeps within the creta- ;• iuiumtion, but much of tho route is high and rugged. Some of the ■ ri :■, • ■•,, f ... ■■ ■ y , ' "* . '1 ■-: U;'f':^-:- S! ■| •;l 102 TIIK Pi;iNC.ir.\T, DISEASES OF THE ;Bfwl. ill t!iL' ]iMr,«e-slMo bcml LcLiw Tusfaludsu. Tlie liititudc is atont o:; ;;,, X., Ii.'i;in' ;i littli: nnrtli (jf tint nf tlic lu'iid rorcrrcd tn. West nf I'd.-ii. I .scv, till.' i-'iiiiitry (: subject tias nual snlimcrsion, and covered with the forest trees that belonif tu .>:.: localities, overshad'iwing a rank btrbaceous vegetation. In the river kub near the water's edge, we see rotten limestone or marlitc ( cretuccuiis liiir| stniio ), i'.i strata dipj)ing slightly to the south. On the further siilc"!: river, we are again in a low, untilled bottom, subject to freipient ewitl and infested with pools, lagoons, and swamps, 'i'his continues to K' i ease for a mile and a half, wiimi an imperceptible ascent carries ua alivi diiiarv fliiods. but the plain is still swamjiy; and thi; streams that iixj;.i.: feebly through it have nuirshy borders, for the distame of two or i:A miles; when we ascend a higher and better deliiied alluvial or diluvialt;/| race, which the river cannot reach. The surface of this old and u|i[.i.'r 1 :• tom, is m )rc sandy th:in that near the river. It bears the forest trcr-.!,:..' ding pines, whifh in the south belong to thin and o'-y soils. T!'.c ivil:':.: this bnttnm is about two nnlrs. Having traversed it, we make anntluTii- grcater rise, through a narrow belt of woods and annual jilants, ceii:ii..!i i the limestone lands of Kentucky and Ohio, six or seven degrees I'lir;.*^'! north. This sununit-level attained, wo find ourselves ou the liinesttnepl ries. which will bo described hereafter. Tlie topographical section liov;.:' is, 1 111 lieve, applicable to almost every part of the Tombeckbee lliver, aWii the m inth of the Tuscaloosa, near iNinopnlis. and not inapplicalle t • parts below. In visits to l^oetor Yongue, Doctor Sweariugeit. ami h' ''I Brown, T had favorable opportunities for inspecting the valley, whielicxtaiiiil longitudinally, nearly from north-west to south-east, and lies dhecth?'*! rtUT !■! INTERIOI ^fi{ of the town of Picki otiior reciigiiizcd causi; o must ascribe its annual v thisc visitations, in 1^;> jteaiiiliiiatH frcipicntly st oin'id yellow fever. II. COLUMDUS, "MlSSLS tmsij iiboiit twenty-three .•:i:,« nver a surface dry i trials with the plain at |.r"il"iimiant forest trees. jirt-eiits the final out-croj i the west is the broad trou Tlie town, standing on tl kg ami rather narrow jil i while on the west we hav hliatuf a stream called th il'.e Tonibeckhee, two mile •ivt'rfluwed whenever the ri I found ill broken pine and [nrrtli-east of the town. I fftiignatc; and in their vail ; «w;imji.«, which generate an ifiioiitly roniote from all c iTmljeckbee, opposite Cob I'i'keiisville, already descri I'a liliiff.baiik seventy or e: Jraakes a near ap[iroach ; thi |li't;iim between them. In pp'isite the town, we find |fliuglis and lagoons behiiul, |Mn!icrn parasite, the long |t!i!rt\--tlireo degrees thirty llorraue. not snliject to inu loaring oaks and pines; tc h ascending upon Jie j)r; friable or rotten cretaceous river at i'iekcnsvillo prose l^lluviul bottom and the prai »« well as opposite ri(d5, almost destroyed or dispersed its iiilialiitafits. Siciimboats freiiuently stop at l'iL'ken.s\illc landing, but it lias not experi- .;a-,.,i yellow fever. II. Cor.uMiius, AIissis.^iPi'i. — The distance from l*ickensville to Oolum- \.:[)'•]'' JJO' N. MI. Tmjo l'H.\iitii:s. — The tract of country which is denominntoil L. Vrairics.' is found chiefly on the western side of the Tombeckhee riivti;;..: that stream, changing its course, !it length, from south south-east to s :;.: traverses the prairie-country ; so that land of the same descrijition is IkLJ i to a considerable distance east of that river, in Greene and ^larengo couuk where it gradually beeonu'S wooded, and has received the name of T:: Cane-brakes,' from a luxuriant growth of native cane ( Mhy'm). I (.at:.; state the precise limits of this traet in the north and west. I was iiifund by Mr. Billups, one of its most intelligent inhabitants, that it begiiKs al : the county of Ijowiules, of which Columbus is the seat of justice, and ixtdi- 1 inir southerlv, throuiih Noxubee county, enters the state of Alahaiiiaf:: the west. According to another authority, it is found in the latter .-ta;... the following counties: llussell and a part of Barbour; iMacon aiidTaiJ- poosa, with a part of Pike ; Montgomery, Jjowndes, Dallas, Wilcox *'>ti!i;:. Derry, Marengo, Sunipter, (irci.iu', with portions of Tuscaloosa, I'kki | Bibb, and Shelby. This extensive enumeration, however, refers ratlier '. .| tract which has the same geological constitution as the prairies, tliaii; . surface destitute of trees and free from overlying dejjosits of • stoiilo ■ '. gravel, or ferruginous clay,' which constitute the greater part of the tur:.^! embraced witliin those liroad limits. The best specimens of prairie-ttir'a H in Alabama, are Included in Greene inu Marensro counties."''' Even tlii';":| prairie district is by no means destitute of trees, but abounds in ixy'.i'X forest, some of which seem once to hnve been the beds of jjonds urlak.-; are called 'hunnnoeks.' The vegetation of these basins is identical \vitli!-'| of the most fertile limestone borders of the Ohio lliver, while tliat'i country generally is entirely difiercnt. The prevailing width of this trat;.:j » Mr. C. S. Hale of Mobile, in Doctor Lewis' admirable paper on the Medical H*' I of Alabama : New Orleans Med. and Sur. Jour., Vol. Ill, No. VI. the state of ^rississijijii [twa* iiiliidiited by the 5ent rosidoiice beyond t ut-crop iif a thick form Jip! to the south south-v Aavmliiigto .Mr. Uale, ^1= nf .«ilifintis sand, with vf liinostoiic : above these is * Tills bed, oonnnonly knov : to three lnnulred feet thic !.;it iiovcr disappearing. jiilvcrahle limestone, wlii( ; carbonate (d'lime." The I ti 111. iiitrniiixed with the ;:!'. iinctors Cooj)er an( tr-H .<|iciiMiciis of this soil 3!:! humid spot of the s; t jiiT cent, (d' carbonate of hilt.' latter, fifteen per cen f matter: the other ingredii irn. No attempt was m t meats of the organic matte :ii [x pate, whii.di maybe don !t!;'j rains flnw off but slow I avl every stream has not o . ;'i'.' suniiiier these surface-i |;b'i.-t ijii|iervious, there is ^:;;!ir, wat. r. V. Tnn Ca\k-];i:akk.- flbvu ahvady said, are tni Jet eultivafed ) with a dens |t:"ii.«ot'(;njoiie, 3[arengo, 1 [t- the Alalia ma Kivcr. TI r'''i'iesivc. and almost ghitii ''* watered as the prairie ^'- Ai!Ti;sr.vv AVku.s.—i hn^ seuri discovered thai ¥:^^\ which, Iniwcver, ta F'"" '"• '^"ziiig was all th |'»'^tliaii I moderate sup] jTlioso cxcaA ations, called by M estimation : and the 7^. " citato. ■:^!? ,>.W !■] INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. I'Jf) tbe state nf Mi.ssi.ssijipi, as .Mr. IJillups iiirnrimd iiic, is ahmit twenty miles, ft wa? iiiliiil'itecl by tlie ('lioctaw liit ijii|ieiTious, tberc is a want of ^^priog and well, ni/t less than of run- i:iiiL', water. IV. TiiK C.\N];-imAKE. — To tlie soutb-cast. in Alabama, the ]ir;iiries, as liavu already said, are transformed into wooil-land.*, and covered ( wbero tUuItivated ) witb a dense' brake of tall cane. This is the ease v.itli por- |t:u« ijf (!n.'en(>, 3Iarengo. iVrry. Dallas, and Wilcox ci.unties, ([iiite tlirougb [t tlic Alabama IJiver. Tbe black soil of tlds tract is several feet deep. |.'ii!ii;^ive, Mild almost glutinous. Tts fertility is exbaustless; but it is as !diy watered as tbe prairies, being, geologically, tbe very same region. V AuTKSi.vN' Wiar.s. — On tbe settlement of tbe jirairies and cane-brake, |itwas snon discovered tbat they were badly watered. 1'liis b'd to well - -'2iiig: wbieb, bowever, failed to su]iply tbe ihsiiUrdliiin. A feeble perco- ihti'ii (ir oozing was all tbat occurred, and no deptb of digging procured liMo tlian I moderate sujiply of warm, very bard, and sul[iburoiis water ph'^jotxca\ations, called by tbe people 'sipo {mp) wells,' are now bold in p™! estimation ; and tbe reliance, on all tbe extensive plantations, is on M: ji*'> •(T .^ . I ' Inn citato. t Ibid. #,; .'. I ' ''.'■ 196 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE [BOOK: Artesian borings, of wliich T saw specimens, from Lowndes CouTity, Mi?*!:, sippi, to Crrcene and Marengo conntios, Alabama. Those wbii-h I visitn varied in deptli from one liiindrcd and twelve to five hundred and twi.utT feet; wliich was the depth of that on the plantation of Mr. Billnps, in .Vs- ubeo county, ^lississippi. twenty miles south of ('ohunbus. The water r'.* within sixty feet of the surface, and he had sunk a well, below that dejitli.i: the side of the boring, to serve as a reservoir, out of whicli he would pmrr the water ; a common resource, when it does not rise to the surface of t'u ground. As the strata croj) out successively, and constitute the surface v the country, I may give the following statement, derived from him, of ti'.: nature, as ascertained by the boring. Black soil, succeeded by reddish loam, - - - - 8 feet. Har J, whitish clay, - - - - - - -4' Bluish rotten limestone, with very hard sulphur balls (pyrites), 40S •• Gray sandstone, so hard as to require the pick, - - - 10 ■ Then a feeble vein of water, followed by sand — soft sand rock — and finally, by hard, gray sandstone, - - - 90 '■ Then a second and more copious supply of water. In the southern part of Greene county, Alabama, near the residence i; Doctor Dancy, I visited seven wells of the same kind, the shallowest of wh;;: was one hundred and twelve feet; the deepest, three hundred and twcM: feet. Water flowed from the whole of them, cither in a feeble or strong ar.; copious stream. The depth and temperature of each is presented hi tlieliv lowing table, beginning with the shallowest : NO. iJtpth. Temperature. 1 112 Ft. 66» Full 2 255 6&0 3 268 69° 4 21)0 67^.5 5 307 69° 6 311 67^^.5 7 .•'20 266 67° Average, 67°.7l As some of tliese borings were in superficial valleys, and others on 1 '» ridges, the figures in the second column do not accurately express tlieir ik|t: below the general level of the country. It may be considered rouiarkal.. that there should be so little relation between their depth and tonijK'ratur': The shallowest, it is true, falls one degree and seventy -one hundr'^dtlis ki ' the average, but the deepest falls nearly three-quarters of a degree below, aw one, which in depth is at the average, in temperature is at the maxinium There was no copious and permanent surface-S])ring in the neigliburk'i with which to compare them; but a few minutes of latitude to tiie south, ^ the Tombeckbee Biver, not far from ^Moscow landing, where the limuslK has sunk below the river, I found the temperature of a copious spring, w:.'-- burst out forty feet from the top of a clay and gravel bank, to be sisty-tTi INTERIO '♦r riBT I., INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 197 I Jtirrecs. As this observation was niailc on the second day of June, it could ;;nt iiidicato a winter temperature, and, tlicret'orc, we may conclude tliat the ,;;;Frrciico of live degrees and .seventy-one hundredths of temperature, was the r;iultut'the Jitference of two hundred and twenty-six feet of dejith, Iteiiig one ii,.:rree uf increased heat for al)uut every forty feet of descent beh>w the level of li:.; spring, taken as a standard. The water of all the Artesian wells w' 'cb I ;i;iteil, had a perceptible su]})hurous taste, and, tested with acetate oi lead, utlfdcd a white, granular iirecipitate, indicating, of course, tlic presence of . 1110 mui'iatit; (ir sulphuvie salt; — still it is so soft as to be used by the !i,,,|ilo t'ur all domestic ])urposes, without any preparation. Af many of these wells afford a large quantity of water, whieli flows by ri'lit and day, their multiplication, if means should nut l)e adopted to restrain ;.;i i R'trulatc tlic discharge, must, at length, create ponds and marshes, which ail scarcely fail to prove insalubrinus. hi lialiihty to autumnal fever, the jirairies ludd an intern;. Late place bc- [nicn tiie river-bottoms and the sand and loam plair.s, which bear oaks and liiiis. I was told by Mr. IJibl), who resides upim the prairies, twelve miles ; jtli of Ctilumbus, that, for several years, while lie kept his uperatives on tio sl'iiios of the prairies near the diluvial jdain or old buttoni of the Tom- I, lic'.kbee, tliey suffered much from autun;iu ! fever ; which led him to remove tkm a few miles back, where they i-njoyed excellent health. He knew of many other cases of the same kind. Mr. Moore, a few miles off, had found tl:i prairies decidedly healthy. In lunc years, out of one hundred operatives, i ittwoadidfs and three or four children had died. Mr. ]3illups, his neigh- ' r, liiiwc'ver, in eight years had lost twenty out of one hundred and twenty; fwiiniii hut two were adults; yet eight only of the whole had died of fever. N.vortlicless, the prairies, as I learned from various persons both in and out ' f the profession, may be said to be subject to that form of fever; but t' ey a.'f kaltliier than the cane-brake, in which there is a deeper mold. VI. GuEKXsnouo. — This town, one of the tddest and most noted in Ala- \ hinia. is situate in about N. Lat. 32" 4U', near the northern border of the iraiik'8, ill the west of Greene county, between the sources of IJig or Brush ijirk and a branch of ]>ig Prairie Creek, both emptying into the Tusca- loosa, near its mouth. The site of Greensboro is undulating and dry. TJie liipjicr stratum consists of sand, loam, and gravel, being a part of the wide- jSiifuaJ deposit on which Pickensville and Tuscaloosa have been built. To Itk' south and south-west of the town, there are snu.il ravines or valleys, jHicli inclo.se sluggish wet-weather streams, with niursliy borders, having a jfoilof the richest quality, and producing, along with a luxuriant herbaceous pgctatioii, a considerable growth of small cane; — henee they are called 'sffiteli-cane marshes' and 'reed-brakec These lucalities, which might, by jafcliing. be made dry, are at present very unhealthy. In reaching them, we jpissfurone or two miles over rolling and sandy pine and oak lands. From post round to north, the country is poor and ridgy. Its springs form little .*^-"-.:vv, I !| •■-.!*■ .,) ■s?''-^'i';?^v::;^'-fc- 'I ,-. M& n ■■' fi ':^'^i^'A:%: >H^' n---: 198 THE PRINCIPAL DI.-JKASES OF THE I Boot ; Ui 1. M streams, with mar.-liy borders tVdni fifty to oiu! Imndred y.:rds wide. Tu t;,. nortli, at tlic distaiiec of live miles, is }i\g or Ilrush Creek, the valli v wliieli, a mile in widtli, is a swamp througliout. farm, on its north nrl . ward side, lias lieen I'nund one of the nmst nnhealchy in the wliole oiAmr. To the north-east, tiio hraiadies of this ('re<'k meander in swaiii|iv vallv- one of wlii(di embraciis a mill-pond, and all are iiisalnhrions. To tlio fiju;!;. east, there is an extensive slonirh or swamp, in tlie neighborhood of wl,: fevers greatly abonnd. Thus, while tlie immediate town plat is free frnm;'. conditions which /.'enerati- autunmal fever, they abonnd in the sunduiiii: country; and the inhaltitants (tf both have, from the beginning of iiiiiiii:;r> tion into this region, ex])erienccd very violent intermittent and Miiitt':.; fevers, which, however, are more prevalent in some Idealities tlian otliors. VII. l)i;.MOi>OMS. — This town, one of the newest in the valley of the Tfn- beckbee, is situated on the lel't or eastern bank, innnediatcl}- below tlie iii'u: of Tnsealoosa Eivcr. On both sides of the latter there are wide hott'iL- subject to amnial inundations. The site; of r>emop(dis is dry, and ilcvatv: above the highest floods of the river. It bears a sj)ontaneous growtli fifr.i cedar, and, e.xeept the drowned bottoms just mentioned, is more favura'h situated as to health than many other towns in the region to wliicli itfe- longs. The river-faec of tlie bank on whidi the town is built, sliuw? ;i: :■ mation of cretaceous, semi-indurated limestone, which bears a differcr;' aspect from that seen further np tlio river, as at Piekensville ; but it li;:,v like that, a manifest southern di[). The ujiper layers, which are dry, ili,>|t. an almost chalky whitenes.*, while the lower and damper are of a liglit si;;"'.' color. The wlnde jiresents lines or fissures, more or less perpendicular, im of which contain crystals of carbonate of lime. Nodules of martial pvri:; are also connnon. Near the water this rock softens like marl, and is perfj- rated by some kind fif lith(jdonio. ]\'nui{iolis and its neigliborhood ar^es- ceedingly deficient in water. The 'sipe-wells' afford but little, and tbti; almost saturated with lime, and imparts a snljdiurons taste. Artc.«iaii liiiri':' have been resorted to, but the locality is, geologically, too high. One borin: on the town plat, six hundred feet deep, brought np to within ten fict ijt'!!>: surface, a moderate siijinly of very bad water. Other borings, eight ImiiilrL; feet in depth, have failed. The resource of the people is in cistern? wells so lined or plastered as to prevent transudation from the surroiinfc strata. These are filled by the cold rains of winter, and those of suiiiiK are excluded. In this way a very tolerable drinking-water is obtained. i-M people of Pemoprdis regard themselves as unfortunate, in not having I'htr.- od water by Artesian borings; but they have not gone deep enongli toreaii the water-l)earing stratum. Its depth might be calculated from the angle inclination of the strata at Piekensville, taken in connection with the i;a' water is considered salubrious; as an evidence of which. Doctor Stnutei ■of Demopolis, mentioned to me, that on a plantation of his, the opcntiv-l vtp nV !•] INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 1!J0 ^1,1, 1)8(1 been sickly under the use of the water of a 'slpc-well,' bccaiuu hoaltliv as soon as lio liad made an Artesian fduntain. Iitiiionolif;, altluiugh not so disadvantagenusly situated as some other ., aiisuf Alal):uiia, in reffreiicc to thlR'en already given.'*' IX. The niLi--CouxTnY. — llepcatcd allusion has been made to the 1 w alpine region, which lies beyond the cretaceous formation, and consti- uiti'?, through the northern part of Alabama, a water-shed, from which trib- ■,:tanos of the Tennessee descend to the north, and the various head waters f tlio TombuL-kbec, Tuscaloosa, Cahawba, and Coosa, fl ., off to the south. T!io eastern portion of this range, where the Appalachieola, Tallapoosa, and I' '-a have their origins, is, on its southern side at least, composed chiefly of irimitive rocks, topically impregiuited with gold. Further west, transition or Silurian limestone occurs, overlaid or flanked by a coal formation. Thus the .'0 'Ingy of the hill-country differs from that of South Alabama, as nmch as :;> ti'pdgraphy. In regard to the latter, however, it maybe remarked that Uit little of it is really mountainous : the larger part is jnly hill-country. Tlie streams have a rapid current, wliich, with the density of the old rocks vir which they flow, has prevented their excavating wide alluvial and >ivam[y valleys ; while the rugged surface has rendered the formation of I'liiilsand marshes at a distance from the water-courses ei(ually impossible. Xevcrthcless, this region, which may be called ^liddle Alabama, is not ex- ■^ent(iii ei^nr.- between the Coosa and Tallapoosii, near the tliirty-fourtli degree of lutiini saw, as he informed me, niiiuli of tliis ft'ver, Ixjth intermittent and romittri;; One summer, after eopious spring rains, it invaded the inhabitants (if i'^ pine hills. In Jueksunville there is a limestone spring, whieli disfli;ir;'i, a great ((uantity of water; and it is notorious, that tliosc who live noaru.ay, at a short distance from the dividing !::.r between the two states. Its direction is nearly parallel to that of tk Mississippi Eiver, from which it is distant, in a straight line, from one hii- dred and fifty to two hundred miles. Its extreme length, in a straight li'.e is three hundred miles. Thus, the region on which wo have now entered i-i parallelogram, with its longest sides nearly in the meridian. It includes ti; state of 3Iississippi, and, in its south-west corner, a small part of Louisiac: Few portions of the ^Mexican Basin, of the .same extent, present as uu::. jrcoloiiical and toporrraphical uniforniitv, as this reaion. Accorilin;: t' '.: geological map of Mr. liyell, compiled from tlie best authorities,'!' tlie wli • region embraces but two formations: 1. The post-tertiar}' and tertiary: l the cretaceous. The former extends north from the Gulf of Mexico (bctveff * Med. Hist, of Alabama : N. 0. Jouriuil, bff'ore cited. t Travels ia Nortli Aiiiorica. By Ciiarlcs Lycll, Esq. 1845. i V I'.'ie Riy and the Mississ j,:i'' if Mis.si.ssippi, nearly ]' :i!|iili.s to the tmngli of I north of this line, bel (,:!i-iiiferotis and Silurian (rv . ; .\labania, do not oc( I; ]':. till' nntiee of the inec vAt'tchod out, is eonii f iTiitecl, and easily ; I the Ciulf is .small. me sources of the Toi ■cii hinidred feet, while •v feet. Ill the south :-; in the north and ■' a>t, the ujijier jiart < r obstructed, for succ iiaphieal eoiiditioii is, k" those of Alaliania, I -11 tlie Mississippi l?iv i)o;;!inrs which lie on the tr, ; : the region under iiisp( ■ riliL' its interior. This, filL'iij?: for I did not pcnc K'l [lublijhcd much upon it !5ta-oast corner, with tlie fi I (i.- 1 ev ■ t: ■ t I ' BASIN C ! Th\> out-of-the-way and M'- "f the state of Missis* lay. may be seen on the mai, ■ l"-eii already described ui ' 'ij'ula Piiver is intermedi ''-"■y, to the east, and Pea, '•'•'i fifteen counties of 31 [tirde of 3U0 30', its extrei i'^li more than two degrc 1 1''^' ttTtiary formation, m ^iiii of sand and luani, ^s]. "^f'f'JUrorfivoluiudredf;..,. ^ -■rams have scooped out ' ■ The bottom-lands a i|r- I ^mm : I rtRT !■; INTERIOR VALLEY OF NOKi.. AMERICA. liOl V i^liBavand the ^lississijijii l{ivcr),toa lino ruiiiiiiifr across the middle of tlic t,- . ,,t' Mississippi, nearly east aiid west, from tlie Tnnibeckbee Itiver, lelow ]i iiLiulis, tn till' tnnioli of tlie .^Iississip[ii, alioveA^icksliiirf];. All above, or to t iii.rth of this line, heluiigs to the cretaceous formation; for the ohler (. ill ■:.it'niiis and Silurian groups, which constitute so much of the hill-coun- (., .! Alabama, do not occur in IMississippi, at least to such an extent as to II, rit tlio notice of the medical ge(dogist. The whcde surface of the region I.', SActi-Iied out, is composed of loose, miscellanc(nis ingredients, readily (]. ,t .Tatctl, and easily transported h) water. Its elevation above the .jivtl't the Oulf is small. The highest parts arc to the north-east, at the lisiionie sources of the Tondjeckbee; but they do not, probably, exceed six jr-veii hundred feet, while the greater pirt ranges from four hundred down lil'tv feet. Tn the south of this region, we have Pasoagouhi and I'earl Kinr-: in the north and north-west, the Big ]>lack and Yazoo; in the li rtli-i-'a!>t, the ujiper i)art of the Tombeckbee ; nearly all too .shallow, nar- ^i(w, "X iiLstnicted, for successi'ul steamboat navigation. An effect of thi.s l, :r ..'npliical condition is, that the towns of the state of ]Missis.sippi are B • liki' those of Alabama, on the banks of rivers, except those which are ft :i,>l 111 tlio Missis.->ippi Eiver. Having already treated of them, and of the k;;!iiiis which lie on the Gulf of 3lexico — having, as it were, traveled P ;:rl tlie region under inspection, it only remains, in a series of sections, to [it-rihe its interior. This, however, I .shall not be able to do with much .?s: for I did not penetrate it in many jilaces, and its physicians have Ki iiubHarl)y*- informs us that the "general aspect of the soil on tli' ',iv of the I'ascagoula is sterile; but on their margins a consideraljle ?iii;,. good farming land exists. I'ine forests rcaeli the Gulf of ^Mexico onlntii;::^ of Pascagoula IJay." Do.-tor Merrill, of Natchez, in 1S19 and l^'JO, v,,,.;. surgeon of a regiment of troops which cut a military road througli tlii»l.. from west to east. lie found it a level pine plateau, with but few -it . or ponds. The troops, recently from the north, were subject, in siiiiin.ir. autunni, to a mild and sim[ile remittent fever, of which very few ife. Speaking of that part which lies near the (lulf, ^Nfr. Darby says, itsunlb fulness is counterbalanced, to the inhabitants, by the health tliov f According to Eesan(;on, t most '.larts of it are but little affected vi;''i fevers of autumn; and of one county he says, it is "too healthy tn >•']:: a physician, too honest to need a lawyer, and too free from debt tn :.::•: any salary to the clerk of a circuit court." On the whole, we niayi.' ! that the I'ascagoula liasin affords, in its autumnal salubrity, instructive deuce of the connection, in the manner of cause and effect, hotn>.ii : topograjihieal condition of a southern region and its bili((us fevcr.«. If' obstructions to the navigation of the I'ascagoula lliver, whioli li'.- ;.• mouth, and ciuisist of bars formed by the silt of the river and tlio ..viii))i .stands, howeV' '' -(•', and, having JDp'OTiiliy. .1 ACKsoN',— The imnu I I'radually rising into a con; I'le, wigioally, a kind of mo pr. to the cast north-east, ■prings. Extensive low |o?t. ffliiidi are covered by d > west, a small tributary ^niiorly the inliabitants dra kictly on cisterns, replenishc P'"H liiniself to the study Nfonding from the surface mhv; clay or hjam, seven or i"'J[' --i *ri.] INTRRIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMFRICA. 203 si:cTio\ IX. HASLV (IF I'KAKL HIVFR. I Tin's Imsin, wliii-li (u'ciipics iiKire tliaii lialf tlio Idiifritiidiiial center of Bo -tut' "f Mississippi, oxti'iids from tlic A'/'/oA/.v, Ijotwccii fiakc I'uiitr.'linr- laiiiiiiM 1-ak'! Jiiir^Mit' ( /'/. l'), (Hi tlu; ( iulf .if .Mfxico, in N. Lat. :iO" 1(1', i.\. I,at. •!•!" I**'- '5'if. wliiltMtsi loti;:tIi rc^aclics tliroii^rli tliroe degrees of Ititii'l". it.i lii'(?ndlli (loos not average; more tliaii tliree (|iiartc'>' of a degree of L'iiuili.'. It i>», in fact, the narrowest liasin, in proiKirtinn to it.s length, that III aiivwliorc bo found in the Interior \'!illey. Tlu! river, originating in or Itar the civtacoous prairies, south-west of Cohunhus, on the Tonilnckheo, -niiasscs the line of junction between that formation and tlio tertiary, and |iT3tliriiiigh the latter, by a course nearly soutti, to the (!ulf. Its imnie- jlato valli'V, er trough, is wide, with rich, wooded bottom-lands, almost evcry- Ik'fo suliject to inundations, which leave ponds, lagoons, ami cypress and iiilanibar ,«wanips. The uplands, on each side, arc suflieiently level, and |iPiiL'!i the liwcr half of the river's I ngth, especially on its eastern side, are loTiri'iJ with pine. On the western side generally, and on Imth sides as |c:i.^riiil the river, the land becomes more fertile and ndling, with bummi'cks, ^v.i-hnkcs, rnul even whole counties of productive soil. The tributaries of frarl I'iviT are, in general, very short; but manv of them, esiieeiallv the pr. an.' fed by copious springs. .Most of tlicni flow through wide alluvial i!ks, diich are less liable to overflinvs than those of the main stream, yet 'notfroc from swamps and swales, which render tlieir baidsis,siiipi stands, however, on the west or right bank of this river, about L.it .'I'i^ "JO', and, having made a visit to it, I shall give a sketch of its bp'L'raiiliy. II. Jacksox. — The innnediate site of the town is elevated; some parts of I.Ti'li'.ally rising into a considerable swell or tul erosity ; though other parts It'ro, iii'igiiially, a kind of morass, now filled u]i. Between the town and the iver. to the oast north-east, there are ponds of clear and cold water, supplied ■^pnng.s. Extensive low bottoms lie to the north-east, east, antl south- N(-t. whii'li are covered by dense forests, and sutler annual inundations. To |ft wt.?t, a small tributary is .skirted with narrow, wet, alluvial grounds. FriiM'ly the inhabitants drank a very impure well-water; latterly, they rely Sttitiy 1,11 cisterns, replenished in rainy weather. From Dr. Clist, who has wv till himself to the study of the geology of this region, I learned that, in i4-.iiiiliiig fruni the surface, there is,.A'''''''. a bed of mold; sccom/, a bed of . Jt.K'Wclay or loam, seven or eight feet thick; t/dr'l, a bed of gravel, variable ^\ < ■Vi '■^J M^ 1, . ■iy^' ■./ ' • 'iCfc^ •. : "<■.■ "'?;•'' ■AU. • ''v.*'"* • ' '. .. ■ .j\ *' . .-^.v ' - * ■ /•■■r '' . . ' '':'.'m '■ . ■ ■ f ■,»•■ •^j,,\f{'-:^^Pu'.\■•^' ■' - • ■ u.-K ■ 201 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE [IOC f.iir /.J INTER rofl !' ■ ' li .• r I |.-^;--l in tlii(kncH<«, but, gciiernlly, alxiut tliroo feet ; j'lnirlh, a strntiini of Mn, from ei^flity to mn' liunilri'il Coot tliroiigli ; Ji/lh, hiiihI, y^^i uiikiinwii (Iciiili | socniid iiii'l tliinl ( loam ami jrravrl ) aro nl'tfii wanting. The fimrtli ,' day ) Hoiiictimcs asf'inncs a wliitc, ^'ray, or yclinw lino. Tt alMiund!. iv. of inilnratod (.•arlioiiati) of linu', or rotten linicstoiu', marl, and ;.'V|iMnii;j fialjdiati'H (pf iron, soda, magnesia, and alnmina, liavo also been (liter;. it. It altoiindn in marino hIicILs, remains of trees, and bone.s nt' l;ii, 1 ■ . I nials. 'I'lic fifth, or sand stratum, in its upper part, roHcmliles the mud it ;> river; liaviiig decayed animal and vegetalih; nnitters mingled with it, j;] sending up earlionic ai'id gas. At the depth of a few feet, the f li :rniii Xmv Orleans is im III ■ iiink'd by pine wood.s, tCiiiiated population of the 'lity. and the eastern port fe:. are -inoro exempt from eni're fertile, and lie in th. Jrij do,lissis- I'lni tliiTu are vast liriodeiidroiis or tiiIi|i-|io|ilars, and over the whole, fc.pl iiiairnolias. This inclined pliiiii is diluvial, and eorrespondH with tho (I ; .)r second hottonis of the Toinlieekliee, wliiih liavo been mentioned. Its Hi:':irc is modiTiitely fertile. Imniediatidy succeeding to this licit, there is II 'liiriif nearly the same area; ' tho surface of which,' aecordini.' to Jhir- Iv. iskiikon, often considerably elevated, the soil diversilied in (juality ; near li' streams, often fertile, but a much greater projioition covered with pine \l'iimii riij'uli' ), and sterile. Springs of excellent water become IVequent, 111 tlie creeks and rivers aro fine bold streams of very pure limpid water.' As tn fiTtility, it may be stated that the eastern portions (bordering on rfarl liivLT ) of both these terraces, are more sterile and piny than tho •tirii. Ill this (pmrter we have III, M.u)i!■ • I .' ■!• . 1 ,; I "Sir ■:-t>^ I:-.:.. 1 wliicli tlie river Amkc' originates, is covered uitli long-loafed pine; v. anutlicr portion, kimwii as tlio 'J*ine llidgc,' i>asses diagonally tlir;::':; ■ county of Adams, to strike tlio I^Iississippi a sliort distance aliove Xat.:.,; Nevertheless, taken as a whole, this tract is decidedly I'ertile, ami is, .jr^., clothed with a nascelluneous forest, wliieli overshadowed exteiisivo u-.. brakes. In many places, small ponds or sloughs disfigure the Surfac*.'; nv along the streams generally, tliere are foul alluvial bottoms, subject tiiiL;.| dation. Tn co)>",e(|uence of this, the most extensive and valualde iilantu;;j are on the uplands. Permanent springs are scarce, and the ^vcIImt;,:; , offensive, and regarded as unhealtliy. Though pellucid, it deposits, (in-:-, i<:-f, a whiti.sh sediment. 3Iost of the wells terminate in rotten ( ttnir limestone. I brought away a bottle of water, from a well of very la!:,. l)uto, in Jefferson county, several miles back of the river-town of Pii]-;; already described, which, after the lapse of three years, was cxaiiii:;..': Doctor llaymond, who found a spontaneous deposit of crystallized i.ur! , of lime. All the carbonic acid gas, which kept the lime in soliitiuii, ai.i:. sulphuretted hydrogen gas, wdiich gave the water an unpleasant .sniil!.„ escaped. Except the bme. Doctor llaymond could not detect aiiyt'.:-:.! matter. T(j su[)ply their waiit.s, the planters, in many parts of this district, n-:;: cisterns. Tliosc to contain (h'inking water, are idled by the rains inn;:;- those for stock or o her purposes, at any time. Many of these ci.-itir;.- .;: from twelve to fifteen feet in diameter, and twenty to thirty feet duqi. >: largo plantations have several, in different parts, as convenience ri'iair.- The sti.i k, not le.":s than the peojiL\ prefer this to well-water. As a giKrJ fact, all the fer.ile portions of this region are subject to autuiimal kt' Some account of a few localities will dlustrate what has been said. V. Woonvii.i.K. — This town is situated fifteen miles from the MisfisJ River, in tiie interior of )Vilkinson count}-. Its elevation above.tlicluvtlAl the Gulf is throe hundred and forty feet; above the river, at low water, il;::l two hundred and sixty. Its latitude is ol^ 7' X. The geological foimaii:! or. which it stands, is tertiary sand and clay. According to Doctor Stuiif!';! Doctor Kilpatrick, its site is the dry rolling land which separates tlie liuad ivaM I of the I'ayou Sara, Thompson's Creek, and Buffalo Creek from cacli <\'s\ Some of the siuall tributaries of the last, originate on the town-pldt, ai;a;i| they flow off to the north, pass through broken pine lands, and are fel with narrow swamps; but the town and its environs, in other dircctioiisK entirely exempt from stagnant water, which, i'r(»m the unevonness ut' i!.i r:l face, cannot accumulate into ponds or mar.shes. In every direction aKij the town, except to the north, tliore are extensive cotton plantations, ivk':! have boon cultivated more than forty years. The population of the t"W:3| eight hundred. It has always been regarded as one of the must pkaarJ and, ill reference to autumnal fever, one of the healthiest towns iu tlie !.i:;-| ■,;i: yet,inlS44, it e.\j i [aiiJs tlie town of Port (iil 4itili'iciit depth, in wet Lm wliidi it is distant ten jf ilraiid Tiulf, was most o f wiiicii ffcro ratlier steep. J. low, alluvial valley i jriruipal branches, that uni p:t bank of the southern iu ftiio Bayou Pierre are ove ■W'.ilou by rains, tiic inui 1 w'liich the town stands ij |:.'Uiidit-clean, and well si toiu twenty to forty feet de pa in nutny other parts of ti)e tertiary forinati(jii, tl piaiis uniform iu character. pji', tlicro are some low, \\ ^t junction of the two brai |ortii, are ponds loft by tl buiitry is inodurately level, plj'.ft to iiiild attacks of a l^'fc Irequcut and fatal. Il A 111- A COMPARISON' OF f tiie IdufT-zonc which have m the Pascagoula, wo fin Itiiig noted : jirat, thoy are a liaeliiie to the south — ai * New Orleans Med rin: !., INTERIOR \ALLCY OF NORTH AMERICA 20; jTisi: vet, ill 1S44, it expcnoncoLl a .severe visitation of ^olloiv fever."*' Wasb- LfH'!, another town of tliis zone, lias been already dcseribeil in connection if;ti| NaU'licz, frum wliicli, it.s iiarticipation in the eiiideuiies uf that city, do u ; ■ .rii;it it to bo seijaratcd by the niediral top,,'f!Taj)lier. VI. O.UU.AXD CoLLEOK. — Tlio sito of tlii.s rural inbtitutlon is in Claiborne i.untv.sis miles from the ]Mi.ssi.■/, they are all incbided within the same parallels of latitude — iiadiiioto the south — and all belong to the same tertiary deposits; yet, V •" f ,• I, ■k:, ~ .&■'■ . \ :f»^ * 'is' *, ■•■f '■'. ■ ' * New Orleans Medical Journal, Vol. I, p. 530; Vol. II, p. 40. 208 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE IBOJl PIRT !■. IXTERIO f- ^y. m sccotidlij, the (lci)th and continuity uf fertile soil, and tbe variety and ]■;■ . riance of tree and lierbacoous vegetation, arc uuich greater in the foim. r ::,; i in the two latter. Now to what cau.>;es shall we ascribe this differonco'; j^. not prepared to say that some variation in their mineral constitutiminjav;; exist, as an effioicnt agency in tlio case, but am inclined to aseriljuiinKa • the dilFerenco to the contiguity of the 3Iississippi lliver, and its wide, Mvas,- and pondy bottoms. In the great prairies of the west, trees and a riiln..> tation arc only found near the rivers. On the western side of Lako Afi-i.;;- I found a belt of lofty forest, two or three miles wide, with prairie iin; .. ately beyond. It appears, then, that river and lake exhalations i'uvr:;- vegctation; and to tliis influence, continued ever .since the 3Iississiji|)iyi| existence, we may, perhaps, in good part ascribe the misccllaneou.si'ori>tiM| luxuriant herbaceous vegetation, and the rich soil, which distinguish tin K. zone from the zones which lie immediately east of it; and which, attb,-;;:! time, render its inhabitants more liable to autumnal fever. SECTION XI. THE RLUFF-ZONE CONTINUED: VALLEYS OF THE BIG BL.\CK iv YAZOO RIVERS. I. This section of the zone, east of the Mississippi and west of P'sl lliver, extends from that just described (the northern limits of ffLii:: between the thirty-second and thirty-third degrees of latitude), up t ;.;: o.V'. To the west, ti.is section of the zone is limited, for a short ili-' u by the 3Tississippi, and afterwards by the Yazoo lliver; to tlio ea.-'.::; bounded by the upper waters of IVarl and Tombeckbec lUvcrs. Likr'S three preceding divisions through which we have just passed, this sod;:: the zone is narrow, especially in its lower part, where Pearl River. !f I westerly bend, approaches near to the Big l>lack. Our palc(ititologi>t!.!'!r decided, that the line of junction between the tertiary and the misit formations of the south, traverses the lower extremity (if this soctinii, n; iiortli of tlie town of Jackson, in tlio interior, ami of "N'icksburg, oiitK)!:^ sissi|ipi; '^o that nearly the whole district on which we have entorcil. fcJ the latter formation. As to civil divisions, no less than sixteen or a'Vffija counties, in whole or in part, are included within its limits. Thii.-i'i'^i make up its inferior portion, — Claiborne, WarrtMi, Hinds, Yaznn, )\yA and [lolnics, — began to be settled as far back as IMIO, or even k't'Ti: the settlement of the remaiiuler was at a later period. As intimated by the heading of this article, two rivers drain tlicw!:.! this section. IJig Black, the soutliern and shorter of these stre:iui>.''.p| nates in Choctaw county, and taking a south-west course, nearly [laR.:' the Yazoo, enters the ^lissi-^sijipi iilty-four miles below A'ickshui'L'. i' town of Grand Gulf. The county in which this river has its ori^iiii. ' t!;;m llii'se through whicl ^Ithe .«trnt.i are loose and f !"Ur.;o. M iiroad valley, w ibad'.AVL'il by tali trees. \,.iiA ill going from Vic .' fill'. ;i!iiiini(liiig in jiomls ili.it tiiii'', .June sftst, nihil Pli'k separates the coui ti.'l, arc wide, and subject iirilifi'ii cniinh'es of 31ai |.M-water, Tallahat.dice, iD'ith-wi'st, descend into 1 |,'i!:io iif Vazoo. The cou lli":"i|'|ii, wliieli it juin e the mouth of the Bi I aro canals of conniiu ■ tlio vast alluvial [ ' "f the Yazoo is ah. ■ a;id constitute the \i ' ,i'i?. The main trunl i:.f -Mississippi, but the i "'■'i cuter its left or eas t"!i Kongo to "\'ickshur,: loir separated from it bv Tin's jiortion of the bluff ' '• ''iJiy. It has but fow ' '■'■•' .streams, and even l« One of the most in 1" traveled to Benton Jfrwl;iVli the road passes i; pi. l]i;.VTo.\ lias I'or its »!«[':■• '"'itoms of the J}ig ''"- >"il of this regiir h^'tof of the springs aii.l |r-<'>nt!i. XotwithstandinJ F "I any great degree, to P"i>:iregnlarvi.sitant, a Pli. Il„et„r 3Iontgonierv y '^■"•■^ uf Carroll, Clio. "" J'cnton, from which I ^" "'" alcove mentioned prt^''l and broken; the V vm- narrow, and coiiti V'^'' '^t' any importance, \ ^^^1r P4RT !■ INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 200 b^hn those tlimugli wlilcli it flows, is sufiicioiitly elevated and rulllng; but as h' strata arc louse and friallo, it has seimpfd out, for the lower halt' of its ifiur-e. a broad vallc\', with de[)re.sscd and foul bottom-lands, densely over- iliid.AVL'J by tall trees. Even one of its tributaries, JJaker's Creek, wliich I irr,«i'il ill "oing from Yieksburg tn Jarksun, had a valley three or tour miles \i\c aliouiuliii'i' ill poiids and swamps; and a family near its banks wero at Kit Um<\ June Jlst, afflicted with fever. At a higher point, where tiie Big Ilk -eiianites the counties of Yazoo and [Madison, its bottoms, as I ^vai^ il are wide, and subject to inundation. The Yazoo lliver originates in the icrthrru coun*:ies of 31ar>liall, 'I'ippali, and INmtotoc, under the names of l-water, Tallahatchee, and Yallnlmsha ; whicli strcains, flowing to the iiUli-west, descend into tho' wide Mississippi bottom, luiito, and take the pae iif Yazoo. The course of this comniuM truidc is nearly south, to the ivi^-ii'|ii, which it joins twelve miles above ^'ick.sburg, and si.\ty-,->ix live the muutli of the ]>ig ]jhick. Of tho ^un Flower and other bayous. tii a u'l; canals of comnuiiiication from the [Mississippi tn the Yazoo liiver Icr - t!io vast alluvial plain, an account has been already given. The fc'.ir-t' nf the Yazoo is along the bluff's, which terminate this plain to the i", a;iil coii.-titute the western margin of the ujiland zone we are now jji;! i:!_'. The main trunk of the Yazoo ])elongs, therefore, to the trough If t Mississippi, but the upland streams which form it, and the trihutaries ll ' riitw its left or eastern side, belong to th.e blutf-zone, which, from liDUge to Vicksburg, a[iproaches the .^lississippi, but is afterwards separated from it by the Yazoo ildttnni. This jiiirtion of the bluff-zone is nowhere quite level, and in some parts r iiilly. It has but few lakes or swamps, exce[)t in the immediate vicin- ! its .streams, and even these, as we advance to the north, diminish in !;ii, One of the most important counties of this district is Yazoo, into .1! I traveled to ]jeuton, twelve miles from Yazoo City. The country rwiiiuh the road passes is elevated and uneven. IL ])K.\T(ix has for its site a dry and mlling tract, with the low and rnnv liuttonis of the J)ig Bhu^k eight or ten miles to its east and si.uth- • Till.' -lil (if this region is fertile, tlie natui'al vegetation miscellaneous. wator ot' the springs and wells nuich bitter than in the bluft'-zone fur- it j'iv,t!i. Xntwithstanding the country at and aronnd Benton doos not II. in any great degree, to i'avor the production of autunnial fever, that ^1.' is a regular visitant, and often presents malignant cases. II. Hiietnr -Montgomery lias lately published a jiaper on the Topography crs of Carroll, Choctaw, Tallahatchee, and Yallobusha counties, l!cnton, from which T make the following extract: "III lilt' above mentioned counties, the face of the country is very much "'U|ite(l and broken; tlie valleys in all, except the western border of Car- ■1^' very narrow, and confined and contracted by sandy and rocky ridges; iiiit-s of any importance, very little land subject to (overflow, very few U '. • 1 i ' • ' V '■■v\- •.!>?■ ■*M *i'^;V,-; 210 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE iBCoi iriRTi.i INTER ir 1 1 ^ i ) ' . ■ , 1 ._ ,. ,1; ■ ■ |.S -^^ . ' ' ■. ' -^^ ;. -14* I" r ; . • ■ ' . \\p''->: ■4 ponds of .stagnant Avator, or any place tliat could be properly called a 111^. rious swamp. The ]}ig IJlac-k llivor touches the soutli-ea.stern Ijurdcf ■< Carridl, and courses tlirougli tlic midst of Choctaw, from its uortli-eastcrn! its south-western extremity. There are but few creeks, and thuse nf ijcH dimensions, in (!liof-t;iw; and the valleys and ercek-bottdnis arc vcrv't" and contracted in that county. In Carroll, wo have the Yazoo llivur. ri;. ning nearly in a situthcrl}' direction along our western border; tlic LlLlis;. chee passes through about thirty miles of our north-western edinui; i,-! Black, as before menti(med, courses abmg the south-eastern angle ufti; county; thus, these three rivers run nearly from north to south, andtlo;:! creeks nearly all run westerly, to emj)ty into the Vazoo. The creeks !!>:,;.: all dry up in summer, and Ave have scarcely any ponds of stagnant wa;,; The county of Vallobusha is only ., ursed by one river, the YallniKil which traverses that county from the north-east, running down tn tlifs eastern extremity, then turning and cour.sing all along the southern lii.rii:| There is one large creek, bearing the euphonious name Aattatanibiiguo,ivi:; traverses the whole county, running from north to south ; and it is mirt!iT.| remark, that the people living near the bank of this creek arc vcrytj.. from disease. There are a few more small creeks in this county, hi j pure, clear water; and no malarious regions of any extent to my knuffki';! "We see, then, frcu this imperfect geographical oatline, that tlie il;I local causes of disease in these counties, are from the ]Jig IJlack in ;;; south-east, the Tallahatchce and Yazoo on the west, and the Yallikiuj running westerly from Choctaw, between Yallobusha and CarnJl CMUii;i«| As I have said, all this region, except the Yazoo valley in the west, is v:.- much broken; the soil is rocky and sandy on the hill.j; the level lamlii"! composed of productive dark-colored loam, with a sub-stratum of days::! some freestone, but little limestone; the springs of water are jileiity anJal cellent, mostly rising in sandy strata, some few containing largo puiti-r.; ;| iron and sulphur. The highlamls, by far the most plenty, arc covmiKJ the common pine, black jack, and red oak; the valleys are timbered nitiii:! gums, poplar, hiukory, ash, white oak, elm, beech, &:c. There is suuic b cane in the Yazoo valley."'* IV. North of these counties we come to the culminating line lieraal the Tennessee River, belonging to the Ohio IJasiii, and the Yaznu I'k This water-shed is a westerly continuation of ihe hill-country of Ahtol but less elevated and not so rugged. Towards its eastern liniit.s sniue |iin:3l are said ( by liesantjon i' ) to reach the altitude of eight huiidrud fiit. ii| ab(tunds in springs. Some of its streams have rapid current!?, but ti-^ meander through wide b(jttoms which tlioy overtiow. The soil is geiii.ni;| rich, yet certain portions abound in pine, the indication of ciiiii|'^W"''| * Now Orloans .Tournal, Vol. I., No. 6, p. 5.')8. t Aniiual Rfgister. -tcrilitv. Til this region j.Vi.vk^ijilii, there are c;i If iiiiJ ill .•nme of the 1101 ifiai ['"riiiatiuii : hut tho,s( lev'.r. reserve .some remar ivc Iiave traveled over th AiitiimiKil fever is an t klwB'v: lilaek and Yazo( 8i;il autuuiii with violenci l!FM.\rXI)ER OF T I. To coiiecive clearly r', wliieli is the residue r ||!.' basin of the Ohio, it i riiiiessee Kiver, '' ' .sout M'.rces of tlie Vazoo, or tli little below the tliirty-: wii's witliiii one liundred f.,l'i; !mt it then turns nor •"Ij:- iinrtherly course it ce il'iiaeniss the western par ll- tliirty-scveiith parallel. }I;--!^^i]|pi. Throughout fytiif meanders of the s ■ivrs from the region Ik jrikitaries; fur the water- car to the Teiinessei!. 1 P'J'li larger streams, liowf ■>t soutliern is A\'olf Jlivi lat-liw Iiraiieh of the Va; pii!iwee. Xext, advaiici r^'-' vises, ill part, from tin {•■ Mis>i>.si|,l,i ;it K:tlldo]|,l Itiver and bistly Obi. I""^tivaiii worthy of bein ^ !iiv now .studying. I'l l'i'iii>see. and the we.>feni '■i'^'t'i' level or uiidiiliitii ''i--'.* and those of the tri i';^;"'l and ],illv. livery '' ■' ■ ■"'"•ever, nni.t he v'ei ' --i^'i ill cmTciit. and. f|,e w FART I INTERIOR VALLKY OF .NORTH AMKRICA. 211 >t.rilitv. Tn this rcginii, as in tliu wlioli' Miift'-/.uiio (l(i\vii in tlio Oeltii <>f tlie .Mi>>i*>ip!''> thcro ;iro ciino-lirakos. Ucsaticdii itituriiis us that limestouo is If. tiiiJ ill .^"iiic "t" tho iiiirtli-oastuni cduiitics. which probably bohnigs tu tlio loial t'lrmatioii; but thdso nearer the Mi.ssi>si|i|)i are cretaceous. T will, how- Icv'T. ri'.HTVO sMiie remarks nii tho lucdical gculngy (if this region, until after |m' Lave traveled over the next. Autumnal fever is an eiuleniio-e|)i(leniie of all [tarts of the zone drained by Jt!;' I)i-' l^''"-'k and Yazoo IJivers; in some localities recurring every summer aii'l nutuiiin with violence, in others, as an oceasiunal scourge. .■ I. IV till' SECTION XII. RFMAINDER OF THE REGION SOUTH OF THE OHIO BASIN. 1. Tocoiiceive clearly of tin' form and extentof the remainder of theblufl'- ■?i\ wliicli is the residue of the great region east of the AIi«:>issi|i[ii and south of kk bu;e two rivers, is everywhere very rar tu tlie Tennessee. From this dividintr ridijre, or culminatiinx iilateau, |i!k!i lai-jrer streams, however, descend wc^twardly to the Missis.'^ijun. The fc>t S'Hithcrn is Wolf River, which, in its origin, interlocks with the Talla- latliir branch of the Yazoo, and fuially joins the Mi^sissijijii at .Alenijihis, (tiiiK'>a'o. Xext, advancing north, we have the Rig Ilatchee, which like- liscs ill |iart. from the same sunnnit. and. by a cireuitou.- courx', enters 1 ■ Mis-i>sip[ii at Randoljih. sixty miles higher up. Then succeed^; I'urked ■ ■ Iiivcr, and lastly Obion River; after which, uji to the Ohio River, there ! ' ^ticain Worthy of being noted. Such is the hydrograjihy of the district f( aiv imw studying. Politically, it comprehends the western district of liiiiii'ssiM'. and (lie western extremity of the state of Kentucky. Its surface 'it.icr level or undidating, except near the streams, and betwei ii their '"I* and those of the tributaries of the Tennessee, where it beci nies more I' "1 iiiid hilly. Every part of it belongs to tho cretareous formation, ■ ^I'lWi'Ver. must be very thin in its northern margin. The rivers arc f" -i'l ill current, and, flowing through a loose .surface, have excavated wide ^M-^i'. ^': '^:>': ■'AC' L'l''/-' ■ ' ^■'v.<"4. . . ^. : ' I ' >■ .t -. : 212 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE I BOOS I'l- trmiirlis, with liw alluvial Itottonis, wliioli arc lialilo to fr('i|iu'nt iimml In travorsiiifr tliis trad rrnm .Moinpliis t(i Savaiiuali, on tlm Tt'anoii,sui' Hi tli<3 road passiiiL' tlir'niLfh lialciirli, Sunu'rvillc. JJolivar, and Vurdy. Ifh l!i(! stiil iri'iicrally rrd, and where the streams had eut down forty t'eot. their lianks e.\hii)it the same hue([nitt; to the water's edge. T fragments, in whieh the luam aliuund.^ seem to prove that the latter or : isa-i eomposed eondnmeratt! or |ieli!)l_y sandstone; whih; the color of tlic ■ijiows tliat •x}- de (if imn was the cenKMit. "tone f that ;nii is h (;ro situ, increasing in ijnaiitity as we advance farther frnm the ]Mississi|i|ii. \ mitice of two hiralities — ;ine low (hiwn and the other hiiih ni) ■nil t:: Hatidiee, will serve as si)e<-iniens of the district. [[. TirxoN ("ouNTV. — Doctor Tlariier has irivon us a skotfli m cdical topography of this county. IJounded on the west by the .Mi— sippi, it is traversed nearly through its center ])y the Big Hatclieo. T river, and its trilmtarie/, an; bordered by low bottoms, from one to twn,:,, wide, which are hcmnded by high banks on either .side. The stru; crooked, and in winter and spring overflow the liottom-lands, wl mostly too W'Ct for cultivation, and remain covered with their origiiuill For ten miles from tlic iMissis.-ippi, tlio surface is hilly: but the eastii of the county is more level, and is tlie chief seat of cultivati mij 111'!! on. TI is subject to autnnnial fever; often contre^tive or malignant. It us (■' more in latter years, than when sunnners than wet. settlements were first made ; and iii 111. J>oi.ivAii. — This to\\:i. the most inniortant of the interior. iil'i: li. 1> «1'' sixty-five niilos east of .^leni] ihi. on the iiith or left bank of tin Hatchee. from which it is distant one mile. It stands on a \\m\\.' slopes gently to the river: which is a deep, sluggish canal, not moiv i: one hundri'd feet in widtli. Altliougli between two and three hundrcilm:' i)y its meanders, from the ]Mississi[ipi at llanihilph, steamboats ascci:'! - this piiii\t. The bottom is here a mile wide, and sui)ject to deepiimmbi: A dense forest, endjracing cyyiress trees, overshadows it. Beyond ttii< ;i;. vium the land rises to the liiLdil d' from eight v to one hundred feet, and inv-i ledges ot ]H'nslial»le sandstone and conglomeratt d Tl le wells, m Buliva from sixty to seventy feet in depth, and afford much bette; .v'atcr tliaiii of the cretaceous reirion, further south. The followinjjr strata aro "om' pa sscd tl u'ouu'h. in diii'Ldn-.': 1, Clav or loam. iVoni five to fifteen foct; san( 1. tVom fifteen to twenty feet; o, very white sand, from fifteen tu tw feet: 4, red and white sand mingled, but ending in pure white, witl llO soft water. .L\'. J>octor, lliggason, of ."^emerville, .speaks as foUows of tlio « "Western District : t » Wostcru Journal, Lonisvillo, Aug., 181C. t Transylvania Jounuii, Vol. VIII, p. 3i). P^BT 1.] INTER • Tile /lieo of the co ■m\ drill', siillicient to tln' c.-i.'itt'ni portion, tlr ffiitMrc, ;nid presents j ricrv (III tlie other sidi .■iiic di'L'rce, along tin - Ml'' extent, until it till' LTiiiTal face (d' the '•Tlie wIio'l! country, -■'■ iiid:iry foi'iiiation. cr >:!ii'l. iiiteniiiiigh (I witl • ■;l'-t;ii!'M's. dispo.: :iii(l, not uiifrci|nei i..i"mv.< >iilis(anee. nre f( •';!'';nv .if the cfirth. '■ Iiivers are iininerou '''T.illy supplied with Kivcr.-; flow into t!ie Ti fl:i'ilii'i>. Forked Deer, a l■^v^■s llieir sources in, ■''I'd tidvantages to (Ik- ■ ■ wurld. There is no idde water-course iiiiii'iT. are to he foun ■• i'l dry seasons, tlu'^ ili'yid' the soil. Drv '•' '-"initry : tliey wind ■ • ". wlioii they become "■■ 'lie exception of hei' '■ ''^'ds. They are att: ' ■^'•l'. h'vel land, that h, •'"iJ ^^t^ason. The p,,- -''"'• h'oiu ;, half to foi ;■'"•>'• t" the size of the ■^'idl extent liy spriiiir '- ^i"ii^-hs and lakes i,M .' '' >iew evaporation. I'lR'se low grounds gi ■'''"■I'.v, that almost ex. Ii'l''^'"'y li":>vy, ami h^dcd Wn ^T^ riRT I ] INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 21:5 • Till' f;ifo of tlie ciiutitry is nilly niiovon, presontiiig a variety of liill .i„,l ,].,lt., sullicioiit to give a pliMsiiig diviTsity to tlio oyo. A|t])riiacliing t'r M'lL'iMi |)iirti(in, the liiiid lieeoiiies a littlo iiinre limken. assumes a bnlilor C..|tnn' Jiiul presents an a])]iriixiiii:itinii, in cliarMcter. to tlie iiinuiitiiiii see- m.i'v nil the other siih' iif the 'i'ciiiicsseo Eiver. This i'ciituri' (il)t;iins, in M.iin- (k'L'vee, almig the Kentm-ky border, aixl (hiwii i\w Mississippi lliver [....iiic extent, until it is hist in the lieaiitiful luidnlations, seattered over .:„ ...i.-ui'mI fiiee of the eoiiiitry. ■Tlir whii' • conntrv, so far as goohigieal o1)servatii>n lias extended, is of ... iidivv fii'.'ni;ition, eoniposed of l:iyer upon layer of hij'tii. ;ind chiy, and . -1. iiitcniiingh'd witli vnrious Isinds of eiirtli, :ind sliclls, and vegetaLli> , ' i.;;n!i(«s. disposed in sueli uiaiuier, as to indneo tin; iden of being (h'po- .•■1 ;it ilistiiii-t epochs of the eiirtli's history. In p;issing tln'ongh ditl'ereiit .•iiI:m4' sand, it is not nmisuid to find silicioiis pebbles; as if they had ; rii'd .'I river or iin oeian's bed. .'ind h;id .Mssninod tlnir present form by .-I- .iitiinied iittiiti'in. The impression of twigs an >ulistanee. are found at the distaiiee of forty or iifty feet below the -;:'iirf iif the earth. ■■ llivcr^ are ninnerous here: perli:i])s no country on the glola; is more ' nilv supplied with navigable streams than this. Sandy and JJeach Kill's How into the Teiinessci-, on the e;ist ; Wolf, Loose Ilatehee, ]}ig [[it,.li..|.. Fdrkid Deer, and Oliion, into the ^Mississippi, on the west: these, ' 'iiuMiH'ir sources in, or jiassing through, some portion of the district. :::''ril advantages to the farmer and merchant, rarely etjualed in any part of : r wiirld. There is no point more than twenty-five miles distant from a ' .ililc water-course. Creeks and rivulets, of sufficient size to projiel i:iiirry, are to be found in almost every iieigldiorhood ; sometimes, liow- ;. ill dry seasons, they Iteeome deficient, 0,1 accimnt of tlie absorbent : :!;ty iif tlie sdl. Dry creeks, as they are called, are si'attered over the . !" rniintry : tliey wind their way among the hills, and continue flush until •( I ". wiH'U they bcciime dry, and remain so until the winter rains set in ; : w:;!i till, oxeejitioii of heri' and there a ])0(d, standing in the deeper part of tkirht'ds. They are attended by little or no swamp or marsh ; but by a strip ii'f ricdi, level land, that beeouies siiiliciently drained for cultivation, by the i'l:i;itiiiir season. The perennial streams carry .along witli tlicin a low. palu- |jl;il l.iiid. fi'Miii a half to four or live miles in lireadth, corresponding, in some |:i! reiire. to the size of the water-course. This land is frei[uently inundated jt'iMuH extent by spring freshets, and on the reeession of the watin-s. lunue- __r > d'nijis and lakes aie left, that renuiiu stagnant, until drained or carried »(!i 'ly a >l(i\v evaporation. 'Tliose liiw groimds give origin to a heavy growth of forest trees and pinililicrv, that almost ex(dndes the snhir rays. The atmoS[diere is coiise- |:inn nf the same natural causes wiiii t,, barrens. They hotli are liin'ht, and pnrous, and I'ertile; hotli alike suit,!' ve^fetalih; initrinu'nt; lt(rth e(pndly adapted to the jrrowth ot' edttun. ■ ditl'eri'ut uniins, and jjrasses; and mo ffeoloyieal distinction can Iiedit"' suflieient ti) aecnnnt fur the alisence of forest trees. In their iiiiiuii nei^hbdrlinod, ^(M)d sprin;,'-water is generally scarce; pridial»ly owin^f (,.■ direct I'ays of the sun on an alluvial soil, favuring an evapnratieii -i ; as to prevent that absorption and percolation of water necessiny t- : fornnitiiin of springs, (jlood well-water may, however, ])o procured in :\h. ■■ every part (if the couutrv, at the distance of thirty or furty fci't. Tli:- :• the temperature (if si.\ty-t\vii deirrees Fahrenheit, ami is considornl in • wholesiime than that of sprinus. ^Vhether this is ()win<>' to tlio lt;: ]mrity of the one, or the low marsh-land iisually accDiupanyiiig tli(' '• • is a. piiint in (piestioii. Certain it is. that families using well-wain- .: uuire exempt from disease than those using the water of sjUMUgs. Tlittlenient ; during which ])eri'id it was unhealthy. PisiM.^is : violent and dangerous character prevailed, particularly in the suniimT ..... fall of ISiid ; almost every case that occurred proved fatal. Since t! ' well-water has come into general use, and the village is C()iti[iai'ativ'; healthy; diseases are less conuuon, and of milder character than bef-o'c. A greater improvement has taken place in this respect, than may he a^'■;■i'' : to modes and habits of life." To this comprehensive ace(mnt may bo added a briefer notice, ir: another phy.iician of the same district : * "The ^Yest^M•n District," says Doctor Travis, "is generally a Idwov- try, abounding in many water-courses, upland ponds, and extensive iiiai:" bottoms, on each side of every river, creek, and braiu-li. The rivulct\. general, have but little fall. ^lill-ponds are common; and, in con,*eiHK'. of the level surface of the earth, inuueuso bodies of land are covered ii ;• water. The soil is fertile and covered with veffotation." Accortlii!:' ' Doctor Travis, intermittents of a malignant type are among the varictK- ■ autunnial fever in this district. In addition to these authorities I may add, that all parts of the rcj.".'! j,,r,. iinw cNploriiig are ^ \(.{„w I'M-alities, it is h V, CoTToy Limit. - „t'e(,tt"ii cultivation. [it foii'^i'-' tn he a reliabl [limited way. extends h;i! IthirtV'sixth luirallel, in' Uitlictliirty-first — the '" ]■; t]ca.>v('r ; Imt, with tlio oxooption III,. |iic;iliti('.», it is li'ss tV('(|U('Mt and f'atiil than in rcgiuns further smith. ('iiTTON' TiiMiT. — In th(> Western I)istri<'t we hav(! the northern limit ttnii cultivation. 'I'he thirty-sixtli (h'^iree nf hititude is that at wliieli ,„, tiihc a relialih- ami pmlitalile ero|) ; thonirh its eultivatinn, in a ,.,| \v,iv. extends iialt' a deirrec; further north. Tims cotton hears to the i-M\th parallel, nearly the same relation whieh the sn^rar-ciiiie hears ■ tliirtv-iirst — till' climatic dilference lietween them hein;.' five dej.'reeH. 1,,, l;ir/>(iir»f/i/, an endo- ili-cnsc; hcvoiid tliat Ixdl, an oeeasinnal epidemic; hut it has not yet l:iil tlic northern houndary of the cnttoii-/one. t ■ ' ■ '• . SKCTION XIII. A GEOLOGICAL SECTION. I. In ODiieliuling tlie topographical doscrij)tion of the country cast of the M:"i>>ip|ii anil south of the Ohio Uasin, composed almost entirely of the (r:i'i." u.s and tertiary formations, it will ho acceptahle to the medical geol- c'-t t'l liavo a summary of the original (d)servation.s of a traveler,* extending fr III Tiny, in Ohion county, Tennessee, N. Lat. 'W^ 20', a few nnles north i:'"!ii'iii liiver, to Contrevillo, Alahama, on the Cahawba lliver, in liat. '.'i'l": tlio general course of his route being south south-east. Arniiil Troy, the country is level or a little rolling, and the wells reveal I •;:iiiL' hut clay, which is so tenacious that no curbing is needed. Begin- i; .: > iinewhore north of that town, and extending to Cold-water liiver, in t'U' >tatu (if 3Iississi]»pi, one hundred and thirty miles south, Mr. Christy cv.nwlicre saw tlie same up|)er stratum, which ho has designated as No. 1. I: iMiisi.-ts of a heavy dejiosit of clay, whieh includes beds of leaves, black dir; nr mud, and logs or trunks of trees, not petrified. Obion, Forked ])eer, BL' Ilutflico, and Wolf Piivers, have their troughs in this stratum. IJeneath i: i' :i stratum of sand. No. '2, about one hundred feet thick, whieh presents v' ::.', red, and yellow layers, and includes, in irregular dissemination, beds K rriivol and pipe-clay. "When wells are suidc through this stratum of sand, t.";n;intity of water is so great as to indicate a subterranean stream. Cold- ^> :. r Kivcr lias cut its bed so deep into this stratum, as to draw a large f. jly fnin it; and hence, perhaps, that temperature which suggested its i..ak'. Tu siiiue places, these outbursts of water have the diameter of a 1 -- Oiul. The u])per stratum of clay. No. 1, extends to near IIoll}' Springs, 3!;i-!iall tiiunty, Mississippi, but is attenuated, and only foinid cajijdng the 1 'T cmii;oiices of the sand stratum, No. 2. This stratum extends as far f ut!i as the Tallahatchee Paver, in the southern edge of the county just » U.ters on Geology. By David Christy, O.\ford, 0., 1S18. ^"1-i.f:-- ■&■' ■ X. ■ U ■ ...V'-i'' i ■ \ : .1 m'M I i^ i. r lilG TJIi; i'UlNCH'AL Dl.StASE.S (JF TIIL: l«ooi. imuiod, wlioro it is cut tlimugli l»y tins river, and a lower 1)C(1, No. :!_i.,j jifiHcd, »;(ii)si>iiiii;' ut' clay, iiicliidiri^' thin .strata of iVrriifxiiKnis b;uiil«t,t, and (ifrasiiiiial licds ui" irmi uri'. it al.-x* (;(iiitaiiis trci's wiiicli aro silj if IJoiiL'atli tliis, ill tliii saiiio locality, is a stratum of saiid, witli iii'il.s i.l lu^.,, saiidhtciiif. ill it.s Inwcr |::r , . — tiiis is Nn. I. A ^^l^atlllll nl' I'liiv, ci,!:.!;;;, tili)^ No. ;'), is I'uuud ill the .>• ■•■ lucalily, iiiilicddin;.; li^Miitf, Mink im,;i_ iiii|)r('ssiiiii,s lit" leavi'S. I\ .. mic, Missi.-sijijii, lictwoi'ii liiu simico (| r- Tallaliatclicc and tlio 'I'dinlicikliL'i', stands mi tliis, wliiidi is a piiiu-li.ir; • straluiii. J)flip\v tiiis dcjinf-il, is No. (i, a tliiii bed of sanil; tlan, N,; bed of day; succot'di'd liy Nd. S, a marly flay, witli ixds of liiuu.-t.;,,, i ; uneonsulidatcd inariiic sliflls. No. '.' is nil sand; on which f()ll(i\v,> N,,; the gri'at dopusit of inarlilc, or rdlni rniii^luiu; so oftoii inoiitiumil, ] tirst a|p|Maraii((' is a few inilis south of I'oiitotoc. I'roin this town to 1! ... toll, thirty miles directly south, tho road is over Nos. S, 7, (), and .V i Houston, .\(i. !l makes the siirliice, and No. ](» is only twenty fwt Uvi I'min lioiistoii to Staikvillr, thiity-M'veii miles, still nearly s(iutli, Nm.;';.. U|t|u'rniost for more than half the distance; when No. H* rises sn \n^[,\,: the other is only fouml eaji[iin;:' the hills. .Mr. Christy had now roaiLii;.: great cretaceous soft or rotten limestonu formation, wliicli strttilic- ::.. | Uctihlieha county, of wliieh Starksvilh' is the scat of ju.-licc, and h u , County, ol' which ('idunilms is the chiul' town, round to the Alahuiiin 11;, lie trai-c(l it throiii:li the prairii's, to Centreville on the Cahawha, ;uiil l many ohservatioiis on its mineral, as well as its ]ialeoutological cIi;!!;; ;: but, as we have already said as much concerning it as otitdogy sccnis ;:• (|iiire, we .shall nut i'oUow him further. II. CoxcM'siox. — III concluding this chapiter, a few facts deserve t , reproduci'd to the reader: 1. The whole region which has been surveyed, lies south of tlio ti;;r- sevcntli degree of north latitude, and its broadest part is in .tlio t„:r;' second; — it is, therefore, a southern region. 2. Its elevation above the Gulf of -Mexico is but small, nut avtni.::; | more than four hundred feet. :'>. It has an inclination to tlie south; which is true even of those lar:] which discharge their waters westerly and south-westerly into tlio Mi; sipiii. 4. It is coniposcd 'f the (gcidogically ) recent cretaceous and ti;!.-; I formations, which are friable in texture and miscellaneous in comimsiti - 1 still containing remains of organic matter. |f»M' ''J INTEIili ;, .Mdst of it lias be jtatiMii.'iaro still forming. I[ i.«, tlicicforc, what J|ir'i;.'ri'>.'< cf cultivation, i liwver, will hmg eoiitii tii<| tliiLS thread the high ItLi' iiifliiciicc of a southci y .iiituinii.'il fever. Th LiiiiiiiKT and aiitmnn, the If 'ilati'd strata of the c I !., wliicli the older c; 1 I ."(.'iid forth. I Would lilt if such he the case, tl ■to ail additional cause of THE SOUTH .Mi:ii[r.\LTnro(;RArHY LIMIT.S I.v entering this liasiii, p :'" tlic region wlii(di, tliirt IVu.l.l:V UK XUK MiSSISSII'I'l livir wore exceedingly lin rl .! hcgiiining. The cent 5. As a consequence of this structure, its streams liavc wide alIuvi'iB|(i i,. 'I'Ik; foniiev, except anil sluggish currents, which lead to freijueiit valley-inundations. G. It is undenialde, that this great region is more generally and .-iTi'S-vl infested with autumnal fever, than any other portion of the luturiur ^a-:; of North America. i.'' .Mis>issi|)j)i, is more ent the south of Kcntuck, |'^I:ili;nna, the north-west i ^ 5"ili-wcst angle of North TvMssco and Kentucky, ••■?'*» 1>M. I MM. M INTERIOR VAI.I.KY OF NORTH A.MIIRK A. 217 - 3i,,st III' it lii'^ ''•'•'" si!(ll"''l within tin: la>t tiiirt) \t'iii>, and in w plan- |tati..iis art! .still terming. Ij \y, tlH'i'i't'iirc, wliat wu, iiruvinciallv. call a mw (Mmiitrv, iml v. ith the i, .s nf ciiltivatinn, may lici'dnit! nimli In'alliiii'r. Mii>t i>\' its atriums, |[iiii«cvir, will ImiK t-'"i't'""H'' *'" 'jvltHuw their low, lii'nad, alluvial Inittcnis, jiri tliiis tliH'ail tlie lii^fhtT lands with lines nl' |iimi1s and s\Viiui|i, whiidi. under |t!i'i!i(liiriit't'iit'a suuthern sun, will (if neee.-sity send I'dith the i ilii ienl eaiisc m,i ailinnnal lever. Tho ((uestimi, iiinrouvcr, may lio rai.sed, uhethor, in tuiiiiii'i' ami niitiiiiiii, tliero iiia\ tint, he idhirie omaiiiitinns, IVuni the uncnii- -lidiitnl strata of tlio ci»iii|iaratividy reeent tertiary and erefucudu.s t'uriua- Itiniis. wliioli tliu nlder (•aihiiidferiJiis, l>evnnian, ami Sihiiian fniuiatinns do n, I •'■ml toi'tli- I wmdil not venture,' til answer this unestinn allliniatively; ;; itMii'li 1)0 the ca.so, the rejL'inn we have surveyed is jieinianentiy t.\|MjseJ It . all lulilitiuiial cause of insalubrity. ■ • 1 jsorvu t .. 10 ti.;r:;' 10 t'..;:'.; avcr:;.;:; I ,0 M.-> ml t,;;.-: !UUll"'-i'i- alluv; -• CHAPTER IX. TFIK SOUTH]-: UN 15 AS IN, CONTTXrKI) yi K'ALTOrOURAPIIY oF TIIF RFdIOXS EAST OF THE .Ml.S.Slfr^^IPPI : THE OHIO BASIN. SECTION I. LnilTS AND GENERAL FEATURES. In cnteriii;,' this liasin, we vise from Tiii'; Soui'ii-Wkst tn Tin: \Vi:st, J!' ■ tlic veifiiiii whieli, thirty years :iir:■•!•■■ • A\ M; .••V" ..,.,. ,r. . • ■r-^-yn it )■:; I in.,r 'JIM TIIR PRINCIPAI- niSEAHES OF TIIF, [•Ml. of Wfstcni VirL'iniii, l»('li>iii» \n fliis Imsin; cjist of tlio state i>f (ii w illMl V (>st('rii tliiril-|iart uf I'ciihsn Ivimiii, ami a |ii)rtinii nf tlir snutli-ui of Ni'W Vi)rk,(li|» into tlic xaini! Imsiii ; tln' iiurtlicni part of (thii of it, (if fmliaiia and Illiiinis, likewise a|i|ii'vtaiii to tlic (Hiiu l{a>iii, nf \i tlio wrstcni limit run.- fliriiiiirli 'Ik- stati' of lllinnis fmiii nurtli t'\' tliat stat(>. Tims, wliilo no Hiriirlc.- lies ciitiri'ly in tliis Iia-in, Ti'nm-sft', Kt'iihu'ky, Indiana, and fiiii cliiclly in it, and cunstitiitc wliat is, or was fiirnn-rly, called TtiK \Vk.-t. nilditiim to tlicsc, ciirlit other states diseliarirt' a portion of tlieir wv lln'onL'li the Ohio Hiver: niali b\i;n,ili'i| wide valleyn, fi- :■'. .Ml parts affni III lire, and wcll-w;il |n !> ri-e rapidly, and the 11!' :, riheni margin of tin tl :\ 'peaking, largo pon \v ill till' hasin generally Tiili.'iinrth of the Oh l(.',il'i' tracts of jirairie; i;irf and lofty forests, f • iN of the middle hi i'!i: |i:i. ;ii'il \'irginia. .\« :• iiii|ilicd in the i.am ill . 'iii'ml enurse of whic ll : nil >idc, hegiiuilng w tC ■ Mi.iiiii. Scioto, Mn.ski iielfr aiiotluT name. ; I. -■ ;iii(l ilesctMiding, fir.'- [i AllMLVJiaiiy. at I'ittshui l':l;-, Kelifiicky, (Jrccil, C kf rivers (m the nm-th side P'A tlnw lit' the oppo..rrat. ]\i Iji' iiHrtliirii inar^'in nf tlic liasin, tlicris aro many snnill lakes, nr, nmro pni- r:\ -iii'iikiiiL', lar.L'i' punds, and numemns swamps of still greater area; ;• ill the li.isin j,'encrally tliey aro nut tuiiml. J. till' iiei'tli ef tlio Oluu, in [llinuis, Indiana, and Oliio, there are ciinsi- ki'i'" tnii'ts (if prairie; Imt. the liasin generally presents, (ir did present, hii:i I't ;ilid liii'ty firests, ennipnsed (if the diversilicd tree vegetatinii of the Irii!'' >'Hi (if the middle lafitndes. The pines, liemhicks, and (ither resinnus .. .iri' cliiefly fniiiid in the mniiiitains nf Western N('w Vnrh, IVnnsylva- lij. iii'l Virj.'iiiia. A- :• iiii|ilied in the i.ame given tn this liasin, its great rivei' is the Oliin, li :'•:!( nil cnurse (if whicli is west smith-west. Its principal trilmtaries nn 111' II rtli side, heginning with the lowest and ascending, are the Waliash, llr I* Miiiiiii, Scintii, Miiskingnm, and Alleghany; which last is, in fact, thu L;-, nmlrr aiKither name. On tht.' snittli side we have, lieginning with tho li.'-t iind descLMiding. first, the Mnndngahela, the jmictii.in (if which with [tl A'!'':'liaiiy, at Pittslmrgh, fdrms the Ohin; then the Kenawha, the F Ki'iitucky, (Ireen, Ciimlierland, and Tennessee. As a general fact, ii.ir> (III the mirth side have a shnrter cmirso and ;i nmre rajiid descent, pi\ tliuse of the upjiiisite side df the is>i|i|ii. The rivr, in the hiwer ]iart of the estnary, is exjiandcd to ':i:iilt!i even greater than that of the Mississippi where they unite. Its K\ tur iMuch of the distance fmrn its indiith up to the Tennessee Ilivcr, ■ ''^■. ;ind its hottoms so wide that no hills can be seen. Larii'e ' ,v 220 THE rRLN'CIPAL DISEASES OF TJtE [•OOi 'f tni'-ts an\ of coiirso, ammally nvi'rfldwed, carlv in tlic .^])niinr Ijyt'nii later liy tlie ^Iis,'^issip|ii, and (iccasioiially by a siimiltaiit'(iu;j fluiid i.i ■ Those iinmdatidii.s Icavr jioikIs. and extensive swamps, lieavilv sIkk!,,! . syeainnre, eottdn-woud, \vater-ina[ile, and ]i(|nidandiar, on Mutli i,- estuary. Here and tliere a elay er gravel liank, eretacoous, tertiarv, .; vial, rises almve liiuli-water iiiiiik; Init in its rear tliere is, eumiiiiiiil'. j - and |piiiidy land. A ridge or terrace <*f tlii.s kind is seen for sonio ili.' on the iiiii'tli .'iile nt" the river, between Cairo and l*adneali. |ir(i(lu(i:i_.,,., of a diniinvitivc size, and haviiii,' punds in its rear. The only tdwus i.; jp importance on the estuary are, Cairo, at the mouth of the river, alrtsii I (lesi-rilicd wlien treatiii;j; of the trou;.i'h nf tlie Mississippi. ;nii| PaJwu innnediately below the month of the Tennessee Kivcr. The scattcrcili!; . •. ant.s between these places, not less than the jieople of the furnier. are -- to autumnal fever, which occasinnally shows a mali;j;nant chnriicttr. I depression of this portion of the valley below the hitdi-water luvtl ■: Ohio a;id Mississijipi, must forever render it liable to thi.s fonii i;: v From th(^ Tennes.see Kiver upward to the mountains, the hanks itM!.:: elevated than below, and second terraces are everywhere met witli. Kv thi;'d i.s occasionally seen. The former are rarel}' so low as to he roiiili;': the hiii'hcst floods of the river; the latter, of course, always ahiiVr t .; The first Ijottoms are mostly aririllaceou.s, with a dee]) soil. Tlir - and third consist lari;'.'::; Avater; a further evidence of which Is, that the materials arc, .iiii|iiit'; I disposed in strata, which at considerable depths are variously ourvci j. inclined, but near the surface are generally horizontal. Ai.iong tin]"" ■ and small bowlders, there are fragments of all the diirereiit rooks \v\ ;•■ covered to the east, north-east, and north of the ri\er; and the fiu't':'.:''' ascend it, the larger are these masses, and the more extensive the U]i': ' second bottoms whieh they compose. In their depths, beds of tuij': blre clay are occasi(inally met with, ami fragnuuits of trees, with ('/"'".i other fresh-water shell-;, of the existing geological era. Detarln'l ;: water-worn teeth and vertelirie of the mastod(Ui and arctic el(iili;ii' ' likewise found. Well-water of a hard and sometimes sulphurous fi:.'; but generally ]talatalile and sidnl)rioi"-', i.^ obtained at various deptl'v ;:-| two'ity to oiu' hundred feet. In some places, where there is a tliii'l'-' race, the lichrls are consolidated, l)y oxyde of iron, into ii coarse, str.i': conglomerate. All the beautiful town-sites and vallc'-resiih'Ueo iil'-- Ohio, are seated on these old l)ott, which are called bv the Lf'" -" r\RT !• IXTERK dijivial"!' pest-tort iai'v tv.vvii tiicse and the i i\ t:,,. ..r I They are ; Y ;i,,',r, reildisli, or blue. ]', ,'.;'.i..it, tley are ca ^ \. :;iiil (letaclu d boi ,,;t,\'-ri:ii' iiiaiiinuilia. Tli ^aliii'lia the gravel plar 'hi-f liiw terraces, and livrr, ami hence the wat( 'ill rain, il^es not flow dir p;ir;ilirl til it. forming s) ii;;.i t'r liill-trihutaries < 1;; li'i'iiier times, tlu'si I (, :.\irii'il into jionds, ov fc!iii lieiMving tvees. Th' %>i>. was produced 1)y t ^ iii'k \\\\m furtlicr back. inks, liut throwing (tr-iiii-. and into the bea pr liiriiJiT oil many of th rt;i,:ii::* ill front. When V 'i is left, with sloughs' t'ii :.' In their depth am t: ■ aiijiiiiiing hills. Mill is the general c: ■':'■ nliio. It only w \ - a width Avhi(di varie; (i: -:'ii.'i'ahle trihiitaries ci P'tii "idrs at the saiiii' ]d; ti ■.. Uf the hills it m; ^ua^livd t'ect al)ove the lo iaiT-w ravines, but are ci I ; i I'ilty growth of forest lii' ": llie river, which, a «i' ;'\ 1 laiiil, until we asc ti ;^ lit' the Ap[ialachiaii v..J| iiiti-y heeonus more br( |/ Having niade this gen rUivir, we must now proce I' i 'iiii;' this, it will be •■'It.. Mile; as wo shall th t^' The localitie;, along M ^^ [lOOI, FiST I.J LNTEItlOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 221 fun'':- f IK.,; 1 ti,"' • Uu-h'. (■I.IkiI- (I.. t V . i- ■,;,; ,,r piist-tcrtiiiry (lt']tiisits. The first or lowest In tti.ms, lyiiiiL' I'e- :i thi'SL' ami tbo river, iire .SDiuetinies wider, smtietiiiies iiarrnwc i' tlian ,,iil. Tliey ;ire (icneriilly ecpiii|iiise(l, a.s already intimated, et' elay, — ■,v. ivililisli, or blue, — willi more or less marl and sand. When tlie last ■Pid.at, tlii'V are easily \vaslied away. 'I'li'W also inelnse frau'iiients (if _. ; .,,,1 (lrt:ieli( d lidnes, (ir even wlmlt^ ski'leliMis, (if (.'Xtim.-t as \vell as f-^,';' iiKiiiiiiiidia. The water they atlord is often not so |iure as tliat ol)- t ; .,1 ill tlio iri'uvol jilains, and freijnently contains tiie liiearlionato (f iron. ] , .,■ 'n\v terraces, and also the higher and (dder, jifenerally inelint; from the i li' I', and heiii'C the water whieli de.seends upon them from tlie hills, or falls 111 ;:iiii. il'ies nut flow dircetly to the river, hut takes a eourse more or le.s.s ':',.[ til it. fiirniing swamjiy streams, whieli slowly disehargo themselves till' hill-trilmtaries of the river. imiiu'r thiies, these marshy hrooks were da.iimed up hy lieavers, and iiteil into p(jnd,s, overshadowed liy the forest, and half-filled with dead lii'iayiiig tveen. The dotdivity of these, like tliat of other tilluvi.d hot- .. was priiduced by the greater deposit of silt near the niar^'in of tlie li; -: ;iiaii t'lirtlier haek. In ordinary Hoods, the river no longer passes over it- ' ihk.-, l)ut throwing its back-water up tlie estuaries of its tributary II-. and into the beaver-ereeks, spreads over the rear of the bottoms, , iha' nil many of them a deep inundation, whih; a inargin of dry hind ;> ill trniit. \Vhcn rhe fimid rec(Mli , a new deposit of silt and drift- is Ict't, with shiughs ;ind ]»onds, which dry up more or less rapidly, ao- c i iL' to their depth and the degreo in which they arc fed by springslVom t .I'liuiiiing hills. :• ii i.i is the general character of the trough or inimodiate valley !'■ Ohiii. It only remains to add, that this valley, from //l/l fo hill, ,! width whieli varies from one to two miles, and that, except where Mcralile trlhiitaiies enter, the buttnms are rarely of the stnno width on Miles at till! same place, but present the wide and narrow in allcrna- "f the hills it may be stated, that they generally rise about four iinl feet above the lowest level (,f the river. ar(; steep, and divided by f;, f I c 1 C \. C : V, ravines, but are covered with productive .-^oil, 'ind sustain a vigorou.^^ > I lilty growth of forest trees. They constitute a rugged zone on each f •; tlio river, which, at a ) more particular topographical descriptions. 1 1 iiijr this, it will be proper to begin with the lower tributaries on the f ;' . Mili;; as wo shall then start from the terminal line of the last ehap- *' riiu hjcalitica along the Ohio River, will be described (as far as I k-r.-i V ill •.■■■ ■ )■ ■;.f i ■:■■■[ :\t. •'"u-i'.'l' • • I.'-" ..;.)■ 4,-. .r J - ■ V ■* Mm' ■ r, • f: . ■ '■•■ ' . ■ ' . , ' ■/ _, :' . -- • ■ • ooo THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE I Wet , » TART I., INTERI i ■I I ■ > .1 .!■■•;{ ..-1 !■'' , ■^\i liavc materials) as wo jiass from the iinaitli nl" one tributary tu tLa: aiinfiicr. We, of coursi', cmiiniciiCL' with the Tennessee. SECTION III. SOUTIIERxN OniO IJASIN : THE TENNESSEE RIVER. T. The Tennessee lliver has scunetinies beer, cninjiarcil witli tlii' (.; which it aliniist eijnals in lenL''th, ami in .some ]>laees rivals in Imtult!:; to the medical topoifraiihcr, the interest it [irescnts is far less. Itj.viir- in the mountains of N'iriiinia ami North Carolina, are found as far uur;!;;, the ti'iirtv-soventh parallel; which is that of its mouth, in the statu cif Kg. tnck\ ; while its midillu is Iiciit down, in the slate of Alabama, to tliu ti::::- fourth di": ee. Tin-ough the first half of its eourse the Tennes.sco is, stric spealci'ii, a mountani river ; but afterwards, it flows throuirh a liill-euuKr For (hrc ■j-foiu"ths of its length, the A]i[)alaehian ^Mountains, and tlif dcr-Iii; spurs which tln.'y send off, wcstwardly, across the state of Alabama, rt-T:: it on the south; while the Cumberland Kiver, which conforms to its.-. curve, ap]n'oaches it so clo.sely on the opposite side, as greatly tn m\r\\:- liasin. ireiue, after its formation by the CHiudi and II(jlstoii, at Ki\-:: six hundred miles frimi its mouth, it does not receive a single triljiit;ir,v, and deep enough for steamboat navigation. This limitation nf it-i- taken in connection with a number of shoals and rapids, has combiiici! w.:; the hilliness of many parts of the country through which it flows, ;i>i- narrowness of most of its alluvial grounds, in retarding the settloiii'iit t,j banks, and rendering their study an object of interest to the medical ctii 1 'y From its mouth to its sources, tiie banks do not present a single t"\nr:. one thousand inhabitants; nor is there a town within its basin tliat cuihiil: | more than that nund)er. In continuing the description, wo may conveniently divide tlii.s rivt.r : the Lower and the Upper Tctuiessco, taking the 3Iusele Shoals, bL'twi', l- ronce and Triana, a.s the line of division. The length of the lower .ht;; :.,: about two hundred and seventy-five '.liles. Through most of tlii? Ji-tas the country on each side is somewhat rugged, and composed largcK I't'iii' ■■ iferous linu'stone; which, however, is often found oidy in the bed ui'tla'r;'' while the hills are composed of, or capjied with, the rotten or cretaeei ii^ Ix- .stone; — as I had an opportunity of observing, on the route from )Iiii.| • through Purdy and Savannah, to Florence. The bottom-lands of tlii»- ' of the Tennessee, are said not to be very broad: there is Vi) great |i;''';/ of ponds and swanqis, compared with the rivers farther south; aiidtvir ' bility to autum lal lever is in corres]iondence with this topography. ir. Fl.OKKNCK, IN NoilTII .Vl.AltAMA. Tllis toWU, OUO of tllC ol(lo.*t i" - basin of the Tennessee, stands on its right or northern bank, not tar ' . ' I the Muscle Shoals. Its site is on the southern edge of a considcni' 1. - of taUc-land. elevated ri\cT. i'rco trum ponds ; f.v.i !i tlie town and the aU'iviiil bMltoin, a rpiart anj i'M!i«tituto.s the chic Imhitaiits obtain their (if iixty or eighty feet, ' aij-'Uiitliiia in detached s[iiiie. The water is sol F;iiiri'nlicit. Like othe ^ii^rtli, Florence is visitei |ei:!ieral of a mild cliarae III. TlsCU.MlilA.— Isnutli siile of the Teniie.'- lEi'Uiitaiii liiglilands, whi ptiic C'liLsa, which flows t' i'gontly undulating and of nvi r, in the midst of ex .camMa. The most inte If ipriiiL', which, almost in t b iiiiei'ous limestone rock; cwi'il by trees ; the water |(if a^iuatic plants. Its ti f F:ii:rt'i!li"it. In tlowinjr o: |THT siHiii jiiiii.s itself wii \\'.i- name of Spring Creel jfe:' Itiver. three miles froi ■Bijil'ii' >tnituin (jf the ]»laii f f. "illy inundated ; and 1 f :rvut;tutninnal fever, IV. TiiK Mlsclr Sill linal Tl leir ivi'lt"! into many chanii ti'ivr.- rapid, islamls, o v:i'l'' trougli very great "'Jill, thnoigh the wlude Nihia is built ; and in ti t' railrn.id. to Decatur, ^\!i'^i!a'!:iau Mountains, v ♦■'«■ in sight to the .sou «^:''>. Aitloiugli it is, to ^iir;:in. is unt fi'ee from p l">"\vliulivein the villa V. !) 'I'-vnu stands on ; »r.T I.J INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 22;j L'tWl • •. or .-i''!: niM:::.; ■ • tlii- • ■ ■ t ,,r.^:.: nilt>.:r..- y. ,W>\\:'.'- Kit far ' '. ■■ [m . ,jiii,..lan(l. elevated from oiglity to one liuiulred feet a1)ovt' tlie level of tlie r ',r i're« ii'tiin p.nuls and sluuglis, and subJL'cted tu cotton cultivation. l>c- . r ,n the town and tlio river, wliieli here runs from cast to vjst, tliiro is an J ivi;illji)ltuni, a quarter of a mile in width, wliich is subject to inundation, „ j utitutes the chief source of autumnal fever in this locality. 'J"hc in- ! iliitants obtain their drinking-water from wells. They are dug to the dqith ,• .;xtv or eii-dity feet, through loose materials — coarse red sand and da}-, ; uii'liiiiT in detached organic rcnuiins and moldering fragments of .'^ilicious . >■. Tlic water is soft, and of the temperature, in Juno, of sixty-one dogrocs I'r.iviilioit. Like other rivC/ towns in the latitude of tliirty-iive degrees I, i;li. Fliirenco is visited annually with autunmal fever, which, howe\er, is in r : . ral uf a mild character. HI. TrsciMitiA. — The plain on which J-'lorence stands reappears on the J 'itii Mile of the Tennessee Kiver, and stretches off eight or ten miles, to the I:, uiitaiu highlands, which constitute the water-shed between this river and t .Cnisa, which flows to the south. On this jdain, the surface of which is pnth- undulating and of a reddish color, at the distance of four miles from the r.. M, iii tlio midst of extensive cotton-lields, stands the newer town of Tus- i;i!,i i:i. The most interesting object in the topography of this place, is a I (|.ri!iL', wliicli, almost in the center of tiie village, gushes from a ledge of car- biiii'fi'ous limestone rocks. The pool which it forms is beautifully overshad- (i by trees; the water displays a bluish tint, ;.nd abounds In long wreaths <: :i|uatic plants. Its temperature, in the month of June. wu.-. _-Lvty degrees 1 , nr.li'it. In Howing off, it expands into a brook thirty yards in width, which '. . >ii.,ii jiiiiis itself with a surface-stream; and the united waters, under t Mini' lit' Spring Creek, nndce their way, north-westerly, to the Tennes- ^ iJivrr. three milesfrom the town. Tliis creek, fiowiiig thi'inigh the loose I r -iratuin of the jilain, has formed wiile alluvial bottoms, whicii are occa- f illy iiiuiidafed ; and hence Tuscumbia has, to its windward, a ptrnmncnt f rv lit' autumnal fever, from whicli it ainiually suffers. iV. 'J'lIK MlSCLK SiIOAI.S AXlt AD.I.UKNT Pl.AIX. T did liot V! huilt ; and in traver>ing it for a distance of forty-three nnles by ti raihiMd. to Decatur, above the sliojils. the low range of termiiniting .iV|i;i!aihian Mountains, which stretches across North Alaliama, i< every- '^ »' in sight to the smith. The width of this jdain is fnjui six to ten 1 'V Altlidugh it is, except near the river, above the highest floods, its •iir:;ir. i« imt fVec tVoni poinls and shnighs ; and its inhabitants, iiicbnling *i; •• wim live in the village of Court land, are subject to antninn;il fever, *■ I'iX'Anu stands on the eastern edge of this plain, and is less eleva- •^f . .. * :»'AJf r'A";., '.u m .f • 224 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE iBO.)t. I . . ( a: ■m <:.'• L tod ii'.'ivo tlic river tli;in Tiiscuiiilila or ridrt'iicc. It sooiiis t(j befuuir^ (■'iiocial Miurccs ot' discaso, as lar as tho )jlaiii annind it is concerned, Ip :■ Hot licyiiiid tlie reach of sinister iiillueiices lV"iii the opposite side. VJ. iloiTi: KKOM Dkcatui; to IIuxtsvillk. — Tho river at Doatur- nearly l.df a mile in width, with shallow and staj^-nant water in tliu yis.. nier. Its north or ri^dit hank is low, and the road jtassos for two i.riV, miles over a causeway, in the midst of foul ponds, lagoons, and swainn*, i;'; hy the s[»rii)L' inundations of the river; — heyond this Itottoui, it mount*" table-land of the same kind with that on the opposite side of tin.' ,;>; From this plateau, wliieh is several nules in width, the road rises tu u- summits uf a tract of low hills; from the north-eastern edge of wlii.li.i, look over the [ilaii!, on which stands the most noted and beautiful town; the TeiHiessee JJasin — lluntsville. VII. IIuNTSViLLK is environed by spurs and off-sets of the Ciiinkr'iffl branch i)f the Appalachian iMountains, which repose aroinal it in 1 in masses. This town enjoys the advantaiics of a fountain as pure ami' ■;• ous as that of Tnscundna. Its sur|)lus water is made to stipjily .t..,:... ■which is contbu'ted along its valley, in a southerly direction, to tlie TiU:- see Itivrr, — a distance of twelve miles. In this valley and the siiutlkr ij;. cral valleys openinc: int(» it, there is nnich drowned bottom-land, ami, (.nii* i quently, the people of lluntsville are not Avithout annual visitati-i- autunuial fever, some of which are severe. There is no town in tlitji.- west, the streets of whicli are better protected from tho sun by sliink'-ti?! than this. In Mississipjd and Florida, up to north latitude thirty-t' degrees thirty minutes, the pride of China (Jlclta axedanu'li) is \\k\ vailing >hade-trce. Ilert'. as at Memphis, about tlie thirty-fiftli fe' is replaced by our native wdiite-fluwering locust (liof/i/iic /'scudiiaio" <.\:'.\ branches of wdnch ;,vo longer and touirher than in the higher latitiiib. VIIT. 3I0NTE Sano. — The insulated and con. '.dal nupuntaiii wl.:- 1 -• (not inap]iro]»riately ) received the attractive name of 3Ionte .Sano, rear- :• bead in sight of lluntsville to the east. By two barometrical ailnic; -i;: • racnts. Doctor Thomas Fearn has determined its altitude to be tm liuiic: I and ninety feet above the town, which itself caiino^ be less than sixliimi": feet above the sea, making tho positive elevation of the mountain nearly ^l'V^■ teen hundred feet. Ilestingon carbonifenms limestone, it belongs to the; - formation, and presents thin strata of that combustible amid its -■■• stones and shales. About nine hinidred feet from its base, a cii|iiuiis ■;'■; bursts out on its northern declivity, the tciiiperature of which, in .lu'.x'- fifty-four degrees Fahrenheit. Taking the heat of tho spring hcluWiit--. degrees Fahrenheit, we have a dinunution of one degree of tcmporatiiri' : ' one hundred and fifty feet of ascent. The zone at the altitude «TI. INTKFUO <.,!t-a liniiti'd plateau o l,,:.kl'\vii into coves an [i..ctnr ri'.'ini. fmni (doni Siioli is the lofty, pii'ti 1' If'ii'fsvillc, who have (fii'it. Imwcvcr, entirely '. ... ii!;il;i(Iics have soini IX, WllITKSBrRC. — I it.'iv of this .-niall oott' i.-niiossiM' liivcr. eleven 1 "The (nuntry in this v t'liii'untiiiiis inaki.ig in t u--i':itt(Tinfr spurs and vr till' hunks iif the ri^ MiiL'lis. Ts fn have give iiriiiL' In'irh tides in the 1 ',!"i|;itiiin. The lands iic J" I'fnorally of cood fpin ciliit.ints nnniher about '••'I in tlie production < iri'in. .nnd chjils are so ci iili^k' year." ^Vr. musr now leave this «' .'III' tiiiLT the reader al r '' !■ :< fall ({('■^criptidn. \ IIiU TK KIIOM |fr\T.'= tf '.'1 .fville, in Ka^t Tenn fl in tlio liasin of the T( II ''iniy f,rk of rniubcrh * K> oiiurse is iiearlv w 11 Aiipalacliian chain is ■'i:":'l. At tir^t. till' ri '■■:-iry of the Tennes-e( -ML' in iiiiirnlar noibd( •I 'l!-iiite;:Tation. form '' T ]iarts of this gre ii'inl |ii, nils and mill •'■nlarkiiid in the sout -ii.'iiiling from it, and. i'"rth latitude thirty- ■"'"g; ami a irranur ♦Western N 11 fUT I. INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMHRICA 005 iiiit^ .1 limited i>lutr;ni or trililc, from tlio niarcrins of wliicli, on every side, wc „;i,- (ImWU iiit'i ''lives and valleys. wIkto it often rains, as I was informed by i? Iii.(ti)r Fc.'ini. fnini clnnds wliieli do nut rise as liiirli as tlie ninuntaiii. <',]c]\ is till' loft V. [iictures(|iie. and salubrious suinnier-retrcat of tlic ]i('o|de '■ Ilnntsvilii'. wIki liave ereeted many Imt-weatlier eottaires u|ion it. 'I'liey L|, „,,{ liowcvcr. entirely eseape the fevers of autumn: for. in rainy seasons, ^li so nmlailie^ liave sometimes invaded their snnimcr asylum. IX, \ViiiTi:.«iu'n(i. — Doetor Cap'^haw * has oivon us a sketeli of the topn- rii'liv iif this .•^nlMll e(itt(Hi-sliip|iiiiL' town, situated on the riL'ht liank of the Ti iiiM'Sscp liiver. eleven miles fmni lliuitsvillo. "Tho cimntrv in this vicinity is diversified : on the cast wc have a ridge bt'iiM'mitiiiiis inakiaff in towai'd the river, while to the north and west are a 'fv-ritti'viiiir spurs and knohs. risinir friin a L'cneral plain hut little elevated I J' V,' tlic hanks of the river. The plain is so much euf up with ponds and Mii;;lis. IS to have iriven eurrenoy to the Incal appellation of I 'mid Heat. tiiriiiir liidi tides in the river, ahout one-si.\th of tlie surface is suhjecr to nu'iiiitiiin. The lands nut occujtied by nn i'"lains. and free frnni overflow, ^r" I'cncrallv iif i.'o(id quality, and mostly reduced to cultivatiim. The in- liaMt.iiits nmnher about nine hundred. two-third< of wlmm are .intei;Tati(in. i'nnn the jiresent surface. The staiile of cullivation. '.': 'tiiiT parts of this ^.Tcat licnd of the Tennessee, is cottnn. There are ' ;.;i!ura! puinlsaiid mill-ponds in this valley, whii-li. like other localities ' -iiiiilar kind in the south, is infested with autumnal fever. 1 1 s.H'oiidiiig frem it, and. at the same time, enterinii' ihc state of Tennes- ''•'.ninrtli latitude thirty-five dep'oes. the s-irface of the country becomes F" ri'lliiiir ; and a <:ramineous aLTicuIture, witli tobacco and pasturage, ^i '.n •p r ' h v-r/ ■ ■ ■■t\A':- f i m- \ • ;:: of considerable breadth, and, as they rest on limestone, support a kss--- vegetation. They do not. however, abound in ponds and marshes. XIT. KxoxviM.K is situate above high-water mark, on the riglit la- the ILdston, and is not surrounded by marshes. There are, hovrevir." mill-streams adjacent to the town, one above, and the other a slinit ■ tance below, which have dams and ponds. It was, doubtless, to some pa:::- ular condition of these ponds, that we should ascribe the fever 'n-.'-l according to report, a few years since, nearly depopulated the place, a::; which the history has not, I believe, been written by any of its plij-iw-l ririmitive. All the rivcr.>^ • Transylvania Journal, Vol. 1 yTTTTTiAyi riBT 1- INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 227 Privi'ush' to tlmt eiddomic, Doctor Eanisey * had read before the ^Medical Society at Xashville "An Essay on the Medical Tupngraphy of East Ti'n- i^.sitr:" but he does not give us a description of the site of KnoxviUc, his rcsidtuco, nor of any otlicr hicality. XIH. Tl'^' indefatigable state geologist of Tennessc(,', Professor Troost,t lias shown that the whole of this region, cast of Waldcn Kidge, consists of - Siluria'i and other old transition rocks ( chiefly calcareous ), ending in the ririmitive. AH the rivers aliove Kingston — the Clinch, and its large tribu- tarv. I'liweirs River, to the north; and the Ilol.-ton, with its tributaries, the ToiincS'Ce (ini|)iiiperly so called ), and the French IJroad — may be regarded a. nii'Uiitain-torrents, converging to furm a common trunk, tlic Tennessee, fk luindrcd miles from its junction with tho Ohio. Of the elevation of this sub- Alpine region above the level of tho sea I cannot speak, except from estimate. It probably ranges from eight to sixteen hundred feet. liut, to saviii'tiiing of the Cumberland Mountains to the west, it is surrounded from I tk' mirth round to the south south.-west by mountains, which attain an ck'vati'in varying from two to five thousand feet, leaving an open valley to j t'jc soiitli-west. It is to the divergence of the Cumberland Mountains from I til Ap|ialaeliian group, as it advances southerly, that this great nmuntain ] ciVi' ( to burrow a term from the sea-shore ) owes its existenci^, and constitutes |,a peculiar region, so well entitled to the attention of the medical eti(dogist. Uf this region. Doctor llanisoy, in tho pape" referred to, speaks in the fol- kiwiii^' language : " The water-courses of East Tennessee are pure and trans- far-iit. and their currents rai»id. There arc no sluggish streams, and no swamps or marshes of any extent. The water is generally impregnated with lime, liut .springs of freestone water are not unconnnon.'' Ill irtbrence to the autumnal fevers of East Teiuiessce, the same writer thus expresses himself: •Iliavo already observed that, during the first settlement of the country, t' ri' was generally a remarkable exemption of the iiiliabitants from disease. Ti.i- i< especially true in relation tofc/'crs', properly so called. Tnterniittents il;:;;;^- t!ie period of autumnal insalubrity i'orm an exception. These pre- Tiile Extensively; but the apyrexia being a state of comparative comtbrt, t::'} rre'ved little attention, and remedial agents were rarely employed. Bi; with the opening and improvement of the country, sotu'ces of disease bv'j liuen nudtiplied, and with them fever has prevailed to considerable ix:.!K. It is not confined to tho valleys and banks of large rivers ; but the n. '■ ik'vated countries are annually visited with its severest forms. The f: :. that fever prevails in districts where vegetable decompositiim is ineon- Eil'mijle, if not harmless, seems to invalidate the correctness of the theory I vi'ieli ascribes idiopathic fever to a miasmatic origin exclusively. I would «.■"^l•.•■ ■• • T I I' '. '1 ■ [h ' 1 ■■ * • I r'>M I ' Transylvania Journal, Vol. V, p. 3G3. t Geological Reports. I ■ 1 ..'■ 228 TIJK 3'RINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE I'wi 'A»T I., INTEini f ■ ■ ' Mm r iKtt lio uiuIoi-Mtnod to deny, /'// /"/''. that in^ii'sli luiusiu is the cause dl' tVp. but since tlicy iirovail with us in a (h-grco no way |iroj)(irtiiiiiate t .tlieextc, or c'iiii''';ntratioii (it the niahiria, I must avuw my seeptiiisiii of the ailoiiua,; of the cause, to the jiroduction of sueh extensive and poworful resultt. !:. termittents an; generally iiiihl and manageahle. Ivemittuut fevor is :• violent and obstinate." Since tlie iiublicatiuii oi' Doctor Ilamsey's iia|ier, another has a|i]j(arfri from tiic pen of Doctor Cunningham, of .loncsboro,* tlic most eastern ui; in Tennessee, from wliidi 1 inalce the following extract: "East Tennessee, bounded by North Carolina on the east, and txt ini;:; to Cundjcrlainl Mountain westward, embraces some two hundred iiiili,- i length. From the mountains on its southern border, to the line dividing ■ from Virginia and Kentucky, it has a medium breadth of fifty milc.>. !;, into: 'perf^cd with mountains and valleys, and every intcruiodiatc variitv : ■V. :{'•-<■<} and geological structure. " u *he highest parts of the upper counties, it presents high ridgus a preeipit ^ - 'lountains, with a small proportion of valley, or even aralluk: Here the rocky formation is [irincipally primitive. The water is tlif [lur.; freestone. The streams having rapid currents, speedily drain the soil ii-': is almost destitute of marshes, and the dense forests and hills cvirywUri interpose to neutralize the action of heat in summer. Thu.s, miasmati ii,i' once can hardly be said to exist at all. The atmos])here is cunsuijui .;; pure and salubrious, except I'roui thernionictrical and liygronietrieal \\b cnee. Following the western slope, wc find the country less precipitnUj-L. primitive, though still broken. Hero ai:ricultural industry has broken!: upon and measurably dispersed the dense .«hades of the forest. Tlieatiuv phere is consequently less humid, l)ut the country is more exposeil ; '.- sciirchini; sun in sunnner, and to tlie bleak and chillinc; blasts of winter.::: CD ' O [ to the daily vicissitudes of our climate. In this region the gcolu'giiai >!::■ turo is secondary or transition, — the water chiefly pure limestone, esc.]; : the waters of Lick Creek and Horse Creek, botli of which streams ■:'i-' from the southern and eastern declivities of Bay's Mountain. 1'~--- streams, as well as some others, from their having percolated slate-r.ii. : soap-stone (which is the striking formation of tiiat mountain, amhli-^ region through which they pass ), present constantly a muddy and in i: water, unpleasant in taste, and possibly exert some influence on the Lio.- of the inhabitants, though until late years there was no marked evideiUT ■ this. The inhabitants, as far as we are informed, enjoy as good healtli :l^ ' other localities. " But of late, the extensive nnirsli and meadow-lands bordering i— streams, which were densely timbered, so as to obstruct the rays of the >i » Southern Medical and Surgical Journal, Aug., 1646, p. 150. ijidpvint miasmatic 'pieoverflowiiig from t! 1. [i...;: iif vegctalilc ma r;ij,i.lly into dceoiiipositi .'ite pM'k, or clayey stn :i;;jt, .if course, dry n\ jii'iitly. there is great ii: j f r the jrreat increase of |voar.«. Still further d pirmiN there is but littl a:Teatii' expanse of si tfet or rainy seasons ovi linda .saturated soil eon I is ah" hotter, and here i (lurii-'g >ea.<(iiis when th( I jcise While it will ap| |cae lit" time shall have p i t!ie tii|)ograpliy, climati ■ ■ t. ;i,niiit a full and a ,1" ' ■.1 interest as a conipai pintiu.r Valley. Tliese e: t^^Aii the same parallels •■'■ii- the mouth, of the riv '■'■•er aljiiut six degrees of f''' i-ry>talliiic or semi-cr midil creeks and riv ■ '""lis or ponds. "West ■ '" ^rij^i MiT I-l INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 2'2'J ml Kovi'iit iiii;isniiitic cllluviii, liavo bcun pxtcjisivoly clciiroil for ctiltivMtinn. Tiy i.vrrfl'iwiiiL' from tlio Iicavy rMiiis leaves pools of water, with a cnpiima l.:]i,.'; nt' vi'gi'talili' matter, whidi, when cxpostMl to tlic .suiniiu'r licat, enters riiiilh into (leODiiiiiosition. In aiLlitinii to this, tiie siih-stratuni is cither .';:ti' pirk, or elnyey striirtiire, thrnii;.'h which water sinks with (lifliciilty. It must. 'if course, dry nj» iiidro by evnporatlmi than by absorption; eonse- ■ ii^ntlv. tlicre is irreat inerease of niiasmatir influenee, wliidi rcailily aeeuunts f, r t!;i' f'rt-'at increase of siekness whieli has jnevailed there for the last low |voar.<. >till further down are some exten>ivc jdains, but the snil ln-ing n'liii-. there is but little malaria. Yet on the rivers, alFordinfr, as they do, 1 1 iTcati'V expanse of surface, relaxed in enrrents. and in high tides during Iff.; ur raiuv soaseiis overflowing th(>ir liaid. the distance is about thre(t liunch'cd miles. At tliis time the suttl iikl:.! from Kingston to Triai:a, not far above ])ecatur. are too liuiiteil to r*: the baidvs of tho river an object of interest to the pliysician. .^^,lcilot' ti- region througli whiidi it jia.'^scs was, indeed, until lately, the habitatidn if;i; Chcnikce Indians; and much of it, in (leorgia and Alabama, n:it k.-ytiii: Tennessee, is too mountainous to admit of a dense popidation. On ;ti: very ai-count, however, it will be a desirable summer and autmnii;il ivtMi for the people of the Imt, humid, and malarious ctiasts of (1 eorgia, B di and Alabama ; — a change of altitude near their own h(jmes, confirrii.'i the climatic beiielits of a distant and expensive voyage to the iif/rtli. I: commction with this change ol'iiir, they nuxy enjoy the voyage on the I'li'.: Tennessee lliver; which may likewise be coimnended to invalids if:, higher latitudes, when dc.-irous, as they .should l)e, of seasoning .tk'ir iK- cise with the condiment of wild, seijuestered, and romantic sceiim, .\I these advantages, however, are [)rospeetive rather than present, for tlir i;: bcr of steaudjoats on the Upper Teiuiessee is small, and the dilli' :I' reaching that valley, great. When it shall be penetrated from snutii north by the railroads wliieh are in progres.s or have been projected, tW ic cess to it will become eas}-; and frum the vernal ei|uinox to the sunniiiT s ■■ stice ( through which the Tennessee will be navigable), we may exiicct.soiW or later, to see the invalids from various latitudes united in vhul'i! : | health and pleasure on the retired waters of the mountain river. I will.-' - the probability of this anticipation by a brief notice of a descending >ii-- buat voyage in the month of July. Uelow Kingston, the river, with a ^'fir ral bearing to the south-west, is exceedingly serpentine. The narrow it- down to the water's edge, were at that time clothed in a luxuriant vegcwt- of the deepest green, ami over the woialcd hills in their rear, octajKi- glimpses were had of AValden llidgc on the right, and the more distant at- 1 KIT !•] INTERI ;.tt\-iioaksof Unaka fin.n the river expandc( Sid nitli kiw. green isl :'- 111 tliu Iiiiiiks of wliii ..•r tliu margin of tli •prs. drodpiiig under tl rriHisiiig on the clear tro'lincss of this scene in:.' aii'ivo the lnwer rai !i!!il'S, wliifh fornied w ioautv. Coiitiiuiiiig it- jfnaclios, but dues not rf the Cliorokeo count Uniinerd lies off at a s in:', whrro the river tii line, i'tt'ty, and precipiti ! ffaiid Hat huiil througl '■:<■ Kivor. and in which jhilecliiso at hand, to t A« wi' neared the Look- ;i;iihlarlc cavern beiieatli .".hi've u,-: hut, after ami urri-Mit wlioelcd rapidly i :!n' riK'ky foundations, t .■lianiipl through which it anew pdsitioii, and jn-est !ered..strctcliing far awa; ri^'ht. stood the lofty ab the high ami rugged os itttw (if calm niagnificeui never failo away. Tu a ii •Wt distance along the I iivi'oii if and the third ( ruik', rooky gateway, with bl mllcd down, and coni 'fi'lth; it.s current was iri t'l the water above that a ; • Tumbling Shoals.' ' "•hi'h tho mountain chasi ^■■i> poured into a deep cl i^lii -h it glided as on a ' "i" 1-boatnion ; to Avhich '"lined, and then another 'Ji'i'TO. The stream no •e. f l»T l.J INTKRIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 1»31 , 1^. .ip.,]{4 of Uiiiika Mountain, ill N'ortli Carolina, on tlio loft. Now and fi' the river expiinili'd to throe times its ordinary Infadtli, and was Itcauti- «iil with low. grcon islamls, o(iin|trossinj^ the navigalili' rliannd into a oaiial, 'Vm the banks of wliiili a cnnc-lirako Ijciit its long stoijis and tomlor loaves I vir tl"'' nmr"iii of tho stroaiii, wliilo tlio low linihs of tlio ovor-lmdiwiiig •r'T\ (Inii'I'i"!! midor tlio weight of their luxuriant foliage, sought relief by ;,.!,n>iiig on tlio oloar waters. No valley could surjiass tho verdure and 'p'^lmeH of tills seeiio; in the midst of which a grovo of ayoamoros, tower- ^ii ' iilinve tho liiwer ranges of the forest, jiroscnted a lattiee-work of white 'iiiil.ii, which foriuod with tho surrounding gvooii a ei»ntrast of sur|)assing li'aiitv. rniitiiiuing its course to tho south-west, the river at length ap- ■.rnacliis, Imt does not enter, tho state of (loorgia. It is here, in the eentor if tho Clierukee country, that tho now abandoned missionary station of Iir;iiiieril lies, off at a short distance to the loft. Then eoiuo.'j lloss's Jwc iioiircd the Look-out, the river seemed about to plunge into some deep Jill] (lark cavern beneath the rugged buttress which rose one tiiousand feet ;,1»veus: hut, after amusing itself for a moment with our bewilderment, the i ".rri'iit wheeled ra|tidly to the right, and flowing for a sliort ilistancc along ;'ii' mcky foundations, turned still further round, and almost touched the eliannel tlirouith which its assault was made. Another instant broufjht us to a now position, and jiresented tho side of tho mountain wo had just encoun- t'ml..strotcliiiig far away into the state of deorgia; while before us, on the i :i.'!:t, stood the lofty abutments of Walden liidge, eonfroiitiiig, to the left, •):,': high and rugged osearpnient of Raeeooii Mountain, and presenting a Kiiio of lalm raagiiificoneo and solemn grandeur, the memory of which can iicntfado away. Tii a moment we lost sight of the first, and running for a •Vrt distance along the base of tho second, wo entered the rent, or gap, be- tffi.'i'ii it and the third of tiiese mountains, when wo found ourselves in a rmk', rocky gateway, with imnieiise preeipiecs on either side. A'ast fragments !.a trolled down, and contraetod tho bed of tho river to one-third of its usual ^fi'ltli : its current was greatly increased, and huge rocks at the bottom gave t' the water above that agitation which had suggested the approj)riato name I ! •Tumbling Shoals.' To them succeeded a ])o(d of traiKpiil water ; after ^'■'■'A\ the mountain chasm suddenly narrowed still closer, and the whole river «:i> jioured into a deep channel not more than one hundred yards wide, down ifhieh it glided as on a smooth inclined plane. This is the ' suck' of the w" 1-boatmen ; to which succeeded a spot where tho water boiled and '':ini'-''l, and then another in wliich the same coinniotioii appeared in a less iiLTOc. The stream now assumed a calmer aspect, and wound its way 1 * ^■,f^ i. ■'. • I c Ik ' .;.V'., m ' ' ' ' . ..■ f: .'. i>. «■• .1 • i; ,. , 'I • .1 :f f . 1 THE PRINCIPAL UlSEA.SErf ol TIIU l».H iiniiiii^ tlio niouiituiiiH, by which it is no \wul ii|i, that purtioiiH of it, ri./,t , thon, tal\i.> III! the tni-iii ami tucr ut' iiarrnw Al|iiiit.' lakes. Ax thi,su mm heu.ity and .suhhiiiity lic^'aii to dii) away, wo Iniiiid uur.sflvi'f^ nii a wiJi. n. Htill licaiiii;^ to tlif Miiith-WL'st to eiitiT Ahibaiiia, alter iniMhin;,' wiiLii, ; niilu of tho state of Citorgia. The rouiitry now ujs.smned u more Lultiix., a8|ient, with tamer Hcenery; yet. hluo ihum.so8 of tiie CuniherhmJ .Mtiui.ti,;, lyiii^' off to our riirht. (icca>ionally reminded u« of tho shifting seeia-s > f ;rn deur ttirou,^ii whicli wo had paHhcd. The hist olijict (jf intere.-.ed in horizontal layers, it dih|ihiy.H tho aspeet of un iniuieiisc!,:- tilicatiiin. l-'rom thi.s puint to Poeatiir, the low hill;-t roeede, and tliu r;.;: flows through bottom-lands which are liable to annual inundation.* X\'[. SouriiKUN I'oimo.N OK .Mioih.k Tk-wk-^skk. — About one iiai: iMid. Manstirld, Esq., of CiiicimWi' ^'' Turviii, of Decatur, and si-voral otiu-r <,'t'ntlemiMi, all of whom had tiie .saiiK- impr'';" of its interest. + Transylvania Journal, Vol. IX, No. ,3. f»iT I-, iNTi;in< (jt !,.■, ilic c|iriiig8 are al wr. iiuintrous; and, al J,;;, |,riniary region ol |r.;ri:'iiiiij,'. '•"■"*hing, a I(,l'r rk.>, or i.'i.suing IVnii ji,r i'lavi'lly bottom to tl |(i,riii.'\ wliii'li I notic(( lli;tv-i:.'!it decrees Kalu l|,ii,s C'hiinliia with w tiiui tilt' tiniperatun ll'tv luliiT it was lifty-el ■(iiTd' ; at .several othci li:. i!m' I'oiuitry were ali d .Ttrs. * U'itii all those favor.i .o:i|ie iiutunniul fever, i .\!:!i";i;;Ii most of tlicni ' tjtuf. yet, in sunum r. ti Ifj!! vm low. and nmcli ( ill! a jjrius of stagnant Ji:li-ilaiii.s. often at short > c: ivL'i niposahle matter i I'ln.i'i tlie scanty .-iupplies l;i'i' latitudes of tiurty- ll . iiiiiidrcd feet above tl ili.;'. '.aniiut fail to gonorat BASIN ( I I Ul-TU.VKS.— It lias 1 »?iiil iif the Tennessee ]{iv ■■'■ims: yet it does not w "'-■ tlie extremities of b( 'i '!.> aro .separated a l\ f- "vo, has its source in t ■ !ii 'untain whoso name : >'Utli.itdip,>:iit.o:>liddl '':'ls on its left :ink. 11 ^:':'-. at length, within a f i'-vairky, and, crossing th f UT I.J INTERIOR VALM:Y OF NORTH AMHRICA. 233 J J,, (lie jinriiigs iiru all iminr^'iiatetl, iiioru nr li>-.«^, with lime; but tin'} urc vcr. iiui"'-'""""*' ami, altliDiigli hot (|uitL' mi purn (iml liiiijiitl ns tlic H|trlngM .|,> !, pfiiuurv rt'giiiti of fDiuitry, aii', iiL'Vt.Ttlifk'.s.H, ciiol, tnuiM|tareiit, ami IrcWiii'ir'' '•>i'''''"J«' "" ''"^'.v '^" ''"■ ^'"' """*' I""''- ''■'"" ', iir is>uiii,ii tVoiii llio Imso of a liill, tlicir wafers jrliili- upon a rocky lor "iiivillv ludtoin to tlii.' lar^'cr htrcaiiis. Tlif iiuiiii tcinpL'ratiiro of our L.fiiiN. whirli I iiotiffd at ditri.'n.Mit tiiiios timing tlif la.nt year, is about L„..,;;f|it (logri'cx I'iiliiviilifit. Tlic tiinpt'iaturo of tlio spring wliitli Hup- [t,i;,s C"liiiiiliiii willi water, was lifty-sis dcgrtcs, aliout the first of .lime, ,1 lilt' tt'Uiiii'ratiin' of the atiiiosphero was eighty-four dogrees ; in [liiv iiibcr it was lil'ty-eight (h';.'rei's — teiiiperatiire of the atinosphero lift}' [(iiTa"*; at several other times it was lilt) -six degrees. Many other springs III, till' I'ltuHtry wore about the wauie ; Homo were also as hi^h as sixty-two With all tlieso favorable topographieal conditions, tliis region does not ;:i|,o imtuiiiiud fever, the ehief sourees of which are the wator-eoiuses. ,\!;'.ii'ii;.'li laii.st of tlioni have bottoiu-laiids. not often overllowed to any great if-it lit. jet, ill summer, tlwy become insalubrious. In times of drought they f . :a I'lW, aiid niueli of their beds becomes dry. 'i'hus they are converted i a ■'i-'rics of slagiiaiit pools. .Many of them, moreover, are arrested by 1 Inns, iifteii at short distances from each other, altove wliii-h a great deal ( .i iii|iiisah!c matter is accumulated, to l)e expo.^ed to the action of the i:. - liios.'aiity .sLipplios of water, in .Vugiist and September, are evaporated. I ■ •■ latitiiilL'.s of thirty-tivt! and thirty-.six degrees, at an elevation of only i iiinlroil feet above the sea, which is that of the beds uf these streams, t .;iiiiiut fail to generate autuunial fever. ' i| SFX'TION \\. HA.^IX or Tift: CUMHHIII-AM) RIVER. Miri.i.NK.s. — It has been already stated that this river lies in the great Vil 'f the Toiiiiessee JJivcr, to whieii, in its general course and curvature, it 'ii'itnis: yet it does not wheel so far to the south as that stream ; and iienee, 'ill' tijo extremities of both are in nearly the same latitudes, their middle "<■> arc separated a lull degree. Tlie Cumberland, much the shorter of V'l, has its source in the state of Kentucky, on the western declivities of I uiitaiii wlmse name it bears; whence, flowing to the west, and then to lith.iulip- iito Middle Tennessee, the metropolis of which — Nashville — I.Mm it.s left . ink. Having passed that town, it turns north-west, and - at length, within a few miles of Tennessee Eiver, when it repasses into 'I'ky, and, crossing that state, joins the Ohio Kivcr at Smithlaiul, only ■i'»:«- I'vt * Loco citato. If ' -> k-,l--.- 23 4 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE 'Ml. ten miles cabovc the mouth of tlic Tennessee. Tlius it drains much of ?fii;ti.. Kentucky, aiul the whole northern portion of ^litldle Tennessee. Its5i,:.-« are in tlie Appalaeliian or Cuiib'Thind coal liasin; its middle in the 'r, niferons and Silurian limestone; its terniination in the margin of tlielii:, coal formation. Having laid down the outlines of this ba.sin. let «> : t ascend through it to the mountains. I.nmediately below its mouth ii-i town of Sinithland, of wln'eh T am unalde to give a topographical (loscrii';' II. The CuMin-iti.ANn Uasin, i;i' to Nasiivii.i.k. — The Cunihcrlaiiill;:- traced from its nKJUtli up to the city of Nashville, a distance of two Lv.irr. miles, is found to make its way through a hilly and wofided couiitn \ I tributaries are generally short : especially on the south or left side. iri.s they are limited by the proximity of the Tennessee River, until we asceM: the neighborhood of Nashville. The bottoms along this river arc imv?h.f- 1 rower than those along the rivers of the soutli-west. and are notasliuK ;. inundations. The beds and banks of the Cuml)erland, and of its trihuia^. i are, in general, rocky. Within the limits of its narrow basin, on itsri:!: north-eastern side, in Trigg and Christian ccmnties, Kentucky, vre h;: western limit of a peculiar tract, called ' The Barrens,' which will ; scribed in connection with the Green Kivcr IJasin. III. Nasiivii.lk. tlie capit;r of the state of Tennessee, and the fd;.- 1 of the Cumberland Basin, stanus on the left side of the river, in N. Lat 9' 30", and W. Lon. 86'^ 49' 3". Its site is an elevated platform. : Silurian limestone, identical with that of Cinchinati. The covering if and soil is so thin that the rocks of the streets have to be blasted, tn :; receptacles for the soil necessary to the cultivation of shade-trees. Orii'::i.;| this terrace sustained a grove of red cedars ( Jioiipcrus V^l•f|lnknm^.vi'^''h\ many trees and bushes still remain. (Jn the southern part of the tnwr. ; there rises a beautiful rocky, oval hill, overspread with the same untrriii:^ deuce of a dry and stony ^loil. The surrounding country, in that 'Hr::';:J is calcareous and r(dling. Innnediatcly below the town, to the west. t-'-.A a depression, in which a sulphur sprnig bursts out. and over which tht.Mii:->l of the Cumberland sj)read themselves in high floods. On the opposite -.j; | the river, there is a bottom of considerable extent, too elevated to he 'i;] flowed. Thus Nashville is favorably situated, as to what are rogardeiK sources of p.utumiial fever; and its exemption from the disease appearM J in correspondence with its topugra|)hy. The surroundiiig country, seen from the top of Cedar Hill, present.-:: ged, beautiful, and spirited panorama. I;i all directions it displav.>< tb: j figuration which excludes swamps and every variety of wet surfaec 'i suggests ravines, with lagging streams, which, in summer and aiituii:r.'| liable to insalubrious depression. The settlement of Nashville, by emigrants from North Carohnaaii'i^'l ginia, was begun in the year 1784. Hence, being one of the oldest t (f:;-| f,^r I INTER K t t'> ''lii" Basin, the loc; i: :i jtage from forest t [\' lirTiiKUFOitn C' B. -• i;ii|iiirt;(iit of the st fr :.; uliieh it.-i principal ]•■ ',i>i.« is the hliie Sil f:r/ Mil .if Iiiaiii and snil r .;:v hasis. the latter a t.' :;;itiiral to sueli surf; i':.- r level; hut tlie si f. , jiart of it is inters( t-:.cr:t of the Cumberlai 5j ';:;.'-: and. therefore, ; ^jV'.rtl '«• portions of their ire ii'iivcrtcd into lines c Prarfl'iathsome and dis"ii M'jniit seventeen creeks, IL- iiiaiii river ( Stone's vx'.i[\-. These branches na; many directions to t Pt> "X forty mill-dams, bo p*i.'i fi^h-traps. The pon Han where there are no iTil fall arc unusually dry hrii'iiidof the county; ex |>ni'ii'ir plantations, forth •'^ut!i a locality, in tiie 1 len' 'Uj invasions of autum criat. in proporti(jn as ft!iqi„„!s jjehnv its comi V ^\'lL,on county, contain 1 the north by Cumberlan pr'-am?, at nearly ofpial di ft'«r^e nn the one hand int. '''^' "ther hand, into S '«« seetions of the countr If'nio hilly, <,r what we cali :™tin!r the small north { •"^IW'lon, inth,. Transyh " ^■^liTii Journal, Ciiiciiim \ev' Tl\] riN INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 235 ,;,, !)]{],, Bnsin. the locality in wliicli it stands, has jiasscd through the trans- ;.; ,, -tairo from forest to cultivated field. IV. KiTiiKUKOUu County. — This comity,''' one of the oldest-settled and J -• important of the stai : of Tennessee, lies to the south-east of Na.sliville; f, a wliich it!! jirincipal town, ^Mukfkedj^isoko', is di.stant about thirty miles. ]•- !;i«is is the blue Silurian limestone of that city, covered with a dcei)ev f,-iiii ;if Inam and soil — the former a product of the disintegration of the I i:, lia-sis. the latter a result of the decomposition of the luxuriant vegeta- t; : natural to such surfaces. The aspect of this country is either uudnlat- i;- r level: but the surrounding country is somewhat knobby. Almost f ;v part of it is intersected by the up[)er tributaries of Stoiie'.s River, an t'',int of the Cumberland. These nunx.'rous streams are but scantily fed by 5" :;:'>: and. therefore, although flush in the rainy season, so as even to (.rri'W portions of their narrow bottoms, they either dry up in summer, or I ."iivertod into lines of pools, which, in the language of Doctor ]k'cton, ••arrliathsomc and disgusting to the sight, and offensively fetid to the smidl." 'A' ut seventeen creeks, forks, and prongs," he adds, '"unite to con>titute •Vl. main river (Stone's), wliich runs in a iiortli-wcst course aer!i-tra]is. The p(mds made by these dams are lunger in evapM •Dr, Bccton, in the Transylvania .lourn.ii, v^;. v., p. 157 •^VsttTii Journal, Cincinnati, Vol. 1, p. 001. M' ■' 230 THE PRL\XIPAL DISEASES OF THE jui , JiSI I', INTERIOR common seasons, tlio sniall streams or creeks, from the last of July until s middle of Xmcmljcr, iH.'oome ;diiiii.ii)t'K OF Till-; ('lmi!i:ui-.\.\1) ]>.\.'arrens, from its embracing hirge tracts of undulating h.nd neaih tuii; of trees. The thirty-seventh parallel passes a little south ofti' of tlii.s l)a.>in, tin whole of wliieh lies within the state of Kentucky. !i:- longs to the Illiii lis coal formation. Only the north-western or Wii' ' \„x!i:\-o\; contains beds o ,,no. ffliieh underlies the Thi. lied of Green llivi l^jiLottoms, which are ii' r, through nearly its ■hmi. of which, :n ii!n:-itaiit>. I cannot spca T'; surface of this ba^ |(r..- Mil the niountaino tliii -.'[.aratcs it from the T'r (irofn llivcr Hasii- I II tt-m-lands arc not. i.i.«. micultivahle. Thei ■', 'flic podls formed in '•/. Natural and artifi' \r.:.r •ujiply of stock-wat .-. Mil leaving the Tenn iiltiratiun of cotton di ipa->inL'friiin the latter i lii-.-M.'i tlegrcos thirty ni [jiiii'Hl by tobacco and hi II. TlIK BUIIIENS.— ^\ r was made to the regl Y ti;at basin, while the '■'.iiiig to Doctors Owe •;a'ils sub-stratum the -ji-'ad with a deep la; liii;;' ill fragments of k.v \ylio,.ie gradual di Ml imlebtod to my coil( ! v the following topoj ^' rvations vcere cliiefli lially a]iplicab!( N) t '• ii''ii f first went to Hi "-!'', the aspect of the 1 hv the prairies of T f'i~ destitution of ti: — t!ie annual ravages ' 'Us ]ilants, in autui '' which may have spn V'L'etable productions 1 ' iMsoarches among flie Pre "^'If INTERIOR VALLKY OF NORTH A.MKRICA. 237 t j^ ;•, (uiitaiiis beds of coal: tlic (.t'ler rc!^;t,s on tlic cii-ljdiiilVi'cus liiiio- I ,;,,. ^rllil•h undcvlios tlio coiil moasun's. Tlir lied I'f (Irocti ]iiver for sonic distance up. is burdiTid witli lidi .••llu- I Imttoms, wliioli an.' iidt. to any great extent, .subject t<> inni.i'mtii'n. Tlie (jn:. through nearly its \vlif country r its sub-stratum the carboniferous linn?stone of the Illinois coal Ij;,.-in, •iradwith a deep layer of loam, colurcd red with oxyde (.f iron, and .liiiir in fragments of (diert or petrosilex, which witc onre indjcdded in ■ k.>. whose gradxuil disintegration has generated the loamy covering. ' !ii imlcbtcd to my colleague, Trofessor Short, of the I'niversity of Louis- 1 'vtlie f'ullowii'g to])ographical doseri]>tion of this di.^rrict.j" Although •■' nations vere chiefly made in the western part, T am a.-surcd. they are in ■■ itiallv applioabh \) the wlnde. The following is bi.s account: 'Wiou I first went to Ilopkhisville, where T jiracliced medicine fr<.m l^-IT 1'-'', the aspect of the barrens was very nuich the same with that j»re- h!t "lliy the prairies of Illinois: and, J supi»osc, the ebaracteristie feature 'f'l — destitution of timber — is in both eases attrib'utable to the same — the annual ravages of fire: which, fed by the tall grasses, and dead ""U.s plants, in autumn, is so intense as to destroy all the ligneous "i which may have sprung up during the preceding spring and summer. V getaUe productions of h>t)>. these regions — barrens and prairies — II f I V i ' ^I'arohes r.inong the Prot. and Carb. Rocks of Central Kentucky. ■ ^^^^- penes me. THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE l2V-. t* •■I are very similar; tlic grasses Ijoing, f( r llio mo.'t (art, various specie!.. t dropoijiin and 7V<^/(•«//(, and tlic licrbaccov.3 veirctatioTj consisting, cliicflv.,!^. cially ill autumn, of tlie various romjiosinr — S'l/i/thir.i, As( r, 'SW/f/i«/o. i- a (o.-i'iiii, Sea.: wliilc along tlio water-courses, in Ijoth rcjrioiis, the arli(irt;>-. s^iceios are very much the same; as the} arc, also, 'v.\ eert!;ln woodlaml tra.-; called Ijy the pco[)lo 'groves.' This difference, however, obtains, botwiii, •.:: barrens of Kentucky and the prairies north of the Ohio, viz, thattliefms are sinierim|)osed on a bed of limestone, which is wanting in llliiinis. f;. limestone of the barrens, too, is of a iieculiar kind, and very diffwi!:!: - that of northern Kentucky. Instead of being regularly stratified, or uk ... in horizontal layers, it seems amorphous and irregub"; generally ti,ui;,;;; very different depths beneath the surface, and covered \vith a red, tcnati.j clay Containing chert, or else projecting above the surface in misiW blocks. This limestone, moreover, is exceedingly cavernous; and 'sinb.:! de])res.sions, arc fre((ueiitly met with, which lead to apertures in tlie ri Indeed, in many parts of this di.i -.he shalhuv, muddy water, were growing tliickb: Deration vertk-'dhUcn-, ik'jj/tidunl/iiis occidc)italif, Eoxa Carolina, aiv\ '■' semi-acjuatic shrubs. " Till' streams, in the western part of the barrens, run in deep i:*'" l)eds ; the banks being often precipitous, and ten or twenty feet abiVMi: ordinary level of the water; thus they rarely overflow their narrow b' tic In fact, I d. and has been propoi frr. reeuivo a notice in iaiiihriims localities and re Till' Manimuth Cave coi i".vi!Kliiiir ii]ierturcs, cor jy wander an indefinite i > t!ie carboniferous limesl t-iUe that all its cells are 'uru.ys might be perforn !"■ Barrens. Soir.o !«pirt "11 'light eminently fitted wier, wli.,..5o toreli L'jrowi CreJ foet above bis hjad. mmM. ■*.-^v^' lK;; INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. '2'.]0 mil.'!,!!:.: i! '■-. K iil.v ■ Its a &■' tlivu: |iio li.-' ■ '■Vr.. ^'I'aJily ti) increase in area aiul doptli. r.ntil, if nut dranietl, tliey ri^e ; . niirriiuiuliii^L' l)riiii. Tii this way are these j)()i'owling-Grcen, riussellville, IlopkinsviUe, a:.l -ivoral others of less note. Ii[, TiiK Ma.mmotii Cavk. — The barrens and the basin of Green Eivcr t!:j"\ the distinction of including the celebrated IMammoth Cave, the most Miuikilile of tlie numerou.s caverns in wliieli the limestone innnediately li'.:i<;itli the Illinois coal formation aliounds. Tlie interest of this cave is not, twiwr, to etiology, but to practical medicine ; for it does not cause dis- ifav.s. and has been proposed as a residence for their cure. It may, there- ifiri'. reeeive a notice in tliis work, with the same propriety that certain laluliriiiUM localities and regions for travel have been indicated. Tl;i' Mammoth Cave consists of a labyrinth of subterranean cells, united lly 'viiidiiig apertures, corridors, and broad avenues, in which the traveler n.jy wauder an iiulefniite distance, witliout threading all its mazes. Indeed, ;• ■ " riirbiiniferous limestone is essentially caveriiou.s, it i.s extremely pro- tliut all its Cells are connected with each other, and that su1)terranean J ::.}s might be perforMjd throughout the wlnde tract of country called t Barrens, Soirio i'pirtments of tliis cave are small; others of a breadth 5 i 'iijrht eminently fitted to raise emotions of wonder and sublimity in the ^ -IT. whose torcli t'jrows a dim light on rocky ceilings more than a hun- '-'Itt'ot above his luad. Stalactites, alabasters, and crystallized gypsums, i|i i#::sii v.l- .' ?■■■ ! :<■• ^ r. t i . I 240 THE PULNCirAL DISEASRS OF THE ECU, as v-Iiiti' ;'ii(l v;iiic:;;iti'il in I'nriii as flakc.x (if snow, (Iccoratc the ^l<,\vK. . cavin^i' walls ol" ntliiT ajiarhiiciits; wliilo streams and punls ol" pun' «;!•■> aniniatcil with fisli, wlm^c eyes. tVi>ni tin- litter darkiu'ss of tlicir Liiliiia:; Iiavo not been pereeiitihly (levelo|ie(l. 'J'Ih' atniospliere of this liihyvii.ti; oxeavatloii. is said not to he damp to tlie feeling; hut I have iidt niut w. iiny ohNcrvations on its dew-point. A'urlous processes of natural i'liciiii.trr perhaps, ahsorl) t!ie moisture of tlie air, and convert it into tliu \v;it.r ,' crvslallization. IJesides the formation of crvstalline earlionate and s"!;.' of lime, the nitrate oi" lime is constantly ,i!'enerateil ; out of wliidi .,•. petre was f irmerly mannfaetured, liy the aid of wood-ashes.* These invr:.. at tin; time the rocks were depositi'd. were jirohahly tilled with soft nr(l. ■!> posahle nniterials : which have since been dissolved or washed awnv: ■ the work of eidarii'emeiit is doubtless still iroini^ on. by the slow (■iiiivt.r«;,!! of their walls into nitrate of linu', a soluble salt.f The tenijierature of the deeper parts of the cave, is said to be lifty-niin' i- griics Fahrenheit, throughout the year.^ lu winter, a current of ;iir »li«n' i. into the cave; in summer, escapes from it; often with such veliioitv;i- extiuLiuish the lamps of those who are enteriufr. This is a|)pareiitlyflni'i;!- mode >' which the external atmosphere modifies that of the cavern. Ty. air of the cave has not been analyzed. Its sensible (pnilitics arcsiinplvt': ^ of freshness. No diflieulty of respiration, or headache, is pruducuJ jiv ;i,v atmosphere of any apartment, and the liglits which visiters earrv kr. Itrlii'htly in every ]iart. Ilence. we see. there is no addition of c:irli"iiii' ! , gas, or other mephitic air. Dead aninuil matter does not l)eeoinc ]mtri(l,i '. iiiideriroes desiccation. There are no reptiles of any kind. NcitluT i. ' Tuir sounds UKike thei: tvay into the deep recesses. They who liavrvi-;', this great excavation, s[ieak of wandering and (damliering for a wii V' i without fatigue. They regard the atmosphere as invigorating. It iiisv that it holds saline sul)stances in solution, w'hich, entering the blond !■}! ■ lungs, favor its aeration, and thu.s ward off the fatigue of exertin'.i: 'T' meut.-d excitement may su[tport the strength of body. ^VIleM salt-[ietre was nianufactured there, it was observed that t'li''' of the operatives was excellent, and that many -ailing' or "wcmI;!}' |" ■ ■ liecann' soinid in health, ami experienced increase of flesh. The n.M'i!. ■■• that were eni[iloyed, not only continued in good health, but hci-i'n.' ' With these facts before their eyes, the people near the cave have 1"!:' ■ lieved that it might be made an advantageous abode for invalids, c^"■ - those affected witli pulmonary disea- • '••f temperature. Tt was not. however, until within the last W'W year^, t • '■' tages were erected, aiid sick persons publicly invited to make it a plB. lie arrested: hut if lie had reached the latter stages of the disease, I'; wmuM do well to remain at limne. A iiinrc favorahle opinion may lie given of vi.siN to the cave, than ■. with change of scene, it has much to recommend if. for its -wonders 1 ^ iiist liiiding out," and, for several weeks, an impiisitive invaliil might lind [■ ; ;• ^c ;nid interest in threading its laliyrinths, while the weather was either r " i"M. ur toci lint, or ton wet to admit of hi-, taking adeniiate recreati"ii in I"'!! air. I'o all such it may lie announced, that the muniticeiit proprie- j'-r Las taken care to provide comfortaMe. and eveti elegant acciunni'dations, ['•irthc pnrtuls of the cave. 4 ''{■'*J': II SFXTIOX A' I, niE LtFT IJANK i)F Till:: OHIO, FROM i;R1;KN RIVER To .. streams sink in summer and autumn into pools, and the country is not oxeitp; from fever. The llolling or south'" . Fork has its origin mainly in the iv- boniferous limestone of the adjoin. ..g (Ireen lliver Basin; and nuieh ofu surface which it drains is hilly; s(jme parts low-mountainous. The imraeilia: valleys or troughs of both forks of Salt Kiver, present a considerable extent : bottom-land, which, with that along the common trunk, is occasionally iiiv- dated. Fevers, often malignant and fatal, prevail along these streams, i.-; cially low down, where their common valley opens into that of the Ohio. in. IL\iU!0DSiu;u(i Si'iiiXGS. — These springs belong to the basin u under examination, being situated near the sources of Suit llivcr. Unlike iiii; of the mineral springs of Kentucky, which arc found iu deep valleys, !!;■;<- hurst out near the summit-level of the country, at an altitude of near a li: :• sand feet above the (iulf of 3Iexico. From near the springs, small tril:> ries of the Kentucky Kiver and of l)ick"s Kiver flow off to the east and n-C and those of Salt Kiver to the south and west; a sufllcient evidence ut';:: relative elevation of the spot where they are found. In every direction,:'.: several miles round, the country is as free from drowned laiids, mars'fc swales, and ponds, as any other cijual area in the Ohio Basin. In fact,tl;crT does not seem to be a single source of malaria in their neighborhood; andij colleague. Professor IMillcr, who practiced medicine nine years in this local" » CoUins's Kentucky. PLX ■-I L ^■4:^. ■„v ' • t. 6.- . .-, ' ■ r-i ..-^t'----- •^-, -1,,' ■ ^ L±_ "^ ' C^ ,• *,-'t*y '•' "'. 'X .■ , •• -V.,H w',V-> «/*,/.H A2-,f ^'*V,»«^. ^ :-" : -^J' ' ■•> Hi ^ ! Lrx c b ^^ ^^r. -^-V, / -or ■V, ^o^,. ,*; ,!» (3t .^ Ji ?« 9i5 ^' ». V. ^ iu .s: ">« f t i i ^^ '^' t' ^^ E I' I ? M 5 ir > O 2 CO ■■■-l'^ )■ . . r 4.-. ^ I 1 ■it ri HIT. I.] INTE Iia> assured ino, that iitre flian in tlio Han Till' town of Ilarro thi.' (irst-sottlod spot i Ici'ii timlprcultivatiijii •ivo yvar.x ; a jieriod (j ninitulft'Ver remotely hecaiiso most of the v -•oiirgeJ in August ar \i>b ol tlic South-west ■aniint have tlieir cons situated ill malarious 1 HarroiJsburg Spring ftlio Ohio, after I'itti !iy I'rufessor Vandell, r lia,Mii. Considered in iimistoiie. Desirous of publish; «:iters, I desired Doct( t::iiii; which he did in iiiiis from which iiivalii wtii which he has furni hiiimlknts in a phit lijc.irhunate ofmagnc liicarburiatc of limo, Sulphate of magnesia .''iilpliate of lime ( cf ''lilurideof sodium, a THE SA I'i'.'arhonate of rnagne 'iicarbunate of linic, bicarbonate of iron, - sulphate of magnesia •^ Jll^'iate of lime ( cryi '■''loride of sodium, tmv. Tlio bicarbonate of ii ^^Its a light fawn-color. fUT I.] INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 'li\i ha> iissiired mo, that intermittent and remittent fevers are far less prevalent htrc than in tlio MarrL-iiH. Tlic town of IIurriHlsburg, in tlio suburbs of wliich we find the spritigs, way the tirst-sottk'd spot in the state of Kentucky ; and CDiiseniiciitly the soil lias* k'l'n umior cultivation since the moiitii of J\ine, 1774; that is, nearly seventy- five vcars; a period (juite sufficient to diminish those elements on width au- tumnaUbver remotely depends. 1 am the more careful to set forth these facts. because m'lst of the waterinfr-places in the West, from being in valleys, are jeoured ill .\iigust and September with bilious fevers; and liecause the inva- lids ol the South-west, esfiecially those who have been made such Jiy its fevers. eanuot have their constitutions repaired by sojourning at springs which arc situated ill malariou.* localities. Harrodshurj:; Springs arc not only in the (ddest-settlcd spot in the valley ,if the <-lliio. after Pittsburgh, but they issue from strata which, I am iiiforiiied by Professor Yandell, rest upon the very oldest formations known in the Ohio Ijajin. Considered in reference to chemical character, they are magnesian Iime?t(ino. Dosinms of publishing an accurate account of the composition of those ffatiTS, 1 desired Doctor C. 11. Kaymond, of ('iiiiiiinati, to visit and analyze tkiii; which lie did in the month of October, 1S4'^, selecting the two foun- t;uiis from which invalids are chiefly supplied. The following are the results ivith wliieli he has furnished me : M I ■• I- • I • 1 ;''rt.^ THE GREENVILLE SPRING. Ii'limlit'nls in a pint of the water, stated in y rains and hnndrcdt/is, Tr(»j. Bjeorbonate of magnesia, ------ Bicarbonate of lime, ------ Sulphate of magnesia ( crystallized ), - Sulpliate of lime ( crystallized ), - • 'hluride of sodium, a trace. THE SALOON, OR CHALYBEATE SPRING. Quantity of water the same. liioarbonate of magnesia, liiearbonate of lime, ------ Bicarbonate of iron, ------- Sulphate of magnesia (crystallized), Sulphate of lime ( crystallized ), - - . . Chloride of sodium, ------ L'.S7 10.16 11.06 ao.iio 0.43 4.31 0.50 27.92 10.24 1.20 44.60 The bicarbonate of iron in this spring is sufficient to impart to its ^«ts a light fawn-color. The water of both springs is limpid. Doctor '■'-■«l '•'■?'.'• 4.^ ,. ^t^^. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) '^ 1.0 I.I ■^ 1^ 1 2.2 tii hi — i_i« lis 1.8 1.25 1.4 III 1.6 .« 6" ► V). ^ /} v: '^1 oK •> ▼ ^ sr ^'^ >> y Photographic Sciences Corpomtion \ «v ^^ <> i\ m -s^\ 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 ^ o li . ■ 1 i. ■ii *, , '.f WU:-:J^^-->:- ••• '. I ■ ■■.(• 244 Tin; riMxcii'Ai, diseases of the [BOOI I, l{;i3iiioiitl could not detect eitlicr I'rco carbonic acid ov f?ul|iliureted liyd] gas. TfgiJ It will bi" seen liy these aual}>cs, tliat every tumbler of tlic wiitor lif-', fJrcenville Sjiring contains witliin a fru'tion of sixteen grains of saliiiuu'. ter, more tbaii lialf of wliicli consists uf magnesiau salts; that ovcrv tniLi ,. uf tlie water of tljc Saloon Spring contains twcnty-twu grains i,!,,;/'^, mutter, two-tliirdsof wbii-li arc; snlphate, with a small quantity of hiearlciiiins of magnesia; and that in the same (quantity uf the water there is a hiiar;,- of a grain of iron. The juiticnt, who in one morning drinks four tniiililii, • the Avater of the Saloon Spring, takes nearly a drachm of sulphate u' m;- nesia, with other saline ingredients, and a grain of bicarbonate of iron. T sliall follow these estimates no furtlier, but proceed to sav. tluit •;- ^Yatcr of the (Ireenville Spring is the better antacid — that of Saloon, iliu liw, ter tonic. Indeed, small as the (puintitv of iron is, it sometime:. priiiliip.>i' uncomfortable feeling in the head, wliich is relieved by drinking at thtii;.] fountain. In reference to the excretions, the water from botli acts ii| 011 ;':; i bowels, kidneys, and under jiroper n.'gulations at niglit, upon the skin. yond these sensible effects, it pervades tlie wdiole constitution, and u. classes of invalids very socm feel a renovation of appetite, strcngtb, cheerfubiess, altlnjugli its primary effects seem to be sedative, not stini!;!;::: I transcribe from the article in the Journal already (quoted, the fulki:; remarks on tlie curative cflects of tliese waters: "The cases to which tliey are, in a jieciiliar manner, adapted, areilr:; inflannnations, and obstructions in the abdominal viscera. Tims. t!:i.'.i:;| * III tlio year 182.3, while attache.! to the medical department of Transylvniiial':- versity, ;..?si.sted by my ingenious and lamented friend, the late Doctor Robert I!iJt.;> junct to the Profes.sor of Chemistry, I made a qiialitdtivc analysis of the watir c;l-| Saloon S|)ring; whieh has ever sinec heen b. lure the public. (See West. Jour.;: ]\Ied. and Phys. Srieiice, Ciiioiiinati, .Tnni', 1^:^>\) V want of faith in its ;icciiracy.! nic to ])roi)ose a new analysis, by a nuich abler hand. The resiiUs then ohtai:!' ;' the following : Cai'honate of magnesia, - . . . . C ar'j mute of lime, ------- Sul[)hatc of magnesia, . . - . . Siil[)hate of Mini , --.---- Sulphate of soda, .-.-.- Iron ( probably in the Htato of a sulphate ), Sulplnireted iiydrogen, - - - . - It will be observed, that this analysis and that by Doctor Raymond "five iiearlyKi same ingredients; ami lioth nearly correspond with one made subseqnently toinin''! Professor Yandell. ( Transylv. Jonr. ) Doctor R. has more [jroperly res::iri!''il lli'"'-i bonates as biearbonati^s, and aseertained that tlu." iron is a salt of that kiad, inj 't!i'?;.' are injurious, and, Ihvi^ vcmlcrod occasional :■•::.' a \\i irhid conditi. lt:H:i!. Ill .-ri'k licadiichc ''kinate malady are atti a- -ysteiii. tliat their s T::r ('.\[icricnco of mii' ^;;i;'«ai:M, lias, in the mf KiijI'L'uo of maladies wl Tiic Ilarrodshurg watc neJ'.vci' the Sontli-west, rirri^^'iis. The salts obt; lytai' [looplo, and also b^ jtaci-as than the officinal I: is proper to say sonu ^"-■ivMiloiieo to the infiri fKia. To this end, the e p|icT Oraliam, through a a liberality only erp rn-d, !n's pormaiieiit e.\ '-"•>• and he is stillinvc itKtoalusc of the water }''■l^ «i whicli, from the p-.' valiialde in a areat ^ At, 'gi'apliical map ( H:<'hv^ tlie various im])r F' I'liOer, Topographical M'tiun of them unneci [Boot I cdliyilnw, Wiittr (.:!' ;'_, i' fillillf i:.i;. very tuiii,: ins (4 ;;;.u ■ liicarljMiiatt 3 is a ([iiattt: ir tuiiiliki-i hate nf m:- :>f iron. say, tliat ta; ] lluOll.llil'l ig at tlio >v.d I acts ii['onih \w skin. E~ ion, and iir streiigtli, iiil not stiiimbi' , the fulluwi;! od, are cki; Thus, tk'va;?! m: RTI.. INTKRIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. •J45 •ansylvaniaUi- Robert Bi'St.i:- \\\f wuliT or:? Wi'st, Joii:;: its aucuracy, .:■. II oblaiiicii '-J jail i|uaiit;;y. luiti' '■ luito '■ irivi' lioir'y;-'! |,.,ltly to Kill- ''I Ircfardoiltlif'- hil,in?t'''i'''"''''| Ivhieli iiKiy. i'^-l Inhise5i2-| I small qiwiA'J'1 riiiincntlv scrvicca1)lc in i^ucli cases !'i'""^''''^' "'"^' '"""■'^'-''1^"^"^'}'' iiieuvalilc ; and in eonstipatiim, so eon- s'lnt an attendant 111) di.«eases of tlio stdinaeli and liver. They are almost f: lullv hi-'nefii'ial in chronic iiiflannnations of many other parts of the sys- .^..,,_e.'peciullv nf the serous and fiornus nnMnhranes. In tunic dropsies, in riicmiati.'^ni, and in vaviniis affectii'tis tit' the periosteum from febrile motas- []i.s. frum svidiilis, and from mercury, they have often effected a cur;, when otkr moans had failed. In several urinary disorders they have done equal rmi In chronic diseases of the shin tliey have also been found useful, when the patient has been subjected to a rogimcii that has determined them t t!io sm'faeo. In pulmonary cmnplaints tliey Inive been found serviceable; r.t ;i't ill the same dearee as in disorders cif the abdominal organs; and ttaruse in those maladies reipu'rcs discrimination. In chroiuc pleurisy, and t'lo oadv stages of subacute bronchitis, they liave performed cures ; but in T«a, tuhorcnlar suppur.itions, and liepatizatimi if the pidnionary tissue. tliovaro iiijuri'ius, and, if jiersevcri'd in, may even prove fatal. AVhen tliey ibvo rendered occasional as.^istance in these affectinns. it was cliiefly by cor- tiii' a mirhid cuiiditioii of the digestive functions, so often associated with itfei!. In sick headache they occasionally do good ; but many cases of that bvinate malady arc attended with such an enervated condition of the ner- JT ',1- >vsteni. tliat their sedative operation becomes jircjudicial." The expcrienco of multitudes, since these remarks were p.ublished, twenty ar>agii, has, in the main, confirmed their accuracy, and even added to th.e ii,il L'ue of maladies which have been palliated or removed. Tiie IlaiTodshurg waters have, b}- exportation, been extensively distribu- (•ii.ver the South-west, and even found their way into use in scver;il of our The salts obtained by their evapnratinu liave long been employed ly till' [leoplo, and also by many physicians, who luive found them more eff;- ci'fl.s than the officinal sulphate of magnesia. It is proper to say something of what art has done to make this an accept- !■• resilience to tlie inlirm, and to the friends who may desire to acconipanj' [t:,.:::. To this end, the enterprising' and cnurteiius jn-cprietor, Doctor Chris- liiCr (Iraham, through a period of twenty-live years, has devoted himself. ;.; a lihendity only erpialed by his taste and diligence. "Within that ri-l Ills ])erniancnt expenditures have exceeded two hundred thiiusand ..;i:'-. and he is still inventing new means for cmnfort, amusement, and the •'■.'.ti'ial use of the water; among whicli are liatlis, botli cidd and warm, tlie p." 'u which, from tlio high' degree of saline imjiregnation, cainiot but fcr.'Vo valuaUo in a great variety of cases. A t [iiigraphical map ( PL X) of the grounds around the principal spring, Muiliim- tlie various improvements, has been made at my reipiest, by Cap- Bin Fuller, Topographical Engineer, the inspection of which will render a ponption of them unnecessary; and I need only say, that while the Maters ^WP- ■■i: •;■ ^1»^.:'yi>j^"t ■•■?.••*■'... I ■•*•■ ■' ' -■ -'■ ivi:^;^"-:, , n- i '* ■ •■ V '''! • i ..!!';■•!■'. ■ ■ ■ '. ' , iv-i' . . ■ • • . \m ■ ■■ ■■.':■ ,vH:,,-..->:; .- 1 ;■ ( ;,_ .•■-..; .v» , . • * ■ ' • i .*■ if 'Jr 1 1 ,'■ ■-■:■ . V-'; Saa-'--- -•■'^ vg,,.,, :■; ' I >v^^vv-^,^v,.- ■" -;?■ ".-'tf-.:' ... ■:i- • ■,",'■■ ■ 1 ,•■ ^M' : ■ v. ft . - «.,,■■■''- '■■.i(:^.^i. : ■,'^''• ■ .'.t* ■■ ■: -.--.^ll,- ■, •I , ^ t ■ • i (1,:- - ., j.^. mim^u .■■■ I- <:.:,■' ' ■•■■■ ■ ■■■■■■ *-• . ,. .^ ■' ■^",^'1*. .1. ■■■:<: ■!•-•'-., ';'. ■ ■-■ , .■?,••'■ ■*''\«i!' ■.•""■.'*■' ■•,'" ] « ■•»- •, .: ; •'..•.''■ •-,,■' • - '■ i;':'/'\: •.-■■■'••.•:• V ;■'■■,.■ ' • ... I..- 't ■■•: ' ' .!t-j-- ' .■■... I' .\ I Ci' A 1 ; > ';'i :24G THE riilNCIPAL DISEASES OF THE [Boot I are perhaps adapted to as great a variety of infirmities as any now in ui,. in any country, the accommodations wliieh Iiave been created will, from •'•: reports of travelers, bear an advantageous comparison with any to be foutr cither in America or Europe. Such is the spdt which, in tlie miilst ff , liighly cultivated society, may be added to the wild scenes on tlie Ti.nni/..™ River, the Mammoth Cave, tlie Upper ]\Iississippi, and the Croat Prain,. already reconunciided as places of beneficial resort for various classes ' invalids. ]iiit the attractions of the TIarrodsburg locality arc not confiiiL'd t- ;. medicinal waters audits munificent aecommodati(ms; for, although it lie;/ a region of fertile ami gently rolling country, which would seeiii to pn^n,!- lujthing rare or romantic in nature, it is by no means destitute of olije^; and scenery which the eye of taste must regard with the deepest intereii About fifteen miles to tlio south-east are the ' Knob.s,' where, on a |'i'r. the basis of which is the black or Devnuian slate, may l)e seen a s/attiM and pictures(|uc group of slate-clay pyramids, or rude, truncated tone: rising from one to two hundred feet in bight. At a less distance totlicoa;: is the gorge through which Dick's River precij)itates itself into tlic Kt:.- tucky. Lastly, at the distance of eight or ten miles to the nortli, the k- holder finds himself on the verge of a chasm, as deep, and dark, aiiJiviii as that of Niagara below the Falls. In this profound ravine, with wall,. ; the oldest transition marble, and a garniture of mingled evergreen ami it- ciduous forest trees, the Kentucky River quietly winds its way, and, liyi very repose, seems to say that its work f.f excavation is finished. SECTION Vll. FALLS OF OHIO — LOUISVILLE. T. TopoGiiAPiiY. — Li ascciuling the Ohio River from the mouth of >i\ River to the Falls, the course is but a few degrees east of north — tlieiiiv tance about twenty miles. In traveling from one point to the other bv bl the journey is over a plain, the elevation of which is above h igh- water niarL : and its breadth from three to five or six miles. From every part of tb plain, which extends to the river on the west, the blue range of Silver Crm I Hills may be seen, running parallel with the river :n its western or ripi| yido, while a lower range, called the 'Knobs,' is seen to terminate the ilas on the opposite or eastern side. Thus between Salt River and the lali;, there is an ample terrace, elevated nearly as high as the second bottoms'': the river, already described in Section II of this Chapter. It cannot, tui' ever, in strictness, be classed with those deposits, which, genornlly ilf''- back toward the hills, and composed largely of gravel, pebbles, and bnwws retain but little water on their surface; while this, although it pri'seffi many beds and ridges of sand or sandy loam, so abounds in clay, that lit •^* PL X /, /'nii-itwtttf I ^4:i.^'!'*i!?"t''vh'.A^ m^ - -.J , ' , »• .; /!•■ f. - I r:^t^'^ '■'val of which has gi \miMy between it an hvm is so low as to 1 |ininioiliatcly above the j e^liniiig village of Ship tat even its most dcpi "''!?, is the newer and iif^h.to the south, then P^T terrace. ![• Geologv of the n?e of liills on the wc f" and six hundred feel "'•crop, to the ea .f, of !'■'! underlie the Illino '"t-ctfip of black or De\ t Falls emerges. This i;illy between it and the river, after tho first mile from its head, the pttMiii is so low as to bo subject to annual inundation. On this bottom, pmotliately above the junction of the canal with the river, stands the old, ling village of Shippingport. Below the junction, on a bank so high |t'.at oven its most depressed portions are inundated only by the greatest P ' '1?. is the newer and more growing tov;n of T'ortland ; in tho rear of pliieh.to the south, there are many small ponds and swamps, situated on the I'por terrace. n. Geology of the Falls. — Reference has been already made to a ^.ii?e of hills on tho western side of tho Ohio. Their altitude k betwoon BK' and six hundred feet above low-water mark. They constitute the final p'lt-crop, to the ea.t, of the fine-grained sandstone, with beds of limestone, f'''A\ underlie the Illinois coal basin. At tho base of these hills there is an )'it-crop of black or Devonian slate, and from beneath it the limestone of Falls \ I! I'jir Ii.,rtlti' and iiini'L' 'iit](;,struftil)lu t!,;,ii •-. folate wliii-h rt'sls upon it. \\'itli tlieso fads bulun us, the oxiilahaii,,. tho pnuliictiiiii (if iIr! FalLs is imt (lilliciilt. Flawing nvcr the liincstumi;. the ea.st, and rcaciiiiig the suiter slate, the water woidd excavatu it iii.> rapidly, and very si xm a descent i'rniii one furniatioii to the other 'mhiII i, ostalilishi'd. The depth of this descent is prohabl} still on the incra-. The entire fall al this time is twenty-live leet nine inelies. AWu u- rapids, tho extreme rise of the river, from 'ow to hi^h- water, is futlvf.-' two inches; helow, sixty-t'our feet live iin s.* The general kvd i<"' ;", and W. Lii. >■ nO'. Its position in reference U) the river, the Falls, the estuary ''t'l]..:' grass, and the pondy terrace to the south, uniy be seen in J'l. XL \wivt: times, a largo portion of its dwelling-bouses were built with basement! al-: tbe ground, to avoid the danipn 'ss of tho surface. Tbe change iu !- fashion, wbicli is going on, indicates the progressive drying of the A\. i- bouses are chieily of brick, .^everal of tbe streets are unusually wiJr, ) parts of the city are very compactly btult. Its spread has butii i![i 5-- town the river, uiucli more than from it, as the sv.ales and poiuls in its ''- lavo Hunted its extension in that direction. The descent of the stnot; i:-' | the rivev is sucb as to admit of successful tlraiiuige; but, at the Ji.-t;:!.. a few sipiares from the bauk, the leveluess is so great as to interim' ii:;:;c- 1 rially with the discharge of the cont';iits or the gutters into tbe:*: which has been duir bebind the town, the outlet of wbicli is iulotb'"- some distance below the Falls. The fuel of tbe city, formerly wood ;ii--j bs now ehietly eoal. It has no hydrant s\stem, and well-water i^uu w'^-^- sal use. Its mannfactin'ing establishments are not sufficiently nuuierou.>s'-'-| ixtcnsivo to merit tho attention of tbe etioloiiist, witb the single exctj" I iiicTiasing density !U'e low, !;ut ri.t of the states, and also iVum Variuii.s kiiigtli ins (•!' Kurt.[ie, t,il'\sliuiu ti.'ii'rmans arc the UK.st imiiiennis. ;V. Ai I'i'MNAi, Fi:vi:i!s. — From tlic earliest ])eiii.(l df its settlement, the ^, !,,. iilatcau, friiiu the l''alls t(i Salt l>iver, has lieen infested with aiitimiiial !cM.-. iitiriiiitteiit and remitteiif, sinijilo and iiiali^niaiit. They still |irivail. l,ut nliii't'Viv clearing, eultivati-n, and (haining iiave extended, they have I >i:'ul!v tliiiiiiiished. SoUiu iMirtiniis, iinwever. liave re|ielled tlmse whn, , of the iiitlueuee of eivic iiii|irnve- I ii;, .;.•. ill iL'stmying the ti'|Higra|ilieal idiiditinus (iiMvliit h these fevers do- iri'iitl. I'or a lung time, when its poiadatinii was small and seattered, its .trcrts uiiparcd, and its out-lots oversjiread with small sv ■im|is and shallow [link the annual invasions of .uituninal fever wiTe severe; and in I'^li'J, u fickh' vc'iii' (iver the AVest generally, it was soiuirged almost to desolation.* hVitli iairtasing density of poi)ulati((n, howeve-r, anil the eonsei|uent draining, t'litivati'in, and drying, a great aniclioratioii has taken j)lace ; and fever, |f.-iitviallv tliu intermittent form, is now a rare oe^'Uiienoe in the heart of the |ut.:lnit as we advaiiee into the sul)i'rlis, tlie disease inereast'S. Tiius a 1 (iitliriiiuL' of a few sijuares, gives a striking dill'erenee in iuitumnal liealtli.t Tu till' east, the people on both r^ides of Eeargrass are peeulir.ily subject iii.fiviT: anil to the west, those of Ship[iingjiort, situated, as we have seen, ; a li)\v rivur-hottum, are ei^ualiy liable. SECTION VI II. BASIN OF THE KENTl'CKY RIVER. I. A-fK.NT or Tin; Ohio Fkivi:!;. — The di>tan(o fruin tlic b^-ills to tlie |c! iu!i (if the Kentucky liivor, is si.\ty-two miles; the eoui'M', in a uireet li:>. iKiirly north-east. The river-bottohis, on the left or Kentucky side. jjiimt pre.sent any in-port:'iit town, or any renuirkalde locality. The hills jat fir-tare low, but rise gradually, and are compiised of tlie Devonian lime- ht '!.!'. wliieh emerges at the Falls; to wliich ,>-nc(-ceil iiut-ci-i_p< of upper J>;hmii, or gray elifl", and then lower Silurian, or Idue shell limestone, jliiiiiiiiliatcly above the junction of the Kentucky with the Oliid stands the I'll villag,' of Tort William, now called n. r.viiuoi.Tox. — Tin.' extensive bottom on whh li it is built, consists of ja narrow terrace along both rivers, liable to sjjring inundations, and a higlier |s:h hruailer platiau, which in tlie rear is depressed, and was i'ormerly a ' J. P. Harrison, M. D., ia the Pliil. Jour. '■-jatributious to tlio Gtoi. of Ky. By Doctors Yanilcll and ShuniKrd. .<>: . :*<■ -.C..':-:; • . • ■■^c:Ji I! • 4 ■ • - '.■, ' Ml" t m 250 TIIF. riUNCU'AL DISEASES OT TIIR [*>«. Hit I.j INTER I< H: ..( i h ■■■■f ■ ..; V nl 1 j:|t,. -;;.■• 1 ill ' ' . ■ ■ " ■' ■ If {■, :'■ '■■■,-•■ If 1^: ■ ,'' . ■ 'ii,; *,•: * i V' •■^; -^-^Sl Mi| 8W!iinp, povercd with Honii-jujuntic slirult.s aiid herbaceous jjluiits, liv i/, . ing und destroying the iiiitural vegetation, thi« traet of forty nr fifty arn., now dry and reduced to cultiviitioM. From Doctor MaHon, my autlidri'v;. this fact, I loam that formerly the jicojih- living adjacent to tiiis swami . •. ferod greatly from fever, especially intermittents, which even ovimrni!. village; but since tlio abatement of tho jialiulal nuisaiu'c, the disia^ ,, almost disappeared, notwithstanding the shores of tlu' two rivciN m;.,,- lu'arly in the condition in whicii they were when the disease previiilcij. Iir. (iKM'.UAl- ClIAKACTKK OK TIIH Kl'.NTL'CKV IllVI'.It. FroiU till.' > >ir,. of this river in the Cnndierlaiid .Mountains, to its mouth, the dirirt i ;:. is lu'arly north-west; l)ut it does not flow on that line. For tlio fiw i,;;; of its length it runs nearly west; through the second half, almost iiim In ascending it, for the first thirty or forty ndles tho bottoms ari' ii . width as to admit of cultivation, and, in geiu'ral, so elevated as ii(,t ti ■• overflowcil. These bottoms gradually narrowing, the opposite liills a[iiir,i; each other, and, before we reach Frankfort, tlic capital of tliu stati, i:v sent a ravine with mural ])reeipicos; a eunformatiou wliich continue" ir; great distance, and has been already pointed out in treating of the Karri-- burg Springs. Beyond this ravine, tiio upj)er parts of the river are I •£: among tho flanks of the Cund)erland Mountains, in the Ap|ialacliiaii : formation. Tho lower .strata found in tho walls of the ravine. bcliuiLMri am assured l>y Doctors Vandell and Shumard, to tho oldest rnnostoni; m witii in tlie southern Interior Valley, as it luidorlies the blue Silurian k- stiiic of Natchez and Cincinnati. Of course, except near its moutii.tt alluvial grounds of such a river can present nothing of interest to tlnii;;- cal toi)ographer; but tho river itself desorves attention. The fall tlir :.: its lower half is so inconsiderable, that the high floods of the Oliii H : c. crt an influentio as far up as Frankfort, seventy-fiv(> miles. From lb approach to a horizontal bottom, tlio river formerly piesentcd, in miihi; : and autumn, a series of pools and ripples, from the margins of wliiclnn- lations arose which generated autumnal fevers. A few years since tin >!i: of Kentucky constructed a series of dams and locks, which have cnatiii slack-water, navigated for tho distance fif nearly one hundred niilos. Tk tho river, exce{)t when in flood, presents a series of long and deep p -• which do iu)t sink so low in times of drought as the natural pools, anJai- sequently there i.« less exposure of foul nuirgins to tho sun. Anxious to ascertain tho effect of this change in tho condition "t i- river on autumnal health, I wrote to Doctor Drane, who resides in .V''- castle, a few miles from its left bank, and his reply was that it liaJ'': increased tho annual sickness. I also wrote to Doctor W. C. Snoad, ' Frankfort, who answered the question as fcdlows: "The slack-watcriii: M the Kentucky Eiver, has very matcrial'y imjiroved the health uf tliuHi" living along its banks. The old-fashioned fevers have almust eiitirt:; disappeared, and settlements that were ouco considered very unliealta,' • ai Ijiitiiiim, are nearly cxc ITliavc paid .special att Ifcel fully sati.slied that t Icfl'irrHltoii, however, 1 IjM p'li'l formed by a d |l..:i iii"ro afloi'tid by i |T!ii.'v ili>crc|)aneie.s are |fi|[!ii' riviT. Opposite y Poctor Poano were iFraiikfirt tlicy are narr J„iVi' 4one harm ; wlier It t'l liavc produced ai [\', I'ltANKKOIlT. — T |(bt tlironglioiit its wind' 1 ti'i'. except Frankfort. fi.e buttiiiu on which th livo liigh-ffator mark, phnt four hundred and (. irard of three hundred 1 i>t. I'i'tffccn the nort KPld's. makes its way, th JTiiis valley, I was tidd, o lave been once tho bed of pile, but a little above, tl ■!i the town is built. |tiniv,< Juti'iTs inundation. leot ami remittent fevers, leartlie obsolete river-bc ■t deeply. The penitev pc :•' r, and Mr. Joel Scott iti. • i:itfrmittonts oecurrec U-'-ii ju,st ((uoted, the co lii'i a deep and permanent Fi:iiikfort is an old -sett' t supplied with hard wal ^. rn.Axi) Portion c p basin is uneven, ridfv ( pe almost unknown; but path greater number for pttr. This suggests th tf'icrally are apt to fail, w t'- beds of many even ber * ''"k united by tin-cac liimted alluvial botton: f.t»T I.J INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. •J')! lautiinin, arc nearly exempt from tlio i'|ii(lt'iiiifs iimliT wliicli tlioy HufVcrcd. lllivi' p;ml fpi'iMal iitft.'iitioii to this siilijert .or tlio last seven years, ami Ifrfltiillv ".itislu'il that tlic facts a1)ovp stated are eonx'(;t." I^oetm- >Lmsoii, |(fl':irr"ltHii, however, has iiifornieil me, that the |ieo|ih' who reside nhmj: tliu |§r>t p'"'l tftrmed by a dam, oidy two miles from the mouth of the river, have llM!iin"ro affected by uiitiimiial fever than before the ereetioii of tho dam. |t!u..,' ili.«crc|)aiu'ies arc resolved by referring to the charaeter of the banks |{iftlif river. ()|i|iosite the first pool they are Itroad ; where tlie ol)servationa |(,i Iiiictnr Doaiie were made, they are mueli narrowed, and at and al)ove JFMiiktnrt tlicy are narrower still. "Where tho bottoms are widest the dams jlivi' 'luiie harm; where narrowest, good; wliere intermediate, they seem inttoliave produced any efleet on heultli. IV. FuANKfouT. — The bottoms of the Kentueky lliver are so narrow, llbt tliriiiiulKiut its whide length there i.s not a town entitled to tho slightest "tko, except Frankfort. The fourth lo';k-dam is about a mile below it. lie Wti.m on wliieh the town stands la north-east of the river, elevated kb'ive high- water mark, and has an altitude above the tlulf of ^lexico of lilt four liiiiulred and eighty feet. Its area is very limited, and hills up- |rarJ ul' three hundred feet high elosely environ it to the west, north, and PR'twoon the northern and eastern hills a small stream, with swaley Kinlers, makes its way, through a valley disproporti(jnately wide, to tho river. I'tis valley, I was told, opens into the river behnv the town, and seems to lave hem once the bed of a part of the river. To the south, on the oj)posite m, hut a little above, there is a tract of bottom-land as large as that on iriiich the town is built. It is less elevated than the town-plot, and some- liiiies suffers inundation. This locality lias always been subject to intermit- leot and remittent fevers, in which the people living in South Frankfort, and learthe olxsolete river-bed to tho north-east of the town, have participated •lift Jocply. The penitentiary of tho state stands near tho upper end of this lutlet. ami Mr. Joel Scott, who was its keeper for nine years, informed me cat intcrmittents occurred among the convicts every autumn. According to hmi just quoted, the conversion of the river opjiosite and above the town Bt'i a deep and permanent pool, has diminished tho fre(iuency of fevers. Frankfort is an old -settled town. Its Lat. is 30" 14' N. Tho inhabitants supplied with hard water. y 1 ri-Axi) Portion of the Kentucky Hiver Basin. — Every part of hi basin is uneven, ridgy or hilly, rising in the east into mountainous. Swamps le almost unknown; but it has some small natural ponds, and latterl}', a ph greater number formed artificially, not for irrigation, but for stock- pttr. This suggests that tho tributary streams of tho Kentucky Kiver lencrally are apt to fail, which is the fact. In dry summers and autumns, p heds of many even become dusty, while all are reduced to the condition piols, united by thready currents. As most of them have rocky beds hniitcd alluvial bottoms, this drying-up is not accompanied by the pro- .^'*- :i;.r P;' J! I ►/•tH. -r. ?. yJ/,- 262 Tin; I'IMNriI'M, mSKASKS Ul" Till', ik*r iii; INTIlIJloi • k iliit'lliiii, Id uiiy j^rciit cxtoiit, iif iiiitiiiiiiial fuver; mnl iin rL';,'iiin ovtr»L.i wo liave tnivulu'tl, cast of tliu Mi»,siN«i|i|ii, is, on tlio wlinlc, iiinn. fxcim,. •, Is (i fahio, oxi-opt thnse nfW,.-. IVniisylvania, as thry dato liaik to the year 177 h und eon,>-c(|U(iitlvit»: '. nro oxtcnsivoly th'stroyod or tidnnud ont ; and most of its s\n'f;i(o v.a- ;• sinoo transforniod fnun a wihl to u cuhivatcd stato. Tiirough all tin,- :.| ditions, consfiinrnt on it> si'ttlcniont, it soeius to have Iumii Imt liglitlv.ll; v| wiHi autinnnal fovor, oxi'i'|it on the hanks of tliu lar^ror streams. Tin-' topic'rapliy of a few localities will fnrtlier illustrate the wliolo. \'f. l>A\vii.i.i:. — This town, one of the oldest of the state, is situr:;! ton nnlcs smith -east from Ilarrodslmr;.', and two nulcs from l>ii'k'sll^ trilmtary of the Kentucky. .\s the seat of a eollogo and of the St;it.' 1 and Dunih Asylinn, it has claims to a passing,' nutico of its t(ip(igr:i|l.vK(i| antimnial health. The site is a fl.'itted rid^re, [tassing into a si;rt'n'\ € luveler, especially to the south-east. There aro sniuo small [Mini].. 1 •: natur.al ami iirtilicial. in its neii:hl)orhood, hut no marshes. lt.s riviild. .' Sjtreanis, like those in other p.arts of tlit- Iiasin, lieconn; .slu^'gisli ^r i!vv : : sunnner and e.irly autumn. Jiike the ueiL'hljoring town of Iliinnl.! .-.•I already de.^crihed. it is very slightly affected hy autumnal reiiiilti.nt ;■.• Danville, just the river to the north, and say .sumothing of tlii'tr:;: country found within the liend. VI T. OOLNTIKS IN Oil NKAll Til 11 CllUI.VT BkXD OF THE KkXTITKY llHii.- The Counties of this locality, are ('lark, Jessamine, Fayotto, Scntt, ami \\' .' ford, which have over been, and still are, regarded as the gardeii-spit iilv:'| tucky. Tlu^y aro among the oldest-settled portions of the ."^tate, aii'l surface is nearly all inclosed. The natural herbage, cane-brakes, aipl v"' bery are destroyed; but many open forests have boon preserved, and a t:'l of blue-i^'rass flourishes iK.'Ueath their shade. The sub-stratum uf tlaMv„'.-j is Silurian limestone, on which rests a deep stratum of loam and laeld. .M.;i-:..'j aro almost unknown, but artificial pimds arc numerous. Tlic sta'aii)?. ^1 sunnner. become stagnant, and many dry up. In Fayette, tlio coutnii : most important county, much of the surface originally jireseiitiil . '■'^■1 long since, by eultivatitm. been thoroughly cx|tosed to the actioa ot'tliesirT rains, and sun. This tract, so noted for its fertility, is drained by I'^'f-' born, a tributary of Kentucky lliver; and has been made the .subject:'! .^rintlioTraiismctioii bin.'uijlio'l Ahhi'' ("oi'i L*,;,i|,iiii"ii, that fheic ;,':ir. till.' (loc.iy of \.'ii kvl'irovalciirc (if iiiteri li'iii'tlic tniiik and hi Iritti ■illiiviiil ground, but ■ W lliT. VIII, Lkxi.mitox. - |r.i i,.ii, ^4" •-'()' W. iiiiu iif tlic upper Hii;!i'.-liipi"» towards w mw* it flows oil' to pi !iiii,« fiviiti'S a linil |tv, Miii'i'iiver. ill ditli r i'l'dly miilidatiiig. dm any 'it' tlio brooks have lifli'Sr iiitoniiitt.Mit ff'V( 'ill' ('"1111111111. Jiexin;:'t iiliwii fiiiiiilics, for will 1'". A siiiitlieni pir 't''ii iiiiiiitlis ill that ci u r.!ir:''.'iiiciit of the splee 'I >iiiroi'ed for a eoiisi l.'Kin.'tiiii Was once th •'■ The first Lunatic Mi»i>>i|ipi, wei'e cstii ^i!ir Has urbanized in tli liiii^'."' ill the Interior A 1- :it such di.^tant poi h. tlic editors of joi i'li tills testimony to a • |I.\. Simth of the (hill "''t"n; north of that ri ' Kriititeky, of hemp. pr'.iii'li every region fro: i"l,viiii.'. South-east of t.'iii tlio slopes of the A h'|icars lienc'ath the s Jniiiiti'iii. Of the prev: kut'ky River I}a,i„, I , pty miles, the topogra) ■'"It's deeply cut, and o1 rcl «itli (lay hearing a t kit: I.' iNTKiuon vam.f:v of north ami:i!I('.\. ..).i if" ■ strcani!. il central :i'i ti'd ilitl' i-'l „\-er,-li;ii:«lf .'E;H ; >ulii--t i,iri:i tlio Traiisu'titiiiH (»r till' Aiiioricni l'iiili)su|iliiriil Sl;ii,'ki'iiL'il current of li'ii: tllHial U'MUIK ' water. Vlll, LuxiXiiTov, — Till- city (if TiOxiii.irton sfuiids in f,:it. :!s"> '2' N., I.Mii. ^4" -(y W. Its cK'Vatinii iilinvi' tlic sea is citrtit IlillHli'cd iljieoftlio upper liraiiclicN (if Mlklmrii ('reck pa.'^M's fliriiu^,di if. tlio ii' ..lii|ie'< tdwarils wliidi, cause; n perfect draiiiairc nl tlic site; Init tlio ItpaninHt flnws nil' tn tlic west, sinks iiitn pudls, iii siMiinicr and aiitiimu. I tliii.' cri'Mtcs a limited sdiircc nf iiisalulirity, tn tl;e wind M iil'CdVlT, ill difl ereiit dircctiniis rniiml tile citv. till' surface, a!thl,v siiiTorcd for coiisulera hie t ime, was eiitirolv reiiioveil '•XlllJ .M 111 was once the metropolis, not only of Kentucky, liiit of the Tlic first JiUiiutic Asylum and the first I'liiver.sity in tlio Valley of Ms>i|ipi, were estahlished there. The medical department of the liiir \v;is iir^uiiized in the autuniii of 1^17. and then lic'^aii tin ISO mei ileal h iiiii;'s ill the Interior Vallev, which are now comliu ted I )y so many per- at siH'li distant jioints. Its (i/miu/l have lieconie the founders i»f dit le editors i if journals, and, larirely, coutrilnitois to the work ui 'iii-ii Ins testimony to a |iioiieer institution is recorded. j I.\. Siiutli of the Oumlierland Jliver. the prevailing a^irriculture is that '"ttmi; niirth of that river, to the Kentucky Kiver, of tobaeeo; north of Ki'iitiicky, of hemp. Wheat ruii.s through the whole, as maize runs pr.iiL'h fvery ro^aou from the (Julf of Mexico up to that we are now I'lviiij:. South-east of licxingtou. at the distance of forty or fifty miles, |t.'iii the slopes of the Alleghany Mountains, aud the Silurian rmiestonc ifq'pears beneath the shales and sandstones of the Appahuhiaii coal iiatiflii. Of the prevalence of autunuial fever in that portion of the tntueky Kivor ]Jasin, 1 ■^■iity miles, the t 'iiies ( || with I not informed. North of Ijcxingtoii for about opograpliy remains nearly unchanged ; then the surface Iwply cut, and of course ruirc:ed. The Silurian limestone is c(»v~ ly bearing a thin layi^r uf soil, b'urfaee-water is scuvee. Th( 1r >y' * '^ ••'■- * ■ , '. ti54 THE PRINClx'AL DISEASES OE THE 1"OOJ I, principal stream, Ea^lo Creole, a tril)utary of tlio Kentucky, .sinks lnwai,] l)ceoinos poiuly. On tin; ridges, except near the stream, intermittijnt> .^i almost unkinnvn, but remittents occur more or less every year. (Ivirt . kind of surlacu! v.v! reach th(; Ohio, l)et\veen tlie inimth of the Kuiturt- ]{iver, and that of Licking eighty-five miles higher uj), and nearly yf , degree farther north. Between the two there is no locality that UKn-. special notice. |il-i-..^^= • 'j^ .-■■1 ■,l r ,' ■ ■■ ■n: i: V I 'I SECTION IX. HASIN OE LICKING RIVER : NORTH-EAST KENTUCKY. I. liic. ng Hive;- maybe compared with Green and the Kcntuctv, i: which it is parallel incour.se, and a|i]iroachos in size and the area of ;:i basin. Its sources are among the outliers of the Cumbcrluiiil Mijuntjii:, immediately north of those of tho Kentucky River ; its jmictidii >vit!i!';: Ohio i.s opposite Cincinnati. Its souther;', tributaries interlock with tl;;: of the Kentucky Ri\er, its northern with the brooks and rivul; ts ivij.; flow into the Ohio. Connnencing in the Appalachian coal forinatk ii pours its waters into the Ohio, over the lower Silurian, or blue slicll h-- stone of Cincinnati. I may add, that it flows a greater distance tliiMi.: that formation tlian any other affluent of the Ohio lliver. Aliiio.st tverv- where it winds tortuously through a ravine, embracing narrow alkvi grouuils, or none at all, until it approaches t.Se Ohio, where, like those I't'ti.; other tributaries, they widen. Its bed and banks are generally cmiip-:; of rock. Its current is unequal, and in summer and autumn it ]^rt:c:- alternate pools and ripples. Thus, in some ])laccs where it winds s:.; labors among the hills, the surface of stagnant water becomes quite as grtsi ?.s if the country were flat and pondy. In the spring of tlio year, ::• freshets jiten overflow its banks. Nearly all its tributaries conform .'ii ti- actly to its model, that a sei)arate description is unnecessary. The smface of this basin, as far up as the eastern out-cri.^ )f the Sik'X limestone (which is nearly as far as we find much population), is rifc and rathe " arid, but has scattered mill-ponds, and is beginning to al)d in artificial ponds, on which the agricultural population rely for stock-water. as permanent springs are scarce, and wells not only difficult to be t through the hard Silurian strata, but often unproductive of mucli waisr More than half of this basin has but a thin covering of mold, resting on a fc stratum oi yellow clay, containing very little sand; but the rcmaii:^':!;^' fertile as any portion of the Ohio Basin. The predominant trees of ttt former variety of soil, are oak; the 'after is, or rather was, clothed in tms and shrubs whicli .flourish on the richest soils of the middle latitudes. («• shadowing the most northern cane-brakes found in the Great Interiur^s-- ley. Among the forest trees I may designate two as abounding, and '^ti ■ iRTl.| INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMKRICA. 255 re almost a;'! cluiractcristio (if ii Ideality but little iufcsttMl with ;ni(\niin!il Vvi'F .IS the cyiiri'S.s and li((iii(Ia)iiliar arc imlicativc of tlic upiidsite fondi- .;,M_llicy arc tlic lihic ash ( Fnuiii/ts (//((ii/i(iii;/'i/(/f(( ) aiid [irickly-slicllcd i^th'\i'(yi'>!''"l"'< O/ilocii.sis). Si'ine portions of this basin, as the counties of Mason, Nicholas, and l^oiir- 1j„ii wliic'li constitute its (X'uter froninortli to sotitli, are anid' the oldest- ..>ttlf(l and nlo^t |i(i|inldus jiarts of tlio st;ite of Kentucky, bi,, the infertile .,i!.:ire still hut thinly peopled, (i;' uutumiial fever it may be stated, that tlic intermittent variety is lim- iii'd til the neighborhood nf the water-coiu'scs, where it appears annually in ;; -iiiivk' and mitigated form. The remittent variety occurs in tlu; same iilitiu.'', and also on the dryest ridges, between whiidi there .ire no stag- iiit watiTS. Its character is commonly simple or inflammatory, tending to 2( 'iitiiiuud or typlious type. But 1 may express this fact in a more specific !niai;ner. It is instructive to travel along the valley of the Licking, and it.s ;,,;t;irii'S — Stoner, Ilinkson, Jidmson's Fork, and the Nortti Fdrk — and ■\ iiitiimittents every autuiim, while the intervening tracts of low-ridgy 1 irM surface between them, remain exempt, but arc liable to remittents. ,i;. ::.v' 'jiiL'L' flourishing, but now decayed town of Washington, Doctor l>ay- k".a native of the place, informs me intermittents are absidutely unknown; kt remittents occur more or less every autunni. There is so little surfaee- [m'.t, that the inhabitants have sometimes b'cen coi'ipelled to haul water llr 111 tk' Ohio, at 3Iaysville, a distance of four miles. Tnthe ciituldgue of anonnilies presented by our autumnal fever, I may »il two, which, it is true, are multiples of known irregularities, rather than ID ■Vfhiui!. ]. In the year 1795, a family settled in the woods, one mile out of the iiL'i' of Mayslick, in ^lason county, on dry blue-asli ridges, remote from IJ -tagnaiit water, aiul remained entirely exenqit from autunnial fever until fs: lall (if 1800, when three children were seized, alxiut the same time, Miiilile tertian intermittents, wldch jiroved obstinate, but not violent. ■iKij.'l.bors around remained unaffected, and the disease did not again C'ur in the family. The village just named was situate under nearly the same topograph- |[ai drcumslanees. It was settled in the year 1781-!, and its inhabitants rc- pi:;'il free from autumnal fever, with the exception of sporadic cases, until |l; autumn of ISOG, when an endemic remittent, manifesting a typhous ten- h':}-. arose and prevailed for two months, affecting part of the inhabitants almost every house in the village, with many in its vicinity.* By a Ifitul examination, I ascertained that the topographical circumstances of l; village were the same that year that they had been before, except what N.t(d from a groat drought ; the very condition which is said to preserve V> localities from autumnal fever, and promote it in the wet. I " The Blue Licks. — This singular locality deserves a passing notice. --»^ . ' ': \ - : ■ !i • 1 ' t • • * . -1 i . ■ • * ■ i\ r.:i ?. n^ )•" .' 'I..'--: ,.' V .ri ■ M.rx: ":'^'.;Hf ,-• *'.■' * Drake, in Barton's Med. and Phys. Jour., Vol. Ill, p. 85. ■If r'fl. , V «' I, it-' : 1 :'i 'f *. t i ■ ! ■''' t \ '■ ■ '1 --, ■'■ '■■ • ' . '■ . , I' .i • It .*f:^:-i-^ ■"f-".-'^'-': .i-*- ■'' '■ t i?i-f.ft:;,-:.^; ' ,•) . • : ' , il liii pft.;;: r IwW '»• i', ' i ^M:: ^ 256 THE nilNCIPAL DISEASES OF THE [BOOS Tts cciifcr, t\v(Mity-rmif miles soutli from tlic Oliin at IMnvsvillc. i,>; travir..:] by Lickiiiu' l!iv r, (ni the li.iiiks of wliiili arc tli(! i^'-'iHiics, vulL'iirlv cam 'Licks,' iVdiii the prai'ticf wliii-li the licrMvdrnns animals (if tlic tiiiv>t lA iif lickinix the salin' cavtli ai'diiiid such spi'Iiii'^s. Tlic l)i'iiip (if tJK'si.. j'lnjr. tains is sn (iiliitc, tliat s:ilt is no Idii'i-cr manufactured from it."^' The cliaracteri.-tic ef this locality is the ahsence cf the stratiuu (it'>hil;,.,i Uiam fri'iii ihe Silurian limestone, ami a u'l'cat (lcfici('ncy (if fdi^.t inv. The surlace presents liltle else llian dark lunss-covcrod rocks, ]ii Ian,- years, however, gi'ovcs (if red cedar are bo^'inuiiiji to overspread iiml ! . crease its wildness. At Avhat time and from what cause this tract ]. .r ;., earthy cuvcrinu', and liccaiiu.' denuded of trees, or vvlietlior they li;iil a!\v:iv, been kept friini u'rowin^- there, canmit he tdld. 3Iauy years ii^i'. tlii' ii;. Colonel .James Mdrrismi, of LexinLitim, iniurmed me, that he first vImm this spot in 177"), at which time; the lmll'alo(n' hisoii ( JJos Aim-iiauiiix]i\,. ((ueuted it in ^U(■ll numbers, that they had formed roads to it fnjiii vari ;; parts of the country. They were accustumed to remain in the viiiiii;; ; the spiiugs ( drinking the salt water) for many days, on each visit, uml ■ their ('.epredatious and tramjiiniiS, with the action of the rtiins. lie a.rp.; the fdrmation of this desert in the midst of a fertile country. TIumIn-;. ery of t!io bones of the mastoddu. and nther gigantic extinct liti'liim:';- animals, near the springs, shows that tlu'y, also, had frequented tli.- li'ditv The Hlue Licks are now I'csortcd to as a watering-place. ^Iiu'latf iif >i4 with abnn(hiueo of sul^iliureted liydrngen gas, is the preddiiiiiiaiit ii:;-- dient of the water; which \fi shipped in liarrels, and extensively ouiiMfei over Mk' West and South. Ill fiirmer times, when salt was manufactured hero by furnaco-licit. au- tumnal fever seems to have prevailed but little. Latt(!rly. liifflvvo'.";! sluggish river which winds round the springs, generates interiiiittoiits. \vU nevertheloss do not become jirevalent until the latter part of suuiiin;'. »i watering-places are nut miudi fre(|uented. As stnne etiohigists liavi' tis-i I upon snl[iliuretted hydrdgeii as the efficient cause of autnmiinl iVvor, i: iiflj be asked, whether tlie intermittents of this locality slnuild net W rfrM to that gas. The answer is, tliat tlie river is also present, ami tl;! "^ disease occurs with still trreatcr vii'lonce in other iiiaces aloiiL' that ^irui where no sulphuretcd hydrogen is disengaged. In conclnding this acc(uint of the Licking Tjasin, I may roiiKM'k tlaU ascending towards the S(nirces of the river, to the margin of the cunl ki-::,;- country bep(mics so barren and broken, that its population is sparse, aiw-j! but little is known to me of its autumnal health. That little iudii-'atcMn bo good. f.iBri.j INTIi ni, b'.l.VKS OF :i kiiiiml iiiilcs the vi.ii may lk down ;' that river. (.)ii .Vwiii'rtaialCuviiigl Locality, and can lie 1 \.\i riviT fmni tills jn '■A>\\ 'if Imttollls, ;i li'Vatid above ortliiia .\fi;isi.i, an eld \ :.;.''i liiittciiiis, with hi .■iti'. Tlic next loca .M.IV-' ri.i.K.— This ;:;!.■ stall' ^f Iveiiluck\ :;■!:: a claiiu which is ifXurtli-east KentucI : ivliii-li is never reac jwitiTS tile Ohiu at the V.m iM.tti.ni; hut hot Jclidy adjacent hills ar |["i.>ite >id(.' (if the rivei j-nidiiiics ovcrflijwed. laru'f a mild idiaracter. Tiic (il.io Itivor aho ll.a!ik« and liills as below Jriiii the latter become i l(iiawi.'e(ifge(ilegicaIelKii' jfliltiiijrswith-eastwardlj pn saadstune and shiti |ir.'nieiicef(,rth, as lono' iJ'l.-Ill enlitlliucs, Ave slui ^'riiiatiiiiis. witli aspects ( '"'IV hecii lo(dving, as N^vir, we must recur to fJENERAL '' ■'■'.^■'"iiildetedasm '■ "lii'» south of tha ^»' ■'• P'ti't of the basin rj5^J'M,fit«t„pographi J' its simtliern and we ^'"'■■1' enter the Tenncssc ''f^'"tutes its northorn a n an nWi-. INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA 257 III ]]aXKs of THK (JlllO NORTH OF TIIIO LiCKIXti JjA^l.V. Yol' IK'arly I liumlial miles the Licking basin extends aluiust to tho liills, from wliicli ,,.iiii;iv I'Mili down u[)iin the Ohio Kiver. Lot us tleseonil up6ii tlie hanks iif tliut liver. On eitlicr side of tiie mouth of Licking, are tlio towns of \.ffiii.it;iinH.'"vington ( /'/. XIII ), wliieli, liowevor, l)clong to tlie Cincitniati .lalitv ami can he hest noticed in connection with tliat city. In ascending sliver fniiii this point, its h'l't or southern hank ])resents the usual suc- ,..i,iiMl' hottoiiis, alternating with those of the opposite side, and mostly ;,.v;iti;il ahove ordinary river fresliets. AwijTA, an old villagi', and the seat of a college, stands on one of tlieso .;.'li li.ittnms, with hills in its rear; and is but little infested with autiunnal fvvti". The next locality aliove which merits a dcseriptiuii is that of — Mav-mi,le. — This ancient landing-place of most of the innuigrants to ;i;c state 'f Kentucky, has a historical importance that entitles it to attcn- ;i i; : a ilaiiii which is strengthened ])y its being the most considerable town fXorth-cast Kentucky. Its site is a narrow but high bottom, the surface : wliiili is never reached by ordinary floods of the river; a small stream riitir^tliL' Ohio at the u[ipcr end of the town, beyond which is a wider and h ',7ir iM'tti.m; hut both lie to the leeward of the town. Tho bohl and I i;i sciv ailiacont hills are composed of old k^iluriau limestone. On the op- I'l-iti.' .-iilo ol' the river, (here is a bottom of considerable width, which is |!..inetimc.s overflowed. Tho autunuial fevers of 3Liysville antl its vicinity lari'i't" a mild character. Tilt' Uliin Itiver above tliis town continues to present nearly tlie same [kifc and hills as below, until we ascend al)out tweiity-Iive or thirty ndles, Ivku the latter become more lofty, and show by their outlines and aspect a Itliaiii'u (if geological character, ^\'e here leave the Hilurian limestone ( which iiir south-eastwardly sinks beneath the surface), and enter the Devo- Itiaii siiulstoiie and slate which underlie the A|i[iulachian ciial formation; pi henceft.rtli, as long as our ex]doration of the soutli side of the Ohio Ba>iii iiiiitiiuios, we shall travel over carboniferous and sub-carb(jiiiferous Iiruuitiiiiis, with aspects of surface so diH'erent from most of those on which iiavi- liooii looking, as to constitute it a new region. Before entering it, i.'Wiver, wo must recur to some general views of the one we arc about to t|uit, * 'i * , .1 ■■.■••■ ' .*. t ;.v- V ;..^|.v.,,|;;-^t,;."-^ ^^r::ir P-S'ih ^'li^:.-. m- l|;' •4,:v^^ . ; • ■ ' ' ■ 'I SECTION X. GENERAL REM/.RKS AND CONCLUSIONS. ILuinir completed a survey of , he fertile and p(jpulous part of tlie basin p ''-■' Ohio south of that river, it will be proper, before leaving it Ibr fej! '1' part of the basin presenting very diH'erent characters, to recapitu- fcti.' suiiic of its topographical and geological features. !• Its siiutliern and western boundaries are the sources of the streams ''"'■■li outer the Tennessee lliver through its left bank; the Ohio lliver njtiiute'* its northern and a iiart of its western boundary; while to the 17 ^ .■.5..:-^.'r- . :-1 •'• J .v^Jl-v •••>•: r|i- !!*■_ 'I ■ 258 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE mv.. '■■\ ^:v.-: •f.i; i ■! • I 'i ■ 'a Iff- MM- I' ,: I'"-- mmm-^.^^:-f. tl'l ■ i, 1: I • ca,«t it is l)onii(lc(l by tlio groat oiit-crop of plialc ami sandstone wliiili l,j; ,, liri(; ut' licariiiij; IVdui the Oliin HivcT, ahitvo 31a3'svill(', to tlio Tumii,.,,, llivor, near JIuntsvillo, the coursi- being nearly south south-west. 1^5,,. diately east of this high and alirupt margin, wo conio to the western >ili. the A])|)alachian coal formation. If. Much of the largest liniestono region of the Interior ^'all^'v > f _\"- Ameriea lies west of tlii.s out-erop. in Kentucky, Tennessee, and Aliiliaa.i III. The crec.'ks and rivers ninre generally flow in narrow riivin.- 1.- those of any other portion of the Clreat N'alley, ami liave more limitnl ;,;.i. vial bottoms. IV. While, as intimated in the first section of this chapter, tlio >i;.:' of that portion of the Ohio I>;isin which lies north of tlio river, is oxtiii-i; ;•; l)uried np with (//'//V or transported materials (much of it brouirlit ivi. great distance in the nortli ), the region wo have been exi^loriiig lias i;;.:; the trough of tho Ohio Itiver being its southern boundary. V. Tho deposits of organic matter in all parts of tho region \vc !„;: ex)dored, are com[tarativcly limited in deptli and area. A'^I. Swamps, marslies, and sloughs are almo.st unknown; hut por.il; r.; pools, both natural and artificial, are common in every part. Yll. Copious and permanent springs are scarce; and the greater psrt ; the countless number of brooks which irrigate the country in spriii;'. !'. - between the summer solstice an' tho autumnal eijuinox, or s\ih-Vk' stagnation. VIII. AYhen wo compare this great region of transition and sccoiii I rocks, with the cretaceous and tertiary regions lying between it aiidt!: ' of 3lexico, we find instructive evidence of the influence whieli tlie gi' i . constitution of a country exerts on its medical topography and liylp lt; each of the two regions having a characteristic surface of deep intercut t physician, which is clearly referable to its geology. IX. In the region we have exjihn'ed, it was found tliat, as we 5>| vanced from south to north, tlicre was a diminution in theprcvaloncoffi:.;:' mittent fever, which, at the same time, became more simjde ; tlicro w;i- ;..• but in a less degree, a diminished prevalence of remittent fever, and a mtj ally increasing tendency to assume a continued type. Altliongh cliaii:; ;j climate is a manifest cause of this modification, it is not. I presume, tlie c"| one ; for we must, also, admit a telluric influence. SECTION XI. THE OHIO RIVER, FROM MAYSVILLE TO BIG SANDY RIVF.K. As intimated in tho last two sections, when wo ascend the Oliin totk::- tancc of twcnty-fivo or thirty miles above Maysville, tho hills wliicli pai near Louisville are composed entirely of Silurian limestone, gray aiiJ begin to show cajis or sunnnits of Devonian slate and sandstone, and iitu?-* are composed of those formations down to the water's edge. As we c '.:: - MRT !. INTEI ;,) (iilvaiice, a coiiglom in'l-t'jtN and soon rep n-iili t'r'im an c;istcrn iatlio region between Jill ij ill the opposite d -\ . !• Hji into lofty pi ir.'lls;i;. I tlie co;il im.'ii in .Vnrtii Alaljiuiia and I'ical structure tlicre ri fveot'tlie nsoeiuling v* ni-re than the trouirh ' -':!';ti;illyt lie .same as i 'iii'i its valley are perce ;"D!-l'>'uls are less sulije I'riiiripal triltutaries. S'lUtli ot this section '4' throe or four liundrei little fitted for cultivntio [ -•(■rvc's through to the T •r'i'-ii are undMuhtedly :"iw ]iurtions of the ri\ n.\.«L\.^ OF THE Tiio months of these ''ir^e they run nearly j ^ii'-h is the hirger of t jK itneky ;iik1 \'iru'iiiia. jalMV, Maysville. The n; jiW rivers ) is the abl i"''i".' who from ]iersonal 'Theq.'aeo oeeiipiod h [s'lareaofaboutonehum piil"> of longitude. Theii 'i^^ft". and iiitevLjck with "'"•ivestern trihntarief iMn.hes descend f-om tin |[''"'"tuiii,s. and from the J^''^'l> ,.i!Hl so(iii ropliiocs tlioiii to tilt' (k'[itlis of tlio valleys. Tiiose cliaiigcs rriilt frnni an castoni or soutli -eastern dijt of all these formations, beginning i'l tlio rcion between Cincinnati and 3Iaysville. wbilo we.st of that line the ,Jini?iii till' oiiposite direction. IJoyond the out-cmp of conirloniorato ( wliicb. .1 t:> up into lofty pinnacles ) conic tlie i^roat deposits of iron ore, the salt irill*. Mii'l the coal measures of the Apiialuchian formation, vvhich we lirst met in N'"rt!i Alabama ami Kast Tennessee. From this signal change of goolo- ral structure there results a topographical change, which is obvious to the .vfit'tlic ii:-ocnding voya^'or: but tlu' country on eacli side displays i', even ni' re tliaii the trough or inunediate valley of the river. This continues sub- .!:mti;illy the same as itwasfroju Louisville to 3Iaysville; liut both the river ml its valley are perceptibly diminished in width, and, on the whole, the ])0t- :i!i-!"uls arc less subject to inundation, except at the junction of some of the l.riiiripal tril)utaries. SiMtli of this section of tlie Ohio, the country is rugged ; has an elevation iftliro'j nr fimr hundred feet over tlic limestone country farther west ; and is little fitted fer cultivation, and but thiiih' pcfipled ; characteristics which it pre- iWTOs tlirniigli to the Tennessee. I know but little of its autumnal diseases, T'liili are undoubtedly of a mild character, compared with those along the l"wcr portions of the rivers which originate in this sub-alpine belt. ••• ■■■:,''• IS..' m- SECTION XII. n.\SINS OF THE BIG t^'ANDY AND GUYANDOTTE RIVERS. Tlie mouths of these rivers are but ten miles ajiart, and in their general lirsi' iliey run nearly jiarallel, with interlocking tributaries. The former, Iwiii'ii i.* the hirger of the two, makes a part of the dividing line between jK ituiky ;ind \'irginia. Its junction witli the Ohio is about ninety miles ali"V(,' Maysville. The natural historian of the coal region ( which iiu;ludes i';ie>C' rivers ) is the able ami indefatigable Doctor Tlildreth. of Marietta, I "lii' I.' who from personal observation gives us the following description: "The space occupied liy the triliutary liranches of these two streams, covH'rs jsttarea of about one hundred and twenty miles of latitude, and one hundred mil'.- of longitude. Their head- waters rise a little north of the thirty-seventh •iegrce.and intovluek with those of the Clinch and TTolston Rivers, and some I ''{ the western tributaries of the New l\iver or Kenawha. Their extreme Iraiulies descend f>'om the nmst elevated peaks of the Cumberland group of |t'i"untaiiis, and from the flat mountains or tiible-knds found between the jliiads (,f the Ilolston and the Guyandotte. In their descent from this ele- ratnl region, they pass through some of the most wild, broken, and pictu- |f|'>'iue country to be found in tlie west. Immense deposits of sandstone V'-'^iil piled up in enormous masses to the bight of lifteen hundred or two * Sillimau's Jouriuil, Vol. XXIX, No. 1. V- •>■ ;' ?■; ■ ■-■ ■■•■ .■ , « ■ "". >: . • 1, U..'./- • >:. '■ }'• t'M •. .1?- .■ K- ..•■ I': ■■r.. i: ::l' . . K ■ ■ ■ ffltii 'M M ^*' '- * 1: tJvi 200 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE [BOOl; tlious.'iiul foL't, compose all the center part of this region. Tlio stroam- y coiifiiietl to narrow ravines and valleys, so deep as hardly to admit tlio ii,, of the sun at noon-day. Except near the borders of the larger stnau)*, ti whole district is a jierlect wilderness. The scanty [lopulation wMcli i^ wi,!,.', scattered over its surface, olitain tlu'ir sujiport by hunting and difiiin^r t'! roots of the ginseng, an article as highly prized by the Chinese, us their n :•■ dedicate teas are by us. This beautiful plant grows with great luxuiiau, and in the most wonilerful abundance, along the rii h virgin soil of tlnj li] and mountain sides, conijiosed of the disintegrated siindstonc and tlie (l(c:r,.l leaves of the forest, whicli have been accumulating, undisturbed, f(.r ;. . For thirty years these hills anu[|lv:' thousands of tons of this plant to the traders stationed at remote points al '.■ the larger strLnnis. * * •"" The hills 'Uid mcmntains, although stoeji;i:,i broken, are cnvcred by an inmiense growth of forest trees, of all tbe^p. ;. connuon to the climate, which here attain an elevation and a niagnitu'! :. ; seen in any other place; rich mountain sides in a temperate climati; aln;;-; affording a heavier and taller growth than the lowlands. * * ='■ It;; but a few years since the bottom-lands on the Randy were clothed with c;'.:.: and as late as the year 1S(),">, boato visited that stream as high up a? •'::•. Could navigate, until checked by the falls, for the purpose of collecting ;>; stems of this jriijantlc < 'ass to bo manufactured into reeds. &o. Since lb; ingress of domestic animals, the cane has wholly disappeared, except iujce inaccessible recesses." As Doctor Ifildreth lias said n.othingof tlie autumnal ."'Vers of tliis a'l:: region, which extends through Eastern Kentucky and Western Yirpii:i! the up[ier valley of Tennessee River, F wrote to a gentleman of Ohi", .% (rcorge A. "Warder, who had traveled up and down tlie valley of tl;o B:; Sandy; and although his answer is not fidl i'. 3't'l I d'd not w irai'i' used hy tlie iiilial ,,:v liiit ('ew springs. I ;j iitii of the stream, it TiAf^r: I. Gi'N-KRAr. l)i;s('i;ii •ihV.- of the (.)liio, has i i..'.h<'i the Appalachian •ifvali'iii of frmii two t( T:." |!"iiu-Ipal and Ijiigoi; iT/arjiiiiciit of the ]>lue ' ":» nearly imrtii. Ti :>tjuiiis it, and then su: \v..v liaiiie of Kenawlia. llivtrs, the distance is se ■■■.'.mis more than seven ['':!;i!''y, tlie united water; ■■=n-^twiie. These are t [-■■.!u!d'otirreiit to the Olii [.:• utmost source in Xo -i-,rsi'. has iioldly cut its iv.'li.jis .some of the wihh I'-'Jtiii.s, however, we must ■:oliLicnlitiosasare of in II. \'allky of the (1 h;: til. was once tlie basin ( It-It.' mountain ranges dem |t.:im-fivo or il,rty miles ['■•Mdi both ranges, ivn^■^, r'"''^'\V^rumonc to the p. at the distance of ,, |^^'i'"".^iiiiiition. coalesce, a /^^ sources are two 'tin f ■■!'"ii of the stream with pr^'i and twenty-five feet. pii at Msteeu hundred fee ' f^^ Over its whole surfii [Booi ;. INTEIlIOIl VALLEY OF NORTH AiMERICA. an • ,]j^. iiuiuiitaiiis, ami lias a groat tlciil of fall frum its simrci's ti) llic main ■.•iii'k wliifli luis veiy little. I 'lo not rciucmliui' over having soon pmicls ,,(■ a"iiiiiit water anywlioro alung tlio valloy. 'i'lio ii[i)ior )iart of tlii.s val- ; r i- wry lioiiltliy ; ami I novor saw nr lioanl of agiio and fovor tlioro; — vnk'.secnil tlio stroani, wo might su|t|)oso its Imnlii's liable to that ^lii ;e ,;j.,.a gen- nilv UHod hy the inhabitants for driiilang and lionseheld |iur|ii).ses, as tiioro i-i. liut tow springs. I boliovc there is mi limestone !'"iini the source to the , ,;tii of the stroaii), its course being entirely through sandstone." ;- ..\ ;.l' 1).. :\m. I'j i 'tlio b:il (•ultivatU re oeeui'irl. sist; Kilf sandy '(i v-five mil" rise in t:: ills tlie '*• it andjii'i-' it sixty fell ami 'la' short, ri^'' SECTION XIII. HASIX 01' THE KENAWIIA RIVER. 1. GtXERAL Di".sciurxio.\. — Tliis alpine river, (nie of the greatest trlbu- tjasiif tliu Ohio, has its origin, by many largo streams, among the suni- i;:i!Mil' the A|t|i;daehian I^Iountnins of A'irdnia and North Carolina, at an ■ 'ovati'iii (if frniii two to three thdnsaml feet above the level of thi; sea. T:r iHiK'i[ial and 1 )nge! t stream, called New Iiiver, liogins in the granite t::ariimout nf tlie IJluc ^lountains, within the latter state, and takes a nw ucaily niirtli. Tlio (Ireeidirier, wliieh belongs to the former state, 'Sr-tjuin.x it, and then su'jceeds the (jiauloy, when the common trunk assumes r v.Mw (if Kenawlia. l>otweon the mouths of (iroonlirier and Canley Fiivtrs. tl 1(3 (li ■ utmost source in North Carolina, this river, jiin-.suing a north-west i;r«t', has boldly cut its way thro'.;gh several mountain chains, and thus juvvilips Some of the wildest and subliniost scenery within oiu' (Ireat ^'alley. |0:i tills, however, wo must not dwell, l)ut iiroeeod to direct our attention tu lidi Incalities as are of interest to the medical topogra]iher. 11. Vallkv of the CuEEXiiiUKR. — This, in the opinion of Doctor Ilil- le ti). was (iiK'c the basin of a lake. To the east and west it is lumnded by lilii' iiinuntaiu ranges denominated Alleghany and Greenbrier, which arc Jt!iirty-tivo or forty miles apart in the south, where Now Eivor. cutting lt:;riuirli both ranges, traverses the valley nearly at right angles to them, and iBitj way Avm one to the other, receives Creeidn-ier Eiver. To the north- Nt. at the distance of one hundred miles, those mountains, by gradual ppiiiMximatidn. cualesco, and there (iroonlirier Piver has its beginnings. 'SO sources are two thousand foot above the level of the sea. and the i'K'.'tiiiii of the stream with Now Iiiver is at the altitude of thirteen hun- |lrolaii(l twenty-five foot. Thus, the average elevation of the basin may be pi'uat sixtoen hundred feet, whil,' the mountains which bimnd it are as much ^. Over its whijle surface there is a thick calcareous deposit, resting on ■m . . I !>.." *.i»> ,..., ■/■■■■■■, h ■ : -^.^i' ■''. ^••:■ ■^'--/^ 4*\ I'i'.S: ■|, -,.■•-■,. ' i •■^.l>'V ft? * fe- . _ "• : •^#;; !f. ':X- ■ ■■1. A. '■:*■< %. 202 THE nUNCIPAL DISEASES OF THE [Boot ' rat !•! INTEUIi ■ ■ '4 '.';■,. '.1 ■!■ : ■ . . ' ■ ., ' i ' ,.:!•■ . ' ■ ' ' i; ■■' ■ " , ■ ■ i v^ S i ™"i-r- '. '• ' **5h: *' Vt : . ■■.■ saiulstono, with siDlvitig sprin^rs, nml caves oontitinirig Siilt-|)ctre (aith. TK soil (if tlic viillt'y i.s cnifiirodus, iiiid mIhpiukIs in dcconiposed V('■>(.{^lli^. i,.,,. tcr. Its siirfiice is liillv, with smiH! sputs cullid 'lovols.' Tlio i'i!ili;'at[,j White. l>hi(>. lied, fiii.l Salt Siiliihiir Sprinirs nf \'irL'iiiia ]](> in tliis vjil!..; IH. Vai.moy ok tiik (iAi-i.i;v. — "This stream i.s ahinit i.iic Imiidn.li,,',, iii]('ii^th,aii(l, at it.-; iimmiiIi, iii'H't. tlu'ii nnc hiindrod yards in l)roiuhli. h(,ik . its rise in the; spurs and sidc-s of tho liaurid, (Irt'cnhricr, and Gaulcv rai:;ii • if monntaiti'^. The cipuntrv tlirmi^h which it pn.ssos is ninniitaiiiiiKsji.-j broken into h)fty preci pit oils liill.s of sandstone vuAi. 'The chtl's nf (liii;i,v' arc soi'ond only in lii,^ht and gruinh'ur to those of New River; cxti.;;!!;: ' for many inilcs on each side of the stream, at an elevaMon of live nr .• - i„,,riiiit tents are rare ' jp, ,,lnavs uiild." If} ;„. I' iii-iil survey of th; raii'ii, 1 linve been fas tr„!iii!ii' mmitli of (Jan! liiiiiiialnniittcnt an(' in ni'iilyiii the open distri r.vr travcnies the nioui aj i.'1'Mt'ralIy as in the K > i.tt'-m-hin'l is not so ci ,,;,iidi'|i(i.sit.s occur the\ (f.Miiic iinitt-T. Tiie ■,. .^trcn^'ly to tl. ■ CI i,-r h would appear, fn n liiiidrwi cr two thousan( liclTi'i'S iiurtli, is not snil iivji'.'li Ooiitaia fertile soil VI. Lo\vi:u A'ai.lev [ miiiilii. thu Kenawha gr mi!' to nearly a mile. raliuTU ! the aliiuid(! of the mo ■■••'■'I'll' is a little less tin p^ river, up to the Viw I ni';li.'iiant caocs are almo VI L TiiK Sau.ves.- |t-.'iiiiiiiir^;it Charleston, hiueyiiiay he about half f;i!iiros uf hills which bou [fc^abuvethebedof the p""l f'-'al-lieda of the ca ; i^'-noral so high as not to i,m51 J 'd! ^r|.> r.iT !■! I.NTKUIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. IIOJ • fiiiittoiits are rare occurrences. TlKy liiiii|)cii diily in wot .scinmis, and ri ilffavs mild. " Uy I'rutV'.- Mir liii^ors, nf tlio I'liivLTsit y nf \'irL:iiii;i, wIhihc v li.'ii'iil survey of tliat j^t.iti' fuviiid liiiii in tliu ri-i^idu iwiw untlor fun>idt'- nii'ii I I'iivo been favoruil witli tlio lullnwini;' liicts: "Along New Jliwr, . iinl,,. iimutli of (liiulcy n|i to tlif HIuo IIiilj:o, I liavo noticoil cases (if uu- fiiuiMl remittent :ui(' interniittiMit I'cver. '"Iii'so I liavo dlisorvoi'. nidrc etmi- n'.nlviii tin- 'iiion districts, as in .Munnc and (Jiics counties, than wiiero tlie rviT traviTses tlie mountains; but in no \>h<-t of tliis reiiion do tlicy |irevail iit'i'iit'Killvn-^ ill l'"^' Ivenawlia valley below. Tlu' extent of river-terrace or i.tti.m-laiid U not 8(t considerable in this u|i[)er valley of the river; but where iikii dc'l'"'^*"'^ occur they are covered with a pnidui-tive soil, well charL'ed with (.raiiic iiiattjr. The same remarks, as tu heahii and soil, a|)jily ]ii'rhaps &■:•• sti'iiiiLdy to tl. ■ Clinch, and other streani.s flowing into the Tennessee i;;v,r." it wo'ikl appeur, frfjti the.so observation,-, that an olev.i'ion of ciiihtoeii hmlri'ii I'l" two thousand feet, in tlie latitmle of thirty-seven or thirty-eight iKjci'Siiiirth, is not snllieiriit entirely to ])revent autumnal fever in localities irji''li Ciiiitaia iVrtile soil abnnmlini;' in oriianie matter. VI. howKR ^'Al.l.l■■i' or Tin; Kk.wwma. — I'roni the Great Falls to its nii'iuli. tliu Kenuwlwi grnd;ially widens, ami its valley ex]iands fiuni half a mill' to nearly a mile. The hills wiiieh bound it have, in the upper part. ra'.kra sliarp outline, with an clevati.in of seven or ei'iht lumdred feet; but 'W gradually sink to two hundred and lifty, and at the same time become B'K ceutlo. Two latt:-!il valleys, through which Coal and Klk KiviTS flow iiito the lu'iiawha, have the same topographical character with the jnincipal ■:,lley. lis hiittoms, coinposud of the (/i/tris of the cn;d formatiMii, are, on the iii.iiii, aliuYu high-water mark and well cultivated. Near the Ohio, liowever. ;!:» ai'i: iiiine depressed, and as Doctor Coucli and Hoctor ."^liaw, of i'oint ri'iisiii'. at th. mouth of the river, infurmed me, are su'j.ct to inundations '.vjcli leave, on receding, ponds and .slouglis, abounding in decomposable ii.^it'T. In descending the river early in July, I observed, that whcu rc- '. i'l viihniie, it becomes a line of pools and rapids. Hie jieiiplo wlio live near the nmutli of the Kenawha suflfer more from satiuiiaal lever than thi se who inhabit the lU'ighburing bottoms of tlie Oliio. I'liir elevatiiiu above the .sea is about six hundrevl feet, or one-third as much !!< tile altitiulo of the nnuuitain localities which have been described. Their ijiituile is a little less than thirty-nine degrees north, ^/ove the estuary of ilie river, up to the Great Falls, the fever is scarcely ever epidemic, and s'-'.i.'iKint cases are almost unknown. Ul. Tni': Sai.ixks. — These extend ten or twelve miles uj) the valley. t"L'inmiig at Charleston, about fifty miles from the Ohio. The width of the vaJev may he about half a mile; its course nearly north and south. The r;i!ii'es 11! lulls which bound it on either side rise from five to seven h.undred ttetabiivo the bed of the river; and are composed of the sandstones, shales, aii'l cual-lieds of the carboniferous formation. The nver-terraces are in s;*!iev.il so high as not t(j bo submerged, except in extraordinary floods. The \ \ ':H....- • 1 P-- ■ ■: . ■ ;*t'',:Vi:"i. -. i^-' i:,'.-i: •>.■■:■■ .•..■"•■■ .V . ♦'•v i-'- $m (/. ; .:.ri ■} . li ' t - 204 TUK riMNcir.\r, diseases of the [won mmilicr .if fmintaiiis is frrcrt, niid flioy li.-ivc Imm-ii d'cMtcil liv deep Art..- borin;;.-', from Hdiiic (if wliidi tliiTi! is a eii|iiitus cscniio of liydrnpoti "as \ till' hriiic is lint cvMiiunitcd liy snlar, Imf ciiliiuirv licat, a vai-t imiiilitr.ft . naof.'s, Hii|i|iortc(l l)y liitmiiiiiniis cnal, art; iiiLtlit and (lav in liliist, S-nc,. tlicm, linwcvcr, nro inaiiit.iiiiiMl liy tlw cniMlnistion of tlic liyilnijL'fii ;fib ^t];,,; rises with the watrr. The |irciilia)iti ' <'iis Ideality nro./zV, the n,.;,,, fif tliat fras into tlio atinospliere ; scroi/ii leveln|iim'nt of n firciit il. ,|| < calorie; lliiril,\\n'. eopiiiiis (lifl'iision of tlie ir..-;'S jreiicrated liv tlic ('(.nilii..; , of eoal ; yo/^/'///, the (devatioii of immense vidunies of steam, lidldjn^f ,;,;; ■ 8olutioii. Now, wliat is the ellei-t of all this on (he ]irevalt'neo nf atitnmr/ fever anionp tho a;]; Jilts and ojiorativcs".'' 'J'he niswor given hy tin; n,.'! gentlemen of the valley is, that tlioso persons are not qnite as li;dl' t. ;''. disease as the people who reside away from tin; fiirnaees. The inliaMu- of (Charleston appear to snffer hut little from it. AMIT. The Keiiawha liasiii, taken as a Avlnde, is too rngcjed ntid iirir. ductivo to admit (d' a dense population. The inhaldtants will he eliji.flvi its narrow valleys and UMuntaiii glades. Mn(di of it nmst fnrovcrrnir . wilderness. The LiTTi.i; Ki:\.vwiiA, wdiieli jidns the Ohio sixty or seventy mile* alj-; the Great Kenawlia, so elosely resemldes it in jroology and topnrtr!i|iln-. \\a\: separati' deseription is not neeessary. A'love the mouth of this livcr. wiivrJ wc iiiid the town of I'arkersliurii', the left hank fd' the Ohio presents iiit':; of interest to the etiolon'ist until we reaeli the (dd town of Whecliiii:; vii.L however, I shall descrihc in eonncetion with the baidcs of the rivorakc aft(>r having first completed the survey of another, and the last liydrngripi.:- 1 cal basin south of the Ohio Iviver. SECTION XIV. BASIN OF Tin; MONONGAIIELA RIVER. T. OrTi.iXK Dk-scuii'TION. — The ^ronouL^ahela is the soiitlicrn if i' nearly coequal rivers, wdiieh unite at Pittsburdi to form the Oliin. It^'j-: lies l)et\ve(>n that of the Kenawha and that cd' the Alle!,diany. north "M:: former and south of the latter. An aeeount of it will iinisli the JiMii;;:"- of the southern half of the Ohio IJasin. The 3[ononfrahela Kiver is eomposed of four subordinate streams: /'''J The West Branch, whieh oriiiinates in the south-west, where it iiitirli- with the sources of the Little Kenawha, and (d' Elk l{ivcr, a triliiitan' : the Great Kenawha. Its course is nearly north-east. ScmmU The b-M Fork, or Tygart's A'alley lliver, which interlocks, in sources, with tlic Gaiilfj | and Grccnl)rier, and runniuir north unites with the West Branch. I/'' Cheat Kiver, lying further cast, originating on the slo])es of Cheat M-'"- tain, where it is connected with the head of Greenbrier Eiver, ■hIil-i'' ' runs northerly to join the common trunk of the last two branches. /'''■' fiitr '•, IVTEI!! j|i,. V^ ii'.diiinrlieny. ii" i:.J \\w tliO coiiiiiion I'v.rvpart of tin' M Mlidiiiiti ciirlininferonf .'.ir.'i'i^f river id' the Gr( [nv.i«iri.«. Tnid is fotn jMH'. diiile, mid that li Tlic siirfaci' of this j K>>'fi"!ia, yet its sunili |v3l|._\«aiid talde-laiuls ■ fr.iji.iderable density, itrnis : * ■'The streams are tin iviiij t'l t!ie valley, tlio f.f and >iiiall, and r^ail arc irrcL'ular in their hig virt'i-'rlile. covered wit I irdii'-r a liixiiriaiit vegi v;n«; they arc iiivariald .\r:;ii>,'i' the n.sscniMa;;-! rrt'i".' main trunk itself, i]:'."i!Tal narrow. Soni tk'hrad syiioliiial axes ItM the f'lilliiwiiig is an II. TvhAKt's \'Al.r,KY lpii':;.- nf tlii.s region," s; Icvir tln' heads of the ' \ m:\ Beverly, the conn jii'it ■(.•veiity miles long, TLnltli it varies from ihk !!■:■ C'li'':it and Laurel .Afo '<4< tliat this valley has ■3M>. rising ahuve the e |l ■• ."■, and the Valley ] 'vi's fliaanols in the bed ii!'>iii length, and from ■ t'lo base of the moun Itiii'ond-.us hight, not les: if.1 |itures(|uc view, and '■•iiK'mitain.' The fissun ig nilTieient evidenc l^nliii' '■wii'sest coiiglonieratc: f ';"-' l"niierly been the I ppwMcavating the earth i'lnian's Journal, loco ci fiW '•, INTCRIOR VALLEY OK NORTH AMERICA. liGf) n,. V.iM'.'liiiij:lif"\'- ""rt'i-cn-^ "'' 'l"' ('In'iit. wliifli flows to llic iiortli-woHt, ,.,1 iiiiifi tlio rdiiiiiiiiii triii'k IicImw tliiit .strc.'iiii. I'-rvpart of tlu' M'"' i" I'Verv part fA' tlic Imsiii, and tlio rocks are siuitl- it m\ ^!l:lll^ iiiiil tli.it liiiicstoiic wliirli is IuiiikI witliiii iIk; cumI j-crii's. Thi' surface of tlii.s liasiii is lovorud with a rioli ar^illaocoiis soil to tlioir very snniinits, and Tr'bc ;i luxuriant vojr<'tation, such as is usually found only on rloh allu- Ti'n>: tliov are iiivariahly olothod with I'orost trees of tlio nmst lofty hi^ht."' Ni';lier the asscnihla^u'o of small rivers wliioh constitute tlio ^loiionu'ahohi, ET tin; main trunk itself, can he roLi'ardod as alluvial, for tlioir bottoms are in L'O'icnil narrow. Some of the triluitarios, however, flow tor a distaiuc in tk'k'ail synclinal axes or valleys which lie hot weon niouiitaiii ranges, of w'ili tlic fi)llowiii<; is an oxaiii|)le : II. Tvuaiit's Vam.kv. — '•One of the most intorosfiii'i- spots in tliO topo- raji!;y iif tliis re_ ill length, and from three to four hundred yards in breadth, cut down t'lo base r»f the mountains. The cliffs of rock on each side aro of a it'J|iii!i[ius liight, not less than one thousand feet, affording a most grand in'l|'irturesi|ue view, and may not iiiap|iropriatcly be called 'the g; tos of U'ninuiitaiii.' The fissure in the rocks and strata on each .side cornspond; if rdiiig sulTicient evidence of their former junction. The rock itself is of it'' coarsest conglomerate sandstone. Additional evidence of this valley '111:' tnniierly boon the bed of a lake, is also found in the fossils brought 'inexeavating the earth for wells. * * * Tlie base of the valley '■■^iilinwirs Journal, i!oco cifaio. t Ibid. KV . ■r. ' \ .1 .1 . • * .'V ' ' "» r^ I ••('.(t 'i"iii: I'lJiNcipAi, i»isi;.\hi:h ok 'I'iii: iM , !.■> • I i. !H-t Km ■'Oik. ^ rincH M'ly irnnliiJillv iis ii mlviiiu'cs lnwaril ii •> Im.uI in llic Cluul Mmiihijj,, Till' riMT iiiiiiiitlfrs •lifiiiij;li iln \\\\mU< li-ii^'lli wiili a < aim ainl |ilin'ul ^mfj,^ l-)ii\iri>iu>i| liy I'iili^i's til' l<>ri\ iiiiiiiiilaiiiH, ami mIhiI. i'IiI tVnm ||||< virile iii<,| tumiih nrilic Mil rniimliii!,' WHild, iliis \alli'\ aH'inilM, at iirlain MMSdUHhfi;,, _\«'ar, all llic iialmal aiiil jiit I iiri>t|iii' licaiilirs mT iIic I'alilril \ alley nf ,|,>(|,, Hull. Ili'io may lit> rmiinl iii'arl\ all llii< rare ami ciirii'iis slinili.s ami fl |, oriii;; IriM'.s iiiili'^cKnus to tin- wc^h in ronnlr\. ' •" '' Nuiiii'iMii^wiiir. lallr* ami rapids. liclnW llm '^-ali's nl' (lin imiiiiilaiii,' >.'ivi' to lliiin hciimi'jI.m s|n>t, liy llifir iioisy iMiilra.st, :i slill Lffcalcr air nl' lrMm|iiillily. In |l,,, ,|, laini> i>\' (\yi'iil\-li\(' miles, tin' ri\t'r lias a ili'^cnil nl' scNcral liiitnlr, 1 1,,, as it |ia>^i's (liiwn tin- Inoail |ilatt'ans nl' llic imainliiiiis inln |||im,i1',i lu'Itiw. Miirli nt' |lii> (Irsri'iil is iiiailc u|i cif r;i|ii(U ami ri|i|i|( s, liiit in i iliff plai'i's it I'lirms prrju'mlirulir i a^ aili's, ami |iililii's uycr the .saiitl(ituiier«i; \yliit'li Lii'iinally t'nrm its lird." III. Tin; (li.vhKs nK Ciii'AT \m> I.viuii. Moint.mns. — We lia\r iilrait lintii'i'd till' Liladcs anmnd llic (I,inlc\ l!a>in. 'rim>c wliidi air IhiiikI in t'j, fOiiioii \vc arc m>\y i'.\|iliiiiiiir, lirlmm to tlic Client, ivml Laiinl .^^ m!,, ^ ami arc dc-crilicd Ity l>iiit(ir llildrdli as lulluws: ' •• 'I'lic w liclc face (if tlic ccimtrv liccumcs cicyatcd, and lu'lwccii tlio r;i::< ct' iiii'iiiitains \vc meet willi Inii^' luil narinw .-trips ul' lc\cl land, lnn' ni; 'i^ladcs,' 'I'licN.iii seme respects, reseiiililc llie prairies nt' tlie woi, 1 ,;; el 'tliod with a scanty ^rewtli o[' rorcsl trees uiid slirulis, Iml are fHiii|«if.J ol" a rieli vi'L'ctablc snil. \yidl suited tu tlic frrnwtli ol' grain, pntatno, aw P'ass. Init arc ten luiicli clcvaled ami sniijeet to laic iVusIs, I'nr tlio sumssfiil oultivatii'U nl' Imliaii enni. TlicN wire, willmnt dunlit, nmc the l.^j- ; laki s, ami liavi' iiiiifcrinlx a stream nl" water pa.-^siiiij; tlinmgli their iuimI* pcntlinu' pnvticns. Tlie taMc-lamls ol' .Nlexicn arc here represeiileiliniiiii.il- turc. Tlic jiladi's >yere mn'c pnitiniis ul' the dilLiinal lied ul' the eeean. l":^ the imuuiaiii raiiL'i's were lil'ied np, er 'Iikui^IiI I'lirtli,' — Init at lli;it ii:: , were elevated with the raiiucs to their pirseiil liiuht. Ueiiii.' .-urrnunilnl ki rivlire-. they, t'or a Imig time, reniaiiu'd euveri'd with water, imlil, hy aMim- lutiuns I'ruiu the adjacent hi::'1ilaiids, the water I'oreed a passap' i\m:i some less elevated spot, and drainiiiii' oil" by dcii'roes the aeeuiinilaUil r. •- its bed wa-- eventually laid bare, wiiieli bed now t'urms a iiinderii ji'lmlt'.' IV. JhriiANVN. — The tnwii bearing; this uanu; is situate alunil lit tliirty-niiith dcirroc o\' north latiimlc. on tlio K't't or west bank (if a smii! river ot' the same name, wliieh diseliariTcs its waters into tlie East Itei of the ^lonouiraliela. In iis rear, to the west, as 1 am ini'iiriiiiHl liy}lr White, a student ot" medieinc. there is a considorablo tract of bettnin, v-" is liable to ovorllows. and C'mtinues swampy; vet iioitlicr inleniiittcutc'i roiuittont t'evors occur. V. Oi..uiKsr.nui. — This is unc v[' tho oldest towns of the MoiioiipiH'M Basin. It is siattcrindy Iniilt on a small tract of uneven table-lamUntlK left bank of the West branch of tho IMouoiio-ahela. The stream ji'i-- w Silliinaii's .Tournul, loco citato. •' "■•i.i-. ir.\ 1 I ^'"'Tiglitliaiikof theriv fc*. p>ltl-l i.\Ti;ini»i{ vAM.i.v (II' NoijTii amuukn. i!ti7 , i,i Miiniiii'i', liiiM n ri'iKv lii'il. mill liiil lilllt- HMlt'-:illin inii. lis clfviititm I 1^^,, ll„. ,,'ii it lii'twci'ii I'iirlit ninl nine liiinilrirl I'dt. TIimI nl' llir liinnc- liliiti'lv liMrriiiiiiilii'u' III""' '"^ "'"'"' I ^M' IiiiihIk (I iimii'. 'I'lir ri'j..iiiii inwliiili ||l,i. t.HVII !■< Ml""''''' '■' I'llL'^''''. \Ml'l IlllllnW \llllr\-, I I'Mi-ii'Iif hi I'l'lilll- , l|ii L,,.ii,i|,^,ir iiniiil-J, mill lull Irw Hpriii^'H; — llin hhIi ,slriilii iirc hIiiiIi' iiihI wiiwI- I J II,, «illi i.i'iiiii>( 111' cinil ;iii(l Vi r\ liltlc llmi'^lniiiv On Ii:i\t rsiiijjr llii-< n^'inii Iff III till' «''''•'**'"**"''' ''.^ llii- |ii'n|ilr lliiil ii;'.iii' iir inliTiiiilltiil I'imt '\h LljlvlMtfll, iT llt'lll'lv Hii; I'll! lll.ll ('MTV lull (Ih'V llll\'' '//"• I'l'MT,' li\ ullitll It ', iiiriiiit I'i'iiiilliiiL'' liilimis I'l'Mr. Iriiiliii'' In ii rniiliiiniil l\|ii'. In <'l;irl«iil iiiiiri' or It^s nf ri'iiiiltfiit. Irvrr. Tlii-t ri'|iir,^i'iilarMiii wa.s (aiii- Itriii'illiv |li»liir MrCallv. wlm liail al'^n |ii'iirrna'il in Clai JHlnir^r IkI' many ^i;irv Till' iiu'iH'M lit' liail ^ til till' null li-i'a.^l. Il rrn.-f^cs tlic llasj ur 'I'n Liarl.s \'allr_v Miaiicli ■>! I'r .^^||||lML^lll•'la. I ruiiml llm niiiiiliy ilry. lla: .'^In'aiiis traiihicnl, ami Itc >|irin'.',s iiritluT iiiiiiiiTnii.s imr |ii'iiiiaii('iil. Hrl wciii lln- wcmI. ami cant liwrlii"' iif till! river, llic .siirraic i.s hilly, iImhimIi nnl iimrc clcxalcd than ' mill Cliii'lisldirj;; hut licynml the latter hraiieli, the hill.'^ hcennie lnllier, aial i.'.'i'iit'n!! surface al leiii'lh ri.se.s iiitu hiw-imiiMilaiiiuiis. The ehiif |iii|ni- b' 'i i- in llie iiarmw \alley.'<. wlicre remilleiil Icmt neeiir.s In a moderate pent; lull iiiU'i'iiiitleiit is aliimsl, if imt i|iiile, iiiilciinwii. !\i!iL'\viiii(l. lilic ('larl;sl)iirL', is sealeil mi a pieee (if talile-lami elevated ^ii lit two liuiiilred feet aliuve ( 'heat l!iver, which flows u iiiil(« and a half ■'"lit, nil till' niTlh-easl. I>e;,midthe river is Cheat Mmiiitaiii. The .-itc KKiiigWH.iil is, by e.^tiiiiate, twelve hiimli'ed feet alu.ve the .--('a. The ^ur- Diiiiiliiii.' (iiuutry, in ils aspeels iiiid v(';j;i't.'ilimi, is wild and al|iinc; (.'|')ii|i(isimI [■arliiiMifiTdiis shales and saiidstmies, dee|ily cut intu i'a\ iiies; and ()Vers|ireud ntliliit'ty furosts, which einln'aee halniias, laurels, rhedi'dendriiiis. piiii's, and jiimts; wliih.' its euel and darkly einbnsmned waleis alimuid in speikled put ( .9'/////') /()«////(///,<), unkiinwii at a lnwer h-vel, or further west in tlio llloyiit'tliG Oliio. It is alninst unneeessary In say, that in this rcirimi a.Lnic Hil tivcr (loos not dt'cur. All with wlimn 1 cmivursed ( including.' Diyctor M^volliind the Hon. .'Mr. ]}ruwu, of Kin}.^wo(.cl ), testified to this fact. Tt P liili'fil. a luijiulur ojiinion tliere, tkat localities wliieli alu iiml in trout aro I't Irnni iigue. 3Iild remittent fevers, however, oeeur occasionally every K'uiiin. ill that as well as other jiarts of tlie Monongaliela IJasin, Imt not to p^' same extent as in its western iiortimis. HI. .^MYTiiFiKU), OX THE YoL'ciiiiO(iiiKNY. — Tliis liuniMc villago IS situate f- '-^o right Lank of the river, wliurc it i.s erosseil by the National lload, near ill J; !i .1 t?. «■ »';#•' ■.- ■' - .• "•..'. #■*. ■•t- ■! ,• i ■ ^ K ■■' r 'i ' ■ I! '■\ ■'■■■'^j^M . '■ ■ . -v. •..■■•■ I; •:t . # ■A . I 268 THE TRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE iBOOJ ;. t1ic caslern base of tlio Laurel ^Mountain. The bottoms of tlic stream 'v. those alonjv tlio otlier brandies of tlio Moiiongalicla, are of liniityil ^.^^ .. Tlioy arc less elevated, by two or tliree liuiidred l\;et. than the ]ilat(a;i • whii.-li Kiiio'wood .stands. From Doctor Tetter, who had resided in t!ii.il f. lity for five years, I learned tliat he had seen Ijiit one case of iiitiiu;itii.r. fever. It occrrrcd on tlie river bank, a mile below the village. llciiii;;,f fever is, however, a yearly visitor, and appears on the mountaiii-tht. j; I much as in the \ alley. Once it assumed an epidemic cliaracter, lau it L generally been sporadic. AMll. LowKii IJasin of tiik [Moxoxo.viieia. — The lower portioninftniij valley, and that also of the Yougliiogheny lliver, are no longcrnuaiutaiiioDi but constitute a hilly and rolling plain, which stretches off to the OliioHivt; from tlie base of Laurel Iliii, the most western of the Appalacliian it ■;; Monongahela county, in A'irginia, and the counties of Gre^'iie aiiil Riw;;, with large portions of Washington, Westmoreland, and Allegliaiij, i;i 'r*! state of Pennsylvania, compose the civil divisions of this limitol, h| not unimportant, district, wluch is, properly, tlie bcgiiniiag of cukiviii;! country, in coming into the basin of the Ohio from tlie east. It ii| traversed by the Naticjual Iioad from the foot of Laurel Hill, tkii:':! Uniontown, ]>rownsville, and "Wheeling, to the Ohio. Tliat portioa kBI lies near the mountain is more lepressed and level than some (tfef In advancing to Bro'vnsville on the 3Ionongahcla, the surface .socii)> t)| rise and become mure rugged. The river, at I'fownsville. is .sevtn \z- dred and thir(y-si.\ feet above tlie sea, and the surrounding liilLs appiari; be, at least, four hundred more : giving them an altitude of nearly twelvoiiE-l dred feet. Farther west the country rises, almost impereeptibly, totlii.'':i.'b| of fifteen or sixteen hundred feet, at Ilillsboro, and then sinks gvailii;'!;v!.| Wheeling, ■where it dtics not exceed eleven hundred feet. Tlie priric ravines which have been cut through this district, are those in wliir'i t: principal rivers upproach and unite, the Yougliiogheny yielding up itM,aiJ;ij and contri))uting, by its ■waters, io prepare the 3Ionong,",liel;i for more i\d| unidii with tlie Alleghany, in foriring the Ohio liiver at Pittsliargli. hi ravines through which these rivers flow arc generally narrow, ami cmf. licnd, of course, but little alluvial bottom, — the common character et';i;i!-(j streams of the district. A series of locks and dams has prudueed slaek-itaaj in the 3Ionongahela, fron. Pitt.-^burgh to Prownsville; between wlii'.-i; i-*'^ difference in level is thirty-two feet. Much of this district has a calcareous basis and a fertile soil. ItssfiiJisI are neither numerous nor permanent. It has no swamps, nor aiiyiwl except tliose produced by mill-dams, or the subsidence of the streani! sal they degenerate into [xnds connected by feeble currents. Charlicrlr-il wliicli orio-inates near Washinti'ton and flows into the Ohio a little 1' 'I Pittsburgh, has wider alluvimis than the ^Monongahela, and some o'. ; .'il show small ponds and sloughs; on the whide, however, this distrii't i)i'.' placed among the dryest in the basin of the Ohio. Being one of tlie'iKJ settled portions of the basin, its f. rests have Ijceii extei!''ively 'lestP'V'J Ir.r.r i.j INTERIOR VALLEY OF Is'ORTH AMERICA. 11G9 \[ • I'lformatioii coucorning its liuliility to aiitniiiiial fovcr is tlio folliAviii^. H- 1' ■ !it"Wii, near tho liasc of the nuiuutaiii, I learned I'runi Ductir Jl. J)v„,,i,ril ami Doetur riiller, that intermit tent lever is nearly unkniwn in ilniiiiirt "f the district, and that |)atieiits eoniing uith it (Vdni (.tlier Im^ali- li oi'ten recover without the use of nieilieine; Ijnt remittent f'eviT occurs ir.Kfcilly tvery autumn, and in the year 1^1'.>, Doctor Cam[)Lell saw it I'liiiiir. In sunic cases remissions were distinctly marked, liut in ( thers i,(.vH-,iv cbscure, and there was a tendency to a cimtinued ty]ic. At tlio faH'^iaiice ironworks of Mr. Olipbant, seven miles south ol' rniontuwn, LjrtlieliRi-e of tho mountain, intennittcnts among tho operatives were never i,ii'l,tuf At IJrownsvillo, which is built on steep ri.-er-hills, that remind Ice if Vioksburi;', Doctor Stanley, Doctor Lalierty. and Doctor Jones, through y::\Ai uf fuurtecn, eleven, and four years, had never seen a case of ague and levir, until after the construction of hjcks and dams for slack-water naviga- te orjateil a p'lol, the head of which was near tho town. These cases, ob- iervtJl'V Doctor Stanley, were, however, few in nundjcr, and were aeconipa- |ii i 1 V chills only. Cases of ague from a distance had sometimes proved ilMiiiato: and periodical neuralgias of the Lrow are not unconnnon. lic- Li;! !it fever is of annual recurrence here, but not, strictly speaking, cjiidemlc. 11 La- ti't'iiuontly shown a tendency to the continued form. In Washington, Imii-r I."Miiiiiic, in a practice of twenty-five years, had seen but five original r iu'liL'tMiniis cases of internnttent fever, two of which were of the town, in a CHMvliich had waicr in the cellar throughout the summer; the otlier three [tri'iii'ar a mill-pond. Doctor Wishart, in tho course of a long practice, had M V'jry few cases, cxcej)t those contracted aliroad. Doctor King had seen Iciif. ill Juno, in a man wlio ':ad snjourned in an aguish locality the preced- .•:V;1, witliout then having an attack. All these gentlemen testity to the f'irurrence of remittent fever, but not as an epidemic, except in the ilioiiil of some of tho streams which abound in ponds. It oi'teu |E;iiaK< a typhous character, and never terminates in an intermittent type. |o l!iij testimony I may add that of Doctor Ilecd, who, althongli not in ractivi', liail long been an attentive observer in this locality. In the neigb- btoiid of West Alexandria, between Washington and AVhceling, among the imccs of Buffiilo ;.nd Wheeling Creeks, wlierc the surface is tortuou.sly iC'ainlliiw-liriy, with gocjd springs and without swamps or ponds. Doctor laviikn. in a practice of eight years, had never seen a case of ague or inter- litti.Et: and even remittents appear to be replaced by continued fever; which livai's more in autumn, however, than in other seasons of the year. These prvatimis, extending through this district from the mountains to the Ohio f'». a di.'rtance of seventy nules, will bo sufficient to show the degree to |l::;'.i it is affected by autumnal fever. jlA. ^\ii£i;lixg. — The course in which wo have traveled, has brought us W-i li the Ohio River, at tho town of Wheeling. The uiiection of the F at this place is nearly south-west. The town stands on its left bank, po high-water mark, on two alluvial terraces — a lower and an upper — pito of ^hich is very wide. The lower is composed chiefly of sand and f n'-' ;■>:][ It.*'' -r . ■• j.'->V-'.' '" . .'■;; ,-,; I . , ■■ (^m':iiHi: ■I ' 1 m ■»'.... . J,,'' ;■■ . ■■ '.»(;•• J- -.V* ■■..•••' ■. ■ •■■> .•■ r ?■ if n 4 1 ' ' ''':l A.^^^l /Jv; ■ ■•' . ■', ' . .1' * •!■■, V'- ■; \ ■ \ * .! . :>--I: ■■' .i-'.l-'J r "'' ' : i. ' * * ] : m; -f- -;l . J* * 1 ;■ ( > 1 gjfc.;;' ■■■■' H||"- .,■ 270 THE rUINGIPAL DISEASES OF THE iMOKl, gravel, tlio Tipper of saiidj loam. Tl-oso terraces are traversed bv Wkr , Creek, wliicli diviiles tlie town itself into S-'utli and North M'licclinfr v' ereek originates not i'ur to the south-east, where it interlocks with a tri' tary of the West IJrarieh of the 31onongahela. As it ajtprouehcs tlif twp: \yinils among the hills, has narrow hotton:s with high hanks, iKit Hiililotdn nndalion; hut it receives the back-water of tlie Ohio when in ilmi], in,,,,,;: ately opposite the town, there is a largo islaiul, which is so olevuted a- 1 admit (if lieiiig highly cultivated. I'eyond this island, the hills iiriylaH upon the river, and have an o[)ening or ravine from the west, tlirou;;lMv!r Indian Creok makes its way to the river. Thus, Wheeling, for a rivir t .ipi is favorably situated, as to the conditions which generate autuimial tV,Y, The elevation of its site is about seven hundred and sixty feet ahova tlif ^a' I that of the surrounding hills, not far from eleven hundred. As to voM'li. tion, it cannot be acted upon with eflcct, except by winds from tliciifn-. east, or south-west and west. AVheeling, in N. Lat. about 40^*, is one of the oldest towns of tlioi':;. Basin; its population is about ten thousand souls; it has inaiivfait •> and consumes a vast (quantity of sulphuro-bituminous coal, drawn fMr,!;! adjacent hills. Wluiu Doctor ]M. II. Houston,* to whom I aui indebted for most i.fmifl particulars, removed to "Wheeling, in ISol, and for two years aftoruaii!:J termittent and remittent fevers prevailed to a considerable extent, aii'iw.::: I much commoner on the upper than the lower terrace; owing, no r.lijiil4,;i the hitter having the densest population. After an invasion of qiijirj; cholera, in ISoo, these fevers nearly disa])peared, and have not since nt'irril except in the mildest degree. AVhen at Jefi'erson City, 31issouri. ( [i, li> Doctor W. A. Davison, wdio had practiced medicine in Wheeling friiii Is! to 1840, confirmed this statement, by saying that he found tlio fevtrsiifji-l tumn, in his present locality, decidedly more frcijuent and dangerous tl..,;i* had found them in Wheeling. A comparison of the topography ami ru;-::'! ages of the two towns will explain this ditlerence. Doctor IIonstniii-D'! ble to designate any topographical changes cotemporary with the cli4ia:!J 18o3, cxce])t a more general paving of the streets, and the substituiic hydrant-water for well-water. The same gentleman has notiocil tint.; such portions of the hill-country around Wheeling as have a clav-ufflj with a prevalence of oak trees, the fevers of autumn are of a morevik: character, than in any other part of this locality. X. From Wiikeuno to Pittshukgii. — The distance between those |'a«| is ninety miles. In ascending from the former to the latter, tlie vi'Vin" :'j half the distance, is directly north, then uorth-east, and then, 1"! i!;";| miles, south-east. Thus, a kind of promontory is formed, tlie suriaft'l which is di^eply cut with ravines, giving hills, the sunmiits of wliif'' '^ about eleven hundred feet above the sea, until we a[H)roach Pittsbuipu-fj they rise still higher. As a general fact, there is no marsh aiul vcn .Ml * MSS. penes me. - -^^ 1 BOOK I, 'sed l»y Wl;,t!;.. AVhocliiig. 'fi' cks ^\-itli a trii,ii. aches tlllj thWli ;; i, iidt lialilo tij ij. "fl'"''l. liiiiiioJi. sii clovated a? t-, ^ liills pn-sskrl St, throiigli ivik: , for a riviT h^, i aiituninnl fod ;et abnvo tin; >fj; I As to vii.rl;. 3 from tlieuini- ( I ;owns of tlie i )-s as many tact.r;« 1, drawn fi'"iii'.;t . < ■ . i*,' ^' ^1 ■ , » . for mii«t ..ftkit ears al'teruaiJ.!:..| e extent, aiiil wt:. ffing, no (.[.ult. ; asioii of qiik.; not sincerttiin.-;! issouri. ( p. li> icoliiifffriiiulv.'l the fovi'i'SHii angeruu* tl..,E aphy and rtli!;: Houston i>& I til the difl'ia .' 10 suh.^itu;; T: : i iiotiuoil t!:;i!.-j vc a claysufflj of a niore'.":'B| woon those I'jf: ■r, the voya;:".:' then, for tH:"| (1, tho s-aria-. lits of ffliit'i '■ I'ittsburgli."'*'! ■sh and very liii' *>-''r-,~ >-M- .l:rl. v:> ■?;*• 1 ,.vj-. •:'-'i nf Cii;irticr Croek, wl ■ir'I.iii'l piirtiniis, the o ti;e 3Innoiig;iht'I;t Bii: !;rapliica!ly, this tract ieft bank of tlie river in-iff lif nothing pen [nift ill }IillL'r,sl)urg, irhji'h lie f^aw but one privailuJ to some exti .haractcr; but other ti PITTS 1. The western inc ftlh' .Monouf'ahclii an t"ry or point of laui] ikXlI). Am accoi snutlimi lialf of tlio Tlif latitude of this loK-wator elevation of ihovc the sea, and one plains or terraces on w ar.'Imilt, vary in elcval abuvc it. The neiglibf and sixty-seven feet ab ^'irruunding country alj "I'll I'f the topograpbic >ta'h- of this locality. On the south or left' ■'!' stoop hills, ri.^ing all ■ind sixty-five feet abo Jtveral miles below the irjillaecous bottom-lani lias been erected. Mof jffflntofit, isthefirsto river to Brownsville. For a long period of >'=e junction of the rivi '''i'or old citizens, aboui ^ '^^^''■' In the rear of tl '^■^^ir nimraits the obscr small, shallow lake, toi ^^me of East Liberty \ mrt I'J INTEPJOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 271 '. I i,„tt !!i-I;in'l '" tliis jteiiiiisiilii, oxei'[)t jiliui^- the Ohio and tho lower jortimis ,' Chirtier Crook, where there aro suniofiiiios juirtial iimiKlatiini.-. On the ].in,l portions, the cxeni|iti(in. '.Voni iiitcrniittciit frvcr is as groat as that of fi-e Mi'iioiK'uhohi Basin t'nmi ruinntdwn to Wasliington, of Avhii'li. t(i|i(i- „j.,.,!,i(.;,llv, this tract is a cimtinnatinn. No iin)iiirtant town stands on the liK 'juiil: of tho rivor aliovo AVhooling. 'I'ho inost iiotod is \\'i:M,si;riif;. I ]jn,iff (if nothing poouliar in its topography. Doctor Grafton. -with whom hint ill Millovshurg, Kotitucky, rosi(h'd niiio years in AVollslnirg, during ivniili lie ?;iw l)ut one case of indigi.Mious agiio and fever, lleniittent fever r.rovailoJ to some o.xtent, and in one autnnin almost assumed an epidemic teictcr; hut other autumns passed without a single case. SECTION XV. PITTSBURCII AND ITS DEPENDENCIES. 1. The western metropolis of Pennsylvania belongs eipially to tlio I'anlcs ftlir Moniiiigahohi and tlio Alleghany Bivers, as it stands on the jirumon- tiirv or point of laud aliovo tho junction by whieh they form the Ohio il'I.XIf). An account of its topography will finisli the desoriptiou of the southern half of the Ohio Basin and introduce us to the northern. The latitude of this city is 40" 35' N. ; its longitmle .^O"' 14' W. The !'W-vrater elevation of the adjoining rivers, is seven hundred and four feet ihovc the sea, and one hundred and forty above Lake Erie; the different plains or terraces on which tho city and its surrounding towns and villages ari'kilt, vary in elevation from a few feet below higli-'water, to forty or fifty a!)iYo it. The neighboring hills rise to different bights, up to four hundred ;i!il sixty-seven feet above the rivers, making the general summit-level of the ^'irruiiiuliiig country about eleven hundred feet above the oceaji. An inspce- tlMi of the topographical map ( PZ. A7/) will afford important aid in the stuily (if diis locality. On the south or left-hand side of tlie ^fononiiahela Iliver, we sec a rnnce ■f steep hills, rising almost from its margin to the hight of foxir hundred md sixty-five feet above low-water. They continue in this proximity for several miles below the city; but above it recede, so as to give a tract of argillaceous hottom-land, on whicli tho inanufacturing town of ]}irmingham bsbecn erected. Most of it rises above the highest floods of the river. Tn frfintofit, is the first of the scries of dams and looks whicb extend up the river to Brownsville. .or a long period of time tho town was limited to the point of land above iM junction of the rivers, which, as I was informed by Mr. Tchbaum, and "thor (jid citizens, abounded in ponds and sloughs, now filled up and Imilt "^er, In the rear of the town the hills are near, and soon after reaching 'noir summits the observer finds himself in tbc dry bed of what was once a small, shallow lake, tortuously stretching off to tho nortli-east, under the Mmo of East Liberty Valley. Its elevation, as I was informed by Edward .>efore leaving this .S})ot, I niajrcmarl; that Judge Wilkin.s, who resides in its midst, assured me that inttTinittict fevers do not occur among its inhabitants, and that remittents are cxtromth rare. This exemption should perliaps bo ascribed, in part at lca.st, tu ti's great length of time it has been cultivated, for an elevation of nine liuinlrtl and fifty I'ect, and a latitude of forty degrees thirty-five niiiiutis, arc u sufficient to countervail the morbifiu influence of a flat and fertile surla.; abounding ( originally ) iu organic matter, and adequately suppliiJ mi moisture, "When Ave look from the lulls to the south of this locality, up tlic vali.v.: the Moiiongahela, wo see a deep ravine, with abrupt and closply-apiiruxic. ted hills, in harmony with the general character of the upper portions of tie Ohio Uasin on the south side of the river ; but Avhen we look down, to ti; north and north-west, upon the Allegluxny lliver, we find it muanJiri;; through broad alluvial and diluvial bottoms, witli hills of gentler sluju. ij: examining these plains we soon discover that they are not ( like tliose to tb south ) composed merely of the disintegrated strata through whicli tliurivt: has floM'ed, but abound in sand, gravel, pebbles, and bowlders, detaclml im I rocks of a much older geological date, than the carboniferous, araonf.Mvl;ii.!; | they are deposited ; and have, like the boAvlders in the dried-up littkli: just described, been transported hither by vast currents from the n.n:. Such is the valley which stretches up the Alleghany lliver from Titt:^!":;:''. and through which the Pennsylvania Canal has been exi-avatod. Tls I miles from the city, on tlie left bank of the Alleghany lliver, stai;il-i:! United States Arsenal. The bottom over which the road to tbis niilita,^ posl lies, presents some brick-ponds, and is partially overflowed in orJicir; I river floods; but these spots are to tlie north-east or leeward of tk ciij Captain llardhig, who commanded the station, and Doctor Day, an a.M' army surgeon, assured mo, in 1847, that autumnal fevers arc aluK'-«t in- known among the soldiers and operatives of the arsenal; and the pcnplai I the adjoining village of Lawrencevillo enjoy, I believe, nearly an eip! ei- exemption. The road to the arsenal passes over a terminal basin "tt::[ canal, in the northern suburb of the city. The water in this ba.siii, twii'-- absence of an outlet, is stagnant, and foul in appearance ; yet, as P'XK Addison and Doctor Speer assured mo, it has not generated either intiTiHi- tent or remittent fevers, iu those who reside around it. The bottom which has been described, lies on the east or Pittsburgli Mm the Alleghany River; but below, a still wider bottom becomes dcviloi«^^| the opposite or right side, which continues for three miles down m •'''■■ UTI. INTERIOR VALLF.Y OF NORTH AMERICA. •273 t::j is mar be seen on tlio map, is tlie site nf Allojrliany Town. A narrow ..rii, -,f this iKittoni lying aliin;,' tlio slioro, botli abovo and below tlie jniic- •;,n , if tliis river with the Monmiirabcla. is so low as to .suO'cr innndation, ,ti.l ili-iplavs a foul and wot s.irt'acc, wliii-li, in f>i no yilaoos, i.- ondy, though 111 a quail sealo. Tlic oanal wliidi, by an ai|nednot, ,«npplios the basin on til,. MptMisite sido of the river, continues throngli tho upper half of this bot- Hii. when it (li^^eliargos its water into tho Alleghany. In its rear, there Is a :,i'l;,.i' terrace — an old or second bottom — which, like other plaiiii-- of tj;,. ,ame geelogieal ago along the Oliio llivcr, abounds in rolled and iinli upper ."^trata ifwiiicli have been washed away till they are no longer visible, except when li'tt vivcr is low. The surfaces which are tliero exposed abound in sand. Iiifjii Mte to tliom, at a short distance from the river, an oval eminence rises ii'^' Imndrod feet a1»ove the plain, and has been made the site of a public ItWidfal seminary. It was an island when a part of the Alleghany flowed Iti its north. Its composition is th(> same as that (^f the surrounding hills, of r'i'- it is at oncn a remnant and a monument. A iinic lieliiw is the village of .^IaneIlester, partly built on portions of tho Iflaiii wliiiji iii-e. to some extent, liable to sulmicrsion when the Ohio is up; I'll al them. ^Vhen the west and north-west fi';'l* prevail, they come over the hospital-swamp, and bear its oxlialations *''';'i'.' towns above; by which ^ranehester and the south-western part of '• -iinny Town sufFcr much more than Pittsburgh : which is more vnnote, P' ''"' Alli^ghany lliver interposed to its windward, and is compactly b-.ult, — 'i''liti"ns favorable to protection against paludal influences. ',' ' ■■<;•.' '■',:■'■ ■ .II-:.,-' ,v'!^■•t;■ -^\. ;}••.'■ Sv;- ... . r- •, •• ■<.:'-^';\- ■ .-■"■■.. ' • -. I' ; y'.^ ..^vl -■«.;.-. ■ ;. • .. ■■'• '-'i- .. ! ,'J. r^ m, ,r\ • ■ < I >■■ T ^ . r ■.■ j t \ I- '•■> ■■■I 274 TIIH PRINCII'AIi DISEASES OF THE [BOOI • All the jyliysleiaiis of Pittslmrgli and Allcgliany Town witli whom 1 1 i,. versed, agree in represeiitiii<^ that the; intermittent fevers of this Iccalitv ■ be traced up to (In; low frroiuids and the swamp to the west ami iiurtli.Ur.f being more freijuent near tliem, in proportion to the population, and dimiiiis,. ing as we recede from them. Doctor Smith, of Alleghany T(Avn, asaiucd nc that, althou^n there is much wet and foul surface about the teniiinatinn „f the canal, it d(ies not seem to produce intermittent fever; so true is it tLa; swamp is the prolilic source of that form of fever, and that towns Imve it ij; capacity for resisting it. Kemittent fever prevails over tlie same tract T^ii intermittent, and also beyond ; for it occurs in Pittsburgli, where intoraiittcm arc now nearly unknown, and, indeed, seem never to have prevailed to niuii extent. AVhile tlic north-east and north-west winds, traversing the vallovs ot t:,. Alleghany and Ohio llivers, ventilate Pittsburgli and its villages very efiecm- ally, the winds of summer, from south-east to south- west, have hut little p. w^r in that way; but. at the same time, they bring less of impure air tban t:. v carry into any other town on tlie banks of the Ohio. In connection with ventilation, I must refer tn the factitious atraospkr; generated in tliis locality by the combustion of stone-coal. Coal-Hill. tt. rampart on the south side of the Monongahela, abounds in strata of tlie vtrv best bitumi.,(ius coal, in horizontal beds, above the level of the city anL;- fmiho/tri/b-. To this, in a great degree, may bo ascribed the cstalili.-lnnti;; of factories requiring fuel, for which this place has beci.me so fiimou.-. i" their number it is neither possible nor necessary for me to speak; but i ([uantity of bitumindus coal consumed in this locality is greater, I supp-i. than in any other on tlie continent. The amount, as Jam informed bv |iM:!r Denny, is estimated at ten millions of bushels annually. As yet; verylir.. of the smoke arising from these fires is consumed, and conse((uentlylt escai.- in immense volumes, carrying into the atmosnhere its carbonaceous matter. carbonic acid, carbui'ctted hydrogen, and perhaps sulphurous ai id, all :' which hover over the city and its environs the longer, from the obstacks i: free ventilation which tlie surrounding hills oppose. As in other towns of the West, through the early periods of settleraem. tli people of Pittsburgh, previous to the year 1827, drank well-water; since tk time they have drunk the water of Alleghany Kiver, supplied tbroiidi i system of liydrants. To this time, however, the inhabitants of Alleglis;:y Town, nineteen thousand in number, and those of the other faiihoum iii« well-water chiefly. Pittsburgh is the oldest Anglo-American town in the basin of tlie Uti' In 17<')4, the French from Canada built Furl die Quesne, at the juiicti'ii : the two rivers which form the Ohio. In 1758, they were exiDclled bvt:.. colonists, and the name was changed to Fort Pitt. In 1760, the builJiDS for residence were commenced; and in 1705, a town-plot was survejii The present population of the city and its suburban towns and villajrw i^ estimated, as Doctor Denny informs me, at eighty-five thousand, of "I'i'-!'" plurality, I believe, are Irish, either by birth or extraction. THE SOI !rancli of tlie Monon^al fUT I.. LNTGRIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 276 CHAPTER X. THE SOUTIIEUN 13A8IN, CONTINUKl> WmCM TOPOGRAPHY OF THE REOIONS EAST <>F TIFE MfSSIS- SlPi'I: UASLV OF THE OHIO ON THE NORTHERN SH)E OF THE SECTION I. IJASIN OF THE ALLEGHANY RIVER. I. A liiiu drawn thrmiifli tlie coiitor of tliis basin, from Pittsliurgli to tlic aklillo sdurci'fi of the Allouhaiiy llivor, would run about iiortli north-oust, tnivorsing two dogreos of latitude, and ast-onding through seven hundred fett of altitude, from luw-water mark at J'ittshurgh. In nianj' places the iainiiiliate valley expands into broad alluvial and diluvial bottoms, abound- '■.'iii ilie (Icl/ris of primitive northern roeks, but in otlier places wild and ; .. il hills compress it on both sides. The couiitry west of the river bears wusidonible rescndjlance, in aspects and altitude, to that west of the '! :"iiL'aliela, but is more broken. To the east of the Alleghany it has a >• ir|« r and loftier hillincss, whitdi graduates into the Chestnut ]lidgo, and tihor outLT ranges of the Appalachian ^lountaii's ; though the elevation I attained is nowhere as great as that of the region in which the Cheat Kiver lancli of the Monongahela has its origin. All the largo tributaries of the A'i'.'liany, except French Creek, arc; found on its eastern side. The shorter ■!:'lfroiii the western slopes of Chestn\it liidge; others originate in the [Talk tiutwoen it and Laurel Hill ; while some have their sources beyond ■' liter, in the western escarpments of the Alleghany range, and cut It-ruiiJi bdtli the other ridges. Of this kind is the Kiskiniinitas or Cone- ItoL'li, which enters the Alleghany thirty miles from Pittsburgh, and by its Ivalliv iifforJs a iiassaffc for the Ponnsvlvania Canal throui;'h both the Chest- BtitRidire and Laurel Hill — as the valley of the Youghiogheny is expected afford a way through the same for the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal. W!iydro!.frap]iical facts show that Chestnut Ridge and Laurel Hill are not ^ 'uudary mountains of our Great Valley, but are really included in it. Its uehiiuts arc, in fact, the Alleghany Kidge in J\'nnsylvania and northern jjifginia, while in the southern part of the latter state, and in North Caro- aa, the Blue Ridge is its actual terminus or rim. The medical etiologist of \'^^\ r 4 M*. . fi; ■ ■ -.::<-^'V-t' .1 "■• "■ ■■f' A-.r. •'■ ■■-■';>i|ijii, to wliielj ;■ Ih iiai'iillcl; and tlu! time will coiiio when a iM»ni|)aii-C"i' the Moiiongahela Basin. The general elevation nf tlie country i^ahoiui;, .same as around i*ittsl>urgh. Tlie whole distance Is within the carhuiiiiin.- formation, but the scams of coal are thin, for the maruin of the fiiinan ; lies but a little further north. From Ooctor l>ewolfe and J)octor .Mi.iur.- kin, of the town of IJi'Ti.iui, thirty miles from I'ittsburgh, 1 leiiriud t!ia;. although intermittent fever is almost, if not absidutely, uidiimwii in ;;,; town ( notwithstanding there is a stream and niill-poiul eloi?e to it mii i!jo south-east ), still there are parts of the country in whicli tliat disease ocear- in a nuieli more decided n)unner. llemittent fever is not unuuiuiuuii, ;ibi often shows a leaning toward a continued type, III. FiiAXKLiN. — The site of this town, once the place of a French mili- tary jiost, is a beautiful diluvial terrace, a! the junction of French Criri with the Alleghany liiver, on the south or rig. -hand side of tlio furniLr.au more in connection with it than with the latter. The jdain is oxtcuMve emmgh for a largo town, and neither subject to inundation nor iiifestcdivitii swamps. Tt.s elevation above the sea cannot vary much from eleven hiimy feet, nor tliat of the surrounding hills from four hundred laore. iiKikiiij their general level fifteen liundred feet. French Creek flows down aiiuilii- vial and diluvial valley, which, at an ancient geological period, coiivcveil i large river, i^everal vears since it was locked and dammed, the effect rf which on the autumnal health of the iiihabitaiits was bad. From I'oeur Gillet 1 le;irned that ii\termittent fever, generally of a tertian tyjic prevail in this valley every year ; commonly mild, but soniotimes acconipaniud wi;: protracted coldness and ri'luctant reaction. Jt does nut cxtciul tu tlioi* leans of the hills. Ectnittent fever is less common, and often terniiiwtj;^ the other variety, iiisteail of a ty[ihous condition. Tn the last week i't''fii:J I was shown .\ises of iniennittent fever by Doctor tiillct. IV. Wauren. — Up the Alleghany for seven miles, to the mouth of Ui Crook, the river is closely cftmpressed by the liills. Oil Creek flows tlirMKt a broad valley. At its month the ro"d ascends Jiiiili and barren liiii;! * .1 conglomerate, the rock which underlies the coal basin, — from wliielnvo .i'( now escaped, after having repeatedly entered and traversed it, fi'uni t;* i"iis, and compose i; V ■•' r.iT I.J INTKKIOH VAI,LKY OF NORTFI A.MF.RICA. 1171 'f,,,ii,i...j.'o nivcr, in the tliirty-fmirtli (Icl'vco of iKn-tli latitude Frum the .niiiiiiit* "'' *''•'* fint-crii|p, tin- cli'viitioii of wliicli cMiiiiot. hv li'>s tliaii scvcii- ttdi l:ii'"l'''''' '''''*' ^^'^ grailiially •Irsfcinl. oyer |ilati'nii< niul ritlpos, into tin- „]I,>v of tho Alli'gliaiiy, W'liii'li, I'l'iiiii tliis |ioiiit, fur ;i proat (listiiiicc down I n^ I \v;i«! told), is very iinrrow, tlic river stniLrgliup; tliroiifrli a lahyriiitli of iiill,, iMivtTod witli ]tiiio, liondock, and cliotimt. Ascending tlio vnllcy fnn i tlii« iMiint, it ciiiitintics narrow for several iiiiles, wlien wo n|i|iroafli tin- iiiMiitii "f till' stream called IJrokeii Straw, where it bc-onics ns l)rond as that nf till' Oliii). Tho t'l(!vatloii of this alluvial plain is eleven hundred and $ixtv-si'ven feet iihovotho sea.* < >n jiassiii^' this spot, the hottoni contracts :i iittli' fer six miles, when M"e reai'li the town of Warren, on tho right or west li;ink iif tl:o river, in latitudi; forty-onautifMl scmi-limar bend of the riviM-. within which, on tho opposite side from t*:!' t iwii. tliore is a low, broad, wooded iHittom. subject to inuiidatinn. The siteiif tlie town is a diluvial terrace, elevated above high-water mark of the iiwr: hut Imvina; some portions of its bai'k part swaley, from springs which bur-t iiiit of tlio adjcining hill. Innuediaicly above the town, the outlet of Cli!iiitimi|ue liakc, called ('onewango Crook, joins the river from tho north. Till; water of hotli strc;ims is dark-c(dored. a si oi of its having flowed llirmiL'li or from tamarack sw.'imps. Near their jiuietion. there are patches "f liiittuin. Avliieh are overflowed by the freshets of the Alloghany. Warren, till' m(i.«t beautiful of all the mountain villages, is one of tho cinjiorhi of the piin'-lunibcr trado. As to intermittent fever, Doctor Sargent and Doctor Irrini' assured nic that it is nearly unknown : nor does it occur on the broad I'lttMiii at the mouth (f Urokeu Straw, llcuiitteiit fever prevails to a lim- itfil oxti'Dt only. In a ])opidatiou of twelve hundicd, there arc, in some au- tumns, four eases at one time. They are so mild and manageable, that i;eitW of the gentlemen had soon a fatal case for twelve years. Ncr is it rofb c'd hy typhus fever, whiidi is (|uito as rare as tho remittent. It is !'"t Mij to assign a reason for th(> very ditb'reiit prevalence o!' intermittent feviTfit Fr.iiiklin and this r.aco. V f'oxEw.vxdo CiiKKK ANM) ( 'ii ArT-U'iiii; Lakk. — [u ascending the • nnowango. which is but a mill-stream, its valley is seen td be as wide ^r widiT than that of tho Ohio, abounding in diluvial terraces of variou« tlf/Viitions, and composed largely of pebbles and bowlders, many of which are Miiitc, and have been transported thither from the iM.rth. For the li/st nine nr ton miles tho stream has a rapid f;dl. Tiion. sudd(>nly, the valley ™'"s to throe times its previous breadth : the rapid cro(d< becomes a deep iml sliirrrrisl, canal; broad, low. flat, and fertile bottoms spread :J'. ;>■} ■..■•■• '•■•4- ■■■'• ■■■'■ • 1 . 1 ,, * ' . 3 . 1 ' . , . :< ..■• ^■r ( . : Ilii ,,fii. 27b TIIH I'lIINCirAI- DISKASKS OK Till:] [loot loHiii^ tliiir (mlto\\n, in the state of New Vika the eastern end of ( 'hautiiui|iie l<;i';e. 'I'hu MJiole distance tVuia WiUMM this place is twenty miles, ami the dividing lino hetwcen I'eiinsylvaiiiaai,. New York crosses nearly e(|ui-(listaiit Iietweeii them, 1 have spoken of the Coiiowanuo n.-i liw outlet of ('linut.'nii|iii> Lake: Ic it has all imlependenl existence, and originates to the le.rth-east nt tlia: lake, al)ovo the latitude of forty-two degrees, whence it de.scellu.^ ;;:; it obsolete lake-lied, and unites W'tli the outlet nl' ('huutau(|UO Jjaku, Ihilii. toin-hiiuls of this huge creek and its trilmtarios, before it reaeliw that localify. are broad and depressed, covered with hemlock, and siilijnt ; inumlatioii. They bear, in fact, a eluse resemblance to the widr, lnv, aiiij wet interval lands of many of tlie smaller .streauis in the' cretaocdiis airi tertiary fonnatinns of Alabama and Mississij)pi, near which, as we haw , hi autimiiial fevers of the nmst malignant chaiaeter are generated. ChuutaiHjue Lake ks twenty uiiles loug, and from one to tlircoirl;' broad. Its iigure is serpentine; its western extremity reaches witliin liit'i', or twenty miles of iiake I'lrie; the ciunlrv around it slopes beautilully (1« to it.s margin; in some places terminating in a Idulf b;iiik, in otlierH mm: to the level of the lake before reaching it. and thus creating s\vaiii|is.iiii which rivulets discharge their waters, and on which those ol tin \mxv wi 3ometime.s blown. Un a small stream called (ioose Creek, which iiiiamb through one of these swam]is, I saw a uiill-dam with a poinl nf ilir M;/ est aspect. The altit\ule of this little lake is twelve huiulnd M ninety feet above the levtd of the .'•ea. and seven hundred and twoiitv-tivt above Lake Erie, although so near it. Tlie average higlit of the .^iuiTiiinJ- ing ridge- summits, is estimated liy Doctor llazeltine. who resides ii|i";ii'!>' of them to the south of tin.' lake, at two liundred aiul sixty more, er tiitet!: iiundrcd and fifty abuve the sea: which may be taken as the suniiiiit-lcvi!': the hnig belt of rolling table-land tlurt stretcdies from a ])oiiit coiKMilmi.; east of Chautauipie Iiake to an undelined termination far west; n'Stiiii.' ofi tlie Devonian sandstone and slate, as on a liroad terrace; and coii>titiiiH'. beyond comparison, the un.st interesting region to be found at the Siiine ik- vation east of the ^lississipjii ; with the sources of which river it mm" ponds in elevation. It is worthy of remark, that bowlders ofgraii"^"'' riiT 1.1 INTKRIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMMRICA. 'J70 -r-nt Mtc- '>'< wt'll as dcpiiMitM nf rulluil pcliliIcM, ;irc Iniiiul in tlio su|i('rtk'iul i,,;|,",s oml even on tlio liiirliest ri(lL"'H of this talilo. .hMf'^TOW'N, on tilt' Ift't-liriiid liiiiik of' the tnitlrt of' tli(> lnlf nf it, ill roL'ard tn jiutiiiiinul fever, ean he asiTiln'd "iily t" ditl'i reiu-e in ili'vatiiiii. Let lis iiKjuiro how irrcat this dit}"ereiiee is. h'lMin noctnr lla/.el- i':i,wiiii raiiio hither at the euninieneenient of settlement, I leiiriied that, frt'ii' first three years of his re-idenee, he did imt sei- !i ense of infermit- I. it i'l ver, The disease then made its a|i|iearanee, and |irevailed nnxlerately fur fliree years, and then he^inii to deejine. The type was niostlv dinilile i!ti:iii. Other diseases diiriii<; that period displayeil Munethin;; of a jieriod- iuil I'liiraf'ter. and several enhiriied spleens fell unih'r his notice. Thron!;'h t'" >U!iit' ]ierio(l, remittents oiictiir KIderkin, who has loiic!; resided on the inari/in of the infiiniii'd that, thromihont the whole period, he had scarcely heard of ;i >i!ii'k' inteniiitt.'iit. All that he had seen, amountint' only to three ir foiii-, b'l bt'on contracted elsewlioro. llcmittent fever oeoir.s, but with great rarity, IlKsevarions statements were strengthened by the observations of Doctor ll;iZi;ltiiio. junior, and of gentlemen out of the profession, as communicated t" 1110 (in the spot. The (^nicwango and its branches, before that stream ii::ir> the obsolete lake-bed which has liceii described, flow tlironn-h wide ^'I'lvial lands, abounding in hemlock swamps. In one of these valleys that "• t.ie bittle Concwango, stands the village of ]{am)Oi.i'Ii. til'teen or eighteen '•''^•> nortli-east of Jamestown; at which. I was assured, tliev never have • • }\ ll .i^ ♦ '■•V * . .1 ( I p^ libU Til]') rULNClPAL DlSEArfEri OF THE IBOOK ii"a either iutorniitteiit ur roiiiitteiit i'cvi.T. !Noarly t'urty miles fartlar to tlio east, ill latitude about 4'J'' liO', at I'illirottville. ou tlie ijaiiks ut (irout Vali,-, Creek, a tributary of the Alleu'hany. t''^' elevatiou being *>l)out t'uunetii lur'. dred I'eet, I v/us assured by l)oct./r William,-!, who had refilled tlicri; :;ii,o. tcou year.'i, tluit iutmiiittcHt ;uid rrmit. 'ut levers aiu uukiK.wn: ainj ji,,. tor Stanton, after a shorter residence, eonlirmed the statement, o,xco|,t tljat lie had seen Avliat turned out to be eoiitinued fi.'vers, eommuiice widioWu^ remissions. Wu find, tliuii, that in tliu latitude of 42'^ X., the tojiograpliiual tuiiij. tioiis whieli originato autumnal lever, are nearly overeome by a lueaii aiti- tudo of fourteen hundred fuet; but we have previously secu that. i;i li,, basin of the Ivenawha, r.mong the iiionntains of \'iryinia, at an ek'vatiih,: eighteen hundred i'eet, Professor Juigers .saw many fa>es of iutenimun; fever. This is to lie aseribed to the dill'erence of latitude, that LiaiiiT Tueini;- aljout four degrees farther snutii than the table-land in t'ac \i'i:.i;; of ('liautau([ue J^ake. \'Jl. I'uivXcii Cui:kk. — The extreme snurees of French Crei:k an ;;; ; l)V-Chautau((iie ijake, mi the rolling table-land just de.scribed, and alsow;;!, a few miles of Jiake Erie, its coui-se is iirst to the south-west, audti.. • the south-east, and the town of 3leadvillo is ineluded in the bend tliu.s fuiitai Its eastern ti'ibntaries inteidoek with those of the Ijrcikeii Htraw and nl iji. Creek, before mentioned as al'lluents ;J"2, lS;j;], and isijd, liuwever. » series of locks and dams already mentioned under the head of ' Fraiikliii.' i^i' constructed, converting the river into poids as far u[) as ^leadvilk. U' (apparent) oft'ect of this proceeding was the gimeration of intcniiittuiitj!i!i': remittents, and their annual prevalence to such an extent, .ihnig t!io w'jk line of pools that in \^i'.>, the inhabitants destroyed all the dams. Uutt autumnal sickness continued to recur, and in 1N44 spread on the wv3;'-- ing hills, many cases presenting a congestive or malignant cliaraei'.r. i 1845 and 1^4(1 a similar state of things returned; but hi l!^47, tliuviar'^ my vi.siting this locality, the fever was replaced by dysentery; many casi.- ' * Report on Erie ami Siuiljur\ Railroad. By E. Miller, Civil Eiigiiieir. .MRT. I. IXTEI iriii.ii. lirtvevt'i'. Mcniai jViTJia' lii^'lit '1' ili'''^ it. lutirmk' 41" oil' X (jveli. almvo 3Iuad\ilI till' ilivatiou and lati tn'ourj. VIII. .'\Ii;.\DViLi.i:. AiiVi'liaiiy Jlivcr. it ^ Creek, but lia.s also ext iraversL'3 tlio lower ten' 111* hrtii {lammed, and ' tijriiii.'li the tuwn, and teniiiiiate in Comicaut .iaiiiiiicr and autimin m I ca::al, >'! that its bed, in ' vi;i! I he nearly dry. hi iiiii. The elovatiiin (jf :m-iivi' foot; that of id . esi:avatii)n id' the c ''tijt t'riiffi the dam alj iCi::ahvii,^ not used. T !a:.f'.'. ami has continued ^'i" liavoseen, in Sec. {''■"■i ii])per part of tin b'M:;, aiid,>;ix hundred fi HE iiinvaso, hut a diniinii |i:.(0 u( effect he ascribe Ki.'iy of the two valley |fj'»y trough, with dee| j(r:'3:iif matter; init J-'re IP-- "f which were do '•^^■"^;: on a s,jii abound * Kogers's Tiiird A 'f-**f1 w MRT. INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 2S1 v,ii Imwcvor, (IoiiiuiiiIl'iI the saino treatment as int'onuittoiit fevor. The vir.ri' 'lii-'I't 'I' iliifi valley i.s about eleven liundieu I'eet ahove tlie sea — :,. ];itiiiulc 41*^ tVO' N. Aeeordiiig to l^oetov I'llli.s, in the valley of J'rench iVtk above 3Ioailville, where Inehs ami dams were imt erectetl, ami both lii,. t4evation and latitude are something hi|j,her, autumnal fever searei.'ly iicmii'.-. Vlll. 31i;Ai>viLi.i;. — This is tlie most noted town within the basin of Vile 'Iiaiiv Kivcr. It staiuls chiefly on a low. Hat, lelt-hiiml bottom of French ('rtk. but has also extended u)ion a higher diluvial plain. A small stream '.wrii'S the lower terrace. Two ur three miles above the town ]''reneh Creek ,, Ic.'ii (lammed, and a canal, su|ii)lied from the jiond thus created, passes ;,i n.'li the town, and is afterward, by a preat ildonr to the west, nnido to t,'r:::iii;i'.c in Coinieaut ]jake, of which an account will be aiven ju'esciitly. In .,;,::;M'aml autinim nearly all the water of I'rench Cree^: passes along this c;i;i:iL^i that its bed, innnediately to the south-west or Mimlwai'd of the town, V uM hi! nearly dry, but that a tributary enters from the west, below the ;,::ii. The elevation of the lower part of the town site is (doven hundred and r'.-iiU' fuct ; that of the surrounding hills ( composed of l)evoni;;n slate ::,1 sHiiilstniie, capped with conglomerate) is, on a;i average, four hundred ..itil'tv-livo feet higher, maki;ig their altitude above the sea sixteen hiuidrcd ;..!. Its latitude is alxuit A^^ 40' N. As to autumnal fever. 1 was ,"ipi iiy Ductcr Kllis ami Hoctor Yates, avIio h:ul residual in the town uarh" twcuty years, that intermittent fever was alnmst lud^nown until alter l> ixravatiuu of the canal which passes through it. The water was let '•t'it friiiu the dam above the town, and suffered to stagnate in it, for the (i.;;ihva.s not used. Then it was that the lever began to make its appear- i:.('.. ami has contiiuied to return annually ever sinee. W^' have seen, in Sec. A'TIF, of (.'li. JX, that the erection of hicks ami dams '.;:;; ii])per jiart of the Kentucky liiver, although three degrees farther • ;;:, ami six hundred feet nearer the level of the sea. was not followed by [at iiirrcaso. hut a diminution of autiunnal fever. To what shall the differ- jUiio if effect he ascribed? .1 know of uothing but the comjiaralive topo- Jrah'iy of the two valleys. Tlic upper Kentucky liiver Hows through a lr;"K} ti'oiish, with dc'cp sliore-wati'rs, and margins generally free tVom |ira!iio matter; t)ut French Creek runs in a broad alluvial valley, many ['•;■ "! wiiich were diuditless overspread Mitli sheets of shallow water f'-^-:.'.' I'll a soil abounding in, decomposable material. f-M .■ • • 1 '■' :x' .li t .% ■ ► - ■\i'.'. ■'■>' (■.■» ■. •'!':•■-•..' ■ ■ ■ , > ' ^: ''•■,>■• '^i^:i.?'-' "\ -:■':' -'4^:^^ * Picjrcrs's Third Aiiinial IJiinjit on the tJeulogy of IV'iuisylvaiiiu, .•• t: '^■■': %. 'i.;\,w!-.''-'?>'i' It*''-; / : ■Y 51;' H. ■;•! •i< :l ■ M |:;f:r:j- THE PRlXCirAL DISEASES OF THE SECTION IT. ■_icioii, BASIN OF BEAVER RIVER — CONNEAUT J,AKE — JiEAVER AM) ert CAXAf,. I. (I I'.M'.it.vi, l")j;sruii'Ti(iN' — M'lic n'Li-ioii dcsifriuitod l)y those titliJ west of tlu' Alk'irlKiiiy ]>a,siii, in I'ciiiisvlviiiiia. uiid cast nf tlio ,Mu.«ki!wi5 1 I5asiii. in Oliin. It brinu's us upnii a luwoi' and Icvi'lor surface; wliiili i. ,\ fact, a. OdutiuiiatidM (in tliu unrtli side of tlu' Ohio, df t!n' roirinn k'twctjl Brownsville and A\'lH'clinLf. 'I'Im' castcni |Mirtions of tliis Imsiii jiavo aliii'.l elevation on the Ohio liiviT in the south, of twelve hiuidrcd feet, risin^r,,;.! dually, as we u'o liaek, to liftccn hundred, Imt decliniiiL;' to elevoii lnii:iiri.il.si.i| even one thousand, as we pass to the west from IJutler and ('niwfdrdeuiiutii Peuusylvania, into Truud)ull eouutv. Ohio. 'I'he water-levels cif tlii; (aiyi and principal branches of the Beaver, rise fmni seven hnndrod to ilvmi,;;-. dred feet." \\'e shall see that tlu'se details make a necessary clcmHit"tti:i| nu'dical topntrraphy of this reL;ion. East of Ui'aver 1 liver, the ninrotkiHl .su-"ace is i'Ui;'cred ; M'est of that river it Ix'cumes much leveler, amlic -.it!! us with the eastern extremity or ceiumencement of a Hat wator-slicil. rii:il extends westwardly ( i^'radually becominir lnwer ) until it reailios t!ie.<;'jiw| of the streams which flow into the Mississippi. The Beaver, and its tji'eat elementary Iiranches ShenauiiVi and 3I;i': 'iij flow throu^ii wide valleys wliicli abound in alluvial ai'.d diluvial tiTOwj IMany of them originate in extensive swamps, which impart a dark I'l! tlu'ir water, and lar^iv tracts of lidttdni-land, ainmally ovevflo.ved. arellj with sLiULidis and shallow ponds. Autunuial fever prevails tliniuglnait. II. Ca.v.vi.s AM) CoNXK.MT L.VKH. — A oaiial ascends the Beaver ValltJ from its junction with that ef the Ohio, thirty miles below ritt.sburi'h. tiki town of New Castle, about thirty nulcs u]i. wlici'e the MaiioiiiiiL', tk' >:;r nango, and the snudler >«'esliann( Iv unite. 'I'iic eonuuon trunk tliore&J eates; and while the western In'ancli jiasses up tlic 3I:ihoiiinir for ricv:;.!:!] tlie other continues up the Shonanfrn, directly north, to the tnwnof \'.6:. its way if passes hard l)y the western end of Conneaut Lake, wliii-lii«"!.;a siunmif-level. and supplies both extremities of the canal M'itli water. ":"J dannniuu'-iip the outlet of this lake, and the introduction (jf water bvalwia from ab(]ve Meadville, 1 have spoken in the last Section. This primili:? as Doct ir Kllis informed me. raised the surface of the lake eleven tkt i£^ caused the overflow of its l)ai!ks with shallow water to t'le extent of >0V': thousand acres; muidi of which, in snnnner and autumn, wdien the ?KjM sup])lyiiiL;- the lake were low. was laid bare by the drawinc off to s!i|t!y; canal. At the same time, the water in the l)road alluvial outlet it't'. .i| became > i' addition to this, near the south-west purticn of tlie laki', there ffiis :i swa up throuiidi whi(di the Shenango ]iasse.«, and a dam was thr"ffn a'T'!! both the stream and the lower or .^outli end of the swamp, the tree- iiii'''^l '' PciHisN Iv.uiii an.l (''lio (Icological Rcjiorts. bar !•. INTER I( Jn iTcro lilt d"Wn. U.;iIol. [ Tlie effei-ts of this bn Liira:er, were of the n ir,b''it;iiii> iiviiifT near ;v.. ill', in all direetiiiii lull lit a distance. In fc village of Kvaushur (ivLike. and found it lit Jetiiiii it> streets. In e liM-t "f ileserted plant n Liiiliiiits liad eiijuyed ti'i Iv.ijliii'e mi tile Slieiianir I Im iieeii told, and adi ftliiVl'.rality. AVhilc t viLiire on the canal nea .•iiuiLir aecoiint ; and li; rio> »f siiininer anil ai ■"iiijiaiiieil hy shiuiidiiiu :i:::.'i,f tliu vital jinwer ii'U.-. tiie shalh'W iiiuiid li'tiic i-aiial, wliieli liml lL;!t. it is projier to a 111 aliiivc the sea of I III. .MLitci;n.— Thirty k'l> tlie town of 31cr |jM«. and whence it fhi pl.'a-tlf. j'nmi the v; ptaif erunihli: J- ^•'\''ih m ".ve have returned ] Y'i '.'f autumnal fever, 1 .'iv^ideiit there, has be '•■•lid has seen dyseii liiiittiy pei'iudie-al cliarac [IV. riusivi. -This vi |ii':i iias alluvial bottoms, im acv(i!js the river, ere ^>-."l fflii. eaniu to the vill '■""■■^l III", in 1847, that "I'll'''''- wnrk.s, which I 1 ■t'.'if. hi-gan to appear, ¥''11%. who resides a i r ''"'tlie niill-pmid. infoi f' "H .voar.s hcfm'e a case ' '"fnni I)} the ,sj,ri»f/ a I' -Niu-Ci^Tu.— iVoi A rii Ifjrt ■■. LNTKIIIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 2X:] diiwn. Ill tills way a slialhnv ,siiii[ili'ineiitary roservnir was riioolfects 'if tills brcakin;:f-n|i of tlio natural iTlatimis liotwcoii the land riiv;i:ii'. wt'i'i' I't '''G iii"St disastrous kind, and by im means llinitfd to tli(! 'j;a !t;iii!- iiviiiir "ear tliu inarii'lns of tlu; water, Imt wore I'olt tor several : if. ill all tlireetioiis. Tliey were, liowever, inucli worse on its shores rail lit ii ili>t;iii''<'' In visitiiiji- this loealily witli Doctor Mllis, we eaiiie to f .iiiiii'i' tj' I'lvaiishui'ir. near the dam at the iiead of tlie natural outlet of ilit iiki. aipl foiiiKl it literally de|io[)iil;ited. JJut two or three persons were (•!i ill it> streets. In coiitiiiuiiie- our drive lje.\ond, we passed throuirli the H-l nf ikwrted iilaiitalioiis; where, previously, as in the villa.ii'e, the iu- i'iiaiits iuul eiijiyud g(jod autumnal lieidth. \\ hen we reiiehed llart>lowii viiii.'riiu the Sliciuuij.'o, at the other dam, Doctor White eonlirmed all tliat iiail lirt'ii teklaiid added many details eoiieerninif the siidiness of that part tiiis Imalitv. While there 1 met with Doctor IJardwell, of llarm;ui,-.lairir, rilLiLToii the euiitd near the north-west extremity of the l;i];e, who ^ave me ■iiuiliir aucuiiiit ; and has since, liy letter, added, that the i'(;vers and dysen- •ii'> iif .-miiiiicr and autumn had been reiidi'red most marmuaiit: beiiif; iiiii[i;iiiii'il !y sloiidiiiig or till' town of Mercer, on hill land, where tlie \e,-haiiuck has It.s [iBWv and whence it Hows to the south-west, and joins tlu' Sheiian.u'o, at l."> Getlc. Fi'din the valley of this stream, which makes its wav throii^h ■i;:i ■ t' liiinihli: j; 'hale and soft sand.->tone, wituiii the coal basin (into Vie have returned ), there arise exhalations, which u-eiierate many t'.iuf aiituiiiiiid fever, both in and around tlii^ town. Doctor ^la^oilin, p.' ii fiik'iit there, has lu'cn accustomed to meet with malii^naiit ir.termit- . ami has seen dysentery, palpitatio cordis, and eephalalj:'ia assume a i'-'iy ]ii'vi(idical character. In. i'n.ASM. — This villao-e is seated on the left bank- of the Sheiiango, fi'.'ii lia> .illuvial Imttoms. The canal passes through it, ami there is, also. Dam acrci^s the river, creating a pond of remarkably black water. Doctor "liii came to the village in its infancy, thirtccii years belbre my visit, ''■':ht<:<\ nil', ill 1847, that for several years intermitlents were unknown. j'l'iililii- \vi irks, which. I have meiit mied, were then constructed, and iiiter- |t!'.:t> hegjiii to appear, and have spread over the adjoining hills. ^Jr. P'lii.tv. wild resides a mile above the village, on the west or windward r 'i thf iiiill-poiid, informed me, that his family oecujiled that spot for •:i U-Mis liefiire a case of intermittent fever a[ipeared among them, and ''•'■:' '"'/III Id iI,c xpruiij af the iivar. r- ^'i\v C.\sTi,i;.— Truiu i>ula.-ki to New Castle, ten miles, the broad K y :■■ '■■.'4 y . • ?\V T HiA ■ .. . ■ ■ h4 ■■■■I'.- ■■ - ■ • ■. ■:U- , \if' ' 'rrnduetive nf much injury tu tlii; li..;|i,, the inhabitants. SECTION III. BASIN OF THE ^n^SKIXGUM RIVER. T. Tkansitiox riio.^r ])i:.vvi:r to IMuskinocm Rivku, — AltlM!.'; sources of these rivers interlock, on the summit-level bctwciii I'l. ]?iver ami Lake Krie, their nmuths are one hundred and (ift\ luiK. , Thrnui.di tliat distance the course of the Ohio is south soutli--\vc.-t. ];• tonis ai'c of tlu; ordinary breadth and elevation for the upper pari • river, and do not merit further notice. On one of them stands t'n" STEniK.NViiJ.i:, of Avlilcli I am nut able to say anything. The ;iilj;ir :• of upland avt of ea(di county, except Jefferson, gives ovigiiitn': which, taking a western direction, with a sluggisli current, liecumc tri' to t1ic 3Iu' lnwer part of the Bci'-villr. pas.^es nearly s( i'b'm iv>t against the lirHwc.'ii them hut a nan ;,!J t-i the width of half; liii; tiie ii|i|ier portions ni> are luwcr than t irlii' .■■pring rains, or t 1; t'lr'itiifh .^'iniiner and l-j irarts have been dit liMiitoiit and remittent I'lii'' whole of this port] ^frivi?iiit?iit.«. on the effeei Wh'i'e the banks puraiit.'i has heeu iinpro P'.tIv. were exposed to t f\ Si'iitoinbcr. are now k 1 the hack parts of t!ie river, by the d; '■";i:i' rains ef spring; ai r'f :itler. the peo[)lc are ivo diiiio niorc; good it liccu (ihscrveil. tha l''.rt,ill.<, are nmre uiihea paiT to what was tlio },' 1 !'»;\v iiiilos from the r Vs"iiHiru on the bottom *iii. t'rnm Marietta for s ^^i'-muA sandstone, of t ■ 'f their ilvtriln.?. ]5e '':>-' suuth, which str litT INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 1285 J ,.iso. lie think!', wore ciintractcd clfcwlioro. lleiiiittLMits, 1io\vov«m', iiro . 1 nil'!'. '111^1 'iftoii assuiiic a ty|ilioii,s cliaractLT. In liis jiapor lie ro- Tiiko the cDiiiitry fm- twenty lullcs west nF tlie (>]<\n. ami cNtciid- •ri.iii the ruiiii.sylvaiiia li;io tn .Maiiutta. and, 1 a|iprL'lu'iid, y.n di^tiict ■nv ell it iind the Mississi|)]ii, lias so v:\VAt an e.\eni|ition iVuni these levers; c.,iiiitrv could Ijo nnicli hotter caleulated to votioe to |ieri'eet health lidcai'iis jiartially hrokcn down by renattiii, are lower than the front, and in many places, covered with water ;:i' spring rahis, or the river freshets, by which marshes and ponds are l; tir'udi s'.nnnier and autnnui. In the progress of settlement many of •tracts have been ditched and drained, whereby a great ilinanutiouof leniitttMit and remittent fever has been effected. Tip' vdiule of this portion of the river has been subjected to slack-water r'V'?iiii'nt.s. on tlio effects of which I have made the following obscirva- j. Wlii.TO the banks are high and bidd, the autnnnial health of their :!)itaiits has been improved. The heads of islands and sand-bars, which, ''i'.riy. were e.\])osod to the actinn of the sun. as the river fell in August lii .'"'qitOMihcr. are now kept covered with water. \\'here the banks are ami the hack parts of the bottoms swaley, the keeping u\) of the sur- est the river, by the dams, prevents the siu'face-water from flowing off rt!;i' rains ef spring; and remaining to be slowly evaporated dming the >''f;itU'r. the pei)[)le are made more sickly, (bi the whole. hov,"ever, the lin>!:;tve done more good than harm to the health of the inhabitants. Jt lit hccu iibsorved. that those who live near the dams, over which the it'.rlall>. are more unhealthy than those who live between them, which is iKtraiy to ^yliat was the popnlar o|miion. The iidnibitants of the hills, i.va lew miks from the river, arc never aif(>cted with interm' ' nts, uidess •}H"urno!i the liottoms. \s to the ge(dogy of the lower part of the ^■vii. triiui Marietta for some distance up. the hills are composed of soft "bo.nis sandstone, of the coal formation, and the ))ottoms in a great de- 1 their ildnt'is. Beyond this, we come to an out-crop of limestone ' '-' South, which stretches off oast and west, in its line of bearing, .1 ^ ^ f''^: - , ,. ■ •" ■.■:>S•^'■>i •)■■' ;.-.".i'' u- ..-■'* •- ;i / - ■h:i ■' ' - ,^ ' : - "i • ^k' I ■ -.1'- ""■ , ' . . <• M 1V-:-/.. m^ : • ...>■ '-.'i- 'i i^: ■ 'l^.'- 'JSCi THE PRINCirAL DISEASES OF THE ,IOrit : fil'l-. INTERH i . ■■»■■■* 1 ■ . widi ;i widtli of twenty "i- tliirty miles. Tliis rock gives a very (liff,.K,r. c'liaiMctcr to tli(! liills, wliivli, iiistoud of beii\!^ clothed with oak tin' tlmse of the sandstoiu! forination, jirodiKjo sujrar-troc, lioocli, ]ii,|,!;if ^,j other trees and .shrulis, similar to tliosi; which nn) found on ihe bnttinis," The lower or southern part of the ]Mu.skin;2uin ]>asin is unooinmnnlv naj. row. as it is encroacheil njion hy the Ohio to the oast, and lIoekiii[; Hivefj,- tht! A\est. 111. ri'i'Kii 3Iiskin(;lm ]5asi.\. — Ininiediately ahove Zinicsvillo, ii;, basin spreads out to the cast and west, until it bcconic; hnuuliTtliim jb; other in ihe state of ( >hin; and is Avatcred by many beautiful stream?, wiVj flow through wide alluvial and diluvial bottoms, a])ounding in or2iinio iiijr. tor. The largest uf these streams ixro the liieking, which enters tli" 3Ii;.. kingiim on its west side opposite Zanesville, anil the Walhonding and T'>:i. rawas, whieh, by tlieir miion at Co.shocton, form the iMuskingum. Tin.' it, latter originate on the table-land whieh divides the waters of the OliiofMni those of Jjake lOrie, about north latitude forty-one degrees. This ir,!ile-!d| may be regarded as a continuation, at a lower level, of the tahlo-l;;ml ar ci Chautau(|uc Jjake, at the sources of the Allegliany lliver, in New Vi I This portion of the Muskingum IJasin lies north of the coal foriuatiiirM! Devonian slate and sandstnue, and has a general elevation of one ih^M] feet above the level of the sea. It contains many ponds or snitdl lakcj,si!ii numerous cranberry swamps, some of whicli arc of great extent. The diluvial deposits, consisting of matter.? l)rought by ancient cumrsl frmn tlie north, are in this region very broad, and not confined t" tlio v;fe (which near the sou'-ces of the streams arc .shallow), but hury iipniBilpf the Devonian or sub-carboniferous strata of the uplands. In cntirini' t':::> region, wo arrive, distinctly, at tlie prairies, whicli, as wo sliall liereafitr-e. stretch wostwardly to the ]Mississi[)pi lliver, becoming greater in cstai. proportionally to the woodland, as we advance. The whole of t!ie ujwr Muskingum I3asiu is not level. The greatest flatness of surface is finin'i a the norlhern range of counties — Stark, AVayne. nnd lliehlaiitl. Sjiitlii these, as wc approach the conglomerate which underlies the coal, tlie tuEij becomes broken, and swales and marshes are fewer in nund)er; tie AKa^. however, contiiuio to flow through wide bottoms, which in many placi! ir;| liable to inundation. As a general fact, it may be sti-tod. that iiitcrmUK' and remittents prevail over every part of the upper basin. After these general view.s, wo must bestow some attention on a w I localities. lA'. Ohio and Erik Caxai.. — This canal, which passes from Ckvoh'i I on Lake Erie, to rortsnio\itli, on the Ohio Kiver, enters the upper Mu-h- gum I3asin, at the sources of tlie Tuscarawas, in the north, ainl pa^tv'" to the south, after traversing the valley of Licking. As it was excavatei between L^:I5 and 1830, it is not practicable, at this late jicriod, t'» nscemiii | the modifications of autumnal health which attended or followed tliatiipcn- tion : and, as it has been carried along streams, through alluvial grmii'l' •' present influence is so mixed up v.'ith theirs, as to defy analysis. .\.'-t'ji»f ::,;,Iiii.if the boatmen, I j,ci trt autumnal fever t llikir-tatenients sceinci jTi- iiiav i-onjecturc, th;it iHtTtja [ifiteetive intlm lido til'' >einto Valley, t i'lijjv ivater to tlie cana J'/i Rfttcri'dir. — The m:i. Its (levatioii ahi jrt,i several thousand a H::vri:>t a wooded cranb '•'i earth, taken fn i low ground, kept Y>m\ nf tiie inclosure lat left nntlisturljcd on tl pMvas siiliniergod, the m a sykly aspect; an< biriiiiii in lS-10, tliey ) Iclnianyof tlieiii had b ictdiar and melancholy a piemen of the neighlx '■|i'' ill the vicinity of th jL'!'." its Cciistnictidii, tli; litSy supplied liy the 80 flamed into it, Ijel'on ''Vitfliiwcd itsbotton IV; I '(.vt line healthier in a Tile euntrast of t'ds stf piiig tiic Coniieaut llesi :1k' accuracy of botli; liiiittiiig their truth, wc W'> ' t medical hydrology) i)'!«ed. |V. CiXTON- — The upi "'^:ii''!i(rraiivilIo, Xewarl m^-n, and ('auton, are |t-«'opt ill reference to < j^'-''' topography and aul I'ii^riole; lor they are { l^'antHii staiid.s in latitude Ifft-'t above the level ol ;'™it'diately above the •iiJin Creek, an eastern ti.'l i a'we the reach of inun [-^■>treams are alluvial, r ^'"-'se low terraces w ,1 .; IriiTiv INTERKMl VAIJ.KY OF IS'OHTII AMERICA. 12.^7 althof tlic l»(iatincn, I was assured liy a luinilier. tlmt tlicy arc less fuIi- ijrft t'Tiiituiiiiial ibvortlian tlic |)('ii|il(! avIio iTsido on tlic l)aiiks dl" the canal. Ij!j^;[.,(a(ements scenicil tn lie made in li'nod t'aitli; and if wi; admit tlic fact. U iiiav conjecture, that tlic watery snrl'aco dvcr wliidi tlicv constantly live Ls.ff. ■! iirntei'tive iiifluoiice. A\'liere tlie canal leaves the Li.-kintr. to jiass lictjih.' Sciiitii A'alley, there is an extensive urtilicial reservnir. desiu'ned to Ifiii.nlv water to the canal, (if which it will lie |)rn|»or to say sonicthinf. Jk Rfstrviiir. — The latitude of this receptaele is very near forty dc- Uk. Its elevation above the sea ei^lit hundred and ci^irhty-ninc feet. Its iri',1 jijvural thousand acres. A part of this reservoir was a natural lake, Iv n-t a wooileil cranherry swamp. The surrounding cndjanknient is coni- nil iif earth, taken from the surface without, so that there is an exterior fct I f low grouiul, kept wet hy jicrcolation from the reservoir. Fnnn a |Kini:i!inf the iuclosnrc the forest was removed before the water was let in, (lai left niulisturhcd on the other. Through the first sununer after the sur- fifc was Mihiiierged, the trees uiaintained their verdure: in the .second, tbey LJ a sickly aspect ; and before the ensuing spring, were dead. AVhen I laivtii'Hi in 11^40, they were drop|)ing their decayed lindjs into the water, liiianyof tlicni had been blown uji by the roots. The landsca]ie Avorc a ■Jiar ami melancholy as]>cct of desidation. ])y Ib^ctor Kwing, and other liiiiiiifii of tlio neighboring village of Ileln-on, I was assured, that the ill tliu vicinity of the reservoir have sulFered less from autunnial fever, tj oniistrnction, than while the spot was a swam]). The reservoir is li'Sv jiijiiilied hy the South Fork of Jjicking llivcr, most of whose waters : tanii'd into it. Before this diversion, that stream, in the spring of the pr'vtrflowcd its bottoms, !)nt nut since; and the pc(tple who live near it pvilucniuo healthier in autumn than formerly. liicciiiitrast of ti'is statement, with that in the preceding section, con- |Er:.iii2 tiiu (Jeiiiioant licservoir, is so striking, as almost to raise a doubt as tliv accuracy (if both ; yet both were made by respectable physicians. |il:iii!tiiijr their truth, we arc adnmnished to regard some of the prob- 'i' medical hydrology, as more dillicidt of solution than is generally 'li'iSCil. |\. CvxTON. — The upper iMu.skingum Basin has many flourisliing towns, I iviii 'h (irauvillo, Newark, 31ount \'ernon, ]MansHeld, Wooster, Cosliocton, |i--;.: n, and Canton, are the principid; but uiy notes arc too imperfect for ■ «'i.pt in reference to the last, which is luit the nnist important : but its i-'iitiipngraphy and autunnial diseases maybe taken as representatives St whole; for they are all built on alluvial or dihivial terraces. {''antnn stands in latitude 40"^ 3S' N., at an elevation of about nine liun- 1 !'-'.'t above the level (jf the sea. The site of the town is the point of 1 ininiediately above the junction of the East and West Forks of Nimi- il"! Crock, an eastern ti.'br.tary of the Tuscarawas. The plain is diluvial, 1 5'"ve die reach of inundations by the streams ; but the immediate banks p'.<-' >trcams are alluvial, wet, and swamjiy, wdiile their currents arc slug- Thcsc low terraces were heavily wooded, when Doctor Stidler arrived T vl i .»■■: ■ - r-j- ^nl #-|jr'f}r :;---r. tr''''-^ i :■ ■ ■ xi '■ •'■' 'U ill ••f II: r.M I 1 2s,S TIIK riMXCII'Ar. niSRASRS OF THE [8001 I, in ill'' _v<';ir IS-J^; but tin; troi'S Iiiivi- siiico licoii nmstly felled, and tlio>r„jj litis In'rilllic dniT. .Mlll'll (if tllL' (Iriit i>ll wllicll llic tnWU is llllilt, till, l(,„j lirtiU'jlit froiii rcuiuiis of pi'imitivo rmk in tlic imrtli, mikI rests uri lli'V.rian iir .siil>-r';irl)niiii'i.rMti-< sMiidstiiin'. Tlic cnuntry iii'innul is inclined tn ],.V(ii;,„ :iii(l aliMiindri in iintuviil |hjii(Is, nii!l-]Miii(ls, imd swaniiis. In tlio oaiiv |i.riM,l of Pdctor Stidlci-'s [inirliue in this plaeo, Initli tlio vilhiire ;inil tlic siino'iinl. in^" country wore lireatly infested witli iMterniittents and rciiiittonts. wliifi) ^vero sometimes iiiali^-naiit ; Imt, imder the infiuenee of clcarinir anil cnliiva. tiuii, they are le^^s prevalent. Still, in conversation Avitli Doctor \Vl;i!ii;;,i3 tile li')th of S(|itemlior, I found that he then had thirteen ]iatioiit3\vitliiiutr- niitteiit lever, all rcsidincr, however, in the country, on tlio hordors of strfaiiis or marshes, lie dcsci-ihed cases of as mali_L'iiaiit and fatal a type, as anvivbi are ;:"enerated uu the Laiiks of the Oahawlia. or IV'arl Kiver, eight ilrwi tarthor south, and six liundrcd feet nearer the level of the sen. llmti r K-'-r had observed tliat remittents were more freijuent in the town tliaii iiitcnii.!- tents, and prone to become continued. VI. Z.\M''.s villi;. — This city, the ])opnlation of which, witli i;< r ■ /;o;//','/.s', West Zanesvillu and Putnam, is aliout nine thousand, staiiib ii, .\ Lat. 30" 51)', on a high diluvial terrace, which makes the oast crldtlaBJ of the Ahiskingum Kiver, adjacent to its falls, and opposite the iimuili i| ::- largo tributary the ]ii(dt::ie con.'^ists of a single street, above iinindation. with hills in its rc.u'. '\'\kI"Vi of Putnam stands on a wider bottom, which is also exemjit fnmi suIhikne. and is liounded by bills. IJetweeii them, near the inouth of LieldiiL'. j'lii* .small portions of bottom are liable to occasional inundations. At tlif taS' there are a dam and look, from which a niiil-rai'e or canal has been diiiMii'v the most depressed jiart of the Zane.-ville plain, and gives some ffi't -iifc in the south-western suburbs of the city. The inlialiitants are ,«ii]i|i!i:i"":': excellent well-water, and also with river-water, by a hydrant system. Tl.' r | chief fuel is coal. The country arfmnd is broken, dry, and, except :il"'::';s river, delicieiit in fertility, l-'rom Doctors .Aloorehead and (,'.('. lliM:''" whoso communications have eorreoted and enlarged my personal obscrvat; L^ j I loam that autumnal fever scarcely occurs in tliis locality. T!iri",;i;i period of fifteen years, the latter never saw it assume an ejddeniic diini!;' and most of the sporadic oases had evidently been contracted ohcwuw Near the river margin of the plain, however, in the south-western ■'!:hir*' whore, as wo have seen, there is some wot ground, Doctor llildretli l:;i- '■ served the people to be more atfeetod with that fever than clsewliere. VIT. LxCKixd Eivi-u demands a notice. Near its mouth there i-iMS and a second, si.Ktoon foot high, a few miles up the stream. Tlie Ijitt'rti! created a poid several miles in length, fr(jm which, when the river i:< in "'"* I considerable tracts of alluvial terrace are overflowed. In one ol tli'-e •■■ Oliio Geological Reports, fjRTI.J INTER! ton)!', moreover, there i [ ;iiii iiidehtcd for tlics autJimnal fever. The .Vitsk'niriurd Pck ffn(l< lip ti the town o liio "Innervations of l)i effect in producing aut irhero there are oxton< staznant .surface-water, remittent fevers. The iorae importance in rel reeall tho.se observed at I'le atmn.spheric nioistu tkii up Lieking Creek, t!f" latter localities are ; r;l liiimidity is rofjuire( VII. .Makiktt.a. — 1 !'t'ii'(»hio and Mn.skir small stream from the i ir.'i 3 its waters into W'lters are hacked up tl S'wod. The greater pa "ii the opposite side of tiitis the site of the no f'rt. Between the two Muskiiiiruin, creating a p n-il;"^ a part of the slacl O.'.in, above the town, tl .iKrlv opposite the town Tlie h'w-water olevatio 1 fi'v luindred and si.\ty-si: I ''-an the surface of Lake I fnn fifty to eighty feet I '-"rty feet above tlie sea ; 'i^'nof two hundred and r.i:i'- hundred kvA. Thes lAiboftheearhoniferon '■-its longitude SP 2S ■^'arietta enjoys the dist l-\^"'ifan settlement was ''■'V'« tlie 7th of April. KeXorth-westemTerrito :''""'^^ and Wisconsin. I [""^^t'^, and as the town: r'^' Viinoties of physiology. •" '•'« <^arly period of i 19 h i' , 'A ' niT I.J INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMRRICA. 2S9 tAra" moreover, there is n pond. Acconlinc! to Doctor Moorohond, to whom i ;iiii indelitc'd for these facts, there is in this locality a decided prcvaloiicc of a-t;iiiinal fever. I !ie .Viiskiiif/um Pool, formed liy tlio dam at its falls, nine fcot hijili. ex- U'li'U itp to tlic town of Dkksdk.v, a distiinco of fifteen miles. Aceordiiifr to t'liM'liserviitions of Tuctor Moorehcad, this [)ool lias not had the sliglitcst ,|tct in producing autnninal fever; but beyond It, at and above Dresden, where there are extensive bottoms, which snflfer inundation and abound in itai'nant surface-water, tlie inhabitants are infested with intermittent and nniitteiit fevers. The facts connected with the Zancsville locality arc of <,nio importance in reference to the remote i-auso of autumnal fever, and roialltlio.se observed at Pensaeola (pp. 52, 53). The summer heat and t'le atiiiiisphcric moisture arc Ijotb as great, or even greater, in Zancsville, t'nan up Licking Creek, or along the Muskingum above Dresden ; and yet the tif.i latter localities arc much sicklier; indicating that something bey(md heat ml humidity is required to generate autunuuil fever. VII. Mauiktt.\. — The town of Marietta is luiilt on a bottom (^ommon ti the Ohio and Muskingum Rivers, immediately above their junction. A sniiill stream from the liills to the cast, traverses tlu> town-jdat, and dis- '!i;;r:'i'.s it.s waters into the Muskingum. When the rivers are high, their Kitirsare backed up this creek, and some portions of the plat are ovcr- AmvoiI. The greater part of the plain is, however, above the highest floods. i 111 the opposite side of the Mu.skinguni another and lower bottom consti- tutes the site of the newer town of Haioiar, in early times the site of a frt. Between the two towns a dam and lock have been erected in the M.i i operatives, exposed to whatever etiological influences belong to tlicir rtsje- tive pursuits. The principal river of this region is the Hocking, wliicb. ori;- nating near its northern margin, where the surface is coniparativolv kv^. takes a south-east course and unites with the Ohio not far below tlio Ml- kingui^. The alluvial bottoms of tliis tortuous stream, hidden, as it mre,:'r much of its distance among the hills, arc wide, and many of thcmsukwi- to be subject to submersion when the river is swollen. The next in size.aEi only other considerable stream, is Racoon River, which joins the Oliior "■ lower down than the ITockli'g. It likewise is skirted with broad luw It- toms; which is also the case with a still smaller tributary, Symmes' Crtti. | which enters tlio Ohio further doM'n. All these alluvial valleys are infested with intermittent and remittee! I fevers; while the hill-country, generally, is almost exempt, especially trE the former. A few words concerning two or three towns of this rcgiiin, ctii ] suffice. II. Lancaster. — This town is built on the left bank of tlie Hocfc near its source. The site is an alluvial plain, rising upon high diluvir On the western or right side of the river, there was a low prairie, in Wui?-- the stream meanders with a sluggish current. A canal now passes tliruii^M *he town. The substratum is Devonian slate. Autumnal fever fornitri.' [ prevailed here to a decided degree, but has long been on the decline. ■?!lii'i!»: nV !■] INTERIOR VALLHY OF NORTH AMERICA. 201 \\\ PoMKROV. — The sito of tliis town is a iiiirrow, Oliio-rivcr terrace, eniToachcJ upon, in tlio rear, by soft, siiiHlstoiie, iiiunil l)l(ifrH. Tlio terrace IS aliuvo high-water iiiiirk. (Mi the opposite side of tlir river, tliere ia a riJiraii'l I'lwcr wooded bottom, in wliiidi there are some ponds. Two miloe 1h1 iff the town, the terrace ex]iaiids into a ennsideralil' plain, some portions ,fii!iii'h arc subjeet to inundation. Near t\\v. upper part of this plain is •j;c iiiiiiiii" viUage of Ooalport, inhabited alnmst exebisively by the opera- tives who (Hg for coal ill the adjacent hill. In tlie new town of I'omeroy j;tiiiiinal iiiterniittents are few antl simple; and the people of Coalpurt aro ilnjnit as exempt ; ])ut the iidiabitants of the wide bottom below them arc jubjoijt to that disease. IV, Gallu'OMS. — Thi.s old, and, origiiwdly, French town, stands twenty miles Wow the la.st. It was settled in 171*1, by innniurants from Paris. Ita >:!e, very nearly in N. Lat. DU'^, is a biirli and ample alluvial or diluvial ter- ra^, su level that, in its natural state, the surfaee was poiidy. Above the im there is a wide and lower buttom, the margin of wl ieli near the river ]sit\. hut further back there are ponds and swales, cspceially in the vicinity •t a finall .stream called Campaign Creek, which there enters the Ohio. In tiii,< piirt of the locality, as 1 was told liy Doctor Maxoii and I)octor Ilib- kpJ. aiitumiuil fever is much more prevalent than i;i any other. Inniieiliately Wiw the town, a creek, known by the name of Chickaniargo, citers tbe O'ii. having alluvial liottoms, wliieli are subjeet to inundati(jn when tho river is in flood. 8ix or eight miles to the north-west of Clalii>)oiis, Kacoon Hivtraml Campaign Creek approach within a few miles of e;ieh other. The :.u!t-laiKl between them is called the Pi.nk Pi.-vins, and imdudes the village f Pouter. The .streams have alluvial bottoms, portions of which are liable '■' «ulinier.*ion. From Doctor Si.s.son, one of the physicians of this village, !1 aril that autumnal fever Invades every part of the plain, not even sparing ;:.e village. YSjw Fever. — Gallipolis is the only town of the Ohio Basin wliieh has kfii charged with generatinf; jcllow fever. As much depends, in reference i-tk' ongin of that disease, on tho truth of this imputation, it is neces.sary : I :iiiliurc into the ^/roofs. The plain on which the town is built was cov- ff'.il In- a heavy forest when the Parisian immigrants arrived, and '"ts wet iorface was charged with organic matter. As the trees were cut dowii, and '-- sun admitted upon the surface, tlie new-comers fell sick of the fevers wtii.h everywhere ajip^ar under such conditions, in tho latitude and at tho j wvation (about six hundred feet) of tliis place. The summer and autumn i lit the year 1797, seem to have l)een seasons of great mortality ; du/nig which ■ Ir. Lllieott* arrived there on his voyage to Natchez, and reported to the edi- ''fsofthe New York Medical llepository, besides recording it in his journal, laat the (lisoasc was yellow fever. Previou.'^ly, and about the time of his l^isit, that fever had prevailed in Philadelphia and xVew York, and was held 'Journal of Andrew Ellicott, Commissioner for surveying the boundary between 'Mrnited States and Florida. \ I « ■ •'i ■•''•■ • ■.••■■ ;• ■ ^•• ■ •. (■■•' w .].^«*,' i ^^. \.h . -if ' • ' ■ ■ ' ," •t 202 Tin; rKINCH'M, DISDAHKS Ol* TIIH iKXHi, by many pIiyKiciuiiH tn lie only tin- liiglioHt frrado of k} u' iiiumi.' itt 10 UUt-iTl- ,0 111 IVri- atiiiii of tie >in is M- •fllcC CXtillJJ lint; huwlrri lands, parti; \vliicli (le.-.rw ; )iiX'jl"l. ^■'^ I, CXtcll«i-! ii, sloiigli.'.'f lit, uver njiiliiied to the streams, and irrcatly filiscuring tho rocky strata. The ,*^cioto, and nearly all its tributaries, flf)W through wide valley.o, but iiul" ilpprcssod below the level of the country, until wc come into the lower r^iutbern part of the valley, where tlu; bottoms are still wide, but the val- I'VJ ;iro cut deep into tho sandstone, sl.'ite, and con;j:lomerate formations. l.H'iicrally in the valleys there are two, and sometimes three terraces; the lowst of which may bo called alluvial, is commonly wet, and fre(inently suffers '.nniilati'in, Tho others are above hiuh-water mark, consist cliiefly of sand iM prbblos, and may lie rejrarded as diluvial. When the river, in the south, "Uter'i the billy part of the l)asin, its bottom-lands continue of ;:rcat width, m suffer under spring floods ; but those of the smaller streams become much 'ntracteJ, Some points in this ])ortion of tho basin, arc among the highest "1 tlio State of Ohio, as, for examide, Tlill.sborouL'h, in Highland countv, I'll ' ' ' * '■■I'll lia:* an altitude of eleven hundred and four feet above the level of the ■M. and also the conical summits of tho conglomerate hills on the eastern ^iJ»-'<'ftbo river, in tho neighborhood of Chillicothe, and thence to tho Ohio River at Piirtsmoutli. As a general fact, it may bo stated that every part of the Scioto IJasin. ir^rn die beginning of its settlement, has been iin'-sted with autumnal fever. ■' ;'| intLTiuittont and remittent, which, although miiigatcd in the long-cul- i \ l| V>' ■ ' i*' ^;#. '■» ; ■".'.V' ■... i^' • •■ t' A- ■ -r ' ■ ■. t 294 THE PRINCIPAIi DISEASES OF THE I'OOI I, 'M'Pi •■I - A. A' I ;.:-. 1^ I* I' f A' •■■f ):.-s ' g*'' K iiif;.'"\' : V '. I ■: i ., tivated portions, is by no means extinct. A brief notice of a, few loealitiii may serve for tlie w'lule. II. Washington — This inconsiderable village, tlie scat of justice of Far- ctte county, is situate near Paint Crock, a western tributary of the Sciot'i at some distance from its junction with the river. The surface of tlii' sur- rounding country is either level or slightly undulating; prairies and woi.d-laiiii are intermingled; s August and Sej)tenil)cr do nut often blow from them to the town. \^., theless, it is undeniaWe, that the inhabitants living along even tlie nii.' populous streets, are liable to autumnal fever, while those of tlie suljurl,* especially bolow the town, are much more aft'ected by it. Chillicothe, for many years the scat of government of Ohio, is unc of tl. older towns of tlie state, having been commenced in the year 1790. I'rnu, its early medical historian. Doctor Peachy IlarrLson,* we learn, that for tk first five or six years, it suffered very little from fever; but in 1^01 a viol.u epidemic arose, since wliich, it has been more or less invaded in the sunmei- and autumn of every year. Its latitude is about 39" 20' N. ; — itsaltiui above the sea, six hundred and forty-five feet. V. I'onTSMOLTii. — On cacli side of the Heioto, as it approaches ;,, Ohio, there is an oxtensivo bottom. That below the mouth of tlic river, t the west, is low, extremely rich in soil, abounding in rank weeds, and ovir- shadowed with tress — all of a kind which flourish best in wet sitiiatiii.- Every river-flood inundates this alluvial plain to such depth tliat it is uncj;- tivable. The Oliio and Erie Canal, so often mentioned, passes tliruipit; join the Ohio by the mouth of the iScioto. The terrace above or cast of the river is so high, that only some littitd depres.sions arc liiible to submersion. On this plain stanils tlie ti.wn (.: Portsmouth. The river-beach in front is free from topographical nuisaiito On the o])posite side of the river, the bottom is narrow and tlriscly i*- jn-essed by a range of steep and very lofty sandstone and conglomerate liiiii The latitude of Portsmouth is 38" 45' N.; — the low- water cIctm of the Ohio above tlie sea four hundred and sixty-eight feet; that of tie terrace on which the town is built, about five hundred and forty. As miglit be expected, the low bottom, to the west or windward of tLt Scioto River and of the town, is a prolific and permanent source of ml'i- brity; and fevers prevail more or less every autumn. According to DoiM Hempstead,! the expcjrienccd nie£ diseases assume more or ksj j! a periodical type. West of the Scioto, taere is no tributary of the Ohio of sufficient size !• demand a notice, until we arrive at the Little Miami, di.'^tant about uiie hun- dred and ten miles. In running that distance the Ohio bears south ut ivwi. as far as ^laysville, Kentucky, then west north-west. The tract of couiitr; lying in this groat bend is hilly near the river, but formed into a kiwi o: table-land at a short distance back, with an argillaceous surface. I can^ij nothing special of its autumnal fevers. » N. Y. Modical Uopository, Vol. X, p. G. t Proceedings of the i\Iedical Convention of Oliio, 1842. nn: '-J INTER THE M I. ijKNEK.vii Dksc: i:i;i !iof the united ,'o;i;i,reiieiid the soutli- of Indiana. To the ^ iiii:;i;le with tliuso of t;..; irreat Miami ari.se . I'lariost affluent of t'.. V interlock with the aiiJ i.ere it is that the Ct'ili "f Mexico. All p^'ivd i;f tlie older or I wpiuusinterlaniiiuition liatin rest on the iicwei •ii' ill drift or diluvium, I :fi"t.i. The wluije of •lai'liiiig the Ohi i 11 r-'UiiJod hills, which di rL'.Miainies, as they d( I I:v?, whioli continue wi I rivtr. Their descent fi is fo rapid, tliat the ba( p'.ni their mouths ; whi nation in Licking Hive: I K'.ntucky, for scvcnty-1 Tiie immediate valley I ri>ing over each other, .i I materials from tlie nor; Im hottoin.s are frofpi I cSiia'd ]iliiin, their curri ^ f'niparcd with th I furred tu. The ujiper p hki, wood-land swamp,' j'Utliern portions offer ) ha!ley-i of both the 3Ii; |Tariityof wot surface v '^it< wore first made : I iciuli dryer condition lias '"■'■n givatly multiplied, I '''"'■'' tij Lake Erie, am |Cinilridge, in the State I Juno tliey are annually ( .J'^ttoins, U scraped out i f'f'"". Ciiieiuiiati, takes v m filll- I'J INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 297 SECTION VI. THE MIAMI BASIN: CITY OF CINCINNATL [ Gkneral Pescrii'tion. — Tlio Oliunii Yalloy' is the familiar appel- ^a;'' !i of the united basins of tlio Groat ami Ijittlo ^liami I'ivcrs; wliieli ,v,:iiiirulioml the soutli-wost ai\irlo of Oliio, and nmch of tlic soutli-oast corntT 0' huiiuiia. To the east, the upper tributaries of lioth these rivers inter- iniiijewith those of the Scioto; to the west, all the longer tributaries of ito Groat Miami arise on common ground with the sources of AVhite lliver, tie laricst affluent of the Wal)ash, the cliief river of Indiana; to the north, tlirtiiitorloi'k with the southern head streams of the ]Nfanmeo of Lake Erie ; aul Lire it is that the Ijasin of the lakes penetrates fartlicst into that of the li'jlf uf Mexico. All the southern portions of the ^Miami Basin arc com- pujjd of the older or lower Silurian limestone — the blue sliell — with a ripijus intci'hiniiiiation of marlacoous Iduc shale; the nortiiern parts of the i wii rest on t!iu newer or u])per Silurian limestone, but much ?ora|iiil, that the back-water of the Ohio is oidy felt ten or twelve miles ;:'mtlifiriiinuths; while on the ojiposite side of that river it produces stag. :3t; ill ill Licking River to the distance of forty or fifty miles; and in the K'litucky, for seventy-five miles. The immediate valleys of the 3Iiamies present several terraces or bottoms, j ri-irig iiYor each other, and composed, like those of the Ohio, of transported \iahnik from the north. In the spring and early summer, many of the [ !/wor bottoms are frequently overflowed. As these streams de.«('end an in- fliiied plain, tlicir currents are rapid, and they present but few stagnant f)"ls, eouipared with the rivers of the ojijiosite side of the Oliio, just rc- krtilto. Tiie upper portions of this l)asin abound in wet or marsh prai- tkj, woml-land swamps, and ponds, or small lakes of pure water. The Ij'Utherii portions offer but little of either, on the uplands; but in the wide I vaJev? of both the Miamies, and along all their larger tributaries, every I Tmtty of wot surface was found in .spring and early summer, when settle - piehts were fii\st made: by clearing, cultivation, and draining, huwever, a much dryer condition has been produced. At the same time, mill-ponds have '«n greatly multiphed, and two canals, one from Cincinnati to Dayton, and p:'''' to Lake Erie, and the other from the former city, to Brookville and [(iiiihridge, in the State of Indiana, have been excavated. In tlie month of 1 Jane they arc annually emptied of water, and the mud accumulated in their '•^Jttums, is scraped out uixui their banks. The canal to Dayton, on starting I 'fi' Cincimiati, takes up the valley of Millcrcck, and, at the distance of * i^i^ .v-;-^i;''^-^:^-v » '■_■ • • ■ ■•> :i)^'^ * : .' * .f « **■ .'I'M i , • • r ,f •' ■I- ; , V '•*k •■'',■, *■ 1. ■ 1 ■ ¥■ ■ ■'■ • :' • . , ■ ■ J<-r , i 1; i ..% ■■•.[, - ' \ ' ,-■ '' iill'l?-: ■ *• '3 " ■. ; .■ '; • ' N:.r:-iLA !■■ -k': !'. f V? '.-i '..1 ,:t ■ .1 t""-. 2ns TIIC PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE [Boot I, tweiity-fivo miles, outers tlio valley of tlie Great Miami. Tlirou"li i'. whole distaiiee, it traverses a fertile valley, from one to three mik's in wiil'- ahoiiiuliiig ill diluvial terraces and low alluvial bottoms, to wl]ii;!i tl present dimiinitive stream bears, in the volume of its waters, no as; which entered the Little jMiami not far above its mouth; which river tbt was of great witlth and depth. This disparity between tl'' , resent vikiai of water and the broad valleys through which they flow, is a coninion cliar- aeteristie of the rivers on the north side of the Ohio, from tlie Appalaiiiia: AEouuiains to the ^Mississippi; and, hence, the extent of bottuni or intiiva;. lands, in the region just indicated, is incomparably greater than in tb: south of the Ohio, which was never furrowed out by such currents. The general level of the liill-summits of the Miami Basin is mt tliesan! throug]n)ut. Along the Ohio Kiver it is from eight to nine hundrcil fat: ;; the s.M.rces of the Great Miami, from eight hundred and forty-twu— sir lowest depression at the St. 3Iarys — up to fVmrteen hundred feet,* ar^-i iiellefontaine, through which the railroad from Cincinnati to SamM: passes. This protuberance constitutes the highest land in the state of (fe As the valleys by which the IMiamies reach the Ohio are trougli* of oxim- tion, the altitude of their bottoms iucrea.ses regularly from the priikiji river, where they are about five hundred feet, up to the summits wliicli b: been indicated; the bounding hills regularly diminishing in elevation ab'Af I the streams. As to position, the Miami Basin extends from latitude ol** to about 40^ 30' N. 1 ersonal cd)servations in the Miami Basin, for foriy-eight years, t!iat :• since the twelfth year of its settlement, enable me to .fay, tluit it has atailj times been subject to autumnal fever; which, along the streams, lias Wa both intermittent and remittent, while on the intervcninir hill,>: ami talk- lands, the latter type has generally jirevailed. From the earliest period down to the present time, these fevers liavt fe' of a siniide or iuflanunatory character, though malignant or congpstivoct have not been uidcnown. The progress of settlcnn'ut and cultivatin -ij diminished, but not put an end to their annual visitations. ThisetfecU'l most perce[(tiblc in the towns, such, for example, as Hamilton, Dayton, ' Springfield, which are at present less infested than in the early poriii'! their settlement. The laborers, by whom the canals were cxcavatii "J' fered in autumn from fever; but, living as they did, they would pr"'*'? • Letters on Geology. By David Christy. [Boot I, Tlirou;'li t;:t lilt'S in mil;';. '■» wliit.;i tie no assignaUe of tliosu vs:t :li (if tlie I iLi <^'i''-at Miami, til 'if Ciin-ir.- 11' tlie liead of I if tlie lire: 'imniiiiati. tiii- li to t!:c «>;, ich river in resent vikiai ciimniiiii cli!!!- e Apiialailia: jiu <>y mr;i- • tlimi ill tiiji •rents. is lH't tilCsii; mdroilfoi.'t: :.; orty-twu— :':,> d feet* arci I to Saiidii;!;' state (jfOliic i of exeaTi- lie prinoifs! wliicb h\ evatiuii ali ''. I atitmlc o'.'- vears, tliai i' it lias at i" 1 mis, lias Wt"- 1 and ta!t rcrs liavv bti' mscstivi' f^'; niltivati-a rA' This effect K :mi, Paytoii. i j ■arly ja'ri" !xcavatid. •"■• I roulil pr"''"^'-.^ <•,*- >^; •>;#- * r-, \ If M : .v.. S' ■■■I. ■■ • ' ■ . ■ , ii , ..'■ ■ if: ' f :,:-.:, J.' :^p- , ■■.-■! ■ • • -1. Ma •■-i k ■'■■' ;i -.;.• ■-'•■■•■^1 ; ;/ 'i..^'' f ■'■•'' .'' '' " •|^"'^■ ■> •■I ■• . --if • .■- :"-'•■! nil ^'v ■. , • ^ ' ' ' • !.• ^} I ii 1 i. li" » ■ 1 Ml •1 ■ * PL.XIII. nav.' ?iiffor('tl in the s; !,,,.; iKit appoar, tluit faiial-i were (lug wore sflitu tlioy were finislic face, that the annual ffVir; wliii-h .sIiouM, pc aattiT. The mud tlirt (i:io of those canals fiTorin the suninier an Wliitewatcr Canal, v]u ! fincinnati— fifteen rail water was drawn (iff, ai I fXp"Si.Ml til tlie sun, fcvcr liecanie epitleniie I aafciiaiit character ), ': k: .-imradieally. Tiic .Miami Basin — Xiio of Ohio — cuibra tKir t.iiingraphy is muc I 'iiall dismiss them wil I s> art' much more infos variety, than their interi !:jVi> fflt the ameliorati litciiJcJ extent. II. CiTv OP Cincin: ::.!>'] Lindiiig for the pen 'Jti ii^'iv stands, there wi [('ictwecii Xew Orleans a I ;je emampment of twcnt j 'be forest of beech tree hMiMiiary white pojiulatii '-•mkrs. ranks as the fi jrwtli would, perliaps, ji liii! historian were m If' 'lIT !■.' INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 299 ,^^,, qifforcd in the saiiu' degree, if nut eiifrnged in tliat emiilnynieiit. It ji,.; ii"t ajipoar, that tlio inhabitants (if the rogions tlirongh v.liich the .-uaU ^\<'ro dug ^^'i-'i'"^ injured l»y the proeoss, or by letting in tlio water irhdi they were finished ; nor have T been aide to cnlU-ct any relialde evi- lieiiiv, that the annual enijitying and eleaning (lut, have been jinidnetivc of vytr; which shoulil, perhaps. ]io aserilied to their receiving but little (irganic ;;;;itti'r. The mud thrown out is, in fact, ehiefly the dc/jrix of their earthy I I'M" (if those canals seems, howe^'or, to have given origin to autumnal fvorin the siuunier ami autumn of the present year, 1^4!^. I refer to the WLkewator Canal, vhieh runs along the river bank, from North IJend to Ciadiiiiati — fifteen miles. From a break in its banks the year before the water was drawn off. and from its bottom abounding in shallow jioids left ixp s.'.l to the sun, through the seasons just mentioned, autumnal fyr hccanie epidemic along its whole length ( some cases assuming a ::.aiL'i!iiiit character ), where it had hitherto, for many years, oeeurred Ir Hiioradically. Till' Miami Basin — taken as a whole, the tddest-settled ])ortion of the rate uf Ohio — embraces many flourishing and populous towns; but as ;':>;' t iprigraphy is much the same, being nearly all built on river terraces, i •'.all diite (if the city, on the left bank of t1 Ohio Eiver, consists of two j[.j:i;< (ir bottoms, one near the river, comparatively narrow, and coinjiosed of |a':illaecous alluvion ; the other in its rear, si.\ or eight times as broad, dilu- rji. and made up, like the higher or second terraces generally, of peblilcs, jpvi'Uud sand, with a covering of loam and soil. The lower plain widens |a> It «trotclios down the river, and its back part, on the settlement of the liV ^,''-^- ■i^:^.. i '^vS: i:.. 1 1 ■■'■., '.'*■■' if:'- f f, .- i/'r m m , 1^ '4 . i: ■ '■.•■•■:;rr *- ';t •v. . v.. 300 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE [booi tdwii, WHS a narrow, sliallnw, and heavily-tinibcreil pond or swamp, ovirflf.,,,; by iirdinary spring fludd.s of the river, wliich ascended upon it alMirti,, inarsliy rivulets by wlii(l\ that tract was partially drained into tli.' iii below tlu; town. In ITi*-) the wbole of the lower [ilain was sulmr-J and ill ]y,]'I and .1S4S the inundation was repeated, upon evury tiartnlu had not ))ecn raised, with materials washed by the rains, or liaiikd frnit'. adjacent higher terrace. For many years after the settlement of tlio vilb. the draiiiaL'e of both terraces was into the low grounds of this bottini.wlin,. it a(;eunudated in part upon the surface, and partly in the numuroii* i'-; formed by the manufacture of brick. From these foul accumulati!;; r Runnner and early autumn, a constant escape of gas through the supiriiicm. bent water could be perceived. The extent of this tract, lying to tlu'woiti; windward (»f the village, was sufficient to generate a grout nmnv caM* a- autumnal fever, chiefly of the remittent type, not a few (jf wliidi cvcrwtj;! proved fatal.* Had its surface been but a few feet lower, so that it cuiilirc have be(!n reclaimed, the nuisances in which it abounded nuist liavc r. rv; I a retarding influence on the jirogress of the city. But for tlio la«ttw;;: years the work of transformation })y draining, filling up, and Imildin; , has been steadily advancing, and with it a corresponding inipruvifcct : I autumnal health. From the lower ]plain to the upper and older, the ascent is betwotn fc I and sixty fi^et. With the growth of the town, the front margin of tleliitttr which was originally a bhdf bank, has been graded to a gentle dcdivitv, a:; I the removed material used, as already intimated, to raise the l)a(!v partifilel lower bottom; so that the drainage of the city is now chiefly by the. >tMli I directly into the river. The upper terrace, as was the case with the lower, slopes gently Kickfr its southern or river margin, and, at the average distance of a mile, timi'l nates against the base of the ]Mount Auburn range of Tdue Silurian liiiiisl t(j hills; whence, during rains, there descend upon it several torrents, wiiii'hc' J- 1 lesce and flow nearly in the same direction with the river. To the ca-tt-H terrace is terminated by the narrow valley of a hill-torrent, called Po'Tfe Up this valley, in early times, the back-.vatcr of the river, when iiiS' ascended for half a mile; and on its recess left a deposit of silt, whiikk- ever, was to the summer-leeward of the town, and therefore never iTilii'SJ much eflect on the health of the people. Beyond this ravine ^tamls .M.r Adams, between the base of wliith and the eastern margin of the eityumsl the low ground has been raised above the highest river floods, a culvert .lil been formed for the creek, with streets extended across it, and theiiwsi'' face built upon. The ravine, higlier up, has a rocky bed and no bit* lands. The "Western Canal, from Lake lu-ie, generally called tlic Miami bd\ traverses the back part of the upper terrace, from north-west to souti!-t*i| * Drake : Notices concerning Cincinnati, 1810. fl«T I.J IVTKin I lot MH'Ui tu have gcner: WHiuift now tarn ■liii that direction dou tbcv are lost in the bro; I jiat n'ver, joins the <)l It,; tank.-* are of mud, a lljit wiirk of elevation, iHrraoi'. is, Iiowcvor, goii jiirntiiin: so that the ti IreliiiieJ from all hut |ptrin!>, and of which tl itf.ity. From that da liciiityhavc bcou suhjet exeni|it. Ti.f Whitewater Cana [erivi'S -Mill Creek hy an i Ih a lia.-iu of stagnant wal c. iJ' uht, to the prevalei Tiie river .siiore, from |j'ii-taiice of two miles ai K'iiitthe .stream has thn iJ liare to a limited ext ram natural sources of bn to low water. In f ii .«ili, enveloping the tru i? e.xposed in sunm iiiv, may he regarded as 1 tiMiim of Mill Creek pr Uiiles, there is no alli 'tftlii.'Hmestone hills. ^^ t; must now cross tl fjvjiijrton, as promised v :1> I't' tlnit river is ne |tan(l< the old hut slow- i"rt vigorous town of C jeiited on PI. XII f. Th H e\(.ept a margin of ii fi' liighe.^t floods of the ( pr, there is some swaley |tm'S dry in autumn. [ iil'js, as a dry, elevated, a Pk'i'. Jamkstowx, oppos '''"■ 'lie mouth of Licki "'• ^^itli the exception c ^« waters of the Ohio as II w,. ^, ntt I.J INTEinOR VAI-LKY OF NORTH AMfMlICA. :]0l JdrCfiuls into tlie Oli'n) liy a scries ot" Iik-Ivh llinm^li tlii.s valK'y, liiit Joes ■lOt .eiui to liavo geiieratcil lever. We must now turn to tlic wewterii margin of tlie terraces. In stn telling iffiii tiiat (lireetiun down tlie river, lioth become wider and sink Inuir, initil ihcvm'lnst ill the broad alhivial valley of Mill Creek, wliicli stream, onee a mat river, jtiiiis the Oliio one mile and a liall" below tlie center nl' tlie city. Itjbaiik.- are of mud, and portions of them are overflowed by river IVesIiet.-^. The iriirk of elevation, by the transfer of gravel and pebbles from the upper wrraei', is, however, going on with the rapid extension of the city in that fetiim: so that the time seems to Ik; at hand when the whole tract will bo rw.iiiii.ll from all but the extraordinary Hoods whicii happen at distant Minis, aiiJ of which there have been but three since the lirst settlement of icivitv. From that date down to the present time, the iiihaliitants of this jociiitvhave been subject to autunnial fever, whih' those farther oast remained leiemiit. Tin- Whitewater Canal, from Indiana, which i.s conducted up the river bank, |tn«;t;s -Mill Creek by an aqueduct, and traversing the lower terrace, terminates lia a liai^ia of stagnant water in the south-western part of the city, contributing, |liMl"ulit, to the prevalence of fever in that ((uarter. The river hhore, from the mouth of Deer Creek to the mouth of 31111 Creek, I Ji-taiice of two miles and a half, presents but few nuisances. At the former jint the stream has thrown out a quantity of silt, which, in low water, is lilbareto a limited extent; from that spot to the other, the shore is free km natural sources of insalubrity, much of it being sloped and graveled \iu to low water. In front of the mouth of IMill Creek there is a deposit l^fjilt, enveloping the trunks and limbs of trees, of which a considerable cx- st is exposed in sunuuer and autumn, and, lying to the windward of the lity.iiiav be regarded as the most permanent nuisance around it. IJelowthe y>,'i4m' of .Mill Creek, for two miles, and above that of ])eer Creek for lur nillfs, there is no alluvial bottom, and the river presses against the base ^f till' limestone hills. \\e must now cross tlie Ohio, and speak of the towns of Newport and Uviiifftdn, as promised when treating of the Licking Eivor Basin. The toitli lit' that river is nearly opposite the center of Cincinnati. Above it Ws the old hut slow-growing town of Newport ; below, the young and »■«' vigorous town of Covington. The position of these towns is reprc- Wi'l«\\Pl. Xni The b ttoin on which the former stands, is ample; rl except a margin of its back part near Licking River, is elevated above tf lii^'liost floods of the Ohio. "Where the plain approaches the hills in its pJ. lliere is some swaley ground, bearing semi-aquatic gi-asses, which be- lt*.s dry ill autumn. The Newport bottom extends up the Ohio three as a dry, elevated, and shiping plain, and has become the site of a new -• JAMESTOw>f, opposite the village of Fulton. The Covington terrace, lie mouth of Licking, is still more elevated than that of Newport, '^•Iwitn the exception of a ravine through its western margin, up which <•■ Waters of the Ohio ascend in high floods, is free from every insalubrious iia:'i.'. kv 4 tr ■I .1 . :'-i* -. ■*.««.., f- .V ■• m- t i^- r-. 302 Tin; niiNcirAr, diskasks of tiiI': i»ocr tu|)oorii|)liical (tomlitinii. A raiij;'^ nl' dry liillss rifles huldly to its fouth-Kid one (iT wliicli almost loia-lies tliu Oliio oppusito tlio mouth of Mill Criil; p.. codiii;,' immediately at'tenvard, and afl'ordiiif^ a broad, elevated, ami aril liottoni, on wliieli another village, su|)|i'rmentiiry to the eity, has Ijuch ^,u. iiioneed. The hottom-lands .T abovo these towns, ii\ directly tJoiith of them, are about a ndlo in widt' .ut ho flcvatcJ, that tby are but jiartially ovcrilowed by river-fre.shcts, \\',,ik'. leave bcliind tlicmv.rr few ponds or marshes. Finally: On the promontory above the moutli f liieking, the general government, . since the year L^O"), has hud an ar-t!;il and barracks; but the number of troops stationed there has gcnerullvl.t: small, and no returns have been published in the army statistics. The prevalence of antnnuial fever in Newport and ror;:L' could reside with as little exposui'C to the causes of interniitteiit and reEi- tent fever. Fourth : From observations continued through forty-t:;:i| years, I am enabled to say, that while, in early times, autumnal itver. occurring every year, was seldom, exce})t in some very limited spots, a t::- lent and frequent disease, it has regularly- diminhshed; and that parts 'S«J infested have become exempt. So true is this of the central portions CJMJ city, in latter years, that when a case of intermittent fever happens thtrf.;i| is generally found that the patient had sojourned in the country. OtriS'- tent fever, so much cannot 1)0 said, as occasional cases still appear on jtriti: I ■which are entirely exempt from the other variety. Fifth : The atm'M population, within a circle having a radius of a mile and a half, is about m hundred and ten thousand ; and the extraordinary growth, which has as'D-r bled such a number in so short a time, must undoubtedly he ascnb'>^l part, to the slight prevalence of autumnal fever; by which we areuistrut' :i\ im !■■ 4 •lIT !•] INTKRIOR VAM.llV oF NORTH AMKHICA. "M" taat iiK' ilical tiip",;rra|iliy lias an iiitiinatt' (•(imR'ttinn with tlic pruj^rc.-is v ■*:'S'.*' A. V«!. S04 TIIK I'KINCIl'AI, DISKASKS ()F TIIK !«o«ii. Almiiitm, - - - . Silcx, .... ('arlMiiiiitd ol" liiiK>, I'll. Initi. IMiii,<«|)liiitcs ul' aluniliia ami iron, (.'iirljiiiiato (if iiia^^iK'sia, a trace, Vi'X''*''''''' mold ( liiimii.s ), Other or'^unic matter, 4!)M 2,11(1 i.i;, (Mill 4.G!i liili.iii) In pciieral, during every flood, tlio water when distrilmted is turbid, I'dr a liiii^ time alter flie settlement ,'i!'!»^'y "'' ^'"' '"''''"'' f*^''''"" "f tin- Oliio, mi its iinrtlioni siile, •[/ IMii the (!rcnt Miami to tlio Waliasli, a ilisfaiico nt' tlirco liiiuilicil ami . Vfii'a-tivo miles, there is iii)t a ,«iiigl(; allliieiit wliieli aluljrity. Ilcnco, those who live near these foul estuaries, which li'id'.' thuii' influoMCo with that of tho river-bottonis, oxporionco intermlt- ;..:it;iml rLiiiittcut fevers, notwithstaudiiig they are in the midst of a hilly iiitry. In traveling on this zone from its upper to its lower cxtrenuty, wc :';rt iijion the blue shell or old Silurian liniestoiic ; then meet, resting on it, Uidi the upper or cliff Silurian; then with tho Devonian limestone, support- |iD:tbe Mack slate, on which rests the line-grained sand.^-tonc of tho same i|;: a/tcr which, wc meet with the carboniferous limestone, imuI the higher 1 within the Illinois coal basin. All these formations crcp out to tho jwft (ir South-east, from beneath that l^asin. (')f course the niincralogical |c!iarai;t(.T of tlic s-urfaco, composed as it is of the (Mns of these dillercnt It'rniatiMr.s, intoriiiiiiglcd with forest and herbaceous remains, varies accord- jic^totlio mineral constitution of tho rocks ; and a similar remark is appli- IcjIjIMo the water of tho springs and wells. Tin; whole tract is wooded, the |troe?vmiiig in their species with the varieties of soil. The mean elevation jel the zone may be taken at eight hundred feet, but the highest swells at- jtaia the altitude of one thousand feet. "We must now say something of the r?t important localities. H. L.vwKExcEKuuG stands a mile below tho mouth of the Great iMiami, atiie >tatc of Indiana; the dividing line between that state and Ohio, being K'^'O nioridian of the mouth of that river. Its site is a l>ottom, so low that I'!' parts not artificially raised, are subject to annual inundation. Above the pj^D, to Its east and north-east, are the wide, low, and annually immdatcd 20 . .5. • • it-^'^ * J.V ■ *'■! ' ' ■ 4i. ■ ' . ■ * h ■ ■ '. ■! '■ ir-k:- ■• * :i|jBjBjMi"; ' ' " . ' ' . '^TiI^Pa^j ■ ■' '] : • ■ ' i' '■; ■.■ V ." ■;,' / ■ 1 .:,',:.'•, •, . >• 1,^ 'i ! ■I- ■; • '■:■'■ i it;-' ■•■' ■ r .. ■ ■ V '.i;..- , . ■f' }('.' 'h''' ': - ■ I'^mh' ^ ' " ^fij-- - , ■•• .• " ■ . ' w^ ■' 'l' ' • .■■ -'I .... • .i •■ - r • . i p- i y 1 }:.>5^\ff ■ [L ■ 306 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE [won. bottoms, on each s'ulc of the estuary of the Miami, well known to penerat.. autuimial fever; but as they lie to the leeward of the town, tlicir peruiM. influence, in summer and autumn, is much less than it would otlierwise h Yet, doubtless, tliey contribute sonietliing to that prevalence of iiitfrmitf-* and remittent fever which is partly to be ascribed to the inuinlatiunof t', greater part of the plain, on the front of which the town is erected aiil partly to a valley-stream in its rear, called Tanner's Creek, up wlijdi tie back-water in river-floods miikes it way almost round the town. The main street, since it was raised, is four hundred and seventy-three feet abuvM ti,. sea — the hills at the sources of Tanner's Creek ten hundred and tliirtctij feet.* In the early jjcriod of the settlement of Lawrcnceburg, these fever; were cxtremel^y prevalent; but at present are so mitigated in frofiuoiicv acl violence, as to show very conclusively tlic influence of cultivation and tows- construction, in destroying the topographical condition on which tlioyiWd Within a few years, a branch of the Whitewater Canal has been lirii!;:- through the town, but of its influence on autumnal health I cannot smak Passing by Aurora, Rising Sun, and some other villages ( for all caiiD"t bo noticed ), wo must do 'otc a page to a larger and more important tOK than either. III. Madison. — This town, one of the oldest and most considcraUo ij the State of Indiana, is situated on a diluvial and dry second bottom «i tte Ohio River, but has, in front of its lower half, a narrow strip uf alluvk-D which is subject to occasional inundation. The upper terrace is oltvatij about four hundred nnd seventy-five feet above the sea. Its breadth i« r.; very great, for an amphitheater of Silurian limestone hills, rising four:;;:.- dred feet higher, closely surrounds it. The back part of the terrace detii* a little, and is somewhat cut tip Ity ravines, whicli run into a commnii tttii;!! calbnl Crooked Creek, in which the torrents from the adjoining hills Niiif- times con^-rcgato so as to occasion a considerable inundation. This .vrer. enters the Ohio two miles below the town, behind which it coiidud- ti: back-water of the river in every great freshet. The banks, however, !\yi' and, on the whole, the plain is not infested with any form of drowne'lL::;!.-: the shore, in front of the town, is free from nuisances: and the opposite b of Kentucky ap[)roach close to the river, whose course to the south-wi-t. i leaving the town, favors ventilation by the sunmier winds, wliich, in roa :::: it, do not pass over any paludal surface. Sucli a topograjdiy nui,-t ailii'it : a favorable report, as to autumnal fever; which, in fact, prcvail.s here h'iti a limited degree. IV. Jkfkersoxville. — The position of this town may be seen on Plil Ch. IX, Sect. Vn. It stands al)out a mile above the Falls of the 01;iv.: a tcrraoe, the south or river side of wliich is forty feet above lnvr Fitcr.s^J about four hundred and twenty above the sea. This terrace, like m"?! ''"'■'- along the Ohio, declines from near the river, and is liable to inuiidatin^.!.' that in high floods the town becomes insulated. Roth above and beH i' * Indiana Engineers' Reports. rt»T !•] INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 307 there are small .xtreams entering tlic Oliio, wliicli arc the oliannels hy which Au-.n' nvorflows arc cflocted. To the north and north-cast, near the town, iK'" arc ponds skirted with marsh, one of which has hecn latel\ drained. l"!,,. surface, like that of the plain on which Louisville stands, on the ojipo- ,■-,. ijdo of the river, is argillaceous, and retains the water which rains or firTMiponit. It will be observed that all the insalubrious surface lies to •■.• Miniiiior-lccward of the town ; but the flats and stagnant waters near the a itii lit'Hcar-gvass Cn.'ck, on the opposite side of the Ohio, arc directly to t:;.. ffiiidward of this town, with only the river intervening. Jiffcrsonville :;al«Hto the leeward of the Falls, and exposed therefore to any insalubrious ;■.. - diich may be liberated by the agitation of the waters. Two miles •I rth iif the town, a water -shed, between the Ohio River and Silver Creek, ' iiiiiionce.s and runs to Charleston, thirteen miles north. At its commencc- teit tliis terrace is sixty feet above the level of the town, and its rise, af. er- Kird. is about ten feet per mile. Doctor Stewart, to whom I am indebted f r several of the facts in this article, informs nie that autumnal inter- nments and remittents are decidedly prevalent in Jeffersonville and its Ti'ir.itv. The Penitentiary of the State of Indiana stands in the western pai t of Jef- kjonville. Doctor Oollum. its jdiysician, informs me that the convicts are everv year invaded by autumnal fever, but in a degree rather less than the i'i'iliitants of the town. V. New Alhany. — The position of this town is below the Falls, nearly Gffii^te Portland ( PL AT ). Silver Creek enters the river between New .\!l'anv and Jeffersonville, which are about six miles apart. Of this stream, D ''r^r Clapp ( b}' whom T have been favored with facts for this description ) say;, -it presents no ponds or marshes, within ten miles of New Albany, tS-'j't mill-p(inds, and they cause but little overflow of the surface." As to t':e t'wn-siti'. a narrow slip near the river, not very much built upon, it has ■ii entirely overflowed Imt twice in thirty years. The upper terrace is j Jt; nfeet above the highest freshets, and four hundred and twenty-six above I li" s";!. Immediately to its west is a small stream called Jailing Run, up I W3:ili the back-water of the river ascends a short distance ; and about oiieo 1 iJ! "r .,r five years ovei flows a few acres. The bed of this stream is rocky, i: 1 it* fkseont rapid. It flows at the ba.se of the bold rampart called Silver '''xliilU, wliieli rises to an altitude of nine hundred feet over the .sea, aiid f irhumlred and eighty above the terrace on which the town is built. This twacc consists of a bed of alluvion, thirty feet deep, resting on black or l^'iiian slate, which emerges from underneath the hills. "f iillthe towns aro\ind the Falls, New Albany is the least exposed to the j'f.'npliical causes of autumnal fever; and from the best data I have been jifetocollect, it suffers least. From 1817 to iS'J'i, the first five years of Y '■'■''J Clapp' .s residence in it those fevers prevailed extensively, but huvo h' ' Mne,. lioon diminishing, *' 1"K KucK-si,ATK Va[,ley-Flain. — A descrijttion of that portion l« -;s [)laiii which lies south of the Ohio River, was given iu Sect. VII of ' i] ■x X-: <'K ■'.t • ■ . ■ ( v\.i 308 THE PRINCirAL DISEASES OF THE leooK: ■ ■i.'iiii^' 'M-'i- iiq .,t-;-. ■ ' 4 ■ ' 1 : V ■' ' . A ^■^' ■ ■'■ ; A ■■■ ■■,. 'V • ■ •r- :J . ■-■ ; " • P ^ ... ^•■■■■VJ: ■•■'t 1 I '-^-^^ liV -^''^'\ - ^^f^ the last Chapter, p. '240. It.>< extension to the north sido of tlie Falh l^j. been announced, in speaking of the substrata (in which thi> alluvial onJil.j. vial terraces of New Albany and .Jefforsitnvillo rest. It remains to sav.tht this deprcssiuu extends nurtlnvardly quite into the interior of Indiana. ]'• twcnty-tiirec alnhrity. With those notices we dismiss the rivcr-zfmo. and travel into the interior. Tno rci'iiiiMvliich must first receive attention, lies in the rear of that which '.a;ljwii described, and is con)[irehcnded in a small liydrographical basin. 1 •iili treat it iu the briefest manner. t * ■ H ! ■ \ ■■"••1 \ ■- .'. • ' • * :■! '';^^',':^*^^^^#.''';V.f' ' , HI.-, . ■ «■ I'tV-' SECTION VIII. BASIN OF WHITE RIVER. !■ Gkn'er.u. lIvDitoGnAiMiY. — White lliver is the largest tributar}-, and "- >t a cdcipial, nf the Wabash, w)ii(li it joins about one hundred and ten ■iiikj frniii the junction of the latter (following its meanders) M'ith the "ii"- On the north it is surroumlcd by the Wabash ; on the east its ^'lira's mingle with those of the tributaries of the Great Miami; on the !"iit.i, it receives the water of streams whi(di originate on the northern sIojjos i the hill-zone wdiich has just been described. White Eiver is composed of '■"•'I irrcat branches, caUcd the East and West Forks, the former of which • >^'^ iioitily parallel with the Ohio, while the latter pursues a more southerly iir>e, until tlicy unite not many miles above the junction of their con)mou ■"ink with the Wabash. Nearly a third part of the State of Indiana — its vjuthern and south-eastern — is compreheiuled in this basin, the eastern '"'"Hill of which rests on Silurian limestone, while the western lies within :-1- *\."' . "?<•■? ;JS ".-UK, .0 ■ . ■ 1 %■ f. -■ 310 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE [mt I PdT I.J INT 'yj ■1 ■f ■■'■ • I^B p ; ■■ ^ ' ■'' 'IHHfl' T. l^ulKl'',*; • 'j H ■•' 'i- i , ■■■..■; •'• " '«•'/'' f , . "i. • ■ ■ ' i ''■'•« f ■/ 'l;''f'i'^ ., . ■'1 1;'. i '.!' • 'f j '■'■ p ',■ 'j' J -J '■ ; {; "•#:•. ». ;. . ■',, ' * fc- 'j|||ft|vr ■: ■■■■^•'rV •• '. ■ '^B^^^^B'$ L '.-'■* ip^npS^H'^ ' '-« ■''■'■j','p '-?■ I-. * " ■ - ..^ ■■''■'I'". ' /'" ''■' . '■''i' . . ■ \ ^ ; .v-.. -. ., , ' " , • <.. *■*'■' ' 1 .'• ;..':t I' < 1. .', m I I, ■f H 1, T^, 1 , 'I'' ■ ftr-^i ilfe-' the great Illinois coal form at ion. Thus, its surface-rock is, in some [.art; calcareous, in others, arenaceous, in others, schistose or argillaceous. II. The East Foiik. — That diviisiim of the basin which is draintiUv the East J'ork, i.s, in rL't'eroiice to its surface, a continuation of the luwcr'r southern part of the .Miami JJasiii; that is, it presents roiuided woijilud liilL not formed by elevation above the general surface of the country, Uit In valleys and ravines of excavation; some of whicii have bottoni-lamb ot'cib siderable widtli, but, on tlie whole, narniw alluvions, more like those on tie south than the north s^ide of tlie Ohio llivcr. Tlie body and liasis of tliose hills is the limestone already mentioned. In pu.'^sing westwanlly we leave this limestone, not to meet with it again in the Ohio Basin, and cuniotutt' Devonian slate, which Htretehe.M, nurthwardly frcmi the Falls of Ohio, in a belt of more level land, with a more pondy and swampy s^urface; to t'ji.. succeeds — still going to the west — the rugged eastern margin of the .a! formation, which, however, beconies more flat after we have passed the ,;• crop of sandstone which underlies the coal measures, and their associati shales, .sandstones, and carboniferous limestones. Every part of the region drained by the Jvi.st Fork of White Eivir. :• subject to autumnal fever, whicli is more frequent and severe in the iiti 'ii- borhood of the river and its larger tributaries, than upon the upland.s. III. TiiM West Fork — more correctly the north — is a longer stroac than the East, ruiuiiiig nearly south stiutli-west, tlu'ough t\vr, degrees of lati- tude, but not (Iraining a greater surface. The region from which it i.ivil- more level than the last, embraces many prairies, both wet and dry, and [n- seuts along its streams n)uch wide bottiim-lands, with more of nortliem drift or tnnsported materials on its surface. Tims, it is a contiiiuati.ii : the upper part of the .Miami ]]asiu. Its autuunial fevers are e!!oentiall} tl.- same as those of tlie East Fork. IV. Indianai'OUS, the capital of the otate of Indiana, stands mi t:> left or east bank of tlie We.^t Fork of White Eiver, in N. Lat. o'J" 55', au W. Long. SO" 5'. The plain which constitutes its site is sliglitly umiuu- ting, with an average elevation of twenty feet above low-water mark, ar,i about seven hundred above the level of the sea.* The principal part itt'v town is three quarter.s of a mile from the river. At a short di.«taiiic;!i and to the north of the town, Fall Creek enters the river, which it reai^v; from the north-east. A smaller stream passes through the suburbs uf tte town, on the cast and south sides, to join the river below. In .suiumtr ari autumn this stream nearly dries up. ImnuHliately north, there wasfoniirrl) a pond, which discharged its superfluous waters across the town-plat: ha ditch has been made to drain it into Fall Creek. East of the town, at t-v distance of a mile, is the margin of a slightly rolling tract of argilb' ii-" ground, covered with beech timber. To the north, the country i.s a htt.o broken: but we have there the wide alluvial bottoms of White River ai:. Fall Creek. "West of the river, the bottom is a mile in width, and so luwa- * Indiana Engineers' Reports. ; , lie overflowed in Mie this bottom, irii!'.'. overshadiiwed u-.-iud and other n Ioii::tli li about tw icveral miles, tliere (jril't. bounded by I stands the Lunatic k'Uveen it and the jioscs with a lock t summer it becomes ilo ovci-floweil in all high frcshots. At the foot of the bluffs which termi- nate tliis bdttoin, tliere is a swiile, or pitndy belt, from ten to forty rods mh. oversliadiiwed with trees and rank grass, or rendered foul with drift- ^A.,i\ and other organic matters, thrown into it by the river fl(jods. Its len^tli is about two miles. IJcyond this, to the west and north-west, for sovoral miles, there is a drv, old tcrraf^e of sund, graved, and other northern Jrit't, limnded by Kagle Creek. On one of the undulations of tliis plain, :tanl« the Lunatic Asylum of Indiana.* On the terrace cast of the river, between it and the town, there is a canal, designed merely for hydraulic pur- iiosi'S, with a lock through which the water is restored to the river. Every summer it becomes choked up with a luxuriant aijuatic vegetation, which is ,le.tPived by letting out the water in -luly or August. p.iitnr S. Cr. Mitchellt informs me that, on digging wells in the town, they first '.y^i-f throu;^di four or five feet of soil and loam, then through fil'teen or tieiitv feet of gravel, and afterward eoTitiiuie in white sand, as low down as perffiratioiis had been made. The same early medical hi.storian of Indian- snolis tells us, that the settlement of the town was commenced in 1820, ir'iijii the ]ilain was heavily timbered with various kinds of tr s. In the >]iriiig of \^'ll, these were extensively cut down, and inunigrants crowded iii'iiii tlie spot, until, by midsummer, they nundjcred about six hundred. Tlicy were miserably lodged in open cabins, shanties, and even tents; and siilisi.sted largely on iish and ganu\ with very little salt. July and August me unusually hot and wet. Every thing molded. The luxuriant foliage (if tlio fallen trees and trodden-down annual plants, underwent a rapid jcC'iiiposition. Exhalations offensive t.) the smell arose. Many domestic animals died, and, in the latter part of July intermittent and remittent fovcrs appeared. They coinnieneed near the river, and xtended eastwardly through tlie new village, assuming a malignant character. Before the epi- demic closed in October, nearly every person had been more or less indis- pf>sfil, and seventy-two, or about an eighth part of the population, had died. Many of the most malignant or algid cases commenced as simple intermit- tent.s. Since that time, Indianajiolis has not experienced a severe vi.-itation; but if? vicinity, especially to the north, ren.iains, as its medical topography would lead us to expect, subject to annual invasions. :ii ,,.^ ■".^;-^ •. ■ • - . r • V * . .. '*•,■■ " ' '*' . • v=:fv ■ ' ■ ■■ - \ ,' 1: i;->vf .■- ' ■.. ' t SECTION IX. BASIN OF THE WAHASH. I. Gexer.u Survey.— Although White River is a branch of the Wa- ■nsli, its size and slight coiuiection witli tliat river, made it convenient to 'ieseribe it under a separate head. The basin of the Wabash above the mouth of its great affluent, is Ions:, narrow, and curved round from south- t Doctor John Evans. MS. panrs inc. iWcbtern Journal ( Cincizinati), Vol. II, p. 443. ■^>/ v< 'hPt^ ■ ^ i>. t . > " . 1. . 312 THE PIILNCIPAL DISEASES OF THE [BOOJi. west to nortli-cast. The uiontli (if tlio ^Vabasli is found in N. Lat. ;]^ 4- aiid "\V. Lon. S7" 4;")'; its iimst nortlieni suiireos in Lat. 4P 15', amlltsmost eastuni in Lon. 81^ :!(l'. Originating: in the western part of the; Statf if Ohio, it traverses Indiana diaynnaliy, and jdins tlie Oldo I'livor bctweon tlat state and Illinois, not far below Kvansville. Its ujjper waters ori'.'iiiati; i- ponds or small lakes, and extensive niarsli-prairies, on the sunnnit-li;vel Ijo. tween the Ohio ]>a.sin, aiul the basins of l^akes 3Iiehigan and Erii\ Knr. ncntly an alluvial river, it everywhere has wide bottom-lands, ninnvdf iv!,i^.'„ are subject to spring and early summer inniidatl. ,is, leaving liolnnd tinn ponds, bayous, nuirshes, and swales, alioundiiig in drift-wood, and utlnrfiiij! deposits. Tlie fertility of these bottoms is great, and their veiretatiinlim. riant. All the upper jmrtioiis of the "Wabash ]5asin are oversimad rjt extensive terraces or plains of clay, sand, gravel, ]iebbles, and utliir trans- ported materials from the north, which bury up the rocky strata.* In tit lower or southo'rn pdrtions of tlie valley, which are nutderatcly brok'ii, tin; amount of drift is much less, though it is abundant in the wide troiu'lioftht Wabash. It need scarcely be added, that such a reginu as has linn tb comprehensively sketched, having an altitude not exceeding seven ov d^iit liundred feet ior its snnnnits, while the bottom-lands of its streams arocin' siderably lower, is liable to autumnal i'ever. That disease, in fact. |irevai]< in cv(.'ry portion of it. But I must not dismiss it without giving an aecotmt of some of its nujre important localities. IT. Lavayktti:. — 1 have received from Doetor Deniing the material; k a descriptive notice of this locality. The town stands on the IcftdiainUaEk of an eastern bend of the Wabash, in Lat. 40" IS', at a liight of fi\e Iiub- drcd and thirty-eight feet above the level of the sea, and thirty-tivc k above low water; an elevation which jjrotects it from inundatiuii. Tiit upper strata of this terrace consist of sand and gravel, resting on a stratum': hard blue clay, in some jdaccs fifteen fo'ct thick, which has to Ijo pasij through to obtain good well-water. Behiw this deposit, and in tlii'iiOk there arc strata of sub-earbonifcrous liuu'stone. The surface of tl:e tcrracf is sufficiently undulating to favor draining. In the southern part ofthf town-plat there are a number of small streams, fed by springs, and th-n were formerly several acres nf boggy marsh, wdiicli have been drained and put under cultivation. With the exception of this spot, there were no >«aiiif; or ponds near the town, on the east side of the river. In receding iVmn tie river to the cast, an old or second bottom is encountered, the Miifi' margin cl which has been shipcd so as to present a gradual rise. The hill-lnml n.-'r! on the south side of the town to the liiaht of eiclitv feet — on the east.!' one hundred and seventy feet — on the north-east, to one hundred ai:il ti!ij This semi-circle of highland is covered with timber, beyond wlm!i. «:;• wardly, lies the Wild-cat Prairie; portions of which were swaiii[iy. Imtbve been reclaimed, with a eoiisciiucnt great amelioration of autumnal IkhiJ Opposite the town, on the western side of the river, a low bottom, coii«ii- ** Doctor Oweu'ti Second Geological Report. *!r riiT II INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. . •! iiiili! i'''"ve, oxtciul.s sovoral juiles Ijulow. It is ;iiiiiii:ilK imimlatod, icuitt M'i to tlie cl<'[)tli of loiirt(,'Oii i'eet, and Doetur J)L'iiiiiig lins noticed, A J :(^ ,,^.(;;isioiial suuuncr-inundatioiis are far iiiuro jivoduetive uf fever tliaii ti'ujt' of spi'iiif-'" Tlie width of this bottoiu varies from a (luarUr of a mile I „;ilj. Lying to tlio siuunier-wiiidward, tliis liuttuni, witli llic ^\et and ,ja''-v tnu't on t!ic feouth wide u\' tlie tdwn, is no duuLt the j)rinei|ial causo : tn; ikideJ |irevaleiiec of autumnal fcvei-, wliich annually oecurs at this [ilair. AcciirJing to Ductur Deming, a largo pvoportiim of its diseases are liLMi'jittent and remittent fevers; many cases of the former, called by tiio p,.!,',o, 'sinking chills,' are decidedly malignant. So great, indeed, is the L.ialiiifiiwnfC, th:it ahu'ist all forms of disease, especially pneuuiuiiia, dys- ^ritrv, ami ciiiJuniic erysipelas, manifest its ofl'ects. [, Tkkui: IIavti:. — I have been favored by Doctor I'ead and Doctor jCliiiinL'cr, whli facts for an account of this locality. The latitude of Terre Br;to ii aliimt •'i!)'^ --1' N. Its elevation above the level of tlie sea, is four :.irel and eighty-three feet''' — above high-water mark of the Waliash, il^er.tv-fivo feet. At the distance of three miles cast froni the ri\cr, there is at'.' tt'i'racc about fifty feet higher. 'J'he town stands on tiiO left or L>irr!i >iili' of the river, and occu|)ies a portion of the western margin of phiiijust mentioned, whicli is known as tlie Tort Harrison ]'r;iiiie. This irrj'T. wliidi, fruui its elevation, suggested the name by wi:!rmanent swamp of about twenty acres, be- f«n which and tlie town, there stands, however, a thick wood, wiiich is ppii-ed to exert a protecting influence. ':^^ "•«••*, . I* ■ , ]• ■^■-"■ * Indiana Eng. Rep. pli^^*^ 'F :-.! .' I, ■ •I '• W- ;.-■,- . 814 Tiri'] PRINCIPAh i'lSEASES OF THE [•ooi :.l IJotli flic gcntlonicn wlioiii 1 liavo quutod, testify to t'lo great prevaWi. fl aiituinnal fever in tliis localitv, wliero all the varieties, from tht niost ti tiL Uji to llie must iiialignaiit, an; met with. In snniiiier and a\ituinn "//iHm' ' aceoi'tlin^ to Doctor Heed, tend to ])eriodicit}-, and, in ^villtt•r, iiiumium,; en greatly modilied liy tho paludal influoncc. that liloddlettinc js s(y,|[;., followed hy death. IJoth these physician,'*, moreover, testify to tlie fait i i pcr.son.s living- near the mar'^iii.'^, and almost on the level of tiip paludal iri are less snhjeet t jta-J mont, Doctor Cloppiiiger has made a number of spcciKeatioiis, wlijch not space to tran.scril)e. and concludes hy informing nic, that Dwtcr l';itriil an (ild and intelligent physician, long resident at Terre Haute, Las ilnrrHi all that is hero recorded. TV. VixcKXNKS. — The i;ite of this town, an old French villan'.«i!;'. J more than a centur) s'tjc, is a heautiful diluvial jirairie, from one tuj miles in width, > .i' si:: miles along the Waba.^h Kivcr, nn its HtJ eastern side. 31 of M ^ ])lain is .sandy. The sput on which tlictMr:, j built is not subjeei to inuu'.. i '• ns, but innnediately below, and for tlm.taa down, tlie bottom, before it wan protected by a levee, way liuhlc to mi1«i.| sion. About a mile and a half cast of the town, there were several fjii and marshes, which, however, have been drained into the river, tivt njy below. IJeyond these poiuls there arc bluffs, followed by chivcv tal-k-kijl On the west, or right-hand side of the river, there is a belt of low liml)irttlM.|| tom-land, a mile in width, succeded by a prairie six miles wide, andni'Miij greater length up and down tho river, which, in high floods, i.s mori' itI< subject to inundations, that leave ponds and marshes behind them. .'"UfiJ the broad valley of the AVaba.sh at this point. The elevatiun of itslii'J diluvial bottom-lands is about four hundred and fifty feet above the soa. latitude of the town is 38^ 43' N., its longitude 87" 25' W. It.^ impiiku is two thousand five hundred, one-third of whom are descendants uftiittr:: nal French settlers. The inhabitants of tho prairie on the west side of the river, are sulijnt ij a decided degree, to remittent and intermittent fevers; those cm tlie eastti side are affected rather less, as to the number of cases, but more sevirtlyiij degree. In latter years, malignant cases, late in autunm, have not uncommon.* Y. Nkw Harmony. — This is tho settlement made by Jlr. Robert Hweij of Scotland, in the year 1S-J4. Its latitude is 38*^ 11' N., its longitmie >'| 35' W. Tt stands on the left or south-eastern bank of tho WaliasliriviTM a quarter of a mile from its margin, and about half a mile from a liijiliiT HJ race in its rear. "The bottom on which the town is liuilt," says I'-'W Mur[)hy, " is considerably more elevated than the sli[) between it ai.ii '-( river. The whole bottom, from the river to the highest terraee, is al)'-'"' ' mile wide, increases gradually in width, as we ascend the river, and i; ns'i'l Ijimes to a mean hight. * Doctor Joseph Sonimes. MS. penes me. m fiir '■; INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 315 LVviiiin. Tilt! level ol" the town who is about six feet above tlio lii;:;li('St L Jiiftlie r'ver, and iiuar futir huiidriid feet abovo tho Culf of iMoxieo. T« . lil consists of rich vcgotablo mold, with a liberal admixturo of sand, in Ln'C'iiii'nee of wliidi it dries ra|)idly after rain. Tlie only standin;.' water I Pirllit !"«■" '•'' "■ brick-pond, to its south, wliieli is sixty yards in diniiietor, liiid iii'irlv ilrii-'s up i" suiiiiner. Tlio water used liy the iiihuliitants is from Ifeilj nliicli receive it by percolation from the Waltasli, and, therefore, it is To the north-west of the town is the river, the width of whleh is nearly hiiiarti'r iif a niilc. Haifa mile bi'low thi; center of the town the ITninony Itm-li'i.-sues from the river, to join it three miles below; by whieli, frnm the Itiri'iitMis course of the river, an alluvial island, fifteen miles in circumference, lijfriii-J to tlio west of the town, 'i'ho whole of this surface is overflowed I'crrivTfn'sliots, and ponds and sluices are left behind, but none of them lie ha: '.y town. It is eoveretl by a dense forest, with luxuriant herbaceous iTewMatiiiii, and none of it is under cultivation. Opposite the town is ]''ox I-u:,]. "11 tlie western side of which a portion of the AVabash flows, whenever |i;ri-ej I" Jimcaii higlit. This i.-land is covered with forest trees and a canc- Itinki. ami presents ponds and bayous, none of which, however, are near the |li!i. It iiiily remains to add, that to the south of the town there is a range Icf siik and that the terrace on which the town is built stretches ofi' sumc liiia:; •' to the cast, and is under high cultivation." 1; :.•, I sujipose, generally known, that in prosecuting his great experiment Kinti.i.' Cpnimmiity-sy.-tem, Mr. Owen assembled around him, on this spot, a |lim!"r of distinguished .siirm/s, wiio knew much more of the physical than lo: the moral world. Both the cultivators of science and of the soil were long P' ilL-jierscd ; and a common American town, with eight hundred iidiabi- te. ii'iw occupies ground consecrated to the new social system. They are Irui'int to tlio fevers of autumn, which often di.splay a malignant character, p till so of the towns higher up the river. VI, Valley of the AVaiiasii uklow Nkw IIahmoxy. — From New Ilar- iv. to tlio junction of tho Wabash with the Ohio Kiver, the distance is l:;v-iivL' miles. According to Doctor 3Iurpliy, the valley is in general from pre ti live miles wide ; and there are but few spots in the whole distance \M are not overflowed by the freshets of tho river, to a depth varying Ir'.iii tlirco to ten feet, until we approach the Ohio, when, from the back- baiiT if that river, the inundation is often much deeper. These overflows piilako jdaee in sunmier, but do not seem to be tho cause of insalubrity; Hiif eoiitrary, dry and hot summers are the most unhealthy. On the other i-'U'octor Murphy has observed, that persons living off the river-bottoms I'iffs, on the uplands, are iimre sickly in wet summers than dry. In SSipiiin^ tlio inhabitants in and near the valley with those who reside be- ^'H'lit^ influence, he has found the health and longevity of the latter supo- rti those of the former. lie has everywhere observed autumnal fever to 'liimiiishod by cultivation. The whole of this region lies in the coal 'I Regiox wkst of tue Wauasii. — In passing the river to tho west, ..i^: * I • . . » ',,. f 810 TIIF, PRINCirAL DISF:ASES or THE l>001: f JT I., INTEIil liii It '*i /hvl H" J ., WO outer on the vast pmirics fif llliiidiH. East of tho Wabash tlior ar" — ordinate to tlm wnod-laml.s — wost, tlio itrnpnrtiinis are reversed, (iftl|i<,, pioii. a I)i'lt, twit or tlirc" coiintics wide, cxtt'iidiiiL' fniiu tin; suiniuit.!,; hi'twecii t'lu wafors of L;ikc Midiigiiii iiiid tlic Waluisli, bolunffs to tlii' Wn wc arc now cxploriiig. and is drained by tbo Kinbarras and ]m\^ ^Vii,^.; KivcrH, iKit tu niuntidii siM;il]or tributaries. Tbo ii|(|tor boils df tli,.je f,:^. toiMi or (il'tcon countio.-, cunslst abnust oiitircly of ilibiviid inblilus. 't^v^' sand, and day, witli a (■(iverinj^ of rich vc;;i'tabb,' innld. Tliu strjui i tliron^di siirli bioso do|iii,sits, of cunrso, bavo Avido Ixittunidaiuls, iKiirhall wbicb aro Habic tu liinudalinii in tinii'S nf bii^li water. Tlio surface uf [lij I region, wbetbor wonded or wooillcss, is L'l'O'irally inidubitinc; or Itwl, aii scarcely aiiywbcro broken into bills and ravines. Tlie ridd L'ra.*>es d!' |U prairies retard the escape of rains and nudtcd snows, while tliuir liiii; itLt roots bind tho soil, and ])revent the waters from excavating tvLMichos t!ir sj which they might flow oil'. Tims, extensive tracts of wet nr iii:n\li_v |.raK{| are formed and maintained. IJetwcen these ( many of Avliidi will i... r.;. dered dry by j appearing here and there. The diluvium which overs[iroads tlie C'-Etnl further north, is here mudi reduced in ijuantity. Tho rcniaiiuk • ; ^^i district nnikes a jiart of tho extensive alluvial region through wliioi i^| Ohiiit lied.* A- thi' ri'gi'iu wliii'h |t!i:':.-«ovt'n dcp'ocs, an j^i.M!ic(Jiilf of ^b'.\ |'.r.r-. ^\'c! iiui.st say s II. Smawxkktown.- |(iCJorii'!i"ii I'f this local • ShawneetowH stam \r.:h\ mill's above the nii lisiranje of fertile, liea Ittc'C I'r'iii the < >liio, fri hiimioi'town, they are e liiilj", there are a great n I w frill mip ti) three n lii-iih. Their dejitli is <' ItMv a!l coiiir.iuiiicato a\ |i:m, iiil'i the les.scr ba Ir'inil than that behind |::?>;iiiif time, its entire :'t..i' river, the hills op| |::.'<'iir<', but soon reeiil ' Thus, the vail |d'-wiJe, and not unfre !i the S'lUtli side 1 ir-'irwatiT is dear and ( [I-rcririi to the plain on Irivir hank, there is ;i ci K.i.:i umlergoes a rapid > 'C'tli':' |.laiu alfnrd ditl'e; |f"3io it i> soft ; ill the f'n !-• rr.ir. near the foot ol IjUdi. Ihie clay, yellow cli jtsn!, fmir iw't thick, of ri\ JM t'" tir.-t being Convcrti ">bwncctown has al prb:>. the State of : |t!it!;o Construction of a i jfol.ully, and the operr jjart uf thtni died, ami |fc!i. frty feet in depth, Nl t;:o swamps and pond t] '4ri-J INTKRIOII VALI-1:Y OF NORTH AMERICA. ;ji: _, 5^j„ip, iiiijiassaMo. PX(.-o|it in two jiliu-oH, mid tlicn' by caiisowa^s. It stiiiii- fr""' •'"' ^^'iil'!'^'' ♦" '"*:ilii"' <'rtM'k, ciulitcfii nr twmty miles. luitl II ,!,,, Oiiii) liiver in swoUfii, u |Mirtiun ul' itis haek-watcr takes tin; lmjuisu \* tK' rogi"'" wlii'-li li""^ ^'^'<^" brkfly skctohi'd Vwa in tlio iiwaii latiliuld (if jV.f.-.iOTt'n (1i'lT''i-'S. and is clcvatod only aluiut lliroo luindn.'d uwd tilty I'd! iL',i> the 'r lilt' of .Muxic", it is. of t'diirsc, int't'stt'd with dun;:oruus autumnal .-.vr.. Wc must .«ay hnniotliing of its priiici|ial town. II, SiiAWXKETOWN. — [ am indebted tu J)oct('r Hou lor tlic Inllowing Je<.;ri!'ti'in of this locality : ••*h;iwnem the Ohio, from half a mile to three miles, or iveii mure. At S'jiTCOi'town, they are distant a mile. In the river bottoms in front uf these iiilj., ti.ere are a great number of lagoon.s or bayous. Those above the town iitfr'flM'iU' to three miles long, and from a hundred yards to a mile in filth. Their depth is often con.siderable. i)uriiig high water in the river, m all coiiir.iuiiicato with caeh other, and jiour tiieir waters, behind the im. iiito the les.>er bayous Im low it. The town itsidf stands on higher r ".nil tl:an that behind it ; but when the Uliio anin\'aba»h are swollen at ;:e Millie time, its entire site is overflowed. On the south <.r Kentucky side ;' till' river, the hills ojiposito the mouth of the Wabash press elose upon •.«'w, uut soon recede, and a bottom, like that already described, is de- •.:':! i. Thus, the valley of the Ohio. thro\igh this region, is about four d- will'?, and nut nnfrei|uently the whole of it is under water. The ponds '. : n ilie snuth siile have in general muddy liaiiks and sandy bottoms. TUirwater is clear and cool, and they are overshadowed with cypress trees. Trcnni til the plain on which the town is built, T may state, that in the rviT liaiik, there is a eonghimerate ruck, abounding in sul|)huret of iron, t'&.li uiulergoes a rapid decomposition, forming sulphate of iron. The wells "ft'ii? |ilaia afford different kinds of water, aceording to their depth; in Mcit iysoft; in the greater nnndier, hard. In tligging a well, a nnle from ti' rivir. near the foot of the hill, after having passed through sand, gravel, Im blm.' clay, yellow clay, nuick sand, and fine (day, they came to :i stra- hni. fi'Urfeet thick, of river mml, fdled with logs, bru.-h, and leaves, portions w i'." tir^t being converted into beautiful lignite. '."■iuiwnectijwn has always been notorious as a 'slekly place.' In the .^Sir h>. the State of Illinois employed a largo number of laborers here, catlie construction of a railroad. It was a sickly year; the town suflered Milfiillv, aiul the operatives, who were strangers, still worse. A seventh fart lif them died, and nearly all were sick. ]3ut they dug an innnense fc'i. f rty fcft ill depth, near the river, and deep enough generally to drain il!ti:o swamps and ponds in the vicinity of the town. The ellect of this •«». i^::- • M » Doctor Roe. r ai8 TIFR rrUNCIPAL niHFASEH OF TIIF [XXJll. U : •■ I • measure ou tlio autuiiiiinl licnlth of the inliiibitaiilH was inxtantanoiiun j has contiimod ever huwv,. TIio fevers of tliat season no longer return '< wlieii wo Iiiivo nn occasional intcriiiittctit, it \» generally in the Mm' Ncvcrtlielcss, a niali'.'Mant case, called liy the |ie(i|ile a ciitipe«ti\> diH ,, now and thou met with. Our worst disense is ptieninonin, wliich bjjj , , hoar the lancet, and often re((uircs tlio sul|iliate of ([uinine. Tlio foKr itji continues to prevail on the opposite side of the Ohio, wlierc the swaiuuiit, not lieen dr.iined." 111. CoNci.LSioN. — W»( liavo now finished the topnj»r!i|iliieal jurv,; . the Ohio Hasin. If the reader has found it tedious, he sliould rccfillit i-i great superficies; extendiM-,' from the sources of the southern trilutar;M ( tho T"nnesseo Hiver, in (Ieer;.Ma and Alaliaina, to those of the Allt't'l.a! • Now York ; and from the hanks of tho Mississippi Hivcr, in Illiiinij j-i] Kentucky, to the IJluo Kid,L'o in ^'ir^ir^u. He should also rcniemUr -j diversified gC(doi^ieal constitution, from tlic tertiary deposits to the iU«t Silurian or transition limestone. Still further he should meditate on ;!» vast varieties of surface, necessarily presented l)y such a divcrsiiieilpl - Ho should not forget tho difference in altitude — nearly two tlioiisanJfd;- betwecu tho alluvial bottoms of tho Ohio, where it unites with the .Miw.- sippi, and tho crests of the Ai)palachian Moufitains, from which its riritj descend. Finally, he should realize, th;it this great and fertile Im.in 3, and over must be, tho most populous and important portion of the Im.r. • Valley of North America; and thus he will he jirepared to adinit, tin' : thoro be, to tbc physician, any utility in this kind of study, any vidiio u medical topography, geography, and geology, the time devoted to the (fe Uasiu has not been misspent, nor tho space allowed it greater than to demanded. .lEuI'J.NS EAST OF ruf-j INTERIOR VALIJ:Y oK NORTH AMKRICA. 819 ?m CHAPTKU XI. TIIK SOUTIIEllN UASIN, CONTINUED. IrEuI i.W EAST OF THE MI^SI>!SiriT RIVHR, AND NORTH OK THE OHIO UA.SIN. SECTION I. GENF-RAf. VIEWS. Tie rcmaindor nf the Soutliorii »r Mexican IJasIii consists dt'a lon^, narrow '.niiidiil, on tlic west, by tlic Mi.-.^is.>i|)|ii, ahuvo tlie uiuiitli of tlio (Jliio; Miith-cait, by the basin of tbc latter river; on tiie nortii-ea.st, by tbc *3-::i if till! lakes; and, on the north, by thu lliidson Basin. In length, tho 1 'A\ which wo havo now entered extends through ten dej^rees of latitude, ku i'. t'r:n. Largo portions of this region are, as yet, either thinly peo[ded 'f r^te unsettled, and hence a minute descripthm would neither be practi- ^atjl'-'norofmuch interest to tho medical etiologist. ..^ I 'V ■^■:,5| ■- *.■ ■ 'i V ■ . * • 320 Tin; niiNCirAL diseases of the ^- -.il ■■■ I . ■•' ( -:-\-r. ■ !•- ••r ■■:■>•' iKHJIi si:cTi(\\ II. BASTN OF THE KASKASKIA RIVER. Tlie Kaskaslsia llivcr ji'ins tlu' Mis.si,-isippi one h\:uuictl miles aW*. tv niotitli (if tlu' ( Miid. jJetwci'ii tlio Ohio anil tlie Kuskaskia. inucli i| f. oiiuiitrv is s niR'wIiat bnikcn. and aliounds in Inrcst inort' than iiraiii". J' only stream wnrtli iiotico is J>iL' ^Iiiddy Ivivor, wiiieliproscnts aliuiiit w .,j. bluft's, with uaiTiiWiT lidttnin-lands than ninst of the rivurs dositibtij in f last cha|)ti'r. Tlic ai'Hcral fourso of Kaskaskia itiver is to tlic soutli-wost. Itsvurc- and nearly all its tributavies. interLick with those uf the AVaWl], t.M. south-cast, and the lllinoi.s Uivor to the north-west. Of tlu; river* \v'.: belonjr C'xelusively to the t^tatc of Illinois, this is the longest. 'J'li i i half of it.s liasin ahound.s in wood-lands more than prairies: but in tlic-a:;.- half, the proportions arc reversed, and the fore.-t is chiefly foinul in tho ri> !.:.• bi)rliood of the streams. The former division, moreover, is dryer aiiil b': hilly, possesses a less fertile soil, and jtresent.s more voek at the surfact T! latter, like the iqiper parts of the W'aliash ]>asin. has its rocky stu-.ta id. . lip il' diluvium from the north. In this re^iion lies the < n'Miid Pniiri. . t' larifcst savanna oast of the .Mi>.-is-ippi lUver. Tho Kaskaskia ainl iis:::- butaries are, througlumt, alluvial streams, that is, have wide and lii\vti:i;l!t:! bottom-lands, subject to iiuiiidations, which leave beh', I tlnin ; nds. lar- • and all other varii'ties ot wet surface, overspread with the wrcek uf i!,.; luxuriant vcLi'otation. Such a surface, in tho mean latitude uf tliirtyri. do^;i;reos, must of nt>cessity give rise to .-evere autunnial fevur*, wliii!) a: kuowu to prevail throughout tho wholo Kaskaskia IJasiu. 4 * . ■1 , t'""^' ' 11 1''" ' ' TOM t im ,{ .1 ■ '. '^ SECTJOX III. 13ASIX OF THE ILLINOIS RIVER. I. OuTi.iXi: T)i:scuii'Xi(i.\'. — Tiio head-waters of Illinois Iliver aiipra . tho soutlieru end of J^ake .Michigan. On tho western side of tuallake.an'i within a few miles of its shores, tho lUver JJcs JHa'oics (jrigiiiatos. onufe to the south, nearly parallel to tho same shores. This is one of iVi'w- tary stioams i.if tho Illinois; the otlicr is the Kankakee. The .■iniirce^ ■ : » latter aro near tho middle of tho no!-them boundary of tho State of hubiu' the cast of Lake Michigan, whence it winds round the end of the lake aiiJE* westerly, until it joins tho ]>es I'lainos to ibrui the Illinois. That nviMK bears oil" to tho south-west and south, to join tho ]Mississi[;ii, twoinM^ above the mouth of the .Missouri IJiver. Not far behiw its head tlio 'fe receives, through its right bank, the waters of Fox lliver. a lirge tril'ii^ which originates near Ijako Michigan, almost as far north as 31ihv;uiJ"H the State of "Wisconsin. IJelow Fox lUvcr, all the norihcrn ami wc-h^-; tributaries of tho lllimds arc of very limited extent, as its basin i;* ii'iii|rt-''.i on those sides, lirsfc by Hock Iviver aud afterward by the 31isjiss!l'l": "' INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 821 :«»T I- J . p,f ^liicli. the Illinois Jipiiriiiiclics at ;iii aoutc analf, a short distanoc ,i, v the tiiwii ot' llciiiio|iiii. On its snuthern side tin' liasiu of the llliiiui.s .riiih liioailer, and the tributary streams ni(irc numerous, of which the most mhurtaiit i.-i tlu' Sangamon. The \i|i|ii'r jmrtii'Ms of the Walia.- ; and Kas- ptjii b:isins nretiirure to us that \.h'Lii wo have now entered. Interniinaido Tihtinir |ii"'ii'ii'>i 'l''^'- ^^'^'^' '^'"^ mar.shy. interspersed with proves, and ia- ■'vdi'lliv .'^i:^■;lnls whose wide and luw liottnms are overshadnweil with -, ■. characterize every part of the basin. The suuthern pdrlinns arr within ; i.ijhiirinatiiiii, the norliiern and north-eastern rest on extensive level m-opiiisuf the J'evoiiian and Silurian rocks, which emerge from beneath tiie nl III ahiiiist every part of the liasin there are Jeep and extensive dej)0- .;;. if ilril't freni tlie nortii. The great depression (.'f the coast of Lake Mi iii.'aii, at its .-dUthern extremity, has been already pointed uut. and sug- :i-t.■ v;i!lov of the lllinoi.s, into the Mississippi, iiecently, a canal has re- ■:;ii.'ii;htd a water communication l)etween the latter river and that lake; liLiili. with the fertility and beautiful aspects (if the Illinois J}asin, mu.st ,;;iiUv raise it tu a distinction that will impart great interest to its medical I ; i ^ai'liy. With tlicst; general observations, lot us proceed to thi(li.' iif the iMi.<,sissippi. The gra-^s and ainr'al herl)age, with nuich It.'.'shrubliorv. and many forest irees, had been killed by the submersion. I'.': t'jo trw«, the white hickory ( ('iriya poir'nni ) sntlered most. This was ja:i xtrai'iiliiKiry Hood ; bur the inunlrivated state of the liottoms. generally, |iw;i;it('S that tlic\ are liable to annual inundation. On one side or the other treiieli through which tlu' river flows, there is ;> bluff of sub-carbon- n- us limestone or Devonian sandstone rucks; on the oppo«ite. a low, "hJ l)(.ttuiu. abounding in extensive lagoons, ponds, and swamps. There '^ ^''Wfvor, witiiin the treneli, many old and high diluvial tei-races, that |»rt.' i.tv.rnvt;rflnwed. "i'i"f these terraces constitutes the site of Meredosia; in trn^-ersing i- "11 the road to Jacksonville, vc travel over a sandv surlace, then do- iiHttle u|inii a fertile prairie, and then ascend a blutf, Irom which the ' ^ni the valley contirnis what has ju.st been said, as it discloses great ' itii, with low prairies and wood-land.s, abounding in pools and marshes. ' ""i^ .uiii(i.st supciflnous tfi say, that the population along such a valley P' ii'jirt to grave antumnai fevers. ■ •'ACKKi.NviLLK. — From the river to Jacksonville, twenty miles oast r '-Mt'Sia, tlie vuad passes through Morgan County, one of th.,- most pop- '^"''1 the state. The fertile surface is undulating and dry. and presents a ■t :)' • •i' I : i ■•Il, \:i .!. r-i ,)..' .t 322 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE [»00K continued ser!'^2;'). It is the seat of the Illinois C'lU' and of the State Institution for the education of thu deaf and duiiili. Fr'm Doctor Jones 1 leunu'd, that all the forms of autunuial fover occur at iLi* }dace. Malignant intermit tents are rare — remittents, tenihng to a cuminu-l type, rather frc(juent. doctor J'ross(,'r informed nu-, that the |jrevaleiiir.i these fevers is much less than formerly. Doctor Snath tliouglit tinm ;. ; more fre(|nent and fatal than he had seen tliem in the hasinof h-il;;;' lliver, Kentucky. ]>uctor English found them more maligiuait tlian I,; J seen them in the lower valley of the Great Kcnawha, in A'irginiu. Hi, • , whole, they ju-evail hero in a mitigated degree, couqiared with the ■.:• rounding region generally, and thus conform to iis, apparently. ^aliilrL:. character. I\'. Si'RiNT.FiEM). — Tlu! road from Jacksonville to SpringiicLl — t, capital of the State of llliH — r\uis directly east, through Morgan aii Sangamon counties. The distance is thirty-six miles. The country L;i- s; elevated aspect, is gently rolling, and presents groves and pmirics in aii- nation, with a predominance of the latter. In some places, the surlaaL- wet as to reijuire tlie roads to be thrown up in the middle; hut not a j : nor marsh is to be seen on the whole route. Autunuial fever prevails, k not with such vitdence as to have jtrevented a very rapid settlement .: ;: country, and its successful cultivation. Springticld is situate near the center of the A'alley or liasin of !»aiigaii:';'. j River, the most important tributary of the Illinois, in N. Lat. 39-' 4>', aM W. Lon. 85)'' 3;>'. 'J'liis valley, formerly called the ' Sanganii n Countrr'L' to the State of Illinois, what the valley of the Elkhorn is to the Stat, i Kentucky. A gently ndling surface; inuuerous itreams, wliich cuntiiri.!} flow through the sunnner and autunui; a deep an! fertile aaillacoiib-ii: extensive jirairies, with graves and copses of line torcst; no great oxteiiHj inundated bottom-lands, and but few ponds or swamps; constitute itvi['> graidiical excellencies. Its altitude above the sea is from sovontoeiL'i)t:-• dred feet. Spriuirlield uei'd not detain us hmf.'. The iiiafii'i aii'l ft-'-t slope of a jtrairie constitutes its site, with a small stream, along ffl*ii i't open wood-lands, meandering to its west through a rocky channel. Alti. -" the conditions rei|ui.sito to the production of autumnal le\cr do nut *- greatly to abound in tiie basin of the Sangamon, yet, Docior Todd. P"fi'f 1 Henry. Doctor .Merrinnin, and Docto" .Tayne, all of Springfield, a?suri'ilffi of its prevalence; and during my sojourn in that cit}'. they afforded w-sl opportunity of seeing interraittcnts, as malignant as those which ooi'uri."H banks of the Tuscaloosa or Pearl IVver, t^i^xcn degrees of latitude lar;-*M south. V. Uloojungton. — In advanci ig northerly from Springfield, t-''^-^ | W^>m INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMKRICA. 3"23 ' K Mk'1ii2!>". t'lc prnportiiMi U(di in- jtan'vj are not uncommon, though dinicult to ex])lain. hit! t'limgraphv, tiie village of Bloomingtou ])rescnts nothing wortliy of jftic'. IVairics surround it, and small head-streams of Kicl|ilv an adoipiate amount of wood-land. Hoctor Ih'iiry. now of JJur- r.'tHii. ["wa, wtni had resided in the place ten years, regarded it as but I linl'liiti'Stucl with autumnal fever; and spoke of the surrounding country as ntli'iii'' S'C'iurscd to anv jrreat extent. He had become convince({ that an j esWHVi.' plowing up of the sud of the prairies for the fir.st time had been fiiHWiilliy fever; esjx-cially in those mIio residecl on the nortiiern or leeward iiit nt sueii tracts. He hr.d rarely seen malignant eases. Tiiese statements ser) fi'iitirtncil hy Doctor colburn, of Hloonani:toti, VI. FiaiM Bloomixcto.n to Pkokia. — The distance between these places 5 all 'Ut t'nrty miles — th; course almost west. For the first ten miles, the [t!li!iL' prairies ;ire interspersed witli narrow bilts of wood-land, along the 1 Mil >trearas yf Kickapoo and Sugar ("reeks. — waters wliicli belong to the pairaninn Ba.sin. I)iluvial or post-tertiary depo.'sjts of sand, gravi'l, and lolav, with erratic bowlders, bury up the i-arbonil'erous rocks. The sparse ' wilitiuii i< nuidoratcly affected with autunnial i\'\cr. Passing beyond the I Katii-f Sugar Creek, we come on tliedi\iding lainls between it and Macki- IBaifCr, k. a tributary of the Illinois. l'"or many miles this tract presents a k'ii. rllinrr, argillaceous surface, with scattered oak trees and prairie hcrb- l*if' t' the village of Mackinaw, octor ]?nrns, who li.id iormerly jtorjiil uii White Kiver, in the State of Indian.-t, told me. tlat there was ISKiiiuiKil fever 'here and there.' JJovond .Mackinaw Creek ( which has a |ii^'\v i-arront ), the suiuu luspect of eijuntry continues for ten miles, when "'■ r 'ad descends into an extensive level prairie, on the western side of wicli i> the village of V,'.\sui.n(iton. the iidialjitants of which, in the middle '•H'liilior, wore the ajipearanee of good health. From WHshington to '-"•^liato valley of Illinois River, the road lies ovt-r r(dling forest land, ■'It tew inhabitants, and I had no o]tportunity of comparing its uutuinnal 'fi'.v with that of the nrairies. ill. 1 J'eokia. — An expansion of the Illinois liiver to three or four 'f.'i: 'i .,•- ■■-'If:.' :- mi: 324 THE PRLNCIPAL DISEASES OF THE [BOOJ; times its usual broadtli, throufrli a length of nearly twenty nil ?, ,;,iiistif ■ , what is caUod Peoria Jiako. which is almost without a perce)itiHc tu,r,r On the west uank, near tlio lower or southern end of this esjangion i« • iKuiutirul site ( r the t iwn of I'eoria, in N. Lat. 4(1^' 40'. The plan' -;, , gnulually 'or a fjuarterof a mile, then declines a little fir the same ii;-',;, and is terminated by an ahrnpt hlutl", the summit of Mhicii is Jxjiu oi:;i.t, (in(; hundred feet abuve the surfaee of the river. From this hlufi' a rili ~ prairie and wood-land plain stretches off to the west. ]}otli the ufiiitr ;.• the Inwer terraces are C()m|insed of northern drift (ir dihivium, hiirvin: ■:! tlie carboniferous rocks. IJehiw the town the bluti's recedo, so a? im y;, greater width of liottom-land, which at the same time beenmcs ninre Ij. pressed; — but little of it, however, suifers inundation. On the (i|i|»;iti- : eastern side of the river, the bott(jm is two miles wide, heavily timlMnil, ai,: subject to overflows of the river; but this tract is to the suninuT-IiiuariJ the tiiwn. The Anglo- American town of IN'oria is of such recent scttlcnic nt tla; the year 18M3, it contained not UKire than twenty-five families;* liit i; u: been previ(m.sly inhab.ted by the French, who selected it as tlie jitffr,; of their earliest missions in the Great Tnterier A'alley. In 1 TT'.' it ln-i'.ru : bo a village of Indian trader.s, voyageur.s, and hunters: but such i!;i>v. : persons wimld do little toward those transformations of tlii> -;:*, winch modify the public health, and are of interest to tlie etidlogist. iii'iin although so old a settlement, its autumnal diseases are sub-tantiall. • same as tho.se of tlie recently settled jiarts of the region we are dtHi:!;:. From Doctor Dickinson, Doctor House, and .Doct.' of families from < »hio formed what was caded the ^budmry Setdiiinnt. U two years, the land tliey cidtivated was at the distance of a fuw iiiik ::i their habitations. They then ph'Wcd up the prairie near their resiil-*' and in tlie following autiunn, experienced a decided invasidn of rt'ii;!;!?!.- fever, while the surrounding population remained healthy. In IVvrwi "• ty, a number of fannlies had settled (as is common ) on the marjini :■! > i large prairie, and remained healthy in autumn. At length, a littlf "'!^.' arrived, and estaldishing themselves near each ither, eiijuved wo-i-i [ health the first year: but the next .«!]iring. they broke up a large ex' '' prairie, near their dwellings, ;ind sufl'ered severely in autuiiia In"' while tho country around remained comparatively healthy. Dootnr InitJ' nr '.' iXTfc; * Peek's Gfizettccrof Illinois. rem.'iriicil here, dia' '. T'.l splits the inter ;. .,: — ai.-'s thai iH ir .tliiTs, siinie place Vd'I, Pkku axi) ilii'Vi iV'iria, where t Tiifvare situate with ami I ii the adjacent 1 iakttom, a mile in T,v ].riiicij)al physici : i Niii aatunnial f( •■v:i:1.4 chiefly amoi i ;.':i!ia]. ;X Ottawa. — F , "tiiiiiiii'diate valley i ImM hy rocky hliij H';f> riri>L'iii preci[iices about one hundred feet high, and aie thiidy covered r'riines. The intervening bottom-lands are chiefly prairie, and so low as t Waiiiuially overflowed. Till' tnwn of Ottawa is built on tlio right or north side of the Illinois Fi'v.r. iiiiint'ili;itcly below the month of I'ox liiver. 'I'here is, first, a narrow \;ji"i ii'ittniii, liable to submersion : tlien a higher allu\ ial terrace, on which '.'■ ?"\Tii is liiiilt, on the rear of which runs the canal, and immediately ])e- vr.laiL'tlie hlntfs. On the opposite or left-haml side, the river fiows near '.'t'oilifli-. On each side, it may be seen that tlie rolling jirairies rise still i'tiT t'laii the bluffs. From Doctors liowhind, Schernu'rhorn, and llurl- Wt I li'iirned that autumnal fever i.s common in this locality, and that Hiibiaiit iutormittcnts arc not unknown. Tiio Irish laborers on the canal U'l differed greatly. The two autumns in which the cxcnxations were ;iu' t'.nvaril, were the sickliest that Doctor llowland had known at this u 'I liut, as the sickness prevailed in the adjoining eountry.it could not !' -iMtn (Icpcud on the excavation. The same gi'utleman had observed !-at j.itH.iis living in the open ])rairie,s, arc tiealthier in autumn than those 'f."ri'.-iile near the wood-huids; which may 1)e owii g to greater humidity in ito latter, as the trees arc chiefly in the neiiihborliood of streams, 'ie had h!>'i .-.I'll some proofs, that the first [dowing up of tlie piairies is followed ' by lev,.)-. X. FnoM Ottawa to Jui.ikt. — Tn leaving Ottawa, the road ])asses out "'-!" Illinois trench, which here lies east and west, an™t!ioeast The 'Country is elevated, dry. and long-undulating. Tl;e h'-tani,^ are few and small. The prairies here spread out iisto vast dimen- •• "^. ;iiia, ot course, the proportion of Avood-land is correspondingly small. j'! :i!iil Ottawa are barely within tic no: (hern verge of the Illinois coal ;=!»: tor. at the distance of twenty miles lorth-east of the latter, the upper ■ 'Jiin limestone, lying (geologically ; fa.- benearh the coal measures, be- ■ u A? .u >v^ 1 -IS 1 - i-r ' . " V 82G THE PRINCIPAf. DISEASES OF THE JOOK !. •llT I . INTEr > h i \- ■ ^ • 'I •. ooiiics tilt) surfaco-rock, and t^o ..ontiinu's to tlio luirtlicrn souitos of tt'f 11'' iiois Kivcr. From tlu; l)cst int'oniiation I could ohtaiii in rctLTincc 1 1 1' . tract, autumnal i'ovr is both nwv and mild; projinrtioiuitc, in t'nrt.t., •, limitod L'xti'ut of tliosu to|)ugraj»liical conditions on wliidi it is ,su|iim..,.i1 t depend. XL -Ii'i.iKT. ■'^^ — This, liko all tlic towns of tlie Illinois liasiii,is cirK.;- settlement. It stands on lintli .^idcs of tlic Dcs I'ljune.s. aliTndv iiii'DtiH:.'' a.s tlie iiortlicrn nf iwn rivers, wtiieli, li_\ their union, fnrm tlie lIliiKiis. .\ ; . across the Des IMaims i'orms a pond for mill |iur|toses, and to sniiiilvt'i. canal. The bed and hanks eonsi.st of the liniestuiii- n.ck, just iiu'i.ti r,i! On the west or ridit side ',I. as at I'eru and ( Htawn, «..r'.- ; greatest siiflerers. The road from Juliet to Chieacro runs a north-oast course, on tlit'ffi«t-:;i of the Dcs I'laiiH'S, but not in its inunediate valley. The a.spO't i.f i' cou!'.try is idmost iilentical with that frnni Ottawa to Juliet. At t!:o t- laneo nf twenty-seven or twenty-eiulit miles, it descends from these ckv:iM rolling limestone ]iraiiies, on whi(di then' ire occasional dei)0.sitj) ifiln". to the Di'S riaiiies, which is fniiul flowinir to the south, thronirli uktiiv;; once an arm or small bay of Lake .Michigan, and is mtw elcvatuil Imt;!:.' feet above the lake surface. The breadth of this jdain, from the rivirt.n lal'.o s]n)ru at <'hicago. is abnut tv.-elvr miles. Its descrijitinu can be k't given in connect iou with the Basin of the Lakes. XTl. K.VN'KAKK': lliVKit. — Tiiis is the larger of the two stream*, tei by their jutiction above the town of Ottawa, form tlic Illinois. 1 can -ij nothing of its topography Ironi personal > bservation. It traverse' In™ and Illinois from east to west, iininediately in the rear of the smul-te | which siirroi:".d the southern shore of Lake .Michiu'an. There !• amK comniunicatioii between the .sources of this river and the St. .Lsepliv i '■-I from I'lr .'iitrani-c -.f the latter, into Lake Michigan. For a great p'riiM its win le lengtl), inc Kankakee ilcws through broad swampy |irairi'-: :;•'■■ ward its (diannol lie; nnes rocky, ne.d its current more rapid.t lid'":' reaches tlie Pe.< J'lal, 's, it passes througli a more wooded country. .V.\''! the basin of tno Kankakee is but thinly jienpled, and I caniiut spciik "■' I fevers. 1 h ascending tli ■ - 1. hundred miles a T,.r .-"iitlicrii or I'lwei • '• iiiipri'S.sed into n: :.■ Il!iii'ii.s till tile soi . .."!;. ii'TiiSS the suuti '■■.: .I'r t'nuiid iiinnci] :.r- 4' latitude. Si :t'. -f .^Iil\va^dvie ; i ■..;•' ;iru found near :i!!-ive.u cnniinu iifi . til (laleiia near t sirkfil tliat after |ia.s,> ^.>Mvii!r, wliieli the a ■i."-V''''' t" apjicar. •■■■I'.v tliL' rnad side^ ivl'f Jril't (;r traiisp ;-.'Hliiut iif the deiisi !^'- prudmiiiiiaiit tree, iM'.'. In a .shnrt tin :'>U-railually hecanic "i" live-oaks on the .M ■■- -r i'riiuitivo howldi .•:';ie siiinvcd it SI 'If in "■flakes ii„\v and tin >:r'-;i:ii> fl:,w,.d with li\, A:^::.v.ii (iiu.e stood, w ti:w ranre r..llii,-r, and i[1«uri.J, yet tk' trvT^ •^'■i- ff'is ill til,, main d •'j'i.-IS 0. lilt ill III d t,.— '^ 'ill. I'otis L.v ■'-'■■' iriim .►!.. t^, tl: 'i -^^ * ] roperly Jolii't. + Peck's (lazetteer. 'I'liam's W i'.-i.-siiii)i WD cuim,' to tin- iiumtli nf I'uick Piivor, ■-.rlmiida'tl miles a'i"VC! tlic junction of tiie Illinois, in N. Lat. -ll""' -Vl'. J., .Miitlieni ;t ; bnt tlio u[i|i('r or northern jiortiun expands •irl'. acriis.s the southern part of \Visronain. Tiie extreme sources of this riwr :iro tnuiiil iiiniieiliatelv south of Lake Winin'haifo, near the forty-fourth ij. ■ it'!;ititiule. Some of its upper waters origiiuite near liako >Iiehi^'an, r. rtli 'f Mihvniikie ; othiM-s in thi' ueii.^hl)orhooil of Wise(.n.-in lliver; while ;'a;< lire I'huihI near the ]Mis>i,«>ippi. Thus, the Ikoek lliver Kasin ciiver.s 1 ri';i-ivi,H!iips and i|iinginires, relieved hy ridges of .sand bearing sihrubby (tak, r irrts ut' rich, dry. undulating land. Sliaking prairies ( Tcrre frem- ' ' lire ;:1m) (dinmon. In traversing this basin from ."\Iilwaukio on the .4;. .tu (ialena near the Mississippi, under the forty-third parallel. I ra- :,.,irki"l tliat after passing through the l)elt of lofty forest, twelve or tourteen L>Mviiii',wliieh the atmosphere of the lake has ([uickened into growth, prai- i-ijf.'aii t(i apjicar. on the banks of I'nx lliver, a branch of the Illinois. A ■ .'.;. Iiy tlic mad side, was eighty feet deep, its whole de[ith being through a 'It' drift ur trans[Hirted materials. Soon after crossing Fox lliver, we ;-.>!iluiit (if the dense miscellaneous forest, of whi(di the sugar-majde was tv frudiiMiiiiaiit tree, ami entered open oak wnod-lauds, interspersed witli ;.:i;:'.". In a shnrt time we reached the Basin of Koek lliver. The country ■ '"i-Tadually became more thinly tindiered. 3Iany of the :r.;:i;ii> fluwod with lively currents. T! .■ ib were occasionally seen; wliieh ■ " ■scMMtiiiucd to — '^ TiiK Fotit Lakk.s.— These littb- l.ikcs lie in a cliaiii, with a lively ^Jruit trom o«e to tho other. Tlic omlet from the fir-^t. or most southern, ■J' ' U>\\m's Wisconsin. teer of Illinois. ■ k- T- i. 328 THE PRINCIPAL DISFASES OK THE j«C0| ; is called Catfisli. Tlio area of this lak'-, accurtliiii,' tn r'ajit.iin ('ram. I , - , Stat(\s Tdpd^aapliit'iil Kii<(iiu'i'r. is Hvo S(|nan' niili'S. Tlio water is uv\\\r\ Tlio sliorcs arc nilliiitr aii-.l uiicvi'ii, bciii^ brnkeii l'\ luw I pjiiffs, aiiil !!;<,.. sperscd. (iccasiiiiially, v. it!i siiuill inarslu's. Tin- tiiiilicr isscaiity. Tlio «.■.,,. . lake, lyiii^r imrtli of tin; lirst. lias an area (if suvoii si|iiarc miles. On tlni ■•; and oast, tlio slmro is iiiarsliy, with a low gravelly Iiaiik iiitorvcuing li,|,f,,, tlio marsh and tlio water's od^'o ; on the snutlierii and \ve>t(;ni ,slii,n«t'' land is flovatod, undidatinpr, and in .sunio placos cvon kiiiililiv. Tlit t • lak(; is iiitennediate in size and |Misiti(iii, lietwoon tin- socnnd ami luiiitli. \-. n^vA is six sijiwiio miles. I(^ lianks are lii^di and undnlatin^', with a siiutir^ growth of oak trees. The fourth or most nortlioni lake covers an ar.i ■ iiKiro than iiftoon sipiaro miles. 'J'lic land bordoriii!^ it is muliilatiiic, !.;;', and, ill many plaoes, liroken. lt.» north side is well timliered. In stinri'.ur. overspread with white ;.'ravel. ,^lany spriiiL's ]iour into it their imre wiHr". and it has ono small trihutary stream, wliieli oriiriiiates Mithiii a fuw inii,.,; Wisconsin IJiver. The basis of those lakes is a flinty Siluri;iii liini!.t",( Tlio dilloronoo in level between the first, ur lowest, and the luurtli, i> ;,' four feet. 'J'ho elevation of the fourth is estimated, by ('iiptidii Ciaiii. n; tj hundred and ten foot over the surfaeo of Jiako Miehigan, or seven ImiM; ' and ei^hfy-oi^lit above the .sea.* ill. M.AnisoN, the vouiil' capital of the State of AVisidiisjn, >"■ . on a nook of land botweeii the third and fourth of tlio lakes ju.st tlif'til-N. on the west side of tho .stream which connects them. It i'roiifs on thctlir! lake, from which tho liTonnd rises gradually to the liigi if lliirty fit', li is free from marshes. Its Jiat. is 1:!'' ;")' N.. — its Lon. -^-.I" ti' lln" AV. IV. Autumnal Fkvkii. — We have now reached a latitude, in •.; .' . climate may bo supposed, in some degree, to overrule top;igia|iliieal !■ ;.i;. tiuns, in the production of autumnal lover; ami tho (lucstinu eiinie.s up-L its infliioiico percejitiblo in tho region which lias just been descrihcd'; It ;■ not easy to give a delinito answer to this ini|uiry. for the rcasun, tliat t5< alleged s >uroes of that fover do not, to any great extent, exist witiiiii b limits, i'ot, from all I e(iuld learn, the prevaloiicc of tho fever i.s JiciiWv less than wo liiid it further south, in localities having nearly the saini i ;• grapliy and elevation. At tho crossings of Jtock Itivor, I wa.s as. tuninal invasion; and Doctor Westi'rn. of Mailisoii. gave a similar iH' "'■ of that town. Ho informed me, however, that there liad been ''lie n.\ autumn at Madison, vm\ one on llock Jlivor, twenty miles below tiu' ir sw- ings, at Janosville. which is built on a slip of bottom-land. \. TiiK Ulvk .Molm) IvEiiiox. — lu going wcstwardly fmm .Mai.-' tho eountrv gradually rises iii'.o the w.iter-shod lietwecn licek I'dveraii'i' ' M'iseoiisin, though the road still koops within the basin of the fnrmer. 1 surface is broadly undulating. No more diluvium (ir drift of any kiim ■ Lapliam's Wisconsin. t Owen &. Loeke'g Geological Re|»ri ,ir I fNTr:i; : iia,l upnn it. i lie .- ,,jrjt,il .'^iliinaii roi npiiuiiionts, rising ovi ,^,1,;^... „t' wliieh the i ■ire :i" 1"1i;.'<-T met wi ,'wmI The grass \ ./,;iMii;i5 bcyi'lid the mm\ K'auty to pm fi.Ia'.Til hy a small 1 ,lrv. Tilt lialiitatjoii iii-lkni. intermittc 1 1. DoDllKVII.l.K.- ,,i> ju.-t been deserii i;vti ulluvial bottom .u-s and jiartly with 1 1 vcninr l>n(lge, who i'::niiii:.l fever is nlii .'i> Ulai k, an observ rly tlio .>anie kngtl ri.'lilHtrliiioJ is abi I ii MiNKKAL I'o ;:;; i.i.avcen prcseiitiii nJj'"*. The streams ; M:i]i>antl ailjoiiiiiig li: r I'liri'd in the smcltiii iiii'tlier of the sanii . ;. I'lio (if tile triliutf ir mill .Mineral i'oiiit, ■' 1" narrow belts of li t:;','U«and. According •twain lielow the town i;..!iis of the town if so ifitiitliat of the people '. !«• I ' water-courses iVdatfiiiica is tiie mos •'•■»;> with the head-wa ■'Ii-^Mlijii. Aceordinj •Lidsli; but of the i - ii' I knnw niitliing. ■'Wjti.'.tiuii.s of llock ' ''■'•'■■■ r, are of no gre; Ill I LNTCRIOR VALM:Y OF NORTH A.MKIJICA. ',]'20 . ..;„| mMHi it. Tliu ^^"il I'l" U|i|ii'r .siirl'acc is cuiiiipii.-ii'd lar;:i'l_v nf tlu- disiii- ,,fffit,il Silurian rnchs, niitleravi'd jMirtiniis dl' wliidi an; M't'ii, liko Int'ty iiuiuiiit", ri'^iiig over tlic face of tlio (•(niiitry. Tlicy liavo rrccivcil s|iucilio iiiiit\i't' ttliich tliu most imtoil arc tlic IMiu' .Mnumls. I'mnls and iiiarslies ■ K 'III iMii;.'i'r iiii't "'idi ; tlii'ro is iki (lc'ii>-tj lurost ; uud extensive prairies j'«.;iml. Tlie ^'ra.ss wiueii eovers tlieni is slmrt and thin, like that uf the .jvaimas IjL'VKiid the ,Missi.>siji|ii. and tiiu golden So/i'/ui/o, which gives au- ■;ii.ii;;il licauty to prairies imt toi) delit-iont in nioistnre to nourish it, is hero ;|,;:wil liv a sinull blui-ii-purple aster, \vhi(di flearishes wlieru thi; snil is •irv. Tilt liahitatidiis throughmit this region are sparse: and, frmn all 1 ihijiani. iiiteruiitteiit and rendttent levers are exceedingly rare. \1. OoiJUKViM.K. — This load-ndning village, situated in the region which ^.l5 just been dcscrihcd, presents in its topngniphy small streams. witliDut x:''[i iilluvial bdttoni, and hiiig gentle slipe^, partly envered with jirairio .Ti.v. and partly with open oak wond.s, and ailjoiiiiiig hills of a creek. s)illieiently large to move the machinery • .".iail ill the smelting of lead ore; and which is joined, lielow the village, ;y aimtlRT of the same size — the common trniik upciung into the IV'ukato- :.;.:i die nf the tributaries of l{ock JUvcr. There are no ponds or marshes i: iiml Miiiural I'oiiit, but the stream along which the town is built presents " Hi" I'.arrow belts of boggy soil. Tin; popidatioii of this town is alioiit one toiisaad, According to J)octor Pulford, the people who live near the •IMIU k'low the town are subject to raitunnial fever, from which the inliab- ii-iitsot' the town itself are nut entirely exempt. This liability, cnmpared Titli tliat (if the peo])le of l)odgeville, seems to result entirely from the jires- '» I ' wati'r-courses in this hjeality, and their absence from tliat. The IViiatmiiea is tlie most western stream of the Hock lliver IJasin, and inter- !''-K>ff;tli the bead-waters of Fever lliver, and other sm ill tributaries of the • i'"i\«i|i|ii. According to Laj)liam, its waters are turbid and its current •^'..i-!i; but of the influence of its valley in the production of antunnial 1' I kiKiw nothing. Nor can 1 speak of the medical topography of the • Wh'i'.tious of Kock Kiver IJasin, lying within the Htate of Illinois, which, ''•""■*■■■•■ r, are of no great extent. ,1 v.^.' ■••■ 1 m I M»fci !|:! ; » ■>',^ll ii- • k '; . ilfl "■ ' M • i', . 1 ^i I ". , - •ff '■ .' ^^^^^^HP '*' . T ■ . ^ 1 r^-^ "' :-.--i| •1 • » I- 1 r. ■• , , . '. i ' _ _ - .\m I. I I III', ii(i.M;ir.\i, iJif^KAShlH Of THE nF:.MAi\T)i;i? of tiik SDUTiir.ifN basix IJC Ml. \\ I.'iCONSIN |U\ K tllL' .> nxTii iiiu miMil.incs III linclv .1 4l... w: . iiitvi (fcini tin lit tlli> Inft, . . ii.-.'i.-i,-ijp|ii iiiiin- ur.ill UMI limiuri'll IIUIl'S il *!.:... I .1 !• } au. I . I 1 •. ♦ 1... i: 1 lony-ihinl (l.-;rroc ot hitifi >*1XIII (Ic;. .' HIMircOS ili. I ^>i..,..i..u ,..I,;..K II :... .1 . »• ' ' t »ii » "iiiiu^^i I' ■! I \i 1 1 II .-^i I rill II. > \\ ni' M I : .. i.v .. 1... ,1 ■ I !• •. I :..,.,.„ II ^ « I « I\ 1. t • "1 ' "I I tt « ■- I Mil 11.^ II. n .T llilli.T, 11 I ,.„ .1: .1 i t 2. .1 • 11 ' fl'iws til till. t,.iiti, ..1 mil imN> iimiiiM :is (iirciiiy west. .\r tl ..:.!• -1 111.. '.. 1. wiriiiii .1 iiiiic niitl II h:ilf t,\ Im.x wt: • It ■ • 1 1 1 1 II iV 1^1 /din: if !ii,t,i-...,,f . t I J.-^UIIIL-^IM • 111' I y 41 I I I • III I III Y III ll'i'il uilli i(y lirniiiltli ■'ri'CIl ll:,V ii: . .: .:. . : ...„ Alt 1 .. 'w.ii.l. •!.:. .I.v- .mi, .uMiii u 1,1.11 mu ii[i|i(r .Mi.'<.sissi|i|)i was a|i|irii!iili('(l audi • V I'^ltlior .M.'inilli'tfc. iilii> Iniiiilnul !iiiil uov.iiifv-fii-,. ,•,.■>-:. i»y iMitiior .^lanjiict vury 1 iii.i<.«.,... ini'dicai rM|Mi 1.11.,,.. ,.-. :...! (• il ... \i: ; ! ! i> • I 1^1 Ndi'tli and wont nf WIj !>■ llie UIISITI • iiij;'; ■ Vlililllltlt I III UK- .<1 l.'>>l>.'<||l|II I ifflnil l-.m-t.,.. 'I'K,. t;....f / :.l 1.1 1... i. _. , „.„-.!..: n" ' I 111- ill .^L 1. 1 IIIMIM'I ill ,> ,.: 1 1 .1. .1 ... 1 iiiiuiiiiiu-, i.s im; i,m|i|io\vay, ot winch I (aiiin fl... ct n.. :.. T ..' Ill, 1 . . * »i.:.... jri' I,' V L.IH.' .^i. V. rui.v — J C 3immar(i, .\.«.>' V soiitli (if till! west cml .f .v»i. i..»;f,..i I ..A., ii 10 M niu .T.iiiiii-Mi-.-(t lur iiiiii iiH rnui sc, • ".._. .-i.iiii .u— I uv; .11 ii.iiiii 1,11 llUllf, aiMI, illl' r I' iinlf its iii-iiii'cii fi.iiKo .Itit.ii.tl. .il i:i :• : : .».-.-. .-.-ij.|. I, 11 mi 11 II iiii.itt II ' ,' > ""'" ■ «.. «!,., *I 1. »l'l.., . 1 *? !-> >MII^ It'll lUIICS ML'IIIW IIIO IllOUtll 01 1 .i. . . 1 . • 1 .1 'III 1 f . . -Ik. 1 " 1 • .'•■ aim au Mil I'lcvauuii anovo »n\. » It 4.1L1.I t^jlil l.t.l.I^ -T ' 1 1 1 _. 1 i i. • in:n ot I HI. it» I _ 11 I M '1 I ii;; 1 1 Ii I.^ II .lit. ,-:. *uri.'U'u oi [lie strc, I'll to li;iU' a niilo ..v !i i.illn in wiilf'i i.Mi.-iii iiu> I Ml' laKf, III '•" ■ M Silurian rucks u 1^ i:.\[).in.icii 1 II iijill a HI .1... .1 f 1 • 1 .-II. iv.^ IM iiiiivii III r.-riii iii;in\ iiiiwRit 11*. m II .c.M 11 Iti.i.i^.li .Hi. .....1 1 i...... Il near iiiu i; . ....t^^ii. .-iiiii :iiii._-.-i . 11 II,- ,111 .lu.n. 11.^ .--uiiiiijc, ur It'll miiiiucii an c .1 1 . t > .1.^, .-. .11 III.- iii:;iiii 111 unci! iiiiiiMrcu an ,,.■ ♦,,,. 1. ■■,.,! I I .1... i- . 1 .1 I fiirty-ii 1-111.1,11 .\i Mi. nil' (iniy .sctlUMllOllt nil tills I; iiuf,.,.i, L.;,l :» . 1 1 . . i • • 1 . « .- 1, t \ 1 1 1 1 I • V, I , I ' 11 1 1 i; 1 , 1 .,• .- H CMl'l 11 M stall v, II. ill ii.-s iicjiii. cm ..i...t ... 1 1 1 1 . 1 1 - , . I M . n I 1 1 1 I ■ 1 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 1 V. 1 1 I m . . .1 I' i1 . 1 1 ir , ,1 iiiniicdiatcly to water, .'iiiil ill the con ••J I I ••III- II .^.>r|., -. ii'iiii (III; inline HI lllC «i (1 fill, ii.ii.di il, .,,■.. 1 1.: 1 1 i .- 11 1 . . . 11. wt mil iii.'ir.« Ootn, 111 iwovcr. 110 to ii'ver, noetor Miiini; initti'iits of a iiiilil cliara tl ' • ■ ij^.iiii..^ 1 1 1 1'l - III II I < iiii> iiicri' .tio siiniincr-windward of tliu mii;i,i:c. .»^ i"^ ....I 1 1 I'.. ,1 I • • n '.1 1 .1 If jiii|iuiin 11)11 i.s snia i...i..i 11.1111 inc Mil\ Mi'l in HI IIIC liiauL'. Ii -IT occur I'vory year, liut the prniinitiun nt -.McoiiPt ; llyilropraphiP:!! It ;i[iii('ars tVeiii \vl ,;* .[i radii- intprinitti T!:.l the line of \ts e] III. Si'n;ri:.< ok ■; Im .'..nsiikTaltli' triln :;,'.. iali'ivo it." iiuinth ■:.■: .{ tlir St i'cte •np'St of tk- Snutli >t. Aiitlii'iiy, wliere t '-'t, ;ii!il tli:it of the .M'xic'i. Tlii.s elcvati m* "f latitmle. T •I' 1 1 the rxtriMiie sou irel aii'l tliirty-two. ; r:i«raiiiil nscoiit ind .Tat stvf'll er tuhero!- rirorlia.' its .■«iiarees. '.Toi* of litiiaitiule. Rivir "f tlie niirth: rj.'' (if the we.xt end e ar.4 Sctuiolcraft. but. il'pear*, tliat the win i:ii;''>. c'oiiiicctcil hy I .int!i. to be tniuid wil H'tt!e(], esceiit hv a f !li • ln(ii:iii.«. ( If th oaiiii.jt speak: hut it >fitliaii e(hii'uted III! si'ii family, .stationed ;!io liaiiks (if Sandy i-'i" and fever oeel I. ^'1 •lIT !•. fNTERIOR VALLKY OF NORTH AMERICA. a3i -|,,. J;^,I..i. — Tlio iitlicr scttloiiH'iit on tlic St. Cvn'w is at tlir t';ills or K al'Ut thirty miles aliovu Stillwater, in Lat. \^f" :!<>' 1(»" N. Tlio (if wliifli Iti'iriii tn s1m>\v tlioiii- ,i,*.Yiit "f till' river i" <>ver tra|i-r(.ck,s. raiiirr ,'vf«tnctilV-t""ii'' iiiil'''^ nlmvt' tlic lake. Ki>r .several miles almve tlie lakes 4 .aiiil^tiMie liills a]i|iroaeli tlicr river, hut heymiil tlint jMiiiit tlie Ixittimis liJ.ii ami bccniDe s\v;mi|iy. ami arc oversliadoweil witli cottdii-wudil and aal'le trees the liills alj(Miiiiliii^ ill jiino. Tliere is a jiiiie saw-mill at the 'ai'j ami tlif iiilie Iniiiher traile is the i.lpject of this .settli'nieiit. the iimst irthern in tlie hasiii of the Mis.si.s.si|i|ii. Ddctur Shiimanl aseovtaiiied that /' wca^ii 'if interiiiitteiit fover hapiieii here every aiitiimii. The triliutii- ' nf tlii.< river ah'iim'l in trout. The neck of laiiil lutweeii the St. ('mix ivl til' .Mi.<'M.ssi|i[ii jirt'^eiits a sueeessiun of sin.ill lak'S ami t;iiiiaraek .T,!!'«. v.'itU iiiter.-pcrsed tracts if dry l.uid. rdntlied with seruldiy (i;dtiHii>iilir;dile trihiitary of the east or left side of tlio Mississi|i|ii. Ten ::;'.'.« alji'Vi' its iinMitli wo eniiic, on the op|)nsite ur western side, tn the jiinc- ii'nf till' St Peter's, ahovo wliiidi stands Fort Sin'llinL'. tlie must iiirtli- •n p St iif tlie Southern liusiii. Nine or ten miles aiiovc, are the l-'alls if r AiitliHiiy, where the siirfac(> of the river is eiirht huiidreil and fifty-six • • :i!iil tlirit (It' the liill-laiid ;iliout one thou.sand feet, ahove the (luif of M xio". This elevation of the river has been attained tlirouLdi sixteen dc- ;'•..< "f latitmle. Two degrees iind a half further iinrth ( 17" •>"' i, liring b 1 1 tlie I'Xtreiiie soureos of the river, when; the water-level is fifteen huu- h'l ami thirty-two. and the hiirhest laud sixteen hundred and eiLdity feet. T'i> rnjiiil ascent indicates that almve the Falls of St. Anthony tin re is .a .rat "ffi'll fir tuberosity, on the gentle slii|)e.s and summit of which the great river lia.s its .siiurces. The width of this region is almiit twn and ;i half de- i^T* of I'Misitudc. On the west, it is limited liy the St. Peters, and Hed rjviT nf the north: mi the east by the St. TiOiiis. and other short trihnta- ri'< of tile west end of liake Superior. I-'roin the expeditions of Pike. Cass. ai:'l Srliddleraft. hut. ahnve all, from tin; hydrographical map of Niculht. it Jjfoars, that the whok- of this region abounds in swamps, ponds, and small M's. connected by bayous into the nmst remarkable hydnigraphieal l.iby- nnt'i. to be I'lmiid within the limits of the Southern Hasin. As yet it is uii- wlt'il, except by a few fur-trader.s and missiouarie.s, whoso business is with '■ hi'lians. Of the extent to whiidi autumnal fever occurs a"t;ong them, I cannut .speak ; but it must bo very limited. At IMackinae. in |S4'_*. Tmet 'T'.!!i aiu'iliicatcd Indian — John Jidms-in, attached to the Methodist >Iis- si'iitamily. .statimied near the American Fur ('oni]ianv's cstabli'^huient, on t'no hanks of Sandy Lake, about Lat. 4(^' 48' N., — win. inrniiiieil me that -I- ami ffver occasionally occurred among them. The altitude of that y::.;u ' ':!'■: :-^ I . '.; » a-^ 11 IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET {MT-3) 1.0 I.I l^|28 ||2.5 iM 111112.0 2.2 1.8 1-25 1.4 11.6 ■• 6" ► V] <^/ "WA /: V M Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 fe ^ !(■■: \l ■ ■ •■■( ' ,.■ ■■ '■ .' "(i 1 ■ ■ A i ' ■ ■ ■! ' ■ ■ '.'':' ■» i ,■■':■>''■ ■■; ' :" •' 1«''. • 1 ■'■' ■I. m.. ,. :..i'v :>• ■; } 1 V , . !■' .i -f 1 V.|i life V ■.>'•■■ ;.l : T'." " ... .,■ i ■ y , •■■ . u M' ■'*■'. *» '• * ' ' >■ ' ■ ' :■ ptk;, A- • . . T, If' 'i >' ' ■-,■■,-,' nil ■ , ■ - . * ^ 4 : V '«i ' M gf [ ,".;! , *" '. ■ ." ^, , ■ ' f{\ ''] '. .' .}• :: '^^^^'^..v ■/ li ), ■ u * -■■'"■' :^'"^- ■ 1 (. . If • * ' i ' 1 k1 m: [■ '^1 i-'* ' 'i -i m ll ^^ .ilil«ri3>.' ' ■ ^; '■ 1 .. 33i2 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE .Dooi : lako, iicf'ording td Nicollet, is twelve huiHlred iiiid fifty-tliree fi.e- i the gnU". Tlic medical topnfrrniiliy of the Soiitlioni Basin is now liroiirr)it (,,„ . Altliouirh it lias extended tlirnugli more tlian ihveo liundrod |,a(f(.ji , . ,^ small jiortion of its lociilities have been described; yet ciidu^di 1 1 .,|,|, i,,,.' beiMi iiitriidnced, lo aflord a tolerable representation of IJie wlmlo. ]{(.f,; ning within tlie tropics, we have traveleil north through nonrly tliirf ' grees of latitude, and gradually risen frem the level of the Gulf (jf \^ ;,-,• to the suninut of the great interior livtU'dgraphicai center, the avoni'i. ,' vation of wdiicli may bo taken at fifteen hundred feet. Frnm this important interior hydrographical center, we are nw ti > scend eastwardly into the Lake, St. Lawrence, or Eastern Ea.siu. CHAPTER XII. THE EASTERN, Oil ST. LAWRENCE IIYDHim, PIIICAL BASIN. GENERAL VIEWS OF THE WHOLE BASIN: LAKES SUPERKii;. MICHIGAN, AND HURON. TiiH limits of this basin have been already drawn (;;. 29), Ii- ] tion in relation to the center of the Mexican or Southern Basin, is ii' east. Most of it lies directly north of the Ohio Ba.sin. In rutLTi.^ latitudes, it may be said, in general terms, to bo comjirehendcd bctv-tni fortieth and fiftieth parallels. On many points b(!.sidcs hititudis it ili from tlie basin which has been topographically described. Tlmt Ui.-i without a single largo lako — this includes a chain of the largest m th' tineiit: that has an cxten.'^ive .sw/-coast — this has a still more rxtr!: lak-e-cuiist: that is distinguislied for the vast length and voluiuo "f numerous rivers — this has not one large river, save the 8t. Lawivii ' the outlet of the lakes: that is liounded on the west, through it.s ivln'li' tent, by many ranges of high mountains — tin's has a plain of inniieiiH' tent on the ..';i iiundrcd ahovo t :•:.- H ;:.!! Like lies distinct Wk (Sieiisivo traj) fnrniat HAH'nftlietudf of \.N H Mffliilo the latter H cot without coast-niai ^B !':eir entrance into t H i!^ mean snrfacc-tem I!; H cnintry amund Luke a- H kt there arc a few S( ^m '^^I'lond report. B -llyarographical Basi INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. i)00 ]c«titiite of ti'oos — tliis is ovorywhcro liiiinid itiid gLMicrally "ver- -:■■ liiffiil b}' fiii'csts, iiiters^pcrscd with ;i few savannas: the soiitlieni jinpu- ,':,|„f the Great Interior Valley bcliings to tluit — tlio nortlieni pnpula- iati'H i„ tliis: in tliat, tlie etiologist may study the iuilueiiees (if a wet surface, line in oriranic matter, when uetcd n|Hin 1)y the heat of u lung sfuilhcrii ill this, the same influences, in a summer eom|iaratively slmrt and fJ III making this comparison, huwever, we are prevented, l)y want of ,i,uIition. fnaii going at present heyund tlie latitude of 47'. I- ilisci'ibinff the Snutlieru IJ.isin, we started frum the (iulf of Mexico, avTiul^^^'l fl'C great rivers. ]>y this methdd, the descri[)ti()n tenninated (riliitliiU iHirtinii whieli Iii.s contiguous to the extreme sources of the St. Lawri'iii.'i'. which — luulcr the name of tlic Jliver St. Jiouis — thrnws its ^.j,,,fj into the western extremity of J^ake Superior; — and here wo ^liall i.'i!i the nie(lico-tiii)ngra[)liical descriptidu of tlie J'lastern JJasiii; thus re- virMii" thf order pursued in the Southern, liy descending to the sea, instead ..frisiiif from it; and at the same time advancing with uidirokcn cdntinuity. : _:• T .' •. ►-■' '•' ; mri^\ . .1 SECTIOX I. BASIN OF LAKE SUPERIOR. I Tills is the largest lake of the continent, and the most northern and j-t>!vni of tbdse included in the St. liawreiu'O Jjasin. Its southern attlu- /".iMiitorlock with those of Lake MichiTnn, Greci< IJay, and the ^Mississippi !!'■. !•; its western with those (jf tliat river didy: its northern with those of u i-iii H:iy; its eastern with streams which fall into ]jakc Huron. Till' ;nva of Lake Sujierior is estimated at tliirty-two thousand square aiik-.niMst of which lies hctweeu the forty-seventh ami fortv-eiirhth iiaral- ; :vi> iif latitude : its mean depth is about nine hundred feet. Its level above •I'lC'sia.acciirdingtothe geologists of ^Michigan,* is five hundred and ninety-six ;kt. according to Xicollet, six hundred and twenty, t The average altitude (ftliocnuntry around it, may be taken at one thousand feet more, or six- i'Xn Imiulroil ahovo tide-water in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The basin of i!iisl;ike lies distinctly Avithin the primitive or oldest transition rocks, witli esteiisiTo trap formations. In contrasting the coasts of this inland sea with thH' of the (I ulf of Alexico, wo lind them loft}-, bold, mcky, and metallifer- I'h: while the latter are low, flat, and swampy. Lake Superior, however, is not without eoast-niarshes; and some of its rivers overflow their banks, near iiieir entrance into the lake. In the month of July, Mr Schoolcraft found ;:> moan surfaco-temporaturo, on the south side, Gl*-^ Fahrenheit. t The mm ariiund L;ike Superior is a vast, rugged, and uninhabited wilderness, out there arc a few settlements, to wdiich reference may be made. '>erond report. ■llyiiroirraphical Basin. i Nar. Journal of Travel.s, 1621. ■■..-> . • . :■ t: m ■ \' '■,■■■ •.':■.■<■' . ^ .. v. ■( ■ i ■ A 1 i ■ i ^ i i ; •1 ' . H ' ■";j ■m.: . , I ■■ t : . : ; ' •■ ■ :' -r .'■ : •'■ ^vi;4- -. 4- , _•; ;' V " ; ' * •■; ■-** ■ 884 Tin; linNCir.vL diseases of the . Bfj'iK IF. Jmiht A\'ii.i,i.\m. — The llritisli Nortli-wost Cdiiipany have ;.,i .; talilislmiciit near tli»; nioutli (<\' \h>i: i.r Kaiiiiiiistiquia llivor, in I/it, 4vo.,| X., calK'il I'ort William. Af.'f'nidiiig to Ldii;^:',-'' a plain of cunsidiTall., ,.,. tent surrounds tlii.s villauc, wliicli i.s on tlio river bank, a niilo tVi.m tlnj;.;,, Tliis was once an inijinrlaiit depot for tlio i'ur trade, and was iiiliiiljitiii ;- ei_dity partners and clerks of tlie coni[)any, many of whom liad famjlir;.; \, latter years, the ])opnlation has heen le.'-s. In con.sultinii: every anth'-- within my reach, I iind no reference to autumnal fever at this pbo; ,. : l)uctor I'uwand. late of <^)ueliee, \\ho has several times sojourned tluiv j.. sures mr tliat internuttents and remittents are uidciinwn. III. I!ivi;k St. Louis. am> J-'ono du lac. — This river originatosr;,;;, hi^h sunimit-levol west of .Lake Superior, and descends, ly a .sorii;,s m ;{', and rajiid.-, to the western extrendty of the Lake. It may he rf-''^ ' as the Itei^iiniin^ of tlie St. Lawrence, and is the liiu'hway nf tin;.,. f/v/irs of the iVmerican h'ur ('(jmjiany. On its estuary is the ush!!.:.. ment calleil Fond du Lae, in Lat. 4()^' 4l''.!' T cannot find in aiivl '; of voyages or travels, a reference to autunnial fever, as oociUTiii;.' in t... locality. IV. SiiVTiii;i!.\ CoA.sT — C'ni'i'KH IvKuiox. — "Within the la>t f.K V :• the copper region on the southern coast of Lakt' Snperinr, has been tl. • sort and suunncr residence nf a grciit niunber of persons, wlio liave kit!.;:. lives of great exposure. I have not learned that autumnal fever Las !•: one of their diseas<'s; on the contrary, Mr. Charles Whittle>ey, 'if o';; topographical surveyor, writes to mo as f(dlows: — "The expe.^ure 1 i;;.;:- went, on th.e southern slmrc, this fall ( 1>'4") ), woult. have e.id'.'d in a^m ml, fever, or some other bilious attack, almost anywhei'o south of Lake Eii.;!;; here, my companidus and myself not only escaped that disease, hut m-:-l extraordinary health. A\'e fidlnwed the coast vvcstwardly. from ti:- "■ Mary, in an open boat, and, with the exception of a friend, wli" ^"in! with his system overflowing with bile, im ailment was felt hyany'ivi From the loth of Sc[itcmber to the loth of October, we wore in tlio w. :■: the season was rainy, and we were often wet for several days togetlior, k:!: no covering at night, except our blankets; yet we never felt bettor. Ms:.: of the laml we wandered over was high, rolling, and heavily tiinliiTilr: SUg.'ir maple; there are, also, low lands and cedar swamps, hut tlicvsd.r; no miasma, and their waters served us tor drinking and cooking, a? vnh:- those of running bro(jks. The laiter are cold and rapid, with rfukyt.j and it is only necessary for me to add that they abound in spoekleil triiii:.:: show you that they are as pure as any waters that flow."' The avorai'i' !)::• tude of the region in v.diieh these observations were made, is 4G" o" -V y. St. ZuAry Stkaits. — The outlet of Lake Superior, is at its c;i;ter. extremity, and known under the name of St. Mary Straits or liivur. li- efflux is at the base of r. rounded, rocky promontory, on the BritijliiU'. wViu-tive, ill a state ►Second Expedition, Vol. IL + Nicollet. m' ■\'^>J^ nr.-n- • '\'^ FlI-I INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. O.J.) . ;n liv the voyagcurs as Oron Cup. The j:ciitlo cun-eiit *^( tlic St. Mary 5 sfiiia sliallow sand and gravt'l ironeli, vai\iiiii- t''iim halt' a niilo to two ,;ji,i ill width, 'ilie baid<.><, nearly uniMhahitud, aru hi\v. In many jilact's Met, aij ;iir"iiL'Iiiiati ht-'avily tiinb^'rud with pino, lu'inlnck, inajilc, and nthcr ;'.,.. At tliu liistauL'O of .sixteen miles, wo reach the i'alls, nr S,iitl( !»', and ^\^ Lon. >'4^ 4:i'. -The r;;; laiik of tlio St. Mary, whieli is here three-l'onrths of a mile in width, ■v-'.iits u L'radiial .slope tor the distance of two hundred and iifty feet, gain- it: in that .«paee an elevation of fourteen feet, in the rear of which the sur- ii.r . it the C'liuiitry approximates a level. For three hundred yards from liiolankuf tlie river, the soil is cleared of tindjcr. and is, altlpiugh not very , .iutive, in a state of eidtivatioii. Immediately adjoining this cultivated ." ;!ii!, i> 11 marsh, half a mile wide, beyond which high laiuls appear. This Ear-ii I'xti'uds live or six miles down the river, in a south-east directiun, and [ Tv-i and suiuh-west for lit'leen or twenty miles. It is covered witli some hri.".' t'Mivst trees, and a thick growth of under-wood. ( >n the opposite '.\it attack, we are, perlnqis, at liberty to suppose, that most of those Ki| iriud from .'lis post were contracted in more southern latitudes; a cou- (liision which is strengthened, by the great di.sjiarity between the number of I I'lvnuitti'iits and the lunnber of remittents, and by the occurrence of nearly ■ S'l tlio furinor in the spring of the year. Thus we see that on the St. '•%iii X. Lat. 40^ o'J', if the climate do not annihilate the topographi- Hulied by the Voyagcurs—' The Soo.' -.M.cical [Statistics of U. S. A. r H \ ■ • a;-- W. 1?- ■. ISMSI'v-t^'H '. WJ" rth. ■' 4> -' •. t- i?^M i ''li 33G THE rilLNCIPAFi DISEA.^ES OF THE lE'XH ' fill iiifliieiiPt's |)roJueiiiL' tliusc disrii.sos. it rodiicos tlioir clfLit. . iiiiiiiiiiniii. .!'"l'nlll (iriiS (';i|i t(i tllc Saillt, tl.c i:nlirsi' (if tin- St. M;iry is a litti,, ,^ ; (if ('.■i>t; .•il'tci'wiird it turns sti'miti'ly tn the smitli, anil, \vi:lc'iiiii:.', b,.,.,,,,, ".fnithuilly a slialinw wc^fcni i.xti( inity nr licd'l of Luke lliirnii, tiiil,r;i,j,.,, several islands. Tin; lianl(' tiltiive, are' elutlied with dense fore.-ts to the water's tMl'v, aid 1 nearlv destitute nf inhahitants. Tn the nnrth is a ranire ef liij_f|i s;i'ii!.'.!>, hills, which, extendin^i:' we.-twardlv, tnueh ihe lake at the eutk't nf th. >■ Mavy, and constitute the |iroMioutory ealleil (Iros ('a|i. JJi'Vend iIum' ■ , iu the diveetioii of Ifudsoii Day, the country is a wihlernos, ahnimilii,- : swamps and small lakes. Although, iu I'ollowini.' ihe St. .^larv, wo an^ ■. duele ';r miles. '•■ Green Bay, which opens into it i>n the north-west, is ((iiiiiit',! ; .: two thousand more, making twei.ty-four thousand, or nearly fivc-Mxil.j : the area of Lake Superior. Its (^levatiou above the sea is live luindn'! •: scvouty-eight feet. Its mean de]ith is stated at one thousiuii! feut— i ' : Crcen Bay at five hundred. Lake Miehigaii is eonnectcil with L.ike liiiM by the Straits of ^Mackinac (7V. XIV ), in which there is no prini':. current; yet all the water whi(di flows or falls into the former lake, li ' ■ what is absorbed or evaporated, finds its v.'ay to the oc^'aii tlirMiiii :-■'. channel. Jjake .Michigan lies, through its whole extent, within tlio v.yy. and lower, or grey and blue, Silurian linu'stone. The country mnr it i- :. ^ rugged, like that -wbieh eneomj^asses Lake Superior; but its banks an. ::. general, well devcdoped, and the ascent from them to the surreiiii'liiip^'-'' sheds or sunmiit -levels, is grailual. Its principal rivers are the 3h'ii'iii and Fox Kivev, on the north-west, which discharge their waters iiiti' '■'■' Bay ; and Grand River, the Kalamazoo, and St. J osejths, on the .soiitb-v3<; From the head of Green Bay north-east to the otraits of Mackins ■ - shores are but little settled ; and fiu'ther north and north-west, up t" '■ * Geological Survey of the State of Michigan. t:*'^; 4 >>,.'•' ,*i^: M' MIT I . INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 887 I'<,oiipori'ir Hasin, in wlwit is riillcd tlio \i[nior |uMiinsulii (if Mic1ii;.'aii, tliG ■itrv i> an ii"i"\''^'"rJ '"'"'^ iioarl}- uiiliriikcii wiMrnicss. Snutli ol' Circtin 1' V in Wiscmisin and llliiidis, and nuiiid tlio head of tlio lake, in Tiidiana, t., aiLiiiil ill Micliigaii, mi tlic oastern sidu of tlic lake, cdrrcsitdiiding with tM. lieailof tliat liay, the attraitivo cliaractcr of tin- soil , .is, witliiii tlio last tjo'itvvear,*, k'd to an cxtciisivo inimigration, and tluis rendered tlie soutii- ri halt "f t'"-' Mieliigan ]?asiii decidedly interesting to tlic medical tojiog- ni.luT. In some places tlio shores are liold, and composed eitJHT of rocks ••,',ni|iMt tertiary clay or gravel deposits; but there are many extensive net" I'f ^|^v L'rinind, some of whicli arc sulijeet to inundation, from the :, vdiii'iit of the waters under tiio influence of winds; while otliers have i .n rak'il above tliis kind of inuiulation, liy dunes of blown sand from the ]..%<:h. TliL'se S|Mits appear to have licon estuaries and small bays, filled up i, tlio alluvion of streams and the moving sands of the lake. Some of them ir u't iiuaL'tiiires, with a cru,-t of hardened earth, bound together by the 1 : '• f iirai-s, and hearing a resembhirice to the new lands in the Delta of I ('.■: Mi-sissippi. 1:; !i returning voyage from Green T5ay to ^Mackinac, July 2Ptli and ;:i'. b4"J, I feiiiid the surface-temperature, between liat. 45^' and 4G", as 78" 74° 70^ GS^ G:r 04^ Harbor of Navnrino, shallow water, - - . . fit.' llav. (lac hours' run, off the .shoals, - - . •' ' " " I.akr Micliigan, three hours' run, - . - . " seven i< " .... twelve " " . lourteen " " .... sixteen " " - " seventeen •' " .... Straits of Mackinac, eighteen hours' run, - - - Mil t'liose observations it will be seen that tlic shallow water is warmest. T'U' liigli temperature of the harbor of Navarino .'should be ascribed in part t t'ciiitlueiue of Fox I'ivor, which descends from the south. II. (iRKKN Bay. — The entrance into this bay presents some beautiful ii-.v.'lvcuiiipnsed of the upper Silurian limestone, arranged into mural preci- l]>\ vliiili have been wiiitcncd by the action of the waves and weather, i'liir suiiuiiits are crowned with green trees. The bay is long and nar- ."■.^itli an axis nearly parallel to that of Lake iMichigan. Fox Kiver t'.'ji its iipox, and presents, on the left or west bank of its estuary, the re- I'-'i'l and uiigarrisoned Fort Howard; on its oast, the new villages of ^ ■• •film and Aslor, — better known, however, under the name of Green Bay. • i't and villagi's belong properly t) one locality, as the estuary which : -i's t!im is narrow. 1 ■'■ lianh uf Green V>ay arc generally low and densely wooded, with but '■' >-ttkMiients. As we approacli its head, flat, green savannas show them- . .-• ) [K-^-u 388 THK TRINCirAL DISEASES OF THE [BOOli far !•] IN VI V * t nvt 'p selves on both si les. According to Doctor AVaril,* tlic lioad of tlic Iv skirtcd witli " ntiislics a niilu in wiiltli, cdvcrcd witli a luxuriant iridntli t grass and wild rice, wlocli cndirace tlic nioutli ol' tluj rivor, and r'l.iitiim. witliin half a niilr ol' tin' fort. The water is from six inches tn six iVttil.-. on these inarshcs. which, l)v the (i|icratioii of a diurnal flux and ixflux of-i'! waters of the bay, aro alternately flooded and drained fwico ovyry twi • fonr hours. Twenty rods ba(di of the fort, another inar.-h hi"iii. „i .«|ireadin;j: to the ri^ht and left, e.xteinls a mile or more in eiu'li Jirciti i-" that is the north-east an fornii r the terrace is n.ore elevated, and siimii;; . grove of pine. The neck of land lutween these rivers, is eijiii|ii .-inl jn;. of (lark sand, colored pcrliajis by organic matter, and overspread witli l-n! ders of primitive rocks. I must recur to the swells in the bay, mentioned by Durfur Wapi. A regular flux and reflux, twice in the twi'Utv-i'our hoiu's, woidd can produce them, nni y be understood, by looking on the hydregi':i[iliii;i! ;■ ,; ( J'l. I). A\'heu the wind is from the north-east, it heaps up t!ie witi'- : the bay at its head, and when it flows from the south-wc^^t. it accuiii'j'iW the water,: of the lake in its; northern extrcmily, whence tiny flnwif: : : the bay, and raise its level To the j.erpetual or frei|uciit siihuiTgi::'. : tiK'. marshes in this locality, Doctor Forry, in his coinujcntar 'S en t., rr ports from Fort Howard, ascribes its well-known autunmal salubrity, T-:.' from what I was told in F'^42, has always been great. Thus, Doctor Armstrong, after a residence of seven years in Nav;:.;:.. declared to nu\ thac intermittimt and remittent fevers are almost unh^ among its inhalntants; and Mr. Allen and Mv. Horner, two intclli;:(.'ii! .-• tlemen, cimfirmed his statement. 3Ir. Eyan, a respectable IwUrn tr;ia who had resided there much longer than either, assured n.e that iiitorni:"- fever was unknown, among both the whites and the Indians; but tliatat-^ remittent fever had prevailed in the year 1828. The army return* il'' * Medical Statistics U. S. A. Iinffovcr, ]iresont ■•tliu annual raiii knilrt'd of ineiui l\r. JJrady ; yet itii.'.'. luidcr siniila III. ru.uiivi hkv i" tip the soiit (jrcil and f^ixty h Bd'K I''u.v, iJivcr JliviT. from the ne ill lint, the cuuntr sivi' laar.dies, froii J'lUtiit'ni Basin, t;i traiiiv into bake "\' fr III till.' mirth, it a ::iru- Midd(,'nly to .>,!llil-fftSt. It Wii ;t.(i !ir>t cntori'd iVi '■^■■<: hake .)licdiii.; '.•ijit hundred, its V'i nvulvc miles — IV. FoiiT Wix> inl \r, Lull. S!:^' ]>> j.;-t mentinntd, near ■' rv.iiich the Wis ::v itrt, when a ]i ■ ""■•'■an by the St. 'list in this locality Eardiy alluvions, of lic'tljicK vegetalile n C'.'iiif h, a stratum of fc'fl'laci'.*, however. 'h' Tiiose are km o-Jj to eriiss with Imr 'MO causes that Iiav( "■^^^T !■•! a .stratum o. ''^^'■'fa'mnalenlarorii %s!.alWlakesnr '■"■•ltd with myriads '^■•^'lMnually,eacho,i "«iu!u- lag,,,,,, ,,,,,„ ^" i'"porfoctly „.ga,,i, ' '''•''"! .Statistics U. ■^aiim's Wisconsin '>■( .jiTi.] INTERIOR VALI.KY OK NDRTII A.M!:UICA. ;j:}9 I IV uT, prcsont Ao prciit an rxciiiiitiipii ; i'lT, tlirmi^'Ii a jxmiikI of ten years, •i:i'' aiiiaial rn'i'u) ut iiiti'i'iiiittoiit.'s was Ax, ami nf remit H'lits three, jilt omi !;;;i.livJ of iiicaii strfMigtIi ; " '■■' — 11 rate ni' |jicviileiice a little j^roater than at P',,r'. lirailv; yt in n" •h'Lii'ec a|i|iri.aihin;,f the latius ot' iiu ro suiitheni lical- •;,:•, iiiitlur Miuiliir to|i(i;:r;i|ihieal eirciimstaiiees. III, Fox liiVKii is the (iiillet nf Lalu' W iiuu'Iiair". Tlie pusitiim of that lake i' til tliu SDiitli-oast of (ireeii l>ay, at tlie irreater elevation (if one liun- M aii'l •'"i-'^fy t'^-'i^^t,t or se\en hnmh-cd auil thiiis -eiuht alinvc the sea. li,: n; Fu.Y. Uivor enters tlie lake iiom rlie suntli-west, it is joined l»y Wolf lli.ir. triiiu till' north, wlii''li iia^ made its way tliroii;.di several small lakes; , lait, lilt; cuuiitry ai'onnd Jiuke \\ iuiieliat'o alioumis in ponds and oxteii- .,,!• iiiiii'sliL's, from some of v*hieh Jloek Iliver. already deserilied in the > utiii.rii Ha.siii, takes its ori,L'i:i. In ascriiilini; l''oX Jiiver, aliove its ou- iraii'v into hake Winneliau'o, \\.- arrive at the sjiot where, liavins.' desi'euded f: ;:i ilic iiiiitli, it iijiproaehes within a iiiilo of tlie river Wiseoiisin ; wlion it •.jrii- .•iiiltli.'iily to the north-east, and the AViseonsiii as suddenly to the « iitii-wtst, It was over this portage, that the valley of the Mississijtpi r.< ;ii'>t tiitcrcil from the llasin of the Lakes hy Marqvietto. Its elevatioa ■.:' v.; hake Michigan is two htuidred and tweiity-ihree Ibet — aliove the sea li.'it liiiinlml. Its distanee from the head of tlreen ]>ay is one hundred r'l twelve miles — I'rom the western shore of J^ake Miuhigau, eighty-one IV. Font WixNKiur.o. — This military post stands in N. Lat. 4D" 31', wlW. Lull. Ml'"' 2>>', on the north-east margin of the islhnnis or jiortage j.;-t ineiitiniiecl, near the right hank of Fox Kiver. 1'he Isthmus Is a marsh, vrv.iiicli the Wisconsin in high floods pours its waters, to the depth of ;.. ikrt, when a portion of thcni flow into Fox liivur, to find their way to : • ;.;m hy the St. Lawreneo, instead of the i\lisslssi[ipi. Other swam[)S ::i;t ill this locality. In fact, both sides of eaih river are bordered with ibliy alluvions, of which Doctor Foot''' remarks: — "In cutting through twtlikK vegL'tahlc matter on the surface, from two to four I'eet thick, you Cjiik' tn a stratum of soft mud, generally a foot or two in tlilckncss. In a lei I'laci'S, however, this stratum of mud and water is from eight to ten fect 'l'.':i. iiicse are known by the name of 'shaking marshes,' and a»x' danger- '.-tocr.iss with horses. They ajiiiear, however, to bo filling up, from tho .-anie causes that have made the others more solid." Beneath the mud and W'^r IS a stratum of fine silicious saiul, whieh is believed by Doctor Foot to ^•' t a amalculiir origin, lie supposes t ■ marshes to have been origin- ally s:.;ilW lakes or lagoons, full of atpuitie plants, which were then, as now. jV'iwlwith myriads df fdrtv-tlTn. decrees and a lialf, and an elevation of ei^lit luindred I'eet, gnailv ri.tr ] tlic noxioM.s autuninal influence of extensive bogH and inar.>*lirs, alKiuiuli!.';. organic matter. V. ]Mn,\v.\rKi[;. — Tlie .small bay of Mihvankic is a seiui-ciiTiilar i' I ,. tatioii on the western coast of Lakii Mielii^'an, ahoiit the fdrty-t'iinl il.r of north latitude. Its lenay, a degree further north, but on the same level; or at F'lt ^V- iicbago, half a degree further north, and two hundred feet liiglicr. .''::1 their jirevalonce is far less than in some more jironiisiiig localities in Iw hititudes. Thu.s, Doctor JJean, who had jiral ■[.• ty-tliinl ilc.T.' lirnjwiioll I'.t I l.'uni|in,6|.-il Ml J in biglit. Tu' small rivir- 1,, II their (■> am :. nrflt. st;iiiil< t'v i; tlirciiigli 't, I'.e p, and wiiii!" it; ftwein t!:i' vn ^'(■(1 (iVtT wi',', I s of tlie '.'n-'" t nnid liib I'lia ng boltiiiii." A (1 >\vaiii]i. V;, :, ,f tlioli;iyl>: iiuial I'xliiibti:..- ipliiually i'''i;-:i- (.•fact. N'V.:- place t!.;i': .; .V at F.Tt ^Vi:.- liin'luf, S:;l alitics in I'wr ill tlio lMiu.ii ■il mc. t: a: : ■ inner rc: :,!,.■ ieh wui'c n.:.;: gtatciiiciit. I. ^• •ted olsi'^':.-'^' i.iddf tinio.'il nisof b:>;'i L'liliiigscarftijs ,,„,.] INTKFUOli VALLEY OF NOimi AMLIUCA. .•]41 VI I'AriNK. — FiMiii ]\Ill\V!nil (vmiilry, boyuntl \vlii<-li, tlicrc nro r li:!.' prairies. Tlio site id" ruieiiif, in N. liMt. 1-'^ r»(i', j.s ii ji:irt id' this ;f„,li4 iilain, elevated IVmii tliirty t(j fifty feet alxive tlii' lake. In rainy iv.;i;'iir, •iiiiall p'^ds of water fdrni on many parts id' it.s surface. Tii (li,L';;inj^ n,;iv ;is Piictdr Cary infdrmcd ino, tliey pas.s tliroii;:!! a lied id -andy Inain, wii tlinin.u'li a dcpH.sit of pravel, into another id' Idiie clay, with pi li- aMt . . _ _ . ._ ill., wlicii pnrc hnt hard water is (ditaiiicd. At the same level, springs |,;r.t iiut fmni the hanks of Hoot lliver, which enters tin; lake, adjacent to tli-i iiirtlicrii side (d' the fi.wn. The v;dley id' this river, fur two or three ni:!'< up. is ahont sixty rnds in width, and not siihiect to inmidation. P t-r Ciirv, wii'i had n sided in the pl,-ire leu years, tlnit is, frmn the hegin- ij,i:'"l' its settlement, informed me, that for the first two years, thero was i'av.Tlv a case of nutnmnal fever: in the next two, a tiumher (d' cases iirml: and in the fdhiwinir year, l>-''>It, it assumed a mild epidcinie char- ,1 ;r. ]inttiii,cr iin an interinittent type, and provin;,' fatal in a siiij;l(.' instance i'„lv. The fdlldwing year it was auain epidemic. In Iii.th thos(! years, the riiUtli (if lli'^it Itivcr was clndied np with sand, and its waters rendered fiai'iiant. Ill the next three or four years, the eases were very few. Doctor lira'.Ts, who had resided eight years in the place, coiifirnied tho statement of 1' ! r Carv, and add"'', that every aiitnmn some cases id' I'eniiltent I'evcr u'.'iiwl. It appears frniii these acconnts, that, lieluw the latitude of A'A^', lat'ic .•'hiin's iif Lake .^lil•hiil■an. n locality presenting hut few (d' the tupo- frapliii'al ciiiiditidiis which prddiice autumnal I'evcr, is much iiinre inl'csted tlm places further north, in which those conditions exist in a far greater (li'iTic; as at Green IJay and Fort ^\'innel)ago. Ml Ciiic.UiO, the comuiorcial metropolis of Lake [Michigan, stands on akv.sind-plain, ou tho western side id" the li.-ike, in N. Lat. IT' ;")!', and W. bin. ^7"^ 85'. The breadth (d' this flat along tho lake is ahmit four tcil' *, whuiice it runs liack {m or twelve miles to the Fuver JJrs J'/ai),cs, au elvDiuntary branch of the lllimds, deserihed in the last chapter. "When the laki;>!nii(| at a level only twenty feet higher than at present, its waters over- Wailthis bed of alluvion, and a jiortion (d' them flowed down the lllin'ii.s. ■\t tills time it is a savanna, ab(uuiding in marshes and low sand-ridges; Iravfised by tlie river just mentioned, on the west, and on the cast liy the ri rt!i and .sirntli .""orks (d' Chicago Kiver or (.'reek; Vthieh, flowing nearly ]»ar- aii'.l with tlio lake shore, and at a short distance from it, unite within it, and frm a shiirt common trunk, which meanders throii'di its center, to the lake. IjMvatcr 111 this natural canal is twenty feet in depth, and rises and falls, frill the fcrce of winds upon tho lake, ahoiit tw(. . t; a flucti-'ition wliicli li::ib to Parry away the filth whiidi would otherwise accumnlato on its mar- fc!i'>. tnmi tlic houses on each side, and fnun the vessels which se(.k it, as the wily harbor of Chicago. From the mmitli (d" this river there is a gradual f!>i' 'jf the plain, to the bight id' twenty feet; wldch may be attained by as- ' "iig the south fork of the river, to a spot wdience streams sometimes '- t^-Tl" 842 'riii; I'l'iNdi'M, Disi'.ASF.s fir Tin; [tr,(tt ■ .4 f 1 ■ * 1. ' ■ t. ft ■f y 1 n- fliiW fn till' (Mst mid WV-f. I'll V. llirll CMIIOCS ll.'IVr |l'l'^.-"((l flN 111 tile In';,, ;,, till' Illiiini.s lUviT. Tlic i';iii;il Ir^iii Cliiciiju'" I" I'rra. iiii'iitidinMl in th, ,, c!l!l|iflT, ImW |I!1SS('S nVt-r t!i;it Sllllllllit -Irvcl, wllii'll i- tlic ]ii\V(>f liclw,.,., .1 Gulf llf St. LllWri'tlCC Jllill til" dull' l<\' Mi'.vicn. Iicill;/, ill rnlIIKl liiMi,!,,,, only ^'ix Iniiiilnij t'ci't. Nmr llic liiKc .sliurc, I lie winds ap' ( 'istnnth \\. nfl, ,,.' , town, \A riiiM'il iiitn Inw rid;:y dunes. Tlic liiwii-|d;it, fVciii tlit^ il,'.i;i;,'' of tlir ruarsc ,'»iili-ai(natic V(',L'''f!itinn, and tin' traiiii'iiii; nt' linn aid ;i:.iii ,'. is cuiistanlly lM'(Miiiiiiip' dncr ;n.d liriiirr. IIi vm.d tlii'sc iidliiiiiii'M, tn!!,.!, . it liic liiMs tn niarsliii CSS ; Init as it is imt sid'irit tu iiiiiiidatiuii, i.ikI \^ };,: eiKiUL'li aliiivc till' ('hii-au"i m d l>i's I'laiiics IliviTs. tu he diainnl, Lv ;i ■,. ciiiii.-i .s\sti'iii i<\' diti'liiii'j', it will, ihi don'il, aH ii'ijiiilatinii iiuTuiiv... !, entirely reelaiiiK d. ]''oi!T |)i:.\nii(iiiv, a vacaird military [Ki.st, st.'ind- mi n sand-dune, iiiiiii,,lj. ately SKiifli 111' till' eiitraiiec el' Cliic'iL'" Itiver intu tlie lal;e, Till' .sill' 111' Cldeau'i' \vas iiiin|iird in early times liy tlie l''n'iii')i, Imt i' ; never i'e>ided on it in lai'LH' nnmliei's. It was, liy the Aiiieririm jr,,v,.n,i, ■• Iliad" a military li'st. and a:i li;diaii a;;- 'tiey. In tlie year l^Iil, t!i' ; ;r itself was e(iiiiiiieiieed : aiel at tliis time ( 1^1'*'), its |iii|iiil!itin|i ;. ,,; twenty tliiMi-.iiid. Tlie city I> sn|i|ilird witli water IVnin the ImIic, tlr ■.■; , liydraiit-sv.steiii. A ^irowtli wo ra|iid indieates it.s |ir(isiieetivi' iiii|i.ii':i!;.:' andeiititles i' to the ri".'.'n'il id' the inedieal topo^'rajilier. ^^itiiatr "H •'' eastern nr lecv.-ird inarLiin of a wel ur marshy ]d,iin of ;.'i'('at ixinit, i: WoiiM, ill ;i siiiithern eliiiKite. he e!;issed with the .sichlicst Ini'alitic'i. l,.":- iiii|nli'e, then, iiiln the e.xtent of the eoiiiitervailinii' influence of its laliliik which is ne;iily that of II!", Aecordintf til the retnrns i'roni l''iirt |)e:irh{ini, for ten years, tlif a':;.':_ ratio (if its iiitcniiittcnts w,is twenty-three |ier cent.. — that of its roniittfi;*. four per cent,'- The aiiiiual ratiu at l'"nrt AVood. mi the (liilf nf .M x:c", hivvintr Lake IJiiri^ne on one ,-ide, and ii cypress swamp mi the "liier. was, through the s;ime perind. — interinittont,s ,seventy-six, — niiiitteiits tivir,- ty-seveii. These posts are almut twelve deiirees apart; and to tlii> fe- ciic<' of latitude wo may a.-^crilu' the difVereiit deorei's of autuiiiniil tire: experienced liy tlndr respective irnrrismis thrmi'^h the same pori' il : ;i ;:> feronce which m;iy lie e.vpressed liy .saying, that while ono liuiiiIrHl i: • would present hut tweiity-sevoii cages of lever at Fi rt DenrlMini, tl.i • "t nuinlier would present mie hundred and tliree cases at Fort Wuoil. I':;. other hand, however, we find the priijHirtiou at Fort Deaihoni jrriatcr t'a at Flirt WiniK'liago and Fort Howard. Imtl: lying further iim'tli, a!:'l :.. former at an elevation two hundred feet higher, Fnin I'rofessor I'naimird, of FiUsh .Medical College. T received statonioni.'. which, when compared with those of the medical gentlemen «( 'irwii l'^}' !Milwaul»!{i), 11 iIh! iTuwil "t" .straii^rurH was ^'ri'at, whili.' tin- tii\vii-|iliit was >till poiMly • iii.ir'!)V, aiitl i' ;.n'at ileal of wet |iralru! was lnoki'ii up witli tlii' pinw. ji, .citoiiii'iits of Uoetiii'.s l>i (III, huviilsnii, ami llriiikcrliull', fully .-^iistaiiu'il .!, i:ii|in'.«>iini luatli! Iiy tliu fifliiTs, ami I'liiiviiifcd mc tliat the fnwu ^, he liuil cxi-avatoil a mile. The avera;,'(! di;;- .;.MV!i«to the (hptli of four fict, throii.li a .soft hlaek iiiohl, aho'inilin;^' in ■.■;:i;i' matter. The (li>faiie(« to wh.'.-h this silt was sprciul out, on eaoh .■ i' . wa,< such as to cover a paralli'loi;iaiii of the avcra;.'!! width of two hmi- .r'laiul t'i^'lity foet, cxposeil to sun ami rain. Doetor IJotJiie had ample : itiiiiities (if ohsrr\ iii^' the elVcct of this proeeedin^f on the health of the , ilr. Nearly all who resided ahni!,' the line of excavation, siekeiied with aitiiinal ft'Vcr; and almost all the laliorers ( Irish immiiirants ) sullered in ;.. vim.' way. Several died with malignant or eoiigeHtive syniptoiiis. V!ll. MiciiiiiAN' CiTV. This newly-settled town, in tlie State of Indiana. i.> •iriati' near the vertex, or southern extremity, of tia hike whose name it i'lr*. Ill passiii^i,' round the head of the lake Iroin (!hiea;:'o. it is seen that :il'lt, tlirt'O or four uiihs wide, consists of dunes or hillocks of lilowii sand, liii.lyeovureil with trees. They vary in hii;Iit from twenty up to one liiiii- •k'lltwt, arc of all forms, and ;j:ive origin to no streams, liut inclose poiul.s jfwat'T. The sand is generally white or gray; the soil is very tliiii, and k'iL< Imt few hcrhaeeous plants." Jiehind this belt, there is, according to 1' 'I ''.' I'lilfunl, I'ormerly of ^licliigan City, now of -Mineral I'liint. Wiseun- ^.:i. a buad iirairie-marsii. and then, at a little higlier level, a tract of wood- lainl tivc or .'■ix miles wide. To this succeeds a dry and rolling prairie, from ten t'j twenty laili's in width ( eiiihracing groves of timber ), which extends a T >s the State of Indiana from west to cast. Immediately south of tlii.s, t:.iTj i.s a licit iif wood-luiid, to which succeed.s the valley of tlie Kankakee, ■vit!iits (k'op and sluggish waters, liordcred on both sides with extensive iii3r>lii's, liaviiig a grassy surface. Thus, the people who inhabit the prairie t' I'll' north or leeward, are subjected to influences which, in the latitude of il' •!"'. and at the elevation of six or seven hundred I'eet, give rise to a ;ri;it Jwil iif autumnal fcvi'r. M:"!iii.'an City is situate within the tract liere described, on the west side ''•■iii'mtli of a small stream called Trail Creek, in N. Lat. ( aliout ) 41^ '■ 'II a .:.|.:.;-; KirJ. ■ ■ ^ > ••. ;a ,. I Boot , learned, that autumnal fever, lutli intermittent and remittent, m-evail'i lj.«„ in a deeitled and often dangerous de<^ree. IX. Lai'ORTk. — This town stands within the district just dusrHlH ten miles soutli of ^licliigan City. Tlie lagging Kankakee, with it> v;,,. niarsliy bottoms, comes witliin ton miles of it on the .suutli ■.'i,. The country around tlie town is level, and ei-mposed of (liluviiun ,,r,i,:., supporting i)owlders, like the whole region adjaeent to the lake. lti«i . titioned, with some e(piaHty, hetwcen prairies, barrens, or o|i('ii wowl-, m i dense forests. As Tiaporte is situate on the summit-level hetwtcn ikS- Lawrence and the Mexican basins, it has no streams larger tliaii livr,; •. near it; but there are several small lakes, with sandy shores, t-nma (..iwl'-i are so shallow, as to abound in a(inatic plants. According to Doctor Andrew, from whom I have borrowed tliesc iacti* the settlement of Laporte was commenced in li^o1,l)nt no aiitiiiiiim! ;;.-,vr occurred until ISrjS, when it appeared as an epidemic iuterniittent, ai.il n- curred, with diminished violence and extent of invasion, in the twu folli.wini; autumn?'. Of the reasons why, f ( r the first seven years of its s>.ttli.u)«;; the town sliould not have suifered from this fever, and should thciiliavi'u'ia invaded, T cannot speak. X. Eastkun Coast of Lake j\riC'iiiG.\.y. — Tlie c(juntry c;ist of Lke INFichigan constitutes a peninsula, which is lioiuidcd on the east liy tliu wi >t rj end of Lake Erie, Detroit lliver, the lliver i^t. Clair, and Lake Ilur:., Through this peninsula, from north north-east to south south-west, t 'leri' 1"; a swell, which rises from two to six hundreil feet ab(jve the suvrounJinirw'u'c-; c-rj, and suj)iiorts a countless number of small transparent and perujaiioiit iak..-: which gr.e origin to rivers that flow to the east and west. Tlmsu wi; ii take the latter direction otler themselves to our notice in this place. Ta first and most southern is the St. Joseph, which, originating in tlie State f Michigan, bends through the riorth-east corner of Indiana, retiitcrs tlio jt;,to in which it began, and flows into the lake at tlie town of St. Joseph s. Tlit next in size aiul southern latitude, is the Kalamazoo, wIul-Ii, original iiidri the same water-shed, makes its way directly to the lake. Tlietiiinii- Grand lliver, which, having a similar origin t.nd termination, lies a !ki further north. The four.. , and last that I shall mention, is the .Mu^ki.'::. which, from a lacustrine source on the same high lands, enters the lako a little north of the last. These rivers drain the south-west corner m1 tut State of Michigan; which region embraces nniny interesting towns ami. «« Great and sm ,iii the Indians. jj,, t!iat the natives tuiatermittent and ; OlTLI.VF.S, — L; Lakf Su|)erior by the I \i:^ ;.':iii, by the Stra I f,,.t.uiirth-east of the .iitflanJ furty-seveiit I t!:;r.i. Its area is estii .kvation above the Nrfthoiie thiuisand; it f;:',t'i:'!i hundred or tw I )'ii:itHuliiis, running n( [r:ti"ii, ail interior or kv-, ("if which the nio,- j t':;it ^i'le o' the Lake, ■ I lis if the medical topn ; jast mentioned, be t;i'.', ill Canada West. ti/; Suite of Michigan, 'jEiilwo arrive at Sagin js::'l:iiirth-cast, the llu I L.-ri'iii-u and Hudson I iaii'ij between it and La [kl" wliieh traverse thi !:■■ .v'Uth, Lake Huron hjtvrjtiuwofF toward I Ii'.;.|i!itlie9th of Angus :!■ miLximuni, T found Harbor uf Mackiiu 'I'll or twelve niilci Middle portions of hi ^ight of land, Ci M Ton miles from Mic Near the outlet of i ir tari INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMF:RICA. o 1 r. ..imwmm Groat and Little Traverse, on wliicli tliero are missionary stations ! if the Tu'liiiiiH. Tlieir latitude is about ■i-')^' '■]()'. I was told at ]\lark- ; 11 t!uit the natives at these cstablislmients are sometimes afTected with I -a I'ltermittunt and remittent fever; but the number of cases is small. '. H SECTION V. BASIN OF LAKE HURON. I OiTLiXES. — Lake Huron, as we have already seen, is connected with Li'sr Siiin-'riiir by the Straits or River called the St. 31ary, and v/ith Lake .lli-'i'iii, by the Straits of jMuekiiiao. It lies south-east of the firmer, and f,,.t iinrth-cast of the latter. Its Udrthern border falls between the forty- iistii and forty-seventh parallels, its southern extremity readies the forty- I'iri. Its area is estimated at twenty thousand fnir hundred square miles; ii! kvatiiiii above the sea is five hundred and seventy-eiglit feet ; its mean iit'i line thdnsand ; its g -catest de[)th, — off the mouth of Saginaw liaj-, — j fL'iiti.en hundred ur two thousand feet.* A long range of islands, called the ymitnulin.s running nearly parallel to its axis, gives to its ujtper or northern I rti'ii, an interior or insulai coast. Beyond these islands, there are largo iav«. iif whii.li tlic must extensive has received the name of Georgian. On [tbt-iiii'O^ the Lake, there are, as yet, no settlements deserving tlie atten- ;, iftho medical topographer, until we descend to the country south of the ; just montioned, between the forty-fourth and forty-fifth degrees of lati- :•■. ill Canada We.-it. On the opposite or south-wi st side of the lake, in >t:itc of Michigan, the country is, likewise, in a great degree unsettled, ;;1 wi' arrive at Saginaw Bay, near the forty-fourth parallel. To the north |a::'l;iiiilh-east, the Huron Basin is bounded by the water-shed of the St. LffMue and Hudson Basins; to the east and south-cast, by the dividing 1^J^ hi'tWL'cn it and Lake Erie and Lake <_)iitaiio; to tliewest, by the liigh- Ll< which traverse the lower peninsula of Michigan, already noticed. In f^- south, Lake Huron narrows to a strait, through which its superabundant htjt'.rsflow iiiF toward Lake Erie. In a voyage from Mackinac to this out- i k. -1 the f'th of August, 1^42, when the surface-tem])erature was probably ::- ni;ixiiiiuin, I found t' . following variations : Harbor of Mackinac, 'f n or twelve miles out, Middle portions of the lake. hi sight of land, Canada shore, '■ ^Michigan shore, Icn miles from [Michigan shore. Near the outlet of the lake, 01°. 54"^. 54'^ or. or. (;.i°. * Michigan ( leological Reports. A'- T'*> ■.- t- ^|: • ■ ■ ■11 '';••;•■■•■'■ :^ ■• ',•'■■■■!'■. >", -jV' ij-n^i TV; :■■-••. :\ :■:?!■* ,■; . i : •■'-■ ■*■':.] '..v-'K 4. ■-■■ ■ i !i; • • • ." " . 'M ♦ ■ ■• - a iii •.^;:l-. -■.:;. ■-■ ■■ ; : i ._*;.i .._ •• :■ ' ' ' ■* 1 r: ■ *■ . \ ' 34G THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE [BOOK Ilore, as on Lake 3Iicliigan; wo find the surfuce-tcuiperatuic less as tlv. (Icptli of Avator is greater. II. Mackinac. — Tins ia at once tlie name of an island, a strait a'' lage, and a fort; as may be seen liy inspecting J'L XIV; on wliiili t) , higlit of the ishmd above tlic water is marked correctly, twu lnuKlrnl ;)• i nineteen feet, and the latitudes and longitudes are, approximately, stuttj at 45'' rA' N., and 85" 5' W. The island lies a little east of tlie .4'aits. icj I therefore belongs to Lake Huron, rather than Lake ^liiliirraii. 1; . .., i boldly out of the water, it is not fringed with the green niar.-ilifs, so i,ttcj ! seen on the lake margins. Geologically, it is a mass of suh-carbuiiiuruK. Devonian or upper Silurian limestone, with the external surfuco in a i-tati. , f i decay. In some places its escarpments are nearly perpendicular, in dtLirj 1 they slope gently down to the lake. On the south side is tlie liarkr, |,re. senting a crescent-indentation, with a beach of limestone pebbles, IjlaniLjj by the alternate action of the air and water. The latter is so tranMiarcB! that the [)ebbles may be distinctly seen at the depth of many feet. Tl.'; ] beach terminates in a low but dry jdain, on which stands the village Mackinac, with the fort in its rear and one hundred and fifty fcit ruatJi. I The higher — which are the south-eastern — portions of the i^laiul are rocky; but whatever soil has accumulated from the decay of the liiiK>toi;e rocks, is fertile. The < ^iposite end is lower, and has a deeper envoriiinfl soil ; but the surface is overspread with a countless number of lar^'o jriai- five bo'A'lders. A portion of the gentle slopes of the island is cultiviiiei Much of the original forest, composed largely of sugar maple and [aptrl birch, is still standing. The temperature of the water ou the lake shore, where shallow, I f''ai;i| in the month of August, to be 02" Fahrenheit; — where deep, [>()". li'tlia;! the surface and two hundred feet below. A spring, which bursts out »»"• L\V .-^ Ni" K V '/:>, /< ■'A ^. >^ A«Ao 1^^ >l:]l n J i'l .>l//'l, I >x^ ^c '/•'' /.•' '-y// '•# % »' o* V^ J, ^^ S N \ ' > W\\\{\>''' [ iff J^ ^ .P b'uci' .'iUi. ('..IhiiUei^ I.SC hUii/r ;•'!*•;'. -iM*^' r:*> -- ., • ■'■^^ ■ : ■ ■ • ■■■fHZ U:.^::: '/•^-•^r-c-v •.! ' ...' .y ■> •1/ ■ ■ 1 ,.' '■•' i; irT jti':r .••Kisi'iis, relupfic a? greater than tlic It -cciiis to result, :f I'll' cases at Fort iri'tho numlior of ( K<>3. |inilialiility tlia ;::. ^'f the remote ca Frry. tlie editor of tli wiiv t!ie sefoiul ([uart tL'r-l: Imt what lias 1 llo garrison returns v I ani'jiig the endemic di; III. .'^UM.MER A'OY j !>MC, iviK Invalids. - iii-> Ihu'iin. 3Iicliiff C liviJr-frraphicalcentoV' I wti iin'il an oseapc fr I asJ f'ffii'ious medieatio ' many swanip.s, to IfrniBaifalo, Clovelan ifaiikie, on Lake Mieli: m>'h of sea-sickm I JWinaf. an agroeahl iiy feeling is hidite » of having retreat t ^'^ |i, :|;;:.V |^|!i^j(i ' ,j ral ||^'> ■■,' Mi Blfcftf Irr' ■' h' > 11 INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 347 fllT. ' J iCInfnrmittciitH, cii'lit. Tlic latter ratio seems to invalidate tlio as- '. [|,,,t iiiti'i'mitteiit fever is nearly unknown liere, anil reijiiires to bo ■[ml Pilling the period oniliraeed in tlie returns, tlierc were sixty-five , ripiirted, of which seven were in the first ((uarter of (he ealen(hir year, ,''f.i,nc in tlic second, thirteen in the third, and fourteen in the fourth. V IT in tlie eliinate of that [lost, no new ease can lie generated within the M aiiJ sceoiiil quarters, and eonse(|uently, of the sixty-live eases, thirty- ilitnm.'t be rejrarded as relapses, or as vernal intciuiittents, depending on jii-riiil impression made on the system the ])reeeding autumn. Still fnr- tter (if tlie fuurteen cases in the fourth (piarter, we may suppose a jiropor- m I'Miial til that of the first (juarter, to be of the same kind; for the cause ft t'-c iliicaso cuuld not Ije in existence in the months of November and litvenik'r; we may, then, subtract five from the returns for that (juarter, a'l'l iil:iio tlioia with those for winter and spring, raising that column to frtv-lliw. ami, conse(|Uently. leaving but twenty-tM'o cases of suuniier iu- tritti'iit, fur tlio whole period. It cannot be said tiiat the vernal intermit- ur.tjvarc of these who had contracted the disease on the island in tlie ])re- fc'l:::' summers and autumns, for a jiart only of those who suffer in the htur spasens, relapse in the spring; but here the number of vernal cases Mj :;ruat<'r than the whole number of autumnal. ItscfUis to result, then, from what has been said, that at least two-thirds tl t!u' cases at Fort Mackinac must have been contracted elsewhere: redu- 3 !«:' t!iO numhor of (possibly) original cases, to less than three 7>er cent., witiia ]inilialiilitv that even these might have resulted from the previous ac- t;:! if the remote cause at some more southern and sickly ])ost. Doctor Frrv. tlio editor of the Army Medical Statistics, thinks it ditlicnlt ti; cx[)lain w'riv the second ([uartcr of the year presented twice as many cases as the Itbl; liut what has been said, perhaps accounts for it; while it reconciles ttogarrisnn returns with the [lopular opinion, that intermittent fever is not ni'-'L' the endemic diseases of the island. III. ^^niMER A'oyAGES ON T^pi'KR Lakes. with a REsinD.N'CK AT Mack- !Nac, iviu Invalids. — The three great reservoirs of clear and cf)]d water — L:i!vs lliirrin, Michigan, and Superior, with the Island of ^lackinac in their tvilrOTphieal ceutc" — offer a delightful hot-weatlier asylum to all invalids, I Jli'i iiiril aiu'srape from crowded cities, paludal exhalations, sultry climates, iir/l'liiious medication. Lake Erie lies too far south, and is bordered with. too many swamps, to be included in the salutiferous group. The voyago feni Ruffaln, Cleveland, or Sandusky, (ju that lake, or from Chieag. ; . 'I:--' •. •'■' I'^*- :v • 4 f-'^f-;#V'''f-^': m. h "1 t-; 348 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE [mi ;, the siirrdniiding -waters, they seem a moat of defense against the lio.t 'S ■ ii()_v;iii('('H from wliich lie liad so-jglit a refuge. T!>us a curath^ ,«t'iti' mind begins to act on 'lis litidy, from the moment of his lamlinif; ail • ". he a person of intelligence and taste, this salutary mental excitement will i^ i soon die away; for tiie histoiic as'.oeiations, not loss than the sceiierv nftr, island, are well fitted to maintain it. The first white men wlm dwelt on Mackinac, and the surrounding' h.vj were tin, French eeelesiasties and fur-trader.-i. In 17G:], the wlii,|(. r,,,.,,.,] with (,'anada, to the jnrisdii'tion of Great ]}ritain ; by wlioiii, in iTJii'i, it q; Eurreiidered to the I'liited States, In 1S12, it was coiKjucrtMl bytli;it i. »..r and restored at tlie elise of the war. Frum the summit nf the island, ti. eve rests ii|)iin a numlier of spots consecrated to military liisuiry, Ihit tlcMt'j. ral scenery is still better fitted to make thj invalid fdrget liis •dwv Several agreeable and exciting boat voyages maybe mad' to the neidil rir/ coasts, from each of which a now aspect may be had; and the i>laiiil :•-.;' although })ut nine miles in circuit, affords opportunities for a great vari'-, f rambling on foot. In these excursions he may ascend to the apex of dt island, once the site of a fort. From this summit, elevated far almve ii'.!!;,: surrounds it, the panorama is such as would justify the enitliut tii)laeki],a - Queen of the Tsles. To the west, arc the indented sliovos of the «|i|iiri.> insvda of jMichigan; to the south, those of the lower, presenting, in i!ii i;. rior, a distant and smok}' line of elevated tal)le-land; up the .strait>, r -. islets may be seen ]iceping above the waters; directly in front nf tin !;::' r. Round Island +'ori!is a beautiful foreground; while the larger 7jw'.v yfc, \ri:i its light-house, stretclies off to the east; and to the north are other ijldi. at varying distances, which complete the archipelago. When the observer directs his eye upon the waters more than tin: li; 1 and the day is fair, with moderate wind, he finds the surface as vari;ir.":3 its tints, as if clothed in a robe of changeable silk. Greei! and hhie ari' ;';? governing hues, but they flow into each other with such facihtyaiul fretimj, that wliile still conteniplating a particular spot, it seouis, as if by li-^". transformed into another; but these mid-day beauties vanish hcforo tl; ■':-; the setting sun, when the boundless horizon of lake and land soia- ::" around with a fiery zone of clouds, and the brilliant drapery of th'' ■■::.• paints itself upon the surface of the waters. Brief as they are lua;;:;:- these evening glories, like spirits of the air. (piickly pass away; and l! l .w mantle of night warns the beholder to depart for the village, while i.i':J' yet make his way along a narrow and rocky path, beset with tufts ot |'i:i.y juniper. Having refreshed himself for a., hour, he may stroll out ii|"i:!;- beach, and li.sten to tlie serenade of the waters. Wave after wave will' 'i^ at his feet, over the white pebldes, and return as limpid as it came. If'-M straits, he will see the evenin2; star dancins; on the ruffled surtaee, au'l'M loose sails of the lagging schooner flapping in the fitful land-breeze; iT.iii;| the Milky Way — Pk.vtu's Path of the red man — will dimly appear i:^ waters befoic him. Behind, in the street, a lively group of Canadian nt' of every shade of color between white and red, will gossip and slirU;'' - 'ilTl. INTER . ■jlk-r-; 'in one sid I [ako .Mi''lii,irai:, ''i-' <"' ■; .Jniiiken Chippewa s |nrkliii:"fin'ghtened jj„n. >itting in silent i I r:> Titliii! the tent, sj v.l^'iiL's fcr the iii; Ji>i, andasniuny half hjnlv. a new phenoniei Ik-vIiicS ni'ire vi,'e who arc prime JJT; from the Innnidity Itivj, tUoroties, and all v I'tv.jr, it must, however, IV, DniMMOMj's Is |Li!;.j Huron, on its norl ;•■■! in Canada, West. [ \wc,h Island, is the m folycast of the niotit my: had a fort upon it jsiitiitL ,al fever was aim Penew.vguisiiine |tai;t>, fhiefly French an< hiliiary estahlishnient.t [if'-V hat, about 44*" •: * Ti.o Xortheni Lakes a rTiiilocirsShtistical R( •'"'illi's Canadian Gaz. ,. ,..,^..^ MIT! INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMF.RICA. 840 i'ftiuilcr?; fin ^^^ ^''^^'' sIkhiIJ tlio Tiidiaiis, wlui stiil iiiliiibit tlic .xlidrcs of I lo MHiiiTii'!. 1'^' '^■i ^ ^'''^'^' *'^ *''"' '■■'''"i''> 1"-' \^ill liL'iir t'lc 'iproar of a Indgt! ■f lirniikeii I'liipiicw"''' ^^'i'''' ^'"^ scvcains of woiueii ami fliiKlrt'ii, and tlio ].i|.ijiift,i(Tliteiiecl liens; on the other, will jsi'u the suitor and listless Ot- \iM iittiii" ill silent vaeaiicy of thou;.'lit, on his njiturned hirch eaiioc. his vivitliin the tent. Sjireadiiif^ cypress bark and liag nnits npon the gravel, ,;' l'iii"s fur the nij^ht; while half a dozen children loll or play ahont thu I r aii'l 'IS njauy half-starved dogs cnrl up among them, f^iirrmunlnl liy I .T'b 51'cncs, the traveler begins to realize that he is a stranger; when, sud- |w,v a new plu'iionienon appears, and fixes the c(invictiiiii. Kvevy nlject K. uii'5 111' ire visible ; and, raising his eyes, he beholds the heavens ilhimi- .j;i livitli an aurora borcalis, where he reads in fantastic characters of strange d ..■'•(.■ciitrii; light, that ho is, indeed, a sojourner in a strange land, and «a< wiimlereJ far frum his friends and homo, in tlio sunny regions of the ImiIi.' riiile the valetudinarian, during the summer months, makes the island of hhckicM his hume, he may enjoy several interesting steanil)oat voyages. At Itvtiii"', he can descend to Detroit and Niagara; or, passing through the litriitJi'f M;ickiiiae, visit Chicago, Kacine, and Milwaukie, on tho wotern •anf'f Lake Michigan. Opportunities will likewise be presented, to ascend jt'icSt. .Mary to the Saiilt, where he will find much to interest him; and [f'liepcclit may proceed, in a fur-trading skiff, or a bark canoe, to (iros (,'ap, lit tho efflux of the river from ]jako Superior. ]''inally, he may liave it in his ! ? wer to cmhark on that lake, and visit the copper hills of the mineral region ';iiri!«siiuthcrii shore; tho climate of which is represented as highly invig- miiig: while the novelty and wildness of tho scenery ^Yill act with salutary liiJiitnee oil hi.s imagination and feelings. Ib'je who are prone to consumption, might, perhaps, exjierienco some in- li:n' from the liuiuidity of this lacustrine region; to hypdciiundriacs, dxspep- ItkfMiiroties, ami all who have their constitutions broken down by autunmal jfevor, it must, however, prove eminently restorative. IV. Dklmmond's Island. — In leaving Mackinac, wo shall proceed down jLit'.IIurnii, on its northern and eastern shore, which, it will bo recollected, jl;:> ill Ciiiiada West. The large island with wliich we begin, called J)rum- Ini'inil s Island, is the most western of the Manitouliii Chain, and lies iiiimo- Ifehcnst of the mouth of St. .Mary's Rivor, in latitude 40". The l^ritish jSGei' had a fort upon it, near which tliero were extensive niar.-hy shores, but haturi. .alfuver was almost, if not entirel}-, unknown, t \ PKXEnxGUisiiiXK. — This village, of one hundred and twenty inhabi- |to>, chiefly French and Indian half-breeds, is the seat of a small naval and jditarycstaWishnient.l It stands on tho southern shore of Georgian IJay, Ik.V. Lat. about 44*^ 45', at the base of a long sandy ridge two or three ' Tie Xorthern Lakes a Suminor Res;.;i ;ice for Invalids of tlio Eolith. By Diuiicl |P-5^,M,D.: 1842. :liiilocirs Statistical Reports of the Britisli Army. ;sniilli's Canadian Gazetteer. 'i-^:-'^^ .'1 M )^-^r v ■;''---^- : ir : ^ ■ '■''■ -)y M:ua • ■ 1, ll:": y.-i:^n' * . . ' , t ' ■ ' ■ ■ » I ;,,-*•.■:. ti ,^1 [;>{'■,.■■' Up 3 ' J * * if, «■ • 1 i) , . ' r>.JO Tin: rillNClPAL DISHASHS OF THE Ma liuiidroil feet lii^li, wliii-li jwtijocts into tlie bay. At tlic liead of tlic !« i fur ricvcrnl luiU'S ssniiili-in'it, tliorc iiro luw f'Waiiijty grounds, oetweunffilfli I ami tlu; liarraclis, Imwcvur, a liill iiitcrvciio.i. 'llio .surniMidin,, ^.,,,,1 ■ I uiidiiliiiiiig or liilly, ami gLuierally cdveri'd with wocds. In liMi^-, lii^ jr," vvuix' traiislorrcd tn tliis [idtit tniin I)ruinuiuiKr,s Island. It lias iiri.vidi,,} as froi- IVdUi autumnal lever as tliat island. That t'cvur, in iaut Im, -i-i nnkuduu." \M. t'ou.NTJiv Aiiou.M) (i i;uiii;iA.N J5av. — On thu north and nor li-ij.t I Georgian IJay, to tho watur-shcd between the St. Lawrence ami I|!;il,,5 Uasius, the enuntry is wild and dreary, abounds in small lakes, aiid Muajij unsetth'd. The region aniund tho bottom or southern extremity ot tin U: in tlio rear of I'enetanguishine, extending to witliin tm'ty luiles of tl^. [J] of Lake Ontario, iuelude;' the largo and beautiful Jiake Siniooe; \vliiil;,l,vi dcsecnt of one hundred and seventy foet, and a circuitous route tu lI'iKr.'; diseharges its superfluous Maters into (jcorgian ]5ay, thmu^ili tin; .^mrj liA'er. The region to the south-weyt of tliis river, liotwecu tlio lavaji lake, as well as that drained by all tho rivers whicli fall into hotli, i.« onirrf with exeelle'.it soil, ami has a considerable; though si.'attered, j)n|d;iti n.- Tho suifuee is generally wet and in many places marshy, hat in tliu latbiii of 44'^ or 4")''^, such a condition ))roduces but little autumnal fevor. lul niedi(-al history, however, has not been written. \il. JiOWEU KasteivN ,Sju)ki: of Lakk Huuox. — Most of l'hu Wjclfr twcer. (jionrgian Bay and Lake Huron, is unsi'ttled Indian coujitry; aiiJitj is not until we descend l)clow the latitude of dd"-', that we come intoartpjaj of intei'(.'st to the uiedical etlologist. There, we reach tlie Huron llKriclij whicli extends nearly to the southern extremity of the lake, and li;is a (■:«■ siderable pdpulati^iu, composed alnio.st entirely of innuigrants froiiiKurR. The district includes a swamp of vist extent. The principal towmf usj district is iwJcrich, on the sliore of Lake Huron, at the niuutli of MaijElj Eiver, about X. Lat. do" 45'. It stands on a dry surface, oiio S' dred feet above the lake. I According to Doctor Stratton,]] autumiwl tetj is rarely seen at this place. ('" the medical topography of the district a crally, and tlie prevalence of fever in autumn, I can say ni.tliiiig fnrtlicr. VIII. AVe^tk Rx Shoke 01' Lakk Huuox, auouxd axd soiiii or >.irj IXAW Bay. — This bay projects to the south-west, from the western or 3b igan side of the lake. Its extreme point, in Sagi'iaw county, reciivuMJi waters of Saginaw Eiver, which originates witliin tho coal basin wliM:' 'i-j pics the center of the lower or southern peninsula of the State ot -Mi'J-'s: This is the uiost considerable tributary of the western side of L:i1;l ! Tliere are considerable scLtlcni.'.its within this basin, but iiotliiiig ! "■ published on its medical toprgrapliy. There was a military post at tlitis of the estuary of Saginaw Ilivcr, at which, as Doctor ritclier, now (t Ifj troit, has informed uie, autumnal fever prevailed, and souictiiiies av- ii:i> malignant cbaracter. The latitude of tlie post was about 43*"' 20' >■ 1- ^i *Tiillocli. t^mitli's Canadir I Gazetteer. X Smith's Canadian Gazetteer. |1 Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal, N^'-'^l Imtin tliclatinil ;uimiul fi'Vir I:;| filTi- INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMP.RICA. 851 , , „,,f Jlarqws, iiiiiiu'U'nti'ly l)flciw Siipiiiaw JJ;iy, dciuti to tliu tt'i'iiiina- -atremity »( tlic lake, tliu coast is nearly stini^rlit, with Imt few iiuloii- I Mr i!« and prcsoiits low elilVs of sanilstoiio, oiiiortiiiig I'roin uimIit tlic coiil Uijipif the iiitorior of Miclii^'nii , wliilo the; coast aliovc tlic bay slinws din's i' miii'T Silurian liiiicstone, wliicli liavc risen i'mm lieiieatli tiio SMiKlstoiic. ry. IwiT cnast, ami tlie eouiitry in its rear, are l»iU :-]iin>ely |ieo|)U'ti, uud I hw n itliin^ of its special medical topography ' r autuimial diseases. SECTION VI. l.iTKAlT-! nETWF-ENLAKE IH'RON AND LAKE ERIE: LAKE ST. CLAIR. I, TiiK f»TU.viTS. — These straits have received two names. The jjurtiou |wbi.hcxto!ul.s IVom Huron to the little Lake St. Clair, is called St. Clair lEiv.T: that which extends from the sonthern side of that small body of Int'T. to tho west tr.\ of Jiake l']rie, is the well-known Detroit lliver. The Ifillin the twc is fom'tcen feet. IJntli the upper ami lower portions arc IkriW by hii'ks of post-tertiary or diluvial clay, supporting heavy fnrests, liiicri'Vir i*i.ttl('iiiciita have not been made. The current of this broad and lixii natural canal, except where the water issues from Jiake Huron, is gentle ; li;- with is from one to two miles. St. Clair Kiver is aliout forty miles |i':i:~ Detroit Kiver, twenty-tliree or twenty-foin'. The banks of the upper Ifartif St. (,'lair llivir are well-developed ; but as it approaehes liake St. |r,a:r they .-ink, and its sh'ircs liecumo more or less marshy. The n])pcr part I; JiitrMit lliver has banks suflicit iitly high; but as we descend, wet or liraipy grass flats appear on cacli side (if the river. The L.vke. — This little intermediate sheet of water has a mean ps:,;t 1 ;iuil lireaJtli of twenty and eighteen miles; an area of tln'ce hundred irii?ixty S'(uarc mil'.s; a moan depth of twenty feet; and an elevatitm of |Teliiin(lrcJ and seventy feet above the sea, — being in that respect interme- piato bi'twcen Lakes Erie and Huron. The silt thrown into St. Clair lliver r »> tributaries, is deposited at the head of Lake St. Clair, where alluvial -\;.r. H arc coutiiiiwlly forming. St. Clair lliver, in fact, has a delta, that St .nlarly advancing into the lake,''' which, from this source and the rivers ^iikii upon into it laterally, will ultimately be converted into a marsh, with I r- or running through it. ]\fuch of the land around it is low and swampy; W tliiTO are, als large savannas, so dry as to form natural grazing lands, Kven to admit of cultivation, which are inundated by the periodical v\;es ) fiiich the lakes are subject.f In the month of August, I found tlic ^ii.r- pce-teniporaturo of this shallow lake, to bo from GG'^ to 71°, accor.ling i P'l'pth. In winter it is entirely bridged over with thick and fir».i ice, p!i has become an article of exportation to Cincinnati. ni. Head OF the Sthaits: Fort Gratiot: Port Hvron: Port Sar- ^i -The efflux of St. Clair Strait or River from Lake Huron, is in a loca- ' Michigan Geological Reports. t Smith's Canadian Gazetteer. ?.'■ »»■ •,f. . : .{ WA: .■• 1 :ir)2 Tin; iMMNCii'M- dis':asi;s of tug [iwii. rJTi.; INTF ; |\'' , ■ ■• . , ifc- '■ ■ . , . • ' ■ ' - • ■ i I » ' ■ k ■ ■ 1 lify of flntiio iiitcrost tit tlio niotliral liinhiriaii. Its liititiulo U to' \ . loii^rituilc S2" 10' W. Tla- lii;.'lif <>\' tlic liimks \nn\ lio tiikoii at six liuiJrJ feet al)ovi' tli(! sea. Witliiii this lncalify, tliiTi! is tin' !, Clair, lies inunediately to the west or windward of Korl (iraliot anil I'n I Huron, at a distauco varying from a fow hundred yards to a iiiile. without a::; | intervening hills, while its bottoms are broad and swan)py, iind itsnwim;:. rent cheeked by a niill-dau» near its mmith. IJetween tlic two rivers, i*i':e I sand-dunu of which I have spoken, with its little pnols, or wot Lwivij wliicli the recrements of plants have been decomposed into soil. The wistin or right bank of the river is liighor, and consists of eoiii]iuf't imst-tortiarvj clay, with pebbles. Opposite the fort and village, tho St. Clair i.< fri: with a narrow belt of low alluvial bottom, on which riiin-watcr !•t3!.i^ littlo ponds, or forms smalls marshes, and over which the river Howj iiiiiJ periodical ri.ses of the lake. Four CiiiATiOT. — Tho returns from Fort Gratiot* show a ilccided prou- lonce of intermittent fevers ; tho annual ratio being ,';ovciity-t\vu |i(,r t.;.t;j that of remittent fever i.s, however, only tlireo ])er cent. When wu cfiiijarej the relative prevalence of these two forms of fever at this just, witli t: prevalence at Fort Crawford, in tho san'o latitude, on the hanks dt'ili)!:;-! eis3i[(pi, we find that, while intermittent fever is more prevalent l.on'. r.n.: tent fever is more prevalent there. Here, the latter makes hut tlirwr:.: per cent, of all tho cases of autumnal lever; there, it iiuikes t'uurti'iGWJ cent., and is, therefore, four times a.s ju'cvalent, compared with tlio iiit'r: tent form. When we bring Fort Snelling, on the 31ississippi, in N. bi"! r)3', into this comjiarison, the conclusiim is strengthened; for, at t!iat[;!j remittents make thirty-three per cent, of the whole. These faets are ii.::- tive. A long river-beach low-water marsh lies to the wiiuhvard uf F:.ij Crawford, and tho swampy mouth of the St. Peter's in the ?aini' ilir' ' from Fort Snelling; but the amount of watery surface around thcso >iO-.-j autumn, is small, comiiared with that around Fort Gratiot, wliicli Ui'--<\ ^jt' .n ifs north, tin [,:,.; "11 its south III ,-.j b. tliorefrri', vd Frt ''mlliiiL'. and ti ;. .T.'ili'r |)ro|Mirtiii Frrv.thiMiii.'1'iiiiiii-^ ' ll,'!:;ii:i'', mid iiS'Ti .-. . It nsults. Ii •rit M:ii-In\. anil cstahlishci^ piiiil'W water, ahouinl fill 'liily elevated tc lii'-i'Ml ill eliaiMcter ) mM N Dversprea |l-v-'lllagf, tllrre i< ;i ['ii'iitits of Saniia, a ■^- "'iif more or less s^ ^' AlUiilMXd I'A '.'!"-r Canada, in wLii '■^'ft'i-d-f Ln!ve Hi l^'<'l:iirPuvcr. Lake; j'wi'kiteoii.stitiites f I"- V traversing it fm I" *■ is Hear Creek., p!!it.ca>t, which dm '-'•'■ "!iiti'lt I.J INTKUIim VALMIY OF NORTH AMKRICA. 353 a. in it* north, flio St, Clair mi its cnst, fiT"! 1'ImcI: l{lvcr, wifli n •Iniii niul ,,i,i .III its Mimtti Mini west. Tlic nfiiii.«|ilit'ri'' Imiiiiilify ot' tliis liltlr |. .'11111- j ':, ii, tlii'refrrt', vfry ^'rcat, ci iii|iarcil witli the ,tatistii'<., lia.s ciiiniiarcd tids pn^^t with i|i ';:;i", mill MSiTihi'd the ditl'cii'tiri; ill aiitimiiial fcviT to tii|iii!.'i'a|ihiral ,^..... It n.-iilts, hiiWi'Vt'r. ill imit from tlic hi;:licr latiludc and I'li.yatiou ffrt Mackiuai'; ns the (•('iii|rirativ(' ah.^ciici' of tliat IVvcr at I'ort IIow- ,•! ;ii,l l''iirt WimK'haL'o, [ilai'cH south of Maidxiiiai-, hut noitli of (Jiatiof, ■ [■\\ t '|vi.'ra|iliii'al i-oiiditioris simihir to tlioso of the hiNt, siilVirit'iitly \ ■?■;<■* The ftiitv-tliird |iarallix hundred I'rit aliovo I'.^e;!, is, ill t'ai't. vi'vy nciir the liiirh'-'.«t latitndo, at which, fiN.m tlii' Mi>sis- lii'd castw.iplh to St. Chiir llivr, antnmiial fever a|i|ieiirs in an ijiii/niiic r>i'Viiiiil that deirrc'O, it rapidly diminishes, and in tlio forty-,')r'i:i. aiiil csfalilislios, opposite and almvc that villa^'e, a miiiiature hay of Uiw water, aliMundinu; in aipiatie grasses, ^. ; site of the town, is ii liiiS i''i:t!y eli'vafi'd terrace of po>t-tertiary (da_\ and gravel, or hard pan, |ii-:.!i.';il ill cliaraeter with that immediately helow tlie moiitli of Uhnk lliver. |T!i* plain is ovorspread with lofty furot tree.«, On the river hank-, south of Itfevilla^rfi, tlicre is a permanent set (lenient of Chippewa Indians, The iii- J!ir:':iiits iif S;inii;i, and its vii-inity, are sulijc-t to autumnal fever;-'' hut I'.'tiiL'niiuro iir less so than these of i'ort lliiron, 1 cannot say, M. Ap,iiiiNiX(i i'.\i;ts ok Caxada. — The western henk or ])eniiisnla of l;!»i('aiiaila. ill whicli port Sariiia lies, is hounded on the iii.rth h_\ t!io I' ' r ii,(l iif Lnko Huron, on the south hy fi.aku Erie, and on the wt.-t by [-•''InirRivor. Lake St. Clair, and Ih^imit P.iver. In the eivil divisions of 'a!;dn. it constitutes the V, e.^terii district. Its principal river is the Thames, * : 't travorsiiirr it from east to west, opens into Lake St. Clair, The next |i''-'iM> Hear Creek or Svdenham Piver, c.iiimosed of two forks, the north jj''i'n' ca^t. whicli drain the country, in the rear of Port Sarnia, and throw pnimted waters into the Delta of St. Clair lliver. T' 'I'l 1 ■'' l.;anies, which is one hundred and fil'ty miles in length, originates in I''. Kaiiil Huron districts, where, hy its S(uithern branch, it interlocks with rom W. Jones, Esq., Assial.uit .■^iiiu'riatcnileiit Iiuliau Depurtniciit. w > !• • • 1 .1 I - T ' I tt Mi m m ■ • ' , » , ■ ■ "■ /• «^;.,v,5,. 354 TIFK I'lnNCIPAr, nit^RASES OP THE iMOl; triliiitarics of (irnml llivcr, wIioho wiitors fall into tlio oastiriuinl i,i' I Erie. From tlicso ori;.'iiiH, tlio Tliaincs travcrsL's Lontlnj JL^trirt a- 1 lastly, tlio Western (li«tri(jt, in wliit^li it jdins F-ako St. Clair. Tlio town f\ LiiMtlon is sifiiato at tliii jiiiictiiiu ot" it.s twn |iriiiii|ial Iifaiicln s, Tliel.i.^ii of tlio Tliaincs and tliu SyiK'iiliain, I'onijtri'lii'iid tliu l)i'.>)t p'Ttiuns df (^'ma West. In the interior, tlio Kurfaco i.s rnllin;r, in .some |ilm'(s JiiHy;— l-i i thero arc ul&o tracts of .s\vaiii[), and tlio Htrcani.s have alluvial luttniDg, ni^, of wliicli aro snlijcct to iiniiidatiini. Advaii(iii<,' toward I,!ilccii, in ir- morning and evening, a thin stratum of dark-colored air, porcciN iiii.', at tit same time, an offensivo smell, and experiencing, at tho latter lumr, a ]i'.'.i;ar| sensation of heat; an .servation made by others beside hinuulf, TL' ;> habitants aro subject to autumnal fe\er; and during the time tliat fwiM i-l j>anies of troop.-i wore in barracks thero, half of tliem wore often ill, atii.i •with that disoa.so. Wiiu/tioi; a ?fmall village, two miles nortli of Saiidwicli. i.s situate cd ij hiiib bank of Detroit l^ivcr, and eiiiov,? an oxemntinii fnun crak; dl marshes. A body of colonial militia stationed there, remained lioal!livii)| summer and autumn, i' VIII. AMiii:n,STi!Uiu} and ^Iai.dkv. — The extreme south-west p'int til Canada West, is the township of ]\Ialdon, at the junction of Petruit KivefJ with Lake ICrio. It oomprelionds the town of Amh(M'stbur2, ami api manent military post called Fort IMalden. It Mas settled Liiig sw fjl Canadian French, but contains many FiUglLsli, Scotch, Iri.sh, and AincniMJ immigrants, with a largo negro population, from the United States Ii: ^' is extremely fovtilc.t Amhcrstbiny rests on Detroit llivcr, about a mile from tlio lake, and / ''! |ni!is frniu Detn^it, tli ^ i$- '■ ^, .* ; \h'%. (■.•'•■' ■ ■ " '. '■ ' -' ijlijA'' " ^. ..■•';•;; ■ , .'■■•? til'''' - • '" ' '' ' ' ■' '•' ,■ ' ""^ ffiiii-. i ■ ^ V " ''■ ■' vr, '. L' ,-. ■. .1 ■f -.1 • i ' --^ • Smith's Canadian Gazetteer. — Doctor Stratton, in Ed. Med. and Surg.JourW" Martiii'3 IILstory of tlic Britisii Colonies. + Str;itton, Ed. Mi-dical and .'^urgical Journal, No. 147. X Smith'3 Canadian Gazetteer. ■jt !■; INTERIOR VALLEY OF NOIITII A.MKIIICA. 30a If ,1, vtinils liaH' 1 "I'll! nlxivi" tlio tnwn, in N. Lnt. 1*2° ild', ami \\. Lon !.i v, Vliuut liiilt' tilt' .siirn)Uinliii^' iMiuutrv i.s in wimkIs. The viiiiiity of m liffii is tliit. !"»! tl'tTu iiri' .Hi'vi'iiil »'Ati'iisivL' iiuir.slu'.s ; tlicii' i.-, alsd, a ftek hanl liv, tlio Imnks i»f wliifh an; overflowoil liy fVcslit'ts in Detrcdt R(vr and niuuli of till' Wiitcr left tu cvajiorutc. Ai'diukI tlio t'lit tlicro ih j,r;,ii iiiiituiiiiii,!,' stii^fii.iiit Wiitir. 'I'liu tnMi|i,s in Kurt MaMcii liavo al- IfuJirn ;itHii'tf(l with aiiliiiiiiial t'cvir, Imlli iiiteriiiilti'iit and ru.iittciit ; , I, tJ,rn;i:l)Hiit tlic Hiiiiiimr ami aiitiiiiiii, iiKi.-^t lainilics i>l' tlu! vill.igo liavc, L,^,f.jiv,.lv, a iii(.'iiil)i'r tlowii wiili it. in tlio winter of l-^II!) uiid 11^40, 1 1' tuf Strattiiii saw a few cases ( i/inn', rela|)j'i'.sV ) liofurr tlio ITlli nl" Kob- rarv, wlnii tlifro caiiio a tliaw, wliifli filiated ulV tlio ico that, had Iniricd up tii'mmlK l'iiiile topographical circuuLstances, which give rise to autmnnal fever; |tM' [irevalonce of which barmonizes with the topigraphy. Of the degree in ' Eli. Mi'dical and Surgical Journal, No. 147.— Tulloch's Statistics of tho British |.w.y._Sii,itifs Canadian Gazetteer. ■i • ^ . .1 'll-' "*. t '.i :•;■¥■■ ... rt- ■• ■'■■ y.' ■ ■ ,• '» \ ..-■' ■..ur ' ' ■■■■■'■ •t'' . 4 ' ' '..■-''.■ 1' "^.ii. V < I ..' :,*vl « I > M <_ a5G THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE [BOOJ I. wlii^;li tliat, foviT jivevailcd aiiuin^f the Frcncli, vho, in ITiJl, licfan 'j.e <,t tleiiiL'iit ot' Dotniit. iiiidor the iiaiiio of Fort INjiitclijiitriun, wo ii^y,, record. At this time, the site of tlie city and its environs iiiu.-t be jv-ar , ■ as a surface hjii^-' broken up and exposed to tiie action of the )-im iiuiliav;. which, it is well known, at last destroys some of the top(joTa]iliital kiun. •' autumnal fever, ."^till, as I. learned from Doctor Pitcher and Doitur P ;■ ■ intermittent and remittent fevers occur every autunui, Lutli iu tlio ciivaii its suburbs, ami occasionally assume a maliunant type. X. IJ.VStNS Of XIIK IvOUliK ANU 1! lloX lilVKUS. TllCSe Slllilll liver-, •' •whieli the latter is the larger, drain the country in the n-ar of Jl(.ir ;; The Rouge, as we have already seen, jidns the straits live iiiilr> ;.,; j the city; the Huron pours its waters into the nortli-we.^t cuviiir ^f I, Erie, a few miles below Amherstburg, on the opposite side of tlie c.-tuar : Detroit Tiivcr. The general course of both the Ivouge and IlurMi is ti..; •■ south-east, and thus their middle and ujiper waters lie to the wiit tita city of Detroit. Their sources arc in several small lake.-, at an cli'vatifiii v! about ouo hundred and fifty feet above the J)etroit plain, fn.m whiclitl;- dcscond with a rapid current, to traverse the broad and flat surfnocilWi'v county, ■\vhich exten.ds from Lake St. Clair to Lake Erie. AVitliiii t'.iis tra.t, their currents, and those of all the smaller streams, are sluggisli. A':; one-third of Wayue county is composed ;.'f undulating oak [ilaiii>. H:-!' : loss sandy, and interspersed with wet grassy prairies; while two-tlin!- 1 ::• sist of flat heavily tindiercd lands, abounding in Uiarshes. From Li' \ Clair down to Huron Fiiver, at the distance of a few miles back frnii: |i,t- i; lliver, there extends a slip, three or four miles wide, which is tk'^iv.-MJl^:. low the general level, and is either wet or swampy. i^ou'..i i>f tiii' ll.i;.e. between it and the Huron, this belt presents extensive wet pViiiri'S. !:■. rivers and smaller streams which traverse it, having but little ciirntt.'V.r- spread it in tle^r freshets to a "arge extent. Thi> tract if L v. ;:i'a- '..■::• face, iu fact widens toward the mouths of those rivers. Tlie rcgii'iiKti:' now describing, is ••'ompc sed of a dee[) upper stratum of p(ist-tfiliaiyi:a', covered with rich soil, and resting on Silurian limestone; wlicli rMl;,;ijK advance into the interior, shows itself,- hero and there, thruugli its ;u;:;Laa- ous covering.* ToirufiJdp of riipiiDuth. — Doctor Pprague f lias written a paper fn ;:ie topography and diseases of the north-west township of Wayne hkij, watered by the upper streams of the west branch of the river liniiie. i-: north half of the township is hilly, and covered with forest; tlieitbriu level, and partly tindjered. Mill-ponds alMiuml, and one of tkiii. ''.: ': vicinity, is thus described: '-The ])ond is located in a valley, wliieli is' •-•' by the risiu;£ of two banks to the hight of fifty or sixty ieet. Tlie gr :.s! distance between them is forty or fifty r(;ds, most of whicli i.s ciC(ii]!'ii'J the poiul, which contains a great deal of decaying vegctahk' iiiatii.- - t J • Michifran Gcolooipnl R'^porls.— Gazetteer of the State of Michigan, t Western Lancet, Vol. IV, No. ''. Ui *"'' 'I MSI''. INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 357 , „,„.iii! and liL'rliaC'-'"'-!^- I'l'""' tlic wcsti rii bank, aiidflior trTiTH'o, densely vr.T'il with trocs, arises." IJetweiMi tlio first l);iiil\' (Ui tliiit side and the ,•,[,1 np"'i ^ S'""'' '""'■'''' ^ '""'"'- ^'"'^ **"'" '^'*'^ aliiivc the latter, tlierc resided .. 1 i'liiiilii'.^ into one ut' wliieli, in tlie montli of August, 1S4:>, I)(ietor nri'ic was called to treat a case cf simple intermittent, and for the next 4e wii'kN fptiernlly liad from eif.dit to twelve jiatients in tliis little eom- Kiiiv, Mc'unwliilc the health of the surroundinu' country was good, save a %5i'!v!icn;iiHl there, residing near some other pond. Tu the ensuing sum- f.rtk'ih.sentorv prevailed in many parts of the township : hut, with the fsei'tiiin iif '1 single case, passed hy the pond settlement ; whieh, however, ;..r„re,l ii^rnin from autumnal fever. As a general faet. Doctor Sj)raguo rfG!arki''t. th;it intermittent and remittent fevei's [)revail, for (ive or six J- '. tvirv vcar, in and around the pond.s and marshes of tliis part of }l:;:.'aii. The latitude of tliis region is 4-2o 3U' N. \',\i\ Uiiirhorin'iUf, where tlie river liouge receives the waters of its west iffiili.diiwii to Detroit liiver, its current lags, and its liaidtroit. The !ir:'fr and better ]iart of the town is on tiie western bank, whieh presents i!V' tirraoos. a lower and a higher. On each side of the stream, there is a MTiw «li[» I rf alluvial l)ottoni, liable to inundation when the riv( r is high. Ik Uiiivorsitv of IMichiiian stands half a mile west of the river, on the lifer tirriico. From Doctor Denton, who had resided seventeen years at ti.iqI;Kr. 1 learned that its inhabitants had suffered from autunuial fever, in ';:nwiii witli those near the river, above and below the town. The same Mitloniim had also observed that the people who reside on the left-hand or iWard hank of the river, suffer more than those of the opposite or south- ^i?tsiilo, By his narrative of sym]itoms, T discovered that cases as nialig- saatori'nngostive as any in the south, occasionally occur. Fti'^i rioii'liu/s. — Doctor Denton, and Doctor Houghton, the naturalist of tk 1 niTel•^lity, assured me, that tliey had seen many examples of tlie influ- onwf'f the fii,-t plowing up of new lands, both prairie and forest, in the pro- fetiiii.if autuiuiial fever. Even the breaking up of dry gravelly soils had '.'MB fulluwed by feve'-. t''':- vT** vi\> }.{■• ■..i'V-'V.i' .. . ,>■•■.•'••■ ■^^■•r'-. ■V- l.v%'"»i i\ ■ I •I t 'r «• • • - , > . :* , !f> fw^ n,^\\'r yi-'y: ■''':■ i -t, II' ir': ■.1 ■»■■,. f' ' .k«'T''*.^ !^; pits". 1 358 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE [BOOI I. CHAPTER XIII. THE EASTERN OR ST. LAWRENCE BASI.N CONTINUED. BASIN OF LAKE ERIE. Erie, tlio last and most soutluTn of the Upper Lakes, receives, tlirciii:!: ^ Detroit River, the overflowings of Jjakes Superior, ^lic-liiiiuu, and Iluroc, wliicli enter its western extremity, uiid arc iliscliarged, with its own su])'.r- abundant waters, from its eastern, by tlic Niagara River. Tlieir Iiilti." ;; just above tlie forty-second parallel — tlieir egress, a little below tic kv- third; the distance between those points being about four degrees i if kiii:i- tude, that is, from the scventy-nintli to the eighty-third. Lake Erie, liiv Lake ]Miehigan, is a long narr(nv body of water, with an axis running iioark east north-east and west south-west. Its form is that of a Cdniprtfiud cd, indented on tlie north side, and elongated to a beak a* its eastern ixtreD.::j Its mea;«i length is two hundred and forty miles; its mean hreadtli, forty ct fifty miles; its mean depth, eighty to ninety feet ; and its clevatiuu aWetie sea five hundred and sixty-four or sixty -five feet.* The slialluwncisoft'jj lake, compared with those above it, constitutes, perliaps, its greatest puii.t if I difi'erenco from them ; and is such, that strong winds agitate it to the Ixttoa and render its waters more or less turbid, according to their depth. (Jn:'i north or Canadian side, the basin of Lake Va-'iv. is of such limited c.\ti;ut,t!.at all the tributaries it supplies, except Grand River, which enters nwr !:; eastern extremity of the lake, are of insignificant size. Tiii.s rcsuHs fwutle manner in which it is overlapped at each end, respectively, by Lake IIuH and Lake Ontario, in their approximation to each other. On the sut.ir: side, tlio 1)asin is much wider, and watered by a far greater nundiir ot ':• siderablo rivers; of which the Raisin, Maumec, Sandusky, Ilurnii. liliJ. Cuyalioga, and Grand, ccjunting from west to east, arc the most iiiipyrtai.! In beginning with tlie River Riiisin, avo shall preserve the continnity.t .J- scription from the rogidu west of Detroit River, till we complete the souther. portions of the Erie liasin. * Ohio Geological Report. hpt-: INTE [, The mouth of Erir, about fifteen ni :,r, The western ] ,;•;:; a ri'llin,irsurf;ie .,;,.. ivini which tlie ..,", tlie plain, hut <:,:■' I it; waters are il;: I! V) the Raisin, 'T./W sand-dunes, w I Tir'loJ as irrcelainia I i:;:r having emerged iiMiing to the iiortl I Jli'ygan. Tiie sources of the I & Kalamazoo, wliieh !';r|i.'ntine. uiid its cur II. .MnXROE Stand I i'r>.'0 miles, in a strn •tr;;iiii, as it meanders Iflikh the waters of ■griund swell.' The I iiSfJiiigly shoal watei J list, covered with a.([ pionroe, which stands Irspiis that begin aboi I Uir di'seending over liieheatiMf the broad ( |tii3ttliise.-tuary and i ilni':-«t daily ciFusions ( Boeturs Landon, Conai I iW affirm that the pe |lit'. are Imt little affei iii;s iaimediately al)Oi |me the tributaries ol Js abound. In t "■'"'■rvation. tlioro is a j!iJ3t cases, kiiDwn anio hi Doctor Conant ass |iif"'f new soils in that •^'"iirne stand.s near lurlvas the year 177(i I »lt!i,na.« 'French T (sw.- of the River Ruis 'f- V' mTI'J INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 359 ill SECTION I. BASIN OF THE RIVER RAISIN. Tlio mouth of tliis river is near the iiiiddlo of the western end of Lake ;i!j,:Ut fifteen miles soutli of Huron Eiver, described in the last Chap- The western portion of the district lying between these rivers, pre- ; a rulliiig surface, with an clevatidn of a hundred feet or more above the like, tV'jni ffliieli tlic streams descend with a ra[(id current ; but when they I ria ii the plain, but little raised above tlie lake, they form estuaries, into o-h its waters are driven by the winds. This belt, extending from the il;: n til the Raisin, and including both, abounds in green marshes, relieved tiviiWS'.inJ-(luncs, which, at the jiresent elevation of the lake, may be re- *iri;il as irreelainiablo. The subjacent rock' is Silurian limestone, ■which, I'M li;iving emerged from under the coal basins of the south, is fnuiid here biiin? to the north, to pass under the coal measures of the State of }1: '.i.'an. liie sources of the River Raisin interlock with tliosc of Grand River and ;':.K;il3iiiazoo, which empty into Lake Michigan. Its course is extremely •■ri'iitine, iiul its current at the same time swift, until it approaclios tlie lake. II. M'lXROE stands chiefly on the right or southern bank of this river, I iko miles, in a straight line, from the lake, but six miles, following tlio ■train, as it meanders among the low alluvial islands of its little delta; on fiieh tlie waters of the lake are driven, by every east wind, and every ■pjuiid swell.' The approach to the mouth of this river by the lake, is over IdSiiIiiigly shoal water, and the road from the dock passes, for a mile, through mat. covered with aquatic grasses. It then traverses low sand ridges, to piarne, which stands on a dry and level sand-dune. The river hero has 'ipiJ>, that begin above and continue to a point just below the town ; the UiKT Jiscending over Silurian limestone rocks. The foot of those rapids is tk tiead of the broad estuary of the river. It is doubtless well for ]\Ionroe, limthisc.'tuary and its marshy borders lie to the east or leeward; but the iiKtduily effusions of the lake are regarded liy the physicians of the town, iKtjrs Lautlon, Conant, and Southworth, as limiting its insalubrity. Thus, Jtsejairm that the people of IMonroe, and tliose living between it and the IL:!;;'. are but little affected with autumnal fever, compared with tlie inhabi- jta5:> immediately above the falls, ami westward of them, in tin.' interior; p:.'r(' the tributaries of the Raisin are generally sluggish, and marshes more jtrkss abound. In that region, as those gentlemen stated from personal |'w>er7ation, there is a great deal of autumnal fever, including many malig- Iw case.?, known among the people as 'chill-fevers.' Both Ductor Landon larni DiicMr Conant assured mo, that they had repeatedly seen the break' g |iip"f new .soils in that ipiarter occasion fever. M"iiMe stands near the site of an (dd Canadian-French village, settled as 'wh as the year ITTt), and known first as the 'River Raisin settlement,' Jwlthi-naf 'Fron(di Town' — the spot where the sad and memorable ' mas- pw^-of the River Raisin' took place. Doctor Conant, who came to it in the , '** " ' • • »» ■ - - m: ;^^v i\. V-'. !f . ^'■\ '! ■ ' '■',,,'. 'it ■. ■ ' ' ' ' ' . v|;iv: 3G0 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE [BWKi.i •i, ii^ , ''•1 tf' '"i^ 1 • if ? ,,j,„|i. r ■ .. , I 1' i ^ ' 1 ^ ■..■'■ "^ ^ ■ :^ ! 1 , M year 1820, found it as licaltliy tlioii as at tlio liiiif of m\ vi>it, in i^^^. j,,.. the surriiiiiHliiiir cnuntry was iUi.ro iui'cstc'd, at thai time, wuh nutuii" ili/.^,., I than ill liittcr ytar.s. It has bet'ii saith lliat ]ii'ii|ilu wlm live iiuar the fulls ami laiiiils „t' ,,i,| rivors arc [icciiliaily liahle tu iiutimiiial fuVLi' ; 1)iit this is cerlainlv iii-ij case at ^louroo. III. Thu lako sliore, south of the Itiver l»;iisiii. for tlie distaiioe if t\-.Mvl niih.'s, roseiiiI)les that already deseri'ted, consisting.' evcrvwhcri.' ..f i,r watery savannas. 'J'hc mad to the ^|'Uth runs at the distance (,l' tLr.. ,pj four miles from llio hike, through a forest growing on a iMSt-tuitiiirvii,?! }dain, with occasional Hat ridges uf bhiwii sand. r SECTION II. LASIX or THE AIAL'.MEE lilVEIl AM) BAY. I. Till-; lliviiK. — The Mauiuee ruvcr, formerly called the Mi;'iiii'i' Lake, is one of the largest trilmlaries of Jiuke Erie; wliicli it idtw-ivl Maumce IJay, about twenty miles siuith of the river I'uiisiii, in ],;,!. 41 iiJ N. The ^lamiiee is i'ormed liy two rivers: — the St. Joseph, wliiuli in; i:i| origin in the State of 31ichigaii, v/hcrc it interlocks with tlio licial-waurv tlio St. Joseph of Lake ]Miihigiin, and whence it runs nearly Simtii-W'?!,| until it jniiis the St. Mary, the sources of whiidi interlock widi tho'i'd tlij Great Miami and AV abash — tributaries of the Ohio llivcr. Tlii> spr, ijl Lat. about 40'^ 20' X., is the most southern extensinii of the St. LnTriKiil or Eastern Ua.siii. Uniting in the State of Indiana, these rivcr.s iiiaiMiwj Mauinee, wdiich descends to Lake Erie in a direction nearly iKii'tli-ra^t. hjI its way, the Auglaize, eijual in size to either of its eleintntniT lirar.dv!, joins it on the right or south -cast side. The Wabash and Krie ca!;:i'. : eends tlic valley of the iMaumee. At old Fort Defiance, at the nioiitlM'tiiej Auglaize lviv(>r, it gives off a liraneh to Cincinnati, wliile anotlicn'oiit::.: iu the same di-ection, to the Wabiisli Iliver, in tlie State of Lnli;iiui. The surface of the 3rauuiee ]>a.-in is not hilly; but, as we ailvanoe ii:!)| the interior from the lake, it gradually rises, until it attains the avciiii:e5.;i- tudc of eight hundred and (ilty ieet above the level of the son. Tlop-t- tertiary clay deposit, so often mentioned, buries up the Silurian liim-:*;, which constitutes the subjacent rock; over the out-cropping eilgc^ of ivu.J I tlie river descends, by a series of rajiids, eighteen or twenty uiilosK. I ■which terminate at the head of the estuary. The lianks of tlii.« nvcr ari:3j general well-developed; its inundated bottoms of limited extent. (iiii]if!J and lofty forests, for some distance from it, spread out on hutli tfiik's.liiitiMJ U))per portions of the basin abound in prairies, both wet ami iliy; m^^i(\ alluvial lands of many of its tributaries are subject to inumlatimis; ;i;:'i^| tbc flat summit-level between the St. Mary and Loraniie Cn.'i'l<. a t'-'J tary of the (Ireat ^lianii, there is au extensive artificial poiid, Jt-sigmiiiij supply the canal with water. 1 m •' ^r'-i-i (j: INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 3G1 • I'liur Waynk. — "W'licro tin: tnwn of Fort ^V;l_vllO imw stands, tluTO Ici. !'riii-il\' ii '"'''''^'T I'"'^t 111' (lie .same iiaiiu,'. and an Indian aironcy. The l,,,;i;iiicit-tertiarv plain, at the jiinctidii ami on tlic ri<.dit '■!■ eastern side ly;, two rivers wliieli I'orni the ."^launieo. Tiiis jda'.n rises aliove liigli- Lj.,, luaik; but is overspread with basin -like depressions, in whi'h loul tr!^ai:tl rain-water aeeiiniulate, to be aeted upon by the sninnier sun. (;; . .li|itli lit' twenty n the opposite side of tin' St. ]Mary, and of tlio ]i:\i:ifi' llivrr. there are rieli alluvial u'rounds, inider eultivation. About !i :i,ii.> fft'st of the town, a ^"rassy uiarsh or wet ]irairie begins, and iKMiiits I'll, indi'iiiiitely, to the south-west. Its width is from a few huu- iviirils tu a mile and a half. It appears to l»e an obsolete bed of the St. V, wliiiii, in fnrmer times, might have flowed, in whole or in part, into IlkVi'aliajli: a liraneh of whieli, called Little Eiver, originating near Fort IHViif. iiuw traverses that ]ialudal traet. The St. !Mary, as it eonics from Id- ut'i-wist. flows tlirough the ea.>tern edge of this swamp. ])eyond the ji:wirHi!s which have been mentioned, there is on every side a po>t-ti'rtiary i:i;:i; \diifh, at the distance of a few uiih'S to tlie east of Fort \\'ayne, be- |(i;!&> a floiiiled pwamp — tlie westom edg" of the ' J>lack Swamp,' to be Ikrxtvr described, but known here unihr the name of ' Manmee Swamp.' [D'.t.r Charles E. Stnrgis, in a cfimmunication from wlncli this description |bli:«i made out, says — '• I could name several instances where families li&l ill the uidiniken woods, and clearing a very small s|iaee only, enjoyed |Ei::ti.rni[ittd autunmal health for three or four years: when other innni- IfTjiit* arrived, and extensive (dearings were made, with the eonseijuent ifcikiii;' up of a groat deal of new soil, and inlermittenls appeared among jlie'iviiile.'' As to Fort ^\'ayne, from the time it was settled as a military ll •'. il-wn tu the present day, it has lieen infested with intermittents and iKviituiit^; which, aeeording to ])octor Stnrgis, still occasionally pi'esiMit a linali.'iiaiit character. Of the prevalence of these fevers a judgment can be I!'*:!], from the fact, stated l)y Doctor Stnrgis. that about four liuudred |o«i!ix< (if ,i.ul|,li;ite of (juinine are annually eonsnnied by the pi'oph; of Fort |"a}'iC' iiiid the smTounding country. This, if we allow a (h'aidim to each jpil.'i;t. Would give three thousand two hundred; a largo nundier, ciiusider- hiiha the latitude of the town is 40" N., tiiat the average elevation of the pv.'iii !s srviMi liundrcd and hfty-three feet above the sea,* and that the |M''htiiin is sparse, ciunpared with regions of Indiana and Ohio which have '■-a'ttlcd fur a longer perii'd. 111. .M.UMKK Bay and Estuauv.— ?»laumee I5av, in X. Lat. 41° 40', I's '"'' south-westorn extremity or angle of Lake JCrie, almost separated from I '} t«o long, low, and tapering capes, which apiproach each other from the r .■■» . ■ ', >;• ■h: % ■ *Williama: Engineer's Reports, Indiana. ,1 :. J ■ 1 1 M-- : \ ■■"1 IT 1 [,] - - '■':■■- .^ : 4 .» . *' ': ;■ ■Ui- >■ •' ■ .; '^■:-i'\ • ** 302 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE [booj ' north-west and soutli-oast. The fornior is called North Point — tlio lat-c Cedar I'dint. On tlio Huiitheni side (if the Imy there are ^rras sv fiat' .if depressed tliat the waters of the hihe, when driven hy winds, lldw dvir \\j.^ On the northern side there are similar traets, a contiiuiatiuu of tlio « (i margin whieh extends round the head of the lake, from the mouth of Ik'nt Eiver. Ahoiit two miles north of the ^launico ostiuuy, there is anotliiT ami nj;. rower, — the mouth of Ottawa 1\jvj:k, which enters an arm of tln' !ar This little river has its oriLrin, thirty miles in the .nteriur, on citlior sidtif I the boundary between Oliio and Miehi^iran; and, fur the lower L'JL'lit i.r t,.ii miles, runs nearly ])arallel to the Maumee estuary, at the distimeu i.if tlfit miles from it. I'lie Ottawa trough is about a (juarter of a iiiilu Ijivad: tV waters of the lake, wlicn driven by the winds, flow up it for several luilj and are overshadowed Avith pond-lilies, rushes, and other uquatie pla;,!!. Some of its narrow alluvions arc alternately wet and dry, or covered ana i uncovered, according to the direction of the winds u])on the lakis, A«i;j flows through a post-tertiary argillaceous plain, its banks are well- devilitU being from twenty to thirty feet high near the bay, and attaining' a i;ria;tr I elevation as wo advance up the stream. The isthmus between the Ottawa and 3Iaunieo estuaries, consists if tte | same [)lain, heavily timbered, and more or less infested with patik wet-wcatluT swamp. A narrow slip, two or three miles long, of the somkra j part of this isthmus, is cut off by the obsolete bed or estuary nf .'«wa: Creek, which n(jw enters the ^launiee estuary three miles from thelav. :;t formerly traversed the (dd bed. Tlie breadth of this ravine is tVimi nv;' three hundred feet, and its wet bottom is overgrown with suh-aijr.atie p'a;i!«; its mouth, which is near that of the ^Faumec, is so obstructed, tliat i:« | waters of the lake do not flow int(j it except in high wind tide.s, crgriicJ- swells. Swan Creek, above its present mouth, is a small luill-fitreaui, i'^r- ing with a lazy and obstructed current through a winding trough, ;a»iei| out of the tertiary clay. The narrow peninsula between the jMauraee estuary and the ol ' 1 1 Swan Creek, is the site of no less than three attempted towns. Tlio Srst, beginning at the lake, is ]Mami.vttan, situated near the point of tli-pti sula; the second, Toledo; and the third. Port Lawhexce, which I.-lj] municipally united with Toledo. The Wabash and Erie Canal leaves the bay at Manhattan, and pa?-« ap I the northern side of the peninsula, in the obsolete bed of Swan Crei'k;ra! a side-cut brings it to the ]\raumee, at the mouth of that creek, wiki:;' i' ascends upon the gradually rising post-tertiary plain, to the head '^1 ''-■ estuary. Inunediately above the mouth of Swan Creek, an extensive gra?>ylH:- projects into the estuary from the high northern bank. The waterw:.;! covers it is shallow, but never, I believe, entirely drained off. We are now j)re[)ared to ascend the estuary to its head. The va'-f- of no great depth, and varies in that particular as the wind on the lai. ••■ riff I-, INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 3G3 ath-wcstornnrtli-oast; tlic furincr sinking antl tlie laltor rai>int: it, tliroiTgh jv'alefroii 'ie to five fcot. AVlion tlio river is swollen, nnirtMiver, a rise ikr I'lapo ill the t'Stuary, with a percept ililo current into tlie lake. TIic ),ttoaiiif the estiiar'' 'h conipiis ut'lucks, through both ^laumee city and I'ort Miami. PtKRVSBi'RG, on the other side of the river, stands immediately Viclow the lieni'Mcd Fort 3Ieigs, on a plain of the same elevation with tliat which Isnfports Maiimcc City. To the eye, this plain appears level. It stretches itothe south-east, and bevond the limits of the town shows a wet or |iiiar>hv surface, overshadowed with tall trees, coni}iactly arrangt'd. Tiiis ia [t'!;ei\o 1839. — The summer and autumn of 1838 TT..^ • I M ^:--- :J''-W,C" (...^: i I ■' ■ ii> ' «.;i • 1 ■fi "' *> ' . ',."'*-■ ■■■- ■■{ ■ !^-. \ ■ ' ' '** .'- !• i^? '■' ^.i: ■ ' 1 'i-^,-..'' t,j^ ijj; ;■ '< , . 'ni^? , ^ , ' •! '/ WM' .■•■ ■ ■: |Mr!:" .• ■' '■I tti .. - . .' 11 If '.■*! 1];! ■■■y ^ 11- 3(54 THE riMXCIPAL DISEASES OE THE [«00K 1, woro siLHiiilizod l)y u drou^lit, nf lonLfor (lurutiiin and jrrcatpr corKTai,! ',. i oxtciit, llinii liiul l)('oii (■.N]icri('iic('(l t'l'din tlio iirst M'ttlcincnt uf tlicC,,,, , , It oxtoiidcil frniu tliuHivt-r llai.siii, or .^nino \m\\\\{ I'lirtlicr iicitli. nmiiil f,,,,' ■ bond (if Iluroii I'ivor, (in tlu; .sniilli sid(.' (if the lake, if nut .slilhiinln.r ,,. ,. Tlic ('(Minlry, i|uit(! np td the sniirct's of idl tlic I'ivcrs Ivin" liofwccn tie p.; sin and (hu Ilurdn, siitfcrLMl in ntnirly an ('(jiud dcgroi; uinlci' its v.jtl,-;., I inf'iionce. ^()n tlu! li;iy and estuary (if tlie Maunicc, accurdiiifr to iVufi.., i A(d<]y, no rain ftdl fmni tlic ;Jd day (if .Inly, nntil tlio lotli of UitJ*. I Doctors Sniitli and Perkins roekonod its dnration at foiu- iiiniitlis. In-'J ii|i|ii'r valley of Handnsky Kiver, ;is dudi^o Cary infornied iiii', tliu lii.t r,'n| was (jii tlio ITtli of .^^ay, after wliicli none oe(;nrred nntil Oetdlur. AtT'fF"! I(nver diwn tlic same river tlie wells went dry before tlie niiilillr (if.Ir,! All the smaller streams, tiiroiiu'liont the whole region, wero cxliaibtnl irJI their lieds became dusty. The wild aiiimal<, of every kind fnuiul in \\^A region, eolleeted u\\ the banks of the larLTer rivers, and even imiirnnclnilnJ towns. T)eer and raecoons were numerons between ToIimIh and M;iiiiiri| City; (jiiails |iasse(l over the tnwn-nlat ; and the frogs of tlie sliiillnw ;vi| sediry w.aters of the old bed of Swan Creek, now dried up, uiiLTutcil j ; .•,,:;;,;.) less nnndiers, throni:-li the streets of Toledo, to the estnary of t!io .ManuH;. The wet praii'ies of the interior were dried, and the trrass of tin,' ilrv .Ki| •withered; the marshes and poi'ls of the post-tertiary uplands, cvwi tliiv;(,(| the 'Black Swamp,' from the .Maumec to the Sandusky river, mTo cvai rated; their liottoms cracked open from shrinkimr; the leaves of iii;irvi:.f| the tn I's oTowinii' in them pi'rished ; and, in some instances, tlie tr(v> tii Bclves were! killed. T'nder this ureat drying proeess it was, tliat tl;i"i nary antnnmal feverwas raksed into su(di an epidemic as had niitbeeii V\<'>n\ before. JJnt its sway was not e(inal over every ]iart of the r(';;in!! in W!::'!i| the dronu'ht prevailed. All tlu^ accounts eoneiir in reprcsiaitiii::', tlril ibl localities which were ordinarily the wettest, suffered most. c( ri"e nrn. T'tel excavation of the canal was at that tinu? o-oing on, from the iiiniitli nf tiicl Mauniee estnar}', at ^Fanhattan, up to its head, at 3Ianiiioe City. T!;e| laborers, four or five hundi'ed in nund)er, were ehieHy Trisli, wlm irmnilyl lodged in temporary shanties, while some occupied bowers fnvnicil Mif'ftiiej green lind)s of trees. It does not appear, that a greater pmperti 'ii nt't'i;?] operatives suffered, than of the resident jiopulation; but a fur pvatii ir -I portion of those attacked, died. I'rofessor Ackly gave nio a fmt. w'lKiij deserves to be recorded. One contractor kept a liquor store, ami >'il;Ui>^j| to all whom he employed, which was drunk freely by theinselvis aii'l t'>.itj families. The mortality among them Avas verv great. Aintlicr liWli'l operatives on straw beds, in the ujiper rooms of a large franic' li'iiso. iwj them retire early, kept them from the use of whisky, and nearly all ojia!*!! the disease. The occurrence of rain about the middle of October, with a snli-iijB'iitj frost. ]iut an innnediate end to the epidemic; but it returned the ti'l'"!-;'! sunnner and autumn, with eipud or greater violence; though atkdiiu. f^'l paratively, but a small number of persons. It is worthy of remark, b.*- Idfiiiv .sulitiules,* V ■'^m INTKIIIOR VALLKY OF NORTH AMERICA. \)0 Vaiiii' li'iiso.iii;™ in.;irlv;i!le5i-ai'e'i| ,-.ir tliiit ill t'le '^"''f'^''" P''^'"'' •^^' ^^'^^ votridu in . liich tlu! (lriiu;.'lit jirovnilod, .1 ,.|,,ir ISW was less sit-kly than tin; two t'ulliwiiiL' yi'ars. Fruni l!iat pc- ^iIiImWD to (lie |irosL'iit time ( l^-ls ), the .Mauuico ]{a.>iii has not. I hc- jjjvi., liH'ii vi>itril hy a scrimis (.pidciiiic V TiiK IJi.AC'K SwAMi'. — nL'twciMi till' ]\Iantiico ami Sai:(lnslcy Itivcrs, i.at'i "1 i'h' wt'storn oxtroinity of L.ikc I'lric lies the nvoat i'dn .-^t, whii Ii lijipnivi'il tilt! nininons niinio of llhick S\vani|). 'I'lic rocl: lieiicalh tin- Ljjj,.,, ,,,||si«t (if the uiijicr (ir o'rey Silniian limestone, cxecu ili.ivly .-irena- ,vj.,diiili luTO and tlieru swells up into i!;i'iille niiilnlatjiMis iv tnluT' cities, 1, a- t'l iiivsciit itself at the surlaee ; hnt, on tlie main, is hnrii'd np hcneath I (Wit iif pest-tertiary elay, with gravel and pehMrs. IJy this de|iiisit, I lie i:i'."i(iiiliti'-'>' "f the roeky snrftiec arc made to disappear, and. df conrso, ji i; nf vmiius deptiis, fnin a i'vw inches lo oin! hundiTd and (illy feet. Tl-e liW'.i' iiiid tliieker bed is liluc day; the upper, yelluw, ■-•■ivcred with a Itiii.kLner uf hlack vegetable mold. Tn the eye the ISlaek Swam[i a|. pears Itvil.aiid ill traversing it in a direelinn pa.alKd to the lake slnire. si;eh is no W't the case ; hut tlio whole region has a very slight iiieliiiatiun tnwarJ l;r.';Lko: a-; appears from tlie aecnnnihitinii of water on ihe si.nth side of a Jtaii' rtiail, rtliidi passes through it from cast to west, while on the iinvth or |jb.?i'lo. no Kueli aecnmulation takes place, to the same (h'ptli. Tlie level- iKi-i't' this tract, taken in connection with the argillaceous hottem, explains ItliMialuihil nr swampy character of its surfe.co. k'n-m this snrlace there Is:;- -a iiiijcollaiieous forest, (if greater density and Icftiness than is to be ; mill I'lM.'where, perhaps, in the interiin- \'alley of North Aun'rica. Withi'Ut passing through, I entered it a short distance on the western and liM'iii si ii.'S, and am prepared to concur in all that has been said of its Idj'iiiv siilitiides,* A\'liile tin; roots of these gigantic trees, standing side Ik >iJc' ill the C(an[)actest intereolnnniiati(m, retard the escape oi the JDel;i;iL' siinws and the copious rains of spring, their uvershadowing foliage j.Mniiilik't'jly .shuts out the sun of summer and autumn, as greatly to linut hv;i|,rr;iti.iii, The dejitli of water varies in dillercnt parts, according to their jfJaiivc elevation. Doctor llawsoii, of I'jiper Sandnsl!ialliiw, and. tVom tlie .sluggishness of tlieir current-, their Ixittom- j™>, within the limits of tl;e swamp, are liable to inumlarKni. South of t'iro.it. ti)ward the summit-level betweeir Lake Erie and the Ohio ]{iver, jpnirii'SalMiuuJ; while to the north there are extensive grassy liats, skirt- |i2;M1iu lake between Maumee and Sandusky Bays. T'lo cliief settlements in the swamp are along Portage Iliver; where, as jl'niirPofk informed me, autumnal fever prevails. The detached families r:j|.li, here and there, have placed thems(dves in its midst, without sulxlu- 113? much of the furcst, enjoy better health. The shade, in fact, is so deinse, 5V ■h. 3^^ f-: 4- * Geological Reports of Ohio. ii M f . : ■ ■ . j ■ ■ ■/ • », ■ _>';■•■ i- .• ■■'. ;■;.■'-•■,■■ mmr' \^ ! \>^' ■'■■■ h^'A ,\ I- ■ .! «V! 'i '< lii >>' ^ 1 -. V ^ ' \ 1 s t I "I j 1 ". ' ,'* ^ b i 4 ^ ^ r ' 1 «<4 « ' 1 , S ' ot)0 THE PRINCIPAT, DIHEASES OF TIIR («00ll that tlic sMii fiiii cxort but little tlircet iR'timi nn tlid Mirfiioe. Tin dcin ,, tiiiii (if tlu! loi'i'st, iiml tlio lir.st lirotikliig up of tliu surface, will ui.duuhi j: 1)0 iittL'iuK'il willi 11 great |)rovulciifo of autumnal fever. si:cTio\ III. THE SANDUSKY DASIN. T. TIio area of tlii.s basin is of very moderate (liinpiisimn, yet it ™. braces several luealities of interest, 'Die river originates en the watcr-.-Uj botwcen tlie Ohio liiver and Lake Erie, in connection witli tliesmimsnft'ii Scioto lliver, wlioneo it descends to tlie nortli, and flows iuti) t!ii; IumI ,; Sandusky J»a_v. The lenuth of this bay is about twenty miles; its Ij^aJili j four or fiv(;; its axis, lyiny: nearly east nortli-east and west snutli-west, i. ij the same j'lain with that of l^ake J'lrie, -with which it is ciiinieetiil Ijvanaf. row strait, fornied by a head-land from the Portage isthiiuis on llioivist.ad another, called Cedar Point, on the east. Tl. S.wnrsKY City stands on the southern bank of this b;iv, in-ari:; junction with the lake, and is st'parated from Cedar Point by a iiaiT(iW(TOi or inlet, which opens into the strait; while its apex receives the waur. ..;' Pipe Creek, a small stream, which, flowing from the south-wc,«t, |iii>N>wit!.i: two nules of the city, on the south, f^iluriaii limestone rocks here euii.«!it'i!5 the shore of the bay, which is elevated, at the water's ed^e, fmir nr fiv.lk above it, and continues to rise for a short distance back, when it f'n!.-i ]dain, which was once a prairie. To tiiis succeeds a lower, wnod-laiid f.r.. through w'liich l'i[»e Creek meanders. The rocky plain gives tn the inJell which receives the waters id' Pi[ie Creek, a firm and elevated Imiik: liiitai the distance of a couple of miles to tlie south-east of the city, t!ie k:i! arc depressed, and a tract of Liw grassy lake-swamp conmieiices, ami i.'--;- iuix the base of Cedar Point, stretclu'S off to the east, aluiiir t!ie lake ,>i; re, for many miles, to the mouth of Huron lliver. At the edge uf th'' >. plat, to the west, there puts into the ba ■ a snniU stream, with ii:irr"«" ;C> vial grounds, over which the daily fluctuations of the hay carry it>w:!t:! To the west and south-west of the city, there are heavily tiuihered liak fa for three miles, which gradually rise into a series or group if I)rulu'n kv- stone terraces. Such is the topography of Sandusky Ci.y, whieh, «/''"• is as salubrious as that of any other town on the coasts of Lake Erii': s-i experience ])roves that it is, in fact, one of the healthiest. This cnmTavil is sustained by information received from Doctors Tilden, Cochran, Aii.-:- Lane, Morton, and Townsend. ^Malignant cases are almost uukiioffii.-'iH majority of the mild are contracted in the country. IIT. Temi'okauy liKSiDENCE I'ou Invauds. — No canal rcpchcsthehb at the City of Sanduskj', but hero is the northern terminus of t!io rail'-'I from Cincinnati, so largely traveled in summer and early autumn. whe:i !- Ohio Pviver above that city is toe ^)W for speedy navigation; at ff.H'' : ■'•'' sous of the year what arc called the lake-fevers prevail. Truveling i:ii3-" fiiTi; INTFRIOIl VALLF.Y OF NORTH AMMRICA. ;](;7 ,.^l„fjii,, tlinsc moiitlis, iiii^'lit (li'sirc to snjinirn fur ii wliilo on tlw shores , • ].|i-(, ;^'i,iil(l he as siit'i' at lliis piiiiit ns at any ntlicr wliidi finilil lie Utcil: ffliilo sovcral oltjorts and iacilitios ('(inspire tu render it ;ittraitivo uner-'ih iit'tasto ami infelliirenee. Flist, a yawl-voyago aerofs tlic Iiar- ) 1,1 Ciiimiir'lianrs Islaml. Simt/f/, an ex(!nrsi(in l>y water tu flie tryiisum ^ ^ III 1 *^ I ■;CTi..ir,n tliu ii"i'tli-west<'rn cuast nf tiio iiay, wlieru tliey may see nature „ ill' vi'i'V aot of nianulacturiiia; Mil|ilnit{i of linio out of earbonato of 'a,, niinta'minij siiliilmi", and carry away illustrativo .s[teeimenH, contaiiniig • ,j,jl\il enstals of sulpliato of Ktmntian. Third, a more distant voy- f tlili'fv iiiik's, np the liay and river, the scenery nf which, although Jit ai:il taiiu', is full of interest. After passing; the jrypsnni ([narries, the ,i,,|iff;itir hccerncs inueli narrower, and tlio color appears, first, of a dirty I vtlJMwi^li L'rcon, and at last of a hrownish hue. On each side of the ehan- iifl ilicri-' are extoiisivo shallows, from which trrasses, pond-lilies, and other MUti'! iilaiits ri^o into oconu'S the month of Muddy ICMk. tti" iitlior of Sandusky Kiver; hut no haidcs are yet (li'velo|icd, and llfct' li'.at moiuiders thronirh fields of aipiatic hei'haue. 'J'lntiary (day M< filially appear, ami the traveler finds himself at last in the town Iff L'lWCT Saiiiliisk-y, which is properly the head of the estnaiy. Here L'. t!iO >ito and remains of the gallantly defended Fort Stejihenson; and Ifrm tli.-i iilaeo a trip may he nntde, on an excellent road, into tlu^ ad- jjiEiiii.' S'litadi-'S of the Black Swamp. Fourth. IJetnrning to the city, Itky will find other suhjects of interest. A visit, hy land, to VaMulla, a |f«Ti„ilis south of the city, wdicre they may riueneh their thirst in the waters loi'C'W Sprim/,^ — a ptdlucid fountain, eo[iious enough to turn nuU- iBachinory, — which boils up through a deep rent in the Silurian limestone. "'''' -V voyage of a few hours to Maumee Bay and estuary, already des- jtrJ'nl. lit the head of which, near Mauniee City, th(\y may waiuler over the jlatik'-ground of Wayne, in ITI'd, tin; site of Fort Meigs, and other icalitics (if deep military interest, Sirtli. A voyage of somewhat Wer k'ngtli, to the Kiver llaisin, and a view of its Moody battle-field. 0!''t""//(. An at'tcrrioon's voyage to l)etruit, with which there ar> so many UttTKtin:' historical associations. ^- ^ KxicE is a hamlet on the southern shore of Sandusky Bay, four ;i'"ni the city, at the spot where Cold-spring Creek discharges its wa- kMiitu the hay. From the city to this point the bank is so high as not to Wrfl.iwod; hut iumiediately aliove the handet, one of those broad shoals, "oommon around Lake Erie, begins and extends up the bay for several "?^' The depth of overspreading waters varies according to the direction tae wind upon the lake, but the surface is never dry. It is destitute of » i" JS ^■:-:^-.'>:t * . ••• it: I T' :j(;s Till", riMNcir.M, nrsKAsns of tiir M4 r¥ • ■;' i '■ ■ '■'1 ¥•■ ■■i ■ 'it' • . ■ , i^'^i- ■1^^ m .f •f. ' ■ "V .i/^vi. i\jk.l }■' I i t ■■I :■> ^^-^}: .^:'^>l :-::i iMnil l.irili, trci's. lint (I'lisoly ffivcri'd with ;i'|ii!ifin frrns,a('H, nml dtluT 1h rlincomw , At nil tiiin'^, tlic |ic.,|i|t! iif tlic liMiiilrt. stiiiidiiiir, as it ilncs, tMtlii'l,,.. nl' this |iiii, !niini,iin:,-J City aii'l I'l'iTvshiirir, mi tlu' Maiiiiii'i' llivcr, this lnwii staiiiU iit tin- lii;i.i„f what ('orri'S|ii)ii(ls fn tltk'-wali'r i»f' tho (ici-aii ; that is, at tlio lii'.'lic-t \»- -ir- roundiiiii ii[iper plain h.as. t'reni cleariiiLr and cultivation, lest its niar-lii'.tn,! and shows what tho wlmlo tif tho Hlack Swamp iiiitrlit lie iiiado, uinlrtyj same tre;itiiieiit. Thus, Lower SandiL^ky presents hut few puiiilitinii. fuvfl ing the production ol' autuniiial i'ov-. la fornicr yc.irs, his practice extended for many miles down the estuarv, ::i,i ;pj tlio river ahuig tho rapids; durinii' which he oliserved that the piMijilc ii!» enjoyed lictter aiituninal health than those aliove. hnrt'ir lla\v<'ii.raj liad also been many years in tho same place, testilied to tin' I'rc.ii vt| of that form of I'evcr; t1io other physicians, in a very hriel'vi'siil: ■■. il mot with it; and Doctor Williams, of ('ro!i'hansville, Imre tostiiii"!!; :• ;ej same fact. It is |ii'olialile, th;it tho mar'j:iiis of the IMack Swamp, hi;!:' tJ the viiidward of tho tiiwn, are one source, at least, of this (lisea.so, w! Mill 18!)!^ and ls:]l) ^vas as provalont and violent here as at Tolodn. I YI. Tiii'iN.— Tho road, on the we.st hank of the river, up to Tillkrasj over tho cultivated mar<.dii of tlie lihiek Swamp: t lie marshes and ;«■''" "i Avhiidi are either drained or dided by tho hand of eultiviitinii. '1 !'!■ ri'tfj abounds ill rapids, formed by the out-crop of tlio Silurian liiiiostinr. I'4 bank, for the wliolo distance, twenty miles, appears to be at tlic siii;'M:'i-j tiuu above tho river, .showing a gradual inclination of the plain tn t!!i!!-3.l The town of Tiffin stands immediately above tlie junetiim of ll"t!;y ' '-'j with tho Sandu!nsfitiit'>;w boundary from that point to the simth-east. Ju.st above its nvntlit 'f-'' a mill-dam, which creates a pond; and below, there is a dam across t.ii.^-1 '!t I'rliarcoHijljtiiii, ». to till- W'\tt,\ til iiit''nii>',;,t isf umtil a iiiaii.'. my aliiivf Voriicii, it is lict!'rt!;iti •i\v info it; v>':.ih S friilll tlif ti ;''ln. li»ll1, Jlllll ^liW.H' i kU ilt till' 1,1 ill „( IK! lii'.'liot |'";',ti.f| •niii(l«, tVr tliK milt 1)11 tliMvi.' r| ikIh U|iiim a hi^ii't, Oil till' i']ii«.>iw| I'lio rivcr-liMti^n,* ]>ei'iiil!y si'i'ii'.fr jI idiitii'ii. Tip' -'It- .(St its iiKir-li'v",! lie imulo, ui;'l'r;:.i| w eniulitinih :';:••:• it Il'VI'V is briivKl 111. will) liMil r-'.'!-ill •d tl'iit (Hh:!-. IjI [the I'StUiirv, ::':■! "pl t till! lli'n|.!.'lv>| ,ctMV Hinv«'ii,ra| to till' l'r(",ivv»| lii'ii't'ri'siili';'''.ii| 'c toi'tiiii"!iy '''''■' ■1; Swamp. l\i:i:' "I is (lisfaso, wli'"'!! "nloilo, r,uptoTilkr:"i| rshcs ami ^ff::l • Ivatinii. V.'y r::!A [111 lilllOSti IH'. Hi lit the saiii'Mlv'i-j plain ti'tbH'.ril |iimofK"f!i'(iary J ill iiri'inallv wi't, i^ liocDiuiiiL' dry uiidcr ciiltiviitiuii. I'Vuiii tlic stato- liiitiofi'iittor |)ri',sl)ncli, ciiiiliriiKMl by Doctnr iMfl''iirlnii(l, aiittmiiinl fVvcr ..i:i.. »i » K. »e I..,l... 1..... SF.CTIOX IV. ])A.-i\ OF inntoN KivKi;. Tl;o luuiuli of tliis little river ( wliii-li li' s cliiufly within llurnii cmiii- liy.Oiiiu) is ten or twelve inilos ca.sf of Sandusky (^ity; its sonrees aliout jtjinyniik'S in the interior. In eoniin » " .'■ H .!■-.*> :;1 ■ f* ^> ■■' i''\ ^J' I .-V ■;ii .%. 370 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE [BOOK ;. Bolt, of Norwiilk, twelve inilos in tlic intcridr, I rcr-eived the folldw-'ic iVti lie was one of a family (if cloven persons, who, in the iiiontli of Aii 'ii.t IH'22, hunkd whvre tlie town of JIuinhi now stands. One of tlio iiartvii himself remained on tlie spot for an hour only ; Init the otlicr nine Ln] .,,1 there through the iiij;ht, and then proceeded into the eonntry. Wjtlii, fortnight the whole nine Mere taken down witli fever, hut lie and Li^ •. .„. paniou escaped, ."^imio time afterward, not in tlic same year, lie witt is autumn, from tlie liealtliy partof the country, where they resided, to tliu u>iu. ary of the river, and s[ient three days and nights upon its Ijtuiks :il,,a- three miles iVdUi the lake; at the end ..f which time lie was seized ^itli i'. termittent fever. Twenty years after that time, as I was assured Ijv h .[ r Baker, of Nitrwalk, this locality was still infested with the same fcvoi', ti i much greater degree of malignity tlian the country aruund, or even tlmtrws of Milan, at tlic head of the estuary. Hi. NoRW'ALK. — This beautiful town stands five miles south of Mi'iic. at a higher level, on one of the sand-dunes or terraces whicli lie paralkl ;■. Lake j^rie. The covering of sand is but a few feet in depth, and rests iii.r. the wide-spread jiost-tertiary clay deposit, so often mentiimcd. Tliiswi-,:; makes the bottoms of the wells in Norwalk; which are, therefore, onh- five r sis feet deep. The fine sand of this terrace, when dry, is constanth- n,:-.; into tlio atmosphere by the wind, and carried through every opening, intiiL! the houses of the town. A reference to tliis condition will lieieatiir 1 made, iu connection with other forms of disease than the one wbicli now ri • ceivcs attention. This bicality might be expected to escape autumnal fever; but aoi-ipi: : io Doctors JJakcr, Kittcridge, and Tift, it does not. Doubtless, t!ie iiniu- diato cause of the fever is not developed (ui the sand ridge, but at tin/ 'i;- tauce of two miles to the west, wiiere the ridge terminates, ami a foul trik- tary of Ilureu IJiver, with a dam and pond, exists. ])oetor Tilden, now of Sandusky City, M'as one of the earliest p!u;ii;«L; of Norwalk, and from lilni I learned that, in tlie beginning of its suttk'H';.:. intermittents. sometimes of a malignant and soporose character, iiievaiki He alsi! gave me t!'.'-> following fact. J.V. An Ei'iDKMic Fevek. — Early in the summer of 1 SI 0, there v:i> ii unusual drought, when, on the last ^Vednesday of dune, a groat rain fi;;! i. a tract five or six miles wide, extenduig from south-west to north-east. a' ^.>^ Huron eountv, near Norwalk. In the sitacc of a f(,rtni!j;lit afterward, v it'::: i those linuts, eight horses died from fever, as their thirst ami iniTeaM'd li- c^ skin clearly evinced. Sixty families inhabited the district, of wlmli, > ' 5 after the fall of rain, fil'ty presented cases of autumnal fever, ranging !!■ a I sinijde intermittents to remittents, which even simulated yellow iever. l!>-' had been much clearing of new lands, and tlie virain soil had hiein' sively broken up. \'. ]\IoNUOEVii,LK is a smaller town than Norwalk, situate mi the » ■• bank of Huron liiver, without anytliing peculiar in its topography, i' -• Cole conducted me to a small stream iu its vicinity, where there was a ^'- t;.U:,] Iiret'lllillClltl .1 '^' ■■■/''''m •iSl INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 371 ii;r., ff'iH'ii liail rroatcd an oxcpciliiigly foul jioiid, liaviiiL' cimm'cted swales, ; ,,,n ,,,1,, .lirilliiws. in wliicli the trunks and limbs of trees were nudergo- ;. m!oi;iv. ^car the mill there was a liandct, which, he assured me, suf- •..r,(l iirci'miiuMitlv from autumnal fever, Cdmpared with the surrounding J. the wost of Monrocville there are many Lroad prairies, which, under a •nil s'ttlciiiciit of the country, were I'xtensively plowed up, in a short .;,', Tlio oxen were turned out ui the evening upon the unplowed prairies, inihvire tlie next morning driven in, by iradhiif after them through the tall r:%'<. liemlinir with dew. The persons who performed this duty were gener- illv attacked with intermittent fever. In reference to Huron county generally, Doctor Eaker assured me, that tn"!? in which the clay deposit came to the surfiice, were more exempt from '.■vr titan the prairies, whicli had a deep covering of soil, or oven the >a:.il riilgcs. f' SECTION V. BASIN OF BLACK RIVER. I. The Riveu. — This little basin, of the same class with the last, lies ; I its east, The sources of Black Eiver, like those of the Huron, although ivitliin forty miles of the lake, interlock with the head-waters of the 3Ius- Kii.'iim. on a suiuniit-level of nine hundred and seventy-eight feet al)0ve !'.!• >oa. In its geological structure, the ]>lack Kiver Basin is composed f till' Devonian slate and sandstone, supjxirting conglomerate, the wdiolo of w! ;flnli|i to the south-e.'ist, beneath the Ap[iulaehian coal deposits. iVfuch ;' the surface between Huron ami ]}la(dc Tiivers, in the neighborhood of the !:il;t\ -wins to be composed of disintegrated slate, forming an argillaceous W, gently inclining toward the lake, and abounding in sand ridges, drifted !iv!!ic wiiiilv (ir waves, when the surface of the lake was at a higher level ;ii;iiiat present. II. Ei.viiiA, tlio chief town of this basin, stands six miles from the lake, imwliately above the junctions of the two principal l.anehes of Black ii^vir. Bolow the town there are cascades in both; and then comes the es- tuirynf the common trunk, with its flats and lake marshes, Each branch '! lllaek River, has a dam above their junction, by which the town is sub- f't.4tn the influence of a pond, both to the east and west. From Doctor Mi'tiT, and Doctor Howanl (now a professor in tlie Starling ^Medical Col- '-"M. 1 leavncil, that the Black Biver Basin, generally, is subject to au- iniimal fevers ; whicli the former gentleman had observed to be decideiUy tn n.' tr('((uent and dangc^'ous along the estuary of the river, than about '".na ur elsewhere. p' i-if , lA : if!f': ■m^- It ' ,1- If: '■ i? ii '•■I ■ . r .5 ji ■■ *'',.■■ * "i! li:-:^^. \:."' ■"■ '■.■\ V L;!lj M'.,-,: V 372 THE nilNCIPAL DISEASES OF THE IBOOK ; a ■■■< ffi. SECTION VI. THE CUYAHOGA BASIN. I. Gkxeual ])£;iClui'Xio\. — This basin, wliieli, in area, will bear i parison witli the Paiidusk}', lies oust of the one just di'scriliotl. Tlio iiimtinr of the Cuyahoga lliver with Jjuke Erie, is at '.lie well-kiKiwii city ut'Clovt^. laud, iu N. Lat. 41^ ol', and W. Long. SL^' 40'. Although the river i,>ni.ri- than sixty miles in length, its extreme sources are within ton miles of il ,. lake, cast of Cleveland, whence the river flows to the south-west for more tlian half its length, when it turns toward the lake, and unites with it, by flnwinT directly north. In the course of tliis great ddoiir, it descends Dy falls and rapids two hundred and forty feet. The head-waters of tliis river are . i table-land, tlie general clevati(jn of which is about eleven hundred ft.v;' above the sea, or more tlum five hundrt'd feet above Lake Erie. I:- connections on this elevated level are, chiefly, with the 3I;iboniii!,' braii,-:: of 15eaver lliver, which joins the Ohio thirty miles below l'itt.sLur:'j. At the junction nf the Cuyahoga with the lake, tlio black .■.jatc ;; the lowest formation ; iu advancing from the shore, sandstone appears at a higher level; and iu ascending upon the table-land of the upper part -f i basin, we reach the conglomerate, on which rest coal bods that are w ili-i AVe have, in fact, here re-entered the great Appalacliian coal basin. Ij it; northern border. At first view this would not be perceived, fur the asi«t of this tract is different from that presented by the rim of that basin iIm.- where. From Alabama to Pennsylvania, wherever we have appreaelinl it. the out-crop of conglomer.'te which supports the coal, has prosonteil crui^ of high hills, connected by rocky sjtines, or rising, when distinct, intukiy cones, while deep and narrow gorges have taken the place of broad alluvial val- leys, and swam[)S and ponds have been replaced by mountain torrents. IL.rt;. however, tlie peaks and sununits have been removed nearly down tutln'ii-vd of the ravines; a sterile hill-cnuntry has thus be"" transfurniod iiitu an ia- vated and fruitful plateau, incumbered witli masses of its own r^ek. i i r- mingled with huge granitic bowlders, brouglit from some distant regiun of tk north, perhaps, by the currents v.'hich eflVcted the destruction of the iiilk On this ancient geological ciiange, depends its present medical top(igra|ik Tlie general levelness of the basin gives to the streams a sluggish ciindit. witli wide alluvial grounds, subject to inundation, ponds are numerous, aiiJ extensive swamps not uneonnnon — the river itself rising in cue of them. Kverv part of this upper Cuyahoga Basin is annually more or less iiift.>ii.'il with autumnal fever, althougli elevated eleven hundred feet above the mJ. and in the mean latitude of 41" oU' N. ; but the banks of the ponds aiiJ marshes arc most infected. Thus, I was told by 3Ir. Coles, of Chardt i.tliai when a dam was built aemss the Cuyahoga, at Burton, the people wt v. m the two next years, generally attacked by autumnal i'ever ; and DoitirllaDi- ilton. of the same town, informed me, that in the neiyiliborhoud of Bmt'H. ;i * OIlio Geologicul Reports. tnt'T< the cliasni th 'l!T I . INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 373 /'-rrasdemfili'liefl in summer or nutiimn, nnd nearly nil tlio laborors on- ..'."li'.i the work siclvt'iiod with fover. Fmm I^octor Bennett, of Slialers- ." 1 rot'civod tlic follnwiiig I'acts. Tlio Cuyahoga flows near the Avcstcrn . ; iftliat villaL''e, from north-oast to south-west. To ohtaiii water for the Va'i.flin" Canal, a dam was tlirown across the river, whicli gave rise to many ;;).(> of fever. Two years afterward, a higher dam was ereetod, lower down • i rircr, wliii'h raised the water to the level of the first: involved the ruin / ,']S mill ; produeed stagnant water in the nnmths of many small streams ; rriilati'il some forest land; and so intercepted the volume of wat*"" flowing ■•; the river, that when it heeame reduced, in autunni, the whole was trans- ukrcJ through the canal-feeder; leaving 1»ut a series of pools, in the partially BM-uii river-hod lielmv. During the first autunni after this signal change ni''i'?C'i!i(litiiin of the river, no injury to health was experienced; but in the ii'Xt. lioarly all the inhabitants, on both sides of the river, above and below ;Ii.' \m (lam, were attacked with antunnial fever. 'I'he nundjcr of cases was idiiiatcd nt one hundred and fifty. They wlio lived near the river, had in- •r;iiit:onts; thns(> wlio resided further off" and on higher ground, sufi'ered ::. :•■ fri'in remittents. n liAVKN.VA staiuls on a .slight eminence, from wliiih the rains flow off ;^. ill itirections. At tlie distance of a mile, a tributary of the Cuyahoga rii'ls riiiiiid tlie town-site, from east south-east to west north-west. On lii- stream, two miles soutli-west of the town, a mill-dam was erected in the tirly |imi)(l of settlement, and for five or six years, as Doctor Swift in- frui-ilme, the people of the village and neighborhood were subject to inter- aiitent fever. In 1819, tlie dam wa < demor~>hed, and tlio bottom of the ; ''allaiil liaro, wlien nearly all the inhabitants sickened with a malignant :'.v.T. In l^•i^ there was much less, and for tlie next fifteen years scarcely uasi', except those contracted elsewhere. The [Malmning canal was thou A rcted, in tlie valley of the same stream, since whicli cases cif fever have K'lkijilierl. III. Ci'Y.uiOG.v Falls. — The town which, because of its hicaiity, boars !:.:> name, is situate on the right or north-west bank of the river, where it t?.!i'r- the eliasiu through wliich it descends to its lower level. 'J'he inliabi- twisiif the western jiart of the town, near the tails, as I was assured by I' 't-r Riw and Mr. Sill, are almost entirely exempt from autumnal fever; ■•"itWHrthy of being noted, as bearing on the ojiinion tliat the vicinity of a 'i'tr-fall is insahilu'ious. Further up the river, there is a dam, causing a Hi'l opposite and beyond the eastern part of the town, and three miles 3"Vi'. at Mmiriie. there is another. The gentlemen just named informed ■E'. tl.at nearly all the autumnal fever of their locality, occurs to the north • tlie Ifiu-er pond; and Doctor Wright, of Talniadge, had, along that see- 5i"iii'f the river, no less than one hundred and fifty cases; while not a case "'"rroilin liis own village, which lies beyond the iiiflneiice of the stream. '*■ llunsox, — Doctor Town, of this place, who bail jiracticed in it, and '"''i;-'li"Ut the great bend of the Cuyahoga, for seventeen years, informed ■'■ '' ^ C'im|,rLheiisive manner, that autunaial fever had prevailed in all its r- 4 I *illi;f't. ■• «^ . ' . . . • '. ■ . ■ • I;'}-} Pi /ft Ol 4 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE .BOOS J, localities, but tu tliu greatest extent by far along its water-eouvscs. iiiduilMir. the Cuyahoga. The least j)revalenee was in the town. Intermiit(jiit.> ^<\„. cialjy, oceurreil on tlicir l»anl tions for tiie loeks, were made throu^li a deep deposit of traii.>i[iortt'(l m tir- tiary materials. On the summit-level, the ]Mahoiiiui;' canal tnivcrsi-.- 1> eastern part of tlie town, to join that I'rom the Uhi(j llivcr. Thcfliitd-' the fornu'r is but slowly drawn oil', and, therefore, stagnates. That uf i:. Other, from the constant ascent and descent of l)oats, is kept flowing N.^r the junction of tlie canals tlu're are two jxjnds and a maisli, ami, at ;!. di.^tancti of two miles, there is an extensive swamp; all lying to tlie Suull. i. : tlie town. Xear the loeks, on tlic east, ihere is a mar.-li of twelve or liltw. acres, and, ailj( lining them, to the west, a series of little ]iuol.s and swaiii]; spots, created and kept u]) by the leakage of the locks. Thus, on tliiMvli];, marsh-exhalations, from the surface of the ground, ami from the watir« ,• the canal in tlieir deseent thr(jugh the loeks, tngethcr with iKjucoUs va|; must abound in this loeality, as much as any other in the wlinle onur.trv At a lower level, in a lower latitude, the fevers of autmnn wouM, douijik-. be more violent than in this ])lace; but, according to tlie eviilenLT of Di'it,:; Cole, ^\"allaco, and Angel, intevmittents and remittents prevail every suniuhr ami autumn, to a decided degree, both as to the number of casus, ami tL;: occasional vi(dence. Compared witii the towns of Kavenua and Ciualio Fall.s. tlio topographical conditions of which are, ^ir'nna /uric, mere sa!:;::;- ous, Akron must lie regarded as sickly. \'l. Tin; C.WAi, ir.o.M Akkon to Clevklanu. — Doctor Culo wa:: ;: * Akron in the sunnner of i^li-"), when the excavation (jf the canal iii :: direction of Cleveland was connnenced. The laborers suffered ('.\triiii-:y from fever; at least eighty of them were his patients; but. as tlicy W'ttt- in the valley of the Cuyahoga, they might have suil'crcd, it' tlioy W iiv! been engaged in exposing the fresh earth to the action of the atninjpiHix', sun, and rains. In l^lid, nuiny persons came from the surrounding C'lir:- try to work on tlie canal, and dispersed in June ; but Doctor Cule attcnvari learned, that as large a |)roportion of those who went away as of tliuji-'K!. renmined behind, were seized with the fever. In ISiiT ami iS28, tliu -ffit kind of fever returned, in the former year the water was let mtu theeaui In iJ^-iO and 1^:10, but few eases occurred. In excavating the canal aiiaw ])its for two locks, witliin the limits of the city of (Cleveland, in l^-i."f laburers threw up a great deal of vegetable mold, and both they aiiJ !>■ people of tiu' town suifered .severely from fevers; some ca.scs of which iu!:'J. by tlieir .symptoms, have been ranked witii yellow fever. Doetor Li'ii:'.i. 4 ,'ik: INTIIRIOR VALLEY OP^ NORTH AINIERICA. 375 , ,,■ 'rill. n'lnoinliL'i's, that nearly the same results I'lilknved on the exuuva- ;;,i;j all the way U> Aknni. Tic result (if my ii<(nirie.s at tliis place, concerning the healtli of the canal , a'l;.' II. was. that altlmuyh the ])(jats arc run throughout every night, and -'. tlirniidi the hottest part of the day, the men are less suliject to autunnial tviT. tliau the jicple of the country thi'ongli which t' canal passes. VI!, LowKii \'Ai.i.r.v 01'" tiik Cm auooa. — The rucr below the falls .and tie Akrnii locks, flows through a kind of gorge in the black slate, and in • mt iilaees [jrcseiits rapids. ]>efore reaching the lake, its valley widens, the .:Min i»eeoiius more tortuon.s, and its current slackens: in consc(|ucn(c of r;,i«!i, ail iiiiuieiise ([uantity of dril't-wood is lodged upon its margins. ![Many ifii< bottuius are liable to inundation, and the whole are overspread with nr.kl;urliaeeous vegetation. As the river iiears the lake, the sluggishness f t'l..' larrent increases, and oppnsing winds drive the v.'atei's of the lake iiWfnr les.s into its estuary, which Is live (jr six miles long. The efl'ect of ;;icii v.iinU funncrly v/as, to ^•••\ the sands of the lake beach Into tlie mouth of till' river and duke it tip; th ; oli.-tructioii being made greater, liy the (ilt ilupnsited from the stream, when its (current was arrested. In times jiast. •'.river, tlui.s turned aside, prolialdy entered the lake at various point.^. On i.c ?rlil,'iiieiit of Clev'hxnd, as Doctnr Ijong informed me, tlie mouth was S'.Tentv or eighiy rods west of where it now is; and tliere vcmains to this ikv, a set'tiiiii of the river-bed, filled with water ten or fo'teen feet deep, tL;!i exactly resembles one of the crescent lakes in tiie trough of the Mi-ivipiii. Mil each side of this linear jiond there are marshes, whicli extend up in ilie Cuyahoga. On the outer edge of the marsh, next the lake, tliere stands JtiiliiToity, SI veral feet high, which, from its cumpositlon. is a remnaiit of ikuTtiary plain, which forms the bank of the lake, cast and west of the mouth rftlio river. Inuuediatcly south of this marsli the rive- flows at the foot of a t !biilirablo hluff, and has a low and wet bottom on the opposite or eastern i'l-: i'urtlicr u|i. the buttom is found on the western .-ide, and then again on tU- ii.■-:. i,..,: it ff:; r i ' ; ■X ■■.■'.(. t' ■ . !' . n'^ ■dm ^ > • V -r THE riiixcirAii diseases of the [book !. wliloli was Ix'gim Ly itnmi;.'raiits from Now England, in 170G, stands t!i;,.fl.. oil a dry |i(ist-tcrtiary [ilain, iiiiniudiatcly cast (tf tlic juuutiuii of the rv' with tiiL' lak(', iroiitiiiiT nii S, and exti-ndint^ duwn tu the river's nlrf. Eoiiii!; to tlio looward ol' tho river, with il.s L(jttoni-hnul,<, ami uf tliudliil .,i of the stream on tho lake heaeh, with its marches, it is L'X]insocl t) wliaiiy,., insaluhrioiiH exhalations mav a''! ;o from tliuiii. At an earlv stin'i' , i' :. sottlomont, accordlni^ to Dc ^ov Jji ng, these exhalations were vurypuriiiciii;. us intermittent and renii' tent evers, iVciijuently assuniiiiir a iiiali^'iiant ivi«i werceonnnon; hut in lati.r yea s tlioy are i;reatly mitigated. Tin.' -an t testimony as tu tlieir jn-eseiit mild less and rarity, hasheen given me livj'r.i- te.ssor Aekly and Doctor Mcndenl all. In the course (if his long uxi.irienc.; at this ]ilace, Ooctor Jjonp^ observed, in some years, a great iiredomiiiaiici; of tho intermittent type, in others of the remittent The sea.sons wliieli fir.i^roii tho fm-nu'r were wet and cool — those in which tho latter prevailed witu iui; and ilry. ."Malignant cases did not sliow themselvos until about 1>27, nujv years after tin; settlement of th(' place began. IX. Ohio CiTV is but an extension of Cleveland, upon the liliiff i,f ik ■western side of the river. In reference to autumnal health, it has iln' inj. portaiit advantage over tho older and larger town, of being to the winJwirl of all the low, wet. and foul gi'ounds which liavo been mentioned; liut.in tho other hand, there is a con.'^idcrable terrace-swamp, in Jlrocklyii tuwii-iin. at tin- dislance of tvio or three miles to its south-west or windward. 1I(i;m Mendi'nhall lias given me two observations unide on the site cf (jhiu fitv which deservo to be recorded: J'^imf — hiborers and watermen have boon ocea-ioually boarded ami ludged on the edge of the swamp, near tiif wi-; bank of the river, and they were exceedingly liable to iutermittent t'Vcr. Stcuiiil — in the .southern part of the terrace on which tho town .-"tumij.a deep excavation was nuule, in the bluti' bank, tu lorm a road nf ca.sy .iHtiit. and tile Iiluisli clay thrown out, was used to till up <>. street buluw, the dlitt of which was, to caiLso a local [U'cvaleiico of autunuial fever. V J ' . "^ *■ . , • M: i V .;'' » • , " .■ ' •' b| fc"- ; » ■■ 1 H ill* ■ /i. - . :* ■ * '• P r ■ ' ! ■■■■ ■-;" •■ . fe'wi'f'i- .' <* - M m^::\ ,* • SECTION vir. BASIN OF T H E CHAGRIN. CiiAoiiiN (more [iroperly C/iai//ii.'ii tliat ague and fever need not be aji|ireheiided.* On this jmint .'an "iilv sav, that ])octor Card, of Painsvillc, who formerly resided in the I f'liV ' '^^'i''''''^''""^' *''^" '"'^^'"^ l'r(iiu the nmnth of the Chagrin, infoinied -, tiiiit tlic country i'urther up the river, was l)ut litth* infested with autuni- I ui Ii'ver?. It is otherwise, however, around the short estuary near the lake. Tv niar?lii'S, it is true, are of very limited extent ; but tiio iiKJUth of the rvtr is L'ciierally choked with sand, and the free exit of its w.aters prevented, lailii' rail V stages of the settlement of the country, this limited locality was Icl'jiel with fevers of a dangerous character. In the autumn of lSli;> or b:i4. ncailv all the settlors were ill ; and it was observed that of the citizens ctiu'villairo of Willeiighl)y, only two miles up the river, who went to their Iruitf.iicady all sickened, while tliose who remained at homo, eontimieil in |i.tii;li. Willmiglihy itself is not, however, exempt from autumnal fevers; hi, as Jiulge Allen and ])octor Card informed me, they arc less jirevaleiit |l'jiiit"riiiei'lj. 'i SECTION YIII. BASIN OF GRAND RIVER. TW mouth of Ciraiid River, is found twelves miles cast of the cue just :!iiil. Its .simrcts interlock with those of the Cnvahoiia and the .^lalio- »' K.J ;.t aiiiuan altitude of eleven hundred feet above the sea. Tn doseond ::.i« elevated plateau, it takes a dii jetiou snmewhat east of north, and Irvrriaihing the lake terraces, flows nearly west, through a channel which |»: ;.!;:'t'i hecomes remarkably tortuous, and with a sluggish current, which |i'-:r-tril throe miles before it reaches the open lake. Mhcii high, its water |t;>:';;il, at other stages brownish, but transparent. "ii t'acb side of the mouth of this river there is a marsh, the two pnii;: about one hundred and fifty acres ; but beyond the western, there I'.' tliir swamps of great extent, separated from the lake by a narrow slip of ter land ; beyond which, one of them, containing fifteen hundred acres, Ipi out to the lake. On account of the long piers, at the mouth of this PW. till' fluctuations of the lake arc not much perceived in the estuary. The pttiiiliiig p]3i,|^ gffj, ^.|j, gixty feet above tlie lake, is composed of trans- ►"•-'Iftr piist-tcrtiary materials, resting on the black slate. Much of the Pi^r ilitained by sinking wells into the plain, is of an inferior (luality. The ,:i:.:i: * Oliio Geological Report. X'i':^^'' Oi o Tin: PRINCIPAL DISEASKS OF THE ,BO'-iK ; I m h- m f-i&-: '■i i .1 ;l villaiTO of r.\ii!i'oi!T stands on a )a'niiisular |Kii'tinii nf tin- |il;un, iniiuiiiiyi. east nf tin; nidiilh of the rivur; tliat of IIiciimond, a mile fruiii tlic I;,];,. ,r tlio western si] llosa, and ]iivingsti»n, indieated that they were faniihar with :ill ili,. fry i (up to tlio most malignant) of intermittent and remittent tVvers, r;".! infest similar localities in the sonth : but all eoncnrrc(l in R.|irci;eiitiii.'tl.ej prevalence of thos(.' diseases as decidedly less than in the lir.-t year- settlement of the country. lir. Painksvillio. — The sito of this town, on tin' left dv \vo-t haiikvfl Grand Kiver, is eight or nine miles from the lake, full iwiiic tlio lUfainlir! ■(I the stream, but oi\ly three miles, in a direct lino. The slaty Iiaiik< 'i\[q river are well-defiiu'd, and above its highest freshets. IMuch of tln' tiwi:- is a deep ami movable bed of sand. Jiik(! Norwalk, in fait, tln' tiiwu .;ai,li| on one of the sand ridges which run parallel to the lake, bi a rA k ])oet;ir IJosa, to the south, in the direction of the higlilamls, I oWtvi.! !'! wo traversed several of these low ridges, between which, the inorearallaci'a surface wa.-; swaly. Tin; swamps, however, which are near eiiouLrli tn ]'.mA ville to exert on it a mischievous influence, are those whicli have Lxui-i- scribed; all of which lie either to its north or north-west, and hotwiv;; :',vii and the town there is a dense forest. According to tlie niodical jenti.i.s whom I have ([uoted, the prevalence of autunnial fever in I'aiuo.svil Compared with Fairpovt and lliehmond. 10 1- in 'A^^:.. SECTION IX. LAKE SHORE, FRO.M PAINESVILLE TO RUFFALO. I. Fnmi Palnesville, < )hio, to Krie, Pennsylvania, the distance is >over.iTl throe miles. Between them there is no considerable river. iKiranytomi^ interest. The sunnnit-lcvol, between the Ohio river and the lab, tw ;'4 the whole di.staneo, lies near the lake, and thus all the streams ruiiiiiii: : the latter arc short. At Erie, its distance from the lake duc-^ iint ovn'. miles. This part of the coast is, in fact, that to which the wati'ij'l !ij Jlississippi make the nearest approach. ir. Town of Euik. — The site of Eric is a post-tertinry or Jilnv race, forty or fifty feet above the level of the lake ; from which it i> iiiii^'l by a long peninsula, the Pn's 'i'ld rains ; th tat'Wn. The UeaV' ji:. Ikjmi this there |i»?> "f *ffanip. It ;i|i|'ear.s fr.nn thi; Mamc to autunnial IPv! rJoIin.-;, who set lf.M:ili.'iit in the subur |tif["Mi!!.>ii]a. where n viiiiiy 'if the saniekii lpirt-»ftlio town; hut JEiu'.:!! •iriiriiiate there jfid ( /. 2^2 ) was bi mi":;i'eiiiont up to ' :.' tile people of t |i :::.'■ canal : and, oi I' f'lr Voshurir, f : -"'diout the \\h ":;>.• canal. Perhaps P-'viiiloek swamp, ma Y'mi Wire generally HI. L.\KE Siiouj: II I'toitvof Buffahs nin palt'tLe distance, th prv:i'!iiii;f sources of p.i:, &■/./), have t H-ivitliin eight to tw ''''•■' -^fwicaaJJasin, tl I--'' iit six hundred Nii^ wliieh traverse t jt-:in:cnrrespundiiio']y F'--- '" "ftcn referre f-y'^fuiuidiu tliisbi P'' i- loss; and for Nil slate, without al f--'!iuf the shore CO 1 INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. U7<) iiii;,scJof lliicic slato, wliicli lias siu'li a tliiii covoriiig of traiisiMirtctl Prhb wliero tlio tnwn is built, that many of tlie wolls, not innri' than (»,'•; fcL't ill ilopth, afford water of an aluminous (quality. The surfaci' of I'viiiiii is moro urjiillaccous than that of many other looalities on tlio south -, , (■ (1,^, lake. Til the snuth-wost of the tnwn, wlioru tho jioniiisula is (,iirii''tcJ with the main land, there was a swaiu|(, which has liccn [lartially Inv.ci Tlie iiL'iiiiisula, gcrn'rally, is but a bank .f sand, Ijearing trees, and '«avi;r' here uiid tluTO a small Kwamp uv pond. South of the tuwn, at tho i-'iiice iif two iiiiK'S, there is a second and higher terrace, running i)urallol 1, t!,i> !;ikc shore; in front of which there lies a hemlock swamp, fed by j^nv- a:ul raiiKS ; tlie larger part of which is to tho snnimer-windwavd of t^Mt wii. The IJeaver and Erie Canal, by traversing, has partially drained i;, ]|i.viiii(l this there are other terraces, bearing tindjer, and having more or 1;... - 1' t r ■Win.s, who settled there in 1X'2'2, tuund intennittent fever especially Itftvakiit ill the suburbs of the village to the south-west, near the stem of |ti?!'!ii!i.*iiia, whore marshes abounded; and also to the north-east in tho tiiiitv "f the fame kind of surface, lieniitteiit fever occurred in the central Ipart- if tho town; but for tho first fifteen years he never saw a case of intcr- fdiit urigiiiatu there. In l^oU, tho excavation of the Erie and I'eaver |Cri(;'. i'f^'2) was begun ; and continued till the close of 1^41. From its Mn'cmcnt up to li^-lli, when I was there, intermittents had ajipearcd .•the people of tho town, especially those living in its western parts, •...canal: and, on a second visit, in lS-17, I learned from Doctor Wal- I' .tor ^'osburg, and 3Ir. Sill, that intermittents continued to be preva- .i-'diout the whole, and that, by cniiimon consent, they were ascribed '■-A'.al. Perhaps a partial draining and disturbance of tho surface of iljik swaiiij), may have contributed to this insalubrity. Tho intor- t>'..i; Wire generally df a mild character. III. L.\KE Siioiu: i-uo.M Eitij; TO Buffalo. — From the town of Erie to :'.itjof Euffahi, niiiet}- miles, the lake coast runs ni'arly north-east, and plali' tlie distance, that is, to Dlnkikk. the high table-land on which tho pH.:i-!iiiii,' som'ccs of the Alleghany Faver, including Chautauijue Lake {'■'■X: Sect. I), have their origin, ajiproach and terminate in rocky escarp- :'.t.'witliin eight to twelve miles of the lake shores. As that river belongs ivMixican Basin, tho Lake Basin hero presents but a narrow belt; which pil'iiitsix hundred feet lielow the neighboring suniniit-level. All tho IfWiijffliiuh traverse tliis belt aro but mountain rivulets, and their estua- te arnurrospoiidingly limited, as aro the marshes of the lake slmre. Tho ■«!. so often referred to, risino; above each other, as we advance fnan tho F^- »■ fuuiitl in this belt; but tho amount of diluvium or transported ma- ¥''■' 1; less; and for many long reaches, the road jiasses over the black rt'^^'iJii slate, without any intervening deposit. East of Dunkirk the same p:i:jii uf the shore continues, but the belt widens ; the coast and tho high- I t" f. .">so THE nirNCIPAL DISHASFIS OF TIIR [mt < lamls (livcr^o tVuni ciicli dtlicr; I'lul tin; little riviT Ciittaraiifni!! ( 't '■ uppiT waters iilMiuiidiiiL' i" spiM'kK'il tnnit ), liy ;i lciii:tli nf jiftv miU ,| (losoont of ()i;.'lit ImiMlrt'd foot, flidws tliat tlu' Idi'ty jiliitciiii on wliii'h j.,,, ,i waters niiiijrlo with tlio simrcos nf the Allc^xliaiiy and tlic (luiiosi'e ItJviN • coiiiiiiiriitivcly distant. TIk! lii,j:lilaiid.s puntimtc in i^i.L'lit. lidwevor tii*''K ' com arrive \vi arrive wiiniii twi'lve or fit'teeii iiiiU-s of 15iifl'cdii. Of tin- .stato of unti.p i liealtli, aloiiir tlio coast, from Mrie to tlie IjuIVmIo flats, wlijch ^e eii'hiiivr liofore rcacliiii,!^ tlio city, I cMiiiint s|ieak tVom iiifnniiMtiiin, Init. jmlnjurhy;,, surfai'i", M'ould regard it as lictter than that wot of the tuwii uf Krj,'. 1 . \Mm: MM, m 11 SMCTIOX X. CITY OF ]UU'FAI,0. I. We liavc now rcaclnMl tin; lower or eastern extri'iiiifv if I„;r. r- wlicro wo find an extensive |ilain. wliidi rises luit a few feif alii.\v t' .■; face of the lake. ^Ve have deseende(l from the hiiih tenaic. mi w', ! -d traveled round the sontliern side of the lake. The ceast licro nii - north and routh. The city Iie^ins on its very marLNn. iic'ir tlie ri.' • ' of NiaL'ara River. To the sonth and sniith-east. the jilnin. ovit an ::■:■' many si|U;ire miles, is sn low and level, as tn liave received the ii;iii' ■ J/a/s. Their iiosaion, in relation to the city, may he seen in 7'/. ,Vi' not their limits to tlie snutli-cast for thoy extend lieyoiid the buuii'i;;::> tlie map. Those flats, uflalo Creek, the sources of wliiidi inlerhnlv, at a hiuli (.'li'Viiii ' " tliose of Cattaraugus Crock, and certain branches of the (ioiie-iv 11;: presents toward its sources, lively currents of pure cold water, al'iini::! speckled trout. The creek descends to the north-west, ahd uu ciitii! flats, its velocity slackens, and it liecomcs discoloicd. ly the or-zii:." niar.sh. Before it reaches the lake, it is reinforced liy the waters'! L:'JJ Buffalo Creek, entering it from the iiortli-cast. The appmaoli r4 Creek to the lake is at an acute aiiide, the course of the stream boir t'll north. The junction takes place near the middle of the western li:"' 'i city, as maybe scon ui)iiii the map. The deep and narrow e.stuarv'::;i stream constitutes the liarbor of ])uffalo. For a couple of niilos :»"u! ! ' junction, the neck of land between it and tlie lake, is a low sand-dini' wliieh the water, when inqielled by westerly winds, soinctimes bnah-' the creek. ttarnupis (it. .-yl •if iifty mill V III J I on \vliirln<,i„,jii, • c'' [iter, ab'Ui!' ( i ...t water. Till' \ i"lrivc that n\' tU i'; aiij till' L'u.stci'l^ : ■;«. iiiucli (,f til,. ■rMtiimoriJiifl'i ■■■ 'I lit' must oC itf Its settlement eoi I f:- liHie.vs ami wliai I'J-. Its growth wa [f'' .: Wi.niiiieiii'eil tl ■'■''• its ii'ijmlati P"'" -may boestiiiial . !^vliieli, until i> '^' "Xtensive paludi ■'"?etber\vitli tl '■■A are liydroMta} ' ''iitumnal fever. I'"Cti.r Trowliritll ^1". and has coiiti ■'"M some of which ■ ■■•-*"ns the higher I ■ •^'- fevers oecurri'i P- ;:i'^ jTogres.s of j -■^«J; until, at the TTTTryT; >x ••. INTKIUOII VALI.HY OF NOll'III A.MKUICA. :M [i A;" a rcinnrkiiltlo stnnii, nij tin; iii.ulit nf tliu iMli ul' Odolicr, l."-!!, „ .„^v ^tt'io tliivfii, ill II ilflii;.'!', iiitii lliis part nf tlie cnrk, ami iijm.ii tlio J J. ,t,,ierally, to tin- ili'iitli nf hIx, t'i>rli(. and fvcii ten iVet. Tlii-y also iii- 5j,u' 1 till! w-'"''^'''" "'"' '^'ii'll'i^''" I'lii'tH \ i.tiu ,,;ht, tilt' surl'aru aliniinds in luw ^and-diiiics. nr rid^a's; ir ''" - iiili- ;liat jtrci't. it presents a iikh-o argillaeeons eliaraeter, nnr iiu hides .uiitrliciiil luarslies, and even consideraldo punds, wliieli diseliargo i|i(Ttliiiius waters iiiti) lattlc nuflaln Creek. laliitaiits are supplied with well-\\at(;r, dhtained at very uiieiiiial iiilia ,,;iil fxi'fi'iliii^ly variuus in ipiality; .suiiie ul' it being, as Di/ctor ii.luriUL'd iiie, (ifluiisivo tu tho sonsi'S. 1 Erie canal eiiter.s the IVdiit ol' tho city iVnin tin luirtli, and j(Ui»sc'S .'lit. noar tliu kike, to terminate on tin; southern ."^ide; being connected .1 L.-tuary uf Diiiruh) Creek by several lateral cuts. The vast com- :' IJiilFalo keeps tiio natural and artilieial canals of its western or • I, crowdi-'d with srhooners, propellers, steamers, and boats, from ..'1 iiiuiaiur of impurities must, of coui'se, make their way into (ho , t water. The water, however, is not really s(.i;:iiaut, for tho wi'stcrly ■ irivo that nf the lake up the creek, and through several slips into the ; ;iiiJ tin t-astorly draw it out, by re[)elling tho lake from tho shero; ,i;.'i.<. much of the filth is carn (if IJufValo is in .N . Lat. 42" 5(1', and W. Lon. 70'' 'j:r. Tho :. 'Mjf most of its plat is about five huudri'd and eighty feet above tho it^ si.ttk'iiiciit conimeiu'ed in iMIl, when the surriMUuling country was t:, iiniLSj, and what is now tho south-western |iart of tho city was a v>. Its grofftliwas slow ; and being burnt, during tho war with Kiig- rooi.miiii'iii'etl tho year 1S14, with only four houses. Thirty years I^: .rl. its iinpulaiion auiounted tu thirty thousaiul. and at this timo Mv, may bu estimated at forty thousand. Thus it is a now city, built i'i't which, until recently, was covered with forest. 1 'Xtensivo paludal and boggy tract which lies immediately south of 1" ■ tMacthcr with the impure waters of tho canals and the estuary of K. arc liydrograi»]iical eunditions eminently favorable to t!io produc- : wtumnal fever. Let us soo in what degree they are really ijcrni- ''»■ P'Ctur Truwliridge began tho practice of medicine at Buffalo in tho T"" I'l". and has cuntiuued on the spot ever since. Tutermittents and ro- ''"'•( some of wliieh were malignant ) prevailed from tho beginning. In i^ :'i;tson3 the higher parts of the village were most infected; but genor- ■'!:ea> fevers occurred chiefly in the vicinity of the two Buffalo Creeks. • ''i'- progress of rural and civic improvement, they have regularly ■■-M\ until, at the present time, remittent fever is rare, and intermit- ,1 . k •••.'; ^c '- •i:i: ■ :..■ }■ •1-' :■. ■} t- ■ »!. •« '■ ■■r\'T r.s2 Tiir; riiiNcirAL disea?i;.s of tiif, .'1'>K I.I tout iiliiMst unkmiwii. ('Xcr|it in tlic 8iilmrl)s of t1io citv. Fruin ]'-, ^ Whit", J''liiit, ami llaiuiltiui. 1 li'uriKMl, tilsn. tliat Init little autiinuial jVvtr; enr-duiituit'd at the pi'L'sriit tiiii" : and tliiit. chiully (ni ur near the fljij. 'I'liu iViliMwing I'act, (ili.sci'vcil by |)(ict,ur 'I'i''jv,))ri(ljri', ileservos to Ik. r? corded. Ill tho iit'iL;hliiirh()(;il (if IJiiffalu, i'nv three ( liiit not ?t!f"Kiiv,. autiiinns, a L cal cnidiMui'' fever (u-eurri'd aiiiniig almut tweiitv familii- ^s^ drank and otherwise used water from tin; same spriiifr. It luirst 'nt 1,1 a ledLi'e of liniestnue, about twe'iity-five feet below the smniiiit, bevdinlw at the distauee of a mile, there was a pieeo of wood-kind with a iniii], mj.jpI Doctor Trowbridii'O supposed to bo the smirce of tlie spring; f'^r, att'T rai' its witer became turliid. 'i'lie autumns in wliirh tiie fever |:iX'vailol ^ unusually dry. Jii its symptoms ami violeneo, tho disease might liaveiu'v for yellow fever. Nine or ten persons died. 'I'lie surrouiuliiif.'iiciL'l.li r'..- rcmuiiied healthy. The sprini;' was at length abandoned, and thu tl'wr not return. Tliis srons to show that th(( material cause of aiituiuiial fevi may bo absorbed by water, and then produce its characteristic cffectv 111 comparing tho prevalence and nKU'tality of iiutuiiiiial fovorw; to^)ogr iphical conditions of this locality, wo must, I think, admit the n -!r:;i] ing intlucueo of climate; for, oidy a few degrees further south, such a -a of surtaco would inevitably give rise to nnu-li more serious vii«itatiuii5 ^ than have gouorally l)ocn experienced at JJufl'alo. SECTION XI. NORTHERN SIDE OF THE ERIE BASI.N. T. ITaving surveyed the southern slojie of tliis ba.'-iii. fnDi t!;-' iT;: Detroit lliver, to the etllux of Xiagira lliver, at Biiflaln, it rannin- 1 :. an examination of the northern .«lope. To bmTow from aiiatninv ;i ;av: illustration, we have traveled round the greater curvature ef the txiii.; of a long natural canal, from the cardiac to tlio pyloric orifii'O, ami i:r;-' 'i survey the lesser curvature. Wlien treating in tlic last chapter of tlie river Thames we snwtliat. rii natiiig far to tlie east of Lake St. Clair, it seeks that rfservnir hy: ■ nearly parallel to the northern shore of Lake Erie, fmiiMvliich t'l. ti springs of many of its lateral tributaries are liut a few miles di'taiit, Fj tho miuth of Detroit I'iver, then, to a point nearly two-tliinls of tlw'jvj the Niagara outlet, the northern lake-slope is so narmw, that tlic !::.J topographer is. in a manner, limited to the coast. Cunet'rniiistli:: lacustrine belt, wliiidi is more than one hundred and iifty milw ii: '■■■■^ can say but little. It appears to bo, like the opposite or siutlnrip' flat or terrace-like tract, oversjiread with a jiost • tertiary ': - waves against their base, often fall or slide into the water: whi'.'.!»!M ;^^H .,,'.. ami nui ;^D|;;:i :'a<'tl'in than ^H| : ■ ;!i'iorl}' than n .^^9 . ;1>;m'u<' we are e ^^|;;r'.'>tinMe tho.su dl j^^H:rttrater.^aiKl swc I^^Hs::r licit at longt ^^■i'::::fiirt!ier frcni t ^^■F:r.tfLake E ^Hi;.< la>!n may bo com ^Hoftli" lake. I'ressin ^B.'ri'.'i lliver enters L ^^■t: L':'l uii this river ^Hi'i:v'i]aiici>us fores ^■t:''.Kne. The iiiidd ^B':":"! imrtions of C ■p,':.; I4p'-_aswel Kfl>' .■i'uhure, );e pro'^i ^mv.. tii.. I.psi., jiiii; ^Bi rj-. wild reii'oved tl ^V '.^rv war. Lower )■:•' us visitatiiiiis "i!''a •ilT. INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 1 „, ioft ami miuMy. The iiDrtluTn aro nljviuiisly iiuiro exposed to this ■•:»,], ifaitioii than tho soutliorn baiikn, tm accniint of the greater i)revalenoc • oui'ierly than northerly winds. Ol' the ciindition of tho sliort e.-tnaries -;;i. .jilc we aru oxaiuiiiiiig, I am iiniiii'i rititd ; l)uc tliey inay lie |iresuiiicd •■.r.>iiiii'J'- tlia«o (if the suiuller sticnms or tho Rnuth.ern shore, in their stng- |.;t\rattr> and swamiiy hi'rders. Away I'roiii the lake, there are orcasior.al |y;:r-waiiips. Along this portion of the coast there is no consideralih.' town, hrjriieciiiiiitry is hut sparsely inhahifcd.* T!;i> licit at length widens, jiartly from tho n[ipcr part of the river Thames IK/furtlicr from the lake, and in part iV^m a deep indoMtatidti at T/niig |p;';tiirFuro-la!id ; formerly a pciiiiisnla, but latterly, frnm the aetion < f the Inv'.-. '■"iivertcil into an island. Of this jiart of tlie lu'lt, 1 kno-.v hut little. |!::3;i.ili'al topngraphy may ho said, in general terms, tn he like that of tlie |:;"'Vrr licit, further west. 8oou after passing T.oiig I'oiut to the east, we i";V.' at — i! TitK B.vsiN OF Grand riivKti. — T' is is tho only stream, on the |[:;''.«iilt.' I if Lake Erie, Avhich deserves t<( be ealled a river. The area of |i;« l'2>!n may be compared with that of tho Cuyahoga, on the ojipu.^ite side ftli" lake. Pressing hard on the head or western end of Lake Ontario, lijriid River enters Lake Erie, not far from its eastern extremity. Most of p: Ij'.'l I'll this river is rolling. The soil, generally rieh enough to sup[iort Ij i';; " llaiieims forest, is also jioor enough, in some places, to be eovered "'M'iiie. The midille and upper parts of (irand l^iver IJasin are the best 1 portions of Canada West; and may, from their latitude — between •;i:.il4t"' — as well as from their rolling surface and the Ihmrishinir state .Tiiulture, ho pn^umed to suffer but little from anfunnial fever. J''iirther It.:, 'lie hnei', is inhabited chiefly by Indians of the Iroi^Udis or Six Xa- 1*. vrlifi removed thither from the State of New York, after the revclu- iiary war. Lower still, iMid not more than five miles from the lake, 1 » ■ ■ • '.rc».;; .1- 1 •. 1 »> ''^<^'^' 1. Tim: Vii.T,.\Gi: OK Dunnvilli:. — Aecording to Poetur Strattoii.f 'iiitry around this vilhige is heavily wooded, flat, and marshy. The Kf-r. ti!h yards in width, has its banks so depressed, that in numy jihices !■;; an; iii.t a fiMit above its high-water surl'ace. A dam has been thrown ■jji;. 1 1 make a feeder i'or the W(dlaiid ("anal, between Lakes I'lrie and parii; vfhieli has caused much overiluw Imtli abdve and belnw it, by jire- ::^ti;i: tlie desecnt of tho water, in freshets, and arresting the ascent of p: :r"iii the lake, when impidled into the estuary nf the river by tlie wind. P'.' ri'-iijoiits in the ncighlmrhdod," ai'cordingto the i^eiitleman just named, hre viry subject tn marsh fever, everv fainilv having several ill in the tlie sea,*;!)!!. ["it:: tills Licality we lini.^h the medical tfipograpby of tho I'asin of Lake f'". ami loiiijiloto that of the group or series of upper and interior lakes; ' m I's i^tatisticiil Reports of British Army — Smith's Caiuui. (ia/uttccr. H.;abur-li Journal, No. 111. ft i,! m--\- i.m ■1 ^■■^i' ,i-- ■' mu 384 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE .f'O'iK ;, but before iirococdiiig to tlmso wliioli lie more tliaii tliroe hundred fntl.^vp and also mueli ncaivr the sea, it may be well to take a few general viiv.\ SECTION XII. REMARKS ON THE BASIN OF THE UPPER LAKKS. I. FiXCTUATIONS AND ClIANdK OF LKVEL 01-' THE LaKE-SURFACK. 1. 7'/Wr.v. — It lias been .settled, by the observations of Goveniur Gi.v.aJ the lieail of Green Bay,'*" and of Mr. Geo. C Pavics, at Cleveluiid,t tliut tkre I are nn lunar tides in the upper lakes. This concdusiun is in aceirlaKtl ■R'itli pdpular opinion. 2. JJiiihj firtiuitions. — The surface of the lakes, however, is tiai:ij;;i.;3i the calmest weather oidy; and whenever or wherever tlieir shores ar of tlio waters against the shore, will often be higher in one part ■ t tiej day than another; which seems to have given rise to the mistake. (.i)ct.vii,.-.| what prevalent, that there were regular tides. "When the wind ll'W.vvrail;! for a eertaiu time in one direction, tiie surface-waters are iinjiLlki] liau ;:i| windward sliore, and thrown upon the leeward : leaving tl:e Mvaii,]- ::| beaches comparatively dry on one side, while they are suhniei'M i'ih. : deeply than common on the other. AVhen the water recedes, tlieikviit" sable organic matter of the estuaries and lacustrine niarslies niibt. nfiiHti^ sity. be in part floated away; and a greater abs(n-])tion of dek'tiri' u> :a^ may, likewise, be supposed to take jdace, than if the same water m.i\m in them. A swamp thus acted on will, of course, prove le.s.s iiiiuryuitl liealtli, than one remott; frnm tlie lake sliore. where the water ci.iitiiii.i'juii changed. Some inland niarslies, however, are fed hy copimis >)iriE.i| and send out streams, wliereby their noxious influence may. perb: diminished. 3. (riviinil-sm'Us. — Wlien a strong and unrelaxing wiml. nit (lirntti to or from the outlet of a lalce, has, by blowing several diiy.s ami «i:::iJJ driven the water from one side to the other, as from the wc'^teni !■ eastern coast of Miehigan, or from the southern to the nortlum O' a-t '^ Erie, the surface of the lake l)ecomes an inclined plain, and wlicii tl;t'« ceases, it will return to its horizontal state. This chhing is geiieniiVi gentle as not to be jierceived; but occa.sionally the reflux is in tlK'l"ro' loni!tii i lute t(i tlio V. !• cr j :li tlio (laytliamJ [(iws tbat tlic kip-l r ill one prt'ft'it mistake', mice i"^:-\ wind l)l"ivf sieatoi i iiH^ielleil fruiui ig tlic >\vAh\'^ 2; [■e sxibiiievp 'i 11. :L'iles. tlieiloMiK les iiiui-t, i'i'ii'.-'-':S'j ,f cli'k'teri' u> 'M liuu' waU'V n'ii..i;!.^ |ve loss iiiiuriius M l^vnter C'uiitiiii'.''5i2l ly copimi.'^ >i'ra-l e may, J^vihf ■ffilld: II"'' ^'"^"''^ 111 days anil \t^ the Avesteni t" I'sj niirthevii v';i-t ;,„d when tl:i'« I ling is geiR'ni"}'^ L is'iiitliel'W."' (has been c"iii 111 seen frii" who livo on iJI INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 385 Two or throe of those uiuluhitiuns Kuimtinies follnw each dtlier in • .niviK^ion. jMi"' BiitltM-, who kociis the liiihilmuse in Fuirpurt, at tlic ,"•11 of Grand K Ivor, ill Ohm, iiiluniicd 111c that lie had seen this .swell -h iir ten times. In the autuniu of lS"iU, three rajiidly siu eeeded each * . j,i,i Jehi^'ed the lower ]iart of the villa^-'e, five or hx feet deep. fr rMVii" no wind, and the surface of the lake was siiiooth, iniiucdiatcly «• ^ At Loukwodd, eight iiiile.s further down the lake, one of these fjv i caused an inundation eleven feet dcc)i. They .sniiu times hajnieii in lie ffintrr, when the ice near the .shore will be raised u|i, and fractured, the J -.r i" 1112 driven throMjrh the fissures. The genhigists of the State of W- -all have observed these swells in the hays of Lake Suiieri(U'. 4 Animil rise ami Jail of the Lakrs. — The lakes may be regarded as fjEititutiii'^ a river, with expansions. Superior, Ilur.m. St. Clair, and Erie, -;:r. t!ie intervening strait.s, rej>rescnt the main trunk — >Ii(diigan, and OMi Bav, are tributaries. JJelow a horizuiital plane, touching the bot- i;. if tlic straits, the water, of course, is not changed, except so far as it v|.(reulate into tlie earth, and its place be supplied by rains. Jt is, then, It • iriace-water only that flows ami constitutes the river. It folluws, that ;;. uke-beds do not leak, tlie water wliicli flows through the straits must ut viiiioh falls witliin their basins, in the form (jf rain (jr snow, la'inus :(• ijiu'.itity rai.'^ed by cva[»oration, and hist through absorption into the Evaporation, of C(Mirso, goes on from both tiie land and water, but tLiT.iare nut the same on the two kinds of surface. From the land-sur- •: i; take? ]ilace, but to a very limited degree, in winter, when the ground 'tMi.amlin autumn when it is dry; though in summer, when the surface net. from tbe spring rains, it must be active, as the sun's rays, by im- i&l i.in solid matters, develop a great deal of luat. Ilcnce, terrestrial !;■ :atii 111 lias two mhnma and two max'mni in everv year. The f(U'mer are '. 1:. iit'i!!- of August and Se]iteinber, the jieriod of drought, and the latyyf Peoenibor, January, Feltruary, and Mar.li, the perioil of frost : il"iration being then reduced to its lowest dcLiree. The )iui.v'niiii, or iij; .if greatest evaporation, are October, after the rains of autumn have '■' :i tlie earth, warmed through the preceding sumnier. and May, June, 'I'l.iv, when the solstitial sun acts upon a surface watered by the copious >|.ring. li^e «treraos of variation in the rise of v;i]i( r fruin the lake-surface arc 3 !■ js. and do not correspond, in time, with those of the land. Thus, f" is nt of Decdiil,,). , .1 I first of April, a jicriod of four months, remains undissulvcil. 'pi,,, ^^ ,; I being thus withheld, and evaporation still remaining active, frnm t retained heat of the laki'-water, tlie lacustrine surface siiilis tn a »„;„;, whici), li_v the month of Fehruar}-, is sneh that the ice foriiiud near ti' in Decemher. is f luml to snlisidi', from fo "".I ollownig tlie water (in wliielnt rKtJ as the surface lowers. Apiil and May hring their eopious rain?; ticJI dissolves the accumulated ice and snow of the liighcr latitudus, vu 'J swollen rivers pour their torrents into the lakes, wliich unw licfjii ti n.' and hy June or July, a iu(/.r/ini/iu is reached. Tin's ranire of t'lcvati;:, .U pending, as it does, on atmospheric eau.ses, is, of cour.sc, iKjt uiiifiim, iJ varies from one ti wo and a half feet.* It is worthy <' ■'emark, that the great lacustrine river, having; u^ ,jj trome sources in the same region with the Mississippi, ]i;is its anniuii r;^ the same season of the year; showing their dependence on a ciiiiiu 1, . The eifects of their redundance of Avater, are, however, very (HIIht:;; while the floods of the Mississippi overflow its bank.s, ami suliiiitrii- : districts of alluvial bottom, making fresh deposi.s of organic matter;: them, the lake-floods are limited to narrow and interrupted tract.- of l.if| and to the low lands about the mouths of rivers; and when tlie fit-i..;. b,)th subside, those of the Mississippi leave extensive bul snrl'accs. t^lraail on by the sun ; while those of the lakes leav(! only margin.«, uf iiicniiW, there wa.s LL' but iKithing is known of 1S()7 or 1S(I8. Tlie years 1M4 and 1^ sented high v.ater. l.'^'JO low, and 18"JS high. Tt ajtitear.s hinvcvcv, " ;!J 18'J!>, after falling two feet, the water began to rise, and, in I" attained the elevation of ].'^:2S; by l^;lii it had advanced tweiitv :',cl higher; in lSo7, it rose seven imdies umre, and in l^)!'*^. twdvo i • ■ij greater elevation were attained; innncdiately after which it liciMn By these data a gradmd rise through a period of seven years, suoiii; I'j obscurely indicated; but not a subsidence through the same tiriii. ti| l'-v| '.val » Mioliifran iiii;l Oliio Ocolopirnl Ro[)orl !. f Historical aud Sciunlilic fSkclclies of Michigan : 1834, Hi i ' jut: INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. .'}»7 ivor, liavin;: h ij^ as its aiimi;i! r»\ on a ciiimiii'ii '% , very ditlVrt;:,!; ::i 1111(1 sulmii--r:;o nvL'miie ii:atti;riwi ili'd tr;iut.- lit i'ifll wlioii tlie fr ■:.;■( il surfaces. t"li' sail Viiins. of iuriiii>i'i"i [uluul mamu'r. jtj igiist, S'l t 111 tliC S"U'.!;; i^ jviiiiry. r fiMiu vari" )n.l:as ciiiiii.iiii'njl vuii Yiav?. fr :ii ''^ij j,(..vii,il. are l'"''i| iiior ik'ViilM'Jyl luTC wa,< liiLi'i wtl ■1^14 ,,,1,1 Hi ,u;\vs, linwevi-r. i ■5i| fc, ami, ill l''''' ivaiuH'il twoiitv ;, >;;'<, tffi-'lvc i ■ liicli it liu.-a-i ■■ ]■ voars. >w;f'- '■ 10 imv tivM. t« ),,V8t (lata extant, tiilsing the doprcssion of 1*^20 as one cxtromo, ami the i .fi'iiiof li*3'*> !is the other, the niiige is six feet.* The researches of M- WMttlosoyt hiivo lirmight out nearly the same result. The liinliest I, ^,, n.e was that ^->>^, which, ahjng the St. Clair and Detroit Rivers, ] j^^d iilJ (ircliards, and killed forest trees, the annual coiicentri, ill which its mean elevation diflers from that of otiier jieriods. I lit I til Wst, ill the atmospheric conditions whieli give rise to these fluctua- I I u will si-o modifying causes of the fevers of autumn. II TEMi'iiRATUuK ot" THE Lakks, AND ITS IN FLUKNCES. — The iiican an- Ipl Kat ',t:!t.' winter heat must be directly as th(> de|)th. (ireat bodies of iii- *a;er, which fir half the year are colder and for tlic other half warmer p'ii:i.' SI. il, cannot fail to exen^ise an influence on the clininte of the sur- •'",' >iiuntry, wliich the etiologist cannot overlook. That subject will •■»>atteiuiiiii in the ineteoridngicnl jiortiiUi of this work. hi. Lakk Teuracks A.\n tukir i-Fiaoci's. — Reference has been repeatedly .•nv::^:>^" ". ^r-\- '• 'i;1. ■ .'-. i-; • ,; .,( ,♦►-•'. i»' 1 v;l vM^^an Geologicul RpporCs. P':«;oKical Reports uf Ohio. \ Mic!ii;iuii Geological Reports. F' ^m 38S THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE , I. h • ;...i' J ■ . ■. ' ■ ■ t . .'., J -r.t .. ■-' .■ S7 . . • 'V, ,v ji-iiV.i/i.r I'OOI I made to thcr.o. torracos. especially as tliey arc fdiiiid on the south side of I ■ I- 1 Erie. To what extent they exist around tlie lakes generally I cannot s-t but they arc nowhere so distinctly develojied, I think, as in the vi iir;vif 1 that lake. They are reirarded by the (feolo^'ists as coiielusivc evi'li'iico t'"l Erie, and, conscf(ucntly. all the other lakes, in past times, cxistod :it u re than one level above tlie present surface. These terraces coiisi-t 'f ! flat ridges of s..nd, which prevent the rain-water from flowing off; r,nrli are thus one of the immediate causes of swales, swamjis, and soint tx . i ponds; while the ridges, where the forest is cut down, fill the luwor p.: of the atmosphere with sand, whenever thi' wind bhiws. Supcrfiein! d:' through the swiimps aud wet grounds, running parallel to the tcrr;i^ •, deeper cuts at right angles to them, and, consecpiontl}-, leading to tl> would redeem all the terraces from their paludal condition, .and srreatlvi: ish the prevalence of autumnal fever. rV. Mauoinal Lakk FoiiKSTS. — As a general fact, tlic marL'in? ^ the lakes bear heavy forests, even when prairies arc found hut a fownE^j from theiii. These belts of wood-land are valuable to nil who liw southern coasts, as they resist and break the force of the n(irt!im:^::',j which in winter sweep with such velocity over tlie watery surfafo. T -:| are, in that respect, like the groves of the prairies of Illiiidis. ami 'ii:'-,-,)| be preserved. AMierc they surround a permanent lake-swamp, tlicri' i- vilj another reason for their preservation. \. 1 shall finish the me'-^-:- p ■ f 'c, .:, . . , ; ■. '> - fl-s'^^'-^' 890 THE PRINCIPAI, DISI:ASF,S OK TIIF. loot of its Hurface is two liiiiidrcd and tliirty-two toot almvo tidL'-watcr in . St. Lawroncc, and tliroo liundrcd and tliirty-two lu'low tlic li'vcl of !.'■. J]rio. Tts moan latitude is al)out 4I5''' 550', or ik^""!"!)' a dcj^Tt'O anda i-'f mirth ol' tliat I,ak(!. Tlio geological position lU whieh must make the suhjeet of the next section. W'^.:i SECTION II. HASIN OF THE NIAGARA RIVER. I. The eastern extremity of Lake Erie and the western of Lake Ontari, overlap each other for the distance of about sixty miles. Tlu' istinnj | between them has a width of thirty or forty miles. It consi.'^t.s nf twi. 1 one of the same elevation with the banks of Lake Erie — aiidtkr uiw | narrower, and rising but little over the surface of Oiiiariu. Tlie di >.>;.: from the upper to tlio lower is abrupt, and as we advance along the pmiii-; from ea.st to west, it a])proaches Lake Ontario, so as greatly tn narrnn tiJ lower belt at the head of that lake. The eastern end uf tlii.s istliiiiua' i'j INTKRIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 391 e size, aiiu t.ifivo swamps, wliicli lio witliiii its ba.^iii, net fur from tlie towns of Iv'i'rt ami IJataviii.'" Aiitiiimuil tt'Vi r aliniinds in tlio iii'ii;lil)iirli(iii(l of tiiK .■iviiiiips, wliicli lie in the hititiulo of 4'A^' N., iind at an elevation uf fii iiuwlri'il t'ci't aliovo tin; sea. [I NiAiiAKA liiVKU ANW Till; l'\\i.i.s. — The liaiiks (if this river, whnro j trr'i'S t'roin Lake I'lrir, are low, its current slow, aiul its surface always !'tiv siiiiu elevation; c.\Cv'|it wlien that of tlie lake is changed, l>y the I'j,!! lit' the wiiuls, or Ity the iicrinilii'al rises and falls. Nine miles from liili, tlio river divides into two channels, which, li\ their reunion, f(]rm t i;ra!;^l I>laiiil. At the di.>taiiee of eiiihteen miles fn m the s;nue city, the i;riiii!n'"iiis to descend a rocky inclined |ilain, and, l>y the dcjiression of its kii.'lier hanks are develo|ied. Here are the Ikapids, in the course of ..l;i.> tjiiat I.-l;nid, a wooded tract, composed of drift or diluvial materials, ,! .«uaiii|is. The larger body of water passes (Ui the westi'rn side <4' the :.;, Buth the ai,dtated and foaming torrents reach the precipice, imme- ■ /, IhIhw the island, and plunge over it into the same abyss. The larger V r limiJred and li!'ty-eight feet — the smaller, one h\indi-ed ami sixty- .. From this pool, the depth of which is uid;imc. At the geologictil ejxicli referred to, the strait between the *ihkw, was like that between Lake Ilurmi and Lake ]']rie at the present I*-. As tlio waters of Ontario subsided, the cataract was formed. The «;«> tlieii began to fall from the bights upon the new lake-beach. Uy •"'5 -III, tlicy broke up the lower strata, washed awiiy their frar:ments, Usd t:w higlier, losing their support, were lu'oken (ff by the si'periiicrmbent '■i-'lit, ;iiid tlius the chasm was commenced. If the whele had been of equal iRjity. a regular inclined plain would have been formed; but being of '•' «• York Geological Reports. t Travels in North America. If «.:* •l- • i r '3 ) \ ' 392 TflE PRINCIPAL niSRARES OF TIIK [« ,;. Thus, tl' al)liuuty of tlio rails is lossoiiiii;r with the lapso of timt.. As tiio .itlractivciicss of tlif s|H'ctacl(' tlicy jH'Cheiit is tult and luk" », IcdiTod by the world, the iiu'dicid histuriaii is !-aved the fciirt'ul t;i-'- 'I attcinptliiu'' to ]ir('S('iit it, as an iiidiu'i'inciit to smiiiiicr travpliiii: liv iiiva'li- and may limit himscU' to the liund)li'r duty of auswcrin^' tlic ij:'"': c • whether those who visit this locality iu August and S('|itemhor, arc in li; •rl of contractiuL' antunnial fryer'.'' The iuiniense volumes of snniv wlii i ;•,. forever aseendin;.', must m^i-essarily render the local atiiiosiiliore luimiil: '■• that condition does not seem to ireuerato either interniittuiits or riii. '!•■■•. In the innuediato neij^hhorhood of the cataract there are no swaiii'.; •.; they are not very remote : for directly cast, the country is Icvul. aipj w':5 three or four miles, there are swales and limited marshes. Five mili.' to the south-east, (^ayu^'a Creek joins the XiaL'ara. This cnok m::l -ii eonsiderahle tract of country, which is very flat and wet — kiinwii ui.iir:;.?] name of the Tonawanda Swamp. Tiu' shores of the river hetween tli'^ r:ili«.| and this creek, ]iresent sonu- mnrshes, a ijuarter of a mile in width. ??l lower end of (J rami Island, four iinles a})ove the Falls, is flat and W't: ar.ij Buckhovn Island, lyin'i' near it, has a surface of the same diaractir. Autumnal fevers, lioth intermittent ami remittent, prevail in the ii'i.'": hood of these islands; also near the UKutth of Cayuea Creek, and nl"!!.': hanks, from the beginning of Au^xust to the end of Scpt.'mbci': ! ;• villaL'e of Xi.\o.\R.\ F.M.i.s is almost entirely e.xempt from hutli, thnii.'! i:: to the leeward of the paludal tracts.''' The Camida side is oiiiially l.i i!:' In contiiiuinir the medical topography of the Ontario Basin, Iprr; • proceed castwardly from tlio muuth of Niagara Itiver. ik '' p 'r;r ;•:■•: m. SECTION III. THE LAKE SHORE, FRO.M NIAGARA RIVER TO GENESEE HIVEu T. Fort Niacaka. — This military post is situated on a point i't'i.rl itl the junction of Niagara River with the lake. Its site, in N. Lat. 4o 1 :!| elevated several feet above the highest waves; and the ciuiiitrv ;;' :. although remarkably level, is free from swamps or ponds. The ret'ir ■ 'I six years, give a ratio for intermittents of tweaty-four per cent, peruijw: for remittents, eleven per eent.+ In the third and fourth rpiartprsef th-J^'fl 1838, a detaehment of troops froiu Florida furnished nearly all tlii'-i-- 'I fever; which, consequently, .should not bo charged upon this post l-*j •Letter of Doctor G. Conger. tMedicalStat. U. S. A. M .•Oil I. •iir ' INTEIUOll VALLKY OF NORTH AMERICA 80S tops. OiR. of'Kw ho stream ii-iv vil!.. j W a liijilicr luv. !, liii. j ttiaii at till' ]irivrit| will be the il... .,.- pso (if tinio. is fult and I'fk:; ». till' fcnrful ta4- fl ravelin;.' liy iiiTiiiil!; viTJiig the YK'-'vc' cinlior, arc in il:ii;;ir| i cif spray wlii 'i i> osphore liuiiiiil; !.■;!, littuiits or rumiit'!;!*. arc iKi swaiiii*; ;>-;j y is level, an(lff:":5J <. Five uiilis i This eri'C'k il:;.! -i| ■t — kniiffii iv.A: ■(•r lietwccn til':' i :iL<.| mile in wiiltli , is flat and W' t ; iiu' character. |evail ill the n';ii;'!i'"r-| Creek, and nl";:;:'! 'ptonibor: l':;' '.:.'. Iiiith, th'nd' l;;;.' is oi|iially \m\lb.\ :j IJasin, I I'l'i; Whr returns do iKit atriinl cxiict data fur correct Iiiq; tlio orrnr frniii tliis ifrf' liut if it W(M'(' diiiK', the nitins (if iiitiTinittoiits and rciiiittciits wmild 1.. "I, itlv reduced. Tlii'so niitl)rcnks of iiitLTiiiitteiit and reiuittciit fevor, mi iiiiiin.' iiite a cidd (diiiinti', di'servc to bo roconlod. K Anaiiid the wlndo suiitliorii coast of Lakc! Ontario, there is a hank or 1 ■^p,y, similar to those on the south side of Lake Eric, briefly descrilu'd in •[» l;i.t I iianter. Its d('V('lo|iiiiL'iit is most striking; from tlio head of the Ui", wi'-tof Niairara Hiver, round to Sodus liny, east of (!i'nes(.'e Kivcr;* ift.r wliiili, its elevation and distinetnoss of outline diiniiiish. In several jb'T*, iibtead of ii siiip;l(' riilu'e, the platform widens and is crowned with i^u'ral liwriiL'i'S or spines. Its distance from the lake vari<'S from three to t:v' iiiik'^; its elevation also varies in dill'erent phiees, but may be taken at in avira^'e nf oiu! hundred and ninety foet. In composition it consists of 3ii, .mvii siiul. bowlders shells, and fragments of wood t Alonir the B.riM'f the lake, between the ritl,ir<' and the water, there are many ponds iiwiiiiirslie-'. fiii'infMl by the obstaeles which the shiiiiile, or temporary raised Min'suftho lake, ]irescnt, to the tlisidiarji'e of the waters from the northern I ieilivitv of the ancient terrace. As new (d)structions are forniin/^ by the Ivi': "f the waves, while the same actinn, or the hand of art, is removing ] 'Jit' "!'lor. it follows tiiat the paludal character of this coast cannot be suc- j *;>;';;!ly uljviated. To the south, or rear of the ridge, and between the low IvTs:-, where it divides intu two or more, there are swales, morasses, and li'EOtiniis ponds, which render the terrace unhealthy in autumn. In very li't vasnns, Dr. Elwood, of Rochester, ha.s seen the inhabitants more iin- Ifohiiv than those on the lake shore, althouirb there were Tio swamps iietir liwii. Tlie paludal tracts on or behind the terrace, may be abated by ditch- l;;:iiiu'h easier than those adjacent to the lake; into many of wliieh the |ii''> are driven by the winds, by ti-round-swells. or by jieriodieal rises; lid' "thifs, as already stated, have their outlets obstructed with materials |t:''!a:aiiist them by tht> waves. HI .\t tlio month of tlie (iei.esee Kiver there are tolerably extensive Si:- n wiiich tlie waters (»f the lake either stand permanently, or which liirtnccaiiiiinally overflow. These flats were orioinully covered with trees, Id I j.irtjy eut down, and abound in aquatic plants. The estuary of the Irivtr ]ia.'.U.iradano:orous. HNESEE RIVE?,. on a point ef i.i' 1 5t| in N. Lat, 4o- I'. J the country ar .til The n'fir:-fi| cr cent, iioraii:.. I (|uartersoft!''':''^| learly all the > ''•■• '^J '■'>->^- York Geological Reports. ni.U this pest' '"'I .1 + Ibid .S. A. 1 ' 804 run PRINCIPAL DISF.ASnfl OF THE [•001 I !■ : ' .. I r"l • ] ■ . f -■J : , j ^ ( : i m tiJ^: < '■■\ tHi'ifi '^r- siKrrioN IV. n\S|.\ OF (SHNESKi; i!ivi;ii. r. A r;i[)iil survoy nf a jiart ul'llu- lako coast, in the last soptinri, Iiajil,]-,,,,,!, us to tlic III iiitli (if the (ii'iit'SiH' IlivLT, wliii'li \V(> are now to iisi.inl j , ., BKUi'i'is ill (lie iiiimiitaiiis. 'J'lii! c.Htitary nt' tiiis rivur cxti'iiils livu inili. v^ tlio lal\(^ tlirmi^li a tlet'|» p»r;.^o '>!' »'X(;avatioM. 'I'lii' iiavi;j;ati(iii is urPM. 1 '\ falls, down wliicli, by tlireu Hiicccs.sivo Icap.s, tlu; river ili'siuinis two luin] j and scvi'iity livi! t'cot. 'I'Imh di'sciMit is over tlii! tcnninal oiit-crMiM]! r '», wliicili, lik(! tlioso (if Niagara, ciikt^'o from tlio soulli. 'I'lic I;iiie riiL'r i, ..,, from two to tliroo miles imrtli of Iloirlicstcr, at a luvcl of ubuut out' liui,ii:.j| feet Ir'Iiiw it, and is iiitorHci'tt d liy the ^oi-irc. II. lloriiKSTKU, tliu lar^rt'ht town of Wcsti-rii Ni!w Ymk, oxcciit 1! is of siuli recent ficttlcineiit, that it was not rei^ardcd uvi-'ii as a \i,.,i.el of tlie woods, until 1^17. Its latitnde id \'-l''' S' N.; its tlistuiici l'riir,.e month of the (Jencsec llivcr, seven miles; its elevation aliovc the Like, m liiindred and seventy-live, — aliovc the ocean, Ii\e liuiidivd ami .«i.\ li i:_ wliieli is the avera;r<' altitude of ('inciiiiiati ; — and lii'iiii; just i'mir ii..;i, . ■ latitude apart, thijy aru convenient .stations for estiinatiii^ the iiitli;r,.v : latittide on climate, aud ou tho diseases which, directly or iiulinitlv. rt produced by it. The site of liochcster approaelies nearly to leveliioss, and cmisist' 'l jj moderately deep bed of loam, overspreadiiie- the same kiinl of .'"ilnmii iii;,.'. stone that is found at Niairara I'alls. Ori^riiially the surface was >«;i!i ■,,!,[ j at this time there are no paludal or pondy tracts. The (ieiiesco liivcr |a-,vvas said to f;cnerate a jrreat di'al uf iiiii;ii;i:.il fever. Several years ai'terward, a second dam, which rai.-od the \v:i! mj feet liiglier than the first, was constructed, and produced .sucli an iiii i.,i>' fP autumnal fever, along the banks of the river, that after five years it \v,„. ; ml down. ■' A mile south of luehestcr, there are hiu'h deposits of dril't.ffliiiliii.iiej part of a lontr range running parallel to tho lake. 1'hey aro nut di-ji'v liaj terraces but tuberosities, some of which are so elevated that the laki itjjj bo scon from their suimnits. Doctir Backus and Doctor I'Mwood came to Rochester in the \<;ir-l'!BJ and l!^17, when it had not m re than three or four luuidred iiihahita!!t-.3:.']j tlie iinniediate vicinity ol' the village was a dense? wood. At that tiiii-. raj for nuuiy year.s afterward, intennitteiit aud remittent fever?, freijiieMi} :«| nialiguant character, were exceedingly prevalent. With the extra"rui:srrl growth of this beautiful city they have greatly dimini.shed: novcitluu?- : have not disappeared; for, as Doctor Kly informed mc, spuraJie case.-Hi i^l occur every year, even in the depths of tho city. * Doctor Ely, of Rochester. .1 «r '■: INTKUIOU VALI.F.Y OF NOIITII AMI'IMCA. •M) III The riKNK.'^KK Fr.ATf». — At flio distniico of twcKo or fmirfocn iiiilcH ;,-! !! I'lii'.'tiT, up tlio ri\t'P, tliu crk'lmifi il (JiMicsrc I''l!its ci uiiiu'iicr, luiJ . i iM l)iiii:»villi' al tlio iiiKiitli (if tin; ('!iii!isL'riii:ii (^rcck, w ili.«taii- ^rt-;,.!! to till; lirt'iultli nf tin" flats tlir(ini;li \\liirli it nicMinlrrs willi a slii^';:i«h TPiit. Tlii'V are, in I'acI, tlio Imttom iind lnii nf a iliaiiii'd lake, of tlio pj,. i!;i«<, ill f'linii and tlif iliicitimi of its axis, as flio cxihtiiij; small lakes, ri'i lie t" tli« fast, and (lisdiaruc tlicir waters into Oswet'it Ifiver. 'I'lio ,:|.;|,,f tlii'so flats is rrniii two di I'diir inilrs. On earli side, the .!:niiiii(l r. , !iv terracos nr iiiidiilatiinis, to a iimderate liiiilit in tlic iiurlli, and u lii . :;ri';itfr lii'.'lit at the snilli, and is d('i'|ily overspread witli dilnvial nr f.'-trtiary dopi sits, bearing nr iniliedding inniinieralile huwlders. ]iy tiiii'iti 111, tlic surlace nt'tliis npl.ind lias liecdUif dry, with hero and there, a «t;'i;iii I'r poiul. As til the flats theinselvts, they Were uri^iiially euvered ivipl'iisi.' furest, with frai-ts lA' prairie,* nnnrished hy a soil alioiiiMlint,' in C.'ii' iiiiiltcr; wliirli. frnin the Icvidiu'ss nf the surface, was badly drained, i/i -II whii.'li tlio iiiuiidatioDs of tho river left |i(iiids and marshes. Tin! >!'.r:.ii of this lake-lu'd is six hiindred feet iilmve the neeaii — its nieiiii j:;,l.Mi little h ss than -l-'i". Its settlement heiran in the year 17^!^, hut ;;i ■ || it until after the e«t. Then it was that autumnal diseases l)elti;nid I^IT, I'f uill-iurornieil ef the extranrdiiiary prmaloiu-o (if autumnal fever in the k< Jnvo tlioiii; and Doctor IJissell and Doctor Metealf, who, three years »:Vr«:iril. settled in (leneseo, thirty miles above llochester, had personally r!v,i".'(l the animal reciu'rcnee of the disease, eiinnn neiii;; in the spring, rutrthenrdiiiary f inn of vernal intennittents, and cmitinuinu' until arrested IV!;' t'nist.s of aiitnimi. Aecordiiii:' to those iicntlemon, the tertian type p>v.ii'.i.il iiver all others. .Maliirnant intermitteiits do not s(M'ni to have been jfr'ni'it. Imt tho remittent form was often unmana,ireable and fatal. Doctor |Hi:.:.\vliu came ill iSii") (o ;\[ount .Morris, where the (ieiiesee Jliver enters jl"': «vi usual, was cliiefly performed hy unacclimatcd Irisluuen, who, as lloctur Sa- bury informed me. suffered much from fever, especially while cam in ' ':.. excavation through a swamp, on the op[)ositc side of tiic river fmm Av. n, IV. B.vsi.v OF Tui' Gknkseio, aijovk tui'; Fi,.\'rs. — The wlmle nf ; ■, region is Cumposed of hills and valhivs, with a gradual risf nf the e ;!:;rv from six hundred feet, the level of the flats, to mure than tifteeu huii'iri, where the sources of the river interlock W'ith those of the Allc-land. Swamps, chiefly nver.T tj I with hendock, are fre(juent, ami not limited to the valleys. In the iii'i tr | part of the basin, the head streams of the Genesee, Cataraugus, AlWai and Susquehanna, constitute a sort of hyih'ographical labyrinth, from wii!: I the Avaters make their way into Lake Ontario, Lake Erie, the 'iv ' Mexico, and the Chesapeake liay. In ascending this mountain slope, although wc go directly south, ^^'-i that the fevers wliicli prevail on the flats below, and dnwa tn the .sh'irfvi! I Lake Ontario, get less and less. Tliey prevail more along the t!eii';?«| River, and for a short distance up i's trii)utaries, than elsewhere; I'lii sU length are almost unknown in every kind of locality, even the nio.^t paln-k | At the village of Pike, on the luiuks of the transparent Westdvy. ? eight miles from the Genesee Uiver, and at an elevation ( !■ ostir.iatf : j (l •b t ~\ la '. ^'^" - . ,' . ' ,'^ • • . ■ ■■ j^ ■ ■ .J * New York Geological Reports. I.tl' THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE 397 . Ive liundred feet altovc tlio sea, Doctdi- ('ii|inm. wlio liad resided tlion; ■c.!tv-ci"lit yeari^. asstired mo they were uiikiinwii: addiiii:-. that the stream i.jii,]j,(j in /roi//, a certain siL'ii of oxeiiiptiou i'miii tliat disease. Cases of rm'tiont fever, liowcvcr, now and tliuii occur. J)iictiir .Nlinard, of tlio •"■.• villasro. coiifirined llicsc stateiiieuts ; l)iit informed itie tliat 'lotli iuter- wt'iiit^ ami leinittents occur, to somu extent, near the junctidU of the flVit-Knv with the Genesee, and, also, on tlio corresponding portion of a Mijiili^'fing trihutary, Cold Cr 'ck. Tlic >.unimit-level on wliich the rionescc, in cominnu witli the Alleghany Piivif. orii'iiiates, lies lietween 42'' and 4'Jl" oO' N. latitude, and has an ele- Ti!i"U varying from thirteen hundred to sixteen hundred feet. It is about ';■ (li'LToe farther south, and twelve hundred feci higher than the shores of Li'm' Ontario, between the mouths of the Niagara and the (Jenesee Kivors. Vn- an autunmul fever, especially the intermittent variety, is the principal ej'wiii'' of those .sliores. but almost unknown on this platform; and the &r ino must be ascribed to altitude, as swamps, streams, and organic nan r aljo.ind in this region. V Vi.i'iNK SiMMKK Hksibexce FOR INVALIDS. — Wlicu describiiiff the ssrctj i.if the Alleghany IJiver,* including ('hantaui|ue Lpke, wo were b'dit, by a suutbern route, up(jn tlio water-slied which wo have now a.v'ffl'ji(l frem the north. It may be regarded as the great salient terrace, (T iK'jecting table-land, of the Appalachian ^Inuntains — tliat portion rill iulvances farthest to the north-we>.t, fmrn the central axis of tho daii — that wliicli appr...ielies nearest to the great lakes. Its tabular yet ziditinir or billy surl'ace, results from its resting on a broad out-crop of Pfvwiian .shale and sandstone, in which the former greatly predominates. !t-ri.:a'd and rocky eminences depend on remnants of superincundient con- C;drate, the body of which lies further snntli, and at a bjwer level L>e -inots have a sterile soil, with the tree and shrub vegetati(jn which yl"|iic,s, troni any and all '■•luses; hypochondriacs, and those subject to ^tirniiie liysteria, or any other form of morbid sensibility. f J il i] ■•. ■-■■■ »!• • » Ante, pp. 277, S78, 279. •if ,. .^. ;f ' • >1- 1 1 ■ ' .\ ' ' ■■'''■ +1 ■ ■'.,. ■ .i,vP-:' ::i' • -v..fi ■: t ;<»>. 1! • •- 898 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE lE')OK 1. 3 111 I-'-vory ]tr;ii'tical pliysiciaii is iiwiiro of the fro(|iiciit failure nf ;ill];i,,i. nicdiciifii)!! iii tli( c cuscs, iiiul (if the ii-roat value of cimiI and frod ,• fuiiuiK^r, iiiiittiJ with ui;tivo oxoruiso, siiiiplo diet, new scoiiory, and tic ii\i uso of iiu'dic-iiics, or tlieir iiso under tlicso favonilde circumstances' a" '' wliicli may be l:cre enjoyed. From Mayvillo, at the west end of C!ia\ifaii(iuo l.akc. to I'mtti \\\\\\ niira, on (lie C!u iiiuiii;- liivor, r. Iirancli of the S«si|Uoliauna, tlie di ' latitudi', while this region is four digrees further north. .Xnr caa ."•ai.,; .ij be eompared in its summer clinuite with this miiUiitain ])lat;'.ni.: :r,l although a degree further north, it lies twelve liundred feet neanr t!.; livdj of the sea. The celebrated S[)ri;'gs of N'iiginia and New York an-, n, .•t- 1 over, places of amv.-jement for tiie healthv, not rural retreats I'nr fl.c iiic;! to some of whom, it is trtie, the mhi-rnd wu/crs might prove hciictifiah l":' other circumstances would eombiin' to counteract their salntary ii;i!u("'v. The eidightened physician, who conscientiously desin'.s to \\\\o\i\ H patient, for three months of tin; year, n -ni t!io ileleteriniis a:.'Oiic\ in iifjlj and malaria, or to countervail the d(;bilitatiug effects i f a pr^itracttil j;;.:s;-/j on othcM's, in whose Inngs the fatal work of tubercular cxcavati iM i? -"I'n on, will, 1 trust, not regard the business-like details which I have been ,i:n::.l| ■with disfavor; but jjatiently read on, until he ((ualilies hinibull' fi r I'ViHi'iii: ?l the S(;ruples of such valetudinarians, as may fear or fancy that, in l' i:i.M| the m )nntain terrace for the stunmer, thev woidd langnisli for want I'f >e*' and objects of interest. These arc quite as numerous, uiversiM. ^' \ fjlf '■] INTRRIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 39f» lili', in tlie Pii.ab. liniis ii;.'Oiicy I'. Ill'* i-ii^ii,^ as in almost any otlicr jxirtion uf tlio Tiitcrior A'lillcy ; and I will f,.v;1v eimniorate tlie most iriiportaiit. I';,'.,/ _ This region coniprohends tlio great Pine Fcrt'st of flio Allc^liiiny M"iit;iiiia- ^Vliito jiitic. yellow iiinc, and lio'.d'ick, are the ))revailii';;' lorest ,.,,w in the barren soil;^, minified eliiefiy with oaks, cliostniits, chiniiue- r . iiiiil wliiirtlelierrics; — in the I'ertile, t^tandirp- side l)y ?ide. i;i .-tningu juic'atioii, with the sugar-tre", elm, lieeeh, walnut, and liin'i. Vvm thi.s ,!■.;';. t it i.s, tliat pino boards make their way tn t!ie lakes, the (.■hesaiuakc B;iv. ami oven the CI nit" of Mexico. Kvcry Miter-tall has its .«;iw-niill, prv stream its raft, and the ax. ol' the stnrdy laliurer enlive;:.s the (jnietest ilitii'li'S. SmnuL — A residence in .^layville, at the we.-t end, or .lanics- t n. ;it tlic east end of Chautanijue l.ake, would afford tu the invalid many i^i.'litfiil drives on the serpentine lianlcs of that lieautifnl sheet of water, i<-vAd seven hundred and twenty-five feet aliove the levid of Lake I]rie; 8:'l;i vi«it to Lime L.vkk, in the adjoining eounty of Cataraugn.s, would i'v^rliim a .smallm' basin, at the altitude of ten hundred and si.\ty feet above Uo Krie. or fifty feet above Ita.sea liake, in whi(di the ^Nlississippi has its ::.:;i. Third. — Li the same county, near Tlreat Valley Creek, he may ... :daliill, and on its sumnnt, about two thousand feet above the level of ;';;i.<'a.i'.\pliire a tract of more than one hundred acres, which preseiits huge !i.iv-t<'if oungluniorate, so separated and arranged, as to justify the fancirul 5i'"ilatiiin which it has received, of KocK-Crrv. Fonrlh. — A visit to l'na;:t; would alTnrd him a view uf the I'pper Falls of (ienesee lliver; r: li. i:i the course of two udles, by three successive pitches, and sumo irjuai'diato rapid.s, sinks four hundred feet; each cascade di.splayin;_ a pecu- brl aiityand grandeur; nn which, however, the btlmldcr I'au scarcely fix k-a'-Kiition, because of the enintions of awe and wondi'r, inspired at finding b-lf nil iiorpondicular banks, which ri.se from three to four hundred feet i' vv the surface of the river,* as it winds its way through the g'.rge. //■' —Man;,- of the brooks which flow towards the north, aboui'.d in sj)cckled I ir :. w! ilc the little lakes and rivers ;ifl'.,rd oppnrtiiuitics lor si;ccessful |i!.iii:, and many wild and rugg<'d tracts invite to hunting. S'l.itli. — Si'ch |i:';!'.'.'!? a,s nuL^Jit, from taste or the hope of benefit, desire to visit a mineral ![r;: :, (■'luld. in a single day, or more, accordii.g to their jX'sition, dcs< ci;d to t.iAv,-,n Springs in the Flats of the Oenesee. twenty miles abuve !><.( hesti.r, »;'r;! tlu'V \vi>ul(l find excellent aecomnnidatioiis, anipl" opportunities for 'j": :. and a cipiuis supply of water, contaiiiing. according f » Doctor hiJiiry, carluinate and muriate of lime, and the snlphale of lime, smhi and p«i.:ii-i,i. with carlionic acid, nitro':en, and su'jiliuietcd hydrogen gases. ■'>lin:igs have been foiunl ]iecnliarly lisefnl in disorders of i\w dig< stive |t':';sclir.ju!c Wieuntatism, and diseases of the skin. Sc"n>//i. — In a single 'lay. 'T in two days, the valetudinurian might descend to ]}iif!;do ;iiid the rjiisi'fXiagara. whence, if he chose, he could nudnt of all the routes, that from iHnikirk to)! ■. ville, at the western extrenuty of ('hautan(|ue Jiake, is to he iirft'cmj tL invalid, once on Jjake Erie, may be landed at the port ju.xt luinjoi]. aiid !•■ a single hour will find hini.self on the western promontory of the iiluttMii ai least eight hundred feet above the surface of the water. SECTION V. BASIN OF OSWEGO RIVER, WITH ITS LAKES. I. This is the region of small lakes. It lies adjoining the (iciU'tcc lla^i:. and extends castwardly to the sources of the Mohawk I'livcr, wliieli flow- im, the Hudson. It rest.s, to the north, on Lake Ontario, extending cvfiit.it; eastern boundary. To the south, it is subtended by the ea^t and wist j branches of the Sus(|uehanna — penetrating deeply between tliem. Tlie j Aiiptdachian Mountains are here so de[iri'ssed, that the watcr-.shod ktwt-tt ; Seneca and Crooked Lakes, ami the West JJranch of the Susnutliaima, where tlie Chemung Canal crosses it, is only eight hundred and ninetv ftet i above the level of the sea. AH the streams of this region, wliich talii'tki' rise in the mountain declivities, terminate in the lakes of the Oswcgi Iia>ia, and are, therefore, small and .short. The outlets of the lakes have tkir) confluence in a common trunk, — the Oswego Uiver; wliich naclies Liki j Ontario, near its eastern extremity. The larger of tliese lakes, from fft?t ti' east, are the Canandaigua, Crooked, Seneca, Cayuga, and Oneida. T:* smaller ones are eipially nuinei..ns. The wlude are long, narruw 5!!i;n>i>f| water, lying nearly parallel to eacdi other, with their axes iinvtli aiidyjiitlj Their elevation above the sea varies from three hundred and eiglity-seviii ic | seven hundred and eiglitccn feet. A deduction of two hundred and tbrv- one from these numbers, will give their altitude over Lake Ontario. In depth they vary: — Crooked Lake averages two hundred fei't; the gri-iAit depth of Seneca Ijtike, is live hundred and thirty feet; of Cayuga Lii.. three humlred and ninety feet.* These numbers cxphun why they weroc.t drained, when thelienesee I'lnts were laid bare. Their hods, in faet. an j excavations in the Devonian and Silurian rocks, which appear »' S'lV. "'t-'- opposite sides of each. Tlieir immediate banks rise from ten to .«ixtyif[ eighty feet above their surfaces, timl the country between tlieni, attamj. K terraces or gentle acclivities, an elevation of several luuuh'ed feet in fif south, but less in the north, where it assumes a more level aspect. At tee * New York Geological Reports. 'l'* I'i INTRRIOR VALLRY OF NORTH AMERICA. 401 '^^r 'i'!.* Ul>fCavu!r!i hVki tlioro is an cxtcnsivn swanij); Imt, in ircncral, its mar- .ir; ;ir.; ilrv, till we aiipriKu-li its (uUlcts. when we nach tlio nioi^t extensive fjiolal rcL'ini wliic'i exists on tlio Sdutlicrn side of Lake ()ntarit\vaid a.^ far as Montezuma, where it receives, through the .fi,r3(iutlct. the waters of Crooked, Seneca, and Ca3-uga Lakes, ai.d then, r»!i;iiii!i2 m*'^' tlinniirh Cayuga county into Onoiulaga county, unites with 1 !'■! iitlits I't' (InniKlaga and Onoida Lakes, with which it forms the Oswego ' ]]\- lliis chaimcl, the course of which is nearly north-west, all the |fj.,r!ii"\i? water? of fifteen lakes are dis-harged into Jjake Ontario. I. ('.ui'iiA. MoNTKZL'MA, Axo OTUKii MAUsiiKS. — Arouiid tlio lower cud, I i:ial Ml.' tilt' outlet of each lake, there are hroad marshes, or tracts of low |il!dvi.iii,ffliieli siifler inundation when the lakes are swollen by rains, or their t.'N iriven to the north l)y southerly winds. The Cayuga outh't, which r;,'.>\viili the Seneca, hefore they unitedly join the Clyde, at ■\lontezunia, ':a< ';;- wlmle em\r.«e through a. tract of marsh, which even begins in the lake i;«!' lYni .^hiutezunia to the Onondaga outlet, twelve or fourteen miles, |t!;;?iiiirifli (•iiiitiiiuos, |ireser\i..g a width of two or three miles, and aji]iearing, IbvaaiiiiT. like an extensive meadow. There are, moreover, many detached Istiri'.ai'.d tracts of low, wet ground; so that the whole country, from the l»r ("Ills of the lakes to the shores of Ontario, between Great and Little iS-K-Bays. may ho considered as jiartit'ijmling largely in a paludal oharac- llr" will' the actual marsh is estimated at sixty thousand acres. t At the Ip-'t tiiiii', after fnrty year.< of settlement, the extent of swampy surface |r 11 tl'i; O.^wegii l>asiM is greatly dinuMished ; atid many beautiful and "r-iii',' was, as Canandaigna, (leneva, Auburn, and Syracuse, Lave ;".Mi|i, tu iittest ;he salutary influence of cultivation. f ■'••■iitiT (it this district is in latitude 4"-)*^; the elevation of the niarshea ■■I'lCiioa ahmit three hundred and fifty feet; that of nuich of the sur- '.n: Limitry from oiiehiuidred to one lu'.ndred and fifty feet more. Let Hiro iit'i the past and present state of antunnial health among its in- ■ ■■'. bi 17!i"_*, j: l)iii-tor Coventry settled on the eastern baidc of Seneca •^' :.|'ar it-i duth't. and o])posite the new village of Oeneva. TIk' autumns i. ''a'Ml 17'.14 were productive of a great ;imount of fever, which, how- " '^M'^ Hit often fatal. In the village of Ceneva, there was, in the autumn '0 '! tlii' early years of its settlennmt, but a single person not down with " III 1"!'') no rain fell either in June or July — the waters of the lakes ' ■ "• ill TO than a focit — everv little inlet became a seat of putrefaction — •3v>;iis seemed (iM fire, the earth scorched, atid the air saturated with •'' "■— liiv's were found deail in the woods, and thi' flies swidlcd, turned ■■' ^''ll:iM ill liandfuls on the floors of the rooin;<.''>5 Tn .\uiriist. !)octor -ryvbiti'il !i family nii the cast bank of Cavucra Lake, where Aurora A •1 f. . ■ 1 1 • 4 ' ■"■ Y.rk G,, oginl Rc|iort. ^^kdclies of Roclicstor, 1838. t IbiJ. ^ Ibid. Ir 1 4'- ; ■ t ' tw« il'lf*! ■]■' • ■-, :i- .♦ ..-if t' 402 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE 1>001 1. tie I now stands. In one nxim lie found tlie motlier a corpse, and in anrtUr I'atlier and two cliildren were down with the fever of which slio kiUsi ;,' tiie symptoms of whicli, as (h'scribed to him, rcseniltled thusu of yellnw t.vr'! Accdrding to J)o(;tor Jjiidhiw,''' tliis re^don was chitfly sutth J friim lyii. L ls(l4. From l>^tiO up to l^l-') or 1^14, intermittents and rcmittvi.t, >- vailod every autumn, in all parts nf the country ; liut after that time, t • J date of his publieatinn, in iJ^lio, they were le,«s con.staiit in tlicir animal r, demii^ recurrence. Uf the year ISO I, he says : " The diseases ot'siiriii' , i sunimei montlis were, principally, intermittent fevers, which inuvaikdiir , *. out the cuuntry; they were of the tertian type. None were cxiiniit •• them, except those who liad undergone many previous attacks, withuui i. i-.i taken any measures to interrupt their course. In September aud Uct ^rj remittents of a iinld form ajipeared." Jn 1SU4, as Mr. IJrownt wrote, tlie "Lake Fever"' was of an iiiterD:;f- type, and exceedingly ])revaleiit, around the marshes of Oneida Lake. I ; same year, President Dwight, on a tour through this region, sa\s. in n:: :. to its health : " The diseases which ]»riiicipally jirevail here arc tliu ;i;ii i fever, intermitteiits without ague, and bilious remittents. Fever ani ,: may bo considered as nearly universal; almost all the iiili;ilitaiii> '..; sooner or later seized by it, within a few years after their cinij.'iatiu!i. ' t)f the lake country generally, Doctor Keid, of Fvochester, remark,-, tia; in its early settlement, intermittent and remittent fevers prevailed tnji:.] extent, that it was regarded as a 'valley of boue.s,' a prciualure 1 u:;.:.) placet When at Auburn, Doctor Pitney, who had .settled on Cajiiga Li'.:. early as l^US. informed me, that there was then a great prevalence, ivi: whole of that country, of iutermitteiits, (piotidiaiis, tcrti;iiis. and (luar;;.:- cases of wliiuli now and tlien assumed a malignant character. H'.!:,::: prevailed, also, but to a limited degree; they continued to return a:,:,;-, Ijowever. in an undiminished ratio, after intermitteiits had greatl} alaiti It a[ipears from these testimonies, that marshes from three tu l'iur:a dred feet above the level of the ocean, in latitude do"', can geiieratoa: annual prevalence of autumnal fever, often assuming a fatal diaractu' have seen, however, that the swamps of the Chautauijue suniaiit, at tLt of fourteen hundred feet, althougli a degree farther .sunth, are inmi.i Such is the elfect of elevation. When speaking of Fort Winiiekigr'.T:^tj Lake Michigan, it was stated, on the authority of our army surgr :.:, iif autumnal fever is almost unknown at that pott, though extensive niarsot- 1 contiguous. The latitude of that post is 43" oV, its altitude eight h';^- feet. Shall we ascribe the difference, in autumnal fever, lietneon i-' 1 localities, to lialf a degree of latitude and four or live liumlrcJ feit'i'..| tioir.' There is no other obvious cause, as both were ncwly-scttlod riy * Inaup. Disc. 1823 ; cnihodyiiifr tho experience of Doctors McNab, Carter, u- y ccrbiirg, of (ieneva, and Doctor Hays, of Cunamlaigim. t Med. and Phil. Register, Vol. IV. t O'Reilly's Sketches. !ievcarls40. ai 1 ',! ' li v., ■•■*"" i \'i It •IZ' !■] INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 40C J T«;t t!ic influence of altitude caiinnt l)o greater on tlio cliinato. tlian tliat (K'L'roo of latitiiilo ; wlioiicc wo may rimcluilo tliat tlie .Aloiitcziniia 1 jir;;i...i!a' near tlic imrtlioni limits of autuiiinal t'cvcr, at tlio ok'vatinii of lj;f,,. T four liumlri'd foot, and that if, at tlio ,^amc level, tliev liad liiid a Ll"..' and a half fartiier nnrtli, tiiat is, on the (i|i]m^itc declivity "f liakc li3:iri". in latitude 44" ;>••', they would have been fduiid eunijiaratively Lvt lis turn to the influence of settlement, cultivation, and town-building, biin'a'ituinnaniealth of the region under review. All accounts eoiieur in lrf!r'-'.iitiM2 it as of the nmst favorable kind, lioth internnttents and re- liiiicui'. it i'' true, still occur, but with izrcatly diminished fre(|Uency. in the |r;ti!i?:iluliriiius localities ; while they have nearly disa]i])cared from many Ifii..- where they formerly prevailed every autumn. From (J enoral Swift Li Pp'tt'ssur Webster, who came in 1^-7 to Geneva, on the hi_Ldi and dry |i«,i!i hank of Seneca Lake ( where Doctor Coventry once saw all the lislalhtuit?, except a sinirle jierson, ill at the same time with fever ). T learned, Ith'ivtiiii they arrived, intermittents still jirevailod to some extent, but hav(- Ijb'-t entirely disappeared ; a gtatemont wliich was conlirnird by Ooctor r .:■', junior, of the same city, as far a.s it rtdates to the rarity of tlieir I'TiTiiice at this time. At Auburn, 7)(.ctor IMtney assured nie. that within lii n'ce of his practice, internuttents are incomparably fewer, than in pmor times; remittents have also dinnnislied in inimber, but not in the ijnti'i. From Doctor Dritrgs, of the same city, whose observations had ■iitimied through a pciiod of sixteen years, 1 learned that, for ten Ki:; alter his arrival, in ls;}l, ho did not see a case of intermittent; but livetiie yearii^40, a re-a[ipearauce, tu some extent, had taken ]ilace. Sjto- iiermittcnts have occurred every autumn. The vicinity of the INIonte- !;wamps, as in early times, is still most infested. At ^lanlius, noctor [i!L>!->urcil mo, that the neighl)orhood of tlie marslies is much less scourged !::riiierly, while the disi'ase is almost unknown in more favored localities, ¥.K^-.*. i\K2 existed. V>\ Doctor Iloyt, of Syracuse, tlu' site of whicli, near .'1 if Oiiomlaga Lake, was originally a portion of its lied, converted It swV.te cedar swamp, I learned that, when he arrived, in l^ol*, there !»;''•" little intermittent fever, but latterly it secuu'd to ])o increasing. A'- C:.: r.vii miles down tlie lake from Syracus(\ 1 was told by Doctor Daniels. ■■:il resided there thirty-two years, that, in former times, autumnal fever |J-' ; Mn|i;irably mure pn.'v.ilent tlian in latter years. These testimonict ^ V'garded as sufficient to show the amelioratii ii produced Iiy the hand i": 'ut the perfect transformation of this region, althondi an easier task 6".:: it lay farther south, will not be efl'ected for a long time to come — ^!i3;- never. I'i' proper testate, that the Erie Canal traverses the swamps, and the l''t'thnf the district which has been described. Of the effects of this p'lti .n on the health of the laborers, after the lapse of nearly thirty years, V^;:''!e information can be ol)tained; nor am I able to say, wheth.er the p'itijuor the filling of the canal witli water, in other and more salubrious • ,1 1 *■■'■' 'i^ '{■■ hi' f- 1 ■ ;. '1*~ p' ,,' Ih ?:,' r .a- ijff'-'l ■r-'' ■■ ) If ys I ' i 404 TIL. nUNCll'AL DISEASES OF THE i«ooi localities, was iiijuriciis to tliu iiiliabitants ulimg its banks. From D.ctf>t Trowbridge, of Syraciui", I loariioJ, however, that, in tlio suiiimur aiM ai. tuiiiii of iS-Ki, iiiternruteiits prevailed geiieri.ily u/oti;/ the canal, in itMiiidale and we.stern |)ortions. Altliough most of llu; wijrks of art, Ijy wliich tho wilderness is transformed into a settled and enltivatcd country, C(iiitiil,utf.in tho end, toits iintumnal salubrity, it seems probable that canals do ii„t. I have treated tlit! lacustrine portion of the Oswego Basin as a wliulc, Ut must say something of a few localities. 111. SvKAiu.-K ANn Salina. — Tiio philii on which Syracusfc is built, as the surrounding higlicr lands clearly indicate, was (piice covered by (inuu. dai'a Jiake. It.s elevation above tiie sea is four hundred ami t\viiit\.|ive feet. When settlement.s were comniencetl, it was still a .'^\vinii|i, nvergr ita with wliite cedars. It is now transfornu;d into dry land; hut the part uLiiL lies nearest the liead of tlie lake is still marshy, and the waters of lliut |i;iiM' j (he lake are shallow. The jdain lies to the south-east of tlu) bead of tie I lake. Ononilaga Creek enters it from the same direction, and pa.NScs tliioii2ti the town, where a dam converts it into a po(d. The Kric Canal trav.r-ij the center of the town, where it is joined by a canal from the tuwu hi iij. we"-o; both of which are expanded into basins, in which a vast miinlrrr .!] boats are always to be found. Hyraeuso is a great salt factory. TIi.mvh;.: j is evaporated by s(dar heat, from wooden pan.s, on a vast scale, in thewi-'.ra and southern ed::*; of tiie town, while to its iiorth-wost, beginning am i.-iijl houses, an innuciise ([uaniity is boiled down by wood iires. Sai.ina is situated on tho northern side of the lake, two miles nortli-wiij of (Syracuse, on higher ground, but has the marshy borders of a cietK 1 1 itjl nortI)-wcsi. Here, also, immense (Quantities of salt arc nianufacturt! ;] culinary heat. Tiie etiological interest connected with these phtccs ( as far as autimill fever is coiu:erned ) may be stated in tlu' <(ue,>tlon, whether tbe iiiai,u;;i'-tar«l of salt countcr.iets the influence of topogra[ildcal conditions, in prndiuiM'ii* form of fever'.' Tlie eflect.s of tlie manufacture on llie atnn spbere arHW'>| fold; Jir.st, by the liberatioii of a vast amount of calorie, and tbe fremTati.! of immense volumes ol' wood-smoke; sccund, tlie annual escape into tlic aiii-H sphere of aonut two millions and a ijuarter of ho-sl loads of watoriiitlirl "j'I vapor, carrying with it a minute (juantity (d" salt. From all the i!if"ruiat:(i)| I cnuld collect, autumiial fever has not diminished morn in tbis leeaiitytJ over the region generally, to which it belongs. Yet the tcstimeiiy ot l' tifl Daniels and L.tvcjoy, and of .Mr. W'oodrnif, salt inspector, the laM ^i ' had resided in Salina forty-Uvc years, was, that those who tcndtlicfuiTia-a boilers, where they are immersed in a hot and humid saline :itnio^jilK'ii'..-';.';'j less from intcrmiiteiit fever than thos,' wlio, by their oeeupatMHS. >ui come into the heated atmosphere. In visiting the pans for S(d:ir eva]! r;.:. on the wesiern Iiank of Oiinnilaga Creek, where tlie families of tW t-.^f reside, I was t;dd that their (diief disease was intermittent fever, i'" elusion from these facts must be, tliat saline vapor does not cnuiiteni"™ cause of intermittent fever, but that culinary fire — a heated atmespi^'i; Wnlii'alitv, in sii •V-. V ' * ■ '■■■♦n laT' '•: INTERIOR VALLP^Y OF NORTH AMERICA. 405 Uii'li it niav l»o liiniiiil, «li>os oxcrt n onTTcf-tiiiir iiiflMciic(>. Tliis, ju-iliMps, .. ,,. |.,..)Siin ffliv tluit (lisciisc (lis!ij)|u'iirs IVdiii tlic <(Mitr;iI |inrtM of iill (Hir ^^,i, .|,iil eitk'S, iiikI suggests a iirfveiitivc iiit.'a,suro tn tlmsc wlin livu in nar-liy |iIaocs. IV (ls\vci;u Ikivcr, wliirti ii|i| roaclics the lake r;;!i;ilii|ili'r current tliaii most of its trilmturics. The estuary is Ixmlered on [m'i -i'los 1)V liiu'li Silurian saiulstouc lianks, overs|)r('iul witli tlril't. The toffiiitM'ir is built on two r. ky sloiies. wliifli rise, on litlier side, tr( ui the ntorMHli'e to the hiirlit of one hundred and fii'ty to two hundred feet. To sieiirtli-cast, beyond the limits of town-settlement, there is a d"|iri'.<>ion, ittii'i apiiL'avs nnee to Inivo been ;i s\vam|i. (tn the shores of the hike tlirrc Siiiiii;irsli. Fiii't 0///.'/vo .stands on a hold |iroiiionti;ry iniincdiiitely below [ie i'liH'tiiill ef the river with tlie hike. .^l;n■sh-e.\h;l!.•ltion. ;it this jihiee, I Kflintnbe at a niiiiimiim : hut the a(|noous viipor ahoniids, for there is a nd. wliiuli .«i'' "t till! liarlior, eontrilmtes to the .lani.'' r nit If it he a I'.'iet. that Bjl'jlil "ticaiiis absorb [toisonous L'ases. ami uive the out under meihaiiieal ijit;ui'iii, no spot eoidd be found where that liii, ration would nn re certainly !ll( |i|;ii'e: for this is the onhourliinr of tho riv<'r which drains all the mars'iisiif the retail 11 we have been survcyinir: am^ tin se pi rtious of its waters liiiicsrapc nLHtatioii by the wheel.s of its lumerous milks, arc sul>jeettd to iiJ-tiioy enter th»^ lake. The latitude of < a\• A ' •] si:cTio.\ VI. BASIN O F ]] L A C K R I \ E R . 1 The coast of l^ake Ontario, fn m Oswcu'o Uiver round to the St. Law- '''^'"' '^' ''liny, and sullieiontly elevated to escape inundation from changes «.••. 't l^. -^ ' ] _ |: ■,; llll .^.,\ |f,''.-; ^ iim' h ■ ' * . M;- 40G TIIK rRINCIPAL ni.SKASES OF TIFF; f 61)01 I of level ill t1iO like. Tlio only streiilii nf ediiNiileiiilile length nr V.liimo' ]}l;iek liiver, wllirjl elitiTS tllC Hlllilll liiiy nil wllirli it Culifcrs its li.iiii,. Siiekett's lliirlmr. The sniirces (if tliis liver iiiterlmk with those nf-triaiiij wliieli flow iiitd Oiieiilu iiiike. ;iiiil iiitii tile Mnluiuk iiiid lluilsi n l;;v,rj TIio Ailirdinkiek tnoiiiitiiiiis limit tlie liu,-'-' 4.">'. This part of the Ontario IJasiii is tlihilv i \U. and so little known that 1 can sav iiothinir nf its autumnal fevers 11. SACKirrr's II.mmkiii. a.nu M.muson I5.\1!I!.\cks — 15ntli tlie t'Wi a::; barracks staml on a thir.ly covered heil of old Sihnian liiiiotniu', uiiii appeared to im; nearly identii al with that of Cincinnati, liluck llivifntfrr j the liay a short distance to their north. There are no mar.shesiii tlii'\i'iiii;T of eitlier. The ^n-onnds around the garrison are so h'Vel, that tlie;. laniK! bo perfectly draiiird. The soil is dark, with much clay, ami rists .ii i stratum of limestone, wldi-h is t'roin one to three feet hehiw tlie ■ '•ji.t The nature of the soil, and this supertieial calcareous stratum. kc'i'|i tli< im- mediati' vicinity of the post, even after ordinary rains. hoL'gv. m.d t;r. r:t:| tcrraijueous exhalation. The jihysieal aspect id' tin- surruumliii}: eiiiiiinLij waviiiu: and undulating The soil is £reiiorally ricdi.'" Tlie returns from the post, for four years, show a prevalence efinteiniirMtl fever to the amount of twenty per eeiit. per annniii, of reiiiittetit. three jurn.at.l The last year of these returns was 1>:)S. The in'xt year. I^li!'. jireMdj more autumnal fever than had lieeii known previoii.-Iy ; and the pecpk' 'ftiel villatre suffered more than for tweiitv years before. The fever oeemTid.al;,! ill the surrounding country. Thirf is all that 1 <-an say of Saekett's llarlior : and with it vu il-'.'«j survey id" the southern side of tlu' basin id" Lake Ontario, eomiirisiiii' vv-^ij New York. Tn jimceodiiig with the northern half we shall return t ;;!l mouth of the Niagara lliver. and travcd round the lake to the nutlet I't iiMj Lawrence, near which stands the town and barracks which have ju?t htl| noticed. SECTION VJI. COAST OF LAIvE ONTARFO, I'lJOM NFACAFtA RI\ER TO BlKLiK-] TON ii.\Y. I. Tho 3Ionntaiii ridge through which the Niagara has cut it.- 'i ■ narrow trough, from the Falls tu Queeiistowii, is distant from tlio W"' » MedicaF Statistics U. S. Army. tcYcr occiirri'iUiJiJ P.WI'. INTERIOR VALLRY OF NORTH AMKRICA. 407 i/,nniili's: l>"t fifty inili's to tlio west. :it tlic lioad of IJiirliiifrton Hay ( tlic ,,..i,;rii oxtvt'iiiity nt' tlio lako ) it a|i|in>a('lic> iinicli iiciiror. r'roiii tliis lii;rh- liiil raii2i' nianv short streams iIpsclimI, and, travorsiiiir tlio lower belt between iMiiltlit^ lake, imiir tlielr torrents into that receptarle by estuaries, in which ^t, ! itated waters flow and ebb. and aloHi;- wbii-li there are s\vain|>y regions. I- vwral tornis it may lie said, however, that this portiitn ot' the lake coast. -;' we roiuti Ibirlinu'ton Hay, is h'ss infested with swam|is than some other wrt; Its latitude is about 4."i^' ir)'N'.; its elevatii n above the sea, tVoni (w 'iiimlri'd and thirty-one to three hundred and lil'ty feet. In addition to lifcrvks wliii'h Imve been mentioned, if is traversed by the Wtdland Canal, f':jy'i reaclu's the lake at I'ort l>a!housie. II. NiAiiArt.\ AM) l"'i)itT MississAuA. — The Canadian town of Niajrarfi .'1' I- iii'ar the jiuiction of the XiaL'ara IJiver with Jiake (»iit;irio. oji]io.site ;': .Vimrican Kort Niagara. The town laees on the river, but the fort is I. fi' iiiinu'diately eonneeted witli the lake, over which the bank is so ele- Tjtnl. a.s net t(i he inundated by the highest swells of the lake ; but the soil li ,u:'illai-jmis, retentive of nmisture. ;ind, to th(! west of the town and fort, &'■ i> a cnnsiderable extent of swain])y grouinl. |iarticularly ahmg Tour )I:l"('r(.rl<,* The army returns do not instruct us as to the |»revaleMee of vitnninal ft'ver iii this locality ; but, a^' Niagara has been recommended as ap'iP'Mif suininer resort, we may conclude that it is but little inl'ested with ;i: i! iliseaso : and this conclusion is su|i|iorted liy Doctor Melville, who in- frui- me, that, after residing there a year, he had seen nunc of that fever, n 1 was asriured by the iidiabitants, th:it both the village and its neighbor- !:< 1 liavc been, at all times, remarkably exemiit. Niagara has been set- llelal'itig time; and to thi-s wc may, pfrhajis, in part, ascribe its alleged rjimiiial nialuhrity. III. S't, Catiiarink's. — This town, the population of which is three t::, rand five liundreil, stands twidve miles west of Niagara, on the AVelland Col.T It helmigs to the lower belt or lev(d. but is distant several miles ;:::; tiic hike shore, an. wild has resided live years in this place, I learn that aiitumnal fever L< iii ro iircvalont in tlie township uf (irai.thani, of whi(di St. ('atharine's i- tk [riiiciiiiil town, than in Niagara. '• .^ly experience at this place," says K. ' ixteiid.-; through five years, during which, every autunui has been pro- fc.tive, ill |ialudal spots, of a greater or less iiuinber of sporadic eases of i-'fiii:ttuiit and remittent fever, having a typhoid ty^ie. Once only. 1S4<), 3i!ii!ilromittont was epidemic. ]>etween St. Catharine's and Niagara there i-aluigflat, on and near which there is generally a great deal uf autumnal i!.l Vernal fever. The settlements abmg the immediate shores of the lake •'- rc'very year with intermittent and remittent fevers and neuralgias. The ™!M Canal, by its leakage, supplies moisture to favor the decomposition r^'amc mutter. J n one place it passes through a tamarack swamp, and ' TullochS Stulistirs of the British Army. ■ 'aiith'j Canadian Gazetteer. i ■i . ■•;'). •♦: i^^- fi'O- ; I ' ■•-vli 408 THE rUINCIPAF, DISKAHKS OF TIIR [•'Wll. tliero tlio wreti 'i -d luborcrti, iihd ittlu-r inlialiidiiits, I'xliliit ii iiallid bmj ., huo of ••iiuiitfiiuhti;; tlio rt'iimlcH uru goiii'iall) uiiiinic; ami ll.t- luiiir in' ,f H».'|»tt'iiiltt'r uiiil Itc^'iiiiiinj^ nf OttuhiT, alwu}« |tuiss til wiih |friiit ii„|i IVuiii t_V|ilii)i(l aM't'ctiiiiiH. Tliin lius liccii tlio case, ovi'ii when ullicr ii,ir), ,i' tlio CKiiiitr} wui'c i|iiitL' Iifaltli)'. .*>niiitliincH a viiK-iit tU^'ulcry i,!,, ;. aiiiuii;f tliu |)cii|ilc liviii;^ (III iliu iiKMiiilaiii v'nl^ii, wliilu' iiitcriuitttnti) uinl UlittciltS |)rovail ill llif lake In It lu'li.W." I\'. Ill KJ.iMiroN Uav: Uamii.t i.N : I)i'.m>as. — Acodrdin^ i, [j,,^ ]ii;.'sl)y, '• l)inTni;^toii 15av, I'Mii.-litiiliii^: tlii' wotcrii lu'nk \>i' Jiiiku Oiju,|. itself a Hiuall l.iiic, r()imiMiiii<'atiiis4 witli Outarii) liy u rreik luiiiiinu iliMi-k a lii^-li Miiid wvW A canal lia.s lu'cii dug lliri.ii;;li ll,i> l,;ii-. Ari.iini tn- cxtrciiii! tiTihliiutiiiii of till- Lav, thcif i.i an (■Mi'ii>i\c iiiai,-li, t In nutli «,,'.. till' |)i'>Jai'dins Caiiid, (ivo iniK.s in Iciigtli, txli'nd> np tn the t^wii ni j^v. l>\.<; wliicli stands in a cuvi', or n'trcating nn^^li- of the niniiiitiiiii lii),.,.. |,. lar;:i.'r lown nf Hamilton, wliii'li \va> cniiiincni t d in ilic \(jir I^IM, ji,, |,,j mill's from I'nnd.is, on ilic si ulli .side of tlir \r,i\. (In aniiini nt a>\i;,iin niai'uin, tlic |irin<-i|ial |iart of the tuwn t^tands a mile liMn the l>;iv. ini;.. > priinnd. idoM'lj> I'lnliavcd liy tin: inoiinlaiii ridni-. wlddi iit'ic raiips .it ii,e tdi'Vatinn of onu linndicd and liitv Ift.l alinsi' tin- tnwii.v 'J'n its iiii>ti!ir5 ai'L' a fi'W marshy inlets. \>\, l>ny his im'ti'iirolnj^iral ili.MTv;ili>i.,ii a))[H'ars that the westerly winds whieh wa.t the [lali.dal exLiilatii i> lu Pandas, and earry them i)\er ilamilt< n, |irevail ah'Uit tl.ne Inn ihol i;n« every year. The type ol' fescr is iioth interndlieiit ami leinittint. 'iliiuii. tude of this Ineality is ah )ut l'5 lll'X.; il,-^ elevation ah ve haki' Uiaari.i, fnnn two huinlred and tliirty-ma', up tn Iwn liunlred an 41 J -. . ■ ''. ■'. ■■ V . i ^ ■ ■•■-• . , ■ '' ■ \ t ' . ■ . 1 ,' I, t ; » I; SITTION VIII. COAST AND DASIX OF ].\KK ()N|-Ai;it), Fl{o:\I IM'KLINGTOiN' B.^V TO Tin; \Ai,LFy of ■j'iji; 'I'kfnt. I. The nionntaiii ridu't- whieh presses so < lose .in IJnilini^ton liay t'lit leaves the lake, and, stretehini;' elf to the imrlli, reaet.es the Inwcr exlnii.^ of (ieoruian Uay, nf Lake llunni. West of this riil:.'e is the vall'V n' Grand Itiver nf [iuke Krie, already ilesi-rilieil. Tn the last, as lar 'f Villey of the Trent, nmre than half the lennf h of l^ake Ontario, the v "^ basin of that lake is reduced to a width of thirty or ferty miles: amllli'!- tie streams which traverse it to the lake, interlock in their origins ffiti. i'« ' » 'l'0])(lJTr;i|)liy aixi r'uMlliiL') "f F..lkc OutUrlo. t ymitli's Cana..i,tii {jiizftlicr. ni' >■] INTKKIDR VALI.KY (Jl* NOIITII A.MKKICA. 401) .INCHON 13.\V TO ,j,,fj fit' Lake Smui'ix', anil tlio Montli-wcstcrii frlltut.'irlo'i of tlio Tn-iit. .. f,,l (jjtli it> ciiiiiitfi'iiart, nil tilt' Miiiitli >iil(! nl' tlic l.aki', wliirli is llio kujpii' (it'iK'.'ii.'t' llivi'i", this distrirt litis Imt little lirciultli. its smlacc- •lii'vis very rciiiarkalilf. Staitiii^ Irtmi tlic Ialf iii'st-tcrtiary sfcpjus t.r j(;ni '•', risiiiu' J'l"JVt' caclMdlier, lit iiii((|iial lii^flit^, iiiid cxIiiMtiiiir vaiiuUM jtiiiiiioit'Mirt'aiT. Ill all, tliiTc aro I'luvcii riilms nf this kind, and tl:e last »] ji.'iii'St is six liiiiidrrd and ci^lit) I't'i't almve Lake ( Mitarin ; t'iinsi'i|ii('ntlyi Ci'ii'ii'Jf''^ ""^ '''''^^'" "'"'^'^ tl'o 8ca. ]{t'_y(iiid tlio suniinit-IcM'i, an ol)- Larci'rraiinjf of tlu' saniu kind leads down to liiiko SiuKMje, tlic su|nrflnonH ijif 'fwliiili rcacli Lake Huron tiiron^di tlio Severn, Iiy a descent if one linir 1 ami si'Vuiity I'eet. and e(Jiise(|iiiiit!y that lake lia> an altitude of |r , iiiii'lrt'il ami lorty-uiirlit feut aliove tlio .«ea. Tlio reniarkulile ain|ilii- |li(4; r I'l natural lii.'iiches which has lu'eii indicated, is composed of chiy, |»r.il. a'.tl jfravel, sii|)|Mirtinji granitic howlders from the north. On miiny of Itvt'rnn'o.* tliiTo are swamps, Imt lar^^c portions present a sandy snil, over- Ijiuiwii with [lines, whicli, moreover, are sparsely scattered over every part. jsfviril little rivers, or long crooks, ent throujudi these terraces, and make iBuuav t'l the lake, of wliicli 1 may nieiitidii the ('icilil, Ilullaiid, llniii;e, |Hj3:l"r, anil Pmi. Tlie rapid desciMit necessary tn l>riii;f tiieiii from sn hi^di |lr.rl, i;i SM slicrt a distance, appears to have prevented tho formation of liiii'.rJl'jw liDttoiiis. Tho latitude of tliis district oxtonds from -i;{" 15' Itoii" N." Kxcliuliiig, fortlic present, the lake sliore, it may lie statnl that lliifr ji'invhieh lias lieeii so briefly sketched out, does not siifl\r mndi I'min |Kn:;i:;al di.x(';isi's. Its lieiiig among the best settled purtioiis of Caiuida i«, 111' itself, an evideiieo in its favor, wliile its latitude, elevation, ami Ii! .■:! Trace, piny aspect, wouM suggest the same coueliisioii. It is not, T, ffhuily exempt from both intermittents and remittents, whii li, as rl'iLis. uf Toronto, informed me, occur more or less every year, up to iiiiit-level of tlie district, in latitude 44", and at an elevation of nine I t'lL't aliiive tlie sen. Tlie C'last, from l>urlington IJay to Toronto, a distance of forty miles, f^t^.llt^ 111 ithiiig very peculiar. rortion.s of the terrace arc sandy, down to ;vot..rs edge, and hear pines; but, as Doctor Nicol, of Toronto, infm-ms '■>tiiai'ies of Credit liiver, tlio Ifumher, and several smaller streams, lired with swamps, which, in summer and autumn, give origin to kteruttuiit and remittent fevers, which sometimes beeomo epidemic. The pa iatitude „f this coast is about 4;J^ 20' N. Ill CiTV OF TouoxTo. — Tho most jiopuh.us and important city (ii tho (''"■'•m, or. indeed, either coast of Lake Ontario, is Touonto, in N. J-at. 4;]'' ■4.amlW. boil. 7!r '2\' 5". Commencing near tlio level of the lake, '"'i.'vation of two hundred and thirty-ono foot, the ]»hiin on whicli tho ''.^ '- I'liilt rises gradually to the hight of ono hundred and eight feet. Tho 1^ ">.■>•.;: Topojrrnphy and rJeoIoiry of Lake Onturio.— I.ypll : 'I'mvcls in Nortli '•-Murray; Canadian Geological Reports. — Smitli : Caiiiul. (Juz. .■■ I If- ^■' " i''. I i:"fc k . •::s^ l^- ;.t ■•;*-:.■,. ii- ■ 410 Tin; IMMXCIPAL DISEASF,^ OF THE •P% .. i greater i«irtiiin nf tlie |in]iiil;itii!n reside at !iii elevatimi "f almut two I-;. ,jj and iil'fy t'eef nl)iivi' the :"a. Aluive tlie tdwii, to tlie Wfst, the imi.!. i^jt I biiiik is liiirlier, ami also rises more rajiiilly from tlio \vatcr. On t! i. i ,v,,J the terrai e, to tlie soiitli-wes!- of the center of the city, and near tl;c !i'k,. 5»| the fort ami har I'-ks. A few miles farther, in the ?nnio directii'ii t sinnnicr ami autumnal-wiiiilward, is tlic estuary of Ktoliicoke, a sn:;.'; To the north, a sucoml terrace, twenty or thirty feet lii,L'li(.'r tlian tlv ji'stj sueceeils. ami may he reiiaidcd as the second of the series nf terra'-'-,, dcscrilied. Adjacent to the city, to the north-ca.-t, arc the low and >u.;;;,i| bottoms of the Itiver |)on: winch, however, are of no great extent. 1 diat(dy to the east, i 'yond the month of tliat little river, a sand-lmr r from the shore, to the .south, and, eurvinji' roiiml hy ;he south - wi'.«t. i-tq^ nates in (iihraltar J'oint. helow tin; town, thus formiiiir the liarb r surface of this liar rises hut little aliovo that of the lake, bear,* «nii:. and scatterin::' trees, and has a nundier of small swamps and ponds. v.: to the south of the city. Several docks jiroject Into the liarhia'. fpi; four hundred feet, and present the usual as[ie'-t a of Toron ' . T^- .-citlement he','an under the name of Little Yurk. m clou; of tlu; last eeiitury : I»ut its preseut estimated ]iojinlation. t'.vi;.' -i- thousand, is the result of a r.apid i^rowth within thi' last few years: - ■ in fact, it is still a new town, and the soil of its enviro.'s Imt int!."r of transformation. Tonnito seems at all times to have hcen .sulijort • tumnal fever, especially in the internutteut form. .Alore than thin. ■ ago, tlie population hcina' ahout si.K hinidred, when the ponds and -" the pl-iin on which the town was hnilt wei'e l)ut p.'irtially dried 11)1. •• ■ vicinity was still in a state of nature, doctor John Douglas, of li<.i' i arm^-. foind internuttent tcver prt'valent.* 1 >oetor Taylnr. surj:i"i. : 81st lligldaud reiiinu'ut. whi m I saw in (Jueliee, was stationed !r ■ years at this place, .and dnrin:^' that time, a reciment arri\cd fMi: \. . of whiidi a larire proportion s\dl'crcd from inteiinittcnt fever: whiii'"';.: whirh came from the West Indies, m-arly all escaped that diseasi:- ' that deserves to he reinemhered. As to autunuud fever, at the prts' " I learned from Doctor I'u'es, that hotli intermittents and rcniitteiits ;. mon. especially on. or contiguous to, the low grounds in the vicniin city, near the small rivers whi(di have heen mentioned. ByDi^tir.V Lave heen informed, "that hotli intermittent ami remittent fevers ii; prevalent in Toronto, and along the neighhoring coast, e.speci.ilh i: nKuiths of the Don. the Kt(d>icid«>. the llumher. and the Cri'l:t 1 where there .Tre extensive n.ar>hes. In spring and antninn. no:ii'h the eases of disease relieved at the Dis[ien>ary, arc intcrimttoi:-- I ' .i* Ed'iilnirirli .Alcd. and Sin jf. Jouniiil, Vol. XV I. nv INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 411 _,:,.■:,.« ^fautniunal fcvor ocour ever} year, Ijiit are niueli more iirtvjilcMit in ^ ,^v,r^ tlian otliers. Tliey assuiiio, at times, an epidemic cliaraeter. Iiioraittents generally prevail mure tliaii r( mitteiits. Simple aiiiie is most miiiHiJvniet witli — nialiirnant iiitermitteiit.s ari; rare. Tlie ads namic, or Bili'r.aiit t'lirm of remittent, is oipinninu near tlie nunitlis of tlie llnmlier and ■wrp.iit Kivurs — in a )e.si,' defrree near tliat nf the Don. It is callrd by jIjj I ,1^. the Lake-fever, and is nl'ten eonl'imnded with typluis. It is the r/ettlaii;:c'rous fnrni of autnnmal Irver. (In tlic stejipes nr terrace,'^ north f'f r :^t'i. inflaiiiiiiatniy iiitermitteiits have prevailed to a con.sideraMe e.xtent •ijU'. wliLTO. f'^riuerly, ii.ti.'rmitte'its in any furm were by no means very eom- m, ill iiiiiiiy eases, the inflammutury e.xeiteinent of some organs masks the true c'.iaractor of the disease."' IV TlIK (V.\ST, KllO.M TOIIOXTO TO THK KMIiOL'ClICUK OF TIIK PilVKI! TlIKXT. -A; ■ . ' ili^t'iiicc of si." or ei^iiht miles east fnun Toronto, there ctinnncnecs sD.t-niiirlilainls, which rise i'mni two Iniudrt'd and fifty to three hundred ;:; ;i;.vi' tlie lake. They are C()m[)ii8ed of drift, -i.\ty to (ii'ctvtVi't ill bight, which c(nitiiines eastwardly. and emliays the new towns cfF :t Hope and Cohuri;-. in the vicinities of which, as along the coast -'ene- r»I; . iliero are marshes.* The latitude of this eoast is a little below 44". Irv.Tit tliut I cannot state the extent to which it is infested with autunnial V- SECTION IX. BAS.N OF THE TRENT, AM) 'I'lIE TIAY OF QTMXTE. ^\eliavc seen that tlie middle p(..-. ion of the Southern IJasin of Lake IferiiisoscMitiidly laeustriiH — no less th;in ehiven small lakes di.-'-hai'giiig It.tir «!ii I rtiiiiius waters throngli the Oswego Miver. It is s<.niewliat remirk- lau. :i],it the corresponding locality on the opposite or northern side of I'J'ijr; . I'ljU'illy ahiiunds in small lakes, which, by their coiiflueiice, form a |l"r, ;':i' TiiKNT, which, like the ( )swego, takes an eastern ilirectioii. rnlike |l--t;.vrr. !ii,\vi vcr, it docs riot ]ierforate tlie side of ():itario, but pours its 1^51 '■ iitu tile head of a long, zigzag, appendage of the lake, called the Hay r-'["'!t'. ffliioh bears a relation to this lake, very ;'!;e that of (Ireen Uayto |Liv Mi'Iiigan. or Georgian l{ay to Lake Huron. The axis of this bay and it. L;vir Trent is the same, and, continued to the south-east, termiiiates li-.U.diita-.in, not far from the efllux of the Kiver St. Lawrem-e. The r ■>■> I Vi longed to the north-west, ends in the head or SMiithern extrc- It-.'Mlc'iirjian Bay; showing that the tin," was, when the latter might » Rigsl.y. ff' u 1 r^ , . , 412 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE [fOOIl 4 7 m. k| * J' A have oxtomlcil, cir pent n river into Lake Ontarin, near its Idwrr ■ i ThriniLiliiiiit its wIkiIo extent t!ie IJasin oi" tlie Trent is euniiai'UMl Situtli, with sliurt s^treanis, whieli fluw directly to liiike Ontario; en tl.c • - with tl;o triliiitaries of Ottawa Iliver, wliieh juins tlie St. Iia\vrii:iv i, ,■ Muiitroal. The larger (if tlio lakes within the Trent nr C^iintr iJavJi, .., SkugDir. Halsaiii, SturL^'iin, I'i'ienii, ami IJice. The p'oloifical lasis (,;' tl' basin is Silurian limestone, and other rocks of that era; hut thu .-nrfii't; ■ dct|)l;v- o\ers|ii'ea(l with drift, or |iost-tertiar_v depo.sits; which, in suiiie jIjk; arc arranired into steppes ur terraces, but nut so distinctly as in tbe i. - • north Of' Tornntn. Acc.rdiuL!- to Hocior T^iL'.sby.* the Iliver Trent flow.s ra nidlv over a >.'.,'' ; and rocky bottom, between ]\\'.'\i hank's, throuiili a beautil'nl cnuiitrv !•;.,• bills aiid luxuriant valleys; and, around the IJay of (^)uintc flicrc ari'ivu: bills and cliffs; yet. as the same observer states, there are nicra.-MS. Si;;. parts of the bay coast are marshy ; but it does not appear that tlich"rl(T- of the river and its triluitaries, are particularly liaiile to iinuiilatiun. '.' of the s'lii is sandy, and supports an inferminu'k'd growth of pine ami t.;if;- Till' whi h' basin is includeil hetweeii the forty-fourth and fcrtv-fifth |.,'ii;!l.': of latitude — its mean elevation may be taken at four hundred feut awvi the sea. II. Xoi'th of this basin there are low innuntaius, with primitive nlv aw the country, u|) to Hudson's IJay, is in a great degree uiiinliahited. t'ltK; prcvalen''e of autumnal fever within the basin, I can say but little, fur w:,|i; of inforniatiou. Its hydrography suggests, that the topogra iliieal eniiilni';. requisite to the producli m of that fever in a lower latitud" arc imt w;i:,'i:::: and the only specilic acci.uut I have • •« ;ir tliat t!ie l^rltn imiii'latinii. )!;■': of jiiiic ami .'r:' ti.vty-til'tl' i.;ii::!M: lllinll'cil Ik't :iiVf SKCTIOX K I N <; S T () N Tb'iU FreiH-li t'lTt, Fmiilciinr, iinw (iic (uwii I'l' Kivsston, '■■rh' I"" Imiulrcil vc.-irs ;i,L.'n. It (ifilCll-^ III N. I,;,t. U \v;is ( Mill •>t:iMi>!i.ilni;iii liiiicstoiii', w f I'll tu be &^' i' «r',t'-:;ini.' Hi leiitical witli tlitit wliicli fonns tin; sito of Niishvillc, 'I'l'iim >.<<•(•. Wo mi the iiortlicni iiKiriiiii of the transition formations: for iimiu'iliatcly Kiii"ston, [iriiiiitivo roclcs, i,i fn'/zi, inako tlicir Miipcaraiico : and, a ZKiie from the north sidi' nf Liike Ontario acr< ss the St. Law- if>ii,(v t'Hriii liio TmnsAM) I.-i,am>s. ami tt'rniiiiati' in tlio Liraiiitir .\iliroi:(la''k ,;ii. I'f Xew York, wo!*t of Lake (Miainj.iain. TniinL-diati'Iy oast of tlie iij the ,«iiia!l Catiirairni IJay, in wiiidi a little river of the s.iiiie iijiiiic, lli(h'aii Canal, fr.iii Ottawa Kiver. terininate. 'I'lie water of this tiirhiii. Ill one o( its eurvs or inilentatinns, on the iiortii-eastern i K'^ll C"l tl.et. iWII, I f> anil it skirteii with low, loiii. alluvial Li'roiinu in the ri'.TtiH.'R' w •re several deraviiisj doeks : and lietweun. or near them, rafta t;ii:!;ir, uii wliieli weeils were ffrowin;,'. ho water around uas e\ ideii \\t TH't' 'taele of a irreat deal ot street, kiteliea. and eellar tilth, sent (.nt from ill (1> II it liimieri'US .small anil old houses, iiiliaiiitru ehuily oy jioi.r lii;-li laniiiics, D'iin:; up the mass of tiio iiopulation in that <|Uarter of the town. Tliis i,v: .• Lilly siiuree of insaluln-ious e.vhalation whieli 1 y.iw, in connection rivi the plat of the town; wliicli has liut a -liirlit covevinj.' of soil, jinil a do- vitrof its roeky surface, favoial ii little liav t! lie to cleaiilliic! li-re IS a roiKv hroiiiontorv, om ( hi the ea.-let n .'■ide of hundreil and li t\ lei t liii.'!i iktlic lake, on the oxtremily of wliiidi — once the ,>-itc of idil I'oit I'roii- to'—imw stands Furf Ilcinii. A mile to the we.st of the town, a jonj^ «pi'tiiiiiiul;i, (.-idled Point I'Vedeili-k, stretilie.-, into the lake: tl e -Kimd allow, sta;:i ant. Ji" iiit'"vii:inityof wliich i.s swanqiy. and llie water ar-iimd it JLi:;::iii'ly. with ih'jio.sit.s of deeaying veLretation.^*- ::i'i'niiitteiit and remittent i'cvi i.-. hut es|ieeial]y the former. |'Vevail i-s.-yat Kiiigst,..!. This is manifest Iroin tin- returns of tlie l>riti.-li army ; ases |irevail less aniong the iroi,|s stationed in I'ort lieiiry . than juartered in the town, ou tlio hank of tlie liith' l^ay which I a vi-it to his hos|iiial, on the ^ih of Se|iti'mlier. I*"-!?, wdio had charee of one luiiidred and tw('nt\ aitillo- .' (\m\ '■II are i •^thciii. Il I'-i.f .Meliit. tl le iiatieiits had intermittent fe\er. iiitracted in the t own : an Midntosli seemed familiar with tlie di^'ase, as one annuallv oi eiininj -'I II Doctors f^; inijison ,'iiiil III l.iiis"n. a Iso, ie>tilied to the fre(|iient :ia: ijt hiitli forms of antumnal It'Vcr amon;:' the citizens ol" the |daee. * Tuiiock'H Stat. &ep. pi lliu Drititih Army. 414 THE rillNCIPAL DISEASES OF TUG iiooii Kliigst'in, when comiitrcMl witli .I;iiiicst(j\V):, near Cliautauijuo Lake a*T, 1 an iustriK-tivo illustratinn of I'lo iiiflncnce nf aliitiul" iv. limitiinf imt, „, i .'vor. Tlic topfigiMj/Iiical conditions, in roteri'iico to Mio ;rof1ufiiuii (f t' ivcr, aru nijt niatcLiIIy ''I'Tci'o r. iu\i\ Janu'stown i> r-v.j dt-urccs fm'. fovor. sontli; yet, from its grc;itLr vlc^atiun of eleven Hundred feet, it is ab- entirely exempt y •. CHAPTER XV. THE EASTEIIN, Oil ST. LAWRENCE BAj^IN, CONCLUDED. .-..*■*. SECTION I. THE RIVER ST. LAWREx\Cl'., PROM LAKE ONTARIO TU THE INLAND! Ml MONTREAL. I. Tin; great natural canal, by wliieli tlie superfluous water li all del lakes, wit'' their confluent streams, over whieh we have pns>ed, flowscf tjj the Gulf of 8t. Lawrence. Iia.s its broad beginning in the iiurtlaa«tinij corner of Lake Ontario, ijuc •; sluprt distance behiw Kingstun. Fur tLc i" taucc of about sixty miles its currt.nt is .so gentle that it almost sijejI a mere arm of the lake. Tlic '■Th'iirtlierii Now York, wliicli may bo .s'uii. as liliio iii(ii!iiil.s i'm th'- j,,: II. iiiJosL'oiuliiigtlio river. '1"'h',>.i' ui lintaiiis i' n>(itutc tlioouliiili.iti? ;,' j[i.,.ftlic f-trcaiiis '.vliidi flow into tlio St. .lia\s-r( il'o, on tlio north; into L.vi'hiUUiiIaiM, on lliu oast; into tlu; Hudson ami .Mohawk, on the south; -i it,. Lake Ontario, on tho wt'st. The same mountains have nunioruns i- ' lake?, iit the hiirht of fifteen or eiLrhtceu hundred feet.* The strear-is O' i lieicciul from them to the 8t. Lawreiiee are eold, transparent, and inha- l-tti liv trout. The principal are the 0.swegatehie, Indian. Kaekot, G rass, Et. K.:-.;in J Salmon. Even these, however, are of moderate length and volume; trVr belt of country which they traverse is narrow, comptired with its length, liov abiiuml in falls and rapids, iconic of them originate in swamps, which ill i:t tu tlicir wa'.> I's a darkish hue. The lower and Hatter portions of tlii.s ^ii;;trelesslu.ustrino than the higher, liulian llivor expands into ]3Iaek Li'.inar<>ilenshui'g. and then joins the Oswegatehio. Near the St. Law- f(;n tliC "ciiL'ral aspect of this region is level, or terrace-like, and rolling, with irictM'f wuudluss plain. It then becomes hilly, and at last mountainous. Its l.w.'r iwrthurn extremity, constituting a sort of jteninsula l)etween the ji. Liwnnce and Lake Champlaiii, is chiefiy a dead level, and but little ilcTittd above the water. The underlying rock of this tract, in its *..;;:,• rn I'Urt, is granite, — near the rivi r. old (|uartzoze sandstone, ami other j-a:-;;iin rutks. The surface abounds in drilt, (U- jiost-tertiary de; otits, nii rtiiiL' granitic bowlders, which lie at the base of those mountains; from iiL;.\. in the o]iiiiion of .Air. Ilall,t the erratic block.- of primitive rock, '.:;.; in tlie south-west, down to the banks of the Ohio, v>-ere transported. Ill OiiDK.v.MiURu. — This is tlu) most important town of the region we are .^rvviiifr. Its rxisition is innnediatelv lielow or f'a.st of the mouth of the ik :;iti'liii' Eivcr, on a high bank of the St. Jjawrence, overspread with, or rtffijN !(.■(! of, drift, resting on the oldest Silurian rocks, from wliich, near lb; wn, till' water falls, in reaching the St. Eawrenco. On the .. josite criri-tcrn .side uf this little river, the liank, by two terracc.«, attain, i,u a TrtM t'lovatiun than the plain on which the town is built, and ■, the fc :'iin!|iositii)n. Near the junction of the two rivers arc severa. ..o-os of Jil:vi:il griiuiul, part of which is perpetually covered with water, wis le the »;'.'Mj!ialile to iinnidatiim from flnods in the Oswegatehio. A short ui- ~ UrA- fri'tti its mouth, there is a dam, ereatiiiu a po(d, in which a vast Ml' '-nf '.saw-logs,' floated from the interior, are constantly accMnmlated. F: lathis pond, mill-races pass through the alluvial ground. I' taSlierinau came to Ogdensburg in iSiif). wlien it was still a newly- s'.i.il kality, and found autumnal fever prevailing. In the foUowing year itwatuniTtrsal, extending to IkjiIi sides of the St. Lawrence, up and down ' "■« York Geologlrji! Reports. ^'■"Itgical Report of tlio State of New York; Second and Fourtli. L m 1 . ■" • ' ,, w ' ■ , ■■ ;■ :^ , , ,- • i.p.. /■i < 1 V. ■ \ :, 1 41(3 Tin: ruiNcii'M, diskask? or tiih I'O'Ji r. tlic live:-; :ils 1, aritiiiiil I'lack liiilcc, wliiili lios ji few miles frniii t',. ; Jiiiwrcii'i', iiml .•iliiii:.'' all (Ik- small stroaiiis, — invading, in a uiiticati'il i], ■ , evoii (lie lii„'!icst and dni'st ridges and torracus. In {^•j,~ anil !>•..' r(!i'unt.'tl, (Hit willi Ifss vi iloncci and then ccasccl until Is:;.", ... ly. a slight invasii'n was cxiH'iit'nri d. Again it disa|.]i( artd ui.iil b,.'. i oas's (Mv-nrn-d, fidlowid. in tlic twi ntxt \i'ars, hv ftliirs. Its t , ■ I " '''■" ]>nt]\ intrrndtli'iit a!nl ii-ndtti'iit — in t'lie vccent inva^idiis the n-iiiitt.' ,t \'ir {iri'diiMiinatiir^. TIic tustinMjnv of pnttnr Laiiglilin. ■who ariivid in Is", fdrnliirati's, a.s f:ir as it gios hack, that of |)ncti,v Shoriniui. In l-ji; i, saw it (/cMirriiig in snrnninding I'lcalitics. where it was siiid Mi,t t.. l ,;„ aii|iea;'il hel'^n- lie had furiHerlv lived t\veiit\- miles SdUtli tjot ■ 1 t . »t Lawrene, in a lpr(da\-, the latitude nf Imh!; 1„;;„ 4 J" 411' N., we iind the tdiidgraphieal ediiditinn <>[' the latter dicidni)-, ii„rj litted t'l J ridnce autuunial i'ever than that ( T the I'drnier; and vet tliiMJivisj has jnc\ailed t> a far greater extent here than tl;ere; a diUm'iiw wii.li may he referred, |ierlia|is, tn the dillerenee (if three hui;dre(l and tit'tv IViijii their altitude. It' we extend the e(im|iarisMii to Firt AVii.iiel agn, ont o.ni and ten nnnutes smith df Ogdenshurg, hut li\e hundred am! sivcniv-livj feet higher. l!ie evidence is still nnire enneliisive: i'dr. while the tn|iM.'r;i|.',ii.i| cireiinistaiu-es at that jio.st are iimro favdralde to the uriuinatinn ef lii :ivir, its jn-evaleiiee is less. Again. wdu'M we eomjiare Fort duelling, at tlir imt. tinii of the St. I'etor's and the Mississippi, we have evideme nf iji,. sanu kind. That pi'st i< eidv t'drteen minutes north of ( i.den.>il)urg, Imt Svj hundred and twenty I'eel ludfe t'h'valeil, and autninnal lever eccnrs i'l ['■,6 niost liniiti^'d de^j^ree oidy, iidtwithstanding tie tdjidgrajiliy iiiiglit la\^r;u production. ■».' dtlier Idealities within tlie region, the outlines of which Livi- !. sketelii'd, I eann't speak, for want of informatidu \V. Tm; XditTiiMiiN hank ok tiik St. li.vwuK.vci:, from run I.ak'; wj Mo.NTiiK.vi.. — TIlis is a hnig and very narrow helt, travci.-cd li\- >-!i rt ;:'ii| iueoiisiderahie streams. Narrow as it is, howt ver, II einhrains a nuiiilur (I Binall lakes. 'J'he iinniediate hank (d" the iipjier jiart of t!ii.> sei-ii' n '! ;■.«] river is high and dry. and docs not. like the liaiiks ol' the Olii ■, dnli ■ :r a! its margin, !mt heeg(leii.-huri.'. inN T>at. ahdut U' I'l'. Tt is Imilt on a liuiestoiu' slnru.its site iiicliiiiii.' t'tsf river, and well-draimd. A mile in its rear then' is a >\vani[i nw";:ir:.'^ cultivated. J)d, tor Scott, who had retiided nian\ _\rars in the !■ wi .H'Mir'l to ine. tiiat intermittent fever had not originated e'ther in the t' wn i.r;!riiiiii tlie swauqi. According to Pdctdi' Sliermni of ( )gdenshiin:. hciwuvtr. ensol occurred luuv in iN'J't. when the distNasi; assiMBt'd an epideiuit' cliiu. at Ogdenshurg. Uemittent fever, Doctor Scott informed me, now ai.J lh« presents itself. »; t' •iP !■, IXTERIOR VAI.I.EY OV NORTH AMF.RICA. 411 |i|„ jifwt rapiila of tlio St. Lawrence occur four or five miles lidnw Pros- .■!t aii'l (igJunsburg. liy niij:lit 'ii^'r '''Jl ,t' which l:i\\' ^"Ctl si:cTio\ II. BASIN OF o'J'TAWA l{ I V K R . I Ottawa lliver, the largest trilmtary iil'tlic St Lawreitco, lias its jivincipal I ir v! aliout X. Ijat. 4s" ;]()', and W. lion. 7l> '. wliuro tlicy iiitcrlncic with •>Mft!ieIakeaml river AI)l)itilil)(.', iif lliulspii i>ay. At first, it runs west K't-.'ith for two hundred and fifty miles, when it enters !iako Temiscamiiig; L, (, it sffociis to the siiuth-east, thri'Ui:h a regiitn nf lakes, jionds. s\vani])S. Iti; ;ist.'>; expanding, cnntraeting, (lividiiig, re-uniting, ninving quietly on |;::!'.vclj. and descending in cataracts or rajiids. until it joins the St. l^aw- I*:. ;,t Montreal Island, after running a cnurse of Ix^twccn six and seven Ir::;:.! mile.^. It receives the waters of many triltut.irics. Iioth from the l;:r'; .".'l tlio south, and nniy be said, in general terms, to drain all tlio iiortli- |ci::'iiiiiJ'lIe purtions of the ri'giou between ^I nsjcct. wbat the Alleghany is ',ii. It passes through jiine forest.", and most of the jioojde who V laljiir on its baidource — that is, as far U[) as ■'i nf its largest tributary, the ]\l:ida\v;iska. whiidi fhiw- from the •>t — it passes througb a cnuntry tolerabl;, well settled: beyond that -ttkmeiits are tliin, and, ;it length, cease altogetlier. In general. ;iio Inw, broad, alluvial, and .subject to inundation. r 'Ivrowx, the only i!n|>ortant town within the Ottawa IJasin. -t.nnds .: t lank nf the river, at the distance of ovt' hundred and five miles • iii 'itli. Adjoining ihe town there is a garrisoned fort. The eleva- ■ river, below the falls, Mhich are noar tlie town, is one hundred and ■ I'kove the sea. There are here, in fact, two towns — the older, on land tlic newer, a mile farther up the riv(>r. on a liigbor terrace. -taiiils between tht'Ui, and a canal to L.-tke ( hitario starts from ■ii'-'Ui. The population of IJytown is seven thousand. About loie- ■ '!:" I'cople of the lower town arc Canadian ^'I'ciicli, the remainder ' ^-i As this hieality is near the latitude of 4;")- 'Jtl' N.. I regret -iiUo to state in what degree it is affected by autumnal fever; nor ^n Gooloij. Piirvey. ■^ lirit. Col. * Pmitli's Cuiiad. Gaz. us Tin; riMNCiPAL diseases of the [•oori. r :'' I h m } '■ ■ am I iiirirninl ti» wliat extent tliat t'evor prevails alnnir tlio rlveraWcA town. III. TiiK l!ii>i:\i- CvNAi,. — This raiial. wliieli (•(iiiiiei'ts Uytowii witd Kiiiirstmi, is lMr''t'lv n slack-w.iter iiiiiirnviiiK'nt nt' llidinu i!iviT .•,. ; tliroULfli tho lako of tliat name aiul snmo (jtlicrs. '" Tli(iH,>aiii|.'i of a u. ,f land have lu-oii flurdod liv tin- daiiiinini^ (if the river to tuna tliu caniil a] imiiK'usc (jiiaiitities of timhor have heon ciinseijuoiitly (lu.-tnjvtil. iir,at iiunilu rs (if trees are still .-tandiiT^f, dead, and siirniinuk'd by wutor, ai.d "ivf. llidse jmrti'ins "f the Laidis of the canal a decayed, descrtod, mLsorahlc a . pearanee." ■■ From Doctor N'ieliol, of I'ertli, I loarn that tlie rc'Imi inurt',? middle portion of thin canal ahounds in swamps and small lakes, wit^iuir... vailin:^' sterility of surfaeo. Its latitudo is ahout do", liiti.nuiti.jht idrl occurs every summer, and has heen pidemit; twice, in the \cais I'^ii ai,.] li^'lT. Jn the I'nrmer, tho healthy were not in sullicicnt iiuiuber tn ], , ',; ;. the sick : in the latter, Nvhich occurred ir. harvest time, the prevakuri. ,; •;J ffver was such as to interfere with the lahurs of the season, TLis 1- ilrii;,;} locality, in the latitude of 4.V, in which wo have mot with sucli o|ii'!Mi.;..J Its elevation almve tin; sea is pridtaidy uliout three hundicd fit. Huui;;.:;! fever is exceedingly rare, especially in its malignant or con;.a'5tivu tMini. IV. TiiK Ottawa lIivKit, i;i;i,o\v Uvtown. — Doctor McCulina;:!!...! 31 ■. trcal, who resided ten years on tho banks of this piirtion of tliu Uttuivin:. snrcd me that intermittents and remittents wei'o unknown along tlie t;v.r,| for a distaiice of more than thirty miles, over which his observations ixtii.ill Nevertheless, Doctor Caldor, who resides at liachine, Montreal l.-lai.l. ;,• formed me tl he had seen cases of intermittents from that river, l)Ut t ill not say in what part of its basin tlioy wero contracted. SECTION III. ISLAND AND CITY OF .MONTREAL. I. TiiK Tsi.ANi). — The map of the Island of Montreal ( /V. JIV • rondor an exteiuled description un '.ocos.*ary. >Iucli of its surface pi-- low iilatf' rm of pelibles. and otlier tr.iisported materials, rotiir.' 'H ':.:■ tion limestone, and covered with productive si il. irreatly iiicuiiiljeml i.u parts, with erratic bbicks of prinntivo rock. There are. liowovtM'. r.ij- rotcdii.v, comi)osed of tran.-^ported materials, which ri«o to the \'vM '! hundred i'eet, or ni> re, above the general level of (lie i>];ii:J. A ]h\':n this kind traverses the southern part of the isl;ind, running S('Utl:-wiv.' north-east-, from near Lachine to tho center of tlii' city of Moiitrc:)!- i' part which peneti'at(!S the city, is, however, but a kiiul of istlinms. i r cape; for an excavation lia.s been made by aueient currents. soa?t' l--ij hollow or valley through the nortli-wcst part of the city. In tli.- '-'v'-''-^ * Smith's Caimiiiau Ouz. PL. XVI Av/. /V/vv'/ .V s *^ ^:' ■V Hi III I'll >V ^'/„ V C((ii(fliiici»ujffn: \y n^pkt ■jC. yf k I ■ 'f; ■':::':;:i'.:;ii >.y ffe:|r.-:,Wm ■ . ^ ^' Ilia -^ XV -^ hi \''%\ -WS fJ ■.■•' l\ U* '.I Vv > 'J \) ■■ sTr' 'v/, ^^ '\V vu;''ii'iy ; • j: ^ ■^^\ »-lfe. . t- -Is IT' ' V ^ -f \ VI. \^%.,.^^l --Cm ^ '"*i'T; ^y'j'jVi^l*'' ^'C tiin/n /,■ / in , ill '■■/•■■■i'i'Mi'niM •ri. In I'H.li • III! Ill I lie : rpirf" nf'tli ' '• ivi>.«f('rn (•> ■•"n l'iv(>r ' ■ 'Sf, |,„ ■;; .litv, Maui 'r'h''It» C'lpt;! •'' " :iiii| sovi'ii I I' - 1 ill :rit iii;is 111'11','iii ■ ; I'lie iiiim ■'::ii:sr('ar the "'" ni'iiiallv >l;i|. '"■■ ''if' niiiuii ' ■ '.''I til" tdirii - ■' "H this spot. '^ -'.':i'I IK It yi' '■ '1 1'liMic fiv: 1:'" -i'lliaMtaiits r^^''''l!,;,v,.si„ ■'•«"'' the citv, w r-"'^'-'fliiohatth: I !;■•;■'- '1"^ fi'verw ":i 'lie 1st of ■■'* Travels ift :.lTi: INTERIOIf VAI.M'.Y oF NollTIJ AMKKICA. n!> iwill ffct-ffoaflior strfaiu "till flnwH, niul in finiior times tlioro \vn>j, aldticj ,. ■ii'on!'iili'i">''l'' ''^''■"^ "*" ''^^■''"•M'y -riiiiiiil, rciiili-rcil fnul liy lildi tVniii tin; y the same foi-ce wliich tlircw np tin' ^'iciMi- MO "f t!u; niiiUMtain. Opposite the island, are the last rapids of the ,^t. Lr.Tcncc. I! ^Inxrr.KAi, — The eity stands on the sontli .side of the island, in Lat. f M'.N',, and Lon 7:5^' '.>i' W. It was settled hvthe Frcndi u:i fir liaek •i>l'l'J: and caMie into the possession of (Ireat Uritain ''y-i!i(,' years atterward. Its popwlation may he estimated at tliirty- j> t'lpuisaiid, — ciiuiposed of Canadian- French. Irish, l']n mu'.'iii the liMcst permanent wharves, of any eity in the Interior ' >\ The >i[i|)i'r, which is not many feet liifrhor, has hut little brcadtli, Kill i!» rear there is a depression or Imllow. in whi(di a sluL'uish In-ook 1^1' ri^inally skirted with narrow swamps. lmmediat(dy lieyond it is the "t t!ie nimnitain. The canal from Lachine enters the St. Lawrence |t.Ti':lithi' edge of the city, to it.s south. l"'or a long time after the setfle- j I t 'ffl this . c*^ «S ■•■> (? / /^ Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14S80 (716) 872-4503 ^/ i % % o ^ "9) ■iflli," 4i»0 THE PRINCirAL DISEASES OF THE [book ;, yiiip..- , M frii •*. ^f- fover, one which hooiiilhI tn havo nii iiitcnuitteiit tyjie, hut fuumlliy in, ■ that the patient had lately sojoiiriied at (Jswego, in the State of ^■c\v y, ,;. In oxamining tlie .smnnier and auluniniil rt>|ii)rts ut' this Ilosiiital m ui\, lislied in the Jlri/!i,h Ameficnn ,lo(tnail, I find the siinie iih^eiice of tliis f, rh oi* disease: one ur two cases "f inteninttent — sixty, eighty, or njnetv .f ct)ntinued fevev. At Jjachinc, some df tlie old inhabitants ussurt'd iiiMli't they never had intermittent I'eviT, except wlien it was contracted uii tl;e St Lawrence. J)octor Cahler, in three _> ears, had seen no case orii'iuatiiiMn that village. On the whnle, we find that a jududal traut, su(;h as lias I'l'^i, described, mny, in the latitude of d.")'*' )'A)\ when near tlio level of tlio Ma give origin to intern)ittent fever. The transibrnuition of that trait ia- nearly annilulated that ty[»e of autunnial disease; but reiuittents, teiniiii r strongly to a continued i'onn, still occasionally appear. SECTION IV. REGlOxV SOUTH AND NOm'H OF Tlfi: ST. LAWRENCE, BETUi; MONTREAL AND (iUEHEC. I. Basin ov Lakk Chami>latn. — The long, deep, and narrow trcu.'Ii Lake (Ihanqihiin, lies nearly north and south, between the Ailiniiiibth- 1 Mountains of New York, on tlic west, and the (Ireen Mountains, uf Wr. luont. on the east. Its head, or southern extremity, is found aliuut laiitmiej 4;>^' oil' N., — its lower or nortiiern end, a little above 45*^, vvliere it toriui- nates in the liichelieu or Sorelle l\iver. 1'he course of this river is, al-r. IjI the nortli ; which causes it to approach the St. Lawrence very ohlii|iic!v- 1 the direction of that river, below as al)ove 3lontreal, being uonlKa;!. Their junction is at Fort Henry, Ijclow ^Montreal, a little above tliu latinii of 4lP . The elevation of the surface of tliis lake, the hiwest of any cvA-\ orable size in the eastern or St. Lawrence basin, is ninety-three fwt .fej the ocean, and one hundred and thirty-eight l)elow Lake Ontario. .*>«! portions of the chasm which constitutes its lied, are live hundred fcot beiieiitiij the level of tbe sea. Lake George, having an axis nearly parallel tutlutufj Champlain, is connected with its southern portion, and exteiuLs the Cii* plait: basin down to the latitude of 4."]^ '25',* which is the spot ffliiie tiel Great Interior Valley approaidies nearest to the tide-water of tiio AiliiiJWJ Ocean, and where we tind the greatest depression of the wator-slad wiiei divides them from each other. Throughout the southern half nf Lisel Champlain, on its western side, the Adirondacks j)ress so close upoiiii.3JJ greatly to liuut its l)asin. The first considcralde river originating I'H i!^*! northern slopes of tlu)se mountains, is the Au Sable; the next is the .""aniaaf.j which enters the lake at Plattsburg. On the eastern side, l)oginiii:ii.' -'^^ I the head of the lake, and traveling down, we meet with roultiioy. I'tterJ * New York Geol igical Reports. m i [BOOK ;, ■t found liy ini|uirv ■^tiito of New Y' :k llllSl>Uul, ll5 JihI- iLhcnce of tliis I'otw glity, or ninety, .,f its assured imi thai lutracled \\\\ tl.t St J ciisi; uvigiuutiii.- k: i;t, siicli as lias Uv:t the level of llr > .,. 11 of tliat trait i.a- ; reuiittent>, tt;!:iii:.' •M i] INTERIOR VAF-LHY OF NORTH AMERICA. 421 l^RENCE, BETWEEN md narrow tro\i ji 'n (Oen the AdivHU'latk j Ml Mouutaliii-, I if ^^■:■\ IS found aliout latitude | 45'^. Vvhero it toniii- f this river is al-i-, u I •enco very ohliiiiicly- al, hcinii' nortli-ta-l. t; above the latitU'lvj lowest of any cv'-i^'M inovy-three fwt aWnl ,akc Ontario. >Mi\ nimlred feet k'.xaiil ^avlyparulk'ltutliat'ij id extends the Ciiaiil-f is the spot wk'reiki water of the Atlaiiiiol the water-shell «!i!'| inuthcrn half .-f b«| ;s so ehise n\m\\.ii^ ■or originating u" ' l,cnextistheSara.JC,| rn side, hegi»"i''r''*| with roultney, m\ inini, and Mississi(iuc\ wliieli liuvo tlicir cxtrenio sources on t1ii' flanks or iii,v!i»tlie sumiiiits of the (Jrcun Mnuiitaiiis of V'eniioiit, wlicrc tlioy iiitor- ,1; with trihntarii'S of tho Coiiiiccticiit Itivcr. I'lio (;haiii|i]aiii basin is jafiiiriilrr 'in ''''^ '^i'''' •''■'" the otlior. 'I'he throe |iriiiei|iiil towns on liiike haniiilaiii are Whitehall ami riattsl)iirL;'h. in the State of New York, and Rirlia'ti'iii. ill Vt.'iiioiit. (If their lialiility to antiuiinal tevev, or of its ort'deiK'C I'll tht; iiilerveninii; lake shores. 1 am iiiiinfnrmed n. Vallkv ok TiiK .lti('iii:i.ii:i:. — 'I'Im' ontlet nf Lake Chaiiiplain. onm- ;_• ill latitude ■+')'■', tcrmiiiales in tlm St. LawreniM, fdrly-tive miles ryi'iw .Huntreal, near hititmle llr'; thus traversiiifij a (leL;Te(! i<[' latitude, by if -arse eiL'litv miles in lenii'th, and v.aryiiiL'' a little east of north. 'J'lio am'W neck of land between l!i(d:elieu and the river into whiidi il jiours •>.. .ii|iurthiiius waters of Lake Chaniiihiiii. is mostly a dead levid, with a icar risins; hut a few feet above the St. Jjawreiice. On the ojiposite or 1 -lit ni Mill', the as|ieet is niueli tin; same. The euuntry on eacdi side is fer- i. an'l lias h'Ui; been settled and enltivated. Sniiie'thimj,' might be said, ;;I hul ailcqiiate materials, ol' a few jmints: The Isle aiix Noix, tw(dve f:>'iietor (!. \V. l>ouo-las, laraiitiiie Physician, at (iros 1- '■■■I- i ■■■:■:■■ M.:.;i;-^, ■.<..- ■I ■■»■ V . ■ - ■■ 'J ■ ..,•,-■•■..« ,. ■■ . 4 * jt V(l i t ! ■! 1- I . •-1 *. "■ ' V ' 1 * ;i . v); ■• -V I < ' J 1 422 THE rRINClPAI. DISriAFKR OF THE ["OfiJ 1, arc tlio Vamaska, wliirli enters llie Laki,' St. ]*etei', an e.\].;iii>ii)ii of t!„. v- Lawroiiee; tlio St. I''i'aiici.>i, wliieh (iri^inates largely in Jiuke .Miihi-Ium. g'o.r, and jdin.s the St. J'eter lielmv the la.st; tlio ^sieullet, which oiitu- •,. same lake, t'urtlier dewn; the IJeeaneDiir, Avhieli juin.s the St. LawrLi;iv -•"' further dciwu; lastly, the Ohaudlere, v.liirh thr(]\vs lis waters to tliu kvi.1 fj tliat river l»y a renuirkable catarait. in the neiiihliirrhnod nf ( jiit.!i,.|>. }[ .. oi' this region lies between tiie latitudes of 4.")^' and -10'' '-W 'S, ai'i'i.. longitudes of T"''' and 7-i^' W. Thi! .surfaee of tliis region, geiiomllv, i:'v,i exelude the nioinitaiiis whieli bound it to tlie sout'i, is (■(iiii]iii«,e(l of ;i iv|;j mold, resting on loam, with a sul:-stratuui of gravel, below wliicli aiv f iiiu. tions of jiriniilive and transition roeks. In its soutliern [lait tlnic j. ^ number of small lakes, and along many of tlie streains there :irj tn.ri? (l alluvial bottom, s"me of wlaeli are [irairies. ]u their d)| hundred years sinee, it now exliibits the aspec't of an old eouiitry: ii|i j k| of tlie rivers, tliese settlements also e.'vtund for some distance, Init tiiC'::.;i:>;t part of the eastern townsliips were settled by emigrants IVoiu (J iviit llriuia at a mueli later date; and large portions are still eovered witli fdn-t.'' IV. IIatlI'A'. — I eaii say but liltie of the speiial medical ti'])iii;T:ii'; this region, having only seen it from the St. Jiawrenee. Tlie tnwii c'li, ley, high up the St. Francis lliver, near J..ake ^lemphrenuigng, is sitca;. J Lat. 4")'-' 12' N. From JJoetor (Jilbert, one of its physicians, I kinrtbl '■ Autumnal fevers both intermittent and remittent are unknown wit:::::;;:: miles of the place, except in persons arriving from the wc>t.'' 1 Imv";' regret that no notice of the topograjdiy of the region is incliukil iu i: eommunieation. V. SiiouKS 01-' Lake St. PKTKit. — lam indebted to Puctor V : b land, HOW of Beanport, near Quebec, for the following facts: Ali-ita miles below the mouth of tlie river rdehelieu, on the south .^iilo of l.:i Peter, there is a large tract of low marshy ground, fre([uciitly cuvr!\l i; inundations from the St. Lawrence, as well as by floods from liiavv n;:: There is in the soil abuudauce of or<>'aio'e matters. About tlio ciii!"! ii gust, almost every year, frijui 1828 to lS:Ji), when he resided tboiv. niti tent fever made its a[ipearance, prevailing more or les.s, aocnnliiig t' cliaraeter of the preceding spring and summer. When the spring wav and the summer hot, so as to evaporate the waters of the ditcbesamlnii!' to dryness, the fever became epidemic, and eiuitinued until tlie ci']iihiij!- of autumn re-filled those receptacles. Nearly all the cases wbic'iba|l'' after frost occurred, took on the Ibrm of interniittonts. » Martin : Ili.story of the British Colonies. Vol. Ilk -H ''1^ cxiiauMoii (if til" .'^' L:ike M mil )',iv> !].;,. Hot, wliii'h ciitu'.- ;':..; he j^t. Lu\Yi\-;.>v >•!.; kvati rs) t) ll,f i,\,; f ■1G° :itl' N. :i!.;i li, giiiii, goiiorully. i:'v,o| < collljMihL'il Cii' ;i r,''ii I'luW wllicll lll'i' '.■ .ii.i- huni jiiirt tliiji' -.: . iiis llicrt; art; tiv.i- : loir ilihffLT.t I'nii; ;;.e| (1 iMiiids. Ijut ;i! u,vvi luiTiri^li, I'l'i'iii ^!i'^ I'tv- ■fluivi'd Ij}- .V u.i; i: •-• islsimU off^n^tir'.:; ,!ie' i'l'L'iuii, uwvl; rj)| (lUl fouiitvy; irp mI istance, l)ut tiiu 's:.nm iit.s I'riiui Gixat lin;;!'.!!! Vfved \vitli fnrr.< 1 lueJu-al tiii)iit;T:i; ; leo. Tlio tiiwii i''H' liVL'iiuiu''ig', i*' ^'''^'■^''^ -1 |,liv.-iciaiis, I ksin.thtj ro uiil;iiii\vii wit::::: :::!j| thu ^Vt■^t/' I ll^iV'.'^^ rriuu is inclmlcil i:: :.!^ kl ti> Puctor V [iiig facts: Ali^";;^ s(n\tii siiloof Itit'''] freiiiK'iitlycuYiTi'l ,„cls from kavy nasi lAliouttlio oiiil '.'i ''11 |c resi'lcil tliori'. ivi..il k'SS, according ' ' '^ icntlioEpviiigv-i^'l^ In. clitclicsaiidiii:"'- until tlioct'pi"«^f''^ lo ctises wbie'i liaij"-''* Vol. Ill- hV I.J INTERIOll VALI.HY OF NOU'l'II AMERICA. 423 \!i:int five miles irnin tliis locality, to its soiitli-wcst, tliorc is a stream ."..J'JIiinl IJivcr, wliieli was cIioIvimI tip witli dccayiii^u' ln^'s ami lirusli, .so 'lut ill t'lvslicts it ovLTspiM.'ail tlit3 udjaci'iit level lands, and g'ciioi'ated niarslies. d , ,,j the vcav l^--*, live or >-ix I'aiiiilies .'it'ttled in lo:; cabins near tlie river ,.t',.«Miit and IieuMii cleariiiu' t!u! forest. In tlie lir,-t autumn ever\ meni- („.p,f ;,li till' faiitilies sickened with internnttent fever; but after the lajisc (f tiu'ce veai':-, when tlio noce.ssary transfornnitl'-ns were eifected, tlio disease (.(.jstihu entirely that Doctor A'( n lil'.ai;d tlii.hsno case has "ccurrrd since \yii Tlic latittnle (d' this S[H)t is 40" X. — its altitude but a few feet jKtc the level of the sea. VI, TiiK ToWNSMii'.s tii;xi;i!Ai,i.v. — l)r,otor Doui^las. of Cros Isle, writes ■ aicii^ t'i'n'i\vs: — '■ 1 have 1.:;en informed by the old settlers in the eastern I t'W:ii|iJ. t'i'it thirty years sinci' ( l!-4S) intermittent fever was a eonnuon uiiisst' iu tlio nciiihborhood of lakes ar.d low i:'rounds, thon;.di now it is iir.iiii"Wii." Ikivc given all the facts I have been able to eolh'ct, relative to autumnal ijiT, I'll the .seutli-east side of that portion of tlie St. Lawrence, wdiirh ex- te:.'b iVi'in Muiitreal to (Quebec, and from the I'rty-hi'th to near the fort}'- itveiitl, |i;indlel of lati'ude, at an elevation fnit littl" above (he tiilo-water I it till' river. The conclusion from the wdiole seems to be, that in the [)ro- .?r.;i;of a'ttlemeiit, clearing, and first cullivatioi;, b. th intermitteiits and raittfiits prevailed, but have ceased; altliou;.di topograidiical causes remain J '■'. w -nlil senerate tlieni. even to an epidemic de'j,ree, in a mere S'.nlhern '■xiiti'. We mast now pass to the north side id' tlie river. VII. NnnTii SIDE OF Till-', St. L.uviiKXci;. — The imnu uiate bank of the nvtr 1 11 its left-hand side, from ^lontreal until we coiue within twelve or Keon miles of Quebec, like that of the right-hand side, is so depressed as k hut a few feet aliove the suri'aco of the river. The low and level re- hi-'ii on this side i.s, however, much nmrr bmiti d than "U the othei'. By :;rnee-like rises it beeonns elevated into mountains, at the distance of ;:.;rty T forty miles. Of this region, Doctor (lilmour, (d' the +own of Thcr Rivers, remarks. — ''This part of Lower Canada is generally sandy; f'jie ili'trii'ts are wtdl w;itered by beautifid I'ivers ; the inhabitants very p:T. hilt healthy and long-lived. Intermittent and remittent fevers are I sarcdv known ; I have r.evcr seen any but imported cases, or such as had I suff'.Ti'il frmn previous attacks contracted out of the lower provineo." The I tt^iijii within which tlicse observations \v..'e made strct(dics (blifjutdy from hie tVrty-sixtli to the forty-seventh parallel, and, near the St. Lawrence. jKcshnt a few feet above tlie level of the sea. TIk' largc.«t river which traverses this region is the St. ^laurici", whi>sc ffiW/('(/'f is formed into a delta, by two small islands v,diich divide it into jtW channels, immediately above which is the (.hi hh'cnch town 7V(-/,v fe(*. new the ' Three Bircrs'' just mentior.ed Its latitude is ab( ut 46" I I'V V . . . '•■ -V — Its ]trisitinn cipti-distant between ^bnitreal and Quebec. *'li. Tin: RivKi! fi;(jm Montiu'.ai, to ()fi:in:i'. — The succession of "['I'h whieli begins near Drcscott and OgdcnsburLi.;. terminates at or a little ,i- '\ ;• ■■■ ' ' l .■ 'k::r 4 424 TllK I'JiLNCll'AL DISEASES t)F THE ,0005 1,1 ircel Ijt'luw Miiiitr(';il. T'lN.iii tli;it city to tlic Iicad df tiilu-watcr. ;it iIk liivers — luiuitli ut' the St. .Miiuricf — tlic tall i.s milv (i;:]!!!!!:']! itft in, ,.i < which i.s in the i'.\|iiriiiL'' lajiiils licldw tlio city. Then t'(41(j\v,s au'i thuii (Mio huiKlr(' i',;nvial shores. Such are some of the I'acts which have sujL'.ire.sted the (iiiiuinn lU^. the reiidon between the two cities was once a lake, and tliat tlic l•xi^ti•lfri Lake St. Peter is all that remains of it. The low baidvs of this si'tii.n .J the St. Lawren(^o seem to have been at all times the favorite aljodu i.f tU French, who still enustitnte the mass of their pn|)ulalion. m ' ^ '^ v:- ,.w. ■^ ^ ■it '; •!■ ],. % Si:CTI()N V. QL'EHEC. I. The a|»|iroac]i tii tliis celebrated city { PI. X VII ), tlie oldest in the lutt. ri( r \'alley of Xm-th America, is siii'nali/.ed b\ rock}- and riisiiig li;iii!;<. ..f I which that on tl'.e left or nortliern side becumes almost perpendicular. iii.iitj lenu'th, terminates in a bold jn'oniontory (d' (dd Silurian or traibitiin I'A'kJ risin::' from three liundnd and thirty to thrue hundred and lorty-ii\r itttj above the tide-water, wliicli ebbs and Hows at its base. TliLs tcnniinnnj it eU'ected by th(! Junction with the St. J^awrenci! (d'tlie lUvcr ."-^t. ClianL;;! which bears a relation to the northern side of the head-land nut uiiliki' tbtj of the greater river tu its southern. The hidi extremity which (iVLiluisj the St. Jjawrenco is called Cape Dianniml, and srip[)orts the citaJi;! nf tkl fortrc>s, — for (^ueb'^'c is a fortilied city. Frijm these hi Jits, there is a p:ii' tie escarpment, up tne prnniniitory, to tlui plains of Abraham, and aciv-iitl to the estuary of the St. Charles: the final descent into which, b(jflu\cr. i^iyl a rocky precipice, to whiih the ramparts id" the fortification cunl'nnii. Lei plateau stretches westwardly between the two rivers, to the distance it'dgiilj or nine miles, wlien it is interi'upled by a det'p ami broad dopres.-i'iii, i-csl end of wliieh terndmites in the trnuiih (d' the St. Jjawrenee — the utlicr, iDj that rd" the St. Charles. In ancient times there was, no doulit, a ii-ivof water through this depression, from one river to the other, makin;.' an ijLiMJ of wliat i,s now a prinnoutory. For four or five miles up tlio St. Lawrence from Cape Diamond, tliorivcrj approaches so near the Inise (d' the jirecipice, that there is unly ruiin ti'rij sinu'le narrow street or road, which, for a portion (jf the di.>tanio. imbi-j pactly built along — in some parts cm one, in others on both side-, ln'-^j rear of these crowded habitations, are the Cliffs, from two to three \mki\ P'r:-;. PL. XVII IE 1 1001 1.; -water, at tlif Tlirtej 'i;:l:t(!eii I'ttt. iinicli ijfl tolliiws a levd. miTej ^ Imt littlu aljMVe thoj li sides of t!,L rivir; on the nortliiri. iaj ity| liles wide ai'M twu li ^Hiek'C, tl;c l;i.- iiger exliiliit- i'.l'.uji; stcd the (i|iIiiiMii, tl,atj lud that tlic i'xi>ti!;!»j uks of tliis seiniuD nfl favorite ahodu i.f tLui 111. , the oldest ill tli'liiU'.j \- and I'i.^iiii; liaiii;s. «f| ; ^lerjici'.dieuliir. ai.u. at! Ill or tl■all;^itil';l i'.i.i>,| ^d II and liirty-li\'' Ml Tlii.s ti-Tiiiiinnn! JUver f^t. Ciiarii!;! and iKit uiilikt tb$j lity wliieli iivrilijl s ihe eitadul lit' tiicl iii'hts, tliero i;ai.'tii- ihani, and aer'j:itl wliich, h(,i\vf\iT, :.-'yj tidu euiifnriii. I.el the distance I if oigliM rnad depressi"!!. I Del VL'llCe — till' itlii.T.illJ uu duiilit, a fi ff ^ cr, niakinj; an islaC'll e Piamdiul. t'.i.' river I .■re is only riiinf-!'*! the di,staiieo, isi^i l)„thsidf>. h\'4 two to tliroo liani-'^'l] ; £^ u f: fi ?; ct ■ It. 'i/i' ',^ ':>o'ii:i..;(r.U>:hr I Ciiiiihi iUmiIiiui :n.i II ? 1/ tiffl\ M iitnmn iif .1 11,11.,;,/ //„.,,,,/„/ ■V i;l l„ii„,l, C .1 h'lill,,' r.S.C I:,,,/,: ■I ":K.-"^- -, •.^f'-l'r- [■,■: V jr ■Vit.*.;-!.^ .♦v.'. 5' ■* I ,1 % II;** ■il ;>'. f.(IT I.J feet lii.'li, iiiiiiiC' .a:tsiit' timlicr, As tiii> slip <'^ ii!tn:'r!i, admits tiio jiini'liim of iur. iire vcrv sii .irri;i.'i'> tujia.-'s ijil ri';ility uf a fiWi i!ie most fsii'Ii i» e:ht iiit JcjiMiiiid, and ci IB alli:vi:il Ijutt iirifts. a k'tti.T f Til'.' I'l'I'KF! Til I i''iil"rv. |);ii'tly ■ P'.ni 'lis of it ha ill t!ii; older pa liirl-'S is an alli vMi'v: |iiii'tiong Kvi.'iiil i(. there a 'a:;k nf tiic St. Lj iji'-.'y iiduff tho I iwii. wiiicli const, j:r;i'-'i-. and on \vl l^'f Miie liiiiidro( I ric'.ivHl !iut fe^v ii U-:\a:\iii';r. A cou Jf'v.ai.'l a lariro iii |ii"ii"i' iliu city aiii jfaatvnf (^luebec, •Natives of ■'■'■' taliic does III '■"■" '-imliiT of Cai ''• '^"fli is the ni. ••t! If' ■>^"ll-tittedtofro, HIT !• I INTERIOR VALLEY 01'^ NORTH AMERICA. 4-25 . ,( lii_,]ijiiiiiiuili;it(.'ly ill tVuut nf wliidi, the river coves uru overHiireail with i.jf,5i,f timljer, the protit eomniorciul st!i)ile >if (^)iiol)ee. ^.(Iii^slinof liabitaltlo slioro passes rinind Ciipe IManiond. it wiiU'ii-': ,iiul. j'ltn"t!i. iiilmits of aiiotlier street, to wlii 'i n tiiird is added, Ijciore it reaches tie iiin''ti"" nf the tSt. Charles witii tin; St. Jiawreiico. 1'ho sfpiare.-. tiow- rM iireviTV .small; and the streets in <.'eiieral liarely wide cnouah t(^ )(rinit irria 'I'S tu pa.s.s each other. This is the liOWDn Thwn, which has the ii>pecf laiiva'itv uf a cln^o and eTiitesi(Uu huddle nf Imsiiiess and family hniises, fiiiii the must searching' winds nntst fail tn purify, and ticj liUh from nah is east into the livor anmng the adjciniiiir wharves. On tiiriiiiiL' the !!>aJ-laml, and entering the valley of tiie St. Charle-s, the belt widens into in aliiviiil liiittdni, in which (iicre arc many snndl sipuires, with wider .;rirt>. ;i liL'ttcr stylo ot architecture, and less density of populatinu. Till I'l'i'KU Town stands on the northern or St. Charles siope of the pro- i.iitury, partly within and partly without the walls of the fortiiicatioii. P rii '.!> of it have suflicient width of street, and houses in modi rn taste; sattlw illt-T ]iai'ts are amorphous, compact, and strangulated. Th(> St. (h:\<:> is an alluvial river, tortuous );ear the city, and exjianding into an niuarv; inTtious of wlucli arc (hiily laid hare hy the ehhing of the tide. B(.V"i:il it. there arc cultivated diluvial terraces. The opposite, or southern lank of the St. Lawrence, pr^fsents hills of considerahle elevation. Inune- 'iiaiily lifluw tlie junctijn of the St. Cliarles, the river expands into a Ifcin.whiih constitutes the harbor, into the south side of -whicli jioint l^evy M'jodN aii'l on which there is a town. r r i!ii.' Iiundred and sixty years after its settlement hy France, < Quebec rtaiviil liut few iiiniiigrants from any other nation. In IJii-'J it passed into ;s IkhkLs of Groat ]5ritain. The enngratiou Irom Fraiu-o was then suc- (wlil hy tli'"'t from England, Scotland, and Ireland, which has continued fWMiia'. A coushlerable nulitary force lias always been quartered in the d:;, ;v. d a large nuiuber of seamen are geiu'rally in its jiort. The ]iMpula- ti'ii'i th(.' city and its suburbs amounted in 11*44 to ;]-,^V0 — th.it (jf the cnaiynf (,>uc'bcc, to 45,(373, composed of the following classes: Natives of England, Ireland, " Scotland, Canada, of French origin, " of liritish origin. Continent of Europe, or otherwise, United States, 1,5!)S 7,207 D81 27,i(h is the medical topogra]»hy of Quel>ec ; and it presents two locali- p if'/ll-titted to generate autunmal fever; — the coves of the St. Lawrence, * Cowan's Quebec Guide. }i\ .1 ■i . ii: f;' ■ ■ • ;•■. Ir .' ■ , » • .• •ri:!- M ^.■/■- ' -.», . • ■ 'i :■■■ ■. ■ 1 . •" >. ..-■• * fi'- t • ^'% '-^ .;; ' ■ 'i-p- J : ' , ' ' , '^ .fi:-i; ■ 4, if "' m J." m ! )\ '. ► • '^ . 4 I •i-ji; TIIL; riJINClPAL DISKASLS of Tlll'I l«OCili with t; clr inaoonitiiiL' lop';.-', niiil tlio estuary of tlio St. fllinrlos. Tliit I'.v r liowt'vcr, siM'iiis til 1)0 liiTc iiiihiHiwii, as jiii tiri-iiniil disease. 1)|', i'.,,.,.,. Olio "f t!it> (ilJ, aiiiriiicd tliat aiituiniiiil lc\tr,alY Tim lat" Dr. 15a' y, from a .^imrtc'r conrHc of ohservation, ti >titiiil in die sanu; terms |)r. J. Dou^das eoin'iuTcd in these statonients, aniliidiliMJ, tli;i;l;f. liad ri']i";it('dly .'^••cu jilm'shus attai'lccd with iutormittont luvcr, scvcml iiihiitljj and ovi 11 a year ul'ter they had visited localities in tho .south-west, wli.rijt was pvcvailinff. I'Mnally, tin; hospital reports, for ll^'Jli and 'il7, as imlli-Le.] in TcS'icr's •' Qitchvc Jfidicol Juainal,''' coniirm tho stati'Uieiit.s of tliivM."'ia. tlcmeii. In roiiirrin;^ to the causes of this exemption, wc nm.«t not fni-.'it tliat Quebec was settled in fi'tKI or "-!, and that autinnnal fever is, t.'S[ii.i:illv, a I di,seas(' of newly jieopled eoiintiies. ^Vhen it disappears, Imwevcr, it :«!'? cause tho topu^-i'apliieal conditioii.s on Avhich it depends arc reiii.vi 1 Hi althoiiH'li imieli of the ciuntry suirmindiny (iuehei; has Imf: bi'Cii fultivat.J an entire abatement of those ciniditions lias not taken place; for tlicui vi-^f : tho St. Lawrence could never lia\n been in a worse eonditioa than at iiro- sent ; and tho estnary of the St. Charles is still in a state to iavirtK' jiri» dueti'iii of thiit fever. "Wo may cor.dude, then, that tlie ah.sciici> I'imii l|iie. bee of t!ic fever, is, in part, attribntalile to its latitude, MV 47' ')"" i; riD. I Tlie sanie. however, cannot be said of remittent fever, oases of wliidi now | and tlien occur, but invarialdy tend to a continued type. Si:CT10N VI. ESTUARY OF THE ST LAWRENCE. I. Tawing- tho head of tiile-water as tho beginning of tlic estr. :t!T,;;| Uivers, at tlio mouth of tlie i^t. ^laniwl An:: Thij starts from tlic town of 'I'hree eiu:htv-fi)ur miles above (>uebec. rrom that noint to the island "f costi. wliere the river St. Lawrence o])ens by two broad moutlis into tl of St. liawrenco, the distance is al»out four hundred and lil'ty iiiiW. island lies in the northern part of tho Gulf. Tho latitude of itswc.-t' is 40" .Vi' -r.)" N., its longitude 01^' Of.' 54" W.* Thus its latitmlo i> the same with the sources of the ^lissouri river, wdiieh lie in luniiitii'li W., making tho breadth of the valley forty-eight degrees uf lui: or about two tliousaml two hundred miles on a straight line. It d.'serves to bo noted, as illustrating the natural mechanism uf ti- iutorm jnlaiie valley, that an air-lino from tlio island of Anticosti ovor t ;,i;;i:;r| O'l'l 11. r ini,| * Martin's Hist. Brit. Col. , ,^ i.jr '•! INTKRIDIJ VALMIY or NOi;'I'II AMKHICA. 127 ; itriiic, Lalv'' Oiitui'in, [iiitl Lal(iik('s tlio >!issi.si|i]il iif tlic !ti"iitli /. .•Mis'iiiiri river, withniit iitta'i'ini: n iivraler land-i'li.'valii.ii tliaii m'Vch .,: t liuiidrcil leet ; iiiiil, 0(.ii.-r.|iiciitl_v. it t'ulliiws, tliat mu' IniMlnd ii.ilc.< ,1, ,, I'd't Lciivrii\\i'i't)i. tlic! Mi^siiiiri river lias siiUleii'iit (■Icvatiuii tu )inur ;..„.,,;,is iiiti) tlie (iiilf 1)1' St. liawri nee, iiistcail of tlio (lull' dl' J\U'xlci.), •>iilfL'ivcs fui'tlior smitli. lUit \vu niii>t retuni to tlio c-tuary. iii.ii'iliaU'lv IhIi'W <^>iu]m'c the river diviiles. aiiit, l)y ro-uiiitiii;r, lunus the Kiitilulaiitl lon^'-eiiltivated Islaml ot' Oilcans; the iinrthern side ui' uliieli ■i; luar.-liv sliures, Imt they are net aiiuish. IJelow this island, ll'c i iver ;eT.r''"ntracts tu its f'eriiier limits, hut ^radtially widens to the i;nll'. At r,: « I?i''. t'l*-' (luaninlini' station lur the purt nt' (^ueliee, thirt_\-t\\u miles ;,;,•/,■ t!ie ritv, the wati r has a lirai kish taste, which, i.i" e(iui>e, increases as ■; i! -vml; aiul luiites willi the inereasiii'/ width ami de)ith, in j:ivin^' to r-iMMi'V the character of a hay, or deeply lenetrafiiiL;' arm of the sea. , 111 |(ul;ir helief that the A|)|ialachian Mnuiitains teiiniiiate when they I '; I'y ."'t. liUwreiiee hehiw (Jueliee. is errntienus. They are (iidv ii;tcr- n 'i.'l, ami n'-iiji|)ear on its northern side, 'riiiis the estuaiy of tic liver t>i;;a hrnail chasm of the nnuntain chain, tl;e huttoiii cf which, lii.e that i tlic ^'I'cat lakes, i.s I'ar lielnw the level of the sea; and, frum the interinr ijfU'Statc of Alahania, to the inhosiiitahle re^iioiis of lialiradnr, thrnugh •.I ::!v ik'grcps of latitude, this is the only ^'up in the nioinitain chain, which ;•:'.;• tithe surface of the Atlantic Oet'an. ][. Oil the siiutli side of the estuary, tlie hi^di lands a[)])rji(', at the (iulf of St. Ijaw- K?i'. where tliey terminate. Ojiposite (^)ueljee. they reach the river, Imt LtMiinuntaiiis; further (hiwn they recede, and leave a licit of settled and nllivatcJ interval-land, in the county of li'lslet; to which several othicr ki'v L'l'iMTally narrower, .succeed; but the jirojiortion ol' inhahitants, who J! I'hiiliy French, gets less and less as wc; descend. From the (di sc prox- 1.1 .!;■ "f tlie mountains, the rivers on this side of the St. Lawrence are all iii'Tt, iiniie eriualiiig the (Jliaudiore and other tiibutaries of the ;:reat river, Witr'i l^'uehec and ^lontreal. ['■am from Dr. ^larmette, who has resided nine years in tlie e( nnty of M, Tlimuas, thirty-three miles I clow Quebec, and practiced liis jirofes- M!i!<:ihi the jiarishes of ]>erthia and St. Tierre, that the icngth of [tx wit!i wliich ho is familiar, is about eighteen or twenty miles, with n Iteitli of from one to eight. Near the river, in many places, the surface h"-it. hutit rises in the manner of an amphitheater, to the high hills or I iii,ii;.t;aiis, \v]u(.l, jn'o at the distance of a i'ew miles, and at wliicli the settlc- ■^ tcTininate. The elevation is from tweiity-iive to two hundred feet |it«vo the level of the tide-water of the St. liawreuce; but there are in the wtaiiuiiiber of hills, either wooded or cultivated. Two small rivers, liav- n':i:'i!iiiri)us tributaries, water the belt, whicli embraces liut few marshes, p-'t.:iv are iif limited extent. Several considerable tracts, however, are h'l ' '•! tonnnidation in the umntli of April; but tlie water is always pure, •'•"■■V'ljfF before the onset of summer, leaving a cultivable surface, some ,.'■■ '•>,.■ • !; Vll k iffWi4';:'-:'' .;[ 1.- . ■ h t ••■ ■ i •■. *-o. . ■• 1 ■'■■ • ■■'^ [■' . ■;-! i f ■ ■ ■' . ■ ■■»' \m m-y -^ rfl U ' _' ■ ' '■ 4'28 Tin; I'lMNCII'.M- DlSllASr.S ()!•• 'IIFK [•"M I. |mr(-i fiT wliicli, cfiiivi'idil iii'n iiiciidnwH, Iiiim' Ikcii ditclicd. The ih" i of this ilifitilct Jii'o cliiflly ciiiiilnviil in ii^'riciiltiin*, ami in ,i:<'ttiii(f out tin!,, 0.11(1 ."tniic I'lir tx|Mirt!iliMii. I>r. Mfirnii'ttc liiis never m'oh n ciiho i,t' in,,, niitfciit fever tlijit (iri,L'i I lilted in tlio
  • triet, and (loi',>j nut liLJievc tiiat it ;. ever |iriM|iicei| heluw (^hn-hec. Di'. Mieliaui!. wlio lia.s loii^' resided lurllier dnwn tlio cfinst, nt St. |,(,iiMl(. KaMii!iira>ka. aluiiit, latitude •17"' •>!' imrtli. inrnrnis nie timt witliin the I,,.;, and iieartlie Itanksof tin- liltle river Onelle. wliicli traverses tlic licit lii'f«v,i tlie nmuiitaiiis iitid (lie estuary I't' tlie St. Lawrence, there is a wit snvimr; (ir niar-^li. aimiit live miles imi;;' .iiid tliree lirnad, wliidi alidiinds in vi"(i;ii,ie nnitters in a. state (d' deeyy. Tlio itelt [presents many diluvial tiMTm^. Jl;,. |Kiindatinii is cldefly a'^'ricnlliiral. < >t' t'onrteen tlKMisund and .H.\tv.,rvrt eases id' disease, treated by iiim, liiit three were; inturinittent fcvcr. 'IV. (if tlie.>i! |iatients had eontraeted the disease at a jireviniis |Hri(,il in t'v United ,*^tates. and the third had s^jdiirneil in a |,alndal situntion in t'c States, ten yeai's liel'iiro lie was scix.eil with the disease in K;iiii(juni.>i!;;i. In tlie enii(diisi(iii id' his letter. |)r. 3liehaud makes the fellnwinLr st;itiii;ii;t, wlii(di he lidieves to lie tnu! : " Neither intermittent lair ri'iiiitti i.t I' vr has ever uriL'inated in the vicinity (d' maishes sitiiatid lietwccii 'lie l"nv- seventh and forty-ninth deirrecs id" latitude, that is. frnm (Jueboc t.. tLe Gulf (d" St. Jijuvreiice." It would seem, I'n.iu tlu; united testin.ony (d' tlie two lionllciaoii wlinkive boon ((Huted. tliat we liavo here, at the level of the sea, pssud k'VDiiJ tL' geoL'ni|diical limits (d' antunnial fever. III. The valley-land on the other or northern side of the estunrv i- -til! uarrowei', and tlu; cnltivatinii iimre limited. 1'he lir.'^t river lielow (..hiehec, is the J/d/i/iiinrciirl, of no rrrcat Iihl!;': volume, hut remarkaldo fur its falls, eiixht miles lielnw the city. Tli' i.es: and liy far the largest which enters the estuary is the Sof/'iciK/t/. — It jidnstho St. Lawrence, one Imndred and ferty iiiilo Wwl Quebei;, and at its mouth iias Ikhmi souuded to the dcjith of two th. ii-:':! feet, without lindinL' ludtom; two miles u]i, its de]dh is ciiilit liumlnii '•vt, and at thi' distauc(,' of nearly tifty miles, the sounding lead dcseiniist-ta' depth (u three hundred feet. The ro( ky hills rise with exceedinir steepness, on both sides of tiii>i;vtr. to the hiulit of twelve or lifteen hundred feet. At leiiL'th we reach t\w y.m where this river desceiuls into this deep rocky chasm, by a series '■\ ra- pids from Lake St. Julm, thouu'li its true and miu'c distant sources art ;a water-shed between tlio St. Jjawreneo and Hudson ]^ay.* liu^ged :i'^ a« the shores of the Sau'ueuay, they are imt without inhabitants, wli" i"-'"'! present to the medical iinjuirer, opportunities for ascertaining the eLaiv-f' I of autumnal diseases, in the latitude of 48'-', at the level of the sea, t;. -'-f remote frdui its shores; but 1 have not been able to ac(piirc the U'; >■" information. * Rep. of Com. for exploring the Sagiieniiy, 1629. ■»*■ ;lio estuarv i- .,; INTKinoi: VMA.DY oF Noirill A.MI'.IJICA. iOO liriHtt'tiii' SiiiriiL'iiay tlun; .-ire i ilicr l)iit Kw-i r rivi'is, iii'Sir iKc liimitl.s ol" I iiii. ami iiroiiml iiiiiiiy MiiJiU lt!i_\H < 1' tin- c-tiinry, then' . 'ire fciMc fi Itlo- ., ;., cuiicoriiiiig wliK'li imtliiiig ran iit prc-fiiL lie Miid, nl' iuli r* -i tu tin' IV. TiiK ^^I'^' '•'■' >^'''- I'AW iti:\( i: must rc'civi- u |iiissiii;; iinticc to (Tin- 5;,;k Mjir .survey ".'" tliis I'nsin. As liiit diio jircat river I'lifors llii; (liilf ot' il,ii", 80 but oiiu ciitcrH (III- (luir of St,. l,;iwr(Mici.'; and tlicsi' great rivors Btt' ik'ir waters iiiterlnckccl, tVom tlin sourrcs ul' tlio AllcL'Iiaii\ ami (Jciui- jft.pmid to tliiiHi! tit' till! Mis>is>i|iiii, :iiiil St. Lmii.s of l.iiki' Su|ii'ri(ir, a I bM '.' ul" •1"^'"'- tliaiMiiio tlinusaml iiiili'H. 'i'.i the .>iinitIi-('Mst, (lie (Jiilf of >i,L,iwri,'n(.'L' "ipt'iis iiitii tlio Atlantic Ocean, liy .-i Iiroad strait; to tliu nortli- n,t, iiit') I>avis Strait, Iiy u nurr^iwer, ealled liilK' l,-l.'. Lalnaili-i' lies to I; :; rtli, New Uriniswiek and Nnva Scotia tn its sontli-west mid simtli, hi:.' ;i I>l;in(l to its suulti-east, and the ^'reat. Island <<[' Xeu-lnnndlaiid to it.s L.; Arnuml this islaml, in iVnnt ol' the (J nil', lie the lanions suh- marine L jl-iif Nowt'ouiidhind, a ninment'a relererieo to wliieli, T liii|ie ni;iy lie jtar- \'m'i It the readi'r will tnrn to the liMlrograiihical niap [ / /. / ], ho lullvr. tliut tli(.'ciuir;se of the l/akeH and the St. Lawrence, fri^m ihe sonnies ,;t!c rivers which enter the western end of Lake J'lrie. is nearly north-east. li' :.' will tliL'ii carry his cyo on the !-aine iiieridiaii, to Cape Florida and the Hjv:i:::i. he will peri'eivo the ori.i^in of tlie (Jnlf Stream, and tiaring It l)v iiTows, will iiiid that its general eoursi' is to the haidcs of ^'(iwfoiind- Ikl ;i!)il tint the marine and eontiiieiital rivers Ih w nearly |!arall(l, yet •!: ;a couvcrgL'd, heing sejiarated l)y tlie A|i|iahirhian nu.iintaiiis, and the I to;;" I'oiiiiectcd with them. Still further, it has been shown, when treating :■ liiilt' (if 3Ie.\ico, that a ]»arl of tlie waters of the -Mississippi are ear- In- . ■...r'iij;li the straits of Florida, and make a portion of the (Jnlf Stream. I Iu> iitl'eivnt parts of a .shower, falling near the center of the continent, lv:v:;;i..tamliiig they take nearly opposite directions, at last mingle over the rji;:.-- "i Newfoundland, carrying with them more or less of the surlhco, hi&r ill solution or suspension. Finally, if the reader will glance his cyo hf- havij Strait he will perceive by the course of the arrow.s, that |i&.!it, wiiii'li brings down icebergs from IJalRn's JJay, sets, also, uj)on tlio Ifei' of Newloumllaiid, and must transport thither more or les.s of the Iter ujf the arctic regions of the continent. Thus, one terrestrial and two |te;t currcnt.s meet over tlioso sub-marine beds, and contribute to build |te ip t'rum the depths of the ocean ; while the organic matter, thus trans- frt' I. attracts such shoals of tislics, as to render this spot the fishery of i>'f dJ, Such is the magnificent system of hydrology, in which our great iMiri r Valky plays an important part. .1 -r ■^:^:: -■-.J-V . % /•■i 4;]i) TriF, PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE in .01 1 SECTION \\\ \\\\\\\AA\L ni:T\VEi;\ tiif, .Mississippi and st. lawrfntt n-- T. The Mississiiini lliiws iioarly tVum nnrtii to !S(iutli : tlic St T„„,. orij'Jiiiiting in tliosaiiu'ro^'inii, fln^vs to tlu; sntith-oast, and tlion tri tlinurf! ' oa-t. ])vA\\ Ajipala ■'iau ^Innp.tuin* Tl, mmrw-^ x\ni\ emiiouclinrc ^\\' tho f'onin.T arc i)! tlie naim,' iiioridians— ,t .:. latter in tlio saino parallels: Oik; is a river of latitudes, the otlai-df i ,„• tude.s. It results tVom these dissiuiilitude.s — Fird. That (lie haiik^ ,,t -i. Mississijipi will forever |ii'eseiit diver'nties of orpniie life, lidth vc^'ftii!'.. •,:,)] uuiuial, far cxecodin:^ the varieties offered by those of the St. Lnwr, ,f Scmnd, That the diversities of disease along the former will alwavs In Hii,, . mueroii^ and striking, than along the latter. II. \Vhil(!t!ie multiplied sources, primary and collateral, of the twirvrsj arc found at nearly the same elevation above the sea, tlmso of the M'-^is sipjii reach it by miu-h longer routes than those of the St. Lawroiicc; ;,!. desi-euding by regularly inclined planes, present, in their cnnrsp. Imt tiv Ja custrine pools and cascades. On the other hand, the St. Luwrciife i- iiiar-l actei'ized, almost tlirougli its wlnde length, by rcservoiis or lalios, kw,\. catar.'.'ts. exceeding in number, beauty and sublimity, tlio,, tiiii upon those of t'le St. Lawrence, mutdi of which does not flow hnck. !«;! either eva|)orated or absorbed; loxrl/i. The higher heat of tlio ci';!!?.!!! through which the 3Iississi|)pi flows, for half its entire couri-o. faMiis Liviteq evuiJ.iration than can take place from the St I wrencc. This cvaiii:; on the lower ^Mississippi and the southern tributaries, cnntiiiues in aitxtj] tluMughout the year, but in the liasin of the 8t. Lawrence, it is almi>t sss^ ^^uided for oue-third of that jieriod. 1\'. The amount of drift-wood and softer vegetable matter, hurin'il-'iH the sea, or lodged along its banks, by the ^[ississi])pi, is iiicoiiijiaralilv;.; than that of the St. Lawrence; wdiich results from the looser alliivial Ml tonis, higher freshets, and more regular descent of that river and its v:M taries; aid hence it follows, that while the fornu'r is thus iiiakiiig il'i ■:! in the Kea, to bo converted into coal, for the beneKt of future aL,'cs. tiic :i!i!f ■will bo found unfruitful in siu'li lienefactions. V. A still greater dilferenee exists between tlieso rivers, in *'"' 'i'''' of earthy matter which they transport to the sea. ]Many of the liir.'iMnl butaries of the ^li.sslssippi, and that river itself, tor its lower fourti'Hi 'M [bxh LAWREXCCRIVLRS, li : till' St. L!\\vr..rci. and tlioii t'ltlu^iiirtli. liiin Miiiintuiiiv The, i\j life. l)ntli vcL'cti'Jv'iivil of the St. La\vr,-(.p; iior \i\\\ always Vimrej iitcval. of tlio t\Yiii:v(rsl a, tliiisc of tlie ^I'vh- :lio St. Lawrouci/; util ;licir Cduvso. Imt I'vla-j n) St. Liiwroncc i- I'lar-j oils or lakes, n]ii4-;i[dj lily, tlio.se of any ■ t'ivrl •, liy tlio Mi>«i.<-iM'. is| n that discliarirciU'' "r;!! uses : Fh^l. Hu- !::;Iej t' tl'.e ,Missi?Mi.[iil:'C,;j 'rials, which bury I'p itsj /,/';•(/, flrcutcr i|V::i! • ;;es^ 1 liiivder its vivcr«. ! iw cs iKjt flow lack. 1'".' ifl lier heat of the I'i'nuta re emirs-e. fa\iir< L!i;:t»^ MieO. This CVaiiM'::iM cs. eontimies in ii'^'"tjj liwreuee, it is alm-t •^".H iiie matter, hnriK'tlvTH |i.is iiunniipavalily '.:'"*' theloeser alluvial-'.' Ithatrivevaiul it- n:!* IS thus making 'l'' -••! lot' t'utm-e ages, tiii' ^i"' ^e rivers, in tho H''"' Many of the lawrm itH l"o\Yer founcui IM riii I'l IN'IERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 431 .ymilos, arc always turliid; but tlio St. Lawrence, on the other hai.d, is tri'i transparent; and ino.st of it.s nillnent.s, even when swdllun, have ;; !ii;i(kiiacss than tlioso of tlio jMissis.'^ipjii. Thi.s dopends i.n two njie!— one ofeological, the other nioehanical : First, The pmpi.rtion of i-miv aiul ai'gillaeious drift or diliivinin, overs])reading' tiiu basin of tl e Mis- iJ'\nM 2r"'itL'r than that of the St. Lawreaeo basin ; and it emhra'es cx- ..■;;iv friublo deposits, tertiary and cretaceous; Sc. \ It abuninh- i;i soft •ralfj aiul marls. On the othei' hand: 7'V/,>,7, The basin of tlie St. ].aw- lenci' presents a great prcdominanco of liard primitive ami transitio!!, or old Jihrian rocks, which undergo disintegration very slowly; Scroiu/, Tlie lakes iti wliicli the streams (d' th.at basin first p'ur their muddy wati r,s, become lie ik'pMsitories of their .silt, ami decant clarified waters into the St. Law- rcDCi". It has resulted from thi.s, that while the .Mis.sissi[ipi has lilh d up lie Inv, or arm of tlie gulf, which once projected far into the continent, and jjiMV cnnstriieting a cape in the (Julf of Mexico, the St. Lawrence has milk Imt little jirogress in that labor, and is still met by the tides nearly five imnlnd iniles frnin its gulf. VI. In regard to the transportation of ice to t!ic so;-, tlie two rivers differ «iiil mure wiilely. The Mississippi carries none wdiatever, and is never fro- leii'Ver, thningh the lower eight hundred iniles of its course: the St. Law- Mco, buwevcr, freezes every winter, and, below Lake Ontario, is obstructed fitli ice for one-third of the year. This ice destroys the et[uability of ( liinato duL'tlic Pt. Lawnnco. The breaking up begins in Lake Kiie and the Xi- j:;ira river, then in iiakc Ontario, and, [irogrcssively, in the river below. Bftiie rapid current in the Niagara and the St. Lawrence, the ice is carried iiRtiithe estuary, where it htdges, to a late jieriod in sjiring, giving to its tekat and beyond Quebec, a uiucli tardier opening of vegetation, compared w!i that of the Island of Montreal, than would result from the ditferenoo (ifiatitmle. On the lower part of the 3Ii,ssissi])pi, wdiere this disturbing in- |fece does not exist, the iuercment and decrement of heat are lelt to the juiwiiiflueuce of latitude and elevation. The annual range of the tempera- liirc't the two rivers, in their lower set tions, is not tlic same. In summer 1!:'] autumn, tlie Mississipipi and its tributaries), greatly redia-fil in viduuic, tiv.'ilio boat of their waters very much raised; but the tjuantity of water I in t'li' St. Lawrence varies but little, and is nearly all derived from deep ii-i's; liimcc its summer, compared with its winter heat, is much h ss than tat»i tlie Mississippi ; thus rever>ing, as we shall hereafter see, ihe law of K.i'i atmospberie winter and summer ti'niperatnre. 'd- In their srenery, the lower portions of these great rivers diiler as I'^i'lyas in other characteristics. On the ^Mississippi, from 3Ieniidiis to I l>-!"ii Rouge, the voyager sees bluffs to his left hand, wddcli gradually got I'W ami li.wer, until they di.sappear; and he finds himself in the midst of hiwaiiipy plain, which all along had met bis eye, to the right. For two TOlri'd ami fil'ty miles he looks down upon this new creation of the waters, pUliidithe highest ridges are the dykes which confine the river to its PKp'rbed. They at length cease, and before his boat floats on the gulf, ^^Tli , .ii. .• ■, . ... . ,-'*! n ' 1.1 ',- /hij!-\;H^!^^'i:- '.' '..1 I I ) ■..:^.'. ■ .. -■f'Ve^i.; 4 i »,, i'-'A: ;- f' :^ . r • • ' *> > ■■■■ ■ l;rl-:i ■ ■ ■?■ ' . ■ • ■ ..'.' ■■■ :r."'.".:-v , 432 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASfZS OF THE tBOOK! lio !-ccH tlu! agitation wliicli it niises, drive tlio turbid waters of tlie liv' over its low and sedgy banks, to mingle with tlio gvoun tides of the « On the St. Lawrence, from Montreal to (^nel)ee, there arc also low bank- but liiiilier lands in their rear, and blue mountain masses in tlie (.liBtawe' which, as the voyager advances, approach tlie river, and cmbr:. -o it hkJ or less closely, to tlie (JIulf of St. Lawrence. The birches, niaiili's, and larclu'-;, here represent tlie cotton-tree, liquid-amber, live oak, and evnre«s with its dark silvery tresses of long moss; orchards of jilunis and aiiiiloj arc substituted for the peach, lig, and orange tree; and acids of wheat oat^ peas, timothy, and potatoes, take the place of cotton, suKar, iind rice idantatious. VI II. ]Jy a single aspect, only, is the traveler on the Lower 8t, Law. rencc, reminded of the Lower ^lississippi. 'J'he depressed Ixink? Ijchvm Montreal and (,)uebec, like those through the ancient Delta of the Missis- si])pi, al)ovc and below New Orleans, are the favorite abodes of the Fronch. The ' lid'jitxuit'' and tlie 'ciri/h\' under the same national instinct, liave placed their cottages in village-ranks, on tlie banks of their ros-pective rivers, aiul cultivate long mirrow parallelograms in their roar; hut the verandahs, idimbing roses, Camillas, and pomegranates, which decorate tkse humble dwcdliiigs in the south, are wanting on tl'.i rigorous shores of the north; aiid hy tltclr absence, cidefly, is the voyager preserved from t lie de. lusioii, that he is not within the .'•elta of the ^Mississippi, when lii.s hoatis rapidly moving on this portion of tiie St. Lawrence. IX. If these two rivers, with tlieir respective gordogical accompaniments. had been placed respectively, in each other's geographical jjositiun, tkir medical histories woidd have liccn widcdy different from what tlicv iinw ore. The alluvial deposits of the .Mississippi would, it is true. Iiave carriid rai- tumnal fever, somewhat further north than we now find it; but the greatest diflferenco from the present state of health, would have been found in t!io south, where a mountain range, and the almost total absence of deiHfit'f 'f silt and organic matter, would have nearly precluded those fever.«, wltichtb burning sun of summer and autunni now quicken into annual prevaleiioo. Sl'.CTION VIII. OF TIIE ST. LAWREXCE, AS A PLACE OF SUMMER RESORT FOS INVALIDS. When the invalid, in ([uest nf a cocder and purer summer air. in eniimo- 1 tion with exercise and recreation, arrives on the southern shores i it Lske Erie, he may turn either tpn the esamiuution of wbiidi cannot fail to interest and excite liim. f:f (if fallen rock, which in ages long passed, were jiolished b)- the liisi: ivators (jf the ijake. Thus will his mind be roused in.to action, and FM;;;lijngth to apprehend the magnitude of the prublenis which nature |fc|woi!tsfor solution. "uv'i the invalid has embarked on Lake Ontario, be should descend by I'll cnast, and spend a day, or mor(>, at ILunilton, Toronto, and J^ -■-' i: where, ill the alisenco of natural sivniery of a striking character, «wi!iail novekios in art and society, which will stimulate his senses and ''n diflfeveiit way from the wild grand'iu- of Xiagara; and thus, by a f"S:i''iey, extend the s;ilutary inii>ressioii there made. i i; Kniirstou he will rei'-mliark for the St. Lawrence, ami his first stopping- "'fsamild he Oadenslnu'ff, on the American side. The voyau'o will be pn the Thousand Islands. The eh'inents if this landscape are a lirnad pi5- v,-r?pread with water, sending u[( through its surface masses and *' ' t L'raiiite, and other primitive rocks, bare and weathered (^n their •'•i5> -(*. \ * Hall and Lyell. i^.'i^'.:' \ I' . I i ■i; :/' vi- 0Mi^^:. , . • f ■■•<■ liil:: 5 I'- ■■:;)'.•(■ v. . >i^ 4:14 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASEIS OF THE [hook :. low siiiiiiuits, or li^i'litly covered whh suil, sii|i|iiirtiiig stunted ]iiiio«, i,ak,! a' I uia))Ie.s. lie li:ts now exetiaiigcd tlio siililimities ef .Niiigiira tor tiif Uau ties of tlio St. liawrenee, ;uu\ a correspeiidiiig eliange will t;ike iiliin. ;,, t,jj , eiiiotldiis. Aiiiniiu' the Islands, and I)el stability, and govern the river, not existing at its mercy like tho.-i' df tl,J ^lississippi. Now they approach, and now they are widely scpanitid i,v;,,i[ island; here is a str>.tc!i of gentle current, ami there ;i iVightt'iil ca-ia,',,. [A which tl:e light-green and limpid waters are dashed into wliitc Irani, :;> lU" riLsli furiously down the roeky slope, to repose in some broad laMn. i\itlij gras.sy margins, and prepare themselves, as it were, for a new dosccnt. I'j. nally, the Idue sununits of the mountains wddch over.^haduw J.aku ('i,;,ii:. plain, and afterward those of Canada East, begin to peer ahiivi,' tiiu i.-ri- zoii, and by the solemn (juietness of their aspect, mingle a new iiiiniiinKiiaj those which the river had awakened. A day on the Island of 3lontreal, is the fashionable allotmciit; L'it ij week will not exhaust the sources of interest to an intpiiriiig invalid; wiioj can there command every comfort, while be substitutes the nnvcltir- ; ;;jj social condition for those of natural scenery, in a higher latitude tl:a:i Liaaj reach in the valley of the Mississippi. The voyage to (.,>uebec will bring only repose id' feeling. I le is iimu- iii tide-water; the rapids arc at an end, the river widens, and at lonatIu'.\ii;i;.ijl into the beautiful Lake St. I'eter, then contracts: its course is strain' !.::sj banks sr> low. as barely to rise above the bigb tides, and su tliiikh vi spread with the cottages of the ' lluliitdiits,^ and the more ambitiiais divi ings of the ^SV^V/^f^nv, that, but for the perfect transparency of tlio ivauri they iiudose, he might taney himself on the Lower .Missi.s.sippi. A week at Quebec will not exhaust the curiosities of nature and art: which it abounds, nor bring into oxisti'uce all tin; histuvital ri'cilli''!: r.« wliiidi it (ran awaken. Cape niamoud and its citadel — sirt'ets widi i.vii inss on one side, and batteries bristlini:; with cannon on the etlur— '::. zures and windows in juxta-positioii — long ranges of steps fVim t!,t i. > to the Tpper town — gates guarded by sentinels — soldiers, sailurs, ai/i ■.it'j izens, mingled on the same narrow pavement — dugs as well as |h :;i harness, and drawing their little wagens throuah the streets — I'lH: Enirlisli si'i'iKs in alternation, on the doors, and tlie dialects of tlio mv( tions, blended within. Thus the foreign invalid, or liy[)Oidi(Hidii;i'. Hj absorb something thnuigh every pore, to change the condition ot in- i:i' system. But, escaping from the city, he may drive over the iduvuti-a \--'-'A of Abraham; then, at the distance of nine miles, visit Lorette, and • i remnant of the oldest civilized Indians of the continent; thuii. at a:i ": distance, devtte a day to the celebrated Falls of 3IuutmorunLi ; Ji.J "< 1- ■ ■ ■ , ' fail'! INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 435 j-.thor. feast liis eyes on those of the river Chti'uliorc. with its wild, ronian- iic . '.vhii need the iiivigoratiiiL'' influence of a eool smnnier climate, in , ,,;eeti iinvith exercise and new scenes and objects, 1 sliall a(hl, that the T ,:i 'i\ wIk'II iiracticahU', shonhl he continued beyond (Quebec, to the R'nnere '/,,"/!, at the distance of one hundred and twenty miles, or even to the <.i.;m. tliirtv miles further down. The great lireadth (if tlie estuary, • Tlieiiome a bay, the mnuntain scenery on both sides, and the coolness of &■ jiiiiatc. ill a hiirher latitude than tlie utmost sources of the 3lississiii[)i, f.-W :'rontlv add to the l)enetits which a southern valetudinary might (Miiiv.' Iiiiiisfll' from travels in the north. R'.tiiniinc to Montreal, ho shuuld not ascend the St. Lawrence any higher, kt iMSs liv rail-niad to Lake (Miamjdain, whose grand ami ])ictures(jUO yvn'TV mav still interest him, if he have not become cloyed l)y tlie natural it'.ks of tlu; Niagara and St. Lawrence. At the end of this voyage, ho sivrtftat ^-aratoga, and, then, either descend the Atlantic plain, and visit !v cities of the sea-board ; or, turning to" the west, make his lirst stii]i|iiiig- iili'Mt Svracuso, where the extensive salines will iiresent a new object of i'.:»r':' ;iiiil deficient in running streams and water-falls. The basin of the I.jwroiKo is its vorf//. and opens to its invalids, in hot weather, a re- ! 'wavliich thoy cannot have in any other direction; for the southern pur- - ''t the Appalachian Mountains arc too inaccessible, and the Itmky >'i!wiistiw remote. It is not sufficient fur the physhian to ailvise his i^>M, laboring mider a chronic infirmitv. to leave off medicine ami (h;- '"II travel. When he prescribes the former, he directs where it can ■""tamed; and, in like manner, when he recommends the latter, he :trr M. ■■k-.' '--f 'V,'. .-•s ifiV'-f. • ;■ ■<"•■ M ."J' ' ' '■■. . I '...-. s .!.•■' V,. WWmW f ■ • «... , *■• ■'^%. r •; ••yV ■I f »fl.-», V ■' I. :■}■ i ;i. I. .,, . -.■„ ^ : :,. . '■ ■I.I'**.. .» ' ... 1 . t . ■*. ,] :'^i-'t'. «:kv 1 •',•.>■ :;^V. •■ ^lliJUir^M 43G THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE [500K I •iliould bo able to lay doAvu tlio apiiropriute and jiracticiUc routo; in J,,;.,, which, he sliould draw his iiiformatioii from the books of 'Jl^ l»rijlt:vsi(ju, and convince Iiis patient that ho is familiar witli what he reeouimuJs but little confidence will be reposed in his ativiee. CHAPTER XVI. THE HUDSON AND AllCTIO IIYDllOGKAPIIICAL BASI\> INTRODUCTION. The Mexican and St. Lawrence Ilydrofrrapliieal Basins, ineluilL' noarlv ill the white or Cancasian pojiidation of tlie Interior Valley of North Aiiii'rka; but its medical topograpliy would be Incomplete, and iiiiporfect. C'veiiiii rii-j erence to the diseases of tlioso basins, if s. me general ifeographieal aiiJlii. drographieal views were not taken of the more desolate aud uiipeiijik'l ri- gions which lie to their north, and are quite equal In area to those wliicli lia« I been describee^. The Hudson Basin, moreover, at one ])oiiit of its simtiieni I border — the sources of Bed Bivor — dips into the 3Iexiean as low as tlie lati- tude of 45'"' 30' ; thus l)ringing a part of the nortliorn basins witliin tie I limits of prospective settlement and cultivation. The value of a stadv' tlie pliysical geogra])hy and meteorology of tlie uoj thorn regions may be 0*1 eisely presented under the following lieads : I. It is an admitted fact, that if tlie Bocky 3Iountains, and otliiT .\Ijaej ranges, which lie to the west of tlie Mexican and St. Lawrence Ba>i!i>. liilj not exist, but the great plain which they now subtend strctclied out tu \bt Pacific (.)cean. our climates would be entirely different from vliat t!nv !!:if I are ; and hence it follows, tliat he wlio would understand the latter. imi-:iJi aware of the existence of tlie former. If this bo trie, — and it uaiin -i <| denied — it is obvious tliat the meteorologist sliould know whether tlio i.'.ra-j ern regions arc a flat, or overspread with mountain chains. IT. In tracing out the combined and separate influence of soil and a:n:<\ on our diseases, it is necessary to examine them to the very limits n continent, in the north, or until they cease from climatic changes. III. The Northern Basins embrace many tribes of Indians, whoso pliraj ology and diseases arc tu become subjects of study, in the closing p.irt "-I our work. %: [SOOS I lie rou's; indi-ht' of uis prot\;ssi(ju, 10 rcconimv.aik, 1. : 'ilT , 1 INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 437 '" jii the extreme north tlicro are ponnanciit sottlcmonts of Esqui- ,, Jitrorent ncc from the Tndiaiis. tlio .^tudy nf wli(is(> omistitutioii'^ iJniiilailit'S unclcr the rcmiivkaLlo oir •uuistaiices in whlcli they live, caiiiKit v mtliHut interest. V litli till' Iliul.son nnd Arctic Basins have hocn explored hy so many ;'"riii''ans and Aniorli-ans, that many valualde oliservations have heen ir4' on tlic cfVi'Cts of lonir-conliniu'd, intense colli, on tlie constitutions of •", Onii!i«i:in races, thus rejiresented in .'lose fVi,uid and dreary regions; all Mvij-h stand in curious and striking 'contrast witli tlie effects of the hiirh ,i;il iinlmiircd heat of the tropical reii'ioiis around the (lidf of Mexico. \; iv'.fnphy of the i.orth is imt necessary, however, to the develojmients Tt i!n!irati(l ; and I shall limit myself to such comprehensive ireograjiliical ttl livilruirraphii'al views, as maybe condensed into a sin_Lde chajtter, be- iii.niw witii the Hudson Basin, whicli lies innncdiately north of the two Kill have been described.* IICAL BASI.\> ins, incluih' in'sny ;,.. ;y of N'lrth AiiiiTiii; inperi'eet. even ui v:- geograi: ihieal uniih- te and unpeniili-'l \c a to those wliicli lia« I point uf it?simtM| i(;anaslowastlicla:;- im basins witbin the j c value of a stuJv' lie C'jS"! m regions may [ins, and other WM 1 Lawrence Ba^i!l^.*l| stretched out tu M from ^\-hat tlioy p.v^I [nd the latter, imi^tt*! Ve^_;,nd itcaiiii"tl«| ow whether the in-'ria' liins. Lcof soilandcliMt Tthe very li"'it^' "t ^'A tic changes. , Indians. wli^SL' r*'; iu the closing r-f^'- Si:CTION I. Tin: HUDSON itYDUuGurmcAL ua.sin. i The 1).\v. — A large portion of this basin is overspread with the in- ,.l>e;i. iihsurdly called Hudson's Jmh/, which lies a little to the north-east : ii.< leiiter. In fiiruro it rec ':ibles the transverse vertical section of a "ja'uiiu. Its base lies nearly in the seventy-ninili meridian, while its apex aits tu the lunety-fifth. The sixtieth paralkd of north latitude passes iku^li its center. Its southern extremity, called James' Bay, sinks to the |::tT-ar-t degree of latitude, and tiie opposite rises to the arctic circle. Its iaij nearly the same with that of the Gulf of ^Mexico, from which, how- I ta Diiist be deducted the large Island of Houthamjiton, lying in its north- tKjwt, ill mean latitude (i^J'^, opposite the entrance of Hudson's Straits. h:::'i tumiect the bay with Davis' Straits and llie Atlantic Ocean. The hsiaiviif this bay is so obstructed with ice, as to render its navigation im- I [!ieikil)le eight months out of every twelve, l-lveii in July and August, Pirry and Franklhi found the straits which lead to it embarrassed M'ith ice- ■.:l'-; and hi its northern regions, great iields of Heating ice i'rctjuently 'For the principal facts of this cliaptcM', I am iiiilobtfd to tlio following works, to h-;;a 1 (■hull sfldoia rcfiT spcciuUy in the text, after liaving cited them here ; — |Huil\e's Ovcrkiiid Jourui'y to the Polar Sea, 17G9— 1772. Macke.n/ie's Voyage |wr.Mi:Kniizie's RiviT to the same sea, 17S9. I'arrv's First Voyi'gi^ through llallhi's Biv, MO-l-oo. His Second, 1^2:}— l^a;}. His Third, 1820—182."). l'iiANKi,i.\'s jf-^iOviTl;md Journey from Hudson's Bay to the Polar Sea, 1820—182:). His Second I'^ai Lake .-Superior to the f^tiine, sea, 1822 — 182."}. Riciiaiu),so\"s Narrative of his •'>•! with I'raiililin, and several of his jiupers on the geology, zoology, botany, cli- ■•■u: iiili;il)itaiil.s of tliu arctic regions of America. Lono's Second F,.xpcUition, to |^»' V,i,i,i,[,,g, ij2:1. Ross's S.-cond Voyage through Ikiffin's Bay, 1829-1833. -'ts'i Arctic Land E.xpedition, 1833—1835. ^^: W •;."■.■*• ''^.- ...•; li.rH^' 'B h - I ,«' ; ^ \ ■ ]■ ■ 1 - - ' f i ■ ■ •;! ,t -■•••• ■ '■ *•' * ^' 4. J * ■ • ■ I ■• ■1 1 I ' I •K* • r 1 • > s 488 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE I BOOK inclosed tlio sliips nf tlic f'nnii'.'r, :i>^ tlii'y I'.iul ]irivi(iii,>-lv ilmic tlinso nf itl, iiiivigiitdrs. DuiiuL' Avintcr, tliis ice is even wlicrc .'iccuiiniltitdl i.n iNiil,,,, pitalilo shores, wliicl' I'vcii on its siaillicni side, rcnuiin In zi^n ti. nn kv lin-ij. iioss*, >.liri)i;^li(iut tlic Idn^vst sininiici's, :it tlu' (li'|itl: of tliivi' ur tnur liii |.. low tilt' surl'at'i!. In sonit' jiavts tlu; cuiists arc bijil and mckv: in iil,.. low and .swanijiy, like tliosi! of (lie (lulf of Mcxieo; — and this, niinnl- , to Doctor irKdiardsiin, is especially (ri;e of tin se wliieli lie fa^tll(^t M.iitl, Altlnm^li llndsnirs IJtiy was discuwred liy the intrepid Imt aiifhrtmiate l"]n:;li.sli naviuatiii' wlmse name it liears, as early as Kilo, its desuhiic >!i ;, . liave bnt l'e\v eivili/.ed inliahitants, e.\ce|it tlie i. T!,. reside kv eoniiTcgate at a tew faetdries, cldclly near tlie innutlis ef rivii-., ii tlie southern coast, from the nmuth of Nelson".-; lliverto the iicad nf .fi, .' JJay, where tlu'Ve are' some lindted settlements of a more |ieniiaiitiit 1,' : This failure in the eoloni/.alion of the shi res of a sea, which fdrrcsii'iiii V latitude with those of the Hallie, Avliere we find the laroe cities nf St-.',- holm. (\i[)enhai.fen, and St. I'etershiiri;', will eeasi' to excite >(uriirisi'. wi, ■, we reHei;t on tlu; jihysieai condition which has been descrihud: ami ;i« tliis conditio, 1 is pevnninent, the colonization of these coasts must furcvc' wiKii!! extremely liinited. 11. (jK.Niui.M. ITvniuKiu.M'iiv OK THK l).\six. — A siniilc glance lu :' map ( /v. / ), will disclose the hydrtdogy of this hasiii. Small lakes aliuHiJ everywhere, excepit in the south-west. To the east, in the dirceu(jii nf hi- vis' Straits, and to the south-east and south, toward the St. LawniUTa: i its ]iarent lakes, tin- coiuitry is, in tact, osseiiti.dly lacustrine. Fivm :, north-west side (d'- Lake Superior, a (diaiii id" small lakes, connected iiv V,'!- | nipeir Uiver. extends north-westwardly to Lake Winnipcu', tlio l;M":c>t hj within the Lasin. Beyoiul it. in the sumo direction, the lacnsiriiit ,: continues, until the hasin is traversed from soutli-east tn neitlv^- South-west (d' tins chain the nundjer lessens; hut to its nertli-ea-i ;: abound, (julte to the shores of tjie o'reat hay. All these hd(c.s aroci;;' the sources, expansions, or receptacdes of rivers, whiidi finally niiii,i:!t.' t' ■ fresli waters witli tlie hriny tides of the bay. Of these rivers, hcgin::!::: the east, the principal are, I'hist 3Iain, Hui)ert, Abbitihhe, aad AUNi::; which, originating in tin; water-shed that separates the St. Lawrei:if:i;;'iJ the Great Lakes (d' that basin from the Hudson, discharo'c thcinsclvt.-ii.'ij James' ]>av. Then toUow, in advancinn- westwardlv, the Soverii. 11;^' Nel-xin, !iud Cluuvdnll liivcrs, whi(di pour their more copiou.s torrents. i!i'.'> I ding the overflows id' Lake Winnipeg, into the southern side of t!a' Ij Further Jiorth, is an extensive group id' small lakes, lir.ang their <'Ui..!j through a short river, into the head of Chesterfield iiikt, a U^. n;i''f';i arm of the bay, lying nearly in latitude (U^'. Of the region in tlieiiri:i.| between the bay and th(> polar seas, but little is acciuTttdy knoflii, •' 'i'l that thev abound in ice, and are friditfully desolate. From tins nv hydrographical survey, we perceive, that the Hudson Basin, with tln'i^d' tion of its extreme south-west, presents a vast extent ot watery ;-i:'''''''i :^ •.IT !•] IN'IEiaor, V.M.LKV OF NOirilf AMFJMCA. 1:59 tliMii liiilt' till' ycMv is liridL'c'l lU'fr wiili ii'c siini('tiim.'s ten (.v -;'if-rninro ■ ;v"t''-t tli' 'K'. Ill r.iV.-irAI, (i i:Oi!l! AI'IIV i>V TIIK 1)AS1\, M)i;Tll-I VST HI' Tlir. CHAIN - I,liJ> UlUCIf INCM'I'KS liAKM W I\M I'IKi. 'rili>, Avllii'll is the iarirff ,, .jiM.i lit' tilt' Itiisiii. iiK-ludos the l);iy. Its nicK-.s arc (.•liictiy. it' iint entirely, .'.itive. The coveriiiL' ; 1' oil is thin itiid iiiferlilc. 'I'lie aiiini;il vei_'eta- iXni'S'iiiit^'. ^'"'' ii'lviiiKH's ni|iiilly iliiriiiij: tlie slmrt suimiiers. 'I'lie jiateiies if thill t'lrest a re e(iiii|ins(Mi largely df tereliiiitliinate trees, \vitli daks, iiia- ,1,5. iiiiiilars, Iiii't'lics. and willitws, ncnerally (if stunted size. It |HMlialily ,;;ii iii'iiiitiiiii.s which rise tn the altitude i if two thi.usaiid I'eet, exee|)t •■vvi'iiM liu "!' 't^ eastern niaruln near the Ijaluadov enast. Its nnrth- I'.t aii'l iinrth iiieltides a |iai't(it'the '■ Harreii (!ruui:d." nf whie!; seinetldng £llii.' -:ii'l ill th(Mie.\t seetinn. The variety (if its resident i|iKidrn]iei|s is •.;-:it; till' hisoii is Hot foiiud within si.x hundred miles nf the hay, and ;.t:;;,j,. ilocs nut iuluiliit thi.s portinii of - • hasiii: moose and reindeer j'liiii'l; L'i'alliii and iri'i'iiiiiiiv'r'iiis hirds miirrafe in winter; iii summer, !'>Miiinl> lit the south, esjieeially thi; v,ater-towl. ai'i'ive in i:''-eat nundiers, to ■ '; ;iiil rear their youiiL'.* T;/!!'ii'thi'ni shores of Hudson's Hay arc tliiidy iilialiited liy Ms'inimaux. .V ;;iriiiL' ii!'rde.s of Indians inhahit the ro;:'ions smith arid south-east of t'wbav. Tho fur conr|)aiiies h.ave estiihlishnuMits at the umutli of Churehill Fiiv.r. Ihivcs' liivor, Albany Kiver. .Modse Itiver. and l!u|iert's I'liver, I'lso :;';i,' "iitlet iif Lake ^\ iniii|iei:-, and a few other ]daee,s; hut there is no EiPff'-i.; t.ildiiy. It need seareidy he sttited that autumnal i'ever (hes not K'lraiivwliore iu this half of the hasiii we are iiow e.xiilorinj:'. IV. ]{Kf;ioxs souTir and avkst ok liAKh: Winmi-ki;. — It is aL'reeahlo litiini fri'iii a re,2:ion so desolate, to one which di^iilays a very dillerent tifflctcr. It.s limits, to the iu)rth, are tho water-shed which divides the Ji>kat''!i:iwnn. of Lake Wiiiuipeir, from tin Athaliasca. of the .\rctic hasin; totlie west, the llocky Mountains ; to the s.iuth. tlu' sources of tlu' .^lis- i'jri. Mississippi, and St. Lawrence. Its area is eijual to five or six of tin.' lar^r Mate- of the "\'alley of tlid Mississipiu. Its chief rivers are the Sas- satflawaii. wiiieh flows fiN'iu theslojies of t!u,' Hd(-ky .^lountains, eastwanlly i'blo.' Wiiniipcir; lied Uiver, which flows to the uortli, from the water- ed v,!iii'li separates it from the ]\Iississi|)|ii: and tin; Assinilidiii, Avhich fciii; tlie cnuntry between them, and joins IJimI Iliver. just Iiel' re the latter ["inrs its waters into the lake. Tho re,L!;iou we are now in. 1ia:i evervvrhero ij'i'i-stratum of socoudary rocks, and its surface is smoothed down into fMi«. '.vliieli are, iu fact, a continuation, to the m.rth, of those traversed by 't:c M:-asiii. After thesis general uo- -A It will Ijo proper to give a minuter account of sonic portions. * Richardson. A' 4- .if »t' I I". *•.■ * ;■> f-' \'-- ■■<*• ,*'. \ w •!:! •■•:;;.:.: .r. y,x:v ■ "r I ir'\ '- f i - T - p ■1 ■'•• ! i ,' • *'".• - ■ ' ■ ^ • ■ • . » ' '. f * ' »*. r' J ' ', . ! ^, -i ■ •■' ■ 4 l---> \H .1 |-fi.'::1 -• I ... ., . . *r N I P"' ) '"''■''■':' If , *■ ' ■' .'■ " , I'i : IjI i. i \ '. ' '■'; .«' '•■ |i,. 1 :.;. * ''-. ■ ' .' ■'""■» ¥:. ,f '"^ ■^. '•>•;■ ■ ' |m|||1;'';s l:^^v :-;•■.,' 1 U MS.:' - •no Tin; nn.\(.ir.\!. dishasks of tiik l«00| 1 \'. N'.M.i.i i' OK lli:ii IlivKu. — Tlio licHt toj)(ijrni|(liu-;il iiciMmut ,,f d.i, valley, in timt ;:iv('ii \>y Ciiluiii'l ljiiii;f,'''' who (IoitHius tlio rivorus (iri^iimtii- ill part, (III tlu; siimf |ilatiiHi with tlio .Missi»i|i|)i. in jiart mi tlie l;i h i,la:, m»rtli 111' till! Cotditi (Irs I'ni'ir'ns, iiiiil, [iiiitly, in tlie iuteTvi'iiiiiir iliiir, v.i,,|, wIhto it iiifi'i'lnclcs with til'- >^t. IV'Icr's. its lcii<.'th is iihuut livo liiaitlrtd ...:i..,. i...i. a1... . I .:.. It a , : rt.i :. .v.. . i ^ .i , . ' '■ -• - — f-" ■•■""••'"I' utc umwrii luih.'.s, liiit tho jilaiii nvcr \. it flows is so littl.' iiK^linctl td the iinit',,, thui its ciirrciit is nciitlc. and '\\; oxceoiliiijiiy toriuuus. It iuis iin li!!.-. n;] its jiincti"!! witli \m\^ ^\';llllilll■g is by a hruud, inarshy I'stiiury, ii\.r>|,ria(l with a([nati(! trras.sos. Thriiii;.':Innit its wholo coiirso, the hanks arc Li\v.;ii,il uiisu|i|i(irli'il in the roar liy liil'-;; its hfd is, in lad, a iiicrc trcu-li, il;,- tliroii;^h the |iraii'ii'S. The; niavt;iiis are overshadowed with I'urisl iiv... whieh increase in size and iimnhL-r as we deseeiid the river. Colonid iioiiif's party rmaniped, hy ni^•ht, on tlie prairies near tln' rivir: in relfii'iici' to wliieh I'loiVssur Keating, the histoiiographor of tlu txidi. tion, ohserves : — "These iii^'hts made a more livel}' impression on several of the piirtv.tlaii nny of those that had preceded them. Tlie lieanlil'nl and houiidk'ss irqumsc of the jirairie.^, as ^( en hythe Inii.dit niionlight whieli wceiijii\oJ ihuiii;: tlat jicriod, tlie iVeshness of tl'.e night air. the stillnes.s of the scenery. iiitfirm.ii'I onlyhy the liowlings of tlic Vi'oll' and tln^ lowing of the hufi'ale, tin.- ivivl. lections of the dangers fioin Indians whieh had lately thivateiRil u<. aiii] against the recurrence nf ;vhiidi we were then watching; all tlic.se were lit,]; to suggest to tlie mind nielancholy yet not unpleasant relleetiiiii,s."" Anmng the trilmtaries of lied Itiver. the ino,^t ini[iiirtant is tlie A.via- boiii, which makes its way rroiii the we.st. In length and veluiiie, it i.«uijUal to the river, with whicli, about in latitude AO^', its waters iiiiii;j:le. 'WkW pographieal cliaractei- of tlio basin of this tributary, is jiruhuhl} ;iii!iI'lh! to that of ]led Iviver. Set/kniei/ls. — .\hout tlu- year 1'", at tlie mouth of the small river I'ciiihiiiii, wliiiii liuve its name to tlie village; the lov.cr, at the mouth of the As,sinihoiii, a Jwrre further north. It was called after that river, and constitutes one uf tsc most nnrtheni settlements (fur-trading hon.ses excepted) in the Great Into- rinr Valley. In tlie year iS;];], the ]io[iulation of the colony amnuittilio three thousand and seventy, and may now auHumt to five t]ii'i'-;r."i •■ This, I believe, is the only Cuim/i/ within the IFud.sou Ihisiii. ami tin most northern permanent agiieultural settleiuent in the Iiiterinr \:ii»}> Colonel Long, who visited this colony, in the month of Anjiust, 1^> found the peoph^ in health, and says nothing in his journal of auiuin- nal fever. 1 am, however, informed by him, that not a siniili' t^^:'-'-' ^'' that disease was seen in tlio colonv; and ])octor Howard, aittr u>>^'i-- * Second E.\poi]ition, Volnine II. t History of tlie British Culonics, by U. M. Martin, Vol. Ill, p- 531. ■iir !•] INTHRIOIl VALLKY OF NOllTlI AMERICA. (11 •wi'in'W rci-'ciitly, lins assured iiic, tlwit Imtli intvi'inltteiits ainl n'liiitteiitf* ifiMiiikii wii ; yt't llio tii|iii_ifr!ijiliic;il (•(iikIIiIihi.s arc r.ivuralilu to tluir |)rn- j5,iHi. If we luiiy ri'ly t,' •miliary liiiicstuiie is the siili-stratuni nt'this ;:rcat valley, aiiil |iriilj- liHvMl'tiic wlmlo roiriim irmii Iti'd Jiiver aiid litd^e \\ iiiin|iCL'. to the liasc of ;'kFi I>\ Miiuntains. Ariiillaccmis de|iiifrits are cnniiHiiii aluuii the lower wrt if till' river; hut, further west, the suri'ace liecuuie;? sandy or i:ravell_v, I uJ till; limestone formations are hurled up. The fonncr roiiion pre.-enta :m tiu's 111! tlic hanks of the river; hut the latter is destitute of that [B't;l!:-!iim'iit. and produces oidy short grass. |iliere, there are two pides ar fori of magnetic intensity, neither I'j: "iiiili is euiacideiit with a pole of dip and direction. One is within the jWin wc an.' nuw exploring, in lat. r)-J" I'.i' N. and Ion. 91^' ;")!)' ^\. ( Sec Y'D- The isodynamic lines, or lines of ei|ual intensity, are " closed and |K'.rii;ir curves " which have their connuon center at 'he spot which has piui.:UeJ.:j: It is worthy of remark, that rrotesso: Forbes, of Kdin- jw?. hs shown that the magnetic force diminishes as we ascend from the '■^'tl 'li the Sea. I h X .t '•^'"•'.p 331. •rfankiurs First Joiirni'y to the Polar Sea, \>. 4.')2. •■I'crSubiiie: Tranwictions of the Royul i^ocioty for 1846— Proceedings of the I •■''**'' Association. Ibid. L'i ■.;■••;. ■ I' . i _ ^ i " t .' '■ ll 'H ,■ t 1 ^.' '■ 1... l. t m ■l\ \\-2. 'riii: i'i;i\('ii'\r. dfskasks ok 'nii; Tills (•(i||||>r('lirlisivc nilllliii' (,r llic \\iilcl_v r\tl'mlc(| I|i|lSl>\ \\^i\\ that iiiir |i|;iii rc(|iiiris. We imi.«*t imw Icavi' if I'nr llic rmiiili ami i,,, | of wliic li ;i iiiiticc ((intilly loiici.-^c will lie siilViriciit, 'loot ; •■\'\t SIICTIOX IF. 'Illi; Al.'C'I'ir IIVDKOCI; AI'IIKAI, liASIN. I. LiMii-^. — This Ip.'isiii iii'linlcs till' rciiiaimlcr i'\cr\ ulicrc li'iiiiiiiiiti'illi r >f;i, wliii ll IioiiimIs il IVnlli (lie citlllt S -iil>t In I VII. n^' liiihilrnl :ii,|j 111'' t!ii' iiir.ial tliirl \-si\lli or lliiit v-si'Vt'iilli iiii'iiiliiin. Tlic rani;'!' ui (•(.!!>-( I lalituilc dI'T"^' N. The ca'^tcrii pait dl" tlic liasiii, wliidi lies lictwiiii Jln sioi s II;i\ ami llic I'dlai' Sea, is ciiiiiiiaralivcly naiTow. Tlic luiiitituijc i,i'i!;ij |iiirtiiiii u. li.'twccii ^h' iiinl !••">". Al'trr tra\cliiiL;' \vcsl\var(lh iVmn ||,, |i;,.. thrniiLili ten ili'L'it'i's lit' l(iiiiMtii(l(', w' liiiil t III- Ari'lii- hasin (li|iiiiii;:ili,\vii t ,t!i> -cjinralidii liclwccii i( and tlii' lliitl>Mii |;,i. sill nllu'li ten ili'L'Tt'l ifli. anil, rull(i\vin,'.r tlir line sin. to the Itoi-ky .Mniintains. we sri' it as low as tlii' lirtv-t'nii,i|i i.aralW' IVmii tliat |iiiiiit, |Mirsiiiiiu' its wrsti m iMninilaiT — IIh' lliii'k\ .Miiimtiiiiis. to till' I'olar Si'M, \vi' pass llimni'li ^Ixtcrii tlcLTccs dl' liilitinli'. II. Lakks. — This liasin, liUi- tlir llinlsnn liasiti. is traviTscil in'iiii. IruJ soutli-tM>t tu iiortli-wcst li_v !i I'liain dt' lalirs, whii-li is a ciiiitiiiiiiitiniM,! i'',ad ri'lVni'il tu in tlic last srctimi ( Sic I'l. / ). The |ii'iiici|iiil ck'nuMii- ^! t'ijj lanistriiic axis, (■(Hintiiiv' iVi'iii the smitli. an- Lake AtlialiMscii. (inat -\:i\A Lake ;riil aki', with imiiii'i'oiis a|)|M'iiilii';('s ami .stniitv A !i el (Ivawii tiiriiiii;li tliciii a ml ni'iijiiiini'ii t.. t 10 SI 111 th-cast, winiM I'lit iii|Hi'ar H.'t wc(Mi. anil td the iidvi li-casl d ti 1 09°. 1-Jit°. icsc \{w<'(' laki's. HI the iliivii II uusdn .-. bay am 1 the I'dlar Si-a. llirro is a nmiit] ( SS llllllllifl' '■! HIJ, lakes ami pdmls. sduie df whirh are cdnnrcted with thi' lavirer, litln'rs i:.vii latoil. Td the Sduth-wcst tlioy arc less nninerdus. 111. Uivi:i!s. — A cliaiii of small lakes stretches iinrtkwnnlly. iMii eastern cml df (Jrcat Skive L.akc. ami liives oriiiiii tu the Thhir-"-!'^\ Gi'rdf Fixh. iir I'xich's h \n'cr\ (US'-dVercii anil lu'st (li'scciu led kv tl.ci^ prising travidcr wlinso name it bears. This river, tlic iimst castrri!, :i;,«| known dl tke Pclar IJasin. fluws ky a rapid descent, iicaily nnrtli-ci^'t, !' sea, in Lat. 07° 11' x\., and J-dn."^!'!'" ;Jn' W. Cojijiir Jfi)f liircr, first descended ky llcarnc, in 1771, ami ali.r by Fraiikli:i. in ISiiO, Ims its driu-iu ;;nd terminatinii near the imrtlirt'iii of C reat Slave Lake. I'cirimiinir, like the last, in a chain ofsiiia doscoiids to the Arctic Ocean, in l.at. 07° 4S' N.. and Lou, llo^''"'^^' '1 banks arc inoro or less wooded. On the opposite or south-west side it tlJ /* ,^.>'*. ',1*1 INTKIMdl! \AI,I,I,V or Nuli'l'll AMI'I.'KA. ii:; li|l!:il!l 1 : /■. i'l „..,?, Slave, iiii'l l!i!ir LiiKcs, tlir iiiiihIji r nf |ii>ii(ls iiml mii:iII l;il;f.M. ha .|;ili'il, is niiirli li'.-s : Iml tlic risers ;irc ul' LTejifer |en;:tli ami vnlniiie, 5,ir'.ilp|.lii. It liii> reccive.l tlie niinn- of its lii.-t, 'jr'MiO'. :MmI (|esiive.s ,'i inure estemleil noliee tliiin liie |ireri ijin-j-. \li liiii-Ji's lilnr is nf l!nel<_v .^^H^ll:lin tiriiiin. I'li'lcr llie iinine cf \; I iv'ii. it ciiiinneMees in tliiise iiKinnliins, iilmiit in hlitinle Ti'J ' nnil • ,!, ||ti , mill lliiwin;^ tu tlie inii'tii-eiist, |Miiirs it.s uater.s inli> llie lakn I',-!; In ;,r.< it.s name. A lew do/rees t'nrtlier innili iiinl wi'st, tlie same !:ii!i> 'I'liil iliiwn anollier. (lie / 'i/JIf/u/i, iiv I'aicf /I'iri-r ; wliiili, fluwin;^ till' sanie illreelliin, passes eluse In I he western exlieuiit y nl' ,\lli- il.jv 1 l.iiki'. witli wi.ieli it is ennneeled liy straits m' liaymis, llii'iai'ili li; . wlitii swollen, a |iail dl" its w.aters enter that lake, to lie reliiineil ti.'i ': siilisiile.s. llaviiiL' estaMi.-lied this emnieetinn. it turns hi the ninth, ultilii'i',' tlio iiaiiie ol' ,'^l:ive I'iver, imnrs its aecnninlated w.alei'S inlnthe i •' -'l'' lit' tin; I in 'at ,'^lave Lake, .""till rnitliir nmlli lh;in llie smirees i>\' &.U'i;iIiiisi'ii, the Knekv .^Innntains throw dnwn annlhi'r river, the 'I'lnii- WKo! liitnl.i, wliii'li lirst ilrnvs tn the cast, and thiai In the imrll'. In jniii •> Htlet lit' llreat Skive liiike, and I'liriii the M;ieken/,ie, which, |iressin;^ !j'ihii'":i till' li;ise oi' the ltiirk\ .^^^lllltaills, seeks the (leean li_y a north- i.-t I iiw'. Oil its way, the \iilimie nf its walei is aii;jineiiteil hy tlio elllu- «; ifi'iitli't ot'tii'eat Hear liaki;. Its jiinetii)ii with the .\retie Sea. iiiark- *|li':i liriiijestiiary, aliouiidiiiL' in islands, is in mean iiat. till" \., ami [■.A-y< W. Thus it drains tim iiurtli-west ennier nl' the (ileal Interior Vil/'.. n.i! tiikcs the same rtink aiiiiiiiir tlie rivers ol' the Arctic Itasiii. with y •'■ I'iver ill the lliid>iiii, the St. jjawreiice in the liasin of th.at name, J...; ■ .Mi.->is.si|p|ii, in the Mexiciui liasin. IV, l'iiv,'i!. liy the rivers wliieli eomiioso the main trunk ol' the JMackenzie, is, frv'TJv. a ciiiitiiinutiini of the great inclined ]ilain, which descends east- T-rli ■ ironi tlio base of tho li'M-ky IMountaiiis, ami has been already do- ffl'' ! ;l^ niakiiiLf a part of the Hudson and .Nliwican UasiiKs; Imt in these tasalutitink's it beci lines imicli narrower, i'l.xteiiding, with some niddilica- li'i'v fiMii tlic immtli of tlio Ivio (Irande. of the (Julf of .Mexico, to (ho 'f. '•■hi)ife (,f the Maek(>nzie, in the Arctic Sea, it ranges through for(y-l'our i.Tu.Mif latitude, a'ld i.s doubtless tho lonirest tract of the kind, which the 'srtiiiiiywhero iiroseiit.s. From ,soutli to north, it has certain ehnrai (ers in '■''■"'"": i'"u'iit, It is most elevated near tho Itocky .Mountains, which ovi;- '.fkro liound it to the west. ScrumI, The Keeondary formations which wwituto its surface, are more or loss Imriod up with (ho rAA/v'.v of the rocks id t;:iti,f the mountains. TliinJ, It is deficient in springs, liocauso the "•s> w.iieli fiill updii it are imbibed by this dehrls, i\\A not afterward col- '•■!'ii iiitii subterranean streams. Fourth, its scanty forests are chiefly I I * - ■ ■r- . ■ ■ t ■ ■ ' ■ A ' *- ,• ^i.h^ ■s. ■ D'^^^-r-V- 'I', Mm MM' ■ i . K "• .' .- f, 4 1^ , 1 •! •i^ '^ ■ ,•'••« : », ** ' ' * " , ' •'.. ^ 4> - It •* » s . ... , - 444 tiil: ruLxciPAL diseases of the [booh fi.iund (111 tlio Iniiiiid lianks of tlic livers. I'^/'/h, Tlio iiitervoniii" iJ'i', (lirairii's) aro cuvitlmI witli grass. Sl.r///, It is tlio great |iasturo.fi(.]il nf m bison, wliieli, ('X(;o|it in tlio valley of tlio ( Hiio, lia,s not liucii fduiul in i ■,,., bers, oast of its limits; but ranges ndrtli upon it, up to tho fiftv-soromi ,],.,■,„ of latitude.* Scrciith, ft is inlialiited tliroiiglidiit by Tiulians, \\\\u vian- der over it. like tlio wild herds on wliieli ttioy subsist. EhihO,^ J.il;,, ji,,, part ol' tliu Hudson JJasin wliieli lies tn tlio soutli, it is a fur-eountn v.iii tho lliidsiii"s Bay, and North Wost Cinnpanios, havo fautorios iuv;ir,f; parts (if biith. If autuimial fever d'les imt exist in tlio jirairies (if tlio Iludsdii Un-iii at tho latitudo of 4'.)" N., wo slmuld nut oxpcet to read of its oociirrfiiiX' in tk' same latitudo in tho rogimi west uf tho la(:ustriiio axis, and wc have ]. :, . counts of its existence there. V. I'livsicAL (i i;o>ii; Ai'iiv Ol' Till-: iikoion east (iv Tin; LAiiv:;:vr Axis. — Tho topography of this jKirtioii of tho Arctic IJasiii, prc.^oiitsa -iri- king ciintvast with that just described. ^Vhilc tho latter eiijiiys a iul.-:r;i- turn of sociiiidarv rixks — argillaceous, calcareous, and carhoniforoM-— t:,t disintcu'ratiiiii (if which, with the (fcftris of the niduiitains, lirdiigl't di nn liy many lai-ge rivers, gives a s^il capable (if suppdrting a tree and lici-1 -i .. ,;i voitetation, up to the latifiui'3 of (jy or (>!*''' thus renderiiia it li;i'.i- '. ■ the fdriiicr is conip(ise(", alinnst entirely of jiriniitive rocdcs. of wliiuli ;;•!''-.;.; the priiici[;al, with extreme deficiency of soil, and excess of water, k ir.<.' tho strata, below are impervinus, while tho prevailing flatne.«« (if ,«"r:: , loads to its acoumulatidii into swamjis. jhhiIs, and small lakes. -.vhiLli I'"/-- verity of its winters fdiiverts largely into ice, that is not entirely iinltviliii summer. For a certain distaiieo. east and north-east of (!roat S!;iV';rl Athabasca Lakes, tho sterility is less, and open forests of dwarf piiii'. ]i \- lar, bircji, .-ind willnw, ari- imt entirely wanting; lint heydinl a lini'. ilrawii from the middle of threat l>ear Lake, in latitude t' I ;hi lino constitutes, in laci, tho '■ Ikinrn (iro/ii/ir' (if the Indians and t'l' liri- tish traders and traveku's. Of tho last, it has been traverstid liy 11. :";>:■. Franklin, liichardsdii, and liaidc ; while Kdss was impri.sdiicd IW tlavi ■;.' .rf on its icv Cdast, in the (iidf (if IJodthia, not far frdin the imnitli uf 'i:!''- ee-cluiii. or Back's Kivcr. All the accounts of these hardy and C(Hii;i:ivii« travelers. Odiicur in representing this great reginit. with the excqiti''" '' '"■' banks df Copper Mine llivcr, which are the best, as diie df the most vcyM'^i and iininhaliitablo on the ghibo ; and yet it is iiKire or less travolod i^irliv Lidiaiis in summer; and its northern Imrders are the perniaiient i'csiili;:ii''t tribes of Fsipiiniaux, wlidse sulisisteiiee, however, is drawn cliitfly iv i" t" sea. thrdugh apertures made in the ice. Vr. Tin; Arctic Ocean. — Xo purtidii of tho univcr.«al ocean i! !«-' known, tliun that which throws its eternal ices on the nortliorn coatt.« ' i tu ^ l^-: ,;■■!■ * Richardsou. a pr"'" '^if^Si [BOOI! iiitorvonin,!.' Yhm l.iastdro-fiold,:! 5;,,. I)0(.'U rnuild in l;'M;i. 3 lifty-SL'i'Diirl .!. ;;oe Imlians, vli.. v. a:;. f:':/!'/!', Lik- tiiat •< a t'\U'-C'UUl!trv. :,;ri luL-turk'S ill vii: ifii e Hmlsfin B;i-iii. ;u its dUl-lllTflliX' ill the and wo liave 11.1 ai- iF Till", T,.\'-iv';:v!' Jasiii. piX'SOiitsa -iri- ■r oiijiiYS a iiili-sn- cavboiiifcnub— t',- iiH, lir(m!.'l't il' v;>; !v tree and licrl'::-! ■■■< Klorinfr it liiilii!;,':-!.': !cs. (if whieli j;i I '--;.; OSS of water, 1-- 1& !i' flatnoss (if -"rV |l lakes, "ivlarli t' • it entirely iiichvi'l i;. if (ireat !^!;i\vanl if dwarf jiiii". 1 :■ n'oiid a line. iii;iv.'L rndsnns l!:!v. i:. lliulsou lili-ill. i- le niirt!i-eii>t'l ;i;at luliaiis and tie liri- ravcrsed l)v lli':'n;': ,iiL'tl fur tlirer yr;ir< (' mouth of 'i:!'''- irdv and enun.viiJ the oxeeiitU'ii -: tlv if tlie most re|i:;l.-ive ; traveleil imtU rnianont roMilcin'i'of ] iwn oliioHy lr'.mtl.« v'orsal oeean is ^'■- irtlieni coa.-tf '>'. tU .'j«' INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH A.AI ERICA. 44." • [,ri..r Valley fif dur cimtiiiciit. lAir mon; than two liuiulrod and seventy ^-. all the attempts to cmssit, to tlio wost, i'nnn JJaiiin's J>ay, liavooi dodin ^ijlfiiintnieats, L"(ualod only liy the iiiton.-o snll'oriiii.'s (d' those who iiavc .-•a'rW tlio glory of discovering a " North- west I'assago " I'roni the Atlantic ■ '■X I'aeifie Ocean, as paramount to all e.\posure.s, hardshijis, and perils. V'lViua coasting voya,i;'t', in the latitude of seventy degrees, from the jie- - ;iia lalleJ IJoothia Felix, to l?ehring"s Straits, has yet been performed. laa iutituJe four degrees further north, .AJelville Island, in longitude 110^', ;t:e!iirtliest land which has been explored in the western voyage. Whether ;:v.\;'tic Sea extends to the mu'th pole is ([uito uuIsuoavu; but since the :,;;iiiiit.s of both the old and the new world terminate near the same lati- ;ji, tiiO presumption is in favor of the existence of a true polar sea. The • ;• .Tiriii Baffin's Bay to .Melvil'e Island, is through Lancaster Sound and Bar w s fftraits. On the south lies Cockburn J.sland, unexplored — un the i::;;t!ie land is pr(d)ably insular. From the straits. Prince Kegcnt's Inlet ;;i>. Iwn to the south, witli the island just nanu'd on it.s east, and the pe- ■daoi Boothia Felix on its west. The ternunation of this inlet is in an !';i>iiMi called the (,lulf of Boothia. These lands arc buried up in snow iiii'tln'uu'.'h most of the year, and arc destitute of trees. Mueli of tliem r>.-Uta few hundred feet above the level of the sea. ami not a simile eleva- •. . iv-rrving the name of mountain has been met with. To the west of :,v::Jij an impenetrable icy ocean. Vlt, Locality ov the 1*olk of Cou). — Thermometrical observations • • inlar regions, have enabled the mathematical meteorologist to deter- ;:■ . ; 'at thco is not one polo of cold for the northern hemisphere, and ;bt.ciiinci(loiit with the terrestrial pole, as ndght have been expected — but ^f wliieh one is in the continent of Asia, the other of America, nearly ;'' 'iij'reos apart. Tlu'se regions of lowest terrestrial temperature, are :«:. ill the same latitmle. Tliat of America ( J'/. I) covers the souml, -::;.:•. iiik't, peninsida, and island mentioned imder the preceding head, which li- ir. tho mean longitude of !)U^' W., and tlie mean latitude of T-V N.'" I:;-, tin; Valley of the 3[ississi|ipi, the Upper Lakes, and Hudson's Bay, i't fetly south of the pole of cold for this continent. "oiiave .seen in tho preceding section, that the polo of magnetic inten- ■vi-Kumd between Lake Superior and Hudson's Bay, in tho ninety-second i^iian, and consequently it coincides, in longitude, with the pole of cold. ^ni. LOC.VUTY OP THE jNLUiNKTIC PoLE OK PlJtECTION AND Dll>. — " 'kra researches in terrestrial magnetism have demonstrated that, instead )i two polos of magnetic dip and direction, corresjionding to the poles of j w eartb. there are two in each homisphero, all of which arc found at some teiw from the terrestrial poles. In tho northern hcmispbore, one exists I ^ntk' continent of Asia, the other on that of America. By calculation j ft'iii mimeroiis data, their places were assigned, o priori, with such precision, I ™t an ohserver was enabled to reach that of this continent, ami, by expori- • ■. ■ *•••■■■,;{ i^V' .».' \4 ' • .0 ■ . i-:1^- ' r' 'mt.i._\'' • Kaemptz'g Course of Meteorology, London Ed., by C. V. Walker. a. . ^ dun 't i -.* >-. i.^ 440 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES, ETC. riK irit, coiifiriti tlie results of unit1ioiii;itif;il di'ductiou. In tl w sunjiDc 'DC^ of the todioiis 3cars, (luritiir wliicli the Hritisli ship Vietory, cummin |i,, i k (':i[)f:iiii, now Hir .Jnhu Ross. 11. X., was lyinif, iLM-buuiid, in Vittdrvllaiii-- the v,-estcrii side of the (riilf of IJoothia, Cuininaiider, since Cantuji! ,)•• C. Ross, aware of their proxiunty to the spnt which had cxcit' - - i, ciiriosltv ill tlio scieutitio worhl, made a i(juriiey of thirty iiiilr Ir-.'- gO'itli-wetsteru coast of the iieiiinsula called l>oothia Felix, and, 1,1 tip (;-<» of Jmio, 1S;.)J, found himself on the 31agm:tic Polr. The ir'ciI;,. h,,),,,,. ger Iiad a;iy horizuiital niutinii, and its di[) was b^'J''' .Vj' 80'', witimi l,..^ (i,.,, a quarter of a minute of bein^^ vertical. The latitude of the iilaiv u'l^-e this ohservalimi was uuide, proved to be 70" 5' 17" N., its Liii^'itii,!,. 'M'fl 45' 4^" \V. A cairn of sca-sidc pebbles was erected, and the 15riii,li fl;,, loft waviuii' over it.* It will be oliserved that the inagnotic pole of dip and directinn i» \'- 41) N., and 4^ 4l)' W. of the p(de of magnetic intensity; and that it falls '.vitLj the (imperfectly defined) limits of the pole of C(dd. In refcreiKx' tuiiMij southern parts of the Interior V^dley of the c(nitineni, the asti'nihiiiii-;i! m*; ridian of U()"' 45' 4S", ])asses nearly over the center of the great jilaiii-i.e' tween the [Mississippi lliver ami the llocky Mountains. '^n-'i; ( r.i' n- TOPOGRAPIIY CONCLL^DED. "With tlieso notices of the Arctic JJasin, our :reo2raiihieal. toinOTii iid and hydrographical survey of the Interior \'alley iif North AiiiJiia:' brought to a close ; except wlien the study of particular forms nl' nnwn may recall us to the work of descri])tion. Of the four liydrdgraiiliica! k sins, the two southern are not eipud in area to the two niirthcrii: yt hi must forever contain nearly all the civilized inhabitants of the Viilltv. IV': thedulf of 3Iexico to the I'tdar Sea, tlie distance is equal to furty il.'rtei of latitude; and if tins l)e divided liy the iiltieth parallel, that poi; no the valley which lies beyond it, will reuuiin nearly destitute of iiiliaMtaaH while niucii the larger part of the other will admit of settlenieiit, tli"iii;!!i very uiieipial degrees. The iidiospitable character of the nurtliurn l;;-:il does nut result, however, from the nature of their surface alone, Imt Irui that and their cliuuite ccmibined, of which we shall see conclusive]'!" the investigations on which we are now prepared to enter. If tliu liiliiriil basins were separated fmm each other by p;irallels of latitude, tlie ihm of each might, like its topography, be studied by itself: hut m;iiiy ]>'ii:ij of the two ca.stern lie in the same latitudes with the two western, ami."! quently possess the same climates; it will ])e necessary, thcrcfure, to .^iiJj the meteorology of the whole in connection, beginning in the fi'iit" ^"1 proceeding to the north. Ross's Second Voyage, Am. Ed. p. 331, Trans. Roy. Soc, lb3G, Pari l,p. ■'• uiiil the Briiisli flajl CHAPTER I. KaTURE, DYNAMICS, ANM) ELE^IENTS OF CLIMATE. 1 1. . r PA IIT SIX ONJ). CLIMATIC ETIOLOGY ■'"'■. -"'k i\ c,,lS3C,rurtl,l'-'- SECTIOX I. GENERAL VIEWS. i ri.iMATE OCCASIONS Di.SKA.SES. — As no tact ill otiulogy ir4 more uiii- htr*allv lulinittod, than tlio iiiHiuMico of cliiiuite in tliu production ot" disease, liws that lie who would understand the origin and modifications of the Ifeiscsot'a country, must study its meteorology. The efiects of climate L':' th jiredisposiiig and exciting. Thus, the long-continued actimi of a Ti'.ukir kind or condition of climate, may bring about such changes in our jtjiiol :^';: as to incline us to some particular fnrm of disease; while sudden iacM i.iften act as exciting causes to other diseases, to which we may be kbtifrom agencies not comiected with climate. Again, the intiueiices I if cliiime arc both direct and indirect. The former result from the inime- liie aitiuii of the atmosjihere on our systems — the latter from its action ffltk' matters ,vhich are accumulated on the surface of the earth, which liretluuMuulo to send forth agents of an insalubrious character. 1'hus, the |ai.'>taic of the earth's sui'face which in one climate may prove highly per- jii:**. in another may be altogether harmless. II CuMATK cuuKS Disi:ases. — But climate must not be studied with a jfeew tu otiohigy only ; for it can cure as well as occasion disease. It JKlifa the efiects of blood-letting, medicines, and regimen; and although 1^ maintains some diseases against the united power,; of the most active find hpf^prntc articles of the materia niedica, it cures others in the absence of m\Mv. Considered as a therapeutic agent, it is, when skillfully ordered, (Jiititd ti) great conlidence. Its action is not often .speedy, but the certainty j" Its salutary effects, in general, compcn.sates for their slow development. "1 I'kfin'itioxs op Climatk. — In physical geography, the word cli- - fspresses a zone of the earth, running parallel to the oc^uator, of such jwli that the longest day at its northern limit is half an hour longer than t?'*'. ^: ■.^■;r^:v|- .■■ t • '■•( «'>. ^•r. ■ ' i ' I .' ■•'■,. V . .vn. 448 'I'lir, rULNXIPAL DISEASES OF TJIE BfiOK ;.M tliiit 'if its sontlicni limit, snpi)i)sing wo arc in the nditlicrn liomiMil Imt ill ctidld'ry ami lliei-ipcutics, tlio tonn is ii.'-''-(l in a (litrcvcnt g^.u^,. simjilv oxpri'ssos states ul' the atiiKisphero. Thoso states iiivulve, or con.' in, vaniiiti' quantities (ir (|nalltie's of certain elements of tlio iiir itsrlt'__:. ealorie. lii^-hl. ami eleetricitv ; its a((uenns vapor, fogs, mists, aiidclnud.' '. (lows, rain, hail, frost, and snow; its weight and density; its inoYt'iiicut. winds; its faetilious gases, r.ad meehanical impurities; all nf wliivli n very di'leront in diU'ereut times or jilaecs of tiio same geu^raiiliic;:! oj;, ■ and lUMi'ly the sanH> in dill'erent zones. I\'. Clim.\tio 01'' A (jIlohi'; ok unipuum surface. — If the oartli, witliK present form and relations to the sun, had a snmoth, uniform, ti'mstiial ."••. faee, of the same miiu'ral eomposition, and were destitute of butli nir •■ water, tlie temperature of its crust in eve''y latitutlo would hear a li\ii|r.'.. tion to the solar influence. If, then, an atmosphere were adiKd, wiml.Mv '^ be created, and blow with a uidform velocity and direction, as the siiiiii' - > sons returned. JJnt if mountains were anywhere upheaved, m- tlii' atiin- phero should be impregnated with aqueous va[ior and electvicitv, this v,,;- formitv "-o'-.M be disturbed; wliich prepares us for considering dm iiroiirr oleuiencs of climate. V. i']l,i;.Mi:.\TS OV CuAfAXR ON TIIR Gl.OnE AS IT EXISTS. — Tlio cnijt : the earth is not rxnifonn in chemical composition or surface; it aboiiinl-. ]•: luountain.s, ]dains, and valle\-s, distrilmted in a very irregular ui;uiiier: inr- tions of it are densely oversheihiwed, while others are destitute i.f frnv.-:: the larger [)art is (iovered witli oceans, lakes, rivers, and swamps; an ilas;:: atnios[)hero rests upon the wliole; and every part — solid, fluid, and ami'im — is pernuMted by electricity. Were the earth, witli this surfaci', i'enio\x«l from the influence of the sun, the phciumiemi of (dimatc wmild be aniiiuila- ted ; in that luminary, then, reside the dynanucs on wliicli tliev depend; an the rays of light ami heat, are the eHicient agents by which its i|uicki:.iii!: iniluenco is exerted on the earth. ^Vhen they rcjich its surface, tlicir (.ffe.t- arc, substantiall}', accm'ding to the angle of incidence; but fulling un mate- rial elements so diversilied, a vast variety of movements arc generated, and results or phenomena the most complicated, are incessantly develoid, Thus. une(|ual degre 's of heat are accumulated in portions of a contino:.! having the same latitude, but dilferent elevations; or, as tliey arc fivonJ with forests or destitute of shaile; the lie;itbig and cooling of the land an! water do not proceed according to tlie same laws: a(pieous vapor i^ raised into the air from tlio oceans and transported over the continc its, by wiau;. generated by the luieijual heating of the atmosphere, to he condensed and prccijdtated, on regiinis remote from those in which the cvaporati'Hi iKi place; in the condensation of the vapor, caloric is liberated. — by theevaj • ration of the fallen water it is absorbed; the clouds intercept the rav> ^t the sun and limit their effects upon the .surface, but, at the same tinn am't and throw back nuich of the caloi'ic which radiates from the surface: uea.1 calms and hurricanes raj)idly succeed each other ; electrical pbciioiiieii!i 'irf generated; the luminous jiolar rays are decomposed by the clouds, wliich ' •; -£ .' ■ ■! MI II-j INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 449 ,„.. .in(;o wiib various colors; finally, difroront gaseous exlialations, jom iluci'iuposabli' matters lodged on the surface of tlie earth, ascend into !i;e atniosplii-'rc. VI, The Klkments of Climate not the same in diffeiiknt pap.ts of ikEaRTU' — It results from what lias been said, that the elements of cli- cite are not precisely the same in any two regions of the irhibe; and, ixrofore. tluit tlic clinnite of every region, even in the same latitude, must foaesssome peculiarities; the causes of which are to bo sought in the pliy- jifaU'eoTapliy and hydrography of th(! region itself, and of tlioso 1)y which it is immediately surrounded. I'or thi.-^ aid to tlie study of th(! Climate I'tiie hiterior A'alley of North Auiorioa, the necessary facts have been jitt-nin Part 1: hut as they arc scattered through several hundred pages, ;;ffillbeii?et'ul t-) coUect and condense them into one section. isiJering iliu iivi.jier SECTION II. .\U?ES WHICH MODIFY THE CLIMATE OF THE 1NTV]RI0R VALLEY. I, As the a.xis of the Valley lies nearly in the meridian, and reaches ia the turriJ to the frigid zone, it presents in its climate all tlie modifi- iitkns wliicli can rosult from the different effects of the sun's rays, in the iifcKnt lutituclos. II. Tliij elevation of its surface above the level of the sea, in a broad :;s. running nearly through its cetiter from soutli to north, is remarkably :3rin; yet the southern half of the Valley inclines a little toward that imiaary, and the northern declines at an cc^ual angle from it. As the for- 2;:ragiucnth, and the latter diminishes, the califacient power of the solar rij! the ilimatulogist ought, perhaps, to regard the sum of the two, as an -.tMct of the peculiarities of our climate, but its value cannot be esti- HI. The proportion of watery surface varies widely in different parts of ■te Valley. la tlie Southern IJasin, the neighborhood of the Gulf, and the Mand trough of the Missis.sippi, present nearly all the surface that is, K'lier coubtantly or occasionally, covered with water. To the east of that ,w, the whole country is without lakes or extensive morasses, and the puns, trom tlie ridgy character of the surface, are collected into running i -reams. Tm the west, the vast regions, quite up to the Rocky Mountains, mkm ail inclined plane, with but few rivers, and scarcely a single lake ■tswDip, (if sufficient area to deserve consideration. The soil is bibulous, p^therahis are absorbed. Thus the greatest part of the surface of this j '«fi'Jn is not fitted to aflbrd a large quantity of vapor. The Eastern IJasin essentially lacust.rlne; having, in addition to the great lakes from '<■>'*>■ t dK' f, A-" ' !'. f .'■■ . 'i. M 1 mMi'i ■ r ■^^^•4if-•- ■'^^-- •<-• ■ 'Si'.,'!' ,-if"; m:'.- *' . ■ ■ '..^^■'-■^ ^'1:;, i-'t ^'l..--;.. t^ 450 THE rRINCirAI. DISEASES OF THE •BOOK Ontario to Superior, !i countless number of snifillcr ones, often hfjrderoil l- extensive swamps; it nuist, tlierctore, supply a vast amount of vhk,' The Nortlieru IJasins, with tlio exeeptiim of the plains which liu in ., .; western portion, abound in watery surfaces, to an extent still froiitcr t' ■ the Eastern; ami although lying far in the north, most of that rofriuD ,„,. . necessarily exhale an immense (juautity of vajior during the warm sea«(o' if the waters of the Eastern and Northern IJasins were transferred 1 1 ti . Southern, it cannot be J miles broad; but the prairies pre^s much more closely on the upper sloiI' n .f^ the river. In all parts of the prairie region, oven to the I\otky Mnurit:i:r.s, the trees arc almost confined to the banks of the rivers, Tin; hrvaJ iiiUr- vening plains are sandy ; but fertile enough to be clothed with sliort ('!:••, There are no herbless deserts. The Eastay, the '• Barren Gnnuid." of vast extent, is almost dfstitut trees. The western portions of these hyperborean Basins, are as deli':! i:; :i forest, as the western half of the Southern Basin. TliUh the wo'id-I;iii'l: the great Valley, are chiefly found toward its eastern side, from tLe (•;:!; fi Mexico to Hudson Bay. These forests retard the heating of the eai'tli"sf.;r' face in summer, by iutercopting the rays of the sun; and at night tlnj ci nish the I'adiation of heat from the same surface ; and the radiatiui taki ql. from the canopy of leaves. In both sunmier and winter, they diiiiiiib ' ; velocity of the winds. On the treeless plains, the power of tlie ni:: greater, the nocturnal radiation from the ground greater, and atall tiim-t velocity of the wiiuls (the forces which generate them being the ;:iaj is more rapid. A necessary etVeet of settlement and cultivation, is t!:e Ji struction of the forest; and thus every year, the wooded is making aii !l proach in area to the woodless part of the Valley. V. The forest lands have a much denser population than tlie pnin^sj and all the modifying influences of heated air. smoke, gases, and a'i'ii i vapor, liberated and sent abroad in the atmosphere, exist in a mucli I:y degree to the east than to the west of the Mississipjii Eiver, VI. The mountains which bound the Valley on either side, deserve grei considoratioa. To the cast, or rather south-east, the Appalaeliiai'S ft't" in many parallel or coalos^'ing ridge;:; from Alabama to the region mu am Mil !!■, INTERIOR VALLFA' OF NORTH AMERICA. 4:)1 ilf of Mexico is covered li, up to, ami iurlu'i;;,:. s of tlio AiipaLieliiiia i lact autl lofty Uvi\<. , tlie prairies diviilt ti;ej iiiois and f^outlovii ^Vis- , tlic zone of wiiijil-liiril one to tlircft liuii^ivll you tlie upper SL't.iiii-fj to tb.o l\ocky MijUi:t;i;!,J vev.-;. Tlio Ijrvad ii;ttr-i lutlicd ^vitll sliort |;va>!, sin is generally wi"jitil.| iireatly dlminiilied; VM I portion, is coinp' H'j vf ■ li,,];' of St. LawvoiU'O, rising;- from two to five tlioiiFand foot al»ove the Tlioy no doubt coiitriliuto to some cxtoat, to I'rlilleras, the llocky 3Iountains, the Californian !^^aritinle Alps, or Sierra y •Ilia, and the enormously elevated, littoral mountains of the British and l--'x\ Poniini'ins. constitute, from the e(juatovial to the polar Seas, '.isr ailaiid elevated mountain barrier, with but two depressions, the South h\ which is eiirht thousand feet above the ocean, and the valb v of iV- fiila. ten dcsrees further south, which is four thousand ieet. Tlius. fegli its whole length, the intluenees of the I'acilic Ocean are nearly .-hut ifrm the great Valley. The difference of level between these niou'itains I'jl till' inclined plane which constit-ites the western side of the Valley, no ■i'ltt, often causes the descent of their C(dd air, in the form of temjiorary w;...!s; and when the atmo.sphcrc of the Pacific surmounts them, it eonies fan upon u>^. deprived, to a great extent, of both its calorie and its vnpor. Is this respect, the modifying influence of the lujcky Mountains fin our cli- mte. is much greater than chat of the Appalachians. Let us now turn ic "vKMs, oiuvhieli the Valley opens to the south and north. HI, The Gulf of ^lexico subtends the Valley to the south. Thesouth.ern i'leiif tliat Sea coalesces, by a broad strait, with tlie Carribcan Sea. the soutli- fneijastsof which are low. and a: loiif' the hottest on the tjlobe. Thus, to i;':'S'Uthof the great Valley, and projecting into it, as high as the thirtieth tlfTOof nurth latitude, there is an immense basin of tropical water, from t-isiirfaccof which come those volumes of hot and huniid air, which eonsti- ^Mtlies'iuthernwinds of the Tnteriov Valley. The south-west wind, which iwinces from or traverses the mountain regions west of the Gulf of ^lex- '■■"■andabo the Rocky Mountains further north, is both dryer and coider, Li '":!;i;er, It shed,: hut little moisture on^^the great prairies: and, from tlie dry •Msnadclcss condition of their surface, is often so mueii heated, na to produce *• •*-. .'4* ; i'- T- ■h:-'* : v,_s;4»-.' . e, .*, f t ■'<■■ - I.' '..' * -IS ' ■ '1 'S':':\J'! • . . > ■. '.-v- : •:-^^ •[')_• TlIK rKINCll'AL niSEASKS OF THE i«oox ocpnsioniil hot days very fur norlli. Tlio.so (iurroiitH, like tliose from tlie (; li ill inaliiiij,' tlieir way to tlio polar roffioiis, traverse tlio -.untry around H- J son I?ay. and at last roacli tliat in wliicdi, as wc have won, tlic iViluofCdld ' >ituatoil. Were the (iulf of Mexico rolled away, liy ;iii i)])liuaviii(Mif pii, t.iiiis in its ht-d, the (dimato to its north-east would underco a siini'il ,.l,. , as would that of the whole ^'alk•y, if tho western mountain chain wmsuik so as to let ill the mild and damp atmosphere of the I'aeitiu Oecaii Virr. To tlie north, the N'alley is sulitended liy Hudson Bay audi"' Polar Sea, North of tin; fornuir and witliin the latter, litis tlio I'ule of I'. M or region of North Ameriea in whieh the mean temperature of the year i- least. It is W(»rthy of remark, that all the southern and soutli-wvstfrn winds which can reach tliis spot, must have d<'scendt''. from or erosswl tiit Rocky Mountains, in hititudes where tiieir crests arc covered or eiiiliii«Mil with perpetual snow. 'Without attempting here to assign tho fund;iiiioiiUi causes of the low temperature of the region of maxiiiuim cold, it niuyl' safely affirmed, that if the llocky IMountains. north of the South Pass, ia j latitude 4'J"'. were sunk to near the level of the I'acilic Ocean, theri-orif the Pole of Cold, would be greatly diminished. JJy what route tlio [ularair from that icy region, makes it way back to the equator, I canrmt say. It certainly does not traverse the Interior Valley, in volumes sufficient to rni- J pensate for those which flow in tho opposite direction AVhou it docsUf'W, it is always cold ; and thus our Valley, being placed hetwecn one of tho lidttist j and one of tho eiddest seas of the globe, must forever bo sulijeet tosuiltel vicissitudes and wide extremes of temperature. IX. This brief general view of the elements of our climate, hasjirupa- red us for entering on its statistics ; which consist of observations mado in] several difforeut conditions of the atmosphere, at various stations. Bdm proceeding t(> examine these elements in detail, we may advautagcouslj con-j sidor for a moment their relations and mutual dependence. While tbcsiiaj constitutes the first cause, or primum moliUc. of all the phcnnmeiia li i mate, the whole do not immnJiatc/// depend iijion the influence of that (Aj By its action on the surface of the continents uiid seas, it impart-S heat t^nael atmosphere, but in very unequal degrees; and that heat becomes the causo on many effects, or meteorological a[)pearances. These are losses of .«tatieai equilibrium, and the production of winds, which transport hot air iiitn c"" regions, and cold air into hotter. In the former case its vapor is j ioiJ)iti"i tod in the form of rain or snow ; in the latter, it passes into a .-itato more perfect suspension, and the atmosphere becomes more transparent. the condensation of vapor, electrical phenomena arc produced, andtalnea given out, which raises the temperature of the atmosjthcre. On tlie > t^a hand, the evaporation from the earth's surface, and from the objects it -ipH ports, after rain, cools the whole. In studying a group of phenomena ?■" H plicated, it is necessary to take them up in succession, which we shall m proceed to do. ' h'n ,IT II. INTERIOR VALI-EY 01' NOiiTH AMERICA. 40;] .u- uliniate, liasiirtpi- observations made oaj ious stations. Beforej ;y advantageously cow denco. ^Vlulo tbesuaj the phenomena 4 ili iuflucnec of tliat crlj it imparts boat t'ltjjj t hocomes tlic cau^> are losses ff ?i'.t''' port hot air into coUe* its vapor is pvocii'itij lasscs into a^taU'O^ more transparent. iroduccd, and e:iluW [sphere. On tlic rtkeJ fom the objects it J^pj , of phenomena s.^'*j , which \sc sliall norf CIIAPTKU ir. TEMrE n A T U 11 E (.) F T II K I N T K II 1 O II A V L L I'l Y. SKCTIOX 1. MKAN TEMrEUATLIRE dl' THE YEAIJ. I I)iFKicuLTiK.s 01.' Tiiii Slu.ikct. — 111 .'if I ciiiptiiiif 1 1» .'isrcriiiii. tlitj iiieaii vMeraturc of the atiiKisphere ior oaoli (L.^'rco ni' latitude, in tiio vast bri.r Valley of Xdrth America, the first dinieulty i.s the want wl' obser- ,;! ;> at a .suilii-ioiit number of place.s; ('S|iocially uuilcr tii'; same |i;ir- al- and to the east ami west nf tlio iMis.sissi|i|ii, or syiHjlinal ax. of tlio Vi:;v. The seciiiid is, that sduio ob.server.s liavc iiut madi' tlnir ( b^'rva- •:;,i at tlio hours of the day most [jropcr for sliowiiiL;- eitln'r its c.'areiiK'H, r;!-niean beat. The tliird, that m.aiiy tlu'riiiomctcrs have been in;; nirate. I:..t'initb, that the po.eitioiis in wliieli they iiave been kept, have lieoii 3r'itly ehnsen. Thus. M-itli a few lionorabli' exemptions, tlic result.s .:' 11! iliiuhtful approximations to tin; truth. However all this may )jo :..Tettod. wu need not be astonislie- but the discovery of such a law should be kcpit in mind as a dc- "' AscEUTAixED Meam Tempeuatures. — Wo canuot, I suppose. ])ro- ■Iwith tbis subject in a more -latural method, than to give in a tabular 4 ' ■ 't/. ..; . ■,i' \'- ;r^^^i f II;" - f -'ifci't-' '•■■;.*.. ■•. ,t • '".V «i ■••■ I ';.!,■ . .T ' •; -I ■■■,;. ■• V''' ( ! 4.")4 THE ruiNcirAL diseases of the [BOOK I. form all t!ie results wliieli I liavo Itt'on able to collect. In doinff tl'i ' will bo projiiT to coiiniiuiiec in the cqiiatDrial rcirimis, at the K'vcl ot' tli sea, wliiM-L' tlio niaxiiiium of heat corresjioiidH to tlic ininiiirju; of latiti.' and (.'Ifvatliiii, and tlionec jirocecd to tlic piilar regions, wIhtu tlie miirii- of lu'at corresjionds to tlio nuixinnun of latitude. It will lie iiruiier, :it tl same time, to give tlie altitudes aliovc the Ocean, of the places of uUrrn. tion, and their proximity to, or remoteness from, seas, lakes, and moum.ii:.' which, a.s far as may 1)0 praetioable and eonvenient, I shall do. Acn;;-' examination of tlie tables, will soon diselost- to the reader, suiuu cmbanuo. ing anomalios. lie will see a Inwer mean temperature assigned to a lilv.. than that of a place further uorth. This may sometimes ho exnlaini 11 • (litl'eronee of altitude; but, in many instances, may be regarded astlieivi- donee of inaccurate observatinu. Time oidy can be relied iqiiin furtiiei r- rcetion of these errors; which are not [)cculiar to meteor'jlugy, but iihi .. sarily belong to all the inductive sciences. I I Si ' '- 'tL. '■ t i i.s .^ •• " ' ' \- ■•■ '^i 'Jf !-■] INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 455 1 1 1 i5" J* - t ^ > 1 t1 3 » s 1- -3 .'U ^1 _« 1 \ 1 2 to _o ^ "3 ' O "J ** •» '=1 o , 2 M •S.2 1 -. > •* M M si B ^^N .»^ -• t £ s^.^* 3 ■^5 z ■: k— '*f * >* toM «M 1— ^*. S •.vi»".s; 1 • "? iD if^ : « HU ! ; ; ~^^ ~^' "s ; ; ; : ;- i'-s.' 1 • • fi p^ F-) • • • '^ *s f" _. ~~ * * * . 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Cf '**' ^2 .-J u O ~ e-T cJ ? ^ _a; S it CJ c " 3 <» 7. u •J d 1— 1 3 o o o U o -- O O 'J V. •—* O a o S o o O o 6 <— 3 ■/. ~ 3 ^-4 4-t -^ tf o :j •■* 72 o — 6 c _d - o tx ■r. a o o m o Q ^ — ^ o O o 1> r3 "3 ^ £ rt ti C ' — ' 7] o _5 CI ^ •J. ^ / 23 o U o "o > < o ,-3 Vi' C5 _ .- - - ' T Sd j^ ' -' i r-t O c '-'^ ci in c^ c I-"^ '* "^ in ; > i 2 o -)< o — K to '7! CI -H CI CI — — ' — ^ S5 ^ "*••-- _CCi_ cs c^ ci r; CCj 'U c/i _ r/j CD yj ■6 ix CO .- - • ^ ^ 00 CI o o" "c ~ hh< r- * at. I- r- "n o' * '^ - - 1 o Ol f-H CJ C-: f-H n ^. c o t— 1 f— ( I-H -H ffl CI CI Cl _^' , -A , 1 ] >. •» ci o c 1 ■A a. 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NM* VJ E" L< C^ . • OS >'^ .. e s c a '« 3 '..< a> o — S-: 1-5 IS : IS i -J JO \S G^ 1.^ « c- ■?l "?5 -r -to y, I.-. 2 q: 2 S !J - = 2 1-J TO -T — — •" vs ' ■2 CO Cl •^ !-• 1- s o ,g^ Ifl •J •J, 1 S-4 ;? 3 ,1 3; 1- 1— t (7( « CI M CI c» L V3 CO S5 -"4 00 'Xi au jj CI o 0) o o 13 -3 O -3 O o -a o -3 o o -3 ^3 I'- o -3 o -3 -3 CI ii- t" -S3 a o CO CI ►3 O 3 O CI in =: p- CI fC X n Si 3 t- = irj m o 1-1 I- i S U ,_^ o CI X CX) UO 5» C! l.'^ kfl CI 1— ( _3^_ CS ■3 F- o .T3 CI CI C5 "CI in X) Ci CD «-- " irt " M iO CI X X) Cl — < lis ic = •" 5 - ^=! ^2 CO CI _x>_ O —-3 Irt -H — . o to n o O TJ , •5 ^ -5 '^ . s = = •? o o - o ia aj_ CI 'J. ^-^ _ CI o Cl fc CS X I- vs 1^ I- I- t^ iS' ~ -!•" n CI ri t^ -f CI CI CI CI • /^.A.^\ • y* ^ . u. a 1- >H . b f- ?l 6 Q 2: H > ■< H 1-3 O < h S u X u tf !:.» • W £ g ^ 02 •V r5 -r in O CO CO CO CO o 3 O o a •if. o o o -£ ^ -A •< be 5 '^ ^ fc s ca 00 CO o 65 CI o ^ g ti _ '/. -*< >n CS o < U 1^ ; I ii' i.^#- " ■ { f~'*V'- ... 11 " r ■ *' i .'' ; 'i ■ .' rf^-J • ■J s» i . . -■'■ ' .^':'' i:' ■ * 1 , ^ ■ '■ • 5 • iy 458 'J'lII'- I'RINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE [BOOK : ?', y': /U \ ^ ■/. SA,1(|-...^|0 O 00 tJD F^ G '^ ^ K CI fi '= «'< 1 3 -i U "« . " . • ■ 1.-5 . ,. —1 r/j /J to . ; "I • c 1 1- o ; ; '. >!i : c r^ s • : 'ci : f ( - o ^ • L • CI g : : 1- . L • o —1 • ! ^ ! " r^ CS ^ r: ^ — t !^ -r" -^ "• irt o orj tc C/.t ^H "/J c^ to o to c-5 O C -H ^ to to c! I- ir M' ■ov-M- CI y2 3 cc lii ;ii Tf -:« -7- CO I— I I— ( L"^ CO 'm o r^ r. CI CI C-5 Jj 00 .» C^ — »0 ^^ i-. 1* CO CO ro CO "/J OD (X) 00 CO U I — ? , -r "O o -o i'-; f^\^* II,' M 03 ►-, c _; o i5 -= -^ r •/. i^ :^ ^1 1 — 1 —I lO o c -•=. -t< L.-5 ^ = TJ t^ C! O (- rt 1^ to ~ — ; J = CI CI CI c! S'. i .- >^ O ♦J ^ -H -H CI n c : i- to D 1-: i; 1-. (^ — . I- I- /^\^^\^ % .^1 -ii! 3 ;^H ^ *! O C ^.i . "^5 w W O 3 j< ^ p ^ ►in r-. K a.,ui.i..|,..i ii g jnj -ox- ' " 'JO CS ~ t-l C! CO m m Hi ifi in I- CO (D = .t .*.' Irt uO UO — 15 ■' O «! ~ EIE [book - X fct tr, r CI 13 S( » u 1" c. O - .-,'. ', ^ :/- ' - ,^ C ; e / ; u"/. :- tl, u •^ C " ' V „ "* — ' - ^ S z ^ i- 7 ; - !^ T ■/. < . ci •-■ f :3 * . ,_ '; »■ < — - 73 1* ij c ■- - ■,!Tii.; INTERIOR VALLEY OF NoRTII AMERICA. 459 » ■ %--M 'MM'}- -I . Jr . .. • I Mi '. ■■:{■ .! ■.,.'»■ ; r'i Ji; -■iv ■ • i ■ '-3' '■t ., •■< .■' 4G0 THE PRINCIPAL Dlf^EASES OF THE 1800K I. IV. Law of dfxkease of ^Fkan Temperature from ivfnvi^p Latitude — ]M. Ilumboldt iufsnus us, tliat the equatorial moan hot f Si'"* extoiuls north, to l^at. 10"'. Melville L'^laiul, tlio iiio>t nnrtlien statV of the tal)le, lies Gi^ 47' further north, and has a mean teuniurature "^r,- ir less, whieh, divided hy the ditferoiu'o of latitude, gives P .'JS as the rwluf tion of temperature caused Ijy each deu'ree of latitude, from the tHiuatori ' to the polar regions inclusive. If this ratiu Avcre uniform, it wouli] V easy, by making allowance for tlio dilVerences of elevatinn. to c-idfulatc t!" mean tein[ierature of any given jilace. ]>ut the ratio varies in a rouuirkaiiV manner, and to this point we must now give attention. From Cumana to Havana the distance is lli"" 42'. and tlic nductirn of tem])eraturo 4" 'I'l, which gives a decrement of .3:! (thirtv-tliroc \m- dredths) of a degree of temperature for every degree of latitude. Between Key West and Fort llrooke. the diiTercnee of latitude iso* zi of temperature 4^ .OS. whicli gives a ratio of 1° :10. Eetwcen Fort Brooke and the thirtieth j)arallcl the diffcrciivo of latituJ" is -2*^ 03'— of temperature '2^ .2S, affording a ratio of 1" .11. The difference in latitude between Key West and the thirtieth paralK! I near New Orleans, is 5" 2G' — that of temperature G^ .30, from \v!;ii'i results, as the ratio l'^ .17 of reduced heat for a degree of latitude. Ti.;; ratio, which is nearly identical with that of the whide range, is ahuut thrte , times as great as the ratio from the eijuatorial limit to Key West. i From Key West to St. Louis, the distance is equal to 14^ Oo — 'Jm diff(!rence in mean heat 21^ .12, giving a ratio of ?" .50; but ^vhoii woHii- tract from the difFerenco of temperature 1°, for the elevation of St. Ljuiij above the sea, the ratio falls to 1'"' .43. Between Natchez and lluntsville, the latitude is 3" 11', and the diii'enr.ej of mean heat 7"^ .13, wliich irives a ratio of 2° .28. But as the latter rik>. gradually, four hundred feet above the former, one degree nuist lie dedmt.J from the whole difference, when tlie ratio is reduced to 1° ,92. From lluntsville to Nashville 1*^ "IW ; difference of mean lieat 1' :1': ratio 0^* .90. Tiie elevation of both jdaees nearly the same. When we compare Natchez and Nashville, having a difi'ereneo of '.atitiiloj equal to 4° 3G', and of mean temperature ei]ual to S° .4(1. we obtain as tL ratio 1^ .S2. The differeiu'o of altitude between these places, is fr mj three hundred to four luimlrcd feet, and the rise gradual, so that we icavj deduct a degree from the ditferenee in their mean temperature, as tliecfeiil of greater elevation, when the ratio of reduttioii is diminished to P .'10, On comparing the thirtieth parallel, near New Orleans, with Xatelioz. t'ae I latter being 1"^ 34' north of tlio former, and liaving a moan teni)H"3:!ir(l 3° .2G lower, we find that tlie ratiij of reduction is 2'^ .0^ of mean teiii|ira{ turo for 1"' of latitude. The clevati.ni of Natchez over (the t!,ir;:iili| parallel near) Now Orleans, is two hundred and sixty-four foot: aiidii«j allow O"" ,GG of the difference in temperature, to result from that Lau-e.«j have a ratio of decrease eiiual to 1''' .GG for a degree of latitude: \vl':'"'-il '^ I BOOK :, mOM IXCREAJE Of >oriid mean liiut i,f 110t;i';i;, tciiijiLTature ^'l- h; " .->! as the rrJu. frcim the eiinatfiria': iiiiform, it woull U inn, to caleulatc tV; iries ill a remarkaii' and tlie reJuctii.n C. ) (tliirty-tlireo Ima- :' latitude. of latitude is :;• ■.:; (litTereiivo of latitai; I" .11. tlio thirtieth paralltL ■ 0^' .o(3. fi'Diu wiiirh : CO of latitude. Hi- ranii'e, is ahuut three I Key West, ual to 14^' 03 -ti.ti (J ; but when wo >u1j- Icvation of St. Louii \ 1\\ and the difforfr.i 3ut as the latter hh-. ree must be doJu';t'i ) 1^' .9-J. )f moan heat 1' .-': same. ditroivjuce of latitii'le .40, wo obtain as t!ie^ those places, is I'ra dual, so that we rcay icraturc, as tlio ofctj lii.ished to P .'X» ans, withNatclioUMJ a mmui teraiif":i!''"-'!J .(i< of mean teiii|'i'raf z over (the ti.ir;:ali| ■-four foot; amlit'«l t from that cau-o.^vtj :f latitude: win''!''-*! •or n.. INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 4G1 ;i .j,^ of reduction greater, by .7'2, than that from Key West t(> the thirtieth pirillel, at New Orleans. " Botffoen Xatohoz and St. Louis the diflbrenco of latitude i.s 7"^ 3', the ;,%,;iiccfif mean temperature 11"^ .50, wliioh gives a ratio of 1'^ ,Go for a ij?rtf of latitude. If we make the allowance of one-third of a degree for ■ edifference of elevation, about one hundred and thirty-three feet, wo have jtatioof 1" .5S. B'tween Na.shville and St. Louis the differenoe of latitude is "2° '21' — of ;;a:i t'.'iiiiierature o'^ .10, giving a ratio of 1^ rli) ; but as Nashville i.s about >,au!iilred feet the higher of the two, by a gradual ascent, half a degree t;;; be added to its mean temperature, when tlic ratio of decrease from iiiisile k'comes 1" .17. Between Nashville and Cincinnati, at nearly the .«amc level, the difference •lititude is 2'"' 5G' — of mean temperature 4" .80, which data give 1' .GU as ::e ratio, F rt Armstrong, with an elevation, by gradual ascent, of about one hun- i'?l and eighty foot above St. Louis, and a higher latitude of 2^^ 55', has i mean temperature 4*^ .92 less. According to these data, the ratio of iecreiseis V .69. If we allow for the difference of altitude, the ratio is rBineedtol" .51. F:rt Crawford (Prairie du Chien) lies 4'^ 2G' north of St. Louis, and ;.:« hinidred feet above its level ; their difference in mean temperature :OMil, jriving a ratio of 1"^ .80. As they differ in elevation, by gradual M, three hundred feet, we must subtract .75 (three (juarters of a iffiee) from the difference between their temperatures, when the ratio is :;aeid to 1° .03. fit Siielling lies G° 15' north of St. Loui.s, at an elevation, by slow isfflt. three hundred and eighty feet higher ; the difference in their moan aporaturo is 10° .21, from wlucli results the ratio 1° .02 ; but when we 7;iiz'.' their elevation, the ratio falls to 1° 47. T:ie elevation of Portsmouth and liochester is nearly the same; the aeiieo in their latitude is 4'^ 22' — in their mean temperature, S° .94, I wh gives a ratio of 2° .04. fiiitiniiati and Rochester have the same elevation, and differ in latitude H', The difference in their mean temperature is 7° .38, which gives a i ratio of P. 83. Be difference in elevation between Marietta and Rochester, is too little I t!ro'|uire attention; their difference of latitude is o° 42', of mean tcmpera- lto;tr ,3!), from which results the ratio 1° .73. hn\ Cincinnati t) Fredonia, the change of latitude is 3"^ 20' ; the dif- l-roieein mean tempi raturc is 4° .95, and consequently the ratio of diminu- |iKiiisl- .48. If wo make allowance for tlie difference of elevation, al'out fM hundred and sixty feet, say .45, or near half a degree, the ratio is ''-■imi to 1° .35. The difference of latitude between Cincinnati and Pompey, is 3° 50' — of I I'fjpt (.levatiou eight hundred and sixty *"eet — of mean temperature 10"^ .96, It 1:1 ( ' ' I I i ||i--'. ' "•'if . r.' .1 •I .r '.'" s 4v • \ ^ \. 40: Tlir; PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE [eohk iJ from which results a ratio nf -^ .So ; but when wc allow 4° of tcniperiitrr fur the iliUcrenco of altituotwccu llochestcr aud 31oiitreal, the diil'erciico of latitude is 2"^ 24 — mean tcmiieraturo 1° .i^5, glviua; a ratio of only .77 — little nmrc tliai; tlirea i|uarter.s of a degree; Init ^Luitreal lies near five hundred feet l',.ln Rocliester, fur wliieli we niu.st add to the difFercnco in toniporature. aljojt detiTee aiul a ([uarter, wlien the ratio is raised to P .20. Fort Brady lies 4'^ 04' north (jf Fredouia, aud tlie dilTeronoe ui tliJ moan temperature is 8'^ .23, which gives a ratio of 2"^ .02. As Yrd.m is one hundred aud tliirteen feet hi_:.dicr than Brady, wo mnst aild t^i tin ditfereneo between theui, about oiic-third of a degree (.-jo), when tlie ntia is raised to 2° .10. The dist:..iec north, from Bochostor to Fort Brady, is o"^ 2o'— tlic ^fJ fereuee of elevation only ninety feet : the range of mean temperature •)- ^lU Disrocrarding the difiereneo of altitude, the ratio of decrease is P .71 Fort Howard lies 0° O-V north of St. Louis, and the difleroiice in tt mean temperature is 10° .7ii, Avhich gives a ratio of 1° .78: but the cixntefl elevation (near two hundred feet) of tlie former requires the detlmtkin (.50) half a degree, when the ratio is brought down to P .GO. Fort "Winnebago lies 4° 54' north of St. Louis, and is 10° .47 C'jMerj eonso(|uontly the ratio of decrease of temperature, is 2° .14 ; but ;'.s elevation is four hundred feet greater, by gradual rise, we nui.st sultr: degree from the ditfereneo, when the ratio is reduced to P .0:]. From Fort Howard to l^'ort Brady, tlie distance in latitude is V- ^Vi -: e diflorenee in mean temperature o° .OS, giving a ratio of 2^ .17. j :e diiFerenoe in elevation is too small to roipiire notice. Cumlierland House is in N. Lat. 5^° 57', or 15° 20' nortli of ?t. L : the difference in their mean temperature, is 2o° .o5, from wliidi n-v,i:- the ratio of decrease, 1° 52 ; but as the former has fdur lunulreJ fiC. greater altitude, by gradual rise, a degree must be deducted from ;... difference, which reduces the ratio to 1° .40. The distance from Fort Snelling to Cumberland House, in latitul'. 9° 04' ; the difference of mean temperature is 1:)° .14, giving a uv.j ti^ 1° .45, the elevations being nearly the same. From Cumberland House to Fort Cliipewyan, N. Lat. 58*^ -l:)', t!;- tauec is 4° 4ij' — tlie difference of mean annual heat 2° .82, affmliii:?. ; of 0° .4. As the latter is three hundred feet lower, .75, or tlirue-t'iir; a degree, must bo added to the difference of temperature, ^beu tlio ii:' becomes, .75, or three quarters of a degree. Fort Beliance, or Besulution, in latitude 02° 40', lies 4^ O:]' nortli d Chipewyan, and the difference of their mean annual temperatures h i which gives a ratio of 1° .90. As the latter is one hundred and til'iy liel the higher, .:»7 must be added to the difference, when the ratio i'^ iii'^i'->^^ to 1° .00. Fort Knterprise, in latitude 04° 28', lies 1° 42' north of Fort Edu:/^ and their difference of temperature is 7° .28, giving a ratio of 4- .'-^ Mr"'. INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 4G:J . . • iinier is five huiKlrcd feet liighov tliaii tlio latter, a (lecliiction imi,-.t lio -lie friin tlie difference of toinporatnro of a degree and a (quarter, wlion "„;; I is reduced to o° .54. iHvilio Isliuid, in latitude 74° 47', lies 12'^ north of ^'ort riolianoe, and cnin5tbo added to the difference, A\lien tlie ratio rises t(j 1° .0.'>. jVniFnit CliureluU to ^lelville Island, tl'.o distance is 15° 45' of lati- •;;._ik ilitforonce fif moan temperature '2G° .27 — tlic ratio 1° .07 ; buth .■/y.iii I't.'iiiL' at tlie level of the sea. F rt Franklin is (i° 10' north of Fort Churchill, and two hundred feet -:o elevated ; the difference in their mean heat is 7° .0(1 ; the ratio nf de- i.j 1- .-!). Tlie ratio, when they are reduced to the same level, is '. .'.i. From Fort Franklin to Melville Island, tlie latitude i.s 0° o5'— the dif- ::;:iee of temperature 18° .31; the ratio 1° .04. The greater olevation of ;:■• Ivrmer, two hundred feet, requires half a degree to be added to the >';\n'i', wlien the ratio rises to 1" .00. F.;t Churcliill lies 12° 32' north of Fort Brady, and has a tem[)crature ;■ .l.lloss; but as it is sis hundred feet lowc. the difference must be .:Msed 1^.5, making it 10''. 92, -when the ratio 's i°.o5. F.'BiFort SnelUng to Fort Churchill 14° 00' of latitude — difference of .Lilieat V,P .'Si) — ratio 1° .40. As the difference of elevation in favor of '..'.'iiiL' is Seven hundred and eighty feet = 2° must bo added to the ^;.: !ieo fit' teinperature = 21° .>'b — giving a ratio of 1° .54. From Fort Churchill to "Winter Lsland, tlie range is through 7° 00' of .■;"iJe; t!ic ditferoncc of mean heat, 10'" .11; the ratio (both at the level :::.e m) 2= .07. IjlMiilik lies 10° 18' north of Fort Churchill, and has a mean temperature .^.'I'los.^, with a consequent ratio of 2°.20. Ijoth at tlie level of the sea. Fruni Fort Churchill to A'ictoria, or Felix Harbor, 10° 5b' of latitude; .1 .^4 oi'differcnce in temperature: ratio 1° .Oli. F;mii Naiii, N. Lat. 57° ^', to Winter Lsland, distance 9° Go' of latitude— .iri'uco of temperature. 20° .10; ratio 2° .2:]. Hii to Victoria, or Felix Harbor, 12° 52' of latitude — difference of mean •="22-..52— ratiol° .75. ^ViiitiT Island to Igloolik 3° 09' of latitude— difference of mean heat i- '''-ratio P .14. ^I'lville Island lies 4° 47' north of Felix Harbor — difference of tempera- ■■••• ^' .^o-ratio 1° .01, '^':terl.-i!and to Port Bowen, difference of latitude 7° 03' — of mean heat • 4;-ratio(jo .35. Wis Harbor to Port Bowen 3° 14'— difference of temperature V .2i;— ':'■' lik to Port Bowen, distance 3° 54' — difference of tcmporaturc in •■• 'jf the latter, though further north, 1° .12; ratio of lacrca': of '■!ii:oralure 0"^ .30. it I ■..•■i'l >••-.. ■■W^^^'Vm- |i(||^|i-' K,l v.,<- '" ; Wi-- I ■ •liV . I- ■ I . 4G-4 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE IBI'jK ,. V. Laav of dix're.vsk of 3Ikan Tkmi'kuatuuk, FiioM . Ai.uTciiK— r, cxainiiiiin.' tlio I'loviitioiis given in tlio [jrcccdiiig tal)le, wo du not findsuS cient (lata for doti'Viniiiiiig the ratio at. wlii;di the tl' ouiftur lull- ascend IVoni the lovel (d" the sea. Of the eighty-two stutiuii:< mai' - \ at or near tliat level, and but six rise above a thousand feet. Tlie re rapid reduetion than Humboldt has assisncd. In tlie tem- viteziino, iiccordinj.' to that celebrated jihilosojdier,''' throu^di an tlcvatiun i liitei' tlituisand feet, the mean heat decreases 1° of Fh. for every two rjuilred ami fifty-thr(!0 feet of ascent. Tt is well known, however, that in •V" liaviiii' the same latitude, tin; ratio of decrease varies in a remark- f . riiMiinr. from the influence of local causes, and the course of the winds, 1 ',|;:it iin nnifurm expression nf the amount can be fixed; t of which wc • ,v jufficient evidence in the few observations embraced in this article. j '•';; while on the south side of Lake Krio aiul Lake Ontario, we have the •«:;'.tiu«t "iveii. wc find in the Valley of i\n) Mississippi results of a very iferiTit kiml. In all the observations which have been quoted, much I L'.ianci.'. liowever, should doubtless bo nuide for the inaccuracy of ther- iiftcrs, and the inexactness of ordinary observers. Js'evertheless, after r-LHl'iiio this, we must admit, that the gradual ascent, fV(im the beds of ;::n;ii,j imJ Mississijjpi to Fort Leavenworth and the Council Ulufl's, and :;ii umlles.? plains which surround those posts, probably exerts an influence : r.t'Tai/ting the effect of elevation. !,.tk'aliscncc of data for a rigid determination of the influence of alti- "i:. in tlio retluction of tlio mean heat of our climates, I shall assume two :-.!:lro(l fuel for one degree, in those portions where the elevations are ;;:,!•; ami four hundred feet for the great inclined plain, between the Ifeippi and the llocky Mountains, up which the ascent is so gradual, |'.:i:!':ejurfacc appears to the eye to be horiznntal. These ratios can by .'jans be regarded as anything more than loose approximation.?; but jiKwill not be without their utility, when we desire to estimate the mean Ittittnture of a place where thermometrical observations have not been iv applying to it the results of observation at a neighborin;^ place in 1- latitude, but having a ililferent elevation. Thus, for examjtle, we if mean ainiual heat of Fredonia, on the southern shore of Lake lEi, in latitude 4-1° 20', to be 48° .85, the altitude of the place of observa- It'i.inL' seven hundred and eight feet; but we do not know the lipMuro of the neighboring region around Chautauque Lake, tlie eleva- livliiil: is about one thousand five hundred feet. But if we divide the fenco. eight hundred feet, by two hundred feet, the (luotient, 4'^, ^■•.raoteil from 48° .85, gives us 44° .85 as the mean temperature of the |i;ttrtalile. aia. as the moan temperature of ]\Iaiietta, in latitude 39° 25', at the ►■"itN i.f six hundred feet above the sea, is 52° .81, if the average hight '^•la.Riicycloi). of Geography: Vol. I, Art, Meteorology. '«inptz's Course of Meteorology. ; ,r !i •'. .-. 'i:.; 'V.I I: ' v/ V. 5' . f. ■■■ ■ ', . ■ ■ . "; ;■ ■! ' ■ " ',' |u::-r:.::. 400 THE PRINXIPAL DISEASES OF THE tBOoj (if tlio Appalaeliiiin chain, in tlie same latitude, be taken at two ilious i\ feet, the (lifrcreiice, one tliousand four liundred feet, corresponds to "- vr] ',' subtracted from [)'1° .>^1, gives 450 .81 as tlie mean annual beat ot'ti .,- niduntaiii tops. ^\''hcn wo turn to Fort Leavenworth, in latitude 39° 22', at an elevati of nine hundred and twelve feet, we find the moan tonipcrature oil- :\i An inclined plain stretches eastwardly from the liocky Mnuntains. Ift'o ascent on this plain for live tJKjusand feet give a reduction of Y- cf ii„,n teniperaturo for every f(nir hundred feet of elevation, the result is h ,m- if for tlie next five thousand feet of mountain elevation, two liuiulri4 it-t give one degree, the result is 25°, equal to o7° .50, wliich, subtradi'il f^ ^ 52° .:>4, indicates 1-1° .84 as tlio mean annual heat of tlioso summits. VI. C.\LOULATKi» Mkan Tkmi'kuatuues. — Froui the forogi.iiiL' data ll have constructed the following theoretical table of mean toiiiijoratun-. la I making the calculation, three decrements of temperature, each the mean tiiil of several ascertained ratios of diminution of heat from increase of latituJ'' [ have been employed. First: For the portion which lies between the iM-i-i torial belt, N. Lat. 10°, and tlie tropic, Lat. 23° 30', the decremcut is n' ..;3| (thirty-three hundredths of a degree) of mean temperature, for one ik.n fj latitude, and 0° .0055 for a minute. Second: From the Tropic of C;i!i(.r:}| the thirtieth parallel, which cuts the northern margin of the Gulf ot'M'.sii and passes over the northern suburb of the city of Xew Ork^aii-. '':»| decrement for a degree of latitude is 1° .10 of mean temperature (oiiu d : sixteen hundredths), and 0°, 0193 for every minute; the stations being,; the last, at the level of the sea. Third: From the thirtieth to the tlnvj eightli parallel, the decrement is 1° .055 mean temperature (onu d. six liundred and fifty-five thousandths) for every degree of latitmli. ;i!i| 0° .0270 for every minute; the assumed elevation being six humlreii i'^ above the level of the sea — that which supports the densest stratum it population. Fourth: For tlic few places which lie far in the nurti; separate table has been found necessary. M,---y^ :\- T^rn 'ilT ll-j INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 467 ■. (1 Table oi' Calculated Mean Annual Tkmpeuaxures. Ratios. uctiiiu of 1- I'f m:a ]ic rosvilt is Vl ..'I'l; ion, two lmnilvv4;Vit ■liicli, subtr;ii:t'."l tv ;u those sumniits. the forogoiui.' 2 .05 o 35 00 01 .^2 35 30 00 .99 1 30 00 00 .10 1 31) 30 59 .33 in 37 00 5S .50 o 37 30 57 .67 (i\vc'n, . . . Melville Lland, . . 3Ieaii Ratio, 1 .." 1 •<: It appears from tlieso results, tliat tlic increase of coIJ in cninif iMt'i from the forty-eighth parallel, over Hudson Ray, to the Polar .*»ea, ij ;.nl greater ratio, Ly thirty hundredths, th.an in going nortli, from tlie mil latitude, in a line nearly parallel, and much neart-T, to the Rocky .Mountsir.3.j The course of the latter series of stations, varies many degrees wc>t :r a! north, and comes out to the Folar Sea, n< t very far east of Eiliri::'}! Straits; that of the former follows the magnetic meridians, and terniiii.iti- ml the pole, or maximum of cold, between the head of Raifm Ray and .Mdvi Island, about oO° of longitude further east. Thus, with the excopti;! the summits of tlie northern extremity of the Rocky Mountains, tlio nl' part of the continent of Nortli America is that which hcs hotwoeullu: Bay and Lancaster Sound. Within these limits is spread out that dc'Iatd region aptly called the " Barren Ground; " while the ices of the soumlsaal stra.ts beyoiul, have baffled the skill and enterprise of every navigator. Til northern limit of the temperate zone, in this region, has a moan annual hm of b'^ ; its southern limit, on the coasts of the Gulf of ^luxic", enjuys a i.'a| of 77*^; thus, in traversing the zone, through 43^ of latitude, tlie a::;. mean temperature sinks 7-°, or 1° .07 reduction of annual heat tir c degree of latitude. But if we traverse the zone, in a direction para!!'.! i\ the Rocky 3Iountains, that is, on the great Mi.ssouri plain, and pas> F:i Franklin, in tlic valley of oMackenzie River, the lowering of the annual :: is only 01°, giving a ratio of 1° A'2 as the reduction of temperature k i.- degree of latitude. YIII. Further usk of tiik forkgoixg Tajilks. — Although tlic--e tai, present only approximations to the truth, they will not he found usdi.-' those who live in places where no thermometrical ohservations have H made. Should the reader wish by their aid to determine (approsimsiuj the mean temperature of any particular spot, he must know its latitudf. a^i if it be beyond the forty-eighth parallel, its longitude, and in all ''i- •jr n.. INTERIOR VALLF.Y OF NORTH AMERICA. 4GU r-uble elevatimi alnive the Icvt'l of the soii ; wlicii, by ii n'suri to the ,•; J of the tabic, lie tan rciulily niako the cahiulutioii. In the first soctidii T'i,in the tropicj*) ono iiiiii\it(.' dt' hititiulc cliiiiiiii,shes the ti'iiiiu'raturo ■J (tiftv-fivi; ten thuu-iandths ° .^'2, leaves ~>^'^ ,57 as the amount sought. [i tlie second soctiitn of the table, the ratio of 1° .10 for a degree of :;;iil ■■ sivos 0° .010:) ('nuo hundred and ninety-tiirco ten tlnmsandths of ; ].-.Ti'e ) for every minute: which must l)e, as in the other cane, nudtiidied ;■,;:;'.' muiibrr of minute-; of any particular station above a given iiarallol. liiinepriiiJuct subtracted from the temperature of that parallel. ntiic tliinl section of the tabic, a degree of latituile reduces the mean .r.t^'io, which is. fir each udnute, "o .(l27G (two Imndi'ed and scventy- ■.iMillioiisiiudtlis). to be nudti|ilied, as in the other eases, by the unndicr : j.ti's tViiiii the ncarc.-t parallel bch)W, and the amount subtracted from 'it iif that parallel. Bi;iii!ill c;iscs allowani'" must be made for the di'Vcrenee of ;ltitude. [!.;ieflrst two sections of the talde, the ratios refer to the level of the sea ; •' iliinl. til an average elevation of six hundred feet. Let us take an l:ii|i1i', Puinpoy, in X. Lat. 4l!" T))!', has, i'rom oiiservation, a mean tem- •rifire of 42° .S4. whirh is (;° .0:5 less than that from calculation; but ■-- iltitmle of I'liinpcy. one tliousand three huiulred feet, or seven hundred • ;linve the average, reduces its tcm[)erature o° .50, and this being .: 1 'I tlie temperature from observation, rakses it 40° .84. IX, Amosriii:!!!*' Axn Ti:i;iti;s'n:iAf, >Ii:an Ti;.mi'i:i!Atukes Comi'akko.- - I ''"-ivor may he the reality of internal, terrestrial fires, we cainiot doubt, !".c relative tcimiorature of the crust of tlie earth, in different latitudes, Id- than tl'.at of the atninsphcro. is largidy attributable to the sun. It .'•■ moiI known, that the influence of that luminary, in the torrid and j'..i';rate zoiio-i. extends to the di.>[)th of eighty or one hundred feet. ji::di that depth., the summer and winter temporatun: vary from eacli '■ The maximum of this variation is found at the surface; its niini- " I: a; the depth just mentioned, where lies the plane of invariable :•■ Tom this [ilaue, the tem[)erature iiiereases, at the ratiij of one degree I : Filironheit for about every forty feet of descent. Tt is only, however, in |-;3iiMie latitudes, that the mean temperatures of t o air and earth coin- In the south, that of the former is greater — in the north, that of the l-'-f Hi'iice tlie curves of terrestrial and atmospheric uiean tempera- I'-:- Kiissate ill the temperate zone, at an exceedingly acute angle. It I' -^5 !rom these facts, that to determine the atmospheric mean heat, by pvftiie crust of the earth, we must, in the southern latitudes, add to |- Sitttr— in the northern, subtract from ic ; but a suifieient number of » i\'t 1- It ■■ ■ } M;:^M ■'■■i'-'. . ' ' 'in H .' ,''.'■■• ^ * >'6' id • ' ■ . • :!■•:•■ •• •» • . ■?"i IV-; i .J ; .;, '^;f Ill w 47(1 TlIK l'l!IN!•'. Now IVfim t],!.,,. y, „ t ruralvl is 1°.!{ higher than that of tlie earth. •J. A must cdiiidus |ioroinii;il sjirinir. at Tusonnd)ia. Alahama,' La! a I temperature of (i(l'^ in tln' hitter part of the ninntli of .huif. Asatri;,t- periiid of the y<'ar, the mean heat of such a sprin;j; i,s tlic saniu a« I'.rt ei year, no correction is recpiired. 1 do not know the nieiiii tcniiKratiirt fj tho air at Tnscund)ia; hut tliat of Iluntsvillc. a slmrt distaiiuo tn thii,.-, in north latitmle IJ-J" diV, according to nhservatiitns, throii,!,'li tliiitim vir; by the Uev. Mr. Allan, is ri'J^^.T.'I, or loss than one-third of a iloirre';' l»;;»i the heat of the s[)ring — suggesting ei[uality, at the tlurty-tit'tli paraili.l fl latitude. •>. At llndsun, south of Lake Erie, in the State of Ojiin, ju nonli ijti-i tude -11^ lo', I'rofessor Loomisi: made three years' ohservatinns nn tih'Um.; perature of two wells, one a little below, and tho nthor a.s far abinu, li"rj feet in depth. For a part uf tlie time, they were made nearly everviiLvr! month — for tho remainder, in the months which lie funiid tn prc'St'iit t::« extremes. 1 have condensed the moans of the uliolu, into tliu fuIlMviijI table. I MONTHS. JanUA1!Y. . Fki!i;uai;v, IjNrAKCH, .... June AuorsT, Si;i'Ti;.\n!i:i{, :N OVKMliKJ!,.. MEAN TEMP. O 4s.2r) 4S.4T 4!t.l2 40.30 50.07 r)0 07 49.5(1 AIIOVE. BELOW. RESULTS AND CO.MPARlSnv^. 0.05 0.S2 0.82 0.25 1.00 (».7^ 0.13 Range from Jan. ) , ^,, to August, ) Mean lieatnfwclls.lli'J'' iMcau heat of air. 47.1' Excess of oartlr.s ( j ^■ teaiiicraturc. 1 It npjiears from this table, that in advancing north fruni C4'^ 45', t" i^i^ tude 41° 15', tho heat of the earth rises over tliat of the air 1' .'•' nearly (.3) three tenths of a degree for one nf hititiule. 4. Cidd Spring, at Castalia, near Sandu.sky City, witliiii :i ffi'' --J iites of the latitude of Hudson, but at a level five hundred feet l"«rr. » P. 5G. + P. 223. i Sillinian's Journal, Vol. : „. niniitll I ill.' ,'<:', accnrc it"rhg to t ,,tot' thoca I ;"i more tli; fyvnce of a :ll'iil,'iiii; a I r.iuDiofif wall •jMn ti'ii)[H'ral ... .VtHiR.j '..'rvations vn -eti'iiiperatur ;ii!o, niiero tli ''■nations cu il'.VTHf. Ml j.i.Nr.iRr,.. 1 1 : i 1 tlBEUBV.. kcii, .. ArKiL 4 'hv ■IrxE Jrtv .\r.;rsT 'EITKMDEU, I ' /'IIEK 6 .^'IMMEn... 4 '£'.:.MI1EK,,. 4 At tills place, ■•S' :it Hudson, •■•■'■ease of the • 'It'ira dcgrc "•:■■ lluntsvillu, '''iiii the ratio '•'*.4S, orlu '■'■ At Roche >i'Wtained tho t '•*5"',theobser -i;: (leJuct '2'^, { ['Miure, leaving piime heat of Kc ' 'ifgeiit'g R Ifli I i.ir ii-: INTERIOR VALLKY OF NORTH AMKIIICA. ITt .,,.ni"iith lit' August, a teiniicraturo cf •^2.'^. Correcting' it. \>y >ul>tratt- , vj arti'rdiii}.' tn the iibovo tublc, its animal iioat is i'jp.JS, IVum wliidi. • inlinL' to the same table, r\^.') inu.'jt In- cleduetod lor the excons of the [nf the tartli, loaviiig, fur tlie mean temperature of the air, 4il' .:)■'{, or .iiuiretlum tliat of Hudson; but when wo di'duet from it, '!'■', for tlie "'•ri lice of altitude, we have 47'^ .'!•>, a number nearly idmtieal with thai ■lluilson;anJ well-litted to sli'>w that a |icriuanont spring, with a largo 'uMO fif water, may, by the jiroper eorroction.s, bi; made to iiK^ii-atc the 111 tiinpcrature of the air. ,1. At'ineida Cviiferenee Aeademy, New York, in nortli latituih; l-'^Or*', 'rwrrations wore made, iu each month, through three sueeessivc years, on nfteiiipiTature of a well. T have condeiiseil the whole into the fidlowing aUe. fflicrc the annual temperature is e(tmpared with that of the air, froiu h'Tvations I'lintinued for seventeen years.* h Idle, ii!ti> thi.' t'uiiMvii.^l TS ANM) I'OMl'AUIsi '■-■ ABOVK THE IIKI.OW TUE YEAR. YEAR. UK.MAIIKS ANn <(iMrAUISON3. Temperature of April obvi- ously too high — that uf 3lareh, too low. Kaiige from Feb. to Se])., 4'^.GO [.>Ieaii temperature of well. -17". -Jo Mean temjierature of air, -l:{°.r)8 Exee.S9 of well over air. .CO A; tliis place, we find the mean heat of th(< earth to be o°.8;), or "i" more -i:. :it Ilmlson, while it lies only 1° 40' further north : showing a ratio of /."•taseof the difference between terrestrial and atmospheric mean heat, of -■1 fr a degree of latitude. When, however, wo eompare this station ~;:: liuntsville, where we have plaeed our zero, 8° of latitude further .south, "^liadtlie ratio of inercase of terrestrial over atmospheric mean heat, to ':"iily.4>>, or less than half a degree, for every degree of latitude. ''• At Rochester, north latitude 43° 07', the Ileverond 3Ir. Doweyt i^tained the temperature of an artesian well, two hundred i'eet deep, to '•^'i", the observations being made in July aiul Deeeniber. From this, wo SK ileJuct i'^, for the increase of heat below the plane of invariabh? tem- [«ature, leaving 48° as the heat above that place. Now the mean ;itmos- pfiric lieat of Rochester, from two long series of observations, is 4G°.4"J. ^li- * eut'g Reports University of N"iw Yorlt. Ibid 1 r \ V. ri'-^ I ■i- .. ; • .-1 • . * . ..4 472 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE [BOC-, whicli, doductcd from 48°, gives only l°.f)% for the excess of tlio t^ir • over the atiiiusjilu've. which is oven less than that of Onciila. If ^y,. vide this by the difference in hititude, nearly 8°, between Iluntsvil!.- Rochester, wo have (:2) two-tenths of a degree for the ratio of iuorcaM divergence, between the terrestrial and atmospheric curves. 7. From six years' observations, the mean temperature of the I*'' of ]\Iaclvinac, north latitude 45° 51', is 40°. In a recess of the cmm. escarpment of tlie Island, two hundred feet below its summit, a >)mii:i' • spring bursts out from the limestone strata, the temperature of uiii.' found, at tlto end of July, to bo 44°, which may be received as its a,- mean. This is 4° above tlio atmospheric mean, and 2°.ll5 more tluiii • ditferenec at Hudson, 4° 0(1' further south. These numbers (qvo a ' r of (.48) forty-eight hurdredths, for a degree of latitude; but wIilmmv' i vide the 4° by the difference of lat-'tude, 11°, between Huntsvillu Ui.J )[| inac, \vc obtain the ratio (.-30) thirty-six hundredths. Tlie mean ol' all the ratios, counting from Iluntsville. as zero, is .i: ono-tliird of a degree. Thus, in advancing north from tlie tliirty-tiftli t., ■ forty-sixth parallel, every three degrees of latitude add one dc;rnT 1 1 • range (^ the mean heat of the eartli over that of the air; and as three iio:;rei- latitudo sink tlie mean temperature five degrees, it follows, that a elianc" • that iimount will indicate a change of one degree in the relative teiiiptrat :. of tlie earth and air. I am far from regarding i.his as a reliable conclusion; but liope tliatv.;. • has been said, may incite those who are favorably situated, tu more '-ar : and accurate observations than have yet been made. All tlie stations wliicii, have been named, except one, lie within a i'ew degrees of longitude of cae! other. I must now say something of one, lying six degrees west of ;:■: most western of those stations. 8. Fort Snelling, situated in north latitude 44° 53', lias a moan ton.- peraturc, deduced from eighteen years' observations, of 45'^.];'). Tlrt;- pcrature of a spring, in Carver's Cave, a few miles from the Fort. \va> t'i.;.l by 3Ir. Schoolcraft, on the 'id of August, to be 47°. On the Kith of Ji:! ; in a subsequent year, Major Long found it 40°.* The months were .-11 that no correction is necessary. It' we take the mean of these obscrvati :-, 46°. 5. as the heat of the earth, and deduct from it that of the air, tbi '!::• fcronco is only 1°.H5, which divided by the number of degrees of latitiu between the Cave and Iluntsville, gives a ratio of (.135) one hundrtJ;.:i i thirty-five thousandths. This low ratio suggests an inciuiry into the influence of local oausis. ';.' the iiurth of Carver's Cave, is the table land between the sources ut vj: ^lississijipi and Lake Superior, the elevation of whicli is about seven liai.- dred feet above the Cave. From this plateau the strata dip to the S'.!!:- and it seems probable, that the spring consists of water condueted dnmu: ;■ I that higher level and more northern latitude, which must of noee;.>;' * Second E.\pedition. 'it '■ . INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 47.-) . .jvit; temperature IjcIuw tliat of the cartli, whore it Imrsts out. That u ;,-■]' iiisy liavc its source so distant from the place where it is inspected, ,;• :ve a different temperature from that of the spot, cannnt lio doubted ; ■ it.i.imist be taken into account. There are other circumstances, morc- ..-.iviiiili must not be overhioked. 1; tile spring ur well be near tlie surface, and the quantity (if v>iiter varia- ■.;;• i.iit very great, mucli nuire frequent observations arc ncci>s:iry, than ir npposito circumstances. If the well should be broad and its depth .- .!i. tiio sudtlcii clianges of atmosplierie lieat will perpetually vary that of eiuiliice of the water. Again, cold rains, and the melting in spring of -it snows, may bo the means of c(.M)ling superticial wells and springs. If •.v-urees of error should be disregarded, inaccurate results will nf course ;; laiiiud. X. Influknce of the NoRTiiKiix Lakks on i\Ii:AN Ti;Aii'i:nATcnK. — " Nnrtl'.orn Lakes of the St. Lawrence Basin, do odt apjiear to I rt ;i!iv influence on the mean temperature of the air. H we compare Si.: inintton, Prairie du Chien, Winnebago, and Fort Snelling. all in the in- :,:: r. with Fredoiiia, Rochester, Fort Gratiot, 3Iackinai-, and Fort Brady, ;;:..' rifflniig the Lakes, and make due allowance for differences nf latitude iLiw'uitiipii, wo find, that the higher mean temperatures sunietinn's lielong ;;iii!Klass of station.s, and sometimes, to tlie other, while the average dif- :: .Liif tlie whole, is less than a (quarter of a degree. Xi. V.iRIATION IN TUE MeAN AnNUAL IIeAT Ol' THE SAME Pl-ACES IN ::i:i5L\i Ye.vus. — This, for a considerable number of places, has been 'ireiecti'din tlio Geueral Table of ^lean Temperatures, from which the follow- ajidections have been maae. ThenuniuCi.i of the lirst colunni belong to r able, and will direct the attcatior. of the reader to the position of the Sin 'B< embraced in this. Here, as there, they are arranged IVem south to ifflk Tu fit these results for comparison vitli each utlier, the ob.servations it fwy station should have been continued for the -anie nnndn^r ol' 3'cars. .*;;;is. most of them afford but a distant approximation to the truth. 4.. a: f :-^V ■ -n Jl ,/, _. ' i .■■* 'if-'. ^■■■' .- t ;•^- • V -•:-1.-., S ' '!' 'i 1 M 474 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE G11EATK.ST Variation i\ the Annual Mk^^n Heat of the same IN A SEUIES OF YEAUS. iBWK I, i I'l-AUj c5 25 Plack. Range. m < d 2i Place. T 11 S Kam.e. '. >1_ i> 1 7|Ul»a)i.v, 3.80 4 44 Siiriiiirville. - 'i.HO ' s 11.14 (5 8 Key West, -[AVI G 45 I'rattsliurg, !l;T!ii'n|i;i ]5ay, 1.82 5 4(iOavuga, 3. nil 9 ] 4' Thirtieth ])eg. ofLat. 3.43 11 47i-^Iiddiel)ury, "49 15 1") I'nisiicdlu, 4.34 48 Canaiidaigua, 0.1* 8 19 Fort .Je.siij), 3.72 7 oOj'oinpc}-, 7.:!1 13 •JO Natchez. 3.S0 10 51;()ii(iiulaga, O.N^ I'J •J;i Iliiiit>villo, •> - 1 13 55 lluclioster, 5,511 1.5 liliXashville, 3.38 5 5() Lewiston, li.2o 11 '27 li'iui.sville, 5.00 6 57' Mexico, N. Y., :;,!U ^ :50St. Louis, .").81 10 59'L()wvillo, T.'.';! 11 iniPiirtsinnutli, 5.97 20 Olil'ottsdani, 544 13 ;>'J Ciiiciiiiiati, 5.47 21 02 Fort Howard, 4.:;-: 9 :?4j Marietta, 5.5!t 20 04 Fort Snelliiig, 5.i.i'.i i ^J") Steiiheiiville, 0.33 12 05ploiitreal, 7.:!7 li ;)7 Blodiiiiugtoii, 11.20 9 07 Fort Jjirady, a.sil i 4.i;Fre(liiiiia, ().(i8 14 1 . A glance of tlie eye upon tlii.s table discloses that, as we iKlvaiKefr:J s'Hitli to north, the diftereuee between the coldest and hottest years iii creases : that is, as tlie annual mean temperature lessens, the range ot'lil' tion in ditlerent years increases. I liave sought to ascertain the law wL governs these inversely- var_\ing unantities. By averaging tlio mean t^'ii perature of twenty stations, varying from 70*^ to 40". 5. a moan tein|nr:i:t of 52" is ol)t;iiiied. At these stations, observations had been iiiailo tLr 'i^l periods varying from nine to twenty-six years, and tlie mean lihnition i>ii H Now it is well known, tliat in tlie equatorial regions, the moan teniprr:;;! of which is ^^2". tlie difference between one year and another, at thv-ain jdace. i's so little that wc liave there the zero of libratiun. Tlie am ;ii (i'^.lO. tlicn. is the result of the diilerenee between 82° and r)2^=:l'i Bl if we divide ir.H! by 30°. we obtain 0°.205 (two hundred and live ltd sandtlis) of a degree uf temperature of libration, for every degree of iiia annual temperature lost. Kejeeting the fraction (live tiiousaiiilths\ we lial a ratio of (0°.2) two-tenths of increasing beat, of libration, for mie ilo.;r«| decreasing mean annual heat; and. conversely, five degrees of the originating one degree of the former. The application of this law i? danlly simple. The mean annual heat of the jilace must be subtracU'iir^ 82^. and the difference multiplied by (.2) two-tenths — the product i^ range of liViration, or difference lietweon the coldest and lutte^t ycMrsJ that place. For example : The .lifference between the mean temiKratif of Portsmouth, and the e(pmtorial mean, 82°, is 2<)°.G4. which luin:"- j plied by .2 ( two-tenths ) gives 5°. 33. which is but .04 (loss tliantii^ /^. ..v ; v'l iBOOK I. F THE ;!AMF. ll.,\, F< ■triX INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 4-5 :e. > ■ 1 ~ ■ .'i.'.in V, ,11.14 .■, ! ii.ii'i ii > i 7.4'.' Ifi la, 1^.1> > 1 i.'il ]'■) ij.^^ Vl o.oii l.i ij.'io u . Y., :-;.'.•! ^ 1 T.'^;; 11) 5.44 li arcl, 4.;)-. 'j 1 ing, 1 i.-'i lO ly. 1 :;."'l H the mean tenipersn A another, at t!i..'^aa ihration. The aiivs^ •i° and .Vi^=:!'i-. lundred and live '■■■'^ r every degree -f ii:ei .. thousandthsV \n hi ;atioii, tor one dc:reej e degrees of the Intj ,nofthislawi^ must he suhtraote'nrj ;,s — the pv'dut^ :■■ ,gt and hittest yvsrM tl,i. mean toiiii"^-''' (U. whiehhein:"- ,ut .04 (less tlian;' .ri.uif a dosree. diflferont from the range Ijctwcon tlio coldest and Imttost ;,ir a> ascertained liy (d)scrvatieiis cuiitinuod for twenty years. Again: j-.iiM'aii iii""''il teniporaturo of Mimtroal. is o7'^.4o below Nl2°, whieli mul- ■ ■ ill liv .-, gives 7°. 49 as the range of annual lihration, wliiidi, oliserva- ■; i.i niiitiimed through fifteen years, liave placed at 7*^.')7, only an eighth •a; 'if a deirree les.s. In all cases, the results of calculation do not so ;elveoineide with those of (djservatiini, but generally vary less than a de- - •; altliouL'h at many places, the observations have not been continued joiK'n'.'h, to complete the cycle of yearly variation, liy the furniula richiias been obtained, if the annual heat of the year were settled by an ■•ifvationmado in June (;r ])ecember, on a well, eighty or one hundred feet i]., ira enpious and pormatient S[)riiig, issuing from beneath a hill, it I il'l be possible, at onee, to determine, with (approximative) certainty, the • !!; T.itmv of the hottest and coldest years that would ever occur there.* •. l!v llie forinula deduced from the table, we are enabled to invcsti- ."te t!ii' iiiilneiiee of large Ijodies of water, as the Xortherii Jiahes, on the ritkias of annual tenijiorature. In calculating the range for all the sta- •'^ariiund these Lakes, it h found, I believe, with one exception, to be :.;.. bv (d)sorvatioii, 4'-'.>^l, for the range of libration, but from calcula- ::i .«!iidd he 7*^.-4, or nnn'O than "jO per cent, greater. The exee))tioii 'i'lilliavo referred, is presented by Fredonia, where the range from i/i.Iatiuii is equal to that from observation; but this only confirms the rule: • «'n'lf of the Appalachian ]\Iountains, seven hundred feet higher than :;'l-!:ire. terminates by a bold escarpment, within a few miles of Lake ::;■. and it lies between them; thus the influence of the Lake is neutralized •.'tiiatofthe mountains. No other station, aroruid the Lakes, bears the m: lation to mountains. Thus the restraining influence of the Lakes is ■:;.:!. I •;tabll year, have temperatures varving so wiilely from their respectiv".' I "-'-i^ lemppralures. i " * ;••!*»»', ;, <■■■; nv i' r.\p^^-;t!-;|v.;-:f:^v I ' -I ■■ /*■ W:\--: .'i-i\ ■■■■ '■ \ 'm.-'> .'f i: ■ ■■'•'• ^ I 7 ^'t ■'■. 'M-:' ■■:■■ ■■:.^ ill III "■■'■''■: ■■ ^^"''^ 1- '■ ' ' ■-■■ '■...'■ » . ^. • ■■■; i;-- 470 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OP^ THE [eooi :. tlio p(il-i.' circle, and to tlio East, from a similar thougli smulliT inflnti ,.,. f the saitio kiml, cxcrtod by the Appalachian chain, from thu latitude •' ''j^ to 4SO ,)!• 50° niirtli. wo know that tlio curves of cijual mean tein'iurat cannot lie parallel to tlie lines of latitude, except fur a certain (listn". ^ 1 t!io middle of the A''alley. Ivist of the Mississippi, as thuv aimri.;!)] .i Appalachian Mountains, they must l)eud to t!ic south ; west of that rjv ■• they ascend the i;reat inclined plane, tliey nnist curve in the same dirmi'm- and on reacljiiig the Rocky M(juntains, must of necessity, extend nip. their slopes, rising gradually, as the latitnd(! lessens; hut not attainin -tj." summits of those mountains, until we come within tlie tropics. It i'c-«ultv from these data, that the isothermal lines of the ^ alley, are nearly jmiallil t > those of itne side of a conijtressed ellipsis or hing oval, witli tlaii' i.!^;.™ curved extremities nuicii shorter tlian tiieir western. Where tliev iiitir< ,• the trougli of tlie 3lis.sissippi, tliey have their lighest latitude. Tnw< (■:■ curve of 07°, descending from the Cordilleras. ;,oar Xalapa, in iiortliLi i',\,\,' 19° 80', passes near Xatchez, on the Mississippi, lu^ further ivitli tL • nundjcr heing equivalent to four thousand feet of dil!Vreiice in tlitir tkra- tion. Fr(jm Xatehe/, it pmliahly continues eastwardly on the .same laijll of latitude. The curve of <'.-Jo, traversing the City of Mexico in latitude 19° liG', enters the State of Arkansas, about the latitude of :>i^ ;jij'. mur i passing near l^n-t Towson, cuts the 31ississijipi 14° north of Mexico. tr.«««{ the State of Alabama, a little south of Iiunt.sville, and aspeiuliiiu' tlicui'ur;- i tains of Georgia, turns again to the south. IJut this configuratiuii i^tnif.; that portion of the Valley only, which is liouiuled on the cast hy tlie .\iiu- lachian ^Fountains. South of tho.se mountains, below tlie latitude ul' vV north, tlio eastern extremities of the curves of temperature, do iiutlri;ii: the south, as tlie surface rises but little above that of the Gulf ami the J.'ia of the Mississippi; but the western ends of the curves still hciiU to tlie-Ltj as they ascend the mountains of Mexico. Above the latitude of 4^ !;«■;', ; a diflerent conliguratiun occurs. As the curves descend from the lioikv , ^lountains, they rise ra]»idly to the north, until tlicy npproaeli the iner.'i-j ans of the Pole of maximum Cold, when, independently if elevatiin. ikvj arc deflected to the south, again (it is probable) to ascend, on ;iii)ir(aH; the eastern edge of the Continent. Thus, the isothermal curve of 1 7^. wiiti I passes Fort Fraidclin in nortli latitude 05°, and west longitude l-'r. :i:ur having advanced rapidly to the north on descending from the niciuntain*. is | bent to the south, and by the time it reaches the SOth degree of luni'itiiiie. j must, according to the temperature of Winter I.'^land, Lave suidv as 1'«mh the 5Sth degree of latitude ; afterward to ascend, on advatieing tu Ito Straits. In traversing the A'alley, then, this curve is sorpeutiue. proniiii:.' in the western part a vertex to the north — in its eastern, a vertex to v~t\ south; in the latter of which we find the southern limit of the ['<■■ Cold. Xrn. At.i.kgkd GRE.vTF.n TTkat of Tin- 3IiBDT,K L.vTiTrDKS OK tmkIxie^a'' j V.\i,i.i;y, than ok the Ati.axtic Plain. — In 17'^3, Mr. JethTSon i' lished, that the Basin of the Ohio was warmer, liy the amount of t::m i BOOK ■lUTH'; INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 477 sraull'i- iiifluti,.,. „t tliu latitiuk' i,!;. are nearly \k\\-mv] ; al, wltli their I'li,- ■...;. Where tliey iiiiH.- ■: latitiuh'. T'uu-. !.. lapa, ill iiorlli !a it'uii.j ^ i'urther I'.i'itli, tl;;: Ferouee in their dtva- al'a.lu 1 y Oil the same of Mexieo in latifio itudo of :io^:l(i'. :•:;.: n'th of Mexicii.tr - • i ascentling theui' ■■ configuration isiru'j , the east hy the Aju- kV tlie latitude of ^i^:' ature, do not ki:ii : e Ciuiraiid tk' J'hi still bend to tlie j'-ui'ii j atitude of 4n" r.urth, i ■cud friiiii the K'A'iiy ainiriiaeh the inoraii- tly of elevatiuii. tiitvj uend, on annaii aleurveof IT'.vi.i'-aj Longitude I-'j'. -''•' om the mountains, ij I degree of luiiL'itUiiv- ! have sunk as h^aH advancing to V^-^ crpcntino. prc-diii: .i j :crn, a vertex to ti-ej limit of the Pul' ,,r(,Oj nf hititude, than the niaritinie l)olt cast of tlio inouiitiiins* : ami 1 j[ twenty years afterward, 31. Voliiey.t on returning from his travels •iruui:'! tliis country, adopted the same coMoIusion. In 1^15, I ciidcavorod Milioff.i that the opinion to which those distinguishod writers liad given i;r,;i,v was erroneous. At that time, the numl)or of rcHalilc uhscrva- .•;,ffaj small, compared with the present; yet the error into which 3Ir. ,;.i;.i;nn liad fallen, by a prematuro generalization, was correctly pdinted ;: ssnnuierous observations on both sides of the nmuntains, have since , sn. As it is not in the plan of this wdrk to institute comparisons be- ■le'ithe (diniate and diseases of the Iiitcrinr A'allcy, and the regions beyond .a.iimtains, which bound it to the oast and we.-t, I shall limit myself to • ai-irtiou which has licen made, leaving it with others, to cumpare the iiomtions, which show that in the same latitudes the temperature of the Wi inn the opposite .sides of the Appalachian range, is substantially ■.leiaine, The physician, then, of Maryland or Penn.sylvania, who would ife liis patient to emigrate to a mildor climate, must not ])oiiit out the ;ate"f Uliii>; nor must the invalid of Virginia, expect a warmer climate by mnv: to Kentucky. jMuch of the popular perpetuation of this error, has ;:;ii,ofroiu thc dircctiou oi !,.:e great current of immigration into the middle iiitadus of the Mexican, and the Sduthern portion of the St. Lawrence 3!:;n. It has been largely from higher to lower latitudes, and yet it was il ill the phraseology of the people and the profession, to the West. They itiiiel a warmer climate, by going south, and without investigation pro- iiiid'J it the consequence of traveling westwardly. \\\. Xo Cu.\NGE OF Mean Temi'ku.vti'kk kksultin(; from the Settle- aioF THE Valley. — Whatever may be the influence of the settlement ijilcultirationof a new country, on its mean temperature, the Interior \'al- ityks not undergone such a degree of transformation, as might produce an iwdalijo effect. An immense proportion of it, is in the same condition as liita the French first ascended the estuary of the St. Lawrence, or cn- "■Jiped among the swamps of the ^Mississippi. The greatest changes of Ae. have been eflectod on the eastern side of the Mississippi, l)e- Sa the Tennessee lliver and the Lakes; and in that region, if any- 'te, a ehange of mean temperature has taken place. There are no facts, iiwevor, which indicate such a change. At the beginning of the present «iiiry, the population of thc region mentioned was exceedingly sparse, and J'ltlicrmometrical observations were recorded, to show the moan tempera- * fjf any spot, while the cimntry was still a wilderness. The earliest ''fi'-'S of ohservations wore made, in the neighborhood of Cincinnati, 'y Colonel Jared Mansfield, .Surveyor General of the United States. lievwere hegun in 1800, and continued for three years. The results, in Section with observations by myself, in Cincinnati, for the next five years. .' *..„ ntf «'/•, I- . ( •DESOKTllKb'WSA'il yh. Jefferson ]^- the amount of '■-!'■' i I ^>s on Virjrinia. f View of tlie Soil and Climate of thc U. S. '••'icuire of Cinciuuati, by Daniel Drake. 18io. :^^: ... If Yrm) :' A': :. 'S C'i'li ',:■■ ]' f '■:M', , -f ■',f' '■! ■ ' ■ jf i \ ■ '1 > ■ '' Fi* ' *" * ' ! 'it •t'K' • i ;-f :j; i: ; -.1 l'^ ■ ■■- . ■ V A' m. 478 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE J':'OK I. were imljlished, in 1815.* The moan doiluccd from the wliolo, was 54- "" The moan rosultiiig fmrn observations by Professor lliiy, from iNiJti, Ivr is r);)0.;>('», giving a diflereu'.'t" of less than nino-tcutlis of a deenM. — ;,],,, gethcr within the limits of inaecuratc observation and incorrect iiistrutji(i,\ From the middle term of one of these ])eriods to that of the (jtlnT. i< ,,|j„|, one-third of a century; but that time has effected no chanirc, ;iUliou"i, tjio increase of the population and the consequent destruction of the tWst h.^. lioeii at a high ratio. SECTION II. EXTREMES OF GOLD AND HEAT. I. The Table. — An inquiry into the lowest and liigliost decrocs of heat, at a place through the whole period of time in which observations an; made, naturally follows on the study tf the coldest and hottest years. Tin data for this inquiry an; ju'esented in the following table. The /!«( eiiluiiiii is for reference to the Ocneral Table of Mean Temperatures, where the pi;;- tion of each place can be found ; the second presents the mean tcmpurat;;r'} of each; the third gives the amount of range; the fourth, the fercthkv. (jf range above or below mean temperature ; tho fifth, the greatest colil; t'l.' auf/i, the greatest heat; the seventh, the distance of the former beWiUcJiij temperature; the eighth, the distance above mean temperature; the nmh,\u\ percentage of the fall over the rise: the tenth, the number of years cfiJ" scrvation. Those, it will be observed, vary widely from each other, for whi 'a j irreat allowance must be made, in ostima;inuciila, - - - (is.4 02 84.54- ()' 98 02.4' 29.<>l(is.(l i;Bat'iii Rouge, - - ()7.r) 00 88.8+10; 100 57.5! 32.5 77.4 bM"ljile, - '- - - 1-,. .) 70 00.0+241 94 40.8! 28.7 95.0 ."Natchez,- - - - (i(j.s 07 45.2i Oj 97 (iO.s! 80.2 121. S ::FiTt Toffsnii, - - Gl.-J 10:! 09,0— 8 100 ()4.2i 38. s, 05.2 :i lluutsville, - - - 50.7 105 75.^1— 9l 90 0S.7' 80.8 80.5 :.' Fort Gibson, - - 01. 1 123 101.8— 7 110 08. 1: 54.9: 28.9 ■j'N'asliviile, - - - r)S.4 US 100.0— IS 99 70.4! 40.0 88.G ■J'L'iuisville, - - - 55.(1 110 100,0—10 100 05.0^ 45.0: 44.4 i'Jeli'ersiin Barracks, 50.0 119 109.]!— 18^ 101 0(i.!) 48.1 70.0 :)'St. Louis, - - - 55.1] 18 1 142.81—25, 109 80.8; 58.7 49.8 ?ilF(irtsnioutb, - - 55.8 100 91.01— (J 100 01.3 44.7 37.4 ;Lt'inciiuiati, - - - 5:5. s 117 119.8— IS 100 70.S 40.2 53.2 SFort Leavenworth, 52.8 185 15S.1.— 80, 105 82.8 52.7 50.4 i) Marietta, - - - 5-J.S 117 121,5—18; 09 70.S 40.2; 53.3 -'• "^'.'.■iiljeiiviUo, - - 50. S 107 90.9—12 95 02.S 44.2 42.2 ■'Blunmiiiirton, - - 50.0 128 140.0—25 98 75.0 48.0 50.2 ■"i^unL-ilBluffs. - - 51.1 129 157.0—21 108 71.1 57.9 20.0 i'F'Tt Armstrong, - 50.0 122 141.1—24 98 74.0 47.4 57.G ilF'-rt Dearborn,- - 401 114 147,8—22 92 08.1 45.9 48.1 ^^t'uba, N. Y., - - 41.4 118 185,0— 2C> 92 07.4 50.0 37.3 +'r|ttroit Barracks, - 40.0 99 111.0— 5 i)4 51.9 47.1 10.4 ^^Frcdjiiia, - - - 48.8 104 118,1 — s 90 50.8 47.2 20.5 i'^l'riiigville, - - - 44.S 107 18s. s!— 14 08 5S.S 48.2 22.2 1'' Prattsburg, - - - 42.8 119 i7s.o:— 19 loo 01.8 57.2 25.6 ^''-'jvuiia, . . - , 48.7 lOG 1 117.01—10 90 58.7 47.8 24.0 ^^Mi'.ldl'obury,- - - i 40.0 119 155.; .-17 102 08. () .55.4 14.7 •■'''aiiaiKlaigua, - - ' 40.0 90 IOS.7 s 88 54.0 42.0 28.6 ;;'F.Tt Gratiot, - - 40.8 127 171.8-18 109 04. S 02.2 4.2 ■'''!'.'ni|n.Y. - - - ; 42.8 119 17^.(»;— 20 98 08. 8 50.2 30.0 ^■"iMiJaga. - - - 1 47.1 I18 140.0'— 14 99 01. 1 51.9 45.8 '■^F.rt Crawford, - - 47. ;i 182 179.0—82 100 79.8 52.7 50.7 ;^R"cliester, - - . 40.4 108 182.7— 102 52.4 55.() ■"lwi..ton, - - - i 48.( 102 112.5— 90 .54.0 48.0 12.5 ;;M«ion. X. Y,, - . 1 44.1 120 172.li— 24 9(i 08.1 51.9 3.1 ■•''f«t Winnebago, ■ ■- 44.f 1132 194,( Ji-33 99 77.9 54.1 43.9 r-r-- * •"* - ;...■• Ji ', t ■'■■.■'. i' ' '• '■■'. ■■.'■.I' ■■■ • .'.'• '•' ■. V • • ■ .\ .' ' ■ A - • ,.'■.'. . . ' A ' - / " . - '• , *■ ■ t • ■'^r. Sy '■ l■■•■' SH.-- ' .J ■ 'f 4S0 T[[i: riJiNCirAL diseases of thf, K.\Tui-Mi:ti OP Annual Tkmi'eratluk — Conti.nleo. :«'Joiti. '^ -I ri-Acr,s, Mean Toin- pera- turo. Ter cent. ] |oii ]\Ii:aii M i 11-' Tfiiipur- ima. I Ci I at 1110. o tJD (iO Lowvillo. - - - (11 Madisnii l!;irr!ick.«,- (i-J l'(its(l;mi, - - - (')'> Fi.rt ll(i\v;u-(l, - - ()4 Peiietaiiii'uisiiiiic. - ()") Fort SiicUiiij;', - (it) ^louti'L'al. - - - (iTjMackiiiar. - - - Gs|Furt ]{ra(Iy.- - - TO Cmiibt riaiiil House, 7- Cliiiiewyaii. - - - 7i") Furt Iveliaiico, - T<> Eiiteriirise. - - - 77 Furt Franklin. - - 7N Winter Islaiul, - - 7!) Id.'olik, - - - - .^OjFclix Harbor, - - i^ljFort l^dwi.'n. 82iMclville It-Uind. - o j o 4:{.7'l:U 4(».")'l(tt» 4:].r.'lii-2 44.(U:{2 ■\i).ll-2-2 45.1140 44.(il'J(; 40.0'll:; 40.(n:51 ;5ii.0:i:]l '2!).-J141 21.5 14.2 I :]5 17.2lU{;j Ci.s' ()() 2.5'l00 :5.(5'117 ,'5.(;! 97 -1.07,115 I c ! 200 ' 12^ I 1^0 ; I'.M) 170 210 : ISO i lx-1 MOD I 321) i S50 ; (;7:5 : 1:511 ' ;j!)oo I ;!150 2504 ,11(J07 :\iuxi- niu, -851 — l(i —4(1 — "'sl -44 -70; -57 1 -5:;! -42' -5(11 -47! -47 -55i o 9G !)0 !I4 mil 0(1 1(10 OS 00 OS S7 07 I Dist. 1 rroiii MlMU ,'i"emp. I to Mill. <^.7| (i2..T 71.5{ 7().(i 77.1, S5.li 72.(5' (i.'5.(l' 78.0' 7(i.(i 73.2' Ml 54 50 70 50 GO I I 71.ii' i 70.2 i 52^51 1 5o.n: I 5(1.(1 I 5;j.o I'lst, P,.r,7 fruiii of Temp.ui. (i> (0 warii Miijaran.-e. c ~^ 52.:; -.'k:, V.\.:< 4:i.!t 5'i..- 414 55.4 >:.', 440 :;(i.l 54.:i :c< 5:].4 :;:,,v 5i'.(i •.'(;,! 57.4 L'\:; 55.(1 jx'j -ii.i; (m.-" uy (12^ ]■! 47,: ■ (,'1 47,5 1'^•| (1(14 . 4(,;.4 .. - lil.l II. IIel.vtion of Range to ]Mea\ Te.mi'eratcuk. — The iiittitr"; i- al j observations, are too few, to (.li,scluse the relation between tlio extreiin'.- ai.Jj the mean annual heat ; but they show that tlic latter is va.stly gicatir ::.an the former. Tiiis continues to be the case at Key "West, in X. Lat. j 24° 34'; but ceases at Tampa Bay, in Lat. 27° 57', where tlicy aiv t^i' and the moan heat is 72°. 40. If we may rely on a single observntioii. ive| may conclude, that in advancing to the north, from the eiiuaturial rojiiviis,! the range is less than the mean tenijierature. until the latter has :^m.k It' The Gulf of [Mexico no doubt augments the influence of a low latiiuilo, inj restraining the extremes of cold and heat, for Ubajoy, an interior jtation,! near Havana, evidently suffers a much wider range than that city; ami Rrtl King, only fifty or sixty miles from the Gulf, witli a moan toniiu'raturc k-sl than one degree lower, exhibited in three years a range 2P groatw v.:m Tampa suffered in nine. The range of Pensacola is 02*^, whieli niav wj regarded as that of the northern coast of the Gulf of 3Iexico, in tlie uiOiij temperature of 00°. From this base lino we start into the interior ■ ! tnej continent, and up to the 4Sth parallel, that is, through 1^^ of latii'.'.e,! which reduce the mean heat from G0° or 70° to 40° or 4P, wo !:avi tolerable supply of reliable observations. In running the eye over i!.:^ •'•C'l tion of the table, we find that the range, with a few exceiition.s, is al"''^ 100° — at one station up to 140°. But the ranges are in no rei'nl: relation to the mean annual temperatures. For example, the range a: i' All' J ',r >\''\ ' BOOK I. 'IITI IXTF.RIOR VALLKY OF NORTH AMERICA. 4S1 TINUED. j Dist. Uist. Pent j from ! from of - 'Metiii M til II ('. wn . Temp. 'rcmiiii oi- I to to warii j Min. Miixi. r;in V. ' [\-l.') 4:1.' 1:;'' Tl..Vi -'ill.: 41. '• Tti.iV r)5.4 ■>■', 77.1, 44,li ;>;i S5.1 54.!' .v:.: 72.G, 5:5.4 :;:. - I C)3.o'. oi'.i' ■:' ■' 7^.0' 57.4 -V 7U,0 5.V11 ■>: 1 73.2: (17.^ :'■' ) s I) s 7 '7 ;s 50 70 51) 00 ! 71.2 ti;;.^ li ■ i 70.2 iVl.^ : : 1 4S.n! 47.: ■. i 1 52.5I 47.5 !"■' 1 50.0', (itU — 1 5o.(V 4(].4 •:; i 5;].D t'l.i — ' ^v:,_The intfitrn' i^ al Avceii tlic cxtreiui-^ a;,l is vastly gvoaur i;.;i'.i [voy Wcs-t. ill N ^'^''■ wliore tlicy aro t ;»!. single obscrvati.'ii. ■« the LMiuat'jnal vo:i'-'..:, ■lie latter has siruk U'-.' CO of a lowlatiiuiicin [ioy, an interior ^tatioIl, ,ian that city; ail'' l;^f' mean tempi-'ratuvc irS ange 2P gveat.r tlran is 92°, \vbicb may wj Lf Mexico, in tk^ K':;.!' into the intcriui-;t::ei ,,ough 1^^ of lati.'v.e.l .0° or 4P, ^ve lu^^'' ^ g the eye over tli^-^^^ cw exceptions, is ^i'"'^' Ls are in "o r^f Lnple, the range at ^ ;itiwn ami Cincinnati is the .same. altlioui.'h the mean tomporaturc of tliy ..jjier i9 7'^ t'lc L'veater; tlio riuitres for Naslivillc and Marietta avo idonti- il altWirli tlieiv mean toinjieraturos vary nearly <>"; and the rim° less. When wc advance beyond the forty-ciirhth iiarallel. in •'! lino of stations which an; found lictwoen Hudson Hay and the llueky Hv.tiiiiis, we oli.'iorvo the same anomalies; l)iit at nmsjt of tlu'in the range .tiiitffliii'li a single year presented. The highest among them, at Chip- mn. is 141°, but a degree above that of Fort Snelling. although their i.rjt.niiicratures differ 14°; and two otlier stations, Fort Enterprise and :'; Franklin, with mean temperatures of 14° and 17°, have ranges of ;:raii(l l:!5°, identical with those of St. Louis aiul Fort Leavenworth, i; ;■• mean tennieratures are, respectively, ''S" less. For a further apjire- !,'.; n nf this matter, tlie reader may consult that cohunn of the table, in i:.''it!i'' relations of the range to the mean heat of each place is expressed r'"i!vm. The eonclusicni to which wo are led is. thiit after advancing it t'w onntiiient, beyond the influence of the Cnlf, and keeping at a sufli- :^!: ili'taiice from the Lakes and Hudson Bay, the extremes of heat and \;'avo no fixed relation to the annual temperature, and are nearly or :vv a< Ltcat in the middle as in the northern latitudes of the "N'alley. But iiii. '.ijli tlicy do not increa.sc with tlio increase of latitude, and the eonse- ik! ikreasc of moan temperature, they are imt a fixed (ju;intity; but I T":i:iif'iij themselves, whore the latitudes and conditions of the surface I n!d kil us to expect uniformity. It thus appears, that intense degree,? :' ■ 11 and liCvit nuiy bo transiently produced within very limited spaces, by 'iiatiU'Sphcric influences, which are not well understood. in. I\H.UEN'CK OF TUK MotlN'T.ilXS OS TIIR 1\.\NGR OP TEMPERATURE. j E'..;"!! ff tlie western stations of the Valley, those nearest to the Rocky I H ntdi!?, present an average of 122° for the range: an oi^ual iuimber of I ai r.s. all lying considerably east of the Mississippi, and running througli G ■'(■;• •i. .'y " -■ ■'r- * ^'1- • 1 'TV ■ i^-j-. ■'''■■ ■■ ). 1 . '1* } t 1- I '%'M \ .. .'I n ■■|^ (t-'' '!,■:■ 4b-J TIFF', F^RFNCFPAF, DISFASF'-S (»!' TFFK I Boot Louisville and Cinciii'iati, whieli arn iinirli moro remote, we liml tk- ;iv,.r, . range at tliu two latter places 3° greater than at the three l'(jnin;r. iJut n result ihie.s not, perhaps, overthrow tlie general opiuiijn. fur tliosu statiMis i on the windward sido of the nionntaiu chain, wiiicli, thurcfun.'. Imt .dil rolls back its currents of air npua iiM mi. IV. Tnfi,i;k.\ce of the Noutiii;i TjAKES o\ tiii; Kxtkkmi: ruNw:,- Ten stati'Mis. on or near the .-hui,, , bays, and connecting straits i.f ti,,- Lakes, give an average range 14"^ degrees less than an ciiualnuiuIaTofiiibiifl! stations lying cast and west of them. This diflfercncc (if almut tLirtKi; .rl ccnlinu. shows a restraining iiilluenee on the e.Ktrcnic range; hut it i; na] exerted at all .«tation.s, for the live highest of the hdce i^urios are. in tlisj aggregate, er|ual to the five lowest of the iidand series. These lakc-«tati ii.jj are Howard. IJrady. Gratiot, I'cnetangnishinc. and ^Mexico, tlie rulatini .,fj which to the lakes may he seen on the general h \ thv grapliioal nupl ( i*/. /); tlio remaining live stations arc Mackinac. ]'"ri(lniii;i, Ll\u-mi,J Rochester, and Sackctt's ILirbor, the average of whii h i> "J-j", or tnvntjj per cenlam below the average of the inland posts. 3Iackiiific is an i«!a!iiiJ and the four other stations lie nn the simthcrn coast of Kri" and lihiiirioj It is, then, on those coasts that the restraining lacustrine intliKi;i" chiefly felt. It is. moreover, not limited to the lake margins, hut txti:i for many miles from them. Thus, the average of k^pringvillc, ('unan(iai:"Hi ]\Iiddlchury, Cayuga, and Onondaga, is '1\°, or sixteen ;)<;/• cauluni bi.lM\T!lii average of the more iidand stations, employed in this comparisin, ■'•^ whole of these places lie east of Lake l']ric, and south of i/iku ()m:,ii are, therefore, to the winter leeward of those lakes, as well as )Iitliii.'ii^ Huron, and Superior. As the summer winds do not hlow over tl' fl towns on the stmth sides of Erie and Huron, those lakes cannut, d' i restrain the range of temperature by lowering the niaxiniuni. but by k^ up the niiiumum. V. Influexce of Hudson Bay and the Polau Sea ox the Han Te.mpeuatcke. — ^leteorological observations have licen made at one yA only, on the shores of lludsini Bay, and T have not even seen a statcnid: the lowest and highest dcirree of heat at that station. In tlie mar:t:fl region to its north, observation.s have been made on three islands aii'll^ cape-coasts. The highest of the whole is but 117° — the average, l"Ji Compared with the average of Fort Enterprise and Fort Franklin, thi' ni'ii northern inland stations to he west, the marine iiifluenco is dfciiKJ difference between the two groups of stations, ])eing -I'°. or twonty-t!^ fer centum. The group we are now investigating lies within tlic liinitH the Pole of Cold. VI. lluLATrOX OF THE MlXIMA AND IMaXIMA, OR OlTOSITE ExTRES OF TEMPEaATUKE, TO THE ]MeAN AxNiJ.iL HeAT. — If WC add tluMliti.W between mean temperature and the lowest degree of heat, to the di.'itrejj between mean temperature and the highest, at each place, as set d'mj the foregoing table, and divide their sum by two, we find the fJ'i'^l with a few slight exceptions, to be less than the annual mean heat. 11] ■T V. [tool INTERIOll VALF.KY OF NOHTU AMKKICA. 4.^;] , we find the avon: CD iVivnuT. I5ut til.- fur tliDSL' Stat'iM;';!.' llKTcluri.'. 1ml sckl ;• EXTUKMK PiAX;V,.- | u'L-tiii;^ straits ft' t!,i; .'HUiil iiumbi.'nit"mlai!ii 3 ofubnut tllivtii'l! ; 'T ! Viuiii'i'; liut it is r.ijtj lukt' tiovii'S are, in tiiej ,. TliesL' lukc-'tatii'.isi Mexico, the relati"U il .1 liyilviigraphioal ffiapl c, rri'ilnirui, Lev\i-t"n,i 1,1. h is '1-1-, or tu.'!ity| Madiiinc is au inland ;t of I'iVi'.' and Oiitarioj lacustviuc iwflneiii'" u- iir.ir.Lrins, hut extoni l,rliigviim''"i!^*'-''1 en ;)t:c fc/((i(/.i Wlv.-;iil I this eoiui^arisoii. til of Lake Ontario -M es, as uell as Mi.lii; 11,, t Wowuver \.h \.4 luke;^ eannut, nf vit^| OR OlTOSlTE EXTEE* If we add the aiS'.^a" of heat, to the ^'^'^ cb ydaco, as set d-'^ral 0, we find the ^lU'-'^J luiiuial mean heat. • alawof our olimiitc, tliat tlic ratigtMif tcinpcratiiro (Icpctids iiinro on ■ .s; ,11 ladow, than i-lfvaliiiii alinvc iiuaii lioat. Tlio revcr.-io of tlii>i, I i-i th" P'>l'uhir i)|iiuiii:i. 'I'ho j)rii[Mr(iiiii in wliicli tlio iiiiiiima and Muut' heat vary from the mean teiniioraturcH, is .set down ;«■/• cenlum, ■ Ijst colunni of thi) talile, the mmiln'is uf which cxprcs.-t \\n\ jxt iv of the greater or dnwinvard do|iartiin', I'roni tliu less or upward. I".;ii.>t eiirs'iry iiispeetiiin of tiii.s nduiiiii of the talilc, sliow.s tliat tho •j'i'i'iimiion" (lill'ercut places is considrralilc. A full deveb)pnn'iit of the ;,;...<, 4' these variations, is imt p(n'lia|is attainalde; but an cKtciiiled I .:;3ii'i!ili"ii disehi.se,s tliat there are three re^inns wliere tlie dilVereneos ■-T.p. the upward and downward ran;^es are much reduced, in a few fM eiiuality. and in three or four, heymid tliat point; so that the rise 1,1 i-lf a little the fall from mean temperature. The regions in which this ■/arativo reduction of the downward arm ol' the ranj^c is funnd. are the if the Gulf of ^Ie.\ieo, the Northern Lakes, and the INdar Sea. It then, depenil [iit Imdios of water, which, in winter, wlii't her in the north or south, ;i iii.'her ternperaluro than the contini'iit. On the other hand, the |rc;;v ef the Ilocky or Appalachian Mountains, imiy, in jdaoes lying to l;::'.: I'lwaril, exert, in winter, a eoiding influence, and thus augment the -.lUFiiraiiw. Hence we find that the causes which diminish the lenjith :;:..:!part of the range, arc precisely those which diminish the length of liw'le range, as pointed out in the preceding iiumher — V. it may be Lr.f| liowovcr, that deep waters ami liigli imiuntains reduce ttie upward jro , [^'^ well as the downward, and this is ]irol)ahly the case; but to a less Ir;.: Ill esainiiiing the maxima of places t^ii the shores of the Gulf, we Iti •'.em less than in the interior, further nurth. and may therefore con- l.:l. ',::at tlicy arc kept in idieck, by the extensive oceanic surface to their Ir.iJarJ; and that if it were converted into a continental plain, the ;;.i: !:eat of Vera Cruz, Key West, and other places around tlie Gulf, 'i'. k augmented. AVhen we advance, northwardly, to the Lake.s, we fcl vat all their southern and western shores, are swept over by winds "i;:;'' S'luth-west, which keep up a high maxinmin; while their breadth fi -lilted, that the hot currents of air reach their northern coasts, with- piMiiig much reduction of temperature; hcr.ce the maxima of heat, on "ii^ts, is actually greater than on those of the Gulf. Tlius the Ife and the Gulf, restrain the range of temperature in diirerent ways; r^-aicr by dimini.sliing the downward range, the latter by diminishing f"""i^ard: one acts as a war;.,cr in winter, the other as a cooler in sum- ^' ^e are now prepared to understand how it is, that liochcstor pre.-ents ■i>raalv,the only one from Key West to Winter Island through 42^ * Mo. of having the lower pnrtion of its range nearly six //<;;• ci'tilum p ;:.a!i tlic upward, while at every other station, within the latitud e paed, it is greater. Tlio winds which reacli it in sumiuer, have tra- ^i "ne vast plain to its south-west, and become greatly heated ; those i' 4St THK rrUNClPAL DISKASES OF TIIK [•"'iii I. it.i 1 . i' l!li>l4-c^| wliicli |i;is3 ovur it in winter Imvo -wi'pt nt'ni.s-i tlio lakes from tlie »(> extremity of liako Sii)>('rii)r, and liiivi; Iwul their tuuipenitiire iiirrfUHi!' thoy were repliicod by liind, the descent of tho therninnnjter wuuld n t I arrested at — 11°, as it now is. Tho Houthern shore of Lake Oiitarin iinH'ti another anomaly, which ro([Miri'H to he noticed. Mexico, hut LO' ii(,rt! Koehester, and still ni'urer to the lake, presents a niaxiinmu only d" l,,! , that town, but a inininuun funr times as great; that is, — •J,['-\ Tlj, ,, g ca'i bo ex[daini!d. Mexico lies at the narrow, eastern extremity .f | ija Ontario, tho axis of which is frnni soiith-west to north-east, and liiuv;',! the north winds reach it without traversing tho Lakes. Thus, in otlii.a; J the iafluonce of lar^ie bodies of water, on the jilaees which surrouml tim rcfcreneo mnst be had to the eourso of tho cold and hot wiiiJ.s. Advancing to the Polar Sea, wo find five insular or littoral statiuii,?, three of which the descending; range is a few degrees greater tlian iM aseonding; and two other stations, in which tho reverse occur.-!, tlir r j above mean teniperafure being greater than below. Thus, witbin tin 1 Circle, over the Polo of Cold, aft tho margin of a sea, whoso ices iitvir ii,;| tho same approach to e([uality is found, between the downward and iiiuii variations IVom moan temperature, as exist at Key M'est and ll:;v,i« where the tro[)ie cuts tho Gulf of 3Iexieo. In tho former rtL'i'ri, tij causes .seem operative in restraining the descent of the tlicrnuuuta, conse((Uontly reducing the uiinimum to nearly the same degree vitii maximum. Tlio first is the temperature of the sea, which eannut k : below the freezing point, though the ice which covers it may ; tie scn.ui that no colder region exists, to pour over it a wind £ ;- H form a column of ranges, which is placed between the other two : • (i-'.i ,.11. . -( INTERIOII VALLKY OF NOUTH AMIilRICA 485 T-'XTItKMKH OK TkMPKUATUUE. ri,Acr.». Ranok. Low. ri.ACF.1. ;,5 r«Hii fiarriK'ks, ioi 14:{ —\-l Winter Island. tlilokry, 102 H!> —47 Kilix Ilailmr. ";(Leavt'nwi)rtlii It If. l.VJ —47 I'nrt IJdWlMl. ■ •• Kin:. IOC) ir.ij _r)0 l^rliHiIik. ; vil liluffs, los i:)S —M Kurt I'r.'iiikliit. (rtCiratint, 10!) 104 — .").") .M.'lvillc l.sli.l.d. >: L'liis, III!) i(i<; — •")7 lA.rt l']nl(i'jiri!*o. '-. itilisiin, llll i>(i —70 Kurt Jliliaiii'c. .;! vcrsu occurii, the ranj Thus, witbin i\w \'-\ I, wlmsc i':es iitviT ite J duwiiwuvtl iinil 111^^1 [cy 'NVcst ami Unvm the {'urmer rui;i"ii. t^ of tlic tluruit'unur, c same degree wii'a a, wliich (-■aiiiiut k :a ;rs it may ; tie sei:i.r,i| id of lower teniiii'':i;a In I'videucc if li.> Kocky Moiuitair.s. ^J |.„ of — 7U°, or l.v q4 i".07. In wiuttr.tl l\ie Tolav Ciri'lo, tk- ,uuded l)y laii^^ '''■'' ;;\nll be observed tliat tlio cxtraordiniiry dofijiei's of heat do not helon;; ;:',!. iXtMiic SI luth, uov those (if cold to tlie extreme nurth. The lii;,'Iiest iM'.iCCurrt'd a little below the thirty-sixth parallel, and tlie greatest euld L;irUI)Wtlic .sixty-third, only '27° of latitude ajiart; huth .stations lie |i;v ;' till' liyilroirraiihical axis of the A'alley, in coinjiarativu proxinuty to laF.ck;, Miiir.itains. V[II, hK.« .i r f . !H * •» ft' ' > L mi-ry - ' If r '-ip ', . I. • »' . 11 ffW''i • ■ • ■ :{^^ <-• 4N(; TlIK rUINCll'AI. DISKASKS OF THE 1««0K ij are ik.I, jirosnitcd in (lie saiiu' (irdcr, :.s it sci'iiis iircftTfiMe to tlir,,;! ,[.»! iiitii !xnMi|iH, (ir sn tiniis. 'I'lio/zr^/ iiidudi's niaiitiiiu' stiitiuiis iiu<\m v\ (Jul!' (if Mrxicn; tiic .'.ivv;//'/, iiitciinr or ciiutincnta! stutiuiis, ca.st -; i (lulf ;iinl tlio ]Mississi|i|ii W'wrv. up to latitude I'l", m- tln' sdutJicrn li ,. jf the uroat liaki's ; tin- ////'/(/, interior slalii'i;s « n the lianks df tliat ii\i;' to the .^aiiu! |tarailcl ; i\w fimrtli. inti'ri • 3* rivrr. tn tlio lurtv-.si'ctmd iiarallcl; i\w. Jiflh, iiitciiur stntiiiiis iiIha,- • j* J jiarallcl. and west dl' tlio luirtlicrn Lalu's; tlio ■''■'.''''/'. iiilei-iiir )statiii;;< ui, y. that l;;litiidi', and cast ni' the Lakes; the srifu//,, laeiistriiui statinns. ;r » Oiitarid to Hu|ieriiir; ihe c/'i,'/,'/;, ennlineiital stations in tlio lliidsn ;,'i l\)lar IJasins, west ul' Hudson Hay; the //./////. inaiine stations in t'c ■■rij basins. 1)V lliis gmuiiinii;, the influiMn-o oi' hx-al eonilitions, as of si'as arili:,';..* forests, savannas, and nh)Uitlai:is, ean, 1 su|i|io.se, lie made nimv .'li,:;:- ,^ tliiui if the stations liail lieen |dai'ed in the order of the ireiioral talili'. T!i aurnial mean teni|ieratures in (liis talile, result Inin the sc:i,soiig, a„(l r;.!l_v dili'er a lit;K> from those of tlu' L;-eiieral taiiie, as they repro;- small"'; niindier of years. 'i"he olijeet is. to .show the |ireiiso rdatiuM ;li heat 0!' Mie seasons to that of the year — not the alisohite aioaiii'! turi'. .M'tor piviny the tenqu ratni'e of ea(di se:ison, the dill'urcni'i' lur.i.a winter and suuwner is stated in a separate eoliuun, followed hy aiinii'r. whieh tl'.at dill'erenee is eompared with the nu'.aii animal teiii[ii'nitu exjirrs^-ed /'•/• cniluni. The ninnliers in this eolniini. whieh dn ii-: rj to hundreil. indicate the ju'f c/Vi/////', or decimal pro|Mirtiuii, wii .■1| ctitl'erenee.s between the temperatures of Hununer and winter hoar t ;ll annual heat; one liundred shows that (hey are e(pial ; all ahove tlin: bcr show by bow much jirr miluiii tho dillereiiees are greater tn::; tSj nu'aii heat. Another ecdunni prt'sents the ratio at which the dir mean temper.aturcv from advanein;:' north, occasions an iiicrea.so of divii between wint;'r and snnuner. In determininir this ratio, Ml*^ is takin::lj ma.ximum. or e(|uatorial heat, and :'>" as the nuniniinn, or zero of ei|i!;i: divcrtrenee, of tho winter ami summer curves. The teniiieratu.. -! .station is then subtraited from ^'i", and the remainder made a(Iivi>'r: ruuLie between sunnner and winter at the same station i.s of course ii'.'-fj or resultant of that diminution and after deductiuij; from it •> , ! r t| equatorial divergence, the remainder is made a dividend. 'Hn' '.; sliuws the ratio at whi(di the reduction ol' annua! mean teni|ierature ;;:. the ra!i;;-e between winter and snuniur. The reniainiiii; enluniiis ' table imlieato the rtdations between the mean annual tempera hnv ;: of sprimr and autunni, taken separately, ami, also, in eii.iju;;i.:i excess (u- delicieney of tho season, compared with tho year, bciu ii'i'-'''' liy the ^ L'n -I- (^plus), or — (^ndnus). "tf , iir. [vm ij ivclVralilc to tlir.iw iif iiiic staliuiis armni'l i ta! slutiiiiis, eaht ■: i ', nr the SiiUtlllTIl li'.r 111' lianks (if tluit n\^'. ■t (if tlie dull' ami i* ;: ■rinr stations aliii\i ;'atf..-j 'li, iiitL'riiir statiiin^ ai , lacustrine slati'iis. :\ tiuiis in tlio llui^. II ;, ivii:(! statiuiis in t!ii' ■:; ons, as (4' s^'as arnli;ii;.;i 1h' made move .'|ij.;ir<;i^ il' I he ,L'i'ueral talilo. T!i •('111 I lie seasons, a.,ii ,•:, nlilc, as tliey iTpn- • tlic |iV('cisf rclatim ■ ; iS I' atiSdlute mean tiiii]': .(111, tlu! (litrereiici' Ui'^vi III. lull I wed liy aiii'iii'.r.i II aimiial temperaluiv ;,« iiliiiiiii. which (Id ii"t r;i iiiial |iroi)ortion, \vi r and winter ln^ar ; 'lii |ual ; all above tlia". !: s iices are greater t!i;i'; ;ll| it which the (Iht s an increase (jt'divir. i rat id, f^-^ is taki.ii iiuiii, or zero of et|ii;i; : The teiiijieratu.-. "f ii;(l(T made a div;- r- tidii is of course tl;t'«::8 ■tiii'j; from it •>,!!■ ^^ dividend. The f. : i>:iu tcnuierature ;:;;.:' reiiiaiiiintr eohuims "■ 'f nial teni|)erature a::'! iilsd. ill coajuiii'ti ' : the vear. beiu .:.'■ 'liTILj r< = if ? .7. .•: ':?:>. 3 ; t > _— I u INTKKMOR V.M.LKY <»F NdliTH A.MKIJIC.X. -4S7 I - I - -^ z ; I -r / / / •c I - r-* ~t; CO Cj c_ > I - -r ■; I j ■; I c TO -r C' / ri i-f 'M I— I - r— I— I Ti c c ': I c "■ I r :r T' r— 01 r ~ ~ -t CO -r >-, >~. oi 01 -^ ; n - I - •-- : I - ■' !'■ -— . : •. I J- 1 - ic I - r; ~ I c '. 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Z- > Z /-H 1 - I - I - I - I - I - U ! - Z^_ ir. / /■_ -t< -z fi 7 1 z.' zJ -- T7 7 1 z' y' i-r • 7 ' 7 1 7 1 I 7 1 7 ~f 1 ' ," i7y Z.7 lO lO -f 1.7) o z -f -r TT r^ ^ ^f '7 ~.\ T7 -T 71 i-^ / 7 / /ill '/* "Z '7 17 'O ,CO -t< -z ■/ 9 *; z; 01 71 1^0 .*-;.— r-H |yj f ITO _ '•1 JO '0X1 O > 3 '^ lii H ;^ H ::. 33 ?% M :7 -^ I- X) O '+' 1.0 t - /. *J _Z ■'• .Z .;i -S W. Z ' :- i. t ^ 3 ^'i — c^ ~ Y. K M 71 f— : I -t" "Z I - '» I ■ - ' I I Jl.-t »'l ■ ■ ■ ■ i f . Ilii v I f 1 ' >'. »->* . .J '> >1 •■v-v It L \iW 488 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE I BOOK 1 "=-*: o fe rt ■s J •' ° 2 la '/J -^ ^ 5 I « = '_ «J ^ I ° c * fe ? it- ~ ? o ^ .^ !fe - - "2 q 2 O w jTi y. ~ ri' I'M -1^ r-; r-; I - I -j; ° ++++I + •jz - z. ':i ,-tH o o d r:^' T-I o ^H I - C. I - I r-H X 7 I -? r-. I -. O — " r-J r-- O I -'■ 4-+++I+ 5 La Ir 'z ''~ o fri d — ■ I- ; -J -1< I- cc c: li^ "' " th ■jj^o'T- pi" >- rt c; 71 io t^ 7) 71 -t \Zi '/-' 7i c7 t1 \d- 7)_-+'j-t -rj"f._ — '*^ "^^ ■""" 1^ Ci a /. 1- -f — ^i"^ O (M .-O 71 1-7 - Ci c: o -; d r^ r £ O u: "2 --I -f I- ,-j." w 1—1 _ -f — -■; [-.J O -C: -t* ~ r-i — IrH J I+4-++ + 75 i.7 1- -H .-i r- ^ " o r- y. 1-j -_ ,- o '■7i r- — . O '7 I- y >~_ -t; /. o • - - v5 I- 'f7 X c' y." c-' !o jl - " * r- ~ — i^l -r - w^^ — o *' IH ■■■- •'. ■^- - :r t 'n a o ■- 1 X, 0) rt ^ i o r*. ^ -/■ 1 7 _ .^^ G O iu K S rt t^ X »r-l 4> "=5^ V ■ = o ^ <:-s ^ I 1< CV> -.1 1.7 ■•^ 'O -ti "7 ''7 ■Z a — t^ ■ X O 1— I O 17 'i-H '' O -C C.- -t |..7 '—' lO ~ 71 1~ Q X' o c: yj 71 I- vr' ci -■ -J •jr 17 -f "7 lO " (X yj o i7 ix) c '"t -"• '~^- '"1 r! 71' TC 17' >~' -t'' '7 TC 71 71 '77 o y. o iT) |-o c -: ^! '-. ^ 1'^ 1- O X.' C. -i-T) O 17 -+ '7i 'i-O -t C: •"• O o '7 — ' y- (>» rt O O 10 "'^ "CC- O O (M 35 ' 71 T-H 1-1 ^ w o o o r O rH X 17.7 CO ■4S a, ^ •£• 2.2 o .2 cr. X •-" 71 II- 71 C7 ]r-l 1—1 T-l iX -+I -¥ hz m a _ it . ^£i t>C P 75 iiJ 1^^ o .w 6 :< '^ S t& 041 JO oMl cr- o X ~ 7< 70 C7 -^ O I - lO r- -^ — 7' CO i- !-■ TT — 17 '•- -> 1-- -= I- O 77 l"^ 00 01 O -w -f 77 1 77 o' o -c" •^' •-■ _: ~ 1 — t C O 77 77 -+1 17' if c; 71 -^ ?H L.7 70 ^ i^- •:? •3 -c 17 71 • 7 1 ^ 7 1 —. CO 77 -r 71 1- '7 r^ ~ /. .1 -0 C7 1-H T- T- 1- 17 1- I'ii c: y. :r: 1- 71 i»* ^ 1?. --z T-^ rH 17 rH '*T •^ 71 -t 71 i' 1? 5 / X 17) 1— I 1.7 "O 71 71 1- 71 71 il"^ CO -t "7 'X vs ;r k7 71 rt — 1—1 1-- " 71 r-l 71 TH Ix I*. I - 71 ■* _'■£> VZ i-l o • 7) 70 -* CO 1 1< C7 •+ •r. iQ o o o -^ O \-p o o ci c; ~. ~. — CO >: CO ■/- i-f .7 -V 71 71 I 71 T-l 70 O CO CO 70 « > -3 53 i^ o a C5 .^ • - §■£• ^ 5:5 ;;^ -/I _. U 'o !•-: H a ^ .. i~^ C5 .4^ .41J -^^ .«^ ^. ^^ U ;-. t^ (-( i!* "^ O ■'" 30 ^ b>^ — 3. T— f ^ J. ^ X ic. -^ »* l-o - 1- 1- h x: — 1-^. 'i" -t 1—1 — ■ 7 / IX - ■-^ 1 "■•' 1- — ll"" - * 71 -1 TT * 1— 71 -t O l-t -r -t !-f r. ■/. WW "• "• -« / -i< 71 ~ ,_ .». Ct -t !r? c c3 5 *3 ■TO O 6.- -T FTti -r M -r i3 ico '• — '-^. -''■' ""1 '^. \'~i J ^ ++++:+ 7 T T ■— ■ ?7 I— I j:o ,-■ r-' 71 — ' Tl -1" i7i ++ + + + + 1 + — ■ -r !— I c;_ 1— 1 ^■. c ' 7 I'-j 7 1 rr o I r; c 1.7 -.r' 1- 71 r; !-o - /. T. C 71 71 [~ '" Lr - '"• — t" 71 t— 1 c ~ c 1— 1 ^- I— 1 1—1 - "" 'r i- 'S: i: 77 — 7. rH -^ -^ -1- -t T7 -f -t- i-T' "'7 •-0 •^ 1-.7 r. c -f 71 -r -t< -t 77 r: ,^ :7 U i7 i~ -.r — -t -f -7 -f -f :; :^ 71 i-H 7C tr ■ 7 -C' — '-"^ 71 -V •^ 1.^ _ '.1 T "" -5 '^ ' /; i .— ^C '7 C7 71 I— I -I- c I - I - X y. y i^r7 — ■ T7 7i y.' _•:: -r -f -f -r 77 -t r. '.7 71 y. y. |i- 71 -7 — T.\ Y ,=> 71 71 71 — I — ^ »-H 71 O C' 7; 71 rs y. aj Xi -M |i— I rH O C7 71 I— /. C; w C7 i.-7 71 1 7 ~. 71 ~. :: :7 T. vo y — 77 Ci I ~ -t 7 1 1 - — I -f r: o 'r: 1 7 1 w' C: -^ 7 i — " I— 7 i '-' 77 7.7* 1 7 i ++++++++++:+ lO c^ 71 c: -.r — 77 — 1 -f -z ■-- i~~ '/- y._ s^ — c: 77 1-; y. -r |Ur C" I-! 77 71' 1-H 71* 71 -f 77 71 7i I I I I I I I I I III 1 -7 :^ — f r- 1 O — y. ' 7. 1 7 C; 77 -t -*" 7 i "-T 1 7; ci — ' -+' I '7 y' ! '-i c y. 1- y. y.- i- c. c: c: — ~. '77 ■:i" c. -^r -^ 7_i i-i p ^ 3- 1-^ ^ "■f* 77 77 *i^ 77 77 "^ "^ "^ ~4* ' "t* cr. '~ ~ 77 '.I -+ 77 ■.:; x 77 |'~ — . '~ *" ^. •! '^. — . "I — . '"! '-; I- i~ i-H r; y" r. C".' i~ 77 -t ii-^ -f -t- o -+ -t- -r -* -t -f -r i-r O 717 7.7 >r7 IT 77 -t t-i c; -t* 177 c/: 10 I - (7 1 in -t 1-; ~. "_" -—I -t^ i'^ i~^ 77 r-^ vf 1 - 1-^ r:J T— * 7i ■'7 171 1^ 71 +T 1—1 -t' y. 71 .— -f r-l + + + rt z" :^ 1 1 r-H 4- 1 1 -r 1 - '.1 77 ..7i 77 -c '71 71 -y. c: X' 77 1-^ r-! r— i~ ~. 71 r— ' i— I i—i 71 1— I 7 1 T-1 7 I -r 1 - — O -JZ w 1-7 rl I- '71 77 ■■^ I - C". vr — r; 1 7 7 1 r: x -^' '1 -. I 71 71 71 71 71 71 ri rH I7I 71 /- y. -- ~ 1< 7 i ^r ci I- '•^ -o ci y. -o ~r -z^ :n 77 -+ :J 77 77 71 w »— > y, ry, -f rH !r ?J ^ T-i CO o 77^ 71 71 (71 1-0 • -\ .^ --> -t< 77" "/.' J- :. r. : " :i — 77 X 77 T— I 'X. -t 71 C.' "X- C5 XJ -^ i7 7i 77 -V »—' 1. -r x :. c^^ 77 71 77 — 70 I— ' "/- I- 17 u-7 77 1—1 1, [, 1~ 1^ 1- 1- 1.7 -r 1- o 1— I C5 — 77 -f -f 77 -* TO T- c: C7 X. -t X. ir7 T-l o ^c 70 o :r> tr t^ •-:: I - tt o — o I'T- 1^ '^ X o ^ o c o X ^ o -3 i~ ^ ic 71 '."1 -3 i'- o 71 ~. '7 77 71 7^1 o c; 1.- iX. ,.-7 01 ■—I »(7 'X' -^ CO I— I O -f C. '7. 70 ITT- I- xl Ol" •-H 10 uO 01 ir: 1.7 r-J ~ -f ■— -f -f T— I r-J 77 o 1^ 01 c: 01 I- 1- •-T ~ '.7 -+ 'r- ^i ,_ rt I- XX i^ X- 1- 1 - i- X- y. X iX o 1— 71 71 71 7 ■'■ ^ tl. -X O 'Z lO -t c o c; ts —H r— c: I - X r-i — i o <^ T-i 01 iC C7 O '~ -f 'O 70 -ti 1-1 01 71 01 77 7" 70 -+' 17 'C 77 77 / 71 ' 7 ' 7 t^ 2 ~ C/J c: en . . - :; ^ ;*** >■ 'fi •*-» _o - u o o ^' O ^ (1- hJ ft- ?^ O' •' - - 71 - cs 'T "t — 'C "C o — 77 -f ~ t:; I - I— I -t I - xj " ■^ -f •* uo o "~ iz :c w w > ^ - 1-1-1- •I*"., I ■ ' ''i 4'^ i^ ,|M.f'iid-. •■■.'.''■; ' V i K « .f tl''! .1 |fii >. * "Ml' •^ t , 'it 1 J t .• » 1 «. J* i if 1*^. ^ ^ 4 ? i( I^V! ^ ' |>; 1 ., -^ t "r ' . ■ > * 490 THE PRINCIPAL DI^^EASES OF THR L»00^. ;. •H * • 1-. O -t< i-P C TO 71 O '" — 71 ="<; o j: « i-H ro :■? CO 1- o y- 7 1 '.1 l^H , « y i. O 5; 1+'^ 7 i 1 — I— ( r— T— 1 TO 1—1 -f + M 1 1 i 1 < *-■ 3 ^ • ■ T / :o O 1^ 1 - — "^ '"7 ,~t ° a ° }i rs -':^ i^ d ~ ■-: -d r-; TO s < -i ^ ^ ++ + ++ 1 ++ 1 -f O ^S t; ^ -1- ^ ! v3 y- -tl 1 - C7 ^ ■ ~ , ~. TO -f 1.7 y-. -t u:; ;i- ■" ~ o o r. "2 - > i: ~ i '-' i-T TT -i 71 TO r-; Z. ~'. -r '.7' ^-/7-^=! 1 1 1 1 INI. ^■^u:=hi ^ TT ■o ^^ y. TO TO » -7 1 — TO 1- {i ■o y ^ ^ r^ TO i7 "t^ w' y.' t- rH c; 1 - y- — — ' 7) 1-^ 1—1 r-i "^ 7 1 ^'3 ° M^-\ 1- vi iro 0.1 -^ :. 0.- 1 o y. -o "71 C7 3 r. TO 1- TO =-'t'§::^. :n ~.RI'-1 y_ '^; 1- 1- 1- 1- 1^ -'; •— c* u " •— ' ' T^ O 'l— 1 o c" o c c' c' ' cJ - _: >- , ••t - -t^ y C-- 71 '~. i-H r 'or §.ip|i° -i^ 1 - : ri 1 - -o • -^ c:_ 7 1 -f c r TO o -y,' iC x' i7 C- "O — ( -r ' 7 17 o t? -o o la %'IC' -* c vo r: y. ^i -v E- O ~ T-I 'l^-l TO TO 7 i c: — " 7 i -o r-. j: •-: ■ CO T-l 1^ 1 ' T~ ^_ jo y. C -C TO 71 vT. i-f CO o -c w r: T^jr^ o 1 o ;i 2 5 ° r-i ~' 'ri -/ ~\ TO y-' -t -J^ :-t5 1 i^' ^ x 1 = 'c til o -+i CO TO TO TO TO !tO TO i'-l C"i7 O'c: -f CO^Ci 55 C w c:^ O .. c. ^ y-. or 1- c. |-ti TO oi r-I jj; ,r! -+ oi 71 i 1 1 ' 1 o - -^ -o c; — X- u = °r! ' -. '-^ '•=> O 71 1- C: C 71 ,o cAi ^ ^ •- o ?? *^ T*^ C TO -^ 1 - lo' c" iO u "T'i rH "^ 7 1 7 1 71 71 TO 171 HH .. ^ -^ 1 1 1 c. -*• 1- i-i ri -o 1 1 1 1 1 ' 1 r = IS y r. TO n 1- 1- i-H 71 - -t- vr VD 71 :T0 h^ ^' — ^ 1 o -t I- c.?' d -O TO TO TO -• 'TO C r^ -. N-^ 1 >— • T—l "M a 1 m -i X rt .. ^ „ .. , •^ L rr Tl c c O " ^ *• ^ " <; 3-Ci o y. 71 t/i H . ^ '7'? 1 1"^ ■C: T-i eC TO i-7> X 1 ~~ 7 O -^ 1- 1- 1- 1- 125 3 m W ■ ■ rj • • • • • ■ 3 *i . ii ^ rt 1 ' w— < 1 ; • • r-"i ^ ^ K i c . .... ^ ^ ..... . o 'yi ^ 1 ■ N^ ..... . lyj u ' ' >< -^ ..... . W " * 5 O o ' • y, -T" ^- o *.i , ^ ►-* CO • • . ' . . J - H ir. _•• ? •^' • ^" •'?" c t-* 5 1 1 ^ .^ ■ 5 ^^ .« .1—1 = ,, "^ ■ T- n£ '^ ?2 ;^ _c -s t .a t^ li -5 > 'tl.3' .^^ ^ l^< K* ^— M — H p'', M|qnr 'iioni IT 1 — — 1 x c;. c — 7( £^111 trk m k 1 1- I- 1- 1- 1-C«. X X 'Oi|1 JO 'OM HVl'-l INTERIOR VALLEY OF NOIITII A.MEiJICA. 401 [f Dkdi'CTIons. — Tlio pliy.siciau wliu is ilcsinms of kiiowin;^ tlic distri- ,-ii,ii ol' temporaturo tlirou^^liout the slmsuus, in llio (litVcroiit jiarts of tlio ■;^.ii,r Valk'y, will find iiiucli to Katisly liin curinsity in this talilc. It •'txut-' a, I'ai'flul asHoiubhigu of lU'arly all tlu; olisrrvatidiis T liavo boon loleto enlloct; and, ooniprolioiiding .statinns i'nmi the tnijiic:d to tho polar .jjj ;ifi'or(l^ data fur deductions of a tMjnijiroiion.sivo kind. l;i tho ei(uatiiml regions, the seasons pi-os(iit but little variation: and tho ifcciii;*; bitwi'ou winter and sunnner, is not as groat, as that belweon one araiiJ ll'o in-'xt, in the teuiporato zone. In advancing to tho north, the arvt'S wliioh iiidi(;ate the toniporatures of those seasons, ininiediatoly begin tidivcr't), and continue to separate widt'r and Avider from cad; other, until irt rcacli the (ifty-third parallel of latitude. This divergcuei another _,j|.r;; Irliiiul. He cannot anywhere in the A'alley enjoy a temperate summer. KJiiiut LMiciiuiitoring a rigorous winter and a low annual heat; nor a mild litter, ffitliuut a hut summer, and higli annual heat. I,ic ratio at which tho range between winter and summer incrca-^cs, witli ;':e ik'ri'a.so of the mean heat of the year, is not luiiform ; for varying condi- ;;.is H tlio surface more or less modify it. The actual range at the Smit statinns included in the seasonal talile, may bo soon in ciuuioction t;;:i their iiicau annual temperatures ; and to compare one place with ::, tiur recourse may be had to tlie ciduuui in which tho divergence is sfriJH'J ptr cciiium on the mean heat of the year at each place. Tho Hj'iCT the per centum, the greatci is tlie divergence, compared with tho Mn ti'iiiperaturo. But there is another mode of coniemplating tlds rela- :!;.. Ill tlio cohunn of ratios, we sec the amount of increase of diveracnco, ■dii results from one degree of dimini.^lied tcMujierature; and, conse- iM;:!y. the higher tho ratio, the gri'ater is tho divergence, couipared with t:.> iiieaii annual heat. For example, Fort Crawford and liCwistou have al: ,1 mean annual temperature (rejecting fractions) of 47^, and this, sub- irartcd fr.iui s2° leaves o^)^\ whicii, it might bo sup.posed, would give tho i«' divcrironco for lioth ; but Fort Crawford belongs to a group of iidand ■•;itiiiiis (Sect. V), wliich have a mean ratio of l^.^iO, while Lewiston is a DerahtTof the hdic group (Sect. VIT), tho mean ratio for which is l°.tl4. '':.!iwe multiply yo*^ by these numbers, and subtract from each product '.!'r tho divergence at the e^piator, we have as tho results, a dilferencc '^.weii winter and summer, at J-'ort Crawford, of 4'i°— at Lewiston. of 38°. •oin: Su])|mso a copious and permanent spring, in the State of Arkansas, we 111 I meteorological observations had been made, to indicate the moan aiiual atmospheric temperature to be (I'i"' ; let that number bo subtracted ff'Bi the erpuiforial maximum, S2'^, and wo have as the remainder 2(1°, »'»li. U'iiig nndtiplied by l^.C.:!, the ratio for that region (See't. IV), gives '• ''. trom which o"^ must taken for eijuatorial divergence, leaving 20°. 0, I '■^ ;^':^' '■•..„,« *:P ■ .. 1- •;■•'^.^•L^■'':«...''' v'' '•• '%r . •}' *■-*• * '.i *, .t| '- ■■:■■■ -S' -: ' ■*■ \ '!•:.• 402 THE PRINCirAL DISEASES OF THE [Boot as tlio rani^o of winter and summer divergence. But if a sprincindicM, ,i the saino tenipeniture for a place oast of the ^lississippi, in tlie >'tato i.f Al;ibiuna, wliere tlic niuan ratio (Sect. II) is l*^.-!!, the resuhiiK' rai". would bo only 2'i''.S, sliowing that tlie difrurenco between winter ami ^jni. nier would bo 7° less at tlie latter tliau at the former place, wliilo th.ir mean temperatures were the same. iM'om the e({uatori;d belt up to the thirtieth parallel, wliicli cut? \ .. nortliern eoast of tlie Gulf of ^lexico, the ratio of divergence is ^Tcutertlan we find it further north. The iiuinbc. which indicates it, is T^Tl for 1'- ,,' diminished aniuial heat. After tliat, wlien we look at the eastern, middle and western lines of stations, up to the liakes, or forty-sccuiid jiuralltl i/ latitud(.', we find for the first" ( ^^ect. 11). a ratio of I'^.'iU; fcr the seci w (Sect, rri), a ratio of 1°.-1G; for the third (Sect. IV), a ratio of l^tjii Now, the first of these three lines of stations, extends frmu North Alubaiu to the northern part (jf Ohio, lying to tlie winter and summer windward ■;' the Appalachian .Mountains, at a great distance from the Ivicky Mountaiiis: the seciiiid, along the Mississip[)i River, between the States of .Missis.-irj.i, Tennessee, and Illinois, on the one hand, and of Arkansas, iMissnuri, util Towa, on the other; and tlie third, parallel to that river, on tlio firca: inclined plain wliiidi descends from thuse mountains, in Arkaiisa.'', )lis.-'i;ri and Iowa. It follows, tlien, as a law of our climate, that between the llul: of Mexico and the Northern Lakes, the din'urence between winter and sum- mer, as we advance under the same jiarallel, from east to west, gradual!', widens. l].\istiiig observations clearly indicate this law; but are n.it .-i::ll- eiently exact, to enable us to assign to each degree of longitude il,s piV'L-t iiiflucnee. Let us advance to the groups ()f stati^Jiis north of those we have ju,st o.n- sidered. They lie nearly in the same longitudes with eacli other. "{'..■ first, or eastern (Sect. VI), extends from Cuba to (^hiebec, and has a iii.,.:i longitude of 7">° H'; the second (Sect. VI II) includes the iiurthorn Lai:" with a mean longitude of SlO-Ul'; the third (Sect. V) eonipivhoiid? -t:,- tions wi'st of tlu! Lakes, in mean lo)igitude 9U° 11'. For the iir.i!:l. showing that, as we continue to advance north, a degree of diiiiiiii>!i"i annual temperature produces less and less divergence of winter and siiniii;ir. We also sec, when we compare the region cast of the Lakes, in New Vi- and Canaila, wit!i that 1 1 their west, in .Michigan, Wisconsin, and .Miiu; :■■ that the mean rate of divergence augments from 1°.1"J to 1^ a^, whieli i- 3" increase of twenty-three ]'vr cvnlum of the latter over the fnrnier. h- when we look at the lake-station,^, tlu' mean ratio of which is P.d-]. wevO most distiiKitly the influence of large bodies of water, in liinitiiiL' the ra::'.' between winter and summer. To tlio east, the ratio is 1".12. and liMii !! 1 ..■ 1.111;;; ' ", y.'; ■.','.''■ * Xiilajiu and tlio City of Mexico not iiieliided. [book 1, •ar n.J INTERIOR, VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 403 ' a spring iwliciuu! )Iii, in tlie t^tat<.' i.[ -lie resulting raii^-t L'u winter and .^nm- r j)laco. \Yliil(: ih.ji- Ik'l, wliicli tuts I,. icncc is greater tb:: it, isr^Tlt'i.r 1-; the eastern, nudiii . ty-sccond puralltl i,;" °.'1\); lor tliesew.ll ''), a ratio of l^t);]. fri'iu North Alub:iii;i suiuiiier wiuJwiird ■:' 10 Rocky Mountiuiis: States of ^lissis;i['iii. kansas, Missuuri. mA I river, on the mx. n Arkansas, ^lisf'uri. that between thcliul: ween ^Yinte^ and Mini- [ist to west, grudii.uf, L\v ; but are n jt -uili- f longitude its [iroi;>c losc we have just orm- th each other. Ti.' lebcc, and has a iii. ^^a .'s the nurtheni Lai:'- V) comiirohoiRU ■:;.• '. For the fet. :':!•: Itliird, l°.:5t'. AVesrf irther south, ari' 1- t'lu'si' are lower >ii!l. dein-eo of diinibi^'."' if winter and sumiwr. e T.akes, in Now Y^'il SL'onsin, and Mines.".. I to 1^0^. whi-'lii-" livor the former, h- ,vhiehis F.tl•l.^v.•-< in liuiiting tlio r..:: lis r.l-. iinil ^'f'""' •-'itudcof the lake-stations, it ought there to bo P. 17, instead of 1 \(14, ,. ',H>rvation makes it. From this depression, the ratio rises raj/idly to '::10. Thus, in advancing wostwardly, the ratio sinks and ri.ses, while to ■■:\j soatli. it constantly rises. Thus, the effoets of the Northern Lakes, ritiio Rocky 31ountains, on the divorgeuco of winter and suiiinier, are in -i jitu directions ; and it follows that the more coinplctely a jdace is -,'; jod in the former, the less will bo the range between winter and sum- :;r; the further it is taken to the west, on the great plain which ascends 1 10 latter, the greater will be the divergence — the latitude meanwhile :i!iiiui!ig the same. h t'lo Hudson and Polar Basins, we have two groups of stations (Sects. nil and IX), a comparison of which will complete this investigation. The :':raier of these groups (Sect. VIII), lying far west and north-west of Hil'fl Bay, in the direction of the Rocky ^louiitains, has a ratio 1". 16, i:;,':! is .14 less than the group south of it and west of the Northern hiOs. still showing that as we cross the continent, from south to north, the n:iMli™inishcs. The hitter group (Sect. IX) is maritime, and composed ;;;tatiung in and around the Polar Sea. \l lies immediately north of the a>statioiis, and has a mean ratio 'M lower than theirs, making it the i.TC>t of the whole Valley; which sifiords lurtlier evidence that, as wo !iii:T.jfrom the trojiieal to the polar regions, the ratio of seasonal divorgcnec :.: a degree of diiiiini.shed temperature, gets less and less. Put let us com- Mre tbc two hyperborean groups with each other. Their diflercnce of mean !r..Viade is l)° lU' — of mean ratio .43; that of the maritime group being 'i-of the continental, 1°.U). This gives a rise of ratio e([ual to .04.') for iichterecof longitude. This is a greater by .010.") than from the Lakes '.jAe stations west of thcni; and shows that the polar seas have a still .TOtor influence in rcstrainino; the diveriience of winter and summer, than ix Lakes. Xaiii, as lying remote from the other places of this group, is 1 ; ip.i'luded in forming the ratio. Havin;.' investigated the relation between the mean temperatuvo of the ; ir ami that of the solstitial seasons, or winter and summer, let us now -" to the et|uiiioctial. Throughout the whole table, the diffcreuce 5t;;veen spring and atiturnn, taken separately and conjointly, is indicated by !'..• ibs ;)/us and minus. It will be instructive to collect into one table -'. niiaiis of the different groups of stations. ■•' 1 ■mr- |i|;;t'';h ^ '•''[ '>^.^ ■■■■■■-. V-;--' m'^^ V '^.i I •" ■.3f,. I . s . T ■',1 Jm-"',"/ ' 4. ■ ?■ ;,»<■""."' '\. '..H ''•l.>' f 1- ■ ! H::^ !'■•• 41M TIIK PRIN'CIP.VL DIf.;ju +0.44 +l.:;4 +l>.04 +0.2:} --0.07 --o.(;-_' --0.!)2 --0..5S .21 .74 .47 >■■', .71 Mfiiii, +U.45 +o.:;5 +0.48 .■>n VI. A' 1 1. Ylil. IX. — 2.(K) —2.00 — 2.r,.'-) 5.70 +2.:]2 +2.2:} +:}.:j:j +:5.r.4 +o,i;j —0.21 +(».:;4 —1.12 4S!) .Mciui, — ;{.20 +2.S5 — 0.:i4 r..i4 Mo"M of tlio whulo, — 1.22 +l.ns +0.17" :5.n() Wild, we ta:. -lie means of tlio iiiiR- p-oni)S of .^tntior.s, wo finil that, tliroiiH-h tlio oiitiro Vallo}', fniiii tlio trojjical to the pdar rcu'iiir.s, tliotcnipi- raturu of .spring is P.22 litlow the moan toinperaluro of tlio ycnr: tiat .f autumn, 1^' "iS above; and tliat of .wpring and autumn unitwl, (i^.17 aWo. This small exi-css does not oiipose tlio fonclusion tliat, taking tliu Valle. as a whole, tlie moan temperature of spring and autumn combined, is iilLini' a! j ■with the mean hoat of the year. It is interesting to observe tliat. iiiitiUf come to the last group of stations (h'eet. IX), in the extromo mrtli, tiit average heat of spring and autumn, in none of the groups, varies a dcjrro; from the annual temperature. But tlie table gives us infurmatii n ■ f a i different kind. lu looking at the colunm for spring, -we see that in the first five secti'i.?. the heat (jf that season is loss than half a degree above the nioaii yonrly!:.atj of the same seetions. These sections include all the stations in tlie \ali(v,j from Vera Cruz and Havana to the southern shores of Lake Eric, (ii thij east side of the 3Iississippi, and also the country up to Fort Haclliiig, unt!:"! western side of that river. 'Ihcir high mean temperature iudiiatcs ima opening of spring, and a raj)id advance of summer. AVhen we pass oiitoj the remaining groujns (Sects. VI, VII, VIII, and IX), we find :i:i intire! change in tlie temperature of that season, in its relation to the a!iriuall:cai.| below which it ranges from 2'''.0<) to ."t'^.TO. Let us imw institute some comparisons of a different kind, llie niostj eastern section (VI) embraces stations north-east of Cuba, in X- I'Stj 42° 15', to Quebec, in N. Lat. 4(i^ 47'. Its spring temperature t'alN •-.'"l| bolow its mean annual heat; while the corresponding region (t^out. M Mj the west of the great Lakes, has a spring, which rises .2:} above tlic iiii'3!i| temperature of the year, making a difference between the two nf -".-'■'. IJ what should this be ascribed V Physical geography furnishes the aii'ifefj and shows, at the same time, the necessity (jf connecting its study with t,:atj of climatology. Firsl, the western stations lie to the windward of the ^m 11 B'JOK •iJt il.J INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. VX> DiKK. BC.T.' Sl'RlNC \Ml i AlTI'MN. .47 >:'. .71 '.r.i) 4H) :{.im; slntior.s, vo fiml llat. hir rcgiov..s. tliptor!]"- i ; of tiie ycnr: tht •: 111 uiiittil. C'MT ali'A': :, taking tlic Valk'v ;i- 1 com'.iiued, is iiliMu'.'a! observe tliat. until w? j ,l\o extreme m vtli, ti;? ronits, varies a dcgr':':' s us iiiturmatiijii 'i a I li tlic first five ?ectivii5. c tlioiucaii yearly 'xi! ! statiims in tlic ^all^y. of Lake Krie. (lithi'l ,0 Tort Snelling,'^!itl turc iiulii'ates aiiwilyj When \Tepas5 i-nt)j iX), we find au entire! ion to the annuaUoatj tvont kind. Tl.e niv<; of Cuba, ill N- I'»';| temperature falN 11 region (^ei-t. V\ li .2:^ above tlie iii'-'"j the two ot - .-'• "! ,• furnishes the an?«M incjits study >vitlit!-« windward of the ,Tiit] tes ■,., ji|,(l, sconil, they arc in th(! midst uf ii I)ound!ess plain, ^N-hi(di ..ijnej tn the south. On the othor hai.d. the stations tn the east lie to the (^Kird of the Lakes, which renniiiiing eoolcd niucli hjnger than a tcrre.itrial dice retard the opening and advaneo of spring, wlicrcver the winds Muw- "iWi'r theiu are fidt ; >v'6w//y/, they are in the inuni'diato vicinity of the .,1, yirnadack mountains of New York, or other portions of the Apjia- ,jj,, Clijiin, to tlic south and north of that alpine gr(.ui), and the currents ■ lir wliieh roll down, counteraet the iiifluenee of the sun upon the plain; cj ■uril, the general declination of the jdain is to tin north. Ihenoxt group (Sect. \'1I ) includes the lake-stations, the average mean ancrature of which is 'i°.(i<) below that of the year. 'J'his dill'ereiice may ■tii'tilied almost entirely to the influeiiee of the lake,<, which is of course •Kitcr ill plaees situated on their coasts than those more remote, although ntir leeward. The iie formed in their shallow hays and coves is slow ■DieltiiiL'; the wh(do Ixnly of water i.s (Mjoled, in many parts almost to the j a*!iii2 jiMiiit ; the rivers pour into them iiielt ; Jiake Superior .--!) 1 iwii from a high latitnde a copious supply of ice-water: and the ■Dlaiiiiiis whieh they send up ferm mists, tiiiil legs, and cluuds, whie' :; Milt tlie rays of the sun * — causes ijuite sullicient tu account for th ,wt'!ii|ierature of spring. h tiie distant north-west, the group (Sect. VITI) presents an average I ■: °.'i\) below the annual. Spring ii:W almost annihilated. The simws and ices of winter are but par- hal!y melted at midsummer, and it is not until the approach of the solstice atthe earth is .sufficiently thawed and warmed at the surface (still remain- ■..■'Tizen beneath) to permit vegetation to come forth. ^•/ must new turn to autumn. Witli one exeeiition. we find the heat of Injni'i greater than that of the year, in all the groups of stations; and in ■'tk instance (Sect. IT) it is only three-tenths of a degree below the mil heat. Nevertheless autumn is not uniform in this relation tu mean h"';al temperature ; for in the same group of stations, some present it '''''■ fthtrs below, mean yearly heat. The group in which the greatest "prtiqial number of stations present it below, is the second, extending niintsvillo, in North Alabama, to Lake Erie. ]}nt few stations on j*"!f«sito, or western, side of the .Mississippi, have an autuumal tempera- pe teliiw that ]of the year; and all the groups present an average above jjwlylioat; from which it appears that l)etwcon the latitudes of :i()° and j-'. the western portions of the A'alley have warmer autumns compared with * Professor Dewey : New York Reports. f- .1 ... } -I-.J.--.- . fff4,^8::| ''■■■i ;•■<•■ r .-^-'-i ■ 4!)0 TIIK PRINCIPAI, DISKASKS OF THE .OCOI >. tlic year, than the oastem. Tliis may prolialtly be asr-rilied to a dfonrrl, ing ot tlio oartli, by tlm rays (tt tlio suiiimoi' sui\ haviii;.' acted un a drv tro(di'SH surlaco; Iiiit ju'rliaps some jtortion of it may bo attrilnited to th. extensive coiifla^ratimis wliicb. in tliat season of tlio year, run ovir tl bouiidless prairies whi(di stretch ofl" to the Hocky Mountains. As inf.. caso of spring, we iind the autumnal lieat of the first five irruuiis to var h little from the annual temperature: while in the remainder it i.S'jrc.d- ht in every group in tlie opposite direiition, that is above, whilo tlint of surirr is below, and their divergetKio from mean temperature is nearly to the ^ame extent. The cause of a warm autumn in the stations around ami ;. the leeward of the Northern Lakes (Seet. VII and VI), must bo fouMl in,),,. Lali'S thems(dves, wliieli retain their sumuuT temperature for a lonwr tini' than the cartliy surface, and tiius retard tlie appriiuch of winter. Tlr-anie explanation is perhaps applicable to the stations in Section IX, wliicli :iri»on the shores of the Polar Sea; but why the stations ia Section VIll, whiehlie between Hudson IJay and the Rocky Mountains, should have Jin a'ltnuiii if hiirh temperature compared to their ainiual heat, does not .«o i!iar!v iiminr The last column of the small table, whiidi h.ss suj)plicd data fur tlie deductions wiiich have been made, presents the ditrerenecs botwp'ii ^m." and autunni without any reference to the mean temperature (.f t!ie via; This dillerencie, it will be seen, is less than a dejrree in the lirst live i;ruii[*. and least of all in the first, or gulf-section, where it amounts onlv to air nt two-tenths of a degree. IJut when wo atlvance into the other soptimis. tiie dilfercuce suddenly becomes much greater, and continues tu increase up m the Pole of C(dd. In the region cast of the Lakes, to (^ichec, it i-i4^:>; among the Lakes, 4°.f-(t; in the high north-west, fj'^.OS; in the ]H!;ir i:iari- time region, l)° 80, This divergence of spring and iiutumn is, of Pnur-e. t'le effect of those causes which retard the coming on of the former. m\ the , passing away of the latter season. In ])roportion to their difference. t':e I points of time in spring and autuinn. which have a moan tcni|ieraturee.r- responding with that of the year, lie at a greater distance from tlie c;;i- noxes, and consefjuently approach nearer to the solstices, than wliere i!i«j difference between the two seasons is less. -• I l^'- SECTION IV. DISTRIBUTION OF TEMPERATURE THROUGH THE MO.M'Il.v I. Tabular Vikw. — The tabic of months does not embraec as nni'jn places as that of the seasons, from the want of the necessary raaterialsrl Like that table, this docs not present the mean annual heat given in iw general table of temperatures, but that which results from the months tb'Ui^ selves. After the columns presenting the mean heat of each month, thiroaj another, in which the difference between the coldest and hottest niyatKI .< ' I. ■' > -i •iHII-] INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 497 ri3 their names, is set down ; and another, in wbich tlio ratio of that I'erenee to mean temperature has been calculated by the method adopted ■ she seasons, which it is unnecessary to repeat or explain. To these ans three others are added, in which the excess or defect of wean tem- flnri' of the months following the equinoxes (April and Octcbcr), lijiratelv and conjointly, are compared with that of the year. In con- crtini this table, I have not given the latitudes, longitudes, and elcva- j: .ii> if the places ; but by the aid of the numbers in the first column, .;(viiiif 1)0 readily found in the general table of moan temperatures, or in •a: cf the seasons. * I 92 'it tiA . , T t 1 1- J r' \ •!<■ 4' , . -.«- Vl it ■ I ■.■-^! VW 4flS THF, nUNClPAl, F)ISi:.\SF,S OF THK [»0.5I J<;-? i*-^ — • r» r« «* — ff> ff> c; c; CI w lO -H -, ■ T CI 'jb ir> 1 — I,-} -r .-5 d c — s c — ••-ODiftiV" ifl r« M -( "iJT' + 1 1 4-V+l „ _ +-T++ I +_ _ -H-++ 1 ■ f>, ij vc « c vc -r « I- rt •* o c ~ ' L-s o s rs . , >^ r> « /, "*. o 1- CI — /^ c t « r^-Ji T. T) » ' -■s^Kr ++++++1 .7 '1+71 + . ++++ CI CI O -I ™ — - o « « — = — c s — « s^>i — ■ CI = « CI / "? iC .-. CI - '*. -I rf ^. ,0 — cri ^ r «' -^ irt -r 1 -. 05 r: -^ + 111+77- +7-1+74- i'TiiT M.3 o sli- I W — re 'C =, « . - 2 I rc fc in T ; ri CI » CI -.s a = I w '^ X ..•} CI - ' ~ O CI CI ^^ --H CI '^ CI J_<^ ^*p-^-^— . — -^ '»« -w.-,..^.^ I_^ -;^^' "=•: S, 'Z. •~z- CI 'C r-. •— CI ■■". /J CC CI = « 1". — « 4» Q ^ ijri — C — — CI CI CI fTj lO 1-, /. T. p ifS CI 1; .-c -; re -T — — ci — i'. rt -f "T T -r »* 1- CI - -. "I ; ■ Vi b = c a = = ? ^^ j:^^ jja. Man X •;; c! CI X 1 1- O 1- o o •AOJiO ■""« n CI '£> -< lO CI CI = /._ « I- S 1- i tC 5 •ja(iiii,i() CI ~ — > re r^ 1.-S IT CI CI =J 1 1- 1- 1- 1- 1- 1- r -r CI 31 ifs r^ P^ " ■ * ■• X ;:; :| L.' 'T''' '•' 'C "•'■•■ CI •^ 111 M, f^ ; .' " 1* n • m •• ^' ^ -r.rH H u — -_ .— , "'• •' I'C c» t« C ■ -• tm f1 ■ • T * C.I " ' * n ft': -■: 1. ..^ I* * - :: r i - -i'- * *«.' .. wC ';.";- u' '■T ." ;* •! l" •*' <*«*" ., ^f'l'f'" ,1« •X- -c" •■••I :i ?i~ lU n' — -; • • 1 ' '^ *:*.•' (^ T ■-- :.t;':i ^' ^' 71 '■■ '. « [kmi . • II. INTRRIOR VAIiLKY OF NoUTlI A.MllUK. .\. •1!»'J Vi ftit-i ' B :■ :i V.'^.n^■iTl^' HR?^' ^f:2?? .« Pj": H : ^ .; -f i =■ -: i s ra S p4 c'ff - ;+ 1 +++ 1 1 . l + l •T r. f 1 111 L_l_ C7 =■ 'f -t-t-T- — ^ €7 1-1-) ^3 ^1 • -T- 1 TT r i r '"?:'^,-! S'^^; •^ — - 5 11 ■?» TI ^ "^ 71 rtffi*^ ■].I^ "'1 ^H |4. I++-I-I 1 + 1 1 r. 1 1 1 ■f,5ir'pT>.:; H . r. 71 -2 / 17 7 -. 77 — 1 7 1 7 7 ri 1 - ift 7; - r5 -. -; r7 C 1-1- 7- l-Oti 1* ^m — p^ ^ -H -^ -^ — « ^^ ^< -^ -H ^- — « — « wm p-^ 1 «„ -; 1 ■ = - ^1 '. :v '7''"'^'^'*'!'? nt it 71 r » 71 71 'C rx » r. 71 ■V Z) C 77 f 1 - = C7 Si — 71 5» s> iS ^"-"'^ H • •-j £3,':; ,5 3 3 ci:7i- ,._ <-i7 'Ti.rj r/j 1 « X 1 • _ C7 q — 77 -r ^ ^^H , > >, i ii'if • jC'iC'if* >%>»>» >. .*, tl >t 1^1 >. .*. >. >» '• ^' ^^ m Z. -m — ^^^H :--5 :^.;: ^1 •-' = = = = = = = = 3 3 = ^ = "= ■= "D "3 "3 1-1-1 -^n 1 ^H ',-.-1 ^ -n -n "n ^ — J I-) -T-» 1-1 -, "^ -, >-» T1 -» 1-1 ., — — -:— ^^H ■-:- -c "3 ■= -: -3 -3 "2 "5^ •- ^ ^ 1; "2 -r -J 2 -3 "Ti -^ ~ ^H : : : s s s a = a B 3 3 s = a - - c = 3 a « ?. ^ ■ : c .1 e n .•; n .-: c3 B .-; a .7 rt .1 n " n .7 .7 .T (t H 1-: T-r-r a = a .a -= 3 d a 3 '^ 3 -r r-= a^' I : : .!■ .- .-^ .-: s rJ .-- - / f;i o .-^ T -!• yi t>" rt 7 ?; > 17 ►-I ■-» -^ — — » czza-j: *i * -^ ^^^H 1-71 -« r 77 " /' = ;.T 5 - H --3 ;i •■: r. JO 'M r. •.; — -r :; 71 ■J C -< r. /. t 5i-: ■ '!*■ /' 'i 1- ft 71 /-' 7! ;;,j i ci(ri7i5i-"-< ?.\ ci /-' 71 r-. 7! 71 7I 1 1 1 1 1 --I'l-.' .■ j^H • J^^ ,. 1- .-7 1-. 2' =7 'J' "o"~ »}• _ -. 71 77 1.7 1 - 71 ;■ r -: ^B -V'?i '*. f^ ''<" ■' '- ^• 1- i - w * .-7 ■^ i'- C7 -r ~ ,n ~i — 1 - 1 t ^^H --H ri r- — TI H H 1" r^ c 1- r7 Ij; .•7 ^f? ^^f-: 1- .-..-..- ■ H •r.r. n r-.T^f.nnn rs T r7 r7 ^IS ^ !;$:i ■ • •.n- Ti7 i; r7 -r I-; •:3"' 17 — 71 ~. ~! '". 1- l~_ -.n'i • -■ Z:l ri V ^H ■I'"' '■• ii ^ £j ;i li 2 H c' t -• t *' I- -'* c^ si si vt^T' ~. ■-' ■ ' ^H -r > 7 "T -T -r C» 1' ' • • _ ., ^^H - :-- -.~>!-f -« TI r^ = tm* 1- r. — "~ ' ~ 17 17 i.H -- = '.: IT -^ ■ T^B 'i- "! c.t-, — r. CI-; 7! c i 7; X 1 - 1* "1* ■:~:V;Z- ,: • '>.^H .,.• r ccr; s ^ ~ \~ — , C7' C '.f ?v ««* *J 1 *^ -5i5 "i '--- '-^^H •7 IC '^ ' 7 • 7 71 71 71 -'~'Z -z : - <■ ^H 'li t. I-. ~ 1- T Tito 1- 1- 7! 17 C 7J •0 \^ 1" / Tj --: = - !i -■. - ; ^m .; .-. 1- >- -> r. 71 -^S t- /J /J J7 — -o vo ■ • -• 4 = ^B .1- : c^' c Hi- -: d •0 — •' ^* *J '^ 17" 71 C X r- ;^ ,4 ' . ^1 ■■-" l-_ ._ oo-o VO-J 1- •J ti -o -.i •0 >.7 77 77 n •in£i! "^^ ■ c-'.i- (' !■* *' — 71 n ~ i"* ^^ "" — -*»—"- — " " = -O — .7 Ti'-L '-.'r rt C 71 y- 71 /. 71 1- :-: Ci ?7 i- 1- — i/j < 77 71 71 31 ' ; ^ • "• ■ - - . ; ^^M ;■:'>.'. r. H va -r /.' "/' -^ /' — * — ^ , « 7' 77 17 71 — 71 77 — 1- -^'^ ^-^fr- ■ 'M M-f- '<« — tf — 'O 1- (- C; i -o ■0 .•7 1- ts 19 17 77 :7 - 77 -)< •J3 "' t: 71 77 I- J r f: = > t: - - ■- r ? ^H .•^J Ti ;i-3oi^7i ri 71 .-7 -. 71 C-. — -. 'z\^:' - - ,-= 1 ■ • ^l ii: ri — — =■ -r 7." 17 -^ «— -^ — ' CO c ri TJ :;,.■; -j vj o vs i.; -^ : .•• - I-" 1.-. r. 1- rj '.i t is __ 17 •J r-i r7 17 (J /. 7^ T. n -r .v' z.' ,% v: - ^ ^1 -.-1-7I0.7 q 7> C X -.= •:i_--; •'••--i^H ri;:j r! ^ TJ .^ -j :«_. r: 7^ '/.■ 17 71 71 « = — i.-j ~ ~ 5_ . 1- '- ; ^^H T '7 '7 ;^ 71 71 -« . 1 1, r ^ ^ ! : ^ : 2 ^ 5 io C i-. i7 5; 71 — if 1.7 VS 1.7 " * " — 1- ;^ "^ •» ^ ^! 7! 1- -? 7.' ;^ -C Ci -r 71 --T -• .-7 TT -? TI T H 'iTV r, c r. '', 1- r7 .-7' -I" Tj* -r r7 •-< 1 1 »— ■—17—^ ^rix.i: .-.'-•- ^H .-H C !-• 77 r7 — ^ !i 1- =- 11; ui,: 2 "r-':^^H • -'i — i7 71 r! — /* '/ r^ -T 71 1- ,^ ii -r 7! 71 >--."■ t-^v^^^H •r.T. r. 71 r. 71 .-7 Ct 7» (71 £7 :7 71 .-7 1 r- 71 77 III,. ■'-- 1*. c X X -i< r^ r7 ~w~" • r* ~ i-~ -!• ?, '-: r: 1' S ;:■-:?■.■:< ~' -^H *■-; ;i -; :7 c 17 — '/■ s 5.' -« /„ 77 / ffi ~. -r 3 -^H -; I r 1- H cf r; x -r :■;'-:! ^ 71 7i -h -^ ^ 1-^ 17 ~. r,\ 71 —1 7> 1 -4 1 - 77 7J 1-5 -^71 71 77 n III! 1 .-r.= x r-=.-M "5t 1. r, 1- t- « « X' •0 -■■SO ' /J 1 1 1 1 1 ^ r- 77 r VS (- 77 -< ■^ "■•.'.:^ -• -r.'-^H >- ■; - c:7i-xu3r; •0 /_ ^—170 c— ~. r 1- c) !- ?. tj ~ •■■ ■ '^H ': ; '". ;^ - .-7 X ?7 c; CO ~t^ 1- 71 71 (- -^ wi * "■ * '^ 7i 71 - 17 C: 7lf^ ir ^' X -^ >- -i:"'^^ • - t -7in xsi X n c- -«-o 3 — * "^ — ■ 71 X -T X -.C 71 Is- ■?S4s --.--i--:^ - ,^B •-- - :: '■'^ li 2 "^ d f7 ti :c d 'f ci ri -i-r»- 2! «:-o-;77 77d ;H — f?-; f, I^H .* T?T-t '^ C^ C( *> — ' -« 71 71 : 1 ' : : '^H - 7. , . , , ', t/) " . . . X r. , , ■ , , T. 01 • . ' ^^1 ■ • z fl • . w • • ■ • a c i^H ' -" fj , . ^ .-3 •^ •^ • • rt c - . i -'•',''''. > • ' • S 4) ...... 1 <. i . -H • C ■ a "•■ ^ - = ■- •'■i-'^.^B [::= 2 -u : : : : "::: Mill 1 J 2 i^f rut. Coo 5 1 t.2 fl ^ ^ ^ i -^ -^ 2 _i O-c — 1-* C/. - w ^ -^ •J 3 t. 1. >- u, ■z z z _- " C 71 17 Ot-" •- .= ^ := t -3 ?iS"- ■ •i'i l!--7io-. - ■T tS 75 •~" '/, C". — "^ 71 ^r Tf a -^ wo 5 i.7 -O (, 1- 1- t- I- I- I- I- X X 00 1 f I ■ ':w iS I f!'^;; ;^ ji^i^"!- i - ! ^ ■ . * ;r!:,:i '• f ! ii i-« ■{• ■ I 1^ ■I ■■• Ii 500 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE [BOOK I !Much of wliat has been said on the seasons, is applicable to the months- for wliilo January and July arc roi)rcsentativos of winter and susimer \i r'\ and October are representatives of spring and autumn, with this ilifftr, u, „ however, that the two former mont'i.s represent the CAtrcmes, the two latter, the mean of annual heat. Let U3 conL '""r them in suceej-ion. ■ -i II. SuMMEii Months. — The month of July is, at almost f very static' embraced in the table, as that of highest mean temperature. The curve of 80°, or upward, for this month, reaches as high as Natchez, on the Mi-- sissippi lliver, and Fort Gibson, west of it; the latter boin" in X. hat 35° 47'. To what parallel it attains east of the Mississippi is not ku n from the want of observations. It docs not reach Iluntsville (nearly in the game latitude with Fort Gibson), the July temperature of whiih town ij 7(.>°.30, or G°.89 behiw that of the hot month, at the western niihtarv i. -t. The curve of 76° — 80° reaches Fort Snelliug, in the west, N. Lat. 41 ■■:;' and jNlontrcal, to the cast, in Lat. 45° 31', which even has a higher temi;. rature by 3°.4-, although two-thirds of a degree further north: but v.li may result from a ditfercnce of seven hundred feet in tlieir altitudes ;ili ve the sea. There is no place between them, which has an ccpal teiupen.iire. The curve of 70° — 75° passes above every place south and west vf !'.e Northern Lakes. On the western side of tlic Valley, it even cxtinJ.- t) Cumberland House, N. Lat. 53°, whe- '^ from one year's ohscivatinns, i: is 73°. 73. To the east of the Lakes, ^?hih It, passes sout'i of Cula ,1 Prattsburg, in consequence of their great ele\ ation, it comes iioar-r ) Pottsdani, at a lower level, though further north, and strikes be :.d | Quebec, the July temperature of which is 71°.29, while its latitude :< '■. 47'. By the Lakes it is kept to the south, as none of the statioiij E' :;• tioned in the tabic present a heat of 70°, although they arc nut su fari,.r:L as many stations included in it. When we compare the stations east eft Mississippi lliver, extending from Alabama to Ohio, inclusive, with tb along that river, f nd to its west, wc find an average heat of G° or '^ grcater| in the latter ranges tlian the former; and doubtless when olscrvatiui;? ^bll be made still further west, on the great i)rairic,s, the differencu wili beau:' mented. The causes of this difference have been alrtu '•• assigned, whed treating of the seasons. It is known, that, as wo advance north from the Gulf of Moxic. • e summers shorten at a greater ratio than the intense heat abates. Is implies a decrease 'n Juno or .Vugusc, or both, at a higher ratio t!:;;...r July; and such, on the whole, is the fact. In the hot climates, tlitt:.r)»i months approach nearer to the same standard, than in the toniperai ■ aril colder iCgions. This will appear from the following table, wliich in! ■•'J i stations from Havana to Quebec, arranged nearly in the order ol : .tif , latitudes : i 1 ■t'fl ' i' :■•■■ H K''?-. 1: ■■!,-. ■»* ■ r t MTH.] intf:rior valley of north America. 501 icablo to the moiitl;; i-cr and summer. Aitil I n, witli this diifiTcnoi, | ic extremes, tho two m in sunce? ;i"ii, almost every statLuj irature. The curve uf | Natchez, on tlie Mi: iter heing in N, Lat. | ^sissippi is not kiuiwn, antsville (nearly iu I'ue turc of which town is^ ) western military y^-i west, N. Lat. 41- .".:;, in has a higher tempo- iirthcr nurth; hut tliij lU their altitudes above '1 i an ci^ual tempcruiure. I south and west vf the loy, it even extiiiJs to i car's obsa vatiiiiis, it ijj cs sout'i of Culia udl on, it comes neanr ti)| 1, and strikes bov'-nif diilc its latitude is IP nc of the stations dkh': icy are nut so far ii'.'r;li| tho stations east ^'f thsl io, inclusive, with t!.' m leat of G° or 7° greater! when observation! M difference will lii? a'l-" alrcc.''- assigned, i^bciil ic Gulf of Mcxio". ;'3»| use heat ahates. TiiiJI a higher ratio tlia:iiii hot climates, tliotw' in in the temperate a::* ir table, which ii; 1 ;■• ] ^in the order "f -'if , — - — M. t. M. t. "M. T. Junk August Pl.*CE3. OF OF OF BELOW BELOW OR Jlwe. July. August. July. ABOVE JULV. o u u o Havana, 84.12 84.30 85.84 —0.18 +1.54 rbaj'y, Key VVest, 8l>.-25 83.02 83.25 1.37 —0.37 81.03 82.55 8198 1.52 —0.57 lPen.«acula, 80.3:3 81.02 81.00 o.(;9 +0.04 Furt Jesup, 80.i)o 83.54 82.90 2.59 —0.58 ■Fort Gihson, 78.05 81.49 83.28 2.84 +1.79 [luntfville, 74.23 70.39 70.24 2.10 —0.15 »'.. Louis, 73.79 78.43 70.34 4.04 2.09 riaciniiati, 70.80 75.47 73.25 4.0)1 2 ''2 .)Iarietta, 00. ()0 73.72 70.84 4.12 2.SS Hudson, Oi).00 72.00 0)8.90 ().00 3.10 riuiiL'il Bluffs, 73.ys 77.38 70.11 3.40 1.27 BlHumington, 07.30 70.40 09.30 3.10 1.10 F'lrt Crawford, 08.57 72.40 71.41 3.83 0.99 Fntt ^nelUng, 70.S3 75.47 71.98 4.04 3.49 Fi'.cliestcr, G4.32 0)9.31 00.10 4.99 3.21 pi'ttsilam. 64.04 08.22 07.20 4.18 0.!K') 'iontrual, \ 08.12 78.89 09.07 10.77 9 22 iiuobce, 05.27 71.29 70.77 0).02 (;.52 F.rt Brady, 50.13 05.90 04.5-^ 0.77 1.38 From this tabic it will bo seen, that tho laoat of August approaches :a'er tban that of June, to tlin hottest month. At three southern stations ::;! even greater, as indicated by the sign plus. Taking the mean of all :';; stations, it is but 1°.45 below that month ; but Juno is 3°.77 below. \:'k:> appears that, as wo advanffc Jiorth, with the single exception of latroal, the heat of Au/; Uft keeps Uj) its near approach to that of July. Bi'.t'serois a manifest decline in that of Juno. The shortening of sura- ar. then, in the higher latitudes, results chiefly from tho diminishing tem- ature of that month, and not of that month and August combiiod. 111. W iXTF.R Months. — Tho relation of these months to each other, will i;i ir from the following table, embracing tho same places with the last : i' . I ■ / 1 .Jil f)02 ■nil; i'i;i\(ii'\i, miskasks (ik tiik I'l.AlKS. K('\' VVisl. l't'iis;ii'ol:i. |l'"iirl ,lcsii|i. jl''nrl (Jilisiui, jlliiiils\ iili'. Si. I, llm^ III iiiciiin.il I, n'ii-ll;i, tidsiiii. iImicIu'sIit. ii:- IHcll I>|III1S iKorl ("raw liTtl, iFml Siii'lliii;^, i(|s(l:iMi, Mont rial \lt'lM'r V\<\\ l>r;i(lv, I Hi 10 K M. 'I'. .M. T. I M. 'I'." I |)i;, IMMIH, I I ll cl M. .1 ANI' MIV. Vl ll' M! Ill|,ii\\ ,<|, I M!l. Ill I.MH .111 \. MlilM; IaV. AlluM .1,^ I.7S (iii.'.is ii-J.:;7 I' I. .'.I I li'.Mt; l.s:! .^)-j.;il »*J.:!ii • >>.i < ti.im; liV.'iO 70. -jr. iM.dii ll.'Jf. -fl.SI) -j-l. I-I.iii l.ilU (I.S7 o.7:{ .(111 (I Ml i<;.i'ii i;.. |- II. M |--'.(H; I |-J.;V.I ! — O.-J :;,i'.» I ;;i.;i;; '■ -| u.c, +'' l.-j'j .(III l.r. 'S (I, ..j.;i.', -■>. ( i L'S.HO ' ii;».|:; i - (i.il — (i: -l-i^.i;! i -fi.h .(Ml •ji.-..'i 11,(11 i 'jc.r.'.i ! —(I. Ill ■J.'i.'.MI l.:;(i (M i!i.7--: i -Ji.!!; ,1 ('((t i;;..)S 1(1. Ml l^.iMi I i.t'.i; l-J.iii Kt'.is I 1 l.s:; •J-_'.'JS is. (is I ||).v() I- 1. (id -I. (is IS till I -]-•_•. (1-^ !!•.:. I r.i: is.i:! ■I .'.II I -l.dii l.ih :l.iMi 1.(1(1 :;.(i(i l.h' It appear."^ iVoiu this lalil.' llnl. takiiiLT 'lit' mean of all (lie st;it Inl'. month of |)(>. cniliiT rises I .'^7 alxivc .lamiarv — that ><[' l''L'hniarv i .'a Tl IMS, till' ilisirilintidii (if lu'al .'nnnn!;; tlic \viiil;'r nu'Dths is iiinri' (■>ii;,'i' tl lau aiiinnir I !u' suiinuiT : Inrwhnc \iit:iisl bi'ins ;i i-clatMHi to Julv tci thai 111' l>(Ti'nilH'v and I'l'lniiary I" -lanuarv, rliinc falls liclnw .lii!\. ui than tw" and a halt' tinn's t'nrthcr than ,\ui.'ns(. dues, llcnci' we Ic'irn li: the Ileal inereases M!on> alter the snninn'r solstiee. tlian ii diiniiiiMii - ::t^ th \vl i> WMiter si'lstiee, in the jimpertinn n|' ;V\77 In 1"'J7. AiintliiT \v ::X ueli the winter ni'inlh- np.ired with each nlher, dilVer iVniu tli when I'oiupared in (he sanu' mannei, i.s thati in'ifhor l>eicniher nur iV! recedes tVnni -lan'.iarv with the same retrnlarit v, or to the saiiie i\tr lune tVi'ni .Inlv Still we s"e thai lielnw Cineinnati. in the tliirt'. pai ■allel. the dill'erenre Iietweeii l>eeenilier and .lannar\ is less than ;i! 'f« buT to Felirnarv the rema vk is searcely a| nilieanli hh The eiirve I'or the month of Jamiaiy. =rr 'A'- \ parses a littlo nor; Marietta, in Kat. oH^' "J.".' ; all the stations north of that latitiul. b'l mean liea t bel OW' •>- all sonth of it, altov(! IV. When we liriii;.' toLrether the enldest nioiitlis at difrereiit pi: lce5, IK asrrcoini: in latitude, hut dillerin:.' in loniritude. wu have the follu\viiigcxi:i IK .an iN'i'i;i!ini; v\i,i,i;v >>',■ nmimh ami:i;|(\ r»o: 'l 1 I Mill II. I'l ll|[l M,! I l.i'W nil lin.iiW (i;; iom; Jan. Aiinvr J,\v 1 l>ll -|-l.'i> ■l\:\ -j-:', (Ml i l.ni; 1 11*1 (i,>-ii •1 ILO 1 ..'J: tt>7 1.?.' tt.T;i -\:l-l - d.-J.") i +ii.;i:i .-|.(i.t;;; ■ 1.71 (i.il — (i.;i.'i l-.'.i:; 1 -f'-l' l.tMt 1 t.'.iii i.i;-j 1 — l.l'H —(I. Id i l.'.l^ -|-l.(ii» j :'..i'ii l.CiS •1-Jl 1 •' T 1 l.::n 1 :;:r l.t'ii'i 1 ;i.-.-, ;'..t'iO , l.l-j I (,r nil till' ^^tafiMi -.!'.( lli:it tif I'V'hnian- 1 : iiioiitlis is iiinri' C'li'.:!''" relation t" -luly miu: tails lirlnW .lu!\, 1,1 : lIciKH! \v(! Icarii, li: lliaii ii iliiiiini-lii'-t^ •_!7. AnntluT 1' .:;t lilVcr IVnni till' -r,;ll', HrrcnilMT iiov I'.lirun t,i the sanu' rxtii;".! ati. in tho tliirt;.- avy i« Il'SS than al v^ a-s(-s a little nortln ,f tliat latitml.' b«l t ditr.TiMit place?, ncan avo tlH'ibllu\viiig*-'xl'i'''5 i;.»xii.ii\. V\' .Mill, •I II.Sj |.",„| ♦;iim,„i ;;l ..n.^'i. i,,,iii... . •T. .liT, 7n l''..il, Ih.uanl 1^ I I I I l\l'< l.llt ,'^IM-lllll mil- I'.. II I'.r.iils, I |s,r,.> ■['.(■siiiiilaiitv III llii'-ii' aiii.,iiiils, ijiic.'; iiiil wd! .'ir.-i.i-il v.illi tin- |i'.|iiil-ir „;n, Viliii'li .'i.'i'i'i'"'f^ ;i iiinr.' iiili'ii-ii' 'lc;.'ri I' III' CI, III III till' w'.', Ii-ni, tliaii c iljIiTIl -i'ii' "I 'Ik' ^li' -is.-i|i|ii. 'I'lli' nil .rv.'lt ii.MH liric f'l',.ll .'il'i' tii'i ili.-iUlr tin- i|iirs( inn ; Inil wi- iiiiist, i'ciii.niliii:-iijiiiiil. (•iri'''t. dii i|, li'.-s lliaii llir IrtMiii^: IV'.iM \vl,ii-ii il |.r.aiii,l.c.s h.'.l. ::;{ ffiiii MI'S III iiiilu iiliials, II' I'VaiM .r.iti.iii. 'I'l t". rrlll.ill, ilil.' illlli rc'lliT liilwirrll I i'i''li.\ I i-f ail <.tl :• ( rawlaril, innl »,|iiriiri' ami ;;,..l,;il>i.'S in wiiitiT. IV. Sii;is(i .MiiNTiis. -■ or fill- vr rl, iJr III',', SlinW 111 I' w.iiiiiiir.' iiilliKiici iiai ni.ii I illi.i, .\|inl aji|irii;ii'li('S im aiiht iiirnii triiiiicriil ni'i' 3.' r wiliiiii tlic .\ii-lii' Cirrli', curiKt.'inllv li'i'ivv : in IjhI li 'mhi'S» ^lio'tsint.' ;:r intiu' ii(« III' lar;.'l .S[ilinLr. Kr.iiiL'.'^.) liltl'! I'rnin till' iiwan ;iniMi!il Iftnjii'tatnr*', .\[iiil i.s scl'lnin I'alltMl [i.t iiii.[itli. An in.s|irctiiin nl tin- t.ilil<' slinw.-^ tJial tin; tnin.'iti'Mi rrdtn |LM:t.i .\|iiil i.s iniu'li trriairr t han IVnin l''rliruar/ tu ,Maif;li. .M.nili, "!. Iirl.iii'.'s ti) wintiT r.atliiT (li;in sMinnirr ; Inil, il;-! li'iniMTatiirc ih'M'T ;i..'a> Imv as tiiat. Ill' T'l'liriLary. A.s \vi' advani'i' rrmn .soulli tn iiiirtliii|i pehlli'V, till' (•lian;i(! rruiii Marrli tn .\|iiil l)(;(;i(iiii'S nioi'i! ami inoro '.ii.JfMit, jjsiiiaHts iiiaxinnini ill tin! ri.lar ,'-^i':i. 'I'lic transition I'ldrii .Ajiril lo .^!;l}•, itarl as irrcut as I'roni Alardi |.i April. ;i!nl lili('\sis' ibat ('(luM not JfO iirf.'(ini|ilislii'il if thr inrrc'i.'-ij ot li«;at \vi-'nj innre A f^l.iwor increa.sc of tiiiily lioat wmil'l, it i.s true, pri li.n;; tL ii.= pk'asurcs (»f fijirin;^; Ixit at tlio s.itni' linn' lonL'ttiori t]n: jircvali-riff ra.il iiitoi'iiiittL'iifH, ninl aliri.'.'<' the |irniluctivi'rn-;H of smnnii'i' .uiil ■ A riifi.mu.s wiTitcr iloniaiid^ .i r.'i|ii'l at)s to one. ^ luetim - tlie other extreme. In the distant north, the transition from winter to suaiinor. i., at a r"i> altogether unknown in the other portions of the Valley. At Cumberla' J 4 House, Lat. 53°, the difference between February and !March j- ]" between March and April, 14° ; between April and May, 28"^. At i! ree 1 places, near or within the Arctic Circle, tlie average of the transition fn mi March to April was 21° ; from April to May, 20° ; frfjm May to June l-: By sucli an increase it is, tliat spots which in March had a ; <;au boat :;:;' below zero, were in June embossed with fiovrers. V. Fall Months. — October is, among tlie months of autun-n. wliat April is among those of spring. In all parts of the Valley, its heat approaciicsj nearer to that of the year, than any other fall month; and its temperatiire ! is the most acceptable to the feelings. At nearly all the stations, it rar-jj above lean annual heat. In the southern and middle latitmles, this exrisjj is nearly the .«ame ; but in the Polar Basin it is greater. The transiti.al from August to September is less rapid, than from September tu Octuljtr; from the latter to November it continues the same, that i.s, tlic rate of c( 1- ing from September to November, inclusive, continues constant ; Uit thej transition from November to December is at a lower raliu, and does not! diflfer materially from that between August and Septei'.ii'cr. In comparing the autumnal with the vernal ratios, they are found to bo .substantially tiiej same. They furtlier agree in this, that they arc greater in the middle thai the southern latitudes, a necessary rer[uireraent of the greater diffirec'el between winter and summer in tlio former than the latter. As MarctJ throughout most of the Valley, belongs rather to wiaior than summer, sw September has greater afTinitie.. to smnmor than winter; and as Mayliad sometimes a rival temperature to that of June, so Noveinhur is occasionailTJ nearly as cold as Dceembf^r. The true spring and fall ^casnns, arc tiiej sixty day;-* immediately ceding the cnuinoxes. In dchciimsncss on elimatc they constitute tlu u:>,st portions of the year; but the latter is pro- ductive of autumnal fever. These conclusions relate to the Mexican and St. Lawrence Basins; inttej Polar, while the transition from August to September i.s about the same al further south, the transition from one to the other of each of the sueceedin^J months is much more rapid, VI. DiVEKGKNCK OF TIIK UOTTEST FROM TIIK COJ.DKST MoXTlI, COMr.t!:!:!)! WITH Si'MMER AND WiNTEPw, — In the preceding section we saw, that a« nl advance north, and the mean temperature of the year diminishes, tk'ra!;i:e| between winter and soiumer increases, T propose now to inquire int'it::i!| divergence, under the same circumstances, of the hottest from tlio iMlk-'l month, compared with the seasons of which they are the maximum minimum. To do this. I havo collected into a table the ratios of Jivei:.: w ^ riiE l»OOK 1, !j:i.j INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 505 iUdus of tb'^ YaRp" t varies widely froni ■ .e 'i;r ; < ,;P lonn.r is fro- m to one. ^^ iMctiuii; to ^ :r( sui/urior. :., at a ma) alley. At CumlcrluiiJ 1 •y and !March i; l:' id May, 2b<^-. Attlreej e of t'lio tran'itioiitr'Uii from May to Juik', I:-. h Lad a ;ueaulieat :;;;" s of autuirn. ^\•llat Ai:!! ley, its lieat appr'aiij.j tli; and its tempuratOT 11 the stations, it raiigoj ■die latitudes, this ox -(.-j ; 2reater. The transitiui I SeptL'niLer tu UcIoUt;] that is, the rate of coj inues constant; kt the! ■wcr ralio, and ddcs r.oti 2ptei'.ii>€r. In eomparin d to lio substantially tiiel titer in tlie middle tki tlie greater difftrec''«l the latter. As Marcli,| w5:iior than sumiuir, ;« iviuter; and as Mayhajj Noveniher is occasionaii^ lid fall seasons, arc thel lu dclicinusncjj ofl ir ; but the latter is p- .awrencc Basins: intbl ber is about the sanio asj f eaeh of the succadic J MiKST Month, comml tion we savr, tliat as ^sj ■ar diminishes, the mp. now to in([uire int'itbel hottest from the oJii^tj are the maximum ;i;!Jj the ratios of Jivei? iLttrom winter, and of July fto;'i "fanuary, for one degree of lessened ,„; IiOjI, ijialilng an average of each, fur the different facetions iii the ,.;„ii,! *uil muuchly tables. y- , ,; OF THE DIVERGENCE OF THE MEAN HeAT (ji" WlNTER AND StIMJIER jjDOFIUE COLDEST AND IIOTT,-Si' MoNTU, FKOM THE LOSS OF 1° OF MEAN iLiRir Temperature. Groups ok Places. Seasons. Months. DrKFflR- ENCE. O o O I. Around the Gulf of Mexico, 1.71 1.93 0.22 11, Kast of Mississipi.i, to N. L. 42° 1.2!) 1.38 0.11 III. Along 1.40 1.50 0.10 IV. West of 1.03 1.77 0.14 V. West of the Northern Lakes, 1.30 1.40 0.10 Vt, East of tho 1.12 1.23 0.11 VII. Among the " 1.04 1.08 0.04 VIII, Bet. Hudson B.and Roeky 3Its., 1.10 1.33 0.17 IX. Polar Seas, 0.75 0.85 O.IO I) use this table, the mean tcmperaturo of the place must be subtracted ji ^i°, the equatorial he:it, and the diffei'once multiplied by the two iKj "f the group or section, to which, according to tho general table of Ik:i tcuiporaturos, the place belongs. The difterencc of the 2>i'<*ducts is |':;ijstenttu which the monthly divergence exceeds the seasonal. It maybe h-ii) illu.strate by a few examples. A place lying cast of the Northern Ife (Soct. VI), may have a temperature of 44°. If this be sub- |ck;;;il from 82°, it leaves 38°, which, multiplied by tho seasonal ratio of Iti: jertion, 1°. 12, gives 42°. 50 — by the monthly, 1°.23, gives 40°. 74; i:~::' that the months of January and July diverge 4°. 18 beyond the ctrand summer seasons. If the same process be employed for a jdaco fe the same mean heat, but lying among the Lakes (Sect. VIII), pri' the ratios are for tho seasons 1°.04, and for tho months P.O'^, we p;:i as the results 39°. 52 and 41°. 04; finally, if wo proceed with the pE Ecan temperature into tho region west of the Lakes, where the ratios ! oi' and 1°.40, we get, as products, 49°.40 for the seasons, and ^M'lir the months. It will be instructive to throw these results into a |»;'':iar firm : fiJiE iROM Winter to Summi:r, and from January to July, tue mean ANNUAL Ti;mim:uati;re «kinu 44°. Localities. Seasons. 42.50 3! 1.52 49,40 Months. Differ- ence. yi. Eas\ of the Northern Lakes, ^11. Among the " V. Wesi'. of the " 40,74 41.04 55.48 a 4.18 1 .52 0.08 I i .ill M^^ :r»>*4 t itt:ij'.lLili m^- '^•: 1 • ;'■•<".'■' i^Mm'i ■■■'"■■'■'■■■' ^ I." U; li'' I 1 ' ■ • < wt 506 THE I'RINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE [BOOK |J "We obsorvp by this table, that the Lakos cxort a r iiiflueiiee on the r;iiiL'c bctwoon winter and summer, ami a still „►., , the (livcriroiK'c of .Jul}' from January; we also jioreeive tliat both tic sonal and monthly ranges are greater in the plains wtst ol'ttnjl',1 among the tributaries of the ^lis.'ii.'^.^iiipi, than in the valley of tjic St U J rcncc to their cast. 15y a similar ooni|iarison, l)etwcen the nlacos e;i«t if thi ]Mississi[>[ii (Sect. II), and tliosi- west (Sect W ), we ascertain t!i;i' ''J ranges of winter and s\nnmer, and the eoldest and liottu^t uimitli n greater in the latter than tiic former region. VII. CoMl'.VRATIVi: llAXdK OF TlIM COLDEST AND UoTTr.Sr Months f|.fy MKA>f Tkmi'i:uatl'iii;. — Having eonsidered the coMest and hottest iiii,i'!id iu connection with the other months i^f winter and spring, we coiitinu,. [..jJ study, by inquiring into their relative distance from mean annual tm, tare. This may be understood by the following talde. Its first ivli™ presents an average of the nu-an temperature of the diUcrout stiitiniisi; lai grou]), or section oi' the Table of Months; the secnnd, aveniL'e raii". 'oe4;? tween the eoldest a^id hottest months of the same; the third, show? t!ic i:!* tance to which the average of the coldest months falls hdew the iinai: nual temperature; the fourth, the distance to which the avcra"'.' i.:' :li^ hottest mo'.ths ri.scs above; the fit'tli. the greater divergence froin iiki yearly hea., of the a'.'erage of the eoldest, than of tlie hotte.-t nv.iit!:-: iifi 3i.\.th, the greater divergence, from the same temjierature, of thoa\ri i\ tha hottest than of the eoldest months. Sections Ani.iial of the I averagf Tiibic of Mi-aii Mouths. Temp. I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. 7-2. SI 54.54 55.40 CO. 02 45.K-5 4:}.:57 44.(;7 .>•) so ;).oo Range ln'lween '^oldest and hot- test months. o 20.s(; 41.:!1 4:;.(i4 40.10 50.22 50.15 44.02 7iM;s 07.00 Coldest irottoRt month month below above M. T. M. T. o 10.70 10.10 20.45 20. SO 22.(12 21.02 l!».:]s 20. 7 s 2s.(;s 27.54 24.77 25.:!S 20.:!0 2:1.72 :!s.(h; 41.02 27.00 :54.00 Excess I'^xcess of cold- of liot- cst over lest mo. hottest ovcrcol- ni dist- dest, in ince fni. dis. fruiii M. T. -M. T. "o . ..)- .41 .40 1.14 1.40 .lil 7.UH •> This table shows th.it the range between tlie hutt(.'.rt and coldest ni;.t is les.'i on the caster:i than on the western side of the Mississippi :i" Lakes. liook at Sections II, III, and IV. Their ranges are •' same, but they differ in mean temperature. That of Seotioii II i>'^ that of Section i\' 00°.02 : vet their rani^-es are nearly identical, «:. the lower ought to have much the wider range. Now the furiutr :.•.; 1.1-1 ! .til 8.4-2 ■ T.iJti tiirn.j INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. r)07 .i>iie latter west of tlic I\Iissi.ssippi ; wliieli shows that, in <.foinfr west, the ■ - oiilar<'cS' Socti'iii III, on the l)!iiiks of the Mississi|i|ii, lios between •■.]i ami. with a higher mean temperature than II, has a higher range, tho ,jj„['\vliat would be tho ca.se, if tho divorgeiu-o c-ontinucd unitorni in .■ticinrt'nini Last to west. Tho .same enni-hision results still more ubvi- ■r, trim a comparison of Soctiiui.'! A'l and V. Tho former lies east of ■vLjkes, the latter west. Its mean temperature is "i- .4(1 less, which |-,.ii;i'ivcit a wider range between tho eiddost and hottest months; yet T„jj,,jpijf the latter is l»° greater. Tho annual mean temperatm-o of w-jia VII, iin-'hiding tho liake .stations, is intermediate, as to the (jthers ; |i;ii«nDi'e is t>° less than the eastern, ;iud \-° less than tho western, If r.!i:'. in a striking manner, the influence of tho Lukes on the tempera- |2ji:.f January and July. 4: the third, slmw? tlii.' I SECTION V. PAIRS OF MONTHS. r> f' lluwing tahlo presents the average of the mean tomperr.tures of tho Id pairs uf months, beginning with January and July, and traveling :;j:':i tlie calendar year. Tho data are. of course, sup]ilied by the ))refe- Iti'Mt The mean annual heat of each station, as resulting from tliat Irini'iiitbs, is given in tho first column; with which tho average of each I !L- f months may be readily compared. To facilitate tlr.-; comparison. iifdenoe is set down in a separate eolunui, after that for eaidi puir of Ir::-, anltlie excess or defect, compared witli mean annual temperature, L nirlhy the algebraical sign -|- (plus) or — (juiims). At the foot of |;:i:..k' tbe mean average is presented. 11 [ :^ ^Y-. n. 1 ill ^m , lfT.-l ^•'.•••f- ^ * pi-... i- j-^ - ,5 . l«-ffi xji- -f ..-: fflr: » c-:i- Mt t =^ t f^~: *! ~ =. '^"''<-5i'-"J^L- -~f, S ?; i =■ ,^ d d 71 -4 rt d ^ -i © = -^ o -^ o -H -^ CI o — ei c =■ d £ ~i _; • J. .'. l' = g I t I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I ij Ml':::!! r ii iin ,^ r- c ^5 '» t- to ct c« (71 o p o I- f^ lO o ri 'o I- o X -c n r^~_ ~-r~V.,.— • • - - ^ .__ • ' ' ' T I ^- ^ 'I- i.'^ « ■>* c » o r: c rs o — X M 't ^ •' — < -< CI n c. -« c) n n n 7~ir~ 7.; — ' » . ix/ to c -N « ro CI -H c»: /- CI 1-; o I- CO to -i 00 cj in I- lO « I- c (- rv - ^ ;.- i ■.' != ?*' Id d d d -^ d d -^ -^ d d -i ci d d d crj d M ci d d d d d c —-;-•-■" ■ = s '+I l + l + l I I l + l I I I I I I + I+-H-I li-H-H|l 3ii . t~ I- O CI oc 1-5 / -.O i-O /.' d ci to ro d 1^ I- (- I'- -o UO I- ifS C»? CI i.'s CI :^r to 1.-: I+l 1++ r CI r- in C5 o ro r-. ro c^ X 1-- -^ -); 1-- --H /-' d to in X « to H to I- ;c to >n to in in I- M in X c» — to A t ~: t •"? — . t -: '-^ +1 h4++h^ o CI in o o M n to in n -J in — rt •« 1- »> •- _ , /in t -^ 1 - i.n in -1; CI to CI I - 1 . ( - - 71 — ~i I ! -1" ci -^ -f 1-' ci -1> rrj d d ci r: .-; 1- .-: :^ -, 1 : m i." i-n "» -^ i-'. "I" T ■^ -r T 1" -> -r T •• - ~ ' ' in to X en -)< -H in X X c « o — 1- T 10 / ■- - ri -T -H I- r5 »j; to « r; -); I- -o -T 1, ..: c = H :-: rtddi— iT^-H-Hoddd-^d-Hdc£;'i in VL -< o CJ CI CI c. r^ d H d -il ci I- t~ 1-- 1- I- r-. T- j: 1- «>; ;to CI rt X. CJ in r-. in re o — 1 => in in o i.n t -fl* to to rv "/,' d i-^^tl d rn r' d to I- is to to io i.n in I - I - vs I - to to ~ I - Tf> C5 ri« r^ :•: X 1- c\ « y. -o . 'o ts -^: I-' •* ci; -T ■- T = s i+l III 11 1111+4 .■-- CI = T! -r d H -J -i< -r 1~ I- X i- I- ,s m -T CJ -f CI >- I.n -H — in — . to CI -I" to -H •* -f .-: — . -r -t> (- = -^ CI m T) -; d /J d -^ d d I.n to I- to to to \z — >-. i.-s to X C! ^5 rj ^ to to 'O CI to o i.n r^ o -H '/ n -H n n X :n M X I- I- "- to s I- t ri rt ci d -4 ci yj d 'a< d r: i-" i-j i.n I.n •«i< m in -^ -T -? Ti> -« -T T« 1 "tf ■.-> X I-- — c» n c^ X -. o X X X I- -^ p in n *; c r-. - .-. ^. . _ . . , • ddddd^d'^d'^dd^tiz.-^-.''-^ ■+±"l"+l±±+]++l+jJ I II, — ri in ^ rt 1^ to — . — — — r ■- ~ _ ,- — ■ c» r: C-: c; r^ i.n c; r. -r X 1- — -r r^ xj d -< x' d d d -r -r — I.n i.n 1" -r m -3< -1" T -r ,* -T T tocix— <— .i~i-«~:x— (- — i-HXCICCJC^CI--— -r 71 .-: / : T" T T ++I 1 1 . ■, L 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2^S X in d -f c CI X -f -* in \s I. d il 1 -' to I- to 1— ( • -1; c i-n ' X fC CI to I- >~. "TT+i++1+1j1]1_ X o CI I.n © in CJ to 1- to © o -< CI = to ct -f •^ en rt r; 1- to 1- p -f 1-, re :r, I.n r^ ci d xj «h x' -r d i.-: ci d -f •*! r in I.n in "^ •^ I.n "^ -T -r -^ T T T -r -T Tl - S H 7i Tl_ .to -* X ii.n in in O CI CI -^ X to ■» ~ -!• -I C> cn .- I + 11 m'h I I = =: 00 C O . xtoi.ni-t-=x— r: — to->; 3 ■-=: t- ° " .-~ w JJ .i 3 rt -- I ■"«a;>;» ■---"*' ^1 f •ox ■ X D -^ le ix rt ct re in to = — ci -^ r- x r; — • to -!■ to c ^,-,r- ■'Iv;-- • ■■■• ■ . ' . ■. ■ '• ■ • ■ |.i v:^,. ' .' * • li' f- ■ ■■"■'■ ;■■, •'. ' ■ ' t::.-'' -■» • * - ': ■ \ ' ■ • ■ » . ■ ■* ■ ' ^rl^^ ■'> •• i: 510 THK ridNCIPAL DISEASES OF Till; >'00K I, SKCTJOX X\. DIUUNAJ, AM) SUDDEN VAIilATIOXS. So fur, wo liavc studied tlio mean temperatures, iind aiiinuil seasonal > muiitl'.ly extremes of (iiir rliinntcs; it remains to indieate tlio daily n ■■ and irreuidar variafiuiis. 1'liis J sliall imt In- aide to du by tlio coihp • of general tables; for the greater number of publislied oljHervatiuiis ij. 6uii{)ly the facts. The mean temperatures of the days, but not i.f t'l, minima and maxima, are given. The ehanLes \vu are now eoiiteiniilatiiir ^ cither regular or irregular, and first, of the foinier. I. lii'iiLi.AK iMiUNAi, CuAMiKS. — From the eijuator to the .\rct"' ('i- ^vo find, as the law of our elinuite, a rise of tomperature frmii inoriiiii- u' afternoon. As the lower temperature of the morning, depfiicls i.n [iJ absence of the sun, leaving the railiution of calorie from the surfiuv (f ij, earth uneonipeiisated by solar influence, we may assume that, in tlir n'l,., of all disturbing causes, the minimuui temperature is imnicui.iti'ly bflir.'ta reappearance of that luminary. Of the distmdiing inlluonees it will W per to mention two or three. Should a wind spring up in the eoiu'sei.t tii night, or, existing before, cliaiige its course, the ell'eets of radiatiuu in; •, augmented or diminishetl, so as to give a dilleri'iit morning ttiiiiiunit; from what would have occurred, if the early morning had been calm. T if, in the latter part of the night, a wind from the (iulf of Mexico sbm reach the central parts of the \'allcy, the minimum of the niuriiiii;; w; high ; or if currents shouhl arrive fmni the Jloclcy Mountains, in tin.' \ or what is more C(jnunon, a south wind should be superseded by a i, nl oast, the minimum may be lower than it would otherwise have k( Again, if clouds .sliould form in the latter part of the night, tn tlirnwliJ upon t1ic surface of the earth a portion of the lieat it is radiating, the pcrature of the air resting ujion it will be kept up. In this nianiiiT, fij which spread abroad from our rivers, ponds, and lakes, give a lii.'ii morning temperature, than would otherwise take place. I have said. tJ the minimum, if no disturbing influences exist, may be assumed to k bjn diately before the reappearance of the sun ; but jiopular ojiiiiiun pLm-;: an earlier period. The time can be determined oidy by obstrvati'iis ml every hour, on the state of the thermometer. The places in tlie bill where such observations have yet been made, arc in the high latitmlis Montreal and Toronto. I have not been able to obtain the latter; lui former have been published by that accurate meteorologist, .Mr. .Mel under whoso direction they were made fur two sueces.>ive years. ;it i British military post on the island of St. Helen, opposite Muii;rt: Unfortunately, however, they were made at the odd hours in one yu'ir ai the even hours in the other, and the two years diflered nearly twu Ji.rfl •Report on Meteor. Observ. : Montreal, 1^12. ••*■' •! lit: .lOuS 1,1 IONS. ul iinnual. seasonal, anj (licato ti)o daily ri.'u'm [) do by Uiu cuiistru '.iji lic(l olijicvvatiniis i[ ilays, but nut i.f t'.'ii e now fuiiteuijilLitiii': an tor tu tlio Arct'' ("r ituru fmiii uiiiriiiii'.' ii'. idviiiiifr. (K'li'-iuls 1 II ■'■xi from the surfacv ^ i. sumo tliat, in tin aliina is imnicJi.iti'ly Wr ; 'it iiiiliioiu'us it will iir up in tlic cfivu'sc il tli fi'ccts of railialiuu in: ■nt UKiniing tt'iuiimiiiit iibl successive years. :it elen, opposite ^b'"!'^^ ,,ld bours in one yuir. ifiered nearly two i^^^ Ireal, 1-12. INTERIOR VALLP^Y OF NORTH .AMRRICA '.11 • sein temperature ; tbiis, tln! relative nn-aii boat of I'acli Imur in tlio yv part "f the niglit. caiMoit, by these tiibk's, be made out. 1 may state. .»cfer. tliat in the year in wbieh the {•wn Inmr.s were tibservod. the niini- jj(,f tiiose hours was six A. M. fur .January, February, and Mareb, and .-''or the other months (if the year. eX('o[it .Iinie, wbeit two was lower l-j3t'iur A. M. '" the fullowinp year, when the odd hours were (d).served, lilost was seven A. M. lor January. I'ebriiary, and March, and live A. Niirall the otiier nmnths. ^VlH;ll W(! connoi-t these hours with ibe times ;r;'jriiinL' t\vili,i;lit, in the latitude of l.V", we see that they place tlu.- I ^Im aa "f temperature nearly wln.'re. by theory, it ought to stand. Ltii:stiirn to the regular maxima. Tlosc an- never at noon. 'I'lic boat r.iustu increase, after tbe sun has passed the meridian, until by the laktion of its power, from increasing obli((uity of it.^ ritys, the coolin;^ |>M> uf evaporation and radiation, are eijual to tho warming solar .:,.;:i e. I'or a greater or less length of time, the.se forces may continue Lri('('/n'fl, giving to the whole period the .same temperature; but as tho K'ar Vree is a diniinisbiiig ([iiantity, the heat at length begins to abate. Tivj .iri)f maxiuiiim beat arriv'es sooner after midday, than that of minimum I'.aliT imJnight. Jt rarely begins before two, or continues after throe ■■:A. The nb.servations of Mr. McCord. at tho even hours, place two '. k iii'.'her than four, in January, February, .March, April, May, Juno, |1::l-;. and October; in July. .Septiinbcr, and Noveml>er, from one to two :.;;■- "f a degree below ; in December, T'.o'J below. The ob.servations at It'll limirs show three o'clock to be higher than one or live, in all tho !;.::.> of tlic year. Thus we Und two and three to be the bour.s of maxi- Ir.j kat. in the two successive years, and when we e([ual!zo them, by r.'':rj ;i!i.' the difierenco of the mean temperature of the two years, we bt- a variation of less than three hniidredtbs of a degree, and are led to p. inclusion, that in tbe latitude of 4.")°, tbe temperature of tbe day is at I.:- iHiimim from two to three o'clock P.M. Whether this ludds good pi;':wut the various latitudes of tho A'alley, ! have not the meaiis of Ikilin;'. During several years that I made two daily observations on tho pnijiBoter, in Cincinnati, Lat. .'{'J°, I satisfied myself, by reiicated inspoc- jca.!' ilie instrument iu the afternoon, that, as a general fact, th(-' masi- |b3 f lii'at is from two to three o'clock. Assuming this as correct, tho B^fr'iu the miuiniuin to the maximum is about nine hours ; that from the iiMiani to the minimum about thirteen, tbe other two hours of tho pffiy-liiir behig the duration (jf the extremes. This seems to indicate a P' 01 rise in the thermometer greater than of fall, in the proportion of Tti-'wii to nine ; in other words, that tbe warming is 'aucli more rapid than 'ling. But an exaiuiiiatiou of the Mc(^lrd tables shows, that after Ki.'lit the rate of cooling is greatly diminished, eacb hour adding but Ittli t.. tlie redaction of temperature. Thus the sum of the reductiim from ^tv.uij live, () hours, was only S'^.Oo, while the sum of the reduction for JTCccdiiig six hours, that is, from five to eleven P. M., was G'^.45. |.u the asi-enJing has, through a part of its course, a considerably greater ^ ■-H.: I'i. ^> <<; <^# Q^. %%^Z.% IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) i/ /:%^'^, i?.t Ma 1.0 I.I 1.25 |^|28 ■ 50 *^" us 2,5 2.2 1^ IIIIIM 1.8 1.4 ill 1.6 — 6" V] & //, /a #> /A '/ Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4503 * \ i •, !'f ^ . ' '' I ■ J - > + i.l 1 1f ♦- •» : •' }. . . ' . , ' •* • • 1' . ' : > Iff •1 ': •" ; t ^' '-'!S^> V * * i . . . !jf . .-!;• 1 - I , - > : ^ • . " V ' • ' ■ " ' ' nol does not cease, for w'.oi | of heat over tbe iiightj inquiry is limited t'j thil observations have ' e» w of them, as puljli::.ei], e out, for each month o^| temperatures, witli lUilJ ic for that plaec, tbrctigf ons, the same for M^.a-- the following tallt: It: Uj INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 513 Months. HUNTSVILLE : Mean Tcni[jera- tuve 5yo.(;9. Mean ]\Ie:ui | Mini- Maxi- Differ- ina. ence. Cincinnati : ]Mean Teuipera- turo 5:i°.81. Mean Mini- ma. "o ■..\TiKV, Jnv, 1 itti-jT, •[ItEMCER, \ vtilBER, Vt>ii:EU, )!i':iii3. Mean 1 Maxi DifTiT- iiiu. j ence. jMontukal: Moan Tonipera- turo 4P.71. 05.5Gill.3(; 40.G4'li*.4.". , o o |85.G1 48.0(;;ii».45 •i4.il0 l!(i.'J5.'i(i.:]l 14.0ti'-2S.2(i !43.S7G»).G1 1G.V4':57.0:{50.(I1'13.S!) !5Gi*G7(i.:!5 14.09i4«.:}(i|(;(i.S(ilS.57 ;5!3.-28 75.1(1 15.S-J 5-2.il5i<)9.G!l l(i.74 ,G7.0;:i M.9() 14.87 :GO.12ls-i.-i()-J-J.08 G9.73S4.47'14.74:G5.71|>S5.:U47.G0 GS.7() 8:5.7-J 14.9G)i4.5-i s-J.0-247.50 (l'2.1-2 77.G4'l5.52i58.9-J77.GG1s.75 I52.40 G8.:!G 15.9G 47.44 (;-2.7-J15.-2!) |41.49 5G.14l4.(i5':!5.5G 47.94 li2.:!9 i35.s2 47.39 11.57:29.72 39.3tM 9.(i4 !\I(':in Mean ; ' Miui-JMaxi-Difrer- ina. I nia. j ence, | 10.77 IG.74! 5.97i 13.12 23.4310.31 1 8.7(5 :;2.4(»13.G4' 31 .55 44.531 2.98; 47.21 (il.GG 14.45! 57.87 72.95 14,18| 1)1.24 7»>.GGil5.42i Gl.(i5:75.(i8'l4.03' 52.1(f ('.4.29 12.19 41.8G 52.88 11.02! 29.(i3;U.58 4.95i 17.^3 22.(1<1 4.83 :52.38(i7.()044.G2l4G.05|G1.57l5.52i35.30;48.13 11.15! bxaminiiif,' this tablo, wc find, at all tlio stations, that Deooniber is the ::;ii in which the difference between the minima and maxima is least ; ■:.{.. at Hiintsvillc, the range is greatest in IMarelt, though I\Iay comes icjialess than a degree of being equal; that, at Cincinnati, the greatest k:; is in the mouth of .Tune; and at Montreal, in July. These oliscrva- ::;, Iviwevcr, are too few to justify any go'n.'ral conclusion. In rcforonco I ; I;:,' iiinati. it is well known, that June is the month fur cholera infantum, ■■■a intermingled with croup. The enormous range of 22° between the ,r :1 extremes, may perhaps explain tbe prevalence of those maladies, • :::;i!ly tlie latter. It is worthy of remark, that the difforonce jjetwcen i-tMiiaiof the lowest and hio;liest months, at Iluntsville, is less than at I :.;:.•;•: it the other places. The months of the j'car come much nearer to a Miton standard. At Cincinnati, they are more unequal, and at !Mon- sal more unequal still. The seasonal means are set forth in the following ulie; F:v:es. M. T. of the DlFFERE.\CE DETWEE.V ME.\.\ MiNIMA AND i ME.\.\ MaXIM.\. ! Yk.ar. 1 Ye.^r. Wi.NTF.R. Spring. St'.M.VFR. ~" AUTL'.MV. Hitsville, 5!t.(19 14.G2 12.G9 ! 15.55 14.8G 15.38 fi;ciaiiati, 53.81 15.52 11.15 1G.40 19.0G 15.47 ^Ir.troal 41,71 11.15 7.04 13.(;9 14.54 9.39 •^! iill the places, the winter range is least; at all, the spring rises over I '''' iutiiuinal range. At Iluntsville, the spring exceeds the summer range; "^it ihe other places that of summer is highest. 00 'A " ■•.J-;-' V »'-....: ■ M. ':y^: I ff/- ■n ..; ■' Ssw^i '" I.' I.. ; '.., . u I if ',1- i * • '" 1 ■;■■ ■'■>.;■ . ' '.* % ." ' --* 'H' ■■■*, i , .'•,.,.,, ■•V Vf 514 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE . > ITa. '■:. it 1 have spoken of causes wliieli may deprcns or exalt tlie regular n- ■ of diurnal heat ; it may be well to devote a paragraph to those wlii,' modify the maxima. A cliaiigo in the direction of the wind in tlic (. 'ii ' the foronoon, may have that effect; which eliange niav he thu coiisciiiji ■ t utnuifipiieric pciturhation.s, at a disitant place. A sudden wuitiiif' uf , over a place will, especially in the southern and middle latitudes, kcii. the maxinuim, by intercepting the sun's rays; though in the north |,;i larly in cold weather, such a can(jpy, by arresting and throwing Lm caloric radiated from the earth, might keep up a higher aftenioun tin turu. The transition state of vapor may influence the maxiiuum, wl coincides with the proper hour. TIius, in winter, if there should, in ih: noon, be a tendency to snow, the heat may be kept high by the caloric iven out in the condensation; and in sunnner, the formation of a thumkr-' ■.-., is accompanied by a high temperature, from the same cause. Tliu -' ■-., is said to bo the conseipience of the great heat. "Without cuiitni-.^: j this, it may be safely affn-med, that until the canopy of condonsiiif \ or intcrce[its the rays of the sun, the caloric which is liberated aui'muin- ::ie intensity of the heat ; and hence, while the power of the sun is in itM/l: i :•>. cisely tlie same, and the movements of the atmosphere the sumo uii ;vo successive days, the one which has a thunder-storm in the afteruoii! .ifl invariably have the higher two-o'clock temperature. If, however, a.-,. ,er should occur in the forenoon, it ma]/ lower the maximum. II. OccASicvAi. suDDK.v CnAN(ij;s. — The causes which originate in . [jj changes of atniosplieric temperature, may sometimes coincide in tin; ;i the regular, so as to increase the mininaim or maximum; but mucli :: or they break in upon the daily range, and give great extremes of teuipera at utlicr than the ordinary hours. These vicissitudes are, morenvi;- conliiu'd to a day, but may begin at any time of one day, and i.uiit.iu increasing for twenty-four or forty-eight hours, rarely longer. lu rcftnni to health, they are of far deeper interest than the regular dim'nal viiiii tudes. Like them, they seem to be greater, and they arc certaiiily Ui0| frccpicnt, in the middle latitudes, than the lower or higher. The jieii the year in which irregular and violent changes are mcst frcijuciit, ;ire tl latter pait of winter and the first half of spring, the beginning of uutiii and the beginning of winter. In the south, they occur also in winter the north, in sunuuer; in the middle latitudes, in botli winter and «uuiii:( In those latitudes, the montlis of October and November are, perliaps. d steadiest in temperature of the whole. The vicissitudes we are now considering, depend upon, or are coiiiiec' either with the state of the weather, or the course of tlio ',vii;il!. influence of which, on the regular diurnal minima and maxima, liave li already pointed out. In regard to the weather, it may be stated in goui terms, that (when it is calm) a rise of temperature precedes hutli snow rain; and that a fall of temperature ?.s constantly follows these vVvnl This fall is generally proportionate to the amount of water preoipitMe But all rains, especially all thunder-showers, arc not followed Ijj diniioiitii » il lai n. INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 515 ■KiHperature; for they soiiiotimes occur in a series, two, tliree, or more on • viiue ilay, with but little iiiterveMiiiL;; rcduL'tiou uf tonij)entturo ; Avhcn, itvc, the series is ended, a reduction fuUuus, This is truer of the .r^thern, than the middle and northern portions of the Valley. Tho ^'eo- wiiiical oxteut of the changes following on these showers, is often exceed- ■ •'vHi'iitcd. Everywhere hail-storins are followed hy a lower temperature jiiraiii-sliuwcrs. The ditl'orence is doubtless owing to tlic absorption of jijie bv tho hail-stones (often, perluqis, cooled far below the i'reezing viintl. as they descend through the atmosphere, and afterward lie dissolv- |m on the earth's surface. Two winds play a signal part in tho production of sudden cliangos of a.vrature — the south-west and north-west. Wliencver, at any season of avear, except the summer, the south-west wind blows at night, there is iiburease of temperature. l:i the winter it occasions thaws, u[i to the |;nv-ti.'iith parallel. In the middle latitudes, a night may bt; clear ami J: kt tho next day this wind may spring uj), and the following night : v.; uacomfortably warm. 'J'hese sudden rises of temperature attract less nation, because they are less uncomfortable, than the opposite extremes. Ik' last depend essentially on what I liave called our north-west wind; hx:!!,'. however, a wind from any point between nurth and west. This ia ralwhicli almost invarialdy follows thunder-showers; and precedes or !;;t:i-. all sudden reductions of temperature. The coldness of tliis wind, 'M i',1 summer, attracted the attention of M. Volney,* who conjectured ;:i; k consisted of air, which had descended from a great liiglit in the iiMiiiere. On and around the -hores of the Gulf of Mexico, tho Ht'aor?."' as the north-west wind is called, often exerts a sudden and most :I;i.' influence, as far south as Havana and A'era Cruz. Even at Key %;. its temperature is sometimes verv low, and the late Commander ■KiiKton, of our .'''■^avy, cncc saw it, as he informed me, destroy a great H-yfish in tlie shoui waters of the Florida reefs, near that island. This |r~;etinthe loss remarkable, when we recollect the high temperature of iWk:' in which they lived, and thini: of tlie reduction it might undergo, pHilriienin thin sheets upon the strands, by such a wind, continuing for jif'trai ilu;,s and nights. Why it is, that a north-west wind so constantly ''I;w< rain and snow, in all parts of the Valley, tlus is n(jt tlic place to I'-.iiri'; but the cause of its low temperature cannot be mi-^taken. It jsiBil! from the ^oeky Jlountains tliroughout tlieir whole extent, which lEjoe regarded as the remote source of all sudden depressions of tcmpera- ]>.t!irough the nine milder months of the year; as the Gulf of ]\iexico is j'i-.rtiuute cause of the sudden elevations of temperature, in the other three. I iii south-west wind generally commences afti r a calm, and brings with it |i timid condition, endinsr in clouds. On the other hand, the north-west r»)iily succeeds to the south-west and brings fair weather. TLnice the l''-t? of tlio opposite changes of temperature ou health arc not tlic same, 1 ,.- . ■ '•>'■. .' iC ■-. >■' ■m: .1 ■ I * View of tho Soil and Climate of tho United States. -1 ;» I V \-^^- .)■ ■•■ . "^ '■ -. •' ' ■ . ' ■ •1 . ■ .. f s ' , V ' '' * ; ,'." / '. > I' ■(. .v. ■' ■. "i» ; . .... J -. . . t ■•' . ."■ »*■-, '. ■ . f»#::|:Q:^:j *^ r ■•■.'I: ■■■. ■ ; i- :.: ",-V . ■■ •■•.':*■■ M ■ ' .^ ■ ..-'.■/■■■-■ „'-•■;-/ lit '••if ,'* r . ^ ii:,^'S;:'T- .1?: . ., , ' '''**'■ ' '..^.t. -^*'- •'-'^' 51G THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE [book I. either in kind or in degree. These sudden vicissitudes, which proll,! abound no where to a greater extent than in the Interior \'alh'v -in. . o '*^ J i "I I., iij use a pojmhir ph^-asc, " trying to the constitution," especially in tho latter nart « of autumn, when summer elothing has not yet been laid aside, and in nrh ^ spring, when it has been prematurely put on. Through both jiorioils, thev % produce relapses into ague and fever, in regions which generate that di>e;i«r accelerate the development of tubercular infiaunnatiun of thu Imurs; a,,,] give rise to rheumatism, catarrh, croup, and all other varieties of nuhiiunarv inflammation ; concerning which more will be said hereafter. Neverthtlejs it cannot be doubted, that the stimulus of change is preferable, in jtj influences on the constitution, to long- continued and iuteiise heat or colJ. SECTION VII. IMEAN TE:\IPERATURES D'sTERMLVED by INDUCTION-, Under this head I propose to give a few examples, whifli, liko tic exj)criviciitum crucis, may determine the accuracy and value of thr iiiv.si- gations through which we have passed. In several places, certain (Icilucti ;:3 have been pronounced to be hiws of our climate, and in many tables, i:,:! j have been given, which it was intimated might be employed in (Icteru.ii;^ not merely the annual heat, but its distribution throughout tlio year. ^Vj arc now to test the truth of these statements. This I shall do ly iiii.;,:,;. ing a calculated thcrmometrical or thermal year, for a few places v: rt observations have not yet been made, or if made, have not been |iuljli>i. i The mean heat is that in the table of calculated mean tenijicraturos. iriLat resulting from the data by which that table was con.^tructed; and tlir JjteN mination of the months and seasons, was made from the data furnLslicdk i footing of each section of the table of monthly mean heat. In doing tliii it was assumed that the dilTerenoe between the mean annual temporatun the section, and that of the months included in it, might bo taken as li difference between the mean annual heat of the place selected for tlio trii and the months of that place ; then, on ascertaining the dilToroncc betwe the moan temperature of each month, and the annual temperature oftl section, that difference was applied to the mean annual heat of the plai which had been chosen, and gave that of the months for the calculated va The extreme ranges were determined by a similar method, from data nished by the table of annual ranges. In selecting stations for this purpose, I have fixed on Memjiliis, in II Mexican Basin, Cleveland in the St. Lawrence 13asi , and Pembina, w the forty-ninth parallel cuts Red Eiver of Lake Winnipeg, in the Iliwil Basin. The two former arc important and flourishing cities, a knovrkiii:e the climates of which cannot be without interest ; the latter is at the ciloi of Lord Selkirk, which seems likely to bo irueh augmented ffituin » % des, wlilch proliulily 3r Yalky, uro, to use Uy in \]\ii latter prt (I aside, and in early fh both ^l(;rlod9. tlicy Tcucratu tliul disease; : jn of tlic lungs; and •avictics of iiulmunary eaftur. NevL'Vtlielv-3, is prcd'ovubk, in iu atense beat or coU. Y INDUCTION, .uiples, wbieli, like the ,nd value of the iuveEii* laces, certain deiluoti-na id iu many tabled, ratios | employed in dctovuiimcgl IdUglumt tlie yiar. ^Ve" is i sball do liy I'vcsew for a few places v\m] lave not been iiuijli!litij ■an temperatures, or llr ;tructcd;andtliodeter.| the data furnislicilljytlir an beat. In doiu-tbiij M annual temperature « , inigbt be taken as tai ■vcc selected for tl.o tna g tbc difference betwri mnal temperature of !i| .unual beat of the ^ for tbc calculated sd mctbod, from data ixcd on :Mempliis. >" 1 ,si , and Pcmbuia, ^^^ tiitn.] INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 511 tfirs: for tlic broad stream of Norwegian, German, and Irish immigration, dprobably soon reach the banks of lied River, from its sources with those t [lie St Peters, to its mouth in Lake Winni[)Cg. An a priori estimate .• it; eliinato will, therefdro, not bo without interest, to thuse who would i .iie to know either its agricultural capabilities or its dis ises, as far as •;iv depend on climate. MEMPHIS. ^FVN ■: Position'. N. L. 35° 80' W. L. OC^ 00' Elevation. 400 Mean Annuai- Temperature. Gl°.85 Extreme Libration. Lowest. —10° Highest. 108^ Range. 118° Seasons. Winter. 4P.16 Spring. Summer. G2°.79 81°.97 Autumn. G2°.33 , , I- Months. k\. F EP. 5ll.^3i2,20 Mar. 'April. Mav. 10 jo 50.87'64.9r) 72.54 June. July. Aug. ' Sept. o I o o , o 80.:!0,8:].47:82.14|74.27 Oct. o 03.93 Nov. i Dec. o , () 49.79 41.45 •. .' 1 ; .•'<'• I A,Jk, T m *'*yii ;,.p"^":>i- 018 Jan. 31.19 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE CLEVELAND. N. L. 41° 31' ' 810 40' \V. L. I Ei.kvation. ~04(l~ Mean Annual Tkmi'eratuue. 51". 02 EXTKKME LlBKATION. I LowKST. HioiiEST. Range. ■ — 15°~ r~^93° '" I "iOKo ~ Season.s. [eoox WlNTKR. "31°.94" SflllNfi. I Suy.MEH. '4U°M I ' 70°.82 Months. AuTt'MN. f)4°.(ir Fkb. Mar. April. May. June. 30.70 37.72 52.20:58.89 04.50 July, i Aug. Sept. O O I o 74.72,73.19:00.13 Oct. I Nov. I Dkc, I ^ '^U-i; 54.04 43.05 3;].li:) 1^ ';j;;t ■■■ ' • t'^ti'J fm \ '.-Jk. tK ft ■ ■ ■ " -* .-» .>.:!■ , •■ i ;*- fa-v,^;.:^' 4'' ' ■' r.$\ PEMBINA • 1 Position. | N. L. j W. L. 9S° 00' Elevation. 49° 00' ^00 M EAx Annual Temperature. 38°.G0 Extreme Li^ration. Lowest. l{AN(iE. Highest. - -42^ 130° 94° Seasons, Winter. Spring. 38°.06 Su MMER. l°.22 Autumn. 11°.30 6^ 39°.59 Months. J Jan. Fed. Mar. o 24.69 April. May. June. July. 1 1 Aug. ' Sept. Oct. ' No 1 ! 1 V. De-. o 9.91 13.01 o .37.10 o 52.33 o 53.02 o 66.13 O !0 63.51 52.27 40.17''26. 1 1 1 Sept. ] Oct. i Nov. [ Due, i ;1 I \ O I c ;(j.l^l 54.04 43.05^3.9:) Sept. Oct. | Nov. I's;-. 4 r. ■ »- ' '-^ \ . , -' I: 'I .': •..■-.:, .; ' , , ' • ' ■ * 1 .S/ -C-. ■ * '•-*• - rc ^^ 'J: ] ■ i- i ' : ■ i,' * p' m -:--h 1 X '■; -.'■■' ' -. * ^ ;; J 1 i > :i ■ t- ..I ^■ 1 *, " !■■: ■*- i ' "'■ ;'• i* ■ ■■ \'W .,fll.j INTKRIOR VALI.KY OF NOi;Tl[ AMIIIMCX. r.i!» TABLE 1. *!a\ TiiMrEn.vruKES of thk Months at St. Louis, through Sixtkkn Yeaks. "! I 'I SECTION VI H. -;\irERATURF,S OF ST. L()[MS AXD CINCIXXATI, WITH DIACUAMS. [ St. Louis. — Gcnrgo Enj^'oliiiaim, ]M. |)., a liii^lily si-iciititii', iiatiinil- lilinnaii, of St. Louis, lias t'avnrcil iiic with tlic uiiimlilislicil rt'sults ni' a. ■ vrii'Siif im'teiirdltigii-al nhstTvatiinis, niado at that phu'c, ami illti.«tra- .wi'Ji iliii"i'ii>i"^' Till' charaettT of the ubscrvt'i", and the central position ■»! Ijuiiiii. in reference to seas, lake.-', mountains, and |iroS]»eetivc, if not •;•'!( nnpulatiiin, give to these oh.servations a valiu', whii-h has di'ter- :■ 1 me to print them. Those whieli relate to tein|perature, will form :i •iriiiiii'libiiiii to the present ehapter. The notes whii-h follow tlu" tables. i:i!Iny. June. July. ' Aujr. , Seplr. "A- ;t4,no:ts, OO.oQ in, ,U1T:>1. ■i|i.:)ii;)s, :ti.?n2(). :i7.i7 ;)8. •yai ;)!t. :ii;.TO:i:i. :'ao.Jl. lii.,^,-)41. .•2".i5:i(;, • :iii;i9iii, ontt.fio 55 14.^2 12 1-.'.1Q 15 :ib.:ii) 5ail.G7 78 5(»..5l 50 15.(11 75.17.''2(l !m4(i.ll ,145(i.(;7 ,:i527..5n ,Q04f...5ii ,1045.:t5 ,4547.25 ,15 4l.:)8 ) 44.5:t Apri iT II ~ .58.55 Glt.n5 5S.77 (i5.:U) 58.(10 05.(10 58..55 (;8.;I0 4!>.551i:i.50 58.4(; (;().4:t r.:M0fi(;.78 Gi.i:n;7.2s ,54.!)l(i(;.7l (;:{.(l;)()ti.77 55.:i() (Mi.Kl f)(i.75 07.71) G4.:}0 Ol.Os 58.!»5 oi).;in .■)!».:j4 ();i..54 .5,5.21 0>^.'J8 Oitr. Nov. '■ nee. %'.-.3;),19 34.93 44.34 JH^SJS) 06.32 72.!)5 78.,57 7.5. 12 si. 27 72.50 72.50 74.75 78.57 72.05 78.12 75.71 ,sl.04 7(t.:i5 7(;.:iO 77.2s 70.;):} 77.43 .sO.ICi 72.73 75.85 7;f.sl 7il.O:) 75.50 >1. 04 74.70 7!i.75 70.^5 s 1. 10 72.02 78..50 72.5373.73 7TJ.7;)|78!43 7H.17 y{)M) 71.00 7;*. 02 7.5.12 sO.45 74.:i2 70.04 77.12 73.:t4 70.S0 77.43 77.55 •-■.oo 74.011 74.115 7l;.34 O-.OO (il.lO (;5.u() 07.77 00.87 (;8.(;3 01.3!) 05.72 (H.dO 71.87 73.20 07.115 70.>0 74.00 (ill. Oil 04.3!l 08.14 5^.00 44.00: 5.3. (iO 15.1)5 : 51.00 10.00 ; 4S.42 J|).7: .30.27 1,3.35 30.00 2!).!)7 5S.55 50.00 3(i.05 27.42 ,30.3!) ,iO.(;i 34.71 02.71) 3S.53 51.1»1))2.0- .54.30 10.11 .5i).(l() 37.75 51..52 43.17 51.44 41.00 55.3142.70 50.30 40.35 57.01)45.12 .55.83 38.70 547Shi 40.07, 35.110 37.15 35.13 38.0,5 30.5s 27.40 :iii.7o 34.70 32.05 33.82 Whlo. yp iir. 50.81 55.38 ,5I.!»2 .51..58 .54.1)7 53.0s 55.04 55.1)4 55.S0 57.44 53.1)5 57.52 57.27 .57.73 54.1)1 55.13 55:57 ' v.- i;. 'to . ' •!■ . IL A..' J '■■ -•< r,.) 20 B O O » H U H 5'. Tlir. PIJINCIPAb DISKASKS OF TIIK [looK j J2. 1 o J3 March •-». January 4. February ?>. February 1. January '2. February 15. November -b. January 1'5. January 17. Februar}- N. February 7. Decembt-r 17. December 1. February •_*«. January U*. Ja* uarv !>. ? ': I -J) -t >o o w c >o o o o o o w It c "♦ ! '^ (^ /. >0 (Jj id 'C C iC r-i '71 i-< r' ^ "1 c" •* I-' ' __.!""„ +L J^ + I + I + LlI; ^7] h- 00 M) o --I /■ -t i.^' ^ fr4 'M 05 i-H o o © o o o >.': i.-t w « s lo ' .a „ d o -1- o d = o 1- -t r. = C-. — ■ 1- " I— ( I— i-|t— I Cl-I 'Ml— 1 rt-i-. 1 ♦- O O O C' C' O O O O O C C- C C" o o „ CO -t /- 1* "/- T-j tI '.- -^ /- / z /' ~ -ri '-' ~ :i ;,- " CO Tj< -ti "rf f i -f -^ -T O CO •*C O TT t 75 ■ S lO 1- Cl i-H O O O O 'T O C- O lO ~ o !c 1 Aug r, -t- o" c i 1-1 -t<' -f X r. c i X T-i r-i r •_-. / -i , '-^ o >o o ic o o lO o o o o o ;; O «/t' ;0 >. ^r !■- O CI -t< O C: o o o c- o o r c c |s a r, -^ -O O r-l CI CI X "C Cd "+ O '-C X 1- i.'; C. C " ic lO o CO o ^o i-c lO o 'O o w irj '- ic in o Oj 1 - o o iic o - t -t r: d t- rH O O' O O O O C- O O C C O C S a, ,, r; -p c/j o o o xJ GO CO >- x -^^ r- c ic " CI c-i CI CI CO ^ CO CO '^ CI CO Oi CO :o co -r CI CO CO CO o o o o o o lO >o ic o o © :ci ,, -s: '3 xj 1- X' -^ ifi CI -^ X r-1 >.c cr. r ci d ;-J '^ 1-1 I— CI CI CI CI -Ilr^Clr- >, ^ W -f uCi C^l O O O O O O O >0 O 'C o w rt S r-J liO x' -^ lO X d r-i Ci r-i 1^ O ci -< t-"' !'C i CI i-( i-< ^ '-' . T i',' 1 1+ ++++ +++++JI >^ O if^ lO O O C O O O O O O O 1-C O i'-i Year. Jamiai 1 XJ O d iC 1- Co" lO 1-H O d r-1 CC T- d 't " T-l rH I— 1 CI 1—1 CI CI 1 i CO -+* >.c d i-^ X.' ci d rH ci co' -f iC --T t-- X CO CO CO CO CO CO CO -f ^ -T -r -f -f "* ■T* JX X. X y. X. X X x CO a; X' CO x) x x x x rHi-li-lrHrHrHrHr-(r-lr-(r-IMi-ir^rHr^ 1 llfM INTKRIOR VAI.I.KY OF XOll'IH AMI^IMC.A. rni f-i ■/ -t >" IM C *. '-' !"• — I rH -I — J C O O C' iC , I ?i M •?! :: :i i :, la o q c |C ^ r' I- t? 1^ fi ll?^ ; -^ o -T -t jrj I 5 o lO c o Ic I ■H rH — •'. "/■ "H I O — — '" '^' >•' o X' I- ir: CI - ■£ o '.': '~ ^ '^ _ _ ^ 1 ,. y — *t -t t' •^ ^ 1." iC 1^ l." — — o t^ ©O u*; ■O 'V r-* ^— . r- T" 1- -tl -t t.* t -t l'* — -- — ,— \ b y -t I— ^ 1.': (74 Ct Cfc z J*, 3 "3 v.; ^ 1' -s <1 >-: "-s ^ ^ ^ i^ lO -f >^, -ri r c T. e 1— -I I-H / 2 5 " . . '-^ ••? ^^ 'A ►T '-: 1^ -T '^ *-j j-< 1^, © © © © © ic © © !'f^ r? ©' y.' x' -/■ I - 1^ -r .-■ ' /■ u. C © ©, 'CV c. © © © — u Q 3 >5 •©.I- -t '.'S © © lO •© CO ?i © ©' i.O lO 1.1 I- 1.1 -T © © ' I 1-1 -f T1 -t M lO © ® ® © © C ^H rH II © 1.1 © © © © © r** ;2 "X '■^ '.2 '.r ^ ii 1- © © © © © © © sj t-J 'j; .— ' T. I-' ?:" 2 /- ' T i-j © •© © ir: © © © © © lO o irt CO i'^ i> © CO y.' 1-^ ifs CI ©' ©" CO y." i-^ CIO ix X a^ 00 I '^ I - yj X ly. I - y. y. 1 - 11 © CO 1 - © © o © © © c c r © n ii ii ^' © ii n" /-' 1- -f n* CO ii © © © ©^ y. X ©.. © © © © © © y. x bo 1.1 ci © yj © 1— t © 11 i!i © © © © © © © iq iQ irt CO © x' f-H 1-H t- ii 1^ 1 - CO co" ©' -t ©©©©©©©©©©.© y. w. o x 1- CO -ij tre 11 © © 1^ CI X x" ©' rH \^ ; 1-1 © © C 1.1; :C C ' o X.' H O W a H o THE PRINCirAL DISEASES OF THE '.i)Oi,s It 1 o o I— 1 r- I— 1 X c; 01 o c r—l I—I 1— 1 O". I— 1 I-l ■r' S ^" '>■- '-"^ -r" ci ' -- c; X c. c; o. ~. rs j ;:; - - 1 ] ^ _3 -f o 01 01 c; '.'0 ~ o -- -^ -^ ^ -^ i ,^ ._, _' 13 ,^ i" * 1 t? 1 'o O 0? ^ o lo 1-. X CO X t o - -t -t r - i -^ ; ■-.O "C LO f •* Tft O O "C 1-- -t- -^ -o •4« _Q „ 1 o o -^t- O O O O o - uO .,0 =; C o ' ^ 1 o CO o -f 1- .-H 01 uO lO '-5 CO 't 1.-0 I- ■^ L.0 1- iH ro •* ci c i~ l-H CO -O: O o o - - O C 1.0 ~ O '■0 o o CO vr T-l lO- lO lO O lO O '1* o o Lpt' lO! >h uO uO 'O ^ r i O i '■O CO o o o C^ i^t C lO C 1.0 ~ C 1.0 1 o o 1 - uO X I— 1 -H -^ -^ MO C*! 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CO O u-0 o O O O O O i-O o ^' o: o o t^ x -+I -rti i.-O O iC -t i—I CO T-H X 01 C 'O ■/- l.'^ 1^ ■* t^ -<* -^ •^ - o " 1 1 S; a CO cc CO l-H -^^ i-O if 1^ aJ C5 O 1-5 Oi CO -f i.O ^5 t- X CO CO CO CO CO CO -t -^ 'f "+ -^^ "^ ~f ~f "^ Vj crj GO OC C/J X OO X X X X X X X "/. -^.: ■nr- 'J' -, INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AIERICA. 523 Ci -* ■-. i->- ..- -r ,y. ^ I rt 1 * vci tit • "^ 'C ' ; i.o o >c c c 1,0 c i< CO tc" I - c" I - :^' ::' T -. -C 01 CC CO -z 1- -r cc T CO CO CO n lo ■f CO CO CO -t CO CO L.0 _ - - z ~. I- 01 r. c 1- r. ■^ -+ -* -t -n- -T -r '-. -t vj' r: I- CO -t 1- r. r i-o o 1-0 e o c •M. /,: lU -^ d 1.0 -* ^-' 1" ' rH — . I- C: -t" r; O •* lC 'T CO — _i r-J x oi = •- '!■ i£ rt< t- ^ --t ^ - -? - ! ^ ^ -+* -r -f -f -r . r^ r-l T-H T-i r-, rH j^ 1 c rn" ^ . ^ CO . CO •' 1 1 01 Tl '~ i-t '^l t, . T '-I ^,' ^'.^ -g • -'^ 'J t •^' ---^ 2 1 "^ '^ ■-•^' ^' a ^ -^'p? pr < ^ ^ 'i; J-^, x; -; hi? -<" O O 1.0 O O O »0 C O lO lO "^ — o o oi -f x' o -t -t 1^ u:' CO i~ CO co x o xo" ir: o -+ -+ ni uo CO CO -f -t< -f '+ co i.-o tj^ 1^ X' rH 1 IC J—t fc..* 2 5 q ir: x' co' -t z o Q ■K ■>:■ O ^_ i.O O — ' iC C_ O C;_ lO o o o o o „ oi -H x" r-i 1-: ~f ,6 o i-i oi oi oi •■£ -t i~ " CO lO -* CO JO 01 01 01 CO CO CO CO 01 0-1 CO h^ > o 7,- -X- -x- * -x- * * "-0 ~ C' C^ O O w O ~ i.O '^ i-O O O 1 oi ci cv ^D xJ oi lO i-^ oi cc' co' tr* x' oi "^ CO :i 01 01 OI CO CO '?*< oi oi -t- oi oi co >< r O ■X- -A- •:•:- ■>•- -V ■:<- •>;- * o ic r — _ o - o o rz- — o o o i>o „ X* o i r-' ci oi -i< o '^ CO oi •£ -t^ c; S ^ 0? 'Ii CO CO CO CO Ol CO CO CO CO CO OI CO i-O oi -X- -X- -X- * * -X- -X- -X- -X- -v O kO O O O' O lO O O 1(0 iC lO 1.0 ifO r- ^ 1^ ^ ^ [^ CO rH iC CO x' CO i-H 1-^ -f CO OI OT CO 01 CO C^ OI 't OI OI CO 01 o h-1 * CO H ■X- * -.-r -X- O O O O '~ C O O iO> O I.O O O C: t- 1-^ O r: -O 1-H -+ C: tf rH CO 't 1 -t- *^ CO (01 CO (M OI OI OI 01 (01 CO 01 OI -0 OI ^ 1-1 * -x- -X- * -X- -x- O __ 1-0 ^_ ~ C^ C liO O I.O O O iC ^ ~ c £• — " — ' xj •-: X t.2 T-H i£0 t-I c: -t ic oi :r i- "" 01 CO CO 01 OI OI 01 01 01 01 01 (H 01 CO OI 01 CO _ CO ? C 3 >-> . < 7> -A- -X- -X- -:-:- ^- •» lO -iv O O O; liO O :^ C: O ~_ ~ lO lO C: ~ w n r-I 1- ;r i-I c: i-H oi r-I -+" co" X O CO co' 1- 1— ' " CO CO CO CO rH CO 00 OI OI 'H 01 OI CO 01 01 CO * -X- * -X- -X- i0 CO rH O r- O '-T 1- oi CO ° -f-t a* those of l^;l8-4 and lSo4-r), nor so hot a summer as in ls;J4^ nor su i',,(l, an one as in ISIJS, of which it has been said, tiiough with some uxa"ciri tion, that it froze in every month of the year! Eut the estrcm«js.\-'()Jl cially of cold, appear to be greater in the country than in the eitv, aul i|ii maybe well to bear that in mind, in examining these taltles. 1 2. Table I gives the mean temperutures. Up to 1^44, the mean of eacra month has been calculated from the mean between the lowest aiul Iii'i.ejj^ temperature of each day, and from 1^45 to 1>^4S from the mean ^A' tlbvb.'; sorvations made at sunrise and at three o'cloci^, P. M., whieh is belii.wltO' lead pretty much to the same result. 3. Table 11 gives the minima. It will be observed tliat in tweki' nt'thtJ sixteen years, the thermometer fell to, or below, zero, and the mjiiih'' tables evince that it stood at or below zero in 188o, on 1 day iu !Marcli,. .... 1S84, " 7 days in January and 1 in February, 183.n, " 7 days i February, .... 1S3(), " 1 day in February r.nd 2 in December, 1^37, it never came down to zero. 183S, " .5 days in February, 1839, " 1 day in November, .... 184t>, " 1 day in January, .... 1841, " 2 days in January, .... 1842, not below zero. 1S43, " 1 day in February, lf^44, not Ijelow zero. 1845, " 1 day in November and 1 in December, 2 '• 184(1, " not below zero. li^47, " 1 day in January, . . . . . 1 •' 184S, " 1 day in January J " In 16 years, the mercury stood at or below zero, on cio day--. 4. Table III gives the maxima. It appears that in April, the thcriii meter rose above 9U°, in five of the sixteen years ; in May, iu eight yeai in Juno, in all except two; in July, iu every one; in August, ia alien one; in September, in all except tliree; but never in the other six mrtl Only in July or August did it reach to 100° or above it; and tliat kt| four of the sixteen years — 1833, 1834, 1838, and 1841. In throe yeal 1840, 1847, and 1848, the highest temperature never surpassed '.'5^ Tho temperature rose to 100° or above it, ia 1833, 3 days in July, '^ -, .JI !!■. INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 525 ired that in twelve - zero, and the m 1 day. lary, . ^ days, i " mbcr, . . 1 •• • Table IV gives the range of tlie monthly and annual temperature. •.Tilkseen tliat, contrary to coinnion opinion, the changos arc liy far the ,';(;tiiithe winter month.s, osptjcially from January to .^lurch, and mere I F.i.ruarv, and next to that, in ^larch, than in any other nioiitli. The ;.iTai)2e is ohscrved in July, whore it never hu.^ exceeded 4b°.4, but is ;jiverageonly .'39°. 5. Jiiualitlie mean temperature of Feln-uary is a little higher than that of harv. the luwcst temperatures are consideralily lower in Fehruary, and .-.r t'lo popular opinion is not without foundation, which makes February ■; .v':lnt mimtli in tlie year. '. Table V records the greatest changes of temperature which liave oc- _-i in every month in sixteen years. ', .Tiatest changes take place from noon or afternoon of one day to .--•next morning — the temperature falling. (Jrcat rises occur from sun- I'::; n Hill or afternoon of the same day; but they are generally not so |:-;ve. though perhaps equally deleterious to th« human sy.^tem. The •viakf place in eight to ten hour.> ; they arc indicated in the tabic by a falls occur mostly within thirteen to fifteen hours, and are not thus •h1. 'greatest changes occur in the winter months, in spring and fall; in [-Miice, only, in those sixteen years, has the tempirature changed 40*^ 'V ill May and in June; in September, December, January, Feliruary, '!,;■ li. the change reached, once or oftener, 45° or more, in Decem- 'ii.xiry, and 3Iarch, it reached to 50° or more. IJut on the average, .T haiigos liave occurred in ^larch and April, than in any other month, ■■.raikT changes in November and December, than in cither October, ;-ry. t February. :.towperature of the years lS:j.3, 1834, and 1835, has not been so irly observed, and that, too, in the country, near St. Louis, Avherc the ;?• lire generally more violent than in the city. I'lNfiNXATi. — Having submitted the tables of Doctor Eiigelmann, 'vUlay, M. D., Professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy in 'Taiil Culiege, a meteorologist of most reliable scientific accuracy, he has v-''|«est, obligingly furnished mo with corresponding tables for Cincin- ::'i'l. also, a diagram, which maybe compared with that of Doctor -'ran. St. Louif is half a degree south of Cincinnati, and five dc- irty-seven minutes, further west. Its elevation al)ove the sea, is '!« hundred feet less than that of the latter city. The Mississij)]!!, -I'Uis, flows nearly from north to south — the Ohio, at Cincinnati, *t to west. No hills surround St. Ijouis — those anmnd Cincinnati ' 'It two hundred and fifty feet above the upper jdaiu — that ou tic observations of Professor Ray were made. An attentive exami- •■'"t the results, obtained by two enlightened observers, so nearly in tho r i!uude and elevation, but separated by nearly six degrees of longi- »Mot fail to prove instructive. . :c' ■.I 'I 1 1 V -■■.bil yi'* '♦ ;'■ ,S'i.' --i ' . 'v i ''■ ' tVv ■■':?'. n,' ,♦■.•■.•■ ■ ". , • .; t ' '{■■ ■■' ..$■•■• f|«>«r:i.„ ....■, ■ .,v-. . , kr ■ j.''Vr^ ' .1 ^^ I' *S., '■?■'■ 520 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE I Book 1 K M >H M W H « O « o >5 S5 o u -^ ■«! W C3 'J "o is ^ « ^r iiT Ti i.-r ci -t — _ T-H -1 i:t -h r- •*, T-I r-i rr 71 -t" c? -t" -t* 1— ! irr cc o :c' -* 1- \n \c. o ic o o o ic i.t. o >.r. o i.-: -t o -f -c o CI o -t; CT a 71 c-s 'f- v. '.': r- o T-^ ~ tri x c" 71 O ' T o o -t c' -»■" — ' M CO ct 7» « CO CO :: CO C7 71 '.-. :: -r •3 CO 1- f-H O CO O Ol 1-; -O 71 CO »■-; o r. o CO X* yJ o r- o 't^ o o -i< ci 17" -^ —' "Tt^ CO -t CO CO '^ '^ CO -^ rJH rji -r"t CC ;ii Oct. OC 71 X t; CO CO 7 I 71 h-. iC 71 X 71 C o ivT; — ' 16 ~' -t^ 1— J oi i-l ci c oi c* -t^ L.7! -^ 'Ct iC •.:; '-7 1.7 'ti -rfi l7 1.7 i~ 17 7J i ■L So - r-- CO ~. CO -H X X_ '^^ CO 1-; I-; 1~ T--^ 71 ci ~. ~i S rH ,-; l-I U: c" '.7 -t" c — 7 i u7 •.:::;::?•— ".^ -c- — -^ w 1 - C -.^ 1^1 -^ ■<* t-; b-; •^ 't CO :r_ 'f 17 t: c:* r-! 7 i 1 - co' '^ — ' -H 71 co' cc ■■£ -t 'w 1- 1- I- I- I- I- 1' I- 1- 1- 1- 1- 1- 1- t-. Xi CO 71 01 ^ rH •-_ X 1 7 -t d; -!; X rH 17 17' c; 'O c: "7" co' x co '7 -t cc I- 1- I- 1- 1- i~- 1- 1- i~ 1- 1- 1- 1- I- " 71 -+ rH T— i7 -f: rH O '+ C5 w 71 71 "/-_ r-' C O CO ci C O ci :^ T-i 7 i J- CV r-. 1- 1- 1- l~ w 1- 1- w 1^ 1- \^-^ -C 1- I- CO (X' o r- o G-1 T-H X X (X c£ c i- it; iri l7 7J '4 -J CO 7J O 7J •■£ rH 1- 7J vf -. March. April. o ::; CO o 71 -IH 71 1^ co rH c;_ r-; i-^ i- O 1.7 X.' — ' — ' 1 -1 — ^ 1 - r-1 -n< ci 1 - • 7 cc lO iC •rfi O iT O O O O — "^ i-O '~ i7 '71 I* 1 th rH X. -t c: I- 1 — t; xj -f u7 -1 7! c: O •^' rH x' -t^ 1 - -+ 7 i X -f -f' -t - C i -^ CO "* -^ Tt< -t< -* 1-7 71 Til -r "^ -f -f «4< e ir: X CO c: o o Id -rf* '.c rt* i-j 1(7 x_ CI -f xJ tf d r-^ 71* 71 '-£■ •£ 1- O rH d c 71 71 CO 71 CO -^ CO CO 71 CO rt> CO CO Ct O *.0 rH -f O 1^ O t^ X 1- c; 71 x_ t- -t O O -3 X" 17 71 -O O rH 1^ i7 C ^ CO CO CO CO CO Ol 00 CO CO CO 07 CO CO w . iC d t-: (X>' O O -h" Oi CO -t 17 ^£ h- >_ CO CO CO CO CO -t 'i^ *+ t -t- 't -r -r 7" ;/ X X X uC X rx CO X X X /- X A rHrHrHrHrHrHrHiHT— IrHr-trHr-ir-i ^ -f '-. ••: i-i- c iri :c — |:c :i 4.'-. o I- ,.- "^ c. "^ ^^ vi ■5 -f t Ct ;-i- (IT CC -i] C • C: tI «^ ")" i"1 LfJ O 'O L- I* i -t ^ -- ^! '.^ ; c; 1- C -C - _ i- 1- I- 1- I- q -t q -r '-^. -. /' cc '.'T -f ''^ I'" C. r- 1- 1- *1 •- lC O '" i" \^' -,* u-: "1 -Ti ^*. ^ -*, -t c -1 '22 4 4 5 ^ -t |-t I S CC « ^ « p ■iB II., INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. cs «o 00 M . 'Jl 7, o a 73 -.^ cz „ I- u 7t 73 '" '7^ t: '— i. o 1^ t- m — •ri rt 1^ '.-:> 7i r- 1 -^ — -t -f ,i 7 1+7+1 Mill 1 1 ;' C5 IC 1- -f X. 1 - CO O O O) O Ci CI -t o o <: N C u H < EC > M o -M ~v Ti X' ic cc -ri 1- rH i- CT. >r: r1 C-l 1-1 rH 71 C-l i-H ri 1—1 1— 1 :M ri ^ ■ c I- o o 71 c: i'5 I— ( O Tl :M TI CO n r-i Tl 'M ' tz> lO c/:' \ ~ \z 71 'M Tl CM cc ~ 71 ~ T— I 1— I 71 ■— OO V. O -f X -^ -t^ ^ C7 cc -f -t -+ -t< C7 -t< 't cc -t (73 S" << o -jo 71 C) r^ 1- c: cc cc o o -t CI -h IH-T^iO— i-t 71 71 fC tr t-~ CC ir^ X) -h rH O rti O O O -+ *+i O 'f CO 117) O o |x U7 CC r^, O X O O O 71 I- -^ r-i 1(7 -t* CC -C' O -t^ o TtH CC CC CC CC -t CC CC -r rf tc -ti cc -f cc a, 1—1 17 O X 71 I- C: I- tr X O I- O T-1 O 71 71 (?( 71 CO 71 CC 71 71 71 71 71 71 CC 71 r-(-^Oi-H7lT-iCOiOTHOXO-tiiC O 71 r-t 71 i-H 71 71 r-l 71 ri V O 1—1 1—1 r-( T— I 1^ CC w' lO X CC 1— I 1^ 05 7^ rH O O CC -rri ^ 1.7 -.r 1-- X c: o rH ci CC -t< i.c o i- xj ■2 CC CC CO CC CC -Tf -^ rt< ■rt< -+i -t< -r -r -+' (1!^ X X X a X X X x X x y^ x x x rHrHi— (rHrHrHi— 1i— irHrHi— li— II— li— 1 -w \^ ■.)'I1 i ^1 ■4; ■ «' ' ' >•■> •... . :.'>'. -■-^''V ^h iiiil''^'-- llHI;:-^:! .1-; *♦*■ . ' ., ■ .i 528 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE loo AfAXIMlM TKMI'EnATT'Rf: .•\|.r. Feb. Mar.i 1 o " 1 r)G 70 1 ti2 71 : (i6 T.i 1 51 85 70 7!) <;> li) 58 H'.i (i!) 85 58 5!) 1 70 72 70 77 55 (11) 1 (il) 72 GO 86 ! 75 8() o 91 8!) 85 8;^ !)1 82 !)() 8H b8 8G 81 TAT5LE in. r K.\cii .MONTH tN K(»ruTi:i:\ ykvrs, at (U>in\ .Miiv. o f)l 8!) !»5 87 ill Jil) •j;t 88 !t:} 81 » <)l !)l 88 90 95 95 95 9;t 91 9:t 99 95 97 90 itl 91 'Mi 91 99 ./uly. ~o ' 'V.l 99 95 97 9G 9t) 9S 92 9y 94 95 9(1 92 90 99 Ahj;. o h9 95 91 100 95 9:i 9G ISh 92 9!) 95 95 90 92 iW ^cp. 1 Oct. o 8(1 9;i 90 91 t^8 85 9;t 94 92 89 8G 92 «9 86_ '9r o 82 80 8(1 84 88 82 70 84 77 7G 76 81 8.1 75 VII .Nov, Oe,.. ~6~ d~ 76 g:i C^ 55 75 7:t 65 54 1 61 Is 71 i)^ 72 61 77 6'' 68 (;.'! 75 61 6JS 51 7:i 66 75 611 59 7;) 77 "iTi Wh 'J5 June 13. :':'.iidv:;:i, !'5.liiK \:y !»li.lui\ /, ' :'ii iiiivii; '.•lUiih, ]■>, K>hv.. ■.'. '■'-■h'.i :'-i.l„iw ,ii| !t.).iiiiv :. 'JfiJiilvl'i. WJui'v !- ii-iAir, !|. TA15L1'] IV. MoNTiii-Y Hax^io of Tkmi'Khati mk at CiNf'ixx.vn, IN lonnF.KN u:am,1 Year.5. Jan. Feb. IMar. April. .May. June. July. .■VllL'. t*ept. Oct. X,)>. O ~o " C " ^0 ""0 ' ~~o~ 0'" o~ ^"0 """c" r. 18:^5. 6:t 7:1 69 62 51 50 45 43 53 53 73 1 836. GO 69 75 66 51 13 44 47 53 53 5,3 I8:i7. 48 5S 53 63 56 4.3 38 42 4 s 51 53 I8:i8. 61 >■' 74 57 51 40 38 3S 52 54 fil I8:i9. 5:t 65 77 51 58 48 42 48 57 56 .V.l 184!l. 56 75 51 64 47 46 46 36 41 113 53 1811. 61 54 65 52 56 46 39 37 51 51 47 1812. 56 74 60 6.3 52 50 36 35 54 1)1 (;:i im:). 65 60 5S 62 52 59 4S 39 44 58 Ki 1841. 57 55 ro 61 44 36 2!t :n 51 ,")() Cii 1845. 4:1 (i2 59 73 57 43 46 42 16 51 57 1846 57 55 49 Gl 48 45 39 28 4S 53 fis 1847. 70 55 58 60 52 45 38 351 51 5G .iG 1848. 64 43 81 53 50 41 32 31 46 59 ;m Kx.Rn. 70 "75 77 73 5~8 59 48 48 57 '6;i 73! IJ TABLE y. (lliF.ATEST CHANGE OF TE.MPF.nATUnE WITHI.N 24 HOl'US, I\ E.VCH JIOVTH. ! "R \ear. Jan Feb. Mar. 1835.' 1836. 1837. 1838.; 18.3!]., 1840. 1841. 1842. 1843. 1844. 1845. 1846. 1847. 1848. 'Cr.ch. o i 33 27 27 29 25 31 21 35 31 28 .32 29 22 _28_ "'35" o 37 35 25 31 35 38 30 30 31 31 38 29 07 o 37 32 32 30 31 41 30 43 32 33 .39 35 33 ^0 .38 I 1^3" :April. May. June. July. Aug. 37 35 31 32 30 43 46 33 38 28 40 42 31 30 35 37 38 31 28 28 38 35 35 3!) 33 38 33 30 25 27 37 36 33 .30 28 43 43 34 28 29 34 36 38 34 32 37 33 28 25 26 43 42 32 30 33 40 ■32 30 24 23 42 38 30 25 25 40 ""43 38 46 30 38 23 20 39 35 ?ept. Oct. ' Nov. i IK", O 33 30 22 37 35 32 I 30 ' 34 ' 29 32 31 27 29 27 31 ,'!0 31 35 41) 35 35 41 38 31 39 33 30 % 32 21) 40 :u 44 OS 35 35 ,32 ' - 36 ^ 29 i •■I'i I 211 ■_^_^. 1 1" ri 'iir, >'>th ■i-3.. INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 529 YEARS, AT ClNUN XtL Nov. Uc.'.i Wiw.l.. V.'ir. O 7(i i (15 hi i '- 77 I ^'? 75 r.8 7.') 5!) o Gli I 05 J 11 IV i.t ■),-) '.'D-liilv 7:( I ('aJuK .:.. o.l |UHI;\ui;:i-'9, '.•llJulyj-.. % luK i'', D!) Jui'i. i;. !<; Jul. 1. !),'). I 111 v:, 'jr,J;ilvli ll'JJufv !- '.i-].\ ir_.il 5^ Gl (il 51 (ill tilt 7:i 77 71! ATI, IN FOVUIF.KN iKOIll t-ept. 53 4S vIct. No^. I^' .'ll 54 44 51 IC. is 51 ■Hi 5:i 53 54 54 5f) 51 57 5^ .■)ll 51 53 50 5'.t ' 6:i 73 ! 53 I 53 51 511 53 (;Ci >l .1,1 47 I': 1 (ill C'l i .10 1 i:;| fill j .Vj ' 5rl \' 5G I ■> 34IJJ '73 I 61) Oct. ', Nov. '. I)«'. ^•ept. ~o 1 33 30 00 37 , 35 ' 30 ' 34 2i> 32 31 27 2!t 27 o 31 32 31 35 40 35 35 41 38 31 3fl o : 30 36 32 34 % 211 1'' , 40 33 1 31 . '^1 ■ 44 3|, 2^ 26 : 35 :'■] 33 ! 32 23 36 1 29 ■ o() ! 22 i 23 "!, I:i comparing tlioso two sots of observations, wo must add to tlic toiBiicrature of Cincinnati, iW its iiiglicv latitude, 0°.85, and I'nr its 1- ;• duration "^■-•^> thus rai.sing it from 5o'^.4<) to 54°.50, wliicli sub- -•1 from oo°.57, tlio t('ni[u'r;ituvo (if St. Loui", givcts a difToronco of ;. Tu infer from tlii.s that tho luinin annual hoat of the nu'vidiaii of hiiaii. is Il'ss than that of St. Louis, 5° 47' of longitude, further west V h'.itmles and elevations being oijualizcd), would, I supi)0se, be inad- 1;:;;'..: a? .slight viiriations in tho instruments, their adjustment, or the :,;..f"!).it'rvintr them, might jimdviee tlio result. Tiie iirohability of this .::r.;,^.'cl, by comparing St. Louis with Portsmoutli, whieh lies 7° ~U' of |;.T'.Ji' east of St. Louis, and yet diil'ers fmra it in inetra temj)crature, "Tj-iliinls of a degree, tlie pro[iur corrections for latitude and elevation :.:!r,a']e. '■.:'.iii'.'iriii,!.' tho mouths, sunjected to tho same corrcction.s, avc find tliat -J' T. Pt'Oi'inlier, and January arc colder, while February and Mareli ■ :,'::i;y the same, at St. Louis as at Cincinnati, which sliows a more • •;:-aiKl [irotracted winter. This, however, is oomnensated by the heat :.l;i:!. ffliidiri.SL'S above that of the same month in Cincinnati 2'"'.(i!): an L:-.-:rjm.'SpoiiJiiig to tho greater cold of St. Louis in Xovcnibcr, which i,-^ |.,'j;, Iloiice tlio transition from winter to summer, and from sununer to lc;r. tliMigh tlio months of April and November, is more violent in tho Itii'sn of St. Louiri than of Ciiuiinnati. "When January and July are I'ari^. vc find the former month, at St. Louis, l°.(;i beluw that of Cin- jc.. "',;ile tlio latter montli is l*^.7o above, making tho range of m,'aii ia;.ktffecn tlio coldest and hottest month, 3°.o4 greater at St. Louis than Ifebati. pi ivn WB examine the tables of minima, wo find the thermometer below In..: the months of Xovember, Dei-ember, January, February, and 3Iarch, In;. Lfui.s, but never below in the first of these months at Cincinnati. i:-:we.stminimam at the former was 0° below tliat of the latter. k;tal)lij,s of maxima give us a rise above 9(J° from April to September p;ve, at St. Louis, and the same at Cincinnati; but the average rise p't ''II' for tliat period, in the former city, is 10° ; in the latter, (F. p^ati.st licat observed at the two places, was for St. Louis, 108°.5: ifainnati, tho correction being made, 101°.5. In comparing their pfM annual ranges, that of St. Louis rises L5° above that of Cincinnati. ifflfaral Ir; their greatest changes of temperature in twenty-four p. Koliiul thoso of St. Louis to predominate in January, February, p'-ii. April, June, September, October, and December ; to bo nearly pill April, October, and November ; and in May only, to be con- N'J greater in Cincinnati. The average of the excess of St. Louis [»l-'i:ii.iunati, for eight months, is 9°; of tho furmer over the latter. ''irmontlis, not c^uite 4". The greatest change observed at St. Louis, [»onty-four hours, was 5G°, at Cincinnati, 40°. fe.it fippcars, that M'hilc the two cities, which have been compared, T^r\ 41 T4 JJ^J^B'' ''' ™c niore than one degrc<' In mean temperature (allowance being •"-•l*"r :■:■: V: 1' '■•ill V'..::..!-,-: -..*■■?• -li r}A : 500 THE riMNCirAL diseases of lOOI I made for their difforcnco in latitude and elevation), tho extromcs of ovh kind are decidedly more violent at St. Louis than Cincinnati. C(.i It seems, then, to be a law of our climate, already more than (-iito liii!tMi ak that about the thirty-nintli parallel, tho oscillations of tlio thcriiMii' ta become more sudden and extreme as we advance from east to west, ai J liij is probably true of tho whole plain, or level country, between the Lukcjaa the Gulf of jMexico. <,.■ /'•i;-! .. It ■■.-V' . • i>'-' ■IV !'.A '\-' I *^j "^ r IvO %l -: -•■;;: .-{■i ■>; >v •i )"''P .',?■■ ■? ■■^•'■J- 1; ■"■ ■ ■' ■ :-■ ■■■■' ' *' V'. V.-h't- ■ \'':\iii. SECTION IX. CURVE OF MEAN TEMPERATURE OF THE INTERIOR VALIIIY The mean of all the moans of the general table of annual t( mporatr.n- within a fraction of T)!.!^, which may, tlieroforc, be taken in the [iv-f stage of observation, as tho curve of mean tempera* ire fur the entire' ley. In referring to tho places, whose oliscrved mean temperatures • not more than a degree from 50°, wo find them incladcd betwoen tlic f i j lirst and forty-S(!cond parallels of latitude. Of the wliole, Fort Anii-tr at Hock Island, Illinois, and IJloomington, Iowa, both on tho ^^l;--:- River, in N. Lat. 4^ ol' and 41° 2(i', approach nearest to the i.?"i:.,rn curve of 50°. The ot'ier places, lying between the forty-first andir second degrees, at which observation'j have been made, arc Council hiiij on the ^Missouri Eiver, Fort Dearborn, at Chicago, and IIiulsuii, .ui;:!!! tho middle of Lake Erie. Tho first wtnihl carry it a little aljove tlio fi second degree, the last two below tho forty-first. The Steubouvihe ' vations, N. Lat. 40° '25', place "t a few niinutes below that parallel: H of ^larietta seven minutes a1)ovo. Tho mean between that plav Hudson, which lie in the same longitude, would fix it at 41"^ 'I'l'. "r.l whole, wo may, in the present state of our knowledge, say, that tlio i- mal curve of mean temperature for the whole Valley mcamlor?, ii' ml Alleghany River to tho IMissouri River (tho elevation being from «..; dred to one thousand two hundred feet), between tho forty -first aiil second parallels; but seems, i^rora the observations at Council Bluli-. t) higliest in the west. Tho west'-, n extremity of Lake Erie, and the ■ i:!J end of Lake Michigan, dip into this zone; which, likewise, iueluildj northern part of Ohio and Indiana, cuts through the northern pi itil "West Pennsylvania, and of Illinois, and traverses the southern halt c! 1 To the north of this zone lies tho colder, to the south, the warmer t'4 half of the Valley. It is worthy of remark, that this zone ranges ij ecpiidistant between the Gulf of IMexico and Ax'udson Bay, and also bitj the baud of Eijuatorial Heat ri.ud the Polo of Cold. BOOK !j the extremes of cvm Jiiieiuiuiti. Cuiiiailinl .unual I'aiigc at l'^ r'; iirt Lcavcnwurtli Im.i vy in mean teiini^'v;ird 3 ■■>(■)', and the bt ('•J aimual range iui:V' ;: lorc than ouccliir.tu' iiis of tlie tlicrnviiiti 111 east to vest, aid I'ui •, l)Ct\YCen tlie l.uk^ ai INTERIOR VALir.V r,f annual tcmpevaturf-, Ijc taken in the jr ra* -ire fur tlic eulivcV^ mean teniperatim- a leladod between the 1' id ,ho whole, Fort Anibtrii ,, botli on tlic ^li->' nearest to tlie i;"t::'ia tlie forty-fivst andf made, are Comuil IV.; it 'a little above tlr: '' t] The Htenbcnvillo '' below that parallel: ta I between that lib-' fix it at 4F:I:i'. ".i (cd-o, say, that the I- Y.illey meanders, ft* ml ivation being fvom ^i'^ ^ n the forty -iirstaiJ-*' as at CounoillW-.'ol l.alce Erie, and the [l.-ch, likewise, inelu'Ksj ^li the northern v''i|"Jl fs the southern half ci^ south, the uaniicr u pat this zone ranges '.I tdsonBay.audaholrtj id. :i •I I* f. n-^-' '* ■-'■ . 'I's' :f,^ ., » 1 ■ ■ - , . ■ ... ^ r ••■* ''irM' " /, ''■'! " • • • ■ ' : ' *» •^■j:; i 1.;-, 1L * , _ a 5 ! ^ 'I :ilT II.J INTIilllOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMMllICA. 681 CIIAPTKll 111. .a)i(j.-;riii:iiic imiessuue of tiik intkiuur vali.kv, .^....1 %| 5 Si:CTK).\ I. I N TR O 1) r C T ION. I, As the variations in tlio woii^lit or iirossuro of the fitmospliorc, at the ■530 pljco, (iKjit'inl, directly or iiidiroctly, tui tlio tciiiponituro of tin: air, .:r -tmly naturally follows tliat in wliidi wo have I)l'imi I'lifra^'ml ; iiiid, in :::, [rqiarcs us for tlio study of our winds and woatlifr, wlncli aro inti- :;/.vci'iinecti'd with l)ar(iinL'tri(j oscillations. ;i. Tbe (liiric'ultios an, wlin:, wlierc tlio mean heat of winter and summer differs so widely; and that :' M same month or season in the south, as at New < >rleans, varies so I.Tiit'iy from that in the north, as at (Quebec; while jtli aro at the level of r::;ta. Thus the mean temperature of tlie i .oiith of (October, is 28'' |i'b.T in tlic former, than the latter eity; and if the true atmosjiheric pres- ide at tlie two stations wore tlio same, it would seem to bo greater in the iM'ik t;i the extent that the barometric column would bo elongated by tlS^ Mllitional temperature. In most of the meteorological tables whie'h are llcre mo, there is no record of the state of the thermometer attached to tin; rA'Mer: and, even where such a register is given, the data for calculating |i;?deet of capillarity aro wanting; I have determined, therefore, to jteil diiefiy on the observations made at St. Louis, Cincinnati, Hudson. U'Mito, aud Muutrcal. SECTION II. E.\ROMETRIC OBSERVATIONS AT ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI. M"'- tiiermometrical tables of Dr. Englemann wero given in tlio eighth *!' 3 '1 the ki, chapter. The same gentleman has kindly furnished me ^t::oiinpuljlis]ied results of his observations on the larometer, through f-''% 682 u fo u w cc H « M % P W THR PniXCirAI. DISEASES OF THE Whole Yr. i-; _i I.. 1^ 1 . ^ ■/, X Ci >- 71 r- 1—1 i7 17 ■^ iC 17 1 — iC O '^ O '-7 '.5 O O >C O O lO SC5 , 1 August. t- ic c >-• « vj -/J .-1 77 lO y. i- :7 c^ rv i7 CTi =• c; 7r -r 31 vr -f 1.7 ^5 U7 u7 lO uO U7 1.7 ari -71 a y: 71 t'. 1— 1 1- -n* 1- i-- — i- 71 17 :7 X 71 C C C-. 71 CO 00 1,7 iC ;C> U3 -1< iC u7 Tf .5?; -t" K7 a "~r-( -t u7 ■/.' i-H r-H Ci T— t C7 7 1 C7 T. ~. X C/j r-^ 17- 71 71 r- -^ -ti -}< .^1 't' rf Tt iC lO 1.7 s-?; i7 I- X) rH w -O X -H 1— X' -f 7t 17 r: -f ~ 71 -H 71 71 1- f7 r. '-t<-f'^'^ou7u7u7cj:'*-tni|-f .= 71 Tl -r 17 7i X 7J -JO 1— ( April. 1-1 1-1 -t X 1- TO -f 1- 71 t i7 T-1 1^ X '^ 1 - i-H X l^ X 'O --f ■^ L.7 lO lO to U7 w February. March. CO -f — < CO 1 f -.5 71 'X. 71 >7 X ri 1- -t< — ^ 7J rs -t< 71 71 1- ooo'*'000>ooo;^i-7 .2?j X O O i-H O X l-i O w O CO CO o c; o 7 1 lO in ci 1-- o ri 71 "^ O O 1- O O m lO O lO -O lO o 1 'X ex CO o -t< CO 71 r- o X 1.7 c: CO CO x X 117 o o I-- o o cr o iOOu70000U5iOiOOcr .2(71 t— 1 71 Years. >< 1^ X O O 1-1 71 CO •<* lO O l^ CO £1 CO CO CO -f ■rt< -rt< <* '+ ^ ^ -t 't r^ X X X X X X X X X X X X 's 1 [lOOl 1. •;S' 1 IE [KMl. -JT 11] LN TERIOIl VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 538 2 I'.- ' o '^. A\ S W— I r-1 (71 in — -I u M H rri Tl I- J3 7i -X) r-i J o i->^ o 3 I- U w o H H rn es » t4 C4 O » H O p -^ » H -A M ii'. o M H •< > W iJ w o H o S I a I- n Tl .»».••> Tl I- C5 Tl . 'Jl rH . i-i « u'i S^' «'J l?S-ri i:?i3 -3 ■ " ■ u 73 s iTS -^ X c; 5 5 cl >. c ^ \5 T- -t C5 C"; X_ Jj Ci T. O, C5 C -C C; /- •-£ s?-. O S O » O C O C' 1- it^ 1ft o t3 "i< ■" Tj ~ I- n Tl -r i~ i-H r". C C C' 'II w T-< rH o ■^ O 11 cv M o o A e- 3 =- I CI c; _ ■-< II 11 — r-H II •.j: 11 T. X Ci II II II 111 ,x 'x :i f— I _« 1—1 1 1 X. Ci ■5' "^i _ O O O O C; X tC Ci rH tH C- O Ci r-; rH ' CO ci u n O O O lO 1 - -O O Ci o ""* ^- — ; ""1 — . •ci xJ ci ci ci II Cl 11 II 11 - O O O 11 CI ili O X I- n o o Ci 11 * od c: 11 II c/j Ci (11 II -1- I- ^ic^ iQO 111 X X Ci 11 11 11 ~ 11 11 \Z 1.1 Ci Ci — ■ X !x' 111 X 1>l c: 11 I- X Ci C: CI CI CI -h X- X X X — * 11 11 -t< 1.1 -t< -t -t -f< -f X X^ X XJ X X. X iC X CI .5 ^r'::^r ^_l'lf*i.Jt'V ■■'■ "^ ■■■" i' • 1 1:1 t • ;.:M i 11 Vj ■ '-'Jt ; V • '•r ' ; 1: •■■■ '.'■ :: «**■; .^i'f^yp ■•^i..t';':V^'-: llil -^.^ '^' ■• ■• ■■■' •■■■■•^' ^ ■ ' » ■ .•}..■■'..■■ • 'ii ■; '{■■■\ri:- :■■■■ •'. -■■ .•*/'■ V- .... •'■' •.'^' .- ■ . i ••; s *■'»'■'" V . ' * , • , ' ' ' - - ' ■., / ". , ■ . . , I., , . ■^' ■. .■■ ■•"■'■ , ■ • / . ■ ■ 1 ' i -■ . ' f I ■-■ - : • ^''■^ <« ■ . * / 1 ■ • } /" !*-"^ ■■; ■ ' - i ■■> ;. *.■ ■;» ii^iL_: . ■ > *! ■,■ 534 THE TRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE o rH X "S ■"^ ~" Vf IC X •' " X-* ,-; Tl r^' T^ o x" •^ t^ t- , "I t-H >- t- ;, i-i , 71 !^ O CJ ..•, . . O O O -^i • 1 . o P CC;=.-::nS33^Sc:.^ r: o c: pi't.cpS<^OOr:^~^~ ^-i ? c ^o ■_, - - '^ ^ ^ ^ ^ S ^ :J H '>< t^< 1^< Ph ■ '^ t-J r^ 1^ fi O Ul -j ~, l-J ca: b^ o o O' c; -r o o o "C' o o >n c r*. i-H ,— o ri' o 1-- -r- rH -r -t r: c ' = ~ rr It ^i -+1 1-; t-h i-< ti rt Ti :•: -+ r/j ■—■—-> *M p; ■'~ C ~ ■— ~ ""■ ~ C O ~ ~ O i o •< u U; ITI -1- — . rH 1^ -j: r-l 1 - -I I- ?I 1^ C^^ r^ • — ^^.^,..,T-Hr-HT— It^t— (...^O rH a — — ' — ' ■~ Ti -r :: p; -- — r' > 5 ;^ 5 ?. X o 'rH 1 o ^ cri -Ti '^ '^ % o H '" fo ^1 ?"i T? ci rr ^' TC « ry 1 - 1 - rH 1 -: 1 - -r -t '-^ -t -c '/- t ' o o . :rv o o :r w x_ o o -ri ci rn rs ?] o - cs " ' o ' d o' O ^' c: c' ~' '~' la "" -M CO -v; ■^ 'M -c ^1 -rc "M ■:: '~^ .-"*. -~ ,-^- ,■"■ ""^ .■"' i"^ I'* -^ ;r" ir* 1 "^^ yJ, H o •^ O -3 X -O -M 17 -+ Ct i.'t -D i^ C^ IX ul . X X._ Ci Xj Oj a. iX; CI X -C X. X |r. '" 71 71 k . I-*"", .■— "— -"■• .—^ ,— ', — ' .'"' .-•"*■ 1** 1 "^J I **■ 1 ■^ r-H h5 « 3 ■X' 1,7 CO 00 ^H inh -^ 17 -t l'-^ c't O P3 W .1-1- a. 1- X. Cv I- 1- x_ tr I- X — < <: .5 ^ ' * * d H ?; 71 "--| M il X X C7 T-^ -t 71 71 1-7- yi: 17 1- X i.7 f. — • -. ' 'T ^^ -'-. I': '^i "^^ '^. ^. ^% -; — . '-. o 1-1 — c^ c^ M ■"* -^1 '^I 5 > 1 1 1 O O' -■ O — O — O C- lO C 1.7 ^' ;* C^ 71 1- — : X 1.7 rH rH ,— 1 1- -f 17 X 1- ^; fi . X, -o I- i^ o X) i— 1^ X X :r 1- r taj s -* _^,* •••■••••••• ,^ W H-> " 71 oi !^ ""O O O'O'O O 0""w -■ O O 1.7 jO < >, T-H O) ^ CO th -rfi o -t< c: O -.T ~. i-H o rt . X, I- (X X X C7 /> XJ X) I- X •■C 'T. C4 ?= ad r:- 71 *! , O O O O O — O O 1-7 iC 17 C '.■^ T73 >7- rf lO O -.r 1^ h i7 7i :^ XJ u7 O | O 1^ ^ O CO ii7 07 C; C7 i-H t^ 01 X. T-i C !C i . C; O rH O O ~ O 'C T-H C5 O CO ;7 .5 -■ d ci -6 ■ jc M 1=5 71 TO 71 CO 2 1 O C' O O 'C O O O O lO 1.7- iC ^ . C5 1(7 O CO -t CO -.O --T! XJ -t *+ C: r-T -» ~T.d> i 71 CO CO H u, 1- X) d d .-h' 71 CO -t 17* d 1-^ x>" >2 rt cococo-i"-t<-+''+-t-f-+-t'+i'^' >< X. X X. X. X X 00 X X X X X — H —i rH rH T~-1 rH ^ rH rH rH rH r^ M '|HH [BOOK! ■ n ^ V'ifl -JI II'J INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 535 I _ i" ~ l~ — -r ~. c — Tt 71 tt -t llAimV TABLE IV. FiANGE OF liAKOMETRICAL rUESsiUKE, AT St. LOUIS, FOU 12 YEAllS. Jan. ill. , 11.900 . 1.1 DO . l.UH) , l.Oilll . i.lio , i.i'in . l.Ulll . i.i:to . ii.:ii5 ■ l.i.').') ! ■• l.'K'J jTiTj" I'elj. 111. i.ii.")n jo.-^iii i.'J-'ii Ii.-Jio 'O.'.ITD ij.lTll l.noo il.TTl) 1.(17.') i.:k. |:I.!I2.') 1.1 'J.'. Mnr. Ajiril. ill. in. 1. 000 o.Din o.."*;!) o.^.'fo I.KiO O.tlTO O.'.ITO ().7.")0 1.010 l.OC.ii D.ilTO O.G.'iO 1.(1:20 0.7;iO j(i.;i(;o o."i(i 1.010 ().!)1.') Ii.m.') 1.12.". D.Kl.'. 0.870 1.27.') 0.7;{0 M.iy. I June, i July. 111. O.fi^O 0..V.0 (1. 7^(1 O.'.IIO O.I!IO ().!».")0 o.7(;o o.7l;i Il.(i7i) ()..')!».". 11.7.10 0.75U l.djO 111. o.ino o.:i(i(i 0.. ')(!() O.Ojll 0.110 0.b2il 0. )!I0 0.110 o.."):to 0.(i(il) o.:i!io O..V.)3 0.^^0 O.lllOO.ICiO o.;i:i() o.i-d OHO d. 100 o.:i^o (1. 170 ()..'):)() o.tiio 0.11(1 O.MOO o.:i2o (I. no (i.|:{0 o.llii o.:.!.") o.:iii.') 0.2S.'> 'o.,')00 ().i:iit o.i'.io 0.CG0i077'2(! Sept. in. !t.r>70 ')..'.! 10 ii.:iio II. !>(! ).(i:io i..'):io I. '•"20 l)..V2(l Gliil 0..-.I0 ()..■'>•;,') (l.7Gi) l.lHiO Oct. in. i)..")(;ii 0.770 ()..'.! to 0.^00 0.07 (I 0.11:2,'. 0.(;:>.'. o.oof) 1.02.-^ i.2!i0 .\(.V. Dec. in. in. o.8(;n O.IMO 1.120 I.OM) i.:!2(i D.OIM) 0.070 O.SOO I.OMO l.OKI 1.110 1.000 1.020 ().!I7() o.,-20 1.000 0.b7;". 0.72."> O.HO,') l.OO.'i 1.0!).'. O.S.-).'. 0.^^0 I.OIJO l.'KiO l.lbO Whole Vear. ill. LOGO I .;!.■>() I l.l-o, l.ltOO; l.r.OO; 1.210; 1.17o! l.l.'iOi 1:210 1.7051 i.:f;iO! I a:io I ' ( ■. J ■• ■". 'ii't I i i 1 i 1.7 GO Illustk.vi'ive Annotations, by Du. E-wjelmann. I cv 1-1 c; 1*1 rl J. y. y' \^ -f 'C >■- jir I X. •-' 1-: ^. ^^'^■^i^ — lO irt '- U- ~^l y.' ■r^ ~r'r~ ■^ C5 ■=; '^. ■ • ".zu. I, records the mean elevation of tlio barometer in every single month liriwi'lve years; the average elevation of the same tlimugh the whole |k:.'l;;iml the mean elevation of ever}' year. The mean of the twelve ^tir; is i'nuiul to he liU.OTS inehes. All the ligurcs given in the tahle are, ■fciUrso. the result of calculation from a larjre iiumher of .siiiL'lo obi^orva- Ik; The mean of every month has been found liy taldng the mean of the likrvations of every day at noon, and subtracting therefrom O.IHi.'i ; as a rof direct ob.servations have shown me, that this gives the true mean I iKnimitli, as near as it can bo ascertained from one daily observation. Lblell, gives the minima, and table III tlio maxima of every month and ift-vvear of the twelve. Llk'IV, is tlio result of both those tabic, presentiiig the difference lie- liTj... tlio minima and maxima in every month and year. The lowest line, lr...'tlio "extreme ran2;e," shows the diifercnce between the hidiost and |i>.-t state of the barometer, that occurred at anytime in January, Eel>- P's.iAi. The last column cives the difference between the hiu'hcst and lUv-t ill ijach year. I-iDnGiiAM, as far as possible, embodies all these results, and shows, by p dance, First, tlio mean barometrical elevation, during the twelve years, tt-.teilbya straight, heavy line (r/), and the range of tlio mean elevations : '• .:t periuJ, by two lighter, strtiight lines (a') below, and (n") anove the r' Tiie mean of any one year was never below the liiiO a', nor above the fcj. Second. The diagram shows the mean barometrical elevation of i- m^'nth during that period, by a thick, curved line (/>), aiul by lines (// ^' ' )■ the extremes of these monthly moans. Third. It displays the '^i' of tlie lowest depres.sions of every montli, by the CTU'ved line (c), '" and c") are the lines indicating tiie lowest and highest minima of '■".' nifiiith. Ill other words, during the twelve years, the lowest stage of •ii.micx was never b>low c', nor above c". Fourth. Finallv, it shows •t-.i<^" .1 .» H j||t.S '^u:■ ,.' i MM' Aim • J. \' ■ ■■■■ '•>-■>.•;• :., !:if J.,,..,. iir' :k I 583 THE PRINXIPAL DISEASES OF THE [BOOK I. the mean, and the lowest and liiglicst niaxiuia of every montli, )»■ tljo d, d' and d". ' ' "'^''^ The following interesting facts are deduced from the taLIes, and tsliilii j to the eye on the diagram. The mean elevation of the barometer, i Iculated at tlie frci'ziiirr ,.,,i,,. i^.^ 29.57S inches ; the lowest and higliest m* uns SO.aoO and i'J.Ollj, vatliin tie^ twelve years, dilfer only O.OGo, and the mean of one year dcit-^ ntt J -e. from the true mean more, at most, than 0.U34, Tlie moan elevation of eaeh month, during the year, gives a ciirvi c) which, in January, commences above the mean of the year, gradually d..>( i Ij from January and February, until it gets l)elow the averaau iinaii (- ij April, and reaches its lowest point in May; it gets at or a httlo aim^^.- -.-e moan in September, and reaches its liighest elevation in ^November. -wlide it slightly falls until January. The means of each single montli (//', //"), vary loss in Jainiarv. e :.-;]. crably from Februaiy to jNlay, very little from June to Septcral;or, but !• j in August, more again in October, still more in November, and ]t><, ; _ V iu December. Tlie range of the barometer is smallest in suiunior, radi especially in July, and greatest in winter, from October to 3IarL-li (ainl iveij April), but less so in December than in the other five months. The highest barometrical elevation in the twelve years tuok ]ilaec. .hn- ■ uary, li^4G=30.400 in.; and the lowest depression (duringa violiut stcr^ April 'JS, lS4G=->^.(i40 in.: but usually the barometer (bits not riic ;i' oU.'i41 in., nor sink below -8, 1)15 iu. — the mean ranae aiuijuntinjr to 1;;3 in.; iu one year. Other tables, not published here, show that the piean daily vaiiati::, i St. Louis, amounts to about O.O-jG. It is well known that, unless 1 influences intervene, the barometer rises and falls twice in twenty-four:.' The highest point is attained at nine A. M., and is on an avoragc ai 0.034 above the mean of the day ; the lowest occurs at three P. 31.. abJJ about 0.0'22 below the daily mean ; at ten P. M., tlie baronietor is i.' liigh as at nine, nur at four A. ]M. so low as at ten o'cbick. TLcse it: daily variations are much more considerable here than in mure ii'itiij latitudes, and approach those of the tropical regions, where all tin phenomena are more constant. SECTION III. BAROMETRICAL (OBSERVATIONS AT CINCINNATI, OilltV From Professor Eay I have received the results of barometric i' tions for fourteen years. They are made out on i e same phni with v.. Dr. Engelmann, and will, therefore, admit of a full and insi- comparison. i^ ^;t ■■<■ 1 HE [book I.I ry montli, liy tli'j ;'.,, -3 ,c taUcs, and txhiV.; -1 t tlic frci'ziiijr y'ii;. is i and 20.01a, \;lil.!it lie 10 year ddi;-; mt u'fet cnv, ghos a curve (!i), year, gradually dustu-ils ihc avovagi^ iiifun (" in at or a little aliuvi.' ilie on in NovemljiT, v.ki.ce loss in Jaiuiary, c-'.^il- .c to Sept(jnd;i;r, Lut k.i JoYcmbor, and lif s, ap in, ^ smallest in summer. ;ii ;tol:)cr to ^^larcli (aud 'veij five niontlis. Yo years tuuk jilaec. .uh-j n (during a \iokut *hr.'i\^ L-omcter dtjcs not ri^t y range amountiiig t. l./| lio ;nean daily \avii\i!' :;. i| :11 knnwn tliat. unk^^ '. twice in twcnty-iV'Ui'.. (aid is on an average ;,: )l lur,5attlu-ocr.)I..^'='i! I., tlio barometer is i.^tl Icn o'eloek. Tlieso r.; ' ere tl\an in mure im;:iI regions, ^vllerc all ''A •jiii'J INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 587 |clNCI^•^'ATI, OHIO. r-ults of barometric ''■••' I C e Fame plau with \- h a full aud i>^--^^' »i^ ' <; ^. X Ct) IC rH I-- 1— r. -f 'M en 'X t Hi— Tl •^ :j I- -r c. -- '.-: -f r-i -ri - - ti ct. c^ ci 10 :2 "o f: c-i CI CI ivr IC ct cc ct :c ct c:i en 71 tt r Si aci -; 'a -?J CI -r ^^ CT. X i.t -r 7 i r; T— 1 -^ i~ ^, 1^ ::.". r-C T. •^ x -t ct c; c: 1^ y. Ti Ti 1- 't - 6 _ -f CO CO cc Tj^ -!« T-i cc c? ij ■>* Ct c? t; <■:■> ^ 1 v _^» : 1 ^ '^Q-'t 01 - 1 -r 1 ~ "~ -^ 1 - X -t 1— 1 ct -t 1,- 1 - ut 1 - ci ^ j ct CO ti T-H cv — 1- 01 ti 1- -H ,-+ 1 > ct ct CO •^ -rti CO Ctl Ct to CO CO CO CO Ct TT 12; = C5 Ol oi > o < i Ct I— 1 CO X i^ oi Cj ~. ti i~ ti X 01 -f cr -t* 01 01 CO cv vr rH If: X oi 1 - iO> H f-j _ -r CO Tji CO -^ 't CO CO CO to -r rr co oi to C-O H .S~' ci CJ - ^ 0-1 CI CI c 1— 1 ic 1^ c:; I— 1 X i.t c~. ct J irt' 01 1- --r — . CO -t CO — . — — ■ ■-o 1- 01 — .-t 3 •j CO CO CO Tf 00 't 01 -^ CO CO 01 co oi oi co p u) Ul -zr^ -: ■"oi jtl -.-» ^ TJ ^ X -r t^ /. — : 01 T-H 1- -V '-^ S If. CO I—I 1— ( ^r: 1- CO i-h c/ 1,^ tli -^ CO CO CO. Ti; CO CO -r* ^ CO «• ci -;f -;■:- * TT 3 < fcD = -s' C5 rH 1 ^ — 01 ?1 CO 1) 1 ■^ CI i. ■•-: 1- _. 01 '-t^ T-t 01 F— 'Z -+ 1— X X ct i-^ C5 T-* ct ! CO ■-» < >» CO CO OI CO CO CO CO -X- 00 * (01 -Jf ^ -X- TT fcT to " 7. ^^ - 01 CI o :J1 o s s =3 3 Z " -« 1— Ci CO tr 01 ~ 1 iC iC; "O CI ^ Ol iQ It— 1 - ^ t) (- — c; ic c; X t - ijo 1— -t< 'C cr '1 - ■A m <-'' < - hJ CO Ol 01 CO Cl 01 01 01 CI 01 CO 01 CI 01 01 = ^5' ^• ■ 5 o -CI ~" iiO F— ^ ^ 4-1 X w I— i >a vr CO i^ t- CT. x lo^ 1.0 2 li a. 1- 01 X r- 01 Ci 1^ ct •_; CO w 1 - 1 - .-i- o o z ^ 01 CI CI 01 CI CI CI CI CI CI ct rH r-1 I-H 71 CI C! ■* Uh ^ _■ — ' ■•-» r p*; = 0, Ti to to I'O. 'S -D *^ ~ J~ CT -.r rH 'A T-'Zir-t CO Cl Ct Ct — f^ ^ z -f -t* O CO C -i* vr >0 1— 1- '/ — ". C:- !-• r^ ~^ 7. "u CI CO 01 Ol CO CO 01 01 C! CO CI CO 01 CO |oi * I ^ ^^ ?. CO - »-C ^ t CO *' X. -^ O CD «0 CO 1— l~- CO CI O 1 -0 1—1 i. ^ O C; -t X 1 - GC ■■+ X' O O <-0 lO CO y. rn p* *• "0 ct CO CO CI CO rH 01 CO CO CO CO C-l CO CI Ct u 7 i |-ci |-« "l X " .4-> z. " — rH -^ :^ o ~ r: c C5 -f X -r t- 1- < • ■_; — CO rH l.O — r- 1- 1- CO X 01 CO t^ 1 — . ^H ^ 1^ -f ct 01 CO -rf CO CI 01 r^ C7_ 01 Ct 01 CJ "O CC5 J"- -01 |-' ?^ '■£, . o 1- i~ C-- c-w r-i o -j: •— C-. 01 lO 's: X jic ^ >^ rH 1^ iC O l^ C5 :r X' 1- C; Ol C: lO O |C. ', CO CC rH CO CO CO CO CI CO CO CO CO CO CO ;C0 ~ 3 c rj '^^ n ^ -01 |~l ^ >^. i» a; :; >% <« £ rH li lo -r- 1^ xj n c « 01 CO -f 1.0 'j; i^ x C0COCOC0CO-^-f-+-t<-f-t<'^-+-t< t^. '/^ ^ X X X X y y. x x x x xj x /. x o < '~''~*'~^'~'''~''~''~''~^'~''~''~''~''~*'~* c ^ CS ^ o ^H rt 1 LL v*f ' ■■■■ v.-l*'»- ;t ^11 'I ;rr':' ■ . f a- , * ■ ■ «... > ■ . t, .' . •,'%' 1-"- *i'i ,-,:' .' ■ ■•" %:.x-m- l. ' t iV<-' ;:..f'v';-.; . A ■: ■■ . ■',■*'■. ■ '' ■ , ' ■ . ; i ■ t ■■ ■- " .. ..* 538 >^ K H o o 6 H ^ CI CO i-H (?i ic o? O ic -f 1— I ^^ Vj irr i^ i^ ; Ci •-T' CC I- I- 1- 1- c/l; Ci 1-- T— 1- y. -T -t ! c. 'f CI c« X > o 12; c t.c c 1 i^ _: -t o -^ a:' >o «c o -t^ — r-i 1-- 1-. 1- c: — _ 1- :;: i-^ -x C. a, — . — -c c ; X/ c y.' ■/ ; CI CI CI -:i u O O -f CC O CI I— I C5 C: rH O »-< i-H CI o CI O <:c QC' T-H i-— -^ r: o '"^ •:^_ C; a. x o o — c^ I -c ■ ■/-! ' ' ci y' ' ' ix I CI CI CI j-l a. m o -^ J— 1 1—1 CI I—I r-l X cr. 1—1 1—1 cc cc o c; m rH Ci C-. cr. 1- s X ci — CI C4 X CI CI X CI CI CI I-' CO r— ' tH i.C 1— 1 c I— 1 T—l CI CI -i- - 1—1 .J ).C - o -; * ->:- '^* ■" ci o CI CJ t'i X 1^. -¥ cr -+ i-C •r) 1- rH 1 >, rH 1—1 o r-l O 1— 1 * 1—1 -> ■X- rr ■A- | — 1-^ "CI C5 CI 'X CI ix !7I •-« o -^ X CI i.c th 1^ r^ o 1^ CI n !■- '-« ~ O X.' Ci O O rH O C' rH O O y. C ■ J. c: X ci X r: CI CI CI CI CI X' CI -i-l --C -t< O -ti C: X ■r^ i.C tC O CI 1^ -t '~ c. c; c; X x luc c i^ c; i- o x i- Ci i^c X ci X jx' I CI CI CI pi <1 1-1 ;r X I- CI X CI -t '^ c. ci ic -f C.T. pi C". Ci' liC X c; -~ -♦■ c x_ T^ O' o x o [-^ ; X; ' ' ' ' ci yj ' ' ci ' xJ ' ci i x' •CI CI CI CI CI CI pi i i 1-. X i X 'CI 1— I 'TO X cc Ci ct X tc -f o CI CI ' "/: I - 1- Ci i-c 1^ X -t X' X 1- X X X lO Ci C: O ; ci XJ • CI CI CI ;c -f I.C >-< X t^ lO "* cc r-^ t- i~_ 1^ 1^ ;c X X C. :-C tC C/.; ti iC ! x| CI (3 l-> CO ~¥ 1- XJ i ^' ■CI O X tC? CO CO O "-C ~i< cc I.C I- c: I- cc> 'C: X i>- XJ X.' "^ i^ X X uc X ■ * >C O !■- X C: O rH CI CO »* iC -^ 1- X iH CO cc 00 CO cr -t^ -r -t< Hf -t -Tf -+ -t -t . x; X X Xj X X; XJ y,' x y- x x x x ^ 1— irHrHi— IrHrHrHrHi— IrHrHrHrHi-*" 1 • * ^'. :t;:v • ^0 . 1* , * ■ ■ •! INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 539 T-f t^ I- "M 1 'j C^ O Tf i-l< I 1-- ^1 CI' O .'^ : C;. C3 'C; i2 I— ' i - ,,-M r. 1- -" " - o y. c. X -r -^ o ri ^1 K - :/j v. 1- ^■' -'•■. . • • • • X t^ in •n' 7rj T-- • i '■"1 -t< cc '^ ir T 1!" 1 il a,, a.; ^-^. -'■i '-• 1 ->- I -,; .- -s 1- :^ ^ ' ^ -r -+ -r ^ -^ -/. C/. V. /- X ; a H P O C _■ s'i '=^ co'''oci* 2 .= 1>< - crj CO CM X -M 3 'S ri; 2 >0 CI CO t- 01 C. 1— 1 -f TI M TO 1(0 i.-O 01 o _ 1 - X -o yj ■:i_ -^ y.. c: j^^ c/^ — , 1 - SC5 — ■ a "" 01 oi s r^ X" X t-^ -f 'O 1-H c: i.-o •+ to I — h zr o . '■^. ~. ' ": ^- — . — . — . i~ -^ 1^ i^ '^': ' ": — . > 3 ^ ~i * ' ' ci d ^ 01 CO (01 TO 1^ 00 01 -H 1-1 00 rH 1^ rH ir: T-< i-l — z o 1 - -c I - 1 - --^ 1- -.r 1- 1- yj — ~. 1 .0 ^t -.-» ac5 W^' O ""CI OI or h 00 1.0 01 TO -O 00 -^ T-H CO -H Cl ^ s '■C "-0 — "C '^ I"- :^ t^ uo i.o 1 I- -4-* o. s rj * o X*, 7i i oi i-< n 1-1 oi 01 1- ^1 S 1.0 't uo — — * '^ -» ■<*' -x- -:<- ■>;- tjO 3 = 01 ^1 00 1-H -t "O u-O I— 1 1— 1 ^ iq 't w 1.0 uo -o -X- ^- '^, -» -;;- * '^ "ii 1-1 c ci ^1 ^ « 1 •Ji T-J X to 1- iC \D !■- ^ X) 10 d 01 — ^ < o 'i^_ TO -t Tt< -t^ UO iC If: i.-t -f i-O '-'7 * 5 2 ri *■ i-s -01 CO . rHiO-^OOX)!— COCOCOCOOOQOXJI- C3 i-'O i-_ ire -* >re_ -^ '^ -^ ire_ -+ ire -t -0 5i CO wt) f=5 — 01 '*■! tr> GO ire 1-1 01 X 01 x) 01 CO ire 01 "5 lO -^^ ire -^^ uo 1- i- 1- i~ I- l- CL( sci — ^ <; - 01 oi ^ c; 01 TO a cc -^ 're x oi x) ire -ti "o aj X i^ X I— — '~ 1- L~ — ^ 1^ X X o 3 rj — s -01 01 >, ire rH i-t 1-" X oi 1-1 ire -t< oi -H r— 1 I2 1 - I- X ~ :o L-n i^ 1- C. :o, — — . i) 2 d ■ ■ ' C5 ^. b oi CO 01 cc 1^ -f IX r^ t— ire ire 01 CO -f X ■ *, r3 1- 1- X_ X. Ci 1^ 1-; 1- C\ X X c^ S c ci ""t ?3 •■' 01 01 hi -f vre' r-^ x" d rH oi co -f ire' d 1-' x" I— ( COTOCOTOTO-t-ti-tH-fH't'f-t-f-ti sm l>1 CX X X X X X X X) X X. X X X X >i r! k-M r-. p.. ./ • ■i^..l ::^^^ ^ m I- ill I '• - j^ '« ' '\. .'■'.:' ■ 4 ■ • • U:i' ,'. ,i m. ■;; •• '•'1 t V •if '<'■' \ '. ^ ,'■, '» '• 1, . J ": •f ■■>■ f ^ ■ ■ ■ *..*■ ,«■, a ""^ » ■,-4 ■ S m^"-y^- ■ 1... 540 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE CfJ H P3 P O o H M m '/I » »J o h-( H ?! o Ft* O 1^ H H >^ O I' 4) 4> o o r^ o c/j CO -ti c? -f t— 'M o -f '- I-; T-< 71 r-l SO CC Ct 71 -t; O C: CT 17 rf Bi-Hi— lT-(r-ii— IrHT— (i— !r-lr-C N. >tO t-l Cj CO 1- 71 -C r^ 1, . o 'A I - >.7 O -f GO 71 O 1- 1-1 o o tc ?7 :- — . c-.' c: C5 CO o o ci X- x GO a. i^ c a • •^- -^ -^ „-| O t- CO i-H o '/: 71 o 1.7 o c: c/: o co co . i~ U^ o c:_ u7 u7 1-. ;.;_ x- od i- i- c. ~. T-I o I— CO O O CO tH lO lO m CO O 1.7 O -+< . a:; o 't -)H i- cr o -t o ^ o o o x s < O O -*H 1^ CO' :c O * tH * 1^ -X- «■ X . CO ^_ CO CO T|H '^ Tf CO -^ 3 >-> >(7 rH O -^ i-H O >.7 t!- ^ H; Ci ^- * * , CO U7 -T^ CO -^ lO '^ rt< t:< a •- 1^ a 6 a s h- 71 71 O CO 1— 1 O O r^ CO CO r^ CO -f _ ^ O U7 TjH tT O CO '^ ^_ ■<*_ ^j; O 1.7 iq ..3 < rt 1— C5 O Ci ■^ OO O CI CO O O O rH CO ^ O -rf O 1-7 t^ X uo O O -yj w ?^ X u7 '- .5 ;; <5 1- Ci CO lO 'O "^ O 7^ 'CO -^^ t^ O tH X -3 . o cc o i-; o o 71 1-- o lo C) r-< o c :: .S r-i * ' ' ' r^ ' " p-1 Si irO X; 71 O O CO O no ^+1 71 tH lO 71 -r . 1-H CI O Ci Ci i-t Ci X_ tH Ci XJ o o o c 1—1 4) -f-Ot^OiO-t-frHCOOOi-HOOOIil^ . t- 1-; 71 y.. 71 C5 CO rH 1- !-• X CO C: X_ i-* .2 ' ' 1— 1 ' l-i * ' T-i ' ' ' tH jl-i Years. Jan. tH -+ O Ci T-( CO CO X-' O CO O O 71 C. . O t— C' I- O i-; i-H X m-j X O 1-; CO o .a rH ' ' ' i-I 1— 1 1— ( I—I rH rH itO O t-^ x' O O rH 71 CO -t< >.7. O 1-^ X* cococococo'^<-t<-f-f-t-i'-f-f-t X X X. X X GO X X X. X X X X x 1 i 1 i THE (BDOS ! - -ri o -t - - , 'J o cc 'A ■■: '. 1 1 1 O v. -M c 1-1 T-l >- o c; X i- c 1^ r1 i"- o a: o CT ?c cc I- i- c; ~. 1^ ■;"i 5 c/: o m cj -* ~.\ 5 T* o o O X ; T. H, jj»» !=' -t< -x- cv % * * p CO-f 1- < X. O O C^ r-( Ct .-^ o c/j •>:: w >- ^ -, 1 - X -^ 1- O tH X O -^ r-'_ O ^ _^ ^T ^ lO CI ■;i; -- C5 -C O O w -t CO cc --H o o ^1 ;i^ i_ 1- X.' l:-'^ c. X. .. o cc o o ci c. r: I S cc O --1 !:'5 Ct i'-. i CO h5 ^6 o I:: 2 X X X ^ -'- ±, ;u- I SI n;i "■] INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 541 Jill, liijlit of the barometer at St. Louis, for the moan year, is greater . ■;!( Cincinnati; but as the latter is elevated oiu; Imndreil feet above the I.",!, an amount, equal to tlie atnuisplieric pressure of that number of 1 V' must 1"" made tot one, or subtracted fri 'in tlio other. Wisliing to Lj. ?t, Liiuis a .stanoaui of comparison for all tlio banmietrio stations, I aniiliedtho correction to Cincinnati, by adding .111, a ratio .*uiliciently li'Tato for our purposes. The months thus corrected arc presented in the llitriDg table : TABLE V. I'wARATivE Monthly, Qoartkiily, and Yeaiua' mkan Piik-^sure at St. L i:- AND Cincinnati, coimKcxED for Difference of Elevation. The (iilTerence marked -\- or — , as Cincinnati rises or falls from St. Louis. ; MOMlllS. '.iariuary. '[■.iTuary. iWiiitcr. St. L. Cin'ti. 'i!9.G.%i2! 1.407 i2!).()lG'29 44l) !-29.GlHli>t).41() Differ. Months. -.K)'.) June. .170 .July. .11)!! : August. .170 ISuunner. "ifitlZ. ::>0. G23 2i)44 4 2!]T5!»S-i!>.42U —.17-2 September. •J1I.540 •20,40(ii .i:]4 lOctobor. 20.403 t29.:J56: .1^7 November. 20.544 29.300 .148 1 Autumn. .^t. L. Cin'ti. 1 Dift'er. 29.49.') 29.3S2— .113 20.n44'20.442j .102 20.007 20.407| .150 20T:") 35 29 .43 , ~T(T5 —.127 .134 .103 •iit.;)^4i2i).457 29.010',29.4^^5 29.023 29.400 29.009 29.407 .142 karrrear, | St. Louis, 29.57«;Cineinnati, 29.434, Difterenee, U0.144 SECTION IV. RAROMETRIC OBSERVATIONS AT HUDSON, OHIO. .l;-jfi'unclly scientific meteorologist, Professor Loomis, has published, in i.lmerican Journal of Science, Vol. XLI, 2^(ige 310, the results of his Ismitions for three years, 1838 — 40. Those on temperature were before fbtlie last chuptcr. Those which show the monthly mean hight of the jtieter, I have arranged into a table, fitted for comparison with the tables l>:.Louis and Cincinnati. Other subordinate tables have been extracted Itiro. Ibise observations are of the greater value, from being made at a place only pj.five miles south of Lake Erie ; and at an elevation nearly six hundred f-h}m tlian any of the other stations. They present, moreover, the pKorningand afternoon elevations of the barometer, which tlujse made T" Louis and Cincinnati do not. These will be found in the first table, as ■"■-m A I f . I'oiJ ■ ; ■ . * . ;»' ■ t"'.r» "■I'S MJ •■rfc^H ■■■■ 'V. ,,• i ■ ?■•'■. »;*■■, ''.'1 •''■•;■•■' ' • ',■- pl'1 :i:%^-/'^r f ji^' ^^'^!Xh'\ f— 1 Till-: rRINCIPAL DIJ^KASES OF TIIF, I Boos I 'jr (.'■J k« wi -r CO o o 'Vj (?i r.i r/j i* O «rT 1' Tl ■ r~"^-^H I; tin's t.' -•3 c/; 1- o '>.' lO i.*:! -Z- CI > s y' vj _i_ '-/J c." ci - ;! CI ^ CI CI CI 1 iCi O 'C 1- 1- ■•-' -/ Ci O M 1- Cl c? o 1^ 1- O 1-; i.C -r rH ^Hni.'ivtcd to t— 1 •^. 3 -/-■ Vj { r/l c-l Ci - CI CI T^ CI CI CI ^^■a'.ij'llOI'C'i:: oT "7 c"j c: o -f -f ■:■: cs ^^1 Tiire S O i-H I.C -t< O CI CI ^■::ValIev,il 9 r CO a; o a.; ic o c 3 c/J yJ _L_ t/j cJ ~w - CI CI T^ CI CI CI CI I-* r-H O O O TC 1- CI "O -f C5 i-l CI ^^■I'-'dk "It i ^^■rLe level o e; I ■""*"*■ g -5 O^ 'JO O C/J iQ -^ C; s' -? c'^ 'O ^^■it. 9 o a Oj CO _L orj ci O — CI C» \ CI Tl 71 3 1 '" '^ 3 ' '-. ■- o ^HlXil'le;. 1^ -tl' !■-" |--"""'0~ O -T "LT' ' r I 2 X d ^ .3 Tl ■:! ] ^H !V.d'^.nr o ^ CJ -f -t^ 1- CI -/J CO ^ "^ » < « 1 1 o vt X; c/J O CO 't^^ iC C = /J* or.' _r oo CJ O _L - CI CI T~ CI CI CI "T o~~i~~'o ' " o~ O 1 - ' o " ^^^^H E-i o k— 1 i; 1 1-1 o 3 1 X IC 10 2.1 ^^■LL_ o 00 lO I.C o a ■-JJ CO J_ yj ci ci j_ — CI CI ICI CI CI n 1 1 9 w g .s iCi'"^r-l "-f^CXJ ' iO ~-t "-t< ■^ rH CO CI 1- f CC ..1 -( o = 1 '? ^ j^H ElEVATION « "^ W 'j^- iTO 'X; o CO ic lO —J !— 1 * • o ^^H 1! — > 3 yj CO r cc' 05 O jl •" CI CI "T CI CI CI n -t' — -t 1- 1- "Ci CI 1^ -fH OT lO O O ■— 1 =.' s y rj 1 ^■i''. 3f,in'li 59 ° o . .1 ^ ^ ^H' I'ot.blM- t/j Ik o "5 -- 1- 1- O 1-^ 'O -+ CJ d OC)' CO jL CO c:' ci r - CI C4 T^ CI CI CI 1^ 72 3 ' '^-. ^. ■? 1 -j x' d 5 Li4 o 0-5 ^1 ^^O ' O ''O ' CO CC 'A ? .= CI II ^^H ' A 'Vciiibo ^ '^.•3 CO -t< T-H O O CO 1^ 50 O 1-; -f -i; O o 1 ^H^' i'cn'ml)c -J 3 ^* ■f. <1 ^ t-i o ' 3 x' GO* -i- yj ci o - CI CI '^ CI CI CI ^r-~CO"-tl "O'lO O iCi •fi i 5 ^B^'' I'l.'li'iian «o -.- • O O -t (X. CO -f o t o ^^^^1 ■/- 1 t X' 1— O 1— >"' >o o o ^^H i'^ 3 x ■/ _L x d d - CI CI n^ CI CI CI —1 ^ ^H I'U'IM'SSION O . CI 1 - lO Cj C^ V^ ~ T" ^^^^^r~~ t-> > — CO CO -t< 'O O C5 X' " /^\^* ^ ^^^^B ' a 1— 1 w 1^ l- "^. 1^ '"^ '"^ =^. 3 .•' • M ^^^^^ [URNA AT I .2 = "-0 ">'-' _L_ x" d d - CI CI n^ CI CI CI C T't-I ~i— I~0 ~0 X) C 1 O i • i = vr S S 3 5 ^H ' I'd'oiiilior ft -:t* O »0 i-H O r-1 iC CO 1- c:> a; uc o o ■5 ■" _: ^H'''' l-Vliniai'v P t: '^^ = xj CO r x' d d 1* •- CI CI n^ CI CI CI 1 -o'^^'t 91' ■l^v:.7;;j JHE >-'V(.'iiil|<>r $<; „ O 1 •^ >» O C^l '^ -^ -f O CI >- i: — ;j ^H^faiiuary ;] ■''■'■'io-o ^■^:''>' than til u lO !-> -^ CO y:> 1-t CO = S > § o (X) XJ O Xj irs O O 3 CO CO jl CO d d r - c^ CI n~ CI CI CI 1 7! ?■ S 3 3- u '. ^ \ 5 1 <1 : : o : -s »- s . -t- H ■'^^- of the : : J- : £ 3 S ^ ^' ^■'' ^^iittlicyj ; 1 1 ^Waorango,for k— 1 1 3 1 O C P C-'^30 2^ 3 3 3 3-"3t-t; n rt a rtn— .-J;i;^ 11 a o Oi,n;:C3c fc-H WH *H ^r< I— t t—" '^ ■J^'"';'' from the ^»'-';''r 'iceaiisc 1 r'. ' r-; rt f^. ^ m r-. a „ ^, »'-" -i 'g the HE l>ooi I . \ r.-i :o r= 2 > >.o o — ' X •-^ •— , i J. w* <- • z -\ 71 u o O o 1— ( o •M m C/J lo o 5 + ■J. 1 1 1 1-1 o •f iri ^*\ o vM = l- 1.0 O %-. ^ -/- c^l" '■ •-• > I u V CI >." •M 1 ^• o O .^ 1 - "^ c- ^ 7 1 y 3 ^ , ^ — n-:-"^- O ^ . *^ 1 If. - 7? 7. 1 :3 •"■ Xfl rt n «iH3 •* ^ ^-i • •n ■*-! ■-7. iJ o o )-l 7^ ^ > n V. :j o 1^ C^ ^ *^ C3 p3 t; tJ S^.^ ^Cl lOt H'J INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 54.{ J; this tablo WO IcJiiii that tlic mean annual jin'ssuic of tlic atniospluTC at I:ii!jn, allowance liciiig nuido I'nr dltreionrc; i.C tnjxigrapliical eluvalion, is lir;. ks than at St. Luuis; while, as wo liavo sclmi, tiiat nvor CiiK'innati, sVccU'dto tlio same correctinii, is ,11 1. Tims tho ahsdluto weight of the |0i,si.!ieri!i.s It'ss at tiiu hint stali(jn than cither of tho others. TiitH' iHvcrsitios in tho annmnt of moan pros-suro, at diilurcnt plaoo.s, in ■.•V;illov, do not constitute an anonnily ; for, in tho languago of J'rofessor Liaij. "It is niiw clearly proved that tho mean pressnro of tlio atmosphere, |,;;i,e levi'l iif tlio sea, is not ovorywhcro tho same," and sneli being th(3 lit. we should e.xpect tho moan jiressuro over a continent, at ei^ual |i;blej, I ' ho imcipial. I'r.feur Looniis has not given tho monthly nnniina, maxima, and range, Itmarojirese'ited in tin; tables of Dr. I'^iigelniann and I'rofessur Hay, but InsitutuJ fur them tliu following occasional extremes : TAJ5LE IT. E.iv.vTieN OF rnv. Baiiojikti'r aiiovm 20.2-"), iv Tmiikk Ykaks. )[arcli 25, 9 A. jM. (k'tuberlT, t) A. M. .\nvomhcrl(»,llA.M. .\.vi'mber2li, !) A. 31, .\\viiiber2!), !) A. .M. jii'i'iulior Ul. niidn't . i'elruarv d, o 1\ M. ni. 2!).2r>2 ;il^r.n. Febmary IS, ?, V. 31, I " ]\hueh ;il, I) A. M. \ " (>etobor2l, !) vV. M. i " November 22, A. 31. 1810. danuary 20, !) A. 31. " December 4, 1) A. 31. 1841. .Tannary 11», 1) A. 31. .ICtl .2.") I .2!);") .298 I .:j()7 .:)ol .r)i;o .;jr>s .272 .479 TABLE III. I'UT.KSION- OF THE IjAROJrETKR liELOW 28.25, IN TlIREK YeARS. in. in. ■A February 10, IP. 31. 28.122 1840. 3Iarc1i 24, ll.V A. M. 27.953 • Itemubor 22, 4 A. 31. ,07! 1 " 3!av o. ().V P. 31. .904 •'■'. I'Vliniarv 28, ;J i>. 31. .KU " November 22, :j P. 31, 28,2:54 Mav27,3P. 31. .249 " December 15, ;] P. 31. .207 X'.v.mher 2, 3 P. 31. .ii;i " December 20, 8 A. 31. .035 ^'anuary oO, 7 A. 31. ,009 I-; ihc-0 tables of extreme variation. Professor Loonu"s remarks, that F:'- >5tlian tlinsc observed at 31ontroal, New York, and Boston, places ■"• ■? kvel of the sea, wo may conclude, that for considerable elevations, ■-p.* of the barometer diminishes more rapidly than its absolute !'•■ l)ut they present 1.551 as tho extreme range in three years. The pe range, for twelve years, at St. Louis, was 1.7t)0, and for fourteen years, i-imati, l.G2(i, numbers which confirm Professor Loomis's conclusion. pcl.jilnffing table of extreme oscillations, within tho twenty-four hours, is p '■ 1 from the same jiapcr with the last, and will be found the more F'-innj;, liccausc St. Louis and Cincinnati observations do not present ]e.>>V' i!ig the occasional diurnal fluctuations : * .): yM. i; :t 544 THE niiNcirAL Di.-r:APES of tug [lOOI I TABLE IV. Fl.UCTDATIONH 01" TIIF, IIaUOMKTKK, NOT CoRr.rf'TKD lOP. TfM/KI'.aT: ,» ^ ExriKKPIMI .«IX-TKNT11H 01' AN INCH, IN TWKNTV-FOCll lif,i.|iv Date. Ilnrom, F.'i). ii;, 1 i\ M. l7,l(t.\..M. M:ircli 1, 10 A. M. 5, UA..M. Nov. :>, :» r. m. C, I» A.M. (;, :i 1'. ,M. Dfc. 11, :? 1. .M. " i;i, :« r. Ai. " 2^, !l A. M. " yit, (i A. M. IS'A'.). ,I-m. 7, H P. M. H, •) A. .M. " Gi, :} r. M. " 2^». :« I*. M. " .Mi.liii;:lit. " 2;!, 7 A. iM. " 2;», ;] r. m. Fob. 28, .'{ p. M Marcl. 1, !) A..M. " 21», !l A. i\I. " -M), y A. M. .7(;g ait.oci •jd,:i7H I .:i27 .i)21 .!»;(.") ..ll!»] 2;).(i.".ii r .00-1 2r<.;jl4 28.4;)7 2!l.(l-l() .:io.') .2-\S .H(l!l .Itr-H .SO'2 .5;).'') J'J.213 Ihi'illiition. ,f)'^0 in 21 IiouM .G8G In 2() hours Sm in 18 hours .ms ill 21 iiour.s r>01 in2i!iours .GJ4 in 21 lionrs M)[) in l.T hours ..'J03 in 21 hours .510 in 7 liourn .(.ll.t in l."> liour.s .61 1 in 18 hours 708 in 21 hours Dnlo. "1H40. 2.'(, 2 A. F.;b. « Mar Jim. 2;(, 2 A. .M Jan. 21, i) A. ,M 9 A. M. 7 A. M. !» A. M. !) A. M. :« P. M. U A. M. :t P. M. :t p. iv[. !) A. .M. y A. M. :< p. M. y A. M 21.111.. A.M. " 24, :» P. M " 2.'), !» A. ,\1 Ai)'l. 12, y A. .M i:i, y A. AI 25, y A. AT 20, 8 A. AI 27, y A. AI 1S41. 17, y A. AI 1^, yA. AI 21, 21t, :t(), :i(t, :n, 12, r-h 15, 2:j, 2:i, 21, Doc. Jan. os.iiiii) ••'■'' 111 ^'1 hoaa ;l|;[^596in2ihoii^ .ill 7 •^"'li'iSiliii' .VJ |.1;, -Ml iii13!,cj4 :i;l.l(ll -'"^ ill 1'' '"ill 27.1):;:t| .2M)7;t!„, .-,- .1)14 ia"21 .:ja !^!:).'lil7 •*56iJiii>i . d j .71G .2S..'.!)4 2i).:)u6 .7«lin2:i! .681 in 'Jo;. .71211121:. "Tlic greatest range, in tuvcnty-four hours, was .^74, Jaimary ll", 1' but tlio most rcmarkaljlo motion of all Avas that on the 'J-'M it' -I;!:;. IS.'JO, S)l'l in seven liour,g. It was accoir.panied by a most vui!u::t ' from the nortli, and a heavy .snow. It will be observed tli;a these ox:: diiiary Ihictuations oeeur cliiofly in winter; not one oceiirrcd in tl.'C s,:..i montlis. The same remark applies to the table of maxima ami c/ given before." Page 314. I'-',' iff ' ■ : mi 1 .«■: ■It • •, ' '^. * m TIIC IVJ'JI I TV.n I'ou TPM?Kr.ATi:r.| Wl'.NTV-FOCll IKjCU'. Batom, I Otci'hiinn. I I ill. I A.M.I .m H74i„2ihJ A. M.-Ji).i-)r" ' '^ " I A. .M.-i'.).lGr'^""' (A.M.! .oin;''''''"" • II A. M.i ■•>"" !)A. M.' •^•■'•^'GGr.nr^l 1) A. M.-J:>.l'.i7 •'"•""'' i) A. M.2-.lilv,2^ ,1c of maxima aiul w ha:: INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 54.') SECTION .IV. ,,,;'tMin'Ric oi}si;rvati().\'s at ti»R(».vt(>, ca.nada ^\■!:sT. I's,. Uritisli j,"»voniiiH'iit lias f.stal)li.slKMl, at Tnnnitu (luriiifilv Littk- llrk.u .M.\(.m;tio and .MuTixtnoi.iiiiii'Ai. Oii<.+:itvATiiiiv, wliicli, at lliis time. lijrAr till! suiH'rintciidoiico of Captain Jiutroy, of tlic llnyal Artilli'i-y.* jl liut liiglily-cultlvatfd and olili;.Mii^' goiitlenian, I am indelitcd fur a miwr uf -WN. iiii'tciir(di»j,dral oliMTvation.s; and, al.sn, for two vulumcs ^2M liy the J?ritisli irovcrnwH'nt, under tlio direction of Coluiud hibv The MS. ubsurvati(»n.s will ho |)ro.sontcd lirst. TAJ5LH I. tiv l!\r.oMETnic p]i.KVATrn\. wrnr the Maxima, Minima, and Range. AT ToiioNTit, I'oK Nine Yeaks. Alliludu— above tlio ocean, 3.'Ji) feet; aiiovo Lako Ontario, lOS feet. Year. I\Ican. in. Mi.x. Min. III. Raiigo. 1 111. in. 1S40. 2!).(;r)4 3u.:)sr) 28.004 1.0!) I i 1S4I. .1\) 1 .084 !S44. .(lis .205 .014 1.051 1 h'i. .010 .242 .J):jii l.:](i;{ is4ii. .01>S :.]:l') .82!) i.noi; 1^47. .025 .:5!I0 .721 1.075 1S48, .01!) .2!)8 .80;} 1.4:15 .Moan. 2U.00!) ;JO.:]l,s"~ 28.744 1.574 p krometric oh.scrvations, the rcpults of wliicli are privcn in the tables l-'l by Colonel Sabino, oxtcnd thrcmgli two years only, and they are piiiitlie preceding table; but as they were made at every alternate li- .nir for the whole [teriod, they arc of great value, as .showing the >':illatioiis of the instrument at a spot reniDto from tho sea, and iUliJistant between the southern and northern borders of the « .** r • 1' ■f- 'tlemau whoso observations, fiiiully, ilctermined Iho position of tin; Polo of '■'iTisity for this continuiit. Sn- p. 111. '"'rtuiiately, the comnuinication of Captain Lefroy did not reach mo until I "'ifl'-' ti'iu])erature was printed, I will here state, that from observations for |.--^ilie mean heat of Toronto is iP.d'J. -■'!'. 540 Tilt: rRiNcirAi. nisi;.\si:s of t!ie ,•'" A k TA15LI-: 11. ^rONTIIt.Y MkAN.« of TIIK TlAHOMrrKIl, AT KVIMIY KVKV TToCll, FROM DKi'tMllJl is 1(1, TO NoVIIMIir.lt, ISpJ, INCM'SIVK. Ill roadiiip llio d'Tiniul iiuimImtn of the tiildi', 29 Kiifrllsh indies must Ijo i/ffiv ik OUcl» HCt, Monihi. H A. i»l. A. M. IH40, It'll, Dec. .1.111. J'.l). Mnr. April M.iy .111 lie J Illy Aii(,'. S^.pt. Oct. Nov. II. Means, .ri.|7 .CGI .t;M .did .III' Mil .(17 ; .*;ii .7;.»J .r>i(> .(;.')] .r)5i 7620! .ii'M 10 I I •> 4 I ^ A. .\I. Noon. I'. M. I'. M. i'. M.'P. M. (;s:» .•;>•-' (:.17 .(112 .Ifi.'i ..-.(il .'■)77 ..'■)7(), (;.')! .(Ml) 7:ti .7;t(l (iU." .(i:ti (;()7 .(i(i;< .'iWi ..-)f^5 ISIl, iyi2, Dec. Jan. Feb. jVIur. Aprii May June July Aujr. Sept. Oct. Nov. H. -Means, .GKI! ..VJH .52!»| .G.<:i ..'■)70 .591)' .607 .l)G7 .728 .077 .G.IO .6:).') .Gill .»i21 .;Vi.l' .r.(i2 .G(;;t .5H.1; .GDI .G17 .G7S .7:til .()')9 ^U2 TG'I2 GT.'I GDI .')2G ;i;, >GI i7( Mi VM i:ti .g;mi J-- ' .(i2ll' ..Wll .571 .G71 .5>^(l; ,G(IM! ,Gi;t .G71)' .741 ,G9(;: ,(i57 ,Gin: .fi:i.v .fi:ifi .G;'.i .'(1^ .GGI .Gin ..'il.-t ..V)(i .(■.27 .71G .G22 .GKI .5G? T(jjj) T5!)(l .1911 .5(12 .G(;2' .,'')59; ..')!»5' .5!IGi .G71[ .7:i2| .Gf<:i .g:»2 .612 .G15 .619; .GIIG .IGs .(i:t.-. .GDI .52(1 .;-.:tr • GIN .Gill .GOO .022 .55!) .592 ; .Ml) .171 .51.'. .g:i5 .5;i^ .579 .579' .651 1 .714' Am .GI4 .■'>96 "i59G .6:i5 .Gi:t .171 .G27 ..V.I5 .517 .51(1 .595 .(1-^2 .5r<7 .G22 .570 .58S .657 .GIG .i-:t! .(i.t;t' .GD4 ..52G .5i:t ..5!)2i .G72, .5H7I .(i:m! .5s7i .595 .66- .()5ti .4s(; .GI5 .G2I .5511 .52(1 .G()2 .GSl .597 .Gi;t .597 ".GOd ..571 .5^^l .5K5 .Ivi .i:ii .4x5 ..55 1 .5G9 ..57 1 Xy2^ .g:ii .GIU ..525 .52G ..545 .57 G .5f<2 ..5i)7 .5G,s .5(;d .5(i5 .(i.-JI .(i;i2 .G:t7 .G97| .692 .701 .Glr< .651 .G59 .602 .G20 .g:)d ..599' .GD5 .GOG ..■)!)! ..595 .602 I't Mi,i. o r^|- I'. M. nl)(ht. A. v. A. M. .6G9| .646' .(MD .«." .G5;t: .(lii.'l .(IT-I • I",- .|h:i A", .641 .(i21t 5(11 .511 .(il;^ .(KIS .Gi: .59( .Gil .5^1 .l^: ..5.'')li .Glitj .517 .(11)7 .57;) .G4^ .7().'( .657 .G;i2 .621 .(11 :i i:t; ti72 .litiii .i;iii .iin; ..-.11 .li'J.I .i;ii:i .Cl'i ..-,11) .5:t(; .iik; ,(;.s7 .597 .(150 ..i.'ill ,()ii; .i'.Dii .Gil .51S Jil-i .GOG ~m .(11)7 .5:);) .524 .iii»7, .5:17' ..579 .575 .GllO .7(12 .(;;(>- .G1^ .(Job! .Gif* .Gi,') ..'ill ,G-'ii .'y2-< .(i,')ii .Gll:1 .(;"'j ..VI',' * I.I .ij;'" .,Vm ..'i-l ,(ul .G'l- •g:!,'. .i;i'J .Gi-j .i;i'i .(111 .i;i'i '.(ID,')' Am yj'.t 'M ' ■'■.'■ f irii'j ffriUT /.Miy-nine ■I..I1M. I A, •10,^ •II.- |..;1-IJ.'. I«l'.'.\ ■l-ii' i-ll, I u-l«l;'.J 'bl-i-V. '/•in:/ ( Ml (ll .. I'll.' .;^-ii.^ )!-ia 01' i if: f<1 M .m Mill Ml .655' M>ii,^ ■:: i>l:j.' ~ .620' .GU7 .6.-)l .62,^) .620 619 1 11 '. K'Ot liT'ls INTEUIUll VALI.KY or NORTH AMllIUCA. 5i7 TAIU.E TH. 'll IIl.UT OK TlIK Tl.VUOMKTKIl, SllO\V>f IN QuAKTKllI.Y AND AnNDAI, MkAN!*, KIIOM TIU; I'llKOKDIM) TaIIMI. IliUU. VHtjM UECEMr.dP^H "^nflliy'inn U lill^ ^H • "■ " tl H 10 1 •.' 1 fi ' H lit 1 Ml.l- 'J 1 •t 1 ■ Houti. \. .M. i \. M. A. .M. 1 Noon 1 1'. .M. 1'. M. r. M. . 1 1 I' .M. r. M. 1 ., iii;;lil, A. iM. A. M. M'ni. I ucht)« must Lu ;ir' ll h H 1 1 ' 1 1 1 ■ 1>I'U ;mi.> .GOS .025 .(;:ti .OHO .571 .,jx3 .595 .003 .000 .597 .599 .001 .001 '. M. night. A.'m. A.M. 11. ^|. <,l'll.) 1 1 1 1 1 — 1 — 1 H ..M^ .550 .572 .57H .5J7 .529, .5;J7 .5-17 .547 .541 .555 .553 .519 .551 r.c.'i r.Ki .111'.) .)'<" ''Jl fl ...,1M1\ 1 1 1 ' 1 i',i:'l i;M X,I'} m ^I ilnaof ) i 1 1 { 1 < i .t*> ik'i .'I'.'i A'' in ^1 f .582 .559 .005 .574 .552 .500 .571 .575 .571 .576 .570 .575 .576 ,.::.r..^ 1 ! i 1 — — — ' , , • 1-11, .f.22 .C;)2 .023 .009 .588' .58u' .58?^ .000 .013 .014 .007 .605 .608 .511 .,);((> ••'■ll 3^H Jv.i-ll.^ 1 1 :||j |«S J u'l'i'.;./ ■l>^^H .^til of 1 Hi:n'r». ) 1 1 1 1 1 i ' (1 .c.u r'...i '^^^H .Gil! .624 .02:3 .007 .5c:«:) .r>'i^' ""• '^H :-., I'll,. ■■■'•11 \ 1 .653; .050 .C3:> .611 .59t< .592 .003 .014 .013' .612 .021 .020 ol .o:t(i .f'i>"i ■*>-" ■':':!; '^H '-' Ul') 1 ; - r .V2-< .'< .^^1 ■■"'•./ i .5li „ ^^H .571) .f '1 ^1 .GG7 .G78' .078 .000 i .648 .033 .028 .031 .041 1 .010 .040 .045- .050 1 ^^H I'a of i 1 1 1 ,7 (;l^! .('>'■'" •'i'^" •!:■'' ^H 1 1 7„:ti .7i.-> .tv.t:. ■&■'■ H ^3r,r,ier ■ .655 .000 .004 .050 .030 .016 .610 .019 .628 .030' .626' .6331 .035 ,., .(;.-,7l .f.> •li^''' •".1- ^1 Va'I'-s. ) 1 1 i, (i:!>2! .^M^ .tii'^ •':''' ■ :ci>ii.'. .(JU7 .025' .020 .010 .5941 .593 ._„ -1 g 1 .003 .013 .614 .598 .590 .606 )., -^io|Oiii^3i)i^j^ 1 •.«MMi' .651 .664 .004 .012 .024 .010 .625 .032 .0:)2 .035 .030 .633 .637 ):T.l.li).\ .629 1 .043 .045 .020 .009 .005 .014 1 .02.3 .623 .017 1 1 .012! .015' .622 iffl»rs.\ , 1 1 iI'M'rom) 1 1 1 "^ Mil. .620! .o;)4 .034 .013 .592 .588 ..595 .000 .010 .000 .003 .606 .609 'U'\\\ t h:mj ^•>41 1.619 .032 .035 .015 .59(i .,-)91 .595 .602 .003 .002 .599 .602! .608 5NM54i\ 1 1 1 1 ■WT ' 1 1 J 1 1 ' 1 Ji uro ' .620, .633 .035 1 .014 .594 .590 .595 .604 .607! .004 1 1 .601 .604 .008 1 ■f!*.. ,1 I : '1 I) %. . 1' •I ■'. ( ,• ■m-:M i'': ■1 ,. ■' t^'f ; . ]; J ' , 4 f 'M ^;"i: }'■ ' ^'■'■' •,..r-. f-i ■' ■•• ^y-' ': ■ ■ i' bii% p. 548 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE TABLE IV. iC'-OKLf TuE AvEiiAGE Daily Differkxce in the ITioiit of the liAiioMETEi; i' In tlie ic;ir, j 1^1.) Ahixiinum .Mluiimiiii. in. "Til. 29.031 29.571 .578 ' .529 .032 .5^0 ,.iJl8 .574 .053 .592 .070 .028 .(;20 .593 .004 .010 .034 .588 .035 .591 "Wo derive," says Culonel Sabine, "from these tables tlio fiil[ particulars relative to tlio (regular) diurnal variation of the liar iii,i ;rij ; pressure, viz. : — " I. The morning maximum takes jjlace at eight o'clock in the sun :::ef 1 (juarter, and at ten o'clock in the winter quarter; in the sprhig and a;;: ..a quarters it is almost e(|ually divided between those hours. "II. The afternoon minimum takes place at two o'clock in t!:ev,::.;erj (quarter, at six o'clock in the summer (quarter, and at four o'eluck i:. ini spring and autumn quarters, and in the annual means. "III. The second maximum occurs at eight o'clock, P. M., in tlioirLtai quarter, is equally divided between eight and ton o'clock in tlio ;iu;:aii (|uarter, is at ten o'clock in the S|iving (fuartor, and at twelve (iimlni.'i. the sunnner ouarter. On the average of the whole year it is at ten u'l "IV. The second minimum is at two o'clock, A. JM., in the -liniij summer, and autumn quarters, and on the average of the year ; but i:: :lii winter quarter it occurs two hours, and occasionally four hour,- earlier." In the tirst tabl'> of this section, the annual hight of the bareiiKt.: Toronto is given for nine years, including the two which make apartcfiij three preceding tables. For the annual mean, the first table uisv consulted; but it dilFors from the mean of the two years of the otlior tn'Iij only .007. Those tables, however, present the mean pressuri' d 'J different months and seasons, to cxhil)it which, I have coiiHtnutiJ :ri^ ♦^hem the following table, that the distribution of the pressure tlirou^!; year, at Toronto, may bo compared with that of St, Louis, Cinciunati. Hudson : ■•' V'M •■■■ ■.I \ i' IE CijOK I. •niE Bap.ometku, is UilVt-rtiii;''. in. ill .or)- \ .or.2 1 AI44 f .nb .*ir)U ^ n.'j.").". .ti4s 1 XUi'3 .it4i; j 1 .044 i .OA.'i c tables the IV'I! v'.:ig ition of the l)ar.u. -.dc t o'clock in the ^ni. ..la ; 11 the i^iiriug uuil a;;v .aa ; hours. xo o'clock in the v:::,;a: id at four o'ehul; i.m ,iis. , iuck, r. M., in till v,:..t^ n o'clock in the untuii I at twelve (niitli4'l.;ii ! year it is at ten u"''.cr :, A. :M-, ill tl"* 1'''^ 'of the year; hut mill four hour.< cavlier.' [i:ht of the haroiiKt^: Iwliich make a ptirt d tlj the first taljle ii:;v. years of the etV.ir t;>d( 1; mean pressure ti i I have coustruc'A'i ■■" the pressure tlir-n^:^ J 1st. Louis, CinciuiKit' ■:!Tn.j INTERIOR. VALLEY OF NORTH A:\IERICA. 549 ^ ■ , O ■^ JO CO P Tl CO ■-w^ CO O o ;^ i.-O tH 3 d> d d ' r/] Q "^ Q\ CI (•» 1 fi CO 'O CO ^, , ~ir s o CI 1- o o lO o -44 1—1 p o 1^ •5 d CI d CI 71 H h .^^ ^■1 1 ^ Cl (U CO rH T^ o o o -— ., t.'^ 1— ( s 5) 3 d> d d ' A 6 ci CI CI p . ~co~ ~-ti~ 1—1 CO 1— 1 C CO cc 1--: J- t— o '^ »,c o ?: a> d d "^ 1 d CI d l" 7. • 1 1 > cj rH o c; C 1 Ci — o -t; r-; K o 1^ rH 3 t <5 J J- d c) d CI iro cli + . i Lh 1 : Cl Cl M lO CO Cl 1- -t< ^ .^ El »-* co -f rH CO i 1 CO rH Cl o i.Ci lO o :: 1 'A <^ c d Tl d CI d CI 1 ' = : d d : Cl Cl X " 1 "■ CI CO >.c << . -^ 1 3 1-1 3 d ■^1 d ■^ 1 d '^ 1 ^! O CC' --O O I - VD O -f o -"- — 1-- . 1 ""O a 1 'co" /^ 1= Cl Tl > ^ > > d -in o 1 — o i 3 d d d ■ c 1^ O -H O -; ^ i'- ~i CI CI rfu O) 1^ lO :r 1 < iq -t<. rH 4 d d r — ^"" o ~cT~ Oil _^ c/:. 'tl o 1^ 7. I? ■•= Cl Cl 1 1- H O •< 3 d d -r d o 1 « '*^ CI CI CI • /^*^^*..^.^^^PN o ! -' ! 'TT • ~y:^ a,' "^~ ~CI - -1^ w- Cl 1 -• ■^- o , * • H <; fcj o lO i.C o s 2 : ^7 . c 3 d d d ^ - •- 3 .. [i3 s Cl CI Cl o 'go" t— " J—t t? P ~ - s »i > ■^ 1—1 1—1 C5 ~t c ^ X ■•'- t •4 ^ d o d CO d Cl h^ fo CI '*' 1 Cl £^ « « 2 >; > "~o -o ""-+ ' Cl ^ ^''.i ^ 1 j^ Ih V. rH o o 4 H s *"* d CI d CI d Cl \ 1 N«H b— 1 " 1~ f5 7. — I-) .^.^ ^,^_^,^_^^ ,^.^-f^ a .2 ^i§ si h r y, .2 ■/. H E-H 7. CJ -^ o ^ = >'. t. f" '^ tx-= O ..-3 a — -"3 1+ ^ 1 3 V -. 'i p ItC 1 » 1 4i - 7 - "5 ?< .r c F — > 3 U 'J ^ bx. « 1 > n 5 1) -*■ » c *J .•3 O 4> k- 's .5 ^^ kl-il r- < a p rr. p^ r*. f ^t' :| lir?iH: /• .■i^-•:-^■'■-'•:' lJ•|i!l-:i■■■■.■^■■•' .v ■;■•'' ' V.'. r'iV |.'1 ' ■• .' < i- ■ '■■ ' ■ i.- •:l).-r t:i'c^-:l-:'r: 'S' ■ : 550 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE [BOOK iJ SECTION y. BAROMETRICAL OBSERVATIONS AT MONTREAL, CANADA I:a.-^T Montreal lies nearly north-east of St. Louis, boinrr 6*^ 5-i' iiortli, ami hv joa cast. The otlior stations, Cincinnati, Hudson, and Toruiito, lie lahvd-.n these cxtrenu'S. 3I(intreal, inoreuvur, is near tlie love! of tlie swi. AjJ McCord, of that city, has puhlislied'' the annual mean of five years' iJijonaJ tion.s, bis barometer being placed ninety-one feet above the moan ti'le i;: i),^ St. Lawrence. The monthly means are not j;ivcn. As this is tliij l;,--, ,-jf our stations, I have added, as far as practicable the annual results li,r tlie sarni'. years at the other statidiis, all brought to the elevation of St. Lov.ijj but, in the footing out of the table, the means of all the obtervatiuns at t!ij several stations arc put down. Tadlk of Mkax Annual Barometiuc I'kkssuiik and Hanoi:, at M xJ TiuoAi,, FOii Five Yeaus, fiiom 18;](i to 184U incllsive, wnu ijii.r.u^ PONDING YeAKS at TIII: (ITllini STATIONS. Altitude, 91 I'cot above tlie Sea.' Moan 1 .Montreal Mran of Year. Pressiirn i cor. for Mean ol' Cincin- Mean of Mean of A niinal V,:..-n — at Monfl ; Ul. St. Louis St. Louis nati. Hudson. Toronto. ; in. in. in. in. in. in. 183(1, 20.020 20.522 ; 20.450 1 — — \y>' 1837, .425 20.555 .402 - — 1.;.'.^ 1838. .8S4 .48(1 .(il3 .458 i.ii'^ 1 830, .000 .512 .57S .408 2 1L- 1840. ]Mcan, .805 .407 .578 .450 i20.52S 20. 532 L.'nili 29.88(; 20.4S8 20.578 2! 1.434 20.550 204><7 .'■ --.t K li:'^liMt' .. " ■ •« ' SECTION AT. G E N E R A L I Z A T 1 O N S . I. CoMi'Ar.ATivi-; ]\Ii;an Annual rjtEssuiii-; vi tui; Difit.rknt St.u! vj — AVheii we cunij)aro tlie mean pressure of tlie five statimis, as piTSii.;'- the foot uf the M1 INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 551 \L, CANADA EA.-^T. •mJic section of the Mii^sissippi River, iioavly to tlio lioad of titlowatcr iu ... j[ Lawrence ; and lio who resides witliin it, and know.s his elevation, iviiliout nmcli prohaLility of error, cahnilato tlie [iressnre of tlie atinos- -,. ill which he lives. How far this is applicable to dther parts of the |r.>. can be known only by ol)servatiou. "1, KCLATIVK 3IkA.N' rjlKSSUllK OK TIIK ^loXTIIS AND FkASOXS AT THE I'mEREN'T STATIONS. — In tlieso etHnpiirisims Montreal cannot lie introduced, ...;•];> its monthly ]iressuro is not piven in the table. Of the other I ri;; 1:1?. St. Louis is taken as the standard, to which the rest are brought : rrection for dift'erencio of altitude. i. S', Louis. — The highest month is Dccendier, being .0.5S above the mean I'y rear at that jilace; tlie lowest May, .0S5 below: the range between ■■;i.1-1j. The month nearest to the mean year is September, being .000 ; V. it. Of the whole, September, October, November, Peeember, ,V::irv, February, 3Iareh, rise above it; while April, May, June, July, LiAazast .'^ink below. Of the seasons, autumn and winter are aliovc, ii:::,.'a:!J sunnner below. "Winter is the higliest and summer tlie lowest in .four. The difference between them, is .O'^H Autumn is higlier than ?•::.' bv ,055. The season whieh comes nearest to the mean year is lira.ii. .031 above. .('•liciiinalL — The monthlv talile f(jr tliis place cives the followin!:' ;,-: October the liighest, being .051 above its mean year; !May the ■:. .nT'i below the year — the range between them, A-'i. dnl}-, I ■".:;•:. Sqitember, Octolier, Xovemlier, Decendjer, and January exceed the v.ine;ui; February, Marcli, Aprils May, and June fall below it. The |::.;:iiKarost to its mean year is Jul}', being .OdS abjve. Of the (juarters, Iciaiiianil ^vintcr are above, spring and sunnner l)elow. Autumn is the L'-rft of the whole; sjiring the lowest — tlie difference between them is Wintur i.s higher tlian sunnner by .('14. The season nearest to iKJSiiimal pressure is summer, being only .004 above. I Unison. — The month of liighest mean pressure is September, b^ing ".i ;i!jiive its mean year.; of lowest. Ma}', bi'liig .'•'..Hj briow — range »eii theni, .VW. January, February, July, August, September, te'i vr. and November are above; Man-li, A[iril, ^lay, dune, and Deeem- kI.Lw. The month nearest to the annual mean is Februarv, lieini; only ''1" aiiiive. Of the seasons, summer, autunni, and winter are above, ;!t!.:i' alone below. Autumn is the highest season; spring the lowest — fence between them AO'o. Summer is higher than winter by .eeem- «■ tli'iso bolow are January, Felnaiary. Ajtril, May, June, and Novemljer. ^■"iie wliiuh cuiii'^s nearest to the year is December, being .017 above. ■I>f*r.. f * , 1. .' J Wr^'-ym'-'-''i.^T^ ''•';■" . !']• -■'■■: :<'")' ':--^y- ■ <■ :;••■ \i-'- , i i' i 1 -f ■ '.'. ■■■ -,■ : - ..■ ■ ; ;■'., '';';■' *■ - r * ■ M , }'f\ ' '' '" ^ ■• ■ ' ' ■ ^ ■ ; j.Si_,'-j ■ t; '.•■i| . ' .■ ,, , :' . Il-'' '■■'■''■ .:^''^:. m%. iff ■•*..•: ■-■-.' i'";'':.:^^- *!;.!■! ''J V-'- . tost'- •!■■-■ .-1 V . *• . ■. •"'■■ ■* .. [■..', . . •■.■■■ '• I ■ . ■, . **.«• :.y ■f:<-ii ■ .-yv . .h'' •tr 'j ' ■-/ ■H .' ■ ' . ";V ■ iif.fiiT . .f- ■ ;. at three, and summer at two — on the other hand, spring is below at a.i :■ stations, thus antagonizing autumn; summer is lielow at two, equally divided; and winter is below at one only. These facts iiulicati' general law, that in autumn the pressure is greatest, next to which > aj winter ; then summer, and then spring. Yet, in eonnoctioii with tf approach to uniformity, it is curious to observe, that a different aa? 'HE ;p.ooK \i iuriM INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 5o3 iter and ?pviug \K\i,^ inter tlie luwttl — diw If tlie scasoni, spviuj taljular form; JAN PllESSlia-. I lIsou, 3 yrs. iToronto, i! vs. temper August J iFcLruary t. Uet. |AuL'. Mav.i (T N(.v. iM. Julv K July t^qil. D'.r. Fcl)ruary. 1 ril ])ec. Nov. .1;;;;, vrch June ;Ai,vil Mr :May J mil' K'' iiy ■ DecciiiUr utuiiin Luumer Sumiu(.'r iiV.utuiim 1 'inter L'l-'iig 1 Sliriii<; ;\V inter 1 'inter Spring lo or region of country I'v ni lsii?o of no station m Itior.s, there is gvcut diva iiout the year. Tlub ; aiy two stations, iiml ti |c "being true of tlir U fall hcluw i\\'i K^i and th.e month w;.. kt i>ne at each pluo-.s loxvcvcr, airplay a teu.l..r.i pressure; winter b ^ spring is below at ad ti is l.elow fit two. " These facts imViu;it [Uest, next to nvW ; ^ iu connection \s\w that a different sliu l.fn station, is that whicli cdines nearest to, or best rcpresent.s its mean ,.jj|y |irossurc. It is also worthy of remark, that at three stations out of [■■-J tliciuean pressure of seven month.s, i.s above mean aniuial pressure — at ...tlii.rtlie months arc equally divided. Ilenec it follows, that the fall of l-hr'UiL't'-'f below the annual mean, is greater than its rise above, in the .[rtkinuf seven to five: that is, the sum of the fi\ /niniis months, is j til the siuu of the seven plus months. III. Extreme Annual Kanges. — For determining the relative extreme IsrvJi.!' the barometer at different jilaces, it is not so important to liavo ,,|ivrvations corrected fur temperature and capillarity, as when tho U^iivi.' niuim pressure is the object ; I shall, therefore, under the present hil rotor to two sets of observations not hitlierto noticed; those of 3Ir. :. I'r two years, at New Orleans, on the Gulf Coast, in N. Lat. 30°; till si' of FirE. Parry, for two years, north of Hudson Ba}-, below and ■itho arctic circle."'' These distant and jiiposiio stations, when com- i:,l with St. Louis, Cincinnati, Hudson, Toronto, and 3Iontreal, will afford is:;sf;ictory ccpression of the annual and monthly extreme ranc-cs for the k' lutLiiur Valley. The extreme annual ranges, at tliosc stations, are as !:w-: New Orleans 0.700 ; St. Louis 1.700; Cineinnati l.0; Arctic Cirele 12.100. These ks show that as t';e mean temperature of tho year decreases, tho I'Mtric range increases. I shall not attempt, on so small a imniber of lut" develop these inverse ratios; but it maybe stated, tliat the mean :;i:'jrthe five stations, from St. Louis to Montreal inclusive, is 1.07-, it'^.irmean N. Lat. 41° o>^', mviiii;; .070 of increased barometric ran^o tJil'.m'e of latitude at New Orleans. The mean temperature of the same fciiD>is49°, tliat of the city 70° ; showing an increase of barometric ij'itjthe amount of 0.88-!, for a loss of lll° of mean temperature which i."t fur a degree of temperature. There is, also, a relation between the 'S annual ranges of the barometer, and those of tho thermometer, as [tsr: from the followiiiir table : Places. New Orleans, St. Louis, Cincinnati, Hudson, Toronto, ^lontreal. Y.'arly Bar. I'aiifrc in. 0.700 1.700 l.(H2(» i.iiur 1.075 1.700 Yearly riu'. Raiifie. -— o 80 134 117 10-J 110 1-JO :>'-' immbcrs show, win. at a single exception, tlial the liarometrie and fiKtrie ranges arc in harmonj', or direct proportion to eauli otlier. Li h'liparison, St. Louis rei^uires a .special notice Mthougli tlie most :\, 4 •)Wr., -r... .V * Second Voyage. I; mi II- !::'-«'>■■■ >< S'M':'-- ■ t * i ■' •■•it ■ a->iii hflh' f?lr ' ),■ « 1 t ''■■): y '■. '■■:; • 41 r i-■;■*. r r 4 THE ruiNcirAL diseases of the [book 1 soutliorn of tlic five intoiiur stations, it exceeds thciii all in tli,. extent ( Lotli its ranges. This, 1 pvef o, arises from its being tlie most Wf«tcrai that nearest to the great |.i..iiis and the llocky MDUiituiiis, .uiil siir"Wi that as we travel westwardly, on the same parallel of latitude, tllc■^t• riui^rei of temperature and pressure beeorae more extended. The olisorvnti^n made in the Arctic regions are, as yet, too f^'W to admit of a sitislii.;,, comparison on these points; but they seem to indicate a (.'hannu i,f tlic hi of relation, for while the extreme barometric range (ibserved, in twu •,,;,r« was li.lC.O, or nearly a third more than the mean of the middle statin,.- -'le range of the thermometer wos only 100° or four-fifths of the )ii(;iii ,■, ^j of those stations. It is probable, then, that there is a jmint, lii-ii m in the temperate zone, where both ranges accpiire tlieir maxima, uiM wliieli they decrease to the south and to the north. IV. ExTiiEME Monthly and Quauteiily Eanges. — As, liy tlio nniiiirfv range, is meant tlio distance between the highest and lowest status ut tin I barometer, through the wb'lo period in \vhich observations are madi'. > the monthly and (juarterl}', is meant the range between the hJL'Li-r ni ?owcst, in the same month or the same quarter, tliough iiiakin;.' in',. parts of ditfercnt years. They show the highest and lowest point.-i if ^ latiou to whicli tliat month or season is liable. As these maxiiii;i ai minima are, also, the data from which th.e yearly extremes are caliulatu follows that the latter must indicate the former; but they do not tt!!;pl the montli nr seasons in which the extreme librations have tlioir /';. -ij and, tiicrefore, we are lel''t t;) inquire into the relative monthly and -;:- oscillations. If wo ascertain the mean of the extreme montldy ranges, at carii i-taiid and compare that of ea(di month witli it, some will, nf cimrso, ri-i 'Ji and others fall below the average; and, tluis, Avithout cniliam- ourselves witli numbers, we may perceive, in a general way. wliirli ;iiv months of higher, and which of lower range; as in the fi'llnwiiii: tin where, moreover, the months of both columns are placed in the u' their distance from the mean of the wdiole, and the aninuiit of tlie \''.:h^ and lowest is annexed. Tluis, the first-named montli of tlic fnv-t r iiii lias tlie highest range of any in the year, and the last of the second v the lowest : while the last month of the first eobiinn, and the first iii'i:t;i| second column, are those whose range approaidies nearest to the moan whole; in other words, are the months of temperate range. tK INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMEi. :A. OO) LnRK.ME 3IuMIILV BaUuMKTUIC IIaNOKS at FlVK Sl'ATIOXri .Months Ix.'low incun IT Mca ■■■■'' ■■' - ^ j I.Moiillis aliovd lucaii ill Years. Ilij^liest | iMiigf, iu liio order I Riiiige. I of their e\lL'nt. I \.i Orloaiis: 3 Hiouins aiiovd lucaii .>ioiims ikmow mean jrhest I range, ill IJio order Mean ranfje, in the unler Lnwe.st inge. I of their e\lL'iit. ] Range, i of tiieir extent. Range. Nov. Feb. Dec. , I* t v i .bbi Jan. iMar. Oct. , U.441 ^ , , , i ■ ° i 0.20 < I TVFn,. ! Sept. J Illy !, ;i.s: 12 , ^lay , Fob. 'laii. Nov. 1 I I'ol). -Jan. i\ov. 1 ' 1.490 Apr. 31 ar. Oct. | 1.154 Boc'cmbor l"'('b. Ni)V. Dee. ';';''^"' ^' I 1.470 Mar. Jan. April , 1.140 I Octul)cr ; May Sept. June ., ..p,^ August July .M;iy Hi'iit. June ,, -,.r. , \ ' r , 0.(00 August tJ uly I I 1 ■„to: 3 ^ -oi Feb. Jan. Nov. ^•"^"^Oet. Dec. Mar. I Lr .; rxcgioii.s; ., m,, Mar. Oct. Fob. I i«rs, ; "■ Juno January , .,,... Sent. Juno Aiu'il ,> -.r i July Jlay August I Apr. Nov. May 1.3.^8 .July Aug. Due. I Septombor 1.010 : Ntalilo we perceive that from .soutii to iiurtli, (|uilo across tlie conti- ;.r LToat oscillations ol" the baronietcr occur chiclly in the eoh-ler Ik:.,;, At Now Orleans they arc found higliest in all the winter ninnth.s:, Iri'TMuoiitlis of spring and two of autunui: At St. Loui.s and Cincin- >;ime: At Toronto, in all the winter months, together with two ir.::.;:aiiil(jiie spring month. But in the Arctic llegions, this order is, in p k'ree, broken up. two of the winter n)nnths, and one month of sjiring, .r, ami autumn, being aliovc mean range; still giving, however, a fc,;.kaiiec to tlie colder months. At New Orleans the highest month is .'j.r; ill tlie distant north, ]Marcli ; at the three middle stations, iKarv. The lowest month at New Orleans. St. Louis, and Cincinnati, is pi'; at Turonto, August; in the north, Se .icmber. In New Orleans and plrjiito, tlio number of montlis above and below mean range, is e(pial ; "Luij autl Cincinnati, as seven to live; in the north, as live to sc'ven. I'-, ioutbuni city, tlie month of lowest range is less than a tliird of tho k->;: at St. Louis, about half way between a third and a half; at Ciu- piand Toronto, nearly a half; at the Arctic Circle, within .O'iO of ■ Thus the difterence in extent of range, between the summer and fcr mouths, diminishes, as we advance from south to north. l^-t'i 've group the months into seasons, m'c find the winter months, with f-M|itiMii of ])cccmber in the Arctic Regions, above moan rarge : the «-'. wcqit Juno, in the same regions, below; 31ay leans to the lower •iii? in it at four stations, and in the upper at one only. At all the P -^ ^'iitonibor is below, iiiul October above; at four, November is itonel)olow. Thus spring and autumn are almost equally divided, 'fflir, however, inclining a little to tlie lower, and the latter to tbi; pSroupof ranges. ■ m ("f**. i ■ . ■»; :r ■ t. ■I- , t. .■... t ■i.A-.uiei d. ft' .i ■ ^' .1 i ;^ I -I- ■> * 'i-'' . »•??* • ■ ' iJt'.i !' ' ' ■ ■''■*■■ tl Jl^-^fiv -"'I-- ■■•■■ '•'\.' i; ■■ M. O ■:■; 'r,- ■.'.. •. . ■ ■ .''•^m'*- '•'••>■■ 1 . . H-^',.1 i ^.'•'i. 4-. * ' J- F'.i'; )|||| 550 Till:: rRixciPAL dis^eases of Tlin [bookI SECTION VII. PIIYSIOLOGICAE AN'l) ETIOI.OCICAI- EFFECTS OF VARYING \TMo^ rUEIilG IMIESSURE. ' ' III a country of such unifurm cleviifioii as tlio Tnterior Valkv > f rJ continent, nidst of tlic inlialiitiints live iimlor the Siuno iiuaii iiresMu,. has been ah'Oiuly cstinuitcd that the majority rosicb ahout six liuiidrcil fei above the level of the sea; anil, therefore, aecording to data, siiripliL,] !.■ tl preceding table, they live under a mean [iressure, indicated nearly liv.!'.:;,)! or .!»7''* of the atmosphere resting on those at the I'vel uf the Gu!:', Bl there arc extensive table-lands, stretclung off from tlie Apiialadiian Mo tains, in Pennsylvania, Oiiin, and New York, whose iiihabitants n-siilo uiid a pressure indicated by about l!!"-.7, or .!»57 of tlie wlmlu atninsiiLiio; on the terraces uf the Cordilleras of 3Iexico, and tho soutliorulliMk-, )[,, tains, there is a considerable population whicli move in au atnu-plii-r', average wei<,dit of which must bo far less; while, on tlic otliur 11, inhabitants (if tho shores of the Cudf of Mexico, and of the cstuarv . f St. liawrence, live under tlic pressure of nearly the whole culiuiiu atmosphere, equal to thirty inches of the barometer. Tliesc ditlercnces, ranging through several inches of t1ic haromotric . f vly the wliulc eulaiiiu cr. cs of tlic liavoiiiclv'. • .-; n ouv iiliysinlogy, Lwej oo-vee. Ouv coustitutioi irii.' pvc^suru tu wlii icd; as tliey uvc l;:;Avn (if wliii:li are vury uiM^ of tonilKTiltUVO, tll'.llA tlicr suiitli ro^le: n^rl enjoy tlieiusolvos ; ;iui under the sca-s"ulr i.vri| Ide at an elevate:.. ,|nallyaflV.'tOLlliy:ir;-)j 11 i.thev wovds. ;» '''!'■■ 1 ineh, \YouW. I. ?v,; i [coast, at the iiioiu'; .Valley of Tao?. aiv. lese facts we may. I M ihysiologieal ami >ti '. akiiiir a recugnitl^!;'.'!! Itution. e on the same l':'V''i art ent elevations. A -1 k1 aseent of a muiu.t.. Iitain into the valley I'j :rature of the air .^^■'■^■'1 jtlic tcmi'fvatm'C c^iuu^ icat decreases, fan A I ^i(jj^, ^veiglit of the atmosplioro : and, in dosocndinfr, it augnionts witli the ,,„. if in'cssuro. iStill I'urthev, the (jseillatioii.s of jitnKsplunic Avtidit .jii i.'1'iUiu'e are, no doubt, acuoinpiinied by inodilk'ati(;ns iu the liiuiiiility l.;,>;i'icityof the air, whereby the direct iuflnenco of variations of lucssuro 1. j.eaa'J. Thus the iiroblom becomes coniidex, and we are thrown liack .J 1 tVw well-ascertained and fainilinr facts. First, It is witliiii the L jifi;, t^i of every one, that when the barometer is low, and smoke, vapor. Iti; .'< liiii-'cr near the surface of the earth, tlie body feels languid, fatigue Lr.f.Iluffs on exertion, and the intellectual funetions are reduced in their |cTi;v; -.fl'ccts which occur even in winter, when they cannot be ascribed Lucrea-? of teiuiierature. To what extent this physiological change may Iri-! "-0 to disease, deserves to be considered. On the other hand, Mhen Ijilar meter ranges high, there is a feeling of vigor and activity in lioth Lvij'luiiiiJ, disproportionate, 1 think, tu the mere reduction of tenipera- |rt. ivLkii is generally connected with that change. These vicissitudes, it (Ju known, are apt to generate inllaminations of the lungs, joints, and Kins of the body, which arc commonly ascribed to changes of teniper- Icviilv. but it may, fairly, be presumed, that the diminution of pressure liixHNiosing, its sudden increase a cooperative, exciting cause of these fe:;i. : I>ut cliaiiLrcs of tonijieraturo arc tlio vW'vi'i. not less than tlio I'ausu nfwii^ WIioii the atniosplioro moves from a soutlicrly to a nortlu'rly iKjint, tlj.. tA perature ri.scs — I'roni a northerly to a southerly, it falls: it' tluMvii d bjiL from a low iilaiii or v.illoy, ujion a mountain, tlio elevated rcpion In, ^im warmer — if from the latter, a curroiit roll down upon tlio valley, tlii.' ti peraturo sinks. In all these movements the weight or prcs.suro ui aflected atmosphere is modilied. Ill some fundamental [loiiits all tlio movoments of the irrcut aerial m agree; as, for example, that the e(|uatoiial eurreiits, when tiny tlnv toward the ]Hdes, assume, from the diminishing veloeity of the earth i: higher latitudes, the character of south-westerly winds in the nurthuni liea* isiihero, and of north-westerly in the southern ; while tbcy raise tliL- teiiiiien. turc of the ciddcr climates ; and, that the returning ur eonipuiisatiiic (.uneDti as they advance toward the eipiatnrial regions, from tie' iiicrea>iii2 vi'ioob of the earth's surface, seem turned from their original course, tuwanj Ai west, assuming the direction of north-east and, at last, of east wiiul-. ])ut the winds of every country have peculiarities wliiili deiiuiiil .11 Al vicinity or distance of seas, and hroad lakes, mountain chains, dwii villqi large rivers, and extensive savannas or forests. In the sceund v tlie lirst ehapt'jr on Climate, page 453, a general recognition of thcs features of our Interior \'alley was made, and need not he here ; I shall, therefore, proceed to remark, that to construct an accurate svstoi the winds of any country, is a lahor of much magnitude and diilini!; do it for (jur Interior ^'a]ley, at this time, is quite inipraeticaltle, I'ur 1, which may ho briefly stated : Firsl. Observations have not been nia!'^ suthcient number of places. Second. They liave not, in general, b] the velocity of the wind, or the lengtli of time it blew fre:ii ^ partii point. Third. They have not been made on any ueiform phiii. an ! of the tables are, therefore, not susceiitiblo oi being comparcil. /' The duration of calms, and their relative frequency, before and after wi::! seldom been noted. Fif/h. The course of tlie upper winds, as indirati the nnivements of the clouds, has not often been recorded, in coniiecti the direction of the currents at the surface of the earth. Sixlh. U tions, with two or three exceptions, have not, in general, been uiadf iaj night. Until these desiderata shall bo supplied, it will bo in vain to atMnj full development of the laws which govern the atmospheric niovem- the interior of our continent; and I shall limit myself to the pre.v!. the results of observation at such a number of places, scattered '.a rii will give a general view of this branch of its meteorology. In duii!.' propose to begin in the south and advance into the north. In eoibtm^ the tables, I have reduced all the observations to eight points of tlie ( pass, adding a column for calms. The latitude, longitude, elovat::i,^ ;•;,.] iiarr, .:.;jry, f' 'iiarr. •■■:>t, ... ■ ■."! ■'■''"i«'r, .... ^^rnlicr Eastern, v.;>(*' •■ f TIIH ;iifoi 'UTll'J INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. '.,'0 1 wii ,'iiiils artj ovminata ? a tlmiKk'rAturm : .4 V n'gioiiH, ct i'l'i- than tlio ciiu^u ii! ' iiiivtlicrly iiiiint, ti. t ialls: it' tlu! w;-, i ' L'luvated rcf.'iuii li |)iiu tlm vuUry, til' 'iglit ov [ii'ussur.; ul 'M. •df. (if the jrrcat aori;i': :eii •cuts, wliou they ti v uf locitv of the wivtli : i tk( iiiils in the nurtK'ni liei* nh they raise the iciiipeji- : or ciiiii[)L'iisating ir.iiren^ )m tie iiKTcai'hig vdixlly I iriL'ilial course, tuwavJ Ik t last, of east \\iml>. hies whieh (lc)ieiid 'i Al| Lintaiu chains. dee[' \ lilej In tlic second s'^tiiB recoirnition of thus.' leed not be here rq- struct an accurate pys'.cl gnitudu and Jiffimiity, ,e ini[)ractieahle, tor nai lis have not been wA ive not, in general. i;i' it blew fro-.n ;. paitid my ui'irorni [ilan, aii'! being compared, hi [v. before and after vh "u[ti>er wind.s as intlioata recorded, in coriiii'i'ti' Hi lie eartli. Sixth. Oi' general, been mail [ill be in vain to :r: 'iptj Itniospherie movoni' Lyself to the prcs.ir.i'.ifl ■ places, scattered uvri^ ctcorology. I" 'l^'"!-' J I the north. In eoii-;ruf , to eight points of tlio | [do, longitude, elovati-n.l ^j;:,,ii to sca3, lakes, or inountain.s of each station, may be .soon liy :i Lwnoo to the genoral table uf mean temperatures, page 405, or to the ,, rr;ii,|iic;d dcscriptlons in Part I. ii'iall iirst pre-ent tin; observations roeordeil at niir ilifVoront military ,-., wiiich uiay, with the greater propriety, be thrown togotlier, as they |i- luaJt' on the same plan and luuler one ilireetiou — that of the bureau of .v;r_'('on-gencral at Wa,shington.* In th^se tables, the single observa- ■., vviial times a day, are not given, but the numbers represent days. ;;..iat ffliich observotions were made for less than three yeans, ar^^ |;.'.;Jtil. A mean year for eaeli post ha.s been made out. The whole Iders represent days, and the decimals parts (jf days. There is no ■M of calms. SECTION II. ARI LAR VIEWS OF THE WIND AT OFR MILITARY POSTS. TABLE I.-CANT()N:»IENT CLINCH, PEN8ACULA EAY. IJiaMiixtiilv Pkevalence of the "Wind fou Seven Yeaiis — 1822-'-0. M»r,lhi. E, 1.4 iS. E. 4.9 !S. 5.1 S. \V. 2.U \v. 1.6 1 N. W. 5.4 N. N. E. '5.4 I'rev. VVjmls. i!.iar\", 4.1 N. E. [;™«y 1.7 4.3 3.6 6.1 0.6 4.6 4.6 4.4 S. W. L'ch 9..\) .').7 G.l 7.4 1.4 3.!' 2.7 2.1 n .15: ().:} 7.0 6.1 10.0 0.!) 3.1 l.(i 1.0 (1 !k I.O 3.1 8.0 13.7 O.'J 3.0 0.0 1.1 tf 0.1 3.t 4.1 14. (! 2.4 1.!) 0.0 1.3 t( /.",..,. 0.7 3.3 3.4 13.G 1.4 3.0 2.4 1.6 (( ij;]it 0.0 4.3 4.1 10.3 1.3 3.1 1.4 4.0 (• ^i-'i-mber 1.1 7.4 3.4 b.G 2.0 3.4 2.1 3.0 « -'ojcr 1.0 8.0 3.1 3.4 0.7 .').0 4.0 O.'J p. E. ''i^'Tiber, .... l.G 7.0 2.4 3.7 0.6 7.7 3.0 2.!) N. W. J^finWr, .... 2.9 7.0 3.y 2.6 1.4 5.3 2.6 5.0 S. E. Vnr, 1.'').3 nr>.4 .')3.3 "9G.n 1.').2" 40.7 31.2 37.7 MEAN YEAR IN ANTAGONISTIC O !l D 1 EIGHT DIRECTIONS, OR SE.tll-QUADRAN'TS. rrt'iiDiKlorniice. IN eiiifso of Wind East, ^outh-east, >Olltll, •^outh-west, IlilVS (■ourse ol' Winil. 15.3 W^st, 66.4 N. rth-wpst, 55.2 North, _97.i)'North-East, IN FOUR DIRECVIOVS, OR QUADRANTS Days. "16"^ West over l-Just, 50.7 S. E. " N.W., 31.2 South" North, 38.7 S. W. " N. E., ^MUh-east, ■"oiUh.west, 101.6 North.west, 133.6|North-eiist, 74.4S.E. overN.W.,1 62.0S. W." N. E.,! ;r. Days. ~K9 l.j.7 24.0 59.2 27.2 71.6 Kastern, ■^'JiUik'ni, 163.CWestern, 235.2! Northern, IN SE.MI-CIRCLES. " r2(kU)\vT"(rvTr"ET' t 13'^"4S. " N. 44.4 9S.J< * Meteor. Roffisier U. S. A., 1S40. I''.. \ vl-! ■I ■ V 1.1 5U0 Till:: PRLNXIPAL DISEASKS OF TIIH TAHLE TT.— FORT JKsrp. jMkan ^Tontiu.v I*iikvam;nci: of tiii: Wind loii KinuT YKAns— If^"" [ll()>;Xm jaiiiinry.... . !■ i'Urii.iry,. . . Murr.'li Ain-il Miiy, .llllH', July Auf;iijit, .... Sl.'llliMlll <•!•,. . Octuln'l' Novum!)!'!',. . Di'Cfinlii'r, . . .MKAxN •mT 3.11 :t.i 2.1 y.i) 3.'.) 9.5 2..'. -1.0 3.2 o » 2.0 .•11.8 6.1) 7..'» 4.!) C.I (i.fl G.l 5.5 •1.0 <;.() •1.:) 7.0 71.3" f!. .■^. w. 3.5 5.7 2.7 2.7 3.2 3.1 2..''. 4.7 (i.O 4.5 '1.7 (i.l 4.") 5.1 3.7 3.W 2.1 ') 2.5 3.0 2.!» 5.2 3.0 :\s, 11.3 .10.3 3.0' 1.4 2.5 l.'.l 2.2 1.2 2.S I ].!» I o.c 0.9 2.1 I 0.9 I 21.4 ' N. \v. : 4.7T 3.(; 5.!» ' 3.7 I 2.7 ; 2.5 ' 2.9 ' 3.7 I .'-..G ' 5.1 I 0.7 I 511.9 N. 3.4' 3.4 \. v.. 4..vr S.5 I 4.1 ;i.r. I (i.O i 2.1 , 4.1 I 0.5 2.7 3.9 4.1 3.0 2.2 3.2 31.(1 4.1 1.5 7.0 8.5 G.7 5.(1 '1.0 \. i: N. I, s. i;. YKAR IN ANTAi;t) N ISTIC o IM) tN i;i(iiri' DlllECTIONH, OR .SKMI-Ul-AIHIANTS. ('inir!.e (il W'jiiil. l»u_v.>. , < ',<. K.ovi'rN.\\\~Tjii.,'| M.7|Xortli-cnHt, |_97^ N^E. " S. W.j ll!.! IN SK.AII-CIKCLKS. ~ "20T;i,\Vesti!rii, flGO.iTE ^over \V'7~46.'i 191.1 Ncr'liorii, | 17(i'6!s. " N.i 14.: ■Hi 1 jfOVTIIl. ll,llll'. :• :-ify, ■liV, ',.'J, • 1 ■ 1 1 1 t • ;:il't ' ''niinT, . . . '■:mt, . . . >'::il*r I'lr "mkam C>i:ne of\ Soiitli-oant .'Olllll, Soiiilhu'osi 'lutli-cast, .-oiitli-we.st Luieni, ."^Diithern, '!:r-< ^.;'. .• !S'4;^C'^I'-';--- "-■ TABLE III.— FORT GIRSON. Me.\n ]\To.\rii[,v PuF.v.M,KN( i: OF TiiK WixD Fou TiiiiKK YE.\r„>— 1 '^i;^-':: MiiMlh*. 1 K. .I:uiil:iry ' 1.7 Foliriiarv, I 1.3 Marcli, '..... April May, Jiiiio, July Aiij^fiist. .... i^cpleiiiber, . . ()ctul)Li', . . . , Noveiiilier, , . Decuinlier, . . ""Year, 1.3 1.3 0.7 1.0 1.0 1.7 1.7 4.3 4.0 2.7 22.7 Yl' IN Course of VVinil. East, Soiith-uast, South,' Soiitii-west, v. .s. 1 15.0 It— 1 1.5.3 0.7 1 is.o 0.0 10.7 1.7 28.3 0.0 25..'} 0.3 15.0 0.3 22.7 1.7 13.3 1.0 1G.3 0.7 11.7 0.3 13.3 0.3 7.7 " 210.9 u. 1.0 1.3 0.0 1.7 0.0 1.0 4.7 0.3 0.3 0.0 1.3 1.0 \v. ^0.0 u.o 0.(1 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.3 1.3 N. VV. .N. >. )■;. 0.7 5.3 G.7 .'1.0 3.0 3.7 : 3.3 1.7 G.7 ; 5.0 1.3 2.0 1.0 0.3 0.7 0.3 0.0 1.7 3.7 0.3 5.7 0.3 1.0 3.:) 0.3 5.0 t-.:) 1.3 2.3 3.0 5.7 3.7 2.(» G.O 0.3 G.O 33.() 24.2 49.f^ Viv\. MEAN 12.6 ^1.5 ;AR in ANTAGONISTIC OUDEK KKillT DIRECTIONS, OR SE.MI-mrAUllANTS. Days. 7 Course of Wind. IJays. Treponderance "li2.7 West, Il;\v*. 210.0 North-west, 7.7 North, 12.G iVortheast, 4.5 East over West, 33.C S. E. " N.W., 24.2 North " South. 49.8 N. E. "S. W., iC.i! IN FOUR DIRECTIONS, OR QUADR.\NTS. ;Soutli-c'ast, South-west, 'Eastern, Southern, 22().l North-west, 18.7JNorth-ea.st,^ IN SE.MI-CIRCLES. atlUW^stiyrn; 47.9 "S.E. over N. W.j 73.3 N. E. " S. W.| 226.1 244.f< Northern, GS.GIE. over W., 121.2S. " N., 2;t;i.. 12;t.iJi Mo.MniY ■■■:,.:)er,.... ,:-«> jwcffibcr,.... f • ''nbor !■-• I m j .1IEAN" •^outh-east, poiitli-west, !'"iitli-"o^f~ pfudi-ivest, I r., 'IIR HIT YK.\n.<— l>'j:',-',;|_ N. 1 N. K. l'r.v. W i?l :t.4"l .j.r.i t^Tw, ■^ :i.4 1 4..-) ; H. i;. ;.'.:. 1 4.1 ii.fi 1 c.ii ■ N. i: S.'.l 4.1 1 S. E 0.:) 4.1 •• 9.7 4..') " :).'.) 7.11 1 N. 1.. 4.1 S.5 •• :t.o 0.7 " y.2 r..o X. w M.'i 1 4.0 s. i: ":ii.(; (;:t.ii I c u n I) 1, i; . ANTS. 1 i|Mjiiilvrnni'«. liKy>. toverWust, i:i. l' •;. " N-w. -JIM itli " North, ii.: i;. " ■!. w. ij.: I'S. K.uverN.w. :iii.:^ E._^^ w.l_2i;.i I ~:^r"~\vr~4T: Jjlj INTERIOR VALLKY OF rsORTII AMERICA. 501 TAin.l-: IV.— .JKFI'KUSOX IIAUIIACKS. \I0\TH1.V I'llKVALKNCK OF THE AVlND FOR FoUR YkAR.S, ]8'27-n0. H. !^. \V. ~-\v.~" •N. VV. N. N. E. "778" 2.7 .M.2 7.K" " 4.5 2.7 4..-) 1.2 2.0 I.I 2.7 2.0 :t.5 r).7 2.5 0.2 3.7 1.0 (i.w 5.0 :t.2 .5.7 0.8 4.5 7.7 :t.2 5 5.0 4.2 I) .) iii.r. f, o 0,H .5.5 1.5 O.s a.'t 4.0 2.7 4.8 4.5 3,2 ^.f) 5.2 0.({ 2.0 0.5 2.(1 4.(1 4.2 o,,s 5.7 3.0 4.'. L'.rt 5.5 5.(1 .5.8 2.8 2.2 4.7 4.^^ .) .) G.5 3.5 1.5 r..7 3.5 1.8 .5.7 4.0 4.3 7^>.r 50.2' 34.0 G8.4 r.7" 30.;i I'rev, WiikIi. .S. E. S.&.N.W. s. MKAN YEAR IN ANTAGONISTIC ORDER I.N KlfillT DIKK.mo.NS, OR NFI.MIMa'AimANTH. iiinrof Winil. -iiiiii-oast, -until, Mlllll-Wl'St, Dnyi. I Courie ul' VV'inM. n.HlWe.st, fi0.3'Nortl»-wcst, 72.1 North, 50.2 Nortli-i'ust, llayi. I l'r«|ion(leriini'C. Hays. "iTiXilvvearovuTEirsr, "Tfila (1^.4 N. W. " S. K., 8.1 35.7 .S. '< N., I 36.4 311.9 S. W. '< N. E. Id:.] ■ liitli-oast, -(iiilll-we.it, IN FOUR DlnECTIONS, Oil QIJAIIHANTS. l(t5.2|Nortli-\vc,st, ri03,2|S. E.overN.VTT 103.3 Nortli-piiHt, I .57.7. S.W. " N. E. .■Southern, 2.0 IN HKMI-CIUCI.KS. 1(J27!) \v7stoni^ I 200..5] VVT over E. TIXG 208.5 Northern, I IGO.'jIs. " N. | 47.61 ' ' I\ ;oN. 'iiui'.K Ye.\i!.s— b^-':]y >. .N. i;. iv> ^ " ""5.3 " "li.7 ^. L 3.0 3.7 1 •• 1.7 G.7 1.3 2.0 0.3 0.7 0.0 1.7 0.3 ' ;i.i ti 1.0 ;i.:i " 5.0 ^.:i 2.3 3,0 3.7 2.(t 1 0.3 G.O " 24.2 VJ.f- h'lC OIUJER. . lllANTS. j jrcinmileriinco "■"'■ ; 1st over West,; l-.;^j " N.\V.,| I'M [rlh " Soutli.j 1(J..^| E. o^NTwTii^l [E. "' ^- '^^'•' •'•^ TABLE v.— COUNCIL BLUFFS. Monthly Pkevai.kxck ov the "Wind foi!, Five Years, 1822-26. "•^■^ . ^;'..>. E. !>.B. t<. s. \v. \V. N. VV. N. N. E. , ;.3jrv 0.4 4.0 "i.(Y 2T2" 1.0 " 5.6" 8.4" 2.4^ •jiurv 0.4 2.4 5.2 .3.0 2.4 7.8 6.4 1.0 b.i 0.8 4 2 3.G 2.0 1.2 0.6 10.6 1.0 1.8 4.4 8.2 l.H 2.2 4.0 5.4 2.2 tv 1.8 3.6 12.2 2.6 1.8 3.8 2.8 2.4 ;:; 3.2 4.S 11.8 2.G 1.8 2.0 3.2 2.6 3.2 G.O 9.8 3.G O.G 2.6 2.6 2.6 i-:i!t 3.4 2.8 12.0 2.G 2.6 2.0 5.6 2.2 ^'M-ber 2.4 4.0 8.2 3.6 1.2 4 6 3.t 2.2 ■'■'■m, 1.0 3.G 7.G 5.0 1.0 4.0 7.6 0.6 JiiTtiiibcr,... . 0.4 2.4 G.8 1.2 1.8 5.2 10.4 1.8 "■^nlKr, 0.6 2.4 5.8 1.4 0.6 4.8 13.2 2.0 y.^. l9.4 44.6 96:2" "31 .C T8.8' T)3.(l "7976" 23.0 I'rev. VV'imii. N. N.W. N. S. s N. W. I MEAN YEAR IN ANTAGONISTIC ORDER i__ I^N Et(;HT DIRECTIONS, OR SKMI-QUADRA.VTS. i.'ou^e 01' U'inil. East, ■^outh-east, "onth-wppt. URy.s. 19^.4 44.6 Course of VViml. West, North-west, 96.2'North, 31.6 North-east, IJ.iy.s. I Prcpjiidcranee. 18.8 East over West, 53.0 N.W. " S. E. 79.6;.South " North. 23.0 S. W. « N. E. iJaye '~0A\ 8.4 16.6 8.6 jjouth-caat, poulh-west, IN FOUR DIRECTION.S, OR QUADRANTS. ~ 102.41 North-we'str 89.1|North-east, 102.2 s. E. over N.W. 72.5 S.W. " N. E. 0.2 16.6 IN SEMI-CIRCLES. !'^3steni, .j^outhern, 174.9 191.5 Western, Northern, 191.3IVV. 174.7|S. over 1-:, N. 16.4 16.8 [< h'. . ■ • .\ •i ■' >-ri ■ , * ,'■•1 ^ .i' ■ ^ ; ' i_ ' ■\ . • . ' , », dfls^i ' i ■ ' ■' • ^ , ■ i , N fmk ■' -' T • "■{ : '■ .;'■' '.* %■ ^j^ji,:'-'- ■ ' - * • . •". .. - .■ w\¥ •■■•' ■ 1'' ' » ^ ■• ■ . ' ■':• .' Jwiifillj:, i.i , ■ 7, • ;i- ' -1. ■ ■ , i_ HkalL^ ^ ;ii ki.'^- A -r > •. ■. ^ oGli THE I'RI.NCIPAI, DISEASES OF THE I BOOK I J TAliLE VI.— FOllT ARMSTRONG— HOCK ISLAND. Meax Monthly Prevalknck of the "Wind for Vovr Yeak?, lb'27-oi)j MonltH. 1 E. Jiiiuiary, . .... 1 3.5 Fi^bruary, ....' 1.5 Marcli, . . . 2.2 April, .... 3.7 1 I\Iav .... 2.2 Jutif, i 2.i> July, .... 1.5 August, . . . . . . ' .3.2 Si'|)lcnibi»r, 3.2 ()clol)cr, . . .... 2.7 Novc.inber, . . . . : 4.8 Decern h»r, ....; 3.0 Year,.. .... 33.7 E." 3.(1 0.5 1.2 2.0 2.0 2.5 2.5 2.0 3.8 2.2 L2 2.2^ 25.1 \v. M. \v: 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.5 3.0 2.5 4.2 1.8 4.2 1.2 3.0 2.(1 3.0 'J.O 2.8 0.5 1.8 2.8 5.5 1.7 3.2 3.7 4.5 2.8 44.G 2!».7 3.5 (i.O 7.(1 3 5 3.0 G.5 J.8 8.0 4.5 tJ.S 4.7 N. E. '''"■"."Winds N. 2.0 S. 3.5 S :i.o N. 3.7 S. 1.5 s. O.K s. 2.5 8. 3.5 N. 2.5 s. 0.8 N. 1.5 8. _ _ _ _ 66.8 ' 26.8 ' S. MEAN YEAR 1 n' A NT AGO x\ 1 S TIG u RD ErT' I.N EKillT DIRECTIONS, OH SE.MI-QOADHANTS. \ U.iys. I'r<.'|i()n(|pr:ini'e. I)av«. (/'oiirse ot' Wind Kust, South-east, South, Soi.ili-\vest, Itays. I Course oj' Wind. 44.G;West over Ivist, ULU 20.7|N.W. " S. E., .l.G (;().b|Soutli " North, 43.4 2li.8!S. W." N. E.. 1.7i South-east, South.west, 33.7! West, 2.J. I! North-west, ll().2:North, 2S.5x\'orlh-East. l.\ FOUR DIRECTIONS, OR tilJAI)R.\NTS. I |~8.')4 S.E^over NAv.,i"]r.(;' I 77.0jS. W." X. E.,i 28.9 i)7.0!North.west, 105.0' North-cast, Cuslerii, IN SE.MI -CIRCLES. 174.0i\Veslonir I'lOI.SrVVToveTEr ^'llli- 202.!}!\crth- lG2.rs. " N I 4()..V TABLE VII.— FORT SNELLLNC. Mean Monthly Prevalence of the Wind for Eic.i r Years, l.*«l!'2-'ol M, nlhs. i;. 0.5^ S. K. S. 2;? ' 4.0 S. W. M.2 w. N. W. \. .\. 1 J. I'ipv. W January 5.7 G.l 1 2.5 : 0.9 8. W. February 0.5 2.1 i 4.1 G.G 7.2 5.1 1.4 1.1 w. March, 1.1 3.4 i 5.1 4.0 8.4 0.2 1.0 0.9 w. April, 3.0 4..-i 1 4.4 G.2 8.0 5.0 1 1.4 1.5 w. Mav, 2.8 :^7 7.0 G.O 4.7 3.0 ; 2.8 1.7 .s. June, 1.4 4.*^ 5.0 5.2 G.G 3.5 1.5 1.2 w. July. 1.2 3 2 4.2 7.2 7.5 4.0 1.7 1.5 w. August, 1.0 3 5 ; 5.8 .5.G .5.1 4.0 1.5 1.0 s. w. September,. . . . 1.8 4.5 3.G 5.G 5.7 4.8 2.8 2.6 w. October, 1.0 2.2 i 2.7 9.0 G.G 8.0 2.8 1.2 s. w. November, .... 1.2 2.S i 2.6 4.G 8.0 5.9 '10 1.7 w. DecembiT 1.5 IG.O 1.2 i 3.4 :i»A i 52.8 4.0 74.(1 7.5 8.0 2.9 1.9 N.W. Year 81.0 ' G3.6 1 24.4 17.: I w. MEAIS r YE AR IN ANTAGONISTIC ORDER. IN EIGHT DIRECTIONS, r semi-quadra NTS. Iioiulcriince. Uny*. Course ol" k\ind. Days. 1 (^'ourse of Wini . Dnvs. I'ri biast. lG.O|Wcst, Sl.OWe.^t over East, 6,).U South-eas t, 1 38.4 North-we.st, G3.G N. W. " S. E., S.'"- South, 52.8,North, 24.4 South " Nc.-lh, '-ili' South-\ve 't, i 74.0:Nortli-cast, IN foi;r directions, 72.8 Norlii-v,-csl, ' : 17.2S. VV. "N. E., '4.11 OR quadrants. South-eas t, 1 11G.3|N. VV.'^' S. E., 41:1 South -we St, 140.0 North-eiist, 1 37.4'S. W. " N.E.. ui;i..') IN Si:.MI-CI ]10,2lVVestrrii, RLES. F.astern, 257.2|\V. over E., M!'" Southern. 213.7|Northorn. 153.7|s. " N., fi"i' ._ *r^ 1 1> HI 1 BOOK CK ISLAND , :;. "VN. E., 'rev. W. .■i.5 1 1.5 i N. 6.0 2.0 ; jii 3.5 3.5 ^_ 7.0 1 3.0 X. 3 5 , 3.7 , r*. 3.0 ' 1.5 ^ ^^ G.5 1 0.8 ; ;;. ■l.S \ 2.5 ' ^_ b.O '• 3.5 N. 4.5 i 2.5 ^. G.S 0.8 , N. 4.7 1.5 1 j;^ 1 , ' Gli.d ' 26.8 IC ORDER. ^NTS. 1 i'poii(|pr;\ni'e. sl over Iv.isl, 10.3 VV. " ;^. Iv, 4.b itli" Nortli, 43.4^ VV." N. Iv, 1.7 T9, 1 1 ';7()verN.W-! 11.11 \V." N. E., 2^.1' over K. " N. i7.:i JVINO. IV. over E., ll!l.'> ',!I II. I IXTERIOR VALLKV Oi' NORTH A.MER1C.\. o6:i TAULE AlII.— FOllT IIUWAIID— (JKEEN IJAY. [jlS MuNT.'ILY I'UEVALEXCK OP T![K WlSU FOH NlNK Ye.VIU-!, ISllS- oO. ilun'ii>. 1.. =" ■jaiurv o.a •"■^iiriiary, 0.(i )ljrcli 1.1 0.4 0.7 (1.7 0.6 Aa.'iist 1 1.1 rotember, .... 1.1 ■■'iW.iet i 1.1 Nivi'inuer, .... 1.0 D^ppmber, .... (•.7 V»ir ' !).6 1 MCAN YI' IN CiiursL" (iT \\ liiil Kastr Sfliitli-rast, ^.iiilli, -ilUlll-WOSt, Soulh-ea.st, Sniilli-wpst, r.:ijterii, .""outlii^rii, T)'.r 0.1 0.0 0.5 o.ii 0.7 1.!) 1.3 l.D 0,.-, (i.:i 10.7'_ A r' i;i<;iiT -!!;'>■ *^: ;)T; 10.7 4s.r, 123.7 i.N roi! :iii.7, 163.0j 14H.5 203.(1 4.0 ;!.5 L».7 5.1 i.'.N 4.4 3.3 4.1 5.4 4.0 .").l i;l5 10.7 0.0 ll!.l 0.0 \±] 10.1 lo.y l.-l 10.0 9.3 12.5 _vv. 2.0 2.0 2.4 1.0 2.0 2.7 2.6 3.0 3.0 3.2 2.0 "32ir 1.3 1.2 1.1 0.7 1.8 0.0 1.7 3.2 1.0 2.7 3.7 .N. "2.0" 3.7 2.1 N . li. ""7.0 5.1 0.0 I'lev. VV iii4> I. N. E. 4.1 i lO.H 2.4 : 11.3 2.2 o!o 1.8 2.7 2.3 2.7 2.0 23. ;< 48.5 12.).7 In "TyN^'TX Wo^ 1 "s'Fi c DIHKCTIONS. Oil Sl'.Mr-QfADIlA.NTS f' ^.O.-^.E. •• .\ . W.; ^.0 •"^Olltll, 2I.S North, ! 2: ?.l S. " .\ 1 2.7 ^'iilh-Wf M, 37.2 North-Eiist, ■ 2( ;.2S- W." N E., 11.0 I\ KOU 11 l)lHi:rTlii.\,;, ul! n\- um wr.s. ^aiit'i-e'i^ t, 10i5.5^ North-wost, 111 .7 N. WToviT s:e:i 3^ ^':iih-\vi ^U 82.4 Nurlli-eai't, 1 5' .'i-^.W. " XE.I 25.2 l.N 8E.MI-CII Western, l(,'I..EH. n-cT !•; "1 •'■■ISllTU, 1 TtisTf ' '19. .1 VV. V~~r28.4i ^•iithcrii 1 lOO.Oi Nurtlierii, • 16> '.;•• ,8. ■• X. 1 22.0 Jf..!' i : : T'':. rSA' ■i> ■;';■: J , ' 'J •> s .V ' c :'."■ ■ ■•-. V- \ ;■ ! ^ * ■ * ■■': '• ;- •'.V- . ■*'-i '■•if . r» 564 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE [book I SECTION III. TABULAR VIEWS OF THE WIND AT V^ARIOUS CIVIL STATIOXS. We come now to observations inaJi; by different observers in civil !ifJ most of -wlioni arc loractieal meteorologists, on -wlioni reliance niaj'bo placej but tlieir oljservations have not been reported on the same |ilaii. lu a fg instances only do tlicy show tlie duration of any wind, or its krcc. \i again begin in the South. TABLE I.— FLOniDA REEF. Winds at Toutugas Islands, Kky Wi:st, Indian Kkv, axu Carv.-y West, Indian Key, Ciirvsford Reef, S5_ 16 17 22 10 TRADKrt, N. E. to !;!. E, 32 U) 7 22 11 !l3l i:i| Mi vM 15 nil 12 a f* 1 . 1 •a > r- «- ■'■ S5 c ■- i-» ^ « > r/j rjl '■- ? •/; fc' G ;{ i ll 12 1 o 2i 2 i;{ 3 8 1 4 14 1 4 C 7i 1^- % Sl'RIN'G. Tortillas, Key West, Indian Key, Carysfo:d Keef, 4 1 X\ 14 18i 1 :> 2 1 i; 10 1 u\ 24 13 o 3 5 51 14 2 211 17 25 o ^i 10 20 15 18 12 •^1 2; SLMMER. Tortueas, i 6 HI IG o 3 1 ' -1 ; Key West, 1 1 4 36 22 2 1 5 4 2 4 4 1 4 1 ': indium Key, 1 3 4f) 23 7 G Q 1 •i '.■ Car jib rd Reef, 2 15 21 1 22| IG 1* 1| 2, i 'I'.' ACTUMN. Tortnjjas, Key West, Indian Key, Carysford Reef, 8 11 le 34 32 19 31 15 13 1 Ks () o 30 8 15 13 1 I 7 II 7 5| 5 .1 2; 11 nKSULTS FOR THE YEAR. I'o' IniT^.s, Key West, Indi lU Key, Carysford Reef, o^ 1 1051 .')2 54 k) 14 10 1 5i 231 i; illll'.t; 39 5 75 88 51 8 9 15 7 12 331 9 y. .l.Xi 53 37 110 Gl 43 12 1 19j 221 ') 3:iq 31 81 1 G7 G5 .31 25 12i 35| 1. MM MEAN YEAR IN ANTAGONISTIC ORDEi;. IN' EIGHT I)1;!ECT1(1NS, OR SEMI-CIUAIJRANTS. Course of Winil. East, ."^outli-east, South, Sonth-west, Course of Winil. 79.2 West, 5'^'. 7 Nortli-west, 25.2 North, 17.8 xMorth-east, Davs. 12.0 35.5 3-S.5 75.2 Prepoiiilpriinre. Day.-. E. over W., liT.'j S.E. " N.W., N. " S. N.I']. "S.W., i:!.:. 57.1 I.\ I'OUR DIRECTIO.NS, OR UUADRANTS. _ SoiUli^st^; TlilTO; North-^vest, I ~ G0.7 S.E. over N.\V.,I 50.:i South-west, I 42.4| North-east, | 134.0iN.E. " S.\V.,| 'Jl.ti Eastern, .Soutiiern, I.N SEMI-CIRCI.ES. T245.0i Western, f 1037lTl^r~ownV I 1. 53.4 i Northern, I 194.7 1 N. S. Ml.!' __£!." ^ * E.\tracted from a table in the American Almanac for 1837, liy W. A. ^\! E-q., tlie Observer at Key West. The otii(>r observers were, C.iptaia 11. 'liio::: Howe, Esq., and Cu|)tain J. Walton. Observations niaile in tlie forciiooii ;i:. noon of each day, and tho results shown by adding the half days toftetlier. yiuvi THE [book iS JS CIVIL t^TATIONS. t obsevvovs in civil lifji in rulianoe mayte plac'; tlic same iiluu. lu a ;'« y wind, or its i'l.reo. \% fiEF. AN Key, and CARY^FO 2; Vi\ 7 iH 3 1 1 1 1 1 •1 2 1 •1 li ■1 1 0; ^ 1 li 1 1 1 •I 1 I 1; r 71 f, a 2i Hi S: •'HI n '11 ;] i;!,;i' 57.4 "10' 2;v, 1;- I TSTIC" OUDF.K. UADUANTS. I'repomlprnnoe^ j^^y*- rforl8:i7,bvWjA:^,:' .swcro.C.i.tamn.i^^';. „uul,- in tlu^ l"r';;" • " '■•■ ruriM INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH A. r:RICA. TABLE II.— NEW OIILEANS— LOUISIANA. 5G5 \[). Prkv. of Wind, for Three Years, 1840-42. By D. T. Lillie < E E. .S. E ■2.0 r).7 2.3 i.:j 5.0 2.3 l.U 3.:j 10.3 1.0 4.0 4.0 n.;j .•t.7 3.0 0.7 2.7 2.0 (i.n .3.7 1.0 2.7 .3.3 4.7 i..'« .5.7 3.0 0.7 4.7 4.0 2.3 4.0 2.3 2.0 ().3 1.3 lai) 52.r 40.2 4.0 2.3 !i.7 8.7 !l.7 10.0 5.3 11.3 0.0 4.3 _3JJ 77.1)' 3.7 0.3 3.7 2.3 4.0 3.0 2.7 0.7 0.7 2.0 2.0 33.4 \v. N. W. If.i) 2.3 2.3 2.7 1.7 1.7 2.7 2.7 4.3 3.3 8.7 0.7 0.0 1.7 3.7 3.0 2.3 1.3 ].() 4.0 2.3 4.3 2.7 3.7 .•jy.7 31.4 Forro iisl to 10, ~L39 2.30 227 2.47 2.37 2.20 l.,37 1.38 2.17 2.10 2.27 l.K) ^1.3 IVli^iu M CAN Y E A R_ I N /\_N JJiGjl N I ST IC ORDER. I IN EIGHT uinKCTioxs, OR se.mi-ui;adk.\.nts. (,iriir«e (if \\ iiul. Soutli-east, Soutli, ^lutli-west, Days t'mirse of VVinoiitli-eust, 1 IO0.2 Nortli-wo.st, H(.7,S. E. over N.W.; Suiitli-west, 1 !)2.2iXoi-th-nast, 81.2 i>. \V. " N. E.,] 17.5: 11. o| IN SEMi-CIRCI.ES. 1 Soiithorii, ' li»7.4,N<)rtlieni, 17!).!)|E. over VV., 1 1G8.8.S. " N., 1 G.5 28.5 TABLE III.— NATCHE: ^— :\iississipPL ^™; .\x, Prkv. op Wind, for 15 Ys., 182.5 to 18.39. By Dr. II. Tooley. Crase. h ff) CI i CI CT O I .^ ^ fC C5 CD C- CO ■JO a. "7 8!) nil 02: 88: 5^1 G5 88 75 84 i:t2in3 7(! Ol' 84 441 54 43 40 30 Wl 9!) no 1.32 141 131 110 03 i^S 14!) , ^811G .S') 08' 04 00 .54 72 71 !IG ;il 31 21 2G 20 38 25 25 33 38 ^"'4 4f) 2G 11' 25 28 31 10 25 20 i'.i 72 ^8 110 KM) 8.S 04 105 82 114 5S 44 44 41 15 21! 10 38 54 5G GTS goo 5-17 550 573 408 '152 400 4li8 026 CO GO CO QD ^ |Apfr. of cc .ubs. I 51 70 124 GG 77i 52 33 60 Gl go' 148155119 84 107! 59 GG123 31 37; G5 20 211 4 143 131 173 31 22, 37 .')38 .V14 7Tl 87 120 53 41). 30 28 132 118 _41i_44 554 G()0 1204 957 1752 1259 2I)5| 431)! 10^1 628j 1^20()' -Mean Ye.ir. ~8(U(} 63.12 110.12 83.14 19.10 28.10 112.10 41.13 piEAN YEAR IN ANTAGONISTIC ORDER I IN EIGHT DIRECTIONS, OR SE.MI-QI'ADRANTS. !i'oiiroiiih, >OUlll.\vcst, G3.12Nortli-wesf ,116.12 North, i 83.14 North-(':ist, oils, j Preponcle ranee. | Obs. 19.10 E. "ovcr~\V^, "Gr.¥» 28.10 S.E. " N.W.,! .35 02 ^nith-i'Mst, ^oiith-wcst, I'lStiTll, "^oiitlierii. 112.10 S. " N., 4.02 _^ 41.13 8. W. " N. E., 42A)1 IN KOUIl DIRECTIDN.S, Oil QI'AIIRANTS. 161.38)Nortl»-wost, i 93.70S. E.ov"ii^r N.\Vrr'G7.G8 150.75lNorth-e:ist, 1137.38,rf. W. " N E., 13.37 IN si;mi-cir''i.es. 298.7C) WoslcrnT" "" 24T4Fe7 312.13 Nortlieni, 231.08 S. over W., .54.31 N., 81.05 11 ■,t' r" "I ^ ■* JL ff V I' '■■!• . ^.}f '. j%r^T^ ♦-'ft' •'[ , lit I ' '/ M ■ J 1 ' \ ' I V I .1 ' * i i.i «' i 1- 4 u ^ » I Y ** •hV 1 r)()(; THf: PllINCirAL DISEASES OF THE TABLE IV.— IIUNTSVILLE— ALABAMA. Mean 3Io. Puev. of the Wixd for 13 Ys. lS20-'42.— By Rkv, Jonx Months. January,. . . Et'briiury, . March, . . . . April, May June, July, August, . . . Scptumbor,. O'Mobor, . . . Noveiiibor, Di^ceuiber, . >. I S. VV. I ~1) .691X301 11.7(i IG.TIi 15.];-)' 17.071 14.4;j' IG.76! 15.0!)' 18.;it<; 14.071 l-2.C>i\ l\:Mh !).]5 11.07 21.7li; 20.7(i l.'i.Oo: ]:j.i5: 13.84: Wj_\ iN. \V. ; J*. N K i l^i Ys"o7 T4.92 "aeV •S.Gl l!).9:i i:i.;)0 8.53 2.C4 21.40 13.;is 7.07 4.87 Ki.Gl 13.91 7.3s 4.23 18.38 9.G1 8.00 5.3S 13.23 8.54 7.t;i 4.07 15.67 8.40 9.3s 3.30 17.38 15.01) 11. Gl 2,53 12.7G 11.53 12.2.t 3.92 13.53 IG.GI 9.53 G.7G 18.30 14.30 4.:is 2.91 ; 21.23 14.81 6.84 0.61 i If^.si 'J.d'j 0.53' \U.>\ ].t;:i :io lo.ci :i -.J 0.84, O.b.J: 1!.>.-1') 2.07 Id.li'i 2.1 (i i-)..iii 2.53 Kj.iir; 3.011 liri.M 0.7G iJ.Tr, 4.111 l.fil •l.-l 5.Q , 4.11) 13.61! 14.611 G.7G l?i.3() 14.30 4.:is 1.3!l 115:t4'i 10.61 1 13.53 ; 2.91, 21.23 14^1 6.84 0.4G 17.il7 2.1:. 'Y^rTTTTJUii 1 f931)2i 48J)5'aOG.54 154.40 r()ri7l5;7n"57iri.](r7l IM E A X Y :■; A R I N A N T A G O N I S T K; () IM) L I; . I IX I'.IGMT DIRF.CTIONS, OR Si:.MI-«U.VDR.\NT.S. 1 (,'oiirsB of VV iiul. Ob.s. j Course of Wind. 15^1 \V7si; 157.24 Nortli-wcst, BOOl AU4|. S.W. :-.\v: N. % H. E. ' .\. >. \y, lEast, South-cast, .'Soulh, 'Soulh-wost, Obs, I I'reponileran e. 4'-'.G5|W. over E. 20G..-)4'\.W."S.E. :|49.14 Norlh, |l5140iN. 193.92 North-east, 101.17|>.AV ' IN FOCJIl DIRECTIONS, OR ai'ADR.\NTS. ici.ii; 4:i.:ii' 8. iN'.E iSoutli-east, South-west, i239.66|North-\vcst, 1292.81! North-east, 308.0CN.VV.overS.E"| 6'i..|ii I8G.22S. W. '• iV.F,. IIK;.,-):! I.V SK.MI riRCI.KS. Eastern, 'Southern, l425.bt;l Western, 1532.47) Northern, iGOO.S7;\V. over H., !494.28!S. " N. 174.911 ;is.l|i TABLE v.— CINOiXNATI— OHIO. I\rE.u\ Mo. Pi:ev. of the Wind for G Ys., 1S01)-'14.— JJv Dr.. 1> Montlis. S. 10. "~ G .5 10 7 January, . . • February, 5 i 1 March, 10 1 April, 7 ! May 7 1 1 June !t ' 1 Julv G ! 1 AuJ,rnst, (i I 1 Septenibtr, ... G [ 1 October, 9 ! 1 November, ... 9 I 3 December 7 i 1 "'rwu'Obs. aTday^l ~87'i ~T4 InTe AN Y^E A R 11^ I.V KIGMT DIRrCTIONS. OR Coursi! of Winil. j Ulis. ] l'o\ir-e(if \\ iiiil. Eait, "j IG'lVVcsf, s. \v. N. K. N. 13 8" 1 13 8 1 IG 11 1 24 10 1 19 10 23 12 5 19 11 ■) 23 10 1 23 9 24 G 1 13 G 1 1 11 5 |"22f Tog' 14 N^W.; E. ~21 14 10 ,s 10 7 11 12 8 10 10 15 13G W. IG 50 4 ' 6 i lV2 \ X. v.- South-east, South, ■Southwest, South oast, South-west, ANTAGONISTIC ORDER. .SK.MI-llU.\nil.\NT.S^ 1)1)4. l're|i(iTiilcr;in('i'. I '•!«■ T)(r,\\\ over r;.| .'i4 13G N.W. " S.i:.l 111 14 S. " N: Equal. lOG S.W. ov.mOs'.E^ Ij.' MR QU.^DRAN'rS. _ NTrUr-westV" ] TG8"TN.\V7o"verSi;.: CO North-east, j 121 JS.W. " N.K.j:!;L ' 87 iNorth-wcst, I 14 'North, ! 221 I North-east, JN' KOUIl DIRDCTIO.N' ' 102 I 253 Fa.^tern, Southern, 223 iWestcrn, 355 Noithern, .\ SKSIl -CIRCLES. ri2r I 289 i\V~. over !•;.. mi t'alni I'r..-> Nil. G .N. ^M ' •l S. ' i) (i THi; i")%.% INTERIOR VALLEY OF .NORTH AMERICA. 567 uABAMA. . — By Hev. John Ai K tJ. E ra'.ni. i ; 0.61 IS.Kl 2.ti'J- ] 0.5:V Kl.^l l.O!' \ 7 o.:)ii it).i;i :i.,v2.-. 8 0.84' in.Tii 4.1ii • n O.S.i; vnw -ICU; 1 •j,()7 lo.'.i-: •!.• ; -, •* 'J.4tl l-3.i'i 5.0 , .1 '^.r/t i;i.:i!i .i.in ■■ 2.1 :i.o(i is>i :i.;tii.-. y.\ 0.71. y.Tti .■),^l^ if^ i.:)ii ii..i:t 4;i-- ei 0.4U 17.117 -J.l.'.- ■.v, :,Sf A'. 17 15.71 157'J14(!.:i rnc ORDER. DK.\NTS. rrc.|i()niti>r:in e. ip|„. v' . ovor E. :i-i!)i '.W.-S. E. 4;).;!i' -J. , 5.Q(; .W " N.E i 9Q.75 \NTf!. S. W.oviT.S.E 68.411 i.W. '• N.K KKI.ri'.) kV. OV.T E., 1 174.99 i-OIITO. U._15v l)n. 1). I'w '' \V. iV'ainl, T'rev. W^ •"< 1 "G: G! N.W. i 1 5 1 H 5^4 S. V.-, 1 1 1 :i ' 5 j ■• 4; G •■ 'i :i ! 1 4 1 'I : ■• 1 1 1 G i •■ o O 1 IG " G ! i)| N.\v S T 1 C ORDER- ADllANT.^. I'reponderiinci;. •'"'• \.W. • S.l..' ■'■' ^AV. ovcrN.E;:.!.'''. UNTSj _ \V. ovnrS.E.' t"' iV. ovlm- E.. 1!H till U M 3 O 6 tH CO ^•5 -t C5 ■*■«> -M TT O -t^ O 1 ~ r-A O 7^ — o o lO o o r- -M tr> O O u- I- Oj ^X) ^X i- X *.o 1 _ ^i ' " " - J J :: c/i;?; ai ■: ^' 1^ X. 1- T-H -^ ■X. O OJ c; I - '.- y/ x r- i.-i Tfl 1- i.-I QO CO IT ?i I— 1 o o ^ I— 1 I— I 1- "--: tD -■: r-H X' o --H O' T-r T-H r-H r-^ r- 1 X ct O 01 1—1 T— oi I - uO XJ i.~ X ;■;' X u, ;;^ y. — r >, .»_ :.^ -h c; ~^ o i.O' -t; T-H 01 co oi ^_ ".o oi i-.^ -o ~f o' 1.0 1-.^ lO cv i-< 01 TO T-l 1— ( 01 01 01 01 01 Ol ^1 IJ^ I. ) i.O 01 J. 01 I— I I.O c^ _. 71 ^ ;o .:; i- Ci O C> CO Ci CO CO 01 X^ O 01 -f X,' uo oi oi :5 oi co o i~-^ x ■^ CO -^ -^ CO CO O Tt< O lO o 1-^ o i~ -— ... t- _ :t :.; 1- I- — x^_ X 01 I- '.o r-i 1— I 1— I c:. o "O CO X) 1-i -d. --I ci oi oi t^ x' xj oi "o' w C5 1- X) 1^ 1- w O CO O -f o CO CO O -O O O O h- CO ..O O ~j l>0 1—1 O 01 1.0 O -Ti rH lO I— I 01 i-t 'o — I T— I X t^ t-~ 1— I XJ Ol 1— I CO i.Oi ^- l- 1 - X X; X) X) 1^ 1- 1- X 1- X. ;^ - X! - w M <^ o I.O X '+ ci o r^ "O '-D -r "^^ c. Ol ■^ I- 01 1-. r-i X. -^ C5 -.0 CO 01 Ci o 1-i t-i "-* 1-~-^^"qO C5~l- -^ iTi X"o I- CO I- -f <-; '.o x; I.O X o CO i~ o CO x' ri "d CO oi i^ o lo oi oi x. -f i-l CO CO Ol 01 CO Ol CO CO CO CO 04 "To^c^ x" ~o rr^c:"5 -^ri^co "i— i ollx" J> -O 1- -H O O I l^ ^- CJ CO -f Xj r-i d 1^ C; 1-^ I- Xj 1.0- XJ lO Ci CO CO T}i CO -t CO CO rt< O r}< ijO O O nfOT— Td;" kOi"^-^ CO lO i.O -f X) CO CO Ti< o X o 'O X rH o C5 o c:;_ 01 -t* 1-H xJ r-^ d CO d >6 i.oi -f -t< oi lO o CO o -r -t CO CO oi t 't >* % „ o o „ >. 9 •- > o >, rU*^ D y ^ 3 b u; —^ = = 5 =^-i; , - .i; 5 ^ IlC ^>J U: o 72 o w : In Ol - !x) oi li^^. di -I 2^ ='•_ 2^ 2 1.0 I cd'di id 1-^ ■'■i\ U t. . I V.4.: m"j-< ' ■' '.' ■" ■■■■ ■ '■ : ^^ill::::... ■ V .^'Si'.'.. i ':,■', V. sf ---»• '^ ■ '"■/■ I'll, ill.''**'' 568 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE [UOOK I TABLE Ml. Mo. Prev. op Win A^II.—.MILWAUKIE— WISCONSIN. D FOR .'] Ys., 18;]8-'41. By I. A. Lapiiam, E>x> vsb W. P. Proudkit, M. T). .Months. "5.(r N. E. 7.0 E. ~2.u" S E. ().3 fi. > .u. u. , -N. W, rte> Uii.,;."~ January, 3.7 20.7 13.3 2;>.(i \. W ~ Febrnary, 4.0 10.0 2.0 2.7 o.:i 18.0 14.3 Q!).:! (( Miirdi, '•() J28.7 ().() 4.3 2.0 19.7 8.7 13,7 \ r April. . J. 7 23.0 4.7 17.3 0.3 11.3 2,3 1,").(' (t May, 3.0 30.3 8.7 10.7 0.7 ll.:i 4.7 ;l.7 •i June, 7.0 21.7 7.0 17.7 G.7 13.7 2.0 3.:i (. July, 3.0 21.7 67 10.0 2.0 30.3 4.3 11.7 s. \y August, 3.3 2G.0 3.7 23.0 2.0 12.7 3.0 U'l N. E Si'pte'iiber,. . . . 3.0 22.0 2.0 13.0 3.3 17.7 8.7 5.-,.;i October, 0.7 18.0 1.7 19.0 3.0 15.3 5.3 2().:t N. \V Noveiiil)or,. . . . 3.:» 7.0 0.0 18.0 0.7 2.3.7 3,0 2;!i.il '■ i Dectnibcr 1.3 12.7 0.7 10.3 0.7 21.3 4.7 40.0 " J Year, 41.3 238.1 45.2 152.3 25.4 215.7 74.3 224.U -n;H MEAN YEAR I N A N 1' A IJ N I S T 1 C R D 1 ''•; I.N i:i(;iiT DinrcTioNS, on sr,.iii-(iuAniiANT.';. TiT Course ot \ iiiii. (Ills. Course ol VV aid. Ul.s. i'rt'ponderiiute. East, 45.2 West, 74.3 VV. over 1^7" 2!l,l . i •Soutli-eas t, 152.3 North-west, 224.0 N.W. " S.E.. 71.7 .South, 25,4 North, 41.3 N. " S., 1, '..:•: ."^outh-wpst, 1 215.7 \ortli-past. 235.1 X. E. " S. W.. 2a.! IN l-l)i:il DIKKCTIONS, OK (tUAlPR.WTS. rioutli-eas 1 iy7.li;Nortli-west, | !2f<1.7|M. W. over S.E.I !M.l rfoiith-wes t, 1 2fa,').5| North-east, j 281.3 N.E. " S.Wj 15.> 1 IN SK.MI-flHCI.KS. Kastorn, 1 4(;s.Ul Western, | .')47.'JiW . over E., s s Western, 1 4,")3.llNortlicrn, 1 Sfi^.l'N. " S. iii;i.,i "* TABLE VIII.— llOCHESTEll— NEW i'OKK. Mean Annual Prev. op the Wind, for 1;! Y.s. By Wm. L. WKTiiKREii; >'5| Year. 1835, 1836 1837, 18.38 18.39 1840, 1841, 1842 1843 1844, 1845 1846 , 1847, Mil Year, N. N. E. !■;. .s. E. 8. r*. n . u. X. W.I 1875 ~"28.0 l(i.5 27.5 "215 "■9175 " 92.5 5>^.0 21.0 62.5 5.0 42.5 14.0 106.0 57.5 57.5 30.5 35.11 6.0 24.0 19.0 98.5 58.11 94.(1 35.0 12.0 7.0 17.0 55.0 61.0 32.0 4ii.n 38.0 SO.,'-) 17.0 11.0 18.0 60.0 99.5 Gl.O 9.5 36.5 9.0 19.5 21.0 110.0 68.5 ! 12.(1 50.5 38.5 20.0 16.5 14.5 70.5 75.0 79.5 31.0 46.5 12.0 15.0 37.0 71.5 79.5 72.5 27.0 34.5 12.5 30.0 14.0 63.0 8S.0 !)(;.(! 28.0 47.5 12.5 26.5 27,5 .52.0 73.5 ii-^.j 27.5 19.5 6.( 21.0 20.5 50.5 73 5 M().5 23.0 43.5 14.0 38.. J 13.5 47.5 75.5 lui.- 14.0 32.5 b.o 38 '' 33.5 68.0 6S.0 102,5 ~27.2 ~35^9 11.2 25.2 26.3 73.7 ~72.4 ~85,7 7 .\. W. MEAN YEAR IN ANTAGONISTIC ORDER. IN EIGHT IIIRECTION.S, OR SF.iMI-QUADRANT.'^. ('onrse of Wind. Days. 1 ('ourse of Wind. ~Tr2 Wo7t, ~ East, South-east, Soutli, Soiitli-wpst, 25.2 North-west, 26.3;North, 73.71Norlh-east, Days. 1 Preponderanue. Ilavs, 72.4;W. over E. 61.2 85.7'N.W. " S.E. &U) 27.2 N. " S- (l.ll .35.9 S.W. " N.E. r,.-' So\ith-east, South-west, IN lOUll DIKECTIONS, OR QUADRANTS ""43.9i North-west, 123.0 North-east, 135.5 N.W. over.S.E.I lO.C N. E.I GT.'.I Eastern, Southern, IN SKMI-CIRCLF.B. "99;0|Western, 1 2.58.5 W.' 166.9!Northern, | 190.6 N. over E.I 1J!).5 8.1 2.17 '"''^''PlainLefr, Iff Hi 'I HE CONSIX. A. LaIMIAM, lliK.. \si W. \S. W.I l'tci.\\, ' ll.li '2'.).'.ll " 2.;) ir..i'' 4.7 ;l.7 2.(1 :i.;il •1.;} »■>. 3.0 i;i.7 8.7 5J.;!l fA 2o.;i 4.7| 4l).li TL:«r2SM.ul X. K s.^v. N.E. N.W. N. j ' 1 C R D E II . j RANTS. ri-|ioiKUTiiii<.e. IJlis. 1 ' K. .< S. W.. 2-2.1 I'S. .W .over S.H.I '.tl.l .R. " S.W.I 15.^ KW VOllK T\v.' (1 .,") .0 0.0 0.0 1..") ,;!.()' 1-2.0' 1)0..') 17.5' bs.o w. 'J2.;) 57..') Sf^.O :vj.o 99.5' GS.5 75.0 79.5 8S.0' 7S.5 N. W.I 57.51 94.(1 4i).n Gl.O 9-2.1' 79.5 72.5 9(i.ti ll>->.5 W. r^.VC. N. W. W. )0.5l T\ 5 14().rt 75.5 lU'J.M 6b.O U)2.5l STIC R D E R. Iw. In. over 159.3 •23.: ■JTIl.J INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 569 TABLE IX.— TORONTO— CANADA WEST. |i-:LT>0F Seven Years Oi!.sehvatio.\8 at tui'; Macneticai. and Meteoro- lOIilCAL, OliSJCUVATOUY, lS41-'47, INCLUSIVE.* The figures denote observations. Vnr, |N. W. H. VV. I •><. E. I I 794.0 507.0 :4S9.i) 9;W.()j .'-^10.0 1."?R').0' l-^Hl.O 879.0 1025.0 1.375.0: 911.0 lail.Oi 904.0 l.%50 929.0 Ycarr. 'K^OK.S lOO.'iJl 849^6 .ll.'M.O .!i2.')4.o: .|i:}oo.o . itiij^.o: .IlKH.O .ii5:)ti.o N. E. I r'alm. | Keniarks. 6ti8^ 12547) 12 observ's daily. R9f).0 1sf)1.0 12 ol)s., fir.st fuilf. 988.0 2940.0 2t " spcoiid half. 672.0 ;iG07. 24 81(1.0 27;t5.0 105:1.0 282(i.e 909.0 2075.0: "8ti8.(i 2556.6 daily. Prev. Winds. s. w. N.'.W. .\IEAN YEAR IN ANTAGONISTIC ORDER. I\ FOIR DIRECTION'S, f)R QI'.VDR.WTS. nur-e ol U'lnil. j Olis. i C'oiir.se of Wind. ?niiilwiust, j 849.6' No'rtli^ west, Miiih-\ve.st, |1093.0'Nortii-east, Dlis. I'l'rt'ipondi'r me. «JI)S. 1:100.4;N. \V. " S. E.,' 4.50.H 868.6 S.W. " N.E..' 224.4 I.N SK.Ml-CUKM.F.S. Ut'-rn, ,1718.2 Wostorii, southern, 1 1942.6 Northern, 2,19:1.4 W . over E . •3169.0|N. " S. 675.2 226.4 TABLE X.— MONTREAL— CANADA EAST. ' Results of 5 Ys. Obs. on the AYind, erom 1836 to 1840 inclusive. By j. S. McCord, EsQ.f Westerly, Easterly, No. of days .N\\.,W.,SW. N.E., E., S.E. North. South. observed. i89.'20 4(;.i>5 ti5.85 55.66 357.00 •200.00 82.00 5().50 38.50 327.00 liiilOO 3-2 .1>5 66.75 49.25 311.25 iTii.OO 83 00 63.50 33.50 359 00 188.50 71.50 47.50 45.50 353.00 1«.94 51.00 15 per cent. 60.0-2 IS per cent. 44.48 13 per cent. 341.45 ■^^ , -r cent. I' -1 Captain Lefroy. t Amer. Jour. Science, Vol. III. I t -I '. ' I i\\\ :iill r lit ;-■' '■jr- ■ ■■ ■'■.-,, .' f •;.■ ■_',''■ ," ■ • ■t I ' . • M'';r,.'' .■■^ ' .'S-- , sii-ci, ,; •,« •?• ■ ■ 'f ' w ■]■■■'} 570 THE PRINCirAL DISEASES OF THE BOflK i TAi;[.H XL— WINTER ISLAND— AllCTrf lIKOToNs, M. ^Uk riiiiv. 01' WiM. KOii 1 Yk., lMil-2.— J5v Siu W. K. I'aukv 'I'lie tl;;tires denotn hall" diiys. ? iVldiiili-. Jaiiu.uy, . I'i'liriiary, . Miiicli, . . . April, .... May JllllL> , July, Aiijiusl, . . , Si'|iti'iiil)i r, OctoliiT, . . , NovciiibcT, l)t";einbfr, , Yelir,.'.: .N. N, K. G 4 C l> H G G 10 t 12 ;> 9 !) 7 H II G ■1 211 11) IS 11 2 69 104 K. s. l). I 1) (1 1) .) t Ill .'> 15 :» H 1 •) 11 1 !) o o 10 23 7.'J *•_ s. \v. \v. 1 '• G 1 o .•1 o 10 1 .') G (1 HI 1 o 11 :) A 20 1 G « 1 4 2 4 c o "14 79 ~3.'< N. W. I'ri'V. Wii, 42 nTw. -JG »( \s a .11 u 1.-. s. [•:. .V N 11 s. w. .V : ■S.i X. w. 21 (( 18 N. K. IG ii-(U'.MmA\TS. I oiirse of Winil. 'llast, .Solltll-fHSt, ;S(uitli, Soillh west, jSoulli east, Soiith-wost, 111', ily. I oiirse ol' V\ ind. 2H West, 7;l Xortli-wrst, Xortli, 14 79 Norlli-piist, lir. ily rr>'|.(>iii|eriince. illi.ily. ;{;t' w. in^T i;.!""!!! :i20 N.W. " S.K. o|7 G9 N. ■■' .<. x,\ 104 N.E. ovorS.W -j.", ' i.\ I'ouii i)iui:< rio.NS, cm cu'adiiants. "91 jXortii-wcst, (.'171 i\.\V. ovi-r S.R. •>() 103 I North-east, | 150 I N.E. " i- i.\V.| .)? l.\ SE.MI-CinCI.KS. EiiHtcrn, .'^OIltlliMIl, 241 iWoslorn, 194 Nortliern, 474 (W.ovur E., , -.m iV21 |N. " S., ! 327 TAIJLE XIL— ICILOOLIK— AllCTIC REGIONS. M. 3Io. I'kdv. op the Wind for 1 Yu. L'-^:2"J-;!. — Dx ihk The li''iires denote liiilf davs. Months. •Tamiiiry, . . Fuhriiary, . .'\Iarcli, . . . . Ai)ril, May, Juno July, Au^rust, . . . September, October, . . . November, . December, , Year, 14 8 12 8 4 14 G 3 2 4 2 4 N. E. E. e.E. t?. S W. W. 8 G 2 4 8 2 2 4 12 2 o 6 6 8 12 8 9 4 4 o o 4 G 4 10 2 9 10 3 2 11 o 7 2 4 3 8 14 6 20 12 4 3 1 4 2 5 12 8 4 22 1 88" 6 6'8 .34 50" 73 x \v. 28 3G 32 46 17 24 20 30 30 18 34 24 339" IVv. Vt "~\. W'. y. Y.. T«1 MEAN YEAR IN A N T A (i N I S T I C IN EIGHT DIRKCTIO.NS, Oil SF..MI-QI'AI)IIA.\TS. u u D i: i; Course of Wind East, South-east, South, South-west, Hf. dy. G~ G8 34 50 I.V FOUR DIRECTIONS, OR QUADRANTS. ('ourse of Wind. West"' North-west, Nortli, Nortii-East, Hf. dy.| I'repoiidernnee. III'.':) 73 iW. over E., i 6', 3.39 In. W. " S.E. TA 81 N. " S., > i'' 88 iV. E. " S- \V., ;b South-east, Soutli-west, Eastern, Southern, 88 jNorth-west, 103 |North-east, _ IN SEMI-CIRCLES. 7519 i 548 4lG iN.AV.overS.E.^ 33>* 132 IN.E. " S.W.I i'i I 220 IWcstern, I 191 I Northern, |\V. over E., N. " w. 'It! II'] liM J!:'";1^4.0' _'*':i'. 1:2(1.01 Jp:'"; ^6.0 ] ME AX ■■'Ulli-easf ■;o:i|li, '"lilil-lVocf r^'iiili-wpsi usterii, .'HE [book I in \V. K. ['w.v.s.^ N. . IN. \v. Piev. \Vi' ; W N. W. u -1(1 .' 2 •M . u 4 !«' il I'l :!i ' II t ir. s. v.. ^ ■■ "■'. H i 11 S.W.vV '. W 1 '.i:\ N.W. 1 ■i\ ki IH N. r,. n Hi >( 1) ;n i N.W. ';i:« ;i2o N.W. ■riG () UDl'.U. ', DllAN'l'^- I'rt'i't M.aerunce. llll.'ly. \ J.W OVlT Iv I'l S.K. 217 ovi^r S.\\ 1 •^'' '; I ANT s. 1 N.W . 11V1> rr^.K. -i-l] ! N.t". ti S.W.I li 1 iS2--:5.— 1'^' '^"''' '^"^ W.' •rev. V 23 N.W :((■) i> ;vi " 41) " 17 a ■u ' " 20 " •JO 30 18 J: 24 1 ■ 'irii'l IN'TERIOli VAI.F.KY OF NORTH A:\IERICA. 571 •urAonANT^. ^ I (•reiioiMlerance^J'il^i — I.' I til VV.overL., . Iadrants. T-fT— Jw ■ — p — Tm |j iW.overh., .; TA15M-: XriT.— FKLIX HARl^Oll— ATU'TTC llKriTOXS. \.v. I'Kiiv. oi' Wind, iviii 2 Vs., Is.'JO to is:n. ]]v 8iu Jcirv Ho.<<.* Kiir,i:):i.(i ■' ,1-21. i'"^' '')ii.!iii;ii5.i ' ,l«.i^ ^9(i.i ■iiNll, 47.1 The lijiirp* ilfnntB linur«. W^l ?. I K. N.W..-'. u. fs'K.i N. K. Culm. | i'toviTi]iii){' uTihuT :,'iui "'l 1 .()|~ 7.0 -jii-J.tt yi 1 1.0 'ji .0; ;);».()! "~ mt.oi " 41.0 Tfj.o' G.oii.'i'jo ii-j.o ."iij.n iG.o; I'jn.ol ;to.5 ";Vt..')i (i.5',>(W.ii i:)i.o ':n.o^a-i.5i~To8^| NtTnii-wMU 17.(1 !).").(i: ;t.(| .').!) I O-i.O 7.0l(!(i.0 isi.o. 42.0 11-J.o, ;t.oi:)i.ii 170.(1 i-^.o ii.o i)4.o .W, "1.0 ~"J->i"-*-»| •■»•'» 7t<.()i:i(i.O y4.5 WB.5; 137.5; South-west. (bi'M-Ji^oi 11." -•'<■"' 1 1.0 !(i.(i iia.d' i-.o Tr.ii ~-j:f4.o ,!••:!(/, .'j-.O ,'-:fi,l!ioJi : .11, fi.5 (ii.oii.'j.o Ki.di ii.di.'ci.o ;m.(i 5i.\5 JJfi^^U, 15.011("i.o'l!>:).0 2lTu 4:1.0 .•fo.ii i;i.(i !.■)■<. ir>i.o .-j.'f.o :i!2.o (i-J.o ;jo.o-j-(i.oi 7:j.o ."jlo 5i.o' i;i.o i2.').(.» yo.').o; ^f<.l)j ~2 1 i).5| SoLitl>-wc7t7 17.^.0 ' r)0.(ii ' 40.,) 4G.0. 1G..")2-J--J.(I 112.0 :J2.0 'u-:i'ii/o'.i.(i| 4'J.O r)(i.o MI.O KM.Oi il.'i.O 41.0 |- l;-;il,ll«.(i| fi7.0 24.0 11.0202.01 (JS.O 71.( 114..-) 98.0 N'lirth-west. -iii,i:it<.o .'».o lo.o .")0.o 1 s;t.(ii t^o.5 r)7.5 122.0 il-:i!l, 7(1.0 t<2.0' :<8.01 Ifj.O (i.t.d I2S.0 4.0 ■|i-;!l. im i^l.O 71.0 CO IDo.li 202.0 40.0 M-jii, 56.;') uSiiF.iyiTo ■(l;;il, ?:<.0 u-:iii, 141 '.i •n-:il, 64.0 ^a,U2.5 '.■(•(," !I7.0 ^:il, b7.i yl.T) ;')!..') I'l..-. l:jlj.i) Km.O 22.(1 4:).o i.').o .".II r.o.iij 50. .'lo.o 2r).o 40.0' CGoii7.(i| ;i(i.(iioii.(i :t4.(i ~:t2.o " ;t7.o I2(i..')i 4:t.o 7o..'> 24!).0i y.o: 2!».() 41.0 51.0, 8.0 2;)lt.U 57.0 5G.0| r)7.0 177.0 49.0 5.S.5! ;n.5 2:Is;(i 46.0 22.0 77.0 54.0 "(1175 ~3ao 4,').0 H7.0| :i.0 24:f.O 212.0 19.(' 2G.0 49.0: 22.0 2G7.0J 75.0 52.0 35;5! G8.0; 12.5 255.044:t.5 35.5 >."'l'i. 14.0 ;);i.(l 55. Oi 50.0 21!>.0!145.0 55.(1 '■'■'i. 114.11 21.11, 7G.0i :tl.01!)O.0| 91.0 70.(1 ' ■■■)'', l.M'.O Jill" 1351 r>>3'i, 40.0 yn bfi.O Mean, Wl GI.5 j G5.5J 40 5 204.'r)jlT8.0jJw.5 75.0 ti4.0 22^(J124.(i! (12.0: "7^.' :)1.0 173.0 "4G.5/r2.5.5 9(^.9117.0 9.0 70.0 23.(1 75.0, 23.Olllll, Joiith-west, Hours.; (.'ourse of \v intl. i Hoiirs.l I'reiiomlerance. | Hours. "I 5,"i4.5\v7' over E. ~2G"7T0 (•.22.5 North-west, 121G1.G'N.W. " S.E. 1539.0 7:j.5.5;North, 1235.5i North-east, I1153.5,N. 9G4.5S.W. S. 418.0 N.E.' 271.0 I.N KOUIl DIRKCTIO.NS, OR CiU AUKA.NTS. ^oiitli-casti (1 1 34,0^ North-west, "^ 1301 5.5 N .W. overvS.K.!lH81.5 JMiiih-west, 1 1K80.5 North-east, llG8,5.0 S.W. " N. R.i 195.5 ■Easiern, l~^'jiuliern, IN SEMl-CIRCLKs. 2'^i9.0,W(>'.;terii, (4896.0 W. 3()14.5|Northerii, !4700.5 N. over E. 2077.0 S, 1686.0 * Second Voyage. 'r ■I n ■ill i; .!t ..'fHw \ , j.ij«-.. 572 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE [>00|j E.'ich of the forogoinr^ tablos indicates tlio rolativo fre(|nciioy nf i]\f[,.r, t winds at a particular place, but not tlio length of time they Itlew, nur t i» velocity. Tt shows the oscillatory movements of the atmoishliero. w^ , * certain (iP'': ' i of approximative accuracy, but not its progressive 111,1 .n. To disclopr. .c latter, the duration and velocity, as well as the tliructinn each wind .tnould have been observed and recorded. 'l\, thu sri,..,!;. ineteoridogist, seeking to ascertain the direction and force of tlic iini"r, i.ji motion of the atmosphere, such observations would be iiulisncn iii;iy' naking Hueli an ciitiinatoj ieal niedirine demauJ. xtened with di.-cascs \vlii( ;ui inspoctioi) of tlio tabl a good one; and, tkre^ ption. ,icctoaidulosnpliio;illii-t4 ,11, tlierofore, indicate .^ drawn from tbem,withj (quadrant, whicdi wil rERISTICS, AND EFFEJ Ltliern hemisphere pcnoj I in a certain order. Ihey do not vrcsent oviJ! land southern porti.'ii^^ Irder of mutation is tV' ml Ling turned to the south, [th ° Thus a south-east i L^cst, north, and ncrtij Lcrso never happo"^ 1^1 [case, if a southern ^vuid-< easterly wind rarely i 1st. and the nortb-^vot Thus, while tbo ^in ' ipass, south, west, a«d" • larcclycvcr crosses tlio cast. Conunoncing generally to the south of L;. iln. wind exi)iro.s hel'oro reaeliiiig that eanliiial jidiiit from the north. VMVt'imi!>t not (ivorliiok anothor mode of cliange, which is n.scillatory. In ■icase, the chang(3 is in the same iduiie, which is generally one that jiasses I .T;eii the cardinal points. Thus, after tho south-cast wind lias hlnwn •'•itiine, it may, witlidutan intervening calm, lie turnod into a nortli-wcst — I5;,;\t'ie reverse; and a imrth-east wind may arrest and triumiili dVer a, Ir-i-ffcst; though it scarcely ever hapiicn.s that the latter succeeds to tho I iier. without the occurrence of a calm. The antagoni.sm of these winds ^jBiaeh more common, than that of any others. AVhat has been said L.,'; 5 (spcciallv to winds that continue for sumo time. In cert;iin seasons 1,: ..filiations of tho atniusphere are so diversifuMl ;iiul titfnl, tliat in the lt:iiri:Ai^i:f' oi' thi; [lo (ii:\i;iiAi, 'I'ai-.i.i: ok tiik ^\■|Ml.<. at XiNinr.KN Station.-i, IlKMriL IJUAKIIA.NTS, AMI Jixi'lilOSffKl) I.N I'KIK IN TAdK. (iruil|iH ut hllltliillii. Sniitlioni (lroti|», i'i\u .Stuliuus. I MllllOIIH. I'l.iri.hi llLvf. . . . . ' ('!iiii|t Cliiicli, . . . , NfW ( >rk'!iii,s, . . . . , F(jrt Ji\su)) Natclicz, , Suutlieiii Mean, Ilunt.svillc .k'tlVrsoii JJarnicks, Ciiu-iiiiiati ('(niiu'il DIiiH; . . . Kurt .\riii>troii;.' . . Fort Six'lliiii;-, . . . l'(irt Ildwaril, . . . a^lil\vallls 11 IS ]-l M > i li '2\ 2() \ 3-j :M ol) ^■' 1 :ii 1 li ~21 " jii -^ '.\ V2 if "b-l ~: 1-2 14 ,"iii 1' 1.-) •J4 :;!i ■: U ~'17 "4'J "-Ji •21 '20 "s2'rt Wlicn wo look at tliis contleiisution of tlio observations in each t;,! ■\vo see, at once, that the yi-i"dv.'r jjart of onr winds are hvit oscilLiti' li the atniosjiherc, reseniMing, on a lar^'o .scale, the land antl sea hroezis ai the Gulf of Mexico, which compensate or Ijahmce eacli other everyday night, and do not imply a jjnigvessive niotiim. Still, such a muvcnui.t :• douht, a reality; but the tables do not ail'ord data lor calculating it, must now iutniduee the wliiils of the ditferent quadrants, and exaiiiino t'la separately. This we shall do in the order of the card, and iiwt, il'l'i relative prevalence ; beginning, therefore, with the south-east aiil with the north-east. If the other mode were adopted, the order, cuiiii;kbJ with the least prevalent, would be south-east, north-east, snutli-uiit. north-west; for such, as maybe seen in the table of percentage, i' !a| order of prevalence. III. The SoUTti-EAsT "Wixn. — The winds composing tlii- iju:wn make, of the whole, twenty-one per cent., or about one-iit'tli. In southern group they make thirty per cent.; in the middle tweiity-'iill the northern thirteen. Thus the relative prevalence of the Minis quadrant diminishes from the G ulf of Mexico to the Arctic Ocean. ^^1 the diiferent stations of tlie southern grou]) arc compared with la ;i 'i wc find a remarkable oi^uality ; Florida llcof, the highest (thirty ■ 'ft Tin; I BOOK St At ION ,s Ukijixki t KUtKNTAriK. - <. i;. s.w N.W. \ 1, '21 1 :{<) i -^ii 2S It) 11 IS •21 1 •:»'• ~Jl 1-J \1 1.') "la lis •1\ •i'.i •Jf. •J) 15 27 li;! i ail ' 81 '^S "IT ~0*2 ! 14 iiti •24 Si'.l ~17 4'J •t.) "2:) • ). •21 .soi'vatiuiiri in t;icli t;.* luds are liut uscillali'i.jj mil luiil >ioa lirou/A'S ;iv caeli (it her L'Vury d;iy till, ^ucli a miiwniH.t ;^J ;i lur calc.uliitiiig il. uilruiits, and cxamiuftb tho card, and nut, '■; tal the south-oast airi i:i'll jited, the urdov, 001111:1^:1: lurtli-cast, suutli-ffi^t.1 ablf uf porccntage. i.^ (i eoniliosliig this qu^in tiljuut onc-iit'tli. Il' the luiddlo l\vi'Uy-':.'-;j lilciicc uf the wiwl! the Arctic Ocean. ^^] eoiuparcd witli ca.li ■. the hiii-hcit (tliirty-' IJT "•] INTKRIOR VALLF.y OF NOIITII A.MKIMCA. C)~'} v; Miiily five aliMVo l'i'ii<:ioula — ('antouiiu'iit Cliiicli — (twi'iity-.sovcii) the f ,;. Ill the iiiiilillo ;.'r t'lMiii their course, and blending tliem with tho south-west, raises its ycy. high, while it reduces the south-east correspondingly low ; tho former lajnihij; to thirty-eight pi'r cent., tlie latter only to sixteen. Third. ItibillJIiiffs. on the Missouri River, tho eourse of whiidi is to the south- Ik, k? u liigher per cent, than Jellerson IJarracks, Fort Armstrong, or |;:l.'^Ilellillg, on tho Missi.ssipjii, the course of whieli is directly from north 11. juth. Fourth. At Fort lirady, near Lake Superior, flie south-east liiilraat rises nine per cent, above the mean of the group — twenty-one ; and, .:.!'ire, merits attention. The general course of the river, or Strait Ste h:v. ■iiiineeting Lake Superior with Lake Huron, by a soutli-east direction, Icrs an olivious explanation; which becomes entirely satisfactory when we l(&t with it the ran!i;e of hii'h lulls, or rather low mountains, seen lulling nearly east and west, on the northern side, or to the .'summer ;-''arJijf the strait. Thus it i.s, that mountains and valleys deficit tlie "•■r currents of tlie atmosphere, and im[iose different names on wliat is |t!'r:.ti:illy tlie same wind. hv:;ig thus explained the anoinalii's in this group, and other groups of '-'.s. it may be said, in general terms, that fr uii Cape Florida, where the I-: ;■ tralc-wind is felt, to tlic Polar Cirele. the s.iutli-east wind diminishes p:? relative prevalence. The manner in wliieli tlie diminution is eU'ectcd, |'''!'l")setu be this: From ihe warm surface of the fiulf of Mexii'o, which '% pressed, on the west, by the Cordilleras of 3Ioxieo, the rarified air 1 1 1 !• I '.]■■ :--f:.. . ■.'■■■; ■•-.■,'■ ' ■■• ■* .".'< ■!/•, _:.■;■ ,:. :X •■'^ hi i ii ■ 1 • > V 1 . •■ 4' ■ * . ■ » - i ■' /• 4 ' ^ - , '. t ' '♦ 576 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE [book arises and flows over tlic continent toward tlic Polar Circle. At first tliesa t'olnnins liave a direction to tlie north-west; but, as tliey adviiui.a', thcv gradually lose it f(jr one to the north, and, finally, tu the north- cast •! becoming thus changed into south and south-west winds. This aiiiiun.n^ change is, of cour.se, to be ascribed to the diminishing velocity of tlio Lurtlu surface, as wo pass from the torrid to the frigid zone. But there is ttii] another cause for the infreiiucncy of th>^ south-east wind, us we advame to the north. I. refer to the Ai)palachian Jlountains. Originating in tlie Stata of Alabama, in the thirty-third degree of latitude, and terniiiiating oii i]2 coast of Labrador, near the fiftieth, these mountains constitute, hetwcuutluj Interior Valley ami the warm Atlantic Ocean, a barrier from two tlnmsan^ to four thou.sand feet high, over which tlie atnujsphere of the latter dous nufc often pass; wlule, far in the north, the tendency of the cold and duiise ail to flow to the south-cast and overspread the surface of the same ocean is si groat, as to arrest the currents which might otherwise set in tlie {>]f,m direction. In temperature the south-east wind is always warm, but except, jurli: near the G ulf, it docs not bring the hottest weather ; when it prevails i;i tiig morning, and veers to the south-west, its temperature is high, ai,d it( huniidit\^ small; but, if it continue through the day and night, clouds ani rain are the consequence; while, in winter, it often precedes or acenni[,aiiiei the deepest snows of the middle parts of the A'^ailey. 'While this is goni on, it generally veers round to the south-west, but is sometimes suddml] arrested by the antagonistic north-west wind; or, if not arrested, is raisel into the up|)er regions of the atmosphere, and lost to the view of thi observer. This wind affects the barometer less than some others; uovei sinking it as low as the south-west, nor raising it as high as the nortli-ffCstj It never blows a gale in thi; middle and higher latitudes, nor dues it ofte| generate electrical phenomena; Imt, on the northern shores of the Gulf i Mexico, it does both. It is, indeed, the priii('i|ial an!;ent in those driviii:s( the water of the Gulf, which produce deo[) inundations around the lialia and the city of Now Orleans, or roll the waves of the Gulf over JantI Rosa Island into the Bay of Pensaeida. IV. The SouT^-^\'J•:^•^ Wind. — The winds of this quadrant piako twea ty-five per cent., or a fourth jiart of all the winds of the Interior ^ allcj When we bring those for each station into comjiarison with the gui.eri mean, twenty-fivo per cent., we do not find the regular decrease, iu aJvani eiiig from south to north, that was foind for the south-east wind. Uii tb contrary, high and low per cents, are distributed thrciughout. apiiaronth without order. Thus Florida Reef (twidve per cent.) and ^Vinter Waal (fourteen per cent.) o>-c among the lowest, while Cantonment Clinch (tliirtjj six per cent.) and Fort Snelliiig (thirty-nine per cent.) are both high, anl nearly equal. The highest of the wh(de, is Fort Howard, bcii'^ tVutv-fi' percent., but Turontu, in nearly the same latitude, is only twentysix | cent. Yet, notwithstanding these and dtlier irregularities, there is an "W( in the relative prevalence of the winds of this quadrant, which may ["HE LBOOK |.| Circle. At first thess as tlicy iiilviiu(.v, thej Uy, to tbc iiortli-east;| winds. This ajipiiri'iit il volocitv of tlio LMtb'i urie. But tlicTL' i> fctil) wind, as wc advame td Originating in tlio J^tat« and terminating uii tlid ■i constiiuti'. lietwoi'U tin rricr frum two tlinusana :rc of tlic latter duus iiulj the c(dd and dense ai] of the same ocean ;s s iviso set in the eppojiti irm, but exceiit. juTliap^ L- ; when it prevails in M eraturc is liigli, and ill ay and niglit, eluud.- rmj I precedes or acconi|iam( ey. "While this is g'iinj it is sometimes suddiulj if not arrested, is ta'ucfl lost to the view of \k\ than some others; novel s high as the nortli-wcji litiules, nor dues it ofte^ ru shores of the Gulf I'^cnt iu those driving's ( ,ations around the Balia uf the (lulf over Sant^ this (quadrant nako twc! lis uf the Interior Vallc: miiarison with the gciwi tegular decrease, iu advaaj Isuuth-east wind, '"i H :d throughout, apiiarontl cent.) and Winter VM J-antonmcntClinchltliirtr loent.) arc h(>th liigK ^nj Howard, bell',' tV,rty-f. [ic, is only twenty six [ lularities, there h an 'Ti .quadrant, wliich may I'llTll.! INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 577 tol fr'^''" *'''^'^'' '■^fifs. Thus, tlie average of the five station.s of tho lifi'-.trii "I'oup is twenty-five percent. ; of the eleven stations of the mid- Vi-Toup, thirty-one per cent.; of the three stations of the northern group, per cent. The numbers twonty-fivo, thirty-ouo. and seventeen, I,,-,,;, tlicii, the relative prevalence of the winds uf this (piudrant, iu the I.; ;.:teiiiperato, and frigid zones of tho Valley. Thus, it apjioars that Lvaro preeminently the whids of the middle latitudes of the A^ilhjy. Thig Lt bo explained as follows. In the south, us we have seen, there is a great Urjicnce of south-west wind; much of tliis, before it reaches the middle Ic.'j'les. assumes, from the diminishing velocity of tlie earth's surface, a s(tuth- li«;e'urso, and before reaching the polar circle, dies away, or is eonvertetl Kijwcstor north-west wind, by tho descent of tho cold and dense atmos- |j;,r(. ..if the Rocky ^Mountains. B;;tliorc is another and greater cause of this prevalence, Avhicli I shall Ip.;*! to set forth. The winds of the south-west ([uadrant appear in two '&, tbo arid, and humid, whicli must bo considered under se]iarato Tic Arid Sovth-West Wind. — This wind boginL. in the nmrinng, when t-iu lias been above the horizon two or three; hours; attains its uiaxi- iz fpm two to four iu tho afternoon ; and subsides by sunset or soon bntird, when, in general, a dead calm ensues. The comnnui tinre of lEencauent, is that morning hour, which has tho mean lieat of tln^ twenty- -;ts greatest velocity gf jrally occurs during the highest lioat of the It ntver blows but iu fair weather. Its general ])revalenco is in the qart of spring, throughout the summer, and iu early autumn. Yet it latiQies felt iu tho de])ths of winter, when other winds are (piiet, but KHthoi; acipiire tno velocity which it shows in liot weatlier ; and pre- jfjr a much shtu'tcr portion uf the day. Vliis wind, wliich so closely d'les the sea breeze uf the Gulf of ^Niexico, does i\ot consist of air J;'iit from a distance, l)nt is a simultaneous and iitful nioveiucnt of tho !>l'!iere over the svuface of tho continont, from south-east, south, or l:;.-we>t, to north, or north-east. Thus, it liogins ami ends at the same fc.'.;:;k'r the same meridian ; but progressively from east to west, \uider }'Mi parallel of latitude. There can be no doubt of its immediate de- ' on the action of tho sun upon the surface of the eartli. The facts K':;avcbeen cited, lead to this conclusion; but, still further, it generally '■".-C''^ as a south-east wind, while the sun is yet east of the meridian, " CT; to the south u. south-west, with the progress of that luminary. In 'tamior the solar rays act upon tho earth's surface to generate it, docs ^t'iuymind, oeni very obvious. Forhaps it is by warming tlie sides on t.3 the solar rays impinge, of every tuberosity of the ground, ami of every t! jtaiidiiig upon it, while their opposite sides still retain tlic tcmpera- "! tlic niglit. Tho effect of this warming must necessarily be to rjirify I Win contact with the surfaces thus exposed, and produce upward : t . ni li ♦Drake's Picture of Cincinnati, 1813. 'f'-' I'i^ r ' ■■■■ i .M-^ .?■■■•:• . 1. ' ■■•■'I.'' ;■•••'■ I I'i-P'n!.;' .■-.■■ rl^' ^ -F. i ^ •vv- .1 iiiti .1 ■i 578 Tin; riMNCiPAL diseases of the ^■"•■kI currents : tlicst! Ix iiig cstalilislicd, tlu; cold air nii tlicninvaiinc'd sidrs,,:' tk same diijects, is put in liuvizuntal iiintiiMi. lnwanl tlic liaseiif tin; ;i.>;i.||,i;ij currents. Tims, two innvcnionts arc goncratcd; ;ind if uo reiir in tl countless number ot" iiie jualilies, including liills and turest^, wliicli aiv ;!i aetcd on, wo may perliaps lind in this (ipi'ratinn a suiliciont nintive inavir the eft'cct in ([uestinii. In siippurt ot" this conelusinn, t\v(i additimuil :^|. may lie eitoil. First. It is well knmvn, that when this wind hluws v.itlum inontod vehieity, it often raises 'iglit bmliL's to a eonsiderahlo lii;.d,t. ii/;lo| ting apparently, an oblinuc, upward current. Seco/ul. It ldow.s elilLflv J the surface of the earth, for the clouds (ritmuli) which form in tlie utij phere. nmre on tlie days on which this wind prevails than any (4li, commonly oliserved to be at I'ost. This dry south-west, is always a wind of high tem]ioratnro. Tliediroj ■\vhicii it occurs in the C(dd sea.sons arc comparatively mild and ^oiiial. jn'evails in the hottest day.s of summer, wlien the merctury ranges Wiffj 1)0° and 1(1(1°; but cannot be regarded as the cause, so mudi as tbeoffirtl the great heat : ami so far I'roni adding to the heat and debility felt i n tlij days, diminishes both, by promoting evaporation from tlie sinfaie body. This wind does not, to any great extent, affect the baroineter: iihn attendeil with any other rain than a thunder shower. whi(di invuiii'.lilvM uates it for the day. On the contrary, it is the prini-i[ial wind tliiiii. long droughts of summer and early autumn, wdicn it prevails over :ill winds of the card. In the year 1>14. betwe.'U the "intli of d)dy and tl,' l| ! vation. Meanwhile we may assert, that it is this variety wlii'di givi? south wind So large a place in the registers kept in tin; inteiicv '.:' latitudes of the continent. ■ ^'i:'*- TIIK ilOOKl INTERIOli VALI.KY ol" AORTII AMEllICA. 570 hcuinvarmcd siik'sn; tK tlnj liase I'f the '.c-c-iiiiiii and it' uc vet'iT tn tl lid I'lirt'St^, wliii'h aiv ;ii| >i\w\<. temperature. Tlie daysj itively mild and liOuiVi. tiie aion-urY vaniii'.s bitwi iiiso, Pi'iiin>-li'»s tlio fill • t,l eat and doliiUty tVlt 'ii;'j| (in IVoni tlie ^-uri'aru Tect tlie Ijaromctcr ; h-:\ jwer. wliieli invun;',lily : rj c priin'il'al wind tliviii^'il ion it prevails over all the --"'ill ot'dnly aiiiltl' 1 twenty-two day .s ami II „f one\lay. Of tlmtj': mixed. Hix tliumlrr .!:. Ill the wliole time, the larj uid -J'.'-Ttt in,— range "il y IVel. at evening twi'llJ (,ve freiiuent iilieuunK-.i'cj lloseending by tlic l;itor;l^ iMire of elevation l-Hnv-.;]j ri.is compensating '1" |the night along tlie Oj during the prcvalem'-' J lard, as already intima;^' |r, thus presenting ;> '-^ ;P obvious, then, tlal t: lat projiortion it heav- 'l I'd, tliat it prevails mi a' |l hope some of oar i-i'j Irevalenee a suhjeet 't hisvariotywirudiglv^''] .^,L in the iiiteii-v o; fj. If II mil Soiilh-]\'isl ]Vi,uL — This variety dilfcrs widely unni the I;.' It is not the wind of a sinule day, but ireiu'vally coutiiiUL'S tliron^liout .;iVi'iitv-four hours, and orien !'ur tw.i or thruc day.s. Ii i.s an occasinual Irl; ami sets ill at any hour of day or night. It .soinetinies uiiitos it.self Irviiiie 'hy south-west, whieli may be known by a conlliinaiice tliroiigli the Ij,'.;, A turbid and, at length, eluudy .>^tate of the atnio.-jihere, never i'ails (li, I'leveliipcd by it; ami the clouds are not at rest, but move with ;i steady Jt*'..:'ivin tlie same diree-tioii, with tlie currents at the earth's surface. Sooner 'Vi.r. tlicy send down rain, which is often cojiioiis and ))rolonged. In -■■]■. (luqi snows occasionally fall iiMjin them, and sometimes delng( s of |i:.. ;itC"iiipaiiied, as high up as the Inrty-iiftli degree of latitude or still cjk.ffitli tliaws and Hoods. The termination of this series of jiliennmcna t;ciierally, in one of two modes. Jlrsl. The wind veers to the west or Lr.^wost, the rains cease, the clouds arc dissipated, the theiniometer falls, ^l;!io liaroiiieter rises: Or, Scyi/iil, an antagoiii/ing north-east wind ri:<. uiultlio clouds are driven )ia(dc, still, however, ncotinniiig to Ijo .vid ill rain ; the shy, at length, becomes fair, and the north-east, as a ,i:iJ euinparatively dry wind, continues to bhiW I'or one or many day,'^, fc:. a lalm succeeds. The heat of this wind is generally high; but the r!: kings cools the air, and refreshes all organized nature. In many ; it takes on the velocity of a stiff lircezc: and, occasionally, when lEii!ii:;c3 against a north-west wind, a linrrieane is generated. I'lleefrir.al p. nii'iia often attend its commeiiccnieiit, but, in general, are not of the yvyk'iit kiiul. like tlie arid s mth-west, this wind always sinks the barometer. lit;!. tlie iiiiniuia of that i'lstrument arc connected with it. This 1 ha\e i'l liy the inspection of ta'.les formerly kept by myself; ami I'rol'essor Iv : .;.* uiailo, as he informs me, the same observation. IT. ImiiiiJ South-west is un(|uestioiiably a wind of pregres.^i iii — a current |:...'li'um the warm suri'ace of the Cull', where it has becomo saturated p.ikurc. toward the pidar regions. J5ut it (h.es not always jirescrve :*■ direction, ju the lower latitudes it very comnurnly has a south Irse.aiul senielimes a south-east; in the middle latitudes it varies froiii G:itoffest, still preserving its characteristic propt'rties. It is even somo- t;! ^ ' ileileeted, as to beciane nujro or less of a north-western wind; but, lniil.is lia|ipciis, the rain soon ceases, a true north-wester sets in, and the ii-wilLssipatcd. ^Wm)s 01-' Tin: XonTH-Vri:sT QuAunANT. — According to the table of |i !2-'e, the amount which represents these winds for the entire A'alley, ■■;-t\vu per cent.; making them nearly one-third of the whole'. In I' itlieni group, they only reach twenty per cent, or ono-lifth ; in the •'gi'uup twenty-eight, or more than a quarter; in the arctic ftirly-nine, I ^t one half. \\'ii see, then, tluit these winds increase in prevalence ■.'rroiu south to north, at a still higher ratio than the antagonizing ■' the South-east (juadrant. derria>c through the same extent of •■•lilt; !uid their increase, if we ci mpare the grevi s by their j ereci.tagi^. f ' 'i '..■I I 'Y.- ;:,iM'' %-::i':.i-y:',.. ■• I /t »,-.• MB'' '■ .'•■ '■*■ . »■ • ...rf'.':^ ■"•>;•• ■ ^ 'If. . l* 1' ' ■ 1 ' .■■;■:• f ■ '■ •"•■.■■,- .' 'h '■ >■■ il '.•.■, • k li I ■■' I::-:'- 1 ■/■I 680 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE [BOOK ] and tlicir mean latitudes, makes a near approach to unifurmity. Tk' n< rtL west wind presents, like the south-west, two varieties, distinguishuMo iHofc by their duration. The transtmt north-west is tliewind which attends or folloM's our 1mi!(1» showers; hut its Dccurrenco, in connection with them, is not iiivaii;il,i( • f^ some of thcni are iieconipanied by a south-west wind, and are nut suiiKjil by a north-west. When this wind does not follow, the storm is; ;.',.i , -, repeated ; and, this occasionally happens day after day, at last wiiidini; with a stiff north-west breeze. >Vhen the first niovenients of the stoini from the north-we.st, it is not often repeated on the same day nr nii;! t. was a correct suggestion of Vc^lncy,'*' that this wind consists of air win descends from the higher regions. It is always conii)arativi'ly ciid siidv.s the thermometer, rai.scs the barometer, and dissipates tlie ckmds. ■ ;.i# a bright sky. Thus it comjdetes the vertical oscillation of tin, atm ^iieit begun by the ascent of heated air, and restores the cquilibriuin. Tlie other, and more 'permanent variety, is not a wind of diurnal tion, and nnist be considered in reference to its efficient causes. 1. As the atmosphere moves westwardly between tho tropics, ami, ;:• th|j taljlo of percentage shows, to some degrees of latitude, ahuve tlio i. :: elll tropic, there must, in the higher latitudes, be a compensating raovcii: t|»J the eastward. 2. In tlio south the heated Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mcxb cast of and near to high ranges of mountains, the cold and dense atniisji! of which readily slides down to the surface of these warm seas, whii-el mosphere is continually rising and flowing off toward the pole. | 3. As these currents traverse our Valley, tliey sink the liaromctiT,' already stah'd, and thus invite upon it the colder air of the Rocky M ta-ns to its west. ^. Tiio Atlantic Ocean, from the West Indies to NewFouiidlaml, is v.;iri by the (rulf stream, and also l)y the action of the sun, to a far gri'atinle in summer, than the interior of the continent ; and, thevofure. in viiitir a much higher surface heat, with a correspondingly greater rarefaiiimi'l' atmosphere resting over it, than of tliat resting over the continent, i>| ally its western Alpine regions ; consequently, there is a tondomv i:i atmosnhere of the latter to flow down upon the former. Indeed, tlkiv for t''.e western side of the Atlantic basin, be no other conipensatiiij^ ply, tlian that afforded hy the ailjacent continent. Under the influence of these causes, this variety of our Nortli-ffi> made a wind of progression, and often blows for several days in sucl.c^ while the other variety commonly endures for a few hours only. The greatest liights of the barometer are oct^asioned hy this ^villll. oxtreme o.scillations of that instrument are produced by the sudden altc tion of this with the humid south-west. On the aft(Tiioon of tln' of February, IS 14, under the influence of this wind, the barometer, at * View of the Soil and Climate of the United States, .-' l.'lL THE ;„,, uiiifurmity. Tlie w nb- IS, clistiiiguishalilo i/iith is or follows our tniuid* m, is not iiivarisili!' ; fit (1, and arc not sueci.ja|| , the storm is fjucra" ' (lay, at last vrimliiii! venicnts of tlie stnwii .«an)C dav or uii;!;t. i" nd consists ot" air \v!ii| 5 conijiaratively ci'ld. issipatcs tlio (.'loiuls, giv llation of tlu; atiii' ^jikei L' c([uililjriuin. a wind of diurnal osiill icient causes, en the tropics, ami. :i- titudc, aliove the mnhf onipcnsutiiig raoveiin.;itl id tlio Ciulf of Mcxi^fi,! cold and dense atnii sjli^ leso warm seas, wb -i' I ard the polo, ey sink the barometer,! air of the Rocky }Ui New Fouiiillaiiil, is v.;iriil sun, to a far grcati r >'"' d, therefore, in viiitir | y croater rarefaiii'iii "t !ver the cuntinciit, >^!i< \oro is a teiuloiic; Mvnior. Indeed, tbuwi other eompensatiii^J -loty of our Nortli-v^'^i several days in suci.c.>a •w hours only, noned I'y tins vina, cod by the sudden a!t(i the afti'rnoon of tlu' ind, the barometer, at ' •iTT: INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 501 ^.jii. sunk to 28.93 ; a change of weather took place, accompanied by a .-■■..\vc.«t wind, and, on the morning of the 4th, ^the barometer stood at v.\ having risin more than an inch. On the 10th, 1 1th, and 12th of iMay, , ••..! .-ame year, a soutlierly wind prevailing, the barometer, for throe days, jvl between 2f^.S0 and 29.00 ; the north-west wind then set in, and for ^ost three days it ranged between 29.::50 and 29.t)0. C.iiiiii: from a higher latitude and greater elevation, this wind>is always slidvilv cold. The sudden dcjiressions of temperature with which the ylf ijf tlic middle latitudes of the Valley are so familiar, are produced by :r,t;il. The extrcn\c depressions of the tliermometcr do not, in general, - ; while the wind is still blowing, but in tlie calm which follows ; and |K .Ttatest cold, as yet recorded in the Valley, occurred during a calm. Ifc. at Fort Pieliance, in N. Lat. 02° 4()', where for a week, in January |;>:;i. the mercury ranged between — 50° and — 70", two -thirds (if the ubser- |n;:!:•' ■,,|;i|'^^):;- /■,,■ lf^|.^},^•;>^;>'- '4 5S2 THE riilXCirAL DISEASES OF TIIF, inooK around the Gulf, even down to tlio Trojiic of Cancer. Tn the statos wl' r^-st on tlie (JuU*, it oeunrs in tlie ciildor j)art.^ of every ve;ir ; but isles- vi. 1 J and rigorous (in tlie enstorn tl'.au tlio wt'steru side of tliat liasin. In 'J'ryas iin(ix. Their violent prevali'nce in early spring, is to ...liijcil tu the (liilert'nie hetween the tenijierature nf the (iult'anil the |. ,.;ii!i5 liaviag at that time reaeheil its niaximuiu ; Avhilc in autunni they ;: iniidi less in that resjieet. I .( must, in conclusion, ascend to the group of northern stations, lying , n the sixty-sixth and seventieth degrees of latitude. The winds of . xiilraiit make, in that desolate region, aliout one-half, or forty-nine piT ; f ;ill that hlow. An inspection of the monthly tablos of I'arry and ...ins tliat, like the (jther winds, these are exceedingly variable; yet .jioato a progressive motion of the atmosphere from north-west to • i.-t. The winds of the northern senii-iircle there amount to •; jiiT cent. — of the southern to thirty. Tiic Arctie Cirelo i.-. in ■ ','M'>A at the terminating point of tlie tropical currents, which are li'ti::: tuWiU'cl the pole, and the gelid air of the frigid zone is there on its |n;'«rilthc e(|uatii,-i;il regions. l>ut. aifhou,i:h moving soutlu'rly, aiul liii'liicTcajiiig velocity of tlic cartli's surface, it might be expected to :T;\i;ml the south or the south-west, it rolls most of the time to a |).::<.;i«t of simth. This, doubtless, arises from tlnj attractive influence of IrrAiLitie Oiran, whicli is known to nniintain, in the same northern lati- l:i.-, :i temperature far higher tlnm the adjoining coiitinenl. I'l i'uNDs 01;' THE Noutu-Kast (JuAi)iiA.NT. — Au insj)ection of the table liweciitage shows tlie winds of this quadrant to be less than those of the yi;::.-\vi;st and north-west quarters, but a fraction greater tliaii the south- l'.;: Ac fovnior being twenty-two, the latter twenty-one jjer cent, of all !.u-. AViicii the groups of stations arc comj)ared, we find their amounts jiiiluini tlian those which represent the other winds. Tlius, in the .■.r;i,tlie per cent, of prevalence is twenty-five, while tliat of the south-east ■v; ill the middle it is twenty, that of the south-east being twenty-one ; ii'irthcrn twenty, that of the south-east thirteen per cent. Hence, ^"ithiils decrease in going north, but the soutli-east at the greater ratio, 'liffercncc between the amount of its southern and its northern per t.i.'e I'l'ing seventeen, while the corresjionding difference in the north- fc: .r ".'utago is only ilva. In the southorn group the north-east wind is .;i the south-west ; in the middle far les.s — in the northern much more. ;»r«l with the north-west, it is greater in the southern grouj). mucli ki t!ie middle, and far le.-5o In the northern. It appears, then, tliat this 1 in the southern latitudes consists, in part, of currents moving south, ■ liymiiij;ling with tlie outer trade-winds, arc deflected toward the west. t: ".tlie wiiuls of this group consist of air which is gravitating from the |:'' ? no ia compensating currents. They are not divisible, like the I'.we.n and north-west, into transient and more permanent. The length T.!i;';'it liliiws, without ceasing, is various; but, in the middle latitudes, it Ml titmiuatcs in twenty-four hours; and sometimes continues for a ' • ! ;■_( ■ «';■ ^]l' , -.( Mi;.!-]-/. • ,! : '.( Pf.;. ■•■:■: 7 .' ■ t •• • -^ ^■ ■. 'v .7 :-,^ ,V^ i; 684 THE rUINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE [Book] week. In many instanctiH it is prccctltd by a north-west and north win when it geiiorally sinks the barometer, and rai' .-s the tliorinonRttr ii litti At otlier times it is proccdcd by a s uti east — with less of a fitful character than belongs to either. VII. The Winds op the Quadrants iikduced to Semi-Circlks.— Ti|J object of this induction is to obtain a knowledge of the relative ini-va!. of our eastern, western, southern, and northern winds. If the obsciviiiia contained in the monthly tables !uid been so made, as to show the durjitii and velocity of every Mind, a condensation of this kind would iirliiutt direction and rapidity with which the whole atmosphere of the Vallc,' moved. As it is, this generalization affords but the remotest aijiroxiiiiutij to such a result, yet. it an:?wcrs a different end. It sh(]ws us tlic om| parativo frequency of the eastern, western, southei'n, and northern \vii,ii> | the different latitudes of the Valley. In forming such a table, the that blow on the cardinal points which divide a semi-circle, nii:'!:t left out. For example, in determining the amount of castor!;. westerly winds the south and north winds might be omitted, as liilonL'ii,' neither. To divide each of those winds, however, and add their liidvis the eastern and western, maintains the same relation between the two Litt< and as this was done in forming the quadrants, I shall continue it here, usil the percents which represent them, in constructing the following table. r I':; ;y••^ '1 '■■■ ,.■ ' 4 ■ , ■> U' ) ,i ']; THE [Bi.f'K' INTERFOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. oSi) :li-west aiul nottli v nj, ho tliennoimtt r ;i i 'tlf. ami then tlic lur i tv ifluonce (if tliis wiui tin us a destructive g;Jrl,i4 It irt oiseiitiuUy u UnM I, wliicli are U ifij it is cliaraeteriziil hh •y, and riqad as tiic i. rtk- ! the soutli-west and s^ utt to eitlier. [) TO i>EMI-Cl«CLK?.-l of the relative lui.vali iiids. If the (jhjirv;,ii(j e, as to show tlie dur;iti( is kind would iii'licato knosphcre of the Valliv^ \\o remotest aiiiVLixiuiutil It &h(iws us tlie coi ern, and northern wiiiils j 11 rf sueli a tahle.tk'vin e a senn-eUTle, mvi'M amount of easterly ,0 omitted, as hAomrid ; and add their hulvdj ion between the two lattT Kill continue it hero, usij the following talile. •i;;t fUOWIXG, rEKCEXTUM, TliK IIELATIVE KKEQUEXCV OF THE WiNDS, CONDENSED INTO SEMI-CIUCf.KS. Kasteni Western : Southern Niirthcrn Hast ern : )\'estt'rn : Sdutheru : Niirtherii: SOUTllEUN CUOUP. : S.JO. :jo-i-S. W. •jr) = o5 : N. \V. 'J<»4_N. E. -Jo = 45 BIIUDLK (iUOUr. SllDULiK (iUUUl'. S. E: -Jl 4- N. J-:. -Jd = n per cent. S. W. ;Jl4-N. W. 28 = ;")'.,> S. K. '21-i-S. AV. :il=r)-J N. \V. 28 4- N. F.. 20 = 48 Ivisteni : \Vi>>tevn : Siiutliern Northern Kastern 4o — NOKTHEIIN (iltOtJI'. S. W. 17 4- N. W. 4!I = (;G S. E. i;]-fS. \V. I7=::!i» Mi;.\.N (IK THE WIlUl.E. ■Western .'»7 — Southern 415 — Nortl^ "U i)4. Ii:;:.i- last line of this table wo iioreeivc that, taking the lntori(jr Valle? |u:,!'. the western winds prevail over the eastern in the projiortion of KTH to fitrty-threo ; and the nMrtliern over tho southern in the pro- kiM' fifty-four to forty-six. But when wo i mine tho dilForent <;rou]i« |s:;;i n«, there is considerable diversity. Thus, in tho .'southern, up to jtv-si'rnnd degree of north latitude, the eastern winds prevail M'!! western, in the jiropi.rtiou (jf (ifty-llvc to forty-five, and the |c>nriviT the northern as Qfty-fivo over forty-five. In the middle group. iia tiiirty-second to the forty-sixth jtarullel of latitude, the western "''v;;il over the eastern as fifty-nine to forty-one — tho southern over |inirii as fifty-two to forty-eight. In the northern group, about the Kfiri'k the western exceed the eastern in the proportion of sixty-six |*";-tiirpe, that is, arc twice as frequent; and tho northern rise over tho fKi ia tho jir.iportion of sixty-nino to thirty, or more than twice an All these results conform to principle; for, in the S(juth, (he greater ■"l' the earth's surface gives to the air which has glided down from ■■;. ail apparent direction to the west, making it the highest of the -1. as jiiuch of it is ri.sing ami flowing oiF toward the p(dc, the ' 'viiuls predominate over the northern. In tho middle section, thcsi- ■ir>; largely turned round toward the east, and give a prepoiidfrance 'f'>torn winds ; and the dry or arid south and south-west wind.>, which iTatcil hy the action of the sun on the surface of tho earth, raise the ^^-inf southerly winds, so as still to keep it above the northerly, not- KiMiii^f they have increased. iMually, in the distant north, we arrive •in whence tho air is departing to the south, chiefly by way of the '•■■ Ocean ; and, there, the western winds exceed the eastern, by one ( ! ; .i ;l? t r iiiSw'i' ,.rt., -, m -1. •.,i.f i .- t * Wi- -•>?•■ ■•■■■■• ^ 'H I. •f. I I,. ■!1>^':k:v..'':"-i^v ^v^r- f y ■ v.- ■ iittg.v' ,? [ u inii''^''l'>: »(. 580 TIIK PIflNCIPAL niSF.ASF.rt (»K TIIH (tOnk >l liuiiilnil [lur cont. of tlic latter, and tlic iKirtlicrn s(ir|in,ixty-i'i,ulit, or nearly niui' jier cent., were calm. Thu cilmi inontli was Dcci'iiibei' — tlie windiest dune, Sc[itend)er, and Octolior— ciiua (jf oiglitoeu tliuiii-and tiu'eo liundred and tliirty-ei^Iit liourly uliscrv.iii.ij coutinueil tiiriiUL,di night and day, in tlio years 1^1 1, ' j'J, at Ti.ri.i tlnMisand and Heventy-eii,dil, were calm; making- nearly twi'iitv-cji'l • oent.T The calmest month was Aui^ust — windiest A|ii'il. Ol'scvtiitci'ii • sand six lnnidred and thirteen hourly (diservations, at Felix llaiii r, unil direction of ('attain lio-s, in iN.'iO, ■;!!, two thousand mio liiii;(|n(l twenty were ealm. niakinj^ about thirl ecu per cent. Tie wiii(lio,-i i; was Se|itend)er — the calmest ]March.t The dilFercie'c Itetwccu ll northern htations and (,'iiicinnati, may be ascribed, in part at loast, i nocturnal observations at the former , of the cveiiiiiL'. - shores of the Cnlf of Moxieo, is suceeeded by a morning calm. T south and south-west wind i.s f(dlowed, gener.ally, by a cahn night: ai; west or north-west wind, wliich succeeds an afternoon thundcr-.-t' rM moldy subsides in a few hom's. and is Ibllowed by a calui. Even win:; winds arc of a more |termaueut character, they ol'ten cease or grciiil; at the going down of the sun ; but, at other times, eontiimc wiihuiini!' .1 violeneo throughout the night, 'i'he luimid south-east, south, and ■ west winds, blow through tho night as well as the day; and the iiiti!i- wind generally continues of the same force day and night. A diail often precedes a thunder-shower, and greatly increa.«es the fcelini' ' and exhaustion wdiieh ordinarily jireccdo that phenomenon. A [nr; long-(!oiitinued calm, such as is met with at sea, sehl' in occurs in i'ur\ and, hence, in all our registers, tho course of tho wind, is IdUinl n ; .1 part, at least, of almost every day of the year. Calms arc )ilcii.>;.!ii wo have been exposed, for some time, to iiigh winds ; but their long r.i ancc is, in reference both to health and condbrt, undesirable. IX. (loop AM) Kviii OF OUR Winds. — The arid south-west, iiitl^ of summer, fans and coids the body. Tiio humid, brings us iloiulv intercept the liory beams of the sun, and refresh all organized naturj rain; but in the latter part of winter, and in early spring, it lirini'- TCgotation before the proper time ; and by leading tho impruilcnt tm' ■ TiKCLAI! \ •Picture of Cincinnati. •fObsirvntions made at tiie Mag. and Met. Observatory, p. 96. ♦ tfecoad Voyage. I •'if:ii|iiTa(i '"■ :ii'raiig - •■■:){ place ' '■>■-■ f inn :''"'t\VfOIl a ■••-1 .-iJe of ■^-■t'latitii ■'■'■ W'Mith is •:j;ii,iis hav i'Lllltity lal '■> fear th ■'"■If^'s. it sv *'in the y '••i!iio that " 'J (jf rain. Ill Tiir. i tons I LNTF-RIOR \ \I,!,I:Y <»!• NOHTII AMKRICA. 587 I'Cll OXjUL'tfJ. II Vf tmiitti'il ciilnis. I ul).>14 incluMvi'. t'lrt won- culm. Tlic cjlim ibcv, uiiil Ocliilier— I'lU: ■ v\'s\\t liiiurly iiliM;rv;iU' l>.ll,M-i, at Tur..iitu, h tl\ev(' is liDwevcr, •ee/.o uf tlio evening. ,y a morning <'alni- "' lly, l,y a .••aim iii-hf. ai.l fternoun tlu^ntler-^t' nn. l,y a calm. Evinul:.:i often traM> or gn'iitly iH(«s, cMiiitiimcwiiliumvi-:,. Hoiitli-oiist. Hiutli, aii'l tliotlay; an.ltk'iMi. ay una'nicrlit. A ^1"»" i;„.veases the feeVmL-tl luMionienon. A l"'i''"J la, sel.lMniK'(Ursini'w\s Vtlie wind, is loiwl u ;(^ Lr. Caliii^ arc vloa>:.;-.t] tvimls; but their H- it, lUKlesirablc. I avid south-wost, nilUj luunid. brings ^is elouJ-. JVesh all urganizca na'ure] L ..ai-ly .^i.ving, it hn Idingthe imiu-mleutt.ol fatory, !'■ ^C. •fliiitor clothing tuo Honn, subjects them to catarrhs, vcninl iiiterniittent.«, livirim-i |ilile:^niasi;i>. The north' west wind terminates our .-ettled L . 1 riir.'.s a fair kU}', and invigorates th>' body, hniLniishing under the heat inier; hut it may bo the exciting cau.;e nf autumnal fever, anil when ,. ticrcely after Imt woatlier, generates a high (h'gree roduces paroxysms of dysjiepsia, generates catanh, 1' aivl hronchiti.s, excites autumnal and yellow fever, in tlu; jiredisposed, i^Tib^is iiitcnnittcnts in the spring, where they have jirevaihij in „n;i Cahns permit the exhahitioiis from foul localities to aocumnlate in r."n'«[ilicrc; which rests over them; but all winds uperate to dispcrsi* and 1^;': 'in with purer air; in doing wliich they may promote tlie salal)iity •■ .t, and ii the whole, tiie oseilhitions oi' «|ilicn! are indispeusable to a proper etpiilibriuni of its various ^.:,.-. a:i(l to its beneiiri;:} Influeiice.s on tiie gruwtli and Jiealth of bnlli j;- ami animals ; and, althougli tliey often do misLdiiof to both, tlieir utility r.redoniinate.s. CHAPTER IV. A <-,► i; j!: u L' s M j: t e o ii < . SECTIOX I. 11 A I N A N 1) S N \V . I' Ti;:ri,AU ViKW. — Following out tlio method pursued in tlio di. results of observations made Mit places, on the (piantity of atmos[iheric water, which annually ':io fi)rm of rain and snow. The table embrai^'s thirty-two stations, •t^vi'on and includiiiLr Key West in the (iulf of Mexico, and Toronto on ::' .-iile of Lake Ontario; anil, therefore, extending through twenty > 'i' latitude. At eighteen of the stations, the mean <[uantity of rain iiirmthis given; at the remaining fourteen, that of the yt.'ar only. ''iti'ins have been thrown into groups whi.di represent dlfTerent regions, iitity falling ill the polar regions is unknown tome. The observa- ^M'kat a number of the stations are alto;;etlier reliable: but there is ^"^'fca^ that many of the otiiers are but approximations to the truth ; pit:le*s. it seems better to use than reject them, as an error of an inch '■■in the year, is not of great moment in this branch of our inquiry. Nifflctliat. ill all cases, the tpiantity of melted snow is included under |Wd of rain. t * /. :lhQ^ 'Ml t •>:^ Hm ■*••'*»■'■* * ■ '2* ' ■ ■' ',; Ji' I i • ^'' • i'.' ' ■' ■" ;Vj I -oU «- ■■■ '.)■ ... . IV, ■/■'• ■■■;'(. ■ p J; f.'if^:"i / •'. V ^■■f ■ y. ■ h* ! r "'^v-^ , ii TlSS TIIK PlilNCIPAri niSKASES 01" TIIF. ■0(1 < -^- < S m t» X •4 \~i L; 'C ^ »- = -< :/.' a 2 • <-• rs - rj -' M ^ J z'. ca ?=: H ^ zl;?. O ct -r 'O o c- w J^ CO ;t -f i^ 7. i rt 1- CI C5 Ti -r 1-; >* O 1-J o lO 1-1 d "■O co'ic C -. •'i - ^-^ t.t 'O -ci .-r' -p vs O i. -i -~ r; ;,' r; p 1-H 1- '71 o 1- -iz. ,n fi 5^ a I-H c; CO w -t; H r^ iC -t" 'O C5 01 1 ■ ' O '"■X CO O ' ■=; ©■ >l • -o rH 1- >0 Ci ■Hi H ^, t CI lO 1-; a._ © Ph _ — i?i -+' -r' >o -t< " •— 1 - O ' w CO >— 1 iC — .- — • o CI -t" 1- 1- 5 o c-i o -o -o -f; u-S o? CO oi CO ci CO H •c /. 1 - _ c ~ .o i^ CO CO iC -o 1 o 1-t O i -^ i - ::3 a 'ji CO >o CO m' ■^ ^ ? o rH X O O W k-^ lO —1 01 O CO ^ y. r-. CI CO -H CO 1- q 1%, -^ >r?" oi to' 'fi -f -»' cs CI w •;■! o =. 1 z w < o n c — >H ' I— 1 c: -. CI 1- 1 y.. H »-H co' ^ 1-^ trl CO CI O C' 1— t H 1- =■ b-i^ ^ o -^ ■O' CI •-: y< r^< CI X_ J^ (X; »-, < 1-H -t It" co' -f' -r T — ,-*—,' Ui o 5:" 1- CI o '". r-[ C:_ lO -^ T; -J 1-1 i6 '6 CO i(0' 1 ^ o CI C: O O o fi\ O Ci X; 1-1 -f -^ »-i in rH X) O 1- o Ph T-H -:}<■ x" -t^ -t Cl 01 ' 1- oi w /. :r. 'f^ tn or 't '^ 'T 1 - U^% t, _~ ^ -u f rt «j c .2 ^ o ^■m ^ v-r .H' PC - •' 'i r 'riiH (1. i"ii : to- i "c. : cc ■ ' *. -. '■-. S CI :7 :7:i". 1 o n o p 71 71 O "'_ -f. I I- INTERIOR V.\LLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. SftO =1 r>.2'i y :i - r c 71 I- / ; 7 I 7 I T I I'T -^1.7 /." 1^ — "-j ^ <» A<^ wM vM *'^ I. a I.* * k " I " I •'•' - 5 - "Ti 1 7 Z r. = -.r I - -^ w -7i 7i '.i -i "i ii i" 5 f 1 •^ -^ -T. ■'-, I-; ^ >-. r. :i - = = 9 / -: r. •-:. T. w :i — 7i :t" 7i 7i ' ;i T r r. c cc - :: e 71 71 c ;:'.7' ri rt 'i '.i ■:': z. 7. -1 ^ J. ; 1-1.7 1-; I- - i7 7i -ti ri r-? r. r =. = = o / — r /- c; i.'T ' : — -r 7 1 -^ -r - -r -t -** -r c? . 'i.t! i-t< . o -/. CO 71 71 n fit o 5>H C 71 :7 :7 7 1 •^ ^ r- X ;.{■• 4 lii-:V:v;'^- *:.•■:.' ;;» - * . ■ ■ ■...fr':p- m^ml -,- t ■ ii/ r 590 THE riUN'CIPAL DISEAi^ES OF THE [I. IIkmauks ox Tin: Yi;au. — Tlio first tiling wliicli .•«trilics llu.' ( \, it rests (III tilt' i'orfgoiiig talile, is the uiii'nual iiuuiimt oi' raiii. or rai snow, ill the JiiTori'iit vcgioiis of the \'a]ley. Tliu siiialliicss ot' tlu ,r at Key Wcsi, :]0.7b;J iiiehus, v.'ill pcrliaps I'xcite astnuislnucnt in i!, , are aceustoiiictl to t,*. k, that as \vl' go south, the rains bec-uim, in,!-, uus. IJut wo must rccolloct that Key West is a small island, wlijcli ,- rises above the level of the Gull", and that the nearest lund. r;i[ii; j-jji-; almost as de})ressci.I. We must also call to miiul the iirevaleiui' o;' ,;i..,. v/imls at that jilaeo, whieh. although liiimid, lind no elevated iMy;d, ivm lew eold eurrents, over the south-eastern suit'aeo ol' the Gulf, to c ni their vapor into rain. They arc, in fact, there augmenteil in teiii]ioi;i*;j and become stiil more highly charged with vapor, than I.efc.re their iirnv,.! the Gulf. Tn this condition, they arise, as IVom a great evapiirutii;'.' ii and wheel toward the pole. When they reach the northern cna^^t- ;' Gulf, about the thirtieth parallel, they begin to traverse a eoulir rf-i .ii. inciiualitics of temperature between land and water, beiiin to exfit :;iii.: cnce upon them; and they are, fre([uently, met by northerly wimls. I": these agencies, their vapor is condensed into copious rains. At Mi l.ik amount which falls, is more than double that of Ke;, AVest ; ami the iii' all the stations around the northern arc of the Gulf, "iCi.lDO inelics, is t- 1| of Key We.-i as tliat number is i,o ;](''.7<'^o. Tlii.-, in fact, i.s llie minv J of the Interior \'alley ; not only rising eighty-two [ler cent, upon Ivy but twenty-four per eent. over the average of the fourth group,llier.'jX! J est to the one we are now considering. 'Mvnh of the rain in tlii.-; iii.,;:j zone, falls in showers; which are uueipial in nuniber and ooiiiini.«m->, places so near eacli otlier, thai, we should expect unii\iinity. Thu- tl. ference of ^lobile and }\(;\v Orleans, by simultaneous observation;, in l"! '4'2, was no los.i than nineteen inches. AVhatever alliiwaiicc we can 1.2^ ably make for errors of observation, we must still aduiit a great 'li-paii This ii:"'pudity may, imleed, be announced as juevailing over the u;;::': icy; of which the proofs will be cited as we advance. When wo leave the Gulf coasts, and advance into the inteii'i', m iag to the cast of the .^lis,-issi[ipi, tlie first and second statiuiis, II':i.:jJ and Na,sh\ine, show tlieir southern position by averages, respectivcK alf as high as the mean of the stations near the Gulf; but a.s wo cniiti.. the north, through the groui> Xo. 1\', to whieh tlie two Ju.^t niciKi:' long, wo fiml the (juantity les.«cning; yet the mean of the whole i,-'' inches below tlu\t of the Gulf stations. When we ascend from the I:.;; the western side of the Tdississippi, through the third group, \vc 1; most southern, Vnd Towson. which, of the whole, lies nearest to tie'': have the highest number, 4'i.7'> inches. All the more nortlieni .■=tati' to Fort Snelling, have much lower nmnbers : St. Louis, the higlie.«t, •! reach 40 inciies, and Fort (iilison, the most western and soutlMiii' group, is only 30.04. Fort Smith, in the same region, is o'l.'J"). Ihai tant western posts are nearly in the same latitude with niiiit.«v!..-J Na.'ihville. on the eastern side of the 3!ississipjii. which are ri>pi'Oti. Tin: liiOC.t I 'si' INTF-RIOR VALLHY OF NOUTII AMKlflCA. 591 hicli i-.ti'ikos tlic ^y\ \v.i^~ (lunt of I'liiii. iiv rain unij ^iiialliu'ss of tlif ,r.ii istnuislunoiit ill tlu.s..' wi ■ r;iins booounj morij i- n mall island, wliii-h -;,;■' .rest Uuul, (.'ii[Hi ri'jiii,;, tlio jircvaleiift." ol' lU-id 110 olevaU'd ulij'jct, anu' 3 of tllL- Gulf, to C' li' uigmciitc'tl in tuiniuia-j tlum luti.rr tlicir :imv;ili a "rcat evaiinratiii'.'l-n ilm iKjvtlicrii C(ia>^t.< i' I ra verse a cuulu" ro;:i .ii. tc'V, I'Oifiii to I'SL'it ;;ui..J l,y iiiirllK'i'ly wih'l-. liuiis vaiiis. At M 1 Kr, ^Vc.st; amUhf iuu;r)t5.r.)(rnii'iii'.>,i .;m of the w'lule is':'v v.c ascend from tlie l;it; llic third grnuji, ^w l' ,h;, lies nearest to tl.u '-i 10 more niirtlarii stati t. Tiouis, the higln'^t. 'i j wosterii and suuIIiht. I • '•■-,•1', Tii'W region, is •)).-•'• ■"■■ latitude with lIui.t.-viL pi. whiidi are rr>pK'tr..l: ■,(l!iv ")4.''!> ami ">.'). (*l), or ahmit twe)ity-twn inelios mure. St. Li iu« ^;ist'.'ni margin of tiie ".^roup, is alunit ei|ual tn i'urlsinnutli. hut more l,„.j;;veii inches below Cincinnati, h'urt Leavenwnrth, in the same lati- I-;.' with Marietta, i.s nearly eight iiiehes behind it, and I'nrt Crawford, but r-v 11 irtli of Steubeuville, is .six inches lower. The mean of the eastern .J., is 45.:J17, of the we:iteiMi. .'i."i.()17 — dilFereiice, 1U:5. Now this an- r-viilToreiicc of ten inche.s of rain and snow between the regions on the ;:tf sides of the Mississippi, is a deduction from too many (diservations, |tfi.nuit the eoiielusion, tliat it can be the result of acciileiital or tempo- ll-v f:m?os ; and, therefore, ii presents an intere.Uiiig subject of iiiijuiry, to |,^.';iwi' iii.iy pruccod. o.i!iii"t be doubted that nearly ;ill the rain which falls in the interior of j;;V;il!i'V. is brought from the (iulf of M(!.\ieo by our southerly wind.''. 1%! tl:oy reach the middle latitude.^, a ccxder atinos[dicre eondenses a iior- tlieir vapor into rain, or snow: and they often meet with iiorth-cast Ik:.::;-, which greatly increase the coiidunsation. Having sucli a source, b;.iiii.> will he most copious, over tliose jilaei's which lie most directly in L -I k of the (julf winds; wliiidi are the stations between the Missis- I -.d tlio Appalachian Mountains, in [he .'"^tates of Alabama, 3lississippi, |Itai-"e, Kentucky, Indiana, and Ohio. ''Alien wo cross the Mis.-i.-sippi, Liaivaiico into th.e west, every mile carries us furtlxT from thai humid, l;;'i-\v. St wind, which has traverse(h or started from tlie surface of tin; (!ulf kiei; and, of course, the (|uaiitity of rain suIVers diminution. W'c enter r.j '1! wliich becomes dryer and (h-yer, the further it is peiielratcd ; and It'.io hundred and second meridian, as Oortor < > regg has infiprniedmc, 6;vl}0ver refreshed by evening or morning dews. The livers of that :' t!io Interior A'alle}'. testify to the deficiency of lain, for, in projior- ; \\w extent of surface whieli they drain, they arc fewer, and lessabun- ;. water, than those on the eastern side of tlie Mississijipi ; altliongli H "!' tliein have the advantage of originating in the J'ochy .^iountaills. IrO'Vcr. the superficial jiarts of that reg! lu are more sandy and bibulous. wiiiftse nil the eastern side of the Mississippi, and, therefore, a greater Ji'tioii of tlie water wliiidi falls, sinks into the earth. Thus both gco- w :il position and geological constitution, contribute to an aridity which a ■ mtinue, until the state of the surface is chaiigiol, or the Gulf id' 3Iex- I) i- removed finilier west, or t!ie llorky Mountains sunk ,so low, as to admit titiiiihuf the J'aciil;' Ocean. This dryness ha>< soinetiiiics been ascrilied |tr,e absence of forests : !)"t irh^ arc they absents They are said to have p liurnt up bj' the Indians. The animal burnin^^-, however, do not de- rjtlio woods i'l the humid, river valleys of those iinnieiise plains: and t Indians were once more numerous on the eastern side of the Misslssip[ti r.tlio westerr, and yet the forests remained. The truth is. that if the pt liad over 1 eon overspread with a vigorous forest, it w>.nld have maiii- P'dand perpe;uated itself. The influence of trees in producing rain, is, pii« not very great ; but their power of preserving the moisture of the "i;iwliieh the,- grow, is uiniuestioiiable; i'or they intercept the rays of the "■.1 I r ^^ m. wO-i TIIK PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE . BOOK i sun, vrtanl tlio velocity ul' the wiiid.s, iincl tliiis diininisli tlio rate of evarw tion unci drying. Tlicy mni/ augnu'iit the dujitli of rain — tlicy cprln'mln si cure to the soil a greater iirojnirtion of Vtliut lulls, es2)ecially in suuiiin.r,\l.a it is most needed. Wo eumc now to the tifth and last group of stations, tlieso wLi,!; Ije rinind tlio Nortliern Lal:es. The nieun of thirteen stations is n:!.:i(;(i y^ .^ is the lowest of the whole. The highest, Fort Ih/ward, only rca(!i(>;^ ^ — the Inwest, Pottsdani, falls to "JS inches. We should imt, I tl.i: k, 1 ,^ expeiird to find the (juantity of rain so small in this lacastrino rcgj. ii; there sceins no just rea.soii for doubting the accuracy of the ohsurvai! 11 most of whicli were continued througli a hnig iicri(id of years. <)iio m of the diminished amount, in this region, compared with tlio n-;<,ii i between it and the (Inlf of .Mexico, is, doubtless, its greater distance tlic (lulf — ainitlicr, its higher latitude; which brings an incroasiiiL' y. lenee of di'v, north-west wind. The same (juantity nf rain in thi;- ; . can nuiintai' t!ic moisture of the eartli nuicli longer than in that wc-t'. Mississiitpi; for, .//'•>■/, less of it sinks deep below the surface; «''■';,. power (if the sun is diminhshed by the higher latitudes; l/nr/l. cviiji' i;>;ii from the lalces keeps the atmosphere so replenished with moisture, tliat 1 vaj oration frcm the surface of the adjaciMit land is retarded. Tin iff. lacustrine evaporation is rendered manifest, iiy the girdle of lofty ferc.-t t which surrounds every lake, and beyond wliich, at the di.-tancc lif n miles, wc frei(Uontly enter extensive prairies. These furests hear t. t| lakes, the same relation which the trees along the rivers wc-l of tii. M:- sippi, bear to thein. Ill, DisTiiiiiuriON TiiRoniu tiiI': Ykau. — The distribution of rainns snow, throngli the months and seasons, at eighteen statims, is proMnt. the foregoing table ; but a further induction is necessary to their lih sou with each other ; I have, therefore constructed a suhurdiiiatr uiui which shows the months of ma.vima and mininKi, atul. likewise, that vl • each statiiii'. ap[)roaches nearest to the mean month of tlie year. 'li. ; also prcsciits, ior each stiition, a ((uartcriy moan, and likewise, a iji;:.! mean for each group of stations, an average ijuarter, or eijcal fourth \^u] the whulo, being preli.Ked as a term of cimparison. J!y this iiatlii 1 the use lif the signs plus and minr.s, the eye at once discovers wii!. the rain\, and lyhii'h tli^- dry seasons, at every place, and fur every gr/ places. "I: ll'li TIIF, [book INTF.RIOI: VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 593 liuisli tlic rate of evairar rain — they crrlntalu i^ ospocially in iiuuiiin.T \\1« : StatinllR, tllC.HC Wllirl: ]]( 11 f-tatinn^: is rj:].:liio. w ^^ ' (Avavtl, ciily rcai-lio'.l" liO I sluiulil nut, I tliii.l;, i .^ tlii.s lacustrine n-'/vv, : ;iiracy of tlu; uIihtx;.: •riml lit' ycar.-i. ' *iii' iiroil willi the n.ijii ;, its greater ilistaiici. il rintrs an inen'a>iii'.' i &.| tity lit' rain in t';,i- . n-er than in tliat ^YL^-l i\v tlio s-urt'ace; sixh :ititmlos; lliir/K evii). vA with nidisturo. tliui i.s ri'tardi'il. 'Hit >!';":t le irivtUo (if Itifty i'on-i I ti 1, al the Ji.-tanci' ef - ' Tiit'se forests hiur ; i ic rivors we-i uf tli' M .-ii ;iio iVi.stri'iution of r;;':!; ccn stations, i,s pru.-r .;-lj neei'hsary to tlieir ctn ;al u'ti'd a suhuviliiiatr lab and. lil"'■'''"'■'■ |;it iincc discovers wVini! hico. and for every givupj I " M (N + I- /' I O (M O + + X,i + • ■-5 00 o TI 4- + I- + I ^. 3 TO - t'S t- i-i ,— :i :t — -1 / c -— y +_ I IJ L I - -H — C^ C o 'T C-. •/ -S! + to I- I- -z 5- .^ T. b '"': 7 -r fr ~ ^ •^ -f ".r -c ~. r: :? I - - x /. tt :? -t^ — -^ T i r r-' >-■ c I - -/ -■ ++ 1 + + I +++++ +^ -f- to =, I l-l -T ■ CO 1 ^ ■ X 4- -I l-~ -I I T— T-" r— !++ + ++++ + ' -1 • ■* > 1 i; J" ?>. I r. — < c i; J. 'il s m -* X t •iiiuisi,)! ++_ i + -. r. 7 1 -: 1 I - -: I r. r. + 1 lO >~. z ~ ~ r- I - -. I r -^ c r. x yJ y." y." i^ ■J ^ ^ -2 •A\0' I ' 'J: i-C'i: ^^ if r -=^ =: -^ }i ^ ^ -^ " ,'-^ — M 'oiii |s.i ,• ij d -; — : i; -■ . . . -i - -I jiiii I— I '^ •• ^^ j^ jz *~ ^ ^ ^ *-" , ; || I,-. I JO ^ > fc| -^ > -^ _;_;_•>_£, r i_ = be — o ;. 7. "/. •/. -T r. >^. <^. *■< C <*% v. • < * /. • _ »■ 5 ■ C hc U^ fj •»J — » / *<« .- _i: U * i-' [•^ ?^ - -T ■!- ■" -n 3 :; ^- 1- - tii sy, 5r /. z'. X ^~y. I •■ _ "t. . f ' J ^•f•i l,'^ ;-i' ■?', ! ■ '. ," • ''''',1' V .'• [V'' f,?. .' I -1..- , . .'■.;>!•, .,.p:'.':^ 594 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF Tlir, [nc.., We HOC fi'um tills talilf ll', 't llu ;.• hi un particular mdii''- •..i.ioh. at fi . . jority of tlie .stations, comes nearest Id a mean m i.tli for t':" year. Jul, •, Uiat nidiitl! fur six, ()r ( .le-tlii. J. 'il' i!" h'litioiiH. Tliey ■;(■ -i.t, ,;ui,riiii'j ta one regii)n, Imt extend from K( y W'st ti riedoiiia, on tlio slun'os nf I 'a Erie. NoveniLcr is \]\v inontl;, t I'lVv olaccs, three of wliicli an- \u •:,. s:)Utli. the fnnrth in hititude •jil'^. jMaveh occurs oiico in the fir>t iu:il t, ,.. in tlic seeond group. April, Pej)tcnibcr, and (..'etoLir, each dcfur 1 .« Jannar)-, I'elirr.ar}-, 3Ia3', Jur.e, and ])ec('inlicr, arc not the niL'an iiinnti . o» any slati'm. The only generali/afioii mIiIcIi the talile permits, is, tl;;it jU menu niontlis fall chiefly in sumnior and aut'inni, eiglit 0( eurrinp in the I'l ri;,e? and six in the latter season, from Jnly tn Novenilier inelusive: v\i\\f 'h ri'mninder and larger part of the year ' ' s I'ut fonr. The months ('I' greatest rain, arestill i..ire dis]iersed througli tlic cali'iif]: -« ton out of twelv(; heiiig found in the ''olunni of iiiax'im'!. June ocrurs ; times, and all the stations are in the middle latitudes. The echini:! minima fdiows tliat, at seven stations, Feliruary has less rain tliat iiiivitb montli. Tliey are dispersed fmni soutli to north. Oetnlier ami Dtrui are, respectively, the dry months at three stations. Thus I'ehriuirv June stand in some dcLri'OO of anta^oiusm. At I'lijir out of the five groups of stations, v inter hrings li>s rain tl;iiit! average quarter of the year. Tlu> exception is found in tlio gnrnp ;\liii embraces Xev,- vh'leans. Spring is above the moan cpiarter in thrro "f t groups — below at two; but here, again, tlie dillV-rence is not cnmiccfiM 'vi| latitude. Snnimer is abuve at, e\ery station, showing that tlirnuji!i^:t tl A'^alley it is tin.' rainy season. Autumn is above in two and hildw in 1 showing t,.,it ne.vt to winter it is the drycst. If we enumerate tiiu fuui in the order of their comparative raininess, beginning with tlio least, tlij stand— winter, autumn, spring, summer. It should not surprise us tnkii that Si mu;-h rain falls in sMU-iiier, notwithstanding the air tluii .-coiii> - and thi; streams fall ?> low. The warmth of the surface of the earth, that season, car.ses a rapidity of evaporation unknown in the other i|i:;irti of Mie year ; and the high temperature of the air admits of its reiiiviii, g,'. i' quantity of va[iiir, without becoming moist to our feelings. Mui!i ti.!o is llirown down in autumn, when the rate of lerrestriiil lv;i]i< r.iti 'i every day diminishing; so that Minter becomes the least rainy soiisiiin! wdmle. except in the gr(mp around the Gulf of Mexico, where that ji-iisi as might be expected, takes the place of autumn. SRCTIOX II. CEEAIJ.rT.OUDY, RAIN V, AND SNOWY ^)AY^^. I. Wc cannot infer the relative m-.mber of clear, cliaiil}, ;ui(l niii} Aoiii knowing the relative quantities of rain and snow which fall at '■'■■ 1 •', TllF. I Bmok INTERIOR VAI.l.HY OF NoRTlI AMKRICA. 505 mmi'.b •..'liicn, at rt n\^ 1 fur {'•-:•■ yc;'.v. .liiK i^ l'Iu'Y :'.:■('. !:i/l '.iuiium'd tfll \. (in tllO sliiilTS lit' l,;iki I'L'C of wliicli iuo in tbj CO in tlie fii>t iwA twio itiibcr, cail> (iccur i'.,i'< not tlic iiK'iiu in'".it! s I :a1ilc |iLnuit<, i?, ll;it th ;llt (J* i.:uvnii " lie siivt'are nt' tlu' oavtli. „o\vn in tlie (.tliiv 'prti ir lidniits of its n''-'i-.ii| to our tediums. Mu'i ,,f u-rrostviMlevaviT.ui'i^ lie least vainy ^''^^i! ' Mexico, where ibu h;.<« ,;; fo! ;i Vi'^'e fall of rain, in the eoui>e of tlu' year, is not iin'i nijiatilile ■ ;i creat luimher ef fair days. On (lie othc' liand. there may be a groat ;f cloudy weather, with imieh drizzling, and yet the annual (|iu.ntity < f |-i;;ii;;ivbe comparatively small, ll. is iioi essary tnen to a. certain h> n •i;rvation the r.tate of thf weather as to (■lia!(liii" n to assign the pro- ;::s of elear and cloudy weather, seeing that many days in i'\ery niontl; ', vrarwear such an aspect that wliile one observer miglit record tliera 'ii:; clear, another would vait'.' them >lown eb udy. Then, again, tbo ;vif clnii'ls nniy, on some days, lie much thicber and more inipervii'U.s ravs of the sun than others, and yet both will be recorded in the !:;:::.'uagc. Sometimes, moreover the cbnubs will float very low, at r times very high in the ntmosjibere, when their inllueiiee on tlio radi- f kilt from tiie ear'di will be very ditlerent, a.s will also the amount of wliiili tlii'^ return, by radiation, ujiiU the earth; yet this will not •■ froin the record. Still lint her, eloud.s have dill'ercnt firms and. •^ the result.s of the mode in which the vapor of which they are eoni- ! is set free and aggregated; but these funn.B, of which the elementary ■ are few and sini)de, have, in most instaneos, not been recorded ; finally, .■,,i:ions have .seldom been made in the night. In refercni'c to that ■;;n(if tlio twenty-four hours, we know, with accuracy, but little on this :;; vit, I am persuaded, that in the middle latitudes, at least, the nights Ei •>(!oiiiIy and rainy than the day.s 1m!ic fiillowiiig table I h.ive attemjited to give such an abstiaet of the liirvati.ms. made in dilferent parts or" the \'a!li'y, as will .how tli" propor- Ik."j!' clear and cloudy weather, ami the number of rains and snows ; but llfwr, tliat the larger portion of tin; observations arc not entitled to full JKiildice. Inmost of the tables there are two columns, whicli are headed rji'aiiil cloudy; in several a third, eniitleil variable or mixed. In these Is?! I liavo divided the numbers etpially, (listril)Uting them under tlu; 'wo I'rtr 'leads, thereby augmenting both, and mahiiig them, wdien ui , jd JUm! to the whole luunber of days in the year. 3Iany of tlu; fdisei\ c; r.n included the days of rain and snow in the column of clm-.d- iays. lo'iuif course, has been done in constructing the table. The st..tii ;i.^ I: lii'pii arranged into the same groups, as those of the table, giving the ^1 ■'.'',■ uf rain. I : l.ii ;nowy days. l-1ear, .b-udy, a»d "i".):'] ll snow which fall at a;!.' i96 Tin; riiiNCiPAL diseases of the B00» oT (A CO o '<, i3 ."3 ?i -t Q o Ci -+ M H 11 S ••-s ^^ OS I- 11 ^ 'i- o f o ?i c- •" i~ •C -A r-1 ':ri I— ' I— I -H ^- T-( 'ji !—( -1 T-i C5 'I' -f i; <-i in o r^ o M! t^ V5 -t -c rHi-Hi— ( 1— ii— I 1— II— » T-(f— "•i ^ O 113 y. --. u ^ h u tc m i^ o 1- ~i 3 ~. I'- c c !■- :/: T? y. ■Jl 11 1 1 1— I r— I -r 1- to r:i c; ^ o c c; I- 7t « ir: i- i- C5 cr 1- CI cf y.^ -t — > c i- - CI 1 .-1 r- 71 o '^ => -"^ ^. ~! ^- — . -. 7i 1- CO o r- -£ •-£ d. o ct 1- :i 1 i-c ai tt o ~v ■z. c cr T-l -I .-( (?| r- I- — 1— 1 1— ( I— I t I I— I I— I — CO I- o 71 /. y- ^ r ■- rH T— I 7 1 I— I 1— 1 i-H r— I I- I - 71 y- -r i~ yj 1-71 w 1 .7 / c cv 7 I y 7 1 -^ M rH ^- r« '~ — C7 V^ 7 1 C7 '^ I ■• ^ C« • X; o w I- :i y._ -r c - r c ::_ :- i- :r —_ r i yJ c 7 yJ ut; o t-! :^ c" 7 1 y." — " > 7 i -^ /.' 7 i 'Z -- v: _: I ^ . • O -"> rt 3 .- n n; i;^ ;;^ -;; ■^■ - •— u - r* I ~' ■/. . -A /■ -^ ^4 =0 > ^ 1^ - ® ^ -«. ^ ■/. "-. :^ ■^ 5-^.^ I^-" y< ^ .=:i I'lIE ,DO()t ~'f. « C t-i ""t : C -■ -t- l- | I— t "1 T-i '. ••. '••; '■•. ? /.' T. ~ f,-^^"^' .--■ -1 — ,- — :'. \- J. -I ■rii.J INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 50^ .. .| •'i-'i-. -H -^ C I -^ Tti -t w I-; : . .— _ J. .- z. I- I.', -r ,-:; -r -r 1— .r - :; '. -'/ ~ -f ~- '"i "-I '•'5 — ci >~ >-' -t /' o -jD /' I- cr -c — ' I- Ti c I- y' /.' o .. ■ :: ;•: t? -f^ c; -t ti ri r-i r: -ri i- t-i ri t i.-i ci ~j -^ ^ >-. :^ i.-j -ri t? ( rH (711-1 71 »-l (?!»-( r- 1— I 74 "-^ 71 i-i Tl 1— I ; :i ^ — . — ; yj_ 71 if: 7i c_ 71 y_ -+ C; ::. .1 1-7 o 1- c 1-1 y. 7 1 — o r — ' -f -t' i~ o o -t o — ' -r* •^' c' o 71" co c" -i< v£ d d y" 71 71" -J .;l i-i r-( 71 f-t 71 T-i -H ^1 71 71 1-i t— I r-l 71 - r TTI . I I - TO y. y. 7 1 r^ 7 1 yj to •- :, TJ — ' I— I I— ( T-H 71 I - :7 7 1 yo ~ r; y. 7 1 1—1 I— ' 71 71 i-H I— I K i^ 7 1 ~ t— I T— I •• '•; I- I- 71 C7 71 X fO Ol 00 S Jj 7j O 07 I" X Ji O — , O O l7 i7 o ri I- -f -^ r-I CO 1-^ rJ i-I r: iri o -i< oi i- ci 7 1 7 i ri :i rH 71 71 71 r-i ^ Tl ,_( r- 71 71 i-* ~ 1.7 — ■ ^Jj -iX Z. I- TO TO \ C C; '7 i7 i7 — O 1-^71 X -ii -f -^ y. c" zi ^5 y. to' oi x,' — i cv t i ci 71 71 <7I »-H ri T-i 71 71 71 - 1 I— I — - - 1- -t^ ~_ y, 71 71 o ~_ :::_ y. 7i >ci i- to to oc -* o o c_ ::' 1- TO ^ — " ~l -z 'fi c c T-I c " ' " 71 1— I 1— ( 1— I 71 T-l 1— I T Ci 7 1 I - ~ c; y. r-< TO 1 '• rH 1—1 71 ,_,,_, -J I 1- :: ^_ 71 o o o O C_ O -t y- 7 I TT -T ;.■; :7 i -• ; i :7 i - C; __ i •* l-^ i-H ci xJ TO l-^ O T-i — ' I- to" C5 O 71* 1,7 x' 7 i x" 7 I -<* x' — —' T-l I— li— ( 7lr-(i— < 1—1 i"( T— li— It— (r-ir-4T— (7) l.> 1 :: 1- 1 - :^ ~-. — . — : '•" • ^ "f". "-R ^-; ". '": 't ■^! '": •'^. ■^. — . — ~t '— — ; l-i tI -T rH C<:' I- TO TO i-i wJ cf XJ x£ TO O oi x' i-^ 'O -!< I - 7 i CI i-J — — ' T-( 1— (T— I r-t T-i i-Hi— ' T— It— ll-^I— It— (I— 11— IT-! I- :: r TO '7 o oo i- 7i u-o 71 x x 7i x 71 i- I- i« TO -^ -f O O ■Z 71 'X 1- O TO 71 rs 1-H -^5 711- TO TO TO O i-7 I- TO "O t O t-l -H tMt-( I— itH 1— ItM r-.7 -T to' '—' 71 / 7i — r-I O I- TO X" O 71 O '7' 71* '"' Z C ^' TO "Z kO TO I - '7 U: '"' "^ — — T-I 71 1— 11-H 711—1 — ,— (.-^,-Hr^i— (I— lr-( -^ ^ iJ "^ ^ = ^^' .5 - ? ? - - '-" ' - ' ;i; X w ^ ^ S ^ C w a ;/; v. ""^ ■ I ^ si B i 1 L- ^^^ -.-?=:? . ^H ^ C k^ 'i> i:/T-^ -1 > .^tt:^ h2^ Y. -•" — CA"J g » ^J . to o H ft h^ e: 3 "^ r/. ■•/) 1 .'-' -■ 1-1 .•H ^^ y: X -s «^ 5^ — > X «; 1 M ^^ '- *^ -^ ^ i.Ti u- h->4 O r^, — • * 'I. 1 M ^ • - . ?> « ~ _ - K /i - I-; 508 ui u THE PRINCIPAL Dlr^EASKS OF Till: [inor ij _ •/ 'O i^ X. rH r; i.'^ i-i i.'s o s >r, v.. »— /■- T /. - I , i-i c ;i / "M 1- — / 71 C". 71 y. tr /- -o c iCi -f r. /. I- r- :. -< 71 1— I 7 I r— I 1-H <~ J. /. — — ,- '-I 71 I " - \~ ~. . -T" r. :t 1- tt t— I 2 :'- I . I ::^ c :7 ri -t" _; /._ 7i I = c -r' I- -t '7 -h -i< 1.7 i.~ i.~ 1.7' — I — >', - 71 /. I— I -f o y. ■— Vi T c — 71 - i •-' "• 71 71 T-l r- ' " -■] 1 7 : 7 /- 7 I I - I -• -o •^ I - c c: I - y. T-i 7C_ I -; r-; -T >. »— _ 1.7 ^ _'. ; I ; I >7 "7 '/J i-H — ^ •.; 71 :5-'' = = i'- 177 I- •r 71 :: I- C = O 1-71 y- = 'C -f -i ^ ,1 r-< ■y. i.7_ -^ -r - Ci 17 I- 77 I' M r y I- I-; 71 y. I- J. .1 -.1 : I I - -H I - 7 1 /. o '~ o I- I- I- 71 -. -^ c y. 71 y. o ri y C 77 1.7 '7 -f 77 7 -.r' rJ 7i vf 77 -t^ r-! .-); o yj Oj i,7_ O 71 o :7" 1 - I - -t -i^' -ji -t -«■ : -+ r; •_: 1 - rn 1.7 — " d. I- 1-H -^ I — c y I - 1 .7 1 7 c' -H i7 17' y.' 71 —I 71 7 1 Cl " ' r^ — '~ 71 — ~ 77 •- y. -t; -^^'^ ^~_r tT ci o a.' -t 1 7' 1 - I - 7 1 . 7 cj: -p 1.7 71 77 -r ,-1 ,-. -- -^ -,. CC" 7 i /.' ^' 77 I -I id i-t — ' .-i 77 I- :7 y. 1 - 7 I --; y_ — . ,;_ :. Z, ~ Z. S- f- — ' -f 1-^ 1 7 'C :7 i-i -f — -f 7 i •*• 'i 1 - r x- 71 c; CT. -yj 71 1.7 71 J. 71 -r -.;; I - T. 1.7 -t y, w 77 y. -f /. ;; z. :: <-< u: c /.* ~i y." ^' 1.7' 71 17 c" 7; r / -; -" ~. :7 1 - ~. rH T— I - I 1 - 1 - I - — J. . I '^ - ' 7i ^ '^ CJ w r-i V- w '-J , ' >, ..^i 't; :^> ».:-7r ^-'-o ::• >* t: -= :r' > 5 .S '^ £3 ? « 5 .E - ? ? ..= - y. ■f. ;, :;* K y. o ::; p:; y. w ■- -1 ! 5 K ~ K — ■'^' r- -^ .- i -1 H /i ■« C e3 r. >i S s "^ X >i p t- rs 2h^ ;^ ;■.?;- 1 K!;- ,% •_ I - . ' - 1- - ~ - -1 7-. -r ~ Z. 'A 'A 1—1 I— itT —-■•'• VI !-•_ f7-M - ' ' 'J: :2 • • - £ /i-J U 1*. / : Z 11 ' -f -ri = X '• ' *■ - 1- /. '.-. \~ )-">.' ,,1 LNTKRIOR VALLliY i)I" NORTH AMl^RICA. :>{}*) 1 liavi' iiiit ;ittiMiiptL' wiiieh arc generally recorded, (iroup II — rci;ion we-t (f the i-ilipi — jrives, as the average of five .-tations, two h\indrcd and twelve :it:ivs. GroUji IV — oast of the Mississipjii — [irosents, as the mean of jtatiniis, one hni dred and ninoty-eiirlit. (iroup^' — reirion of the l]_'i..j_affiir(]s an average, for six stations, iif one hundred and sixty-seven. r -w. tiiid that the aundicr of fair days increases a.s we iro to the south- |r.; ;r.im the Xorthcrn Jiakes ; Tiio uuiuber of rainy days at Key West, (iri.up 1, is nincfy-twe: the |iv..Miuiuhor of (Jroup II, around the (adf, is ninety-four: of (Ironp III, It-: I' t'.ic Mississi|ipi, seventy; of (Iroup 1\', east of that river, iud! oliiuily. anil I'aiiiy ila_\,<, arc ri'sjiocitivdy tin; I'ollipwini^ ; (au;ATi:sT I.K.\ST. Clear. Cloudy. Itaiiiy. ] Clcur. Cloudy. IJuiny. (iripuj) I, Si'iit. •' IT. !Oct. IJnly. Ijiily. 'Inly. " III. Aug. iNov. I I " ivjoct. ;i)c<'. " y, July. iD.'C. May. Nov. Doc. Sojit. Xov X'lv. .\n,_'. ' >ct. Jnlv. Ain-il. Oct. An;.'. .V HI. Tilt; first PMdW imMi(i()n(!il in tlio talilo, is at Cantunnioiit Ciii:( I'ciisacula Day, in latitndf oO •>]'. At i'mt .fosuji, a ([(.'pivo liirth iinrtli, it is noted as ocn-urrlnir in .January and I'Y'bruary. AVr luiiy, iicr!i;i| take til',' thirty-sccund di'i:;roi!, as that at wliii'h it (Hciir.s iu L\cry \uiit| inuiith. As we advance north, tlic nuinher of snowy days ri'frnlailv iMvasos. At Fort .^^iiu'llinir, .snow falls in all the iiiniitli of tlio yr.ir, is Jvnio. 'Tuly, Anitust, and Sciitcniher. At Fort Urady, in every iiimitli, i the tliroe suninior. At the An-tii^ Circle/'' where the number uiuli< v ' 1' ir .:, ii;.sKi' ,, is at Canli'iiinoil *'•'' t JoHUi., a «l<'.Liive I'lr-'J^ •U it wv\W^ ■"» *-'\^'0 ^'■••' ,no\vy -Itiys vc.irnluvly ;. lauutli "f llio v'':ir,'^v; l>,,;i,\v, in*-'vcry"i"'''''';j HuTO tl.c numbor "f ti^'J* ,,1 tNvoMy-tla-e. it m.^v^' 11 AuLM.st. 'nuwtk;-Aj chauire, i.> tho rolai^^J It nov.r lios on tl.o ;.'r;' itmlo, asfarasU->oM. leiu-cs t\ie earth uucove^ , latltuaosoftl>cVnlK'^ Lrvati.ms (•^.ntium'dt^t I or nouvlv />x V^'^t. l"j Lvcthanalmuaroaiar^ If that eity. si:cTi()\ III. Ill MIDITV. Tin: Pkw Point. — As the ilryiicss or itioistiin' of a 'liinatn, cannot ■ rrriMV""! thi' <|ii.infity of rain wliiili falls, nor even from the rdativL- -./ ,.r (if (•li:ir antl domly days, roroiir.st! uiu.st fn; Innl ((» hy^roindric (ili- -•nriiiis. (If thcsf;, few liavc, as yc(, lici-ii niailf, wiiliin the gcn^^rajihi- :nits a^signi'il to this wi'rk. In fniincr tinns, I iiiailc ohsurvaticjn.s at •:;ui. with the cxjian.sihh' hyLM'oincU.rs of that day, liut such n'Cdnls V 'f litth' value. - kiinwii to all till' world, that air, whicli doi'S hut feci daniji ina- inijiart iro to the hodicH iininorscd jn It, may 1>" mado to do lioth, liy lowurin^ its ituri". Now, when two volumes of air, havinpr tho sann- scnsihlo lu'ut, . hi'teil to cooling, t!u> oih' whii.di first liu^'ins to di'|ii>sit nioisluro cm ri.'Tatnr, contains ihi' greater ((Uaiitity of water, and i< said tn lia\(; .i.ci' ilcw point. The range tlirongh wITk;!! the ihcrmnnictrr falls, he- •; i['W iippcnrs, is calle(| the connilenient (.f the d"W |i'iiMl. The h ■'S :' ;v i-! in air of the same temperature, tho greater will ho tho luun- : ! '.TCcs in the eoniplenieiit, ef rice irrxa. AVhen air feels damp, and ■' 'oilics with whirli it is in cnutaet, it is saturated with vapor; and ■ iMiiiplcnient of tho dew pfint is ainiihilatcd. Tf a reduction to a xteiit, say fivo degrees, cause tho couden.-ation of vapor, the eomplo- .: :• live ilegrcoH ; if tho reduction iiiU't he thirty degrees, hufore that ;:iK'!'iii will show itsidf, that nunibor expresses the cnmpleinent. Tfair, at '.aikrature of thirty-two degrees, he saturated witli vapor, it is moist iir senses; but if its temperature he raised, it will feel dry; ami if, with liaercaseof ti'Uiporaturo. up to seventy-two degrees, for example, there k'nillie 110 aihlitioM of water, it (muucs to feel as if it cuntaiued none, al- kjhtlii' ahsiilute rpiantity continues the same. II'.:! incorrect to o hf'r, and the quantity which can exist in any portion of tho atnio.-?- '.nsiicli a state as not to impart moisture, i r be in any manner percep- '!' our senses, is determined hy the temperature; hut as the air iiiio F'.bo vapor rises, and the vapor Itself, will necessarily have tho same pnturc, it is Common to speak of the eajiacity of air for bidding vapnr F''!i'n. This capacity increases at a higiier ratio, than the increase of p'raturo. Thus, starting '"rom any p'liiit of Fahrenheit's scale, it is ^' A;tt for every twenty degrees of elevation, the (juantity of vapor ne- JifJ' I saturate the air, is doubled. l^it'T ho passed iij> the tube of a harnmeter, into the vacuum over tho 'f ni'^rcury. it expands into vapor, and .sinks the column. If heat Allied, the rarefaction of the vapor causes a further descent of the mcr- %'.'Xperimont3 of this kind, the expansive force or pressure, gcner- ,1 IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 2.5 l^|2.8 |50 "^ ^ lis IIM 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 ^ 6" — ► Photographic Sciences Corporation •n \ :\ \ V <^-..^^\-o^ ^V '^.^ 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 873 4503 ^ :\ \ ■■Si . •■ .:•;. .i . mui ■■ ..-■ymKm'. '■■■> i -if ■■*■ L:;t.T-,:..'^;f' •1. ^^ •. > ■ i-/ , •. 002 THE PRIXCIPyXL DISEASEf^i OF THE ^M! 1>C« !». all}' called tiji!>iou of vapor, for every degree of tempcraturi' lia< determined. Tlie following table plin\v.s tlie quantity of vapor necessary to t!ie >r t tion of a cubic foot of air, at every degree of temperature from — ]:; I, -[-05° of Fahrenheit's scale; and also the tension for tlio same (h"ri\x< ft- is constructed from two tables in Kaemtz's Course of 3Icteor(ilo^v, I h* reduced the volume of air from a cubic metre to a cubic foot, aii'l In-,,, vjU the woiglit of vapor from grammes to grains troy, and the de^reL'S df toA "I perature from the centigrade scale to that cf Fahrenheit. A siinihir '/vji latinn has been made of what relates to the ten>ion of vapor, tlie ...■,l(j| the thermometer being changed, and the barometric hights hciiif "ivinj decimals of inches, instead of millimetres. Tlie calculatious of ilnj part of the table are by Kaemtz, from his own experiments; tk,(.f| second part, arc by August, from the experiment.^ of JJaltini. TABLE Op the AVek.IIT OV VaPOII, in CiKAINS TuOV, HEQUTKKD to SATUU.VTKi Ent.lisii Ci;i!ic Foot or Am, miti[ tiik cokkksi'0.ni:i.\(I Trxsio.v of roil, IN Enoi.isii Ixciik.- ; at i; veui' ukguki: oi' Faiiiie.\!h;iis Tiitu.Moj TEU, FROM 13° TO -]-0.1°. Llefjrees ' is. trfjy Tension I)i'i.'ref5 of Kah- nciiliii' in Kn^'. of I-;>li- ronlieil. [ loot inches. renliL'it. 1 O — 1.30.0 in(io.f):)():{ +1.1 la .()4x!.") .0.310 16 11 .0445 .0.320 17 10 .04(i0 .0.344 r- % .04BS .0.301 10 8, .0510 .0.381 20 7' .052'J .0398 21 r. .0545 .0414 22 .") .057:2 .04.32 23 1 .0001 .0452 21 •'.t roy i rfii>-ioii Or urec- (Is.Iim T'n in cnljiii 11 Kn^' of I'ah- in I'libic in \M'ji. of K.-ih-|iniiilik' in foot. inches. renheit. 1 fool. incliL's. renheit. ■ tool. ;ni' O 1 ).1303 0.1015 +43'0.362!! 13001 J-Tl'lLM,-,.!"!,: .1354 .105.3 44 .3759 .3113 ' 72 .'fj:il ,> .1407 .1097 45 .38^-; .3229 73 .I'.M- ,« .1462 .1143 46 .4012 .3.347 7-1 .:i-h .- .1518 .1194 47 ' .4144 ..3471 75 1.iil'ji, .'[ .1580 .1244 4N ! .42f0 .3000 7i;i.iii::i .;i! .1645 .1294 49 .4437 .3713 77 1 (iT.l.i 1 .1713 .1.346 50 .45911 .3>>9 7- 1.1 III,-,' .!! .1780 .1398 51 ' .47o7 .401- 7!)l.i:t;'-.'l.'i: .1H51 .14.)7 52 .4910 .1151 M)j.i;'j;i'i, .1923 .1517 53 ..")0:i .42lt9 b'l l.:Jii:i l.'l! .2003 .1577 54 ..5240 .4il^ ,-21.2):.':i|.i: .20-^1 .1 039 55 .541!! .4599 S3 1. •.';:'!; 1 1 .21 .-^7 .1702 50 .5602 .4764 841.:iUi.iil .2232 .1768 57 1 .5787 .4938 85i.:;ji';:-i .2307 .1830 58 , ..5987 .5109 861.:!:-.'li'i .2388 .1909 59 .6191 ..5279 87l.i:illl.:) .2471 .1984 60 .6374 .5463 8M.(:iWI.3 .255.3 .2062 61 .6562 .561!) KM,."0'i:':,:) .2039 .2142 62 .6774 .5S.V) !iiil.,Mi:J'.'M .2742 .2227 03 .6990 .60.17 91 i.i;iii:i4 .2844 .'2313 01 .7214 .6210 !l!:;l.t;i:ii::5 .2946 .2400 65 .744-^ .6138 <):i!i.ii:H;-'i.5 .30571 .2492 66 .76-^8 .6642 !N l.M-i-l.( .3174 .2580 67 .7934, .6,-90 9,- I.TM'li.J .3284 2683 68 .81-^2 .71 .50 i .3.393 .2781 69 8436' .7397 1 .3510 .2891 70 .86931 .7046] 1 m-- ■.«.■" ■», ■•■» T)itTercnt methods have been invented, for ascertaining the dew point. a lump of ice bo thrown into a brifdit, metallic pitcher, contaiiiii)]: ^ dew or moisture, will in a short time, begin to be deposited from tlu ;iK' ;iu F THE fBooi of temiicraturc, kis '."flo >Y nocos^ary to the «;i: ;r». jinperature from — ]:; (q a fur tlio same ili';;ri:rs. ]| 50 of MetcorMlo:_'y. 1 \v^ ) a ciiLic foot, uii'l lir>.,;(»|| ty, and tlio degreos of t m- Llircnlicit. A simihir ','«. ;ii?'ioii of vapor, tlio ^./jrf iietric Lights being gi'. !1b \e ealeulatioi.is of llv; fin( J experiments; tlic^'J .101- .1151 .4-J'.t'.) .111 -itt i-ilO )(;o-j .1701 '.ii 1)^ S7 '•l i7i -74 211 ■tl-^ 'j:i4 ,l:»:i^ .51!)!) ..5271) .5li;:i .5(i r.) .51^ .V) .61)17 .(■.210 .(Ulie .(i(;42 .f>,-i)() .7150 i.i:w .7:t!)7 |8li'.):ji .^046 72 .'••J:il 7:i .'.'.M- 7-1 .'.i~l- 7i;i.i:t:.l 77 1 o7;i.'i 7-l.lW'^ 71) l.i:!:'-J Mli.l7:i; bi i.'jii:i 1.0! f^21.24-' s:ii.2:'.>tii II 84i.:uii,ti. e5l.:!5ii'':'l] ?(;i.:i:'-:n!l 87 1.41 111 I! 8^4.4:(yi. 811 1. ■'O'''. ;iiil.,")ii'j'.M 91 1,(10 1:. ;)-;i.tin' yiii.'i^'t'^Ji !)-! l.M-.'-i 9: i.i;Hi scortaining tlic dew pomt-l Hie pitcher, containing wi be deposited from tlic ;>ir:!it, and the temperature of the air, must be multiplied by one iiun- .■:j .1 t'aroe. and the product divided l)y the temperature of the wet bulb: /;,:iio (luotient must be subtracted from the temperature of the air. , :.:ri'maiudor is the dew point. If the air be below the freezing point. lib of the thermometer must be diii[)ed in Avater before being swung. r-.atliin pellicle of ice will form over it, from wliich the evaporation will ■iifhte.* !':iie those physicians who are familiar with these elementary matters. n their introduction, which has been done under the impvossion L;r,;iyof our brethren have not studied this subject, and have nut even |;:^SJ!ary books. 1 .MuisTUKi:. — From what has been said, we perceive that t!io abso- ij'iantity of vapor in the atmosphere, if it were always saturated, Avould [infropartion to its temperature, and w )ukl, therefore, decrease from the rpltothe polar circle — from July to January — and from the ma.ximum I'jitlie afternoon to the mininuim lieat of the followiuL' morninc;. If. fe, itbc not saturated, it may, at a high temperature, contain no mon n:"ibitliat which has a much lower temperature, but is saturated. As a ataet, the absolute quantity, is far greater in the warm tlian tlie ctdd I'i'fe; and yet the atmosphere of the latter, may bo the d;unper of the v U'-ause it may approach nearer to saturation. 'i; nature of the surface over which the air rests, not less than its tem- 3iirt, exercises an influence on the absolute quantity of vapor. I ii"'ar climatic geography, there are five great regions, whioh may l)c prc- E'ltoilill'or widely from eacli other in their absolute (quantities of alinos- M vapor; and also in the dew point complement. They are, frsf, the '1 .Mexico; second, the region west of the IMississi2)i.i Kiver; l/iird. * Espy on Storms. •■*■*; »!-.• V :^^^-:¥^- l\ • ^H--:l t ., >. ., , . .'.•V ► ■ •■ >At' f U ..' :', V ♦- 004 THE PRINCIPAL DlFEASEr5 OF THE .BOOK U I.. : ■ f ''•V tl'c region east of that livor. Itetwocn tlio Gulf ami liiikcs; /')«r;, I. The Ile,4io/i of (he (Sulf. — The atini)si)h(M-c resting uvor tlic (ju].- ,J over its coasts, ami tlie e.-^tuarics ami ilelfu.s of its rivers, is coii.-taiitly inur ;he [uiint of saturation; although from its liigli temperature, a large www: rf vajHir is necessary to that eomlition. Thus, the mean annual ttMiiiMnifn o( the thirtieth jjarallel, is seventy degrees, at which point, tiie quantity nt' mji Avhieh, aecortling to the tahle, is necessary to the saturation of uLuliir f. . air, isO.'^('il);5; wliilo at the tliirty-iiinth parallel, where the nicanuiinuall. itij ')?P, the amount of vapor re(iuireil to saturate the same (luaiitity .f ,ii* is f>nly 0.5074. llenee. around the (Julf, there is not only an iiuprc'iiari. uigj the atmosphere, nearly up to the [loint of saturation, hut tiic aosuhuo ipni^ tity of vapor is great. The dew jjoint is always high, and its Cdinpknii.^ small. In every season of the year, the loss of a few degrees i if tiiiii ture, is sutfu-ient to cause the condensation of vapor, and reiulirth:' airiu i| When the wind blows ovijr the interior of the eontinent frum the ^\\\\\.\ l)riiigs with it tiiis great amount of vapor; and coming into colder din, which have a lower dew jiuiiit, tlie atmos[)hijre is at first iiiatle (laiii|i. Mai hazy, and at last rainy. During the winter, the heat of the (lulf kni- while that of the irdaiul regions heeonu'S greatly reduced; ami iutlic -\:\i the winds from the former have their vapor condensed in pas^iing nwr I latter, and henec the copious rains of that season. At inidsuunuor.eiirreJ tivnn the (lulf arc still passing to the north; hut the air over the eoiitiii>!i| so hot, that it can receive and retain much of tlieir vap(ir, in ailditii;ii tiMvl it already possesses. In autumn, the continental atmosphere is Odnloil. then the southern currents send down, in the form of rain, a liheral ijuaiitl of tlieir va[)or. Hence there are vernal and antunnial fluuds in our rivj If the Gulf of Mexico were fdled u[), the winds from that region wuuMl a high temperatuiv, with a low dew point, and would shed upon tlie iiiti.i] but little rain — the condensation from th.o difFercnce of temperature, wol not reach the dew ]ioint. '1. Rpg'wn West of Ihc (rulf anlthe, Mississippi., — The great iiirlil plain west of these waters, stands in opposition to the reginn uf tin- 'r| Its southern latitudes are as warm, as those of the northern curve of tlieii and even for ten or fifteen degrees further north, the sunmiers are aln; s^ hot as those of the latter region. The temperature is such as wnuk! aJj of a high dew point ; but the surface 'hjcs not afford water fur cupious eva ration; and the air seldom approaches the state of saturation — is gciierj capable of receiving more vapor, and feels dry. The mountains to tlios arc equally deficient in sources of raptn", and their low temperature laa the precipitation in the form of snow and frost, of so great a quantity, tbtj atmo.«plierc over them has a dew point still lower, than the atniosplieroi plain. When the winds of the Gulf traverse that region, much oftliiirj por is required to bring its atmosphere to the point of saturation, and ul left to be precipitated in the form of rain or dew. On the eastern m^ of the plain, near the Mississippi Kivor, tbi^ is not the case, fortlio cvap ILL. ' ' '^1 '\ ,. F THE .EOOX U ■r n.. i\Tr;iiioi; vallf.y of north a.meiiica. ]0:. of of u "ir, of .0- It isider tlicm in buce'c-s:,;:, vosting over tlio Guir li ivcrs, is constantly uvur the erature, a large an\o'ii • of i\L'ai\ annual f(;nnMr;it' iMiiiit, the qnantlty "l - satiiratinn of auuliii.' ' licro tlie moan annual' ! the same (quantity IK it only an iiniiri'j.nui tioii, but till' ai)S(iluti> ,•< ]\\'j}\. ami its foiiij. f a lew dejiveos u{ tc IHir, and render the air, eoiitiiicut iVum the >; : , c'luuing into euUler el.i; is at first n\iide daiii)!. ; l; heat (if th.e tuilf keu- V rodueed ; and in the -\ in •uiulensed in passing ev^r on. At midsummer. euvrei \t the air over the eontinnil heir vapcv, in addition t.^w' tal atmosphere is oM.'~ orm of rain, a liberal iiua:; lutumnal fhiudsinuur liv s from that region wuul: 111 would shed upon the iiiti' [erence of temperature, woi Lcs />/'/:. — The great i&iil |ou to the reginu of tk- 1)| [he northern eurve of tlicd' Ith, the summers are aluv j| Irature is such as ffniil'l ^^ liifford water fur copious iva to of saturation — is gown The mountains to tho^tj their low temperature <-ii of so great a quantity, tbj ,'cr. than the atmusplicro-: thatregi.m, niuehoftlKirJ Lointof saturation. aiiJM dew. On the eastern m* |snottbccase,fortbeevap '' Mil the hrnad and watriy trough of tliat river, keeps uji the atuios- ■ ■vanur; l>ut on advauviiig toward tlio iiinuutaius, the ijuantity of rinvonics so sill ill, that it reniaiiis uiieoiiden.sed during the miuiumni tem- • ireiif the suinuier night, and dew docs not form. In autumn, Iujw- • wiioii tlie temperature sinks still lower, saturation i.s reached, and \ ■ : U then deposited in the form of hoar frost. %.;• facts disidoso to u.s the eaTise .if the dryness, and tluMlrying finality. J" west, and nortli-west winds. The alisulute ijuantity o!' their vapor ...Imueh less than, at tlieir temperature, tliey are eajiable of contum- •; jml hence, when they roll over tlie eastern half of the A'alley, they take ;.;alargo quantity of water, V>y the vulgar, their ei Idness i.-i supposed , ;;io cause of their drying power, and hence they f5peak of freezing :,_•. ilrv; but if they eanio with the same small, alisidute (juantity of va- • laJ had a high teinjierature, their drying power would lie far greater. ;, 'vivls "A'hica possess tliis power in the liighcst degree, are those which T^jiii a southern, sandy desert. Tliey come with a low dew [point, wliile r-iiiiit fives them a caiiacitv for sustaiiiin^oieuce. i;^ ft ' ! -■ ■■ i j ' •- ' ,( If- •■ ■ I ys ■ r'.v. •':• "-y ""^ '■• •/ 'y.'..f:''- ■vv .'i' r. ■...'-•*• ,•■ M. 600 THE PRINXIFAL DISEASES Ol' TUK .BOOK ! From tlio tublo of Pmfos.sor LuDiiiiH, it appears tlmt tlio nimlli nf Vhifl has tlie least vapor, coin[i!ireil with wliut, from it.s teiiip(M'iituri', tlic uIhim phcro might contain. TIrj ei>iii[)!emciit of the dew point of tlmt niont! 12°.80; that of Decemlier, wliieli has the least, is i'\'X). Uf tlm .«..;is,iii spring is the dryost, winter the must humiil; suiiimer ami auruiu.i an; intei, modiato, and differ but little from eaeli other. Two observations weru mai]| dailv by Trofossor Loomis, one at nine, A. jM,, the otiicr at tbrcr, V. % The dilferenco botwoeu them was, lor tlie year, 5°.'J. Tlu- greatest ditfo^ cnco Avas in spring — the least in winter. T). A)r!!': Rc^in/i. — A reference to the general tabic of mtun tumiiiTt. turcs, and the table of this section, will sh(/W that the actual aniuuiit ^^ por whieh can at any time exist in the atmosphere, witliin ilie polar oir is very small, In the latitude of thirty degrees, where the mean tL'iiipei turc of the air is seventy degrees, it rcfiuircs 0.8tl93 grains troy, tu satmat cubic foot of air. Under the fortieth parallel, whieli has a mean liuat fifty-one degrees, CITT)? grains are reijnired for saturation; at the S'jv ticth degree of latitude, where the average annual heat is but five (le.'iei the re(piired amount is only 0.()>^7'2 grains. In ]>opular language, thrva of the atmosphere is nearly frozen out. Htill, in those region-:, inw ,,{ chief inooiivenienees, experienced on shipl>oard in winter, was t!ie liu:a; of the apartments. The atmosphere has no capacity fur receiving tlie cx lations from the li'.ngs and skin, which, being condensed against the \va!I reiivaporation, maintainod the air at the dew point, while cvorytliinguy Jij, had its moisture congealed and deposited. When the wind blow.s fi- :.: hat region, it does not, however, reach the more southern latitudes, in siai. isti- tution of vapor; for, in traversing Hudson IJay. and a (•ouiitk':^.s mii;' rrf lakes, its temperature is raised, and it imbil)es a great additional 'pUi' yrf vapor. in. Dkw, Fj;ost, Fog, Smoke-Fog on Indian Simmer. — 1. 7^ -A; reference to ^". loO, Avill prepare us for understanding, why there ai periods in the i,.\enty-four hours, when dew is deposited mure C' k than in any otiiers. Evaporation begins at sunrise, and g'^s ' the maximum heat of the day is reached, between two and four ^m P. iM.; but with the increase of atmospheric temperature, cuiii'. increase of capacity for holding vapor in a state of n!spn sil)],. -ii>p sion ; and hence the air, and all the objects which it Qn\A'>\ dry compared with the morning, although the quantity if v;;! r; greatly augmented. As the sun declines, and its ra)S devil heai at the surface of the earth, cooling commences, and g'HS '•n three modes : First. Evaporation continues in virtue of the heat ot surfiice, and carries off caloric in a latent state : Second. A porti"i surface heat is conducted into the earth: Tklnl. Iladiation eontiim^- is, by far, tlm most eflieient mode of cooling. Thus the decline ut a: pheric temperature begins at the surface of the earth, and whoa it aa- until the vapor, at the lower temperature, begins to saturate tia: becomes fresh and moist. This often happens before sunset: A n V Tin: .BOOSI ; that till! m.intli df Ap: ■•J teinpi'Viitui'i', the ;iti;ii)i (.■w point of tluil uiDiitl s -i'^.O.'). Of tlm s.'a> ii| incr ami aut'ini.i avi; ii.'T- vo oljsorvatiuiis wvro i;. iji the other at tlirer, 1'. M. =.:j. Til" gr.;at(jst a;'^> ■al tahic f'f mC'MU U'li.i n- t the aotual amuuiii ■ ' ■;»• ere, within Au: jiulav '!■!», whure tlie nicaii toiui r* [)3 grains trfiy, tu -afir.-ji whii-h has a nuM'.i li' :t|[ • r saturation; at tho > ■•■* lal heat is but fiv.; (k':;o«^ jinpdar hinguago, tli^ ■ pfli in those rcgi'iii';, out' ^. l|| in winter, was the hu;:.'li^ leity for receiving [h: ■ ;'♦ iikMised against tlio ^va, -.bj int. while cvcl•}■tlmlg^^';: '4 en the wind hlows fr^iu'luti hern latitndes, in siu-L ■i'St; and a countless inin. raj (i-reat additional iiu;iir.::yrf| AN Slmmku. — 1. 1) -A I tanding, why there ;;v tw| deposited luiii'o C" sunrise, and g"is '', Bat dew does le .qipear on livery evening in those seasons in which irevaik for if clouds overcast the sky, radiation from the earth is, in part, :v;!;«a'ed by radiation from the clouds, and tin; air near the surface is •r.lnrcdin temperature to the dew point; or tV.e humid south or .south- ;..- ,v:;;(l may sprinii- up and prevent the necessary cooling; ur a dry iiortli- l::" liml may absorb the liberated vapor. It is a popular opinion, that rVip'r whieh arises during the day in summer and autumn carries u[), iu ;;; a f'V coviibinatioii, whatever noxious gases or miasms may be liberated |::; •' surface of the earth, to return with ttie so-called fuHlng dew ; and t'le insalubrity of evening exposures in tho;_:e seasons. AVitliout 'ting this opinion, we may admit the fact, that such exposure aids in the |-iMim of certain fevers; and linu an explanation iu the sudden '•itiiii of temperature from four to nine o'clock, luul iu the humidity it.;;:iit occasions. I!ie second period in which dew may bo copiously deposited, is the latter r.iftlie night and at the dawn of day. After nine or fen, P. 31., the i| ileerease in the temperature of the air is much diminished, and la it tlic deposition of dew; but when the minimum is reached, the :-;'i a is increased. Sometinies wo have morning dew only, the teinper- .:;:'M!i the evi'ninir not falling low enouii;h to rea(di the dew i»oint. Lxpo- I'T-' til this dew, in traveling through tall ])rairie grass, or working in n'T cotton fields, has been found unhealthy. The cold wetting which it ::wiiis, followed by a rapid increase of forenoon heat, may, [)crhaps, do :/oiis;;hief; but if we admit that miasms may be deposited in dew, their l-ri;. with the vapor generated by the morning sun, will enable them to ■ '• 'ii the systems of the exposed. The former is a fact — the latter a .."["■thesis. liie theory of dew, first developed by Doctor "Wells, and briefly recognized in ■-■■»liMn, discloses to us, that there is, over every spot, iu spring, sununor, •-i autumn, a circulati(Mi of the same water rising into the atniosjihere '•■ i.'h the day and returning at night, to reascend on the following d;ty ; yet |;.-wli.ile of it is not deposited, and in the absence of rain the earth con- -'■iihy. which drying goes on much more rapidly over naked surfaces, '-I'Se which are covered with trees or rank herbage, which favor cooling '^K •'I Uy \ 4\ ^ \ . l" '■'■J' '""C Hill '-''' ■'• '■''<■ '■■ ;-■ t'rnjd falling, in a wintcr-d-iy, when tlie atmosphere is cloudless. In tlio intiri mixture of strata of air, someone has become saturated and gives out 1 portion of its vapor, which is congealed, and falls in minute cry .-ital,-, roihli.iil visible by reflecting the light of the sun. o. Foi^- appears when the atmosphere over a watery surfa'-'c is coWrv i]., the water — a condition the opposite of tliat which originates dow. Thi vapor, whieh cscajies ia quantities proportionate to the tenipenituie 'i;" t'J water, saturates the air, and is converted into floating ve.sicles, ur eli.uj The action of the sun, by expanding the vapor, causes it to disappear. Y'A impl^- cool nights, and, the extent of watery surface lieing the .saiuo. tliiv urJ denser, and ooeur more frequently in the higher than the lnwcr latit;i.l' because the diHerence between the temperatures of the night and thf w;it'.rj surface, are there greater. Fogs appear but seldom along our riwrs ii S[)ring and early summer, for the reason that the water has not yet ;n.i|iiiiv its highest heat. When that is reached, and tlie niu'hts boL'in to cn the latter part of sunnncr, they prevail and continue in autunni. until \.\ streams are reduced in temperature to a certain point, when tl;cy ttwA Their coincidence in season and locality with autumnal fevor, has given rial to the opinion that they contribute to the [)roduction of that disea.se, 4. Sinokt-Fog, or Indiua-Su miner. — An aspect of the atmosphere ivliio] occasionally shows itself for i brief ])Lriod in spring, is an arinial an! tracted phenomenon, in autumn. For its popular name, LKlian-Sui'.niirr. ] iiavc proposed one, more expressive — Smoke-fog. In Europe ;i corrosj ing state of the atmosphere is denominated Dry-fog. In our Valley. tlJ months of October aiul November are those in whieh this atnio.::i autunnis. A cojiious fall of rain, sometimes mingled with snow, ami i''li' >« by hard frosts, generally precedes its ap[]caranco. The atmosph.ero, ilunn its continuance, is commonl_y, tranquil; temperate in heat, ".nd Inizy; not much obscured by clouds. Falls of rain are, however, not iiiieuiiiiii'i and in general, the wdu)le appearance vanishes with a rain-storm, tulluwej by a winter temperature. An apparent smokiness through whieh tne and moon, when near the horizon, and especially in the e^ennig, :inpi;tr( \ < H Tin: I BOOK . INTHRIOR \ ALLKV 01' NOllTH AMKIMCA. GO!) ii di'Dugiit ruucli Ij.'Urr itiou. It Is found on ol,j(ci^- seen on tliu uarlli itsLif, itUlU is but imi'i'lfi;!:!.',- Ii'greo of colli \s\\\c][ \\\'\ ,, by ihi iioojik", I'ullf 1 ;i } of thu earlli. w'licn t •} ot bo dopositi'd. fjii'^li ij to froczc the vi';:ft i' ',9 L'UoW ffvur. -V (;"|i: .h We somelimcrf <'"i fr -t (;loudloss. Ill tli; in; > iturattjd anil ;^ivf» ii • a 1 minute cry .-itals, roiul. 1 tory sur'.'u'X' is ciilr ; , ich origiiKitos dew, T .» to tlio tcuiiiuraturo "i' » llootiiig vesicle;, or 1! ,L isos it to dis.uppcur. 1' j ■0 l)eiiig thesaiuo, tlir; u • tliau llio lower lati; )f tlio uiglit aiid the u: ;cldoiii :doi.- o\ir riw water has not yet a-'; } iiiLilhts Ijegiii to C'. tiiiuc ill :mtuiiiii. nntil ;!« 11 point, when they cc;.; unual fever, has given lis i,,u uf that disease, ct of the atniosjihcrc u! ':i;| ■iii'i, is an arnual au'l jiVO .r name, Indian- Sumiiid'.] Ill Europe a curresii ^'.102;. In our Valley, tl^ liicirthis atmosi'h'^rie I'lia to two, three, or even t'^' |i or intensity, in siu'K'j::' led with snow, and I'-h '^^'J The atmosph.ere, tlunU itc in licat, ".nd hazy; , however, net inieonuiioi ffith a rain-storm. MU<^ ss through vhi'h tl.i' ^'i in the e^■ening. av] % 1 1 . :; hue. is tile great eiiaiaeteristie uf the season. As tlie lime when it . iniiieides with the period of our densest river fog.*, the nights and ;. iiiniu' valleys soinetimea ]iresent a deep and gloomy olisenratinn : ,xcrt« on the hypoehondriaeal a doprer-sing iidlueiiee; and, as optlnd- - vails more in autuinii than any other .season uf tin; year, it is imssi- at this state of tliti atmosjiliere may be an exciting cau.se. c"n:in of >^inokc-fog, i.s sujuxised by many to be una.seertained; but the raiimhor think it dependent on exten.sive conilagrations, in our forest?, ;!:0 CTound is over.spread with dead loaves; and on the extended ., inlersperseo'. witli groves, through which the 31i.'«si.' and herbaeeou,s jdants ; and ruining lires arc known annually i'luic that which, allowed to aceuniulate, 'vould at liMigtIi increase the ::-(iftlic .soil. An objection to thhs opinion i.s drawn Irom the well- , !'a-t, that r.iin docs not permanently dis.sipato the Snuda'-fog, ; i- often quite as great, the next moriung after a copious .shfiwer , :i,> iii.raediately b(dovo. Hut we must reeolh'ct, that rains are local, :_'it he profuse in places remote from the seeiio of eMiflagaralioii, ,t iiicluding it. '■ KW I'dINT CONSIDKUKP 1.\ lilUKllENCK TO JIkAI.TU. '^VllCll luliment of the dew point is small, or, in other words, the dew point ihfirthe teinperaturL', whatever the latter may bo, the air begins to be Cf: iffhon the eom[ilement of the dew point is reduced to nothing, and »| int oincides with the temperature of the air, saturation exists and cnition ooases. This condition may occur at any temperature; and wo may have a cold and moist air, or a hot and moist air. The latter "•'Miililion of the shores of the Gulf of ^Mexico, for more than ' ' the '-uiotheruionieter ranging between eighty and ninety degrees, the air, -■-•'mie time, being nearly satv.ratcd Avitli vapor. To this condition, "t" our physicians have ascribed the fevers of the south; but without ptiiig to as.sign the modus opcran ii hot, su[icr-saturated, v.apnrous atmosjiherc, and yet cnjiy gimj hi.;dt!i \\ climate, with a high dew point, is eminently litteil, however, to exert aiij fluence in the production of the gaseous produi-ts of organic de.^iiiie..vifi(j and may. in that way, prove an indirect cause of fevers. In siieli a I'.im^ everything, both animal and vegetable, which is dead, juitrlHes mi while in eohhir or dryer climates, from lack of heat iir of luui.-tur.;, decomposition goes on much nunc slowly. A high dew point, with a low temperature, presenting coldness fiml iiia tare combined, is, ])crhaps, more injurious to health, than the cimilitiin {I considered. Its influence in the production of tubercular phthisis, il'.'>'n(i| to bo considered. It doubtless favors the production of brnnehiiil (':it;in|j and rheumatism is among its effects. Those who s[iend niost of '',. and lodge through the night, in cellars, vaults, and cells with thick wa!!-. iij immersed in an atmosphere of medium temperature, kept eonstanily m-iiri point of vaporous .saturation. In such habitations, dyspepsia. I'lru bronchitis, consumption, scrofula, and scurvy, are apt to occur: an I perhaps lie ascribed to the humidity, and the absence, at all limes, ot' a 1 temperature. Our west and north-west winds, as we have already seen, have a 1 v point, and are either temjicrate or cold. They are ahv.ays invigoratini'.l contribute, in the end, to generate an inflammatory diatlicsis: — c?|"iiall produce inflammations of the lungs and joints. By their dryness. t!i!'l when further evaporation would bo suspended, and the danger ol' [tn;i diminished. When the temperature is high and the dew point low, the acti"ni;| air is very powerful. It rapidly drys and hardens the ground, wit'uil plants by carrying off their juices, and exerts on men and aiiiiiiilH the bad effects of escessivo evaporation, among which are drynes- ' ' ''■(dt.Gt m-fi: ■ 1*1 F TlIF, [BO-K 1. iNTHinoit vAr,i-i:v of north AMr:ni<'A. i;ii I Ms (iiiinion, tlii' iii:iit,.|| I ill tliu Ijliii'l. Fill 1.;, I uiDVO raiiiilly lliaii u inp, iml not (ii tin; ^.'vi'iit ! 4, s;itur:itliiii nt' t!i" nir ■ i^ r tlii'sc t'liiirtiuiis, ill ' .r( llO SUlllL' allril^^rll cITt ig 10 seiiiiii'ii lit" ilio (', o( javly i^utnratfil witli '. or, son, prnvidi'il t'.icirM ' be Lastly, it is well kin 'W iit ncnts. spend tliuir iKi; • at ■t enjoy ^ond lie;ill!i ' hdt m1, lluWCVlV. to L'Xelt s of organic de. iiini">i fcvi'i'S. In siu'li ;i I'.i is dead, ]intnti«'» i;-; f lioat or of niui-tv.v •osontini; (.'oldiii;-' amliiiOl altli, tliau tin.' conditi ■ tuln'rculur jilitliisis. '1 ■ liK'tion of bvo;u:lii:il <■ ■ vlio sjicnd most of '' lul cells with tlii''lv w' uro, ls 11 Ircady socn. liave a 1' re always invigonitiiiL'. ry diatlle^is•.— CS1"''ki1! Hy tlicir dryness. iImv •liial membrane. '\\t'"'< lueh increased by tlii.> r| ■s of Illinois and l""':'- 1- is not so low as i<> '^ exposed, were Ui l'""}' a by a satiirated atm"^!'l and the danger ut' l'^ri=i| point low, tlie action ■■fj dens the ground, ^vitlH■l■^ hs on men and ainiii:.! ur which are dryu'-^ ■> membra no.s of the inoutb. fam '•-. nostrils, niid eyes. It is an idiservu- : sumaicr laborers in thu iield, tiiat when th"y sweat freely, they can rii.elicat; but if their .skins remain dry, th.ey arc apt to fail. In this [ .ii|i|iiise, th(^ air has u low de-w point, anil carries n\Y the transpiration , .Lin, before it is condensed: and if so, they suH'er from tlie dryness .•;iir, and not from being unable to jicrspiro. •all portions of our Interior \'allev, the s oitlieni and iniddle latitude" ■ western prairies are most exposed to tlio fiery atniosphen; we aro now l.'.iiiL'. At Fort (iibson, near the ninety-liftli meridian and thirty- lunillel of latitude, it lias raised the thermonieter to one hundred and .:i .[ 'irrees. On the same desert, from eight to ten degrees id' lungitudc rwi'st, and as far nortli as the thirty-seventh parallel, this ^tate of the •i'; 10 exists in a still higher degree. The lioise fly, and the ;:reen or ...:;, th, arc there unknown; and, in the month of duly, the liesh of the ..' i.'iit ill slices ami hung in the air, dries so rapidly as to bo preserved |r:.;t5;ilt; and is carried to Santa Fo for futiiri! use. The i]iiical pho- i;i uf looming and mirage, tiro strikingly exhibited in tlie same hot and ';;. Small bodies are often seen in tlie distance, at a eonsiderablo :: i; and the delusive appcaranco of lakes and streai.M.4 freipiently tun- |ii;« the way- worn and thirsty traveler.* CHAPTER V. :iECTRICAL PHENOMENA: DISTEIIJUTION OF PLANTS AND ANDIALS. SECTION I. |eO?P[IERIC ELECTRICITY.— TiriTNDRR STORMS.— HURRICANES. !• AiMospiiKuic Er.KCTurcrry. — It would bo absurd to question the K'^-.tja physician, of a thorough knowledge of the temperature, winds, filler, ami moisture of the country in which he is to ascertain the causes, ►ifWi.'ute the cure of diseases. If the study of its electrical condition 'pknumcna, cannot, in the ju'osont stage of our knowledge, bo shown to •■■'j !in crpuil importance, it is by no means to bo neglected. Tiie mystc- p!j'Jt apparently, intimate relations between light, caloric, magnetism, ^■wism, and electricity, suggest that thoy are, perhajis, but one agent fj ■•: ■V '^ee Dr. Gregg's interesting Commerce of the Prairies, Vol. I, pp. 96-100 (ii2 'I'rfF', PIUNriPAI, DI.SEASIIS OK TFIK [I'l.iti. '.■I; ;.. •^■*'"{ %-i- '^ f-lU'v^: ■ jit ■ ' »■»'.■ •*;„•■ .' ♦ . N 'jr'.M- /I j,j!;;^?..';^ii lUIII ill iliircntat shiti'S nr iimiI>s of ii'.itljii. tlio wliulo of wliich silioiilil lie .stuilvi ill <.'o,iiic'i-tii>ii. Tlic iiKiiiifeHt jmrt which eluctrii-ity plays in t\\o nv-'tfiniH al curtain ai|iiiili(! iiiiiiiial;', a;* the ^n/mnoluv eU'ctr'wus, uml thu infliu'iii'i.' it v \m \w iiiinlc to oxert on tho nervous mystoiu of iiiun, still rurt!n.r iioint to it u an agont, ii|iiin \;\\\r\\ tli(.' |t!iysiiMan is I) iiiiid to direct a porti jii of liis atti'iit; ,il Al'tor t':>' i.'X[K;riinontal (Icnunstration, hy our uroat einiiitrviiuii, Frai.klii of th(> i'lv'iitity of oloutrioity unil lii^htning. by wliii.-h tliu iiiimi.Mi.ii; am i:tiit that fluid i:i tho atiiivtsphorj wa^ niul! kn twn, many pliysiciim.! v,i,| indiil^'dd tho opinion, that it purfornn an important p:irt in tlio u oooiioiiij-. Tho sul).soi[n(.'iit dis';oV('ri''s of (lalvani and Vnlta. ^ravc a nji iinpiilse t> thoMo speculations; and suo-rrostod many cxp'.Tini'jiits. (n t|| ofl'oets id* qalvanio electricity upon tin' living' hody. ImHi in health an dis.'asD. \o satisfactory re^iult-* have, howi'Vcr, I) mmi reaclinl. TIk; .s'i!iii.'( iiiivorthclo.ss, 1' not likely to ho reliii'[iiislied hy the iiiiau'lnative ; iml, I'vi tlie nijst s ihji'-nundeil ur.ist admit, that an accent so powerful, so n!iiv,.r,;i|j pro3iMit, and 3 ) oporativo in many of the Si>orot [i;mi;i!ss"s of in ir'^ruiii' uut in can s-arij ;ly fail to perform s oiul! important [lart in the liviui:' Imdy, IVriuJ t!ie proper ni i.l' of studyiii',' it, in referenct' (o that h ody, lia.s net vut \> discovered. That atmospherics air performed a vital part, in the kiiij.'iiiiii( organized nature, was known from tlie lieL'iunin^': Imt it was reserved fort last ceiiiiiry t> discover its mode of a"ti m. We are, pcrliap-, at tlii^ \\ in a similar condition, in refcrcuee to electricity, and snnie future gi'iioratij may devise instrumentalities, by which modes of aetion and eflects, uf wliii at pres • it, wo can form no eouception, will bo rendered plain. JCIeetricity exists at the surface of the earth, ami in tho almnsplioro .i: I times, a!id is forever eireulating between them. Experiment has .sliewii. durin;.^ c nubustion, the iinafman products which escape are positively . trifled, leaving the residimm negative; but the process hy which tlio trivitd amount of ideetrieity makes its way into the titniosphere, is solar eva|iiratii the va]) ir, which arises from every wet or watery surface, in which any s;ilil matter is held in s dntion. being positively eleetrifKnl. Wherever, then, t!i«( Is a high temperature with a high dew point, the atmos[iheric, ekctria phenomena, are of a striking character; and where the teiiiperatarc is 1)| and tlie evaporation feeble, they are correspondingly rediieetl. condensation of vapor into fog, rain, or dew, appears to increase atmisjiliei electricity, setting it free, in conjunction, if wh' may so speak, with the l;ua| caloric of the vapor. The tension or (Quantity of atmosjiheric elei'tricity. measured Ijy the electrometer, is greater, in a tranijuil state of the ntni phore, in winter than summer; it would seem that, as the vapor of atmosphere is more and more deposited by increasing culdness, its cleetri'l is disengaged and left be'aind. Tlicre is. als ), a diurnal variati'iii in amount of electricity at tho same place, when tho weather is seriilj According to Kaemtz :* " At sunrise the atmospheric electricity is feeble ; it continues to ini-re^ *Comi)lete Course of Meteorolonfv, page 338. Tiir. [in .K U jilays in tli'j liy.-'ti'iii- of uihI the "mibuMii'i! it r ly ulill I'lirtlmr ji'iiut t > ,: ai ;i |ii)rl'Miiiif liUiiU(Mi! X at e')iiutrviii:iii, Kr;iu!.:,n, .•h the immmist; am lai.' of many jiliysiijiaiis va.' , Ij rtant pirt in tlio u . li ami Vnlta. gave a many PX[i';niiioiits, en )iitly, biitli ill h('al!!i ioii roai'luvl. Til'' « i im:i'/uiativo ; nul. )1 ■f id t, !i A '!» •a SD JloW'Tl'lll, SO Ulliv.': iCLVSSis lit" ill ii-i^aiil'' 11. ■ 1 the liviiijj; bihly. V. lal li.nly, l>;i^ ""t }■'-' ital part, in the l;iii;"l'i.i ; l)ut it was reserved I'lrt • are, perliap^ at tliis t;ii ami some rutuv" -"H' "M\ actiiiii ami effects, olwii lulered jilaiii. mil in the aimusplierc :r ■iXneriinent lias slmwii. csi'ano are pnsiiivei) '■« rocess by wliieh tlio <^\yM jihere. is solar evainrati)! urlaee, in which any s;ilij hI. NVlicvever, tlieii. t'.i the atmospheric, elcJtnii ,ve the temperature l< h% (indindy reiliieed. ;avs to inereasc atniosiiliei ;vy so speak, witli tlio 1;U^ f atinosithcrie, eleetririty, •an' (nil state ofthe atmdj that, as the vapor of ^ing coblness, its eU'ctn- a diurnal variati'Hi in on tlic weather U s-ro" 1,1c ; it continues to Iii'T- . page 338. i.\Ti:i{ioR v.\i,i,i;y of nohth .-vmkkic.x. oi:: ■ '«U!i risio.'i. and the vapors an; eulhrtinL' in ilie Inner ri"riini.s cit" tin; .'i!ii;re. Tiiiij inereasiii;.; period l.ast.-t, in .siunnier, until h\k or .<5t'Ven ;iii t!iL' iitn-nin,;^ ; in the s[(riii;,' and aiitninii until oiglit nr nine, and wiiitor U"til ten or twelve o'elurk in tiie day. Uy deirrees the tension * it)* /««./•«',. v//t ; diirin;^ this tiim' the Inwi-r ri';:iims art; iilb'd \\it!i . tli'i hnniidity of tin; air iiii'roasjH, and thi- iiy.irrnnietri'- teii-ji'in j^ • :t!iaii in 'he ninrnini;; in the e'lld seasmi then; is ol'teii fn:;. (Ji-ner- ,'.etrieity deerea.sen iininedi.itely after attaining; its mailmun, at lirsl ;;,, then more slowly. Thi; vi.sibh; vapors of the lower strata disiippear, sdisnor.se, tlie atmosphere beiionies de.ar, ami distant oltjee-ts feem to •11 the speetator. Toward two o'eloek in tliu afternoon, tJK; atnios- / 1,'trii'ity is very feebli;, and scareoly stron'^er than at .'^unrisf'. !t :.„- 1) (liminisli until al)ont two iioiir.s befn'o sunset; in SMinnier until ■ ivi'. or «i.x oVdoi'k in tiie evening, and in winter until live "'(lock. : !V')v.m lasts longer than it.^ ninxiniuin. As s ton as the .siiu :i|ior'>;i dies -iri'iii. it again begins t'> a'lvaiKie, inerea.ses sensibly at the iiionifiit of .;.'.")(.'« un increasing during twilight, and attains a seeoiul intt.f'in'in : ir aad a half or two ii ours after sunset. Then vapors form in the ■ roii'Mis of the air, damp inereases, and the night-drw tails. This IriJ w/J7i«HJ usually C([uals that of the morning, but it C'lntinues a If. r;:: time, and the eleetrieity ileereases slowly until the next morning." 1 i:ii ii'it in the possession of any series of cxperiineiits on tlie elretrlcnl |.:;:iii uf the atmosjthere, at any place in the Interior Valley. Two Ik'Hs may bo hero projtosed: rirsl. What are the etVects, if any, on :ireii,m C'Mistitution, of a highly positive or highly negative .'^tato of the li'i'-CTe, au'l of the sudden transition from one to the other? S-'ond. inat manner, if at all, does eleetrieity contribute to the production or r;vl "f I'pidemie diseases ? I shall not undertake a reply to these ([ues- b,l)iit dismissing the consideratimi of eleetrii-ity as it exists in eqw'dlhrio, iMtriil state, say something of its plienoiuena and etfects when in a perturbation. iiLNDiai SroRMs. — These electrical plionomcna diminish in frequency 'iv:ile:icc from the tropieal to the [lolar regions. On the shores of the ^•'■f Mexico they occur in every nunith of the year, but much oftener in 'it'iciM weather. In the middle latitudes, at St. Loui.s, their fre(pioncy 'M observed and recorded, by Dr. Engelmann, for sixteen conseeutive '•' The moan of this long period was 41), distributed through the months l^asoiisas ftdlows: becember, . . . ilanuary d'ebruary, . . . . 0.(50 . 0.00 . 1.25 . 2.54 . 2.00 . 5.70 . 8.30 June, . . . July, . . . August, . . . . . 10.40 . . 0.00 . . 5.10 ."722.40 1 Winter, . . Summer, 'March '■Vpril, M^v, September, . October, . . November, . . . . :t.oo . . 2.dn . . 1.20 __^ Spring, . . 10.00 Autumn, . . 7.20 '1. ■ifl \ f " J' h $M^-^i^^:;:^---;: V: J* fir., t i ■ , , 1.. ' . H-' ■ " . ,, .'\'^■■'.■■■i ■ / ■ '■ :■• ■. ■ ■ M: -i. : ■'■■■ ■ ^ V:'.'->-'' p. 5 W .-*!#'- 114; ^j-p: ■■■.::. ■■■•^:■ /-:'■: I' i ■• ■ ' ' ■ ■ .• -'.' ■ -w".' ■ ■ .' . ,^ ■• ..' :' ■ \i''h'JH ■■:'"i ■■■■ v.. y ; ., ' % ' i ■ Hi 1^; ;•;.. If VJT >'i ''5' ■■ ."' L 1 ■ .1 "■ .. ^' ^::^ Iil4 TIIK rillXCrPAL DISEASES OF TIIK InnoKl "Wo st'o by this taulo tluit, boginiiliig witii tlio r\'asoii in whi,.], t'liinileJ stoniH aro liMst tVci^uout, th-' onl-'i' is winter, aiitaimi, sprinif, timl s\iinm/ In rulbrriiig tu the moiitlis we fiinl a regular increase fromDeccinlMr ImJuii ami lit' 'lecroasa from tlie ibriiior to the latter. It is wnrtliy of roniurk t!ii the cxtreuK';-) do not lull in tlie months of least ami greatost, mfn'i t'Mir •«. turo, whi;'h are Jaaiury and -rnly, but in the fjolstitial mouths, wIku i]m direit aL-;i.)ii u'' the sun is at it» minimum and maximum. Thunder storm-! become exceedingly rai'e as we apjn-oach t!ie iinLir r^m \\\ the northern {lart of our \'alley. Iloss, as far as I roi-olloct, d. <■> n mention o; .; at jJ.iutliia I'^elix, N. J^at. 70^, where; he spent the greater of three years. Simpsttu saw one in N. Lat. ()"<"' :V2'. jJaek speaks ef o| in latitude 08^, and says it was the most northern he hud witnessed. I'lr r orils Oh" in latitude iju'^, but none further nurtli. AVj must ref Ilea however, that all these observations were made near or over the pule i i'c J and tliat, ia other meriuiuns to the cast and west, they probaljlv mrarj higher latitudes. For the I'ltiuae- Vidl/y we uiay assume tliii .^pv.-.ria parallel as the zero ijr these electrical phenumoua, which increase tn j',,r^ nine per aiuuim, at .St. Louis, in N. Lat. «< -i"^ 1)1'. The increase ia tli.' :mJ bor is, perliap'J. according to the s'^uaro, or some higher power of t!iv c J plement of the angle of incideueo of the suu's rays, and is, tlwreio constantly augmenting in quantity down to the Tropic of Cancer. Our thunder sL orms, in every latitude, are more freijuent in the diivth night ; but thiv«o of the latter period are often as violent as anv wliie'i a'lj iu the day. Occasionally they happen early in the nifirning, anil arc tli generally repeated iu the course of the day, or they usher in a stealvral The most common time, however, is the afternoon, when they begin l> I'ji during the period of maximum boat. A calm, or fitful breezes, pir them; thi temperature is high, and the atmos[ihere, at the same tii.iej charged with va[i"r nearly to the point of saturation. The sultriin's- wi becomes insup[)ortable, and the feeling of lassitude very great. As t:,';| and clouds are in a highly positive, electrical condition, that of the surn of the earth, and of the objects and animals resting upon it, must he in opposite state, and lieuco, perhaps, arises a part ' the langor felt wiiil" storm is feirming. The first anpearance of a thunder storm is generally to the we-t c lieginning, is generally from some point between south and wi^t. it ha.6 a strong tendency to veer toward the north ; and, before t!ii' begins ,0 fall, often changes to north-west ; whence, in almost every in-iJ it blow:, at tlie conclusion of the storm, and often for a few hour,- ;if| ward — its violence constantly diminishing. Discharges of lightning from the eloud to the earth, are, I am einv L' Tin; [mi^K |» INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. GI. v.'asou ill \y\w\\ tliuii>lci .mm, spring, tniil sumuic se from Duci'inlirr I'l.Iur is worthy of roniiirl:. i!i< I gi-eatest ??i''rt't t'.'iiii'ri| )lstitiul moutlis, wlifu tl§ ximuiii. I ainii'i-Kicli []w [Hilar i-ircl ir us T. voi'olloet, il i- :ij ! he spent the grc;itcr ut ' 1)2'. Uack speaks ('• 'M 1 lie luul witnos^eil. i' rrj lorth. Wj mvi: ■ oi, ear or over the pile ■ :' est, they prohahly h. ; may assume the sevi'i.na la, which iiicveai^e t'l ; The increase ia thr :ml higher power of ilv; ci \"s rays, aii'l is, tli.refo Tropic of Caiieer. irc frequent in the diy \\ IS violent as any wliicH the morning, ami luv in they usher in a stou ly li in, when thoy begin tn k jui, or fitful breezes, \n-vA bsphere, at the same timej ration. The sultiiiK'?^ uti nde very great. As t!,cj jmlltion, that of the syJ [sting upon it, must he in I • the laugor felt wii"'! Icmerally to the wivt^ii 'form further east tluin;i I Ixico, they mueh oftcai' [ad corresponds to a f.'Ut^ ipanied by high wiu'l : v^l 1 between south and v-t. north; and, before t^^-' lonee, in almost every ui-tal 1 often for a few hmu> ~A lie earth, arc, T am eiinvni| .-■ ni'irc oomniou in town than country. No summer ever passes, T sup- ;, ffiiliout one or several liouses being struck in Cincinnati, althongli there . :;,.iriv liii'litning rods. In traveling tlirough our woods, in vari'nis parts ■.Valley, I have often passed many miles v.ithout being able to tiiid a ,.,. tree, scatlicd by lightning. The buds and leaves of trees, no dmibt, •;; attracting point.s, while their sap renders them gond eondurtors; and ,;;;,. ileetricit}' is conveyed quietly into the earth; iueh, morcDvcr, is Ljnl'.v moist under their shade. It is a popular opinion tliat the beech I. F^'.nis Jh-rui^inca) is never struek by lightning. I have not, as yet, '0 ffliieh had suilered. rtieular s[iots, in city and (country, have been observed to s'oTer more ;''icrs. Thus a part of Cincinnati, for a long while its north-western :',iii fiirmer times, was peculiarly lialde. I do imt know how it is, ind with other parts, since it has been densely built over. In tlic year IffiiStohl by 3Ir. Potter, of llandolpli, on the 3Iississijipi lliver, in II-;; Tennessee, that he knew of two idantations, v.liich had suH'ered more It. ill 'tlior parts of the surrounding country. liiir-teamhoats arc seldom strui'k by lightning. jTaiiy uld comma-iders ■jTis-sureJ nic of this e.xemjttion. Wlien at the IJalize, in I'^d:!, 1 was ;;!'}• Captain Annable, of the Phauiix, ■who had b.en engageil for eleven ,:!. ill towing ships between the Gulf and New Orleans, that he had known rtwelvc ships struck, but not a single steamer. One of his most expe- kvlliilot; te.-tified to the same exemption ; and both state, that they had en — but at other times, none are visible. These corruscations are al- h near the horizon, and may, perhaps indicate the summit of a thunder liiiit such a distance as not to be seen, or its thunder heard. Itepliysiologieal effects of a thunder storm, are always considerable. I:; Eiay. perhaps, be referred to several heads. /'i/V';/, a sudden reduction '.iiiliurature. Second, hnvering of the dew point, and an increase in ai|ik'mcnt. Third, an augmentation in the prcssw of the atmosphere, .a restoration of the eiiuilibrium, or neutral condition of the electric M Fifili, the terror excited in most persons, by the near approach of a i.r gust, must not be overlooked, in recognizing its physiological |iMi[iward discharge of electricity, during a thunder storm, is not an un- p !i event. ^Vhen animals, in open places, remote from all elevated ■'•= are killed by lightning, the discharge is, no doubt, generally from tlic But they arc sometimes destroyed when near to such obji'cts, while ''JMts, themselves, escape. Not long since, a horse and small carriage, |ii«'inien, were struek by lightning, in one of the streets of Cincinnati, |. tin; liigh houses on either side remained untouched. IMany years since, i-'part of the city which has generally suffered most, T saw a bean-pole, t ■ , %.t ^ :■:. -I *' i ■ tl m Mil ■ -^'v # if W'^ - *'if g''|5 lit ■'.'' '-f ■•l '• * <* w^ ■«!■.' .■ • ■• r ■• ■ ■ "..■-1, ,.■ ■- .■ ?■■•:■;•'•*■■ ■* ■■; •■ ' 4v '4 ■*< • ••,«■■ -•l''-v <;iG TIIC PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE ^BOiK J v,lii( II li.ul been split by liglitiiing, as far down as the surface of the gnm Tlie fl'iid Iiiid j)r(ibably been discliargcil from the eartli thnmirli thi^ ,,,,j|. rod, and while jiassing almig the nmist extremity in the gnmiuhdiQ noi,iiv(i;rf baton reaching the dry shaft alxivc, destroyed it. The fillowing fact -liuw^tli* electricity may be di.scliarged from the earth, in fla.slie.--, Avithout iirnhiiii thunder. IMy informant, .Indgt; Collier, of the Supreme Court dt' Alnln was at Montgomery, and about eight o'clock, 1*. ^I., in the imiiiih .f \n] 1S;1:>, saw, with many other person^;, repeated flashes, or electrical f.N|i>inMi at the .surface of tlie earth — which illuminated tlic surrouiidiii" iili, but [)rodnccd no sound. Overhead there hung a black cloud, \vhii.!i ■ fortli a sound lil:e that of low, distant thunder. A violent tenir)u.st im diately filhiwed. TTl. TouN-Ai)Oi:s and IlLiuiirANrs. — These terms are comnionly ron dod as synonymous ; but strictly speaking, they are not. A toriuuli) j limited thunder-storm, accompanied with a viulent and destructive t pest. A hurricane i^ a wind of much greater extent and duration. ;iii.!i with fewer electrical phemmu'na. Both occur in the sontl;ern and miiM].!, tudes of the Interior Valley, chiefly in hot weather. According to }h. K.ji in every tornado, there is an im]ierfect vertical, or oljlicpie vacuum, |irMlii( by colunms of licated aiul ascending air, which aun lus moves f>r\vaii|; at the same time, invites into it the surrounding air, near tlie ^uriaec of earth, so as to establish centripetal currents. Tlicse current.^, by tln.ir tremc velocity, prostrate, overturn, or transport the objects which lie in t way. Hut these ravages are not the greatest, which the tornado oceas when it passes over a town or city. At the moment when the imperfect vnc reaches such a spot, tlie air in every house that is closely sinit up, .^U' expands, and bursts out the windows, drives off the roof, or even I down the walls. The older, and more current opinion is, that every t' ri is a whirl-wind. The axis or center of a wdiirl-viud must, of iicit.< be an imperfect vacuum, and when it passes over houses, or ohjectn iiului atmospheric air, the same destructive expansion nuist occur, a.s if then faction were produced in the other mode ; while the gyratory niotii.ii J surrounding air, beems well-fitted to produce nmny of the devastations ivi render these storms so terrible. It is in our compact and lofty forest' these ravages are most conspicuous. I have seen many spots wh'u-li liail thus visited; some of which presented the fallen trees with their trut,!;- orally in the direction of the path of the tornado, while others have pn h' them in all directions, indicating a gyratory motion. It is nnt uiiciiiii moreover, to sec young trees, of tough fiber, with their tops apjiar twisted off. It is worthy of remark, that these devastations are sumeti found in spots or areas, and not in long vistas ; indicatin2, apparoii bounding motion in the tempest. In hurricanes, or tornadoes of va.y tlniv thcolijoctswliuhliciut I wliieh the tornailo da'a >,lt^Yben the imperfect v;r-i .t is closely simt up, ^^^''' olY the roof, or evou t! lopiniou is, that every t^r vhivl-vriml must, of v.n'': Lr houses, or nhjccts mh Immustoeeur, asif tl.er ile the gyratory muU.n u! l,any of the devastation^ ^v nupact ami h.fty f""'^'' •on many spots ^shi.'hluul ,n trees ^vith their triu.b :o while others have pnsei Imution. Tt is not uncunr ,r xvith their tops ^r' .Jo devastations arc soinetl ias; indicatinj!, apparent cs or tornadoes of vast ^' of the region over ^vhiH Lotimes to ho dispcseJ istcad of a circular innii; constituted an elongated center, into |r: i the air rushes from two l. ami he again drawn inward. When this rareOed center passes \p lijets which contain atmospheric air, it expand.s, and they are destroyed, 'I'.eoiise of tornadoes. IJy other meteorologists, however, a hurricane ■rli'ilas a vast whirlwind, with a progressive movement, in the center :::;x(if which the air is calm and rarefied. ; I ',:iM and objects of this work do not permit an extended account of :: niaJoes and hurricanes, and I must be limited to a few brief notices. :'ri'i|nt'iicy and destructive violence over and around the Gulf of ii i is well known. Very lately, the insular town of Key \Vest was laid ami then inundated, by a hurricane; and the dangers of navigation ;-.l(';i|ie Florida are cliieHy from the same cause. When describing tlie oil), a notice was introduced of a hurricane, which drove the waters ;:.ilulf over the lower part of the delta of the Mississippi. All the ri flat coasts of the Gulf are, indeed, subject to inundations from this When we advance into the interior of the Valley, the same kind of 3« still occur. ISt'rence has been already made, to the tornado of Natchez, in 1841 >, the i f wliii.'li is marked on the topographical map, A'o. VII. Its course 'Mil Sdutli-west to north-east; Imt the wind which blew in Natchez iki the south-east, setting into the ainiulus or rarefied center of the Itwas the transit of that center, over the town, which laid it waste, and lknifti"in was produced by tin; expansion of the air siuit up in houses. liitliieh stood in the path of the hurricane, those only escaped, which 'if diiors and windows open. For six days before the siorm, the to liail hoen hotter than in the corresponding period, for tlio preceding ^'s. On the seventh day of the month, that of the storm, the barom- ;ito"2?.40, or .15 of an inch below the mean of the preceding six IKesoventh day" (says Dr. Tordey, from whoso paper* the preceding pite taken), "was usliered in densely overcast, and very warm, with u M&l at S. 4,t increasing at noon, and veering to the E. 5. At ■ tlie south-western sky assumed a darker and more tempcstuouiA I'neglo'jni and tu.-bulence increasing every nuiuient. At 111. IT', (he r the approaching s;orm began to be distinctly heard, the wind blowing F-V E. (j. The roir and commotion of the storm grew more loud and !'■ jitciKkd with incessant corruscations ami flashes of forked lightning. 'torni approached nearer, the wind veered to the E. 7. At lA'), the •''1*1 assumed an almost pitchey darkness, curling, rushing, roaring py »;i Slorras, page 33c). tTen being the maximum velooily. . .. • 'M- ^■H ■i I V, : ■-■;,: I :^' pre. ., ,, _ '. J .' i ■:■■*. .:.■ • •■■■ ■ :^ ■■t.': • -• ...•.•■ ■• ! -■ J-.f "•) .. V-- •* >'V-.- . ■ .,r •■ ■,i\ To i '■;-!"<.■* 5-^. •■,■ '''t r|o-::-^i:. ■■-^■■■^-^■- .'•.• ^ t; -:4 a ' ' 't I. <.• • '.'■*'. ; -■• ■'■■ .. -. ■.?.■« •■ ■-" . A-fM •;;r^^-. iilHI I '.•- ■ '•■■."• : ! ■ • • '•' mm-f-y.:^':'):" is-*'.'/ ■ '■■■ 618 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE l"' 'S* ■,rn,J abovo, below a lurid yellow dasliing upwanl, iind rapidly aiitmiarliiiif' .» tlie Mississippi .smiie six or soveii miles below the eity, snieailiccf il(.< i upon each side, the western side being the center of the uinmhis. \t time a blackness of darkness overspread the heavens; ai.il win i annnlus approached the city, the wind suddenly veered to the .< | attended v.ilh such crashing thunder as shook the sijid eartii. \t • tornado, 10, burst upon the city, dashing diagonally throuiih it a;: witli such murky darkness, roaring and crashing, that the citizens siv, beard not, knew not tin; wide-wasting destruction arotuid thcni. Tl:i' of the tornado over the city occupied a space of time not exccciliii ' minutes, the destructive; Idast not more than a few seconds. At tiii- mcnt the barometer fell to 20 37. "The quantity of rain that fell during the passage of the t irnin] i the city, was only .b'-l of an inch, holding in suspension so nuu'h nni.i minute particles of leaves and other ve^tstuljle matter, as to l)c iiii|icr\i. sight, and leaving a thick coating upon wliatsoever it came in contact, " The effects of the storm upon tlie leaves and buds ot |iluiit.s w:i.> manner to sear them, abstracting or destroying so nuc-h of tlnir viri that such as did not die outright were crisped, and their growth si ssbmii that it was for ten or more day.s, before they resuscitatcil and l)u:;a i ;i| to grow. Some very thriving grape cuttings, in the ganlcn of the \\r this paper, were killei], and the edd vines stunted Even the leiivis succuU^nt morus miilticaulis, a|)pcared as if an eastern siroeco hmi = over tliem. A luxuriant arbor vit;c, in the writer's yard, appear.-: l.'i and dying. Fruit' trees, grass, and weeds, put on the same appcaraiiie.'j We learu frimi Professor Forsliay (Inco ci.'nto), that a thorough inv gatiiui of the desolations produced by this hurricane, resulted in tiic iiiable C(Hiclusion, that the houses were destroyed l»y the outwanl ('.\| of the ;iir whicli they euntaiued, at the moment when they were truvur the annnlus. A tornado at Tuscaloosa, Alabama, occurred at six o'clcck, A. 31 the 4tb of March, 1S4'J. Its devtistatiims could be traced to tiir t west, for more than forty nules, but ii^t so far to the north-cast, were, however, not continuous, for, as Judge Cnllier informed mo. ?ii'ti ill the patli of the tempest, were uninjured, while others were (Icvii- Thus the base of the storm seems to have bounded on the -ii the cartli. In a ride with Doctors Guild and H;irringt(iii, I s;r vista it had opened through a piece of woods. The fallen troi-. a witliout a single exception, lay witii their trunks in tlic plane 'm th, fin 01 iHu with their roots to the windward, but those of the opposite siili's path were inclined a little toward the central line or axis, as if t!;e| been acted upon by lateral winds, driving inward, while the wlmlo phore was in a still more rapid movement forward. That portimi iowii over whicb the hurricane passed, as Doctor Harrington iiid Guild assured me, suffered much more, iu the foUowin;^ autumu, fruaij THE [W)t INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. G19 .idly appriiaclilnfr, >'.rihu|g city, hiivL'iulirj: ilcs lain of the umiulus. At \.\k lu'iivi'iis; lu.il, \vM!i til Y vucvt'tl to tin; r^. K. i, he si'liil euvtli. At 'i uiiUy thn>u<^li it, M''-n thut the eiti/Aiis s'.v. iiot, n arouiul tlieui. Tlr roik of time u'lt exi'oedin: firt few secoials. At t'n'.- ao- jassaire of the t.ini;vi 'Vg\ isiien^^i'in so nmi'h nn. natter, as to he imiimlu vcr it eanie in cuiit;ut. and h-.uls of vhiuts \v;i.- 1,0; s't mw\\ ef their '• ' uul their .i^n.wtlis. SUV,' ij •osuseitatcd ar.il hepi ^j in the (fanlen of the - -tl ted I'^veii the leav« ufj ,11 eastern sirneco h\<\ \^ p-iter's ytird, ani.ears hii on the same apiieiinni.r ^ „/,,), that a thoruu;ili i^!\1 ;rieane, resulted in tiiv ul j-ed by the eiilwavd «1'' t when they were truvd- ivi-ed at six o'eh'CK. A. ^( .aid be trao'd to ti.r far to the uorth-eii-^t. Collier informed me, ^1"'- while others were (h'V^i^" ■0 l.ouuded en the ^;;r;a und Harrington, I i^" as. The fallen troi-, ,jUs iu the plane of t''c . „f the eppnsUe suVs^l .j^l Vine (.r axis, as it t.e] award, while the wl.''l^ t forward. That prt.^" Doctor Harrington vA ,0 lullovving autumn, ho^ ;V'r p^i'ts of tlie town, or than it liad sufFereil provioiisly. which they ,• -1 ti> the foul condition of thu fouinlatii)n=? of the deniolisliLMl houses. lithe night of the first day of June, 1S;50, the southern part of Ten- „.. was visited hy a hurricane, the i^eiioral course of wliich was from • -wrst to north-cast. The town of Sh(dbyville suffercil more tliau any .,;, At that place, for siiveral days hefore the storm, tlie air was calm, .-anil oppressive. Early in the evcniiijj; the wind began to blow, and .tit'iirni. For several hours th(! gale increased in violence and al)-iut jht. a suit leu destruction fell upon tiio town. Every house in the 1 the storm, which had its doors and windows oj)rn. was destroyed ; . inlv escaped which were entirely r/nsct/^ precisely the reverse of wliat ihI at Natchez. The lightning was so incessant that all objects were ./itlv visilde ; but the sounds of falling houses were inaudible. At .. j-tanc! of eight miles, an observer saw two red and glowio" clouds ra'-hai"' meet, when they seemed to diiscend upim tlie town. That jn-'.Mnnscd to be the moment when the crash of houses happened. This Wi'Wus hut one of tlic destructive currents of the hurricane, for the • ;■ nf Clmrlottc, at the distance of sixty miles to the iiorth-west, and c-i'iC'iitly at right angles to tlie g(»neral course of the hurricane, was lii'stroypd. Tiie breadtii of the gale was, indt.'cd, estimated at a z\'A miles.* j'liniliiv, the 'iStli of May, 1 S09, a hurricane, more imfietuou.s than lia.«! !?i«iirred, passed over (Cincinnati. I was neither qualilicd, nor prejjarcd ;::".'trumoiits, to make all the observations, required to illustrate its ori- Kil movements ; but the following account, jmblisiied a few years after- ii'fflhraccs some well-ascertained facts, that are not deslitute of interest : Ft two or tliree days previous to that time, the wind was various, with riiii utiiioqihe-e. On the morning of the li.*^th. it veered to the south, ti'iff with violence. During the forenoon, wliile the lower chiuds were S':ra|iiilly to the north, the upper were luovini witli equal velocity to I't; iiidicating a superior current, which travi rsed the course of the :swi!i(l at right angles. Before twelve o'cdock, both strata of clouds P"llo(l oastwardly, and soon after, the west wind was perceptible at the ■'irt':ieo. By three-quarters past one o'clock, the sky was very much »1. and a narrow wdiirl-wiml, or tornado, of great force, swept impet- 'iya:russ the eastern part of the town. It deincdished a few old buiJd- i'iro\r down the tops of several chimneys, and overturned many fiuit jale'.rces. The peo[)lc in the center of the ti wn had scarcely time to ■''•^alarming operation, before their own houses were sluihen to the liti ti? liy another gale of equal violence ; this was immediately suc- **''}' a thin', ,,' ich traversed the western part of the town, with ang- Itury. By this last, a liandsomo brick edifice, desigmid for tuition, '•ii'^n down, ill con equcnee of having a cupida disproportionatt! to its 'Ji■■:■■ , .; i' I'S '■■■''''■'».«"■"■ • ■.'•■.■■ ^ ^ ■ IJ ■i, : ■<^\vir.:: .■■;::.;::'. ^ i,'-*' 'f «;.'■; ^-.■.■v^ 'v,..:.. •,•:..: .'■■'■•■. r-. -^ , 5' ■ >■" ■•■'.'■•• ■ m m .\ ' , ,■■ V'. I;»w|»!u,fcrw!v;4j,:, ■■■.■;■ . ■ ;• '•r^.. ' |;r|-..';i ,...., .\;*^ :-. ; 0:20 THE PRINCIPAI, DISEASES OF THE [ BOOK { imbitant.s escaped unhurt. A ci)[»ious sliowcr (if rain and bail, v.ith tlitn Jvadi of tiij uriiiiii'r a fra^ and liglitning, increased the terrifK; grandeur of the t^rcno. tornadoes ascended tlio hill to the north-east of the town, f fhrough the forest, wliicli remained visihlo for more thai; a yoai. Sovo»l veins of a .similar kind passed over the adj lining country, hoth S'nit'i 'n iiortli, to the distance of a hundred mil s. Tlie same huriicane. as ;ipi from the public journals, csi.'ended the Alleghanies during tlio afternodii a made its exit from the continent about eight or nine o'clock in the cvim To the soutli-wcst of this place, as far as tlie state of Teiiiie.s,«e, it fi'i- ^^ have occurred nearly at the same hour that it C(numen(ed here. 1! thut r.tato, I liavc not been able to trace it. Mr. Henry IJochtlc wli '.i; the Missis.?ip|)i, in latitude thirty-three degrees, fult notliiiiL' ni it i ■J'^tli, but experienced, on the preceding day, a brisk sonthei ii g'do : and 1 informed by Covernor Sargent that in tlie vicinity uf Natchez, the "J^tli fair, with moderate southerly lireezes, which was the case fur niaiiv before, and several days after that, on which tlie storm occiirred. •' From the history of this hurricane, although very imperfect, it iiin'iiu! "1. That it commenced to the windward. * " 2. That it traveled about eighty miles an hour. "3. That it was not derived from the Gulf of 3Iexieo. "4. That it was formed, about the same time, in the western pr'sif Oliio, Kentucky, and Tennessee, by t''0 collision of two winds, tlio rik and west; which, when combined, of necc-sity moved toward shuio i jil between north and east, with increased vehjcity and power.'"* In referring to ray meteorological register, for 1800,1 find a few aiMi'iioil facts, which seem worth}' of being introduced in connection witli tliis lirii: arf defective history. First, the haze for two nightc before the stnriii, w;i« -aefc as to generate a halo round tlie moon; second, notwiHistanding this el .JoBi condition of the atmosphere, as to vapor, there was no dew on the ni ::i«|g of the 28th; t/iii-'l, this happened from the high temperature of that imH' ing — 75° Fahrenheit — which was 15" above any other innrniiig ' ' tiie month ; and 20° above the three preceding mornings. This ri«e of t' :: ;!•• aturc began with a south wind on the afternoon of the day bcfnro, \vl : tk» mercury rose to 8;]. .5; fourth, it is noted that windows were blown ir-iti, and nothing is said of an outward blast. Fifth, wherever ci)iife!:t:atl4 veins of this hurricane passed from the interior of Kentucky to the i;i;ci of Ohio, there was liail. A few miles north of C'iiiciiniati there ^'er falls of that meteor. The first consisted of small, smooth, opako gl'' the second of irregular lumps, as large as a hen's egg, having tlie !i|fe;ir: of common ice. Sixth, in several places, lying as it were between the nado-currents. there was a thunder shower with hail, but soarecly any In connection with this hurricane, I nuy quote from the same wirk. 114, a short account of a limited and not very violent storm, wliieli pr ' on the leaves of plants an effect, almost identical with that desmuo| Natchez, by Doctor Tooley. * Pict. of Ciuciunati. !^"^K3 V i-n THE [BOOKJ i 1 and liail, v.itli tliiiud ! s«.'L'iie. Kacii lit' ».ii6 le town, funning a fra^ tliiii; a ycai. Sovor? Knintry, both S'inth a( no hnnieane. as Jijiji.'a Inriii;^ the arU'i'i'.iinii, aw c o'clock in tlif t'Vcn n* ot' Tennc?.^c, it .•^I'lm-i ll muicm-cil licre. r>'y)ii Henry Boclitlc wIm \t|^ , felt notliin;: of it nn iHH sontlicm ir'ilo: anil 1 4| ut' Xatdnz, the ll^tli .tm tho case for niaiiy o:u**» p. Icxieo. c, in the -n-cstiTn prtsrf 1 of two winds, the i')i* iioved toward sniiie pi hd power.""'*'" •(".), I find a few naa;-; imI mcction with this hrit': sd before the storm, vra? -oA itwithstanding this ol vidtf ■as no dew on the ni' viiBg tcn-.peratnrc of that ]!;■«• hor niornin? ' ' »* „ : *• . ndows were blown i'-«4' //,, wlierever coiici':!-;i>«_ f Kantncky to the in'-o^ Cincimiati there ^or-' , smooth, opake liM' errg. having the A\r'^^'- .' it were between tin lail, but scarcely any ^^i from the ?aiiio w^'k. li olent storm, fflm'M"'" ieal with that ae.^cnl:o| [IS idTlI.J INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. Cl21 111 tlic aftcrnoor of the 4tli of .May, 1^11, wo c.xperiencc'l, from the re iiuarter with tlic burricaiio just doscribtd, auntlicr of Ic^.s viidcnco; 1 (vas attemU'd wicli sonio poculiarities worthy (d' record. The weather ; vii ch;iMgcal)le throughout the earlier part (d' the day, and in the after- , inTc was a fall of bail, with but little thunder or rain. The liail- • iit t!iis place, althougli misshapen, were of the ordinary size; but in v.jteni part of the county, sume of thcin were lA' siu'|»rising nnignitude, ; iiiaiiy angular forms;. Several weighid from eight to ten ounces ;m1 measured l)etweeii iifteeu and sixteen incdies in cirrnmference. It was ■ ;;, raliu when they tell, or nnndi niisidiief woidd tin((estionably have been , Tlie hail storm was fidlowed by a Mn)derato shower of rain, and a powerful ,.; fn'iu the south-west, in whieii many ])crsons at Cincinnati felt currents v!,^ uf air, heated to a very unusual degree. On the next day, the ■■ ..f various plants was found to be destroved. Tt was cliieHv the . wiiieh grew to the windward, and were (Minsc(|uently most exposed, -iffv^red. They wero neither lacerated nor wiifcd, loit sustained an : . uiiirh, upon exjjosure to tlio sun the ensuing day, caused them to ;. Ill Some ca.ses, only the tip of tiie leaf jierished ; in others, the ■ was destroyed. ^Vhether this extraordinary effect should bo ascribed ;t. iir to a noxious (piality of the wind, is uncertain. I could not per- ' ;i)at one species of plant was more aii'ected than another; and of indi- ■lai?. growing near the same spot, it was connnoii to find only a jiurt •A" 'iamr Loomis'*^ has given an acount of two tornadoes which occurred :; iiurth-eastern part of Ohio. The first passed over the vilijige of . before daylight, on the 'i(»th of October, 1>^:{7. The latitude ui' that :;is41°ri', N. — its elevation above the sea about eleven liuiulrid In the evening there was a thunder shower. About three o'clock in :.Tniiig, a whirl wind formed, ami moved rapidly i'r(nn west to cast, for miles, with a breadth varying from forty to eighty rods. It produced aal devastation. The trees on its outer parts had their tops directed l.H'liile those near the center of the track, had them turne-42. It.s, •-ni E. N. E., ami its length en land twenty-five miles, when it -I Lake Erie, and left no further traces of its progress. The sky was I't with a dense canopy of black clouds, moving with great rapidity. (prngress of the tornado was nnirked by a huge column of a dull yel- r suuiky tinge," the lower part of which was dark and opake — the ■ ^emi-transparent. It lightened several times, and one tree was JUt the rpumtity of rain and hail which fell, was small. Houses ■'"'cdup, and many things carried to a great distance. An elaborate Miou of their distribution, and of the position of the fallen trees, ^ 1 r . 'i J? i\ il ■* American Journal of Science. ■!i. T-i;);^ ii'^JWef^r^^- iff. "' r^vi'vr • i^ '^i'm^k .£-, ,««Jf, 4^v ..,, . . ■ • ■ , , ;• K'1^i■^ " .■■■'.■■ ■'•■•-■■■ :.;:■;:.,, .■.ft 4 ,•'•.'•«*?' ■■ ■'. . ::'i-;; ■■ : ■? {. - ' • .? ■ •■■ . t Hi X i'.i :.:■■: ^ ■ ■ ; • ., • ■■■'■■ . : t'X':.'-'-"i l ■ r ■m *■■':".{ '■'•"^.o; i^ '^''>:. ' ;;■ ,^'.'-': ■ .■•;.■.■ ;■■:. ■:■, »-• .• C22 TIIH rULNCIPAL DISKASICS OF TIIK [rooi batislk'd Pnifessor Looniis, and Professor St. Joliii, of W(>ti[ii IlrNri* College, that a whirl wind really existed in this, as in tin; otlicp (it,.,.,,, » cannot i^o int'i their details; hut I'roin tlie distance of tins turiuiJi) ii(,rtl, rf the (lulf of Mexico, and its ooeurrenco near mid-winter, a noticf ( f Ij seemed neeessiiry, to :diow the wide range of distrihutiuii wliieb vi^.lui,i ta nudocs have in the Intcsrior Valley. Professor Loomis* ha.i given a tabidar view of tweiitv-ono tnriiad vliieh fourteen were in the \'alley ; and has added the lollowini; iiitcrt.-lite geiK ralizi.tions. f/rsl, that no season of the year is excnint from iLfH; but that they are mueh eonuiioner in warm tiian in eold weather, lim qh of the whole ha|)[)ened in winter, and imt two in autumn. Of tin; fnuite^i vhich occurred in our Valley, oim was in Feliruary, three in .Miuili, i.i;eii April, si.v in .^lay, one in June, one in July, and one in (Jetoher. It will kl reculleeted that the Cineinmiti tornado oeeurred in ]\Iav; ami 'il'toi' .s lafc ing of that which visited Nate'iez, on the Tth of May, T^lH, J'riil'i>. sl'.ay makes the fidlowing remark : '• I tiiul, hy investigating Sdiiicwliat, tli strange coineidenets have been leipiiening here, in regard to iuuTiiaiii,-: that we live in a region very mueh ex[)osed to them. Jn May, \^'1.\. 18"21, tornadoes traveled precisely the same track, with an iutenal. txa of a year. It is here confidently asserted, tliat they al>o oecurruil mi Tth day of tluj montii. In 18:5'J, on the same day of the same niuntli. tli^ w; s one at Kingston, fifteen mile;" from Natehe/. The prohable cohiura'i of the fair storms is very eurinus."'!" This cnncurrenee, however, is not more rcmarkalde, than tlu; aim ::; ri-, turn, at Cincinnati, on or near the same day, of rainy and stuniiy wiatl generally followed hy frost — the last of the spring. Friini l>(''.i tu isl seven successive years, there wi's rain in Cincinnati between the s-uuinl sixth days of May; generally aeeompaniid with thinider and liglitiiiii:; sometimes with very violent wind. Occasionally, this spell «( .-t weather, is posponed to the second week of the month. In tlic i;iU thunderstorms, by Ductor Engelmaiui, we see that the i' 'idjcr tur ^i '1 greater than for any other month, except June. Prom all these ;;i ■ perceive that, when the sun, in returning from the south, attains tl;at i.loi tion at noon, which belongs to the month of May, its power of excitiiii: mospheric agitations is very great; and, in reference to some of i! continues to increase to the summer solstice. A seco/i(l. generalization from Professor Loomis' table, is, tliat a . majority of tornadoes occur in the day time, and es|ie"ially betwui'ii in and sunset. A /////•'/, that they are always preceded by a h'gli tciniioititi A/onrlh, that they are invariably accomjianied by ligh'.ning nml i:iii:. frequeuily with hail. A Jij'ili, that they always move tastwnrdly, tlii' in of the whole being about twelve degrees north of cast. A sii!/i, tliut tl| average breadth is about one hundred and twenty veds ; leiigth, l miles; velocity of progress, when violent, about thirty miles anliuur; * Espy on Stornii. t Ibid,, p. 298. i'«>M INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. C'23 |.r if (l"Stra'?tivi) vii)lonf!o, forty-fivo sccdiids. A S''rni>/i, tliat liglit Ixidies ■ 'ri'iiiiently tni'isporti-'il from three to twenty mile?". An n'^lith, that very T iiiium livr^ are lost A ////////, that leeward routs are .-(MieralK taken :' •ifcMU'e to windward. A /■///■, that fowls are fro((uoiitly picked 4 i.t'tlii'iv feathers, anil liavo their hones hrokei). An »'rVrc/(///. that . ..i,i- iiver |ionds or rivc.s, water is invarialtly raised in considcrolde ;;v; showing tiiat tornad'ios imkI waterspouts are ussctially the same. nvestii'atnifr soiiiewliai k, with an inteival, ix tly, SECTION 11. CLIMATIC DISTRIRUTION OF I'J.ANT.S AND ANIMALS. ',. Hknkuu, A'liiws, — Tlio distribution of , i.iiits and animals over the - nf a hniad enntiiient, with its lakes and rivers, may justly be re;.'ar- ••tho most unerring indieati'ii of its climate; yet the state of tlic . '^-irfaco is not without its inlluein/e. Tn beginning this investigation, •-'111.' ailv.'Uitagoous, briefly to enumerate tlie various kinds uf ellmatic ;;;:• •..;i|)I)ieal Inr.ucnco. )[:iii toni|)orature determines tlie limit to the soutli and north of many |::.':zi'l bodies ; but the extremes of winter aiid sununer, exert, perhaps, !:iv:itcr iiiflueueo; the duration of the latter, esjieeially, proving favor- l;:- r uiifavm-alile to the developnumt of oei'tain species. T::' liuinidity or dryness of a climate d(;termines the limits of a great piUr of both plants and animaL>^, and often overrulis the effects of teni- IKIU'. Winds, clouds, and sunshine, doubtless have an influence, but not Iti.-. [icrliaps, very appreciable. EI viitiim above the les'el of tlie sea, by its influence on tem])erature and |;.:..'i;ty limy cause a deflection of the line of limitation; but there is to suppose that it nuiy act in other, not very obvious modes, in attraet- |;.' rrcjii'lliiig l/otli plants and animals. The course of mountain chains, ;-•'' 'ii'b.survoil to exert an effect : thus, when they run from north to south, MMiifliionce is greater than when they range from cast to west. lU' Sil! has a manifest agency in the distribution of organized b(idies, es- r'av [limits; which may be seen miicli fu ther south or nortli, wiiere the li:.:-niiigoiiial to them, than where it is not On a similar principle, tiie r-v;i:e (ir absence of their appropriate food, may determine a greater or iKi'bsomination of animals. i'. 'inir.se and the character of tlie waters, of great riveis. often extend IfHtrain the dissemination uf lioth plants and animals, particularly birds Itilislios. fi'i%, the art and enterprise of man, carry many ]ilanls and animals I-' 'wcongenial clinnites, where, by being protected and elierished, they at I .'"t aeelimated ; and, undergoing certain modiflcatiuns of physiology, !•< iuqiermanent denizens. f ' .' , ^ . »;'5i - . '1 . 1 *' ^ I 'if mi I »p™35r«wHi^£].'.' ■■ '■(■ ■■ ..y ■?-.:':' r ^1 V'.-'^i :••■ m^ ■ ■■■■•' ^j' ■< ^:^ .^t;': :■ > . ■ ■tc!' ' Vt-'P. ''I * ■■ :iK "'■• < • r r, ■ -,.•■>• *; . '. ■ M> ■•■■ ■■ out THE PRINCU'AL DISEASES or THE I'' ml Tims the rjlatiniis of orr^aiiizcil bciiirrH to soil, clini.itc. .-irid t'(„,(l a pruhlt'iii ol'tcii (lilVii'iiIt to sulvi;; but always of tluliirlitful ihtfrcsi 1 tlie iiliv.^idlofrist and patluilogist. II. Ol.niATIC (iKOCKAl'HV OF OUK NatIVK Pi.ANTS.— 1. On t|;o\vi..f sitlt! of tlio (luU' of Mt'X' tt belt of low I.nid htrfti-hcs fi-i m tl,,. ,„,. ; of Yucatan, to tlio (b'lta c ' !Mi.>isissi|(|ii, (riadiiallv widoninjr, as tl,r li coast tnMids to tlit' iiortli-c. . iiid leaves tlic CurdiJIeras. This wit],;, limits of tlio r('iiulilic of Mexico, is called the liirras C(ilinile< m' h, t mates. Tlio souflierii pavt of tliis belt, iireseiits all tlic j,'raiid aiid lux evor'."Teii vegetation, t\i the tro|iii'al regions This |i(.rt!on of ttie ■/,., is (diisely pressed by the nmnntains, in the midst of which stamLs tln'ijtv Mexico. As we ap|irnacli tlio mountains, the vegetation undrrirncs a cl;;,!, similar to, but much more rapid than, that wliicli occurs in traviliiv ihH In the language of tliat great observer of nature,* " TInrc are tew r. in the new continent, where tiie traveler is more struck with the asscinli of the most opjiosite climates. All the western part of thi! intci of Vera Cruz, I'orms the declivity of tlie Cordilleras of Aiialiuac ! space of a Any, the inliabitants descend from the regions of eternal sikiw ^ pbiins in tlio vieiinty of tlie sea, wliore tlie most suffocating lujit iiii . Tlie admirable order with which different tribes of vegetables rise ;i1im anotlier by strata, as it were, is no where more perceptible than in ;b inf; from the port of Vera Cruz t(t the table-land of I'eroto. AVc so ■ the ])liysiogrioiriy of the country, the aspect of the shy, the fi.nii of | the figures of animals, the manners of the inhabitants, and tlio liii.il : tivatioii followed by them, assume a different appearance at cvn; of our progress. " As we ascend, nature ajipears gradually less animated, the hcaiitv vegetable forms diminishes, the shoots becomes less succulent, and tin : ers lesscidorod. The aspect of the jN'Iexican oak quiets the alarms df i! ers newly landed at \'era Cruz. Its jircsence demonstrates to liini tl a: has left behind him the zone so .justly dreaded by the people uf tla' m under which the yellow fever exercises its ravages in New Spain. Tlii- inl rior limit of oaks, warns the colonist who inhabits the central tal le-hiiid.lii far lie may descend toward the coast, without dread of the mortal tlisi;i>o the rnmilo. Forosts of liipiid amber, near Nalapa, anuouiue by the In ness of their verdure, that this is the elevation at which the chnuls, sii-| dcd over the ocean, come in coniact with the basaltic sumniit.s, of tlio ('> r lera. A little higher, near la ]3andarilla, the nutritive fruit of tlio lai,; tree comes no longer to maturity. In this foggy and cold region, tlit'iv!' want spurs on the Indian to labor and excites his industry. At tlio lii of San Miguel, pines begin to mingle with the oaks, Avhich are found liy traveler as high as the elevated jilains of Peroto, where he beholds tlif lightful aspect of fields sown with wheat. Eight liundrc:! metres liiglior, coldness of the climate will no hmger admit of the vegetation of oaks; tin m m \ 4 tep tbi f» « Pol. Essay on the Kingdom of New Spain Vol II, p. 165.— Amer. ed. riir. [ Bi >0| I iinmtc. {iiid toml, |.rii.( lightful iiiluri'sl, li,tli| s'Tfi.— 1. On till) \\(.te|| ■tflll'S tVi 111 tllU Jil'llili.lll lly wiiU'iiiiij;, us til' lidf illiTUs. '1 Ills, witliiii ti rras Cnli iilc\ dV In t i| 1 tlio ;:niiul ami liixuriaii s j)nrtiiiii lit' till' /...III' liA f wliicli htaiids til.' litvip utiiiii uiiilrrL'iiL'H a i!;:iii^ (H-riivs ill tr;ivflii;-' i, itk, *■ " Till ri' arc tew rij tnu-k with the a!-siii.l.|iii jiavt of till' iiitt'i.iL'iH 'vas of AiialiuiH'. in' :ioiis of otenial simw, i tt siifl'iicatiug huat [iiv. i]| [■ vi'gctaliU'S rise ali. \. pen'optilik! tliaii in ii>.Tiil I (if IV'rotc. AVf Mil! be >'lej hia, amiouiiee hy the tv whieli the clouds, sn-' lltic summits, of theC'iJ Itritivo fruit of the lai a \ aiul cedd region, t\)CK-'<\ lis industry. At the li |iks, wliicli arc found hy _ whore he hohohl^ t!..' hundred metres higk'r. i he vegetation of oaks II, p. 165.-Amer. ed. INTKRinil VALLKY OF NORTH AMHKFCA. «25 . Imo there cover the rueks, whose summits enter the zmu; id' eternal t Thus ill a few liuurM, the naturalist, in this inirai'ulnus {(iiintry. as- . the whole sealo of vo,:;etuti.iii, fr.iiu tlo' lo'Iio'iiiia'^ ami the liamiiia [datit, „ jiliissy leaves swtdl out into extranrdinary dimensions, to the ."-tuufeiJ !uiim of the resinous trees!" Ar iiiiid the niirtlnrii eurvc of the (lulf of Mexien, fniiii the Hiu Jcl • tu Tainiia IJay. wi; have a native veiri'tatinu of a dill'oroiit hiiid, and ;siri"iis growth, where cverirreens ami dcoiiliinus trees ami shnilis arc : 1 tiL'i'tlii'r. Many of the plants of this /mie are limiteil to the euast, 'J iri'ViTiiii,' its saliiK! soil ami atmiis|iliere. rather than from the necessity teliiuate; liut others advamte into the Interinr A'alley : and hy the .11 which they extend, indieatc the elimatie influence. I will rite a T i)lv fiiiind near the Mississi|i|ii, or in the ri'iiinii to its east. 1 1./ Iiiii'- leaved pine (I*/niis aw.s7/v///,s)o\eisliadiiws all the dry and sandy Ijj .111' I'Tirida. and reaches to a certain distance into the interinr of Ala- imi Mississippi, and Loiiisiuna. I have not seen it altove the thirty-third L-M; hut as it appears mi the Atlantie euast as hiL'h as the tliirly-sc- a I'liaiiii!!' in soil, rather than of climate, arrests its higher extiiisiun •hiteriiir Valley. ■livi'iiak { Qi/n-ri/s- rirci/s) which dcli'.'lits in a wet and fertile sidl, has litr'iiility fur the sea-enast. Along the Mississippi and Alahania Ivivers, I |ji i.t met with it above the latitude of tlorty-two and a half or thirty- ID 'L'irroos. : 'ivpross (Ciiprrssim ilht'irha') constitutes the governing tree in all tlio -M.f the northern curve of the (julf; and ascends its rivers, ln'cmning -. iilly hleiided with mure northern trees. In the thirty-third parallel, it ►vsseareo; but occasionally shows itself to the thirty-seventh, wherf iiiiis the iMississippi. I ' \lnu'ii"li'i- isrdniiillwn, abounds in the rich soils wdiich are frei- from jtiiii: and is found from the (lulf to the thirty-thinl degree of lati- k-;l;utif protected from the winter, while ymiiig and tender, it will grow iiri.ea.s far north as the thirty-eighth degree of latitude, and, perhaps, •itr. "i'-^viwi ^\\m (Jjiqind'imher sfjirncllJiia^ imi\ the pecan {Curi/n ulircr- f'').irohoth southern trees, which abound in liouisiania ; but decrease in "'tr, become siditary, and are rarely seen above the thirty-ninth parallel. fr^jnooimeiis may serve for the tree vegetation; lut I must intrnduco i*''f a (lift'erent kind. ":4.'tiie ( '/jsc«'/i ?"cr/Jc?"//'?///7«) abounds on certain trees around the ('.Mexico; but is not, I believe, found to the north, beyond the fortieth m-i'i '■ ■" (Mii's^ia mai'rncarp'i') overspreads the rich and wet lands of the "'• Mississippi, whore it attains the liigho of thirty feet. Up that river to FWy-sixth degree, it forms impenetrable brakes beneath the lofty cot- .*.. .:l • Michaux: Hist, des Arb. For. d L'Am. Sep. Tom. I. Ir irij • i' • .^ i ■ •" ,Jf:-:^' ■ i. .. .■;■ ..M ' '■..':' ' '■ . ' > 'Ilit'i' '-' \ ■ ' • IH*^^'-'" -'i.A ---:■. ^. ' ■• ■ ¥r ';'■■;'■>■ ft]*Sl': .;<-.*■.... '.: .. '. r .*" .^■'. ifesai'^.^i *•' ■ ^ ' ' » '■ Hlli •" ■'; -■:■ ^liiij|if:'f..-vi ;. *»' G20 THE PRIXCirAF, DISRAHKS OF TIIK tiiii tri'i's; ami oxtcnds, with (liiiiinisliiiig size, iicurly t(» tlio tliirty-nintli, furtlirst [mint lit wliicli I liavc seen it, in Miiysville, Kentucky, in .\ | , ys'^ J.')'. Tlio liiiig iiKiss (l'i//iiiiilsi(i iisni'dl'/i's) JH Iniiig ill sdiiilicr fistonns fr, t„ |!,i lliulj.s (jf tin' cyprc.'S ami many (itlior .soiitlicni trt-i-s, \\iii(;Ii ^\;,w \u-itt \\i rivci'rf, III' ill swamps, '[iiitc (Lwn to tln^ (iiilf nf Mexico. On the rjv.r. Aluhania, I liavK ml m'I'ii it aliovc tlio latitude' of tlility-tlirue tlc^'rut's nurtijl but 111! tilt! Mississiiipi, lialt a dc^'ifc lii;.'lMT. Tlu' "^outli (lillVrx iVoiu till! iiitt'iior in liaviiij.' ft'WiT annual ilowcrin^MlniJ in jtropiirlioii to tlio numlicr of its flowcrii;^' slinihs an 1 vini's. It als.j iiJ fiL'iits miirli less of grassy surfnco tliaii we liiid furtliev to tlic iwirtli. 55. Wi- cuiic now to till' iniddli' latitudes. A zone cniniiiiscd lirtunntB parallels of tliirty-six and forty-two. a mean tem|ierature wliicli raiii.'is !nj ti^ty-ei^llt degrees down to inrty-eight degrees, I''alireiilieit, is tliat will cinlM-ai-es tlio greatest variety of forost troes ; and witliin wliicli tl:c\ :.'J orally attain Mie Inl'tiest magnitude. 'I'lii! most eoiimioii and (■iiiiSMriiil aro, several kinds of oak (Qucrcus), ash ( I'la.nnvs), walnut (.///:' hickory (C^iriia), dogwood (Cor mis,') elm ( I'lnn/s), Iniekeye ( .7vi'//(,>i. honey locust {(l''''li/siii), w'lite flowering locust ( liol in'm), liackli (C('///,s^), niaples (Acn), heeeli ( la^iis), tho yellow poplar (ir tiili|i ti| (Li ' /■I'/eiiil niii), and the I'nttoii troo (I'djiii/i/s). These ticcs ainl tli associates, are all deciduous. They separate the magnolia gianl.'I live o;ik, pecan, cypress, cane, and long moss of the south, t'luin pines, firs, hemhu-ks, hirches. and certain oaks, of the north. To t!ic > hi Borne of iheiii do not advance t'lirfhcr than the thirty-third parallel; iilJ are found in hummocks as far as the thirty-second, and others rcadi Gulf, through the delta of the Mississippi. At the eastern e.vtreniity of the zone, where it nicels tlio A]|al;i i\rountaiiis. these trees are replaced hy .several species of pi:,e and i ak other t!'c(^s which flourish in ciol and rocky Incalities. To the west, it |'. the Mississippi, and stops at the margin of the desert, with tlio exinU that a few sneeios ascend the rivers of that irreal reiiion. To the north, the forests of the temperate latitudts extend to the find coasts of Lak(; Superinr ; and while all the species do not liuWoutt' latitude, others ailvaiiee far heyoiid it. Ohservations have not. however, heeii made iu a snflicient iiunilicnf | Ces, in that inhospitaljle wilderness, to reveal the limits of all tin' -; The buckeyes (/T^^rn/x^) are among the most limited in northern v\u I have not seen them beyond the valley of the Cuyahoga, in N. but. ^1 but Wright enumerates one species as a tree of Michigan,* wliiih A Uion^ iiiirtheru limit. The white flowering locust {linlinia} has iiitui northern extension. Tt is not mentioned in the flora just quetcil Banie is true of the blue ash (rrrixi/nis). On the other hand, tlic tree (Ai-rr snrchirinuni) increases iu size and number, after ffc ]i;i: * Geological Reports. Till. >f|f«» ufi • to till! tliirty-iiintl. Tli le. Ki'iituiky, ill N. l,;i siiiiilicr f('st'' [r^ rtlicr to tlu> imrtli. ;iiiu! I'liiniivisi'tl lii'twciii ili iporiituri' wliich ran|.'*ii Falireulicit, is tlmt wli^ uihI witliiii wliii'li tl'i'v '■ t r(.niiuiiii ''I'l'l c.iiisi'KiKii lii"t (./":' 7s), Imclii've (.■7:w'-/i,- ,cust (K"/ (■"'"). ^""''^'i yellow ].oi.lar or tuli|. tr| 7.s), TIh'SC tvirs ami I'lij :e tlio inajrnolia jrvaia' ,i;3 „f the SOUtll, tVnll of the lu.vtli. Tn t!,.' « III . tliivty-tliii-a V!>''alVI'. 'I'l ,.,•.,,1(1, ami "tt'^'V^ '■''"■'' ,,.,. it meets the Apval:' ^,„-.-iesof vine ami . uk, \^ laities, Tntliexvost.itr. „, assert, Nvith the cxi-i: .,( veiiiiiii- ,,,it,ui.sexteiultotktni-l| „L.cii'S do not hul.l out i • i„ a suffieient iiumkTof the limits ..f iillt^'^'^1' I limit ed ill northern .^itr |('uvaho-a, !'>>'■ ''"*•'' ■if ".J lot' Mii;liig«i> the f^nva just qui till INTKRIOR VALI.KY OF NOIHII AMI'.IMCA. c-n t)H the Other liaiul, tl>t" ^'^ ■and uunihcr, after wc ^ ,,,,!' iiieau tei'iperaturo of thu Nalluy — wliieli is lil'ty di';rrfes I'aliroii- ly: ;iiiil ruii;.'e» liitweeii tlie i'orly-lir.if mid forty-.^et'ond paialli Is. Aiound ;• Liki'.". ii|' to liakc Sii|iriii.r. it i.s one of tlio most conmioii frees, ining- iivlf, ill thu fertile s.'ils, witli hinlics, pines, and liciidocks; Imt Major ;.im'Siiot ineiitioii it anion;,' tlie trees olistrvi'd on Kainy Kivir, liotweeii irtyi'i;:litli and forty-ninth decrees of latitndf. The syianiorc ( l*'iitii- |i, ii;is iierliaps, nearly the saiiio northern limit vvitii the siiuar tree. Tho IcMi Wdiid [I'lijiiilus'j, wliieli crows at the month of the Mississippi, was vjv.^lajor lioii;:. on lied Uivcr, near the forty-eii^hth parallel. I'mally, |H;. hniiiiiiioinl,'^ who spent .some time at (hiinlierland House, on tlie Sas- |uyi,:iwaii Kiver, N. Tiat. ^i->° >u\ has driven a catalnirno „t' the tree.s ob- Ip 1 iirniiiid that I'nr-tradiiii,' po>.|, in whifh. of all heloii^dn^' to the fmests l!'l:'.'t.'iiijit'rnte region, hu mentions only aii ash and an elm; adding, that liiv||i"SC(l he was there, at the higlie,>>t northern liiiiit of tlie genera to which IvhTliijiin!:. The animal nu.'aii temperature of that latitude eaninit lie far btiiiiiy-two degrees Fahrenheit, which may lie that which limits the ar- IVrMiit fliiru of the middle latitllde^i: while a mean tciii|ici aliire of sev- : -rAi ili'grees impo.ses a southern limit; thus giving to the divei.«.ilied l;>!>iif tho middle latitudes a range of forty decrees of mean tcniper- h. The triH's which eharaeterize the nnrthorii regions, and are I'onnd iiiter- .'"Initli those of the temperate eliniates, at the jniiction of these /.laie.s, •..:> fnrty-fourth to the forty-eighth parallels of latitude, are ihiefly :,ij (/i/«/ '> ), the lialsaiii poplar { l*o/)iiliis), arlmr vitio or white |nir (7'//«/f()> juniper (,l"n/]irnts), larcdi (Lmii), red, white, and tmi'l; ]iiiic (/*/«'/>), and several kinds of spruce, lir. and heinhick 1.1 1. .Must of these are evergreens; and thus, after traversing the zone I'lmis tree.s. we come in the north to forests of evergreens, which wo fil:! ill tlio south, 'i'lie northern arhoresceiit llnra, cciiimeiicing alioiit i 1 rty-tliird parallel, marly ceases before wo reacli the pnlar circle. ill lii'luw tho sixtieth degree! of latitude, the nuinhcr of spiM-ies is greatly KM and those which remain are stiuitcd. l)r. liiclianlson.r near tho |ii:iiif XoLsoirs River, about N. Lat. r)(l°, where, at tho depth of a few I"-, the soil 13 perpetually fnzeii, found few other forest trees, than wi'yi. liirclios, and jioplars, all of a reduced size. About I'ort JCnter- P-N. Lat. (j-l° '1^' he saw stunted spruces and a few birches. Tn tlieso f-fi'irean regions, however, there is some variety in tho decline of vego- f". Aliiig Mackenzie's Uiver, near the IJocky .Mountains, trees are found l-f'T latitudes than they grow further east. On the alluvial banks of F "I'T, the spruce fir, which Dr. Richardson* regards as the most northern ■ itlie Valloy, reaches the latitiulo of sixty-eight degiees, the canoe birch hiji'.aring thirty or forty miles before. Willows are found at the very mouth '-' river, as willows grow at the mouth of the Mississippi. On the ii.vuuen iHo-Ws Rotniiical Miscellany, Vol. I., p. 180. j-'Mive of a Jo':rnpy to the Shores of the Polar Sea, paj^e 'IIG. Itl. mmm I r il'i ■• ' ■ j|vi..- ■■ ■ •••'■■> -..■■ v- .... . • ; ■•< V. «..*■- • I .%-■'. '•:-,-W: ■:..■■ ' '"4 '-,1 ■'. - ■■*'■■■■ ■■ •",:. I'H . .' ;> V! V ,j,i ., .J- •■» . V ',■'•' i i-l*i4 ^ ■ " ' ■■' '■ ■' ■ '^^ ^' ■'"' ■ .'ii • ■ '.'t ■',- . .. 628 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE [ nooK i GROU\n3, to tlie oast of ^racketizie's Rivor, tlio tree vogotatidn was pi, itctl, that Captain liack* :iiul his ]iarty iiad to depeiid iikiImIv on iimv, fJ fuel. Still, even within the ])olai- circle, there are many small >])nilis, wMA affoid horries ; and, alsr,, a snnnner herhaceons vegetation, ecu. .sii^tinrr i,f liuiitci' number of .s[)eeies, which come to maturity by a rapid I'ruwt I must refer, for a mnment, to the desert beyond the Mi.ssii^.^ipiii. 'f; aridity iif its climate, and the very une(jnal distribution of rain tlirnif'li the year, much more than a dilferenec of temperature, ,<:ives tii this i-n region its vei^etable peculiarities. To these meteorohioieal infiuencts. mav ascribe the comparative absence of many forest trees ai;d swc-v herbaceous plants, which flourish in corresponding latitudes on the i ,i side of the Mississippi; and to the same conditions we nniy ro!i :■ presence of the numerous artimesias, sonu) of which are sutrruticusr. constitute the fuel of the Indians; and of all the eactaeea}, except ,'i v species — the common prickly pear — which are found in the Intovinr Va Having taken an imperfect and rapid view of the rclatim's between climates, and a few tif our native plants, I will proceed to say suwcii.; those which are cultivated. 111. Ci.niATic (Jkockai'U.' op ova Cultivated Pi.axt.s. — We In. before, within the tropics : The banana (^}[//sa parmliHaca), constitutes the leading artirlo nf ration on the t'erras ca/ienti's of tropical 3Iexico. I cannot sneak ' : northern limit. Coffee has not, as yet, been introduced further north tijaa tlie i;! of Cuba. Sugarcane, which attains its greatest develojnnent in the tiinil zone, cultivated on the banks of the Mississipiii, as high as the tliirty-ijr.>t ik- of lititude. Rice is chiefly [ilanted below the thirtieth, but would succeed in a li. latitude. Cotton is a prolitablo crop to the latitude of thirty-six degrees tli minutes, and will sometimes ripen a degree and a half further north. INFaize, or Iniiau corn, produces three crops, in tlie course of the v between the tropics. Its accommodation to climate is greater thai: that if of the plants which have been mentioned. In the latitude of tliirty-niiio. il sometimes bitten by early frosts ; but will bear cultivation ton il'.' further north. On Rainy River, in latitude t\irty-eiglit degrees tl' minutes, and at Pembina, on Red River, in forty-nine degrees, Majer L' ascertained that it had ripened, but the yiehl was small. At Fort Ga a degree further north than Peinl)ina, I am inf irmed. by Captain Li!i it will not oonie to n\aturity. The mean annual temperature 'if l\'nil canunt 1)0 far from thirty-eight degrees Pahreiduiit ; that of suuiiiitr, ' sixty-four degrees. ^'11 fl:>: thi a,:.. •d Mfil olHl^M :Tmm Ixt H fl hi mb •ti- a^'ha itill> ^H'iiire 1^1 lie ^Kt:i..Ie i^B.'i^r. Arctic Land E.vpoditiou, page 3J6. 1 Second Expedition. ftev .f :airt-, ? OF THE [nooK ] 'ir-ii] INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERIC\. G20 ! tree vogetatinn vras so limjf (I ilepciid mainly hrulis. wMd IS vegotutinii. c(i\.i ; nictc'iivdlngieal inilueiici ■ y f<>roi*t trees and ?uiM-i iding latitmles cm tlie im conditions we may ren i )1:' ■'.vhich are suffruticusc 11 the par-taeecc, except a ~ no found in tlie Interior \ t' (if tlie relations lietwv, ill proceed to say suineii,'. nvATED Plants. — We W-r tes tlio leading artiile nf i;]| Mexieo. I cannot speak ct I t :^4 n tin ^> ■'7' •« J further north than tl ir bla veloimicnt in the torrid zmiej s high as tlie thirty-Srst 'hd, 1, but would succeed in a liiJ uc ml do of thirty-six degrees tliij and a half further north. rops, ill the course of tlio y« liniate is greater tluintliat.;! n the latitude of thirty-i.ir.'. i| 11 bear cultivaiion ten '1'; Itudo forty-eight degree^ tn forty-nine degrees. Maj-r h ield was small. At F^rt l.aj ,n informed, liy Captain h-ttj annual temperature m1 IVn.li '.aircnheit; that of siuum^' ' Second Expedition. T.'jffPL>t potato (Conrohmlns bal/atax), belongs to the soutli, but may , ;;iiv;ited in .sandy soils to the fortieth or forty-first parallel. ',; Irish potato (S'lhiniim /«/)«''y;>//ot), although, jierhaps, a native of u'lth, has a(M|uired a northern acclimation. Tiiward the sliores of the i'.it'Moxieo it is inferior in size, and amylaceous development ; but improves th as we go north, and in the latitude of furty-threo or forty-luar ; it? highest perfection. 'Viiit, according to Iluinboldt, cannot bo profitably cultivated below an -iiiimuf four thousand feet, in the latitude of 1'.*'-" N. In the states around iliilf of Mexico, ten or twelve degrees further north, a toleralile yield obtained, but the flour is inferior. As we advance into higher lati- ;;.\this cereal improves both in the (pianlity and quality of its grain, and .i>tH attain its most perfect deveio[»mont in ."Michigan and western New :k; where, in the forty-third degree uf latitude, the mean temperature is ".t t'irtv-six degrees of Fahrenheit. It has been successfully cultivated, irV'jr, at Fort Liard, on .Mackenzie's Kiver, in the sixtieth degree of rile, lis I am inforiiied by Captain Lofroy. Thus it has a wider range Ii; "range ti^o is sometimes destroyed below the tliirtieth parallel ; but \h ripens a sour fruit to the thirty-first, where, however, it is but little I'Utfll. 1/ fiir produces well up to the thirty-third degree, beyond 'vliieh it |>:'.;iO; winter protection. laqiridc of china {Mel.ia n-ederac/i), flourishes, as a shade tree, to the iti'le uf thirty three degrees, and might, perhaps, be introduced to still I!iep''ach, which l)ut partially sheds its leaves in winter, around the (Julf iDI'iic'i, ripens its fruit as far north as the forty-third parallel, but ullords !;ia'rtaiu crop. T^;'; apple, on the other hand, attains but little perfection below the thirty- t'llogree but; improves as we advance northerly, to the limits of existing itivatiiin. ;>iitations which have been made, indicate the thirty-third degree of Jfvdeasone which constitutes, more than any other, a climatic limitation 'lit!, both indiijenous and cultivated. Thus the white flowerinsj; locust, ti>^ye, sugar tree, honey locust, blue ash, and apple tree, arc rarely seen 'f that degree ; and the long-leaved pine, live oak, magtudia grandi- jriileof china, fig, cypress, and long muss, are as rarely met with above 't:arallel. Tliese facts indicate a sudden change of climate which, Imw- 5'lmit.s of explanatii n. The Cumberland 3Iountaiii, an outlier of tho Maeliian chain, when it reaches the northern jiart of Georgia and Ala- BitMiiithe n(H-th-east, turns to the west, and traversing tlie upper part 'j- latter state, sinks to the general level of the country, in the north- '■■''iciirnor of the State of 3Iississippi ; thus forming a ranqiart of hills, ■ ' ivhioh are more than a thousand feet in higlit, which ranges between ■^•fty-third and thirty-fourth degrees of lati'iJe. On the opposite or • f ■■■i! Ml !■■ 1 ...■ 'f I >\-': ■<' ■ I' # ' ''■• ' ' '■!!^ ■ ■ ; ■•■■ ' I.---* ■...': '■. ■ 1 k r.f :■,^^■t■■xy■■y•■■y'■■r■■ W^'-:t •■^■■;■; ■,•■.■;:/■••'• . ■■'' G30 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE [book I 1 wostoni side of tlic Mississi|)|ii, in tlie same latitudes, are tlio Ozark Mmh tains, wliii'li travi'rsLi sdiillicni .Missdiiri, cross (lu; ^^tatc of Arkansas tliroiigli tlio iiortlii'ni jiart of liouisiaiia, and Iosl; tiieinsclves in the I |i (.'Sta'-ad 1, or the I'oc-ky Mountains, of wliiuli tlioy may be reiiardnl .i^ &; lateral shoot. Many of tlio O/arks liave an elevation «jf fifteen ! i X foet. Now the distance hctwccn these, and the last cxtreniitv uf tl. ('nn^ licrland Moimtaiii on the eastern side of tlie Mississiimi. does nu\ . K,»#f two hundred miles; and tlius the northern curve of the (luli'is hack' ij ui parallel range of highlands, through which there are no other oneiiinL's, tl t!iose whirh give passage to the Mississippi and Arkansas Jiivers. Ti country soutli of this range, fr< ui the western edge of Georgia, ti soutliern boundary of Texas, eudiracing the states of Louisiana, Mi^-i•,l||| Alabama, and part of Florida, consists of an aniphitlieatrio .series <>[' al vial, diluvial, tertiary ami cretaceous jdains, having a gentle, si.ii'' declivity, which constitutes the licn'^is ra/iniirs of tlie nortlierii are nf tl Gulf. It is not until the traveler from higher latitudes, has pasM-1 nortiieni boundary of this ampldtlieater, until ho has descended heljw Miig phis, and tlio moutli (d" the .\ikansas IJiver, that he realizes, b, a clian.'i the aspect of vegetation, that he has entered a new climatic region. Thernuimetrical ol)servations have not yet been made, wit!i siiffi'i exactness, to detornune tlie extent of this change of climate; whirh, hot ever, is made manifest, almost a niu-h by disease as by vegetatinii. every feitile and wcdlii, habited porti n of the country, to the S'lntb irf t| hilly rampart, the diseases have more of a southern character, than t^ nortli. Passive congestion largely takes the place of inilanmiatiiiii>: malignant intormitteuts and renuttents iiccur with gr atei* freipiencr. V !fli| , fever, whicdi has repeatedly prevailed in alnuist every town up the .M ■■ill sippi, to ^'ieksburg, in N. Lat. 3::'* 124', has never, but om-e, roaelnil phis, in latitude :>.J^, and has not prevailed at any intervening town, its limits, on the whole, have been those of the live oak, cypress, iinilla moss; and it will not, any more than they, bo found among ap[)lo eivL;ii wheat fields, and groves of blue asli, sugar uiaple, and tlie arhim-' buckeyes. IV. Climatic Distribution of ouh Animals. — The inflncnee of mate on auimal life, constitutes the end for which a physician stmlies meteondogy of the country in which he labors. To understand tiiis i'H ence, it is not ,-unicient to consult his thermometer, hygnnueter, ami insfrmnents of science; but he must also look at the species and li;il'itu of animals which live upon its surface, or in its seas, lakes, river.-;, ami aiii phere. In doing this, he will find that climate, in addition to itsdii'iet, !,ij indirect effect on the distribution of animal forms; through its iiifiiiciic the growth a d dissemination of plants, which constitute the foml -! greater number of animals, especially those which arc the prey "1 1 carnivorous. The limits of this worlc do not permit a full exhibition of tlie m' tions of animal form and physiology, which the different cliniati'* '-! |tl't:it'ree IS-.: mi 01 : riie ,, i; llivor { 'i-tutllS ■MiKiiiy |Ei iNllfillCt |L;:it!:cy\V( Tlie va.^ Ii= ^'Ttl', t.i llcT':;; ii*' ' ■-"Id: an riiie vi' '^ 'Jiie va; ;le. t^gut W'-'SM] of !»;.'. ;vr;iii( !':■■ :^« dry -itteiii|iti .•Vall,y, Gitrii perl ■• '''it. for i'v of iiii J.'i. nor f^'-r Cullcar ' 'Miia, a ilied; fill '"t'l relate '0 iiioa'T iffinialia, »si ' f 1)1 :iiE [rook ■,r "•. INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. G31 , ave the Oz;irk Miuij •tiitc of Arkiiiisii^, jiai loniselves iu tlu' l (if Goiivgia, l< t^ of Louisiana, Mis-i->iii|| )liitlifatvu! series cf ;:',ltt- iviiip; a geiitU', si.i'.t'.a f the i\Mrt!iern ari' > ' tht Luitudrs, hiis i>;i>-' 1 ibl las ilcsi'ended Ix.'l I'v M % lu' veali/i'S li,- :' e!ia;:..:« w cliniatie regiim. )een uuule, wit'.i s^u!. ««» go of climate ; wlii''!;. '»• Jliso as by vegetation, h finntvy, to tlio south w' tli liern "draracter, than i ^ th dace iif i\iilauimatiiii;>; ;il| 21- aterfveiincncy. ^^ Iw : every town up the ): ' .,>v. but onre, roa.;hc>l .^1*1 my iutervoniiig town. live oak, cyi-res^, an^l omul auuuig applo Hvliaii |uaplo, and the arhuv-'S j,s.__Tlic itiflucnei' of |ioh a pbysinun s^tndies To understand tm- !'i^ Uotor, bygrouioter, aiiA " (at the species and hM^ kea?, lakes, rivers ami atq [„ addition to its direct, lial l-n,s ; througli Us ioA";'";^ , constitute the fo"J -; wbich ave tl.cpvertl 11 exhibition of the w'\'-^ Ithe different climates .'. I VW present ; while, on tlic otlior hand, it wuiikl be imperfect, without the .,,; wliicli I am about to introdr.co. lif.Johii liichardson, in hisadmiralde jiaper on Xortli American Zodlon-y/i" .;;i.ullv pointed out the great geograiihical and hydrographical features ,1 liiiitincnt, wliich cooperate with climate, in extt'iiding or restricting ;;i!ii'e, or determining the species of our animals. Vt'itli tliese a.-pect.s . rii'l-'i" is already .so well acquainted, from the ih.'seriptions of 7*'// 7, itiliU'C enumeration of them will Ik; .sulTieient for our present jmrpise. 1. Tlio general eour.so of cnir mountain chains, is from south to north ; l-:,aiiiuli it results, that the quadrupeds of the Valley, liy (diliqucly a.-ccnd- .■iitir slopes, ir'y continue tlie'r migrations to u murh lower latitude, ...wuiild otherwise be practicable; while those whi'di inlialiit tlic iiniuu- ,;:iiv. also, invited into southern latitudes by the same reason, 'liiis is ;i!udiigiius to what we observe o*' various plants, as the apple, wl'cat, ... I'icr cereal grains; which, passing by the plains that surround the Gulf, : ; i;:iil iiM the terraces and talile lauls of ^lexim, within the tropict:. : The course of our great rivers, the Mi.-^si>,--iiipi, the Nel,-on (im ludiiig River of Lake Wiiinij)eg), and Ma(;ken/ie's liiver, the Orst of which l.^tiithe south, the two otiiers to the north. 1'hese rivers n(it only .•'imuiy fishes beyond the latitudes to which they wi.uhl othcrwi.^c have iCMiifiiiud; but, also, promote the migration of certain Ijirds into climates L. I they would not have eiiicred. , The vast grassy plains, which stretch from near tlie moutli of tlie Rio 1. y Tti', to the mouth of ]Ma(dcenzie\s Ivivcr, through more than forty sn'' latitude, without being interrupted by a single deej) ani' impassa- ".'L', an herbless desert, or a transverse range of mountains, greatly 1. rtiiLMii'le lango of our quadrupeds. I'.ie vast number of lakes which lie above the forty-second parallel of L: le. tngether with the inland sea, called Hudson I'ay, favor the northern mJ.tin of birds of passage ; and, no doubt, increase the number of those K.L«riild traverse the continent from soutii to north, if its whole surface I.: '-ilry as the plains to the west of the Mississip|)i Kivcr. ittinipting to indicate the climatic distribution oftlie animals of the Tntc- '•alky, I find the stock of materials exceedingly deficient. For its Uni portions, the observations of .Dr. Ilichardson are suflicientlv ain- • Ut, for the middle and southern divisions, there is no corresponding -'■ of iufurmation. Neither the Fauna Anicricana of tlie late Dr. tan, nor the Amerlmii Natural Ilistorj/, of niy lamented friend, and H culloaguo. Dr. Godman, supplies the facts \Nliich are needed; the 'iMiia. attached to our state geological surveys, are but few, and they i'li«l; finally, the books of scientific travels, which have been pub- pi relate chiefly to the middle and northern latitutles of the A^illey. J mlic meagre notices I am about to give, I shall commence with the •^ixtli Annual Report of the Briliiih Association, pago ];21. l: . i 'l ■i r ■. -.1 1 . , ,* i .^ li ! .' / t ;■ 1... :■, iy| ^♦..^■*. n^'^y- ; ':.!.]:: /- i . ■ .'■' Mi '1 G32 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE [book I. or tlio aiiiinals wliich are classetl iioxt to niuii, a single snccies of moiiko was f'wuiid, oil the westuru yido of the Gulf, as far north as the twoiuv-iiiiitlil degree of latitiido. 01' till' l)at tril)c, one s])et;i('S ran.cro3 from the Arkaus^as lliver to tliu tiict Slave Ji"g ^*^'"^"" ' nods, luiving been seen i; d decree of latitudr, ;, ,U-vee, on the cou-i .^rrato IjuIjW the Iiitltiulo just nieiitioiicd. Tl'.o reindeer (T. iamn.lus) is ,;:ciiat noi'tlieru of i,M ruinliuitiiig qiuulrupcils — being fuund iti suminor on Stisind? of the PoLir Sea; in winter, in the valley of the Saskatehuwau, liju ''liii same latitude with tlie mouse. '..■: luiibk OS {Il>s 7/wschalua) inhabits, and is peculiar to, the Darren ,/< between lludrfon Bay and the C"pperuiinc llivcr. ]n sunanier it ;;Me5 north to Parry'.s Islands, iii latitude scventy-fuur degrees. i„ biion or bufTidij (/Jcs Americanus) formor'y inhabited Florida. ]( .'i5 noith to the sixty-second degree of latitude. Is ahnost oontined to ir;;irios, and docs not range nearer tu IIud.->ou B.iy, than six hundred I >. le Gulf of :Mcxico, to till .l>ci>vames,urtotkfii'.yj mtli to north. a the Gulf of M™ tola , Tlorida to tbe avdic cue 'I he ^wiit tiix [ urallel. The ^. titudo. tY-fifth V''^"^ imtb. The arotv.t.K.' inhabits the sovuku, a^ [o Upper Cauaaa. .through the .an,oh^i titude of tbirty-hvo o. t.uH te latitudes. ^^_^^r^ ^s ,t.- Us^s), is found from Lius) is seen from the Gult'l (Or La mountain slicep t their entire rani^. u tbe pUius near the ^ ;aijiarsfrora these citations, that a largo proportion of our quadrupeds ; a wide climatic r.ingo across the continent, the result, no dnibt, of the ii.-ikon continuity of the Hoeky ^fountains and the groat plains whiuh lie .ircast. Animals, which might have begun in the tonipLTate latitudea, padmlly advanced and become acclinuited in niirre southern or nioro irn climates. The latter, especially, liavc invited them, and given to 11 regions, a fauna, richer in large quadrupeds, tlian the warm — thus ■;rj the order of our arborescent fiora, Th.Is truth is made slill mor© ;-. wiicinvu refer to the marine nianmialia of the south, and north. In 'j'llt of Mexico, there is, I believe, no species larger than the common ; [Ddphimis fhocana), which may be occasionally scun vaulting up ;«•■:>■, or ultimate mouths of the Mississippi ; but the Polar Sea, which :']stho northern extremity of the Valley, abounds in .seals, dolphins, :S'«, and whales of the largest size. The first, supplies the chief Icsof food, clothing, and fuel, to the tribes of Esquimaux, who inhabit ffejlate regions. Tlui.?, so great is the range of our climates, that at sircmity of the Valley, man draws Ids subslsteneo and comfort from 'vKtablo Idtigdom — at the other, from the animal. ■J i^liat relates to the climates sought by the following birds, I am in- ".1 Doctor RiclKirdson, Mr. Nuttal, and the distinguished American ' tjist, Audubon. ]Most birds are migratory, \ ndor the combined in- 't' food and climate. In autumn, there is a mo\ emont to the south — -:. to the north. Some species migrate througli a few degrees of lati- v — others quite through tlio Interior Valley. Those birds which ''■Mgo their latitude to any great extent, wander from place to place. Kvf sustenance. It is extremely difficult to ascertain the j)rcci.se • migration, wltlch, in fact, may dliTer in different years, accnrfling to |ti--snow!i annual variations of climate, and the food on which diliercut ;iiij>ist. '"'1 turkey [Mehagris g-alhpavo) is essentially a blrtl of our middle 5; being rare near the Gulf of Mexico, but formerly abuiidant in '^!'"lil(i, and the states lying to their west. Tt ranges the Mlssis- 1 Missouri, in the woodlands, as liigh as Lat. 41° N. ['iiple graklo {Quinculus versicolor) is found, all the year round, in "ii; m summer, on the shores of the Lakes, and beyond to Lat, 57° N. t ' ■te ^yO H. ,■■■ 3 « -*jf j'^ rii' ., „:•■;[ ) , . , ' ■ .■■"•'• ,; ■,'~,t,*' : ■■' << :^'^&•■v,; Pals '.""^Ir' ■. a. • .» „t.. ' . P^- ,. (531 THE FRINCIPAL DISEASES OF TIIR The turtle dove {Cnfumha Ciro/innisis) hrooils in Louisiann, and h •,», mor spreads dvcr llie couiilry to the Lakes, in Lat. 42° N. ^ The mocking bird {Ti/rdii^ poli/v/ollus) is found, throni^hont the v-rW Louisiana, and in i-niinnn.T, makes its way as far north as the Lakes i' f^ The piir|de martin {llinnulo 2'>nrpurca) arrives nt Xew Orloaii?, fr i ' j^ south, in t!ie first week of indn-uary, and reaeh(>s the banks of the oh: • I'lte tho L")th of Martdi to tlin Llth of April, according to the nnoninu' ot'^'iBf- advaneinu^, with the hot weather, up to the fifty-seventh decree. Tiie hummiiii]; bird ( TrorhUus co/uhrh) appears in lioulsiaiia from tli ■ ing^ distant s luth, between tho fil'toonthof April and tlie first of May. It in*' rcaciies the fifty-seventh parallel. The wild [lii^eon {Colum'xv vii.ffra/oria) miajrates over a wide r.r i^ i country. In autumn, descending to tlic tropical reginus — in siirii. ^ i fjit 62° N. Tiie wild gjose (Anscr Canal-'. ■isls) migrates from tho Gulf (.f M.'.'.ooto Lat. ()S° N. The same h true of tlio great heron (Ardm IterndUm nM tho south, but it goes no higher iinrtli, than Lat. 50°. Tho ox-bird {Trinsra u/pii'i) ranges from the south-western coasts ri; Gulf of 3Iexieo to Mellvi'dc Island, Lat. 74° N. The woodcock ( lliallcola viiitcr) comes up from the south, anJcxton migrations to the St. Lawrence. Tho rail {R'lHus Carol iiius) ranges from the .south to the sixtv- degree of latitude. The coot [Fur'-': Amcricinu) extends its migrati latitude to which it migrates is about fVn'ty-ono degrees north, on tiie lliver, where I saw it in the month of August. The snowbird [rri:i^'/llu /ii/r.malis) and the snow bunting (Kmh-- voJis) are imrthern birds, which, in severe winters, make their way f;i the south. Tho former ranges botween rir)° and oO^N.; tlio latt'r 1 Lat. (10° and 30° N. The raven {Cor^-ut corax) is found from near the Tropic of Qv.'v.: 74° N. The erow (C. Americaiins) resides throughout the yua;', i latitude, up to the fifty-fifth degree. The kingfisher ( AlctuJo alcjjoii) inhabits every latitude, from the ti- the sixty- seventh parallel. The (piail {Orlyx Virf/iivava) resides permanently from the Guli' 48° N. The blue bird {Si'ilia Wli^njiil') is found, in mild weather, from t pics to the forty-eighth parallel. The meadow lark {S/i/rnvlla ludoviciana) is found from tlic litfti gions, up to N. Lat. 0!]°. Of our reptiles uiul amphibious aninmls, I mu.st say still less, t!iM birds. As a general fact, our venomous .snakes are chiefly in ^"■' The banks of every marsh and hummock, around the (■rulf of MexiC", ■h I:'''iin( l'-n:ii •of |::l!io ■',m r ■ ')! . .1 -i.'liol f.ifir ■•■ppi, iatit VJ] ': is a ■ rill. ri':'io ::/>:;itOi ■-• iv.'iieli -■■■ '1 .'m;ii fj:.i'53 Jo ■■■'1 ntiti • ; 'Ilia ;•';. are ■■■ li'Siiit ■■■''■ a'l, '- ''lass '.•'! aiif !'.;> I "' ill ■■"I'ltuii ■•■ limit ■'^' aii'J t, ' If th ••3!=frilr fbt a nl i' ■T words '■''"iiesfid »• the 1; ■^ 'fist, a: INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 035 ■vatos over a w'vlo n lft«f [jvgi'uis — iuspiT,,:.^ tit the ?outh to t'ao .i^ty- loartlicTroiMCui'C;v.'e.v ostl:vouglinuUl>cywv.ml Levy latitude, from tktroj Lnmncntly from tk Guin L in mild ^^•catber, from tl |a) Is found from tk l.'j |Tnmstsay.tiU^ss.J «naUos arc chiefly r;^ Lound the Gulf otMovv- I with tliom ; wliilo tlioy arc not tliouglit of by the traveler, who cn- . n the sluircs of Luko Superior; yet sevcnil snalvos, diiofly imxixions, r.ilas lii,i:li as tlio liity-' River iind the I'^ill-; of St. Anthony. I am informed by l)r. Sliu- !:!-; abnmlant : and becomes still more connnon as wo advam-e hii^hcr Mtli. The elev'ation of the str(;ams above t!ie sea, wliere tho trout > ro'.'iou begin to make their appearance, is about eight hundred feet. >;;Uo ot' Ohio, according to Doctor Kirtland,:;: they are found in two |i.- v;!iieh fall into Lake J'lrie, from table lands which have an elevation .■'i hundred feet, in the latitude of forty-one degrees thirty minutes. localities eastw.vrdly to tho niiiuntaius, trout are taken Avnn t;!;ro;v.ii?. at anelevnti m of tvixdve or thirteen hundred feet. The most t:-:a lutitmlc iii Vv'hich, s) far as T have lieeu informed, they have yet !;'*lis the thirty-ninth, at an elevation of fourteen or fifteen hiunlred .vine of tho tributaries (;f the Monuiigahela lliver. |::>'''';i!) ft,'H''i'/;//s/''.':, or ]\Iackinac trout, and tlie Corrcgonus (ilhu^, or >;. ;u'0 found as low as the forty first jiarallel in Lake Krie, and, :yi'5iiitcly to tho north. It. !;-t nnimal of which 1 sliall speak, and tho only one taken from tho f::i> class of insects, is the musquito (.St/;i///i/.>«J. Aloi.g the lower •wi and its tributaries, especially below the latitude of thirty-three 'is notorious little infccot lives and multiplie.«i, throughout the '"Intin tho middle regions of the A'^alloy, it appears only in summer f-y autumn. It was once puppor>ed that these regions constituted its limit; but wc now know, that travelers to the .sources of the and to the mouth of Macken:-ie's lliver, find them a great an- If tiio same species extends fro)n tlie tropics into the polar circle, ^'■.> a striking example of animal accommodation to climate; but it I- tut a new species, in tho north, is substituted for that of tlio south. T-Twordsmust suilice, in this place, IVtr the relatimis between climato (■•■'bir,L'stic animals. Both the flesh and the milk of the cow dogoner- ■^ tlie latitude of thirty-three degrees; that is, where the mean an- i I: , n '■|i' '■' Hist, and Geog. Miss. VuUoy. •j?')!. Reports. t U. S. Assist. Geolo^^'i^t. V . C3a THE PRINCIPAL DISEASKS. ETC. m-Ui' jj|!;-sf;**i.'t, ■■•. "« i^*.*, .*** •■* ' ■ »*'* ■ ■ ■ ■ .» ■ ■ " ■' • , wf .•''.■,«>■ il". V' :•.■'■..,'■-■. ;< ■(?:." *■ '',3 • J i •% - .■:(.' . ^- ■>,!■*,,'■ •: V . <' , 1 •■.'■ L--* ■"■.■■•■ :■ , ij' ^., -i "... V^ ^' -.^/; : > ?*; - . .■ * . " 1." >.- I nual heat is sixty-five degrees, or al)ovc. The mule, talvcn into tlio si region, maintains a constitution unimpaired. The Iiorsi-, liowcvor, undc an acclimation ; and for tlio first year, is weak, and has but littlo ciidm If lie live through that period, his health and strength hcconio tjoid. horses bred around the (iulf, r.re, in general, small, but hardy. fli'.,.Mv^ run wild on the southern iicrtions of ♦he great desert, arc coivau uyii/ smaller size, than the domesticated. "When sheep are taken into tlio -..jk em part of the Valley, their wool degenerates. The hog, however, tl , :iiAii jn the south, not less than in the temperate and northern latitudes. i It remains to speak of the dissemination of the huiuan raoo thr " -hon various and opposite climates; but that will fall more p''opcrly into tl.i jim. ing chapter of Part III, for which we arc now prepared ; and I will • Ijn. mark, here, that man has accommodated himself more eiTectually t .11 oq climates, than any other member of the animal kingdom ; being a iia ;aimt inhaliitant of the whole, from the soutiievn shores of the Gulf of Mcaii where the mean annual temperature is eighty degrees, to the latitmlc cnty degrees north, where it is but five degrees of Fahrenheit. It ;ii>plni< then, that he may become a permanent denizen of any region that will alH| him sustenance. Imerk ' 'A into w '0 ti. the J.'i, tlic TLo thr ; i'Jipoi'tl prreiit race, ' ■, "i ^ ' jw^'v?, ..-.i • V i\ m ■ '."1 .■■.■.■'■>' s PART TniRD. lie, lalvcn into tlio iiirso, howoviT, uiiikrj lias but little ciuluu ugtli become giMjil. but hurtly. TI/j.-^" wli dcsuvt, are comuion^ lire tukcn into llio :o| lie bog, liowcvcr, tlouiilw a-tbern ktitndcs. ,0 bumn vaoo tWighfpr |nYSI0LOG I CAL AND SOCIAL ETIOLOGY. lore y'-opcrly into t\ie u|Mr cpavcd; and 1 v.-ill ' nl^H- [ miiro offK-tually t'- all« ingtlom ; being a j^cr iimt ores of tbo Gulf of Mclk^ rri-ccs, to tbc latitude ' f !«• "if Fiihrcnbcit. ItappaiH! 3f any region tbat vill afod i CHAPTER L POPULATION. SECTION L DIVISION INTO VARIETIES. : Interior Vaij.kv of North A.mfuica, embraces four of tlio five .;, into which naturalists have commonly divided the human race. In eto tlieir numbers, civilization, and interest to tlic j)hysiulogist and iin, tlicy stand in the following ordci- : Firsl, the Caucasian ; Second, ;'.iCAx; Third, the North- American Indian; Fuurl/i, the Mongo- TLo throe former, existing in contiguous or intermingled masses, iportunities fur studying the comparative physiology and diseases 'rent races, which we should not neglect. The last, known under the I Esquimaux, arc but a handful, compared with either of the other •and live contiguous to but one of them — the Indian. Caucasian races aro found in large numbers, within the tropics, latitude of forty-seven degrees north. Beyond that latitude, re met with but in trading establishments, missionary stations, and ■sail settlements, on the rivers and shores of Hudson Bay, and Davis' ' up to the flfty-eighth or sixtieth degree. TJie most populous zone ■c.atlio tliirty-fourth and forty-fourth degrees; the line of greatest -ml density of population being near the latitude of thirty-nine de- '■ A great majority of the whole reside east of the Mississippi. ■African, or Negro variety — nearly all of whom aro natives of this •t. though many were born out of the Vallky — have a more southern - ' Extending upward from /lie tropics, they gradually become more •1' ill proportion to the whites, to the latitude of thirty-two or tbirty- 'Jrgroes; when they begin to decrease, and ab(jvo the thirty-ninth degree 'I diiofly ill large cities; thougli single families, or small settlements, ^^ met with, beyond Lake Eric and Lake Ontario, as far north as the fi- . I i I .Sin '; 'Hi ■( Mii i ■ -> ■- - I v« ■■ [' '■ I ,■!»■' •■-■-■ iV . - , .1 4 ..■ THE PRINCIPAL DISRASES OF THE [DO'jK 2^ llUJi. latituih.' of forty-four do^rocs. L'lkn tlic wliiK'.s, tlicy arc most ous ou tlio eastern side of (lie Mis.si.s.-tipiii. Tlio Noivtm-Amkhican, or Indian variety, on the otlur l.a.id. inar!' rosid(! west of tlie fiulfof Mexico and of tlie Mi.s.sissi|)[ii, up t . tli(':'!t fourth degree of latitude; beyond wliieh tlioy arc fiund over tin' intdj r the eo.itinent generally, luit are niuidi inire niinuM-uus to {\\<; wc-t ti:;i'i After pas.sing tlic fiftieth paralhd, the nunilier diminishes rapidly, aii ! few are found within the l'(diir (linde. The ]NIoN(ioi.iA\ vari(!ty, of which the l']H(|niniaux are the roprcS'i.t .succeed in the n(jrth to tlio Indian, and arc ioniid on the entire pdlurii of the Valley. Intending to niako the diseases of the African. Indian, and I'sfpiima' rioties. respectively, the suhjccts of spceial dissertations, I shall diniiii-,- until the history of the diseases of the Caucasian races is linibhtd. V*. 'J- III. -.■.-jti F.iuce t ff ill Jri'aiii. I jm'iK :; ;iii |i.::ii, at ■il.'Ii ( ' ■'• • ■•■'•: ■ -^■.: 4^. '.^ i^-; ■•.■•;: ,> ■ i' ^ .:^ 4|..'- vl- ;■•■ ' . . SECTION 11. CAUCASIAN VARIETY. — IIl.'^TORICAL, CHRONOLOGICAL, AND GEOGRAPHICAL ANALY.- hand, tnc Spaniards, from the southern shores of Europe, settled ai'iu!: Gulf of 3Iexico; and the existing emigration from beyond the M to the j-egions west of Lake jMichigan. Let us now look at these uiign in the order of their occurrence. IT. The FiiEN'oir. — The beginning of the settlement of our Valley m- North, and the first imn)igrants were French. As early as loOtJ, oukl'' years after the discovery of America, they had made aniap of thoGuli Lawrence, and in 15'34, Carticr entered the St. Lawrence .Iver. Inl'i ascended it to tho island of Montreal, After a long period of suq -■/i'l was '"■'J; an J iry of til ■•■;'■ tiiroi: •''iiaiits '■'■ir sott PStt'Mi "^^tliomso, '•f'-it of iji m I r THE >n I I. tlii-y iiro most mi > the tit^KT •'»•"!• '"■'>'' ^ issUsipiii, Kji t • t'.'' • :'• I ruiiiHl uvcr llio iuKi'; of IMllS to thv. w<'^■t tkui it luiiiislic'S nuiiilly, iuul tj ' uix aro tln^ vo|ivei>"i;i • lii, 1 i)\\ tl\c oiilivc iiulir iii rji , liiiVuin, aii«l V:s(inim:ui>; ill viiccs is liiiislic'l. ■j;-"!.] INTERIOR VALLLY OF NOUTII AMKRICA. G3i> CHRONOLOGICAL, AND — AVestcvii Euvopo, cukrj • Otiucabiiiu p.'imhitirn. ,m the si.uth uf ^y'mi h en aiul X F«i'"^ Locnt\ictlm'lY-iillli'ii"l'i L-.uls£outlnvaraiy,amlmti L .average, teu dosr. a t. Ive, moreover, i."toucn CD [uvtlie.st north in Kurovo, patest cxeoi-tion to tins rn< [,vhi\ctlieEi>gli«1i-fi-^'Yi til.. Caroliuas. On ll.o f .s of Europe, sottka ar*i 5on irom beyond the W L,s now look at tbesc uugr. ttlementofourValkyv:^-^ AsearlyasloOGouyH uUnadeanun.oftheOulP (st. Lawrence. Aer. 1" Iter a long pcvio'l ot .u^i :iii)iis. Queheo wa.s I'uiuulud by Cliainplaiii, in lii't-i. l]iiiii.'ratioii from ;ivi; was then reeoiuineiu-eil, and continued throu;^b the St. Lawrciiee. for :i than one hundred and liftyyear.i; tluit is. till(!a!iada was coded tu Great y 'iiii, ill 17l>'). Tlie settlers plaMtod tlicni.selvcs on citlier bank of the Ht. .iiviu'C and its trilintarits ; and cxtondod al'Miir the Jiaki's, chiofly njion .; iiurtlievn ylion.'S and intervening atraits, to Mackinac and l.iku Hn|ic- •:; always arranging themselves in oiieii villages. In 1G74, Father .^lu^- ,;U'. iuulM. Joliet, a trailer, entered tlio iiasin of tlio iMississi]t]ii, by . i,i>iii lliver; and soon afterward tlicir couiitrynien began settlcnn'iitH, |i,;.'i. at length, spread as far south as the latitude uf thirty-eight d''greea. ;,;ii, Calidkia, and Kaskaskia, in tln^ western part of tlie State of Illinois; '> :i'li'k't. St, Cluirlcs. and St. ljuui.<, on tin- opposite side of the .^lissis- liriii. in the State of Missouri; Vini'cnncf, in the State i\ among the up|)er and eastern trihutaries of (he great river. At(!W t'aets connected with this, the earliest colony of our \'alley, belong to I'jsmi.'diL'al history. J''/rst, The pursuits and modes of life of the immigrants Ldtheir de.secndants, have always been rcniarkal)ly simple. Scccnil. Tlicy lii:;not ilisperscd and intermarried, to any great extent, among the iinnii- |n:it>fr'iui otlier j)arts of E\irupe. Tliiril. Tiieir long canoe voyages up 1;:; jat lakes ai\d their tributary streams, gradually jiroduced a jicculiar -•-if men, generally called Voyagcur?, of whom more hereafter. Aitlio present time, the chief jiortioii of our northern French jiopulation Ij: rail, as indeed it has always been, in Jiov.-er (.'aiiada. hlijs;), i>e La Salle underto.dc to desecnd to the month of the Jgreat pr. disco a'red by Father 3Iar(piette. This ho ceeoniplished, and returning fei'iiosame route, departed for France; where he promoted asouthern enii- Ap[ioii>tod to the comnland of the first expeilition. he missed the rat!'! of the Mississijipi. tlie objeet of liis voyage, and landed, in IG'-a, on ^« sWos of Matag(n-da J>ay, in Texas, where he built Fort St, Louis. In l''Vl;'j was assassinated by one of his own men, and no permanent settlc- a tulljwcd. In the same year, Tonti, from Canada, descended the fesippi to Arkansas lliver, on which he cstabli.shed a ])ost. After the !>ij\s.<'ul expL'ilition of Ln Salle, nothing more was done by sea, until wk'u a sotiloniont, luider 31, l)"lberville, was effeetofl, on liilo.xi IJay, tev cxeursioiis were made into the interior. In 1717, New Orleans was pklliy the same leaJer, Colonists continued to arrive, and the IMis- pvl'i was asocndod, until the settknuents on the Illinois lliver were S-'ii'd; and thus a curved zone of French population, extending from the pry iif the St. Lawrence to that of the Mississippi, traversed the great pv. til rough seventeen degrees of latitude; before any other Fku'opean H'Uaiits hud entered it, except a few Spaniards in the sinitli. In addition "' sottlemonts on the Mississippi, the French made others, to a more 'extent, on the Arkansas, Red, and Mobile Rivers; in all eases con- piL' tlimselves to the banks of the streams. A .small and often interru])ted pnt of immigration, continued until 17G0 ; when Louisiana passed into ''■;. If',' I* t.i'^-1'y ^M^^^'■' i*i^ •'! ' .»■ it .•I '■#'••■:»'■ v|.-'.. - f-**;v r^^-f.rv 010 TIIR PRINCIPAL DIRRARES OF TIIR [•(II IK tlio possession of Simin. Sevoral jcarM bi'fore that event, a cfiisi.l,.*, altlo colony of I'Vciieli nii;^ratc(l from Arcadia — Nova Hcutia hikI ,,.iti on tliut |i!irt of (lie Mi.-).'is.sij»[ii, and their (h't'ceiid;iiit.-i, callnl Vw>\t like their brethren on the St. Jiawreiice, Icaii simple, and, in the iiKiin t(i pcralc lives; tlieir piu'snits arc chieily agricultural and coiiinmciul' iL intermarry with tho surrounding population rather moro than these Canada. It would he intcrc.stinii; to traiM) out tho iMfluencps of elimatcs sn di.-taiil and soils so dill'ercnt, as those of (Juehec and New Orleans, on peniilt. nf tl .same national blond; but my intcrc(jurso with tl'oni iiua y>een tuu limited justify the attempt. lir. Tin: Si'ANiAKit:-. — Tn l.'t'JS, the Spaniards, under Narvpoz, cfficto a landit)'^ in Appalaclioc IJay, Middle Florida, and niado an iiicin>in;i ini the interior, comioi; out to tho (Inlf of Mexico, at i'eny.icihi I!;i\, We Florida, of whii h they were the discoverer.^ : inii ihey lelt no pcnnaii.i settlement. In l!')'.)^, Do Soto cdVectcd a lahd'":; .-it Spiritu Siii.tn, k Tan)pa 'Jay; and wmdored into tlie interior as Tar as the Mississippi, di'v.lijd lie was the diseovcrer. I'a.ssing fur west of that river, he retiniicil tu buried beneath its waters; and left no permanent settlement in the ci mi'r In 15-10, Pensaeola l>ay wms again visited liy the Sjjar.iards, frmii (' after which, for a liin,u: period. West Florida was neglected. Mcimwl however, Spanisli settlenvnts, in tho ch;iracter of Ilonian (''atli^lji'. Mid sioriary station«. were extended from Mexico, through Texa.s, to I'u 1 l!ive| of wliirh Xacoirdoches and Natchitoches wore the most ini]iortnnt. In KiS!), attention was again turned to Pensaeola Bay, and a F'-rt. lall the Barrancas, was built near its mouth. This was followed, in liil''!, Ir, settlement, where the town of I'cnsacola now stands. Thus Sjifinisli imu gratioii into West Florida was licgun, atnl (!ontinued until 17(t''>, v,\m\ tlj whole of Florida was ceded to Great Britain ; nn event which Wiis Inlliirl by the emigration, to Cuba and Louisiana, of a largo portion of tlio inhil] tants. After the lapse of twenty years, it was restored to Spain; w!i^ these people returned in considorablo n';.iibcrs ; but, on the sale of i"! ril to tho I'nitod States, in IMJI', the grc;iter part of them left it. The Spanish immigration to tho banks of the Mississippi, and its tr:i)l taries, began with the transfer of Louisiana to Sj>ain, in 170'.*, as iilnaj mentioned. The new-comers extended their settlements up the grr;itri^(rl the Missouri: but on tho retrocession of the country to France, i)'. 1' and its sale to the United States, in 1803, most of the Spanisli pri|iiila;i^ again emigrated to Florida, Cuba, and ^Mexico. Thus the Spanish CiV' at last, make but a feeble olenient of our population. In modes of hvi^Wiri i;i, jn !> and physiology, they resemble the French, much more than thoy il" t^Bt: .\'f ly Vr, Anglo-Americans; and have intermarried with tlie former moro exti'i)Mv^B!l;'i;,t ,jf ' than with tho latter. If wo pass from West Florida and Loui.siana, ''''^BiSv'ttloiiioi Valley of the Bio del Norte, wo find a larger Spanish population e.Ktoiiii^Bsnli.iyest ■\ up to Santa Fe and the A'alloy of Taos, and westwardly to the Sicrrit -^I-'i^BIaejniajor <4'Cv F THE [HOOK H that event, a cfiit-i.l n, idva f^ootiu — anil mh 4 Arcuiliiiu Collet. I'fCL'IKliUltS, calll'tl ClI '^ lie, niul, ill ll'.o iiiiiiii. t> m, ml uiiii ((iiiiimrii;!!; t ^nj ,ber rnuro tlum t!,i ■ 4 CPH of cVlllllltCS Sil di-' ;.ltj. I OrK'aiiH, oil iiL'iiiilf ' 111 :vij iuifl '>cuii tuij limit , t« Is, luulcr Narvi'vz, ('tv 4 1(1 iiKiilo an iiiciiiMi ,t4 , at I'l'iiy.iciila 15:i}. \\ * 111 iiicv l<'i't nil ii'Vii ■ nt off n ut Siiivitu Hiii.ti'. n: as the ]Mis. till' Spai.iards, tVciii (.' 1 vas neglected. Mi'ni " 1^ of ll'inian Catli'.li", f)\vA\ Texas, to lit 1 Hive ni'ist imiiovtant. ;ola Bay, ami a I'-rt. 'all ,vas fidlnwid, in ll'i'.'"-, ''Jl inds. TlniH Siu'iuish imi iniecl until ITti;), wlioii tl n event wlii'di was t'lll'^^ ai-LTO iiortimi of the iulull s restored to f-'pain: v\\{ but, on the sale ul' Tl n| yf tlieni left it. 3 Mississippi, nnd its Iribl Spain, in 1T(V.>, as iilnaj _U nients np the groat rivirl Rountry to France, i". 1' St of the Spanish popiibtij Thus the Spanish Cn-1 Illation. Tn modes of livij ■li more than they 'I' tj 1,0 former nn)re extensive 'l.iridaand Lnui.^iai.a, to ' paiiish population extci'iil twardly to the Sierra )b'l .jnii.] IXTERIOn VALLKY OF NORTH AMF.RIC.\. 641 [V, TiiK Unnisii. — Tlio next imniigrntinij Into our A'alley was IJritish, ;; utliorn borders. Immediately ;rilic ecision of Canada, in ITtllJ. tlio Kn^'li.^li, Seolch, und IiiMh liei.'aa ;,' !• it by the St. Laurence, and tlies;- f-treanis of immi^rralion have eon- .,li.v.'r .sineo ; that from Ireland bein^', in the latter years, much ;.'ieater , intli the others. In Canada Ka.st, tho immij^rants fruni (iruat liritaio .;!: kind, Avith their desoendants, inaku :i lar;,'o proportion of the wholo liitim; and, in ('aiiaihi West, there arc fi-w ollicr.s, except iiiinii^rants I'V^riiited States. They have spn.'ad out, in detached trading estab- .tiitf. to tho utirth-west, as far a.^ Lake Winnipc;,' and lIii(i.>oii I5ay; iu ;i the west of both, up to the llocky Mountaiu.s. JMorn enterprising .1 'i'.vr.«i(ied in their pursuits than tho (Canadians — as tho I'reiieh aro ; 1 — tiny are, at tho f;amo time, nunc addicted to a full diet and intcm- ■.■j'l'iliiiiking. I • llritish einii^'ratioti to Wc.«t Florida, during the twenty yenrfl which I'jiA lield that I'rovinee, was not very great. Vet Pensaeol.i and .^Io|lilc |r uMco Kiiirli.sh tov.'iis : and tho lirst uotioo wo have of the medieal |i!iy and tV'vers of thoso jiicalitics, i.s to be found in tho \V(ll-kuo\vn nil the Diseaso.s of ILjt Climates, by Dr. Liiid, an Kiiiilisli naval It';' n. After tho restoration of Florida to S[)ain, in 178-, nio.st of tho Ifcivipitpui •til n withdrew. 1 1fv'i: tlms traced out the onlyw/i?vc/; onii;^ratiiin.s from Europe to our |.i :, \v!ii"ii proecdeJ the inllrccf, or that of I'lurojioar.s and their lii'iilants from tho Atlantic .states, wo arc now brought to tho latter '!i. aMvc shall see, make up the mass of its ])npulation. '. lMMiau.\NTi FHoM TIIK ATLANTIC State.s. — Ueforc jtroceediiig to fciiuf t!io peopling of our ^^•llloy, by emigrants from the Atlantic States, proper to give the dates of tho setthnnents of those .states, which, in :'1',T of time, are as follows : Virginia, 1U07 — New York, I'tl;') — New Uv:.i Wm — Didawarp, H;::0 — ':Maryland, 1(;;12 — Pennsylvania. Hi-lIJ l-y-u- -Torsny, 1050 — N(n-th Carolina, IGliO -_ South Carolina, 1070 — ('r:i;i, 17;l3. lii" lirst advances of population to this t^ido of tho Appalachian MtAin- fiR wore from the colonies of North Carolina, Virginia, and I'ennsylvania, Mroiion extending from tho Tennosseo llivor to Lake Erie. Pernia- t" stttKinonts were begun in East Tennessee, as early as 17(.'l ; in '■:'rn Virginia and Pennsylvania soon afterward. Tho settlement of p'l'kv, then a part of Virginia, began in 1771; that of Ohio, by iinmi- I't- from iMassaehusetts. in 171^8 ; that of Indiana and Illinois, about ||'': that of 3Iississippi and Alabama, at a still later period ; tiiat of p!;i, ill lS-2-2; of the states beyond tlic ^Mississippi, in iNOt; of Wcs- p New York, including the coasts of Lakes Erie and Ontario, about 17S8 ; '■'lat of Texas, by Americans, in 182'2. Thus tho oldest Europo-Amtr- isttloiiieats in tho Valley, aro those of Eastern and iMiddlo Tennessee, l!n;i-wcst Virrrinia, South-west Ponnsvlvania, and Kentncky. p^..' [majority of the people of Western New York aro citlicr from the iJ ...I V'-:],''^}} i ■ f CA: TIIF. rUINCirAL DISEASKS 01' THE ll!«OK 1. ,- ■■■■ ',. .V,>! ■ 'ti\- t ■■■ r ' ^'*f/' :■:.•■ ?!. ,•:• i' f .«• pi^\l''!r--^ si- ' ■■■ ■■. . 'L: '.' ' n ■* 5i' V,f ,-■ ' iL'' m J-4?. ami 1 1" and castoi'Ji pci-iidiis of (Iiat yiixtv, ov iVoni Now l']ii-luii(l ; tlin^,. of Wi-trrali-i IViuis', Ivaiiia. iV.iiii the iiiiildli' |Miitiiiiis nt' iliat slate, ciiiliiaciii' ^ \;y. ' j)ro|rii;i!,ii (if Iri.sh, Scotdi tiiid (JcriuaiiH ; thnsi' of \\'i'sti.'ni ^':r"iiii;i am Kciitiicky, 'Viiiu ttio casLiTii and iniddKi rt'^i(/ii,s tit" the I'uriiiLr, ;ii;il ;V, i*. JManhiiid ; th.so ot" Toiiiu.v^.'^co, i'rom North (.'ai'(.liiia : th(j6(! of Ala! and I'hirida, iVmii South Carolina and Clcoruia; those of Mi<,.i^;,|| liOii'b-iana, and ,\rkansas, from North CaroHiia. \'ii'ginia, Kciitu 'ri'inicss.'c ; thdse of 'i'l'xas, from all the states just naniril: tli'isu Missonri, from North Carolina. Kentiiekv, Tennessee, and ^'il•_li]i;| ; tj, of Ohio, from New Jersey, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and ntlur \ Endand States, New York, ]*ennsylvania, Marylaiul, Virudnia, ;ii,i| ;;,;,. tuidcy : those of Indiana, from Oiiii. Kentucky, and Pennsylvania: ti, ,^ lUiuiiis, from Ohio, lventu(d tueky. Ohio, Indiaiui, and New J']nglaiid; tllo^e of MichiLiaii and Wis...;,. from New York and New l']nalaud. These siatenu'uts must lie received in the iimst ^iicneval sense; fi.r, tLmi various ri';ri"ns have a i;reat )iredominaiiee of |ieo[ile from sou-.e i.| {]•>■ ,^ states, still thj iutermi'.i^din!.' iu every part of tlie ^'alley has hwn vti great. South of the Olnu lliver, botii east and west of the Mis-iv'; the chief element;; of ihis inti'rnuxture, arc from the slaveholdin;;', Ai: : states, south if I'eiinsylvania ; while nortli of that river, they are uiri'. from tin.' uon-slaveholdint!; states, iuciudint; the one just iianinl. .\- advance westwardly from tiio AUoiihany Mountains, iriio tiie newer tta;- tho \'allev, t!'.(! elements of variety display a i'e;.rular increase ; and tl!;:-i later the sctth-uiont of any portion of the \ alley, the more is it i pounded; wliiv-h is esjieeially true of the miu-slaveholdin;: st;iie<. It scarcely nece.ssary to add, that these innnigrant.s, together with ihr'n- i\ (lants. constitute the greater part of *iur population, from the J.;iki> i Ciidf of Mcxit'o. There are. however, many immiirrants from Kunin. ifl have reacheil us, and are still arriving, through the Atlantic A:i deserve a passing U(.tlce. AT. L.VTi; .VM) I'liKSKNT iMMioKANTS Fiiovf Euiiopi:. — For the I'l.st ijiai of a century tiiere has been a direct and increasing iumiigration nf ii^ Europeans into tlio A'allcy ; the majority of whom have settled iiuitii thirthy- ninth degree of latitude. Nearly ali have come from kin nortii-east of France, that is, above the litiieth degree of latitmie. order of their niunbers v/o may begin with, 1. 77/1' (I'cfMJtti.s. — Tiiey arc from various jiarts of Clermany, .'li.i immber the immigrants from any other part of Europe. ]>ut few if settle in the slave States, with the the exception of ^Missouri. T''} most numerous between tho Lakes and the Ohio FuNcr. AVhilo iikiiv Miain in the larger towns and cities, the majority disperse into tlu' > • where they amalgamate readily with the existing po])ulation. L*. Th' Irish. — Tn number they stand next to the German iiniii.. More disposed to inhabit cities than the couotry, and less olleinh''! ' very, they are found in large numbers iu New Orleans and 31ulilo. i. :n:i!!aily C:-:^ li'rl ^•:. ivre 'll'" !" tl;(| '^i\ f'f I '(■ IMIIil orioil THE [dodu ,. nsi HI'. ol' Wt'i-ti'Vii Viv;:u.i;i a ,d ; of tlie I'oniiL'V, ;ir,i'i /. ;n rol'uUV ; tlldic. ol Al,.': .iiiHg^^^ fia ; t.lii>.s»! ut" Mii^.-ii.-i] ,i. Vh-Hlnia, Ki'iilucky, ;m(| OS jubt iraiiiiMl : tli'^se .oi*s(.'(\ i>iit^ Vii',;.r.ii;i; tii' innct'licut, tuul "tliu-r N\i ■yland, Virtiinia, lunl lv,n«, ami L'cunsylvaiiia-. tii • th.u-L" lit' li'wa. iVMi\ Kv ol' xMiflii^^.iii uud ^\i^'•> li- st gcneval sfuso; iVr, ilnn^ ^leoylo IV. im Si)mo .-t tli.; .J f tiie Valley las Ih.-.i vtV aiu\ west of the MbM..;; ,m the hluvolK^Wiii;:. Ati^ f tlnit viv(;r, tiny uri' tkh llu' onu just namal A^ tai.i.^ into tiie newer stiii.= l •,...iulav inevoLif^e ; ami lli;-.-t| Valley, tlie 1"^'^'*^ *'" '"' „„-sl:iYehniaiu-r Matts. It] t^. togotlier with thi'ir '! • |llali'll^ from the Lal i iuiiui'iraiits from Kuv^v^'- ^1 Ligli the Atlantie ^t EuuopK.— l^orthcbstH'!^ U\A\v- immi.-Tatinu nf n.' u l„.m' have settled unm^:^ .,1, luTVC como iVoiu l\^'^i letli degvce of latiluao. l: L|'«i-t^ ^'f Germany, mi of Kuvoi.e, l^ut fe^v |;1 II Jeoi.tiuuof ^llssouvi. i- fohio IVuer. AVhiloiu:nv Lrity elisiievse into tli Ltiiii^ popvxlatum. L-t tJ the C.evmaii iv.nn.jH lui.'tvY, aualeSr^oliVa.lrli.' ;ew Oi-leiuis and MohiK". i. INTERIOR VALLKY OV NOIlTir A:\IERICA. Gl?> . ,, ja St. Louis. Ldiiisville, Cim iniiati. i'ittsbur;.'li, ]uifl;ilii, ^Montreal, jjil (jiiobee. Ill tlie two lattiT Lilies, niid, freuerally, uoilh id' the J.ahes, ;t^.v ;iro niii''h iiiuvc! mimci'ous tliu.'i tlie (jfriuaiis. ;;, TliC L',iigii!i!i. Tliey, no doubt, rank next i;i iiiiniher, luit hcatlcring, 0I I oaring a chi.^o resemlilance tn their brellircii of the Valley, arc suon Mtiiiimled with them. In Oanada and t!ie lead-miuu retriuns of llliu^.i.s uiid feiiiisiii, they are numerous. \. The Scolc/i. Les3 nuiiien.us, perlKi|is, than the Eiitrlisli, and f(juiid jita ill town and eumitry. They are chiefly from the Luwland^j. 3Ioro nu- 2er"i!H in ('a;iad:i than the rnited States. ,■ 77'" Wi'h/i. !More elauuisli than the last two, they have settled chiefly jit'iiaiiiiiali, and in the Koulh-eastern portieiis of Ohiu; where many of ;!itiii arc employed iii its iron mines and coaV'ries. il. '/'//(' X;jrirrs<'i(tns, These make a new stream of immii.ratioii. Its leniiinatiuii is in northern Illinois, AViseons-in, and Juwa, about the forty- iifiltli'L'i'ce of latitude. T.'ic PiiU'<. The revolutions of J'oland, have dispersed a eonsidi rablo iKiiiljorof the people of that country over the Valley. They are chiuHy |r>:i and abide in towns and cities. Titr. .Jars. ^Mostly iMiglisli, (iernian, and IN li.-h ; they jirefertlie cities, I ifrl lire found from (^)uebee to Now Orleans. They are, perhaj s. more nu- feriisiii (Cincinnati than in any other city, VII. Natioxal (Ik.nkai.ociks. — Such arc the jirincijial cli.'niei,!s of our Ij'Tii'.iiti'in. AVe have seen that a va.-'t majority have been derived in in the Lltijiitic States; and it I'emains to impure, whence tlicy or their am I'.stora ri-'nially emigrated to those States. 'J"he answer is, almost entirely Ironi liiMt Britain and Ireland — above all, from England. ]']migrants from the Ik, wre :ihiio.-;t the exclusive settlors of New Iviglimd; eo!;tribi'.tcd liber- liilyi'1 tlio .settlement of New York and New Jersey, still more largely to ptfif I'cnnsylvaiiia and Maryland, and cnnipesed nearly the whole pipnla- |:jri iif Virginia, the Carulinas, and (iCorgia. I'nt there were, I'.morg the rAiiiimigrants into the Atlantic coLmies, sovcial eiinmunities, whi.di dc- |l*rve t'l he mentioned, 'j'he most numerous veie the L( \v Puteh. ii. New irk and New Jersey; Swedes and Germtms, in rcnnsylvai.ia; and French Sarienots, in South Carolina. *\!i.n wo trace n\i these streams of iMiropean emigralinn to their sources ili-taut in point of time and space — wo have tlie fidluwing results. /V/-v/. [k Iiidi, Welsh, Highland Scotch, Ni;rmans. Low Dutch, and French, land panirtng the Kimmerian or (Vltie nations — the earliest kice.vn inhabitants if'-tiTii Europe ; and distinguished by diii'erent apiicllations ui dillerent |!'"itnes, ai5 th<> Kelts, Kindu-i. Ibdgiv, Erse, Cimbrl, IJiitoii.s, Scobs, Caledo- p<. and fiaids. Sccrnil. 'i'he J-]nglisli, Lowland Scotch, French, lligdj '■''''■ '^wU^, Danes, Swedi'S, and Norwegian;;, eairy ns to the Scythian or l''i:ii';' natims; of which the Saxun.<:, (.iermans. Angles, Jute.«, and ]''i'anks, *fotlie principal tribes. .a'joricus researches have convinced the cthuogreidiers, tliat belli these , Mi ■ y ■4 i! r' i-'-i* .i t, r\m. In'-/'?. y.-K'\.^ :■'■'■ ',' "■'*'. ■ • . I- '■.: , ■ i ■ V , '': . ■ . .. •'■■■;. \:-' ■■ T- ■■'■ ■ ■ V ■ •' ? \ '■• J.- .'.■ ■• V,- ... ; ,v • ti:*}- •.■';i^ ■'I' ||:';' •tavi j.'iins. 4 ",(' Ji'^vf* ' •r ■■ ■1-. ■« i g-. •.\. > 644 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE [book classes of nomadio barbarians, ontcrod Europe soutli of tlie Baltio, from be- yond the Euxiiic ur Blaisk Sea; and were, in fact, wanderers frorn the (';,u- casian .Mountains, and the plains of Asia lying nortli of tlicni; but that tl'e migration of the Celtic, was many centuries before that of the (i nliic hordes. Let us change from analysis to synthesis, and thus obtain a fuller virw of the composition of our society. The amulganiation of tribes, by which tlie main stock of our j):ipulation was formed, began in I']ngl:ind, Ihniii' tie time tliat Island was held by the Konums, the Celtic popidation nui-i have- reoeived an infusion of Pelasgic, or sijutliern ]']nropean Idood, nut less tliaal of civilization. Then came the conquests by the >Sa.\ons and An^lo, andi the establishment of the Anglo-Saxon nation — with which, however, the Ciltio {)0pulati ju must have become more or less blended — although many wero de- stroyed, and many driven into the nnjuntains of Wales. The conipiest, ami- long occupation of the country by the Danes, contributed anotlicr. thmiL-b kindred element; as th.cy had descended from the Jutes, a (luthic: rai.c, liastly, the Nornum con([uest introduced another element, which, frmn it3|.| magnitude, must have greatly ch;inged the blood and national cliaracti.To| the con((uered. Thus, we see that the compound term, Anglo-Saxon, is mi''\ an accurate expression for the present English race; but an arbitrary ejiitliek: for a compound of Celts, Romans, Angles, Saxons, Jutes or Danes, amlX.r- mails; in which the predominating elements are those M'hicli have iiiipiiS'i their names upon the mass. Emigrants from tliis nnus, jieopled the Atlaiitid States ; where they al)sorbed a ]Kn'tion of Swedish, Lew Dutch, French, (li.r- man, and Trisli blood ; tlion ascended the Alloglumy Mountains, sproail — aiid are still spreading — •over t!ie great Valley, and constitute the basis and bulk; of imr population. SECTION III. PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS. Tlio modifications of physiidogy, conscfiuent on the immigration and inter- mingling of western iMiropoans in America, may be considered as pp.*) tivc rather than present. Eaccs do not cli mgo their type in a siiidi genenition. and some preserve it for long and indefinite periods; thmigii placed under conditions which, a priori, nught be expected to work 'jU^ rapid changes. Tn coni[iaring the circumstances which surround the po'ipl^ of tlio Tntiu'ior Valley of North America, witli those which siu'rouiul ti Eurnjif'an lirethrcn at home, wo may refer th(Mn to several distinct hoaiisj and. although not able to appreciate the exact influence of cither, they imiji be regarded as causes, of which the efl'eets will, in due time, he >• (lcvclopr>d, as to nu'rit the attention of tlnj practical physician. The caiifcl to whicli I refer, may bo inidmlod uiuler the following heads : /'/«/. — Inters raarria";a: Scconl. — Chan";o of climate: Third. — Change of Food: foiirni mi:-' iF THE [book til of the Baltic, from Ije- , wuiulorers from tlio Cau-; rtli of them; but tliut tliej jt'oro that of the G.jlliioi ■ I hus obtain a fuller virw of; )n of tribes, by whiiih th»|: ill Englaml. l>nriii:r tliaf jltie pi)[)uhilioii mu.>i 1kiv9: •opoan bloiif], not loss tliaa- I Saxons anil Angles, audi li which, however, the C'lltiat — althou^fh many were d<>. Vales. The oounuest, andt, ntribnted another, tliuUL'h:'' the Jutes, a (luthie rai;e, r clement, wlueh. I'miu it3,s I anil national eharacterofc term, Anglo-Saxon, is iioi" o; but an arbitrary I'j'itliii:": i, Jutes or Danes, ami X'.r--', those which have v.ny i i nmti, jieoplcil the Ati.i.uo 1, Lrw Dutch, Troneh, Gcr->, ly ^Mountains, sproai.l — and )nstitutc the basis and bulk, :ristic«. the inunigration and inter- be cone-itlered as pn'Specrl ire their type in a sini-l^ indefinite jieriods; tliuii;ll| bo oxpeetcil to work miI^ whieb surr(unid thr \'y those which siu'ruut'.d ti'*| I to several distinel hcaiba fluenco of either, they imiif ill, in due time, be ^o fill ical pbvsician, The cau^el wimi beads : /•V»'.s7.-l"t'd -Change of Food: Fourl^^ rtUT rii.. INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. G45 -.rhaiifc of political, moral, a)id ;;ocial condition. Let U8 consider thcni i«r;u-atcly. I, Lntermauiuage. — Ar, western Europe was peopled by iioinauio and hrbrous tribes, of a warlike .spirit, eivilizati(.n found them divided into jar.v kingdoms ; between v.'hich, until within thu last thirty your.-, ti:at i.s, iini.etlie downfall of Napoleon, there was but little iiitereourse, and, eonso- mci.tlv, hut little intermarriage. Ilic density of population, has even p.rcvcnted mueli intestine chaMgo of race, by the pcoplo of the same kingdom; who, in its ditVerent counfits or .itfartmcnts, have continued, through a long period of time, to intermarry rlili each other; and thus perpetuate their characteristics, corporeal and Bcntal; which i)crpetuation has been negatively promoted, by the Mibsistenco [foach nation, for many generation.';, on the same kind of diet; in climates j'liieh continued witliout alteration from time ; under the inlluence of t\)rms ff ciivernuient that underwent no important modification, and wiili u.sages srlminncrs which varied quite as little. In sb.ort, from the remote period, fc'.i the (\dtic nations were conquei'cd by the later Asiatic hordes, cLicfiy k'M under the names of Gotlis, Saxon.H, (lermans, and Franks, down to ',k present century, all the circumstances favored the full development of fdl-defincd varieties of constitution, in the different kingdoms of that continent. Ik history of the settlement of our Galley, as .sketched in the preceding KCli'in, shows how much its people differ from their brethren of the old world, indcvon of the old states of the Union, on the subject of intermarriage. 1. Our frontiers, from Quebec, round by the Lakes and nud.son Hay, +o 'lie Gulf of IMexico, beyond the llio del Norte, present a mixed race of wtites and Indians ; wbiLdi is g'"adually lost, in the population residing inmie- Wy (CiV/ini that boundary. Thus Indian blood is, as it wore, absorbed ^; il.c surface of the new nation. The readiest amalgamation with the [*o[i!e of that race, is by the northern French, and the southern Spanish Creoles; but the Anglo- American inniiigrants from the Atlantic States, and tlieir descendants have, at all times, when war did not prevent it, shown a propensity of the same kind. -. Wherever there is a negro population, bond or free, the same coales- ccBce is displayed ; so that in all our towns, from Mobile to Montreal, and from Pittsburgh to St. Louis, the streets arc more or less thronged with malattocs, cpiadroons, and other mixed breeds ; all pressing upward, that is, imbitious of intermarriage with those whiter than themselves ; and thus our Caucasian blood is constantly, though .slowly, acquiring an African element. In tlie willingness foi this commingling, the Spanish Creoles of Florida, Lou- isiana, and Mexico st.ind first; next come the French Creoles of the Lower "issl.'-sipjii ; then some of the classes of the modern emigrants from Great Britain, Ireland, and Germany; lastly, the native Anglo-Americans. ^- In Canada, intermarriage between the French and British population, Wlioiigh limited by the prejudices of race, and the aversion of the con- ilueroJ toward their conquerors, is by no means uncommon, especially in the ■•ii ^11 I 1' ■.I I i'Li'^lt'^l 1 ») '* », • ' , i« •« 'I i - •l ■ ' >' 7 "'1 I?" J' M'' >r:- ' ; -^'i , s ,.»ll;., .it! t ■,'•!.;. ■-.: ■::- ■ :: ■■,.■■::■:.■ '• illll4tj."i:: ^ .<^i.:f" v.::," •:■■'■' G4G THE PRINCU'AL DL-^EA?ES OF TIIK Fe<. towns anil cities, ami lieuco tlio | ■.•occss of assimilation is goiii'v ,jh ; ;,, west, as aloiiy the luiiMle piirtioiis of the 3Ii:ssis,nic extinct. l']vcn in the extreme south, anmng t\u: iunnir^rai.ta from the Oarolinas and (ieorgia, tlio introduction of Ncv/ England, .Vv Yolk, i\ misylvania, and Ohio blood, is constantly going on. A large iiro, porti'in of the emigrants, of both .sexes, from tliose states, nv^ in.iiK persons — young men who go out as ovevseers or superintendents of pl;:ntaH tious, clerk.s, nn;chanics, watermen, merchants, teachers, physicians, lawurJ and divines ; and young women who teach, or act as govornesrcs. The mari riagos of these classes are not, in gem ral, among t'aemselvcs, b;;t witiii':: children of the resident ])opulatiun; and thus the north mingles ^viill t'l south in tlie lower parts of the Valley ; wdiile i)i tlie up|icr, the iiami^'rnti i of families from '\'irgii;ia, Tennessee, and Kentucky, brings out ti:e muij result. Fi-iim all t:iis it follows, that the world has not before witnessed si;.;!i a| comuiinglinii- of races. Those of Fngland and the Atlaidie Slates, the iii'.-tl complete of modern times, bear no compiarison with ours; and if we r.scen( to tlie earliest historic jieriod, no case of c([ual complexity is met with. Hk Roman I']nipire, it is true, was greatly compounded; it was, hovavii', ;t!i| assemblage of distinct nations?, between which there w^as but litde, ia I'.uaij cases no, social, nor even connnoreial intercourse. It was an aggregate ; eur^ is a living compound, as yet in tlie forming stage. Three out of five v;uio-j ties of the human species, with all tlie important races whieli belong to one — the Caucasian or overruling element — cannot i'ail in the end to givol a new [ihysijlogieal and psychological development. In their western migrations fr.un the sources of the Tigris andFajilirnii'?. ti the banks of the .^FlS'ai.J| iiiif' social auialg;i:!iatii'!i.' laiW'j INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. C47 [30 |io;i(l of the ]\Ieditorrancan Sea presented greater divcr;-ity than the liiin* ef riialdea — (jreeec still greater — I'lome went bcymid l:cr — tlio KwiLitiiiii "f western I'lnropo is >till nua-e ci.iiipnundL'd — that (f (jur |i;i:iiitie States, diverf-ifiod in a ilcgreo yet higher — tlac of 'ur ^'al!ey :,iall. Thus the uiii'iii and living eualesceneo of natidns, havi; been :t;:c'ilii'eet ratio of lime and dis-tance, from the birth-jiluee of the .;t to wc-t. ;i;;t tiio influence of the latter eh iii'.'nt is not at an end. The (Ii;i;\t ;\;r,Ai. A'ai.i.iov op North Amkuica is the /,/v/ erueibie into w'''jh -::::;aterial.-', in great and diversiii''d .'-tieaiiis. can be jioiin d *'( r amiilga- |i;;:i. The doulde- range i>f mountains which ."^ejiariite it fn .n the J'acilie 'i.r.i, leave too little spaee fe.r an ein[nre on llio shores i.f that i-ea: and ::; 'ii.'taehcd eonunnnities wiiich may there gi'ow uji, will be but ihii\alives :: 31 t!ie homogeneous millions, with which time will jiei pic tlie great region :nrii the Ap[)alachian and Riudcy [Mountain.'^, ^\hiell is thus destined to •:'>e;'.t the last and greatest development of society. :I, CiiAN'OK Of ('MMAin. — W'h.ih' wo recognize inlermarriage as the |.-a;.-t agent in transforming the races of mankind, wo should m t (iver- 1; external influenees, of which climate must bo regarded as one. Nor :j-: we reject it because some naturali.'-ts, in their attempts to explain too |v;i'i hy it, have assigned it an iiiflucnce tm) liniiti d. Tlio immense pre- . .,'. .p.aeo of a dark or black skin, eyes, and hair, in the inter-lr' ] ii-al :i.;;:-of Africa and Asia, with the equally unifi rni prevalence of the two j:i;'. ill connection with a swarthy ccmplexion in tlic south of Uurrpe and |u''.';Tes[i()ni!iiig latitudes of Asia, Vi'hile tlie middle ami nurthern parts of "Homperatc zone present an cijual predominance of fair comph'xions, and ..:':it Liuv and eyes, would seem to leave no diubt, as to a g^r.cial influence i'ii'iiatc on those parts of the body; but to sujiiiose its ;igei;ey iimilid to 'ase. would bo a most unphilesophieal restriction, for many other ]ihysio- lial iiimliiications may escape our observati ni. .\>we have already seen, the neep.le of wesierii Ijirope, in emigrating to •'irtli America, have generally made ten degrees of southern la.,tu(le. If i:e mean annua', heat of this country, and that, on the sam(> parallels, were hi'ijlt'ai-; vrould be, as an emigratii n iVi in rhihub Iphia or Cincinnati to New '.'r!.:ins: but, in fact, they live in an average yearly temperature, so much j'S'iuiio as that to which tliey bad been u.-cd, i,., but liule inibieiieo can ■■■iijorikMl to this element. There is, however, a striking diiierei.ce lietween i:^' j'lmmcr and winter teinjioraturcs I'f western Uurope, and these ol' the .\tiantlt' S'tatcs ar.d the great ^'alley of the Interier; the extremes of tlio •Wican, being far greater than those of the European continent, fc'udden %u . :3 ■ u Ltl M • I . I 4 :ff i, * u 1"?' f-:l; . ' . .-1 "l, -■ -H ....' , ','.■.'. .f " < . . -3 .'•7. " ,>k,1 ■. . ; ' ' ;'' •. jif ..W- •;^;^ .•■• .\l- :., ,• V . hCi. . :•:■'• -'.'.■■•■ -■ • . ■ ■ ; ?«■ ' 1 if:i'V;:,,' ^ ' !■•';*■ •■4 MS' !. ... ■" ■ CIS TUF. PRINCIPAL DISEASES OE THE [book u ami extreme variations of tompcraturo aro, moreover, far more cfiiinn i ' this ijcrtiou of tlie dow, tliuu in tliat part of tlic old, '•- •Ul, Laj-tK- -,■» have a ih-yer climate, and a iiKirc electrical atinospliere. 'I'o those cHinatie coiiditioiu-; v,e arc bound to admit a niodii'vin'f Iif uume which, i;" I luist.i'ce not, is perceptible in the loss of a ruddy eomplcxiun, n a diminution uf th>e capillary and cellular ti.«sues of the face, and a coiL-ciiuuii reduction of the convexity of the cheek;;, with an iiicrea.sin". tenduncy ti darker hair, in i-iiort, the production or further development (if a hiliru tenipcn'inent. Wilhout ir.sisting on the accuracy of these fijieclul d.-trvi. tions, I am e-iuvinced that whatever tendency exists, is nut in the direct! u of the Kanj^uino tem[)eranient. III. Cm.v.nuk of Food. — As a general fact, the inhabitant., of Aiiiericafi and espeeially those of the Interior Valley, live on a fuller diet, tbu thi masses of Europe. Their food ditl'ers in two respects: fir!.l^ it is here, 'h more complex; 5'.'co«r/, tlie animal portion io nuieh greater. The wheat Enghr.id, the oats of i^cotland, the potatoes iif Irehuul, and tlio rjc of' Germany, are, in this country, represented by wheat, maixe, rye, and Im ■ Tvhe;tt ; and our hot .summo"s [lermit the cultivation of a f;vcat mniilir culinary vegetables, and some fruits, which those countries cannot prulue The abundance i nd comparative cheapness of animal food — beef, imitt : and pork — in the great Valley, originates, however, the greatest dietetic di.'i tinetion between the two countries. Of the natural desire for animal fo no observing man can entertain a doubt. It is among the earliest prel'.f cnces of infancy ; and the inuiiigrants irom ICurope, who niight have sold'; tasted it, begin to indemnify themselves for their pa.st privation, as soon as ti;ei arrive among us. Whether .'^low or fast to adopt other customs, tl.cy iiev fail ta come into this; and like the indigenous inhabitants of the Vallc; very generally cat it three times a day. This inordinate indulgence is o!i; injurious, on their first arrival. Thus, Professor l>rainerd, of Chieagi), Lasi* formed me. that the Norv;egian innnigrants, on landing at tliat city, ol'tei sicken under the combined intlueneo of meat and whisky. As the tiiiu'ii indefinitely remote, when the density of our population will limit the supi of animal food, it will long continue to enter inordinately into our diet; ar mingled with a great variety of vegetables, unskillfully cooked, iiuli.~crinii inately mixed, imperfectly masticated, and rapidly swallowed, will coiistitu our national feeding. That such fullness and crudeness of diet, tliroiigl successive generations, must work out peculiarities of constitution, and ti deneies to some forms of disea.se. while it gives protection from others, cai Gcareely bo doubted ; but these things have not yet been made subjects accurate observation. IV. Cn.vNGE OF Political, Moral, and Social Coxditio.v — In Lar baroua states of society, the influence of the mind over the bod}-, is vo Braall. In civilized communities, it becomes great, and bears a proportion ti the degree of refinement. As our immigrant ancestors, not less than tii people arriving from Europe, were civilized; and as the arts, if not tli science and moral sentiments, which should animate and dignify civilui '■%::\ .:.,':;v- n^ THE [bookiJ, lijTIlI.] INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. G49 rcr, fur move ccmiiK ;i i oia, •■ la. L;;-.lly, icrc. lit 11 moilii'vin" ii llui,'. a vudJy connilcxiiH!, i he i';u:c', .'iml a ccum'Ij, 1 iiicreasiii!^. tcndcii';, dcvolopiUL'iit of a 111!: of tlitbc fipccial cUi . 5ts, is pot in the dirL .a a I- n be iuhahitaut,? of Ai:i'.',' x, on a fuller diet, tl;i;;: i ;« pccts: first, it is lin-'., .,ir ill greater. Thv \v!;r. : of Irchuid, aiul tlic vy. icat, maize, rye, and Im^ ition (if a grout mauljir countries oaanot pr ida • niraal food — hcef, muttu cr, the greatest dietetic dii iral dusirc for animal foi among the cavliest ircf.r ipo, who might have stU' t privation, as soon as ti;e t other custom?, they nev iiihahltantR of the Vnllc lordiiiatc ir.dulgence is ofte Jraincrd, of Chicago, has itt hnidlng at that city, ofte :ul wliishy. As the time J hlatl'in will limit the sui.i" Idiuatcly into our diet; an killfuUy cooked, indiscrimi ,- swallowed, will constitv.' crudencss of diet, tlivoiigl lies of constitution, and ted protection from otlierj. c;ii yet been made suhj'jct< ' IcTAr, Condition —h\ br< Inind over the body, is vor] It, andhoarsaproiiortioutj lancestors, not less tbau til land as the arts, if m>t dij limato and dignify civilu* -. arc increasing among us ; we must not overlook the modifying influ- , ,it' nmral cau.ses on ournational physiology. If these were the same, in M and the new world, no change of constitution would result from a ■ •i(if cdutinont; hut thoy are not. !, Transplanted from the dcptiis of a compact population, to one of great niarativc sparseness, the innnig'-ant has experienced a change, not unlike I'lif the individual who escapes from a crowd, to associate with a small ;. pen company. His feelings, of both mind and body, undergo a modi- /; u hy the change. :, lie passes from the midst of ancient works of art, to a new country, •ro natural objects, scenery, and events replace the artificial. ;, Instead of being compressed on every side, and limited to a small spot, ■■hvliich he seldom passed, he finds ample space for locomotion, and, ,r;!ie influence of sliglit motives, makes long journeys or frequent rcmo- .;; thus, seeing many new objects, and forming new associations. ; Leaving a state of society whieh doomed him to one and the same pur- ::urf'Ugh life, he finds himself where freedom and facility of change arc Irntoil, and extensively practiced; where new plans of business and cxci- :; intci'prises call him out, and inspire him to adventurous and novel in wtiich he engages with a fearlessness proportionate to the facility twhioh, in this countr\', failures, which in an old state of society would iiii'iu?, may be repaired. '.While in his native country, his thoughts, in reference to property, i'tnoviT have risen above his daily bread; but he here sees many ways to ill laid open before him, and has the love of property, with the comforts, :i"5. and influence, of which wealth is the instrument, awakened or ".hcnod in his heart. ? Wlion ill his native land, he saw, perhaps, but a single aspect of Chris- ty— one form of public worship, and one variety of worshipers ; but he Ms himself surrounded by many. Freedom from legislative ?.,.cric- pormits an uiu'cstraincd manifestation of his opinions and feelings ; he ^iuvsympathizes in some form of religious worship, and fiisds himself under ;in:'n''o of more lively religious feelings; or drawn into tlic controver- :»iii';h inevitably arise, in proportion as the superincumbent weight of an ■sastieal cslablislimr/d is thrown ofl'. Bat alinve all. in relation to the young, and to men, the immigrant from -j is born into a political existeuce, in becoming naturalized in Anier- lliore lie was governed, here he assists in governing ; there, in feeling, •■ 1 in opposition to the government, here, in practice, he seeks either - lify or preserve its administration. In ordinary circumstances, he was -.' and obedient, he is now active and aggressive ; he connects himself a party, barkens to its tocsin, rallies to its standard, listens to exposi- ■''■'■ its dot'rines and objects, yields up his heart to its exhortations, and i-'his will to its dictation ; the servant becomes a civil officer — the pea- ''I"ty politician. The variety and amount of emotion, the excitement ^i 11. and the activity of thought, developed by this new condition, are ■^:- ( ) ■4^ ■ 1^1 i > Pi' > ' ■ ■i] !-fV., -,*;'V»'«iS. ,.v.» •. -' v•^•■ ' ■ • . ' ■ 8 ■ •' !'■' '" ■'• ..■;■ ' '• ■. ■ I k|'^ ' ir"-'''''ii'' ''■•,■ ■ '■ '''■''■ ■-■' ''Xf-'.VA ■•■:>^f"'-/"-^';':;'u';' ^■;^'■" V"l'^ I .* ■ ■ ■'^ '' ' •* 'V • ■ -. ' • ■ J:' 1 1 V ' >'i ''.■■■;'■ •• ./i*"f, i ■■* '■' '■• -ii 'n '-' ''■' ■' ■■ '. ' '•:■ ■.■ '■--■• ■■• '■•■ ■ m'^ -■ '^*" "T ;■.> \v i; ; , ■i : ;!■'■.•.>•; ''■■. 'I-.' .•> ■• " ■ * •' * 'i.i.:...:.' '_ :■ r iJl'. ;;.; \ A '.■:,•. '" , ■ ■ ■ ■ , . ; ■•f ♦"' 050 THE PRINXIPAL DISEASES OF THE ['■■' great ill proportion to liis previous torp(jr — as vegetation advainos i. luxuriantly after a cold than after an open winter. Tlii.s is the true n,, wliy our immigrant population arc no eager to plunge into tlie imrty >u wliieli are forever heaving the bosom of our Hociety. Sueh are some of tlie new, social eircunistances, under wliicli the tr, planted popidatioii of western Europe, live in our great \'alley ; and tin ; ' siohigist cannot doubt, that tho mental states, intellectual and cm .ti generated and permanently sustained by them, will, in successive ml ^■: :xr. ivi Hi. itiioG !■'' :iar(! c am He full no. NATION. MEAN niGHT. MEAN WT. TAI.r.EST. IIFAVI- EST. 155 American, 8-i Irish, 17 Enghsh, 10 Scotch, 45 Germans, 7 Danes and Poles SlG'Tlio whole, J155'A IK ricans, .100 Islanders, 52, Continentals, iFt. In. Lns. Lbs. Oz. Ft. In. Lns ^ns. Lbs. G ISO m 1^8 107 17ii 1 ](i.) 102 G 1^0 VJ-1 G 17(1 :i;'jcli iriu 'rri:i, (Scot U'.'lltil)S| ■I'.'-iiual ' I'ivoeiliij pe: thcl p. kimv cieJtlis, l;i.,.t!;ir,ij •:. in ■■'llcren(| '■Jy coinj '■'•'f and J JcortJ "j v, mi._ '.- ah^ • ■ and '•'•'')' one ; ?"SK-itli til "'■t'Ciiuiivl l^-''' ninlti|[ [■■■'Mo oil if ■■-■'' or M-,L p-»iiole ml Oz. Ft. In, Lns. Us MT 111.1 INTERIOR VAI.LHY OF NORTH AMERICA. G51 ].,• nuinbcrs in tlii.s tabic arc too .siiiiill to justify .1113' general coneliisioiis; litshouKl be rccollectoJ, luoroover, in roffix'ucu to wci;:lit, tli.it most of ,.. persMii.s were not yet of niidille i\'^n.* A.>;lio»o .sulilicrs had vcaeheil their full .stature, tlieir hight represents ,;,.!' the nation.s to which tliey belong, so far as tlieir number goes ; but •: -t (if tliem were between twenty and thirty years of age, they had not ■reached their full weight; and e.iU only serve as representatives of their [■, live nations in early maiihood. Xevertheh ss. as the diHorcnt groups ' u mposed of persons in the .sanie periods of life, th.-y may bo e.jnijiared .t:;c!i other. In bringing each class to the standards or mean tvrms of l:.Mi'i"]e, we find, in referonee to stature, tliat tlie Americans are at, or Irk within one line below it ; the English, f^eotch, and Irish ri.^c above it; litltbo riormans and other continentals fall below it. In reference to the liaaktl uf weight, the Americans arc above, the rest below it. I Ilie following statement nf tlic relation between stature tmd weight, shows |i:iniuf!i of the latter is duo to an inch of tlio furnicr : TABLE. ifiiu whole, jAiiiericans, jKn-lish, - [lish, llennans, .Scotch, - one inch give.i - (I - ;; t.liU oz. avd. - ;i:..i7 - - ;]4.4r) '• - :i:).!''0'hict add the anrnrre- l''.;:itor wcigiit of those he lias examined ; wlien, on dividing the whole amount *''lioie luunber of men, lie will obtain the desired result. 'B 1i>t^-:sm^ M^,.- Kl.,„ r.>i „'''.' '>*i. o i I ' . ■\-^f-"^-'w-'' ■ ■ v- ■■■• • ^"^ ?■•>' ' ', : |r4-ro-:-^:' .r.yir., ■ „.: 652 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE [Boot tants of tlio Valley, as, in that [)artioular, to bo identified with tlicup (U the rJcruians, 'ho Jews, and the I'Vcnch, both of Loui.-»iaiia ami Canuda regarded as smaller. The Norwegians, whom I saw in Illiiioi.s aii(l Wj consin, appeared *o Ik.' taller than the (lennans. It is a eiirroiit oiiiiiiij that, of tlie nalivci' of the \'alley deseeiided fron) Jhiti.'-h iii)d Irish an' tors, the largest nnn are those of western Virginia, and the (.astorii ag middle portions of Iventueky and Tennessee; where they breathe a saluUiy air, abound in sustenance, and take cxcreise enough to preserve lualtli: bJ do not perform sunirient labor to carry out of the system, hy eopinu.s inrsij ration and increased pulmonary exhahitimi, a great amount of solid initt^ In our towns and eitics, many young men, who grow up without \\.\ exercise or labor, and sjtend their time (jhicfly within doors, fail to roaili standard size; but those who follow laborious, mechanical, or nii.scellai.ol employments, have a larger development of the system, and, coibi'iiM greater bulk. On the whole, however, the people of the country ati;.;; greater size than those of our cities. Family and individual eccentricities of size arc, of course, not iincniii among a people so diversified in origin, and advanced in civilizatinn — a.-ii Avhich develops greater anatomical and jdiysiological varieties, than t!i( of barbarism. In different parts of the Valley, families of rciiiarkaj stature are met with ; and occasionally, a single member of a family above the rest, and overreaches the tallest aroi;nd him. II. STUioNfiTii. — No experiments on thj strength of the native or iai grant races of the A'alley, have yet been published. It is i < urrcnt (ipiai that as we advance south, from the middle latitudes, it diiniuLshcs; iinl words, is inversely to the mean temperature. Comparing all the iiikiliij of one of our towns or cities, with an cf[ual number in Ihe sunvw country, the aggregate strength of the latter, would, I have nn didt found mueii greater, except in nuilarial districts. In a C{juntr}' I'l;.' I thickly settled, where the labors of the people consist largely in .«tiirii J loose soil Avith the plow and hoe, in pruning hedges and oreharils, t:;;.i vines, gathering in crops, and in the care of domestic animals, this nii.'!it| be the casi.; but in a now country, where overshadowing forests aro subdued, shruLi3 and bushes grubbed up, fields inclosed with lioavv mauled out of the trunks of trees, log houses erected, stone quarried. opened, bridges built, and canals excavated, the labors arc, in kind :d gree, well-fitted to develoj) large, compact, and powerful muscular >;.'.■ Such from the beginning of immigration, have been the labors of a n:.ijl of our people. In the older settled regions, they aro less than formcrljl in all the new States, they still continue. IJut in hitter years, a great number of men have been called to new 1 requiring, and therefore, developing, great muscular power. I iiKiyl enumerate some of these: The erection of cities, such as Toronto, Bi Chicago, Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Louisville, St. Louis, and Now Or.j the preparation and embarkation of the agricultural staples — floiu,cir;!. beef, licmp, tobacco, and cotton — the lumber trade of Canada, of thci OF THE [booi hiriii'I INTERIOR VALMIY OF NOHTfl AMERICA. C53 ) identified witli tlipui; tlij I Louii'iiitia and Canada, [ saw in lUiiii>i'i and W'l 18. It is a nirront (>]^\h\^ im Ihiti.sli and Irisli aii': iviuia, and tlic eastern aJ licro tliey bruatlie u salulirii miiinus i...r« Ti'at amiiunt id' siJid miti who grow uji \Yitliuut im< witliiii doors, fail to roiul f4, inccluiuieal, ov inisctlla!.'i| the system, and, Cdiisniiionr jcople of the country attain! arc, of course, not uncmv.n IvaiiuL'd incivili/atiun — ;id loj^ical varieties, than tli^ ^li 'aUcy, families of rrniaikaj iiiuf ^o\v York, and of tlic cypress swamp.s of Louisiana; the preparation Ijiiid for our five or six hundred steamboats between New Orleans and L.ln.1.'. and the laburs upDii tlmse vessels of lirenieii and decKli.inds; lastly, |;;(iiKi'.>sant use of tiic oar or paddle, and the carrying of heavy burdens ;:ira|i[it'rs and vni/u^curs on the rivers of .he mjrth-west. }I;iiiy other classes miglit be named: but these will .servo to show that ,;: ("Uiitry abounds in oniploymeiits, which eaiuiot bo prosecuted without Ivvii.ping great muscular strength. CHAPTER 1!. MODES OF LIVING. ?Evn;.\L things which properly belong to tliis liead, have alreaily been ^minicd, when treating of tlie causes which work out changes of ccnstitu- ':i:i European enngrants, or develop size and strengtn in our nati\(' poj)- ir.fl, We now recur to thcni, and, including many more, eonsid.r them r.f'.i'L'Meo to the productiiju of disease. ]\lodilioations were all that we p studied; that whieli remains for this chapter, is more obviou.sly ctiolo- SECTIOX I. DIET. — SOLID FOOD. Tne custom of the laboring classes, of both town and country, througli- |it ibo Valley, is to eat three meals a day; the first not '"ar from, but gen- pLy after sun-rise ; the second at or soon after noon ; the third at or not fnt'tor sun-down. Taking ilio year throughout, this would give an aver- if si.K hours between breakfast and diiuier. and the same jjcriod betvreen jirierand supper. Now it appears from experiments,* which the feelings of CfiJuals verify, that about five hours are noccssarj to the digestion of a ¥' of an ordinary kind, the person being in good health ; and the cstab- ■liiplniou of the profession is, that the stomach should remain cmjity ''It rest, for an hour, more or less, after it has decomposed and dis- k'od its contents. The customary hours of the people would seem to be P'-t. But this is still further evinced bv a reference to the time for ,;,.! ^ili I I. ,1' V •I* !\ 1 •Dr. Beaumont. '%■: '3V ■■;-: l.';:v -ii , f.^: mi ft.. H'lr;- V*' ■J ■ ^ • ., ' .• Mr {/)( * , ,t x J ■ ■ 'I r.'i' ■ f 'fi ' I .|.'f • ;'.•■'• liii' f^'l^ ' ; • ■ 1 •, • I V: > 3 : ■■ ' • v.! * ■'3 'i^fiiii. J 054 TFin PRINCIPAI- I)I?^KASF,S OF THE slcc]). 'I'liis. ti) sjicjilc ns a |iliysi(iliij;ist, is the nij^lit. niid {lie si;.'ii, 1 l',r ;' '•.] is tlio n'turii of day. -N'uw, wlicii tlio stdiiiaeli lias Ijccii I'luptv 1' r hours, it ilfmnmls the stiiiiulns of Ibiid, mid many |)or.si)iis fed j^reat \\\zu\_ VcMiioiico, after rising i:i the iiiNriiiiiir. till tlicy take it. T[i'iicu it ri mi1:J that I'uily l>rcakl:i>l.s aro iiliy.'-iido;.'ical and .'•aliitary, lucau.-o cailv ii>iii'l accnrdiii;,' to tlio natural laws of uiir cdnHtitutluii. IJiit tlicsc luiMts. J tlion^h coiLsonant willi liur |»liy.si()lo;.'y, am oftt'ii vii'latfd. Maiiv iioi^ rise and l)ri.'akfa.-.t Lit'-, tliiio late, and iiialcc a .sli^rlit meal in tlio (■\ii;ii. Otlicr.s du not dine until near tlio sn)i|i('r Inmr nf the jiei pic, hut lum li !i!j,|j their dinner luau', iiniking (hreo meals a day, coming hick toward theiuit ;:^ times, liut making the evening meal the iuiiu'i| al one. Uther.s nguin dl ;, two or (hreo o'clock, suji lightly, and make a lie.'irtliT meal at i/me i r t.> Thousands may lie found wlio enjoy go(jd health under these diviiv-;:i| of time; hut they are all dc[)arfures iiom the j)laii of nature, and tlidiisiJ might 1h' found \\'\u\ snU'cr fn.iiii them. Tiic late su[i])er has heon chikIuh!, as nnhc.ilthy and even dangerous, sis to certain (•'■n.-^titiitinns it ciit.ii:!,- But if tlio iinlividual .sit up till the la.^t meal is digested, he will .-lt.e[i ii; -i qi'.ielly to take a slight ri'jiast of digcstihle focd, avoiding all diuretic ilrii. for diaphoresis sliould jirevail over all other soerotions during sleeji. Among the laboring classes, wh.o follow nature more clcsely than t]:i.' ■ n crs, tlu' three meals of the day do n.t diP.Vr so nun h in (juaiitity, as aui' the more cultivated and artificial classes. 1 am jiersuaded that tlio I'. ra aro riulit ; and would go still furi'ior, and express the opinion that, ni'tl three meals, lirealvfii-it, and not dinner, should ho the principal. Aftirl repose, iii the coid oi' tlie inoridng, when the feeling- of hotli hody anil i,i:( are trar.((nil, the stcmaeh can receive with impunity, and digest a l.'n'L'o ii:^ Letter, than in the heat of the day; or in the mMst of lie labors audi rJ real and moral irritations whieh it may bring forth. A hearty hivakfi seldom produces oppression and drowsiness, like a hearty dinner; on tlioeol trary, the hour which i'ollows it is generally one of pleasant and eiH' excitement; Avhile that whieh succeeds to a full dinner is ehar.acterizt'l dullness, taciturnity, sleep, and very often a considerable degree of feviru ness, from all of which, T may repeat, tho,«c who make hearty broakfaM^ slighter dinners, arc exempt. The practice of rapid eating is univor.sal among u.s, that is, prevails cv. where, t'lough not adopted by every individual. Two objections liu r.L'ai it: firsl, the food is imperfectly masticated; scron/l, too much is taken:! a little time is necessary after food is received into the stomach, to ciial''' to remove the feelin;i of hunfrcr. As a general fact, the people of the Valley cat t(.o much. Pucliani cess is the natural effect of living in a country whose greatest natuia! aeteristie is productiveness of su.stenanec; and until the ahiuidaiicc l' I latter, in jiroportiou to the population, shall diminish, the jiracti/e continue. II. \\'c come now to the composition of our diet ; and the first (K-'l tion I make is. that tlie quantity of animal food consumed in the Vil:,l ■ till.' |ie'i,|il<', bill h]\< long lis, tliat is, prevails ov.ij il. Two olijectioiis lio r,L',v.i iC'OH'l, too iinicli is talci'ii;! into the slomacli, to cr.al. i.y cat ti.o much. SudianJ •y whoso greatest natuvaUr.! ml until the iihinnlaiico ": I l11 aiuiiuish, tlio pvactioe •ilNil'J IXTMIUOII VAMJ:V cV XOflTII AMI'.IIIi A. oor* • fTjrriMt, compared with tho vogcfuliliv Iiulccd, it ni;iy he aflinucl that |.;oi.(l liread with |;„'.iriiicat. T','.', whalrver nvidiriealio:! fif jihyslnlngy, cr jiredisjiosition to disease, |:r 1'. prolni iblo by excess nf animal fund, is experienced by the people of V;i!lov; Imt 1 am in. t prepared to delineate them. The praclicc nf ab- .;;i'i:' from animal fnod. recnminonded on purely theoretical grounds, and •r,irv;ith the cunliguration, instincts, and experience of or.r race, has niadi> lb; Ii;tlo progrcsss in tlio A'alley, and is not likely to fuid many advocates. P'l'jH'd'uvt shnuld diminish the ([uantity i-onsumcd by each individual, it ril'i:},a iniblle benefit; but if it should uiilv reduce the a'iQ-regalo bv the iliilistiaence of a few, no good will result to them or ho e:inununity at P'. A liberal consumption is not confined to the cool v,-eat1icr and heal- |i:v>.;isiins of tho year, but prevails in pimuuer and autumn, not less than piiiies to which it wnuld seem tu be better ada['ted. ^Vheat flour and Indian covu-mcal, variously prepared, constitute our I'l-. "tun's." rei'UK'iited wheat bread is far from being universal, and t:. niiloavcncd biscuit, with fat, is a favoriie article on the bniddast and |-'|r tiilile, es[)ccially in tho snuthcrn half of the Valley. They an; eaten 'I'lutter, which is always melted by their heat, and thus prepared, becnmc kafcniujianiment of animal food. It is undoubtedly trr.e. that thi-s national hip'aml eniliarrassos the stomach of tho dyspej.tic; but the general aspect liie majority of tho people would seem to indicate that they find it digcs- 1^:' liinl nutritious. In tho cities, fermented mils, v.'itlioiit fat, but eaten "Liy commonly replace the unleavened biscuit of tho country and smal- ^■t wn.s. Tho fashiun in tho A'alloy is to use the finest bolted fhuir, liut al mmlo from that which contains a portinn if tlse fioe bran, is sujieiior ">|.Tvthing l)ut whiteness — a quality of no veal value. ^"opi'.Ip of Indian curu-meal, but slightly susceptible if fermentation, 'I'-vally baked in small rolls or cakes, and eaten hot. Nearly destitute -i'ltoM. it is move pulverulent thaT hot wheat bread, and docs not, by ■■^••i.ution, become compact and claK;my. It is more aperient than the '.« !'1 A WM(M ■J. mf. .-■.-.%. i.L ■' ■ iT iiTt ": .* . Ill J] m<"-^^i^ ■:i :[ •*'■ ^^ ;■.;• ;..■'■ f M'-^'-'V "■■■.■ ■'■■■'■■-■.■ ■ ■■Mi ifi ^■" ■ -j;/;^-..,". t:'i;|a^&kl > ' '•1. ■*■. • • •* -. , ' ".' ■ ■ ■ />. ;■ i ■• !•;! ,•,-■ r ; \i i •■■■ \ * ■ . .. .»/* ai ■..•■,,^'.-:- 'f*: ISI-I. f i. »:> i. '■.'■.■>.■ ; . .■ BliiiMl^y .'■:. .... -. G5G THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE [book latter, but persons unaccu.stonicil to it, arc a]it to experience acidity of ihJ stomach from its use. Of its nuiuisliing qualities there can Le nu ut tlic coniiiKi potato (sola/nan liibcrosum) is scarcely worth cultivating in tlie soulli, uliJ is supjdied from the middle parts of the A'alley, and frdui the north, wlcr its qualitv and quantity are excellent. The tomato (snlanum tomulu) i-, recent introduction, and lias become a universal favorite, being cultivated aim consumed from the Gulf to the Lakes. -A groat deal of fruit is consumed. In the direction of the Gulf, uran.' chiefly imported, are abuuda'it, and figs and peaches are cultivated ;i,i abound. The ajiple, however, has r? 't been much cultivated south uf tli| thirty-third degree of latitude, from which to the Lakes, it is aLunda..t, great variety, aii'l of excellent quality; furnishing large snjiplies (or liaal consumj)tion, and for exportation to the States resting on the Gulf. TliI peach, cherry, and pear, come to good perfection in the middle latitudis. aiJ the two latter, with plun;.^ in abundance, arc found high in the iiurtli, fuiui ing considerable articles of consumption. The strawberry is widely di,-si.ia| inated, and bears luxuriantly. ^^lrious kinds of grapes are grown ii abundance, south of the furtieth degree of latitude. It would bo tedious to extend this enumeration of our indigenous .*oiiiee( of vegetable fond. All that I have enumerated are consumed in large i|U';a| titles, and show that while we use a great deal of animal food, we alsiie;,ti great deal of vegetable; in other words, that our diet is liberal, dive:;i| fled, and nutritiou.-'. It ilifl'ers, therefore from the diet of some i!atiiin.>\vl.i is delicieut, or innutritions, or consists of one or a few artielcs rej.i,i;' through tlie year. It wuuhl rcijuire a very careful comparison lo deieiii.ifl the physiijhigical effects of these national diirerences. 1 shall only say, ti.a I suppose a mixed diet, varying at different times, to be must favorall the full corporeal and intellectual development of man ; and that rej.kiijj produces fewer diseases than inanition. The euliiiary arts are but little understood by a great majority of tlie poj pie of the Valley; who find in (piantity and variety, a substitute for qu;i!i:;i ■.vhieh depend on skillful cookery. I cannot attempt to enumerate al «:,i, jF THE [book lliJTllH INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. G57 3 experience aridity of luj ,'S tliere cuu Le no fluuLt, JUS of our popuktioii, csjn;* it. ;; ioni ciiiploycil ill tlie fulniia^ use, and always i)r(:|)avfd ii( CCS, eaten with aljunduimj i)( •ts of the Valley, cxoiiit iii;| wliicli arc too s-tovilu tu [-iv jvent vavietios of pul.ut the cmm altivating in the soulli, \v!ie y, and from the north, wl.cn )niato (^snlaniim tomuli)\> I favorite, Leing cultivated;! iliroetlou of the Gull', uraii; I peaches are cultivated u. much cultivated south uf tm the I.akcs, it is ahiinda.,!, shing large s\ipplies I'or Vw ,03 resting m the Gulf. Tlii [,u in the middle latitudes, am found high in the north, fan strawberry is widely dl.s nds of grapes are grown ii itudo. tiou of our indigenous fo-aic A are consumed in large ijum' . of animal food, wealrine;! ,t our diet is libcrtd. dive- the diet of some nations wU, e or a few artieles rcinaw iireful couiparison to deteuux ^•onces. 1 shall only suv. ti. iincs, to be must favuniU.' itof man: and that repku ,y a great majority of the IK) liriety', a substitute for ^^^^ uttempt to enumerate all ' ri.i-iiis modes of cooking that \iiay be supposed to exert an influence on jijlih, but will glance at a few. 1 With the mass of our population, bread c.f every kind is apt to be i'jd too soon after the flour or meal has been wetted — tiu;t is, bof lo there ■j; liccu sufficient maceration. IJut what is still worse, it is scarcely ever ;;Ke.l enough. t Biscuits, as they are called, are baked in close ovens, by whieli process •'.■uttliey contain is rendered oinpyreumatie and indigestible. :;, When the dough for leavened bread, by excess of j)anary fermciitatiun, • lien charged wiih acetic acid, that product is not in general nttutralized r c'arl)unate of potash or soda, but the bread is eaten sour. I Pastry, instead of being flaky and tender, is often tough and hard, ii:„ ;imos almost horny. ,1. Moats are often baked and fried, instead of being roasted ur broiled, li:,:v!)V they become impregnated witli einpyreumatic oil, and not iiufre- Witlv oliarred on tlie outside. In gei'.eral, they are overcooked. ;. Fii'sli meats, and especially poultry, are comnKjnly cooked too soon Icr'liatli. !. Suup is often prepared from parts defielent in gelatine, and al)oundiiig k wliicdi swims upon the surface, and is mneh more indigestible than t; meat would have been, if eaten in the sidid fdrni. ■. Eiv'S are generally boiled so hard as to render them tough, and many eati'ii fried in fat. to a still greater degree of induration. Fried bacon l:.':s, eaten with hot unleavened biscuit, containing lard, and then but- -lis a fa''orite breakfast in '"-Miy parts of the Valley. 5, Vegetables, abounding in feeula, si eh as pitutoes, rice, and puho, M'toiilmiied so little, that all the starch grains are not Inirst open ; wliile t-fCi'iitainiiig albumen, as eitbbagc, are boiled until that element is firmly ICibted and deposited in the structure of tiio leaf. SECTION IT. LIQUID Dirrr, and tahle drixk^. Mu.K is abundant, in the northern and miihlle zones of the A'alloy ; ir and [luorer in quality, in the southern. Tliat of the cow only is in I know of no experiments to determine the difl'ereiu'e in the comjio- i "i tli(i milk of the sontli and the north. The butter and cheese uf iM'ia'jrare chiefly importeil from the latter, or fnun other parts of the l;l States. In the southern zone, milk is Hot a standing article o liut, in the middle and northern, great ((uantitii's are consumed, t;i!ly ia the country. In no [)art of iho Valley is milk used more p'ly than in Kentucky and Tennessee, where it enters nmre largely |t!ie diet of men, tlian of women — the latter consuming more ten- ^■• I ■ w&^ y'i V£-^t-' •: '^mH '-;, ' .i.'.t,A'. ••, ■.■'■'— ■■,!■ , ' »>■-••.,• ' ■'.-. '■ • A ••.'■ . , . ' 5 » '■.••*>■,•-• ■-*' •' ■■■■ 'i''-5;.- ^ ■■ < f a ■■•'■• " , ."•■ ■■- •'....■'..■.'■•- •' • t' 'S ' '.' 1 ■■ ;<•■• . ".i- '• ' '■-■'■ "■''*■/ ■ • ■ [: -''fi ''^^'T^v ':ifv"^-V' '^.T^■•■• • _■ ^i^' \-" '-if i-'^ '■■•'■"'!■. ■'<■ :"-^f •'.'.:.;>■- ' i .y. . r4r:l:.,fl .» '■■. ' ■ i,- t::1- .'. 1^' ■i ". ' A ■Iff S ' '•'?'- ■■'■ . • ^ ■ . K..' S^''"'-' lj'1-j' >' - -. "r • J 1' 'Mk^- - 1 . " ' a'tMMBg ^^^ ,■■ .'*■•. IM ^i:A;" '■* •■! r558 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE LI"^'^!-. I.. Now, it is ill these states tliat the cali-uljus diatlie.si.*, anioiu' in;iV^ prevails to a greater extent tlian in any other portions of tlio Yallfv. tj the soutliern zone, ■\vberc milk, from its (hificivni-}- and irileriniitv. \< \ ij little nsoJ, caleuljus dis^inlers are rare. In tho northern zone, wIm i-.. j^ij maniiracturo of butter and ehceso for exportatim are ohjocts (<( r J oconnniy, it is less u>ed. Is it not possible that, iii t1ie states just i:: i- tioned. the phosphate of iime, contained in tl;o milk, cuitrilnit cs to nr. ■' g tlie phospliatic diathesis? The eni'il furnird in tho stonv.ielis of dv<; i.;! 4 fViim cxecss of acid, is often oppressive to them. li'itlcr-viUk is decidedly nr.tritiovis ; and, after haviii;,' licea knt. ii warm v/cather, until it heenmes slightly sour, from the dovelnpnieiit nf ! j acid, is a cooling and saluhfinii,-; ilriiik, wliidi is freidy usi'd in s aiie iii.v:' j of tlio country; but nut, on t'lO whole, to the extent, referring to «;:ii::: health, that it merits. U. Tc!'. CuKAM. — The consv.m|itit)n of iec cream has bien illeroa^:;;.• tlio ^'alley, for the last (piarter of a centni'y ; previ'iusly to wliirli its \ was quite limited. At pn^^'Mit, it is used, in summer, in all enr litli •:. :;■ th.o Lakes to t!io Gulf of Mexico; ami makes an iinp.'rtuHt part > .' ; luxuries provided by tho wetilthier classes, for their oveninir jn thron-ilniut the vear. I'^or a lona; time, manv persons rcu'arded it asdr ous in hut. and absurd in culd weatlier; but these prejudices are 11 .v; \ extinct. T have not had occasion to observe any injnrinus e'lects IV that might not be traced to two h.eads: Jlr^', swallowing it befcre tl has dissolved in the mouth, v>-Len it sometimes raises an acute paiii i.i t| pharynx, and .'••ives a sense lif coldness and sinking in tho stumncli: eating it when the stoma -'lis t rjiid and ina'-'ive frcm dysjiepsin, individual is inclined, at t'lO time, to sick h.eade.che. The cmp'tsin'"!'. less than the Ci/ldness, e mtributcs to the injiU'v in this case. I'liil other circ;nTistane"S, ice cream may bo regarded as eipially sahihii'i> pleasant. When its coldness produces bad effect;!, they are l)est cnn by a diiTusIblo sllinulant, .'::uch as annu'jnia, wine, ardent spirit, or ;i - hot tea or coilee. in. ]j;moxadi; is ciiiefly drunk in our citie.^-. and on steainbcaf?. cooling properties of all the vegetable acids, is an cstaldishcd f;ut: there can be n > d mbt that in sunnuer tliis is a salubrious d'.-iiilc. I: however, generally made too ri'-h, tliat is, into a pleasantly acid siiT;]i; v. it exerts but little influence in ([uenching thirst. These who, i'l weather, are inclined to fever, or (>]ipre,ssiiin of the brain, derivo . benefit from this beverage, when properly prepared. It is only tin-' labnr under mni-inflamniati'ry dy«[»epsia, witli liability te attacks •: headache, that are injiu'cd by it. The fre-li I'lnon, aif-Tilin;;' i-:!ri' :ii .should alwaj'S be xised in tlio pi^'paration nf leiuonade, as tlic Iciu 'ii ■ so called, is generally acidulated with sulphuric acid. IV. Ti:.v is used in every jiart of the Valley, but m■ r.ii ii'o 'Bik.pt '•^m- -'l'-"'!^ I^K' !:i wli |*Hl M,t;| ^B''' I'OSSC flt!:.' .< ^■-■'"'Iraw ■ '' COF B I'^'oii '^Hir.Ju.vo M.VT''' ^V'l'.'l l'''"i> W'"'l. too W'^ of h„ ^mi ■f(\ ^ TIIK [rook I.. INTERIOR V.M.LCY OF XOIITII AMRRICA. 669 lions of tlie X-Ah-x. 'a :-y and intVri»iity, i< ! it nortlu'vn v.nw. \\h V" •'■9 ti m avo I'lijocts i.f v \ t, ill tlio stiUes jusl iir 1^ ilk, (•ontrilHito.< t:> i'V"Vi':^ \o stomuL-lis of '\v-^;:-i.i;' itM- \vA\\v.[; lioi'U h'\\. ia 11 tlu; (lovclnpnu'iit oi K''" ■v(>cly used in s'.iuo ynTti. ■^;tont, rcllrriug to sv.iiiiu^ roam Ims li^on iufvoar^i i>vovi'iiisl,v tii ■\vliii-li ii:* 111 imncr, in nil ..nr <;itirs, ir. ^ an iniji.'Vt:r:;t jKivt ■ .' ; f,,r tlu'ii- cvcniui; y^vA :r«ons rc^iinloA it as (li;i::ol -so projuili'M'S are n .w > .;ir any injnripus oilVets Iron swall win- it bof.ive tb/ raises nn a ;i| IxvA.; tlu'V ;ivo l)(^st cun. lino, :irtalAi^lH.a ia-t;- lis a saluln-i-u^ 'l-'"'^' '' , i,L.a|,aml. It is only ill-; 1, liabilitv t>. ntta.:l■. |l, l.non, i.I^V'i";; '■'^''■: l,.mnv,a>le, as tlic lem ".i -I] he ariil lUov, iHitni.'VC-ononillyi.i ,rtoMa.l<, ti.un:rlitW":^| y .Ivui'k villi luilli ai '.■■(if the country people ii.se ten in tlio morning as vrcll a.s the evening; • rsiii the latter only. Ta tlie eities and larger towns, it is confnutl, by : iiKiiority, to the evening, nr third meal. All the v.ovId kni.vs. that tliO ■•; as kinds of greoii tea aro stimulating, but do ii"t prudueo either iiitox- ■; ,;i. fovor, or inf!ammnti(m ; tliat their influence is e.speeially felt in the ;■;;";! fuiictions, aiul by the shin ami kidneys, aocording, in rel'ereiiee to ;;,;■,',•,) latter, to the season of the year — bi-ing sndorilio in hot, and :;ri.tie in C'old weatlun*. The exeitii'g eifects of black tea are mr.i-h less; iit is. therefore, at once, less iiijurioiis to health and less n.sed. 1 1 is eom- ::ti?nv, that tea, apart from the milk and sugar mingled with it, ailV.rds mislinient ; but the analysis of tinkler '■'• shows that it is not destitute irrrilive principle.^, as it eoiitaiiis gmn aiid alhunien. iu addition to tho leHar principle ///(■/;/. Of all kno\Mi stininli, T re.rard tea as the most :\;i!.i:i reference to the intellectual functions and tlio moral feelini's. Its .virias effects come from two causes: ,/'■■.■-■/, the excess of hot watur with lr:i-!;itis prepared, diluting too mnrli th(! solid contents of the sfniiiach; !, ilniiking it too strong. Tii the \'alley, these almses, esperialiv tho r, aro far from being uncommon. os[iccially ani. iig females. Thus Iti- 1. tea produces e,r increases dyspep^i.a, acidity, .^iek hcadaelie, morbid IrJ'ility. hysterical aifections, and muscular tremors. A di^linguished 'iT lif tlie banks of the Oliio, was aceustouied. nia'ht and m"ruin!r, li::i.''i ]i!i\ to drink froiu eiglit to twidve cnps of gi-ceii tea. He atta.incd '.J a^ro, with an luiimjiaircd intellect; but for many years was affected ;:::trcaiors of the mnsdes, es|)ecially of the arni.-<. Ilis death was from &T of the lip. Did tlie application of so ni;:<-li liot beverage to his ''. liave any effect iu awakening that di^f^aseV KiHren and young- persons should drink tlulr tea weak. Tl;i> aped aro p.k'/pt iVoiu sl(K'ping, by tea of no gn'ater str'oii'rth than wliat l!iey had Si;i.''U.stoined to drink for many years liefore. The middle part of life is b" !;i vdiieh the injurious effects of strong tea are least jnn'ccptibh'. I I'litaiii the exciting [U'operties of tea, it is neeessary to prejvire it in ve<-;els, with boiling water, and to drink it soon after the water is ^"" ' I'll. Tt is not generally uiMler.-tood, that tho stinudatiiig cpudity cliiL'fly in a volatile oil, and nut iu the astringent matter which by I-.'" ilrawing " is givtni out. p. CoFFi-a-; — of whirh that from Tlio Janeiro is in nn -^t eomnion nse — '"'U craduallv banishiuLf tea from our breakfa;;t tables, and is now in "1 use at that meal; in many families, at su[iper als). With many of '^^ iintry people, however, who aro scarcely ever without tea. coffro ia I'd rather as an occa.-ional lu.\nry. l>y them, and, indfcil. tho IJ'ify of our people, tho preparation of ei'ffeo is not will uiulerstood. Tt ■'"11 badly toasted, kept too long after that proci '^.>;, not pi'operly ^■■'':>i tuo much Ijoiled. and then, very eoinmoidy weal:encd with cold, '■^luf boiled milk or cream. Tho Creole Fremdi, from Xew Orleans to ■ 'i I. li' J.- ■ ■^ rureira on Foo.l anil Diet. t! J-fn ■»•$'■ -ii'''-' (■• i-'-i.M^-'.r i" ■•■■ ■■' Infill ':!»•:"'■ ■■ f- ;:^>H'%;'|'f ^M v^C ;■:;• '■■■ ' ■Jt'A'm^vHl ■:'■%■. :./*:r'- ■■■■ I ■ V; ,■-•■. < i -.■ .'' ; ■ ^ . ■ ■ ;'*• .» /j. ' Is'":'' lilt '.'f • Af. '' GGO THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE [nouK I Qiioboe, use coiToo to tlic exclusion of tea; and tlie poorest anions t'ni* iinclerstund how to prepare it. Tlii.s knowledge appears to Le, with .^nm.. J them, a test of eivilizutioii. Thus, an Eno•li^^il traveler,* wlio siMke iie French hui^'unfre, in pas.sins through the State of Indiana, callod im -. ,ii| old Cre(do families, at Vincctnies, settled by tlie French from Caiiiula ij lloo, and, in the course of hi.s visit, was oilered eofi'ee by an old luilv, wiit in speakijig of tlio Americans, said, "Us sont si Ix'ics Us nr saminii a* /(lire le ctift.'' Many of the French drink eofi'ee on rising in the iiinriiinf and, also, after dimicr; and the latter is done by a few Americans. The composition of eofi'ee, before being toasted, h;is a resenihlancc to t!.a| of tea, whicli never could have been suspected, seeing tliat one is a >uk and the otlier a leaf, from plants gcnerirally difi'erciit. Caficin, thij ijccul principle, is identical with thein. Coflfec i.s, per' aps, more nutritimis, ;i certaiidy more pernKinont in its stimulating '',\ :cts, than tea. But 'A influences, on the whole, are less genial. Taken in large (piantitii>. 4 once, it not only produces morbid vigilance, but afi'ects the brain, »i u- to occasion vertigo, and a sort of altered consciousness, or coiifusiuu of jila^ not amounting to delirium ; which I can compare to notliing so well ;;- ;!« feeling when one is lust amid familiar objects, which look strange, aiiil > <% to have their positions, in reference to the points of the conipa.^s, cli;.: .li I liave experienced tliese feelings myself, after a cu[i of cnjc a la Fi-r/.^ /j^ early in tlie morning, in New 0' leans; and the late I'rofessor Diuwii, rfj Traosylvania University, infi)rmed me that, when traveling in >V Alabama, ho was thr(»wn into the same condition, which la.sted fur iKan half a day, by drinking a large qvxantity of strong eofi'ee, on an ciiip stomach, in the morning. lie afterward died of ajioplexy. There caiia be a doubt tliat sucli coifee produces, on the brai,i and nervous systuiii.! more ileleterious eft'ecfc than strong tea. Like that beverage, it cxfiteil mental powers and moral feelings. Palpitations of the heart, ^\\il»■\ pain and tightness about the bead, muscular tremors, and various uurlj sensibilities, follow its habitual abuse; and continue until it is laid asiik proves fatal. Its diaplioretic and diuretic eff'ects are less than those if The disorders produced by tea arc more common in women than nn ".i flj use less of it; but tliose from colTee are found equally among the twu nxJ the greater susceptibility of the female constitution compensating for :i iiij limited use of tlie beverage. There is mucli reason for believing, that an early cup of eofi'ee, in sui:;a and autumn, is protective against the fevers of the southern part ' Valley. Certain it is, that the French population arc less liahh; t tlian the Anglo-American; but as they occupy the oldest-settled p"ni( of the coimtry, which, cccleris paribus, arc least aft'ected, allowance mm made for that. In various ])arts of the Valley, eofi'ee is heginiiii.'j supersede ardent spirits, as a means of support and protection under l':ii:j Tit 'Ofnr li'iidit ::;ront [K-eiits, -it are i Is t!iem It preset * Feathcrstoiihaugli's Excursion. -/prions ''■'T from •■^%(lc 'fe':-> iiiji i'i^-Hit an ffiitiire ot pvnrabl '"'•no, piporatur ms nea FbJ; )• V'H ■111 II i F THE [bo.'K 1 tlic poorest amon2 tooj [i|)c:irs to 1)u, Nvilli s;iiiui; o| traveler,* wlio sjx.kc ili^ if Tnduuui, calkil dii - .ui 3 Vrcnch from Canmla, iif cutToo 1)}' lui old Lidy, wiiol' />(7t's ih IIP sari'i'f ,at c on risking in tlie iiMiruini a few Americans. |- 1, lias a rescniljlauce to tlijj^^ sceiii"' tluit one is a ^'tl^ jrcnt. CaiTein, tlie iicculia|^ r' ips, more mitriti ms. ;in| .'fi ;cts, tlian tea. I'm i|| .ken in lart^e (inaiilltir^ li it aflocts tlic lirain, so a. to liqiess, or confiisiun of iil ai, iro to nothing so well ;;« ;be vliich look strange, aiul ^■ « .nts of tlic compass, tlia'.i.ei. ■ a cup of ciiji' u III f''' '" 'Wi the late Professor IJivwii.rfj XN'hen traveling in N Ition, wliieli lasted fur nail strong coffee, on an ciiip (,f npoidexy. There cann [braia and nervous svsl.iii,j that beverage, it exch^ ions of the heart, ^x^yf tremors, and vurinus in il intinuc until it is laid asi.k-,| cts arc less than those of fm.ni in women than men, i equally among the tvfo kx| .utioii compensating fur a ml early cup of coffee, in sui.ii Is of the southern part ' Illation arc less huhle to t J Iny the oldest-settled i.tuI last affected, allowance um^i ./alley, coffee is hcgir.iui^-;] |rt and protection uudor l;uf scursion. JiST HI.. INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA GGl ii-](:roat exposure to the elements; for which purpose, all who have made ..;expei'i"'cnt, regard it as preferable. VI. Chocolate is but little used in the Valley, since the departure of •;Ni,;iilsh populatioii from the (lulf coast. It is justly regarded as more l:;iritious, and less stiuuilatlng, than tea or colfeo. The discovery in tlio Ijjrnels of the cocoa of a peculiar principle, thcobromin, nearly identical in laipn.-ition with theia and caffein, is certainly a curious fact, and seems to r;jest a reason why these three articles, above all others, have become • jeral among mankind, as nutritious and pleasant tabic beverages. The :;,.;i,ilatc consumed in the Valley generally, is very much adulterated, and I ;' an inferior quality. Its use is too occasional and limited, to have |!r:iUi.'lit forth results of any kind, on the health or constitutions of •.jviikib. In general it is complained of as promoting drowsiness. Its I;.;:/, even with every adulteration, is acceptable, and, therefore, it is :-:.erally classed with our luxuries. S E C T I O N III. WATER. [ TiiiR-ST, or tlic desire for water, must not be confounded with the i-o fnr *itimulants. Its final cause is the due preservation of the vtu imc Liquidity of the blood; and the supply of a solvent and a vehicle, for hiticrs which must be conveyed out of the system. The taste and effect of ji'ront kinds of water, do[icnd on tlieir temperature, and the matters whiih |l;v bo dissolved or suspended in them. The Valley of the Mississippi |i:;-':nts, in regard to both these sources of variety, m!arly all diversities pure to be found in all other countries. In a preceding chapter wo have l>^!thcra^orth, and it now onlv remains to consider them in connection with It.' preservation of health, and the production of disease. The first iKiim is, what are tlie bad ctTcets of water, resulting from its tcnipera- p.' I am not aware that, except in summer, cold water produces any isrious effects. In the northern and middle zones, where the drinhing |'j:rfroiii springs and wells varies, in temperature, from forty-five degrees j'.sty degrees, Fahrenheit, persons when heated are, at midsummor, sonic- Ifcs injured, and even killed on the spot, by large draughts of water. i-;- iliiutly happens at deep wells, when great quantities are suddenly drunk pAout any stimulating admixture. In the southern zone, where the tein- ptiire of the springs varies from sixty degrees to seventy degrees, this pvnrablc effect is seldom experienced. The majority of the people of p ?.ir.e, ospncially those wlio reside in the country, drink water of the moraturc just mentioned; but, in New Orleans, Mobile, and the smaller N< near the Gulf coast, ice has become a regular import from New ■vWd; and, throughout the summer, is made a constant addition to the • •• ■;-n&,^ f ; .1 ■ ^m ■•ii.t ' ■'■ i«$' ' •'#*f 5:-' ; *: ■Imr-'f '< •. •- 'f ,'• . . ■ *•■ ..■' ul ? J. r'fn;";;; •If.- ' r. ■>■ ■ .:. ! i- , •■.v\i .'■ '*•■ ».«■' C'^tT'v •;-•';'••:• !.- \ fcif ■» •lT^ :■.■;■ ■ ■ - • GG2 TiiM I'lMNcnwr, nisMASKs or Tiin [''•'J'lK \A Watrr (Iri.i;;!; I)}' iiiiilliliiili s ;it lioiiii', aiul in all llio Inttcls, ami dram siuiis ]Jy t'lis uiMiti'iM till' water, wlii-li imlividuals diiuk in In.t vautliiT, i.^ (.;t. conK'il (l.iwii (') li:'ty (li'Lrrt'i'S, a tciiijiriatinx- wliirli iVcijiunllv in'nvi s fatiiji tlic liiirliur latitiid'.'S. i^till, 1 cnulil not loam (liat injury it ilcatli, iVom th. < (mIiI draughts, is el' tVviiui'iit ccciirn-iiee in tlio luwiis ol' the (Julf. Im!., Dv. I''rarii assiiiv d iiic that, in .M(diili', tlio inti'i'dnclicn (if ice hail uil ! folhi\v>'d liy t'lai. I'.Ti" t. If tJiis lio a lart, it ^-immhs In aniiiil rf hu* ('.\lilaii;;t!nii, whirh i-, that wlitnx' lhi\sc euld waters arc hcj.t and ilriM !: houses, eitlicr private nr pulilii', they ari.; (Minuiiunly taken with ardnit ,-•; or wiiii'. tho stiauilus id" whii h curreels (lie cll'eets id' a hiw triniKi;,! whiL'. ill the towns so Car north as ti allord eold ))nni[i water, il i.s ilna 1, y lahorers in the .-Ireet, uiiniiiii.de(l with a sliuiidaii!, and, thereiuro, si im,!!ii..'| proves fatal. I [irnceed now to nidiec tho dlflVreiit kinds of water drnnk aiul v.-d; doiuestie imrposes, in the vur'nns parts of the ^'allcy, be^iiining with tl of rivers. IT. IliVKii ^VArl■.u — Til most id' the lai\irer tnwiis and cities, as i'l:; buryli, Detroit, Ciininnati, St. Louis, and Mew ( >rleaii,s, the jici ]■!(: ilrii; river water. Tt stands in reservoirs exposed to the air and sun, niilil it L deposited a part of the earthy matters suspended in it; hut, in fl... Ji when the ipiaiitity is i.';reat, it is sometimes di.-'lrihutcd and driiidc \vi/;lr i: yet turbid. JJesides tho matters thus suspci;iled, hut heavy eiKU:.li t" deposited, there arc traci's id' muriate id' soda, and carbonate and .'uli':; of lime, in solution; and, from tlie vast amount of dead vegetahks .; animals '..n their banks, it can searec'y be doubted that thoy ceiitai:i, suspension, or solufioii, in* Ijoth, a minute (puintily of oriianic ni;it; Still, while somo constitutions may never becomo rceoiieiled to tliu u- river water, 1 am in)t in pos-esslon of facts to show that it produces cr ;iv any serious disease. 'J'ho water in St, Clair, Detroit, ^Niagara, and Lawrence llivers, is stiirtly tliat of tlie lakes, and approaches nearer tj character of rain water than that of our rivers. Tho water of the 311.- aud lower ^lississippi, again differs, as wo have seen, from that it Upper 31issi,ssippi, of tlio Ohio, and of their tributaries, in tho great an; of suspended materials. iS'otwithstanding, but rather in consequuur-. i universally regarded as salubrious, and even, by many jievsons, alterative; medicinal; especially in chronic ailments of the abdominal viscera. produce any otreet.s of this kind, it should, no doubt, bo drunk iniiDCtli '. from the river, and before it has undergone clarilication by depo.siti.ii, a any aitiiicial process. III. \\'i:ll anu Si'iuxi.^ Watkk. — Tho wells and springs in or.r -. stone formations, especially tho springs, afford a tran.sparont water, v;h<- nearly free from mineral impregnatiim. and is supposed, on that aceuirt-MJ I nv tei be higiily favorable to health. As these districts are never very lu:Mf:vors or their population is not dense, and 1 have not been able to collect facts i'Mflicd by comparison of the eflects of this kind of water, with that which ceiitraBtonatc o: greater amount of foreign ingredients. What has been said on tie ;.' -^g' iliu se Mir ^ftii I iliLi- ml I illl|i.''0i ui'iii ; :A :At i 'S ll, . .■: Ji ::] ivi In t i:i }U Juiiii; iCi. till ivtii ijiri rlonati j:'-;.iii(j r--!,ave 'ti lilJ s^ fi'jtablc. iisuf t Sivv 'J liisivj an fc^ii ii tl^ V (if i ;eiiur vrtlic ■duus 'ig^iitr m<. h the ci iSiJililV - ' I'lllv, S: aivil 'iceuMs •■aiul ( e ivater ■ '-•-teni,'^ 'fi'um tl '}■ • Til I". [hook 1 J iiErm.. INTERIOR VAIJJIY OF NORTH AIMKRICA. GGo liuti'ls, aiiil tlvam slidiisj ik ill li<'t wiiitlior, is 'It- lVt'4Urnll_y pvnvi,- fat i! injury uv iloiilli, iVtmi I'h. AMIS of tlio (luU". lr,-l"l,^ (•tioi\ ul' iit' l.iiil lu'l 1 II LHMllS li> utlinit. I't' lilt ' '.'flij M-s ;iri' l.i'i't, iiml drunk iif ily taUoii with iivdriit sjiril cts of a low t('miuvaluvo| piuiii) \YatLT, il is ilvniik lii ,1, ami, tliorri'uro, ^oiii;tlii:o| f Avati'V (liunk uuJ v,-"lt'') A'alk-y, bouiiiuiiig will' il^ tuwu.s a\i(l ••ili^'J'- :'^ ^''''] V Orloaiis, tliv lieij^k: 'l'-'. , i\w air ami ;Min, luiiil It 1 .nika in it; I'lit, in i'.-'^lj vil.utca and .Ivvuik \sUV' i'^ l,.a. l.nL lu'iivy fiiuigli t^^ ' :n,(l cai-ljouatu and ^w^M |,u„t (d' dead vi-g^lidiks •■^ Hl,tcd tluit iliey contar.i. Huaiitity oi' ^^vganli- niutte ,,l„e vocimrUcd to tliO U^: i.Avtliatit I'VoduecsiTav; r, DetiHiit, Niagara, a;ul and apyrnaclics I'.cavu't".! Thc'wator d ll't' >'i'^- i .tiYC bccn, from tliat a '-j nitavios, in the gvout m_ rather in oi)nso(iut"^.;f, I'l ,y niany iicvsous, alterativeaj ■ ilio' abdominal vis'-cra. doubt, bo drunk iu.mcai .viru'atiou by di'lM.siti.ii.^rl •ellrf and springs in our-^ a trauBparcnt Nvator, w1:k:^ Hipvosod, on that accotv.-j ,cricts arc never very 1^>'' H..,u abk to collect l;K't=;' or. xvith that Avhiai crt^^ at lias been t^aid ou the p- • tlic Valley, will hhow wlierc the |.riiiei|ial .saiid^-tmie traets are (uIk; iiuiiHi. |i!;!iMiigli the rocks dl' this fiiniialiiiii alhird ii jiure water, the ei.al and i.j!ii:iiiiu.s shales, so often iif-socialed \\ith tlieiii, imL nnfreijuenlh impart an jijirogiiatiiin of sulphate of liuie, iron, or aluniin and pnla.-h (uhiin), giving i;..!!! a ! pnsenl, ; .iillilau'etted hydro;j;en i;'as. This kii;d of water is nnaecepfaldu to the ;i;;i. and not usv;il when olhiM's can he obtained. It has b.'en eonjeitnred |;';it tliu use of this water produces goitre; and some of the localities of m; i]i.etwceu the Ohio lliver a!:d the lake there are, as ItvLave seen, extensive deposits of diluvinm on the surface of the rocks, Ll liio f^prings and wdls whieli ai'O fomnl in it, allbrd water less pure and liii'uiljlo. The same is true of that obtained by sinking wills in the bi.ltini- |ii:;>i,it' the river&, or by resorting to springs which burst out frnni their |:ij>. The best kind of hard water is that of springs which issue IVoni the |k;\suiid scams of limesfone rscks, or is drawn from wells siiiJv in them. lia is tlic water drunk by the people of the mcst populous parts of the ].y of the Ohio .River ami its tributaries. Their ample development kl LiiiiiTul good he:;li.h demonstrate, that it is a saluiirious beverage. BiTertlieless, there i.> much dyspepsia within the specihed region, and il:duus allections appear to iirevail more than elsewhere On the other y, giiitro occurs niueli less fre(|ueiitly than in sandstcuic, slate, and coal krictN I la the cretaceous and tertiary formations of the south, much of the water [iffipiii'o — some of it excellent. In all eases wdien it percolates through pi miiy, it is soft, and varies but little from rainwater. Mobile and pacula are supplied by springs of this quality. ]''urther in the interior, p.' argillaceous formations prevail, and a decomposalde or rotten limestone, teeenus or tertiary, is found, the water is oilensivo to the taste, and pltd by the people as insalubrious. Here it is, that wo find artesian V and cisterns of rain water. The latter arc beeonung numerous, nnd f.nter is preferred to any other within the reach of the inhabitants. Ktijtcrns are as deep as shallow wells, and closely covered. They are t'ltVijin the cold rains of winter, and the water jireserves what is regarded h iff temperature throughout the summer. This water, purer than that ('■vers or sandstone formation.s, constitutes the ojiposito extreme from that |'!&d by the slate and limestone region."?. b'till, it contains traces of ■luite of lime and muriate of soda, the latter of which is more abundant ¥ tile sea. It also contains carbonate of ammonia, carbonic acid, and < ■•^ik' $.■■ h' ■ l :.,.i y?h'_.', i^--j^'"'-'^.-'' "■^' ■■•'. '.^- ■■ V 'f^h'->J;- >"'• "■ ■' •• •> - ■ .' ^iS ;■■.'<.?"■■•..'■:' if .'<■ ■" • .-. . ■,■.■•. ■ V«r '-'T • *i- i- 1 r«- ■ •••■ ' ■ ■ •■'■■ - ;l'ifn^^ >'■■'■: ■{'i^\-> ■■■■: :•-;■ ,; !•,^'■/ n- ■: )r-| ^J .{.• ' ;•■ ..:£,..■■' ..' ^'- ■,:^ ••^. t / ■,.:♦■'•,;■ ■■:..- ■f!''4 '•^■- ■)■■ - t^-'-.-i^ r.' , :; ^i,;i i ■Mr /■ •■■.■-■;■ .-; •t '■ .' ' ' K • / .' ,■••1 ■ * .1''. ,iv-'"i- ■■ ■ ' ";-■ ■,.>■,■ ■.. i-. .r-. ^P: ;;:M ■<•:'! (if' J.,i'i ■. -■, '■' '.. ■.»( •■.',! ,vv J- '.■'. .^ ;^-:/ ■•:. GGJt THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE [nrH'K u atmospliorio air, with excess of oxygon. "Wliilc in tlio cistern, it iimluU augments the quantity of its curbuiiie acid liy absorption — that gas, trjm its wciglit, sinking into (loop [thiccH. IV. The quantity of water drunk by us varies much more tliim thi quantity of fixid wliicli wo take. If not tlio solvent of our fnnj, it js imi ^. pensablo to the dilutiitn of it into chyle, and to the constitutinu of the !,! J of wliioh it makes about seven hundred and eighty-three parts in a tlioMv, ,!• it is also a constituent of all the solids of the bi)dy, and makes a jariie m' portion of all the sceretinns and excretions. Thus it is incessantly recuiv into the stoinaeli, whence a portion of it, mingled with the chynm, j,;,.. the pylorus, while a lar:^er part, a1)sorbod by the gastric veins, makes i way directly into the circulation; to permeate the system and p;is> oi through the organs and surfaces of excretion. Thus the living body prcsenl a ceaseless circulation of water, as necessary to the manifestation nf i phenomena of life, as the circulation of the same fluid through tlio at:ii phere, and on the surface of the earth, is to the support of organized nat generally. Sevi'ral circumstances or conditions influence the quantity of water wlij we take at different times. First. In proportion as it is discharged more copiously through tlic ski tliirst is increased, and we drink more freely. Thus the heat of suninnr. augmenting pers[iiratiou, causes driidiing ; which is greater in the suutln than in the nortliorn part of theA''allcy; in summer tlian in winter: i dry than a humid atmosphere, as the latter retards exhalation fn ni the -ki Siconi. Exercise, by increasing perspiration, and still more l)y aii| menting exhalation from the lungs, leads us to a more liberal use of water, Third. A liberal use of salt, such as a diet of animal food rcr(ni excites thirst, and prompts us to drink more freely ; the salutary cfi'nt which is, to dilute the solution of muriate of soda, before it enters the of which it is a constituent. Animal food, moreover, containing hut lil moisture, requires for its solution a good supjdy (jf water ; and, rcijuiii it, promotes thirst. Fourth. On the otlicr hand, a vegetable diet, embracing but littl and much water, diminiohes thirst, because drinking is coniparativ unnecessary. Fifth. Several medicines, by increasing secretion, render drinki necessary, and prompt to it by augmenting thirst. Thus saline liyJri'i' cathartics, diuretics, and diaphoretics, promote drinking. One reason »i a large dose of opium produces the same cfl'cct, is the increase of iiiscnsil perspiration which it occasitms. Si.rlh. Several morbid states of the body promote thirst, f )r rca>i which arc quite obvious. 1. In diabetes, when the secretion from the kidneys is profuse, tlicthi is great. B' 2. In diarrhea, which tends to drain the blood vessels, the same dcsirW "■™ ^oi generated. t witliou 43 INTERIOR VALLEY OK NORTH A:\IERICA. fl •■ri,: . tl\c ([uautity of Avater wl: ;l In ilropsy, when incessant secretion in the celhilar texture is ; • [■jr, i< niucli tliirst. I III (ly.«itO]i!sia, oonnectcd with acidity, tliirst is generated, that the iicid ..niiiili'i'go dilution. ;, In fevers, the heat increases thirst, and l)y jironipting to copious k;;alitg, wliicli circuhitc freely throughout the system, the tcnipcriiture and likilo excitement arc luwered. If ice bo taken into the stomach, under lircinnstunces, it will not hriiiisty to seventy degrees of Fahrenheit. Ilo various kinds of water v,-hich I have enumerated, have their resj)eetivo liv;; but, as that lii{uid, when absolutely pure, is tasteless, it follows ]:;: I'.ic particular sapor of each kind, is derived from the matters |i;J.i it holds in solution or suspension. Those who have been long liswtunKMl to one kind of water, cease to noti(;c anything except its teniper- \y. but immediately recognize a dilferent kind, when it is taken into the (Sill, In general, the new kind is unpleasant. As this is reci])rocal with (rs inlividuals, who exchange the kinds to which they have been accus- ►e1. it only proves that in drinking we prefer the water which imparts no !)■ *.: .1- diet, embracing but httk' sc drinking is compantivl 2; secretion, render ilm^ liirst. Thus saline hyi-h-g^' ,tc drinking. Oncvoasou^ 2t, is the increase of i"Sfn--ir ,dy promote thirst, for rca=i kidneys is profuse, the t'aj lood vessels, tho same dosirj iWi is paid by the people, on the eomj)arative salubrity of difl'erent fe'l> of water. In this dispute, tlie fact should not bo overlooked, that a:iv every sidjstance dissolved in the water diunk in any 2)art of the liiisv. is a constituent of healthy Idood, or of the solids formed out of that i: Thus, he who drinks hard water from wells, or from springs which ■lit in limestone formations, takes in scarcely anything that dues not !ii' a component part of his food, and that is not a necessary clement of Hod, Now it can scarcely be admitted, that such substances can be p: us to health; or that it can nnike any difference whether tliey arc pill into our .systems with our food, or our drink. A\'hen any (jne of rv iiiLTctlicnts. as iron, .sulphur, or common salt, from existing in large i'*;ti's, imparts its peculiar taste, the water thus impregnated is called pal. and is not much drunk, exce[)t fur the cure of diseases. Xever- p>s, it is possible, that water nut thus rendered re[mlsive, may sometimes jt3i vcliielo in which certain substances, necessary to the constitution of i''!MnJ, nmy be introduced in such (|uantities as to prove injurious; iriiing which I shall have occasion to inquire when treating of our P>'*. Meanwhile, this is the place to remark, that when an individual itii long accustomed to one kind uf water, a change to another is not I- without temporary inconvenience. The conserpienco sometimes is, a •10 1i .n .•■::^i^::^- • ■; ■ x'/-": «, ••■ J ■ ; 'h •». '•.' .s" 4r :.■• .■. ;\ ■•• , ; ■ - Win-:---- ■;■■.■ "^'V^' 'l^fS' 'i'ft" •->■•' '4 ■■■■■ ' Wi; ■■.' ■ Vt-'- ;,■.■■!'' CGG THE rRINCIPAL DISK ASKS OV TUE [hook I.'] dcraiijjcd state of digestion ; but moro cninmoiily diarrlica or costivcnc-, gc'iicially tlic former. This, liowever, prove.s iiotliing illative to tlic absoluti Balulirity of diircreiit waters; as llie opposite eliaiige, ))y another iiidiviihcd'^ may lie foHowed iiy oD'ccts ('(pially unp' 'isaiit. V. It eaunot be douljtud, that wai, ■ -ionietinies holds in siispensiuti nr solution, matters positively injurious to -alth; but these an' special and limited eases. Thus, when it has percolated from marshes, it niay |.|,r|.. witii it malaria, dead organic matter, or animalcules, which may or niav i.jk bo injurious to health. An instaneo of the last was mentioned in >p(;ikiii of tlio medieal topograjjhy of Jaekson, in the State of Mississippi.^^ .\ii wells, sunk in alluvial grounds, whiuh abound in decaying vegetable renuiin may art'ord water impregnated with insalubrious matters. Finallv a eireulates through the earth, water may dissolve arsenic, or some of tlii Baits of lead, copper, or barytes ; and thus, without diselosing its pns' by a characteristic taste, act as a slow poison. T am not aware, Imwi voii that any part of the Valley has yet presented a case of tliis kind. It ]■■:% curious and interesting fact, that \ve so seldom find these and other pi)iMii,,ij| minerals, dissolved in the water of springs and wells, whih; earhonati; ai; sulphate of lime, sulphate of magnesia, nuiriato of soda, oxide of iron, a suljihur, all constituents of the blood, and all liarndess, so far, at kast, any immediate eiTeet is concerned, are connnon ; and often exist, in pt'mii ible rpiantities, in water used for culinary piurposcs. IMany springs and wells, containing a slight impregnation of .sulplmivt hydrogen gas, are used for drinking and culinary [uirposes. I am not awiri that they exert any deleterious influence. Saline water, strongly imi'i' nated witli the same gas, is sent in large (quantities, from the IMue Li'ks S||| Kentucky, to tlie States of the south-west, where it is drunk freely in thl'i morning; and it seems to bo a .salutary beverage. y.I. AVater that Hows through leaden pipes, in which it often staii a time, or is kept in cisterns lined or covered with lead, is liaUc to a a poisonous (juality. This will not ha[)pen, if it be free from air, !e atmos[»hero be excluded ; but such cases do not occur in the c^ operations of families and communities. "When it contains air, wliirh always the case uidess it be driven oft" by art, the metal will become curr and a portion, in the form of a salt, will be dissolved in the water. Xi this occurs, most certainly, where the water is very pure, thai is, free fn all saline substances; such as that which falls in the form of rain or ?; or issues frciUi strata of sand which have no others above tluia. ^^ saline substances, such as muriate of soda (common salt), or suljiliatc lime (gypsum), are present, the empoisoning of the water is prevoi;ti They promote the formation of an insoluble and impermeable film of v lead (carbonate), on the surface of the pipe or cistern, and tlie water rem; pure. These salts are present in all our river and well water, and in all flpring water, except that from beds of sand supplied by raii'S. Hence till •iiT n, :; fi ff ■;;:it • MOt .■.rr n : lift: ..,,'. tl :3i)litii hj::i, (1 .vlead ;.; nk' ■■" Iron ;i ami i:< s'|i( nmltii VI fll • See pago 201. o '■ >omnti„ •■'ifistison '%\ THH [hook 1. ■,»TI1I.] INTERIOR VALLKY OF NORTH AMERICA. 667 ivrlu'ii or cohtivciif.'S vt'lativc to \\w uIjsdIuIi !, l)y another individual, : ; lidlds ill suspcnsi'iti mt it tliL'sc iiro special iiiid 1 iiiav-^lics. it iniiy ciary s, \\\\'k\\ i"!'y "'' '"''.'' ' '* IS iiKMitioiifd in >i» aVi 5 to of MisMs>i|iiii;' Ad I'iiying vcgct;iVdc rcuw; % iiiattors. I'inaily, :i- i| i :irsenic, ov some nf th| ,ut discdo/mg its |)Vi ^ !io| [ uin n ■re it is dvunli freely in tlj 'i„ which it often ^t:ina-f^ I lead, is li"hlc to anni;' t Ijc free from air, a'.! tl not ocrnv in tlio cmnni ,,1 it contains air, ^vll metal will hccmiecurrHkl .solved in the water. >f verv i.vu-e, thai is, free tr in the form of rain or ^1 ,^tlicrs ahovo them. \\l >nimou salt), or sulrluitc „f tlio water is l'vcv.'>t( a i,npermeal)1c film "' '' i.tcrn, and the water ronn and well water, ami n, a .plied hy rail s. H'-^"^^'''' rfittle danger from the use of pipes and ••isterns of lead, oxcojtt in cnniicc- ;;!iwith rain water, or spring water, flowing from roeks or depositH of sand. ",;;it has been ascertained, that the presence of carlionic acid in water, • V, ,ti'.s the fniinatioii of so great a i|uantity of carhonato of load, that tlio -;rr niav heeomc j)oi9oiioiis 'I'his will chiofly h(! found in wells that are ,• little rf'sorted to, and in cisterns. Tn tlio fnrnier case, the snlphato of the nniriatc of soda, and otlicr salts, arc generally in such great jDtitics, that the danger is small; l.ut in cisterns filled, as i.s done in ihc , ,'1. (luring winter, for use the ensidng summer, tin? danger, if there ho liu J connect ted with their lining or covering, or with the jiump l»y whidi water is drawn up, may bo considerable; for, as this water Is ahnost I • from saline substances, and contains atmospherie air, (>ntanglcd in its ..:, ami carbonic acid gas, absorbed afterward, all the conditions favoruldc speedy action on lead are present. As the the planters of the south I,: Kiultiplying their cisterns, thes'^, facts ought to be univer-ally IcnoAvn.''- VII, I have already stated, that the water collected during tlic winter, !':'.i>e eistern.s, is preferred to that wdiich falls in summer, because the pco- <;iv it is co(der;i' but T do nut km)wthat this alledged lower temperature ...fait, In tho latitude of thirty-one degrees Ufty-two nunutes, T fcjund ;;;l',i'at of one of them, in the month of June, seventy degrees of Fahr- i . it. and the rains of that season could scarcely be warmer. It seems • iiUo, that tho true but unrecognized reason is, that the water which hiis I. i.";'l ill the cistern for several months, has absorbed carlxmic acid I'as, Ir.ltlms become lighter and fresher to the taste. The more air a water con- If,:. all other circumstances being equal, the more acecj)table it will prove •:it) the palate and the stomach. Thus the boiled water which, in limc- |;r'' regions, some persons drink, is never pleasant, as the atmospheric air : itlie carbonic acid are driven off. The lime, held in solution by the latter :ij"iMtC(l: but, althf)Ugh the water is rendered flat to the tast", it does iil'oome entirely soft, as the muriate of soda and sulphate of lime remain ;= lilt ion. VIII. Artificial mineral waters, made by forcing carbonic acid gas into h'j.' or river water, to which a small (piaiitity of carbonate of soda had lajiroviously added, are consumed abundantly, in all our towns and cities. r . are always drunk at a lower tenijieraturu than our spring or well I'&r, These beverages, unquestionably saluljrious, may offeml the stomach : I'''. hy being too cold; Sccontl, by distension of the organ, Mdien no por- f the carbonic acid is thrown up by eructation ; 77(^/7/, by the sirups |'-''^!i are commonly added to render their taste more agreeable. Bad pyjuences from these waters, are most likely to fall on those who labor I-'- r that form of dyspepsia, which is unaccompanied with inflammation, f!!) them only. Such persons should take them not very cold, using a dilating sirup, and an excess of soda. >omo otimes happens, in summer, that drinking the largest quantities of 111 ,. IL •■. M l^aristison on Poisons, Chapter 17. t Page 206. - k ■wj; I -I.'' !•■•■' i '' . ^■■. ■ ; ; - *. : i-^^-.i 668 THE PRIXCIPAL DIPHASES OF THE (nooK I. cold wntut this practice is now nearly ob.s ! <■; and if the bottle still find a place on tbe tables of ni.iny of our .steaial ,,t| and hotels, none but those who are strongly prone to intemperance, Iiavc tin courage to touch it. Formerly, nicu drank before dinner to wLet t'eji appetites, and after dinner to assl. '•A'-r- ^''^■;; G70 THE rRiNCir.AL diseases of the [book ; •iST jCdil i.thi Iti Iriiik.'j 1 IR'W ik pr; in Od' iti-O c tare 5 irevoiil :!;■; est (f tllllSi activity and oiriciciicy — soiuoiliing nioro tliau the cleniunts tliat suiiiilv th'' waste (»r tlie bluml, which is perpetually exhausted, of eerlaiu ]iriiiei|)lo>i by iiutiltive seciM lion and the I'uiietioii (jC respirati(jii. Hence, there is iinplanttjil iu the phvf^ical ,sy.>tciii, a desire for stiniulaiits, as well asu desire fur fi^od ainj water. Tiio question is, whether this want cannot be sujiplied, ami tlic desire gratified, without a resort to alcoholic drii.ksV This (picfttiim uiay l- conclusively answered, in either of two ways — the a]>rtoil and ti.e ,/ vjv- irriori, of higicians. If alcolndic drinks had been necessary to tliowi'ii- being of man, (hey would have been made produetions of nature; hul iLiy are not the jiroduetioiis of nature; and, therefore, they are not noce.s.sirv, i^o 'iiueli for the ci juiori viewtif the matter, if we resort to the u])i/sl(rt'jiV' ariiunient — il' wo turn to experience, and that, too, the nin.st cvtcmld,' , diversilied, and accurate, we liiid that thousands of individuals attain to full bodily and mental vigor, without the stimulus of ah-oholic drinks; anj tlius, by their eoincidcnee, tiie two uuides ol' proof establish, beyond tlio im ,-ei them to excess; and when he does, their injurious etfects bear no assigiiaU^B/ proportion to those of the artificial substitutes, which his ingenuity manufactured out of sugar, now known to be the only source of aicnlml. The (piestion here arises, why has man substituted this faititiuiis mi baneful stimulant, for those which the hand of a beneficent Creator scattered around him ? The answer is, because the excitement wlii raises in him, is of a more intense kind, than that which they pruduco; a evidence that its use is both unphysiological ami pernicious. Jt uiay asked, however, whether alcohol may not be taken in such small quantitiJ as to be made a sale and salutary substitute for the natural stin •Jaiitsl I answer, that, theoretically, it may; but, practically, it cannot; fur it' natural stimulauLS be withheld, tin; desire for this, as soon as its effects aij cx[)erieuced, beconu^s ungovernable, and it is taken to excess. This i.- ill case, as we shall hereafter see, with the Indian. All attempts, theiv: to replace the natural stimulants by alcohol, without using tjio lattii' excess, must necessarily fail. The stimulation which it im]iar'.P, nn'Ruvii is not of the same character, as that raised by the natural agents, ai.'l individual would enjoy the sound health of body and efli'ienoy of iiii:)ML''all Jr, under its cxchiaii^c dominion, that he would enjoy under the iiifluciia' Htriiiojvii those stimuli, which the bounty of nature offers to hira. B'io.s: tl The resort to alcoholic drinks is, then, gratuitous, and the injuries t!:H ;||,j|, inflict on the hunuhi race are not, like those from idianges of weatlM. ^r, (j,,g ^ K Hut dmtai r:.:-ky, i inning rall.y. i Kiik III! iivaieiits v.::'e is ; 'i nr i..''.Mily if iiii'M : Tims li.vliolio lliiy are Tliat a pit liijiK lErnl, aris hi liavc (111 )]( *.' ,. !■■-■ H' ^' ;-i' TIIK [book : -iKT m.. INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 071 clomenta tliat suyijAy llio t I, uf certain jiriiieiiilcs Ijy llcucc, tluTo is impliuitod ■I'll a.sa (lo.-ii'c fnviooil and not bo KU]ii»lii.'il, ;uiil tin; ,s7 Tliis ([wcMtidu limy \k ic a ]> I lor I and tliu a jkj^- •en iioii'Stfary tu tliu \vt!l- utions of nature; Imt thij •0, tlioy are not necessary.; i wc resort to tlie « />"S/( /c/V t, too, the nMst exteudud, lIs of individuals atlain \<\ us of alcoliulie diiulis ; and establisli, beyond tlie jc ■^?i.| \eees.'«ary ; at least, wliiu tie ' jtained. These hitler slim-:; 1, not loss than a slimul':-;" eh man has sought out iriij ;, under the name of n ml ; all the j)h_vsieal stiiimliuitlj , — jili that are necessary tj laptod, by iniinite \viitetites, ho soldmu \\4 ous effects boar no assigualilf OS, vhieh his infreimity b le only source of aicnlud. )stitutod this fiu-titiuus an! of a benoru'ent Creatoi- use the exciteniont \vl)'; :!i ^ that which they prndtico ; aiul |tcrnicious. It may von in such small quaiitiiiti for the naiiircJ stiiir.lautsj etieally, it cannot; f ir if tb^ this, as soon as its elVccts aj taken to excess. Tins an. All attempts, tliciv-rj , without using tho lutt.r which it imparls, uieicuv^ ,y tlic natural aL'Oiits, ai.d body and eiVedencv of i^i enjoy under the iuliucna' s to him. uitous, and the iiijm'ies t.ij from changes of wcutliu'. aftidciital violenoo, inovilaldo, but avoidable. Yet, liow can they be itiduJ? The answer is obvious. ]}y refraining from the use of what, iVHrdiiig to iKilural laws, is not re({uired; and ailliering to what is j, ;li (k'liiaiided and provided. Tlic cause of mischief being obviated, the :.ir[ wmild cease. It is argued, however, that there arc circumstances under wliieh ah'ohidic iriiik.s are specially bonelieiul. J may grant this; but it puts their use on J iiiw principle, that of hygi(.'nie, or, ratlier, mediiinal influence, and lindta tkiiractieo of taking them to the assigned eondition.s ; i'or to be effi'ctivc (a occasio/ia, they must not l)o used iKihitimlhi, But let us inquire into iil that those wlio have rak must, are most likely to die w^en attacked. Si.rlh. Exposure to the I ii' aiuiits, is an assigned condition requiring tlie use of aleohnl. ]}ut the evi- ■e is against its use, especially as coniiiared with food and coffee, under lor wet. and with leinonado or tea, under great heat. Of this wo have |i'.Mdy said something, in speaking of the cmp. yments u\' difl'ereiit elas.ses li'iin-'ii; and shall furnish additional proofs, when treating of our di^ea;- Tims it appears, that neither the habitual nor the oceasii nal jii'ludic drinks, is necessary or beneficial; and I come now to show i'.y arc pernicious. use f that lliat a man might drink a moderate quantity of distilled spirit, wine, or liijuor daily, and attain to old age, without infirmity, cither of liody or Ikiiit pid, arising from that hal;it, is undeniable; for in the \'alley, as elsewhere, I*'; liave such examples. The sound health, serene mind, and advanced V-:'- f'" not. all drunk uin However, eon 10 from the drinking; are only imt ju'evented by it. ler such restrictions, the evils of intem|,. ranee would be Known. Unfo. innately, but a jiart of those who drink, thus limit tliem- !<'>os: the rest go into excesses, tliat are pernicious to health in proportion degree, and to the liability of the constitutions of those who ptico them to become im[)aired by iuordinato Indulgeiico. Now, there ;iicir f; .f .1 ■ \ i^ i'i'' '. '• ''.I . ^W""-I>" "". ^i^^i=^'^^ :^■•■•^'■• i.#{r-'nf:i. U.*i.. ■\ .'■',■ f'ffri:\.yf';^*v. ■■ v^-^^- '■'•>■. .■ ';i "M:- •■•■',/ ■■'•»'■>■ ■ • X ■ - IS 672 TIIF, riMNClPAr, DISEASES OF THE [ "001 i.j must 1)0 ;i iiliysidlojric.al reason for tliis f:it:il tornloncy to excess; ami wlrti is it? T(i iinswor this iii(|iiiry, we must ri'for to tlic cll'oct.s (ifak'o)i(.l i,;, tul nervous system. 'Piicse are two-fold — stiiiiulatini^ and narcntic, J''(,r tlie^ salce of the former elfeetH only, is it used as a beverage; but tliiy caimi.t ba^ obtaineil apart from tlio latter. Sliii'Iit stimulation, it is true, niuy bai followed liy a nareotism so sliirlit, as not to afl'eet the consciousness of tk individu:d ; but still his nervous system rc'ceives a narcotie or stio ir.ii)re>s, eonforiuably to the ir;reat law of relation botweeu '.iircotic sub. stances and that system. IJy repeateil indul^irence, the nervous silscod. tibility loses somewhat of its acuteness, and becomes iiriiiiortiniiablyi insc'isible. Hence (he necessity for augmenting the diis(>. wlicii the ilMtctl of the individual is excitement. But its increase works out a furtlh'ri reduction of sensiliili*y and renders new augmentation ncccvsary. In tl,ig4, manner, a signal [i:- In : igical change is wronglit out in that iioition cf tiio^ system; which not i-nly presides over the rest, but is the seat of ;ill t!io senses, appetites, and desires of the body, and the innnediate in.-truiiici;; (,f the miml. Tims, while the individual may not be conscious, en imy suceeeding da}-, of higher stimulation, from n(it feeling greater excitciiivnt than ho felt the day l)cfore, his nervous system, through altiTiKito paroxysms of excitation and stupefaction, is brought into a state of .'irmal and peculiar diseaije; for which lie fmds no palliative, but in a new ri'snit to tho 1 arcotie stinudant which produced it. Thus, the habit of driii];i!:,: to excess, is not like the habit of an awkward niovcnuMit of the hand or ,. t, of taking tlio same scat at the taldo, or of seeking the company of a ],;ir;;. enhir person on the return of the same day of the week ; it is rot ;i hmo ac([uircd peculiarity, within physiological limits; but — condjiiied with wbt maybe called an alcoholic diathesis — an actual, inveterate cachexv. la this constitutional disorder, the nervou.s system is not alone involvril: !> the blood is deteriorated, and all the functions of the b(jdy, with tho facultie* and enmtions of the mind, are more or less implicated. I shall not afhrm, that in this condition, tlie individual is more liahlc. fliia in sound health, to be seized with prevalent and e]>idemic di.'On>;cs; lut experience has demonstrated, that when attacked, he is nnich more liiiHot die. l''r(nn this diathesisi, moreover, scverjil foriuidable diseases are .set ii inde])endent of external causes, and advance nu»re or less rapidly to a t';i termination. Tlie most serious of tliem are, dyspepsia, eombiiuil wit chronic gastritis; diarrhea, comiected witli ulceration of tlie lii'Wiis iuHannnation of the liver, and jaundice; dro})sy of the extremities, alidiiiic! chest, and pericardium; sore eyes, atrophy, pal[iitations of tlio li'arl tremors of the limbs, convulsions, palsy, delirium tremens, and suitiJ; monomania. Every physician of tho ^'alley, must have met with several of tliei diseases, as the ctmscquenco of intemperance in the use of anient .'■|iint Of tho peculiar maladies generated by wine, we know but little, as tin number of wine liibliers is iinall. Nor can I speak decidedly if tlio dk produced by malt liquors; which, however, liave been observed lion.'. 31 Ii'iflvlK'l ».':o coil,? 'i'\ „f n-reforc ^mihitioi iiec, is '•:'■ aiij li'an fro '■'^'loston nwiij teeth ^."iiiash it ml. tiiei • the n ei V -i. THE [nooiu j'llTl"'. INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AIMKRICA. 073 icy to excess ; ami wliat^ ! otTocts of iikiilii.l mi tliel ; niul iiiircntic. l'"(.r tlie: ;ii'C ; but tin v caiunit ba? "mil, it is true, may Lqe till! cduseidusiiess of tin a iKirciitie or stiiiii!\in| 1 lictwoeii iiH'Cotic sub' iCo, tlio nervous suscop. becomes jirdiinvtiniialily] lie (b'se. wlo'u tlie I'l'jtcl,, ISO works out a fui'tliitf atinn necessary- bi this^v ut in that imrtinn I'f t'uo^ lut is the scat of all tli6'. ■ innnediate iii>trui:iri:t 4 it bo eonscious, on iiiiyi; feebuf: trrcater excitoiinnfe, ;ysteiu, Mirougli altorii;it9|; o;lit into a state of mmm tive, but in a new rcsdrtK ^. tlic Inibit of driiil^ tin .ak decidedly < f the dlol vo been observed hero, al ii( wivlicrc, to bo fullness of liabit. a kiml of hypertropliy of thi; cellular ■ay, (Iropsv, slug^'islinoss, (h-owsiiiess, and apoplexy. \I(iihiilic. beverages are much more pi-rnicious to tlio constitutions of trie a', than of tiioso in middle or advaiu eJ life. Very few youii;^ men, with .,i,iis (if exccKsivo drinkiiiL', rcaidi the meridian of life ; lieiiig cut oil" by fiiviilsioiis, apoplexy, or some diseaso rendered incurable by tlieir alcoholic j/Li'XV. Very few women, except the abandoned, or the lower classes of V!i emigrants, fall victims to iiitemjierancc ; for excessive drinkiiiL' by 53;i!"S. is cxccediiiirly rare in every part of the \'^alley. J have known but •{Wiiiiaii to die with delirium treme:'s, and she wa.s from EnirhiiKl. mm' the hygienic moans of averting the haliit of exce.s.sivc drinking, I rj.ii'noiie e(|ual to the use of tea. To this we may, in part, attribute the s,viMif our female iiopulation from intoxication; and I hav(! rarely seen : 11!:' tea-drinker of the male sex, become in later years, the victim of ,: lii' stimulation. V't' may presume, I think, that the efiects of alcoholic stimuljitlon arc ;i:ial by climate, as we know them to be by the tenipcramonts and iKiicrasies of tho.-ie who drink, anil also by the compo.sition of the drinks ^^s-ilves; but these diversities can bo best .studied in connection with the Wii? they produce. In this place, 1 shall not attempt even an c'lunura- ::'f the maladies which alcohol, as a predisposing, exciting, or aggra- p::;i:Mausc, is known to generate or render fatal; but in tlu! jirogress of ijsrl;, they will be pointed (jiit; and it will then appear, that thrniighout pliiteriiir Valley, notwithst'inding a decided amelioration in the habits of [lO'jple, this poison continues to be a prolific .source of disease. S E C T I O \ V . T0I5ACC0. hlio consumption of snuiT in the Valley of the ^Mississippi, except by the |h !i (if Ijouisiana and Canada, is ijuite limited. Coarse snuff is geiior- l-;;refcrcd to fine; and hence the nasal twang, which results fi'om the pii!il;uion of the fine pijwder in the [losterior nares and the sinuses of p:»', is not often heard. Snuff is moro used by the aged than tho r~.'. and by men than women. When a dry and not very coarse article Mi:\] freely, it may bo seen adhering to the pharynx : ami, de.-cending ■iic stomach of the dyspeptic and nervous, it contributes to aggravate bilisordors. '■many parts of tho south, women and girls have a fashion of rubbing •Moetli and gums with snuft'. They chew the end of n green twig, until Riiiasli it into a kind of brush, which they dip into the snuff" box, and ■f'lih their teeth with it. This O|)eration is known through that ri'gion F-' tlic name of " dipping."' The ])ractice, like that of eating slate '•iV it vMI .4 I mM |?>---^,4t' ■■•,-: ■■■,■, V ■■■'■■ ■ ''i'x'fi"''} ■; • ' ■' S- .■•■*■•.-•?'.■.■■■» '■■;". • T T I ■ , ' » • , . If •'■;.■■ t ■ ■ ■ 't'',-:- ?-'lf*; t'f.^.i - '•'» ,' •»! ■>.: C71 Tin: rRiNciPAi, diseases of the [nooK pencils, clinllc, or day, often spreads tlirougli faniilios iiiul female sclioi.ls ; a.s to constitute u serious and disirnsting evil. No doulil much of tlie iioi der, liiuiing its way into tlicstoniacii and lungs, coiitrihutes to disorder W and to derange tlie nervous system generally. Smoking prevails to a great extent. In our towns and cities, cigars arc nsi almost entindy ; in many, indeed most parts of tlie country, the iiip,. ,||.,iJ tains its ancient supremacy. If tlie same one be repeatedly used, it hfcoiii fo\d. with a deleterious empyreumatic oil, which contrilmtes to the eiitr"oi ellect which t(d)aeeo exerts oil the .system ; it would, tliereforc, ],(• ma pcrnicioMs than cigars, were not the constitutions of the cimiitry in lirmer than those of the city. Our (jlermaiis arc great sm(dire fur 1 i oxcitenieiit ; concerning which I need not repeat what was srid whm na of ale(diolic drinks. The most efficient exciting cause is fa.«liiuii. instinctive imitation of our senio"s and companions. The sustaiiiiiiL; iJ| is a permanent modilicatiun of the nervcms system. It is coiiinmu tn the custom of using tobacco and that of alcoholic drinking, spoken fj nearly the same language of reprobation; but physiolngy rei'oguizo?, ; with tlie analogies, several diversities of action and effect. F'.r.^t, Tile first impress of toliacco on the nervous .system is far r:i than that of alcoludic drinks. It is characterized by great nuiscular ili'l feeble pnlso, nausea, vertigo, and tremors. While it stimulates ami in:!! the mouth and throat, it produces general prostration. The een^titut;! effects of alcolud, on the other hand, are those of excitement, fnll.iw- glight narcotism. Second. Tobacco does not raise cxcituuiont in .tft m-J INTERIOR VALLHY OF NORTH A.MKRIC.A. 075 ics 1111(1 female seliodls ; I (louhl iiuiili ul' tlic Y4 lutributcs to disordur ]"X\ IS ami cities, cigars arc n^aj lu> cuuiitvy, tlu! jiiitf 11 liQt repeat ciUy used, il In r, mi^ •uulri1)utes to the eiRr^i;lj ■would, tlievefnre, 1 c moi )iis of the oouutrv c great smokers, and ii-ftt V'itli constitution;- et litH (arts of till! country. Imt d idaees, iulialiited I'V iuin still prevails, red with promoting ak'hliol itcd, but may he tln' tfl Htill it is true, that y [ from the pernieious etlV to tidl them, that a gli-s] i>r cfu-reetivo. iiT. Homo individuals Mil lieve, is almost entirely cO] fbaeco ill every jiart 1, no doubt, contributes to| wiiij^ or snudxing, at an >'- miber before juiherty: :i;il ro the habit before tiny use after their fnrtidli \« t cenerally cmitiuues ti;i'/ .vo^ inveterate is its elinv;:' .(.ustitutioiial desire tnr 1 it what was sr.id when tiv;iti eitiiig cause is fasliimi. nions'. The sustaining la ,stcm. It is coinnioii u ^ohidic drinking, spoken -fj physiology reeognizoN uP iind ctTcct. , nervous system is far v".j zed by groat niuseular ik'^l iiile it stimulates and initi ostration. The ci.nstitutj ISO of excitement, f '11"«-^'' not raise csciteuicnt in ,,r;;,! and moral faculties, but the reverse; while both are transiently J ;,il and disordered b}' aleolnd. Tliiiil. Tlio abuse (d' tobacco docs ■.•■•iieruto iiiilamniaiioti of the stoiiKKdi, liver, or brain — a conniion clfect • ".; excess of drinking. Foint/i. It does not, like alcolml, lead to ;;,;,/(. It docs not, like ah-oludic stiinnlatinii, gi\e fatal effect to other lauscs. 7w\;,'7////. It dilfers l'r"in aleolod in this, that the habit of |w rliiii.' to the latter may be fdrnied after middle life. IS'uilli. As a fact, : IV mention, that fewer lenve idf the use id" tobacco than id' alenlidl ; but t::!!ii|i of this is purely physiidngieal. and how much nmral, or a result of ,; r.T|ition of the evils of tlio latter, I cannot say. Tnilh. After both , > !i;ive become fixed, the cinitinnaiiee of the use of tobacco seems to : :;1 iii'ire on the demand of tlie jmrl on which its makes it imjirc.ss — ;[ alcohol on the re(|uiiome!its of the wlude constitution. VC'imist niiw turn to the admitted evils to health, resulting from the use •.I;u;c(>: Firsl. It is most iiijiirious to those of a • ilious or nervous iiiraiiicnt ; less to the saiigninc, and least of all to the phlegmatic. y '. its viideiit elVeets upon tlio nervous system, in early life, grow IcsS |r,:.;i;.'L' and the continuance of the habit: but, in a great number of per- inaintains permanent weakness, and irritution id' the nervous system. It iiiipriirs the functions of tiie stomach, giving rise to iiidigestioii iity, with attacks of sick lieadaeho. I'ourlli. It sometimes arrests rinm. and keeps the individual in a state of comparative emiieiation, with laity of the muscular system. 1 kiio\ a gentleman who chewed tobacco iclialiiiig life, and was always remarkably . an. When about scventy- V' ir.-i of age, lie discontinued its use, and in tlio course of a year, became y. ami even rather corpulent, tiiongh, in everything else, he lived as li'"rll't'ct of koe]iing down the fle.sli, is generally attributed to the drain ii'iiva wliieli it occasions, and this may sometimes be one of the modes in i it operates ; but its greatest influence is on the nervous system. This f! is universal, but not always injn?-ious. Certain eon.'^titntions disjilay 1 times, but others only become sensible of it wlici; the drug is with- Tliore then arises a nervous irritability, accompanied by a desire, F''ff!iicli the habit is resumed. |\.'0!itIeinan who had followed the sea for many years, and jiractiecJ i.' the wliolc time, determined, when he becanu' a landsman, to break '■* of the habit ; but, after abstaining for two years, during which, as '>>urcd me, the idea of tobacco was never absent from his mind, lie [''''■' 1 it, and his nervous system became pacified. Such facts conform to F-w. tliat the difii'^ulty of breaking in upon a physical habit, is inversely '■l;icility of forming it, '^tliiiig in the present state of society, justifies the expectation, that • I will go out of use. Its universal adoption indicates a universal 1 \ I f ! , f'lt,-- k ■ ;■■ 'I wM. '' >' ' ' !• • •'1> .^"l <* li' T '■■ ■ ' ■ ; r.' J: ' ■ •.•"»' r ■■■.■■, •; J^ii^/ ■•..-'r ;«'-^-:-' ;?^'* • ■* ' I i** -4 '^ *, . ■ - -- '.■ ■ .•■■■... ' ■ ■ •' • . if, .'■< i '■■■•. .< S G70 THE PRINXIPAL DISEASES OF THE LE'i')K u' jiropcnsity. wliicli it gratifies. Wlion tlio liabit is it througliout the summer; but a greater number substitute muslin. the woolen and the cottun fabrics, tend to ])reserve the skin from tlio^il reductions of tomjierature by the action of wind, when the iiidiviild pers[)iring; while linen, from its readier conducting power, permits lii.| heat and m<-''li'^'il nien.tni;' exerting nii iiidivliiuulv ad jtiousoiiits uso.astn diimni lesson graauuUy the (luaiitil tliir'-l, not tu use it \v!;c; III. \, HABITATIONS, AM'I '.riii. IXTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 11 ^ iS. 1. .hout its wln.lc extent, avo J inn from cokl. Lino» mxt nhnnst limited to the ^vc:.. ,ter. Haunel nest tlie sur;a ,,„crly. Some indiviaiuu- umbcr substitute muslni. .,scrve the skin from tl.o ^ ,f wind, ^vllen the inai^'l. ducting po^vor, permits V't^ a off. Tlieve arc skins, iH* tion, tkat linen is rvefe" ' ,g of the year, the fla"'" .kin, through the day. ^l''^^ ns jj.a nfFat night; and, hy being turned inside out, be allowed to exhale tlio iirtions of the skin with which it ha.s become impregnated; a practice j; generally observed, though decidedly salutary. The moccasons of buek- jit so common fifty years ago, havencarly disa[)pearcd ; and sub.>3tantial shoes jjlmots of tanned leather, are now in universal use. They are seldom made n;cr-prouf, or worn double, except in cities, and there by a small numlier. [io former 'juality, makes the feet damp i'rnm tlitir own perspiration, and iSiisthcm so — tho latter custom, subjects the individual to the daiiger of liia" cold, whenever he happens to be exjxised. with only a single pair. I'lerc can bo no doubt, that the cuinmim method of protection is most ilalrious. The b(jys of the country run barefoot for eight months of the Lsr. until they are twelve or fourteen years old; a custom well calculated lu'iiirikii their constitutions. liie dress of the female poptdation of the "N'alley is not, in general, as "ahiitod to the preservation of health, a-s that of the male. It abounds MUiire in cotton and silk ; which in winter are often insuilieient. The :iie of wearing flannel next the surface is not so universal, and th*" want id'.se adaptation of clothing to their lindis, whereby they are exposed to be ?Uitdi'U changes of a variable ehmatc, is no doubt often a source of L*iv?. For several 3-ears past an amelioration in this respect has been :;;iin. and fashion, more governing in female apparel than in any other :;i of tlie world, soems likely to render tho use of nuisli)i or flannel :> universal. So many obvi< us eonsideratiiins uni* >, in favor of this ;iuii to female raiment, that the hope may be cherished that, once iutro- slit will become permanent. Ik' use of corsets, though not universal, has been very general, but is it'i be decHning. In the country, the exceptions are more numerous than !>' towns and cities, even among women who labor equally hard. ]>luch pirn !it, declamation, and raillery liave been directed against this article of ;«1; hut it has maintained itself in spite of all. The truth is, that the [fri r muscularity of the trunk of the body in females, and the greater mi of cellular, adipose, and glandular matter covering the iiiu-'^cles, : in males, seems to suggest the corset as a natural and necessary sup- A requirement mucli less urgent, on the ])art of tho other sex, sug- daiul mahitains in use, the waistband and closely-butt(jned vest. The 'i'joetions to tho corset do not involve its use, but its abuse. Fin^L It nil put on girls before they have gotten their growth. Second. It is slivays fitted to tlio form. Third. In many instances it is worn so -as to displace the abdominal viscera, restrain the due action of the ratory muscles, and jirevent the full inflation of tho lungs. These lst>liave their origin in the tastes of individuals; and do not spring from liiiidianism of the jacket itself. It is certainly more feasil)le to correct ■ t!mn to banish it — easier to raise a public opinion among women last tight lacing, than against an article of dress winch, |)roperly used, find comfortable, supporting, and in no wise injurious; wiiile it bl'S them to fix and adjust tho other parts of their apparel ; as the IK. f- • ' :\ ■ •* ,f ;l; ".;'<. li "r\.- ' '. 078 Tin; PRINCIPAL disi:asks or the [dook I .^t§|fi:'1''- ^:"•^".v^■ I'i!PI'-v%-; -'. ■ ■■•■..'. ■■■-..■■■■ mH^4'-v ■'■■:■?:■:■' - ,7 't.f :•■'»■- i : li.-»' " . ^ ' .• ••■•. *^y''■••■■■•^ ;':1''%.^''^v''" ■■-■ ' ' i'Kj^y }^f'' .■•.':'■ V :' V;'''. ;, 'f v.?"* .r.'- -s-v. «'■'•.' ^'^ ■•/'«. ^■■, ", ■t --f _' ■f' l:.- ,.■ . 1 • ,' ; ■ T, trunk of tlie body cunstitutcs llio point Wajipui, of .-ill the movcmcnt.s of th lieatl and oxtrciuitics. Till' .sillies of our womun, Imtli in town and country, but cr part ef ti chest, V eh tno iamo individuals ordinarily protect from the action nf eo air, is injurious '' 'o health of the lungs : and re(|uires a remuval ef tj dress from t!ie top of tho sh(Uilders, over which it shmild be susiiciulu the deltuid muscles; where it is kept, by a tightness, which materiallv iiitei fores with tho action of those muscles, and tho movements of tlie ann Thus, while the modesty natural to women is violated by this fasliioii, it| equally repugnant to souml jihysiidogy. The dress of our children is often liable to objections. AVliat T liavo say relates to the colder parts of the \'alloy, and more to cities tlian country. In the latter, children spend much of their time in the ii\"\\^ and, by common consent, are held to bo hardier. Tn town, they remain imj in close and heated houses thnuigh the cold weather, and when tiny sent out, are often inadctpiately clothed. The fashion of exposing t:i| arms and the superior parts of their chests during youth, is often injurii Man was not made to have his hands and face clothed, but he was nia'l have the other parts of the body covered. Animals and birds have a vi ural protection of hair or feathers, and man, in all climate- and all staiij soeietv, has shown an instinct to clothing. These two facts demonstrate. tli clothing is physiological; and, if so, it slnmld extend to all parts iftl body which can be covered without interfering with their fuiiclinir: the only exceptions are those just mentioned. It is physiologically ai- to say, that by exposure, the whole surface of the body would cunie t^ 1 the cold as well as the face, which must of necessity be exposed. V-.vw then, should not expose their children without protecting what i::i;il rerpiires, and her Author intendeil, should bo protected. Tlio pra'tij moreover, of allowing the clothes of little children to fall off their shnul!/ and be kept up by compression over tho shoulder joints, is still more ul'j^ ticmablo in them than in young women, as it interferes with the pr develo|)ment of their arms. The secret of .success, in forming tlio C'Hi-ni tions of children, as far as clothing is concerned is, First, To cover tlienhj surface of their bodies and their limbs separately. Second. To see tliat t.i » v. ■■', 'i . /* ^ THE [boo« i (f uU the uiovcmcnts of tli lutry, hwi cspcoially ii\ tW oction, oxpojjt, in tin- si'Ut|| small a jiiivt of tin' t'"i»f aro goiierully tijn tliiii ;ia4 wlicvo Olio has sufforoA Iroi 1 tViiiii tlic form ai)il ni;it8» idillo ami imrllicni parts of (if cotton or i'Wk, when tli^ luVispousalilc to till! wai'iulf' try, woolen stoekinirs aru; 11 worn nndcr ch\uiiistaiie< leck and "I'pcr part cf tlj itcct from tlm uition (.f ul VLMiuiix'S a n'miival if tlj 1 it kIiouIiI he suspouilnl, ituoss, which materially m4 ho movonients fif tlic anrf k-iolatc(l hy this fasliioii.it 10 .ariii.j INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 679 l^;3 is warm in wliiti.T. Third. To tako care that no part of it com- [■(jjii'S tlicm. TIiuH protocti'd, they should Lc cnconragt'd tu go into the Iwair, frci^ucntly and freely, oven in the coldest weutlier. (ihjeetioiis. AVhat T li;iv«^ •and more to cities than if their lime in the oi.m Tn town, they roinaiu iiw ^veathcr, and when tlu'v ic fashion of exiiosing t'n liua youth, is often injurv cln'thcd, hut he was m^^ ninials and birds have a w , all climates and all stato! so two facts dcmonstrat.'.t d extend to all parts ' : tl injrwith their fimctim.> It is physiologically;* the body would c mic t^ cccssity 1)0 exposed, r;'"'-' hunt protecthig what i:.i'« be protected. The pv;> ' " Iron to fall otr their slW. Idor joints, is still move M it iiitcrferer, with the pi icocss, in forming the C'imt, .dis,Fu-.^/, Tocoverthouhi ■ly Stcond. Toscetbatt.1 SECTION II. J?ATniN(J. Miiiig is far from being general in any part of the N'allcy. On the Ijw if the Half, and at the watering places of tli(t int(rior, there are kin: houses, to which a number of people annually resort in summer. Lio who live near our rivers and the shores of the Northern Lakes, occa- |r-i'!v bathe. Tn most of our larger cities, there aro bathing cstablish- |:,:;: fur both sexes, to whieh individuals, chiefly of the more wealthy L-v.-. have reeoursc; and, linally, many individuals have family liathing- :.3i>. both hot and cold. Still, an overwiielming majority of our jiopula- i:.;.!iliim bathe at all. Of the efticacy of daily bathing, in the preservatioQ :-jiiil health and a hardy constitution, there can be no doubt; and it i ;. ;. 1.1 be regretted, that the practice cannot bo made more general. A very |;;a'.iilnot inconvenient substitute for immersion or showering, may be .1 in sponging or siirinkling'tho surface of the body, on rising in the ;iiig. all the year round ; or, in the winter, standing at the window nd i.'aii air bath, which should not be prolonged after a slight slunhleniig ;onimcnced. In all cases the skin should be well rubbed, immediately It.: t!io application of the water or the air, with a coarse towel. Our p cities, from Now Orleans and 3Iobilo, to Pittsburgh and Montreal, ought lave public cistern-baths, fur the gratuitous accommodation of the jioorer k;riag classes, so many of whom, when sick, are supported at the public fei; in our alms-houses and hospitals. "Whatever tends to presiTve liealtb, diminishes the poor taxes, not to refer to higher motives, which hvbvious, but do not come into the jdau of this work. SECTION III. LODGINGS. Ihiiy persons in the middle and northern parts of the Valley, sleep, '^\ winter, in rooms warmed by stoves or open fireplaces, but a greater '^■•rludge without lire. The general opinion is In favor of the latter, as ^nioalth is concerned. If lire be nseil, the open chimney is better than '='■ vo, as favoring ventilation. If a stove be used, a screen should be pn-iscd between it and the head of the bed, to intercept the radiating r.-^- r. 'i| i\ I J?-. 'li' jiiK^;'I|;i;f'4 • »: ■ • -if - . Jr- ?'■ ■■■' v' '• -^-^ <■»;-- 'l<1 i Kl;: '.:.:-'^ :•■.:':. v-'H:. f; -■J It is particularly injuriou.^ for the surface of the body to be uncoviroJ tl.r the niglit, and especially during the latter part. Hence it is huneli-;:.' .summer, to sleep in such night-clothes as will protect all parts of the sui: notwithstanding the automatic and instinctive movements which lake ] during sleep. All this is still more necessary for children than Ibr aJ In winter, sleeping cold may bring on a catarrh, sick headache, er an n;; of rheumatism ; in summer, may be the exciting cause of cholera uiurl diarrhea, or dysentery; which often commence in the latter part of tlio i.:: as did epidemic cholera, and for tho same reason. All our physicians familiar with the attacks of cholera infantum, which occur at tlie ? period of the night ; and I have often seen croup produced in June 'urii '.'ilr, I woe, U, ;.irtl :,[ tl) : liie ■ .'•Inn iFii." rii, Mrst'S, |i':'i till .1 v;i.st p X evil ijliiie. ai'tinii ( r-S'iiiiM illVk UX '■nil' fi Mli I;, l!l.I HI li ilie f*r en capaci is t i are (ioi'av •* or ni; H rivc '■■rs (,(• III; I. aiK r de iirv, e.^:ci aiid 'and ci 't> of vo, ^f iilthv 41 p THE [.. ;• 111. INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 081 1 better to lairnw.i.d i a iir; uwny, nml t\ic dr r/ f (ix'ulo is ni^tto esuji', i ,cr9i»us \\\w Plvci.'m , 3|t IlmI (Ircaius ; and iiwuko ij he y.om;s, tsl" wliicli I 'm arc less divlikil i\i 'i^.u 1 llic bfil-vcKjius. IVutl: ncavly Juwn t') lie (lull on thL'in in i^ummor sn w* ^icvrtons, are often suljoitj tlier beds ^hlmlll iicvir ' ir rooms, iiml thc-o wlio li I boJ, <'f i-'iivU'd liuir, s-tvu^ bo vi'^i'^'"'^''^' "^ Vf""'^''"! iriU'i>'u:g tbo skin. V. ■- i|j infiincy, gvcatly ia-.t\:v t. H.! ;p „n no others. Mo'la;, miscles ; tiud euiuiot bo wliljj i-iuness aiul Yig"V- '^''^ '' ; and uiubv all circuuistui:( rt-itlu.ut them, thoy HliuuU , would banish them ciit;r« it them to tho winter i.i ' uso of feather heils, in ,t: our Kuglish ancestry: •0 traditional. 15nt, m ur nd, hcneo, Yvhat may tkru i^^ary, however, that v,o s.'. h,jurious to licalth; f.rn tlou, sousible or in^ensiiaJ Lee, and the absence ut iih.i cold, injury to heaUh en- e body to bo uncovered tu^ ,,t Hence it i3 Ij^'nf*^'': ,,voteetallFrtsoftk.M.^ „u.venn-nts wVa^li talcc i^ l.y for children than l.r ;'- ■vh, sict headache, or an :.. iting eause of cholera uk. Icintho latter part 01 U.m ,ason. All ouri)l.y^>'^J««^^ ium, which occur at the .. I croup produced m Juu. ', trim th'3 H.amo osposuro, when children who uro more carefully lodged, yA\ ever contract it. Lnl.'ii^' rooms sliould, tliroiii^hout tlio \vho](> year, bo thoroughly aired ,;ro tlii'ir iiiniate.s retire to tlieni. If a current of wiiid can lie made to ,« timiigh them, HO iiuich the better ; but, in .suninicr or antmiui, it is l-^iit ti let down tho sash, or otlier\vi,so close up tho windows, before wo go , sleep. Two otfects result from this: first, tlio cxcln.sioii of malaria. ;iiir iiui'dii wliiidi produces antnmnal fever; sicoiu/, tlic exdn.-idii of IsL-turf, wiiicli, in tiie latter part uf tho night, ofti-ii chills the body. Ipji* rule i.s es])ecially neeessary in tin south, and along our great water- hmi. where had air and lotis so uuieli ahuund. In very dry localities, and lirntbo north, it is less re(juired. si:cTio\ \y. II A li I T A T n ) \ S . Av,ist niajority of tlio inhaliitants of the Valley live in wooden hmses, Iri'i. (.veil in nmst uf our towns and cities, predondnatc over those of brick jtme. In tho s mtli, tliese Imusi'S arc very cniiinionly protected from bietioii of the sununor sun, by porches and veraiulali.s; wiulo tlio wintcns mill that tho ininites do not sulfer. In the nortli, thin walls arc an i'k'|n:ite protectinii from the seven* cnhl of January ; and, in the aliseiico of iulis, from the burning heats of July. In the sprini! Ill inure va[)()r than it can kecji in S(diitioii; but when it comes in Bta.t with the cold walls, its temperature is reduced to the dew point; and, h the same ahso/ulc (piantity of water, it becomes a moist air. The »[« enrrectivo is a fire, which restores the dryness, by increasing c;i|i,ieity of the air for nmisture. An objection to wooden dwel- ' ij the rotting of their foniidatioiis, when, as is too often the case, t; art' built without an adcipiatt; under-jiinning of stone. AVhen jei'ay commences, the family, by night and day, breathe whatever > IT malaria may be generated. Tn some of the villages along om* k:j1 rivers, which oceasimially overflow their bank.s, all the sills and MS (if the houses, although so recently built, are already in a state of :• This is especially the case in the south, where heat and moisture fi'l. and most of the timber used is of a soft and perishable kind. *'5:i.r defect is the absence of cellars, which are seldnm met with in the Wy. except under the best houses; and are omitted in building the niid temporary houses, which make u]) the greater nunilier in our '-and cities. Even when cellars are dug, there is a neglect of the '> "f ventilating and drying them. All such foundations are apt to * iiltliy ; and perpetual decay and decomposition go forward throughout 41 • h li :.iM i i ■. .ttlf' ,.■ 'I' f\ -n :\ , '.\ ^'r'mM ! Km Ut-af.jf" -. .in' ( ■ ■ .' ■ < ■ If' ■.;,.■ ' • T.i!Va^^*"ii- ,-' 'y - ■■■■•■■ 682 TIIK PRINTIPAf, niSKASRS 01' THE [•>"•« u" tlio summer, oven wlu-n the atmiif<|ilicro is dry, tliiiH m'Tiprntinif a fmil lir wfiilo tlip lower Mtories, nr fjrciuiiil \\<>i>rn, are ot'tcii rciiderej uiilieiililiv lit their (lampiiesH. A I'lirtlier difect, is the want (if the iiieaiis (.f uiiiii- thd different a|iartinenfs, es|iecially tlmse oeeiipicd as h)ili;iiiir riirHH, \ ^\ wiiiilnw, witli a doi-r (i|M'iiiii;j; into a narrow entry — itself, [icrliniis, adniittinj» nl" sntlieient venlilati'in — nceessarily j^ives an ini|inn' atuKi-iil.ira Its iiimafes, from eustom, may imt detoet the f'nnl air; Imt flu- senscH of atranser instantly feel its impress; and every physician knows, tluit jh chronie action on the eoiistitntioii is had. in the newly settled iinrtH nf tli noiintry, this fanlt in linilding is earried to its greatest hi^'ht. Tlif cabin, resting direetly on tlio pround, and made tight hy danliinL', "cudul has hut one small window, sometinu'S none; and yet all the t'aniilv live .ml lodi.'!' in it. Of course, throughout the winter, in th(( colder nart'^ uf thi Valley, there is mi ventilation, e.xeept of the spaee, hetween the finer ;iiij fireplaeo. In better ami larger houses, having halls, and several r'nini there is still another defect, whieh is, that no provij^ion is made, in hk-i ^ them, for warming the apartments that are not in constant use; nml vtt t\$i inmates, even small cliihiren. with clothing adapted to tlmse wliicli nri'iro*' pcrly heated, wander through the whole, and often sustain injury. Tl.i- dj particularly prejudicial to small children, inclined to croup or scrol'u!;i ;i| t(j girls and young women, predisposed to consumption. The y],- gf ! warming large houses with heated air, recently introduced into sonio i : .v< larger towns, is well calcidated to remove this ohjection; but care sin i, i In taken, to guard against the dryness of the currents which the furn;ire - i^j up; otherwise discomfort, and even injury to health, may result. Hi' rlij our houses, especially in the country — wliere the jiractice is likely to li Kg., manent — have been win ined with wood tires, in open chimneys: in ttiui ii close stoves are coming into use ; and. near all the larger rivers, niinenil ui a! superseding wood. This kiiul of fuel has the advantaire of nKdutainiiig a mi equable temperature; but it throws out exhalations, which sonuti affect the head and lungs. AVhat maladies may ccaso or be prulii by the increasing stone-coal snmke of our larger, and especially manufacturing towns, remains yet to bo ascertained. Very latfly "air-tight" stove has made its way among us. In this we have the combustion of wood. AVhile admirably calculated to maintain a iiiii!'( temperature, it jircsents two objections : frs/, it is unfavorable to a cliai of air; scoiuJ^ it renders the air too dry. The former is not a remedied, because of the small and feeble current created hy siuli combustion; and may require openings near the ceiling of the riKiin, It escape of the long-retained and rarified atmosjdiere, while other aport near the floor, allow a correspondin;.' supply to enter. The latter 4'! may bo supplied by evaporating pans, which should always be hnad sliallow, and not made uf metal, nor of earthenware enameled with h' a decomposition of the water, by the oxydation of tlio metal, will lil'd hydrogen gas, whi■'>: and :; jed ti ■.'rt't lie ' n THR [lUDKI MIT I"'. INTERIOR VALLEY OF NOkTII AMERICA. C?3 us frt'iiprntiiifT a f'lul »ii rciiilii-fil uiihiuUiiy hi tho iiu'itiis lit' uiiiti^' thi (nl^iiiir riK'iiiH. A Mii'.'l ry — iidclt', jktIuhis, iiii cs !\ii imimrt! utm('C|il.ir« jiir ; Imt tlu' siMis(.'!* uf (liy^iH'ian knows, tliut Itj ,„.\vlj' scttl.'il juirts (if til jrri'iit.'sl h\'M. Till' In i^rlit \>\ (hniliiuir, pt'iHT! yet uli tlu! ftunily liw in till' ('..IiIt pvt-i i.t tin ^.^i^^^, llCtWCfll till' 'I'H.r l.^ liall-*. ami scvonil r- n^ ovisimi is inmli', in ui' -t i , ciiiistant use; mi'l }'"1» ;c(l to tlxiso wliii-li »t<'\:> vn sustain injury. Tl '■- ip (\ to cvoui) or scrofula, ui lonsuuiption. Tin- vlini i„trudufe«l into si.mo "f ' i.jfctiou; but can! slii.uia ,'„ts wliidi tl\(! funiii.o m: oaltli, may result. Hit!' c|.ractifoisliWytnlH|. HMi clnmuoys: intluM.' l:n-iior rivcr.s luiiiL'nil «• a ,,„t!rL'i;i<'1i suiiiiti may pea so or be lir^lu la"r<-ov, anil especially .,,,t.;i„od. Vory lately 1„ this wo bavp the s .,t,Hl to maintain a uiu! i is nnfavorablo to a eb Tlu' former is not tti ^,,reut create.l by suil. ,, ..ciling of tl.e riiem. t- r iH.re, Avbilc otlier aporr I ,„tcr. Tl.e latter Jel cboniaahvnys be W' a ^ „varo euameleil with h.^ ,n (,f tl.e metal, wH l'^;^' ve a portion of the... ^■f.>' ally, the rractiec of eeoa. .'. illTwariniu;^ chambers with pans of biiniinf^ oharcoul, 18 more pomnutn than jgi'iicrally Mupposcd; uml every now ami then, oceu-sions death, by tho >ratioii (if earboiiic; oxide, or earbonio aeid. In every country, tho a^piit of a hou.se deserves attention, and sluiuld bo iiteniiii.eil by a roferenee to tin,' sun and winds. As far as pnssilih', tliey li'uld lihino and blow upm. it. In the Valley of the Mississippi, this jkral union is ([uile practicable; for, as we have seen, its prevailiiip; iiiulj arc fnun soullierii points lietwcen south-east and south -wot. If, i'li, a ilwelling havi! its front to the south — as is ^rencrally tht! ease in the Vjlli'v— it will bo better liijlited and ventilated, than if its end should be in :it dirtc'tiuii. SIXTION V. R H A I) i;-'l' It E E R . Ilfirring to health, how near .shoidd sliadc'-trees bo phmted to a ii.lliiij; ■.' Their effect, when so near as to over.»lia(liiw the roof and walls, ;rlln! latter only, is no doubt to keep tlicni cool; but they increase tin; iimpness, by preventing the drying effect of the sun, after rains and heavy •x;; and in the sotith, its umst observing physicians and planters, are 'I R'd to them, and prefer the verandah; which, I have no doubt, is a :.rri.'Ct Jecision. It is, however, a great advantage t(t have trees near ii; usi!, so that they may shade the ground around it, and thus prevent tho :4ilioii and radiation of beat against its walls. On the northern side, it" may be planted nearer than on the southern, as they cannot there 'craiuuluw the building. Trees, in the neighburhoud uf a dwt lliiig, when ;:ttw near, not only do good in tho manner just pointed out, but they irt'dtlie family, when they go out for recreation, or the ordinary business : 'ii; l.iiuse ; and everyone must regret their wanton destruction around :;t of the country houses of the Valley. "With the motives for their fftsorvation, which good taste and the love of beautifid scenery would Kjgcst, this work has no concern; but I find enough, of a purely hygienic sill, to justify a protest against the destruction of what nature, in licr wise Muiny, has provided, to shield tho earth and its inhabitants, its tender jn-saiid delicate flowers, from the scorching rays of a summer sun. .Niude-trees should be cultivated in our towns and cities more extensively pill they now are; but those which grow to a great bight, should not be k-™, because they rei. ler tho walls and roofs damp. The object is, to "lo the side-walks. Very broad streets or avenues should have rows of k;tr trees in their center.- : for, at such a distance, they do not pruduco "« injury just mentioned, while they keep down tl.e heat of the surface, ii'iish radiation, and protect those who are passing. The towns of tho itb arc generally well shaded, either witli sheds and awnings, or with N. The Pride of China i^Melia azcdarach) is tho favorite, up to the ,v ■:M ' ••''• ' , ^■>/i.-f .,.„yfe' ^ : _^:: '.-1 ■ ^ , . r . ■ ■.^*':^-: .'"*"' .»,■ ••• ' ' .V .. **: • ^' ■,■ *'4 ;V •, • .'■'^ y' •]• , ?»*• ", .'• * m ■ * ■ ;,. l!i>:'.f.v*.i,. .'■■:■; G84 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE I BOOK 1,1 latitude of tlilrty-throc dogrces, above wliic-h it does not bear tlio colder winters; tbcn tlie resort is to tbe wbite-flowcring bjcust {Roliinia pseuda-l cacia), with wliicli. in liiL'lier latitudes, arc Mi'uJed tiic water iiiaiilv { I'-'t ruhrum), wliito elm (^l.'lmus pi'iiiliilii,), eutalpa ( Bli^nionia catalpaj, a;;! sycamore ( Platinius occiilcnlalix ), all of wliieli g.ow too largo fur narrow streets. But within tlic last few years, the aiUintlu's, a fureigii truo, lia,' been intro(lueed, and become a general favorite. The jdaiiting and cultivation of trees, on tiic public squares of our titi •> has not received the careful attention which their value demands. The. maintain a cool jdacc, to •which resort may be had, by tho;^e who suffer froiut excessive heat, either in the streets, or in badly-constructed houses; aiidl: should be regarded as among the means of healtli and comfort for tlie nooiilji of every city. To conclude, trees should be left standing between ponds or marshes anif j the family residence. There are many evidences that they exert a iiro- tecting summer and autumnal influence ; especially when the source of disease is to the south or west of the town or dwelling. CHAPTER IV. OCCUPATIONS, PURSUITS, EXERCISE, AND RECREATION'.! SECTION I. AGRICULTURAL L A H O R S . I, In the non-slav('holding colonies and states, that is, in Caraiial western New York, Michigan, Wisccjnsin, 3iinisota, Iowa, Illinois, lniliani| Ohio, and western Pennsylvania, including the northern half of the p' tion of the Valley, tho prevailing occupatifm of the male sex, is uiisiTb'J neons agriculture, or farming. Most of th'.'ir time is, therefore, spent in til open air: where they are exposed, more or less, to rain, morning do\v>, a i the noonday suns; while their joints and muscles are heavily ta.xcd, tutb bad end of breaking down the health and strength of some ; and tlie g- end of giving great firnniess and endurance to others. In these labors, boys often begin to jiartieipate, as early as the ^•• seven or eight years ; but girls and women, e.xecpt among the immigrants iw Germany, are seldom seen as laborers on the farm. II. In tho slave states, from the Appalachian Mountains to tlie Kio Norte, there are, i.i reference to agricultural labor, two classes of white m^ I. I-,. u'ltei- '':.l'ly J V' f luiil •-IpS t •h''^\n F THE iBOOK I. . ';.V' Iocs not bear the colder | y lucust [Hobinia ]ii'!utla-k .■(I tiio water niaiilo (.I'-crl ( fViirnonia calalim), and^' g:inv too large IViv narrow* mtlivs, a foreign tree, has uLl'ic s(iuares of our titi'3,^ L'ir value cleiiiaiuls. Tht;; il, by liiosc wlio suffiT friiiiif y-c-o\ir;trui'tecl liousos; ai;df I and conifort for tlie pcopliji twcon iionils or marslios and; ■OS tliat tlicy exert a pi- ly wlicn the source of ilinei,-e m. INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 685 ^> AND EECREATION'I V n o R ^J . states, that is, in Caiia^ .isota, Iowa, Illinois Indian^ northern half of the V"V^^ [• the male Bex, is m^^'l'^l MO is, therefore, sp'nt m -ij s, to rain, morning aews aij ,'les arc heavily til xe.l, t^'JJ ,ngth of some ; and the • thers. ,„to,as early ns the a?^ ,t among the immigrants tr-'^ irm. . ,.an Mountains to the U' ,bur, two classes of vhito mi f r,/. Those who own a sulTK.-ient numhor of slaves to perform the rc(juired i,;'iof the plantation, as it is tlioro eallel ; and, thorofuro, do not labor T;;!i tliL'ir own hands, but leml lives of superintondeuco. recreation, or idle- •«;; .t> wlio cither own no slaves, or so few, as to bo under the necessity of ; :;id|iating in the labors of the field. No poriion of the .'slavehoMing i.K'S is without thi.s class ; but they are most numerous in western Vir- ;';:.'i, cast Tennessee, Kentucky, and Missouri; that is, above the cotton ::/. ill the latitudes which priuliice wheat, hemp, tol)aeco, horueil cattle, ■>■<. and .sheep. The hardest ami heavi(!st labors of this das.s, consists :ittiiig down the forests, and opening the farm. In the south they do ;:w.rk iimeh among sugar and cotton : but in miscellaneous agriculture — \_:\- arc fanners, not planters, in the discriminating vocabulary of the yauy. It was formerly believed, that white men could not bear the surn- Krlioat of the field, below the thirty-third digree of latitude; but thhs :;i:;iiin is not, at present, strenuously maintained by any one. ')n the .itrary, it scorns probalile, that those men. wlio, in the smth, work regu- JrK'ia the field, enjoy bett(M" health, and live to a greater age than those f" 1 'ad lives of idleii(>ss, with its sinister accompaniments. It amiot be doubted, that agricultural labor is favorable to health and '^.^liic; notwithstanding its fatigues and exposures. Aninng tlie ('.isease.s '..Tviiiidi it gives birth, or generates a predisposition, arc rheumatism of the ':'-, lumbago, sciatica, bronchitis, iilcnrisy, pneumonia and acute fevers; :,• fruits of violent musevdir effort, -r great exposure to foul weather. I'v>|io[isia is not unknown among this 'dass. but occurs from other causes, dill spite of the salutary influences ol agricultural lite. Nor is coiisump- |:kiuiiciiimnon ; though, apart from hereditary predisposition, it Iocs nofi :i;en occur; and a life of agri<'ulturnl lubor is, perhaps, one of ili(> best I E^iis for correcting such a predisposition. As autumnal fever is a rural disease, those who f(dlow agricultural occu- ki'ms are, of course, among its most fre((ucnt victims. S E C T I O ?v' II. c :\i M F, i; (' 1 ,\ I, ? V R s u its. i riulor this head, T propose to treat of those who are engaged chiefly ^>ator transportation. It is impossildo to estimate their number. It ''t'ly e.toocds one Immlred thousand, ;,nd is every day inereasiiig. The '■;■'■' part arc men, before middle life ; a great number arc boys, and a few, ips two per cent., are woiiieu. On ai.d around the (lulf of Mexico, the i- - ■ ti i • f' .1 ' i ' f 1 1 * Wl W'it ' «." >1 If"' * '' i' G86 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE [book lal)nr,i ,)f tliifl class continue tlirougliout tlic year; but furtlier nurtli tlicra are lung jioricids (if huspchsiun. Uri tlie lakes, navi^'ntion is intciriiiiKi'' tliruu;^ii lour of the eold niontlis ; and, for as many of tlie hot, hut tcvr watermen are roq..ired to descend the 3Iississi]i|ii to New Orloaiis. TIm re arc, in the Valley, fuur difl'erent jirovinees of eonimercial oneratiou tba' Gulf, the rivers, the lakes, and the prairies. | ir. TiiFK rroN Tin: Gti.F. —New Orleans is the empuriiuu nf tli»' commereial marine, of the (Julf of Mexico. Of tlie other jiortti, the ihief are C'liaj^rcs, Vera Cruz, Havana, Tampicc*, Galveston, Peiisaeola, ai.d Mobile. The voyages between these port.s, or between any one of tin m imii New Orleans, are never of sueh duration as to generate any form of (li.M;ast peculiar to the sea. They are made in steand)oats, and .^^chooners, nr lii's. In wiiatever craft, the .sailors and operatives lead expo-cd lives, wliili' tLej move in an atmosphere, tiie mean anniuil temperature of whicli varies, ig different latitudes, from seventy to eiglity degrees (.if Fahrnenheit ; wliil.; it i.s nearly saturated with vapor. Their exposure to suddi-n sliowers i.s fre^ qiient — to that of a sun of intense ])ower, liabitual, for at least ten nioutlus nut of tw(.'lve; at night they often lie in the open air; lastly, in eertaiti S(.'aa, cholera morbus, dysentery, iic| i' .3, and roup de folc.il, \\\ summer; and to rheumatism aiul pneunmnia in \. While at sea, as on a schooner voyage, from Vera (,'ruz or Havana ti > w ; Orleans, they are often invaded by yellow fever; and the same disease times breaks out in our national vessels, when they have not lately tcuiuji at any port, ^uch, however, is but seldom the case with autumnal '\st ; ;, nil! niannor, and wiTo ufteii ill the water. Si.i/h. Tho.se wiii> traviled [jck by land, perl'ormed a jnurnoy nf a thousand miles, on horsebaek t>r ou ;■ ;, eiii'aiiiping at night in the open air. Ill this oeeupatiiiii many dit'd of fevers, contracted I'rom lying thrnngli the rijiit at the river banks, or at New Orleans ; and rheiiinatisin or |iulnionary •::r;iM'S were the hit of otliers; but the inajurity wore stnnig anil lianly — : hi' being more Ho, than tin se who pirrmnied the long overland journey i ill New Orleans, to tlio middle pDrtimi of the Ohio liivcr, on foot. lr>inco i':,c .'eiieral intriidiiction ol' steambnal!-, the Hat boat hands no longer return V, l,iiiil; but on tlie lnwer dorks of tlmse boats, where many of them yield •.Hli.s.«ipation, and the mortality is, I jiroumi;, ijiiite as great as among those ..:' tMriiK'i' times. •.. The number of men and boys I'liiployod in navigating our numerous ;; aiiib^iats, amounts to many thousands. Tlie most e.\iHi,;i d and n.'ckless i:. till' liremeii and doukhunds. The diet of the ojnTatives is chiilly bread Tlioir labors are hravv. and reiiuiro neat, with eofl'ee in the lltorilill'^ I,ii.' perlornied by night, imt less tiiuii day. They are uiueii exposed to all itikiiieueies of weather, and are often in the water. The tiremen pass aiiiili uf their time in a heat of (jiie hundred and twenty degrees, and some il'it. iu a heat of one liundrod and fil'ty di-groes, rahreiiiieit, as I have i-id'tUll led by the therniomoter, when their pulsi.'s rise, in frenneney, t o one bidrod and thirty or one hundred and forty in a miiiuto. JJoth ela.Nses arc iniiic habit of throwing themselves on the liow of the boat, wliere they arc eX[ifiseJ to a wind cijual to the velocity of the bdat. I'o counteract the effects of tacse various exposures and irregularities, many of them drink ircdv ij illlT f ardent spirits ; and the iiremen, especially, nigard such drinks as sary to the maiiitenaiiee of that perspirati m. which cools their bodies a|)proaeliing the furnaces, which they feed with fuel. The experience ot the most observing Com maiider.s is, however, that these and every other (ks of steamboat operatives, enjoy better healtii, and iiave greater strength rieii they refrain from di inking. As to tiie diseases to which they arc &ijt liable, if 1 may judge from wliat I have seen in the Louisville .Marine H'is|iital, and the Cnmmen .il Hospital of Ohio, at Cincinnati, they are lii.'tiy diarrhiea, and intermittent fever, witli its <<('//i/rlfr, ilisorden.'d -spleen, iriJ dropsy, lllieuniatism and pulmonary iiifiamiii.itioii are, however, not micumiiion. Fiiiallv, a lar .10 nuiiilier are suod 'ly destroyed l)y meclianica loiiilents drowniuir, or sealdinij; ; ami a still lart'or number are driven froia 'n ' tmpliiymeiit, to die a lingering death from the diseases produced by inteui- peraiiec and river ex po.su re. The steamboat river-piloti have a peculiar duty to perform, which might be «|iected to atl'ect their eyes unfavorably. For twelve hours out of every twi'iity-foiir, they are kept in a state of active vision; at night straining tin ir eyes to see objects by a dim light, or through the fog — in the day, caving them directed upon a watery surface, wliicli often reflects an intense G88 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE I BOOK I li^'lit. Ojilitliahuia iiiid aiiiiiurofsis niiglit be .fiippnsetl fo rcsuli fr.,m sr,(i; ■ life ; but I am imt aware tliat tliey bave (jl'teii been pniduoed IV. Liri: ON tiik N(i..tiieun Lakks. — Our i'resii-w.;<:i il! rs i ,.^ tlioir n^rtive lives iu a mean temperature of al)i)ut fnrty-dve tlr^rjos, '■ -tc 1 of seventy-five (leu'rce.s like tliese of the (lulf (tory of that wliieli leaves tlie west end of Lake Erie, at .M:nmiec liav.j for the Ohio lliver; that of tlie Erie and Heaver canal, in mi stern lVllll^\i■ vania, and that of tlie new canal, connecting Lake Poucliartrain with .\iw| Orleans, seem to gi\e snppoi't to this opiiiinn. Indeed, as •■;o\als ai'e irrn- crally exeavated thro\igh soils — alluvial or diluvial — \\\\x'\\ alumiid ial unde'-dniposed organie matters, the first exposure of tbem to the sun and rains would seem likely to favor the pi.rduction of a deleterious atniesplicre. Nevertlieless, we must be on our guard against error in *bis eonelusieii : fir,! Firs', Tanals are generally dug tlirnugli low and flat laods. which are kiiinvnl to be jiroduetivo of autumnal fever; thus there was a marsli along the siJel of tlie .Maumee (filial; and that of Xew Orleans, was dug (bn-ugli a cv]in':5| swamp. S^'coin/. 'i'he operative-* are unaeellmated Irishmen and (leniiaiLv cliielly the for ler; who lodg-' ' " h'm[iorary shanties, often directly mi tLe| ground, ami indilge largely i ■■. lisky-driiiking. Thus, if they had >|ii the same seasons of the year, u.ider the same circumstances, without stirriiigj up the surface of the earth, they /no;/// have suffered in an eipial (Iririvo.l But I need not dwcdl on this point, as it must come up under future head: The ejfri'ls of canals on the health of the inhabitants living near thciii.! have, in several instances been pernicious. A great increase of aiituiiiMl fever followed on the com|detiou of the Erie and Beaver (anal just niun- tioned : esjieeially about the snnuiiit level, between Lake P^rie and the Oliiol liivcr, M'liere a basin to afford water was contracted, by throwing danisj across the outlets of ruun-'aut Lake. Some of the surrounding neigldrr- hoods, previously exenipt from any fatal prevalence of autumnal fcvir. «.'■•?. as wc have already seen, in treating of the topography of that region, aim --tl depopulated. It is a common practice to draw off" the water fn in onr > ;:i a!' ill the month of Juno, after the spring navigation is over; and the c.\i""i- IXIl THE ! BOOK I '.IT "•'• INTERIOU \Ar,Lr:V OF NORTH AMMRICA. C89 isod t'i result frimi sr.cb !\%| i'rc'Sii-vv.;t:i ;iil irs | ass forty- live. clfgr-cH, i- -tcud Moxi<'u. Tlii.ii' vi'w.irosii ,oll,.vs. Th; imi>:l),T ..f^ ' minilicr cniiiliyfil r.pnu S" :c.-.sc'ls Tlio laki' vii\ .il'^s p time of tliu watcnmn ij? Ill the r^ailuvs of tlif <'iulf, Most (if tllcSi; Ul'VcuViT, J lor. Tims tlic c i'is(.'s uils are :vn- \\]n\u\\ — wlii'-h ahiiUiid ia of them t > the sun ai.ii ,f a deleterious atuw^pliorc: rroi- ill 'his eouelusioii ; k, Ihit la. Ills, whieh are known hvas a u'f.v.-'u along tlir siJe wa.s du.Li- 4hr«aigh i\ cyytvn I'd Irishmen and (ieviiKi'.i- Mties. often directly <'ii tk : Thus, if they had 1*"'^ cumstances, Nvithout Mirniij irr.Mvd in an eciual dcgM, ,1110 up under future hiad^, .ahitants living near tlKUi rrreat increase of autiuuMl Id Beaver Canal ju-t m\>\ cu Lake Erie and the (»W. .tracted. hy throwing -lanis If the surrounding neigll'-r- lice of autumnal fcv.r. who. kraphy of that regi"n, n!"' -t If tlie water fr< ni our <;;i .il^ I, i, over; ar.d the exp' m;h1 of :!ie;ri;i'(d bottoms Wiiiild seem likely to goiiorato fcvi'r=<; yet. T have not •jpi] ahlo '•' '> ■ii'u that sin-li has been tin; (fleet, at least, to anv gr(.'at :5tt,.' X large munber of biatsrun ou our canals, ami as thi v c.ti.iuo ia utidii all night, in summer and autumn, .•! , well as in other seasons, tlunugh ^jiaiis whieii f'reijueiitly abound 'ii iM.-irslies, if migiit be cxjiected that tlie yritivt'S would be often d iwu with fevers; still, the result of my ini[niries ■;i.tli;it tlicy arc less liable to tlhise diseases, than the j)eoi)Ie who live on ;;.;liaiiks of fliesc fhoroiiglifares. VI. LiFK OF TUK VovAcKLUS. — /.I'v//'.'. The N'ovageurs, who ascend ;rli:ig rivers to the Rocky Mountains, ;mil [lass over the A'alley, from Lili'' .Superior to Hudson IJav. and the lakes and rivers to its west, merit a :re extended notice than either of the classes enumerated.* T!ii< class or cr;.>.7c of watermen, consislini^ chiefly of l-'rench, and their ■"■"•inlants, began to form soon after that ,,eo]de eanii' upon tin; continent. f; HI tii(! earliest period (.f settlement in Canada and IiOiii>iai)a, the atten- pii'tlie immigrants was turned to the Tnteri^r of the A'alley, whirh they jyiriH.k to traverse l)y its vast lakes and rivers, in canoes, and skiffs at ;;..;!i (.ailed Ma(kinac boats; which, of course, were worked by hand, with pu- ]iad(lles, and often propelled against strong and unrelaxing currents. ik the conf[uest of Canada, in 17<»-!, immigrants from (Ii(al Ibitain ;r,i til ininglc with the Canadian Voyageurs: and, on the cessi' n : hut the greatest reinforcements have been their own offspring, by ian women; which, half-breeds or mestizoes, make, according to souic Ejiitatinns. nearly one-third of the whole. M.iny of tin se people spent iifiiiije period of their active lives in this .servh c ; to \vl;ieh tiny became n;!y attached. The romantic scenery of the lakes and rivers, and the f;iri«i[iic appearance of savages, and wild animals, roaming through deep liit'i'k'?, invested this new branch of eomim r((' with aeharni. wliieh faseinated ' ('iiiaiiian imaginatinn, and drew thuu.-ands into this jieeiiliar sei'\ico. ■raling tim(>, their voyages were performed in cano( s and pirogues, of "Murk. Cradually the a'lveiiturers became familiar with the western r^ of Lake Superior, ascended the river St.I.Miis; and, traversing a ". roaclied the highest waters tA' the Mississip,ii, or sjiread themselves ;■ tlie distant north-west. Others took their departure from dreen JJay, p'iscondiiig the Wisconsin, floated out upon the ^Mississippi, in a lower kI'-': while others «till, departing fror. the southern end of Lake pbn, passed down the Illinois, and ascended the Missouri. Their Kiiijs were spent in suKdcing. garrulous talk, and singing. They hidged ivr tents, or beneath ih'Mr inverted canoes. ]Many of them spdit the t"'!!! those desolate rejrions. unwilliriLT to return without full car^'ocs of P'i;iy nii'iirui 1 .Mr. .'^.■inue ; Viliolt ;iii(l .Mr. Willi. uii .lulinsun, if .M icliiuae, U:.,-n ,:. ■. .:^-'t-' ■ :■■ i-:W:'' J-. ■ s - ■■' ;". I I GOO THE PK(NCIPAL DISKA.SES OF THE [book ; those furs, wliieh wcvo tli • uhjects tlicy sought. At all times, while sittini ill their t-iiiioos, they were cx)»()Hfd to every inclemency of weather, and wiri often iiM'ler the necessity of waging in shallow water. They iiiiii;:hMl iiiui'h with tile native trihes, and adopted many of tlieir customs; iiitinnariiol with tliem, and reared up a race of half-breeds, to becouiu, as aheadl I stated, tiieir associates and successora. In the use of aleoholic drinks they were, of necessity, teiiipprato, (xcetl when in port. Tidiaei-o they never dispensed witli. 'J'iieir (het Cdiisistal CKSentially of nuiize or Indian corn; the variety ealled wiiite ilint hcinir y^^ forred. it was boiled ii; a ley of wood ashes until the outer iiitei'iuiu'dj could he ruhhed off, and tiien put in sacks. A quart of this corn, witlimlj ounecs of tallow, or hard fat, boiled through the night, constituted tiie ratij of a Viiiiogevr for tlie ensuing day. Free from care, and alive to tlic exciting novelties through wlmli tlii passed, no despondency came over them, and the fj;aicti r/// ((////•, and vivurjl of the Freucli, never slione witli finer radiance, than on the slmrci »i hj Huron, or tiio rivers which meander through t!ie boundless prairies Ictwei Lake .'Superior, Hudson 15ay, and tlic lloeky Mountains. I have .spoken of the Xdyagcurs \\\ the past tense ; but the race ].. extinct, though it has lost much of its origiiud, racy character. In lattj times, steaud)oats and schooners, by ascending our great rivers, or travir.«i| Lake Superior, tend to keep the Ynya^iurf in the distant wilderiio.s , also to limit their number; so. that tliey arc nolonger constant visiters in i Louis. Mackinac, Detroit, Kingston, and Montreal, as in past times. The Vinjagcurs arc generally below the ordinary Anglo-Ameriean staiiJd in liiglit; but are muscular and very strong, i'rom being compelled tu caa Lcavy br.rden.s, including thei canoes, aroiuid the shoals and rapids ul rivers on winch they run. Tiie pack of furs, weighing eiglity puunds. rel upon the upper part of the back, and a broad strap, passing across tlic foi head, keeps it in its place. At the portages, as that around the falls of llivcr St. Louis, west of Lake Superior, the common burden for a iiiimi two jiai'ks. eipKil to one hundred and sixty pounds, to be carrieil a ui but, Mr. William Johnson, of IMackinac, assured me, that he saw a breed, Skauret (for his name deserves to bo recorded), carry four — iTib hundred and twenty pounds, through that distance without laying tlieiii ' The V<)f//i^i-:ini arc not only strong, but healthy. Those on the .Mi->o| Hiver sometimes experience ague and fever, from which tliose further iia arc cxemjit. They occasionally have rheiuuatism. Mr. Samuel AbbuttJ a vc'sidonee of nearly twenty years at Mackinac, had seen but two ease consun;!)tion among the nniny who had nuide that island their headiiuari^ and wheilier they were exam[des of true phthisis, or only chronic liDiieii I Could tiot learn. Mr. Johnson, who liad ppeut a year aiunnL' tl observed that under all the exposures of their voyage from Lake r^np to Locch Lake, they were healthy ; but when they came to winter in aud eat fresh meat, they wen; subject to catarrhal affections. Since tlie cession of Louisiana, in 1 803, many American young men i -iMia F THE [BnoK r| At all tlmea, while slttini iiency of weuUier, iuul wurt ■utor. Tlicy iiiiiij;k'd mucl- licir custnins; iiitcniuinief ;tls, to become, as alriaJ| n'x. MT III'J INTERIOR VALLKY or NORTH AMERICA. GOl li necessity, temperate, exec; with. Tlieir tliet coiisst callrtl while Hint \m\\i: \::i until the outer iiitej;niiiL'( (inart of this euni, wiiii nt| uii'ht, constituted the ruii(| uvelties through wliii-li tli^| > oaleli (hi atur, ami vivmil than on the slmres I'f \:i 10 LouniUesri iiruiriis IaUvi Iduntains. st tense ; but the raee i,- lal, racy eharaeter. In lati our great rivers, or travcr.-ii 11 the distant wihlerncs-, »lon"cr constant viMlurs in ;real, as in past times, larv Anglo-American standi from being eomjielU'd t.i e;ii the shoals and raimls "t weighing eiglity puund,-. lel strap, passing across the U' as that around the falls ^>i common burden for a iii;i!ij pounds, to be carried a ii ured mo, that he saw a : i recordod), carry four— ' r " ance without laying tht'UPW ,Uhy. Those on the Mi> rum which tho.sc furtl.eruc .ism. :Mr. !>amuel Al>WtJ ac, had seen but two caaj that island their hoadiiuarif .isis, or only chronic l>r.nieiii i spent a year amoiiL' ti .r voyage from Lalic Mil' n they "came to winter in .rrhal affcctinns. imy American y.'ung mon ^viinc hunters and trappers, in the region between St. Louis and the ijpvsi'f the Missduri and Yellow Stone, and have been mingled with the !lj nirf, or, uf thomsL'lves, penetrate to tlie slkrswiio tra*i[»ort their goods entirely l)y laiul. They leave the ^lissuuri |P,:;vr, not far from the mouth of the Kansas, and cross the prairies to Santa IvaiiJ Paso del Norte, thence t) ('hihuahua, and in the northern part of l)[;siiii, a distam-e to the first of sevtMi hundred and seventy mih s. The Il^•llHrtntiou is in wag(jns drawn by oxen, and on mules. The time occupied • ill;: out. is lieneraliv from two t i three months — in returnin<;, less. The ;;.; 5(>asons for tliese trips are May and June, and August and September. « . i.f the caravans have with tliem two hundred men. Their dii't is uen- I (r.ilv composed of cakes of Hour, liaenii, the flesh id' the bison, and ci.frec; ff.iili heans and crai-kers are sometimes addud. They ((aiit rniiii tin; outer imiiiiic n,,i maintaining lire in tliuni, artifi''ial vcntilatiMii is oH'ci-tcd. Notwitlistiiinlii • tlii'so ndvaiitagt'S, T fnuml, when cxiil' ring tin- I'dnicrny iniiics tlmi, in lU pldo drifts, tlio raudlo siinit'tinics Imrncd witli a dim liglif, inilii;iii\ ., .ipfi liaps, fif" tliG |iroscnc(' (»f carlmnii' auid gas. I do not kiidw tliat an cxii^J. siiin lias a.s yet occurrod in mir cnalcrii s. TIio (cniiicralnrc in wliiil, t!ii niincrH work is. of coursr, that of tlic earth, and varies lnit liltlo tVi m suml iner t.' winter. Most of our mines lie lietween ■>~° and Vl'^ of N. I,;,!., ;,iij (;on.se(|uent]_v tin- heal of tlie earth ranges from sixty degrees to iiftv ih ,;nf of J*'ahreniieit'.s thermometer. 'I'hat of the I'omeroy miiios. in N. I,;i| 39 °r)', T found, in the month of July, to be, in diflurent parts, freiii ti.iv« eight to sixty degrees. The miners at I'omeroy, as in our ro;il ilrifts generally, work with iiirki and aro often eoni|ielled to assnme and maintain tliemselves in verv inMintiiri pnstnros. Sometimes they stand ereet. tlieii stoop, then sit, tlierr rei-li::!' ol the left sh'Piil Im'. l''rom tlie degriM! in whi-h their faces lieconn! sniji-l. it obvious tliat tho}- deta<'h, and must inhale, a gieat deal of eoal dnst. 'flioi wear woolen shirts. Tlieir dinners, eaten in the mines, consist of )iii':i| ;;;ij meat. 'I'hey breakfast, sup, and lodge at lioine. in the morning tli v ni t'offeo, and most of them driidc beer or whisky. They aro cliieliv Uiljj English, and "47, been tin' ji sician of many of the operatives tor three years, told me that he .^aw;ii;i| of constipation, whicli lasted for two wet^ks. 'J'lie abdomen of the jafi' was bard and swollen, though not painl'ul: but after the opcrati i; cathartic medicines, consideralde pain was develo[ied. In another ea^c. :ift( the constipation liad lasted a week, the ])atient died, and a^'".'''' * cxamin:iiion disclosed a great aeeumulation in the e(ueum, colon, ami .< of dark brown, ami dry scybalous matter. Tbo same physician iiilnniif 1110 tliat bo bad seen among them several eases of orchitis, which lie aMii' to their reclining, while at work, on the lelt side. ^Vliile min-lii;L' ni tlieni T licard no one couirli : and the oldest miners, tot'ether with "nr . t II bigbly intelligent ami reliable proprietors, V. H. Ilorton, Esq., assuiti! ni| that consumption is almost unknown, Khoumatism and lumliago lui rare ; and they are lesn liable to autumnal fever, than those who, in tlii' : locality, work in the open air. The miners hold the opinion, tlmf omployment is a healthy one, and yet they say that but few who fullw attain to old age. At the Kenavb.a Salines, the coal diggers, who arc chiefly negrecf. olil le. ffiituto ."ill -Mis EO of t i't ill gcii ii.tiiniil o>ed to If iHm\ h a vi.si Krai aj ■ti'es, th W'-fi -^ rt» 'ir F THE [BOOK i; nmi tlu! outer >']\v\\\\ i;, nii« oirt'ftcil. Ni(t\\itli>t;ii;,rnii I'diiicriiy iniin'S tluit, in ihl" dim liir'it. imlii'iitiv-', ]icr<; (I not Iviiiiw tlmt an rxhlol. tciiipcraturc in \\liiili t!i# varies Imt little t'n ni miiuI !T° ami 11° ofN. L:it.. am ixty (k'griH'S to fifty ili 'irfc •(iiiieroy iiiiiu'S. in N La§''^ dilTereut [i;irts, IVi in ti.tyl 'l fjoiienilly, \V(ivl\ wiili ]iii!.:: tlieiiiselvi's ill very unn;it;iri II. |i, tlioii pit, tlieii rei!i:;c m •ir I'aees liee.mne snii'- 1, it ;at deal of cml dust. Tlio; ■ niiiu's. consist oi" Ineiul uni • . in tlio iiioriiiii!.' tbi V y. They are eliielly \\\1«! „f life? T(. tlio eyo, tl;f3 cr laliiirers. Tliey inl'uinel ipjidse is iHit tlie eiisf: l.a •k, the insensible jur.-piiatii (in the skill. Their il'.'-SI and Invinorrhoidal alleiti ery, in 1^17, heoii th.' '■'' fold me that he saw a ^ n The alidunien of the jati' but after the operati u iiied. In another ease, a'.tj nt died, and a j"'^' '" he C(L'eum, (Milen. and ■■• tni^ he same physieiaii iiil^niiSl ,F orchitis, whieh he asni /ido. AVhile min-Tnig "ij ners. together with eiio .ttl 5. llurtun, Esq, assurcu iiij ;itisni and luniba-ro an a r, than those who, in tl.c >;i hold the oiilnion, that t!i y that but few who f 'H w ffhn are ehicfly ncgvoo?. o::j INTHFaOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMKRICA. 003 vino atlc'cted witli coughs; and Dr. Street lias seen tlicni e\-|ioctoratc !l ,: lIlMi'IlS. .\; l'ilt>hiirgli, where eoal has lu'eii dug for a longer period tlian in any ■ ,: jiicality (jf the liiteiior N'aUey, thi." o|)eiatives, as l)r. IJruce informed ;,. aruas healthy as those who hibur above ground ; and in ten years ho had -. l,ijn\vii a ease (d' eonsumption among tlo'in. 11. liio.N iMiM.Nti A.M) S.MKi/ri.Ni;. — .NJueh of our iron ore is dug up in ..luaiiiier that stone is (juarried, the operatives working in the open air. In .mo [ilaces drifts or liorizonta! shafts ari' made beneath the surface, and j. [irncess is like that (»f eoal mininir In 1^17, 1 visited the /'//'/• I'lmnce :. ir(///i,v of F. 11. Oliphant. Msfp, six miles .•^outh of [.'niontowii, iV'iin- .V:v:t!iia. one of the oldest establishiiieiils in the \'alley, at wideh aliont one :::Jrc(l and twenty operatives are employed. The men who work in tho :::ziiital drifts, some of whieh are four iiumh'ed yards in length, are even xskiiier, as that respectable gentleman informed me, than tho men who jir in smelting and forging; those who work in the latter braiudies, are :!! ;i.l imieh of the time to an atmosphere varying from ninety-tive degrees ■,:^:ie liuiidred and tiiree degrees, and sweat profusely; wluidi, perhaps, ra'araots tho efleets of llie ardent spirits, which about .a fifth of (honi i::,li t'rocly. Their appearance confirmed the deilaration of .AIi. Olijiliant, ■:i;tlu'y, not less than those wdio had [treeeded them, are a healthy set of Irj. The ore is roasted by being thrown into tho top of ;i chimney with cliar- m!, When suflicicntly heated, it is broken with a hammer. Fumes, which K i'llpliurous to the snudl, ami may, perhaps, be .slightly impregnated with Kail.'. i.s.sue from the ciiimney ; and tiio man whom 1 found working (jver 1 iiifurmed mc that lie sometimes felt ii sen.se of sufl'ocation, and had i'ii' uiuhilical pain, wit';.)i;t constijiation. lie added that lie had declined |:f.«li from tho time he entered on that occu[iation. I have not enjoyed K ppnrtunity of making imiuirics at any other iron works. ill. Lkad JMiNi.NG A.Nn S.MKi.TiNG. — Tiicso are chiefly carried on in the !i.rn edge of Missouri and Iowa, the north-west corner (tf Illinois, and SJ'Utli-west of Wisconsin Territory. The number of miners is unknown. liv arc chiefly FjUglish and Anglo-Americans. Their manner of life is e. Bread and meat, with a moderate supply of milk and vegetables, s'itute their food. IMu(di of the ore is quarried near the surface, espcci- iii Mii-souri, and but few shifts have been sunk to any great depth (E3 of them strike upon veins of water, wdiich rccjuire to be pumped out; !, in ^'ciieral, the miners do not spend a great deal of time in deep, dark, ILiiniid caverns. They who work on tlie surfa(;e of the ground, are often f jod to iuclemoncies of weather. Most of them drink whisky, though Jtustom is on the wane. bi visit to the mining ditricts of "Wisconsin and Illinoi.s, T found the Krai appearance of the miners healthy. From topographical cireum- ■;. lliey are not very liable to autumnal fever. (j(jvcrnor ])odge, who 'H resided among them for several years, thought rheumatism their most '4 f 1 X: W ^';- 094 Tin; PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF TIIR (»00k I, i-^'f--.-',- ■■•■■ i^i ■■r:. ■■"■ t- j '; ; : ' •■ ■■■' ■•■■.• ■a"-; ■■ - ■■■: \. ■■" •'■ • .'. ■■■■ ■:t,'i'^ ' ' V prcvak'iit (lisoa.so, and iioxt to it, plciiiis)-. Otlicrs liail dbsiTvcd a nn \ i- loiicu uf clirDiiii; lic|iatitis aiii'iii^ tlie Miiylish iiiim.T.-', tin- iilipaix'iit ctirrt i,l their f^rcatcr drinking for tlio fir.it yoar.s at'tcr tlieir arrival. Tlicy dt uut seoiri ti) 111! oIl'iMitod in any manner \>y liandling tlio ore. \ Several yeans agn, wlien i^nielting was [lorftirnied in rnde log furnaiijL colic was ciininion ; but, binec tiic! infrodnctiou nf tlii ho of u ln'tter ((nistruo tioii, w!iii'l> carry <>[]' the fiinms, it lias heoomi.' rare. In visiting unt! uf i'k l)est, I |ii'rceived a jiecnliar taste in tlie air; but its [inijirictor assurcil m that non(5 of his operatives over ex])erieiieo attacks of colic or iianilvsil Tlios(! who dwn tlieso establi.shiiu'nts encourage ablution before eatiiii», an the use of oleaginous diet. It is a popular opinion tliat the man wli.; ::,J oat tlie greatest (|Uantity of fat meat, is safest from the diseases |, 4 liy had. Tin.'re is, int d.ubt. a portion of arsenic vohitilized aluug with ,<^\ carbonate of lead, in these establishments. SIXTION IV. SAIiT MAKINO. 1. At Pvuac'Use. — T have already (}i(igv 104) Fpokcn of the digne which autumnal fever prevails at this place. It remaii.s to say st.nii'tliiii;.'( other diseases, 'i'he water is evaporated, buth by solar heat and culiii! fire, and the atmosphere is so im[iregnated witli saline vapor, that all kiaJ of polished cutlery rust with great rapidity. Dr Iloyt, who had resided in Syracuse for fifteen years, when I was tl.'; in 1!S17, together with Dr. Daniels, who had lived thirty-two years, a'lil ! Lovejny, who had practiced ton years in the adjoining village ef ^kvA affirmed, with great eonfidcnco, that the venous blood of the salt boilur>,l nearly as fl'^rid as the bloml of the arteries ; and that the complexion ot'tiiol operatives arc ruddier than those of the surrounding popidation. Dr. Tr' bridge, on the other hand, after a residence of four years, had not seen tlid appearances. Dr Daniels and Dr. Lovojoy declared that phthisis, as origij ating among the kettle tenders, was almost nnkiuiwn ; that patients, in incipient stages of that disease, had been relieved liy visiting the ovaponiiil houses and iiduding t!ie warm saline vapor; and that luenniptysis was'li cured by it. These observations were in acccrdanco with tho?u ot .^ WoixlrufT, the inspector of salt, who had resided on the spot where Sali::] now built, f(tr forty-five years; who, moreover, referred to many curi-:| what he called consumption; but the experience of Dr. TrowbriJg^ ' adverse to these conclusions. Scrofula, according to Dr. Iloyt aud Lovejoy, is a rare disease in this locality, and neither of them had soon aol among the salt boilers. Of maladies apparently jtroduced by the saline atml phere, I could learn but little. Dr. Lt»vejoy thought tiie kettle tentlcriiiij subject to diarrlnjca, than other persons. Having had some reason to buiJ ^II to a 1 11. .Mi r TiiK INTEIUOR VALLLY OF NORTH AMKRICA. 005 rs liiul oliscrvcd a \itv\h1 ULTS, the iii)i(iireiit LtiVci o« j loir urriviil. Tiny ilj nj ort'. Died in rude lug f\irnai.'ti th' sc (if a liotlor cdiistruo re. Ill v'nitiii;,' one ot' t!n t its iiriijirii'tor assurcil m acl\S (if eiilic or li!ir;il}sid iililutiiin lieforc eating, ani iii(in tliat tlif iiiuii wliu ■■.i^ from tlic (liseasfs \. kIik"? ic vohitilized along with .n 104) H'olicn of tlic (lofiroo: [t nu'.aii.s to say sinii'tliii;; 11 l.y solar lioat and culiiis li saliuc vaitor, tliat all kiuj fifteen years, when I was tl vcd tlnrty-two year;*, a-ul adjoining village of ^Mi s bio.id of the salt boilers,! .that the conii)lexion of tiio nding population. I'r. 'Ir' four years, had not seen M elared that phthisis, as ori;:ij nknown; that patients, in " ved hy visiting the ovaiinni nd that hicnioptysis wa>'tj (ervdancc with tliuse ot 1 d on the spot where ^M r, referred to many cure-; rioncc of Dr. TrowbriJgo' •urding to Dr. Hoyt ""'^ neither of them had seen a CI /produced by the saline atinj liought the kettle temlcrsuij ,-ino'°had some reason to belli Ljt fungus hajinatodes is more conimon in .salini; ntiuohplioroH, tlinn clso- laere. uiy iiii|uiries were turned to tliat. puiiit while in <'onver.''alion with >. lI'ivN who tnld nn' that, iii tifteeii years, lie had seen twelve eases : whieh, iiiiiiHjiiii:; Ids diaanosis to ho eorrcMit, was a very remarkable nunilier. [1 In TltK Kk.nawii\ Vai.i.kv. — Tlio cnndilinn of the atmosphere, nt .,. ? f^ ""^j^' ^ °m /A Photographic Sciences Corporation 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER N.Y. M580 (716) 872-4503 \ '^ ^ <^ ^y^ '^^ris ^^ ■ O ^ > ^ '«b ^^^ I Q (/. & %' <\ 6^ GOG THE rRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE V. ' '.BOOK I^- into action particular portions of tlio muscnlar system only. Two Mni^teiA effects almost invariably follow on this kind of lifu : J'irsl. Tlic iinliviilualf does not lireatlie enon;j;h to depnrato liis blood of its carbonaceous inattiTl and supply his system witii oxygon. Scco/ul. lie becomes costive, aiid 1,1* liver and stomach fall into a state of inactivity, accompanied with dvsihj-ij li;omorrhoid.>, palpitations of the heart, and siek headache; while tlio.vi; uiia iidierit a predisposition to consum[itioii, are apt to cxporioiH'^ a \\a^V development of that disease. All this is especially true of youiia' woiiicii who, as seamstresses, sit ten or twelve hours out of tlie twenty-four, avd iri the remainder take but little active exereise. In conncelion with tins 1 n ay I'cmark, tliat several occupations of both sexes, keej) the trunk of tlio l -ly in some constrained posture, unfavoiablo to the organs of the thorax iit abdomen. III. Otlier occupations are carried on -where the operatives arc conipoll.ij to breatl'.e an atmosphere impregnated with mechanical impurities, sui:Ii as cotton, hem]), flour, and stone-dust, whereby the lungs are irritated, aui chronic bronchitis is established, or the deposition of tubercular luautT promoted. IV. Those who work in lead, copper, and typo-metal, are liable to liava their nervous and muscular systems emjxiisoned and paralyzed, by hrtatliiiij an atmosphere impregnated with those metals or their oxides. V. In the manufacture of sul})huric and nitric acids, of lucifet matches, both sulphurous and phosporous, and gericrally of what are tai>(i chemicals, gases arc disengaged which are higldy irritating to the lu; _s. The nnndier and variety of these manufactures has greatly greatly ini;iT;i- 1, in certain parts of the N'alley, within a few yeans, and may ]ni cxpccteil. ae long to make themselves felt as etiological causes. Thus, with the iiiultiiMi- cation of tlie arts of an older state of society, will come new funii- of disease. SECTION VI. EXERCISE, RECREATION, AND AMUSEMENT. I. If hard labor and exposure generate a few diseases, want of cxcrcisd and recreation, is the remote cause of a far greater number. There is ii(| coiujtry wliere the necessity for a confined ami sedentary life exists in a Icsi degree, than in our Interior ^'alley ; and, at the same time none, iipvliap!-, i^ which, if we except the British population of Canada, the value of sysl teniatic exercise is so little appreciated. In every epoch of life, our aiiat"nii and physiology demand exercise and recreation. In childhood and ymit they are necessary to the growth of the nmscular and osseous systnii?, tnj firmness of the nervous tissue, the efficiency of the organs of sense, ;uid tlij sound and healthy development of the lungs and chest. Notwitbstaiidin| 4iJ : t;"j-,; ■■ ■'^':&n. V '♦ [book tS flJI "'•] INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 697 J nitric acids, of lucil'e^ orgiais of the tliMux oii .MUSEMKNT. U diseases, want of cxcvcis eater number. Tlioro is n ledeiitary life exists in a los same time none, povliap;, i^ Canada, the value of sysj ■y epocli of life, our anatomj In chiUlhood and y"V.t!r ar and osseous systems, tlij ho organs of sense, aiul tlij ,d chest. NotwithstaiiJin^ ijese obvious truths our children, both at home and in the school or c^lleo'c, i;j allowed to grow up in bodily listlessncss ; and consei|uently, they .^ufFer j3,]er numerous infirmities of health and frame, from which, by proper ■ivsieal discipline, they would bo protected. The time they du not spend ;;tudv, is spent in loitering; as though suspended mental appliealidu were iiivaleiit to active bodily exertion, in the midst of scenes and objects ;;;eil to act on the external senses ; as though leaving the schoolroom for atcrnal roof, would render free and long-continued exposure to air and j;:t imnocessary. Duoilo or ambitious children, of both sexes, often study fv) intensely ; and, at the same time, take too little exercise. This is a r:H condition than that of mental and bodily idleness, or of close confine- r.t without study. From this compound of pfisitivc and negative causes, ae irritations of tlic brain and spinal cord, headache, epilepsy, chorea, :t.irocephalus, curvatures of the spine, scrofula, dyspepsia, consumption, and i-jth. Parents and teachers ought to know, that a child cannot, without :;ry t'j health, study a great deal ; unless it be required to take much irive exercise in the fresh air, and that too in all sorts of weather, Tiiroughout the efficient period of adult life, those who pursue sedentary ixoyments, as students, shop-keepers, and artisans, of both sexes, take :.;'o out-door exercise. Their close confinement renders the stomach and ; Tils torpid, and brings on dyspepsia; softens their muscular systems, jssiit such portions as may happen to bo exercised by their business ; nbislics perspiration and cxhalaticn from the lungs, and thus renders the ibil impure; finally, imparts an uulaalthy sensibility to their nervous sj's- as. giving rise to chorea, hysteria, and hypochondriasis. All this, in a L«i degree, may be the fate of those who, from the possession of wealth, ik no occupation, and yet take no systematic exercise. Out of such a JFJte of tlie constitution grow up various diseases; some of which prove p., while others make the individual habitually infirm, limit his usefulness, Ifilrondcr the duties of his calling burdensome. la the slaveholding states, and in our cities generally, women, who are hciimpcUed to labor, experience many infirmities, which arc the conse- iSffio of bodily indolence and inactivity ; some of which, in the end, prove k I) tlic aged, exorcise is of great value ; but it should be rather passive than tee. Tliey, however, who have been inured to active exertion through p. should not discontinue, but only diminish it in old age; and when they pi it irksome or impracticable, should take that which is passive. Its bctagos are various : First. It tends, in some degree, to keep off the fi'tipation, which generally increases with ago. f^eco7id. It contributes to at'ltho corpulence which so often renders old ago burdensome. Third. rmiites a more frequent and complete evacuation of the renal secretion, lAus prevents the formation of calculi. Fourth. It dimhiishes venous iWa, and lessens the danger of apoplexy. Fifth. It aerates the blood, fable to become highly carbonated and black in the aged, and thus invig- '•cUlie nervous system. Sixth. It excites the senses and keeps the indi- 45 •*1* ;^^- I i\i •■••h VI .m- '.-i'TJi'f ■ \- " •I , 'l. ■* '• <■•.'■' '...■,1 ■ ,":[; , . !.•.■ ■ ' . ; V- -' • . •■ . ^.;.:-,.:|; ■ii h- .■vr-i: .t^.'-^^',.- fj-. ■: r* '■'■■ h-'M"' : ■■■ ivl '■♦?.'■.•, •• V- :•„■/; .'. '■ -'.i::- G98 TilE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE [book t^ viJual in association and sympatliy -with surrounding nature, and tlmi maintains cbccrfulncss and serenity of mind, wliich react beneficially ot his bddy. Wal]unding nature, and tliui •Inch react benofioially os ling, and f-wimming. iill la and, instead of boiiiL' iVi> It is much easier, iiuwi \or, id tlioy too often taki; th« larently unconscious uf th^ mine is so little tauglit anj ildrcn of both sexes. Ui« Dstuaries, and crescent kkf interior in all direitiuin hful population migU t;\iJl those on whom they durcni magination, and the feelingly iovcr, to the skin, as kooiiin| , rain and accidental wetting. ; into the water, because << oti are drowned, in the course I aciuiring it. And tliey •equisitc arrangements cannil lich is the true reason wliy " •al education of every kin that the formation of a gofl ivcry parent ; and, tbertfij and more on physical disii ;e with sound healtb, cai.n^ recard dancing as afforuil 5. iiut this is a great wMf t; but the instinct v^as that exercise, which M yglenic method, it is oun. xio argely of the character d I ;e"tion, without generating render all exercise, not pi irksome. Thus, this kind] Second. Children and yna dancing parties, arc gcmia| ■c action of their linu's; al of respiration. Tlnrl Vi is heated and impure; al Hicn they ought, accordinfj ^ -.vho have frail and de i< oug acting upon them, i 'J HIT III-] INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 099 |.-:1, Ti;evarc all liable to be injured by the eating and drinking which too often ::evail. Pancing, in fact, is much more a means of disciplining the muscles, ■ in of giving them vigor. As a mode of exercise in childhood and youth, ; :« iiisutlicient ; and as a method of amusement, in after years, it is ■..vftcd by those who, physiologically speaking, most require it. Walking, riding on horseback, and manual labor, are well suited to early :'j middle life. A daily walk of several miles, by young persons, of both isfj. wlio arc not engaged in business, would be of inestimable value to ;:;;r constitutions ; yet who among us lias seen it practiced? A walk of a v.'k'inile is regarded as an enterprise to be remembered with self-conipla- aoj; and if, under necessity, extended to twice that distance, a hardship ;;be recounted for the purpose of exciting sympathy. h'Uh exercise, especially since new modes of conveying the multitude :iTC'l!ecn introduced, is so much neglected, that many of our young men do •.'.iinderstand the management of a horse; whik " still smaller number of :!ngwcmen arc taught to ride, even when tiiuo and means are enjoyed -;:':iout limitation. Yet nothing would contribute more to the vigorous and :-;:ttul development of their frames, than equestrian exercise. ij;;r students aiul literary men might greatly promote their health, and ajtli, and freshness of mind, by devoting their leisure hours to some ivianical labor, when placed under circumstances which render other ks of exercise incouveuient. JMany of them arc put to study, or assume :k(auseof their infirmities of body. To adopt such a course indicates :.ii sroater infirmity of mind. To adopt it, and then neglect corporeal stise, is fatal; and yet such is the prevailing folly of our people, that these ss arc of daily occurrence. Many attempts to establish manual labor :i|fniies and colleges, in different parts of the Valley, have been made ; MJlliave failed, or dragged heavily along. The cause is to be found in ::lceply ■••cd aversion of our people to active effort, when pecuniary gain b't to be it.s immediate reward. A young friend of mine, in one of bis ■ ha vacations, devoted himself to carpentry ; and, without instruction^ ':'t(d a frame tenement — he is now an able professor in one of our ■ra'oling is especially adapted to the aged ; and no portion of the earth 3-siu'h facilities for it, as our widely-extended Interior Valley. A voyage 's Pittsburgh to the Balize in cool weather, or from Louisiana to the and ftt. Lawrence in hot weather, or from the banks of the Ohio prtothe mouth of the Yellow Stone, or the Falls of St. Anthony in "iJT June, would, for the aged of either sex, be a good substitute for the jiiiary fountain of health and rejuvenescence, in search of which Ponco Uon sought the shores of Florida. I have already indicated several of « routes, and many others might have been pointed out. !!■ Amusement may bo advantageously associated with exorcise, as a ■'-s of promoting it, and indeed, giving it greater efficiency ; for that -!i is not prompted by any immediate motive, nor accompanied with 'i'lrable emotion, is less beneficial to the body than that which is. C^ I I ' ■ '■■ I I ) i.^ r'.-- >■' •' Hi *'■ ■' > -'. ' • Mm' '■,(./ , , .. . ■ I' ■ • .V^.•1• , ■.,■ .,■ ■ -. I; .-' ■ .( ■ .•■• ■•' ■ V' ■' . 1 " I, ■' J' .'j>i"5 '^^ / .■■,- ■•'.■ ■'' ' . .••• ^' '.,'•'' ■ ■' ;-|; vfv ■• ^.^ ; ■ .■ ■■■. ^■■. . ,-. ■ .■■- ■ .■ ' ' [It - -ar'N;/- v.Vr. '!■ .■■•'.•• . ,-h' . : s ■.»>■•■.■.'.■■■ i : 1; • v.. SVi" I .••■ V'j ■■'.■' ''' '-T- .V, • /, V .- • ,■ .:-J^M - . ■ iM ■ ', • '■ ■ ..':■ . ■ ■ >v kl .* .. • ■ • ■ • . ■ •!• ',.'; •'•.■,• , , -r, ." '.I ,. ^■■■Illli&L Hi ■^■' 700 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE [book q Amusements arc generally sought out by the idle as a substitute for oceu* pation, ')!• by the dissipated as administering to their sensual cxi:^tonefl^ To both classes they are unneeessary, and serve no other purpose than to confirm them in course? of life incompatible with firm health, vigor of iuli,! and sound moral feeling. Properly estimated, amusements are adajited to the physiological condition of the laborious, especially those whose vocatiuni impose much mental toil and anxiety of feeling. Under such lahcrs, inany a constitution of both body and mind, cs])ecially in our larger cities, sis Not Orleans, St. Louis, and Cincinnati, is prematurely worn out ; simply locnusl the irritation of the nervous system is seldom appeased by the genial ii:ll» ence of innocent and cheering amusements. Irascibility, corroding ;ui> and a shade of gloom and misanthropy, are the kgilimate fruits of over-attid of body and mind ; and those feelings, reacting injuriously on both, coi.tiil 'it^ with other causes, to generate various nervous disorders, up to insanity iinlt The rivalries, cares, and misfortunes of civilized life, re'iuire to he nictuiAi recreations and amusements, to a certain extent, their true physiolfificij antidotes. It is well known, however, that in the Valley this is not thciasi. Hence there is no country in which the drudgery and perplexities of husiiiefj are more pernicious to the constitution. The repugnance of tlic iiiojif rational and moral part of the community, to any and all of our fa.'^liiui;;,yej amusements, is founded on their abuses. IMost of them run into some foil of dissipation, and become repulsive to persons of pure moral ta.sto; v.lij they often prove injurious to the health and morals of those wlio Lcfji devoted to them. This association of sensuality and dissipation, with sovcn amusements, keeps the whole in discredit ; and repels large classes of community from participation in any. Public balls have been abaKdoiicdl thousands who do not regard dancing as wrong, because of the dissipatio connected with them ; our theaters are shunnod by the moral portion nf I people, on account of their licentiousness and buffoonery; our nine-pin r.ll are mere appendages of drinking houses; our evening parties are sccnosj midnight gluttony and drinking; our musical soirees are of feeble and liuiilj interest, from a prevailing want of relish for melody, and the absence of national ballad music ; we are deficient in galleries of painting, and a taste the fine arts has not yet been generally awakened among us; our puli gardens and promenades, few in number, and often in bad order, are erally but marts of intoxicating drinks ; finally, to speak of the Anglo-Aa rican people of the Valley, they have but two patriotic festivals in year ; from both of which, many of the wise and temperate have hi repelled, by the outbursts of vulgar dissipation which so often attend celebration. It results, from all that has been said, that tl 2 wearied student and cs worn business man, night after night, retire to bed without having imaginations and feelings diverted from the pursuits of the day, by any s^ of innocent gayety ; and thus their very dreams prey on their i:crv systems; prcvcut the renovation, which sleep, preceded by appioprl ■iir 111. :j:; of a future day will see, what we cannot now, a prevailing tem- :;rmcnt, a stature, form, complexion, and physiognomy, characteristic of an L'onous, but greatly compounded race; with its own physical, intellectual, tinwal constitution ; its special liabilities and exemptions from disease; • ntional idiosyncrasies, and the required poculiarities of hygienic regimen, i.itlicrapeutic treatment. In the course of this development, what hered- :r. diatheses may disappear, and what new ones take their places; what J3 maladies may arise, or old ones cease or become greatly modified, under pjjint influence of mingled blood, of climate, water, occupations, modes of fe customs, and moral, social, and political influences, cannot be specified ; p'.afcw predictions may be hazarded : 1. Autumnal fever will decrease, and typhus and typhoid fevers become .:te prevalent. ■■ Gout will occur oftener than at present. I The diseases produced by the intemperate use of ardent spirits will liainish. ^ Consumption and scrofula will increase. •■ A[ioplexy, palsj', and epilepsy will become more frequent. ''■ Diseases of the liver will become less, and those of the mucous mera- w of the bowels, more prevalent. '■ Lastly, mental alienation will be more frequent, ^'e are now prepared to enter on the study of particular forms of disease. tiling so I shall not adopt the classification presented in any system of - ''5gy, nor invent a new one ; and yet I hope to proceed with such a : '''^. •^M' ''.•..'•if r.-f .» '* f!|p. • - •!*' '..-.l: ill- ■■■-". '■"?!■■ itr.i ■:i; :'• &V. .1'- ,"( . .. i.; . ■• ,'■''■ -' '.r , • :^V:-';^ V -^ir -'f -i-'- %t -V- t- ' . I iffi/' "••- .'^1 yjtfi'r.i-':. 702 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES, ETC. [book degree of method as will bo found sufficient to avert confusion. The Pcconl Book will bo dovotcd to febrile diseases, under the five following heads ; first Autumnal Fevkr — second, Yki.low Fevek — third, Tyi-uous Ftvni<-! fourth, Eruptivk Fevkks --/////, Phlogistic Fevers, or tlio Pm.Ki;.MA;'.■',■! -fc.:' -•■■■•■.• ;^:"rjfc .l-T-V',,,..'.' : ■• '*■.'.■ ■ '■■,\'«-'.' • , ' '■■ '- '•^' W-f^^'^i"'"/"- ' ^"' -■■:'' •'•1'^"'' •!■' ■' ■'■ »Hvili«l1;Ki>'Vy"' .;■'■ '■'.'''•' l.'\'.-''^' ■•■ lsi«ii.".'v>'"'>.?:-F.)..!.: .:•■•- ^1 'V': '•■•'.>>•■!.■■: \ r V : I ill- vM^^-^i^fi''^'^ ^''"u V ■ . " 704 THE PRLN'CirAL DISHASlvS OF TIIK [book It J Bamo times and in tlic same placoH. Sfcnnd. T'nder mucli vailoty ofl^ aspect, tlioy jKissoss niaii^'diiuit-si'ati'd aiKdugiesand idt'iititiL's. 'I'hiril. They' fn'nueiitly cliuiige IVuni (jiil- tyjio to the utlitT. Thus an hitL'rmlttL'ut turug into a remittent, and the latter, assuming t!io typo of tlio foruier. is otirn seen to become, first, a quotidian, then a tertian, and finally, a ([u;n'tuii. A Bimjile i'ltermittent may, in tlic third or fourth paroxysm, taku ou thu iliur- acter oi' a fatal cun^^ostive ; and tliat which begins with an aspect of iiiuli;:. nity. sometimes emerges into simplicity and mildness. Fuurl/i. Viinal a^ucs attack those who in autunni had suffered under remittent fovcr, 11 t less tluui those who had experienced tlie intermittent form. /'///'/ Tho scqiirl'i: of all the varieties are almost identical. Slxlli. Tlio sairii; treat, mcnt, with certain niodilicatious, is aj^plicalile to tlic whole. Tims thcv aro manifestly tho offspring of the same specific, remote cause ; and when uo particular variety is in view, may bo designated by one epithet. SECTION II. GEOGRAPHICAL T-IMITS. T?cing an endemic of all hot climates, wo need not look to the shores of t'lO Gulf of Mexico fur a southern limit to our autunnial fever. Its hasc is, ia fact, within tho tropics; and prevailing, of course, in Havana and Von Cruz, it is found wherever there are inhabitants, on tho northern coasts nf the Gulf, between those two cities. In ascending all the rivers, wliicli dis- charge their waters into tho northern arc of that closed sea, from ('a|i9. Florida round to the Panuco river, it is still met with ; and, sometimes, as ; wo shall hereafter see, from the influence of local causes, displays gre:it r prevalence and malignity, than it shows further south and on a lower Icvt !. In every other direction than the south, this endemic has its geograiiliioj limits. To the cast, its barrier is the Appalachian Mountains, into tlio very j gorges of which, however, it ascends by tho valleys which penetrate t!i(.it.| flanks. But as that chain is not found south of tho thirty-third (logrcouff latitude, it has, bebw that parallel, no eastern limit but the Atlantic Occaa.! To tho south-west tho Cordilleras of jMexico, and tho southern Puckyj Mountains, constitute its boundaries; while, in higher latitudes, it ceases oaj the great plains of our western desert, long before we reach tlie-i [Mountains. From what can bo collected out of the travels and cxpcditi'iil of Lewis and Clark, Pike, Long, Catlin, Fremont, and Gregg, not less tliaa from fur traders and Santa Fo merchants, it is almost unknown at the dis^ tance of three hundred miles from the Avestern boundary of the states Missouri and Iowa, and above tho latitude of 37° N. To the north it decj not prevail as an epidemic beyond the forty- fourth parallel, and ceases td occur even sporadically about the forty-seventh. !''♦♦ V Tiir, [BOUKtl,< Uiider much variety of idtjutitieH. Thud. Tlieyl Ills ill! intcnnittoul tuni8| of tlio fonncr, is ul'lin-^ nil liiially, a (luurtaii. A DXysin, take on tliu ehar-j witli an asjicct of nmli;;- ilihiess. Fourth . Vivnal, .ukUt ri'iiiitteut fovcr, ivit litteiit form. Fijlh^ Tl;o Sl.rih. The saiiio treat. the whole. Thus tlicy aro note ciniso ; aiul wlieii uo J one o;[)ithct. •ilT I., INTCRIOR VALI.HY OF NORTH AMKRICA. 705 M I T S . not look to the shores of tk innal fever. Tts hiise is, ia arse, in Havana and Vorn on the northern coasts nf '.• all the rivers, whioh dis- luit closed sea, from (':ii'8 ct with ; and. sonictiiias, as leal causes, displays gveat'it, ^outh and on a lower levil. ndemic has its gcogvapliicJ an Mountains, into tliu very ,lleys which penctrutu tlidt.; f the thirty-third do.sirco rf imit but the Atlantii; Oiian. and the southern H'^el^; .agher latitudes, it ceases oij n_^ before we reach. tV.-«| tlic travels and cxpcaiti nl;! ,t, and Gregg, not less t' to, almost unknown at the dis In boundary of the states ' [JO N. To the north it dncl lurth parallel, and ceases tfl The ohsorvotioiia from wliicli those limits arc deduced Imvo been mndo on ic rosiilcnt inliahitants incliidcd witliiii them; on travelers into purtioiis of tuuntry as yet unscttli'd; and on tlic soldiery of the American and Hritish ;itj. From these army returns I have, with all jiohsihle care, constructed I tables, which may properly bo introduced at this place. Tiie Anicriciin Murns'*' j)urport to be fitr ten years; but this is true of a few only; and -iiv of lh(! others vary from each other, in the number of years through vk\\ they run, whereby tlie condusinns deducihle from them, are entitled to ;. loiilidenco than if an equal nuniljcr of observations, in the same years, ;iil liecn made at each post. As the number of troops was never the samo i; two different posts, nor during two years at the same, one thousand has, in tho •u;;riis, been assumed as the mean strength of tlie whole; and the niunbcr ■'attarks of l'\'vcr, and tlic actual mean streiisth, have ])oth been brought ; that standard. The results oflercd in the table, then, are not what any linlid afford, but what any or all would have given, had the actual strength iHjp at all times one thousand men. At several of them, it will be perceived, tho vaiixT of attacks exceed the number of men, implying ihat some iiidividu- i- experienced several, in the course of the year. The returns are quar- K.y, but the quarters arc those of tho calendar year, and therefore, do not laetly correspond witli the seasons. The observing rer ^jr will perceive, that this table affords a variety of ::niiation; such as tho decrease of the Fever in the north — its Dtivo prevalence at different posts in tho same latitude — the proportionate ritnkr of intermittent and remittent cases, aiul tho comparative prevalence I'Li'tli, in different seasons of tho year. •Forry's Statistical Rpjjort of tlio Sickness nnd ^lortiillty of tho Army of tin- T'nited j-'jtes; prepared under tho direction of Thomas Lawson, M. D., Surgeon Generab hsshiiigton, 18-10. ,1^ ;,.■>- ,f ^;i^X .■■•A., 'V li 4 - >■ . . ,'•■ " ■ . ' H *>*■•■ I * ' I ■ .;.. ..■- .» ■■^..■■! ,•■«■ , ■ ■»,.• '.m-'.:':' ■., '■ H »'■..«''•'•■ >-^---':.- ■:'!.-/>:'^'--; '■ 4i^'7" M;;'.? ■ •■:r - ^ 4 '- ■'■■;n, .--■■ ■■■; iiilitel'-'^ii----'^""' ■-■■■■' 70(5 TIIF- TRINCirAL DISEASES OF TllF TA1JLI-] [nuoK ' SlIOWINO THE NUMBKU OP ATTACKS OP AUTUMNAI, FeVKU, IN TOE DIFFKRENt QUAIlTKIt.S OK TIIH YKAll, AT T\VKNTY-.SI.\ Mll.ITAItY Po.-^TS, IJKTWKKN TIlK ClJI.P OF MkMCO AND LaKK Sui'KUlOU — THE MKAN TltK.NdTU liKl.Si; loot). AUIIANUKI) ACCOUblNU TO TIIEIll LATITUDES. Twcnty-8i.\ rosts. Autuin- niil Fever. Int'r'nt Ilom'nt Both" Int'r'nt Ilcm'nt Both Int'r^it Rom'nt Botii" Int'r'nt Hum'nt Both Int'r'nt llem'nt Both First. ■ 70 11 hi "^<0~ 13 93 120 G kllTEnS 01 Second. ~52'" 00 "52 190 ' 24 214 ' THE Yt 'I'l.inl. " G :An. Fourtli. 51 00 51 "Total" of Iho Year. CulM|).(jf uiiniiiil "K'Kiitiii. Key West, N. Lat- 24° 'M', 179 11 190" 7(10 S!) 10(1 G To 8^ 28 330 4G0 90 550 81() 12S Kurt llnidko.N. Lat. .)70 .",-/ Furt Kiii^, N. Lat. 29° 12', 24 206 4ir~ 56 470 849 Mil 200 41 241 148 9 157 GO GO 120 1194 193 120 1387 1 i;;s i Fort Jackson, N. Lat. 29° 29', New Orleans Bar- racks, N. L. 29° 57'. b'2 4 307 46 413 1413^ 1^7 16(10 294 250 Miiii 944 100 10 50 80 84 100 l84 12;^" 16 110 ~17(r~ 3 173 28 4 130 339~' 218 544 .VI 1 Fort Wood, N. Lat. 30° r>', Int'r'nt llem'nt BoTh~ 137 55 192 771 292 557 140 31 53 107 100 207 44 12 1063 ; lUii:; Fort Pike, N. Lat. 3U° 10', Int'r'nt llem'nt Both 50 23 40 28 155 77 232 ""7.22 302 i 1!:!:' 32 79 ()8 220 100 Jiat(jn llouge, N. L. 30° 30', Int'r'nt Ilcm'nt Both Int'r'lit Rom'nt Both Int'r'nt llem'nt Both 71 40 111 124 02 180 320 123 33 824 ,,,1 Fort Josnp, N. Lat 31° 30', 20 G 46 12 "239 G3 ;;!(!:; 32 "30 " 4 34 58 150 56 302 "143 82 Fort ]\Iitclioll, N Lat. 32° 19', 20 18 GO 43 103 33 17 50 38 225 i 'J:''J Fort Towson, N Lat. 33° 51', Int'r'nt llem'nt 242 16 107 37 450 114 T6'9' " 30 1008 197 11^^) Both 258 144 564 299 1265 Fort Smith, N. Lat 35° 22', Int'r'nt Rem'nt 190 150 5 445 98 543 249 24 1034 127 Both 190 155 1 278 1161 JUil_ THE [nuoK u, I'eVI'.U, in the DIFVKUENT AUY POj'TS, UKTWKKN THE .; MKAN 'rUKMJTlI llKlNii IDKiJ. ' I Totiil Coiii|i,.if Ykah. I of ,|,„ .iiiiiii;.! Fourlli.! Yinir. ,u£j|ule». i7jr| , n 1_ I lou 1 \% •)8 M ■>:\ DO 53 riiT I.] INTKRIOR VAM.F.Y OF NORTH AMERICA. 707 03 824 : >-4 ^230 I " 03 I lU)2'l :iO^ 220 50 200 14 30 ,04 290 45 249 98 24 )43 i 278 Twcnty-»lx Pouts. Aiitiiin- nul Qr- IllKllS l)t • TIIK Y KAH. 'rolal CoiM|i.u7 of lliu iiiiiiiinl Fi'vor. 1 I'irdt, Fort liiliHni), N.,'"i'r'"t| !•'• Lat. 35° 57', Ht-'iirnt; 12 liutli I 103 Sfcoiiil. 211 1!) 17 80 151 154 loo " "05 " ""07~ ~2^. 1435 I.tliTsnn Uiirraolis. N. Lat. 3s° 28', Furt Loavenwortli, N. Lat. 39° 20', [iit'r'ntl 32 UL'in'iit 10 ButirT 48~' liit'r'iit loo llciu'iit 1 IJoth 1 101 "'475^ "029" "307" ""251" "803" 301 ""308" 03 ""25"5" Firt Armstrong, N. kt. 41° 2b', TniVnt Roi'i'iit ""u Firt Dearbiirn, N. Lat. 41° 51', Hotli I lit' r' lit Hciu'iit Both "" fntV'iit Ronriit Hotir" 15 " ''"7~ 3 10 '""40 ■ 1 ~"47~ 13 "~"13"~ "22"" 18 40"' 3" 4 7 Frt Gratiot, N. Lat, 43°, Ftirt Crawford, N. Lat. 43° 3', 1 liit'r'iit llein'iit Both liit'r'iit Rem' lit Both Iiit'r'nt Rem 'lit Bo"t"h~" F"rt Niiigara, N. Lat. 43° 15', 1 "",07" 20 77 ""13"" 7 ' 20 """'"35" 8 Furt Winnebago, N. Lat. 43° 31', 49 14 03 2ii7 "28 255 "51" 33 84 45" 17 02 70 13 89 ir 3 15 ""98"" 98 )ljJison Barracks, N. Lat. 43° 50', fiit^'nl Rem' lit I^^tl~ ""24^ "24"" 90 ""28"" 22 43 ""10"" 3 13 11 3 F.rt Howard, N 1 Lat. 44° 40', fjrt Snolliiig, N. ; Lat. 44° 53', int'r'iit llem'nt 2 o 11 Both 4 17 9 3 50 84 liit'r'iit Rem'nt •> 23 11 34 10 4 02 ' Both Int'r'iit Rem'nt Both 2 12 37 4 41 10 14 10 4 20 t^'^rt Mackinaek, N. Lat. 45° 51', 7 1 8 20 89 fwtBrady. N. Lat. 4G^ 39', ■ Int'r'nt Rem'nt Both 1 1 ""20"" 5 10 22 1 5 44 44 H -^.^ ' - l';^ ^|f^r;)1^ *; ' ■■■'■■ %iM.r; ■ ■.:■.■ 1; i-i-'''?aAT:i^/' ■*'*' '■''■■' ■• ' ■■■•■■ ■ ' ■1.7 :■ P-:'U ■■. i';J%i^ui^r, . itTsi .■(.-','» l£;-V«» '.ii 708 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE [nooK II. Tlio 'British returns* arc more limited, for tlic luimbcr of posts are smallor and tlio range of couiitrv and clinnxtes less. Tlioy do not, niorodvor. cive tlic roliitivc nunilior of cases in dilTcrent season!-:, or at tlie seijnrato stations and tliLTefiire express tlie prevalence of aut\innial fever in Canada, crciicrallv, not in j)artieular localities. TA15LE ExiiiiiiTiNG THE Annual Prkvalknck of Autumnal Feyeh amox(; the ]5urnsii Troops in Canada. Ratio of cases to the iiii'uii strengtli of 1,000. LOCALITIES. Canada, between the latitude of 42" and 47°, from IS] 7 to 16'M), inclusive — "JO years, - - - - liiler- jliemil- , Aiiiiiml mitlcnt Iti'iit Fc- ;i(T-r"ir'ie b'evpr. X'ppf''' Canada, tlie principal Posts — Kingston, East end of Lake Ontario, N. Jiat. 44° 8'— To- ronto, Nortli side of same Lake, in 44" ?}'■>' — Fort Gecn-go, mouth of Niagara lliver, in 4.'>° 1;')' — Amhi'i'stberg (^lalden), West end of Lake Erie, ill 4li° 10'— from 1 SI 8 to 18-27, inclusive, Lower Canada, principal ))orts on the River Rii'.helieu, which connects Lake Champlain with the St. Lawrence, latitude from 45° to 40° — 178 vor. ' of both 100 ]Montroal, latitude itudo 40° 47', - - 45° oV, and Quebec, lat- 20 1 2; This table, by embracing tlie Peninsula north of Lakes Erie and Ontarioi together with the b?nks of the St. Lawrence, down to its estuary, ciiinpkte| what the other left .. .fini.shed ; and enables us to estimate the relative \m valence of autunnial fever, through every parallel of latitude, fnnii tli mouth of the jMississippi, to tluit of tlie St. Lawrence, and from Cape I'li rida, to Gros Cap, at the entrance of Lake Superiror, "NVe should be aware, however, that the numbers in the tables do i!( always express, correctly, the cases of fever originating in the localities will which they stand in connection. Tlius, Maj. 'I'ulloch, the compiler of thi British Report, informs us that many of the cases of fever returneil frof the pi)sts of Lower Canada, were relapses in patients from the posts of Vm Canada; and in the United States, our troops arc often sent to more iioitlierf * Tiilloch's Statistical Reports on tlio Sickness, Mortality, and Invaliilizinjr amoa tilt Troops ill tlio United Kingdom, the Meditcraiiean, and Rritisli America: prepatej from the, Record.s of the Army, IMedical Departments, and War Office ReliiriiSi JJ command of Her Majesty, London, 1839. J [book 11. ^ l)cr of posti? are smallor, do not, nuirofivor. ii'ue \i tlic separate sUitifms, rcr in Canada, generally. NAL FeYEK AMONC THE 1,000. Inter- i Remit- , Aniiiwl Imitleiit lent Fe- H|:L'r'i.'"te Fever. 1 vnr. of biith. risT I.] INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 700 j)(5t3 to recover from the fevers of tlio south; and tliu.s by relapsing, add 5,jt a little to tlic number of cases at posts ^bieh otherwise mi^ht have iresciitcd but few. ,f Lakes Eric and Ontario^ ivn to its estuary, cninplitel estimate the rehitive M lillel of hititude, frmii th| •renec, and from Cape Ho Iriror. Ll.ers in the tables do r,» linating in the localities witj 'ulloch, the compiler tiMlij ises of fever returned ft" [cuts from the posts of I'rpj often sent to more noitkrj |ortaUtv,andInv.lMi7.inK"'"« and British America : \m^'^ 3, and War Oflice Returns, ^ SECTION III. CONDITIONS WHICH IMPOSE ClEOORArHICAL LnilTf^, AND GIVE UNE(41JAL PIIEVALEXCE TO AUTUMNAL FEVER. I. Foil. — Under tliis term I include all that composes the surface of I lie earth, apart from its waters. The luosc upjior stratum of our A'alloy I Misists, as far as its mineral elements arc concerned, of the debris of the peks beneath, or of deposits of the debris of other rocks, spread over the wface by ancient inundations. There are tracts of country, however, in ;li;htlie rocks themselves appear at the surface. None of these conditions |;'/,or tlic production of autunnial fever; but, on the contrary, it prevails /lit where they are most perfectly developed; and hence there is no reason I ir referring the disease to emanation.? from a purely mineral surface. The soil, however, may have another element than the mineral — dead frsinic matter, both animal and vegetable ; and this is its general character I t'iroughout the Valley. The amount of this cl;ment is very difl'erent in iifireut places, for its production depends, first, on the fertility of the nrface; seco?id, on temperature; and, ihlrd, on moisture. Where these aulitions are all present, the growth of organic matter is redundant ; where I By one or more of them is wanting, it will be correspondingly limited. us it is small in f^uantity in the pine woods nf the south (if wc except I tie trees themselves), from the sandiness of the surface; in the desert, Ikyond the Mississippi, from the same cause, and also from the want of )ibturo; in the far north from the wnnt of heat, yet it is abundant I tven beyond the linii's to which the Fever extends; on the Appalachian pl'imitaiiis from thai; deficiency in part, and from their rocky surface. {fed organic matter is, also, unequally distributed ; for the rains wash it '•'Wn frum the hills, and deposit it in the valleys; where, adding to their Itrtility, it rapidly augments itself, by promoting more luxui'iant crops of I'egetation. ^ow, it is a safe generalization to affirm that, all other circumstances iieing er[ual, autumnal fever prevails most where the amount of organic ItiaUer is greatest, and least where it is least. A diligent study of the [I'jpographical descriptions of Book /, Part I, will sustain this conclu,sion, and jJeiiionstrate that decaying organic matter is 07ie of the conditions nccossarj llotlic production of autumnal fever. As to the mode in ■•vhich it cooperates, P'opinious may be entertained: First. It may supply the material out of * i . Tr 'X^ '!f I, '■ ■ I- ill WvWmm ^^ ff* 'I «« ^ im'rK ■.'■ ■ ■ ■ ,>1 '"■"■'..WJ:'.!--' ■ .1' 5 »■■'■ '■: V ' ,:• >' ■ / — . . I ,, •• ;.;. . . ■ ■t,i ,t».'"" . ' • •■ mm ::mm: ./,;'. . ■■ ." ' ■•■■.*>' ,■1,. •■ . ■ •■'<,'-i*i.r..; .. ■ . ■U'.\ :%':.•■ : '1' ii ' i A .-^{i, ^' * V* ■ ^ '<■■■■••■ 710 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE [nooK 11 which a poisonous gas is formed ; and, Srcoml, It may be a nidus or liot-bed of aiiimalculos or vegetable germs. In cither ease, wc may presume, tliut all kinds of decomposing organic matter, are not C(jually favorable to the pro- duction of the cause of this fever; but, although I have souglit iur t':ifts bearing on this question, a sufficient iiunil)er has not been found to justify their presentation hero. I hupo the subject may attract the attention of others. TIio first breaking up of the soil appears, from a variety of observation scattered through our topographical descriptions, to be frerjucntly fdllnworl by autuinndl fever; and, on the other hand, long-continued cultivation ig accom[)anicd by diminution of that disease ; the clement which contributes to its production becoming exhausted. II. Livixa Yeciktation'. — Forests have been thought to modify the conditions which generate autumnal fever. Our medical topograjihy sup- plies several facts, which go to show, that those who first penetrate oar woods, and establish themselves in cabins, closely surrounded by trees, re- main comparatively exempt from autumnal fever, till the clearing is cxtendeil. On the otlior hand, it is a disease of the country, and especially of ncwlv- scttled parts; where tli. amount of forest is so great, as to maintain a liifu degree of humidity. Our cities and larger towns, it is well-known, scKkm suffer, and they are to bo considered, as in some degree, presenting tlio very opposite condition from our woodlands. Again, trees have been tlioudit to ' arrest tlie spread, of that gaseous agent, whatever it may be, whicli is srml to be the true cause of the Fever; but in what manner they do it, no one can tell. It has been conjectured, that their leaves absorb the noxious ex- halation; and also that they mechanically arrest the dissemination of tlie aerial poison. In harmony with the former hypoth.esis, is that of Dr. Cart-*: wriglit {see p. 70), in reference to the Jussicua grandijlorn, and some utlicrj^ aquatic plants, in the delta of the 3lississippi ; which, he suitposes, absorb^ the agent that produces autumnal fever. I have already expressed t!i9-| opinion, that tlie facts do not establish that hj'pothesis ; and must liere, i:r? conclusion, remark, tliat living vegetation is so mixed up with other ciiidi- tions, necessary to the production of the Fever, that, in the existing stage, 1 of observation, its effects cannot bo correctly estimated. TIT. Surface Water. — In the maritime parts of Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas, surface water is abundant, for one side of each rests on the gulf, which has many inlets and little bays, the banks of which, arc inhabited. The rivers, moreover, are numerous, and as t approach the gulf, expand into broad estuaries or deltas. The delta of tl;{ ^Mississippi, abounds in lakes, lagoons and bayous. As wc ascend tliisJ and the smaller rivers, wide cypress and liquid-amber swaaips, annually re- plenished, skirt both sides. The intervening plains, arc cut up by snial streams, which have wide alluvions, often subjected to inundations; andth« country between them abounds in swamps; from which even the sandy, \m plateaus arc not entirely free. This continues to be their condition, till w^ reach the flanks of the Cumberland Mountains, on the cast, and thc'o ef t!:( |"3i''ers, :m!io pn Tor. Lot lis ■'•■ liiscast I'lnlo ping a hi \xvi\[ is ■stliern p; |i;st, •' Surfa •J5t \fiit(i fenipnsit =«of the "ilj have 'HE [book ii P; fiRT 1.] INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 711 y Tjc a nidus or hot-bed '■ ,'c may pvesume, tliut all ly favorable to tlic jiru- liave souglit iur I'luts t, boon tuund to justify iittract tbe atti'Utiou of a variety of obsorvatifn, , be fruriuently followod contiiuK-'d cultivation ig lemcnt wliicli contributes t tliougbt to modify tlic tiled ieal topograjiliy sup- vt'bo first iionctrate our surrounded by trees, ro- dtbc clearing is extended. , and especially of ncwly- •eat, as to maintain a high 5, it is well-known, scUl^m egrco, presenting the very ,rees bavc been tlioudlit to- er it may be, wbicli is said-;:! [manner tbey do it, no m:'. .-cs absorb the noxious ex-;'' t tbe dissemination of tlie * ,esis, is that of Dr. Cart-|j ajuli flora, and seme utlicr wbicli, be supposes, absorb avc already expressed tlio^ jtbesis ; and nnist bore. ia| uixed up with other cnuai-' lat, in tbo existing stajio,- mated. ^ „vts of Florida, Alabama^ .. abundant, for one side ': nd little bays, the banb u ire numerous, and as tin deltas. The delta of th ous. As wc ascend tins, nibcr swamps, annually re ains, are cut up by suialb: .od to inundations; andt; which even the sandy, I'ln be their condition, tdl v ,n tbe cast, and thc^cett.; 'izark hills, to the west. As we ascend the ^Mississippi, to the mouth of ;';e Missouri, we find it.^ annual floods leaving small lakes, ponds, swamps, pi lagoons; Avhich in the aggregate, arc of great extent, and but partially iraineJ or dried up, before the next inundation. Now, as we have seen, the rjile of this region is infested with autumnal fever, beyond any other por- :; n of the valley. InXnrth Alabama, Tonnes.sce, and Kentucky, swamps arc almost unknown, aeept along the few rivers, which liavc wide bottom-lands, most of which, ■jreovcr, are cxenutt from inundation. Tlie rivers, however, are sinuous, ■d in summer, slugghsh and pondy; and it is in their vicinity, chiefly, that •.;;iimnal fever prevails. In the states of Illinois, Indiana and Ohio, the livers generally flow tlu-ough wide valleys, many of which, are liable to bo Ti'rtlowed. Small lakes, ponds and swamps, are also frequent, in certain ' rtims of those states ; and it is precisely these localities, which are most ':';5ted. To the east of all the states mentioned, as we climb the mountairs, ;:e surface water is no longer found in basins ; and the streams, generally, iivearapid current, down narrow and rocky channels; and here, autumnal ;':ver nearly disappears ; or, when present, is confined to the valley of some i;!;nating stream. Everywhere, west of the states of Arkansas, Missouri, ,31 Iowa, surface water is scarce; the declivity of the plain which stretches iin the Rocky ]^[ountains, fiivoring its escape; while the subjacent sand imst absorb.s, even considerable rivers. Thus, as we advance into that krt, we come at the same time to the limits of .surface water, and of au- ;:mal fever. In the north there is no deficiency, for the whole country is i:i»atially lacustrine ; and up to a certain latitude, the Fever prevails. Thus ::e shores of Lake Ontario and Lake Erie, with those of the southern cx- ::tiiiity of Huron and Michigan, arc infested, and sufler far more than the "ycr lands which surround them. But beyond these limits, on tbe shores of a two latter lakes, and on those of Lake Superior, the Fever, as wc :"o seen, is never epidemic, although water is abundant; and still further -Kii. where small lakes, and their connecting streams, exist in countless :;3i'ier,3, the disease is unknown ; showing that, while water is essential '■'■ the production of this Fever, other causes must coiipcrato to give it ■■iver. Let us inquire into the moiiis operandi of this agent in the production of -■ ilisoasc under consideration. !. Under the influence of solar heat it impregnates the air with vapor, ping a high dew point ; and, other circumstances being e(pial, the evapo- p'Jon is greatest where the hert is highest. This, of course, is in the ptliera part of the Valley, and there, as we have seen, the Fever prevails 'm. Surface water not only contributes largely to the production of a luxu- "45t vegetation, destined annually to perish, but is indispensable to the ■'■niposition of what it has aided in producing. Ilenco, without its agency, M of the deleterious gasscs, whieli are supposed to be thus generated, '"Ihave an existence. But its presence in any or all quantities, will not ii \% % 4 r 1 mm k i ('li Hi?::'';"";:'/- J 't.-l ^ '., » ■ ' , I _, *' .„: , ..... I,t W' ■ . ■.!'; ' S . ;=V V )i ..<, f,- ' ■•; !'.-;h''» 12 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE [DOOK llJ un answer cipially well. If there bo too little, tlio molecular inovcmont.s of fcrineiitiition are arrested for want of a solvent — if too mucli, tlio atnids- plicro, indispensable to the procCoS, is excluded ; or tho evolved casus are; absorbed and retained. o. lis presence is essential to those chemical actions, in certain .soils which iirc believed, by some writerSj to generate exhalations that occaiirn the Fever. 4. It is equally indispensable to the production of both animalcules and microsci'pic plants. 5. 1>ol!i evaporation and condensation are known to be accompanied Ijy electrical [jcrturbations. Thus water is a ".ccessary clement, in all the hypotheses which have been framed to account for autumnal fever. But a contrary and salubrious influence has been ascribed to water: for it is hchl by many tliat this fluid absorbs tho noxious gas or gases, wiiicb tbcy believe to produce tlio Fever, and thus limits its prevalence. Acciuiling to tliis opinion, tlio deep waters in the center of a basin, may imbibe amlreiaiu the noxious gases which the shallow waters of its margins have coiitviljuteil to generate ; and, in support of the liypothesis, it has been affirmed tl.at tin vicinity of cataracts and rapids is more unhealthy than the banks nf t'ul rivers in which they occur. The absorbed gases arc supposed to he tlnrtl liberated by the agitation of tho water. The medical topography of Bu::I, presents several facts bearing on this hypothesis. Thus "Wctunipbi. the foot of the long rapids of the Coosa river ; Louisville, at the falls nt t OhioEiver; and Mauniee City, at tho termination of the rapids of the ]\Iii mce River, are all infested with autumnal fever ; but other towns, on t same rivers, are likewise scourged with that disease ; and Oswego Kivi which drains the Montezuma swamps of western New York, has at itsnioul a great number of mills, yet the inhabitants sufl"er but little frum tlii disease. It prevails still less at the Falls of Niagara ; and Onally, at Zane( villo, where a natural waterfall has been augmented by artificial nieai;s. s on the Kentucky lliver, where there are series of pools and dams, ilmt no special prevalence of the Fever. Thus the facts furnished, by our VjI'i do not prove that waterfalls eliminate a gas which is the cause of the disc; under consideration. IV. Tkmi'ekature. — Tho fact that autumnal fever prevails perpciiiai and virulently, within the tropics, but ceases long before we reach the pil circle, demonstrates that a higli temperature is one of the conditions nici sary to its production. Should it be ascribed to heat alone ? The an must be in the negative; for places having the same temperature, but va; ing in other conditions, are very differently aff'cctcd with autumnal fovi Thus the people on jMobile Bay suffer greatly, while those who live en adjoining oak and pine terrace escape ;, and the summer heat of the seiith portions of the great desert is intense, but those who traverse it, and t at a distance from its water courses, pass the season unaff"ected. It c:u: be affii'med, that tho direct action of a hot atmosphere on the body, docs it F '■'!!io THE [book II.- molecular movements of if too mueli, tlic ulim s- r tbo evolved gases avo actions, in certain soils, L'slialalions tliat oaafci.n a of botli animalcules and xvn to Ijc accomrauitd by ypotliesos vrliicli have bee* j been ascribed to wator : foi ,,xiou3 gas or gases, v\k\i ■ its prevalence. According bafein, may imbibe and retain s ma'-gins have contviUitcJ t has been affirmed tLatlhl ,lthy than the bunks ni tu« 3 are supposed to lo tlicij ledical topography of Bv,l ' lesis. Thus >VetunnAa. iLouisvillc, at the falls ott of the rapids of tuc m cr- but other towns, on t! Vis'casc; and Oswego Klvi Now York, has at its moui suffer but little from tlil agara; and finally, at ta nted bv artificial niear.s. a of pools and dams, tkic acts furnished, by om-^ ill.' ich is the cause of the disc n >i',T I.] INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 713 i.triliuto to tliG produetlmi of the Fever; i'or, on the contrary, wliero it :cvails as an epidemic, exposure tu the nouii-diiy suiiiiner sun is otteii I'ul- ,v ■! by ail attack ; bat sueli cxjjosuro, in a different locality, will not pro- ;;:cit; and, theref(jro, we may cniieUulo that in its direct actiim, heat is U.rcly an exciting cause, on whieli it is not iioeessary to exiiatiate iu this •'a-.e: and I will therefore proceed to trace out its indirect effects. 'W army statistics t'uniish some instructive facts on this point. The posts |;,:,ii lie along the Mississippi, are jjlaccd nearly under the same conditions, :tverythiiig but tempoTature, which varies according to their latitude. 'iiv arc, therefore, well lilto'd to iudieate tho intluetice of this climatic con- ,:: 11 ill the [iroduction ol' the l'\:ver. Its relative prevalence at these posts lull extend through more than thirteen degrees of latitude, is presented Liruiiootion with the annual and ([uarterly mean heat, iu the tlrst part of r...lill'iwiiig table, while the second oilers a comparison of two ])osts in the |:.:ijii west of the Mississippi, and the third of two on the Lakes. T A ]J L E . POSTS. __• o - ■'- 80 30 38 28 41 32 43 03 44 5.3 3 ~ "5 ' ''' = -' = i r: 1 J5 S 1 < s 1 52.08 3:^.08 25.15 20. GO 17.20 If c = V ~o 07.38 54.38 52.07 48.00 45.50 .. Baton Eougo, - - - - ■ I Joffei'sou liarraeks, - - :ic Fort; Armstrong', - - - i;_E Fort Crawford, - - - - '■' Fort iSnelling. - - - - 1 o 82407.50 475 50.03 307 50.05 30147.35 02 45.15 j 1' 08.72'81.48 50.55,70.10 50. 82*74. 57 48.2572.38 40.5(;i7l.l0 :■; V Fort Gibson, >i-2 Fort Leavenworth, - - 35 48 30 23 1435 020 01.07j42.50iG1.20 70.17 01.53 52.34:27.00 53.38 74.00 54.30 ul Fort Dearborn, - - - - ■-j i'ort IJrady, 4150 40 30 25140.14 44 40.02 24.31)45.39 07.80 47.00 I8.00i38.17 02.14j44.13 To show, by a comparison of localities, the exact relation between tcmper- p and autumnal fever, tho conditions of the different jilaces should, in jther respects, be alike, which is not often the case ; nevertheless, the /id topography and hydrography of the posts, ccniitarcd tiigetlcr in tho going tabic, will be found substantially the same, and they sIhjW, that i the decrease of yearly and summer heat, other conditions cor.tinuing aaiigcd, there is an abatement of the Fever. It is, however, with the i!'if summer, and not that of tho year, that autumnal fever is /iinccted ; -tlic cp;ostion iiorc arises, what summer temperature is necessary to the I'Ktion of the Fever? This (jucstion cannot be rigorously answered ; .,„ v.nn*- nf thcsoutli^:'.ionamher of observations hitherto made, in the proper recion, is too e summer neai 01 ,,Mv . ., , . , ^ ^ ' , , traverse it, and l^W^' to justity a positive conclusion; wo may, however, assume, that a unaffected. !*■ i''1''W'"ilt temperature of sixty degrees, is necessary to tlie production of the "^ ' i B on the body, ^ocs •"tr; and that it will not prevail as an epidemic, where the temperature of that 1 Ml fever prevails r<^f *"»^ oiv^ before we reach the [ , o'nc of the conditions m' to heat alone? The a. ■esamc temperature, hut u affected with autumualfovl . while those who hvc on I : If * 4^ ? : Ur, t, {■ ^|■ f '■ .1 'J ' I '•b' Tm-' «P^*f^;'- " ■■•■ . r .<* )"•■ ..'*.■■ >, '."■.. I1SI ■> ti, ir .' i-:.i '■if i- ■■■'■' ■ : : * '■''^:. ^' ■^j^rt: 711 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE [book I season falls liclnw sixty-five: finally, tliat if fiic otlior condition.s f'lvurin.f i^. prodiictiuii are ikfieieiit, it will cease b( 'ore tliuso rtductiuiis of ttii iieraiurt have bci'ii rcacliCLl. i According to tlieso eonclnsioiis, tli." Fovc* will occur in winter, at all iilaroi wluTC tliat season lias a nicaii tiii'pcrature ol' sixty dciirccs or npffr.r'I: ;i| at A'cra ("ruz, Tanipico, Havana, Key West, T:ini|)a ]>ay, :ind Fort Kino as may lu' seen in tiie talile ( }i. i^l ) ', and it is well known tliat casc^ .Jj occur at those {daces, in that season; but at the two latter |)osts, wliciv thi winter heat harely rises over sixty, they are few in uuniher. At Nuw Oj^ loans, and generally under the thirtietli jiarallel, where the mean winter iiiaj is as low as fifty, the Fever is suspended. I'ut tl;c seasons are niadr iin of months, and we arc hero brought to considoi' its connection M'ith tliiir rg. spective temperatures. I'^[) to Tampa Hay, every winter month rises above sixty degrees: Imt i i New Orleans, or the thirtieth parallel, only the nine months fn ni 3!iirr'i tj November, have that temperature; and as wc advance to the north. i1h| number of months having it coni^tantl}'- decreases. Thus, at 8t. Louis, it attained liy five months only — from May to September, inclusive; at I'o| Snelling, by four; at Fort Brady, by three; at 3Iontre:il, by four: at <)iul by three. Tu advancing further north, June and September fall lelnwii and, finally, in the distant north, July and August, or the entire year. I, before this ^-eduction is reached by those two mouths, however, tlio Rv( ceases; and therefore it results, that a continuance for more than twoiii- If of a heat equal to sixty degrees, is necessary to the development i ;' Fever. Hence wo can understand, M'hy it prevails more in October th:ni A] although their mean temperatures are nearly the same; in November t! June, notwithstanding, the latter is much the warmer month, and in S tembcr and August, than July — [ha hottest month of the year. Tl greatest prevalence in every latitude, is indeed, generally some week?, afl the hottest month ; showing that the effects of temperature are ciumilati It appears from all that has been said, that within the tropins, autiiiiii fever may occur throudiout the year : and that as we move nurtlioilv diration of its prevalence shortens, by its beginning later in spring. terminating earlier in autumn. March and November first escape; t April and May on the ono hand, and October on the other — lastly Ji and September. In contemplating the olimrtic relations which exist between raitr.nii fevir, and certain aspects of vegetation, wc find that in the tropical rei they are the same throughout the year, and that when wc attain the t!i: third parallel, wliich constitutes the northern limit of several southern t and plants, the prevalence of the Fever is for a much shorter period; tlat disappearance is nearly at the same curve, at which the miscellaiieeiis ve, tation of the middle latitudes, gives place to the terebinthinato tree; birches, of the north ; finally, that maize or Indian corn, which gr^v. the year round, iu the tropical regions, finds the summers too short lor ::: 'iii luch !;■( :' tiie ;:;i;ni ^icivii l.'kvifn '.':.<. a :v:;iiit, ■;:J troii ■ .'.'e on :::::^thf :r:o (loi !';:■!! (los :i.ftli, ' decay I It drie^ '••-y^^ THE 1 1;" )U ;i. r.r 1.; LVTERIOPc VALLEY OF NORTH AMEIIICA. 15 :::■! dogi-oos, I witnessed !i frost, (in tlio niglit of tlic second of August :: !i dostroved tlio Indian C(Ji-n ; but, on descending into the vtilley of tlio • Mii'igof its _r_rvain, in nearly tlio same curve of .summer temperature, at -jell aiitumiial fever i.s arrested. If cliango of latitude, by diminisliing flic beat of the atmosphere and tliat ■t'l-; earth's surface can, as we have just seen, arrest the producti'in of ;;.',m!i;d fever, an increase of elevation above the level of the sea, may .>.n-i;i3 do it. Thus the Fever wiiich scourges tlio Itnra calimlc of feioo, near the level of the sea, is almost unknown in and around the city : Mexico, at an elevatiuii of seven thdusand four hundred and fii'ty feet, -imgh the latitude remains the same. The inhabitants amrnig the ijecsof the Kcnawha and Tennesseo Kiver.s, on the Appalachian Moun- ■j.\ at a medium elevation of nearly three tho\isand feet, are almost ::;iii[it. whilo those who occupy tlie valleys, under the same parallels, are irti'il; and, further north, at half that elevation, where the Alleghany ■,:! Geiic'ssee Pavers have their sources, tlie disease is almost unknown, 1; on the shores of Lake Ontario, directly nA i mouth of the year. IJ ,1 o-enerallv some vccks, atli f' temperature are caraubtij ^^.ithin the tropins, autun-l liat as we move northerly. ocrinning later in spun:.; November first escape ; tlj the other- lastly <"< ler on tnc kicb exist between antv.nii nd that in the tropical vv;:^ bat when W'c attam the thii limit of several southenj much shorter per iod; tbt ■'1' 'Jk H , '0 i /I ."■c. »•• • 4f ■'■4, ■J':'- .■.■•"■■■ ybi-*?. ... ,V ft'.! ? "li^'f ji'f^'->""'i' ' ' ' .. ' '. '■ •' 1 ■ '- ■ ■ J ■■ >' ' l'>\' -vaiST'"' ■.■■..• f).' I ;''>*■ ■■*:,■•;■■: ■■■■! '■■' I' ' ^.'iSih-'l' ,-'''■'*' '•|i 'i- ' ' *J' ',>.■• ■ i''-i' ' . ■ ' I ■ ■ WiVi' ■!"» (it: J. ••.V v.' • . •■ •' I' ■ ■ ' ^i'%i''f ■'■'•' f^' *V ' ■'•• ■ '"' • ■ '•' • ' •10 THE PRINCirAI. DI^^EASES OF THE 1 noor. nl mcr : ami may (as lias 1)0Pn assorted) cause it. in thp act of (lesicrtulon, toj send fortli dolclerlnus cxlialatluii.s, dlllcrcut from those gcnrfutod in deju.-iti of decomposing organic matter. 6. Tt disturbs the cquilil)riuni of the electricity of tlic ntmosplicrc; hcnc^ summer thunder storms are of almost daily occurrc'f'C, on the con.sts of t';/ Gulf of AFoxico; but on the .sliorcs of Lake Superiur tliey are rare. f Thus solar heat plays an indispensable part, in every hypethcsis wliieh !:.'i{ been proposed to explain the origin of autumnal fever; answering equally •well for the advocateri of combined heat and mnisture — miasmatic cxl,;,la» tions — microscopic beings, and atmospheric electricity. {, ■\Vc have now reviewed all the obvinus conditions which seem to conei] in the production of our autumnal fever, and cndiavoredto assign tlie m^.'M oneranili and influence of each. We have seen the necessity of their > c.irrencc, from the fact that the absei:ee of anj one puts an end to the [iru^ alcnco ()? the Fever. These conditions are dead firganic matter, rcstii'jr or blended ,vith the mineral elements of the soil ; water, not in any, biu certain quantity; and temperature, above tlic sixtieth degree, contiiniiii.' ; at least two months. And here T,e might stop, but for the instinctivo ]r Density of the human mind to arrive at the knowledge of a single cEid cause; to which, therefore, a chapter must be devoted. CHAPTER II. SPECULATIONS ON 1^^"] EFFICIENT CAUSE OF AUTUMNJ FEVER. SECTION I. METEORIC HYPOTHESIS. It has been suggested, and, indeed, is believed by some physiclar.5. while the three conditions rc'-ognized in the last chapter, are present ivij ever autumnal fever prevMls, but two of them — heat and moisture— ei an influence in its })roduotion. Under the joint influence of these eleii:e| vegetation will of course flourish and decay; but not contribute! the production of the Fever. The advocates of tins opinion, of o' deny the existence of a .special poison ; and ascribe the disease to tbei combined action of a hot, humid, and elec'- ical atmosphere. The discui of this hyprthesis, necessarily involves, to some extent, the discussion off question of a special agent ; for but the two opinions can bo helJ Fivor un a i'lllOll i;pcinl Ilia^ l,Tetlii :".eii.lera : ;t lllg 'drift, t! f'Scil to £tC'(|uoncc '^eep.,17. 't.'"V' ^■w. THE [Boor. nJ tV.c act of (losicctvlioii, [?phirc; l.or.cf C'f'C. on the cutists of t';? riur tl\cy arc ravo. ;Vory liyiuithcsis wliieh hi fever; answcviiig ciiuallf ^jm-i. — iniasmatlc exl;J> ricity. ions Avhicli seem to comi savored to asfcigTi tlic mo(i t\\c necessity of tlicir cca inoputs an tr.cl to tlio |H [ f.vganic mattir, resting q [; ^vatcr, not in any, but! xtictb degree, contiuuiiii' fj but for the instinctive pr^ owlcdge of a single dx^'A cvotcd. [I. CAUSE OF AUTONi THESIS. ieved l)ysomorliy?icia'-J last cliai.tcr, arc present ^i ni_lieat and moisture -e: int influence of tbesc elcffiii ,cay; but not contribute tcs of tins opinion, of cJ scribe tlie disease to tbedit pal atmospbcrc. The dise«3 nic extent, tbc discussion ot opinions can bo held. 'IJT I.] INTEPIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA 717 Fiver prevails extensively, is often epidemic, and is not cdntagious; It must ivc a cause, and if tliat cuiso bo not some conjunetiou of the ordinary jiicnts and sensible ([ualities of tlio atinosphore, it miisl be a poison, dis- Ij'vcd or susjiended in it. If it sliould appear, then, tliat tlio Fever docs not iiKiid on tlio furi.a'i', we may aflirni that it (hcs depend npnii the latter. Iliave already shown, that neither heat nor moisture, by itself, (an pro- hcctlie Fever, and v.'ill now jiroceed to state certain objections to the hypo- I'jiisthat it results from their condjined influence. 1. It is well known, that autumnal fever seldom appears on boanl of lii^cls which cruise in the Gulf of 3Iexii--o, althongh the air, at the tcniper- iiarc of eighty, is nearly satnrated with vapour. i The inhabitants of Key West, who breathe a simila-; atniospliere, are |:]cli less aftiicted with the Fever, than those on the Peninsula of Florida, sTcral degrceir "urthcr north. Now, althongh that little i.«land supports ::r,siJorahle vegetation, its swamps are filled with tlic waters of tlic (lulf in Iwy high tide, and when strouf^ winds prevail.-^' 0. The sandy hanks of i'cnsacola Bay, from its entrance, np to the town :ren.sacola, suiTer but little; while, at the head of the bay, where exlen- liv alluvial deposits have been made, the Fever has been so constant and jj.as to prevent permanent settlements. Yet the temperature and moist- md both localities are the same, for they are but ten miles apart."!' \. The pine woods around the Gulf of Mexico, at the distance of only two : ilirec miles from from the estuaries of the rivers, arc places of retreat |:ji the Fever, although there is a sea and land breeze, wliich tends to I.Tili'/.c the humid atmosphere. ■i. The inhabitants of the Balize, suffer less from the Fever tlinn those |i.:ij' tlie rivers of the interior of Louisiana, two or three degrees further liiii: notwitl:^canding they arc immersed in an atmosphere of great heat p vapour. Vegetation is as luxuriant at tlio IJalizo as aliove; but wlien it I-, it falls upon a soil impregnated with sea salt, and is often wettod by t: waves of the gulf. ''. Ill many jtarts of Kentucky and Tennessee, where the surface is dry riiigy, and the streams narrow and tortuous, the Fever occurs upon the |:.:itr, ulth.ough the atmosplieric humidity is small. It is well known that a family may settle down in the forest, and culti- p.g but a s.^^all spot, remain free from fever ; but when several families pe, and an extensive breaking up of the soil takes jjlace, it ip- i ''•'tely fe.s to prevail, although the heat and moisture are not there] > i. ■ .scd. !'• br. Winter gave me t!ie following fact. On Cedar Creek, <- ■ ..ntary Kimibcrland River, a mill dam had boon erected about sixteen lect high. '''.r twenty-two years, the basin above having become filled up with silt hJi'ift, tlie dam was torn down, and the perpendicular face of the deposit, 'scd to the action of the sun and air, in the month of August. The li^tC'iluence of this was, that nearly all the men who performed this labor. jir ■p. '17. tSeep. 52. 1 J If. >< *. '^ifi^ ! '' I'll ■''•'*' ''* ■'•'•* ' i mr a'> fiCf-f.; Jj-iJ4^-'^'^'^' ■■;■■■. - - -- ^'^^^^■■■■■'-■■^■•-.■^•■':>*^-^' ■■■■■■■■■• I ^••J' ¥,*->..'■ ■•..' i .: ■ ■ ■■' • ' . r" !#"" ••■■'^' *'-■'■• ■-■ ^ ■'■•■. ■. t ' > ■: ."/ ■ *. ■ ^ • ■,/ ■ .. *' ':*'. V I V'' ■ ■ ;';j ,.' ::' ';i:.''' O' > ' 'V- " '*^' ■■ ' ■:"■... r,.^ '-^.:.:-i.i>. :.;-;-', /,.. , ■■;■ :!■ a ■'■^'i.H'^ •.•..*■*■' .;■;-:•' ■■;:•:■ '. '■ ;' f\ -|f'- ;■>■■' *v''.^iv ■».'*:■.. fv'"..,;- -••:/■ ': ■ . b al9' fc-**- •• ■.:.* .1-' •'■ :■'■■■.■ f*liiil.,■^f^•,;^^'!^,.•: •.. .' . . :-:■■ ffi'f !».■«■; vi"., ->''.!^ :"•' i v ., •• • ■•• '. ■ ■ ••>■ ■ ' ;;•#■." ".if -^••'': ■■.■■. • . rriS^i ■■■■-'■'■'.yf; ■: ■ 718 TIIK rillNCirAL DISKASKS OF Till:: [ll'liiK wcro Kci/.cd \\ilh severe autiiniiial fever, and (mo i ined, in demanding the concurrence of all the conditions — beat, Matir. dead vegetable and animal forms — \vhich have been shown to hs al^^^ present, wherever autumnal fever prevails ; while the last is left nit ifi count by the meteoric hypothesis. AVc must first in(|uire into tlit m and nature of the inorganic poison. » Soo p. 29 1. + See p. 370. i Sec pp. 261 and -lOi '' m h'^i V Tin: [li'iliK \l. •iir 1.] INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 710 (f llicm tUi'il. Tln'H: was ,il ; uiul tht; liCojili; };(iia- If cvUli-'l":^' of tt ikvi-l'iMl fcill ami ilfiitl vliul-. ui.iy ^ro of ^Vashillgt('ll, sutkii ,,,uc.l tUMuly, iinanovalm^ unufiUatL'ly f.illoWiiUn .p. the s>'uU! ul' tlio \ill;i;ii-' uat ,,„ sMllVifil tin attack, »'..( „lial)Uants pevislieil'^ hulls who liavo l.a-,Ml fov r;il ilays, ov uveiMVt'(.'ks,lM „.i„g witli iiitcrmittcut^. afto e the Tcvur i.vovailal. N' n.oisture, to l«ruaucc »■ ^^ isni, c.uucH on soon after is th./ aiHcaso, at a iVistant tiij lif.l, clearly suggi'sts.tkittli cunditiou of the soiibiUc [r^ ;es spemUlicir lives in a! ,„ tlic Nvla.lc, are iu..rL. ounl i.tal.lislniuMits,thoin-annr5r| uospliero supcrsaturatud ^ni a- Lcaring against the mote nu-ic cobtlitiuns may act a^ unnii the alternative -ad. ,, positive cxi.tenoc ot ^h lich have l)ceir t-itcJ. ,i,uls-in<.rgaiUCurovgai.i: the l.yrotliesis ^vc have .^^ ,oon,ulitions-W!vt,^vatcY ,avo l)ecn sliown to l''^^ ''^' ^•hilctbo last is left >ut.. ust first iiuiulrc into t.'.^' " t Sec pp. 264 and' si:cTiox II. MAI.AUI Al- nvruTHESl5>. I, It is uiiiieccssary to iii([uii'o into tlic nature of tlie j^n.'^fs, wliicli may .ixlialeil iVoiii an eurlhij .surfaco, consisting' of iidi/iIh:,'' hnt the fra;:ni(iits i,il|iii\v(lL'r of tlio hiilijacont rtu'ks, and the dillerent salts, or oxjiK'S, ti>rnicd vtlicir deconn>ositioii, under the inflnenco of lient, water, and atinos|iheric ;,:; t'lir no sueh surface e.xists in our \'alli>y. "Whenever tiie rmky strata v thus exposed, they heirin to erundile; and the ])ulv(>rident hiyer then yu'ijiately becuines the nidus of some kiml of ]i!ant; thus, lielien.s , i..[iread the hardest rocks, and, by their deatli and tlecay. add to the ;.iii layer i»f iMincial matter, an organic elrnicnt, at onee vegetable and I.v.imI ill its composition. In this way, the spot becomes prejtared for a :.:.tatiiin of a hiu'hcr order, which, in turn, augments the amount of ■;;iiii(! matter; while the rock beneath, liy cuntinui.d disintegration, >,.tii!U(:s to eoiitributo now mineral substanees. Tlius it is, that the loose |;[|'(.r crust of the earth is necunudated; and the nearer we come tn tlie I'lial surface, tlio greater, in proportion, arc organic elements, or those lii'.il cnnipounds which arc farmed by it.s deeonipo.sition. 'i'lie s lil thus l:t;i:iil uiay vary exceedingly in its depth; for where th{! rock has under- Ifcoiapid disintegration, or the dcliris Ikivo favored a luxiiriant vegetation, t!5'jil will be nuich deeper, than in opposite circumstances; l)ut there i.s liilaiiother source of inecjuality. The soils thus formed are not fixed, and ;'i«'i|uc'ntly are liable to be drifted al)out by currents of water. In Kk'iit times, great portions of the A'alley, on the north side of the Ohio ;vci', were deeply covered with this kind i drift or dihivium ; and down tlie present time, every considerable rain or dissolving snow, but Koeially the former, waslies a portion of the snil, with its supcrincunibent y plants and animals, into the valleys, where tliey are speedily deposited. Bat the soil of every inluibitablo piirt of the Valley has, at all times, •tiii^ on its surface, a layer of dead and decomposing organic matter: pais abundant in proportion to its fertility, and its favorable exposure mills and the heat of the sun — that is, to those conditions which cherish |;,;:i'i.wtli of animals and vegetables. [Nhv, in the study of niodical topograpliy, with reference to autumnal ■:r, our attention has boon generally directed to this layer o;dy ; and as I'K may be some pli 'sicians who even doubt the cxistcsnco of those paizL'd and decaying forms, in the soil beneath, supposing that they -« doconipositioii avI'.cu they disapjicar from the surface, it may ))C well piy something more on this subject. p!:o sjil, of which the analyses are given at par/'-s 75, 7G, and 20;], all pin 'Tganic matters, which, in one, more than equal all the inorganic istances. One of the specimens examined was silt, taken from a point foct bolow the surface, in New Orleans; and Professor lliddel fiuiul, it nearly one fourth consisted of "organized matters, such as the sporules IcOrms of alga;, animalcules, and their ova;" and at the depth of sixteen M:^. '.l-l (I. 1 :'f. 720 Tilt: riMNciPAf, oisnASF.s 01" Tin; [nooK II ■mr ^.'^.- ■it ' a. . Id :Hf '*M .„. ■ ','■<.■ life' :.? vr . h' It*- •!•■''• ■■•■ ■.*''•-• -V. ■•;;., -if. '■.. ■ >•„.'?-.■,■ ■ . («>•'■■■ . ■.,■ . ''. • ...!|. '■■m '.•^' '■♦'•• ,'■: J : ' .Ut.r. ..* ■. 1 ' ' . ■: '^ - i-^; '■■■'■■ i!- ■■/. ... -•■■ ■■■•■,..-, M 1' .1 ^'. -lA,; ,.■■<,;,-- ••'..■ ■•:.. ; ■;■ ■d- i»Jj.i i' 1." I.' J J ■ W- ' < '■ .' • • iliif##li- fa:*v^>; •• ■, r i*2UK.:! ''• ^y. ■■'"-■ •: iii'$j foot, ill piiilciPL' tlio ,cns tallies of that r-ify (/'. 7<'>). wik.c! wns fiiiiiid, wiii-h I' had tlic ti'xtiirc it' cliccsc, wlieii tin; f-|ia(lr pas.sdl tliioii;:li it. 'J'lu' luii' ||| ,,(, time r('i|uirf(l fur tlu! MirtMiHsippi tn ilcpusit tliu nixtoMi tV'ct ol' HMpciincuin. ' bout silt, must liuvo been iiiilftiiiitfl\ Ion;,'. Ajraiii: In partH crdliio, \\1,,.|-,; there is ii dicp diluvial or p<»st -diluvial deposit, v.lieii wells art! A\\>^, pliintH) unkimwii ill tlie iieiL'Idierliodd ol'teii appear npmi tlio cartli uliii h has Imu; thrown out, and doiilttless spriii;.; from seedn, which had lain huried li.r an- iminonsc Icnt'th of time. Infill I'lirtlier: \\ licic the upper cni.-t is poniti(.|.o(i*J of sand, hut produces the kinds of veietatioii that can j^row on smh n -•.,.. face, the deeavin:,^ ort;anie madir is washed into the ^'roiiiid hv niii;., Thus it is (hat the manure' or mold, that is spread on the white sands nl't' > gardens of the navy yard at I'ensaeohi IJay, rapidly disappears. In : ^ way, a spot wdiieh S'jcmhs destitute of (h'ad or'TMuie matter, m:iv I;;i\' i admixture of that eU'inont Itelow the surface. From tliese facts, \vi' :■ warranted in reallirminL'. that the soil and sv.hsoil. of all parts of the In;.:; r Valley, contain or^'aiiie matter, in every sta^'u of decomposition. II. Wo come now to consider the dead and decayiii!,' or^'anic m, f deposited (ill the surfaeo. This does not consist of vogetahle fornix n^ -^ as wo too often suppose, hut likewise of animal. An inspection wii': j naked eye, and still more with t!io microscope, reveals to ns that iniiiiin bio insects, and other minute animals, live and jierlsh amonc; veuct;! 3Iaiiy Irihes, moreover, find tl'.eir su:-lenaiiee and abode in the di;e:i\i remains of plants. iStill further, the surface and sujierilcial pints of tlj ground teem with small i[uailruiieds, reptiles, and worms; while tlio tir,!, of every fallen tree, in a certain stage of its decay, abounds in Vi;rioib ki:;. of grubs or larv;o. From the moldcring remains of trees and other vciv tables, moreover, spring nuishrooms, alira>, lichens, and other cry|itiiL'ii!i;i| plants, which aLxnuid in nitrogen beyoml the higher order of vegetalilis, arj liave, in fact, nearly tlio same eli(>mical elements with animals. TiiijI! wherever there are pools, or swamps, or running streams, there are li in(dusca\ and crustacero, which multi[dy and perish, and whost! 1n.ilic.Mk'; float and dissolve, or .'r^ink to the bottom, or are thrown upon the shun mingled with the remains of land animals and jilants. Thus, a vol ti animal layer overspreads the surface of the country ; and wider tln' v bincd influence of water, heat, and air, when the two former arc in tln'i:.-: proportions, is constantly undergoing decomposition, and originating i.e chemical compounds. III. But the organic covering of the surface is, by no mentis, if same nature in every locality. AVc cannot tell what kind of plant- animals, in past ages, left their remains on what now makes onr siili< but the existing forms arc subjects of observation, and, in tlie invi-!;. which occupies us, should not be entirely overlooked. 1. Tlie trees, in what are called the pine woods of the south, aroi'i resinous, ami abound in hydrogen. Vegetable matters having suclis'. position are little disposed to pass into fermentation, but are decom[i'"i the slow combustion of several of their principles, by the oxygcii'.:: ivrgasci sbijiiiulii ■(. Ti Itntil,?, V ibomid fl'C^ of 5. Th lie nuli iiigredici !30 ];i.st. 0. Xn ;:':aiiiio j'liiast atl -'inio Km ir. l!io . wliito sauils iil'tli^ u.lly (lisuiUK'iivs. Ill t'.iis inic iiKilti'V, lUMV liiivc ;!iu| I'vnm tliesL' i'lU'ts, wo :md of ill! I'iivts of tliu liiUii r| hu'Ciiinio/itinn. I ilci-'iiyiiii; (.v;.'aiiii' maiNfJ (if vcL'i'talilo fiivuis iiifvilv^ 1. An ir,sp>.^ nmttcvs having sw\y^'- tation, but are de<-ouip^;J iciples, by the oxygen l| riiiT 1. INTERIOR V\I,T,F.Y OF NnilTII AMKRICA. 721 ;;nin.s[ilifro ; and if tlio ciri'-ieiit oniiHr> of atitninniil frvir bi' a jraH, formed iariiig tlio fornicntutivo deeoiinKmitiini of nr^'anie mattir, we Imvc horo ono ;s]ilaiiatioM of the comiiarntivo nbHeiico of fliat fever in those woody. '.'. Till' ^f^''-'.riir:i f(ir:i>li-ii, was mentioi:ed; and I bve already conjectured that their falling, wlien dead, iiitu brackish water, :i;iy modify their mode of deenmiiositlon; Imt we may also believe that their lujiiisilion exerts an iidhnnce; and that, on ll;e b\|M.tht.sI.s that the Fever itlio oirs|iring of the di.compi.sition of organie matter, one cause of itd aiilJor prevalenee. at the final tenriinatlon of tlie ^lissL^^sijUii, than along the iaini.' river above, may bo the peculiar eompo.sitidii of its reigning vegetation. A'.'iiin : the vegetation on the grand prairie.s, beyond tlio Missi.^sippi, is ;'jk-lly gramineous, and to this, on the same liyiiot!ie.»-is, we nii'lit, perhaps, 'insistently attribute sonni portion of their exemption from the Fever. :!. The oak tree nbound.s in tanno-gallie acid, and is often the giiverning '.rwin considerable tracts of forest ; wlTn h, I tl ink, are less iiirc:;ttjd with '.i;c Fever than localities having a diversilied, arbcreseent vi'gi'tatiuvi. At all 'vciits the c.nirif/: of such a lorest might be expected t.) all'nrd the element.^ IT gaseous exhalations of a dill'ereut sort from those of pine, or of trees not ibuuiuling in that acid. 4. Tlie leffumhios(r, including all kinds of pnhe, as pea.«i, beans, ami IfiitiU, contain very little pota.-h. silica, or the eaithy phosphates, while they iVmiid in nitro^.^n., and must, therefore, while under decomjiositiun, yield jises of a very different kind from the gramhnur, 5. Tlio extensive natural family of plants called the '•rurifciy.^ enibvacing I'jo riulish, mustard, turnip, and cabbage, contain sulphur and nitrogenized Ibrcdionts, fitting them to give out, in dcconipt sition, gases varying from tie last. C. Not to pursue the subject any furtlier, the fungi, hoJrti, and other cryp- Itogamic plant.s, v,-liich abound in dark and shaded woods, have a composition lahnost animal, and cannot, in tlnm* spontaneous decay, afford results of tho lame kind with plants of a widely ditferent composition.* IV. The facts which have been cited teach us that there is, mingled with lt!w soil or resting upon it, a great amount and endless variety of organic lnjattcr, both animal and vegetable, to the decomposition of which, and to Itiie resulting new compounds, the malarialists look for the efficient cause of Isutnniiud fever. In doing this, a ;?peeial stress may, Avith great propriety, bo liiiil on a few uiujuestionablc facts. r ■ ■M fl i: * Liubig; Cheni. applied to Agricul. and Pliys. W •• • >„■ f + 'til ' » 722 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE [nooK II. 1. That, allotber circumstances being equal, the Fever prevails most whi-re the urganii; matter is most abuudaut, in or resting on the soil. 2. That where the surface is not moist enougli to favor the deconini.sitioii of organic matter, the Fever has but little prevalence. 3. Tliat a temperature of sixty degrees vi Fahrenheit, or above, is necessary to fermentation and putrefaction, and tliat the Fever ceases, in goinf nurtli when we reach a summer temperature l)ehiw that degree. 4. That particular localities have experienced the Fever, in an cpidcniii; form, Avhcn a surface abounding iu organic matter has been newly exposed to the actiuu of the summer sun. f). That under long cultivation, which exhausts the organic matter of the soil, and prevents its aceunudation on the surface, the Fever alninst ceases to appear. \'. These facts undeniably establish a connection between a certain con- dition of the surface and autunnial fever; but they do not prove the exis- tence of malaria, or a gas, whicli is the efficient cause of the Fever, and to this pidnt we must now give attention. 1 . The observed aeriform products of this decomposition are ciu'lionic iici'l, carbonic oxide, carbureted hydrogen, sulphureted hydrogen, and carboiuite of annnonia. Now, there is not a single fact going to show that cither U these gases can produce autumnal fever. On tlic contrarA*, as tlie rcsul; of experience, it nniy be safely anirmed, that they do not; for the c1Te!ts wliii'i follow on exposure to them are of a dilVerent Idnd. Ijut it can be said tliut, in tlie endless variety of new compounds, wdiich i.atiu'C may form out of tliC ultimate elcnienls of plants and aninnds, tlicre may be nur.iy which liave not yet been detected, and tliat .vjme one of these is the efficient cause of the . Fever, and this cannot be denied. Uut we must not forget that it is an 0'J assertion witliout proof — a merj suggested hypothesis — a proposition to i J be proved. 2. Tt is well knov.n to us all, that there are sickly and healthy seasons at the same ])la!;e, and sometimes over large portions of our A'alley, while the ,, | amount of organic matter remains luichanged; and, as yet, it has nut bocul; shown tliat tliis can bo oxjdaiiied It}' a reference to varying degrees of heat |v; and m .isturc, though the subject has not received sufficient attention tu show |i that it cannot. M 3. The Fever occasionally appears in limited localities, from which it isiii*! general entirely afiscnt; tlie surface meanwhile renuiining, to all observatiuii, precisely the same. A, All the known gases are cither simple bodies, as hydrogen and clilorine, t| or binary compounds of two simple elements, as carbonic acid, ammonia, aiiu^ carbureted hydrogen, ami their princi|des arc united iu dcliiiite proportions, giving to each a uniform and peculiar character. If we may dcjtend uii 1 analogy, the assumed undiscovered gas, called malaria, must be of the samoj character; and, therefore, at all tinn'S and places be productive of tl;o saiii''' effects. Now, although autuiiuial fever is a disease of intrinsic unifeimit}', . it shows modi licatious which ha, -e not been cx[dained by the assigumcnt uf A Pr THE [book II. fi MRT I-, LXTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 720 :vor prevails uiot-t where I the soih favur the deconnjnsitiim W :\t, or above, is necessary r d'asos, ill gniiig lua-th, f irce, ) Fever, in an eiiidemii; bas been uewly exposed le organic matter of tlie le Fever almost eeases to II between a certain con- y do not prove tlio exis- use of the Fever, and to lositioii are carljuiiie iici'], bydrogen, and eailior.ute IT to f-how that either (>{ contrary, as the resuli of II it; for the ell'i'its wliit-h 15ut it can be said tliut, turc may <'orni out of tlio ay be many whieh have ; the ellieiont cause of the t not forget that it is au ■ thesis — a propusitioa to ly and liealthy seasons at uf our Valley, while the , as yet, it has nut hoeii ' varying degrees of bciit uilieieiit attention to sliow •alities. from which it is in laiuing, to all observutluii, as hydrogen and chlorine, rljonic acid, ammonia, and i ed ill definite proportions, ^ If we may depend "» | laria, must be of the same | productive of tl'.e sanv' >' ase of intrinsic unitVviiiity. ined bv the assignment li aijJifying causes ; and without such causes, its diversities constitute an objoc- ijjii to the exis'Lence of a single agent of an unchangeable character. On the winde, therefore, I must repeat, that while the conditions under iliieli our autumnal fever appears, are sufficiently clear to observation, the existence uf a special gaseous agent, resulting from them, remains to bo proved. SECTION III. VEGETO-ANLMALCULAR HYPOTHESIS. 1 have united two words to express an hyjiothesis •which ascribes [.ruiiiiial fever to living organic forms, too snuiU to be seen ■with the naked cv: and which may bvlong either to the vegetable or animal kingdom, or y,i';t.i];e of the characters of both. hi tlie year IS'ol, I published in the "Western ^Medical and I'hysieal .Miriial, of wdiich 1 was tiie editor, a series of papers on J^pidemie Clmlera, r.iili were afterward collected and enlarged into a snuill volume; "' in wdiieh iiiuttompt was made to show, that the mode in Avhich that disease sjireads, T>;i5 more fully explained by o to dwell very long upon the subject in this jdace. As ap[ilied to ICpidemie Cholera I regard the hypothesis of animalcules aine \:> no, a- mure P' lusible than that of vciretablo jrerins; but in reference to ■.itumual fever, either may be assumed; and in support of the assumption inncced to make the followinsc observations: T le microsco )o has revealed the existence of a countless variety of jr.'aviic forms, wdiich surr(;niid and jionetrate the biddies of larger animals -il plants, whether living, or dead and decaying, inhabit all wator.s, salt lid fresh, and swarm in the atinosplierc; buoyed up and moving by their ■;wn organs, or sustained by their levity, and wafted al . t by currents of -'■!' The difficulty of detecting them in the ;ttmospherc is greater tlian in ^'filter, or when attached to solid substances; but to my own mind, it seems ^B fi'jliable that they exist in the aerial ocean in greater multitudes than elso- ulior e. For, jlf^l, minute particles of matter, organic and inorgaiiii are liall times floating in that ocean, and may serve as their food or resting pWs; and, second, as the surface of a body becomes greater, in com- 'A Pruclicul Troatisi- on tlic Histcry, Piwaloiicf", niul Treatnieut of Epidemic ''.oka. By Di.niel Drake, IM. 1). Ciac'innati: 1^'3^. Pp. ISO. , ■ Il .\ ■ . "1 - ','{' • :> ;..! 7-24 THE PRINCirAL DISEASES OF THE [book u. ', >< :?ir^'!S-..':.^ '"1 ■' "-i •• •• ■!■■ v.; i k V.V V. -.f •' / '.i ; *:-.-liV.iri' '"•^1 ii'- •.A ■>' ■ ■' V' -•■■,■ .■• .■ 'J ■'»' ' si' ''^'■■'''' **t •■'•'" .'* f tr.'.r «.iiF„#.». .,», ,. . v^rt. :>^i-v parison \vit1i its woiglit, tlio iiinro it. is rccliicccl in sizo, it follows tl.at living organic forms, both animal and vegctaLlo, may be of snoli si;:o, as to flnat perniaiK'ntly in tlic air. Tlie power of ropioiluctidn, possessed Ly the-c niicrusciipic croatures, is still more wo;: ''rial than tlioir minuteness. It exceeds, indcfiiiitoly, all examples presei ed by the visible orcrauic kir.'filoiii* where, hnwevcr, we see the ^overiuneiit f the same law, fur, in liotli plants and animals, tlie small multiply nmrc r;ii»iilly than (he large, lu csii.tcm- plating the invisible living wii.ld, in which the visible is, as it v.ere. immersed, the mind beeomes bewildered, as in meditating on tlie ialiiiiio. and rc((r,ii'es to fall back upon olivinus faets. Nnw one of these "acts j.- that v>linle roek formations, of great thickness and extent, have I'.eon f unil, under the microscope, to be composed entirely' of the silicious shells er coverings of animalcules. In such beings, tlio increase seems to be mere!,- by secretion from, or division of the ])arent body. '2. Amr.ug visilde ])lants and aniniah'. there are species that form no poison, and eithers which secrete that, which apjilieel to, (jr insertes iiml t, as tluit wlili-li i!ilial)i*.< , is known under tlio iiavue lames the shin ; while tlu; s toxicodendron, aiul ihj diar diseases. It seems animals and jihuits, die a-or beings, dilVeriiig from d complexity of orgai'.i- y species of this minute exert upon our systems ;i ;\neo with what we kiiu'sv ilc others are delcteri-ius. ,c fact, th.it nearly nil tl-.e ud, grow in the snutiiern 10 microscopic bciiigs ni j;her. latitudes. N"\v '" i^ inal fever has its greatest pert of those animal xvl n by the unassisted c\v; necessary for the tiilKS y, as the rolift:rtr\ that '.1 be revived many years • have seen that, in tl;o >vails, the Fever is almon lency and violence, otlirr ;e humidity. ■e 'e\ FiRT I., INTEUrOR VALI-EY OF NORTH AMERICA. 72.3 4. A high temperature is favorable to the development of animal and vc'etable life. In the snutlieni [ arts of the A'alley, animal f ^rnis, especially ,ft!ie lower order, are greatly multiplied, and vegetation is luxuriant. If •his be true of the visible, why may we not conclude that it is equally true ufthe invisilde. Now, it is precisely iu those regions, tlnit tiie Fever, otlier lireumstanccs being cfjual, disjdays its greatest prevalence and malignity. Wiiou we loidc to the nortli, wc find that, after reaching the parallel wliicli ias r.n isotheral curve of sixty degrees Fahreiiheit, the amount of visible ii^anic life is much diminished, and continues rapidly to decrease ; we may tiiorcfure presume, that the same is true of microscopic plants and animals. !l;;t Avo have already seen, that where the summer temperature fulls belov/ ■ixty degrees Fahrenheit, autumnal fever is unknown. 5. In the visible orgaiue world, v,-e find animals subsisting on plants, or ■n other animals that have fed on vegetables. Again : tlie decompusing rmalus of one generation of plants, favors the growth if another; and tluis ;'ie s .lil gradually ae([uires the abilit} to bring forth a nu)rc luxuriant croj). Organic matter is, tlicn, the pro[)er, though not sole nutriment of organized kings. Fuch being the law, we uiay presume that, ccrtcrls paribus, where Ji-ail organic matter is most abundant, microscopic tribes will be most mul- liilied. It is a familiar fact, that such matter abounds, througli almost ■ very stage of its decomposition, iu visible beings, which subsist upou it. Thus flesh has the larva; of the green and many other flies; rotten wood its ;rulis; vinegar, as the result of decomposition, its eels — sometimes visible tjtlio naked eye; cheese its visible and invisible iidiabitants; and bread its Bold, a cryptogamic plant. Finally, all vegetal le infusions, when exposed t') tlie air, have their infusoria. It is impossible, then, to doubt, that myriads of microscoi)ie beings swarm around, and cuter the interstices of all Jcad orfjanic matter ; and thus avc have reason for believin"-, that thev frcvail most, where such matter is most abundant ; and it is iu the same localities, other circumstances being ei^ual, that we find the greatest frevalence of the Fever. 0. By the vegcto-auiraalcular hypothesis, we can explain the concentrated ['Tcvalcnco of the Fovor in certain places, as rationally as by the malarial Dvpothesis. Thus, its virulent reign at the head of Pensacola Bay, where tliore are extensive deposhs of river alluvion, maybe referred to the multi- flication of animalcules or germs, where they find abundance of iu.itrimcnt[; and in the case of the exposure of the face of a deep stratum of silt by tlie removal of a mill-dam on Cedar Creek (p. 717), we have only to suppose, tliat tliey immediately began to multiply upon the denuded surface. 7. It has, often, been observed, that the Fever has suddenly 'icreascd ifter rain ; and this miglit have arisen from the resuscitation o. organic torra.s rendered torpid by previous drought. S. It may bo, that cold produces a state of suspended animation in these »sin many larger animals, and in luuuerous plants; and that the first warm ifoather of spring revives and sets them to muhiplying; M"hen they generate, ivliat are called vernal intermittcnts (or at least, a part of such cases); the ^m I, »' . t 1 1 I Hi h ^1 :} n' ■ * '■i r.** * ■/ li •*' ' ■ ■" I ' i < a III' ?1f '•if "' ^"' i*«f JsJii T2G THE niiNcirAL diseases of the [book II. origin f^f •R-liieh cannot bo rationally ascribed to malaria develuptHl nt t' 'it time. 0. IMicroscojilc ubscrvatinn and analo;^}- render it probaljlo, tluit in tlic iiivisildo, as wuU as tho visible jirovince of the organic kiii^i^dmi. there aro distinct fapecies, which constitute, by their uni, that these various active principles in each group, are in general analogous, but not identical: v>diethcr we examine them by tlieir sensible properties, witli chemical reagents, or observe their effects upon t'le living body. Now, nniy it not be, that two distinct species of the same natural order of microscopic beings, may produce rjitunnud fever? ]\Iiiv not one be tlio cause of iutcnaittents — tlie other of remittents? nmy not both act on tlie system at the same time? and may we not thus explain di- versities, whi(di aro inexplicable on the malarial hypotiiesis? Every practi- cal physician knows, that while tlie juice of a variety of plants will pi( diiie the patholngical condition called narcotism, tlie .symptoms of that state, wbrn induced by dilTerent agents, differ as widely from each other, as the symp- toms of the different forms of autumnal fever. 10. In discussing the metcorio hypothesis, it was .'=aid, that the pat'io- logical effects of a certain condition of the principles of the atmospl:cre, arj always immediate; and it might have been remarked, when treating of t!io malarial hypothcsi.s, that as far as we know, the cflects of gases are likewise immediate; but we arc certain that autumnal fever often begins many dny?, and even weeks or months, after an exposure to its remote cause. Now ; we know, as a general fact, tliat many animal poisons do not develop "^ their effects, till after tho lapse of a greater or less length of time Tim?. two weeks may elapse before small pox will appear, after exposure; and two years have passed away, before hydrophobia ha.s followed on the bite of a | mad dog. On this point, then, the vegeto-animalcular hypothesis, lia.s an advantage over both the others. 11. It has been already stated, that autumnal fever prevails very une- qually in different years; and 'hat, in the same locality, it may, ia o!i'? J autumn, bo malignant and e[iidemie, and in another, mild and sporadic. This can, perhaps, be better explained on the hypothesis we arc now Jisou.-- sing, than on either of tliL- others; for we know, that throughout the visiMc organic domain, reprodm.'tion is by no means uniform. A year of great, abundance, may be followed by one unproductive, in the vegetable kiii^'- 1 dom; and in tho animal, one summer and autumn will be infested by iiii^cctSi far beyond another. It has often happened, that rnusquitocs havcliei"il alisent, from the banks of tho middle portion of the Ohio river, for a year. and in tho next appeared in immense numbers. We have but to suppose i I liun I :rif.s 111 _'ir;itiv( nc'CP.'sf I "''t dfsi From :^t.;ry -siaialc tadie. =a:!y ad IV. fr,i:n,- 'I'tlie (•' I •■' 'li>eu,' -fivietio ■'.'iiollrirs "■•ich I ha i!iiost irrt ■liiers into i:' H| HE [book II. TAST I.. INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. r27 laria (levdopoi.1 nt tint ; liro^uljlo, that iu tlic i mio kiii^^il'iiii, tlu'vo arc ! .tural families or cvdi'V*. rgor plants ami aniiiKil?, lltios, as well as in tlicir ; vai'iiius Icinds of niik; ^tic oil, tlic popiipnm;:t, , tlic clifFevent species of re assomblago of plants. ' s in each group, are in examine tlunn l)y tlioir serve tlicir effeots upon ■ tinet species of tlic sar.ie autumnal fever? May : of remittents": mny ii'.: r wo not thus explain di- potiicsis'? Every pra.ti- L'ty of plants will pvediuc ,ptoms of that state, wlirn eaeh other, as the syrap- :as r-alil, that the pat^io- les of the atmospV.cre, ar.^ ■hcd, when treating if tli" focts of gases are likcvijc r ol'tPTi i.>ogii;s many dny?, ^ its vomotc cause. Now ^ poisons do not clcvclup s length of time Tim?, after exposure; and two fallowed on the bite of a aleular hypothesis, has an fever prevails very imr- ; locality, it may, iu n-.v: ther, uiihl and sporadic ithesis we are now diseu?- .at throughout the visH'C, iniform. A jc-iv '^f .f ^^ ; ■e, in the vegotahlo kun'- ' will he infested by insects j ,at musquitoes Imvc k'on the Ohio river, for a year,' We have hut to suppose) jpjoet forms of a parallel size, to live under corresponding laws, and the liy- fiithesia now before u.s, Gfror.s an explanation of sickly and healthy seasons. li. It is well known that the long-coiitiiuied cultivation of the soil, and lie building of towns and cities, diminishes the prevalc'ice of the Fever. Wtliis cultivation implies the c^rying up of a great deal of surface water; t'no burning up of the natural vegetation, and tbe gradual deconi|'iisition of aat wbieh has been mingled with the soil. Sunnncr crops, as tbo.'-e of wheat iwl bay, arc also removed, and not suffered like the natural herbage to accu- iiulate on the surface; and those of autunni are either remijved, or in the coiirse of the winter consunud, to prepare the fields for new planting, Tbiis the food of microscopic beings is destroyed, and their reproduction irrcsted. ]:}. AVe are familiar with the fact that many persons nevev sicken with s'ltuumal fever, while others around them will have repeated attacks. This i; ascribed to difference of susceptibility, and of exposure to ex(itini>; causes. J'jeli ascription is no doubt correct; but tiic vegeto-animalcular hypothesis fjirs, from ann.logy, an additional explanatinn. It is well known that cer- tain visible insects prey on .some individuals much ni^re tliau others — seenr :i be attracted by one and repelled by another — and we have but to grant In tbe invisible the siinio tastes and instincts, to luiderstand that some rcvsnns may always draw swarms around thcni, while otliers escape ^Ir t|irodations. 14. People who inhabit houses built on the liills adjoining valleys, are said :'«ulTer more than those who reside below. Now every breeze niay^ waft and '. l.'C in sucli habitations the microscopic beings which nuiltiply in the rich :. Ibuniid valley-soil. It has also been observed, that a grove of forest ::'.cs l)etwcen an inhabited house, and what is called a sickly spot, gives com- [arativc immunity from the Fovcr; and may not the leaves of such trees as fvcpssfnily arrest animalcules, or vegetable germs, as tliey can absorb a sras ■.t di'signed for their nourishment ? From what has been said, it appears obviously, I think, that the etiological I'-t'iry of autumnal fever, can be more successfully explained by the vcgeto- ^'iiiialeular h^'pothesis, than the malarial. But both, in the present state of :irknii\vledgo, must stand as vicrc Jnip'^thcfes. Neither can claim the rank :'atl!cory; nor will it be entitled to the confidence of the I'rofession until Miiy additional facts are brought to its support.* IV. Yat.i:k of tiir Discovery of the efficient cause of Autimxal n:M:n. — I cannot, a priori, attach much practical importance to a disco cry ■'the ffficjit cause of autumnal fever; and have devoted several pages to ■'s discussion, from deference to my brethren, much more than from my own i'nviction, of the value of the discovery to which so many mind.^ arc directed. 'Wlion this articlo was about to be sfut to the prcsf:, a friend iiandcd mo Professor piilclifU's Lectures on the '^ CniptO(i(imoiis or'vjin of Malnrinns and Jyiilmiir Ffvcrs,'^ 'iiicli I had not before seen. Tlio array of facts luado by the learned autiior, seeing iiii'jst irre.sistible; and, from his (listin^iiished reputation, it will, no doubt, lead ui'.uy tilers into new courses of observation and exi)eriineut. !■' ij' mmm v' ■' « 4 I ; * ^1- "V?..»j V f ' iKjiiliThi* ,'* *r V r28 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE [book II. Did w'c know tlio iinrlii/ular meteoric coinlltion, the gas, or tlic orr'aniziii niIt'ro«ciipi(; species avIucu iiroducds tho Fever, v;q sliould nut prul.ulU ho able to defend ouiso'.vcs agiiinsfc it, liy any precautions, Lut those wliidi i experience has already c,-;tabli,slied ; nor should wo be able to destroy thf cilieient cause, v.'itbout anniliilatiii^' tlic conditioi:sund(!r wliiehJt is fi-encratcii. I Those conditions are already well known. The individual exposed to llicu: * is liable tu an attack — he who keeps away remains exempt. The people of '■ the country escape the vesicular eruption produced bv the rlun (■ixicudcndi'ii. or the /7i '•; vcniix, by kec[iing beyond the sphere of exhalation. TIic-, know not'ing of the nature of the poi.sonous emanation, ar.d yet their mcaiis of j)r(itection arc as jterfect, as those of the chtnihst would be, who )iii:;-!i; analyze the pui.jin and glvo it an appropriate name. Nor is it pvohaliL' tliat the discovery of the efiicicnt cause would throw any liglit upmi t:,e treatment. It was jiot a knowledge of its caus„ that taught us the culn treatment of small pox; — wo know the cause of hydrophobia and vt: cannot euro it; — wo do not know the cause of goitre, but have discovered that iodine is an oflieiout remedy. Ignorant, however, as we arc of any definite, efficient cause for autumi,;i; fcvpr, I ain a full believer in its existence, and shall speak of it as a spciiai- agent, known only by its eiiects on the living body. These effects coustltiitjf^ the disease we have been studying in its etiology; and are now to contem-^i plate in its S3'mptomatology, pathology, and tlurapeutics. In procecdiug tol| do this, the first inrpiiry naturally is, into the manner in which the a.-.^uiiiL 1 :.\'! agent makes its impress on the system. In duing this, I wish it understo'jd. ' that if I shoidd, at any time, use the Vv'ord malaria, it is merely to dcjigiiato the remote cause, whatever it may bo. m K » 1 •■ * H "1 \ \. IJr \T>: ,^' %nk B.- I ' 'mm. I CHAPTER III. MODE OF ACTION AND FIRST EFFECTS OF THE REMOTEJ CAUSE OF AUTUMNAL FEVER. SECTION I. APPLICATION OF THE POISON. Assuminp; the existence of a poison concealed in the atmosphere, wc nrfl led to inquire on what surfaces it makes its primary impression. I. Action on tiik Skin. — Se veral known gases act with such energy <:aj the cutaneous surface, that when they are applied, for soknc time, they pr) . \ 1' f H THE [book It. »RT I.J INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. r2!) gas, or tlic orfiunizLMl should not ]iri)liully lit itiuns, but tlio^f wliieli Ije able to destroy the lev ^vlucli it is generated, ividual exposed to tliem exempt. Tie people of .)V tlie rhir:l'Jxicuik)iili'on •0 of exluiUition. Tuc;, ■. tion, nr.A yet tlieir meuns t ,st would bo, wlio mijibt , mc. Nor is it pvobalile brow any ligbt upon the that taugbt us the culd of bydropliobia and yet m litre, but have discovcrcil ficicnt cause fov aulumiiai lU speuli of it as a spci;i:io - r. These efl'ects constitute ■ ; and arc now to contom- ;peutic3. In proceediugt. nncr in whieh the arsuiULi; i this, I wish it undcrstooiV ia, it is merely to deiigua'.o ts of the remoti Ifever. POISON. 11 in the atmnsphcve. wc nr juary impression. ases act with such energy raj [icd, for soiuc time, they p- laoo decided effects.'*' IJut can this be afiirnied of the cause of autumnal lixn'i Does it modify the vital properties, and pervert the functions of the :tia; and, through sympatliy, the organism generally'.'' Does it penetrate ■iat -iitcgumont 'ind mingle witli the blo(jd'/ There are facts which seem to iror an athrniative answer, to at least one of these questions. First. Ex- jisiire of the surface of the body io the night air, in early autunin, is often :iowed by an attaclc of the Fever. Sc-oml. Tlie functions of tlio .skin, itli perspiratory and caloriflc, are signally impaired in the forming stages of ;m Fever. In opposition to the first of these facts, it is well known that a :(arty meal, a debauch with wine or whisky, tlie action of a hot sun, or the ilent operation of a cathartic, when the Fever is epidemic, may invito an i;;ack; and the exposure of the body at niii-ht, may, like them, bo only an Si'itina: cause. In opposition to tlio second I may say, that the other nactions of the body are impaired, as early and extensively, as tliose of the ilia. Proof is wanting, then, that the remote cause acts upon or penetrates ;:eskin, to the production of this fever, thougli the opposite cannot, in the mmt state of our knowledge, be cstablLsIied. II, Action on the Stomach and Bov.ixs. — The remote cause has kn supposed to exert its primary influence on the gastro-intestinal mucous anibrano, or to enter the circulation through that surface. The facts in ii'Mt of tins opinion are: First. The eurly derangement of the functions :tlie stomach, liver, and bowels, evinced by loss of appetite, nausea, srcascd or suppressed secretion of bile, and constipation, or diarrhoea. k-'iil The actual development, in many cases, of gastro-enteritis. Third. ;e alleged necessity of admitting the latter condition, as re(iui,sito to the iluction of the Fever. But these facts arc inconclusive, and tlie objections to the hypothesis many. Jt'jo first place, as I have said of the lesion of the functions of the skin, •be of the digestive organs have no priority over lesions of other functions. ■'I'Jsciilar langor, impaired perspiration, diminished heat, heaviness of the »3. reduced activity of the mind, and pain in the back, or several of these Snptoms, are as early in their appearance as the disorders of the digestive -cms — sometimes earlier ; for every physician has met with cases, in the i-aiing stage of the Fever, in which he found it necessary to prohibit the 3'ient from eating. In the second place, both the symptoms and the ppirod treatment of numerous cases, show that gastro-enteritis is not pKent. Indeed, splenitis is oftener present than mucous inilamniation, and ?ititis is by no means uncommon ; but the cause of the I'ovor cannot pAcitlier of those organs without penetrating others. And if they can mo inflamed, without being directly acted on by the poison, the existence i' ?istro-enteritis is no evidence, tln^t it has made its lirst impression on the JBaeh and duodenum. In the third place, the influence of a hearty meal ■leases in which the appetite has not been destroyed), in exciting the *''er, and even developing gastritis, does not prove that the cause had 'Elwi^rds on Physical Agents. 47 Mullor's Physiology. Christisoa on Poisons. -( "" ■ 'ti, I •>■ H. ! !.'. , . -,..-V •■•'."' '' '■>■ }'■<■■%.. a^'&o*^'- [.wn ^ij.-V ■■■■ '''^''.^t ;■' ■»S'«JRH') f.'.. .■ , .- .^>■ .■w-*, ■;-)f.- (!■.'. 730 THE TRIXCIPAL DISEASES OF THE [book II actoil on tlio stoniacli ; for il' the organism at largo liad fi'lt its iiiflnciifol througli wliatcvor clianiiol, and tho stuniacli liatl then been irritatuil liy a- niCcil, which it could not digest, tho syniiiathctic relations between it aiidl' tliL wliole system niiglit, at once, arouse inflammation in tho ionuer, ani^ fever in the latter. In addition to tlieso olijectioiis it may, in tliu Jouri, place, be asked how an agent so subtle, as to have hitherto escajjcd detuftionj con (ind its way into the stomacli, in such quantities as to [irove injuriniH, cither by its action on the mucous membrane or its passage into tlic bluui!? It could only reach there, by being mingled with our fuod and water; wliirh for aught we know to tho contrary, may be the case, but I know not of a single fact in suppurt of this opinion. III. Action ox the Luxas. — If the cause of autumnal fever be niiiii.'lc(l( with the atmosphere, it must be received into tlic lungs ; for universal c.xpo-< ricnec shows that it is not one of those gases whicli provoke a closure of tlirf glottis, and tliereby oceasiuu its own exclusion. Does it, then, make it| primary, morbific impression on the ])ulmonary mucous membrane'.' In ,nip* piirt uf tlie afhrmative of this question, it inay be stated, Firsl. Tluit the area of that membrane is suihcient to admit of an extensive contact of ti;9 aerial poison. Second. That its susceptibility to the action of gases is faf greater, than that of the skin or ga;-tro-enteric membrane; and, therefi oroi as compared with them, it is more likely to be tho surface on which acriforni poisons make their primary impression. It may bo objected to this hypot!!* csis, however, that tho function of respiration is less impaired in the eavlj^ stages of this fever, than most of the other great functions, and tlial bronchitis is but seldom developed. Tho former is entitled to consideratiii^ but the latter is not, inasmuch as all morbific agents do not necessarily cxcitij inflammation in tlie parts upon which they act ; and, it has not yet bocj; shown, that the cause of autunmal fever is one of those which do. Xovtri. theless, I cannot regard the opinion that autumnal fever has a pulmonarj|| origin, as anything more than a hypothesis. As nitrogen, oxygen, and Sijiii(fe| other gases have been found to enter the circulation through the skin, it possible that the cause of this fever may be introduced in the same m^ Should it be introduced into the stomach and bowels, it might thence inle the blood, as there is reason to believe that certain gases do.* But pa?-iii| by these surfaces, as altogether subordinate, we may turn to the pulmoiiaij as that through which most gases pass into the circulation. Of the rcalitj of this absorption, no pliysiologist can entertain a doubt. In fact, it socii to be almost as much a function of the pulmonary membrane, to absorb cor tain gases and odors, as it is of tho gastro-enteric, to absorb liquids. Tli Dr. Edwardst has demonstrated tho absorption of oxygen, azot, hydrogen and aqueous vapor, by the lungs. Others have confirmed his observations, anj rendered the absorption of other gases highly probable ; finally, all the woili is familiar with the fact, that a great variety of odorous exhalations arc lika wise absorbed — often rapidly and copiously. Such being the penetralilitj :;:vita ■vaction ::rii)g i'(T of 1 ■''.n arrc ^■3 aljsoi ^tliat iireadj ■3 aiiiou; e;e vic^ -:'jt3 CO nlicyb •cap f libera insen tmic \v-. »Christison, pago 6D8. tEdwards oa Phys. Agents. 1:'^ I If THE [book II \ HRT I', INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 731 (TO bad folt its infliicncow iheu been irrilatLd liy a| relations ljct\vocu it am] atioii in tlio former, andf ions it may, in tlie Jourlh^ hitlicvtu cseaiiod detoftion,! OS as to prove injuviMiH,. a passage into the Wood?' ur food and water ; wlii'li, ;asc, l)ut I know not of a autumnal fever be mingkjt' lungs ; for universal expc^ ell provoke a closure of 'M I)ocs it, tlien, niako it», ucous membrane'; In Mip< be stated, First. That tin uu extensive contact of t!:^ the action of gases is fui membrane; and, tburi'fnroj 10 surface on wliicb aorilorni • be objected to tliis liypoth* s less impaired in tlie earljl groat functions, and dial r is entitled to considcrati^.nj'^ outs do not necessarily cxcitil t; and, it lias not yet bceip of tboso wbicli do. Xovtrfel nnal icvcr lias a pulmonari 5 nitrogen, oxygen, and simi| ation tbrougli tlie skin, it i| ntroduccd in tlie same ot ,owels, it might thence unt ain gases do.* But pa?.in may turn to the pulmoiuiv eirculation. Of the roalit a doubt. In fact, it sec .•y membrane, to absorb coi Ac, to absorb liciuids. Tli' n of oxygen, azot, hydros confirmed bis observations, ani .■obablc; finally, all the ^^•oli| odorous exhalations arc likr Such being the penctralilit, ar 'die pulmonary membrane, there is no anatomical or jihysiidogicnl objcc- ifl to the theory, of the passage of the effieiont cause of autunnial fever, yuugh that tissue into the blood; still this does not prove that it is ;'';jrlied — only that it may bo. IJut are there no procjfs of the fact? I how of none, wliicli do more than render it jirobablo. First. "\Vc have m. that there is no evidence, tliat the morbiGc impression of this cause xa •.i.lc on the skin or mucous membranes with which it is in contact ; and yet > action on the system is a reality, hence we may conclude that it penetrates riugh some surface to tho blood. Srcnml. As various gases, vapors, and ': rs penetrate the thin parictes of the vessels of tin; pxdnionary niombrano, - may conclude, from analogy, that the efficient cause of this fever may do isanic. Third. Dr. Stevens has shown that, in the endemic fevers of the I'lst Indies, tho blood suffers deterioration before the phenomena of fever .iTo manifested themselves in the 'unctions of tho solids. Fourth. Tlio .iivirsality of functional lesion, and, in most cases, its eipality among the ilimnt organs, in other words, the involvement of the constitution would siu to indicate, that the remote cause has acted throughout tlio whole ::;uii.sin at the same time. Fifth. A prominent and most dangerous condition :ar;tumnal fever, is the impaired state of tlie calorific function, found in its ijiii'Kt degree in algid interniittents. As the blood, evidenlly, plays an im- ;:rtant part in this function, may wo not conclude that in these remarkalde HS, it has undergone a change in its composition or constitution, which ifits it for the development fif calorie? AVliatevcr may bo the agency of ::e iicvvous system in this function, it is undeniable that t!ie blood is immc- iiatd) and deeply concerned ; and, highly probable, that its agency is gilding to chemical princiides. Should it then be altered in its constit- Hit?, or their mode of union, an alteration in its calorific agency would bo citable. It must not bo forgotten, however, that in the stage of febrile ::iction there is increased heat. Nevertheless, there are cases in wliicli, i'Jting that stage, the extremities continue cold. Sixth. An argument in 'm of this hypothesis may, perhaps, bo found in the well-known fact that a r.ppression of perspiration, by lodging in tho open air, tends to excite the ■t;.se, and that a copious perspiration, effected by art in the f jrming stages, :':i.n arrests it. While the function of perspiration continues active, tho poi- a absorbed by the lungs may pass off through the skin ; but being arrested : tliat exit, may, by its accun\ulation, prov3 mischievous, and when it lias liteady begun to do barm, a copious sweat may relieve the system of such a amount, that fever may be averted. Seventh. Nearly connected with iese views, and tending to the same point, is the fact, that as long as the j'jlits continue warm, the disease docs not become epidemic ; but as soon btlicy become so cool as to check the functions of the skin, by diminishing j-^ capillary circulation, and surrounding it with a damp atmosphere, from pliberation, by the reduction of temperature, of a portion of vapor which N insensible at a higher degree of atmospheric heat, the Fever assumes an r-lemic character. . f :U \ I M.i - 'ij. Phys. Agents. 'fmt 1 1* <''•■ hwrJi V- .■ r ■■•■ ' ' '>'•'• '.",■".'•••■. ., W"J< Hi,' S ■ - V ■) '"'.'■ • ■' ' ■ f ■ . . . .' ■*.•■'.. i M,'M •.■■:■. .<-. .■ V,. ^ '^Jlij, ■i: 782 THE rULN'CII'AF, DISKASESor THE [book II. I SECTION II. MODE OE ACTION. Supposing tlio ngont wliicli prodiu'cs the Fever introduced into tlio lili i4 tlirougli tlie luii^s, what may bo ita niudo of action".'' Kxpi'vinicnts ],j various pli ysiologista and clieinists * have sliown, tliut in ret'oreni'u tu tlnir effects upon the living body when inspired, tlio known gases may be diviilcj into the inert, the irritant, iirid tlic narcotic. Of tlie lir.st class, are u/ ,i and hydrogen, which prove injurious entirely or chiefly by excluding atim s- jdicric air. To the second chuss beluiig nitric oxide gas, nitrous acid ViiiH-r, muriatic acid gas, elduriiic, sulphurous acid, and ammonia; all of wliiilj irritate in a sensible manner, or inflame the aerial passages, and sunio of which, in a very dilute state, if inhaled for a considerable time, jiruva narcotic. Im the third group arc comprehended sulphurcted hydiogui, carbureted hydrogen, carbonic acid, carbonic uxide, nitrous oxide, cyaiKp^ui, oxvgcn, ether, and chloroform, in which the narcotic greatly prcd(miiaatc|i over the irritating property. Judging by its first effects, as found in the early stages of autiiiiir.: fever, to wliifh of these classes should we refer tlio cause of that ftvcr! Not to the inert, which destroy life simply by excluding the atniospluro, fji it causes no such exclusion ; not to the exclusively irritant, for, as wc liav| .reen, thoy inflame tlic respiratory membrane; nut to the entirely narrotiau for somnolency is not a prominent symptom of the early stage of tliat luvei^! Eelying on its effects, to guide us in an estimate of its character, )vc iii;ij^ say, that the efficient cause of this fever is a peculiar poison, of a sedativil and irritating quality, somewhat like the narcotieo-irritating gases, ofi certain solid and fluid bodies, which, in large doses, destioy life .''luldenlvi by reducing power, and in smaller portions, weaken while they pervert functions. Asiuvung this, let us inquire concerning its action, first on tli blood, and secondly on the solids. 1. In reference to the blood, we can only regard this agent as sonictliin absorbed and mingled with it : a foreign substance united with tlic wate in which tlie saline and animal ingredients are dissolved' or suspended, its effects on these, or the manner in which they arc prciuccd, wc arc prd foundly ignorant. Still, as the introduction of a foreign ingredient, iiitoj fluid so compounded, cannot be made without disturbing the equilibrium i its affinities, and changing its isometric character, we are bound to admit j deteriorated condition of that fluid, if the absorption be a reality. Fr' the physiological relations between the blood and the containing solid*, frol the moment this condition is established, the action of the former upon tl; latter, must be different from what it is in health ; and the change, howerl brought about, is to disease. The influence of such a blood ou the nervoij system, and all the organs ot secretion, not less than on the heart aa vessels, being different from what that influence is, when the blood is in i *Christison, d. 069. i.iti-:v, If; I THE [DOOK II. 'llT l.J INTERIOR VAIJ.KY OV NORTH AMKRICA. 733 iiitroiluccti into tlic lldod: iicliun'.' Kxiii'viniLMits liy , tluit in ri't'orciu'e to tlnir own gases may l»o divided:, If the lirst class, arc azo^ ■liieily by exduiling ntiiins- ide gas, nitrous acid viii"ir, il aiuuioiiia; all of vVk\t rial passages, and sumo uf V consideraUc tlmi\ icnvs led suli>lmrotcd liydvogciv do, nitrous oxido, cyain.-tn, rcotio greatly prcdou\iuate^ e early stages of autuiiira or tlio cause of that I'tvcrt xoluding the atmosi>liiTO, fjy ,'oly irritant, for, as \ve liavH uot to the entirely narcoti(^ the early stage of that kv4| ate of its character, wc inujl eculiar poison, of a scdativlf arcotico-irritating gases, o| doses, destxoy life f^iuldenlj^ akcu while they pervert till ierning its action, first on tlif gard this agent as somctliiii tance united with tlic watcj dissolved or suspcnOcd. ' ey arc prc-aiced, wc arc pro f a foreign ingredient, iutol disturbing the equilibrium iter, we are bound to admit | sorption be a reaUty. I-i^ nd the containing soUd?, N action of the former upon tl^ Ith; and the change, hom>v^ f such a blood ou the nervoil less than on the heart n fee is, when the blood ism ;rnial condition, the functions j)crfornicd by those ^'rcat .structures, are ycessarlly altered; and hero niay bo the origin, in part, of the first ;:ni[iti)nia of the fevers we are considering. •J, Hut the nirent which has jKissed into the blood, may retain it.-s integ» •■;;v, and jiroduco cffocts peculiar to itself, by acting on the parts with dch it is brought into contact. Thcso are the entire internal surface of :■.> art'.'rios, veins, and heart. That this surface is of vast extent, wo are ■milt by anatomy ; and that its arterial portion, at least, is extpiisitely ;> to the impress of foreign matter, has been equally demiiustnited by IP rimental iilivsinloffy. That the Iieart is cndnwed with a hi;;!! dc;:rce of :-:;;ilii!ity, was shown lung since by llallcr; and tliat it p'issesbcs iierve.^, :i< been proved by Scarpa. That the smaller arteries and eai)illaries are ,'v',viso endowi.'il with nerves, has been demonstrated by Lueae; '■ that they ;■ t'lo seats of the liveliest seiksihility, is obvinus to every observer; and ;;,ttlie nervous system exercises over their eircidatory and secretory I'unc- \:,u-, a constant and decided iiiiliicnce, has been cstabli^'ied by the iperimcnts of 8ir Wilson Pliil'p and others; if, indeed, it has not forced yf upon the attention of every obseiving physician, in the modifii-ations ::5ecrction and calorification, whi'-h result fnim varying states of the inner- itiiiii. Such is the surface with which the absorI)ed and undecompDsed : i-oii is brought in contact. A surfiie'c not jirotectcd, like the shin, with ;:!ii'le; not limited to a group of organs, and defended with mucus, liko ■.lo pulmonary or gastro-intestinal membrane; but undefended; more exten- sTo than the whole of those taken together; found in every organ of the ; k, and most developed in tlioso which perform the most vital functions. !. If wo concede to the cause of autumnal fever, a peculiar nai'cotico- .litating quality, its necessary efi'ects, in such a mode of apjdication, will be :::!0 wliich constitute the first stage? of that fever — reducti',n of vital aijy, obtuseness of sensibility, suspended or perverted secretion, and ijniuished calorification ; and from an eiptal necessity, they will be felt in all sarts of the boil}', because the agent which produces them travels with the MJation. Wc may assure ourselves, that its first effects will not bo rcase, hut depression of excitement, by referring to the constitutional limKQ of foreign matters, liquid or gaseous, when introduced into one of lie serous membranes (as th^ peritoneum, for example), which are always is^o nf depression as well as irritation. If we suppose such matters to bo smaltancously introduced into all the serous sacks of the body, we sliould spect immediate reduction of the vital powers, and early deati. , though we •iii conceive of the quantity being so small, that the system would react, i-J fever and inflammatiou ensue. I can see no logical objection to this ualogy. h It' WC combine these effects, with those supposed to be produced by 'faltered state of the blood, and witli the whole, those which must necessa- '.^and immediately result to that fluid, from the reactive intiuence of the *Boclard's Anat. Gen. ■if. l- I .,iv: mi Tin; riilNCIPAL IJISKASES OF THt: [■OOK ll. ; (liseasiMl hulMs, wc liuvo befon! us tliu patli iligical stato wliicli constitutes the linst fflVct of the roiiiutu causo, uiid tlic lir^t st;igu of tlic IVvii" a alato wliicli tin; liyputlii'sis (for it cannot Ijc roj^'ardt-d as an ostalili.ilnil theory) set'iiis atlo(iuuttly to oxidain ; and, liy cxi)laiidii<^, to coninifiid iisdf to our eonsidi'vatioii and confidonee. Having now Ufeoni[ili.shcd the objuct prnposctl in this clia[itui'. lot us jn'occod to iu'iuiro into the duvchiimiunt ifl the lA.'vor. .'..• Ill^ '■■■■: »> '." LvI't JT*^ "A' 1 CHAPTER IV. VAIUKTIKS AND rEVELOl'.MENT OF AUTUMNAL FEVEI!, SECTION I. V A R i E T I E f^ . The first eflects, or morbid impressions, produced by the remote cause i)f our autumnal fever, arc so nearly the sane, wliatover may be the subfctjutut typo, tliat in many, indeed, in most cases, that type cannot be seen tiii(nn.'lf them. In their incipient stages, the difTeront forms of this fever are uut, ia general, to oe distiognislied; but as thoy advance, a difference in tyjio iii;ni« ifosts itself; and as a first division we separate them into iutermitteuts and remittents. ?'■ I. Intkrmittf.n'TS. — The intormlttents of our Valley, are generally qiioJ tidian or tertian, oil oner, I think, tlic latter than the former. Now and tlioii a double tertian challenges the acumen of the physician, in distinguisliiiiL' iltJ by the hour.'^ af recurrence, or the violence of the alternate paroxysms, t'luiij a quotidian. An original quartan I have never seen ; but quotidians ncoa^ sionally assume that character, "Whatever may be its type, as to pori;iJi(it_v our intermittent fever presents several varieties or modifications, fouudal pathological causes, or conditions. 1. It may be mild, simple, accompanied by a perfect intermission; andi not combatted by art, may, still, not prove dangerous ; though it n:ay cuu| tinue to the impairment of the constitution, which is true of both quotidiinj and tertians. '2. It may exhibit a deep or protracted cold stage, witli imperfect reaction I and in the first, second, or some subsequent paroxysm, prove fatal; and tliil also may be true of that which recurs daily, or every other day. Tliose ar the malignant or congestive cases; the former epithet for which, should li preferred, as not involving a hypothesis, or directing the attentiuu ot taf physician upon a single pathological condition. '!. F»IT I.] INTr:itI()R VAIJ,KY OF NORTH AMMRICA, 785 AUTUMNAL FEVKR. 3. It may iishuiiio an iiiflamiiiiitury fliiinu'tcr, witli a (liininislied ould, and jprdloiigod hot stiiKc, niiiiiiii^ at loii^tli into a rcinittitiy *}!"'• II. llEMriTENTS. — 1. TlicMo aic goiRTallv clianit.'tori/rd, in tlielr vnriellea, livtho Baino lan^uago as intcrniittonts. Many of tlicin an* .siin|ilo, and nthoiit inuL'li ai'tivo treatment, after running a course of eiirlit or ten days, [vriiiiiiato in lioaltii, or in fsiin[ile intermittuuts. This) li oftener tlio case in ;:r middle) tlulii tlic soutliorn latitude.-'. ■J. Otiicr cases, from tlio Iteginning, or in tlieir jirogress, dis|day a dcci- icilly [)Iilogistie character, with signs of intlannnatiun in some organ, and a wleiicy to a continued tyiic. 3. In various localitie.x, cs|)eelally to the south, a Ibrm of this fever has rreoivod the name of congestive or malignant. It apijcars to dillor fre- :;i of tlieir duration. It is not necessary to defer the means of their arrest, lill a number of paroxysms have returned, as sonic physicians have inia- :i:icJ. Iloniittents of a simple character, on th(! contrary, as I have alrcaily iitimatcd, will ccaso of themselves ; and cannot so certainly be cut short in ujir early stages, as intermittents. I have not, however, seen, or been able •0 collect, evidence of critical day.s in this fever. Its duration, very xnimoiily, is a week or more, rarely a fortnight, except when complicated »itli manifest inflammation of some organ, or when they manifest a typhous Mractcr. 'j, "Why is it, that the cause, whose effects wo arc considering, produces kors of a periodical type? I know not that any answer can be given to '.lis ((ucstion. It is the specific effect of the remote cause. It results :rintlic relations between that agent and the living system on whirh it acts. I'iieu we can tell how tho variolous poison produces cutaneous pustules, tho aorbillous a rash, and mercury a salivation, we may be able to tell, why I'ltumnal fever is essentially periodical, and not before. '. Nor is it plain, why the same remote cause will occasion an intermittent :'. ''lie, and a remittent in another; why one shall have a quotidian, iaother a double tertian, and another a tertian ; or, why several shall have siuplf, and one a malignant intermittent, when all inhabit the same locality, ffriaiiji, however, varieties of constitution and exciting causes, with unknown 2' 'lifii-'utions of the remote cause, may be looked to, for a solution of thi.^ ii'.ult problem. On the last, my late colleague, the learned Professor .!• fl^' IV' 'ii' ^ I v. . i ■ ' ■'. m i;ti THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE [BOOK II. fill •?.*'rf-' 1 ;i'. . '! ' .iW'^f-'n ;■'■■■.' --.^i- ■'■ ■■■ :■ •v' ■ .' ::.f ■..■,.■;, 1. 1 ■'■■:iK'1'.-- • : iV. ■ "^ 1-'' '* >:%' '' ■'«' I .i.i.»„.. . ....1. ,,,. a, \.. -%. ., .,,- ;. (!aldwL'lV'' lias laid a Jogrco of .-^tres.;, wliich nuf_''iL avrost our iittcntion if tliD cause of tli'.-so fevers, in any of tlieir varieties, liatl been (liscuYcreJ • and, if tlioy did not all prevail at the same time, in the same plaocs. It might 1)0 presumed that tlie statistics of these varieties of fovor would throw light on this subject. The table at ;;. TOG presents tlie relative pro- portions of iiiteruiittei'ts and remittents at twenty- six military posts. If these be divided into southern, middle, and northern gmups, we find that fir the southern, the remittents make twenty-one per ocnt.; the midillc fourteen per cent., and the northern twenty pc cent. Thus, it docs not appear, that temperature exerts an influence on the relative number of intermittent ami remittent cases. ]>ut may not humidity V Let us consult the table (jii tliij point. Si.K posts around the Gulf of 3Iexieo, give for remittents twenty pur cent.; and seven on the Lake shore, give thirteen per cent.; while cii'lit along, or west of the IMississippi, where the atmosphere is dryest, give only ten per cent. From these numbers it would appear, that humidity in'-ri:pj(s the proportinn of remittents. l>ut can wc adopt this conclusion"'' 1 tliii;k not; for ordinary observation has shown that remittents arc even wi/v common than intermittents. on drj- ridges, while in deep valleys and otlur humid loc'iilitics, intermittents jjvcvail. It must be, then, that while tlio army reports may be correct as to the aggregate, they are not to be relied on, for the relative number of intermitting and remitting cases. The mean ■ of the twenty-six jiosts is about eighteen per cent, of remittent fever: but from several yearly reports, kindly connnunieated to me by Dr. Silas Ames, of jMontgomery, on the high blutTs of Alabama River, in N. L. o'l'^', the pru- portion of remittent cases is about forty-three per cent, of the whole, occur- ring in his practice. Since these statements were prepared for the press, I have met witli a transcript of llic records of the Charity Hospital, New Orleans, for icven years, by Pr. FeViiier,"!' which presents the proportion of remittents, at but ten per cent, of the whole! Such discrepancies slinw linw little reliance can be placed on the attempted classification of autumnal fcvi:r into intermittent and remittent. SECTION II. DEVELOPMENT AND PATHOLOGICAL CHARACTER. Having studied the tiiodiis agetidi of the remote cause of autunmal fcvor,| and enumerated the varieties of type under which it appears, we arc pro- pared to in([uire how the}' arc developed. In doing this, we shall rei:!ii'il| them as constituting, essentially, one pathological state: and in studyiii;: itsj modifications, we (shall become acquainted with the causes, of some of t modifications presented in its symptoms, and the varieties of treatment wliiolii they render necessary. * Prize Dissertation on iTlalaria. t N.O. Med. and Surg. Jour, July, l-'^ THE [UOOK risTi.] INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. (37 arrest our utrcTitiim, if iv i, liacl been discoverud ; ,'/ tlio same places. varieties of fever would f resents tlie relative pre- )■ f-ii\x military iiusts. If 1 irrdups, we fmd tliut fur cut.; tlie middle fouvtceu !, it docs not appear, that mlier of inteviuittent and 1 consult the tulde on tliii ii)V remittenta twenty per >n per cent. ; wliile eight pbore is dryost, give only a; tliat humidity nfrcn^cs this conclusion'' 1 tliir.k cmittents arc even w-/o in deep valleys and otki' be, then, that while tlic they arc not to be reliid nu!tti;)g cases. The moan \t. of remittent fever; but to nic by Dr. Silas Ames, vcr, in N. L. o'i^ the pvu- • cent, of the whole, occur- ■rc prepared for the pros-, :lic Cdiarity Hospital, New ircscnts the proportion of ich discrepancies shov; linw sificatiou of autumnal fcvir lL CHARACTER, te cause of autumnal fcvor,j lich it appears, we are pro- '■ doing this, wo shall vo.L'iirdj state : and in studying m the causes, of some of tlicf varieties of treatment wliiolij d.aud Surg. Jour., J Illy, ISl-*' I. Ok tiih Forming on Coi.d STA(iE. — Thi.s comnienccs with the initial aiorhid impression, which wo have already considered; and, in simple or ;;iilammatory cases, terminates with the access of the hot stage, to bo rcpro- jueed, on t!ie next or some subsc(|uent day. This paroxysmal character, sot less than the symptoms Avhich characterize this stage, shows, that tho ■'inction of innervation is deeply involved aiul emJjarrassiMl. ^^^• may, in :aet, admit, that it is the iirst i.fVccted. The state of the circulation, ei^ually ladicates that the forces which maintain it, are reduced. The lieart is cn- vi'blcd, and the cooperative action of the vessels, however it may bo exerted, li5f:ulcd in a corresponding degree. Hence the blood nn longer flows in jjmial quantities, through tho more exterior or peripheral portiiius of the jody, but retreats to, or rather remains in, the organs of the cranium, chest, iljjijinen, and pelvis. Under this condition of the two great functions of jaorvation and circulation, the secretions become still further impaired, ian at the bogiin\ing. Tho pcr.spiration is suspended ; and, in many cases, ie exhalation from the lungs is reduced, because the respiration i* brought Im; and the blood seems not to favor the extrication of what is exhaled ;;i health. The urinary secretion is, also, reduced in quantity ; ami tho owels are not in the soluble condition which indicates a duo seerction of the '/.rifjr hdrsliiialis. IJut of all tho secretions, that of the liver is most af- kted, or at least the signs of biliary derangement are greatest. A yellow {[\m of the urine, skin, and eyes, is often among the earliest of the morbid i[ipearances. In many cases, especially the more simple, the liver pours it turronts of bile ; wtiich, in part, ascend through tho pylorus, raise a iittijr taste in the mouth, and impart yellowness to the otherwise white fur :[')n the tongue. In other cases, the secretion of bile is nearly, and, in niiiy of the more violent cases, entirely^ suspended ; or what is thrown out ivtho gland is of a vitiated quality. It was this disturbed condition of ;'ic hepatic function, that procured for autumnal fever the name of biliou.s, al has so often suggested its treatment. IIow are wo ti) ace-aint for tho Mistancy and prominence of these symptoms in this form of fever? Shall « say, that a plethoric state of the jiortal viscera is their proximate cause ? lamuiiy other fevers, we have an equal concentration v^ blood, in the iuter- al parts, without an equal increase or perversion of tho hepatic functions; ".'.■vortheicss, wc may admit turgcsccnee as one of the pathohjgical causes of .screasod or even suspended secretion of bile ; according to the degree of ;"j'orgement and tho reduction of energy and activity in the solids. But i'liiiuthing must be sought beyond this. We may admit, that from tho sym- wihy between the skin and liver,* the great heat of the preceding summer tas raised tho liver into high and deranged functional action. We may, 1150, conjecture, that the action oi the remote cause, wherever it may impress •iself first, is, from its nature, determined upon the liver ; as the virus which jrodueos scarlatina or erysipelas, doterminos its action upon tho skin, or tho * Johnson on Tropical Diseases. ■'^ !•■ 7^' r. I' ,>] *1 ■ V (.1 'rt* ,f )'; •', .r' ♦,' ' •V^!^:' l^'l •I -tk, .■■:.•>■.<. .' . 'y-s '&'r'.\-' "'•■,:- #fi{^.. ■ . ,r\'^i .■'■■ lifers ;•.'■,•;^A^^^■^;' pVi^»'»: ' ... ■■*",• y^ ;r" '■''*-■ ■■■ ■ , ;■. '■■. . itM',|>7. ■:';-;••, ■■4/';:, ,;■;;■'.> v", ■ f'''l4^'';'- :■■'•■ ■-i'ff ■^•* ■■■;■■'■■ :V 738 THE nilNCirAL DISEASES OF THE [book I. mucous incnibranos of the throat. Wc may assume, that if the remote cause 1)0 received into tlie blood, tlic constitution — vis conscrvatrix — makes an effort to convey it out of the system, through the liver, as phos|)horus iia^std out in the slate of phosphorus acid from the lungs, when injected into a vein;* sulpliur through the skin, and various saline substances, through tbe kidneys. In all these cases, the foreign matter excites the organ upon wlmh it directs itself or is directed, into increased secretory action ; and in like manner the cause of the Fever, in circulating with the blood, may be concen- trated on the liver, and promote the secretion of bile. Finally, we may iicr- haps admit as a possibility, that this foreign material contributes to the do- velopnient in the blood, of the elements of the bile; which it is the function of the liver to combine ami excrete. But, casting aside every attempted cs- ^ilanatiun, we must receive, as an established fact, that, even in the first stai'o of evei-y variety of autumnal fever, the biliary function is signally deranged. Another equally characteristic feature of the Fever, is the derangement of the calorific function. This extends not only to the actual heat of the patient, but to the sense which takes cognizance of temperature. The caloriiic function, in many cases, seems, in the more external parts of the body, tul" almost annihilated. Potential stimulants will not rei"xcite it; and tlic ex- ternal ap[)lication of heat, is actually less efficient in warming the limbs .f tile patient, than in M'arming an equal bulk of dead and dry matter ; beeaiiio the exhalation that is constantly guingon from the moist tissues, whieli s-cm to be l)riiuglit into a condition which favors the escape of vapor, cool.s tliem In many of these case^, the patient dues not shivci*, nor complain of culL because the functions of his nervous system are too deeply smitten, to admii: of tlieir action on the muscles, or of his taking cognizance of the L.si ijf caloric. In others, of less violence, the muscles are affected, and he shakes, complaining at the same time of the sensation of coldness. Finally, I liave seen cases, in which these symptoms were p"'^"-'^nt, while the heat of tl.o surface was not below, or was even above the standard of health. Siuli anomalies show, that both the califacient function, and the sensihility t; caloric, are in a disordered condition. It would perhaps, be in vain to in- quire, Avhy this functimi is so preeminently affected in this fever; cspeciallj,! in many of its intermittent forms. Tlie fact, like that of periodieity, wuiiiilj seem, in the present state of our knowledge, to be idtimate. We mu.st rcl'ori it to the rcmoto cause, and await its explanation in the progress of tk'I science. Let ns now turn our attention to the dangers, and the causes of death ia| this stage of the disease. As already intimated, the cases in wliicli a sense of coldnes; with a rigorj or a shake, is most developed are, in general, least dangerous TIic vtd existence of the feeling and the muscular contraction, shows that the viialj properties have been less scathed, than in eases in which those phenomoiKij do nut appear, lleaction soon manifests itself in such cases, and a slai'i.'' Nysten, Die. do Sciences Modicales. HE [BOOK 1. that if the remote cause k conservalrix — makes an vci", as phosphorus passoa igs, when injected iutn a 3 substances, through tbo ites the oigun upon Nvhicli i-ctury action ; and in like Lhc bhjod, may bo concen- 11c. rinally, vrc may per- rial contributes to the dc- }• -which it is the function aside every attempted cs- that, even in the iiri-]»end the action i some of these great organs, and Ijy its apoplexy, occasion the death of tk whole. :;. Tiie blood itself, under tho combined influence of an absorbed ])oison, i'l'L' retained elements of the excretions, defective aeration, and the reactive bSuenec of the morbid solids ; may become unfit for the support of the great faiietions which depend upon it, and death be tlie necessary consequence. But these various pathological conditions, are not to bo regarded as having a separate existence, for they are combined, and although one of them may iredoniinate in one case, and some others in another, according to idiosyn- rasios, predispositions, and tlio influence of accidental causes, tliey may all, k certain cases, contribute to the same fatal termination. II. Of the hot Stack, ou stace of excessive Excitement. — Xatu- :a!lv, that is according to the laws of reh'tion between the remote cause and •}.]■• living system, if tho patient should n.it die, in the stage whicli lias just l.eiii described, it is succeeded by that now under consideration, of whicli it '•tlie patlndogieal cause. Tho morbid action has taken a turn — the vital irccs have risen from their depression, and excitement is rcjiroduced ; but ;, is morbid. To what cause are we to ascribe tliis change? 1. It is a physiological law, that after depression there slu.ll be elevation. Fpia mere lapse of time, if not too strongly depressed, the organs recover !iieir vigor, and begin to react. A^'arious functions are restored ; but they ire morbid, in proportion as the cause wiiich depressed them was foreign in its taturo from the agents which maintain life. To this tendency — tliis spon- iaiieous revival of irritability and sensibility — we may ascribe, iu ])art at 'east, the revival of excitement, and tho production of the hot stage. If tte constitution be vigorous, this revival is more likely to take place — if freviiiusly feeble, it may be sunk below the point of spontaneous reaction. -. Wiien the blood is not too much vitiated, its ceiitriitetal accumulation may provoke the lieart into reaction. •i AVe may, perhaps, admit, with Sir "Wilson Philip, tliat the retained sanguineous excretions may, sometimes, irritate the heart into reaction; but !'.'.is Would probably only hajipen in the milder cases, in which that fluid had It become deeply altered. b bh'^uld the vital properties of any internal organ have suffered less *'■■ fflv 1 I, ■' ::,!■ 1 I- i feU mil l;!.M'! '.'1' '<•• iU!l' .f:-^ ' t'.y .■' .» i i,.M {; ;-■■■' r , ■ ; lite'--' .'.•!'' -if''..' ' /t i?K'r4r- ■/?••'■.■„..■■■'■ B..:t 4^:^^-'^v tViiii. ■■■■ ■ '. '^ I .•fl<.att,#i. i ^■ «"' ' ■•';.':ft':' ■.■■■■. .M 740 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE [book I!, tlian tlio rest, the hyporPL'Tnia, into wliioh it is thrown, may at an early iicri. d cstaljlisli inflammation in it, tlic very coinmcncenient of wliich would t"ml to raise the excitement of the system. 5. Lastly, the external and internal stimulations, to which ^^c suhjtct oiir patients, contribute to the same result. ]3ut in whatever way it is brought about, when death docs not happen in the stage of depression, liigh excitement ensues, and other plieiioiueiia indicating new pathological conditions, offer themselves to our notice. 1. The blunted sensibilities of the patient become morbidly acute — raiii occurs in parts not previously affected, or becoming sharp where before it was dull. 2. The heart, in most cases, acts with unwonted force, and the blood is thrown toward the periphery of the body ; but circulates with u rapidity whitli brings it speedily back upon the viscera. n. The calorific function is not only restored, but becomes excessive, anl the intolerance of heat is augmented. 4. The liver acts with uncommon energy, and the secretion and cxcreti'in of bile arc correspondingly great ; at the same time the bilious hue may hocoir. ■ deeper than before, indicating either return of l)ilo into tl'o blood fium tb. liver, or extraordinary devclo])mcnt of its elements in that fluid. 5. After the lapse of a few hours, in the intermittents, and of a longer portion of a day, in the remittent form, this excitement abates, ind an inter- mission or remission is declared by the tranquillity of the patient, the alat!:- mer.t of force and frequency of his pulse, and the occurrence of nioio cr less perspiration. 0. It may happen, however, that when the stage of excitement comes <:?.. some organ or organs, will remain in a stute of hyperemia, and passj into inflamniation. These arc, generally, the vi.^cera of the abdomen, cbieliv the sjdeen, liver, and gastro-cnteric mucous membrane. a. Splenitis is so common an accident in our autumnal fever, eypocia!!;;; our inflammatory intermittents, as to suggest that we can nowhere look fori the true anatomical character of that fever more successfully than in the spleen, Why it should be so great a sufferer cannot, perhaiis, be told, except that it] becomes greatly engorged in the forming stage of the Fever. /;. Next to the spleen, or equally with it, the liver is liable to fall intoi inflanimatiiin upon the access of the hot stage; but this is more cspceiallv the case in the remittent type. r. The mucous membrane of the stomach and duodenum, with that of t!;ej common gall duct, arc liable to pass into the same condition. Thus, all tliosulidiaphragmatic viscera, except the pancreas, are subject toj inflammation in this fever. Sometimes, however, from idiosyncrasy, or t'.iej coiiperative action of certain causes, inflammation arises in other parts. Tlmsl an iiifhunmation of the brain or its envelops may lia]ipen ; and when the I'Wj rnalvcs its attack, late in autumn, the combined action of vicissitude? < temperature and that of the specific cause, developed at an earlier period 'W \\i- ; 11,., mE [nooK n. may at an early pcriid if wliich would t"ml to to wliicli Mc suVijoct [itl» iloos not liappon in and other plieiiomciia, cs to our notice. 5 morbidly acute — paiu r sliarp where hcforc it force, and tl;e Wood is itcs with a rapidity \7liic'ii t becomes excessive, ami ! secretion and cxcrcti'in ;ie bilious hue may heconv; into the blood fromtk- in that fluid, mittonts, and of a longer Licnt abates, ".nd an inter- of the patient, the akto- c occurrence of move c: . of excitement comes w.. of hypcrtpniia, and iia>'i •a of the abdomen, cliiifiy ano. utumnal fever, espcoiallj wo can nowhere look ft: ;ossfully than in the spleen, \ s, be told, except that it I 10 Fever, [vor is liable to fall intol ut this is more especially! no ri denum, with that of thi condition, c pancreas, are subject t) I from idiosyncrasy, or tlnj ses in other parts. Tksl pen ; and when the FKtrl [ action of vicissitudes 'fl ped at an earlier pcvicd P,iRT II.] INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 741 may determine the inflannnotion upon the lungs or pleura. WLercvor the iiiHiuiimation may bo seated, it cnmplicates tho case, and creates a new kind of danger. iMthough it may abate with the subsidence of the hot stage, it ilocs not cease. Tlie affected organ shows signs of sulTcring during the apyrexia, which it renders imiJin-lect. The suor- ling csascerbation may bo pilongcu by it, and an iiiturniittcnt may thus be tonverted into a remittent; wile the latter not unfrequcntly. as already said, passes nearly into a con- I'liucd type, from the same pathological cause. But the most dreaded coni- liiiation of this kind, which we meet with in the Valley, is that in which an iaflaunuation of an organ is associated with such de[)ress-ion of the general Lrces of the system, that but a feeble reaction occurs. That this is a pjality, both the symptoms and post-mortem ajipearanccs have sliown, hch inflammations arc never very acute. The organ is greatly engorged : hi the actions Vv'liich con.stitutc inflapim.ati<.n are feeble; and, after death, a]i[iearances which indicate congestion or passive hypera:mia, are more con- snieiious than the vestiges of trie inflammation. Between these cases and mere fijiiiestion of the organ, there is often but a shade of anatomical difference. Having considered the origin and mode of invasion of the remote cause of iutuinual fever, th'' rjiitnre of the morbid impression, and the conse([uences ;f that iuipres.sioii in the production of the cold and hot stages of the various f.rnis, we have continued our generalization to its legitimate limits, and must Eijw,by analysis, resolve what we have treated as one pathological state, into i.veral; that the peculiarities of cacli may be presented. In doing this, wc jkll recur to the varieties euumeratcd in a preceding chapter. CHAPTER V. LXTEPtMITTENT FEVER — SIMPLE AND INFLAMMATOEY. Much time has been devoted, by the nosologists, to the division of hntermittcnts according to their ' eriodicity. Begarding such classifications Us of little practical value, I shall pass them by, and adopt that which seems \kit fitted to suggest the variety of treatment, wdiich in this country they jrefiuirc. This classification, as already made, is into simple, inflammatory, had malignan ^hich terms do not represent three diff'erent diseases, but hradcs or modifications of one, which often presents intermediate shades,. Iltat obscure the lines of distinction. I shall commence with the first. /- ' I M »(• iU Ki.' ''. m h #:'.-': J". fSV':".' fe.i,1'^^-'-"^i^.-'^^^'^ ■■■■ ■■, - „■'. t' ■^H^IP,- '.■• --^ vv* ■ .. :\::.^'. : •' ^.4affl'""'j ■{;>■ •' !^ '' ' '- ;■;■. -'V ■■,■ -•^' '^ (>■■■!, -•, ■;. • m.'. V 1» IF' •■*■'■'•- • ■'• 742 THE PRINCIPAL PISEASES OF THE [lOOK II, ►.ECTION I. SIMPLE INTERMITTENTrf — HISTORY AND PATHOLOGY. I, IIi. iditiun, wbieb results fmiu tunnial fever now luiik-r not iinlike tbat of small rent wbicli produces that itement, ending in a e!,ill od by a reactionary kvcr. by a state of comparative bours. Tbo disease moy, wben the first paroxysm diemcra. In tbis rospc.t, furming stage (often vmy immediately after wlii-k unlike tbe epileptic fit, ti.- ;Yery otbcr day, or at mere wbicb at tbe beginning Av;,3 ..tb day, or every fifteenth; it as cacb bas added to tlio losition to recurrence l;a= ;/, an anemic conditiuu't ihird, anasarca; j'ourl tbus recurring at stated | s, by exposure to cold and spontaneously, tbe patient I ,om tbe malady; aHliougli| luse. But wbctber trcato'! .ttacksof neuralgia, wtli a lit by tbe lesions wbio'u tlie! sions. Tbe most impovtaut' ic case, we know nothing *■» nt in its early stages. ^^« tnowof no organ affected in advance of all tbe rest, and radiating a morbid action tlirongbout tbo whole. We see a disturlianco of the whole, in which some may suffer more deeply than others ; but irilk them, not Ifrj'nr tbom. Wc see a deep implication of tbo nervous system, from the first to the last larosysm, with that kind of involvement of the sanguiferous and sccoruent ;v5tcnis, which gives us the phenomena of fever ; but avo do not see the jTinptoms of inflammation — above all, the evidences of an fi/z/^tw/c/i^ itiflam- aiition. Such is the disease the treatment of which wo are now to con>idor. SECTION II. TREATMENT OF SIMPLE INTERMITTENT.'^. I. I have met with a number of physicians, who are accustomed to make : It little effort to arrest simple intermittents, until their patients have expe- :::neod several paroxysms. The reason assigned for this delay vras, that the I .ailiev in its course tbo disease is arrested, the greater is tbe danger of /'.apses. This may be true, for the longer time from the apidication of the I riiniite cause, the less will bo its impress; but as the habit of recurrence, periodical diseases, is soon established, as nmcb may be lost from that I :i'ise, as is gained from tbe other. 3Ioreover, the patient in whom the malady ;• pi'imiptly arrested, soon lays aside every remedy, and begins to expose liinisolf to exciting causes ; while be who has suffered long, is disposed tn cling ijtiic former and avoid the latter. On the whole I see no reason for delay i: resorting to remedies. These I shall include under two heads — Prejiara- |::reand Curative. II. rKKrAU.\TiVE Treatment. — 1. Bloodletting. — In the beoinnincr of I '''.iple intermittents, we often find mucli vascular fullness, and during the hot :'.3.'e, a considerable resistance in t^"* pulse, with great boat, thirst, jactation, xadache, backache, and pains in vnc periosteum of the long bones. ?ucb a |;::eourso of symptoms, would seem to indicate a phlogistic diathesis; but in iKality they are the expression of a febrile condition only, and in a few bours jj'il entirely cease, to be renewed tbe next day, or the next but one. Shall I'l! admit tbat in this condition tbo lancet is demanded V The answer, I I'jink, should bo, that whenever the constitution is vigoroui?, and the physi- |"iii is called to an early paroxysm, bloodletting is not only safe, but will Ifcth mitigate the symptoms, and prepare the system of the patient for other pieiMes ; which, in many cases fail, or succeed but imperfectly, from the tone pi fullness of the vascular system. The blood which is drawn is generally Y'x from buff. It bas been affirmed that liberal venesection will of itself pe tbe disease. This may be true, for sudden and copious depletion will t' duce great changes in the state of the functions ; under which the dispo- •'wn of the system to return to the morbid condition may lie lost. A prefer- Nlias been given by some physicians* to bloodletting in the cold rather •Dr. Mcintosh, of Edinburg, and many practitioners of tlie Interior Valley. <•. i ,ll, ■•'ll H ■'•.I I . i.i : % .1 l.-v ,'.?'' 744 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE [book II. Uf * •' 1 ■ yd J 1 1 , ♦ ,n -■•■ "' ' '. '■ ■ # ; ^ ' •" , «i»V ^" ■•. 'V r' '•'•■'.' 1 ^'l m PI l«;^;.^^.-'•'4.1!^:!:•^■:v^;:-;v■:'■: •"'if- Jit *• I' ■ V 9 •'« . "■ y' !?-."■■' ' '* -^i?^^:f:tt;/f :":p*^^/ ij^Hp!;'^ Wi.sV .,^:■'■^^ . '■'■.V,:" ■vr-.Vv'-*. /■a*; than tlio hot staqc. As far as it relates to the ])r(;pii ration of the system for sub.SL'(|uoiit inoasuros, it jiorhajjs makes no (lifTcrcucc in wliich s^t.T't' c; the paroxysm tlie Wood is drawn; but as the cold stage is often cut sluit by the operation, it may be well to resort to it in tliat stage. It is undciiiu- ble, howeyer, that the greater iiunil)er of simple intcrmittents can ho, aiid arc arrested, in '.'Vcry part of the Valley, without a resort to the luiicci. 2, Emelica. — Jn the early settlement of the states bordering on tlic Obic River (constituting what was then called the AVcs^tern Country), wlicii lut few Aiiglip-Amerieaiis liad, as yet, immigrated into the niirtlierii or si'Utlicin portions of the Interior Valley, emetics were among the fashionable rcuitdirs in tlie treatment of sinijile iutcrmittents. At tliat time, it was the custom c f every physician whom I knew, to administer tliem. IJut for the last twcntv- fivc years, they have been discontinued by many, and but seldom prescribe'; l)y others, in tliis form of fever. lias tliis disuse arisen from the dist'overv that they are injurious, or even useless? I think not; but from causu entirely different. After the estuaries of the rivers emptying into Lakr Krie were settled, malignant intcrmittents mingled themselves with the sim- ple; and, after tlie states of ^lississippi and Alabama became pccpleel. i similar cumbination was encountered; and it was discovered tliat emetics, bv their prostrating influence in those intcrmittents, often did harm; and tbat in the first paroxysms, the simple could not be distinguished fn.ni tlio id;,- lignant. Under such circumstances, it became prudent to limit the aihiiiii- : istration of emetics; and as modes of practice arc diffusive among tlio pliy- slcians of every country, this limitation spread into regions wliere it w;i.s i/t demanded. ]iut another, and, perhaps, greater cause of this r' sfrictiun, v.ms the theory that the disease we arc considering, is an intermittent gaftiit;.- in the treatment of which emetics could not fail to be injurious. To tin jj causes we may, I tliink, ascribe the decline, but not extinction, ef the cuuti! i practice. jMy own experience, with that of many others, leads me to conmiOKdi emetics in this form of fever. AYhen the circumstances already recognizoilj as suggesting venesection exist, let it bo first employed — when they do not, ai^ emetic may be the first remedy. A free and full evacuation of the stomatli is followed liy a decided improvement in its condition, by a tendency to slcejJ and an abatement of the dryness of the skin, if not an actual pert-piratiunj The eaietic may bo given during the hot stage, if the arterial system sbou'.f not bo plethoric ; or it may be administered in tlie intermission, or at t!;S access of the chill, which it often shortens, and sometimes averts. In factl when the disease has lasted for a while, a powerful vomit just before \i\ shake, is one of the successful modes which the people adopt, for arrest;:: the disease. It carries into the system a perturbation, in -which tlio parcsj ysmal tendency i.s lost. Asa preparatory remedy, an emetic empties tl:l stomach of undigested food, and the acids resulting from indigestion morbid secretion. Very commonly, however, instead of acids, a liberal quantity of regurgitated bile is thrown up, from the beginning, or at thedotj of the operation. Great comfort, and much abatement of all manifestatii !■'' i THE [book II. PART I. IXTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMHRICA. MS epavatlon of tlic sjstom I erencc in -wliich s^tagc ol' stii'^c is often cut slii.rt it stage, it is uikLmiIu- iterniittents t-iin bo, and resort to tlie lanctt. ;os bordering; on tlio ( >lii(. tei-n Country), wlicn lut tlic nortlievii or s^'Utlim ; tlio fasliiunal'k riuicdirs time, it was tlic custom of But for tlic last twenty - ind Tjut seldom iivcserik'! arisen from the discoveiy luli not; but from causu ivors emptying into Lak- A tlicmselvcs with the sim- labama became pccijlca, a discovered that emetics, bv often did harm ; and tbt distinguished i'ri.m the ni!;- prudent to limit the aihiii;.- ro diffusive among the pliy- : ito regions wlicre it v,-a.-i i.- 1 sausc of this r^ slrictiuii, wns, s an intermittent gaftviti^J 11 to be injurious. To tln-oi lot extinction, of the cmctio| ers, leads mc to comraer.ll [instances already recognizcl ,l„^.cd--whenthcydoiiot,a 11 ,vacuation of the stomac Ui,n, by a tendency to sloop f not an actual pcrspu-atKn, if the arterial system sboiil 1 the intermission, or at t, sometimes averts. Tn lact, iverful vomit just before t.: pcr,ple adopt, fur arrestirl rbation, in which the par.^ if disease, generally f(dlow such an operation, and the stomach is prepared for tlio favorable action of other remedies, :j. Calharlics. — In the commencement of sim]de intermittent fever, the biiwels are generally sluggisli, if not torpid, and charged Avitli feculent natters iiiul Ijile. A catiiartic is, therefore, iiidispeiisalile, wlietlicr an emetic ho first administered or nut. (_)f this cathartic, calnniel shuidd always be an xTodioiit, as a C()ni|(leto emulgeiue of iIk; hepatic ducts, is a desideratum. Tin; old-fashioned dose of ten grains of calomel with ten of jalap, with or without one grain of tartarized antimony, is eipial to any other foriiinla ; but aloniel, in a dose of ten, fifteen, or twenty grains may be given ahme; and iter its alterant action has been exerted on the liver, its cathartio effect niav he (piickened by an infusion of senna, with or without sul|)hate of mag- r.esia. The liest time for tin? operation to take jdaie is in the decline of the tot stage. If that stage should be intense or prolonged, the bowels may cot be (d)edient to the impress of tlio medicine, when a liberal bleeding will Iriiiir on free and full ])ur;;iiig. In sonic eases the liver is in a Iii<;l) state of I'lnetional excitement ; and there is an uncommon development of the elo- anti of the bile. Such a condition is indicated by yellowness of the eyes, a >allnw Complexion, and a tongue covered with a heavy yelln wish fur, large (juan- liiios of bile being at the same time brouglit away by the operation of cathar- lic medicines. It is rpiite possible, however, to attach too much importance I'tlie removal of these symptoms, and to be over anxious for a clea" and ceahby tongue before }iroceediiig to other measures. Tn short, T can sec no ssffiiiont reason, for a continuance, through many days, of a treatment whicli, ariiod to any extent, will seldom arrest the disease. Indeed, I .suppose it wiiiilJ he better to leave the patient to himself, than by the daily repetition filrastic evacuant,s. to reduce his strength, and irritate, if n(it inflame, th.c mucous membrane of his stomach and bowols ; for, if brought into such a con- ikion, he would no/ bo prepared, but rendered unlit, fur the treatment which i- essentially remedial. III. CuiiATiVK Tjieatmkxt. — If I should dwell on this head, it will not it' on account of its diflicnUy; but for the purpose of discussing a ihera- ipeutic' principle, and the mndii^ operandi of a medieino, ajiplicable to all the variotios of autumnal fever. Tested by their symptoms, obvious pathology, nd the treatment found most successful, these fevers, I may hero repeat, tmtiot ho grouped with the phlegmasiic, or inflammatory fevers de|)eiidiiig on t'lninfin causes, and curable by a rouidne, antiphlogistic metlmd ; for many of Ml will not yield to that treatment, and others, if sometimes cured, are We tractable under a plan, of which that method is but a part. As already aiRrmcd, autumnal fever, in all it.s varieties, is in fact, a pccu- ■3r disease, depending on a .specific cause, modified in its nature or effects. „,,it;i>s t'.H ■ *^''*^>^-^is whieli arc often as little known as the sijecific cause ; and altliouffh ledv. an emetic empties i.^ i i • i . , ,• , i' •''.' . ^-jiocstion oW''""y cease spontaneously, or be arrested by various means, wlucli establish ^sul mg • ].:° a liberaB^ '''(^ system a now action, at tlic expense of the febrile, it does not fellow, ■""^ ^^ , . ' i. thcelofB^^' among the latter, there may not be some, whose action shall be so anti- I ^"® o^g"^ fc' „;/■,, gt^tiocB'^*'' that of right they should supplant the others, and be regarded as the latcmcnt of all manitcstatui.^ 48 ( . M 74G THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE [book II. {^'■r.h'f [ ■■■■ mm: m^- ■■i . J^' u - ■ V'^i"^ 5i' fir' '" i h* ■ true and jtroper remedies. One uf these is the cincliona burk, and its iiro- pavations. Ueforo the discovery (if the latter, the bark was in gencrul use thruughimt the Valley, and seldom disaintointed our exjieetations; but the fashion of admini.sterin/^ it has pa.ssed away, and one of the ennipDUiuls formed from it liaa come into universal u.sc. That com[)unnd I shall take, therefore, as the representative of the einehona and all its preparations^, in the present discussion. IV. TnK Sui.i'iiATE OF Quinine. — This medicine cannot be referred tu tlie clas.s of sini[ile diffusive stinmlaiits, such as eaji.sicum or ammonia, wliicli, in largo doses, excite inilammation and fever; nor tu that of tonics, as gciiliaii, eolumba, and the carbonate of iron ; for although in minute and regularly repeated doses, it will, to a certain degree, excite and sustain the actions aiiJ energies of the system, these efiects are by no means those which cliarac- izc it, as a therapeutic agent. It has, perhaps, better claims to be admitted into the order of sudorifics, fur increase of perspiratimi, generally fulldW.siu- adniinistration, if the system and the regimen of the patient, be favorable to such an cflcct. "With greater propriety, however, it may be grouped witlitlic sedative and antispasmodic narcotics; but not with tlic soporitic divisihii, for it does not, like opium, produce sleep. Wlien its operation, in liboral doses, is noticed, it will bo observed, tu diminish the frc(|uency and spas- modic force of the heart's contractions; expand and soften the pulso; in- crease the funct'jus of the skin ; and tranrpiilize the innervation. Its min- ister effects on the brain, areverti^'; ; on the organs of sense, tinailus nururnl and temporary hardness of hearing. The last is anah)gous to the effect rf'l some other narcotics, as stramonium, and belladonna, on the pupil of the eye. In generalizing, the phenomena Vt'hich follow its exhibition in consideraUe portions, we may say, that its action is directed more on the great synija' thetic, and the muscular system of the apparatus of (irganic life, goiicrallj, than upon the functions of animal life; another point of distinctiun bctwttal it and opium. Two opposite conditions of the system contraindicatc its u;i 1st. A high degree of phlogistic diathesis vrith arteri:il luUncss; lid. Greal depression of the vital forces. The eflects which have been ascribed to it, characterize it as a niccliiiiio, which produces, in the innervation, a peculiar change; and constitute it ai alterant of a particular kind. Now this effect, as experience has shown, standi specifically opposed to the effect produced by the cause of autumnal fovtr; and on this accidental opposition depends its efficacy, in all the vari'.tiii (though not all the stages and complications) of that fever. In rcfcreiici' t| iheni, it may be said to be antiperiodical and antidotal . It is not, liowevei infallible; for its curative relations to autumnal fever, are like those mercury to syphilis, or of iodine to goitre and external scrofula. If they sb( ceed beyond all other known remedies in those diseases, so does the sulji'iiai of quinine in the diseases of which wo are now treating: — if they, Slrin •M foj '>n inJ ■J^ - m THE [boos II. 'iRTI.] INTERIOR VALr.EY OF NORTH AMRRICA. cliona buvk, and its prc- bark was in g'niona use ir oxi'i^^'tations; but llio , one of the (,M>ini.uuu>U id all its i)roparuliuus, in 1 ;0 cannot I.C referred tatlic •mn or ammonia, wliieli, in that of tonics, as gcutiiiii, in minute and regulurly uul sustain the actions and ueans those wliich chunic- ,tter claims to be admitted ivation, generally fuilo^v.siu the vaticnt, he favovahk. t. , it may be grouped \vitlitk with the suporilic divbi>ii, on its operation, in lihoral sh the fre.iuency and spa- d and soften the pulso; in- ze the innervation. Its sin- .ans of sense. /i/i'»/«.sram,-a_ 'is analogous to the ciToctct .,nna. on the pupil of the cyo. s exhibition in cinisuleral.le \ move on the great sympa- ,s of organic life, gomrally, point of distinction hctm^oi ,-sl arterii'l iuUncss; characterize it as a niediciw change; and constitute it ai »s experience has sho^vn, standi :itivo of the cinchona bark, but it seems proper here to remark, that their tffocts arc not precisely the same, though donlitless both act on the samo 'rimiplc, in arrostiiig the paroxysms of the Fever. The bark is destitute f a (liaphnretio prop(!rty, and acts as an astringent and tonic. A irrcatcr rediiu'tion of tlic powers of the system, is, tliereforo, necessary for the suc- ii.ssful administration of that medicine, than for the sul[)hate prepared from r. while on the other hand tlic b^. k is best adapted to cases in whicli :':;? vital energies are seriously impaiicd. If to these variations W(> add, that Then the stomach is irritable, the sulphate may be retained, but ''m; bark I'rowu up, we have before us all the data necessary to a practical estimate f the relative value of the two medicines, in the present di.^case; and omit- ::ng a further reference to the latter, T proceed to speak of the cnrative ; wcr of the former. 1. Oi/iisvon of Prfparatory Treatment. — At the outset it may be isljcd, whether the sulphate of quinine will cure intermittent fever without ;i,c preparato/y treatment which has been recommended V The answer must a' that it will ; for in the south, it has of late, been frequently administored, i> the first medicine, and found successful. This may seem ineredildi! to ;'i'i?e, who, adlierlng rigorously to old ideas, regard evacuation, revulsion, and ;;aic, as curative ; and llie sulphate as a tonic, maintaining and carrying on t!:,u tliey had commciiced; but those who see in that medicine, a jiower of ^•tahlishiiig in ti;o system t. peculiar action, incompatible with the febrile, rfil have little difficulty in believing tlie report that it has often succeeilcd, without preparative treatment. Regarding the morbid state of the sccrc- im, as the effect and not the cause of the disease, they will consistently nripose, that the ])cst corrective for that state must be tl:c agent wliicli can iiporscdc the febrile action by one of its own. Nevertlieless, I believe tlio reliminary treatment, wdiich has Iieen p'^inted out, generally advisable, and 3 many eases indispensable. This remark, however, ap[dios cliicfly to the prly stages of the disease; for in relapses, no treatment preparatory to the imiiistration of the sulphate, is in general required. 'L Times of Admin'n^t ration. — In traversing the Valley. I have met with spectahle physicians who prefer to administer the sulphate in the decline fthe paroxysm; others ,' ho choose the whole period of apyexia; others io give it shortly before the access of the cold stage; others who exhil)it indiscriminately tlirough the paroxysm and the intermission ; and all ^ fened to experience as the test of their preference. It seems to result of that fever. In reference Wfij; t[,|g Jiycrgity^ thnt it signifies but little, when the medicine is given, tidotal . It is not, howovtm.jyijgj t|,g gygtetn bo brought and kept under its impress. That a liberal mnal fever, are like those Ki|; q^ tlic decline of the paroxysm, may promote the sweating wliicli then TPi. •!, ^^^ ^^^ spontaneously, there is no doubt; but it must be borne in mind, lit the efi'ects of such a dose upon the constitution may pass away, before « hour for the r.oxt paroxysm. The object in view, is to secure the im- 'i?5irin of the medicine on the general system, at the time when the cold stage aid form. To this end, it would seem important to make a liberal exhi- lon immediately before that event ; and many who pursue this practice .vstcm contrair-dicatc its luJ '•> . , . •,, ^a. Greaa ts the'cause of autumnalfcurj efficacy, in all the varHic| external scrofula. f tk ,e diseases, so does the sulpl tveating:-iftbcy.oeei now Lii;ai.i"to- ' ' ■( till treatment, so does it •• it .sidering. te of 1 ! f '( !i. '-0* '■^•1 Lf «•■;.. '■,.••■■• '..,■■ ^h !'■'■ . .it r.' ■> -.■■. • ■,.' 'fc^^-'iii-^-' ^- •■■'■' ..-v ■■■'•' ■ 'i III ' fm0'^-^' at;- !''4l"^ ■■.'■>■■■■■■ ■** . ■Ij^v'i '■'■■■•■.V, ..-'/V ■. . ' ■.<. ( :■:■ A ni'v ■ ■ ■'■'.■• . — , ' ^ ¥ *"•! fi^ v-t'„:'r :■■*■■• :'.■•,■ ■• t Jir ■ .'v. ■ e 7r)0 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE [book II troo, awl the herbs Eupalcrhim perfvlialum, or thoroughwcirt, and Salhiij: anguluris (furnierly Chironia ang.^, or American centaury. As it was an old professional oijinion that the superior efficacy of the cinchona lark, over other bitters, arose from the union of an astringent principle, it hus hoi ;i customary to combine, with the bark of the trees just menti- \h. Herbert, of Gallipolis, Ohio. His method is to make a saturated tinitiuc •with aLohol, of the leaves and flowers of the plant, and adminisU'r it, a; short intervals, in drachm duses. If the accounts which I have received are to be relied upon, it seems probable that this herb contains a peculiar princi- ple, resembling quinine in its effects upon the body. And here I cam... refrain from observing, that in a country of such \ Lst extent as ours, mam- parts of which, from their topographical structure, must forever remain sub- ject to intermittent fever, it should be regarded as a duty of patrioti.sm ai.-i humanit}^ to test, by exhibition and analysis, such of our indigenous plants as ia their sensible qualities bear any resemblance to the cinchona. He who slioull I discover, in our country, a substitute for tlie bark, out of which the sulpliati of quinine is manufactured, would be honored as a benefactor. VI. Arsenxous Acid. — The extent to which this medicine was cmiiloyod- in the intermittent fever of the interior, was greater before than since tl: introduction of the sulphate of quinine. Its minute dose conmicnded it hi those who disrelished bulky portions of cinchona bark. Since the use the sulphate became general, it is sometimes combined with that medicine,! and there seems to l)e no objection, chemical or therapeutic, to tlie iniiin. The arsenious acid has not commonly been administered in the first st.'igcj our intermittents; and, it has seemed to me, perhaps, without sullioii: reason, as better adapted to cases a little prolonged. K is quite certain tli; it has the power of arresting the paroxysms, though not so promptly as t!ij sulphate of quinine. As its etfccts, however, are more lasting, it i-'J perhaps, not so often followed by relapses. Many of our physicians adiiiii;| ister the solution of arsenito of potash (Fowler's solution) ; but I liav^ wpceturi '^i diaplj sioii,, ovc/ m rHE [book ii. ougliwovt, and SalhilM ciitaury. As it was an ;he cincVioiia bark, ovtv ; pvinei^ile, it li>is boun ;t meuti:tiuiulatiiig iter tbcm in tbe form of ■cstcd tbc paroxysms (f 10 (Vi.scases bad contiuuL'] and partly by tbe baliit em is tbe period uf rcstn- by otbcr means. f)f tlio iftcr tbc alleged diseovciy icd to be analogous to qui- r. I bave not my self used ec wortb detailing. Tlic uller tban tbat beaiing on ■ed me, tbat tliey bad f'.m.J en so wneciuivocally as Dr. .lake a saturated tincturo, lant, and administer it, at i 'ft'bicb I bave received are contains a peeubar pruici- ody. And bere I c:ir.;... N ist extent as ours, many ^ , must forever remain sub- is a duty of patriotism ai.i f our Indigenous plants as m ceincbona. HowbosliouH :, out of wbicb tbc sulphate a benefactor. tbis medicine vrascmployoi .liter before tban since tl-.c nutc dose commended it to ,a bark. Since tbc use. nbined witb tbat meibcine, tberapeutic, to tlie uiikh listered in tbe first stages. pcrbaps, witbout suffieij:. ged. I.isquitceevtnmtb iitrb not so promptly as t ^are more lasting, it '^ ,^ of our pbysicians ailmi''. er's solution) ; but I l>a^ FART I.J INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA '51 eencrally given it in substance. Tbc following formula is tbat wbicb I bave been accustomed to employ : l\. Arsenious acid, ------ grs. j. Finely p-'wdcnd opium, - - .. grs. iv. Mix intimately, and divide into sixteen j)ills. Throe or four of tbese pilLs, in the course of twenty-four bours, arc as much as can be long borne If tiie disease should not yield, by tbe time the itomacb becomes irritable, witb some degree of epigastric tenderness, or tbc fsee exliibitsan incipient tcdema, it is not advi.sable to continue tbe medicine ;i:iy longer. Sixteen grains of sulphate of quinine, added to this formula, will make it as effective in obstinate agues, as any other remedy with which I am acquainted. >y SECTION III. INFLAMMATORY INTERMITTENT^. I. DiAiiXosis AM) Pathology. — Every autunni, in all parts of tbe Valley, tbuugb least in tlio southern, we see inflammatory mixed up with iiniple intermittents, but tbov are far less in nundjcr. In this respect, how- ever, different years vary from each other. Thus, in some seasons, there will be very few — in others a large number. There is in such yeans a jiilogistic, atmospheric constitution, giving to almost every form of disease aa infla'iimnt.iry character. The modification of intermittent fever wo are L'jvr stM lying, presents us with tension of the pulse, a prohjngcd Imt .stage, 1.1(1 an imperfect intermission. But tlie best diagnostic symptom.a, are those tMcIi indicrtc an inflammation of some organ, generally one of the following: 1. The Spleen. — The morbid eflfects of every variety of intermittent :'.vcr on the spleen, are well known to all physicians. In every one of the till winters tliat I ^vas connected witb the University of Louisville, and iilivered clinical instruction in the hospital of that city, I met with lesions of tte capsule of the spleen, produced by inflammation. They were gei.erally ipots or bands of false membrane. Most of the subjects in which they we found bad been boatmen; a class Avho arc exceedingly liable to intor- Kitteut fever. From these and other facts, I am convinced that splenitis is iei|uently present in that disease. It is not, however, the cause, but a con- tingent of the fever; for the symptoms of splenitis arc not present at the wmmeucement of any case, as far as I have seen ; and immerous eases run ilirougb a long course without their occurrence. The signs of splenitis are tenderness and pain, on pressure over the epl- !ijtric and left bypoclnjudriae regions ; especially when tlie fingers are |[iisliod upward behind the cartilages of the ribs ; a slight cough, without «peotrjration, resulting apparently from an extension of the inflannnation to K diaphragm ; and when the organ is swollen, a dull sound, under percus- '•JU: over the false ribs. When this dullness exists, the case may bo distin- -r 'f :.Mi1;i • .' ' I I. I, : • lii t t^t 752 THE PRINCirAL DISCASES OF THE [book 11. m ■> '*."■«' •f ■ ; .111 '• ■ ~,' ,'■ I }"^ .■',' '■;.■:• '%Ml ■::'■■::: -' ■■», - • li:f'liJ.1''^'i'H' y^ .'■.'-'■■ -i- '•«■■ ■ ■■..■..'.'.'■• . WTO" ■■ • < '■ '■ .. • '• ' . . IMft^v .}■*■■■■■ -•> [!t;;',--": 1,) ■ "4ffl»vj- ;» -■ r- ■':' ■ -• ■ ■■■■ ■• ■;> ■';■ 7? .-.^.m: .,-v,: >fc.^';... 1. «::.>«•■■ ^ ^;:^^-- ■'■■■■ •■ • ■ . K"' ■. .■••■T I ,' i ■ < ■■ ■ ■ (P^i'"-'"- '••■•'••■■ ' . .41' ■; •. 'i ,-■■ Ar-I i 't\ ■•■■ ■ ■.*... 'J ^|t.^,. guislicd from jmounicinia by auscultation, wliicli reveals tlic normal resjiiratory murmur, in.stead of tlie c-rojiitus, wliidi eliaracterizes that form ol' |uilmijii. ary disease. Wiien sjilenitis i.s iiresent, moreover, the intermissioii.s of tin; Fuvcr arc imperfect, although the cliills and even a shako may contimu; tu roc^ur. A still I'lntlur diagnostic sign is to he found in the failure of tlic suljihate of quinine to arrest the |iaroxysms of the Fever. It is imt my intention to go further into the history of this inflammation at this time, ns the disorders of the spleen, produced by autumnal fever, must be luaJe the subject of a separate article. 2. yV/f Sliiiiiarh. — Tlie nuicous membrane of the stomacli is occasinnally the seat of inilanimation in these interiiiittents. But wo must not vcjjarJ every instance of irritable stomach as the result of {.'astritis ; for nausea and vomiting miiy occur independently of inllaniniati(ni. 'J'his is proved ly their yielding, in some cases, to an emetic, and in others lo a libcnd aihiiin- istration (if ojiiuni and the .sul[ihate of quinine, or even to the bark in s^ub- staiice. T was assuri'd by l)r, Picket, formerly of Indiana, but now olMis- sissip[ii, that he had often seen his ])rece[)tor, the late enterprising and laimiuted Dr. Ferrinc, who once practiced in the former state, compel his patients, wliu had irritable stomachs, to hold their hands on their mouths and swalluw, a second time, the large doses of bark whit-li, before the intr(jduction of tlie sul- phate of ({uinine, he was accustomed to administer. Nevertheless, that pa.'^tiitis is soinotinies associated with intermittent fever, may be regarded as uiKpicstiuii- able; thoiigli the discriminating diagnosis between it and mere morbid sou- sibility of the organ, may be diilicult. Fullness, and great tenderness under pressure and percussion, with nausea and embarrassment in the dcscuut of the di'phragm, would undoubtedly re((uiro us to regard the Fever as coiujili- catcd with gastritis, especially if these symptoms subsisted through au imperfect apyrexia, Tiiat this inflammation may I'teii extend tu tlic duodenum, giving a real gastro-cnteritis is, at least, extremely probable. 3. The lilvcr. — Although less frequently the seat of inflanuuatiuii than th'^ spleen, the liver is perhaps as often, or more frequently, inilaiiicd, tliaii the stomach. The hypochondriac tenderness, hacking cough, irritable stnm- acli. and sallow or jaundiced eye.s, skin, and urine, ■will sufiicicntly disdusc the existence of hepatitis. These ajipcnr to be the legitinmte or characteristic inflannnations acccni- pauying this variety of intermittent fever: but there arc others, of a coii- tin^out or accidental kind, wliich must not be overlooked. 4. Th" JjUiigf^. — A sudden change of weather may develop jndinonaiT inflanuuation in connection with intermittent fever. This will be iiitlieatcJ by Cough, dyspiKva, jiain. and the orilinary auscultic signs. 5. T!i<' Brc'in. — If this organ be largo, and the chest and neck of tlio patient short; or if he lias had his mind or passions strongly excited bofre the onset of the Fever; or should he be subjected to mental perturbation.", at'tir it has begun, some form of cereliritis may lie set u]). ]5ut wc nm.^tu't regard every case of headache, sense of fullness, and delirium, as evidence "t inflammation, for such symptoms arc not uncommon, during the paroxysm uf ■I I i -■# F THE [book II. TART i. INTERIOR VALLEY OF VORTII AMERICA. io3 Is tlio normal respiratory js tliat form ol" |iulniuii- itermissious uf tliu rcvor sliaki; may cnutimu; to ml in tho failure of tlie 10 Fever. It is not my nniatiiin at this time, ;is al fever, must be made ic st(ima!.'li is occasionally l>ut we must not vcgarJ of I'astritis ; for nausea tion. Tliis is iir(jveil by otliers (t) a lilieritl admin- [jvcn to tlie balk in s^ub- Indiana, but now of .Mis- enterprising and lamented e, comiielliis patients, wbd ir mouths and swallow, a die intvoduetion of the sul- Novertheless, that gastritis be regarded as uniiuestluu- n it and mere morljid sou- uul great tenderness under assmcnt in the deseent of gard the Fever as coniidi- inis subsisted through an nay I'ten extend to tlie ;t, extrenudy pndialde. seat of inflamnuition tlian frequently, intiannd, tliau king cough, irritable stmii- will sufiicicntly disclose t'ne istic inflanmnations accom- there are others, of a euu- }rlookcd. iv may dcveloii ]iulinonary :r. This will be indieatid tie. signs. the chest and neek of tlie i(ms strongly excited bef IV 1 mental perturbations, atttv srt up. But wo mn.^t mt kind delirium, as evidence -f ion, during the paroxysm ul tlie simplest intermittent. 'J'he aeutencss of the symptoms, their increase under succussion and depres.^ion of the head to the level of tin; liody, and ;k'ir subsistence, tliough in a diminished degree, through the pericd of in- termission, will ill general justify tho conclusion that inHammution exists. If with these symptoms wo have variableness in the pulse, a certain degree {f altered expression, with redness of the eyes, and tho patient, without lioiiig [irone to disturbance of mind, under ordinary attacks of fever, is acutely i]i'liri[)iiigon the epigastrium, will be followed by more olivi(jus bencflts than in .splenitis. Subsequently a blister to the same region will be of great scrviie. la this inflannnation calomel is demanded ; and will be found more efficacious in large occasional, than in small and repeated doses. The following formula wiu lie found convenient — R Calomel, ) Powdered Gum Arabic, > a a gr. x, mix. "White Sugar. ) To he administered every four hours. The bowels should be 0]Hned with injections : ami all drastic cathartics avoided, together with tartari/ed anti- mony and other emetic medicines. As soon as the inflammation and fever i{i. ■'I 1 ^'i.S' ... '':'*' ... 3. "I t-1. •• ■■♦ '<:■ !■•••■:..*>:* At^rtH^ '■ ■ ■ ■■ . ■'■■-.<-:,■ • ' ^ 'I • ■ mtmmi'^^^^^^'^.'i''^ if ^■'''''''- T '^■■ fil'ftri;U:v.^^'i ■;■■■-■ ¥■>« .'• '"'/«■■'*'■ 'i ' i^i- ■:'♦. ; .f^ •■'J .•' 'Sip''H^'i. -•:.'..'-■'.■.■■ ■ ■ ■ i >'-■;*•.! I.-' \' r ' 't ■': ■•>■••■ 'tm'^-^r^ '■-■■' ''-'■■■■'■■■ ■■■■*• .■(<•,*■ -' "'i 'fi'-'V'' ''■■■; ' t .' - '; . ■ ' . ^ 754 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE [book II. begin to abate, one gi-ain of powtlcvetl opium may be added to tlie calomel • after wliicli, the quinine may be administered, as in simple intermittont,s. When tliG Fever is compliciited with hepatitis, general and topical blood- ing will be proper; but their effects, on the whole, will be less satisfactory, than in splenitis, gastritis, or gastro-entcritis. Antimonials, unless there should be a high degree of sympatlietic irritability of the stomach, are not objectionable ; and free purging will prove useful. The regular admiiiis- tration of calomel sh I I I* ? |> Fi i J' t i. a I 'I. ' • 'J . iw ■■■ I ' "yfe. r.'> CHAPTER VI. MALIGNANT INTERMITTENT FEVER. SECTION T. GENERAL HISTORY. I shall comprehend, under the term malignant intermittents, all the cases known to the Valley, which are not referable to the two preceding heads. The members of this group, in their symptoms, differ much more widely from each other than those of the preceding groups. They are all, however, marked with a common character of anomaly or irregularity. The hariiinny of symptoms, both cotemporary and consecutive, observable in the otlier groups, is here wanting ; or if displayed at the beginning of a case, i.s lust in its pi ogress. They arc still further characterized, in their obvious aspects. by a predominance of the cold stage over the licit; and by a downward man- ifestation of the vital forces and functions, not to be mistaken by the most careless observer. They agree, moreover, in occurring chiefly in the epiJomic period of the year, and in the localities most subject to autumnal fever — those whieli are branded as most insalubrious ; finally, they concur in a strong tendency to an early and fatal termination, when not arretted by art, In different parts of the Valley, they are known, by the profession, under tlic general appellation of congestive or malignant; and, in their sub- L'j^Vl .... •. ■ rHE [book II. hers, although no organ iractcr, as much as scar- alkalditb, aro the true I'c not infallible ; and, in fhich the must inipovtaut jare and keep the sys^^.m ;av(letl as imperfect spo- xcid, opium, piperine, and ilurc is <,'enerally rcforablu agent which produced tbo r FEVER. PiRT !■] INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH A:\rERICA. (0/ intermittents, all the cases the two preceding beads. , differ much more widely IS. They are all, however, i-regulavity. The huniumy e. observable in the otlur )eginning of a case, is Imsi ad, in their obvious aspects ; and by a downward man- be mistaken by the most .■ring chiefly in tlie epidoniic d)ject to autumnal fever — finally, they concur in a , when not arrested by art. n, by the profession, under ;uant ; and, in their su'u- nrietios, by the terms irregular, misplaced, soporose, or nlgid, accoyding tu i!io prevalence, in particular cases, of tliis or that anomaly. I need scarcely say tliat this variety of interniittents never ccnstitutcs an entire o[(ideniic. It is mixed up with die otlier varieties; and, in most '.icalities, tlio proportion which tliese cases really bear to the other.-;, i.-^ much •aialler than is generally supposed, at least by the jieople. Two or three circumstances have contributed to swell the catalogue of cases beyond the until. First. AVhon a case of this hind proves fatal, the neighborliood in wliitdi it happens is thrown into a state of alarm, and every attacdi of intennit- lont which occurs, is liable to be pronounced of the same kind — thus, by a itroko of the tongue, simple intermittents aro transmuted into maligiiants. i^ecoml. There arc empirics who are willing to profit by this delu.sion of the people, or even to excite it, and therefore apply the dreaded ejiithct. con- gestive, to ordinary cases, for the purpose of magnifying their skill in iaving life. Th.'ir'l. Pliysicians, the most skillful and conscientious, are often jt a loss to say whether there may not boa lurking malignity in certain oases; anil, therefore, prudently speak of tl^ein, and prescribe for them, as if ttcy were really dangerous ; when, in fact, if let alone, they might take tlio course of common iiit(.'rmittents. The regions of the Valley most infested with the fevers of this order, as far as I am now prepared to state, are, First. The level portions of Ala- bama, 3Iis«issippi, and Louisiana, including the zone of estuaries around the Gulf Second. The southern shore of Lake ^Michigan, from Chicago round to the 8t. Joseph River, and of Lake St. Clair and Lake Ph-ie, from Lake Huron to Lake Ontario, near the estuaries of the creeks and rivers. The intervening region and the country off to the west of Lake IMichigan, arc, hoM'cver, not exempt ; but the proportion of cases, with the exception of a few limited localities, is much less. In the early settlement of the states on the Ohio River, examples of this fever now and then occurred, and such is still the case; but neither in early nor later times were they numerous, except along the lower third part of that river; where they seem to have exi.^ted in considerable numbers from the beginning of settlement. Relying on the answers to my questions, concern- ing the increase or decrease of this fever in the regions where it pircvails jost, I may say that, ia latter years, it has been increasing, and that this insreasc appears to date from the visitation of the Epidemic Cholera, in lSo"2-4. Still, from the short time that most of the physicians of the south remain in practice, it is difiieult to gather up correct data on this subject. That the ciiolcra-atmosphcrc mai/ have had this eft'ect must be admitted. It was very perceptible in the vicinity of Cincinnati, for two or three years after that visitation ; and the history of epidemics, in all countries and ages of the world, coincides with this alleged effect. No class of persons is exempt from this form of intermittent fever ; but '■)oth sexes and all ages aro liable ; and, as far as I know, equally so, under c^iual exposure to exciting causes. ll I 'I f f f • tti 75S THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF TflE BOOK II. After tliopo general intrciduptory roniavks, vic must proceed to take a closer view of this difficult subject, beginning with its svuiptoms. InM^kK^A '■!••....._. r ■. f.; .;,,', f- ;'':. ■ ,. ■■ ■ ■"•••■• ■'. '. '■ . V* ■!.' ' : V- ,'■ ■ ■ . .,».■■ . ■/ ■ > . ffl ( ? tr', '-4 1 ■ . - ' I ■ ■ .- • if \^?;r'- ;-'^'-';ii.i'Ay. .■' ■"-. 1. -1;. .vm:,! ..;. mm^ i;': •i?^^\'^' '^>!*.-:.n^ v, , a:;- ■■^••^'"'^^'■■'••■■■- SECTION II. SYMPTOMATOLOGY. Tlicrc Is not porliap.s in the wliolc rango of syniptdmatology, a more diffi- enlt task tlian that of making a graphical presentation of tlio symptoms, ■W'liif'h accompany and characterize our malignant iutermittent fevcr.s. This results from several causes : First. Their number : all the functions hciii" morbid. Scrond. Their simultaneous occurrence; as if the whole of the organism had been affected by the direct action of the remote cause at tlie «ame liinc. Third. Tlic suddenness of their occurrence on the acce.«s of the paroxysm ; presenting, in a single hour, a transition from a state appa- rently bdrdcriiig on health, to one of impending dissolution. Fourl/i. The deep involvement of one great organ in one case — of a different one in anotlier, and a consequent modification of the symptoms. Comjiarcd in the diversity of their phenomena with the most malignant cases of scarliitiiin. typhus gravior, or epidemic cliolera, they are decidedly more difficult t(i por- tray in a methodical and faithful manner than cither. Moreover, their ma- lignity sometimes shows itself by the slightest possible anomaly. Thus n partial numbness, or a coldness of the great toes, instead of a regular cliill, or a disposition to sleep at the access of the paroxysm, may be all that sug- gests anything more than the most harmless intermittent. ITcnce tlioj stand connected, on the one hand, with a simple ague ; while, on the other, they graduate into the malignant remittent type, in such a manner that a separate description would scarcely be worth the trouble, were it not thut s series of morbid states, however intimately catenated, must be studied in its links, before it can be comprehended in its entireness. By far the greater number of cases begin as regular intermittents, with a cold fit too slight to excite more than a moderate shivering ; sucli, for ex- ample, as ushers in a simple remittent. The cold stage, is not f(dlowcd, hoiy- cver, by the well developed and prolonged hot stage of that variety of fever; but by one so inconsiderable, that the patient in many cases is soon upon his feet, and often resumes his business till the next da}-, or the day after that. If nothing should have been done, the second paroxy.«m Avill bo more severe ; his coldness will be greater and more prolonged, yet not pro- ductive of a shake; he mav have a considerable decrree of drowsiness, or dyspncea, with a sense of thoracic oppression ; his stomach may become irri- table, with a sense of epigastric sinking; or some, topical sweating may show itself. To these symptoms, but more slowly than the day before, will succeed a reaction of moderate force, and when it ceases, the patient, if not alarmed. will be again out of bed, and, perhaps, occupied. The third, and even the TIIC [nooKii. lust proceed to take a S S}'UH)tulUS. riRT I.] INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 709 ?. omatology, a more diffi- ttition of tlie symptonis, ;tcrmitteiit fevers. This all the functions being ns if the \vhule of the the remote cause at tlic arreuco on the access of ition from a state a[ipa- issolution. Fourlii. The 1 of a different one in itoms. Comiiared in the iiant cases of scarhitiua. edly more difficult to por- ler. IMoreover, their ma- issiblc anomaly. Thu!» a nstcad of a regular cliill, ysni, may bo all that siig- termittent. Hence they ;ue ; Avhilo, on the other, in such a manner that a •ouble, were it not tliat n ;d, must be studied ia its ss. ■ular intermittents, vrith a e shivering ; such, for es- ,tage, is not fidlo\Ycd, how- Htago of that variety d cut in raa,.y cases is soon the next day, or the clay second paroxysm Avill he re prolonged, yet not pru- dcgree of drowsiness, cr stomach may become im- „jpical sweating may show he day before, will succeed patient, if not alarmed. The third, and even the tot f.iurth paroxysm may thus pass away; each, however, presenting an increase of intensity in tlic syniptoins, and a full devel(ij)nient of them be reserved fur tlie lifth. But this is rare; and, in tlie majority of cases, the third fit, not only dischises the danger of the patient, but often pruves fatal; or ho <, | gaw a patii'. .f Doctor House, wli" ejeetod a black licjuid from hU stDinaili a few imurs before death. The liuwels arc .soni^'tinies torpid and (•(i.>,tivo; bat in many oases there is a watery diarrluea. Ndw and tluni, the ii'atfcrs thrtiwn oil' have rependded the washiuirs uf beef; or water cohered with in- digo. Discharges of blood !ire exceedingly rare. Of the condition nf the liver and spleen, otherwise than is indicated of the former, by what has just been said of its secretiun, nothing special can be recorded. ]\rany patient';, liiiwever, com[daiii of a sense of fullness and anxiety, through the hvpnchiin. driac and epigastric regions, and S(imo, especially of the left side, apparcitlv indicating great engorgement of the sideen ; which is doubtless the case, fi r that organ has sometimes I'ecn fouml in a state of manifest enlargoaiiiit. innncdiatoly after the recovery of the patient. 5. The urinary secretion presents considerable variety. Some jiliysiciaiis have occasionally seen a great secretion of limjiid urine, but in the larg r number of cases, it is reduced in quantity, and sometimes the secreti( n iicailv suspended. (). The fui\ction of perspiration is, on the other hand, in nnjst instnnco.«, greatly augmented — sometimes partial in its extent, more commoidy gen- eral. The fluid discharged is watery, and niay, almost, be seen cxuilii!,' from the skin, wlach feels cold, inelastic, and doughy; sometimes it is blood- less and pale, sometimes the extremities will assume a dark red, and tiio spots on which pressure is made will remain white for a time, indicating rap- illary stagnatior. 7. Lastly, the greatest reduction of energy is, perhaps, in the caluritii; function. The heat of the extrcnntics, and occasionally of the integunuiit> of the trunk and head, is signally reduced. It seems as if none were ilc- veloped in the system, and as great exhalation is constantly going on, frifli the surface, external applications, both potential and actual, resigned to raise | the temperature of the extremities, very often produce no effect. In tlio midst of this reduction, the patient will neither shiver nor complain of cold, but on the contrary, if not deeply comatose, may declare that he is burning iij' within, and call incessantly for water. Every ease, however, is not attended with this remarkable loss of heat. Those which manifest it most, must be classed with the algid intermittents of the systematic writers. A patient in the condition here described, must of course emerge froui it in a short time, or die. He who might have the greater part of the symp- toms, which, for the purpose of a full narrative, have been detailed, cannot, of course, be extricated. Hut a majority of them may be present, and yet recovery take place. In no other form of fever could this occur. In tlii.-. it results from the periodical and paroxysmal character of the disease. As the violent symptoms attendant on the cold stage of a simple intermittent, I TIIR [book II. niTI.] INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 701 Y ))ilo, ami novp'aml t1\oii . L-a.^^t'.s the ttu'ul eji'ftcd is ^ il liiiuid vcsuinliling tlio ' i so lew compari'il with t-ct in I'ooria, llliiiui**. 1 \\([w\ IViiin lii.'< bt'iiiiacli iineH tni-jiiil ami festive; i,w ami tlK'ii, tlie iiiattcrs ov \vatL'r cdli v(mI witli in- Of tlic comlition of tlio fdvuu'r, by wliat l\iis just ECordtHl. Many patients, y, tliroiigli tlie liyii'iclmn- ,f 'tlie left siile. aifavci t!y 1 is iloubtlosrf the ctiso. tVr of manifest enlargeiutiit. variety. Feme jiliyViciaiis I \m\v\ but in the largr ctimes tlio sccreti( n nearly r liarid, in most iiiMnneo?. xtcnt. moro commonly gen- I ;,lmo!>t, bo seen cxudiiv: liy; Fomotimcs it is blood- umc a (lark veil, and tiio or a time, imlicating cap- ., perhaps, ia the caluvilic j si(.vially of tho integuments ' seems as if none were de- ., constantly going on, fnm nd actual, I'osigned to rai>e ^ produce no effect. In tk '" liver nor complain of cold. eclare that he is burning lip ;o, however, is not attcndtJ manifest it most, must 1)0 .latic vrritcrs. St of course emerge froiu .t creater part of the ^vlnp■ have been detailed, cannot, m may bo present, and yet : could this occur. In ^^ aractcr of the disease. As ge of a simple intermittent, nvc place spontaneously, to those of the hot stage, which, in a few hnurs, as spontaneou.sly cease, and are followed by u eonipkte inturnii.>!slon ; so tlierc is, in malii:^ti:int intcrmittonts, a tendency to reaction and sub-sc^ucnt iaterniissiun ; and these will occur in every case, in which the deprcs.'siun has r..t gmio beyond certain liniit.s, nor any vital organ sustained a Ic-ion of structure or function, from wliich it cannot recover. To this inherent 'irul inalienable property, we must a.scril)o, a.s to a causa sine qua noii, tlie revival i)f the organism from it.s d('pre.«.sed and perverted condition : without it, tho lihvsifian would neither have ground fur hopo, nor encouragmcnt to effort. Nothing is more common, tlian for midical gentlemen, where the worst tases of this fever prevail, to describe it, as a compound of the cold and hot stages; which, losing their natural relation if se(|uence, arc, to speak para- i'sically, present at the same time; the pathological condition of the cold fuge, prevailing in some of the functions — of the hot stage, in others ; jccording as tho reaction is not, or is, awakened. No exiiibition of symp- ; ms, could more impressively declare tho extent to which an external cause aJ violated the laws of the organism. Tlie prognosis of tlie case, is drawn ',r.'L'ly from an analysis of these phenomena. In proportion as the signs ■' reaction augment, is the prediction in favor of recovery; while, according V'tlicir feebleness, and limited extent througli the system, is the prophesy :a fatal issue. In a simple intermittent, all the symptoms of the hct '.ago, arise nearly at the same time, and harmonize with each other, while ioy contrast strongly, with the eijuaUy harmonious, concourse of symji- :m, wliicli characterized the cold stage an hour before. In tho malign;int. ;tli the harmony and the contrast, are replaced, by a discordant assemblage : jilienomcna, which belong to both stages, and will contrast with neither.' In sum? cases, an abutenicnt of the coma — which may give place to a con- i'.krable degree of intellectual vivacity, with or without delirium, and some iiA of the face and eyes — will indicate cerebral reaction, while tho other ptonis of depression may remain. In others, the heart may recover its Sirgios, so far as to manifesc reaction, and still tho capillary circulation may '-■tbe restored. Tho respiration may increase in frequency, but the color •iibcat of tho surface not be improved. Tho thirst and sense of niteriial :':at may become intense, with augmented epigastric tenderness and febrile latof the trunk of the body, while the extremities may remain icy-cold. Hnally. the exudation from tho skin may diminish, a feeling of chilliness I'ldi shivering come on, or the temperature of the limbs become warmer, many internal functions continue depressed. If it be a fatal paroxysm, cither of the soporose or algid kind, even these pble manifestations of renovated excitement, may not ajipear. Tho occur - pee of some of them, moreover, is not a guaranty of recovery ; fur after p"ing la.sted for a brief period, they may die away, and death occur, at the pry hour, which a too sanguine hope had fixed for a full development of the * stage. In ca.scs of a less malignant character, some of the phenomena •tlie cold stage are apt to continue, anomaloui^ly, throughout the hot; and »i' intermission which succeed.s, is seldom comfortable or promising : but 49 |t:ao : :y I '« I > i'v •^' . ■. • . ■ • •• «:"■ ■'''■.:•■=■.■••., ■-!'■' .V. '■ ' ■' ■■' ^ ; ;-'.v; r.,i-i :.■..-■ \, k/(r I. . i ,< \ ■ \'< ^ , - '.t ■■^■\''';W' • ,,* fefe: . "S.. ■4 ■1 702 Tin: PRINCIPAI, DISEASES OF THE [■OOK displays sij^'ris (^f an uiilicaltliy ocuilitioii of tlio vital proportics, or tliu hsm of Piinic important organ ; giving a nielani'boly presage of tlio mortal event, wliifli awaits the access of tlic Huccccding fit, In proportion as the hot >Ui'U' has been full and intense, and the intermission perfect, is the prospect it' safety in tlie next paroxysm. Among tlio anomalies of this most ataxic fever, T may mention what many of my liretliron liavo, occasionally, seen, a transition from the state of collai si; to that of healthy function, or the third stage, as it is absurdly called, mani- fested in an o|ten and c(ju!iblc pnlse, diHuscd and natural heat, a wnnn ikt- si)iratii)n, renovated mnsuidar energies, and sound functions of nii'.Hl, \n these cases the hot stage socnis, so to speak, to have run its course in com- bination with the cold. Thoy resemble those cases of epidemic clidkra, which pass from collajjse to recover^', without the intervention of tlio I'liij paroxysm of fever, which in other cases succeeds to the stage of de]H'('s>iijii, When a patient has been brought out of a severe jiaroxysm of this liver, if neglected or improperly treated, he invariably dies in the next ; but uihI r judicious management the disease either takes the course of a regular ni."i", or ceasing altogether, a rapid and favorable convalescence ensues, wmc!] i^ very commonly the case. AVlicn, however, any great (prgaii has sullcrcd in.. jury during the paroxysm, the recovery will be impeded; and, even, a rdai-j may be the consequence. That organ may be the brain, when the intelk* tual functions will be, to a certain degree, stultified; or the lungs, produriig more or less of cough or dyspnoea; or the stomach, which will reniain iri> table, and incapable of a due performance of its functions; or the Iiowils — afTected with diarrlnva; or the liver, which will mark the system in its i^vn, peculiar manner; but of all the organs, the spleen ajipears to sull'cnii";tj| and often remains enlarged, and sometimes tender for a considerabk' ptii J of time. Thus after ail i\'.<> .-symptoms of the constitutional disease lia\i; passed awa^-, those of a local afiection may remain. As illustrative of several parts of the symptomatology through wliieh have traveled, I will here introduce the following case, which fell uiulcrm; notice in Springfield, Illinois. Case. — September G, 1S44, at 10 o'clock in the morning, was invitcJb] Doctor ]Morriman, to accompany him in a consultation to which ho had called, by one of his brethren. The history of the case, as well as vre coul make it out, was as follows: — The patient, a robust and halo conntryiiiai not 3'ct of middle age, residing fifteen miles in the country, felt unwell the evening of the first instant, while on his way to Springfield, wliiili H ]] reached the next morning. He was then chilly, but kept about the town tBnearly n noon, when a fever came on. It abated, and in the evening of the son iiB.'iriia fr he had another chill followed by fever. The next day (third), he had por.-firBjd iir t tion and was much better, in which condition he still found himself on tlicnurB'nil esci ing of the fourth. In the afternoon of that day the chill roturncd, amll^Hlio o Lands and feet, with his legs up to his knees, became cold, and contiauei till his death. His stomach on that became irritable, and he vomited, cii« tU'este sionally, for twenty-foiu- hours, that is, till the evening of the fifth, TJpsi, and ifO •I't t I. In 1 SiittOl ::iiie o Af I'Vcr, i ."ears s 11 r II! l"', u TIIF- [■OOK II. IRT I.] INTF.RIOIl VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA 7t)3 1 jirdpt'ttit'S, (T lilt; Icsiijii s;;i"<-' uf tlu' niiirtal uvnit, ri.iiortidn aa tho Imt !*t!\g«! lert'oct, is the iiroHpcct nf I luiiy nu'iilion wliat many I tVniu tlio state of c.llai*! t is absurdly callcil, muni- natural licat, a warm ikt- 1(1 fuiicti^iiis of miiid. in lavc run its course in com- •asfS of cirulcmic clinkta, e intfrveutiuu of tlie l"iig to tlie stage of iloiirossimi. jro iiaroxysm of this IV'Vcr, (lies in the uext; Imtuinkt ,0 course of a rcguhu- agno, iivalescence ensues, \\W.\\% -rreat nrjran has suiTuvcd in- mpedoa; and, even, a nlai >» the hvain, when the intellio ficd; or the lungs, prodiuiig iiach, which wiU reuiaiii ini- K functions; or tho hnweU- inark the system in its uwa hien aiipears to suiiVv m^ (Icr for a consiilerahlc luri' * ) oonstitutioiuil disease hv lain. . toniutology through ^YllK•ll ng case, which fell umlemv , tho morning, was invltcai)] tation to which he hail 1 - the ease, as well as we c ul . robust and hale countryiiiai n the country, felt unwell way to Springfield, whi'li y but kept about the town t in the evening of the seeon t day (third), he had por^^lr| still found himself on the nv!^ day the chill returned, and! became cold, and continued irritable, and he vomited, P- ho evening of the fiftli^ i" I "(xt morning (sixth), when T saw him, at ten o'clock, he was restlrps in tho ixtremo; hit) forehead was warm, but not moist; his face was overspread (tiili a coppcrish Ihic; his eyes were sufTusod and vacant in expression. Ili.s lands ami wrists were er»ld and sodth'n, but scarcely moist; and ( xliibitcd thi' appearance of ;'f;.s7 ?;;K/^m congestion, — the dark reddish pati'lies be- niiiig, and for some time remaining white from pressure. J lis feet and ,.'S dis|»layt'd miarly the same a[ipearaneo. The trunk of his body liad its ■iitiiral heat. The pulse of the right wrist had ceased; that of the let't MS f'ee!)le, moderately full, tolerably regular, and one hundred and four in a •jhiutc. There was no puNe l)ehiiid either aidvh;. His carotid arteries beat K'l'ldy. The hnpulso of liis hciart was weak, and the sounds reduced. s had increased; his pulse had become smaller, and beat one hundred and uvonty in a minute ; the coldness and parboiled condition of his hands, was ::rtator; and his face at times was pallid. His delirium had, also, increased ilittle; but he tried, as it aj)p(!arcd, to find his pocket, and when questioned, •ii'l lie wanted tidiaceo. Some was handed him, which he put into his mouth, a,ul presently, used his handkerchief, in a natural manner. He then lay Sure quiet, and seemed ac though lie would .sleep. In a short time, he asked ir the urinal, and after an unsuccessful effort at urinating, handed it la'k. T examined, and found that there was no distension of the bladder. Ho now coinphiined of the irritating applications, which had been made to sijleffs two hours before. Such was his situation when I left him, at half laet three. At four he became somewhat convulsed and suddenly expired. An hour and a half after death, I found his feet strongly flexed, with a aiitted contraction of the muscles of his legs, which had continued from the im of his dissolution. A post mortem examination was not permitted. .V further illustration of the fatal anomalies presented by our intermittent J'vor, is afforded by the following narrative, published by myself, several ■ears since. The cases mentioned in it were probably of the kind which •vuld be called apoplectic rather than algid.* ■ BiRMNdTON is a small village on tho Ohio Piiver, in our own state, Marly opposite the mouth of tho Great Sandy River, which separates Vir- liriia from Kentucky. A family by tho name of Cox. resided ono mile 3c!ow tho villasro, on the north bank of the Ohio River. The shore is hi";li, ind exempt both from alluvial accumulations and c(dlections of water; but, 3 tho opposite side of the river, above the mouth of the Big Sandy, there •^Vestorn Journal of tho Medical and Physical Sciences (Cincinnati), for July, Au- |iJ?t, and September, 1835. Pago 372. il X '■.;:•■ '(■■ ■'■'1 tf - I"' 1%4't' < J J '3] •• ' 8* J 'ft I. ' m. ■ ; 'J e of the disease, was seized with cimvulsious and delirium, of which he died. One cf the children, laboring under the fever, became aifected with symptoms cf epidemic cholera, and died. Another, laboring under the same fever, espc- rienced an attack with convulsions, like tl)e father, which teruiinatcil in hemiplegia, from which, however, it has nearly recovered. All these events happened at the same place. Soon aftervvard the remaining members of the family removed to Cincinnati, and fell under the care of Doctor llidgliv. One of the children, a boy four or tivu years old, when the Doctor first saw him, ajjpeared to bo coming out of the cold :?tage. He was able to s-it up in the bod and converse ratioiuilly. But soon after the Doctor left the lioua'. he said he was dying, and in fact expired — having comphiined of scvor pain in his bowels, a symptom whic'h existed in the paroxysm of the prcc;.- ding day. Not long afterward, a daugliter, two or three jears older, lali.r- ing under the same form of fever, was attacked with convulsions, ac':iii!;- panied with hemiplegia, and after several repetitions, througliout the intorvalj | of which she remained senseless, she expired. Two other chilJreu and t::i mother are recovering. One of these children, according to the stateniontif the mother, had a paroxysm of the fever, when it was but three days o;]. Of the two that died in the city, Doctor l\idgley was permitted to exaniir.e the body of one only, the boy, but had not an opportunity of inspecting the | brain or spinal marrow. The mucous membrane of the stomach and liiffcIvJ was free from inflammatory lesions. The liver was unusually firm, and of a' leaden color. The spleen was dark-eolored, engorged, and enlarged. '• The whole family had been treated, before they came to Cincinnati, u;;'.! ; the sulphate of quinine, and bloodletting, both general and loeal, liad In omitted. The Doctor and myself are of opinion, that the whole, at lir^t,,| required the lancet ; atid suppose that ♦'o its omission, and the early ai, empyrical administration of the sulphate of quinine, the sinister termiiiaticnt of most of them might be fairly attributed.'' SECTION III. PATHOLOGY AND CO.MPLICATIONS. I. PATiioroCiY. — So much was said in the preceding chapter on tliepr- duction and jiathologieal character of the first and second stages of aatuffi^ nal fever, that but little remains to be added here. A uiali^Mant parosysni.il little else than the cold stage Oi" an ordinary intermittent, deepened aiiJl prolonged. The iiniervation is scathed, the circulation is enfeebled : t';S blood, largely retained from the n:ore citerual parts, circulates with diilicultyJ ^% fAUT I.] INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 705 :liroiigli tlie internal or visceral system, wliich is rendered plethoric, and tlio ercat organs, as tlio f-tumneli, spU'on.. iiver, lungs, lieart, and brain, are, re- crio'.'tively, liable to jiernieions engi.rgenients, ur nbstruetions, greatly increasing •,k danger. A failure in the lunetinn of respiration, in the coiiperativo letiou of the brain, and in tlio prujei'tile power of tlio lieart. eoinblne to iimiiilsh the aeration of the blood; wliicb, deteriorated in its constitution, Mitributes ptill further to sink the powers of life. This condition of the r^piratory function, diininishes the heat of the body, whicli is moreover :;luc('d by the failure of the calorific function of the skin, from tlio com- iiiiod lesions of tlic nervous and circulatory systems; while the ready tran.'> xlatioii, whi(;h the relaxed integument pcr:uits, oi the serous portion of ::o blood, and the copious exhalation which takes place, accelerate the :).-i!iiig. Thus the patient dies under the combined influence of do[iression ! the vital forces, and that conse(|uential or accidental engorgement of ioaie great organ, whieh has procured for this fever the epitiiot, congestive, ijr should a partial reaction occur — sliould he survive two or tlireo par- 'STsnis. to expire in a fourth or fifth, as occasionally happens — a low ill- umination may be superadded to passive hyporaMuia in tlie organs most capa- ;.■ of reaction, while others remain torpid, and perhaps engorged. I!. CoMi'UCATioxs. — The diathesis which is present incur malignant ::terniittcnts, is observed to manifest its influence in several diseases, whieh, hsuninier, autumn, or winter, appear wliore tlic}' are endemic. 1. In July, and .August, when dysentery prevails, cases oecur, and gener- I'Jy prove fat.al, which, by the periodical sinking of the vital powers, evince i'lircsencc of this condition of the constitution. ■-'. During the prevalence of epidemic cholera in the south, the opc- •Jtivcs on some plantations, died in such numbers, so much in despite of ranlies employed in the very first stages, and with such a rapid decline of :iie powers of life, as to leave no doubt of the presence of the same influence. •1. T!ic same thing has happened in tlie epidemic erysijielas of the la.-t k years, several instructive examples of whicli have been iletailed to me. 4, This diathi is has likewise been obs(;rved to modify yellow fever — giv- ::it a tendency to a periodical tyne, and r^'udering the treatment for inter- mittent fever necessary to the eu'-o of that disease. ■\ Hut tlie most fre(ment and formidable of these complications, is that ;:'?oiited by the paeuniouias of the south; and. also, on the sliores of the Wu'S in tlie north, where numerous cases occur, which the profession too •ftonfmd unmanageable, by any method of treatment they have been able ^ devise. :ations. u-cceding chapter on the pt. d second stages of autuuH A malijMant paroxysm, ij ,• intermittcut, deepened aiJ irculatlou is enfeebled i t .i u-t3, circulates with difficulty] SECTION lY. TREATMENT IN THE PAROXYSM. In most instances, the physician, when first called to a case of malignant ■ t.rmittent, will lind the patient in a paroxysm, and his immediate aim will ,1*.. l('4 L ri,.,-.. ^.j.iil^' 7i4i;.ii *».' ■■■- '■- K ,1M>' ' ■;.'-N : 1 '','"■■:;■ ■ ..■•;» v.v • -. •:':■« ■ .' ' .■i,- .;, ■■•■. ■ !*• ■ . ''■'i' ■■'■■ .|s?i" alji'j: if, •.'■''■' ' ''•!' '■ , •' t^'i^.' !l5 I'" ■ ■ ■ * . rco THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE [book bo to jn'oduco reaction. For tliis purpose a great variety of means have been trieil ; which sufficiently indicates that none of them arc very eflcctivo. I shall hegin with — I. EvACUAN'Ts. — 1. Bloodlellliig. — Some of our phj.sicians, ou the hypothesis that a malignant intermittent is only tlic highest grade of gastro- enteritis, have bled for the reduction of inflammation, but no success lias attended the practice; on the contrary, if certain things, injurious in iLut inflammation, were not done afte.' the bleeding, the patient ])erished. Others, 'Mid a greater number, have bled to j)romote roii':tion, by accuuiu- lating the excitability of the system. That, in most forms of disease as vdl as in health, the loss of blood has that effect, seems quite certain. ])ut is ii followed by such an improved condition of the vital properties and powers in malignant intermittents ? That it frequently is, in simple intermittents, -wlion .: severe chill is rather prolonged, has been shown by Doctor IMackintusli,'' and the experience of a number of our physicians goes to the same poii:t. But does such an effect follow its use in nnilignant intermittents, unattemy with great congestion of the lungs or brain ? To this question a largi majority of our physicans give a negative answer. There is a degree uu the scale of vital energy, lo wliich the functions often sink in the cold .staj;i> of this disease, which renders bloodletting not only inefficient as a nn'ai:^ m restoring the exhausted excitability, but causes the patient to sink uimi. rapidly. "When the forces of the system are above tliat grade, wlieu tl:-, danger from exhaustion and collapse is not imminent, the loss of blood iiiiy favor reaction ; but precisely, when assistance is most needed, it La^iicr- ally fails to atford any. It is to tiie north, in the basin of the Lakis. a? might be expected, that the efficacy of this remedy has been most a[ip;i- rent. To the south, so great is the enfecblement of the heart and artirid system, that reaction will not in general follow. 12. Eniclics. — It is well known that full and free vomiting isveryoftea; followed by an increase of the excitability and sensibility of the stuiuaeli; and, through it, of the whole .system. Hence emetics, prima facie, woull seem adapted to this stage of malignant intermittents, and they have, in] fact, been often prescribed. But, on the whole, their effects have nut boon! saluttiry. In cases not very violent, and administered under certain restric- tions, they have often, it is true, been followed by early and general reactioa; but their sinister effects have greatly limited their use, and deserve to Wl recorded First. The nausea, protracted when the stomach is torpid, wliWii precedes vomiting, sinks the jiowers of the system still lower. Soivi'^ When the vomiting takes place, it becomes, in certain gastric cases, exoe>fivj| and irre^n'cssiblo. Tkird. Instead of vomiting the patient, or aftur liiui.i dune so, the medicine is apt to turn upon the bowels, and produce a watorrj diarrlhoa, or hypercatharsis, under which the patient sinks. This is ci-po-l daily true of tartar emetic; whlcli, at the same time, reduces the vital fom'-;| and, therefore, over the south generally, is regarded as a most daiigi'i' *Priucii)k'S and Practico of Mediciuo. ?reat II. clotlicp oil of pisms ; cxtroiii It is a tompci may e\ liaving jioiaii I ill iire tuo ex THE [book u. riKT I.] INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 7G7 iriety of means have Luen m arc very efTeclive. 1 our pliy.sieians, on tlio 1 Liglicfct grade of gastro- tion, but uo success lias things, injurious in tliui patient ])erishcJ. not(! ve'.i':tion, l»y accunm- 5t foi-nis of disease as wull s quite certain. V>\xt is ii .1 properties and powas in simple intermittents, wkn n by Doctor ]NIackintt)sli;' 3 rrocs to the same poii;t. t intermittents, unattciiu.J To this question a lai-. ;r. There is a degree 'j;i ,ften sink in the cold m^ ly inefficient as a nuaus .. the patient to sink wik bove that grade, Avheu tli.. nent, the loss of bloud nuy is most needed, it gcuer- ilic basin of the Lakes, a; medy has been most apiji- t of the heart and avteibl free vomiting is very oiKii sensibility of the stuiiiacli;; >metics, prima facie, woullj mittents, and they have, r,ij , their effects have nut bee:ij itcred under certain vestiie- ,- early and general reaction;! leir use, and deserve to Ui the stomach is torpid, vliilij ystem still lower. Sccvik i-tain gastric cases, exccs^lv>>j the patient, or after Iwvi.ijl (jwels, and produce a watcrjl atlent sinks. This isciv.-l time, reduces the vital fovw-J arded as a most daiigoiW.^ udiciuc. BiHlicine in this fever. The objections to ipecac are not so great, and it is, iccasionally, employed with advantage. Of tlie wliole class, however, the :tiinulating salt and mustard emetic, is the least dangerous, the most likely to do good, and the oftencst employed. 3. Cathartics. — Ilydrogoguo cathartics are regarded as inevitably fatal. poctor Boling, of Montgomery, told me that be had known six patients killed with a solution of epsom salts and tartar. In cases preceded by costiveness, ai'idoratc purging, with blue mass or calomel, cimibined Avith extract of •lannnony, the compound extract of colocynth, and other stimulating cathartics, -r followed by an infusion of senna, with aromatics, with castor oil, or, as Doc - i.ir AuiL.,, of the same place, prefers, the oil of turpentine, is admi.'^sille during t'jc paroxysm, and occasionally favors the reaction. But, on the whole, drastic purging is held to be injurious; and the change which has taken place over the west and south, within the last eight or ten years, on this point, has been signal and decisive. But may not large doses of calomel do good? Uf course that medicine will not injure the patient by excess of purging: ami, a priori, it would seem likely to prove beneficial ; but experience has not ;';iuwn it to possess the power which is demanded in these cases ; ami. sithough still in general use, the (quantity given is nmcli less than formerly, iiDil the reliance on its efficacy is greatly diminished. Wc must turn from evacuants to stimi:l.\nt,s, considering them under two heads — external and internal. When the vital forces arc so re- duced that the functions generally fail, and seem likely to cease, a kind of instinct, strengthened by experience, turns the attention of the phy- sician, the friends, and even the patient, if his mental faculties shuuld not be too much impaired, upon something to excite the system. This ieliii"", not less than observation, has jirompted to the use of almost every known means of excitation. I am sorry to say, they have too (ifien proved altogether ineffectual, and sometimes even inert. The susce[)tibili- tii'S of the system are, in many cases, so much diminished, that stimuli pro- dace scarely any more elTect, than if the patient were actually dead. In cases, less deep and dangerous, they do good, by creating excitement — the great object to be accomi)lished in the paroxysm. The means employed for t'lis purpose may be divided into external and internal. II. ExTKRNAi. Stimulants. — Frictions witli the hand, with woolen clothes, or with brushes; pungent liniments, as those containing ammonia, or oil of turpentine; mustard, rubbed on dry or applied in the furni (if a sina- pisms; a capsicum-bath, blisters, alcohol, and camphorated s[)irit, to the cxtreniities, epigastrium, or over the spine, are the principal applications. It is a fact that these articles will redden the sk ii, without increasing its temperature, or raising the sunken powers of the circulation. The patient may even complain of them, and become restless under their action, without liaviiig the excitement of his constituti(Mi elevated. But in this matter a phy- Mciau should be on his guard, for friends and nurses, when a patient is extremely ill, are prone to remove from him everything of which he comjilains, whereby tlie expected benefit is sometimes lost. The application of sinapisms and m fiii' I, ■' / t ■fl • !• iiiii. t\\i (08 THE PRIXCIPAL DISEASES OF THE 1.B00K II. ■ ■ ri'vU ... , LlLstcrs tu tlio cxtrcniitiea is often itiaJo wlien the hitter are so f(,l(l and in.soiisililo, tliat no cfrect cauhc prnJuL'od. This is seeming to (In SdnictUiifr, ■when ii.()lhlii.g, in fact, is done. Tiicro are two applications which deserve a sejiarate consideration from those wo have just enumerated. 1. Ili'al. — In a pathological state, so strikingly characterized by reduction of temperature, uotliing seems more natural than the apjilicatiun of cali rir, through the mnlhi of air, lii[uids, and solids. When we arc cold, the apjiruiith to a fire speedily warms us, and we look to the same result in a niah'^nant intermittent ; hut are often disappointed. The reason is oltvious. The organized hody — living, dying, or dead, is an exceedingly imperfect con- ductor of caloric ; and, when wo are suddenly warmed after exposure to coKl being at the same time in health, it is partly because the loss of caloric u;is superficial, and partly because the applied heat stimulates the calnrili/ function into increased activity, or reaction; whereljy caloric is devehiped in the structures, as well as received ]»y them from without. Lut in the suiiki.ii state of the vital proportithes, is stimulus often fails to rcexcite the caln.iii,. function, and all the ^ya^ming that follows, on our applications, is superficial and tempoiary. Sometimes, indeed, vnae can be observed, for the great exhalation wliich is going on from the skin, and which i,s actually proniottd ]>y tlie more rapid evaporation of the escaping vapor, under the inflneiuc nf the caloric we apply, tends to prevent any rise of temperature; and tliis will, especially, be the ease when dry heat is applied, and the atmosphere at the same time has access to the surface. Baths, extensive cataplasin.«. cr the ajtjdieation of flannels wrung out of hot fluids, and so covered witli oilij silk or India rubber doth, as to prevent evaporation, are, therefore, the lo?t modes of applying caloric. Nor need their temperature, in these modes, bu many degrees, or, indeed, any above the natural heat of the body : as Doctor Edw ;rds* has proved that heat tends to destroy the irritability of the uiu,s- cular fiber, already greatly reduced in these cases. I have seen immersion in a general hot bath, made stimulating with mustard, salt, and whisky, fail to produce the least reaction ; and have, also, seen the entire body wrapped in blankets, wrung out of a spiritous decoction of bark, cipially ineffective, although applied as hot as they could be hurne b}' the hands of the nurses, and e\aporation from them prevented. 2. CnJd. — The gentleman just (puitcd has ;;liown that cold tends to preserve the irrri;.ability of the fiber, and what has that effect may, within certain limits, be presumed to augment it when reduced. Tlie sudden ajiplieation of colil, moreover, acts strongly on the nerves of the skin, which are endowed with a peculiar or specific sensibility to caloric ; if then cold water be thrown upon it, excitation will be the consecpienee, unless the patient be past reaction; but the efl'ect will, perhajis, be transient, and by continuing the application too long, the loss of caloric, by abstraction, may do harm. Finally, the enld dash tends to reexcite tlie laini'uid function of respiration, wl'^rebv exiitc- ment and heat may be generated. There arc three modes, then, in whicli die -loei), "Influence of Physical Agents. •HE LBOOK 11. r.vRT I.] INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 709 t. ^ ■' 1 attcr are so cdA and cmiiig to tlo sciincUfuig, atloiis which du'serve a jratcd. iractcrizctl by reduction J application of cahric, •e are cohl, the apjiroatb 10 result ill a malignant jason is ohvious. The sedivi'dy imperfect con- l after expusuro to coKl, ;c the loss of caloric was stimulates the calovitic y caloric is developed in out. But ill the sunkiu s to reOxcitc the cah>nfii< pplications, is supevfici:d observed, for the great ich is actually promoted :ir, under the influence nf f temperature; and tin- il, and the atim .sphere at extensive cataplasms, ot and so covered with oikd 1, arc, therefore, the hc?t :iture, in these modes, bu it of the body : as Doctor ,e irritability of the niU5- 1, made stimulating with reaction ; and have, also, it of a spiritous decoction t as they could be hurno Jiem prevented. that cold tends to in-oHprU' may, witliin certain limit*, ulden application of colil, which are endowed with a dd water be thrown upon laticnt bo past rcnclimi; mtinuing the application harm. ^Finally, tlio enlil piration, whereby cx(ite- roe modes, then, in whicli cold may prove beneficial in those cases. T3ut not to decide anything a priori, wlicn wc can appeal to experience, let us inrpirc into the results of this practice. The Western Journal* contains a paper by Doctor Achilles AYliitloeko, 'if N'orth Alabama, on tlie cold da.sh in malignant intermittcnts, from wliieli I malce the following extracts: — " TIic common practiee in this region, is to ropoat the aiVusion, according to circumstances, until general reactiiiu is bnaiglit on, whiih it seldom fails to produce; though like all oilier remedies, it sometimes falls sliort of our more sanguine expectations. The adniinis- tration of tliis ageiit in the collapse of fever, so far as I am informed, origi- nated with Doctor Thomas Fcarn, of Iluntsville, Alabama; wlio.s(.' reputa- tion both as a pliy.sician and surgeon, is too well known to the profession in die south, to need my hr.ml)le testimony. Living in a region of country, where tlie diseases are generally violent, he resolved, as a dernier resort, on the experiment of cold water, in the stage of collapse, of the disease now under consideration, and his experiment was not fruitless, for in niuiierous instances, he and his enliglitened colleague. Doctor lOrskine, have employed it with unpreeedentc success ; and they do not liositate to recommend it to :he profession, as an agent of superior efficacy to any other tliey liavo ever oraplo3-ed. Tlioy further believe, that, where the susceptibility of im]n-es- -ion is not entirely destroyed, and where no vital organ has sustained an ir- rcefivera1)le injury, the affusion of cold water, will in almost every ease, bo at- tended with com[dcte success. To exemplify its effects fully in this maladj', I will here detail a few additional cases, which came under my own care and vhservation, witliin the last tlirce years." Ti ' Doctor has given the details of four cases in which tlie praetli?e was mccessful. 1 will introduce one as a specimen of the wliole : "On the third of September, l^'-M, I was called to see a blaek man, the nropcrty of Mr. F., aged thirty-four years, and of good constitution. I i'ound liiin very restless, witli a small, quick pulse of one liundred and thirty- 3ve heats to the minute, and he was bathed in a ('(dd el;immy sweat over his whole surface; he complained of great weight in or about the epigastrium, had an insatiable thirst for cold drinks only ; his res[dration was difficult, snd his physiognomy shrunken. I learned from the overseer, that ho had iiad a cliill two days previously, and one on the morning of the present day 'it was now near night), and had become much worse since the approach of the sweating stage. Fully understanding the case, as I thought, I ordered ome cold well-water to bo brought, and immediately ptiurcd on his naked % about twenty gallons; having finished, the patient was so mm h relieved 35 to return to bed withont assistance. In a short time, liis ojipression was removed, the heat of the surface returned, and ho fell into a rel're.«biiig -Wp. His pulse gradually rose, and became open, full, and less frerpient, i^ respiration easy, and general reaction was present when he awoke. No- t'ling hut the free use of fpiiiiine and mild laxative was afterward necessary to restore him to his former health." loa ^(1 I.. ,ti]!f;:-. For Januarv, February, ami Marcli, 1837. im>: Htm'.." ' '.-'Vl ■>. '•': ' ■' ' "•• >• v % s' r-'Jrj. ••' ^, '■ ,••■'•••■ Mb'J'' •■•?•' .." '■■ : ' ■ i ■ IT' ..." '? ■ -M i.' 1. ■ ; ' , - ■->-■ rT',rt, :.. -Jr.-:. •-■ ■ \ Z'J! I .: . ... ■I . .'i'X . 770 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE [I'OOK il. ]>y extensive itiquiiy, I liave found that this practice is not goneriil, especi- ally to the north. Those who have resorted tu it, reside chiefly in the soutli. Tlieir reports conflict with each other. A part have found it beneficial — a part injurious, no reaction having followed. I may say, of a truth, that the majority of our phy.sicians, influenced, perhaps, to some extent by popular aversion and prejudice, have not employed it. The sudden alternation of hot and cold water, would, perhaps, be ninvc efficacious, than the ex(dusive use of cither. I have not, however, met with any physician who had resorted to this powerful means of restoring lust excitement. III. lNTj;KNAh Stimui,axts. — Almost every kind of excitant and narcotico- stimuhint, has been administered, internally. In this stage of the paroxysm of malignant intermittent fever, wine, brandy, whisky, and other alcoholic drinks have been liberally given; but the results have not been such as to connneuj them. Tliey probably act unfavorably upon the brain. The acrid and aro- matic stimulants, such as capsicum, and the oils of black pej)per, clove.-, am] cinnamon, are not liable to this objection, and continue to be in general use : an evidence that they have not been found prejudicial; and doubtle.s.s they have sometimes proved serviceable. Camphor and annnonia are likewise used, a considerable number of physicians testify in their favor. On the wholo, however, opium has, perhaps, been more constantly employed than any otlitr medicine ; and appears to be harmless (if not very obviously beneficial), when not ciintraindicated by the state of the brain. When the bowels are torpid, its use is apoehryphal ; but if there be watery diarrhoea, by no means, an uncom- mon complication, its effee'ts arc every way precious; to obtain them, liow- ever, it must be administered in very large doses. Finally, the sulpliatc of quinine has been repeatedly and copiously prescribed during the paroxysms; but not, on the whole, with much benefit. Such at least is the result of my inipiiries ; to which I must add, that quite a number of physicians have, as they tliiidc, found it injurious, from its depressing the vital forces still luwor. Stimidating and anodyne enemata have not been omitted; but it seems that when the stomach is insuscei)tible to the action of medicines, the rectum is nearly in the same condition. When, however, there is diarrhoea, astringent and narcotic injections have done good. Huch are the measures in general use, for establishing reaction, in our ma- lignant intermittents. Their variety is great, and they are, in most casis, applied with that energy, which is characteristic of our physicians; but tlie results of their employment, have never been encouraging ; and, I see no ground of hope, for greater success, from the use of other, untried agents. The difficulty lies in the state of the vital susceptibihties during the paroxysm. IV. Mkans of kelikving tue Internal Oroans. — To relieve the or- gans which are in a state of congestion or incipient iuflannnation, is tbo second object. In the majority of cases, the patlndogical condition is that et congestion only. This condition connects itself with tlie paroxysm, eif \Yliicli it makes in many cases a momentous element. I propose to speak of tL organs, seriatim, in which it occur,^, beginning with — H IIH [UOOK 11. ; is not f^oncral, cspcc'i- ido chiefly in tlic Sdutli. fouml it Ijeuuficial — a ay, of a trutli, tliat tlio mo extent by poimlar oulil, perhaps, he nioiv not, liuwever, met witli loans of restoring lust f excitant anil narcotid.- stago of the paroxysm (if 11(1 other uleoholic thinks cen such as to commend in. The acrid and aro- jUick pepper, cluve,-, ami luo to he in general use : cial ; and doubtless they nmonia are likewise iiseil, ir favor. On the wliulo, oniphiyed than any otlier bviously beneficial), when I the bowels are torpid, its I, hy no means, anuucoir.- .is; to obtain them, how- i. Finally, the sulpliatc ed during the paroxysms; least is the result of my •cr of physicians have, as 10 vital forces still luwer, u omitted; but it scorns 1 of medicines, the rectum ere is diarrhoea, astringent ishing reaction, in our ma- I they arc, in most cases, f our physicians ; hut tlie couraging ; and, I sec no ,f other, untried agents. ities during the paroxysm. .VNs._To relievo the or- lient inflannnation, is tk dogical condition is that "f th the paroxysm, of ^1"^'' propose to speak of tb :li— ( MRT I.] INTERIOR VALLCY OF NORTH AMERICA. 71 1. The Ijrain. — The aflVctions of tliis organ, manifest themselves, as wo have seen, by two symptom.s — drowsines.s and delirium — the form or lieing far more common than the hitter. All soporose intcrmittents, may l»o re- garded as of an apoplectic character, and should bo treated accordingly. The remedies are of cour,se substantially the same, as for ordinary apojdc.xy ; but tlie character of the fever, of which this is a more, but most serious contin- gent, limits their application, for the vital forces do not admit of their being [iu.-;hed very far. Of the wlnde, that most deserving of deep consideration is: a. Ijloodlettiiig. — After the dissemination in this country, more than jirc- viously, of Dc'itor Mackinto.sh's recommendation of bloodletting us a means uf j>roducing speedy reaction, in the more common ftirm of intermittent fe- ver, it became fashionable to resort to the lancet in soporose intermit tents ; and it seems scarcely admissible to omit it. In fact the most beneficial efl'ects Lave frcipiently followed its use — the coma abating and reaction coming on. Nevertheless., it has often failed; the enervation of the circulatory apparatus, ffliich lies at the foundation of the dilliuulty, being angnicuted iiy the loss of blood. The cases in which it has been most beneficial, were such as pre- sented an anatomical and physiological predisposition to apoplexy, with IVdl- iiess of face, increased heat of the head, and stertorous respiration. In the absence of these symptoms, and the presence of more coma wHh palor of the face, Its eifects have been less beuelicial, and sometimes injurious. After venesection, or in cases not seeming to admit of it, cupping over the neck :aid temples, has beer employed with decided advantage. h. But, perhajts, nothing, taking the whole range of those soporose intcr- mittents, has done more good, than the continued application of cold or sub- tepid water to the head; while efforts wore simultaneously made with hot baths to invite blood into the lower extremities. c A sinapism or blister to the nape of the ncck, and sometimes to the scalp, has been found servieeal)lo. d. In these cases the adminiatration of stimulating and drastic purgatives, such as aloes, gamboge, calomel, 'sonna, and the oil of turpentine mixed with castor oil, is beneficial; and in pursuance of the same object — diverting from the brain — irritating injecti(jns maybe employed. 2. When the congestion is in the heart and lungs, tho dyspncca, with sense of thoracic oppression, is groat, and the danger uiKjuestionable. This stale may, to a considerable extent, coexist with oppressinn of the brain, to the production of which it can indeed contribute; but many cases arc without coma, and tho anxiety and restlessness of the jiatient is then very great. In this iiulmonary obstruction, and congestion of the heart, the physician is oftcu tempted into the use of tho lancet; and is sometimes rewarded by the relief of his patient; but, (iuitc as often is disappointed, no relief to the suffering organs being, thereby, procured: while the powers of the general system arc sinik still lower by the depleti(m. In addition to bloodletting, or as a .sub- stitute, scarification and cupping, or extensive dry cupping, over the chest maybe cmph»yod; after which, the parts maybe as extensively irritated with sinapisms or blisters. Of internal medicines, ipecac, or that medicine with ■■'\ 77-2 THE rUINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE r ,nonK II. >■ ■' lllfL;, gflr-.;- ■■■•■•■ , W-0-'. ■ ■ ■ ■'■ m:;,'/ '■ J■'^*/.■ . ■*■'. '. ti' Ju/ ti' / • >^' ' '.'■■■ ■ mky^t'-v.''-- ■■:■•■:■■■■ vt ,-1 . ■ V ;m F*fif''^'r 1". ■»."■'» fr.-a' v- •■-•', y^JfI.-'J*f-^ ->.■•'•• r 8f 1 .',»:-'■ .■.•;■ V ■■■• . ■•■ o|)iuin, cr tlio wino of ipooai: wltli landiuumi aiul nnunoniatod alooliol, would SL'oiri tit |ir(Miiis(i iimst. 1 do not know that tlio inlialatiuii of steam, riMidi^rcil st'inulatiii^ witli vinegar or aroniatius, has hcen tried; but, a jn-iuri, it would appear likely to prove benelieial. >l. The stoniaidi may lie the chief seat of hteal irritation and congestion, when incessant voniiting tends still more rapidly to sink the already sniitt<;a vital I'lirees. Tn this condition, large (hises of calomel, opiinn, and capsirum, are most to lieridied u[)on, while epigastric cupping, or strong counter irrita- tion, have been found serviceable. I . The diarrhtca occasionally i)resent in the malignant paroxysm, may, per- haps, be the sign of a congestive tendency to the intestinal uuieons membrane. The jirescriptinn just nn^ntioned is [iroper in such cases; or liLicral doses of opium and aectato of lead, with astringent and narcotic injections, may he employed. T). Tiio liver, undoubtedly, suffers very frcrpiently in tliis paroxy.-m, he- coming engorged and sometimes perceptibly enlarged. The secretion and excretion of bile arc susjtended, and, in some instances, bilious n[)pearanecs manifest themselves in the ca'cs, tho skin, and the urine. Of course, under such circumstances, a liberal administration of calomel or t1ie lilue mass, with or without opiimi, capsicum, or some other stimulant, is never neglected. I do not recolh'ct to have learned that any physician has tried sponging the trunk of the body with a hot and strong nitro-muriatic solution, in such cases; but, as it would be a powerful counter-irritant, and might exert some spcfific influence on the liver, it seems wortliy of a trial. (). That the spleen is generally engorged in malignant paroxysms, can scarcely be doubted. It sometimes projects bej'ond tho cartilages of the ril).< during the paroxysms, and, of all tho scqiiehr of the disease, an enlarged spleen is the most conunon ; almost tho only one, indeed, wliich remains for any considerable time. Of tho different congestions, this is. perhaps, the least dangerous; and may even save more important organs frran the same pathidogical condition.* I know of no special treatment directed upon this organ during tlio paroxysm. Sucli arc tlie chief local affections attending tho malignant paroxysm, and the most approved means of removing them employed by our physicians. That these local affections often pndong tho [taroxysm, and increase the ditliculty of exciting reaction, must bo admitted. It is still more obvious, that the}- are frcrpiently the immediate cause of death, especially when seated in the brain or lungs. I have spoken of them as simple congestions, but post mortem examinations in Kuropc have demonstrated, tliat in the malignant intermittents of that continent, traces of inflammation, in all tlic organs mentioned, have been found; and, therefore, wo must conclude that it occurs on this continent. In general, however, tho inflammatory action mnst of necessity be feeble; and cannot be admitted to bo tlic cause of death, in those who die in tlie first malignant paroxysm. An inflammation * Doctor Rush. tho 'If) r: '^DOOK 11. miatcd alooliol, would lon of steam, rondorcil 3ut, a priori, it wouM tatiaroxy,-m, ha- il. The secretion and •OS, bili'ms njipearanccs inc. Of course, under \ or tlio blue mass, with is never neglected. I has tried sponging the ; solution, in such cases; lidit exert some snceilie lignant paroxysms, can he cartilages of the rib? disease, an enlarged deed, which remains for nis, this is. perhaps, tlio it orr^ans from the same nent directed upon this la lignant paroxysm, and oyecl by our physician?. :ixysm, anil increase the It is still more obvious, death, especially when m as simple congestions, .nnonstrated, that in the inflammation, in all the we must conclude that the inflammatory action ted to bo the cause of livsni. An inflammation P\RT 1.] INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. ( ( -J may commence with the coming on of reaction; and, continuing comparatively dormant, thruigh the intermission, ac((nire greater intensity in the sueceed- ing fit, notwithstaiuling the sunken powers of the .system. Thus its ravages are most likely to bo found, in those who die after several paroxy.snis. Should the inflammation supervene at an early ]n'rl(id. and ac([uire consider- able activity, it changes the diatlicsis from a maligiiimt to an inilannnatory type, and in that way may ju-ove salutary. \\'lien signs of inlhi,"-' ation supervene, the remedies appropriate to its particular seat, mu.stbe enipl •■, ed to an extent conuncnsurato with its intensity; but the physician shouli' never forget, that lie is dealing with a paroxysmal disease; and that he inu.'^t em- ploy the antiperiodic trcatiueiit not less than antijthlogistie. SECTION V. TREATMExNT IX THE INTERMISSION. All the medicines reijuired in the inte. iii,- m, has'e been enumerated, an [lortions of the hjng catalogue, whi(di ' ive iieen emplnyed, with but little effect, in the paroxysm. The most important arc the bark and the sulphate iif ([uinine, opium, calomel, arsenic, and certain aromatics. I. IJakk .\nd tub SuLruATE OF Qui.aNE. — Ik'fore the introduction of the sulphate of quinine, the bark, . 'ministerod in large doses, was found a successful remedy in this variety ot xuvcr. I have often seen from two to four ounces, administered in a single intermission; but such (juautitics wore swallowed with reluctance, and sometimes thrown up by the stomach. Under such circumstances, the medicine was often mingled with injections, and ctTected a cure. Doctor Hays, now of Indiana, who thirty years ago practiced his profession in Chillicothe, Ohio, where malignant intermitteuts prevailed, has lately informed me, that ho often administered four ounces of bark in that way with the happiest effect. The sulphate of quinine is not, ho\vever, obnoxious to these objections; and at the same time is probably more efiicient; I shall, therefore, confine what I am about to say, to that preparation. 1. Time of Exhibition. — The concurrent experience of our physicians, declares that this medicine is an effectual remedy, in malignant intermittent fever, if properly administered in the intermissions; yet, there are circum- stances which frequently interfere with its success ; or, to speak more defi- nitely, either occasion or permit a fatal termination. To these circumstances we must now turn our attention. a. We have already seen, that the suljihatc will not produce its specific influence, if administered in the paroxysm. Now it sometimes happens in ([iiotidians or double tertians, that the intermission is so short and imperfect, that the medicine cannot make its proper impression on the system. b. When tbo hyperemia, cither passive or active, of some great organ, mW mi---'' 774 TIIR rRINClPAL DIriCASES OF THE [book II rr: .f Tf' "'I 't ' survives tlio paroxysm, it may prevent the successful admiiiUtration of tLo modieiiii! in the iiitcrnii.Sf-ion. c. In cases acctiniiiaiiicil with gastric irritahiUty. the stdnincli may refuse to retain a snilicicnt aumunt of tlie medii'lne, to arrest the paroxysms. d. Tlio physician may he called in, when t!io access of tlic fit is so laar, that the recurring dehility of the system may bo estahlished, before tho medicine whi(di lie aihiiiiiisters can tal •went far ahead of their brethren; and the late respectable Doctor Pcrrine, de- servos to be named as one who, twenty-five years ago, in the State of Indiana, led the way in this bold medication. To make known the extent to wliicli this medicine is prescribed by many of our physicians; and, also, to show, that in quantities far beyond the limits of ordinary jiraetice, it does not occa- sion any permanent bad effects, I will mention the doses in which it is given by many of our physicians. On the southern shore of Lake Erie, Doctor Tilden, of Sandusky, told inc lie has given forty grains at once ; Doctor Planter, and Doctor Howard, of Elyria. sometimes administer half or two thirds of that quantity at a single dose, to 1 1 \4{ ] [dook II adminktration (if the ic stmiiafh inny rofii«o t tho iiuruxysms. iss of tlic tit is HO iioar, ostalilisliod, before tliu bcnry, oxliibil tlio lucJ- blcncss of constitution. er countervail llio Ikik- jtoil, that an alterant ^ f y ; but such ii coiulitii.u or eatliartic, caiiiuit l- of tlio suljiliato. If ]i:i- f tlio stoiuoch wlieii the cater number liave buon a course of evacuation them for tho nx-cptiun m' with a malignant iiitir- cvacuations. He sliouli ations and saline catlir.r- f a malignant paroxysm; or, arc often transfoiniul inco. n the sulphate of quir.inc )r two giain doses, in I'r- ble that quantity, for tlio :hibition wore every two. ty of each case. ]5ut al- in ordinary intcrmittont.^ lignant ; and the practioe )cn regarded as fatal por- ly period, a few physician^ etable Doctor Perrinc, de- 0, in the State of Indiana, own the extent to wbieli uians; and, also, to shovr. jiractiec, it does not ocoa- loses in which it is given -n, of Sandusky, told mck Doctor Howard, of ElyW' antity at a single dose, t.i FART M.] INTERIOR VALLKY OF NORTH AMHRICA. I i >) bo repeated every two hours, through tho iiitermi>.sion. These gentlemen practiee in the latitude of forty- f)ne degrees and thirty minutes. At Memphis, near the thirty-iifth degree, Dm'.'or Shaidis ailmini.ster.-^ the .<:ime portiuns. and bas somctinu'S given twenty grains at once. Hetween the thirty-third and thirty-second degree, in .Missis.'-ippi ai.il Alabama, Doctor Votigue hasgi\iii, in a single intermission, as nuich as lifty grains, in ten grain doses ; Doctor J)avis, ten grains every hour, or every other hour: Doet'ir |)aney. from five to lil'tceri craiiis at onee, repeated oeeasionaliy ; Dnctor Street, from ten to liftuen grains, ill the same way; Doctor J'biglish fre([uently admiiiister.s from thirty to forty grains in four or six hours ; Doctor Echols, in anticipation of a paroxysm, tnnk twenty grains at a single dose. The lit was averted, and perspiration eamc on, with a slow and full pulse ; Doctor Sini.^ olten administers it in ten grain (Idscs, frei[uently repeated ; and Ddetor Doling regard.", that do.^e as ratlier l.irge, though he has administered fifteen or twenty at once, and knew forty to bo taken in one intermission. Dut the biddest exhibition seems to have been made in Florida, between the thirtieth and twenty-seventh jiaralUls, by .^ome of our army surgeons. The assistant surgeon, Holmes, has admiui.Ntered twenty, fift}-, and even eighty grains at once; ami surgeon Harney, one of the senior, and most authoritative members of tho medical staff of our army, lia.s given from thirty to sixty grains at a dose, and thinks the larger tin; por- tion the better. D is probable that so many of our soldiers are, or liave been, inteniperate, that they can bear, or may even require, larger doses than are demanded in private practice. To these facts, intended to show the upward limit of the sulphate in our A'alle}', ami at the same time itsharndessness in large (juantities, I may, in reference to the latter, add th(> following: A man in Cincinnati, by mistake, took two drachms of tho sulphate, withiiut injury; aputient of Doctor Sappington, of 3Iemphis, Tciin., who had a relapsing inter- mittent, took eighty grains at once instead of taking it in eiglit ddses, as ordered, but was not injured; Doctor Fair, of Montgumery, Ala., has told mo of a patient, who toi^k an ounce in three days, and recovered; and Doetor Hiriart, of Dla(iuemine, Louisiana, knew of an old lady, laboring under an algid intermittent, who took ten grain doses, every two hoiu'.s, till an ounce waa Sffallowed. No bad effects occurred and she recovered. But are tho largo doses which have been mentioned really necessary to ar- rest tho paroxysm of a malignant intermittent? To this question I would reply : Flrsl. That a majority of our physicians do not resort to such ]iortions, yet claim as much success as those who do ; and I know not that their claim is groundless. Sfxond. Dut in very viident and dangerous cases, as tho medi- cine may bo administered in great doses without any enqjoisoning effects, it would certainly bo prudent to give it liberally. In ordinary cases, a scruple taken in one intcrmis.sion, will, I think, accord- ing to the experience of our profession, be found sufficient; and with the ad- juvants to be presently mentioned, even half that quantity may often answer. But in cases of a threatening character, forty or sixty grains should be given in the sauio space of time. Whether any advantage is ever derived from going beyond that ipantity, is, I suppose, an open question. .' ' ^ .(• 1 ir,'.t, ii ■. '• ( Si"' ■■ ■ ■ |,t'-.i. ■ Plf'-i;- ■•■■ *'» 'lid ■■; ■ •'• • • Hi-,' '■ -.- ••< -' !.'; ■ " ' Wife JHT-.'.- ■'. TTti TiiK ri;iNrir.\i, imslases or tiii; [book I; Mucli iliviTsity of oipinidii ami jirncti'ie exists among us as to tlio ilistrilm- tiou of tlio ini'dk'iiio tlirouuili tlio period of iiiturniiMHioii. I nocd nut rcjifat what was saM on tliia sulijfcf,, when s|i(.'alviiig of sinipli! intrriiiiftciitfj. My own niiiid iiii.'lincH to lurgo d^ses, and long intervals; Intt, wlai'licvcr iiiiiy jjt ado|itod, tlio [laticnt's .system should be strongly impressed by ti.e mudiiine, at the tinio fir the rceurreneo of iho paroxysm ; and to secure this, a good propf)rtiiin uf what is used should Im; administered a couple of hours lidlro the end of the intermission. Thus, if a scruple sliould be the aggreg;itc ipiantify, uno half ought to precede the tiiiilities of the fiystcm are lively, than to those in which they aru greatly redu.i d. In such a state of the system, th.reo or fcuir times a- much as would bo rcipiired in an ordinary ague, is not a Inrj^'c dusc. I have met with many physicians who had a just ap[ircciatiuu of this state of the sys- tem ; but with nunc who carried the practice, Idgicnlly dcducible from it, so lii: as Doctor 3Ierriman and Doctor Henry, of ^>])riiig(icld, Illinois. It has growi; into a settled opinion with those gentlemen, that a mudcrate ijuantity of tlk sulphate, condjincd with a largo quantity of opium, is the very best practiou. Hence through the early pcriuds of the intermission, they do lilllc ir nothing; but, three or four li\Icrriman was called in. As it rccurrcil in the morning, he directed that, in the latter part of the night, she shmilJ take his onlinary portion of four grains of opium, and eight of sulpls to of (^uiniuc. At nine, A. 31., four hours afterward, I saw her. She had a irlijit, degree of drowsiness, said .she felt comfortable, her eyes were a little red, li' ' pulse was well sustained, and her skin pleasantly warm. The next mornini. I called again, and learned that the paro.xysm had been averted, and she \T.b recovering. Doctor Shanks, of 3Iemphis, has also found opium very valuable, i!K [door II. PiRT I.J ixri:uit)R v.\i,i,i;v of xortii a.miiimca. 1 1 « ' 113 ns to tlic (listiilm- lU. I iii-'<-''l nut rijuut ilo iiitcrmittfiits. My but, wliiclicvi r niiiy U csscd I))' tl'.i? Jiii;iru iiiu, I to secure tlii.s, u ;:(iu(i coujilu of hours ItctVrt luld bo the nggregjitc rlivihcr tlio otlior liuli i, jierlaiis, a mutter o;' Tcncrul iiHO as an ndju- •Hiitti'ntH. Of it^ fivcat (•;iu entertain a iluuU. o adminiHtcr it tliroufrh- (if tl\c rulpliate, bi'fnn, U tlien given, is often intermittent^, in \Yl;ii;!i tlicse in wbieli tliey :i:\ three ov four times a-^ ot a large dohC. Hmvc II of tbis state of the i-y.v l_v (leilueible from it, M' llr. [\, Ulinuis. Itbasgr.iwi, niudcrato ijuautity of tlit is tlic very best praotiw. sion, tbey do liule ir administer a bdiis i.. ite, vliieb. as tbey aftirm. at dose of opium, with- lursues the same pric- While I was in Spring- licso ca.'^c is given i'H^^^ ,r :Mcrriman invited rue I) ovcval days, apparently, of an empiric, bad been us paroxysm, from ^Yllil-•i:. called in. As it rccurrcil of the niglit, sbc ?liouU and elgbt'of ptdpl tc oi nv her. She had a ^1: Jit, eyes wore a little red, b' ' arm. The next morniiii; )ecn averted, and she \y.i^ ound opium very valuable l)Ut di."*tribute.s it througluuit tho Intermi.x.Hion. llo has given as high us twenty-fnur graiii.s in the twenty-funr luiurs, witli deeided advantage. Xeitber my own experi(;nee, nor tbe faet.s 1 have been alije (o cn.li'pt from ullier.s, enable mo t(t dueide bctwei'M npiuni and llie hulpliale of un rpliiiie, in the treatment of malignant intcrmittonts. Tbe former i.x, perliap,-. the more iluruble, the bitter more eoincident witii the hulpliate of fjuinine, in it.s elfeets. In many eaae.s its limited bulk may render lbs udmini.strutioii easier than tbat of opium. .111. AusKNiou's Ai..\i'K I'la'iTii have been added to the -uI[iliato :j of blood in the .skin of the extremities, and the post mortem spasmodic con- tractio'i of the muscdes of the extremities, observed in some instances are so many jioints of identity in the two diseases. Dut there are stili some others. Thus, as we have seen, the subject of malignant intermitteut fever may keep on liis feet, and even attend to business, up to the access octor House liting ami imrging of •x\ iUKi^licv paroxysm of see l>im, ^^<^ ^'"^ "^ '^ :,f his heart very feelilc. ;ina uf vibratory purriu'', nuities and tongue m-n , color, by a fluid, whini with mucus, Avbioli l;e lal functions vrcrc ncavlv PART 1.] INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 79 ijiatliy. Furtlier, these maladies, so constantly fatal whou they reach a cortain stage, are, oven immediately before its arrival, enutroUable by very -imple and nearly the same measures. Finally, cadaveric cxaniiiiatiuns liav;; Jisclused occasional vestiges of iiillannnatiou iii both, but not of suUicient extent to account for the fatal termination. There are, however, two striking differences. Firsl. The Fever has au Indigenous cause, annually reproduced, and is confined to certain localitioa; but the cholera depends on a cause, which occasii^nally visits countrit-.s distant iVom those iu whicii it is el'iburated. Second. The Fever is, essentially, puri- •)dical, while the cliolera consists of a single paroxysm. TI. The well known fact, that in the midst of many cases of simple inter- mittent, not pr(iving fatal, alth(jugh but little shall be done, there may be a ;ew which assume a malignant character, perplexes both jili^sicians and tlic people. But this trait of character is not peculiar to that fever. It Is cipially true of ycU.iW fever, cholera, scarlatina, and all other diseases which 'lave an epidemic prevalence. The whule, iu this respect, are under one law, .vliich doubtless connects itself in part with diversities of constitution. . ■• ..i- .r,]l«, littcnts with the foUowl.;.: Ito indicate the state of IL >ince the year l^o'i, tluu h epidemic cholera, and car. . In employing it iu tii'- no means misapplied ; f' r n uf animal heat, the sta^:. id mortem spasmodic con- •ved in some instances, are Ls. l>ut there arc stiii It of malignant intermitteui kmess,upto the access .i| 1 wont to do, while laborui^ oUapsc and death in ak^j lis of their condition, ai.l ..final stage, wlicn death 1= |n-n.paired, or simply rcJuccaj emotions arc subdued lut CHAPTER VII. REMITTENT AUTUMNAL FEVKIl — SIMPLE AND INFLAM- MATORY, CONSIDERED TOGETHER. SECTION I. SYMPTOM?^. I. Pi.vuNosis. — If wo suppose an ague-shako to be reduced to a mere •liill, but the subserp.ient hot stage aggravated and prolonged, we shall form a just eonccpiiou of tlic relations, in symptoniatolog}-, between intermittent ■!iid remittent fever. We have .studied the former under two lieads, but 1 [Topose, in treating of the latter, to blend under one head, all the cases '•lildi arc not designated as eongestivo or malignant. In general, a remittent is preceded by a forming stage of one, two, or t'.irco da;,-s, in which there is an increasing languor of tlic muscular system; liiofReicn-iy of body and nnnd; defctivo perspiration; rigors, sometimes ;i!tcruati ig with flashes of beat; a torpid state of tho bowels; increased or 'limiuished secretion of bile; a bilious hue of the eyes ; loss of app"'!co, iifiiiJiea, ;.nd iu many eases bilious vomitings; a foul and generally wliite ''■'Dgue, having sometimes a tint of yellow; hi most instances a dull pain in 1^ ill ' > ^^^^^^HiiflH ^HHHpBPit v: .■ "M j^^^^^^^K'v'' H^^j||Kif|l' 'k- ■ Hfi^i'vIV'' '. *. 7S0 THE riilXCirAL DI:^F,ASi:!^ OF THi: [book II. ■•'l>.''-' ■>■■ . 'J. ': p. J ' • -»<■ .: iif!.; • !■ ft I' ■i-l ■ ' 3 th(i licad ninl Isnclc. Aftor tlioso find varinu.s kindred .svni]itoin.« of ddiility and perversion, in the difl'ercnt organs of tlio body, liavo continued tor ;i while, tlic riirors arc, as it Mcro. r'oncfiitratou into a cliill, wiiii-li may or may nut anuniiit to shivering; the patient noTv beennics thirsty, or, it' so before, tlic de.-firu is increased; iiis nausea is generally angmoiited ; his pulse increases in I'rei'nencj', and lii^ headache grows Avorse. In a lew minutes, or an In ur or two, the chilliness ceases, and is succeeded by febrile heat, over the wliole surface, but especially in the bead, the pain in which, as in the back, hc- conies more acute; the month loses nnieh of its moisture; the wbite fur on the tongue rapidly augments; the ejiigastrium Iiecomes tender; the soero- tiun of urine lessens; and the pulse aciuiircs preternatural freipiency, fore. and fullness: there is also intolerance of lu,t and conlined air; a tendency to deep inspiration, or sighing, and great restlessness. The chill generally occur-: betv.'cen midiiigld and noon, connnonly in tlic forenoon, and the hot stage, .i' whieb 1 liave drawn the character in brief (uitline, runs on till after midtiig!,t. wben it begins to abate; and. by morning, the patient is found with greally diminished heat, and a limited pcrsjiiratiim ; his pulse has become slower, and lu,--t its preternatural force; his thirst has dinniiislicd, and he is more 't less inclined to sleep. ]''celings of health, bowever, are not present; there remains a dull aching of tlie bead and back; the ejiigastrium is more i.r less tender, ami pressure upon it may excite nausea ; in shoi t the paticiit has Udt passed intu a state of intermission : but returned nearly into llie eondition which preceded tlie chill, the day liefore. After continuing in this t-tate a few hours, an iiureasc of thirst, headache and freipier.cy of the piilso, usher in a second chill, which, instead of being move, is iften less vioh 'if. than the first; and is soon succeeded by the full development of a liot stii^'o. commonl}' more intense than the preceding; which la succeeded by a reiiii.v sion, nut ([uite as great as that which followed the first paroxysm. In tli- manner, the cxascerbations and remissions, are repeated dail}'; the forrat'i' being S'imetines more vidont every other day, giving to the case the charac- ter of a doid)'e tertian. IT. Ti-'NnivveiKs and TKUMix.Arroxs. — 1. ^Mild attaek.s, in persons of good constitution, even ■when but little is done to ui'iderate tlieir viok'ucc, will, in man)' cases, terminate by a sort of crisis at snme period of the S''e 'lul week, and recovery or a regular iuternuttent follow. ■J. In more violent attacks, it may soun be discovered that some organ !•' becoming inflamed. T'le one which is, perhaps, more fro(|ucntly attiu'kol than any other, i;) the spleen; but that organ does not always nndnd ■ vered that some ovgari i^ more frequently attaclio:! s not always make knora IS the liver, of which tlio iiic the stomaeh and duo- ,vMi)ortion to the inteuj^ity rcf the ease; and those , of inllammation of some , the disease may h^so us iious symptoms, which maj r.iriT I.] IXTERIOU VALLEY OF XiHiTIl AMERICA. 781 gradually increase, until a fatal termination oeeurs at the end of two. three, or fuiir weeks. In this eonditiuii a clu.^e diagnostic inspoetiun will generally dis- cuver s )me organ in a .state of sniiaeute iuflainmatinii, and the one, perhaps, the m 'St freijuently iiivolvLd is the hrain; bui- nmrc of tlii.s hercafte;'. ■I. In some ca.ses. especially in the south, it is observed, lliaf. alter a few rcLfular paroxy-iuis, the hands and feet will continue Cold through the hut stage, and only recover their heat in llio remis:.-iun ; and this, with other •ymptuins, to be mentioiicd elsewhere, indicates, to the experienced observer, rongestion of some oC the great organs, continuing throughout the wumIc twenty-four hours, and admonishes him, that lie has to deal with a lurking malignancy. i"), i'ar in the north, remittent fever often ])reseiits, almost from the begin- ning, a tendency to the euntiiiui d type, displaying the characteristics of the .synocjuis of Culleirs Xusology. It is [iroperly called aiituninal lever, becan-e it prevails most lii that .season, and is an eipiivalent for the true remittent lever of tlie warmer climates. Nearly the same remark is apirlleable to this I'lVcr when, in th" middle latitudes, it appears in the long-cultivated ar.d dryer jxntions of 'I'ennes.-eo, Kentucky, \Ve»terii I'emisylvania, and Oijio. Furmerly it often abated into an intermittent ; latterly, it is apt to degenerate into a continued typo. 0. All these tend> neies and modes of termination may oeeur in the same locality, and in tiio same autunni ; but some are more common iu one jilacc, thers ill another. Moreover, in r^ne sea.-on, the ea^es may bo generally mild •uul simple; in another highly inllammatory ; in another disposed to assumo I typhous character; in another a malignant or congestive type. « E C T 1 -\ II. TREAT.MEXT. The concise history of the symptoms ami pathology nf simple and infiam- iiatory remittent fever, which I have .sketched, belongs to the middle latitudes rather than the northern ; where, as wo have seen, the tendency to a con- liaued fnrni prevails ; or the .southern, where the malignant or cimge-tive ;ype nn)st freijuently manifests itself. And what I am about to say on the treat au'ut, will apply more ajttly to the fever of our temjierato elimales than any others. I propose to speak, successively, of the various methods of cure wi;ieii have been in vogue among us; and, as far as possible, a.ssign the principle on which each was based, A referenee to the times of setlleinont of the Interior Valley (linuic /, /'.uf ///), will sh'iw that, with the exeeptiou of the, French and iSjiani.^li i'lhaliitants around the (Julf of 3bjxico, and the French and British on ' .m ^i. Lawrence and tl:e ],.akes, nearly all the «ettleuKMits of the \'.i!l(;y • ave been made Avithiu the present century; it is po.^sible, thcrefure, to .!l]"' J-'J m^A pi?-''..-, 7-S2 THE PRIX! TPAIi DISEASF/^ OF THE [book II. i. !'■ 'f , > J 4 ■; review tlio plan of troritiiicnt from the cornmeiiocinf irt '•'' (vestcrn sociut}, \v'-i''li prmnot l/o done in ai-y r.ti!._v i)-...t :f the world wlio' » ' '.igo masses of pojiulation exist. 1. FinsT TincATMKNT IN Tin; V.'t:?t. --Tliere never lias lieeu a time when our feve:- was re<:;arde(l .tud tveatpd. as a s^implo inflammatory afTto- tion — a mere plilogiiiasia. In the caiuost jieriod nf immigration, it was believed to have something in its patlu logy, wliich reipiircd other agencios than the antiphlngistic, although a portion of that treatment might ho refpiisite. Two facts, especially fixed the attention of the physicians of tluit day: First. Tlio derangements of the biliary function : Second. The inhe- rent poiiodidty of tlio Fever; and th.S'j facts suggested the treatment. The disordered funeli(>mil action of tl :; liver was to bo corrected ; tVj stomach and bowels relieved from their morbid secretions: the arterial excitement reduced nntil intermissions av ere obtained; and, tlien, the bark was to be administered, to prevent the recurrence of the paroxysms, aiul complete the cure. For the accnmplishment of these ends, the lancet was emph.ycd in t!;'; more violent ca.ses, especially when signs of inflammation in any organ were present; and blood was drawn several times in certain cases by some physi- cians. Others, however, scarcely cmjiluyed tlie lancet in any; and refeniiig to tlic admitted fa't, that the drawn blood was, in most eases, free from Imfl' they argued that venesection could do no good, and might do harm, by in- ducing the typhous state. Emetics in those days were stardmg remedies in this fever. The patient generally thrw up a liberal nuantitj' of bile, and felt more comfortable afttr the oprratinn. In many cases they were repeated several times. Cathartics were in etpial, or even greater use, and consisted chiefly cf calo- mel and jalap, or of calomel followed by castor oil, Glauber's salt [suJjiliafi of aofJii), ,r an infusion of .senna- .-sweetened with manna. A close inspectici; of the di.?ch arises, from the stomach and bowels, was rea-ardcd as an iiuli.v pcn.-able duty at every visit; and the slightest indication of a return to a htt.'''ii<'r state of the secretion.s, was seen with hope and satisfaction. T ff.v'ized antimony, generally used as an emetic, and often combined with a catliartic medicine was, also, administered In nau.-eating doses; sonictlnuf: in simple solution, but oftcner in combination with saline refrigerants, of wlii':!i the most rclialilo wore the nitrate of potash, and the acetate of potash, or common saline mixture, formed with sub-carjioiiate of pntash and diluted vin- egar, sometimes administered in a state of eff'crvesence. The sjiirit of nitroib other was lik(!wi«e in universal use. and often added to the saline dran;^l!t. But, Professor I'nsh. wlio controlled the medical mind of the whi'le couiitrj more than any otlier physician has since controlled it, proposed the followini' recipe, which was almost universally adopted: H. Nitrate of pot.ash, - . . - . - 3- j. Tartarizcd antlmonv, ----- nr. i. Calomel, grs. vj. Triturate together, and divide into sis pnpers. poinl Tl I'lnce tioii ■ Were C'oidd mctlic rect purgi '^iR.: ^mg^im I li: [nooK n. t 'S western sociuty, ,lu" • ',;•!:'■' masses >i :or lias Itcou a time i iuilammatory affto- ' immigration, it wa-- ;(^nirctl Dtlior agencies treatment might 1)c tlic pliysieians of tli:it , ; Sramd. The iiil;c- rcstetl the treatment, to be corrected ; t!io crctii'ns: the arterial [; anil, then, the hark f the paroxysms, ami was cmph;yc(l in tli'j tion in any organ wore II cases by some \>\\p'.- I in any; and referring st oases, free from huff, mi^rht do harm, by in- his fever. The patient more comfortable aftti eral times. ;onsisted chiefly cf c;ilo- '.lauber's salt {sulpliaU: ma. A clo.se inspection s regarded as an iiulis- ■ation of a retnrn to r, and satisfaction, nd often combined witli ating doses; sometiuK:- ne refrigerants, of whieli acetate of potasli, or pctash and dilut''d vin- . The spirit of nitron - to the saline dranglu. 1(1 of the ^Yh(ilo coniitry :, proposed the followin: o ,1- gr. i. e rs. ^■j- PART l.J INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. •CO One of these powders was given every two liours, thrnngh the hot ctage. They always nauseated, and sometimes p) oduced both vumiting and jairgiii/.', while the nitre acted a.-i a retrigf^ron* nad .'•idative If iiie calomel thus or otherwise administ'/red, : fleeted the mnuii, no v- ^rct was felt by the physician, fur, in fact, i mercurial action was thought }•' be curative. It was generally held, that calnmel, on the whob', was the J ust iii)]iortant remedy, inasmuch as it would act on the liver (assumed to i • :'no "•irgan primarily affected), and at the same time arrest the fover, by its ■ iiu- once on the constitution. With tlicse satisfactory reasons for its adu i,;- tratiun, it was generally continued for such a length of time, tiiat but few patients got through an attack of tlio Fever without a salivation. 0[iium, in connection with sudoriOes, was in general use, and after free evaci-^tiu;; from the bowels, through the afternoon and evening, Dover's pow- der, or *he spiritus 3Iindercri with paregoric, was administered to produce sleep and di^iphoresis tln'ough the night. Cupping was seldom practiced, and leeching nearly unknown. Ibit instead of these, blisters were employed, not only to relieve local inflammation, but to subdue the Fever, when no • ign of inflannnation existed; and, hence, almo.-^t every patient had a blistered surfaci^ on some pMi-t of his body, throughout the whole jieriod of his confinement. The object of all this treatnioiit, v.'as to prejiare the .system for the recep- tion of the bark and other tonics. The length of time re(|ulred to elfuct what was regarded as the necessar}' preparation, varied in diflercnt cases, but was scarcely over less than a week. In many re,sj)ects this method was judicious; and, although I have spoken in the past tense, it still maintains it.self (with some modifications), in the confidence of a large portion of our physicians. II. AdVANT.VC!E,3 and DISADVANTAGES OF THIS TllEATMENT. — Tho in iioa- tiuiis proposed to be fulfilled by this treatment, were, on the main, correct; but Some received too much, others too little attention, ai < a part T tho means employed acted violently on the system, without supf .- '^iiig tl; ; mor- bid action. Those who regarded tlie Fever as arising independenl'v of inflammation, often omitted bloodletting; when, even in tlic ab.-tuee of influiiinnuiun, thevc wore reasons for employing it; and, on the other hand, they wh> ''iM to tho inflannnatory origin of tho Fever, jdaced too much reliance oii tiiai leuiedy. The Irut' reason for resorting to the lanctt was not pcrceivc.l; but on tl.d.^ nuint I shall speak presently. The exhibition of powerful emetics and cathartics, L(Jurc resoi ting to tho lancet, was wrong, for they would not operate kindly, and their daily repeti- tion sometimes produced gastro-enteritis. The signs f^r their di-tontinnaneo, wore a healthier aspect of the tongue, and of the alvine discharges ; but, Iiow oould they assume a natural appearance, under the daily irritation of drastic niodieines V Too nnieli stress was, in fact, laid ujion the iiidi>.ation — ' tu cor- rect the state of the secretions.' iMoreover, many jihysicians prescribed I'urging for the purpose of lowering the excitement uf the va.-oul,ir >ysteui, rsi TlIi: rilLNXIPAI. DISl^ASES OF TIIH LBOOK II. hM tm. ;■■■■;;. i#.i'.#;f • •■ „ t I. I I T - t ,■ , •f""v.:.;r.; [tJ^fl ,t-.,.- •: ■(. r ■ ,v ■ • ^ ^ fC^ m ii (,'*."■>■' nr^ ■ .'" wlicMi voiK ^section woiild liavc acecmiplislu'd tliat object niucli better, and with- out the risk of excitiiipr iiiueuu.s irritatimi iii tlio ^tdiiiacii and Itnwi'ls. As caliiiiud is. perliajis, the most eilieaeiniis of all autl[ililn!.fistie alterniit.'^. and, as the liver hcomcd to jio inuro involved, tliaii any other organ, it wa.s not fitrange, that pliysieiaiis sliould have assumed, tliat a mercurial actimi would su|iersedo tlic i'ever; and, therel'ure, should have administered that medieino both liberally and jierscveringly. The curativt! results of this practieo, wore seldom satisfactory, however ; while its pernicious ctteets wero sonu'tinics of the saddest cluiraetcr. The extensive blisterina which made a part of that treatment, was every way ol)jcctionable. It was sometimes resorted to, while the arterial excite- ment wa.s hidi, when all the etVects obtained, were an increa.se of that ex- citement: and an extensively ulcerated surface, which added to the sutferiiiL's (jf tlie paiient, and occasionally became gangrenous. Jiastly, the administration of the bark was deferred too long; thmigli, wc must admit, that it cannot be safely administered, at as early a period of tin; Fever, as the sul[ihato of (piiiiine. AVe coine now to speak of curative plans, carved, as it were, out of tliat which has been discussed. IMethods founded respectively, on a single idea; and, tiierefore, connueiuled to us by their simplicity. HI. Tui:.vT.Mi;.NTAS I'Oii G .vsTito-KXTKiut'is. — The fascinating sini[iliiifatii-ii!s of linmssais, could not fail to meet with advocates among us; but they liavf never amounted to more than a respectable minority. The assumption, that remittent autumnal fever is but a jirimary gastro-entcritis, had the appear- ance of a pathological discovery; and the proposed tnatinent was acerpt- able to all, biith physicians and jiatients, wlio had become tired of the ji'^ly- pliarmacy, and the nuccrtain results, of the prevailing method. To withlioM emetics and cathartics, opium, stimulants, and food; to give dennd<-ijnt aiiil acidulated drinks; to use the lancet in some cases, and cup or leech the epi- gastrium ill all, was at once eas^^ in practice, and captivating in jiromise. In cases which were, really, attended witli mucous inflammation, tliis method was beneticial ; and, its adoption by a number of our physicians, exerted a salutary iafluencc on the rest, by restraining them from the erc'^tsln; administration of tartar emetic, calomol. and drastic cathartics. 'Without having, therefiri', superseded, it has modilicd the older method. Two or three things have, perhap-^, contributed to limit its more general adoption. Fir.it. The extreim' dilliculty of ade((uate, topical bleeding, in the country, to which most case< of the l-'ever belong. Second. The desire of our people for strong measures. Third. The general propensity in our jdiysicians to employ them; that i?. to be doing a great deal. 1\. Tug Pi-R(iT.\(i Pu.vcricn. — At all times, and with all our ]iliv>i- cians (except tlmse who aduptcd the opinions of liroussais), purging, as vo have seen, has been an important part of our mithndm vn(h'ndi.; but it re- ouired a jieeuliar hypothesis, to resolve tiie irlioh treatment into tliat ope- raticii. This was at length supplied, in congestion of the [lortal cin-Ie ami the vena cava asceudeus. The removal of thi.s con/irestion constituted tin' Mm IF- I DOOK n much bettor, ami \vitli- ch niid Itnwrls. iitiiililoL'istic altvrniits, iiy (itlior orgiui, it \va.s hat a mcrcuvial actimi avc Jicliiiiiiistiji'l'il that irativc results df tliis pernicious etlccts were it treatment, A\-as every hilo the arteri;il cxoiti- .11 increase of that ex- aiUled to tlie sutVeriiigs (1 toe Innj.'; though, \V( as early a periud nt tli , as it were, out of tliat tively, on a single iiha: ascuiatingsiniiiliticatlons imongus; but tliey have The assumiition, tliat iiteritis, had the aiqitar- l treatment vas accept- come tired of the i''.ly- methud. To withhcM to five denndceut and id Clip or leech the opi- ivating in iirnmiso. In miation, this metliiMlwas iciaus, exerted a salut:iry cxc'^f^irc. administration Ithdut having, therefvo, wo or tln-ee things have, 1, First. Tlie extreme try, t(i which most case>' o].ie for strong measures, em^iloy them; that i^. nd with all our i^hyM- ruussais), purging, as vo nihin midnifli ; but it re- treatment into that ope- n of the [lorlal cir<-le and inL'estion constituted tin TAUT 1.] INTERIOR VALI-KY OF NORTH AMERICA. bo sclo indication of euro, and was in bo accomplished, by inoreasiiig secretion fmni the liver, and tlic mucous membrane of tlie stomacli and Imwcls. Those who ailojitcd this hypothesis, as simple as the gastro-i'nteritis of t!ic French seliDdl (but suggesting, in the opinion of its advocates, a ti'lally dilferont jivai-tii'O), built tlieir hopes on drnstii- purging, and, consisti-ntly. made calo- mel tlio governing article of th(jlr prescription?. Tims the nioreurial and ratliartic treatment became miitcd info one method, which in it.s ap[diratliin substituted, for tlu; discriminating ,«liill of tlie physician, the rtli'iitless punc- tuality of the apothecary and the nurse. Calonicl, in doses which the world ]a>\ not hithert ' known, was given to excite the liver and nnirons niem- lirane into increased secretion, and drastics, in eorrespiiiiling ihiseis. to drain tlic biiwcls, as fast as those fluids were poured into (hem. The object was not to supersede the febrile action, hy a mercurial irritation of the general system; bill to rouso the liver and gastro-enteric membrane iijo .secretory eseitemeiit : ami thus transform the blood of the portal viscera into bile and l!(|Uor-intestiiialis. To this end, scruple doses of calonicl were regarded ati ■^uihciiMit for the mildest cases only; and draelim dose.s. at short intervals, be- caiiie a familiar prescription, in (irdinaiy epidemics : while, in tie -•■ (f greater violence, portions of half an ounce, an oin.ee, or an ounce and a 1i;ilr. were swal- luwed by the ]»atii'nt several times a ilay ; till in some instances, a jiound, or a jif'und and a half, wa.< administered to a single p.'vtiont, and gave to his ex- oretioiis the appearance of chalk ! I am not at liberty to doubt the tcsti- meny collected in the south, on which I m;d^e tliis statement. In tlie Stato of Mississipjii, a jihysician assured me, that he liad given a pati'-nt, one tliousand grains fur three successive days ! As the purgative eficcts of cal- omel do not increase Avith the dose, and yet purging was an essenti; 1 part of the cure, medicines better calculated to excite it, were either allernated T combined with the calomel; and these were very eonnnonly given in vast '1 scs. A respectable jdanter, in tin- same state, assured me, that he had L'ivL'ii, by order of his physician, such (juantities as I thought incredible; till I met Avith a ncidiborins phvsician, who dcelared tliat he had adminis- t'l'ed, ill a single case, six hundred grains of a tri[ile eoinp'euid of aloes, rliuharb. and cahinu'l, in equal quantities, for six consecutive days ! Such instances.! am happy to think, embrace the extremest abuses of this method; and the number who readied these criminal limits, was perhaps mjt very yy^t. It cannot be denied, however, that the practice, iiere reprfdiatcd. was firr several years, that on which numerous physicians of the west and south rested their hopes ; atul although in general they stopped short of the reck- le«.?ncss of a few, they carried their single idea to an excess, which at length [•roduced a revulsion in the public uiind ; and in nunuTous instances led to tbi'ir being superseded by emjtyrics, who declaimed equally against the judi- wus. and the headlovig administration of calomel. Under this reaction, it k'fame, at least, diiTicult to exhibit that medicine in any dose, and the Idue pill is now often substituted, when calomel would be preferable. It does not appear, I think, that the immense doses of calomel, adminis- tered by a few fanatics, did any more injury, than the drachii' fh-i< of the 780 THE PRINCIPAL DI.-^EASES OF THE [book II, f-" : 1* ■■ ' Mr-".,: ;•■■■'..,:-'■■ . ,i.'i ' .■■, majority of j)1iy,sic'ians. Those doses often passed tlirouirh tlio IjowcI.s uti- dissulvcd, nnd iiKietive. Tlicy did imt saliviitf or jmrge iiioro tliaii the Miuillor portions. They were, hoNvcver, a revolting absurdity. The drastic purging tu uliieli the patients, day after day, were hulijeetcd, Mas no doubt as periiitidu.-i, tliougli not so frightful to the people, as the mercurial ravages, which in many instances accomjiaiiied this practice. The former were invisible, tlic latter visible, to the public eye. That the purgiiig practice was often Cdii- tra-inllcated liy, or pru practice. Another is, that in oases which bad any latent tendeiu'y to those paroxysms of collapse, which arc called malignant or con- gestive, e.vcessive purging soon developed it, so that it has grown into a paying in many parts of the south, tliat congestive fevers are made by []\U practice. Further north, the same purging, has often led to tlie productinn of a typhous state, eijuall^', though not so immediately dangerous. Fiiiallv, lioth this and the practice of tlie IJroussais school, are liable to the gnivi; objection, that they aspired to be curative, when, in their most judicious apjili- cation, they were but ])reiiarative. Having given this brief narrative of the methods of treatment, wliic'i have prevailed, and indeed still prevail among us, I proceed to speak of tliat, to which public ojiinioii has for sonic years been tending, and which scciii.s tv me yrel'erable to any, which has yet been followed. \. Tkm'Kncv at Tiiio Pi!i:sKXT TiMK. — Both the methods of treat- ment we have ^, t discussed, are modifications of the first, and that whirli wo are imw to stml}', can claim nothing more. Its fundamental principles aiv, that autumnal fever is the product of a specific cause, and, tlierefore, con- sists in a morbid action of a peculiar land, recpiiring a .specific remeily: tli.it we possess such an antidote for the intermittent variety of the I'evcr; aii'i, that, we have only to abate all the causes and points of difiereiice botweoL the two varieties, to render the sulphate of ijuininc as efficacious in one as the otlu'r. But what arc the pathological difFerences between thcmV The answer must be, that we do not find them, in tiio functional disturbances and mnvV'A secretions of the liver and primed via, which are generally as great iu t!;o iiittrmlttent as the remittent typo. They seem to mc to consist in a higln.:' febrile excitement of the whole system; a greater tendency to visceral liy- periemias and inflammations; a much longer hot stage; and the consei|uciit want of a complete intermission. These conditions being obviatcil, tI:o antidote will take efiect, as iu an ordinary ii'termittent. The old treataicnt. it is true, proposed all this; but the ch?nge in the condition of the .sj.v icra was ti be accomplished gradually ; and as each exascerbation of the Fever, added to the lesions of innervation, or renewed the inflammatiun -f Bome organ, it often happened, that a suitable condition for the adminLstru- tien of the antidute was never reached. The new modification of treatment, consists in transformini;- a remittent into an intermittent in a single day, and by a single agent. As stimulatieu fiil-c; i';ji.'OtiM! may be fjnanfi* '■M MIR [book II. iUT 1.1 INTERIOR VALLI;Y OF NORTH A.MCRICA. i."^i liroujili tlic bowels uu- : more than llie >uuillor The tlrastu! pur^'injrto no doubt us iicnikinii.s, nivial ravages, wliitli in nnev wirr iuvi>ilili'. tliu |)raetk-e was often ciai- imicous nieiiibrane, no rj Olio of tbe weiglitiust es wbich bad any bitiut called malignant vr wn- bat it bas grown into a levers are made by tlds en led to tbc iivoductidii cly dangerous, rinally, arc liable to tbc grave lieir most judieioiLs appli- ods of treatment, wliii'i proceed to speak of tliat, ding, and wbicb scculs U' li tbc mctbods of treat- tbc first, and tbat wliiili iindamcntal princiiiles aiv, ause, and, tberefore, cuu- r a .'iiiceilic remedy: tliat icty of tbe Fever; aiui, ints of dilVercncc botwceu as eiBcacious in one as ween tbcm'.' Tbe au^ffci disturbances and nmrlul generally as great in i!:o me to con.sist in a bigln.: : tendency to visceral hy- :ta<'-e; and tbc conseiiueui iuns being obviated, tiic tent. Tbc old treatuu'iit. tbo condition of tbe .-^y!- .■acb exasccrl).itiun of tlie ncwed tbc infiammatiun uf ditlon for tbc admiiii.sti'a- tran,>^fornilng a remittent Silo aii-ent. As stiuiulatiuU ffill ral.^^o an intermittent into a remittent, so an ojijiin'^ltc treatment may fiiddfidy cliange tli<' latter into tbo former; or, at least, so reduce llie excito- iiioiit of tliu lieart and arteries, tliat tbe jjatliologieal state of tbc patient is ail ei|uivalent for tbe apyrexia of an intermittent. IJloodletting is tbc means fur accomplisliing tins end. Tn be sueeessfnl, l.owever, it must be employed in tbe first, second, or tliird paroxysm, tliat i.s, Icf'trc infl.innnation in ;iiiy organ lias become establislied. The quantity tiiken, must be snob as will bring (be jiatieiit to the verge of syncope. Val- If ar.ii perspiration of tbc face, yawning, nausea, and a feeble, cmjtty. and laiiid pulse, must declare, tbat tbc excessive excitement of tbe .system is. for tlio time being, en"ectually bruugbt down. If llieso effects be nid produced, tlio preparation of tlie .y the sudden and [infuse eva<'uation tliiis effeeted, the condition of tbc system, jirodueed by v.fi bleeding, will be aiiginented, and the priiixr ri.-r ]irepared for the recep- i; 111 of tbe antidote. Uut if the signs of gastric am' liiliary disorder should ;..t be great — if tlio stomach has not been previously irritable, nor the '• iWols obstinately costive, nor the eyes and skin tinged A\ith bile — tlio ratliartlc niay be omitted. Having thus lessened tbo vfdume of blood, reduced tbe power of the heart, iial increased tbe susceptibility uf tbe .system; having, in other words, Ir'lUglit about a transient, artilieial intermission, the sulphate of (piininc, as iiiC specific alterant, must be immediately and liberally adininislered. If it W deferred, another paroxysm will form ; just as we sec the fever in scar- Lttiua or small pox return, after bleeding, even to (Ic/iijt/inm un'mi'i. Those diseases, respectively, depending on spceitio causes, will not yield to a simple uiitiphlogistic treatment; in' like manner, the Fever we are now studying ipeiids on a specific cause, and demands for its cure sonietiiing that can - (icrsedc tbc morbid action. To this end, ten grains of the sulphate of iuiiiiue, with one or two of opi'mi ; and, if no calomel have been given, ten Ijiaiiis of tbat medicine, should be exhibited in a single dose. The results I'liiili may be expected arc sleep and perspiration, with a full, slow, and soft [ulse. In the latter part of the fullowing night, the dose of fjuiniue must le repeated, with or without the other medicines, and again rcjieated iibout r .urn the next day. It dues not follow that the patient will not. at that tiiii'.', have some degree of thirst, pabi in the head or back, and increase of [ulso; but his warm perspiration will continue. In this exascerbation, an i^'joetion may bo administered, if be bad not been previously purged, or be nmy he bled again. At bed- time, a f..urth dose of the nulnine, with an c^ual 'I'lautity of Dover's powder, should be taken, and another portion of ijuiniuc 7^8 TUB riUNCirAL DISKASDS Of Till: [loni II. WflTT. 1' < \./- 'i »(''* slioulil lio oxlilliitctl early tlio next unfiling. Tf lio liail luit Itci'ii tVn.!.- pur^rt'd at tlio liouimiiiiL'. lio may ihiW take a stiimilatiii;r fatliaitic ; luit. a |ioy full doses of oaluniel, will brinu' out the dotsired result. The sm;.' is true of acute peritfiiiiti<, which, readily vieldiig to these nicasuns, pn vi.: fatal witliout them, iiotwithstaiidiiig many other thiii;i.s inaybeiloiie. lathe-} ]ihh)1 Tin: [BOOllI. llO lliul IHit lici'll \'\iv]:- ilaliii;.' ciilliiiilif ; l.ut. .; il iliiriii'.' tlio (iiicrutii n. n'iM':it tlio (|iiiiiiiio ai. I :ircL'ly bo iL'(|uiicil. II.. i\ s luiipT ; il ^'L'litlo c!i I- (jf tlio livci- rf>tiiieil. ' , tie ojiiatc nt uijil.t. ml sufcfssful ill iiiioniin- that tlio iiltonnit u-nl ;, tho (lotruetioii of ti L'l'cat iiiiir«ti:itiijii (if large ilnsu- Is il similar blociliii}.', sv,..- loslrod rofult. 'J'lio -ain.' to tllCSC llHilftm(.«. |:ri Vu- igs maybeiloiic. in tin-} :ctivoly, cxevt an ulteni!/. cy couUl not. 77,(7/ Liiv iiiiation; but not over ;' lioli constitnto the diji'a-j st ostiililisli ill tliC sy.-tvi.i [imi iiKMimpatUilo witli t so, wliioli, ccuhiiijr spi'ii;.;- isortler. ml Avo must now ooiis;! ; oncenicnt of tlio pniiif-. 1 be cases in wliicli it v,i.! CSS, the earlier, the butl-i': orgiin, it may not yiiM :j orouver, the longer tho tV which can be taken a\v;iy fail; the suscciitiVului'^ alien into a vitiated c-niidi- hig should be praeticcd, ,1 ir eo^iiuus venesect ion riu- us "ives to the deteriuratc'l ore the operation, it couM iiifhinimation, in an :id- (Ml liy those who blu<'dfnty liiliition uf quinine ohviuf medicine, even, eoiitriluto nation as much a piirt cf !-■- tina, or the abscessof a lym- e eases (jf serofula '.' Tlkr: ive; and, if so, we might iV cr, even when inthimuiutiv:. r»r>Ti.] I.VTKRIOR VALLHY ('F .NuKTII AMKUICA. :>:» isi''t«. Tf, however, it «hMuld not jios.-'css a power < f that hind, it Wdild iii't, I iJI'poso, ineroasc tho intiamiiKiliiui ; while its peculiar sedative and seiui- iiaiTOtie oiieratioii.wuuhl aid in n^pn'^^ing the eoustitnlional irrilatiiii, which iiiidit fi/llow bleedinj^ in tho stage of the Fever, wo iirc now eonsideiing. Although inllainnuition Is not the cause, Imt arises with, or snporvoncs v.p'n, remittent fever, still, it is not on that iiei.'ount tiie less daii^ijerous. When it lirglns with I ho Irver, it gem.'rally yields to a copious Meedliig, and t'le ful»sei(aent use late, it often M.'ts our ufniost elicits nt defuime. Among the means which may be eni- rhycil fin* ils abatement, there are three external appli( atioi;^, in whleh eon- "idcralilo confidence may bo phiced : I'lrsf. Long continued Jcpid alilutioiis :.ii(l fomentations over the all'ected orgaii. S-roml. I'lcpoiited t'lpical bleed- i'lj. Tiii'-d. IJlisteriiig, wliieli, however useless when there is no inlhinnnation, i> v^ much value wlnn thiit condition exists. There arc, moreover, several iiirdiciiios. whicli may be employed with advaidago. Thus, if the inlhnnma- li' 11 be seated in tho liver or spleen, cajcmel should be administei' d in doses f fnu-or six grain doses every two or four hours, iieeording to the v'.o'encc :' the symptoms; if seated in the mm-iius membrane of t!:o sioi. ic'i and lii'idenum, the same medicine, triturated with gum arable, refined sugar, nd (Ilium, or tl:e sulphate of morphine, should be employod; if the lungs be the -at of the inflammation, tartari/ed antimony, and other sedative e.vpoeto- rants may bo used; if tho brain, eidomel with cathartics, will bo propter. Should iiny one of these inl1;iminations become intense, the fever may as- ■uiiie a continued typo; when (piinine would, pcrhap.?, prove u>-ele.-s: but, 'i remissions still manifest tlienisclves. that uiedieine should bo mingled ur r'.ternated, with the other mi;ans whiidi have been roeommended. Yl. ]'\\fTS m:.\lll.\"(i lAVOKAJlLY ox Till: KAIlLV KXUIlUTIoX (.(b' (.Jll.MNK. The treatment roeommended under the last head, is one which 1 have p'lr- ■iC'd, as occasional opportunities offered, since tho year ISoS or I'^'-W). The effects have been highly eiicour;iging, but I am not under the necessity of com- Duiiding it on such limited grounds, for in several long journeys, from 1S1() to !>> 14, I collected the experience of a multitude uf physicians, from the I'iilf of 3Ioxico to Lake Superior, and will present an ab.straetof that portion wliich is in favor of tlic early adniinisti.ition of (juinine. At ]Milwaukio, N. L. 4o°, remittent fever is almost unknown; but Doctor Ilewet, bad treated cases sueeessfuUy on the old method of venesection (in 'onic cases), emetics, cathartics, and dia}dioreties, fur a week, when he ad- lahiistered the sulphate of ((uinino. The Fever is soi, what more prevalent at Eacinc, a little further south; t'lie treatment, as I learned from Doctor Dlanehard, and Doctor (Jraves, the j;imo as that just mentioned. Chii'ago, still further south, on the same western coast of Lake ^licliignn, i> fiir more infested with the Fever. Its treatment, as stated by Doctor liraiiiard, Doctor Jirinckerhoff, and Doctor Kimberly, is substantially the same as at the two other towns. fi IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) 7 A ■^ 1.0 I.I 1.25 ■-IM 2.5 12.2 1^ III 2.0 ill 1.8 U 11.6 J: 'si V] <^ /2 7 ■^ /J. 'W v Photogr^hic Sdences Corporation 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 fl? >■ ,'■]■' ?.''' • '■ V .-r m'l VI r*. /..'r^; ' 'iff.. ■ ^ " ••■< ■' I, > '.'y'.'f -I .-ll-'- . -4!^^' !•'•:■■. .)..,■■ ■■ ' :■■■:■;, (.%*;' ■ .* : ■ •■■.■ .•■, .^ ..'■ #l4]— '■'.;■■ '■''"''■■' '^ ;. vails-. ^' '.:•; '. ,. 1. •' .y .f.-i| :;f i;i. »,* ;' i- . . ,■ ■.. . 790 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE [BOOK i;. At Puvt Huron, N. L. 43'', the Fuver is frequently cpidcniic. Doctur Nublo informed nie tliat lie j^eldoiu bleeds; but after the operation of an cmeti(3 and mercurial eathartic, administers J)over's powder and camphor, lill an intermission with porspiiation is obtained, when he resorts to (|uiuine. At Oetroit, Dortnr I'otter regards bloodletting as a most impurtmu remedy. Doctor Pitcher, a gentleman of ripe experience, resorts to the lancet early, gives a cathartic of calomel, and then administers quinine, iu five or ton grain doses. Doctor Denton, of Ann Arbor, west of Detroit, is a strong advocate for bloodletting; to which he resorts in the cold stage, rather than tlie hot, ainl sometimes bleeds twice in one paroxysm ; but does not administer quinine, till after the lapse of six or seven days. Doctor Landon, of Monroe, south of Detroit, has bled freel_y, and saw tlio blood sizy; then purged copiously, and proceeded to the administvatinu of quinine ; which ho has often given with success, when the tongue was .>till heavily coated. Tlie estuary of the ]\Iauniee, at the south Avest angle of Lake Erie, is infested with this fever. Doctor St. Clair bleeds freely and has often sce.i the blood sizy; uses emetics, and cathartics; but does not begin to employ the (juininc for several days afterward. Doctor Deck bleeds, vomits with tartar emetic, and }iurges with calomel ami other cathartics till an intermission is obtained. In this condition, when the tongue has become clean, and the patient seemed convalescent, the uoxt paroxysm has set in with coma, and that which followed proved fatal. Li other cases, this sinister eft'ect has been averted by five grain doses of quinine, in conjunction with the same ([uantity of calomel. Doctor Dwight has, in some autumns, bled freel}', and seen the blood bully, purged with calomel, and then administered quinine. Doctor Van Every, in the autumn of 1838, bled in almost every case, sometimes to twenty ounces — after which, cathartic medicines operated freely, when he gave three grains of quinine every two hours. Doctors Smith and Perkins, did not bleed very often, but found the early use of ((uinine, in two grain doses, every t vo hours, successful. In the same fever, Doctor Ackly gave the blue mass, or calomel whh. morphine and ipecac, or tartar emetic every three or four hours, till a ilia- phoresis occurred ; when he administered a cathartic, and then resorted Vj quinine. All those observations were made in the same region. Doctor Cochran, of Sandusky City, south side of Lake Erie, has bk'il freely, given a few large doses of calomel, and then administered ten grains of quinine every eight hours, till perspiration came on. Doctor Tilden, of the same city, has seen bleeding, vomiting, and purging, do harm, when not followed by an early administration of quinine. At Norwalk, near Sandusky, Doctors Baker and Kitteridgc, have bleJ.iii some cases several times, and found the blood sizy; administered calouiul freely, purged with extract scammony aud coloeyuth, followed with castor oil. I i\ ;e [book i: TAUT I.] LVTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 7'Jl ly c'liUloiiilo. I'oeti.r tlic opovalion of un alov and caiiiiilujr, till resorts to iiuiiiuio. as a most iiuiinrtunt •icuee, resorts to tliG Ldministcrs (iuiuiuo, in a strong advocate tor Ltlicr than the hot, ami A administer (quinine, jledfrccl>,and saw tk tl\e adniinistvati(jn of ;u tlio tongue ^Yas still angle of Lalio Eric, ij :eely and has often s^ce.i ocs not licgiu to einpLiy inirgcs -witli calomel and this condition, when tlie I convalescent, the uost lowed proved fatal, lu by five grain doses of omel. nd seen the hlood huffy, d in almost every case, ■tic medicines operatoJ two hours, ften, hut found the early successful, e mass, or calomel witK or four hours, till a dia- •tic, and then resorted to same region. of Lake Erie, has lUd . administered ten grains on. g, vomiting, and purging, ition of ([uinine. Kitteridge, have hled.ni ',y; administered calumul 1, followed with castor oil, and as soon as the remissions were made a little more perfect, administered (juinino Doctors Planter and Howard, of Elyria, on tlic same lake-terruce with Xorwalk, have fjund (quinine injurious in the Fever, before it was hronglit, by one or more hlecdings, to an intermittent type. Have often seen the Ijluod s.zy. Doctor "Wallace, of Massillon, (Jliio, lilceds freely, once or twice, and, without waiting for an intermission, proceeds to give quiuino iu five grain duscs. At Joliet, on the Illinois Ilivcr, Doctor Scliolfiold informed mo that he was in the hahit of giving his jjatient fmrn twenty to fort3- grains of calo- mel, witli half a grain of sidpliate of morphine, while in tlio exa^icerhation, and folhjwing it the next day with castor oil or salts, immediatel}' after which, lie administered the quinine. Doctor Ilowland, of Ottawa, on the same river, bleeds, and if the patient have been costive, gives a cathartic of blue pill and rhubarb; otherwise ho proceeds at once to admini.'stcr (|uiniuc. Doctor Whitehead, of Lasalle, on the same river, in an epidemic remittent, omitted bleeding, administered a dose of calomel and pulvis antimonialis, as 1 cathartic, and then gave cpiinine iu two or three grain doses, sometimes combined with Dover's powder, every two or three hours. It arrested the liot stage, and brought on perspiiation, with a slow and full jiulso. In Springfield, the capital of Illinois, I found Doctors Todd, Henry, Jayne, Merriman, and Frazier, concurring in the practice of vei-y moderate j)repara- tory evacuation, either from the bloodvessels, or tbo I'owds, and an early administration of (quinine and opium. At Jefferson City, on tlie ]\Iissouri Ilivcr, Doctors Abbott and Edwards, iu the declining stage of the first paroxj'sm, without any previous preparation of the system, begin the administration of quinine in two or three grain doses, at short intervals, till the paroxysms ceast; to recur, when they give a mild cathartic. "When the fever is strongly remittent, they bleed before Using the i{uinino. Doctor I'rice, of Arrow Rock, further up the Missouri Piivor, is accustomed to resort to quinine after the operation of a single cathartic or emetico-cathar- tic, notwithstanding there may be head or back ache. Doctor Yaughan, of Dover, near the same river, docs not often use the laneot, nor adnuiuster cvacuants, but begins the treatment with (quinine and calomel. Doctors Shanks and Frazior, of Memphis, Tennessee, are accustomed to employ the lancet, c(dd to the head, some small doses of calomel and ipecac, Md then, at an early period, to complete the cure with qninino. Doctor Christian, of the same city, in latter years, bleeds once, gives a few doses of spirit of nitrous ether, and tlien the quinine ; in six or eight hours, a gentle ca- thartic, and quinine again ; which method cures iu one third the time of that which he formerly pursued. Doctor Grant, of the same city, formerly of the hill country, in Alabama, while there, bled freely, cupped, blistered when the •ia .!# ■ ^''ffl' T" ■ , "i ' '(■■'*■ •',■,■■ ■ 70:2 Tin: i'i;L\cirAL disea.^e.s of the [nooK II. sLoniacli ^Yas iirit;iblo, gave a lull dose nf caloiiiel, and in tliu first ix'iiii.-.vii.n a ft rr ward, -•:ivt,' twenty grains ui' (iiiiiiii>e in a sulutiuii ol" tailaiic acid. A sluw and i'lili ['ulse, uitli [icrspirati'iu, ri.lluwcd. Doctor J licks, of VicksLiirg, ]Mississii)iii, after one lilccdini;', and a dnso of calomel, or blue jiill, with ipecac, administers tjuinine with liapjiy results. ]>oct()r (Tist, and Doctor (,'aliannis, of Jackson, .Mississijijii, purge mcdcr- atclv, in nuiHt cases with cantor oil, and, in tlic first remission, give qiiinii.L'. ^vlli^•!l they i.:ink tends to promote intermissions. In some cases tlicy Ijkxd. Doctor ]>. Yaiidcll, of Denton, 3Iississippi, oi'tcii cmjiloys the lancet, ai.d be- gins the cxhiliilion of quinine, before the cud of the paroxysm. Doct(jr I'a\is, of Natclieii, bleeds, and resorts almost immediately to tliat medicine. It abates the thirst, and the force and frequency of the ])iilnT I.] INTERIOR VALLCY OF NORTH AMKRICA. 70:) in tliiJ iii'^t vcnu.-^:iou - ui' tiiitaii^ ueiil. A l)kH'iVni-', anu a (Lso no uitli Imviiy vcsuhs. ^-ih^^lpi'i, I'lii'g*^ luf.ikT- ;mls;-'niii, givo iminiiic. some cases tliey Ijleid. ,l(,vritlielaucct, ul.dk- .^•uxy!^^n■ ,Jstimmea•ult('1y t)t!iat ,iueiu-y of llie pulso, In- to cases in v.liieli it iVils Junes, ofthe same city, l„niel, or blue mass, i' .1- line, in five grain dusc;, :^Ii. i, be, also, gave me a w«. lanco: ,- and a wbito tamdy. ^^^ physician bad l)pen employed fur tbrce years. Autumnal fuvor. in its diftVr- pnt varieties, had brcn tlio cliiuf (Urease, lie began tht adniiiiistralatiuu id' (piiniiic without any previous evacuation. Tlio first day, ho gave two 'loses, of ten grain.^ each; the next day, three doses, of the .sann^ size. Hi never had occasion to administer the niedieine beyond the third day, and it li.ad never failed, in a siiigle ease, to " lireak the fever."' It is wnrtliy ol' re- mark, tliat, on the plantiitiniis of the south, the treatmeiit is liegun witli tho beginning of the Fever, bef.jre deep-seated eungcstions or influnnnatiuns have tieen formed. Finally. T may add, tliat, when ox]di>ring tho statistics of the great Charity Ilo.spital (d' New Orleans, in 1'^ U, I fumid that a eliange had taken place in tho method of treating patients there, as great as I have found over tho country at largo. The mercurial and drastic practice had given oy to mild aperients, occasional Idoodletting, and an rar/// exhibitiiii of (jui- nino ; the efl'eet of which h.ad been a iliniinuti"n in the nundjer of deaths, e im- nared with the munbi'r of eases aihnitteil into the hospital. These citations show that, in all parts of tho Interior Valley, there arc }diy- ut I do not think it necessary to make a transcript of this ';'iblishcd experience, as it is within tho reach of our physicians, and docs 3"t materially extend our knowledge on this point, beyond the unpublished 'jitos which have just boon presented, however strongly it may confirm tho conclusions to be drawn from f' '^ * Tt may be said, that I have given the evidence on]one sidconl^'. This Igrart, .It I know of none on the other. All our physicians are ;;dvocates of the I'lininc-practicc; and even those who po.stpjiic the administration of ti.o intipcriodic to a late tage of tho I'uver, and subject their patients to ;i iiigcr preparatory treatuiont, do not, in general, profess to have given the aerhod, hero recommended, a trial, and rejected it as injurious or ineffectual. Tliey are only more conservative than their brethren — more attached to eld ^ns — and yet, even the most cautious among them, have abated con&ider- % ill their diversified, and often, porturbating measures. VII. Rkquirkd 3Iodifications of Theatment. — 1. F/-om the Epide?nic 'Tlie papers, to wliicli I allude, may bo chiefly I'oniul in the American Journal of the iMndical h^eiiMiccs, anil iu the Journals of New Orleans, St. Louis, Louisville, Ciucin- -■ai, ami Bairalo. <^ov ral of them are from gentlemen whoso names arc in the forcgo- ?c;\talo;rue of authorities. Of thosf! with whom I hud not the opportunity of cju- ■rsincf, I may mention Doctor McCormick, and Doctor Porter, U. S. A.; whose observa- m iu Florida, confirm, iu the amplest manner, all that has been said. 51 ?■■' H ' ■>, [• ■>..v I ■ 701 THE I'RIXCfPAL DJ.-^RASE.S OF THE [book 1! Comlllurici). — At (liflLTi'iit times diir Valley has been vi.-itecl by an cpiJeraic coiistitiitinii (if the ty|iliiius Idiid. T.hc eiruct of such an atiiiosphcrio iiiflu- eneo, is t'l (■mivcrt our rcuiittout into a continued i'cvor, or. at least, to ^ivc i;, a set in that direction. This eoniplii'ation of t\V(j diatheses, jrrcatly increases the difliculty of the treatment; for neither the copious detraction of hlooij, nor the liberal exhibition of iiuiiiliie, is apt to prove Ijcneficial in such cases. They are, in fact, exceedingly difficult to manage, and demand from us tlie most careful considci'ation ; but Avhat may bo said, can bo best introduced under the liead of tyjilious fevers ; wh( re the trt'atmeiit of the so-cullej "tvphoid stage" of remittent fever will also bo presented. '1. From a Northern dimnb'. — In the northern part (jf the Vallcv, ■where autumnal remittents often incline to a continued foviii. ([uininc is. per- hajJS, not as efficient ; and is, certairdy, not admini.stcred in as largo doses, a,s are given further south. Copious bleeding W(;uld, j)erhaps, increase tlio effi- cacy of that medicine in the higher latitudes, while it would, in turn, prevent any bad effects from the loss of blood. o. Fri.m a Soulhcrn, Climnlc. — The niodilication of the proposed troat- nicnt, which is re(iuired in the south, relates chiefly to tl.j use of the lancet. The heat and moisture of the southern climates, in connection with the noent, whatever it may be, which occasions the Fever, so act upon the constitution, that acute inilanimation, and a high pldogistic diathesis are not easilj' induced; nnd copious venesection, as a prejiarative for the q.iinine, is not so necestiarv. as in more northern latitudes. At the same time, that medicine seems tu act more kindl}-, and to iic borne in larger quantities, in those climates:, tliaii further north; of which more will be said in the next chapter. -3|f '"■••'■ ' ■■k'^""''^'-''' ■ i*'^fe^«^j ■■ * ^■•RSl''' '1* * ''■ '' v" » ^•ffl^W'rf' *^'- '■■■'>' '.''* ' '■' 'f'«^Hp'''fc.*»''''- " ■ ■' '■ "' ' '■' 'fwi'f'li''^ ■■■i"" '--i i^'fei-Ni' ' '. .,'■ ' ■■ ' '■''.'' fel^ifT^t'. ■ ■■- -' ■■■■■ A. Wm 1 *■; •"t'*!* If ■,'' '■' ■■ •' '' .. ■• ' : WmMJ^^K H-> 't • '.• MWKB^mR '■■ -'-! "4- ..'- hF^F^*'^'--- ■' CHAPTER VIII. MALIGNANT RP] MIT TENT FEVEE SECTION I. GENERAL REMARKS. The malignant remit tent, is the most dreaded form of our autumnal fever Malignant intormittents, when left to take their course, will, it is true, teniii- nale in death; yet they are curable; but, under evei'y known nietbodof; treatment, malignant remittents often prove fatal. I sjieak of cases to wlmli the alarming ei)ithct is truly applicable ; and not of all which, in tlic loi>o | Y)hraaeology of the people, or even of the profession, are called malignant. In the middle latitudes they are rare ; and, although more fre(jucnt in ti- south, especially below the thirty-third parallel, they are nowhere as cijnirauaj as malignant intormittents. In some seasons, and in certain districts country, they are more prevalent than in others. In the year lS4o. Ij :*t.;-;. 1; 7 \h [book II. i.-itcd by an cpiJomic 111 iitmoj'plicrk' intlu- ,,r. at least, to give it .'irL'S, jrroatly increases detraction I'f l)l""«l ncticial in suoh cases. domanil from us the n 1io Ijcst introduced nuT.t of tl>o so-calknl iti'd. , ^,;irt of tlio Valley, I form, (luinine i;'. per- L-d in ay l^ivgo doses, as •havs, increase the cffi- would, in turn, prevent of tlic proposed treat- to t;.. use of the lancet, mncctiouwitli the agent, t upon the constitutioiv iis are not easily induceil; nine, is not so necessary, ,at medicine seems tu art 5 in those climates, tlian xt chapter. I'AUT I.] INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH .\MERICA. 71)5 traversed, on difTeront lines, a zime, e.KtoTiding from Arlsan.-^as to Florida, whie]i i.s more infested witli thi.s fi;ver than any other portion of tlic soutli. It lies uhiefly between the thirty-Hrst ami thirty-tliird dejjrces, and includes what are called the jirairies and ''aiicln-akes. The si./d of those district.'^, ''osts ou cretaceous or •'rotten" limestouo. A.« every other form of autumnal fever prevails in the same Zdue, wo are re{iuirt'd to refer the whulu to one remote cause ; and confess our ignorance of the sul)ordinatc iutluences which gene- rate the diversities which have l)een described. I have conversed with nuuiy jdiy.'^ieians, who had not recognized a remitting form of malignant autumnal fever, 'i'liey ..:':-" m 700 TflH PRI.VCIP\L ni.-EASEM OK TFIK [book II. cossation am) nliatcmoiit. Yet, tlii.-. clifTovoiicc is iuclifatlvc of iiatluilo^icul inndidcatloiis, wliicli, from their i)l)seiirity Jiml daiigor, domaiid a rigi'l iiivi\«ti- galioii. Til al<.'iil iiitorinittciits, the fcoliiig of thonicic o|ijiri.;-^ioii, the tl}s[i- lut'a, tlio thirst, and tho icy cohliicss of the liiiihs, arc cither f'.lhiwud hy death ill a In'ief jieriod of time, or they cease, and a eon jortahlo int'.'riiii.-.-ifii folh)ws. Til sojMiro.';!) intermiUonts, the ajiojilei'tie stujinr ends in deatli, or the patient revives at the end of the paroxysm, and remains free, fill the reeiirren'-e of the next. In liot' ,rms, ihrre is sueh a eoiiqdete snspen.-iuii of morbid aetioii — sueh a restoration of healthy funetioii in tlie internal oi-crans — that the jiatient seems almost froo from disease, although the next paroxysm may prove fatal. TTo has neitlier fever, congostion, nor inflainiiKi- tion; hut there is, in his systeni, a dlyposition to fall, again, into tl'o patln*- logleal state of the jireeeding day; and the cure consists in changing or de- stroying this disjiosition, hy the known anti]ieriodi(s. Now, in nialignaiit remittents, there is no time wlien the Fever is ali.-ent; and whatever irritations or congestions are fonneil in tlie cold stage — whutevir inflammations arc set up in the T.ot stage — remain, llnuigh moderated ii^ de- gree, throughout the remission. Their continuanee is, perhaps, at eiiee tho reason Mdiy intermissions do not take place; and the cause that this form of fever, is iint as curahlo as the intermittent. AVlienever, in simple remittent.*, a complete intermission is effected, tlij antiperiodic jiuts an end to the discasi', as certainly as if it had been, originally, of that type ; and we may presume, tluit if a perfect apyrexia covdd be brougiit about in malignant renlittent,^. they worild lie as easily cured as malignant intormittents. The ta.sk lies in effecting this transformation — iii procuring this absidute iiucfmi.ssion. IT. To roach a full apprehension of the diffi'-ulties in the way of tlii- enterprise, it is necessary to iiupiiro into the pathological condition.s, wliii!; have to be overcoinc. 1. Ill every case there is an original morbid state of the inncrvatidn. which may be designated by the terms, prostration and irritation : and wliicIi, moreover, is peculiar or specific, febrile and jieriodieal. To this affection of tlie solid.-i, mueli of tho feeling of exhaustion, the anxiety, the restlessness and the suspended or morbid state of the secretions, is attiibutablc. TIil' same condition exists in intermittents, and is doubtless the chief cause of death, when they prove fatal, M'ithout the supervention of apoplexy. 2. To the prostration and irritation of tlie solid.s, we must ascribe the con- gestions, whieli have give i a name to the cases we are now considering. Our hydraulic, or mechanical path.ologists, have too often overlooked tlii- antecedent, pathohigical state, and found nothing to dread or avert, but these congestions. They have forgotten, that this uncijual di!jtribution of tho blood, is the effect of an altered condition of the apjiaratus of circulation: that the greater the congestion, the stronger is the evidence of a deeply smitten state of the containing solids; and, consequently, tho greater the danger. Still further co narrow down this theory, many of them regard tlic congestion as taking place chiefly i.u the g.-eat vesijcls, and in the cavities of the heart; to these alledged stagnant accumulations of the bloud, they as- :it on jios.'-i pas.,, temp of th prosti pires : pain, dues and )•, been tivo ii '■isf.ee the pe mr \r ■h TAUT I. [book 11. INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AAIKl.'ICA. IV t 0-U;Lll tiv(! (if "ii:itlnil i;iii(l a i'\M iiiVL'sti- |,piv.->i"ii, til'' 'b*"!'" I'itlier f'lUuwtjd liy inrtiililo iiifnui.-^.-U'ii lor ciuls in dcatli, or loniains free, till the odiniilcte siis'lieiifion lion ill tlio interuul ;i«. althi.ugli the next ;oslinn,n'ir inlhunnia- gain, into tl"^ iiatliw- Is ill changing w dc- 1 the rover is aliscnt; ; culd stage— wliutuver nvh nicilcruteil iu *h'- S iievliaps^, tit <.'nee tin: :ause tliut this form of r, in i^imi'le vomittent?, s an cnii to the discaiio, and we may propuwe, [\ iiialigiiant rrniittcnt.v I'lits. The task lies in lute iniennission. ies in the Avay uf tlii> ;:ical conditions, which |ate of the innervation, „d irritation; andwhii^b. ieal. To this affoctiou Imxicty, the restlessness, s, is attiibutable. Tk tless the chief cause of lu of apojilexy. ['c must ascribe the con- ■c arc now cunsidevin:^-. often overlooked tlib to dread or avert, hut unc(iual dii.tributiun el apparatus of circulation: he evitle-ncc of a deeply huently, the greater the Lany of them regard the bis, and in the cavities oi L of the blood, they as- cribed the danger. I'nt \vhile wc grant that the vena port.o, the vena cav;v, and the right, ain'irlc and vciilricle, are overcharged and embarrassed, we must extend our views beyond them. In the fever now under conhiduratiou, the blood, whiodi. Itcfnre the attack was (lilbi.-ed through (he wlmlc bndy, l)ecomes largely aecunnihitcd in the central parts. 'J'hu subclavian and external iliac arteries, which, in health, receive a largo (piantity, and carry it far away ir.ini Ihe heart, to bo slowly retiuMii'd, now receive very little; and an inordinate (juantity takes thecour>e of the carotids, the vertelirals, tlic intereostal.s, the bronehials, the coronar:es, the c(eliac, the mesenteries, and thi' eniulLrents, establisliinjr a cen- tral or vi>.'cral plethora, in which all (lie cavities of the heart, the arteries, veins, and capiTiries, parliei])ate ; liy wliich the whole arc oppressed and liumy new ^yniptcjins, or aggravations of tlmse previously cxi.-ting, are produced. T do not suppose, however, tliat the bhiod continni.'.i to cireidato cijually, and freely, througli all tlio organs; fur it is sonn di-eoverablu that some are nmre oppr(Sscd tiian olliers; and, they are, of course, the special seats of irritation and eongeijtion. I!. Tu this pathidiigical condition, the scercliiins of the liver, stdnnich, and biwels. Iici-iiine highly nmi'Iiid; aid liy their rt'aetion vipun the surfaces on which they are poured oat, increase the very irritations, of which tluiy arc the products; thus augmenting the anguisli, ami the feeling of epigastric heat, which are such proniiiieiit symptoms in every stage of thu Fever. 4. riut of the [lalliolugical conditions just described, arise inflammations. A morbid state of tlie vital properties of the viscera, in eonnectinn with con- gestion, It may be safely ailirmed, caimot continue long, without (/riginating inthuumation; but, we are not compelled to rely on this apriori-view% for many eases of the Fever are attended with symjitoms, which canniit be interpre- ted, except on tlte theory of infhinnnation ; and uiu|uestionable ravages of that local affection, have been found after deatli. "When infhinnnatieiii is tluis added to tlie previous debility, irritation, mor- bid secretion, and congestion, the complication is complete, livery element of dlilicultyand danger is present; and the concourse of symptoms displays, at once, ahighly ad^nainlc, and ataxic character. Should any one donlit tho [los.'^lbility of inflammation in one organ, while another remains in a state of pusMve congestion, and all are prostrated In their vital energies, let lilm con- toniplate for a moment, the phenomena which follow tlie escape of a portion of the contents of the bowels, into tlie sack of the po"' rncuni. Fxtreme prostration and irritation immediately ensue, and contin the patient ex- pires; before which even'., howevei', the tenderness on pressure, the swelling, pain, and heat, clearly indieato a supervciing peritonitis. The ]ihysiciun duos not doubt its existence, notwithstanding tl)e feeble and tliready pulse, oud resolves on venesectiun. AVhen only four or live ounces of blood have been drawn, however, the patiout faints, and no rise of tlie pulse, no reac- tive iin[ndse of the heart, follow; yet, the blood is sizy, and a post mortem !n.speetioii disoloses active hypenvmias and effusiiuis of coagulating lymph in the peritoneum, with pnssive congestions elsewhere. '■■i\ ' 'A i;ijte. ■>■'•(;- m S:^ '': «^ 1 3 A ' , ^' ^ '< '^''1 " « '• ,' ■ ■!i>.i ;'• ■:* 1 f'v-" .'j'-fi:! fv;,;: ;-: ■ ■'■ J ('' J] ■/;■.-■■. •■ ■»lfcj ',.' ■ ■ '^if ■ .' ' : ' * ■ u.n ro8 Tin; I'liiNcirAF, dishasks of 'iiin [dOOK II. 'I'liiiH it is (Ii.'inonstnUcd lli:it inflaiiinuitldii nipy l)c wt up, wlicn the power of tlio heart, and tho td.io nf tho iirtciial .system, are in a fffatc of cxtr(■In^ rodiictiuii ; ami, alsn, that it may coiitiiiiio until death, withmit armi.'-iii;: tlirrn into ciiergcti(3 rcuctiuii ; wliicli, iiu (Unihf, liajijic'iis in tho fuini of fovor we are now stiulyini:-. Indued, great energy in tlic licart i-^ not necessary to llic production of inflammation, whicli, h<-hvj^ an atrcoliun of tho capllhiry extremities (if an artery, arises iiidependentl_) of tlie lieart ; and may, therefoie, ho as readily cstalillshed in one eomlition of tliat or;:an as annther. J*ut the leijitimate oft'eet of any inflannnatinii, is to musi' tin; central (irgan f nn tvj'f'iio. V)0 iis roiidily 15ut tl:o lojritimato an (if tlic eirouliitidu [iimon i>liU'irniiisia, f'V the lty. sui.'li „i. ITencc comes tlic „f tlio lioavt ; soino bk', otlicrs strong, l)Ut „ocl to (listiint ptirts of cxi'iting the licfivt info a the \lmt1\esis, wliieli ,f the circulation, an- flammatory reniittoiit^. 11 whicli occurs in thi- Hiere is no fixed law of on in variola \\\mi tlic c sliall SCO hereafter. other great cavities. so of niali.L'iiaiit rciiiit- tlu'y wouhl oi.ly show Avhile the patients in .1. i„nal ivrltatiou, simple ^stion, the first and last , that the excitement of e exciting iulluenec of V hand, whenever, from art rises in po\vfr. and ■v ; for however intense ■eatnient. Such a case flamuiatory fever. si:cri()\ iif. T I! i; A ']• .M i; \ T. I. TniiIi ATIovs ANii |)ii I hi I Ills. — No physiriaii ciitcrH on the ti'i al- ment of a case of our nialiL'iiant rcinitlcnt fever, witliout a fcrrnij; of doubt as to tlio mcaiLS, and of forehii(liiii.f as to tliu rcsnlt. Tn uiidii^tami the sources of this misgiving, we must recapitulate tlie points set I'ortli in the la.st section. /•'(/■taiiees the pulse has sunk still lower, and the feelings of oppression and anxiety have increased. The physician lia.s lookcid anxiously for reaction, .and a more viu'orons pulse, but none have occurn.'d. In these cases, the jirimary reiluction of the vital forces, had been great, or the congestions were pa.ssive and uninflammatory. A pathognomonic .symjitom for this condition is certainly desirable ; and it may, perhaps, be found in the feehle impulse of the heart, discoverable by applying the ear or stcthoseojie, to the pre(;ordial region. Jjut venesection, sometimes, dues not ju'oduce .syncope, Itnt is follov.ed by favorable reaction, or optMi exciteinent. In tlios(! cases, the pulse may be empty, feehle, and freijuent, yet the heart generally manifests a firm though struggling impulse. AVhcii a more open ai\il well-declared exeiteinent fol- lows the bleeding, the operation can generally be repeated with advantage, in the next exascerbation ; and may even be required in the third, for the piirp(jso of moderating reaction — the h'cver having been transformed into an inflammatory typo. Cupping or leecliing, may, of course, be advantageously employed, when venesection is inadmissible; and. as a further means of rcvulsiiiii, the .surface operated on, should be covered with emollient poultices. There are two re- gions which should be preferred for topical bleeding — the sub-diaphragmatic, ;uid the spinal. A row of cups, should be applied, from one hy[)ochondrium to the other, traversing the epigastric region, where a greater numher should k' placed, than to either side. l>y such cupping, the stomach, duodenum, I': -.1 r 800 Tin: riM.Ncii'AL i>i.>lif| ii.- re'-oinmendatinn. fir. Iatkiinai, Stimi-i.ation. — Wlietlier vtMic^i'dinn uv ciqijiln^' I, resorted to, it is Ijenelitdal licforu comiiit'iiciii^u;. and tlin u^liout the o|ioratii)ii. tu ininiorso the hands and feet , and the loss of a greater (juantity of Iilood ean be lioriie, tluni might (jtliLT- wise bo safe. In faet, eutanomis i^timulatiou and bloodletting eoinbined, arc among our most powerful means of cxeiting reaction. Ibit we too often apply our stira- ulants to parts whieh are benumbed and nearly in.sen.siblc ; when their eflVct; are limited to drawing into the cutaneous capillaries, a little of tlie stagnant blood, whicli still lingers in tbo muscles below. AVo sec the redness, anu suppose the organism, at largo, must be acted on, wlien it is not. "We deceivi ourselves by supjiosing that derivation has been made from the alfectcil organs, when it has only been made from the subjacent parts. We nndio hot applications to the extrcinitics, and when their temperature is raised, with Iraiismillel beat, we illogically and illusively regard the etfei.t, as identical with restored warmth from di'i-Jopi^l caloric — thus confounding :i physical operation with a vital function — and arc disajniointed if the oxcit(;ment of tlie heart and brain sliould not rise with the tenjperaturc ('' the heated limbs. If the same ap[dieations Innl been made to surfae'cs where the vital forces, the capillary circulation, and the calorific function were hut little reduced, they would have acteil with such energy as to carry an exci- ting influence into the central organs of innervation and circulation, whoii the loss of blood would have been better sustained. I>ut wlieu no inflammation exists, the internal irritations and congestion- are often relieved by these powerful revulsives ; which, in fact, make a pan of the treatment of all our physicians, however tlioy may diifer on other points of practice. ;» •J-: !: ' ! h in; [nofiK It. PaKT I.] INTKIiloii VAI.LKV • »F NoKTII WIKiilCA. 801 ii'ii, cijiit'ostiiiii, iir 111- .|,t [,) wliirli till' i-jil.lil U uith CL'ilaihty; lint inii iii:il (wii^fi'^tiiiii (if i |)( rtinll lif tin- I'lllll • lis, I'll ;i nmrliitl n nill. ivo rireuh'.ti'Mi, liiuitol tlie I'Xtnniiliis, iniiy f inir iiliy«"H.Kiii;<. uinlii hull' li'ii^itli <'f tlu' !^i/i- n such :i,s U> j uglify il.- octiuii or riili|i"mj.' 1" roll^lllJUt lllL- (UllTatinl) ,-ut(;r, ruiulL'rcd stiiimlu- JL'S, niiivcover, in wlTuli J ami IxMicficial, bulov puiigoiit \i\nd, oVL'i- tlie I ; surlacus ou wliicli wx ilit not l^ wmIv on till' iittcmls tlio I'vituni'uv,- Is tlic siniio iutluciiei-, uruo, than luiijUt utlicr- inbinoil, arc among our (Ml ol'ton apiily our t^tini- iiljlo ; wlit'ii thoif oflVd.- , a little of the stagnant To pec the retlness, ami nit is not. We ileciivi made from the afTuctt'l it J'UltS. wlien their tomperaturo isively regard the elU'et, ,].ie — thus oonfounihiig are disa])[iointed it the with the temperature (f made to surfaces \vlicn' lorifie function were Imt rgy as to carry an exii- 111 and circulation, -ffhen itations and congestions kh, in fact, make a pari :>y may diiTer on other If I have iidt .xpokcn of lili.stcrt*, it was not liocauNO they an; u.«eli'sa. For the purpose nf exciting reaction, they are inferior to »iiiapi.'.ii;> ; but, n.s means of rcviilsinn, they are ^'reatly to lie prized. A lar:;e hlLstur t) tlio iiech, when the hraiii is the siat of irritatimi or inflanimaliun, i.s nf nuich <."vii'(>; and, whi'ii the .'^tuiii.'ich and diinilmiim are specially alVccted, it.s inlliie'ic,. is still L'reatcr; particularly il the surface ho afterward c. \cicd,as I have all. ady siiirL-'c'-teil, with a si.i.thiiijL', eimillicnt poultice, which will pro- mote a mild, suppurativi- inflammaticm of the shin, without pain I'V irritation. And iliis leads me to s;iy. that when our (diject in this fi^wr, is not tu cxi ite the sy.-tem, Iml to relii ve the ahdmniual oiltmiis fnni iiiilamiiiatinn ir sewre irritatlMii, it is decidedly advantageous to allay nniiliid sen^iliility with geiith; mirci-tics, while onr sinapisms or Misters are in action. Ff the patient he kept in a state of siilU'ring hy the external application — if In.' lie rest- Ic-s and irritalile — thv revulsion will never he as favorahle and cll'ective as if he lie kept comp'ised. And to the admiiihstratinn cf an ipiatu thciL' can he no iphjection, since inllainiiKitinn is the (.nly prohihiting condition, and its L'rade is ton Lay and irritative, to make it ,-nch, in the cases wo are i IDW r(jl chain isidering; nr. if it slnnihl he otlicrwi.-e, if the iiillammat' ry actiiui should ' t.p run high, the lancet wrndd prepare the way fur the aiHiilvne. I\'. lv\Ti:i!\Ai, IvMOi.i.lK.NTs, — I havi' iimre than once rercricd to the iipplicatiuii i)f poultices to the irritated or inH;imed ,-kiii. I conu! now to say, that when the Iirain is the scat of irritation or inllammatioii, the conlinued application of tepid water to the head, tlie hair having been shorn, i.- of imn-li value; and, tliat for the relief of gastro-duodiiial irritations or inflain- iiuitioiis, it is, perhap.s, still more valuable. A stream of tcjiid water cannot lio made to fall for an hour on the epigastric and umbilical regions, without soothing the organs within. ]5nt, as inconveniences may atteinl that mode of application, the wliole trunk of the body may be wrapped in a drijipiiig- wct sheet, covered willi any fabric that will conline the water, and thus keep tilt! skill bathed in aqueous vapor of its own tem[ierature. The revulsive and soothing etl'ects of such an a[iplicatioii are very great. V. A'oMiTiNd. — As in malignant iiitcrmittcnts, so in the remittents wo are now considering, antiinonial emetics are inadmissible. Tiidced, in tho Miuth, they arc a generally admitted cause of the metamorpho.'^is id' simple into malignant remittents. They pro.'-trate tlie general .system still lower, goiierate gastric irritability, and excite serous diarrluea. Yet vi/initing is not always injurious. AVlien the system is sunken and torpid, and passive longcstions exist, a salt and mustard emetic often does good; but, in cases accompanied by, or tending to inflammation of tho stomach or duodenum, U'itli acrid secretions, the mustard is too stimulating, and the wine of ijiecac, or a hot infusion of tho Eiqialorliivi yerfDlialunt, or of Lol'Llia injlafn, .should he chosen. Of the whole, the last is perhaps tho best. While visiting tho states of Alabama and 31i.ssissippi. in tho year 1n4.">, I learned, from many reliable persons, both in and out of tho ]irofession, that vomiting, with that meJieine, had been found signally beneficial; and, in iJ^dd, Doctor 31oaette, -i 1.1 W ■4 / uiujualificcl testimony to its t'fiicacy in tho Ibllowiiiir lai)";ua£:o: "Kinetics of tlic oi'diiiary kind, tliat is of ipceaeuanlia or tartrate of antimony, tlie latter cs])eci;il!y, arc uiisalo in most cases of oongostive lover: Tinl^is the ai.'tion and sensiliility of tlio stomach have been ])rcvionsly excitod by pepper and brandy, or some oMicr pungent aromatic. AVithout a pn. ^iou.- use of these precautionary measures, the ipecac or tartar emetic may pros- trate witliout vomiting, or it maj" possibly pass otT by tlic b(nvels, and jjro- ducc liypercatliarsis instead of emrsis as desired. Yet there is a vahiaLli.' article of the emetic class which is, at the same time, stimulant and emetic. This is tlic L('bdi(i injlata, which excites immediate vomiting, without any attendant prostration. ''This article, when properly used, is one of tiie most valuaLlc emetics ami stimulai.ts in tho materia medica, for tho treatment of congestive I'cvor. Its action is prompt, snecdy, and easy, in the evacuation of the stomach, and in developing excitement. Xothlng is nioregoutle, nothing more safe, nothing more salatar}-. '•There are cases, wherein it is desirable, after the excitement and reaction have been partially restored, to discharge the morbid secretions and ingcsta, from the stomach, when they have become a source of morbid irritation. In such eases, to insure the prompt action of tho emetic, the patient should first take a wine-glass fidl of warm todd}-, with the addition of a few grains of capsicum to rouse action and sensibility in tho stomach. A few minutes having ehqised, a full dose of fifteen or twenty grains of ipecacuanha, mixed in a wine-glass full of w-arm toddy, may be taken with great advantage. The operation is prompt, and instead of ^irostrating the patient, it excitos the general action of the system, and promotes a salutary excitement in tlie stomach itself, and the collatitious viscera. Soon after free cmcsis has taken place, the system and the stomach specially, should bo calmed and equalized by a gentle anodyne of morjdiia, or camphorated tuicture of oi»ium. A tea- spoonful, or less, of the .strong tincture of tho seeds of the iMbelia hijlala. will often be preferable to the ipecacuanha, as acting more promptly, and inducing less tendency to prostration." The advicG to administer a narcotic, after ;.iio operation of a vomit, i? higidy judicious. Among other good efleets wh.ieh it may produce, is that in determining to tho suri'aco of tho body; and, consecjuently, of making revulsion fnnn the internal organs ; to tliis end the vomit is an efficacious, predisposing remedy ; fir, as long as the stomach is oppressed or irritated by peccant matters, in any form of disease, perspiration cannot be excited. Moreover, vomiting at all times promotes tliat function. VI. PuRiiiNG. — AVhen congestion, either passive or inflammatory, oc- curs in the brain, cathartics are demanded; but the saline and hydrogogue arc not proper. Pilh composed of Cipial parts of cahimel, rhubarb, and eompouiul extract of colocyncth, make one of the best; and tho first dose should *Xew Ork'uiis Medical Journal, Vol. I, No. III. rilE [book II. aalificd testimony to its ?acuanlia or tartrate of scs of oovigpstlve t'tver; been ])rcviun!^ly excited ic. "NVitliout a previous artar emetic may pros- )v tlie bowels, au.l pro- i'ot tberc is a valualdo 0, stiimilaut aiul emetic, te vomiting, without any lost valuable emetics and }nt of congestive iVvor. ,tion of the stomach, ami .othing more safe, nothing 3 excitement and reaction id i^ocvetion? and ingos-ta, of morbid irritatinu. Tn metie, the patient should ; addition of a few grains stomach. A few minutes ins of ipecacuanha, mixed Ml with great advantago. ,g the patient, it excite? ahitary excitement in tlie fter free emcsis has taken be calmed and equalized ucture of opium. A tca- ds of the Lobelia wjkila. ;ting more promptly, and operation of a vomit, is it may produce, is that of consequently, of making le vomit is an effica.;ions. is oppressed or irritated ■ation cannot be excited. :tion. ;sivc or inflammatory, oo- 10 saline and hydrogogue of calomel, rhubarb, and St; and the first dose should I, No. III. 1 1 PART I. INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 803 be sufficient to effect a perfect evacuation. Should the cerebral disorder continue, the medicine may bo repeated; unless a state of exhaustion sliould fullow the first oi>cratiipn. The great object is to make revulsiim fjoni tlie brain: but this method may reduce the vital energies, taster than it diverts from the brain ; and. still further, it may establish a mucous irritation in the stomach and bowels, which in the end may prove dangerous. Notwith- standing the great ofhcacy, then, of purgn^'Mn in ordinary apoplectic conges- tion, and in cereliritis from common oa ,-es, there is a narrow limit to its utility in the cerebral affections, which sometimes accompany our malignant remittents. When the topical affections, or localizations of the Fever are found In the abdominal organs, a much greater ali.stinenco from active cathartics is re- quired. If the ])atient liave been costive, a freer evacuation is necessary; Imt even then, the operation sliould not continue after the exi.«;tiiig Cunteiits if the bowels have been removed; nor should tlie subse([uent administrations !iavc anything for their olyect, but the evacuation, from time to time, of what may be poured into tlie bowels fro.n their own mucins membrane, and the liver; the retention of which is always injurious. When diarrhiea is present, a moderate cathartic, followed b^' opium and stimulants, may bo ^afe, and productive of a ((uieter condition of the bowels. Tn all ca.-es. how- ever, hyper-catharsis must be avoided as eminently pernicious. Great care is necessary in the .seleetiou of eathartics. A portion of cal- omel — five, ten, or fifteen grains — worked off with a decoction of rliuliarb, is proper; or the latter may be replaced with two drachms of castor oil, and one drachm of oil of turpentine, mixed; or with a powder of rhub'vb and miignesia, should the previous discharges have evinced acidity. Another method of safe purging, in these cases, is, to give pills composed of two .'rains of blue mass, two of rhubarl), and one of i[)ecac: which maybe ipickened in their operation by any of the mixtures just mentioned, ov b}' tlic compound tincture of senna. A\'liatever medicines may be clidsen, they ^llOuld not be permitted to operate, on the same day, more than two , among the best observers, ffhere malijxnant remittents most iirevail; aud it contrasts, strikinelv. with the prac-tice which it has superseded. Of the pernicious efi'ects of inces- sant, and drastic purgation, I have already spoken, niwlcr the head of simple, ind inflammatory remittents ; which were, sometimes, transformed by it, into vidont gastro-enteritcs; at other times, into still more dangerous maligntnit fevers. The pernicious efl'ects of tlie practice were, ho\\evcr, incomparaldy ^eater in the form of fever we are now studying, than in the open inflam- matory. Those who pursued the ju'actice, ;saw in the cases before tliom Jinthiiig but an oppressive accumulation of blood in tiie abdominal organs — tliey had no end in view but its removal — they employed no means but ■tioso which would convert it into secreted fluid-, aud then evacuate them 'ill ■ ■ • m ■ v ■ m' • f.'. . ■y. 'ill ' ' !> U- •: '■•.I ■ .-■^ ■ ]■ , |',J'I|' Sift" 804 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE [book II. A'om tlio l)0\vcls. The certainty of increasing tlie ik'1)ility of tlie jiationt \^•;ls uiiliooded; and tlio danger of exciting or aggravating irritatiuns and inflainuiations of tlic stomacli and iiiijicr bowels, was overlxjkud. IJul^ apart from these serious objections to tlie practice, was it fitted to ao coniplish the end they had in viewV It certainly was not; for juirgincr, produces an introversion of the blood, the ver}' condition fur whii-h it wti^ prescri))ed. In the treatment of erysipelas, scarlatina, and other acute in- flammations of the skin, the bcnehcial influence of cathartic medicines is produped by their diverting from the surl'ace. On t;ie same principle, aftir cxteu>ivc burns or scalds, a favorable suppuration is prevented by purgiiif. which rediK'es the cutaneous circidatinii. l''iiially, the free opcratiijii of a catliartic, when an individual is in health, never fails to produce [)alliir, re- duction of surface heat, and a shrunken aspect of the superficial parts of the body, showing a centripetal tendency of the blood; which, of courso, accumulates in the vessels of the interiijr. A therapeutic agency wliidi produces such eftects, can never be adapted to the removal of the assumed abdominal congestions, in malignant remittent fever. The organs, it i.> true. may bo de[)leted bj the increased secretion; bat the means em]iloyed. aiul the secretory actions Avhieh they excite, keep uj) the sujiplies of blood from the outer parts of the body, and thus maintain the congestion for the cuiv of which tile drain was established. VIT. ('ai,omi;i,. — In the last chapter, an estimate was made, of t!;e use of caloiiiel in the tre-vtmcnt of simple and inflammatory remittent foviT. If we found, that two high a value had been placed upon it, in the treat- nient of those varieties, and that its liberal administration had often olone liarm ; we may expect to find, that, in the cases wo are now studying, it has, still o!'tei\er, disappointed the expectations of those by \Yhoni it La.- boen proscribed; for it is unquestionably true, that it acts more kindly ami efficiently, in cases of an inflammatory character (after bloodletting) thaiiiL the adynamic and ataxic. The susjiended, or morbid condition of the .'^e- crotions of the liver, in conncctiim with epigastrii; tenderness and anxiity, so often present in this fever, suggested that cahmiel could not fail to provo salutary be3-ond every other remedy, and for many years it was administoriJ in large quantities, especially in the South ; but, in Ibio, and 1^-14, I foiiiul that this practice had been generally renounced ; yet the memory of ifi^ failures and ravages, h.ad not faded from the minds of the professiun, or the people. It was exhibited for the fulfillment of various speculative con- ditions, as fur exciting the liver into increased secretory action, that the por- tal circle might be relieved from congestion; for subduing gastro-diio- denitis, extending into that organ, and for allaying simple irritation of tb same jiarts.* The greater number had the first of these objects in vltw, and seemed to have lost sight of the fact, that the suspended, or riiorbid * Som(! years licfore tlio visits of wliioli I Iiuve spoken, a pliysician of Louisiana, flippantly and liypcrbolically, wrote mo, tiiut in a certain cpiileinic, lie luui drawu " blooil enougli to float, and given culomel eaoiigh to froigiit, iLe steamboat Geiicrai is foil.; adniini \h ii t HE [book II. TAUT I.] INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 805 debility of the patient ivatiiig irritatiuus and S'iis overloola'd. I>ii!, , was it fitted to iio Avas iii't; i'ur l)iiv;:ing, lition i'.'i- wliirli it wa:- iia, and utliev aeute in- cathartic iiiedicip.es i.s ,;ic same jiriiuiiile, after s prevented by puvging. tlic free (iperatiDii <>( ;i Is to produce pallor, rc- tlic supevlieial parts of dutid; Avliieli, of course, ;rapeutie agency wliicli removal of the as.suincd The organs, it i^ true, lie means employed, ami c sujiplies of blood from congestiuu for the euri: mate was made, of tit imatory remittent fevir. ed upon it, in the tro;u- dstration had often dont ,vc arc now studying, it f those by whom it lia.- it acts mure kindly ami fter bloodletting) thank rbid condition of the se- tenderness and anxiety, cl could not fail to [irnvo cars it was admini.'^tercl 1843, and IS-U, I fuuiui yet the memory of i'' of the profession, or tk various speculative con- tory action, that the pi'i- r subduing gastvo-diio- ct -simple irritation of tli' of these objects in view, he suspended, or morbid ;n, a pliysician of I,ouiHi;in;t 11 epidemic, lie liad ut, the epigastric irritation may he allayed, aitil tlie biliary secretion reestablished by other means. Thus, Doctor Monette" declares, that since he has discoiili/iucil the exhiliition of calomel, his practice has been more successfid than before. One of his furmuhc for allaying gastro- duodeual irritation, is the foHowing: R. Sulphate of magnesia, - - - oij. Ipecac, grs. iii. Tincture of opium, - - - - ^i. Water, gvi. 3Iix. The dose is half an ounce every hour, or evciy two hours ; according to die judgment of the physician in each case. "This mixture, continued for twelve or fifteen hour.«, and sometimes, in less time, is followed by an abatement of the gastro -duodenal irritation, a general relaxation of the skin, and a full and soft pulse. Besides these sal- utary effects, a perseverance in the use of this mixture, for a longer time, \i followed by a free and gentle discharge of t/ticfc yellow hUc. During this administration, if the intestinal canal be in a high state of irritation from previous purgatives, or copious watery discharges, anodyne and emollient eiicmata are not to be neglected, nor demulcent drinks, of whieli none is superior to the mucilage made of the prickly pear by cidd infusion."' Doctor Monette acknowledges himself indebted to D(.ictor Mcl'heters, one of the most sagacious practitioners of IMississijipi, for a knowledge of t!io efficacy of sul[)hato of magnesia, in small quantities, with laudanum, in the irritations we are now considering. The addition of ipe(^.c, made by iiimself, gives, according to his experience, additional eflicacyto the prescrip- tion. When there is much developed fever, he adds to the mixture an ounce of sjiirit of nitrous ether. " The proportions of each ingredient may bo varied to suit peculiarity of cases. If the irritation was extreme, the first rei ipe Avas used ; and the ([uantity of sulphate of magnesia diminished one half, and the tincture of Jackson I" During my firit visit, another who had given it by tlio oniice, said his ob- ject was, to had down t!io irritahle.stoniach, so as to prevent vomiting ! While imiltitudos fcolievcd, that when they did not obtain bilions disclinrges, by ouuco iloses, it was be- cause they were too timid in tlie administration 1 * New Orleans Journal, loco citato. V t SOG TlIK rULXCU'AL IM^EASES OF THE [book ii. flit. 'r ! ' ' > " . opium increased in the same pvoportiDn. If the duodenal irrltatiun wa.- ijiodci'iite, and the bowels appeared irritated with a profuse secretion of acrid Lile, the quantity of sulpliatc of rnairiiesia was increased; and suuietiinos the tincture of upluiu was diminished in tlie same pr(i[iortion." A'lir. lJi:riai;i;iiANTS, J>i:i)Ativks, CiiOLooociLKS, Diuketics, and .Sldor- iFics. — [ liavc joined these ditJ'ercnt heails together, because of tlicir rchitioiis in practice. As long as the treatment <.f our lualignant re'nittcuts was conlided to unlimited doses of calomel, and unrelenting i)urgation, variou? incaus of a gentle character were entirely neglected, as inconvenient (.; inconipatalde ; yet their adaptation to the form of fever now before us cannot. 1 think, be doubted ; especially wlicn the local congestions, irritations, and inflaniiuati.iiis are seated in the alidominal organs. The continued intro- duction of pellets of ice into the stomach is often productive of relief; hut they act merely as local coolers, by absorbing their calorie of fluidity from the parietes of the organ. Of all refrigerants, I suppose water to be tlic greatest ; and am quite convinced, that its powers in this, as well as mam other forms of fever, have not yet been fully tested. After the stomach ami bowels have been evacuated, if the former should not lie irritable, watci should be drunk in large quantities: and, to give it greater efficacy, the s^'stem should be brought slightly under tlie influence of an opiate. As a topical application to the irritated or inflamed mucous membrane of tlii. alimentary canal, it is one of the most soothing. But passing readily, by endosmosLs, into the gastric veins, it is carried not only through the liver, lu; the entire organism; diluting the blood, and allaying the febrile irritation cl the solids, abdimiinal, tlioracic, and cranial. This is at once a cooler and ;, soother; and being one of the sustainers of lii'e, refreshes and invigorates, wliil' it allays morbid action. Other effects, however, result from its liberal intro- duction into the blood vessels. All experience proves that the system maki- unceasing efforts to keep the amount of water in the blood uniform ; and hence, when the quantity is increased, the secretory apparatus is immedi- ately escitcd into increased action, for the purjiose of throwing off the super- abundance. To what extent the secretion of the liver may be promoted V this agency wo cannot decide ; nor do we know in what degree the pulmonar;. exhalation may be augmented ; but, from analogy, may presume, that Lutl.. and especially the latter, are increased. As to the other secretions there cai. be no dotibt, for a How of urine or of perspiration, according to the circum- stances under which the i'ldividual is placed, invariably occurs. To ohtuii. the former, the nitrate of potash or the s]jirit of nitrous ether, may be administered in appropriate quantities during the period of aqueous dilutiu:: The first has long been regarded as a valuable refrigerant, and the last liiu- maintained a high rank, as a febrifuge, under every modification of the theory of fever; while both direct the superfluous water r.pon the kidneys, and b; increasing their secretion, eliminate from the blood, many things developcu or thrown into it during the Fever, which, reactively, keep up the febrile irritation. But the action of the diluent upon the skin, is still greater thai. upon the kidneys, if the patient be placed under circumstances favorable tr Ill HE [book II. IMRT I.] INTERIOR VALLEY OF xXOllTII AMEIilCA. so: uodeiial irrltatiun \va.~ •ufuse secretion of aeiiu jud; and souietlmcs tin loll. )iuiirrics, AND Sldok- ther, Lecauso of their ir nialigiuint re'nittoiits uting imrgatioii, vani)U> L'd, a.s iticoiiVL'uiuiu i,i or now before us eainiut (fostions, irritations, and The continued intro- L-oduetive of relief; Lut ■ calorie of fluidity from lUpposo water to be tlit in tbis, as well as nmii_\ After tlie stomach ami not bo irritable, \Yatci ; it greater elTieacy, tlit inco of an opiate. As s lucous membrane of tlii. But passing readily, by nly through the liver, bu; (r tlie febrile irritation ti is at once a cooler aim u ;bes and invigorates, wliili ult from its lilioral iutro- cs that the system make- tlie blood uniform; ami vy ajiparatus is iinmeJi- if tlirowiug off the super- iver may be promoted 1 ; lat degree the pulmuiiar; may presume, that bull;. other secretions there cai, according to the circurn- iably occurs. To obtuii. f nitrous ctlier, may bo riod of aqueous dilutlf.; igorant, and the last ha.- modification of the theory ipou the kidneys, and b,^ d, many things develupiu ively, Iceep up the febrile skin, is still greater llun. ircumstances favorable t perspiration. These are rest, silence, and diminished light; adcuuate cov- ering ; heat to the extremities, and the administration of gentle narcotics ami diaphoretics, such as a hot infusion of ser]ieiitaria, balm or orange b avcs. with small portions of l^over's powder, or the fulb.iwing mixture: R. Spiritus Mindereri, Sviss. Spirit of nitrous ether, ------ 3ss. Camphorated tincture of opium, - - - ;5ss. Wine of ipecac, --- ^ss. Mix. Ifalf an ounce of this mixture, taken every twn hours, will seldom fail to bring on perspiration, if the jjatliological condition of the patient be such as to admit of the restoration of that function of the skin. On the value of such an effect there can be but one opinii-n. The ceutrifical determinatiou of the blood, without which the per.spiration cannot bo established, of courso tends to relieve the internal organs from congestion ; the reactive influence of an improved state of the skin, upon the liver and tlie mucous membrane of the stomach and bowels, must lie admitted as a reality ; finally, the blood is depurated of peccant matters, which often give to the perspired lluid an offensive odor ; and, retained, irritate the interior of the arteries. IX. Sui.i'UATE OF QfixixE. — The various moans whirli have been pointed out, have for their object to convert the remittent into an intermit- tent : to produce a state of apyrexia, unaccompanied by visceral conges- tiiju, irritation, or inflammation. In many cases this is slowly accomplished, oaeh remission becoming more perfect than the last; but in some the end is much sooner attained. "When it is reached, the patient, as in the common inflammatory form of remitting fever, treated with, active antiphbigistics, will sometimes recover if left to himself; but this shduld never be assumed; for, on the succeeding day, the paroxysm may return and prove as fatal, as the tit of a malignnnt intermittent. Had his fevor been of a continued type, from some common cause, such an event could nnt occur; but being essen- tially periodical, the anti-periodic should, on no aci'ount, be now omitted. The quinine, which up to this time, when the remission has become more jierfcct, could not have been administered with advantage or even impunity, will now begin to establish in the system its peculiar efi'ect ; and the recurrence of the paroxysm will, at length, be piecluded. It is not necessary to dwell ou the mode of administering the (juiiiine in such a ease. Before an iiitennis- siem is effected, it must be used in small quantities. But when that state is brought about, it may be given in five or ten grain portions, in connection with solid opium, and repeated every two or four hours. If great exhaustion should be present, it will be requisite to stimulate the patient with camphor, ammonia, or tincture of capsicum, wine-whey, wine, or ardent spirit ; and, at an early period, to give him a moderate quantity of nourishing diet. Ills feet should bo kept warm, and a'gentle diaphoresis maintained. Should there be a tendency to diarrhoea, which the opium does not arrest, injections of starch, and a decoction of Peruvian bark, with laudanum, will be effica- cious. If bile do not appear in the evacuations, small doses of blue pill nnay be 'f m m SOS THE rRI.NCUWL DISEASES (JF THE [hook II. J,* .^^ ^?V' ! *.I4 'it conjoined witli the (luiiiinc ami oiiiuni, or tlic region of tl.o liver may lie SfjonL^fd with a strung iiitro-niuriatii; solulinti. "Wlion one day lias pa.^.sed without a rcciirremc of the iiaroxysni, tlio patient will probably go on to recovery; but tl e (piiniiie must not be ;lis- cmtiiiued, for the type may now ehango from (juotidian to tertian; anti, on the third day, the fever may return, unless the system bo htpt uiid.T t'lo influenee uf the speeifif. X. Casi'3 AM) Hi:marks rno.n Doctor Ames. — The following condensed aceonnt of seven fever eas;\s, from Dootor Ames, of iM(mtgomery, Alabama, shows that in noiiToes, at least, a manifest irritation of tho brain dues nut contra-iiidicato the emjdoyuu'nt of the suljihatc of quinine without ^irevi'ius cv"eur.tion. Tho symptoms and treatment were nearly the same in n.II, and all recovered. " Tongue slightly coated, ash-colorcd, yellowish, or natural : sometimcL; dry, but never hard or fissured. Heat of the trunk and head natural, or a little below; log-sand arms eo(d ; feet, hands, nose, and ears, cold. Pulse, iV'm one hundri'd and twenty to one hundrctl and forty, small, feeble, and indis- tinct. TIjo brain strongly aifectcd — coma and delirium alternating; tlio latter violent wlitii the patient was disturbed; indisposition to speak; aversion to swallowing, with obstinate resistance. The stomach and bowels uatuial, except a little nausea in two or three. Trcatnicvl substantially tlic same in all. IJlisters to the neclc ; mustard to tho extremities ; and sul- phate of quinine in largo doses, without regard to the stage of tho disca^o. Convalesce in tho wdiolo ])egun before the 'ourth day." Another case affords evidence coincident with, this: "A young gentleman, aged sixteen, was attacked with a chill, wdiich was quiekly succeeded by convulsions. His pulse Avas about eighty beats in a minute, nearly as full as in health, but soft and hollow: ho soon boc;inie comatose, but was sometimes wakeful and restless ; tlie temperature of his skin was everywhere natural ; his pupils were dilated ; he refused to swallow anything but water; and screamed and struggled violently when disturbed; did not speak, or even attempt to articulate. lie continued in this state about forty-eight hours, during which he was bled to ten ounces, with a bad eflect. IIo was repeatedly immersed in a warm bath, having cold applica- tions to his head ; ho took a cathartic, wdiich operated promptl}' ; blisters were applied to his neck, arms, and thighs. Attempts were made to admin- ister quinine; but, for sometime, very little was s>vallowed; atlengtli, how- ever, ho took it regularly and freely, with immediate benefit and complete recovery." The following observations, from the same gentleman, present still further the results of his experience in the soporose, malignant fever, of the region around ]Montgomery : " The coolness of the surface, in ihesc cases, is never tho coldness of collapse; nor is there ever tho profuse sweating, tho diarrhu-a, vomiting, epigastric oppression, sighing, jactitation, and general restlessness, cliarac- tcriotic of abdominal, congestive remittents ; neither have I, at anytime, [DOUK II. of the liver may lie f tlio jiaruxysni, tlic ,110 niuht not be dis- ian to teitiaii; atnJ, L'ln lie lv4it uhcl.'r t'lo fdlliAviug cciidonaMl I(int<^(iiiicry, AlaLiiuia, it' tho nrain il"'^'S iiut iiiino viihiivit ^ e are, niiir"f)vcr, many oviL'inal tertians, wliidi lici-oinc clirnnie. In tlii:-' form, 'vvlicn not arrested, tliey may run (Ui for iiKiutliH. Sunietimes a reeurreiicc on tlio fniirtli day, ineludin^^ that ef tlie itreccdiiif; parexysni, gives us a quartan ; mndi more rarely, the return is im tlie (ilth day, eon.«tituting a quintan. \ reenrrcneo on the sevcntli day (septan) is. however, eomnion. This is the day on wliieh the third paroxysm of a tertian, and the seeniid of a quartan, would return: which, perhaps, explain^ the liability to rcurrence on that day. J5ut discarding all speeulation, I may state, as a fact, that the helidomadal })eriod h, preeminently, that of many protracted interniittents ; the recurrence of the paroxysm heiiiL', in some instances, between the thirteenth or fifteenth, in others the twentietli. twenty-first, or twenty-second, and in others the twcnty-eiglitli, twenty- ninth, or thirtieth day. Still further, in some instances, after the Fever seems to have eeased entirely, it returns at a multiple of this hebdomadal jieriod. The following case, from Doctor Piayinond, illustrates this pi.int: In tlie autumn, he had three paroxysms of intermittent fever. The next spring it returned, and was arrested by an emetie and half a draelini of quinine. In twenty-one days it recurred, and continued its visits, at the end of that ])criod, until August. lie was then bled, after which its recurrences ,vere at the end of the fifth, instead of the third hebdomadal period, until December, when it was finally stopped by arsenic. The eausf^s whieh render interniittents protraeted, deserve eonsideratio.i; 1. Of the mIioL.^ we slioidd, undoubtedly, ascribe the greatest influence to the agent whieh jiroduces the disease. It is of the very nat-aro and essence of tliat agent, to generate an intermittent irritation ; whieh shall soon pass awa}', hut return at the end of twenty-four hours fmm the begi'.niing of t!ie previous fit, or at the end of some multiple of that period, ^^'c cannot, I apprehend, go further than to recognize the fact. In some constitutions, t!io primary impression wears out much sooner than in others : the latter present us with the disease in a ehronie form. It is common lO say, that the ft.s recur from habit ; Lut habit is custom confirmed ; and the question in these cases is, what maintains the custom until it grows into a habit? One person has a habit of waking at a certain hour in the morning ; another r.t a different hour; in both cases some agent was employed to create tlie custom ; but, after a time, that agency may be withheld, and the cfl'eet will continue from habit. Intermittent fever, then, cannot becomo chronic from habit; but having been made so by the influence of ';omo caucc, habit may, at last, contribute to reproduce the paroxysms. '2. The Fever is sometimes kept up by the unabatingaetiju of the remote cause. Thus, there arc many instanecs of its continuance as long as the patient remains iu the locality in which it was produced, and cf its ceasing on his removal to a more salubrious spot. 3. It is probably rendered chronic, in certain cases, by the permanent cori- gestion or subacute inflammation of some organ. \i\\ ; [dook II. •h f(ir sovciiil wct'l^s; tiaiis, wliirh liciMnue run fin for innntliH. liut of tlic pn'coliiig vctavu i.-* •"> the fit'tli cnth (liiy (sq>t:>'>) i"' third privoxysm of a icli, pcvliap, oxiilaiv^ iiiT all ppL't-ulatidii, I pvoi'iniiiently, tluit of > paroxysm bciiiLf. in , ,,tl\crs the twciiti'-'tli. iventy-oighth, twerity- iiistauccs, after the it a niiiltiii^c of this r Raynioiul, illustrates of interniittout fever, iictie ami half a drachm ued its visits, at the end er which its recurrences L'bdomadal period, until idoscrvc considcratio.i : :hc greatest iiiiluouce to ■cry Tiat'ire and essence ; \vhl(.'h shall soon \mi m the liogi'Miing of tlio period. V'eeanaot. I ^:oine constitutions, tlio lors : the iattei pre.'^ont ,1 tO say, that the iits ai.d the questiun in 0W3 into a habit V One morning ; another r.t niployedlo create tlio leld, and the cfleet will ot become chronic from c of ':omc cause, habit f ing action of the remote tiiiuancc as long as tk luccd, and ( f its ceasing s, by the permanent, cori- PART I. INTERIOR VAIJ.EY OF N'OPTH A.MCRIC.\. 811 It is held by many of our people, a id, perhaps, liy .some physicians, tluit if elirnui(! iiiteriiiitteiit fever be not interrupted by iiiedieiiies, but allowed to run its course, until it (;eases spimtaneously, the individual, altlhuigli eontiii- uiiig in the same locality, will, ever after, reiiu'.in free from an attack. Ili:^ sy.-lem loses its suscoptiliility to the poi.sijii. A gentleman, in Illinois, assured me that this li.'id been tile result in hi.s own ca.'je; and that lie wa.-i led to make the experiment, by the as.suraneo of others, that they h d, by that methoil, obtained a pL:'nianent immunity. I'lio greatest objection to such a course in, that home organ may become seriously deranged in structure. 11. lli:r,Ai',sKS. — llelapsing intermittent fever, is but a variety of cbronic. The paroxysms cease fr(jm tint influoneo of treatment; but the tcmUiiK ^ tu recurrence remains, and constitutes a true predisposition. An cxeitihg cau£o is generally necessary to the reproduction of the paroxysm. Au indi- vidual in tliis conilition, is ci'inpcUed to be circumspect, in regard tu what the old pathologists called the non- naturals. The los.s of a night's sleep, a day of protracted fatigue, exposuri. ti) cold and moisture, au excessive and indi- gestible meal, or a strong mental emotion of the depressing kind, may bring back the disease. In this predisposition, moreover, a cold, saline cathartic, often proves an exciting cause, and slioulil be carel'ully avoided. IJut of all these causes, the exposure which chills the surface of the body, is un.'St injurious. IJciicc it is, that thoso who have had the Fever in August oi" iSeptember, and may have been free from it in October, and the mild and dry portions of November, are liable tu relapses afterward. These may occur uncomplicated with any other aifection; but it uvquently happens, that the sudden change of weather, whi'jh excites aa inilammation of the lungs cr some other organ, reproduces the Fever, so far, at least, as to give a parox- ysmal character to tl;e plegmasia, and render great mudilication of its treat- ment necessary. In addition to the external exciting causes which have been enumerated, we ought, perhaps, to recognize an internal pathulogical intlu- cuce, in the enlarged &[iken, which so generally occurs in ])rotracted eases. That local aifection, it is true, results from the Fever ; but it often begins iu the first paroxysms; and tlie experience of the profession is, I think, that, m long as it continues, the patient is more subject to relapses than others, iu whom that organ is not disordered. Thus it seems to maintain tlie pre- disposition ; and without being one of the exciting causes, renders the sys- tem still more susceptible to them, than it would otherwise be. SECTION II. VERNAL INTERMITTENTS. I. The intermittents which occur in winter, are generally pporadic, and this may also be the case in spring. Nevertheless, the Fever often displays an epidemic character iu the latter season. Whatever may be the number of -,':^* ■- %::■ h' t .^ •■■ 1. ■ ftt-: i-nsi'S ill Jiiiy ^ealily, \\v sire not tn (■(iiK-lmlo, tliat tlioy nrc tlic ofTftiirinpr <<{' a poi^ot) (k'vclii|iL'tl ill tliiit M'iisdii, luL rcLipscs, liiii! tlinso ni' NvinttT. 'J licy arc, L't'iiLTulIy, lumicniu.s in iirnjiDrtiiMi tu tlie jutvuIc'IK'L' ol' tlic Fcvir in tliu jircci.'ilini iuituinii; tliu .sulijoct.s are, cirnjfiy, tlin.^o wlio had Hiitl'LTcd at tbat time; and tlio syuiptonij*. ' d most hnieccs.sl'ul treatnioiit, mark tlieiii u.s n'la|i.«es, instead of uttarK. n a iiuw application cd* tlic remote cause. It would appear, tliat tin; .stiai. d of winttT, is nuu.'li 1( ,«s injnrioiis, than the diurnal and oecasii>iial viu'-isitiiucs ol" T'clriiary ami .^larcll, in (lie South — rd' iMavcli and April, in the middle latitudes — and of April and May in the nortlicrii. After the hot weather has set in. they cummonlycea.se; and this!.* the termination of the epldt'iiiie of the ]ireeediii^r yoar ; whieh, Iteglnnlng in the last month (d' summer, ends in the last month of spriiii.'. The Fever of tlio next autumn, depends on a new development and ajiplication of tlie remote cause; to the action of which, however, those who suffered the year before, are, very eummonly, as liable, as those who might not have resldcil in the locality at that time, and, in many instances, more ^o. The exciting (pauses of M'inter rel.ipses, are c(pially [M'oihictive of the vernal: and one <<( them — undue and ehilling exposiu'e of the surface of the body — ia far more general; from the imprudent and premature disuse of flannel, and of M-inter clothing, upon the access of warm weather. Those who are obnoxious to the Fever, shoidd therefore wear their flannel, till the hot ■wer.ther is established, or even throughout the summer; and should careful- ly avoid exposure to the stormy weather of the equinox, or the sudden show- ers of April, both of which are more injurious than the snows and north- west Vr'iiids of winter. It is a popular opinion, that standing or sitting in the sun, in .spring, will bring on a relapse ; but this, I apprehend, is an example of false observation — the transposition of cause and effect. Those who arc relajising, find such exposure pleasant; a full development of the disease follows, and is falla- cioii.sly ascribed to the influence of the .sun's rays. The relapses which occur late in spring, are a[it to jircsent more of gnstiii' and biliary derangement, than those which happen early. This results from the impress of heat, and the same cause, gives to the hot stage of the par- oxysm, more intensity than it displays at any earlier period. These fact; have led to the opinion, that the special, remote cause is generated de novo. at that time; but I see no reason for the supposition. As a general fact, vernal intermittents are not violent nor dangerous, but tlicre are exceptions; and the following observation, communicated to me by Doctor France, is one of the evidences. Tn rowell's Valley Virginia, intermittent fever was epidemic in the autumn of ISdO. January wa.n coW, ])ut early in February, the weather became so warm as to give an impulse to vegetation; during which the Fever rea])peared in a great number of jior- sons, and, in many, assumed a malignant character. II. Dki'khukd Attacks. — The intermittents of winter and spring, as vm have seen, are chiefly relapses, but there are, also, new cases. These are not to bo ascribed to a reproductiou of the special, remote cause, in those sea- 'h [] [iJOOK II. ,' nrc the nflViiriup <1" 80 of winter. 'Jliiy ; (,f tlic Ft'V*r ill tlif liatl sutVortnl at tbut out, iiiailc tlu'iii iis he vcmntc cause. It 89 injurious, thou the ,v(;h, ill tho South — April and May in tlu' (jiily ccasL'; ami this is ; which, hogiiinii'l^ in spring. Tlie Tcver of lul ajiiiVu^ation of the Avlii, siiflevc'l the joar light not have resided uro so. odiictiveof thcYOvnal: surface of the body — it\iro dii-ui-c of flannel. athcr. Those vvlio aro ir flannel, till the hi ur ; and should careful- ,x. or the sudden ^how- ,, the snows and novth- the sun, in spring, will )c of false oLservation— I re relapsing, And such se follows, and is falla- present more of gastric lavlv. This results from lie hot stage of the pur- er period. These facts 1^0 is generated de novo. 1. olcnt nov dangerous, hut j conununicated to we by Lvcirs Valley Virginia. P40. January wan coW, las to give an impulse ti' I a great number of por- wintcr and s])ring. as w .w cases. These are not tiote cause, iu those soa- r.\iiT I.J INTF.RIDU V.\I,M;Y of XoUTII AMKf!lC.\. S13 sons, but to its Iin|ire.>^s in autuinii; which iiiipro.s,s wa.-' n.it fMlliwd 1 y tho Fever, ac that tiiiic. <>ii /^/.^'C oTO, a Case ii related, in which the Fever appeared within tliree iliiys after an exposure to iLs leiiiute eau.- ■ : The case now under eoii,>idcratiou prove.s that man} nioiitLs may elap-i., In lure its developiaeiit. For liie existciiee iif .sucli ease,-, I may refer tn th<' i xpe- rieiiee ol' every oh, cr\iiig phy.>iciaii, whu resides in regions inl'e.>ted with au- tumnal fever. Indeed, the jii'ul'essioii are I'amiliar with viriial inteimilteiits, ill tho.se who had not hull'ered iu aiituuiii; all of whuiii, in.wever, liadbieii exposed to the remote cause. Many years .-iiiee, the following fact tell under my own observation. A Ciiieinnati family made an overland journey, iu autiunn, to tho State of New York, traveling .slowly on the terraces ot' Fako Frio and Luke Ontario, which ut that time were aiuutally scourged with lii- termittent fever. Some of them Were .seized with the disease on the way, and others escaped. I)uring the next spring, when tho Fever was nut pre- vailing in t!ie part of the city where they resided, soiiiu members of the family, who had .sullered in aulinnn. were seized with it; and at the .>aiiie time, one uf the party, who had e,-ica[ied, was attacked with the .same disease. Another, and, more conclusive ubservatidii, was commuiiicateil to me by Doctor Siiiilh, of llaciiie, ^Viseoii>in. \Vlien ho resided in ^'erm^nt, two men made an aulimuuil vi.-lt to western New York, where tho Fever was prevailing; and returned without experiencing attacks. In tho iullowing winter, however, one of them was seized, and, in the spring, the other, with the sanie disea.-e. No other pei:M)US were attacked; and, indeed, no case of the kind had before occurred, in the part of tho state in which they resided. At Quebec, where the Fever does not (jriginate, Dcjctor J. Douglas informed me, that he had repeatedly known persons attacked with it, several months after their return from more southern regions, where it was ^ v'ailing ; al- though they coiiunned in health while there. These cases arj analogous to those of Irish immigrants, who are, sometimes, taken with ty[»huus lever, several months after t!ielr arrival in the ^Vest. It is, perhaps, not correct to apply tho term incubation, to the jicriod wliich elapses in such cases, between the application of the poison, and the outbreak of the Fever. In the ease of small [lox and of hydro[iholila, there is a progressive, or Ingraveseent change, perha^is iu tho iniiervati'.ii, which ends ill the [U'oduction of specific, morbid j)lienomena, that do ui.t re([iiire au exciting cause to bring them out. Iiufc in deferred intermit tent.s, the morbid iiii[ires.-ion constitutes a mere preJis[tositioii, which slowly wears •uv ^)' d ami canno ence Ou the evid cause, I have already spoken. t, without the aid of e.h. STX'TION III. TRRATMRN'T — IIYCIKMC A\D MF-DirAT,. r. Tiii;ATMi;Nr or Wisriit Ca.-'!:-. — 1. I liavi'introilnci'dtli'fword liygi(.Miir'. into tliu titlo ut' this st'cliuii, lur tlic jmrpi'so of ,«tri)iiL'ly dirc'ctiii;,' tliu attcntii u of thn reader, to tlio more iinitorhitit jiait of the troatinunt. Tt may bo truth- fully nfl'irnu'd, that after iiitennitti'iit fever has lieeii arrested, it wrndd not often — iierhapH never — recur, if all exeititi;.' eaii:Jes euuld lie avoided. Of eoiir.-i' that is not praetiealile; lint every |)redi.'J|ioscd [lerson shoidd withdraw lioiii thent. as perfectly a'-« poffnihle. Thus, the liygieiiie rei^ulatioiis deserve gre;it attention. AVmni elothiii,-;;. uilli llainicl next the skin, and shoes that will keep the feet dry, are nec-essary ; l)Ut the patient .should not house himself: for that wi>uld proluio,' his liaMlity. On tlu; contrary, with the surface >)i his body adoipiatidy protei'tiMJ, ho .should boldly encounter tlu- cold of win- ter, and take a great deal of active exercise. The nniscnlar efVnrt will in- ercaso the doj»nration of his blood, by prriuioting pulinonnry and cntimccpu.^ trans]iir;ition. while it invigorates all bis solids. It will, nioreiiver. give im- pulse to the portal circulation, and assist in rousing the sluggish abdomiiKil organs into healthier action. The b'ss of slee[> .should be guarded against. To lodge warm i.s essential; but nn rising in the morning, the surface of lii.s body should be dashed with cold water; and then wiped dry, the friction boiuir continued until it rcdd'Mis the skin. Finallv, his diet should be .sa- vory, nutritious, and digestible. -. The medical treatment of tbcso eases, lias been in jiart anticipatoil when .speaking of the cure of siinplo iiitermittents. It resolves itself into tliat which is jiroper to prevent the return of the disease, and that reijuiieil •when it lias recurred; and. A'r.^. of the former. Some ]iersons. are in the liabit of taking small dnses of quinino for this purpose; but they often fail. They do not establish a quinic diathesis. which, for the time being, would always arrest the paroxy.sms; nor do tlioy give tone to the system. x\s a prophylactic, in these cases, the l)ark is niuch to bo jireferred, on account of its tonic, not less than its antiperiodio properties. A tea.spoonful before eai h meal, will, in general, answer the purpose. The impoveri,s1icd state of the blood, moreover, suggests the use of chalybeates; (jf which, perhaps, no preparation is better, than the proto- carlionate of iron. It may be given in an electuary with the bark; for I am not aware, tliat the latter will lose any of its efficacy by yielding up a part of its tanno-gallic acid to the iron ; or that the salt thus formed, will not pro- duce all tlio effects of any other chalybeate preparation. Recently, a new jiro- paratiim, the ferro-cyanato of quinine, has been introduced in practice, and, prima facie, seems likely to be usefid; but I have not tried it. nor informed myself of the experience of others. Arscnions acid and opium, sometimes root out the predisposition to recurrences; but to do so, their administration should be continued, until the arsenical oedema is producinl. The preservation of a regular habit of body is inqiortant; but in ol)viating costiveisess, the cold and debilitating laxatives .'should be avoided. "When tice ri!K [DDOK II. (V(Uli<'Wonl1iy,!:iLMiii'. lircctiii^' the iilti'iifnn out. Tt iniiy 1)0 tnilli- sti'tl, it W'liiM not often 3 tivuulcil. Of cimiv • sliniild witlnlriiw tVoiii ;ulutiniis (leservu gvt'ut in, anil sliucs tliiit will iU\ not liduso liiuisclf: ry, with till- siirt'iu'o "i uiitcr till! Cdlil (if wiii- iiusnilar olVort will in- inionary :uul cutnnomis viU, ninroiivi.'r. give im- i]\i' sliigLHsli jiliiloniinal il,l l)c giiaviL'tl against, niiiir, tlic surface of liis wiikmI ilry, the friction •, his ilict f'h'Uihl bo sa- ■cMi in part antieipatcil It rcsnlvcs itself into icase, and that reipurcil npos (if ([iiiiiiiit^ fin- tills dish !i quinic di:ith(\*is. iroxysnis; nor do tiny eso cases, the hark b pss than its antipeviodic foneral, answer the roovor, su.agosts tlic use 1 better, than the prnto- with the bark; f(n- 1 am •^y by yielding up a part us l^)rincd, will not pro- n. Recently, a new pre- ntvodnced in praeticP, T have not tried it. nor ^onidus acid and epinm, ,>s ; but to do so, tlicir i, mI .edema is produced, rtant; but in obviating uld be avoided. >Vlicn yh rART I.] I.NTKIUOR \ALl.t:V Ol NuUTll A.MKIUCA. Mj retniin.Ml, powdered rhubarb may be added to the Lurk; or the tincture of rlii"l)arb and gentian may be chosen; or pill.s ciini|i(i.-:all)aiinm, and aloet^, made int') a nia.'^.'- \silh extract of ^icnliaii, may bo given. Whatever mediciuo id jhosen, it shuuid not bo allow cil in uptrate more than once itr twice. ]{nt all these things fail in SoJlu; Iiistam-ei*, and a treutnn'iit of the oppo- .'itu kind hueeeed-S. In such cases there i.i, probaldy, a subacute iidlanuiia- tion ol' some organ, a.s the Hpleen or ulimeiitary inendjrane. I'riiiii l>oetor i'"rye, of Illinois, I have learned, that he has i'renuently bUcceeded in thcso refractoi'y cases, by laying aside tonics and stimulant.'^, and adlnilii^tl•ring an eighth of a grain of tartari/.ed antimony, with ten grains of hydruM hh.rate of aiuiiioiiia (sal ammoniac), given e\cry two (..r four liours. \\'e collie, in the second place, to the treatment reipdred in the paroxv-m. If tile existing sympt(Mns should indicate i'nuctioiial, biliary deraiigciin iit, a niereinial cathartic will be proper; and if the btounudi should be dv-pcjitie, an active emetic will do mueh good ; but, in many cases, all e\acuatii.-n may be dispensed with, and immediate recourse had to ([uiiiiiie and opium ; which will, almost infallibly, arre.>t the disease so promptly, that iii,t even another paroxysuMvill occur. The prop'ation of opium sin. uld be large; for, ill the cnnditioii of the system we are now cuusidering, there is great toleration of that medicine. We must n(;t forget, that along with these relajiscs, may come an inflamma- tion (d" some organ, that will render these mca.-urcs abortive m- even inju- rious. Thus, the very cause which r(-'produeed the paroxysm, may revive ov generate a hepatitis, a splenitis, or a pneumonitis, in which (^aso a certain amount of the treatment, reipiired for the inflammation, will be nece.-.^ar}'. In proportion as the iiillammation is severe, the signs of its exi.-teiice will bo nun-e or less present during the intermission. 1 have had numy patients of this class, wdiom it was necessary to bleed eopiuusly; but, further south, or in places wdiere intermittents greatly prevail, co[iious bluodletting is iuadmis- sible, and calomel, tartar emetic, cupping and blistering, must be omployed. Everywhere, however, it is necessary to comicet the ojiium and ijuinine prac- tice with the de[det(n'3'. IT. TuE.VTMKNT OF Vekxal Intehmixxkxts. — The hviiieiiic means of preventing vernal intermittents, are the same as for those of winter. In .spring, as we have already seen, one exciting cause is the great diurnal change of temperature. The elevated heat, after the system has had its suscepti- bility to caloric increased by the cold of winter, renders many pcr, * f If \ ' ami noiHi-oast winds, about tlio time of tlic vernal ef|uinos, act with sinister oifcft on the inatlofpately protected surface. The required treatment of vernal iiitermittents, is somewliat intermediate, between tliat of autumnal and that of winter cases. In spring, the returning .solar hcnt ([iiickens tlie liver into action, and bilious appearances are then more '■jommon than in cold weather: the appetite oftener fails, and nausea, with other signs of gastric derangement, occurs in a greater number of cases. Hence, active evacuation of the stomach and bowels, is useful in many cases, and in some, almost indispensable. Witli tliis preparation of th(> system, or without any, in cases of a simpler kind, the antiperiodies may l)e adminis- tered, as in winter intermittents: and generally with the same inmiediatc advantage. Now and then, however, a case will prove refractory, and con- tinue until arrested by the heat of the summer solstice. TIT. CuANdE OF LocATJTY. — Some persons arc so susceptible to the impress of the remote cause of intermittent fever, or the habit of recurrence is so readily ai\d firmly established in their systems: that as long as they contirj'.io in an infested locality, the disease will set all the cfTorts of art at defiance. Change of place must, then, l)e submitted to, or the constitution will be ruined. In this, two objcets should always be had in view : First. To seek a locality where the Fever is not endemic. Second. To reach a cooler climate, by change of latitude, or change of elevation. The former end maybe accomplished by entering tlie depths of a city; by s.ijourning on the sands of the Pine woods ; by wandering in the desert M'ost of the Mississip]ii, or, emigrating to Santa Fe ; all, without reference to a cooler climate. The latter end, is attained by ascending the Appalachian Moun- tains, where the Fever is nearly unknown, and the air invigorating. Of the regions fitted for this purpose, one of tlic most eligible, is that around Chautauque Lake, described at pas-e 397. I>ut all the benefits of mountain air may bo enjoyed, without ascending above the mean level of the Valley, — six hundred feet — ly going northerly. To this end, a voyage up the Mis- sissijipi. and a summer residence in the neighborl ood of the Falls of St. Anthony: or a voyage to IMackinac and Lake Superior; or down the St. Lawrence to ()ueboc, and the deep chasms of the Sagucnay, in the latitude of forty-eight degrees, may bo performed M'ith great facility. As soon as tlio patient reaches a region in which the Fever is not endemic, he feels that ".is reilemption has begun; and, in a few weeks, finds himself quite restored. In the autumn of tlie next year, however, lie may experience a new attack, when ho should, if practicable, change his residence for a city or a colder climate. When the constitution of a citizen of the south, has, by fever, or climatic influences, become seriously enervated, it is sometimes necessary to seek a colder climate, in winter, for the purpose of invigorating his constitution; that of the south being too mild for that purpose. By going north, in sum- mer, he may, it is true, escape the Fever; but the beat of that sea.son is there, for a while, high, and ho may return without all the reinvigoration that h desired. Under such circnmstances tlieinfaeuL^ of cold is ncccssary. ^A ith p [nooK n. nox, act ^vitll sinister niewliat iiitevmecliate, spring, tlio rotiiviiing ippcnnincos are tlion ,\cr fails, and nausea, jatcr number of cases. useful in ninny cases, tion of tiie >_vsteni. or dies may l.'C adminis- tlio same innuediato refractory, and con- so pusceptililo to the lie liabit of recurrence that as long as they 1 the efforts of art at to, or the constitution > had in view : t\)'^t. Second. T.> rcacli a devation. Tl-.o former a city; l>y s.'journing he desert west of the ■j reference to a cooler he Appalachian Moun- invi,^orating. Of the if^ible, is that around 10 benefits of mountain an level of the Valley, 1. a voyage up the Mis- d of the Falls of St. rior; or down the i^t. ziienay, in the latitude leility. As soon as the lomie, he feels that Ms himself quite restored, lericnce a new attack, lor a city or a colder lis, by fever, or climatic ■s necessary to seek a xtinir his constitution; }v frying nortli, i i sum- that sea.son is there, for reinvigoration that is old is necessary. 'N\ itli PART !.] INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH A:.IERICA. 817 this conviction. Doctor Cartwright, of Xatiliez, not long since, spent the greater part i)f a winter, in tlie latitude of St. Louis, Louisville, and Cin- cinnati ; fearles.sly exposing himself, as ho infurined mo, to the niost rigorous winds; ami returned home with a renovated constitution. IV. PortJL.VR Emi'UUCISm, — AVIiere agues ]irevail, many eases, not sub- jected to enlightened medical treatment, become chruiiic, and are at last broken nji by some sudden impression on the nervous system. I refer to these ex|-.eriments, not to legitimate them in our catalogue of remedies, but as throwiii!]: li^xht on the natlioloLMcal condition of tlio system; — as evlneiuir that the disease, when thus prolonged, becomes a neurosis. A case of the kind wo are eoiisidering, is sometimes, permanently ar- rested, by a violent emetic, taken just before the chill. It imparts a stioek to the nervous system, wliiidi destroys the disposition to recurrence. A countryman informed ine, that, he stojiped a tertian ague of eleven months duration, by taking, just before the fit, a quantity of guii|iowdcr, mixed with rum. It produced on his .system a ]iowerful impression; ai.d excited a profuse sweat, which continued for twenty-four hours, after whii/h, tlie dis- ease did not return. A very copious perspii'ation, produced by otlier moans, has sometimes succeeded. The same beiiefii-ial result has, iu other eases, been attained, by rapid riding on a liard-trotting horse, just before the par- oxysm. The sudden afl'usion of very cold water has produced the same result. Doctor Josliua ^lartin, of Xenia, (.)]ii(), knew the disease perma- nently cured, in a small boy, by 'standing' liim on ]u^ head, at the access of tlio fit. Here was both a cor[ioreal aiid mental efTcct. In many instances the recurrence has been arrested, liy means wliich acted entirely in tlie ima- f' intion and feelings. Of this kind arc various loathsome notions, which the patients have swallowed with disgust; and difler'^pt charms or incanta- tions, wlii(di raise powerful emotions, that change the innervation, and de- stroy tlie habit of recurrence. y. Salutauy Eitects ok Cinioxic Inteiimittexts. — It has often been said, that protracted agues sometimes cure chronic diseases, and im- prove tlie lioaltli. That one disease may supersede another, from iiicora- patiljility of action, is certain; but I have not met with facts, which establish the remedial influence of intermittent fover. On the contrary, impairment of the constitution, has been the general result of protracted cases. The alleged benefit to the consumptive, of a sojourn in localities produc- tive of ague and fever, will be discussed hereafter; and I will only remark, in this place, that I once saw a palludal intermittent, unite itself with hectic fever; but not to the cud of effecting a euro, :if^ 'I ■> 818 THE PRINCirAL DISEASE.-: OF TliE [dOOK II. CHAPTER X. PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY', AM) CONSEQUENCE.S OF AU- TU3INAL FEVEll. \ ' •» SECTION I. ."MORTALITY OF AUTUMNAL FEVER. A simple iiiteniuttcnt fever, even Avlien left to tako its course, rarely, pcr- liap.s never, proves directly fatal ; but it may derange the structure of some organ, or generate a kind of cachexia or spauitinia,* from which, as patholo- gical causes, other, and at last fatal consequences may follow. Many simple remittents, in the new settlements, are allowed to run their course witlmut the superintendence of a physician; thougli seldom without some kind of medical treatment. In the early settlement of Kentucky, and Ohio, tliis was oftener the case, than in any of the new settlements of the present day; for cunsideraLle distrirts of country were, then, without phy- sicians. In the former state, more than fifty years ago, I saw numerous ca:::os, for which hut little was done. In refeience to these, as they occur in the mlildlo latitudes, it may, 1 think be said, that they are not often mor- tal; l)ut sdmetimes run a course of ten or fifteen days, and gradually cease, or de^iMjcrate into au'ues. Inihunniatiiry intermittents, demand tlie interposition of art, to bring them to a favorable termination. Left to themselves, it is true, they will not in general destroy life, immediately; but the persisting inilannnation of some vital organ, may at last give a fatal termination. Under a well known treatment, however, such cases may generally, be cured. It is otherwise, with inflammatory remittents, whicli, in their advanced stages, often take on a typhous character, and prove fatal. Of tlie propor- tion wlio die, it is impossible to speak. I have proposed to our brethren, in various places, to send me returns of the annual, relative mortality from tlie different diseases, occurring in their practice; but the amount of material thus obtained, is, as yet, td intcrmittents, produce iin[)ovcrisliment of the blood — SjuUia.iiiia — the Condition [)resent in chlorosis ; and this accounts, in part, for the peculiar hue and ]iutl'y visage, of old ague patients, who so closely simulate ehlo- rotics, ill their appearance. ,^1 I I - .i'^ P.*,"4 ... . ; lit. ' ' [■ 1 [■y\ .'t *. 5 is .*'; SECTION III. PATnOT-OGICAL ANATO.MY OF INTERMITTENT FEVER. It has been already said, that our simple intcrmittents do not prove fatal ; liow then can we know, by anatomy, whether any single organ always suf- fers'.' If any one bo invariably affected, it is, undoubtedly, the s[ileen, if we may depend on what is presented by patients laboring under chronic and relapsing agues. Our inilammatory intermiticnts, moreover, but seldom prove mortal; but they often show signs of s[denitis; and when tlic subjects of them die, subsequently, of other diseases, it is comuiou to iind vestiges of serous S[denitis, in old and lirni patches and liands, of coagulated lymph; which sometimes distort the organ, and at other times compress it, and, by limiting its circulation, produce a state of atrophy. Puring the ten winters in which I delivered clinical instruction in the Louisville Commercial Hos- pital, my colleague, Doctor, now Professor Baylcss, and myself, met with many exam[ilcs of what is here described; the patients having died of other maladies tliau intermittent fever. The anatomy of our malignant intcrmittents ought to be well known, but it is not; for in the country, tlie prejudices of the people igainst post mor- tem inspections, especially after death from common diseases, is almost un- con(|uerable ; and in our cities the disease scarcely ever occurs. It mu.«t be confessed, moreover, that from want of practice in dissections, many of our brethren, living in new and remote settlement.s, infested Avith this fever, arc not as well prepared to report on morbid appearances, as some of those who have greater oi)portuiiities of cultivating patliological anatomy, in jilaees where the Fever seldom occurs. In traveling, I was only able to collect the subjoined observations. ; [book II. rill tlie relative [ivo- atumiuil ruvor. An- 1 cxpcvimoiits oil the f long staiuliiig; ami liiril of one tlioubuud cliroiiic caries of the vc may presume, that amatious. As to the lie of the :^orunl, was ittlieljl'HKl-ccrpusilo.s I tlioiisaud, ^Yllile one TluiH, it appears, tliat sIjIuoJ — spauiemia — 1 pavt,f(irtlie peculiar ilusfly simulate clilo- 'TENT FEVER. nt.s tlo not prove fatal; [Ugle organ always suf- jiilitcJly, the spleen, if •iiig under chronic and moreover, but seldom and when the subjects nnmou to find vestiges of coagulated lymph; I'S compress it, and, by during the ten winters iville C'onnnercial ILjS- :uid myself, met with t shaving died of other to be well known, but iple \gainst post mor- diseases, is almost un- cver occurs. It nui?t issections, many of our cd with this fever, arc as some of those who ■al anatomy, in places only able to collect the PART I.] INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 821 1. Assi.-lant Hurgeon Holmes, gave me the following case. A soldier, in Florida, of iiitempcrate liabits, luit vignrous ooiistitution, died in sixteen hours, tliat is, in the iirst lit of a malignant iiiteru\itti;nt. The chief signs of congestion during life, were in tlie chest, tlie jjarietes of whicli, displayed an ecchymosed appearance. IHood could not be o])tained by venesection. Eight grains of tartar cnujtic oj)erated as a eatliartic ; after which he took largo (loses of the .sul[)hato of quinine. On examination after death, the nuieons membrane of the stomach was found healthy; that of the l)owels had more or less congestion; the liver sliowed signs of tlie same condition; and tlie sploen was double its natural size; but healthy in texture and ap- pearance. The cavities and substance of the heart were engorged, and the lungs were loaded Avith blood. The brain was not examined. This indi- vidual had prol)al)ly ex])erienced a previous attack of intermittent fever, which produced the enlargement of the spleen, and hence its r.atural ap- pearance, except in size. The fatal cor.gestions were in tlie lnng.«, as the symptoms indicated. 2. Another case from the same gentleman: A soldier, who had labored under chronic diarrhoea, was taken in the morning, and died at iiight. His brain seemed to be deeply implieated; as he experienced numbness, liad a vacant gaze, lost the power of speech, and became insensible; but still con- tinued to sit up, until ho was about to ex)>irc. lie was cupped on tlie neck, had a stream of cold water poured on his head, wliile his feet were innncrsed in a hot l)atii, and took large doses of the sulphate of quinine and carbonate of ammonia — all without etl'ect. Po.olii)g and Doctor Baldwin, of Montgomery, Alabama : A man had the characteristic symp- toms, but the fits were so mild, that he rose from his bed, and 'kept about' between them, for five or six days. The fatal paroxysm then came on, and he died in twenty-four hours. During tlie disease, his tongue was dry, smooth in the middle, furred on each side, and red at the edges and tip. Post morlcm appearances. — His stomach was empty. In its greater curva- ture, near the pylorus, patches of hypera}mia, with softening. The small intestines, 'particularly the lower part of the ilium, exhibited the same appearance. The spleen and liver were healthy. 4. I am indebted to Doctor Sims, of the same city, for tlie following : A man, not attended by him, was said to have died in the second or tliird par- oxysm, with the usual symptoms. The dissection was commenced before the body had entirely lost its heat. The lungs, liver, and spleen, witli all the venous trunks connected with them, were distended witb uncommonly dark blood. The stomach contained the medicines, not spread over it, but was natural in appearance, and so were the bowels ; but near the ilio-coccal 1 At' .r" .J'|i; k t 'mE i i ■i 822 TIIR TRTNCirM, ni^^EASES OF TIIF, [book I!. ■I.-'',,, i . ■ hi '''•'*' '■ 1 valve, tlicrc was a quantity of I'laek, tar-lilco matter, f^iuiilar to tlic contcnt.s of tlic ;:all-l)l;i(l(lor. 5. Ddftur IV'iiiiielc, nf "Wctninplca, Alabama, oljsorvccl tlio fdlowinp: case: A mail was taken wifli wliat a|i])Piired tn lio an onlinavy cliill, Imt iHcanic dizzy; and fallinfr, cut liis ?oa1p tliruugh to the sliull. In the first fit, lii.-i ljreatliii'2 was cniljarrassed : in tlic second, it became stevtoronn, and In' died. On examination, liis brain was fonnd in a f^tate of eoiigestidii, with sernm in tlie ventriilos. The mncons membrane of tlic stomach, exhibited ;i spot (if a dark, mudeiia-red culuv, and that of the bowels, two others of the sanu! kind. ('). Hcvcr;'.! physioians, of Greensboro', Alabama, in the course of tlieir jnint conversation witli me, on malignant iiitcrmittents, mentioned two j./ist inorlcm inspections, which they liad witnessed. In one, there was consider- able enniorircment of the brain : in the other, a crreat concrestion and cnhir^o- ment of the siileen. Tlic splenic region was tender, before death, ivj other morbid appearances wore recullccted. 7. Doctor Haywood, of Tnscalonsa, in tlie same State, infdrmod me, that he had made a nmiiber of dissections of pc/sons dying of tliis fever, in ■which ho conld detect no morbid appearance, except, in a [lart of thoni, a slight hypcrtcmia of the mucous membrane of the stomach, whicli ho sup- posed to have been produced by medicines. 8. Doctor Kchols, of Selma, in the State just mentioned, informed me, that he had examined several wlin had died of the disease, without finding any morbid appearances, except enlarged spleens in a ]iart of them. 9. Doctor Christian, of IMcmpliis, Tennessee, had examined a few subjecfH. in which lie found the stomacli but little altered; in one case (which iiiu.-t have been protracted), tlie liver was supjiurating; in others tliat organ v.;,- cnlarged; in most of tliem the spleen and brain were engorged. 10. Doctor Frye, of Peoria, Illinois, had examined two subjects, dead from the same fever. One of the patients had labored luider incessant ami uncontrollable vomiting. The stomach and liver were found in a state c congestion. The spleen was enlarged and softened. 11. Doctor Ridgely, of Cincinnati, examined the abdominal organs of a bey five years old {see page 764), who died of the Fever, and found the stomach and bowels free from lesion ; the liver was unusually firm, and of a leaden luio ; the spljen enlarged, engorged, and of a dark color. 12. A gentleman, living in the interior of Indiana, had his constitutiiii impaired by several attacks of the Fever. Three years elapsed without any, though he continued in the same locality; but he was none of the time in perfect healtli. lie then undertook a summer visit to Cincinnati ; and, on the way, had a malignant paroxysm. On reaching the city it recurred, and Doctor Ridgely was called in. He found the skin of the patient cold, and of a dark and dirty coj)pcr hue, which it had exhibited for sometime before; his pulse was feeble and rapid ; his mind wandering, with short periods el' drowsiness. In a few hours ho expired. A po^it mortem inspection rcveak"! the following lesions; The lungs slightly engorged; heart softened and 11 J p^ [book i;. Himilav to tlic contents v,..l tlio fcllnwingcnpc: iiKivy chill, l)ut lu'cnmc II. In tlic first lit, lii^ lino Ftfvtorous, and li^-' iitc of congostiim, with lie stomacli, oxliihittd :i 3wcb, two others of thu in the course of theiv iitfi, mcntionoil two j^osl one, there was connidcr- congostion nnd cnlargn- dcr, "before death. i> - State, informed me, thiit (lying of tliis fever, in pt, in°a i.art of thcni, a stomach, which he Mip- ntloned, informed mp,th;it ease, without (hiding any )art of them, examined a few suhject?, in one case (which nni.t in others that organ ^v;,^ }re engorged, ed two'^subjects, dead from ,vcd under incessant and were found in a state ti abdominal organs of a boy er, and found the stomacli lally firm, and of a leaden ■ color. iana, had his constitution years elapsed without any, was none of the time in sit to Cincinnati ; and, on ig the city it recurred, ami in of the patient colJ, and ibitedfor sometime before; •ing, with short periods ol' \mortm inspection revealod Irgcd; heart softened and rvnr i.] INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. S'23 apparently atrophied; mucou.? coat of the stomach and bowels .softened; liver somewhat cnlurgr'd, tender, and friable ; spleen enlarged, and alnmst dooompo.sfd into a grum(m.« mass*. Finally, a most uffensive jjutrefaction fol- lowed in a few hours after death. In this cas<\ no dniibt, many of the lesions had been produced by pre ious attacks of the Fever. Although these observations offer very little tliat meets the demands of ex- act pathology, seeing that the brain and spinal cord, with a fewcxco[itii>ns in favor of the former, were not examined, and that the lesions of the other organs are given in a vagnc and general manner, still they are not altogc'ther valueless, and we may devote a jiaragrajih to their generalization. 1. In several cases, very few traces of disease wore found. The patient.s died from nervous depression; and whatever congestions may ha\e been formed, nearly disappeared, while the patient was /?« nrliciih mnrli'■ . f.iij.ii M4" ■■■ ■ *. '■ •■ '■:;•'•■■ ''%'-::\ 4,1 , the .«yiii|jf iiuv-, what organ or organs tiro cspccliiUy afl'octod In many cases tliey ilo;^oiioraU; or fluuigo into tigncs ; and v.\ time briii^ about the vlsi.-iral (leraiigcnioiits, fjiiHcquent on clironic iiiterniittoiits. ]Jut .sluii^lo roniit- teuts liavL' a niudc oi' tcrniiiuitiDn which distiuguiBlies them I'roni jd] interniitti'iils. It is the tyiihuus .state or stage. In this niotauiurjdiic fovor, the brain i.-' always alliuted, either v.ith simple hyperiomia, mere irritation, or inflaniiiiaU'ii. ^\'llen cuiua, RUjicrvening at an early period of tlie ehaiigo. is the ]iroinhii'iit .symptom, the first of these pathological eouditions, hs per- ha]is prjdomi.iant ; when the supervention of cereiiral symptoms has been suddeii ; ami ihey consist of eonia-vigil and doliriuiii, with Iteble and fre- quent [lulse, active subsultiis tendinum, and a loeonKtive ))ropciif^ity, the second or irritable state of the brain exists; wdicn tlie vigiuuice becomes morbid, with wild, loijuacious, and singing ddlrium, cold feet, hot forehead, red C3'cs, eoniracted pupils, pulsating carotids, and mere or less subsultu.', with efforts at loconuMion, inflammation maybe assumed to exist; yet I have peon thcie symptoms, not execjiting a closely contracted pujii!, innuc- diately relieved, and recovery follow a large dose of laudanum; proving that they may depend on irritation only. iN'evcrtijcless, it may, I think, bu received as a fact, that when patients die in what is called the typhous stagi: of simple remittent fever, it is generally from cerebritis ; and tliat, al'ttr death, tlio piiuei[)al lesions woidd be found in the brain, in the form n! bypericmias, and serous or tibrinous secretions; to which softening, jierhujij, may s<>metimes be added. This cerebritis, however, cannot be adnuttcd a- iui original ail'eetion, characteristic of the Fever. Hut we must turn from the brain to other organs. The lungs, it is well known, are liable to inilanimation in tins fever ; and instead of occurring; late in the di.sease, like cerebritis, it generally arises at an early period. Such inthimuuuion may prove fatal; and then a post mortem inspection will show the lesions resulting from bronchitis or pleurisy ; but more fre(|uentl' still those of pneumonia, such as sanguineous engorgement and hepatiza- tion. rHut tlicy cannot be regarded as constant, essential, or characteristic of autumnal fever; for, first, a vast majority of cases, even those wliiol prove fatal, do not present a single symptom of pulmonary inflammation, and, second, this inflammation, in most instances, is the undoubted cfl'eet cl the sudden changes of weather in the latter part of autumn ; and nnist. therefore, be taken as the offspring of an incidental cause, acting subsi- cjucntly to that which produced the Fever. We are, thu.s, driven to the abdominal viscera, in our search after a Icsiou which may enter into the definition of remittent fever; and, which, being shown by symptoms during life, nuist be found by dissection after doatli. Ii. all times and places, it has been ob.servcd, that this fever is accompaniid. from the beginning, with functional derangements of the abdominal organs: and, in many case.s, there are unmistakable symptoms of inflammation. The functional disturbances are found chiefly in tlie liver, stomach, and duo- denum. To speak of functional disorders of the s])leen, when we know net what its function is, would be au absurdity. Should the life of the patient dilFc m 1 1 B [nooK II, 1 1 In many cases thoY r iiljwut tl.o visceral ]>ut. hiUil)lo reniit- iftlics them from all lis uietamuriiliic Iovlt, iciuia, mere irritation, • periud of tlie eliange, ical couditiuns, is \ier- 1 symptoms lias l)ecn I, witl) ftel>lii "<.(1 fiL- inotive proia-iisity, lliu tlio vigilance lioconics ;ol(l feet, but forolioad, (lore or less foubsultu?, smued to exist ; yet I •ontractcd \n\\)\\, i"'"it- audaiium ; vruving that iS, it may, I ll'i"!^'. li- •Mlled the tyi-lious stage ;brltis; and that, aftur e brain, in tli'; form u! vbicb softening, jierbaps. , cannot be admitted a« Is. The Imigs, it is well and instead of occurriii,:: ,scs at an eai'ly period, st mortem inspection v;\a iy ; but more frc(iucntly lovgcmcnt and hcpatiza- ^jcntial, or eharacterisH- cases, even those uliii- pulmonary inflaimiuition . the undoubted effect C t of autumn ; and unist. ital cause, acting subsi- our search after a lesion fever; and, wldeh, being isscction after death. ^ Ii. lis fever is aceompanioil. of the abdominal organs- iiptoms of intlanuiiatioii. liver, stomach, and duo- b])leen. "when vjo kuow not ,ld the life of the patient PART I.] INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH A.MITJCA. 825 bo destroyed, while mere functional derangements prevailed, no morbid appearances miglit bo found after death. They are but porturliatinns of the inncrvatidn, wliicli carry into the circulation and secretions an altered action, ditleront from that of inthimmation. In .^inqile remittents tlie.se disruptions of function may continue without generating derangements of structure, until the fever spontaneously ceases, or is reduced by art ; in the highest grade of malignant remittent fever, the irritation and ju-ostration of the v/hole nervous .sy.ttem may be so intense as to destroy life in two or three paroxysms, leaving no lesions of structure to be revealed by the knife. But abdominal inflammation does occur in both inflammatory and malig- nant remittents. J^Ioreover, it often commences with, or early in the Fever, and declares itself by logitimat(> signs, ft arises indopondiMitly of any co- operative or exciting cause; and, therefore, results from the same agency with the Fever. Finally, by its ravages, it shows itself, to the anatomist after death. But is it always in the same part V ^'- is not. There are three organs in which it is chiefly found. They arc the spleen, gastro-duo- denal mucous membrane, and liver. Occasionally it invades the whule at the same time; but oftcner limits itself to two, and, in many cases, aflects one only. None of them is affected in some cases; and, therefore, there is no injlammatory lesion in the abdominal viscera, which constitutes a peculiar anatomical character of remittent fever; any more than there is an ever })rcsent uniform lesion in those who die of intermittent fever. But we must proceed to iiKjuiro into the evidences afforded by nutopsie examinations. II. Post Morikm Revelations. — The facts supplied by our Valle}-, for illustrating the pathological anatomy of remitting fever, are still fewer than for our intermittents. lam compelled, therefore, to look abroad; but. rim sorry that in doing so, I caiaiot lind materials for a very full and satis- factory hi.story. At all times, occasional examinations have been made in Ihirope, the Atlantic States, and the Interior A^nlley ; but they only announced, in gen- eral terms, the existence of congestion, softening, and inflammation, found in diUcrent cases, in all the organs of the cranium, thorax, and abdomen. A series of careful post mortem inspections, by an able pathologist, was still wanting; and, a few years since, Doctor Stcwardson undertook to supply the desideratum.* His dissections, seven in number, were made in the Pennsylvania Hospital, in the months of August, September, and October, which constitute the true period of prevalence of this fever. The following is his summary of the pathological appearances : " Brain. — This organ was examined in only five of the cases. The sub- arachnoid effusion was cither entirely wanting, or moderate, except in one ease, where there was a considerable quantity of reddish serum. In the same case the ventricles contained an ounce of bloody serum, whilst in two of the others they were empty, in a third nearly so, and in the fourth contain- ed scarcely a drachm of fluid. In one the walls of the ventricles were of a 53 *American Journal of Iho Medical Sciences, for 1S41 and 181^. '■m • I 82() Tin: nuNCirAL disi;asi:s of tiih [book II. 1-V-J'T-' I, -A . ■. r i ,. * T''' ''■■■ ;■ ' my} - ' ■li "HI »V .' ' J .' ■ :i--- i.rlr:'v yellow color. Tho pia muter was (Icejily iiijoctcJ in ono case, in wliieli also tborc :iii[)car(Ml to l»u !i ,sli;^]it cfTusioii of Mootl into the ccIIh in a stiiall cir- cuniscriljcd ppaco ; its voiii.s niucli distunJod jiosteriorly in aiiotlior. The cortical siihstaiieo wa.s of a dceji sliailo in Iwu eases, and in none is it men- tioned as being paler than natnral or presenting other alteration. In two cases tho medullary .substance was natnral ; in a third it felt pasty without giving the sensation of softness ; while in a fourth it was soft and pasty, being at the same time dry and of a milk-Mliite color, with few bhuidy p(jints. In a fifth its color was a dirty white, mixed with a faint reddish brown, its consistence natural, witli the exception (jf .slight central softening. Tho same condition was presented by the cerebellum, which was natural in three other eases; its condition not noted iii the lifth. " The above alterations are similar to those found in other acnte diseases, and must be regarded as slight and comparatively unim[)ortaiit, if wo except tho individual in whom there Avas large bloody effusion in the ventricles, etc., and wlio.se case will bo reported further on. "Respirator!/ Apparatus — Pleura. — Old adhesions were found in a few cases, but very limited in extent. In two instances tliere was elfusiuu in each pleural cavity, of about half a pint of a reddish brown or bloody fluid. In l)oth of these cases tho heart was flaccid, its lining mendjrane deep red or reddish brown, and in ono tlie pericardium also ctmtained several ounces of bloody serum. The lungs, on the contrary, in ouu of these cases, were health}, in tho other, very durlc, deeply congested, without hepatiza- tion. It is most likely, then, that the pleural effusion was tlic result rather of an altered condition of tho blood, combined, ]»erhaps, with some softening of the tissue, than upon obstruction to tho pulmonary circulation. That pleural effusion was generally absent or slight in the other cases, I have little doubt, but its absence is not positively noted. "Lungs. — Of the six cases in which these organs are particularly de- scribed, hepatization was found in ono case only, and that at the summit merely of the middle lobe. They were generally more or less supple ami creiiitant, sometimes dark posteriorly ; in one instance yellowish in the uj)per lobes, but deep reddish brown in the lower, in which case also spunous fluid of corresponding color, but most abundant in tho lower lobes, issued from the several parts when si|ueezed. Indeed these organs presented nothing particularly remarkable, except in one instance (Case III), where they were highly cong')sted, their color throughout nearly their whole extent being very dark, almost black, and the tissue but slightly crepitant, though not granu- lated or very easily penetrated. "Tho condition of tho lungs, then, was much tho same as in most other acute diseases, not especially seated in these organs. It is worthy of remark, that in no instance were there any of those luemorrhagic masses frequently occurring in the yellow fever, according to the description given us by 31. Louis, while, in both, he^ atization Avas very rare. ■'Circulatory Organs. — The pericardium contained a . aall quantity of serum in one case, and several ounces of bloody serum in another. \i\ [book II. case, in wliu-'l* also •ills in IV J^iinill cir- y- ill aii(itlH;r. The ill none is it mon- iilteratiuu. In two ; I'flL I'usty witliout ras soft ami pasty, ,li few bloDcly points. 1 reddish brown, its rid softening. The rt-as natural in three otlior acute diseases, ^lortant, if wo except n the ventricles, etc., )n3 -were found in a cs there was etfusiou lish Wown or Uoody , its lining niendjrane also contained several ill one of these cases, :ed, without heputiza- was the result rather js, with some softening iry circulation. That ler cases, I have little IS arc particularly dc- that at the summit ,rc or less supple and yellowisli in the upper jasc also spu' aous fluul wer lobes, is.sued fmn ans presented nothing III), wlierc they were diolc extent being very ,nt, though not grami- rvRT I. IXTERIOIl VATJ,I;Y of north A.MF-llfCA. 827 a same as in most other Itiswortbyof reuuul-, lagic masses frequently •iptiou given us by M. icd a . aall rpantity of n in anotbor. "//.(/ '7. — This organ was flabby in three of the six eases in which it is particularly described, and cdiiibincd with this fiabbyiiL'SS, tlicre was dimin- ished eniL^ivtciice at least iti two cases. In tlit; same three cases its lining membrane was reddish brnwii, deep red, or vioU^t; in two of these the color- ing being decjiest on the right side and in tlio ueighboriiodd of the valves, and extending into the pulnnaiary artery and aorta h\ the other three cases the heart presented iiotliing remarkable; in all, ii.t valves were supple, and in one ca^e of u yelluw color. 'I'lio aorta was of a bright or lemon yellow ill two Ciiies. " In tlie five cases in which the state of the blood is mentioned, this fluid was foui;il ill the cavity (jf the lieavt. In one case there were black coagula mixed with red scrum; in the otliers iibrinous enagula, soft in two, somi-traii-ijiaront and grcenisli in another, and generally small. No large, linn, iibiiiious^cougiiUiin was found in a single iiistanec. Although it is im- possible to say, at present, whether or no blood in remittent fever ])resents any characters which arc altsolutely peculiar, it is perfectly evident that it is the seat of morbid changes M-hich deserve especial kttontioii. " A/i:!"i,iv/i. — A few ounces of a bister-eolored I'iuid were found in the peritoneal cavity in one case; in another a part of the peritoneal coat of the gall bladli.i', and of the neighboring folds of the small intestine were of a rose color, and covered with false membrane. Tlio omentum, and many of the folds of the small intestine, are i.oted in one case as olive-colored, there being no elTusion in the cavity; in another the iiitesiiues were of a dingy ash color, and pasty feel. " Lii-' r. — Enlarged in three cases, and in one of them to a great degree; in the otliers it was of natural or moderate size. The consistence of the organ ajipi ars to have been generally diminished, being flabby, or softened, or both, in four cases, a little soft in a fifth, and moderately firm, but still readily penetrated by the finger, in a sixth ; in the seventh the consistence is not menti med. "The Color was nearly tlie same in every case, but very dilTorent from natural. In most of the cases the liver is described as being of the color of bronze, or a mixture of bronze and olive; in one as a dull lead color exter- nally, internally bronzed with a reddish shade; in another as between a brcvn and an olive, the latter predominating: and finally, as a pale slightly C'.oenisb h ad colur, with a tinge of brown, in one in.stancc. Few things ui'C more uilficult than a description of color. The n.ost correct idea of that before un would perhaps be con\eycd by stating its predominant character, the same in every case, to be a mixture of gray and olive, the natural reddish orown being entirely extinct, or only faintly to be traced. This alteration ixistcd uniformly or nearly so throughout the whole extent of tlie organ, except in a single instauce, where a part of the left lobe was of the natural reddish brown hue. As the alteration of color pervaded both substances, the two were frequently blended together, and the aspect of the cut surface remarkably luiiform, la one case, however, there was a marked distinction of color, tlie olive being predominant in the parenchyma, the brown in the Hii >-■„ !'ii- 828 Tlir, I'lil.NCll'AI, DISMASKS 01' TIIK fnnoK II. ■llv ■- •km.' -■■-:.. '»*=■■ S.''^^ f'- acini. Of tlio four oases in wliidi tlicso diuracters aro nicntioiicJ, tlic cut surrai'L' in doscribcil as sinuuth iu tliici', of a Hli!i;.;roiiioil a|ipiiiran(!i', and runL'li iu the loft lobo. in the fnurtli. Tliin last cliaractcr was (.'vitlently (k'|ieniloiit iipun liy|ii'itri'|iliy nf tlif li;^iiUr eoKircil .snlistancc, wliii'li existed also in aiidtliu'r instanct", hniU vh^vh, however, being exauijdes of a vrry [iro- truetfd form of the difuasi;. " The nature of the lesinn of the liver above de.^cribed, characterized essentially by a peculiar alteratinu of ccdnr, is nut cosily deterndncd. That it is tli(! ri'sult (pf iiillanimafinn will hardly be contended, and even if attended witli congestion (which 1 thiok very doubtful), thi.-j eould not accmunt for it, as congestion is fre(iuently present in other discasea where no such alter- ation of color is obscrvalde, and where, on the contrary, its eltett is to pro- duce a deeper red. H«^nie, perhajis, will look upon it as depci'deiit upon the iidiUration of bile into the tissue of the organ, but still it will at once be perceived that this prcsuppo.scs a jteculiar alteration of the bile and liver, inasmuch as the ap|)earaiiee presented is n k louiid in other diseases, at least so far as I am aware. In saying that this le.^iv!'. '« found in no othi'r disease, 1 wish to be midorstood as excepting those eases of pernicious and other intermittentd, which prove fatal in the early stage, or before giving rise to Wi'U developed cirrhosis, abdonunal efl'usion, etc. Iiulecd, 1 think it highly |)i'ol)able that the same alteration of the liver will be found to exist in iiitcr- nuttcnts w hich thus prove fatal ; an opiiuou coulirnied by the cade last detailed. In speaking, therefore, of thi.-i altorati(jn being peculiar to remittent fever, 1 1 wish to be distinctly understood as not excluding intermittent lever, which, in my opinion, is essentially the same disease. '• The lesion iu (luestioii, then, being peculiar to the disea.se before us, and the only one which is so (all the other leslon.s being common to it and utlior diseases), and at the same time being found, as already observed, in every case, we arc obliged to admit that it eon.stitutes its essential anatomical characteristic, or at least that sucli is the ciiiclusion to be derived IVum tin cases before us. Their number, I am aware, is iusuflicient to establish surli a point cuuclusively, anil it therefore remains for future observers to determiiic whether or no the lesion we have described belongs to the disease unilir all circumstances. That such wiil be found to be the case, I confess, secm.s to mo very probable, wlicn I recollect that the cases wo have been examiniiii;' were distributed over three successive season.s, and originated, not iu a sin- gle locality, but in dillerent and widely separated places, and also that b\ a reference to the description of autliors, it is apparent that a sinular condition of the liver has been fre{{uently observed by tliem, without, however, attract- ing that attention which it seems to me it demands. " Whatever may be the results of future observation in reference to t!ic constant occurrence of tliis lesion, and even if the conclusion to which I have arrived, that it constitutes the essenlkd anatomical characteristic of remittent fever, bo found erroneous, owing to its absence in a certain portion of cases. it is still worthy of attention. It certainly constitute.^ a most peculiar ami important puatomical feature of the disease. Its connection with certain u ;< fmioK It. nuMitiiiiieil, the cut nil iii>iMaranft', anJ •Mlcv was i;viiloiill.v >t;inlo.s .»!' a very I'Vo- crilicil, I'lianu-tfri/.t'il V (loterniiiicd. 'i'liat, "iiiul cvoii it' atti'iuled uuld iM)t acci'uut tor wliorc no sueh alter- ', its ctti'tt is to jivd- s tU«iicrvu'iit u[M.ii tlic 11 it will at tiuco liu (,!' tlit u(l in no otliiT disi'ase, ' jierniciuus ami otlicr Ijot'oi-e j^iviiii,' riso t-j ilecd, 1 think it hi-rhl} found to exist in intov- y tlic case hisL ilclailuil. •ir to remittent I'evci", I tcvniittent lover, whiuli, > disease before us, and (iinnion to it and other ady observed, in every ts essential anatoniienl to be derived IVoni tin. •lent to establish such observers to deteruiii.c to the disease unthr :0 ease, I confess, seem.- rt-c have been exauiiniuL; iti'inated, not in a sili- ca, and also that h\ i tliat a similar condition lUout, however, attraet- .o\\ in reference to the )uelusion to which I have haractcristic of remittent certain portion of caso.>. ies a most peculiar aiul connection with certain lie 11 aec PART I.] INTEIIKJR VAFJ-IY (M XOIITII AMIMIICA. S:20 gyniptoniH duriii;^ the early mid middle period of the disease. Its tendcin y tf» pass into eirrliohis in protracted cnses, mid thus lay the fouiidatimi nf certain cliroiiii- orj^'aiiio alterations, aliduiniiial cll'iision, etc., and thu nsj-i-tam o it mn.st atl'ord in ileteriiiiiiiiifr in fatal cases the diagnosis In twceii reniitteiit and other fevers, nre fullieieiit to convince us of its claims upon our attention. The htrikini; ditrereiuc between it ami the alteration of the liver which belongs to yellow fever is particularly interestiiij.', tspccially as it was found (juiti; as slroiinjy marked in the case wliirh im st iicarly approached to the lattcT disease, as in any of the others. While in remittent the liver is of a dull bronze or between a gray and olive, in yellow fever it is jMile and of various shades of yellow, as .straw-yellow, gnni-yellow, ete. In typh(id fever tin; liver appears to present no other change of color than what sirises from an increase or diminution of the red tint, being sometimes of a darker red. at others paler than natural." After Doctor Stewardsoii, Doctor Power made a number of :nitopsic observations, on the same fever, in tlie D.iliimore Almshouse. He found the spleen, in every case, enlarged and .softened. The liver, was generally. large, soft, and friable; but not inn stati; of congestion. Its color, in dill'cr- ciit cases, was grayish-bronze — slaty-la-onze, and dark slaty-gray. Doctor Swett, has since extended these researches, in the New Yo)k llns- ])ital.^' His cases, five in iiunilier, were from the south and west : but not. in general, as well marked as those of Doctor Stewardson. 'J'lie brain, in most of the sulijects, w;is lualthy, although they had (hjliiinm and coma during life; the heart was cither natural, or flaliliy and ,wett has intimated, that such a change might be looked for, in the organ which se- cretes tho bile. Wc know, that green discharges arc not uncommon, and a bluish fluid is occasionally ejected. Doctor Ilollingsworth, of IMississijipi, has communicated to me a case, in whicli, for many days, the patient con- tinued, to have copious evacuations of that h"e. As ihc febrile action in 'V J* f. h\\ \m [E [dock h. have beoii uimljlo to ntcstiinil canal, esclu- at bad jiroljably t'"i' a syiiipt' '.lis (luring lifo abdi'iuiiinl iiaiu, and T of rtdiol' uitb wbieh least, iiifltiunnatiou in PART I.] INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. S31 ;d, and engorged — in vcn in bis oAvn words, iled, tbe peculiar eon- nied as i\\ci'iiatomlcal J " * * * " Two ; bcrc. 1-lrsl, ^\'liat i^ positive cbangc tbat I ;y, and bronze tint ex- igbt degree of soften- 1 this change of color, deirree, aiub in one of ■fuL All will admit, I evidence of intlanima- ,e of capillary injection ! it was entirely absent. -)r pus, the small quan- symptonis during life, he region of the liver, t an u'lveasonablc con- ed by the a?tiou of tbe :)f this p'jcretion as ob- this appearance of the ularly in other forms of niuUiplied observation, ver, four of which ori- ]\ condition was found, view." which correspond very ust confess that my at- ;he liver, first distinctly )uoh a modification of n-e. Doctor Swett has 11 the organ which sc- c not uncommon, and a esworth, of Mississippi. days, the patient con- As ;hc febrile action in this fever is of a peculiar kind, it is reasonable to suppose, that the orgau charged with forming thu yellow coloring matter of the bile, may produce a tint of a different kind. Thus, the change of complexion, does nut, ne- ces.sarily, reijuire us to infer a structural lesion of the liver. In fact, apart from the altered hue, the liver is, apparently, much less affected than the spleen. Another evidence, that it is not always deeply implicated, is to be found in the fact, that during many remittents, there are daily di.-cliarges of healthy-looking, yellow bile; and, that during convalescence, the organ generally acts very well ; finally, that fewer hepatic, than splenic diseases, follow ou the Fever. The results which have been recounted, show that the spleen is, generally, if not always, involved; aud the mucous membrane of the stomach and liowels very fre(|uently. But the admitted ravages of inflammation, are neither constant nor stri- king; — not sufficient, I think in most instances, to account for the death of the patient ; unless we include among them, all eases of congestion and soft- ening ; which would certainly be gratuitous. Passive hypenumia, is an un- questionable path(jlogical fact; and fever softens every tissue of tlu; body. To the latter type of morbid action, we may refer the soft and flabby state of the heart, not less than of the liver, i^pleen, and mucous membrane of the stomach, and duodenum. In a case communicated to Doctor Stewardson, by Doctor Howland, of lialtimore, the .sjileen did not bear lifting, any better than a clot of drawn Idood bears it ; and many others have observed the same phenomenon; which indicates a tlecomposition of the vascular and fibrous tissues of the organ. Tiie soft and pulpy state of the mucous mem- brane, with but little appearance of liypcr;x;mia, is doubtles.s, of a febrile, rather than phlogistic origin. In a post mortem examination, by Doctor IJarper, which I attended, at the Vicksburg nos])ital, in 1>^ 14, the mucous mem- brane of the stomach, was soft, tender, thickened, and easily detached ; but there was only here and there a spot of hyporivmia. It is worthy of remark, that the duodenum in this case, was sound. We may, on the whole, conclude, that although, more or less inflammation arises, perhaps in every severe and protracted case of this fever, and may often be the cause of death, it is not ncce.'-sary to the ixislvncc of the Fever; which ill many cases proves fatal, independently of the lesions, whicii in others it produces. SECTION V. CONSEQUENCES OF AUTUMNAL FEVER. T. Chronic action ov tiik Cause of Aitv.v ;al Fever. — This seems to be a suitable [dace, in which to in([u:re. whether the cause of autumnal fever can act upon the system, to the production of morbid conditions, other than the Fever itself. There arc cti(dogical agents, as the variidous poison, which either produce no eff'ect, or occasion a full development of the disease; there are others, equally specific, as that uf epidemic chulera, which aflect the .■ Is. t:^i I M m- m-'< ...J •;■.•■. T '■ frli' 832 THE PRI^■CIPAL DISEASES OF THE [book h. system with every grailc of violence, from tlic sliulitcst diarrhoea, to mortal collapse ; tiiially, there are others still, as vicissitudes of weather, ^vhieh pro- duce in one ])crsou catarrh, in a second, tonsilitis, in a third, rheumatism, in a fourth, a lit of dyspepsia. There is, then, no objection, a priori, to the opinion, that the cause of autumnal fever may exert injurious influences of a lower grade, and a diiferent kind, from tliat Fever. Whether such he the fact, can oidy be known by observation. Thiit the agent we arc now considering, can act in a gradual and feeble manner, to the end of slowly developing intermittent maladies of a mild charac- ter, is what I can testify ; and as the consequences of autumnal fever, as found in difl'erciit [larts of the body, we may, I think, conclude, that the .'ut for the full illustration of this subject, a more ample store of facts, than I possess, is recpiired. Over most of the Interior Valley, a ruddy complexion is rare; and often replaced by a slight turbid hue, or a tinge of sallowness. "When standing before the medical classes of Lexington, Louisville, and Cincinnati, com- l)0sed chiefly of young men between twenty and thirty years of age, I have seen very few, with plumj) and rosy cheeks. In general, the malar bones appear prominent, from defective cellular developmeiit of the cheeks. These deliciencies exist in various degrees ; and are greatest among the people in what are called malarial districts. "When we mingle with them, we see con- clusive evidence, that their physiology is not sound, although they vmij re- gard themselves as in health. Those of the wo.-st aspect, have generally experienced one or more attacks of fever, which have left them inlirm ; but others have never suffered from that disease, and yet they are not vigorous. in appearance or reality. They who have constantly breathed the atmos- phere of such localities, and have suifered attacks of fever while young, arc often stunted in their growth, and never reach the port or portraiture of per- fect manhood. IJut liefore we ascribe these effects to an empoisoned at- mosphere, only, we must recollect that heat and moisture generally prevail in such localities ; and grant, that an undelinable portion of the injury should be attributed to them. if wo admit the reality of what has been set forth, and connect with it, a periscope of the Valley, but recently become the abode of civilized man — as yet, in its oldest settled portions, but in the transition state — many parts abounding in swamps — others intersected vith alluvial streams, and almost everywhere overshadowed with forests, we may ])resume, that a national physiol- ogy, with its peculiar infirmities and predispositions, is, or must, necessarily, he the conse([uenco. This, if I mistake not, is actually the case at the present time ; and constitutes a reason, why bloodletting and other active evacuatioDS. are not borne as well, by those who live in low }ialudal districts, as those who inhabit higher and dryer localities. In the former, many diseases, not inhe- rently periodical, di-^phiy more or less of that type; evincing that the con- stitutions of the inhabitants, have been acted upon by the cause of autum- nal fever. •■I .• '^ [dook u. ;t diarrhoea, to mortal )f \Yfatlior, wliioli T'''^- , tliiril, rlieumnti^ni, in ction, a priori, to the iiijiu'ious iiiflucnocrf of Vviicther Kuth he the I a gradual and fcehle hidics of a iiiihl chura?- .itumnal fever, as found ade, that the shjw and ite various diseaser^, or tor the full illustration ossess, is reijuired. xion is rare ; and often rncss. "When standing , and Cincinnati, com- ty years of age, I have -neral, the iiudar bone? ,t of the cheeks. These est among the people in Avith them, we sec con- , although they may re- i aspect, have generally ve left them infirm ; but t they are not vigorous, y breathed tlio atmos- : fever while young, arc n-t or portraiture of pcr- ts to an empoisoned ai- .uisturc generally prevail portion of the injury, •th, and connect with it, bode of civilized ma" — itidii state — many parts ;ial streams, and alinn:-' c, that a national physiol- nr must, necessarily, be the case at the present other active evacuations, al districts, as those who many diseases, not iulie- evincing that the con- by the cause of autum- PART I.] INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 833 11. l)ut we must inquire whether the people in such places are liable to any acVutl diseases, periodical fevers excepted, which may be regarded as the ])rodi!ets of the conditions undrr which they live. Conipiiring the early and the latter frequency of biliary derangements, in the same localities, it seems to me, that with the progress of cultivation, and tl:o density of pojmlation, the present has a decitled advantage over the past ; and a eom[)arison of country and city, leads to the same conclusion. In former times, I have witnessed, more than once, an epidemic jaundice, in autumn, whi'.-h it a])peared natural to refer, to the cause which produced fever, in that season. Dyspepsia has, also, seemed in many cases, to be the offspring of the same agency. Ciironie, or subacute hepatitis, I am almost convinced, has often been generated by the same agencies; and it is an admitted fact, that the sideen may becoino enlarged in these localities, without the previ- ous occurrence of a single paroxysm of fever. Finally, net to press a debatable principle to its utmost limits, T will only add, that neuralgias, and many irritations and oppressions of the brain and nervous system, unattended with ])ain, appear to be insidiously gener- ated by tlie same influence; in illustratiun of which, I may introduce the following statement, made out from memoranda handed me by a gentleman of this city. Mr. N. L., who had, for many years, resided in the eastern part of the city, near the junction of Deer (,"reek with the Ohio lliver, and, conse- quently, in what is called a malarial atmosphere ; became airt'cted with dys- pepsia, from which he had been exempt through the earlier period of life, when that disease generally occurs. His feelings became depressed and irritable, his strength declined, and ho gradually lost much ,)f his flesh. At length, under a full and luitritious diet, and the daily use of wine or brandy, those symptoms were removed; and he recovered his cheerfulness, strength, and flesh. Some time afterward, however, he began occasiunally, to expe- rience, in the night, the premonitory feelings of a paroxysm of dyspepsia, succeeded in the morning, by vertigo, and a momentary loss of conscious- ness, followed by transient perspiration. These fits usually returned several times for a day or two, when a slight diarrhoea would supervene, and termi- nate the attach. After seven ur eight months, it struck him, that the dis- order had been recurring at regular jieriods ; whereupon he determined to record the times of future returns, and soon found the periods t(j be, invari- ably, of thirty days. Becoming familiarized to them, and being a man of talents and observation, he noted, that every jiaroxysm was ushered in by a peculiar vision of the mind, so that, at length, he would exclaim, ' there is the sa;ie strange idea,' but the instant it was g■ lie would invariably lie awuke, but was calm in niiud, and without fever. For nioi'e than two years, he continued to note the recurrences of the fit, and found them constantly on the sixteenth day. During that jicriod, as soon as the paroxysm was gone, he felt well, and his mind was clear and active ; but gradually, it became so enfeebled and gloomy, that he made no further records. After about five years, the fits began to abate in violence ; and to become irregular in recurrence, sumctiines not returning for six weehs. At the present time, when he is sixty-five years of ago, they still recur, but with great mitigation. He is never kept awake through the night, nor docs be any longer lose his consciousness. Ilis health, is otherwise, good, and no impairment of memory or intellect seems to have been produced. III. CoxsEouKNCKS OF Aui'UMXAL FKViin. — Tlic reader will perceive, that a distiiujtiiiu is made between the slowly dcveluped effects of the agent which produces autumnal fever, and the morbid states or conserjiuences which follow it. As an illustrative contrast, I may anticijiate what must be re- peated horeal'ter, and say, that yellow fever, even when not skillfully treated, leaves but few vestiges behind. Death, or sound, even improved, health, is the fate or fortune of the patient. It is far different with the subject of autumnal fever. When combatted with skill, in its early stages, his recov- ery, it is true, may be perfect, and this, in mild remittents, may be the case, if no medical aid be administered ; but no fact is better established, than that many eases are followed by consequences, from which patients slowly recover, or fimilly die. Some of these lesions arc found in the innervation; and manifest themselves as neuralgias in various parts of the body; others exist in the blood, which remains impoverished ; others in the exhalent and absorbent vessels, generating dropsies; others in the stomach and bowels, originating dys[iepsia, diarrhoea, or constipation ; others in the liver, which may remain torpid or inflamed, with an attendant jaundice; lastly, others :" the s[iloen, left inflamed or enlarged and softened. These various secondary and tertiary lesions, must be studied, to complete the pathological and thera- peutic history of the Fever ; arid to tliem we must now give attention, begmning with the mostfrccpeut and formidable — the disorders of the spleen '•i t ^ 11^ '4' i ■' ^\\i IE [book II. 1, and without fever, irvonccs of the fit, and hat period, as soon as clear and active ; but he made no further tc in violence; and to 112 for six weeks. At ev still recur, but with ;hc niglit, nor docs he hcrwiso, good, and no produced, ider will perceive, that elfocts of the agent ur conse([uences which ate what must be re- 11 not skillfully treated, en improved, health, is ;t with the subject of early stages, his recov- tonts, may be the case, ettcr established, than which jiatients slowly lul in the innervation; fts of the body ; others rs in the exhalent and c stomach and bowch-, icrs in the liver, which mdice ; lastly, others ''^ 'hesc various secondary pathological and thcra- st now give attention, ; disorders of the spleen^ PART I.] INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 835 CHAPTER XI. CONSEQUENCES OF AUTUMNAL FEVER. SECTION I. DISEASES OF THE SPLEEN :— GENERAL VIEWS. I. It is, I think, an unquestionable fact, that a vast majority of the people of this country, if not of our race, live and die, without experiencing any dis- ease of tlio organ wo arc now considering. Abuses of tliet, whirh carry a morbid condition into the alimentary canal, liver, kidney-' ],eart, and brain, do not, as far as wo know, often disturb the spleen. Alcoholic potations, which light up inflainniations in the same organ;, and above all in the liver, leave tlie spleen unafleeted. A'icissitudes of temperature, which inllame all the pulmonary tissues, the peritoneum, and the joints, are not known to oc- casion splenitis. All the viscera enumerated, may, moreover, be inflamed, or otherwise diseased, without nccc sarily carrying into this deeply caverncd, and unsocial organ, any recognized, sympathetic disturlnmce. This exemption, from the sinister influence of many external and patliolo- gical causes, may, perhaps, be ascribed, in part at least, to the following causes : 1. The organ is placed more beyond the influence of external agents than any other abdominal viscus, except the pancreas; which, at the same time, it may bo remarked, is still more exempt from disease than the spleen. The spleen is also more secluded from outward influences, than the lungs, heart, and brain. 2. Its tissues are few and simple, consisting chiefly, of arteries, veins, a fdjrous, or celhdo-fil)rous membrane, containing a red jiulpy matter, and an external fibro-serous tunic. Now the simpler the structure of an organ, ccderis paribus, the fewer are its diseases. 3. The few nerves which enter it, upon the vessels, are derived fro.n the system of the great sympathetic, and do not bestow on it nuu-h animal sensi- bility; nor establish between it and the other organs of the body any lively sympathy. 4. Compared with most of the organs, its function is, manifestly, more simple than theirs. "NVliat that function is, we do not know ; but, it is, evi- dently, limited to tho blood; which it is either designed to receive and re- tain, from the other organs in certan. .xcited states of the circnlati(jn, as sug- gested long since by Doctor Kush ; or it works out some change in the constitutiiMi of that fluid, or both ; functions, especially tho former, requi- ring far less complication of structure, than tho oflice of the liver, lungs, or brain. . ( 83(5 tut: principal diseasc^^ of the [book II. , h h mil' r *•' '.•■I,' JI. T sliall not stop to iiKiuiro into tlic relative influence of tliesc difleroiit anatumiciil and pliysiological reasons', for the comparaf' • exenijition of this orjian frimi original disease; but proceed to remark, i.,;.,t wliile tbi.s exeniji- tion is a fact, that must bo aibiiitted, there are three forms of fever, vhieli carry disease into that organ. I say three forms, for all fevers do not. Thus, most or all, of the iihlegmasia\ may run on with extreme violence for many .lays, or, in a subacute grade, fur vceks, without occasioning dis- order fif tlio spleen ; wliile, on the other hand, two (»f the forms of i'cver to whicii I alludo, very ofion, and the thiril, almost eonstai.'tly, aifect it; they are yellow, typhous, and autumnal fever. 1. nissections have shoM'u, that the spleen is sometimes enlarged, and softened in yellow fever, but these lesions are not even so fretjuent as in typhous and autunuial fever. 2. Tiie typhoid fever of the French writers, occasions derangement of the spleen, as one of its most common characteristics. They are not generally known, hovvever, during life, though sufficiently manifest after death. They hove not only been observed in Paris, but in various jiarts of the United States. They consist of ;nlargement and si'ftening. without, in most cases. many of the more common and certain signs of inflan'mation; neither pus being found within, nor coagulating lymph without the organ. The variety of fever, properly denominated tyj)hous, also presents us, in fatal cases, witli lesions of the S[ileen, though less frequently, and strikingly, than the typhoid. It is worthy of remark, tliat yellow and typhous fevers, do not, in cases of recovery, leave behind tlieni, as consequences, either siilenitis or cidargement of the organ; showing tliat they affect it difforentlj' from autumnal fever. I have never yet seen an enlarged spleen, f(dlowing on any form of typhus. There is nothinsr, then, to be said as to the treatment of diseases of the spleen, consequent on these continued fevers. 3. The great source of diseases of tlio spleen, in this country, is well known to be autumnal fever. In the present state of our knowdedge, it would, per- haps, be most proper to content ourselves with tlie knowledge of tliis con- nection, as a fact, and not attempt to speculate n[)on it Nevertheless, it can do no harm to review the suggestions which have been made, if we do not rest any treatment upon a mere hypothesis. a. It lias been conjectured, that autunnial fever commences in the spleen: whence a morbid action spreads itself throughout the organism. But if tlii? were the ease, we ought to lind that organ diseased he/ore any other ; which, as far as wo eau judge by symptoms, is not the case. As remittent fever, moreover, is generally more violent and dangerous than intermittent, tbo signs of disease in the spleen should be more decided in the former than tlio latter; wliicli we all know is precisely tlie reverse of the fact. Finally, tlic manifestations of splenic disease, are often greatest on the decline of the Fever, wiiieh is directly opposed to what should be the case, if the Fever arose from the disease of that organ. b. It has been conjectured, that in these fevers, the spleen becomes invol- ii IE [book II. iico of tlioso ilifl'evoiit • exei)ijitii)ii ol' this .X svliilo tins exeni[i- ireo I'uvms ut' I'uvcr, iiis, fur till fovors ilo with oxtrcnio viilfiicc lioiit occasioning di.-i- tlic forms of fovov to itai'tly, alfcct it; tlicy nctimcs cnltirgeil, and 3vcn so frc(|ucnt as in ns (lorangcmcnt of tlie Ilicy arc not generally ;st after deatli. Tlicy IS parts of the United ^vithout. in most cases, [Ui'nration; neither pus he organ. The variety us, in fatal cases, with ingly. than the typhoid, vers, do not, in cases of ^plenitis or oilargement y from autumnal fever, on any form of typhu.-. ncnt of diseases of the country, is w ell known )wledge, it would, per- knowledgc of this con- it Nevertheless, it c been made, if wo do PART I. INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH A.MLRIC.A. ^Ol on innucncos in the spleen : omanism. But if tins 'fore any other ; which, ', As remittent fever, than intermittent, the in the former than the the fact. Finally, the on the decline of the the case, if the Fever le spleen becomes invol- ved, during the cold stage, from a recess of tlio blood from the exterior parts of the body, and its accinnuhition in the portal circle. Such a de>truetion of the oriuilibrium of the circulation, must bo admitted as a pathological fact ; and that it is a cause of the disorders of that organ, may ])e inferred from another fact, which is, that remittents, in which the cold stage is less violent and protracted than in intermittents, disorder the S[deen much los, than the latter. On the other hand, however, typhoid fcvir injures iho sideen frequently and seriously, although it be a eontimied fever; and. of course, is exempt from those jteriodical revulsions, which characterize intermit- tents ; ar.d hectic fever, attended with protracted diurnal chilliness, contin- ues for a long time, wiihout occasioning disease of the spleen. c. A third hy[iothcsis, is, that malaria, or whatever may be the remote cause of autunnial fever, has a specific tendency to act on the s[»leen : jn.-^t as the remote cause of typhoid fever directs its influence on the glands of I'eyer, and the remote cause of plague, on the ganglia and other organs of the axilla and groin. I tliink it can scarcely be doubted, that this is a reality. For, JirKl. The great frct|uency of splenic disorders in autumnal fever, would seem to prove it. Second. Tlie influence of the sulphate of (piiiiine, in removing some of thcni, looks to the same conclusion. T/uril. In pidudal districts, the spleen sometimes becomes disordered, by the slow or feeble action of some agent, the individual never having had an attack of either intermittent or remittent fever. tl. Tt is well known, that diseases of the spleen, are almost incurable while the individual continues to reside in the locality which generated tiieni; but arc curable, and sometimes spontaneously cease, when he seek,-- a more salubrious residence. On the whole, we may, perhaps, combine two of these hypotheses and say, that the spleen is not only engorged during the cold stage, but that it is the nature of the remote cause of autumnal fever, to determine a morbid influence on that organ, more than any other; and heiico tlic frecpiency uf its disorders in autumnal fever. We must not, 1- juevcr, lose sight (.f the fact, that we are entirely ignorant of the fuuction, which is performed by or ill, the red Jtulpy matter of the spleen ; that we know nothing of the rela- tions which it bears to the blood; nor of the influence of the remote cause upon the blood; and, therefore, that the disorders of the organ may, pos.-i- bly, lie induced through those humoral elements. In persofis of strumous habit, the spleen is apt, like almost every other organ, to become the seat of tubercle: but passing this by, wi- may say, that alniust every case of disease of that viscus, known to us in this country, grows out of autmnnal fever ; and, in what I shall say through the reuuiinder 01 this section, I ]iropose to limit myself to its disorders consequent on that fever, most of which, moreover, connect themselves with the intcnuitteut form. III. Simple intermittents, if protraclcd, scarcely ever fail to disorder the spleen. Such disorder at first shows but few signs of an inflammatory charac- ter, presenting nothing but enlargemeut; but, in the succeeding winter, under il!ljf f i Mm' B-,T'4ii I ■ ■■ VV'i •■ ,'■; . 'i ■■•;■■*' V ' ■<■* ':-»>''' \l.' ','"' *1 i?-^ f ,, ■ ' • .■ _ ■ ' ? : • .:'5|;-; .■ ;-^' ■, l-h-^ ■ ~ '^ ■ ,; .. \ ,' '- •',|:;;; ; -. ■ Ji^t^ ■> i ' '•■C*' . .' ■ ' ■ ;lL' ■"•• ' * • '.:) '■ ' L , , > . 11'-'' J /' X\ i- -I 88S THH rruN'cirAL diskasi's of the [book ir. vieissitmlcs of temperature, inllaniniatidu may bo suporadiled. Of the true nature of tliis simple oulari^eiiiunt, we know nothing very positively; but it must ooiihist, T think, either in an increase of the peculiar pul])y matter of tile organ, with increased (levchipment of the fibrous i-tructure ; or the aeeu- mulatiitivi-ly ; l)Ut it uliar puljiy mtittcr of iictiiro ; or tlio iictu- iiaT, only, slioiikl tlio s of pcnuaiiciit erce- ,l\c two. I once sup- tlio organ, or a s^ccro- iiild 1)1! colored liy tlio Ids conjoeture. this organ suiVcr.s se- vho recover are often iidit liave had but two I die, i.s almost always times almost diffluent ; lannnation. ;ases of splenitis, with lied liy manifest swel- n, bo either serous or ds of lymph ; or fdl it en it in the absence of iiifest itself, during the ir, escaping observati'm IS, may attract our at- fun to convalesce. In t may be developed, its nnent and inflammatif u mmation exists without nsiderable. nieut of splenitis. attack of inflammatory d therefore, a brief re- haracteristic symptoms )ndrimu; tenderness or r below and behind the a sense of oppression ctimes a hiccup — two ing in their practice, by PARTI.] INTERIOR VAI.LKY OF iN'ORTII A-MKIJUA. S;J9 Doctors Ilonry, and Merriman, of Illinois; in violent cases, a pnlii in the left shoulder, of which, Professor Cross* has met with one example; and I have myself seen (wo or three; finull}', more or less fever, acci'rdiiig to the degree of inflaniniation. To (■(unphte the diagnosis, the altseiiee of several symptom,^, must be nnted. The stomach and bowels are much less affected in splenitis, than In hepatitis; tlicre is no exjiectoration, and the respiratory murmur, can be heard over the splenic rcgiiai; but when the organ is enlar- ged, which is almost invariably tlie ease, there is a dull sound under percus- sion ; finally, the patient can lie on the opposite side, much better than in hepatitis. II. 3IoniiiD Anatomy. — splenitis may be either capsular or parenehy- matmis. I know of no distinguishing symptunis ; but, from analogy, we nniy presume, that the former variety is aceonipauied by greater pain and tender- ness, tlian the latter. The effect of the first, is to throw out cnagulable lymjih ; whic.-li more or less invests the organ, producing, by its contraction, deformity and, sometimes, atrojihy of that organ, esamjiles of which I have seen in the Louisville Hospital. The effect of the second, in some cases, is induration of the organ from infiltrations of lympli; in others, softening, or sujipuration. Occasionally, the spleen becomes adherent to the diaphragm ; the inflam- mation may then permeate the latter, and enter the pleura and lungs, which will attach themselves to it above. Thus, splenitis, iliaphragmitis, plciu'isy, and ]incumonia. may finally coexist; and, if the physician should not be called till the last is established, ho miglit pronounce it the only disease. This extension of the inflammation to the diaphragm, explains the produc- tion of cough and hiccup, in splenitis; and afi'ords a beautiful example of the influence of an inflamed smiaee, in exciting its own morbid condition in another surface, with which it i.s in contact. III. Exciting Causes. — The cases of splenitis now under consideration, arc those which follow on autvunnal fever, especially inflammatory intermit- tonts. beginning in the early stages, the inflammation may .survive the cessation of that fever; but in other cases, the organ is only brought into a state of sanguineous engorgement by the Fever, and the inflammation is awakened by an exciting cause. This is generally one of those sudden chan- ges of weather, which are so fre(|ucnt in our middle and higher latitudes, where it is more common than in the South. Being thus awakened, it gen- erally occurs late in autumn, and through the following winter. l>ut violent exercise may start the inflammation, when the organ is in u slate of conges- tion. Lastly, an accidental blow or a fall, on the left side, may bring out the same result. lY. TuEATMENT. — Thc fcvcr which accompanies splenitis, very conmionly displays a remitting type; and this paroxysmal character has often restrained the physician from active antiphlogistic measures, when they were impera- tively demanded. In our warmer climates it may not be admissible, in most * Pathological Anatomy, Second Edition, p. 07 K 'ft ' < .I ^:- .■I r. 4-1 t I !f ll I S40 Tin: riii.NcirAL diheashs or the [book II, li: m' ■■■■■■ %. ♦;'■, . ^■'■''•^;■ ■'. ■■' casos, to uMipluy tliL" lanoct; but, in tlio cold and variablo, vonoscctiDU is iiiilisjiiiisaliU- ; tlio blmd i.s si/y, and much reliot' folluw.s its detraction. A casi! in tlio Co.ninci'cial lbis|iital, of this city, duriii!,' tiic [ircsent winter, rc([iiircd no K'.-s than (our bleciliii,is, al'ter each of which the synijitoniH were mitigated ; and tie s\v(!lli?ig of the organ, whicli was so great aw to cause a buli.ing out of tlic cartihigcs of the rib.s, was, also, diminished by every operation. In inik eases, and e.«jiccially, wlien tlie constitution is iruidi broken down, cupping over and beh)\v tiic ribs, may answer tlie end proposed by the h^ss of blood: after which the counter init;ition of a largo lilister will bo useful. In acute cfises, calomel, in two grain doses, may be given every two h(jurs, for a few days, the bowels having been jiveviour-ly evacuated, or, in its stead, active chologoguc and hydrogogue piu'ging i\iay bo cifected by the conip(jund power of jalap, infusion of senna with sulphate of magnesia, or ]tills, composed of calomel or blue mnss, compound extract of colocynth, and S((uill, in equal jiavts. In the south, however, and. in very paludal local- ities further north, these medicines must be administered wltli some reserve. At a com|)aratively early period, tlic suljihate of ([uinine is demaiuled. At first it sliould be given in couil)inatiou with nitrate of potash or muriate of auiniouia, in tlic proportion of five grains of the former to fifteen of tlic latter; but, as the intliimniation declines ojiiimi, in the (piantity of half a grain or a grain, may be substituted for the latter, under which treatment the swelling and iiiflaniniatioii will, in general, rapidly abate. Hubacute splenitis is often attended with fe^'er, and the local symptoms arc such as to suggest a mild inflammation, kr^uch cases do not rei^uiro tlio lancet, but cupping will always be jiroper. As to the remainder of tlie treatment, it should be a diminutive of that for the acuto form. SECTIOX III. SUPPURATION OF THE SPLEEN. Parenchymatous splenitis frequently terminates in suppuration. A want of acute sensibility, in the interior structure of the organ, prevents a degree of pain sutliciont to alarm either the patient or the physician ; and, in niativ cases, the fever is inconsiderable, and hence the inflammation is left to pur- sue its course. I once supposed hepatic abscesses commoner than splenic; but more extensive inquiries have shown mo the reverse. In my inter- course with physicians, I have collected the following facts : Doctor Flournoy, of Lexington, Jlissnuri, has met with two cases. The pus was discharged into the bowels. In one, when the patient continued in a recumbent posture for sometime, a swelling in the direction of the left hy- pochondi'ium would manifest itself; on pressing which, the flow of pus into the bowels could be heard; and, in a few minutes aft(;rward, there would ho a diapuirge, j/o' anum. of that fluid — the tumor having disappeared. Tl.c ! 'm 1-: [DOOK II. PART I.] INTF.RIOIl VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. S41 .•iublo, vriit'Hcetiou is ■s its (k'tractutii. A th(> jin'sont winter, \i tlio symiili'iiis wcif „ L'voat as t.) cau!ic a tllu.iui^liea by every constitutiun is "lutli jwcr tlic cikI iiv(f osc'd 1 of ii largo blister will s, may lie given every cviuuf-ly cvaeuiitcil, nr, ig may be ciTcctcd by suli.balc of magnesia, 1 cxtrar't of colocyntli, l1, ill very iniUulalloeal- L^red with some reserve, line iri ilemantleil. At of potash or murial*^ uf jrniov to fil'toen of the the nuantity of half a unilur which treatment y abate. I the local symptoms arc ses do not riMiuiro the the remainder of the aeuto form. :ek. 1 suppuration. A waiu organ, prevents a degree ihys-ieian ; and, in many immution is left to piir- ;ommoncr than splenic ; reverse. In my intcr- j facts : ct with two cases. Tlie he patient continued in a direction of the left hy- ■h, the flow of pns into ftcrward, there would he aving disappeared. Tic patient seemed every way convalescent, wlien, from indnluitig in a largo meal of meat; fever and ' colioy paiii.s' supervened, and lie died in two days. A hasty po.st mortem in.';[ieetioii sliowefl, in place of tiic organ, only a small sack ; the aperture from which into tlie bowel, no duubt the colon, was not found. Tlio other case was marked by this peculiarity. A tumor formed; a ili.s- clmrgo of pus took place from the bowels, and the swelling abated; the di.«- cliarge fmrn the bowels cca.sed, tlie swelling ro.se higlie.- than before, ])uinted externally, was opened with a lancet, and several ounces of pus eseaped, after wliii;h recovery to(jk plaee. J'l I tur Twyman, of St. Charles, in the same State, has seen two cases uf splenic suppuration. One occurred in a child, three years old, and the di.s- chargo was into the bowels. In the other case, the abscess pointed exter- nally, and was ojiened behiw the cartilages of tlie ribs — both recovered. The Doctor has been informed of another in the ncisjfliborhood of St. Charles, wliirli terminated in the same nannor with the la.'^t. T'lie following case was givc.i me by Doctor Henry, of Springfield, Illinois. Altliough the subject of it lived in a region where autumnal fever abnunds, he was not known to have liad that disease. He was a robust man, who had been subject, for several year,*, to attacks of what was called colic; when, in the winter of 184"2-o, immediately after one of tl'.em, a painful swelling rose rapidly in the left hypochondrium, for which liis physician bled him once, and purged him. The catliartio operated kindly, but afforded no relief. After a wliih.'. Doctor IF. was called in, and found the left side of tlie abdo- men much cuhirged, and both sides tense and tender. A fluctuation was obscurely perceptible on the splenic side, and the attending physician was treating him for ascites. Ho had a considcrablo degree of dy.^pnrea, a dry hacking cough, and would 'hiccup by the hour.' Ilis stomach had been irri- table, but was not so at that time. Every morning, he iiad a slight chill, for which his physician had administered sulphate of quinine. Ductur 11. did iiot advise any active treatment, but rather to wait and watch the pro- gress of the disease. In a nnjiith, a sudden and cnjiious discharge of jms and blood, came on from the bowels, with subsidence of the swelling ; and a perfect recovery followed. Doctor Boone, now of Chicago, Illinois, saw, at Ilillsboro', in that State, a case of splenic abscess following on intermittent fever, which pointed ex- ternally, was opened, and the patient recovered. Doetor Christian, of Memphis, Tennessee, met with a case, preceded by intermittent fever, in which the organ vas greatly enlarged, and an abscess p'linted in a mammary form, on the left side of the navel. It opened spon- taneously, and discharged, at least, two quarts of pus, after which the patient recovered, I>octor Shanks, of the same city, saw two cases, in which an accidental blow given to the spleen, when enlarged from intermittent fever, brought on suppurative action, with a discharge of pus by, the bowels. Both the pt^ticnts (lied ; but no post mortem inspection was made. 54 i m 'I- * 1 .4 ..,,, yf 842 THF, PRINCIPAL DISRASKS OF THC [book ir. •"MB Pot'tnr Frazior, of tlic ,«niiio ])lac(>, ro]atc(] tlio following: A rivcr-nian, who liiid liccii often !itr<'ctoil witli iiitLTiiiittont fuvcr, HuH'crcd an injiiry of the ankle, wliieh remhTed ani|nitatioiineeCH.sary. Two weeks after tho operation, ho (lieil. On examination of the Ixuly. an alisecs.s of the s|ph'en, without any enhirf these deven caso«, tlio discliar^'e of pus in six, was by the Ixiwels; in tliree externally; in one by both nioch's ; and in one no evacuation ti ok plaec. It deserves remark, that none of tlio abscesses made their way into the stomach, jioritoneal Ciavity, or lungs. It should likewise bo noted, that the discharge of pus was not followed by liectii^ fever; and that all the patients recovered excejjt one, who fell a victim to the iiididgenco of his ajipetite during convalescence: and two, who had sulVcred external injury. Lastly, all the ea-es occurred north of the thirty-lifth degree, and most of tiicu) above the thirty-eighth. Not one case was mentioned to mo south of the f(jrmor jmrallcl of latitude; and hence, we may conclude, that suppuration of the sjilcen is a northern rather than a southern disease; we are also ad- monished, by tho issue of two cases, that those who have enlargement of the organ, ari> in danger from mechanical injuries. Tliu treatment of suppuration of tho spleen, after tho discharge of pus lias commenced, must, of coiu'se, bo restorative, and consist of nutritious diet (all inordinate indulgoncics being avoided) ; the bark, rendered still more necessary than in ordinary suppurations, from tho jieculiar diathesis of the patient; elixir vitriol, in cond)ination with that medicine; tho blue ])ill, as an ajiciient, when one is re({uired; ojiium, especially at night, and flannel next the skin. ■J. S1'.CTI0N IV. EXLARGEMENTS OF THE SPLEEN. T. T5y enlargement of the spleen wo are not to understand the swclliiig which accompanies s[)lcnitis, which may be inconsiderable, especially whcr the inflamniati.in is sercms. Tho enlargement, wh.ich now occupies us, vunj exist independently of inflammation, and certainly does not arise from it. Tho same pathological cause, which produces enlargement, may, also, gener- ate inflammation ; but, in many cases, it docs not ; in all, however, it so pre- disposes to that disease, that slight exciting causes may bring it on. In- flammation is, then, a contingent of cidargenicnt. Now and then it is acute, and may, pcrliaps, prove fatal; but I have not witnessed such a termination. jMorc conmionly, however, it assumes a chronic form, or returns at irregular intervals, in a subacute grade. IT. ]"]nlargemcnts of tho spleen arc spoken of, by some pathologists, as t f , > . '^. j . 'I ■ »l [book II' ^.\nr,; A rivor-nian, \'YvA ail injury '-f tlio nsiirti'rtlu'«iiM'V(ition, the Jil-lc'i'l), Nvitlinut •actiT of tills raso is •us, ul)S(.r1»eil IVoin tin: 10 cold absecs.s of tlic ivas by the bowels ; in ovacuiitltm ti ul< iiliu'C. do thelv way into tlio :iso bo noted, tliat the „l that all the paticijts Igoneo of hi3 appetite tiiMial injnvy. Lastly, roe, and most of tlieiu .od'to me south of the elude, that Mipi'i^'ation isease; wo are also ad- havc enlargement of the jr the discharge of pus ,nd eonsist of uutvltious bavh, rendered still move peculiar diathesis of the lifine; the blue pill, a« lly at niuht, and ilamicl I'AllT l] INTEUIOIl VALLF.Y ()F .NOIMlf AMMIMCA. &4;j Leen. [understand the swelling Iderablc, especially when Ich now occupies us, may \ docs not arise from it. o-cmcnt, may, also, gcncr- iu all, however, it so pro- U may bring it on. Tn- [Now and then it is acute, licssed such a termination. L, or returns at irregular I by some pathologists, as liypertropliics. l>nt tlil.-- is ;i ini.-iapplioutioii ni' the term. 'J'lic ;;iipimiita- tioii of hi/.o, whii-ii eaii ho l)rou;j;lit about, in a few days. In a p:itlinlii^'i('iil cause, cannot, witli projnioly, I»e t alleil an iiurcn.se of growth. A.'< well mi'rlit wo call aiia.sarca, a liyperlrophy of the ecllular nieiiiliraiic. 'J'iio .splocn i!», uudmilttedly, a peculiar variety of cnictili' tissue; ami wlicii it beronu'.s mid- deidy enlarged, wo are Imuiid to regarii tlio material whiili gives it (listeiisiuii as bl'K il. It may bo alledgeil, however, that it is net iiloud, but an inereaso of the peculiar, pulpy matter, which, at all tiiiu'.s, lills tlio nrc( lar .strinturc of the organ; but it seems e mtrary to analogy, that a jtatliLli gleal condi- tion slinuUl augment the pniduet of the healthy lunetion of an i^'gaii. The rapid reduction, in bulk, which recent enlargements of tlio .ipleeii s-'unetimcs undergo, is anolhor argument fur the tln'ory of .'■•iiiple congcstiim aid .stasis. If the contents of the ,'^plenio .sack bo examined, when the organ is in such a ,'tate, we, of course, have a mixture nf black or ."stagnant blood, and the pecu- liar pulp of the organ, with its .^lalplligiaIl cor[iuseu!e.s. I'mler this exces- sive diston.slon and iininer.sion, for sometime, in the same blood, the internal iibrous structure will, of coMrse, hjse much of its cohesiini ; ami the wliolo substance of the organ, when its capsale is penetrated with tlio linger, bo found almost as tender as a coagnlum of IjIocaI; and this, as we have seen, i,s the condition of tlio t)rgau in many who die of autumnal fever. II [. Hut enlargement very commonly romain!» long afti^r t!ie fever, which occasioned it, has been cured. On what then doe.s it depend'.' Douljtles.s, ill some cases, it depend.s on the eoaguhition of the blimd, wlicrcliy its fibrinons p irtion, in detaehe'l or adherent lilanients, is mingled with the more fluid ji'irtions; and, sometimes, ut tlio ru[ituro may be spontaneous, as appears from the following — CVrsr. — A putient of Doctor Cross, in the same town, had intermittent fever for eiglit or ten days, from which he recovered. About a month afterward, ho was attacked with ague, of which he had several relapses. On a certain mornin while walking about, in; vas attacked with a cliill, followed by fever. lie to ':•: a catliartic, and on rising, :luring the hot stage, ho fell down and cxnived. Twenty hours after death, his body was examined. Th.c spleen presented a large circular and ragged aperture ; and was so tender that it could not bear its own weight. About a gallon of blood, taking that whicli had already escaped into t1i(! peritoneum, with what was forced by compres- sion, made the quantity which the organ had contained. V. In its early stagos, enlargement of the spleen may bo detected by dullness of sound, on percussion, over the false ribs of the left side, the res])iratory murmur of tliat region being unaltered. But, that this sign may lead to a false diagnosis, I was lately taught by the subjoined — Case. — I was called into consultation 1)}' Doctor ]>odgo, of this city, on a patient v.lio labored under cerebral inflammation, of which he died. In attempting, by percussion and auscultation, to ascertain whether his disease might not bo eomplieated with pneumonia, we found a manifest dullness over the left hypochondriac region; but tlic respiratory murmur was entirely normal. ^Vc, of course, concluded that, from an attack of autumnal fever at some former period, ho had an cnlargonicnt of the spleen, though not groat enough t) project below the ribs; but to our surprise, on examining the body after death, we found tho left lobe of the liver so liypertropiiieil, that it was jammed against tho spleen, which had its natural size. After the tumor has advanced below tiic cartilages of the ribs, it cannrit bo confounded with any other swelling, except that attendant on suppura- tion of tho kidneys, from whicli it may bo distinguished by the previmis history. The subject of enlarged spleen is, generally, more or less emaciated in his limbs, while his abdomen is tumid. His complexion is wan; yellowish. but less so than in afli'ections of the liver; indistinctly greenish, or cIiI'Tc- tic, dirty leuco-phlegmatic ; or, finally, that of cancerous cachexia. The bi [£ [book n. I, and tlic consequent between Lake 3Iicli- r wliicU lie Imd exiic- rooria, Tllumis. hi ;i conipli'xlMU was of a. lowed a l)luish tinge. cen,wliich1\esm-Yived made a post mortem nt inflammation. Tlie •ts of it were in a i^tatc ;\-cre softer and darker. to tlie peritoneal cavity, fim tbc following — town, liad intermittent Iviut a month uftcrward. relapses. On a certain chill, followed hy fever, stao-o, he fell down and examined. Th.c spleen d was so tender that it jlood, taking that which was forced hj eompres- ,d. n may he detected hy ,s of the left side, the Jnt, that this sign may pnlijoined — >(,dge, of this city, on a of which he died. In tain whether hi.s ai.=ea-e a manifest dullness over ■y mnvmur was entirely ttack of autumnal fever th.e spleen, though not .surprise, on exanuning liver so hypertrophied, s natural size, eves of the rihs, it cammt t attendant on su]ipur;i- guished V)y the provious ore or less emaciated i'.i -xion is wan; yelhiwi^li. nctlv crcenish. or chlom- ancerous cachexia. i-W TART 1.] IxNTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 845 whites of the eyes have not tlio sallowness produced by liver disease. This change of coni[!k;:ion, deserves to be taken into account in our investigations iutu the fvuictions of the .sjjleeu. Is it probable that the organ ei.orts any iu- flueiicu on the heiuatu!?!.-, of the blood V Tluit the blood is in a pathoh^gical condition, cannot, I think, be duubtcd; not only from tlw altered conqilexion of the patient, but from the luemorrliages from the stomach and bowels, to which he is liable. I knew a gentleman with enlarged spleen, whd had two copioii.-i liitnuorrhagcs of thi.s kind; and a nundjcr of our physicians have witnessed the same thinir. As illnstratiiiii; tliis assertion, and showinjx, at the same time, two other interesting facts, I will cite a case s^iven nic by Doctor AVallace, of Akron, Ohio. Case. — A man e.xpcrienced an attack of remittent fever, with relapses, in an intermittent form, and was severely salivated. There followed on this treatment, so great a susceptibility to the action of all mercurial pro|iara- tions. tliat fur years afterward, he could detect the sn'allest quantity, admia- istercd to liiin, by the constitutional irritation, morbid vigilance, and diarrha-a, that would inevitably follow. AVben exposed to a cold and damp atmos- phere, his s[)k'eii would suddenly swell, so as to bulge out below his rilts; and in the course of the following niglit, under the influence of opium, and dia- jthoretics, it would recede, lie was never without tenderness in the splenic region ; but had no drop.sy. He used iodine with some benelit, but, while his health seemed to bo gradually improving, he died, suddenly, of hiemor- rhage from the stomach and bowels. Of tlie influence of enlarged spleen, in favoring relaj)ses in intermittent fever, I have a^-:ady spokf^n. Some patients have observed, that active exer- cise was followed bv a return of the Fever. The connection between this aifection of the sjtleen, and dropsy, will be considered, in anotlier section. In many cas,cs, the appetite of the patient, and his digestion, are very tol- erable ; and ho regards his ague-cale,' as a mere inconvenience. In some instances, however, it becomes a buiden, for it may extend into the right iliac region, and rest upon the brim o.' the pelvis. In general, the enlarged spleen does not leave its position; but, a shoit time since, Doctor IMcjflit. one of the house physicians of the Commercial Hospital, in this city, called my attention to a patient, who some years before had suffered from intermittent fever, in whose abdomen there was a hard, spleniform tumor, three or four times the size of the spleen, which coidd be moved to any part of tlie abdo- men, though it inclined to the left side; and could be nothing else, I think, but that organ in a state of dislocation. yi. TiiE.VTMKNt. — When the symptoms of siilenitis are present, tlie ap- propriate antiphlogistic treatment, must be first employed; under which the enlargement sometimes rapidly diminishes. But the nnijnrity of cases do not thus yield; and tlicn the practice becomes in a great degree empirical, consisting of various therapeutic agents, which we must consider, scritiliin. 1. An occasional vmelic is beneficial. It agitates the affected m-gan, and thus promotes the circulation of its stagnant blood; increases the activity of tlie abiurljeut vessels; determines to the surface of the body; and pre[iare.-j s\ . f •1 r I 84G TIIF, PRINCir.M- DISEASES OF THE fnooK II. -I'l ^ • i'^ B " > -I, Iff J r the stumafli for the reception of otiier niodipiiics. l>iit tlio lo«3 of (IciiHlty ami strciiii'th, ill the capsule ami lihroiis texture of tlie spleen, is sometimes so great, tliat in vomiting, a rnjiture niiglit occur; and, therefcire, emetics should not he ordered, without care and circumspoctidn. 2. Cathnrlia are not liable to that ohjcction; and, those whicli act as hydrogofrues, often prove beneficial. Care nuist be taken m^t tn n-jiroduce the Fever, by continuing their action too long. One of the best is the com- pound powder of jalap with the baric. Another is a pill ('(imposed df one grain of blue mass, one of aloes, two of rhubarb, aiMl a fourth (if a grain of claterium. ^ Free jiurging may be effected with two or tliree of these pills; and a single one will oprrate as an aperient. A\'hen the liver is tmMiii!. and the discharges arc not colored with bile, the claterium sIkiuM be ('Ujitted, and the (piantity of blue mass dimbled. o. Diurclirs are frujuently })rescribed in this affection. They were prob- ably, at first, suggested by tlic dropsy which is often present. I am not certain as to their effects in mv own nractice. but have thought them bene- ficial. The following fonnula is as good as any other: R. Pulverized si[uill, ----- gr. xxiv. Nitrate of ]iotasli, ------ vji. jMix intimately, and divide into twelve pajiers: One to be taken throe times a d:iy. ^\'hen inflannnation is present, this refrigerant diuretic will be peculiarly proper. In an opposite diathesis, or when the tendency to relapse is great, two grains of the sulphate of (juininc should be added to the powder. 4. The I>irl:. combined with an equal quantity of cream of tartar, ha^ often done good. Should this :om])ound purge too much, the pr('p(jrtiun of the latter must bo diminished. But tlic sulphate of quinine has attained a higlier reputation than tlic hark. Tt is peculiarly demanded in recent cases, while the original nu.rbiil diathesis still lingers in the system. "When given in the declining stage of splenitis its effects on the enlargement, are, perhaps, more favor;il)lo tlnin in any other condition. Ami this leads me to say. that when no inflammation is iireson., an occasional bloodletting, if the powers of the system should not bo greatly reduced, will much increase the efficacy of the bark. f(uinii;e. ami otlicr bitters, stimulants, and alterants. JMany ])hys!eians, who practice where malignant intermittents prevail, speak in high terms of quinine, in the splenic eidargements, wliieh are so rapidly giMicrated l)y that Au'in of fever; lint. T have not mot with anv. who had witnessed the instantaneous effects which Piorry declare? no has seen in the hosoitals of I'aris. "When infiannnation still lingers in the organ, the uni(m of nitrate of jiotash with • the quinine, is highly beneficial. Ten grains of the former, ^^ith five grains of the lattiM'. nuiy bo given three or four times in the twenty-four hours. On the other hand, if the exciti^ment be low. it will be ]);oper to sub.sti- tute for the nitre, five grains of Dover's jiowdcr. 5. loi/i/ir, from its [iromoting the absorption of goitrous tumors, has liccn extensively employed for enlargements of the s[deen ; and was ex[)eeted to I: I iin [nooK II. llio loss of donsity atul ;i)lcoii, is sometimes so lorel'oro, emetics bliould (1, those v.iru'li act as :a1ven ui.t in n'pvoducc of the best is tlie cora- i |iill e(!mposcd of one I a fourth of a gviiin of or tln-ee of tliese pills; the liver is torpid, and ium should l.e omitted, tion. They were proh- en present. T am not avo thought them hene- r : cr. xxiv. - si'- One to ho tahoa three fricerant diuretic Avill he II the tendency to rehqisc ;hould he added to the of cream of tartar, has much, the pr<. portion of cr reputation than the while the original morhid in the declining stage of s. more favorahle th:in in lat wlien no intlammation (,f tlio system slmidd m't r the hark, fiuiiiine. and lysii-ians, wlm ]irai;tioe in-h terms of (luinine, in lieratcNl hy that form of iie^sed the instant aneoii.s oitals of Paris. AVhen ■ nitrate of potash \Yitli e former, ^^\ih five grains 1 the twenty-four liours. will he ])roper to suhsti- goitrous tumors, has hccn ,.u; and^Ya3 expected to I'AIIT I.] INTERIOR VALL[:Y OF NORTH A.MKRK \. S4i act on the absorbent .system. It lias, undoubtedly, effecte 1 the (dject for whieli it was adiaiiiistered; but not so constantly as to meet the anticipations under whicli it was at first preseribed. An extemporaneous forniul.i, con- sisting of iodine or its tincture, adniiiiistered in a solution of tlie hydrio- datc of potash, may be readily devised; or the latter may ]:e given alone, in ([uantities varying from lialf a draelim to two drachms in the di.y and niijrht. In the hands of some of our piiy.-ioians, bromine has proved useful ; but I cannot sjieak of it from experience. 0. Ileferring to the imp(jverislied or span;emic condition of the blood, chaliihculcs seem indicated. I have seen good ellects from the pro-carbonate of iron, in combinatiim with tlie bi-tarlrate of potash: ])ut the best prejiara- ratiun, when pro[ierly made and pre.-erved, is the iodide of iron. It may be presumed that the fcrro-cj'anato of ([uinine would be elTicacious, in cases demanding a chalybeate, but I do not kiiow that it has been cm[doyed. 7. Couiilcr irrilalion, with blisters or antimonial ointment, is a common remedy. The former are to be preferred. To be of service, the plaster should be large. 8. Throughout the whole treatment, the patient should bo supported by nutritious diet, and have the excitement and perspiratory function of the skin maintained by stinmlatini: batlis, frictions, and the use of flannel. 1). In many instances it is inij)ossible to reduce the enlargement, while the patient continues in the locality where it originated ; and it has been known to disappear, without remedies, under a change of jdace. Tims, I)(jetor Echols, of ydma, Alabama, went to Lexington for the jirosecution of his studies, while laboring under an enlarged spleen ; and returned, in eighteen luontlis, free fnnn the disease, although he had discontinued all medicines. A' 11. ACTL'AI. r.UACTlCi: OF MANV OK OUIl rilVSICIANS. I wili UOW mcnti(ni the modes of practice pursued by a number of physicians, beginning with the northern : Doctor Conant, of ^raumoo, <_>hlo, treats subacute inflannnatory eases with oil of turpentine, externally and internally. Professor Jjrainard, of Chicago, Illinois, uses the blue nniss. sulphate of quinine, and extract of taraxicum, with blisters. Doctor Henry, of .Springfield, in tlie same State, after tr\ing iodine ointment and mild mercurials, with some success, was led to employ the sulphate of quinine and the blue mass emnbincd; from whieh ho obtained much greater benefits. Doctor Fryo, of I'eoria, in the State just mentioned, uses sulphate of quinine and sulphate of iron comliined, keeping the bowels open with jala[) or the extract of t:iraxicum. Has seen tlie hydrobronuito of ])otash cure twc cases, and do good in a third. Doctor llowland, of Ottawa, in that State, sometinu.'S bleeds once ; bul relies upon the external ISO of iodine, aiul the internal administration of extract of coninm maculu- luni, sulphate of inni, and aloes, conihincd, and given in pills, D(jCtor Thomas, of Doonvilh,'. 31issouri, has used muriate of annnonia with advan- tairo. l^octor Hutchinson, of the same place, has cured the disease with blue jiill and blisters. Doctor Flournoy, of Lexington, often bleeds in the I. i: I ■ P!« I: i'f I .1'. ^*i. ^\( ,r* 848 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE [book ii. Loirimiiiig. tlien gives tlie imiriato of atiinioiiia, Itluc pill, and tartar cuietic, coiiibiiictl, ciiiployiiig external irritants at the same time. Doetur ])igges, nf tlic 8anie tnwii, uses iodine and entaneous irritation. lie lias tried tlic muriate of ammonia only in old cases, wlieu it failed. .l>(K-tor ]>cing, of ^larsliall, in that State, has found the sulphate of quinine lenelieial. Doc- tor I'lice, of Arrow Hock, uses external irritatimi, and administers the hydrindate of potash, with aj)erients, internally. Doctor Cliriatian, of i^leui- jthis, has used small dieses of calomel or blue pill, with tartar emetic, and nmriate of ammonia, followed by tlie bark; but has often louiid a change of locality indispensable to recovery, {doctors Shanks and Frazier, of the same city, have employed scarification and cnjiping, dry cupping, blistering, and the deuto-ioduret of mercury, externally, with bitters and stimulating aperients, internally. Doctor S. ]5. Malonc, of Columbus, Mississipni, blisters, apjilies a plaster of cicutn, and administers calomel and the suljihate of ([uinino. Doctor Searcy, of Tuscalocsa, Alaliama, has found the following compound useful: li. Sidphate of (juinine, - . - - ) ^ Castile soap, ------ ^ Aloes, \ Rhubarb, - . - - ~ - - \ each Zsa. Blue nuiss, -------) 3Iix, and make into pills of the onnnon size — one to be given three times a day. Doctor Cuild, of the same town, bleeds, purges, and then administers quinine. Doctor Haywood, also of the same town, has found the disease to disappear spinitaneously ; but smnelimes uses calomel and tartar emetic in small ddses. Doctors Daney, Parish, and Davis, of Crceiisboro', in the same State, have observed the spontaneous disappearance of the disease; but, occasioinilly, prescribe blisters or tartar emetic ointment, and small doses of calomel. Doctor Echols, of Selma, treats it with cathartics and external liniments. Doctor Fearn. of Mobile, has used, sncc(;ssfully, the blue mass and rhubarb at night, with carbonate of potash and powdered mustard as diuretics, and the sulphate of quinine, with infusion of gentian, as a tonic. yilT, Concluding Remarks. — T find, on examining my notes, tluit in many inetances, the treatment of enlargement of the spleen, was overlooked, in my conversations with medical gentlemen; but quotation.^ enough have been made, to show the state of medical practice among us. in that ailection. On the whole, I am disposed to believe it more inflammator}- and obstinate in the north, tlian tlie south; as well as more frequent, in jiroportion to the number of cases of intermittent fever. In the warmer latitudes, the en- largement seems to partake more of the character of simple congestion, than in the colder climates. It has sometimes been supposed, that a premature use of the bark con- tributed to the production of enlarged spleen. If this ever happened, it was because the lancet had not been ade([uatoly cnqdo}ed before resorting to that medicine; which, from its tonic and stinudating (jv.alitics, may, at the same time that it arrests the paroxysms of fever, contribute to disorder the viscera. M [E [book 11. I'ART I.J LXTERIOll VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. S49 ill, ami tartar ciuotic, inc. Doctor Diggcs, II. He has tried tlic ■J. Doctor Long, of !iinc Lcncliciul. Doc- aiid administers the or Christian, of Mem- ith tartar emetic, and ftcu found a change of id Frazier, (jf the ^ame ijiping, hliwteriiig, and 1 atimulating aperients, stcrp, apiilics a plaster ,0 of (luininc. Doctor ing compound useful : each o'l- each Sss. ;() be given tlirec times 2S, and then administers las found the disease to 1 and tartar emetic in of CJreensboro', in the ^nrnnee of the disease; ntincnt, and small doses cathartics and external essfully, the blue mass powdered mustard as ' irentian, as a tonic, niii"- my notes, that in een, was overlooked, in tion.5 enough have been . ill that affection. Ou atury and obstinate iu t, in proportion to the mer latitudes, tlie en- of simple congestion, re use of the bark con- s ever happened, it was before resorting to that lilies, may, at the same etu disorder the viscera. Sucli an oltjection will not lie against tlie sidpliate of (juininc; and the sooner the Fever is checked, the less h the danger of enlarged spleen; as it is the repetition of the paroxysms, more tluai anything else, which produces that organic derangiment. Nevertheless, venesection, in the hi^'ner latitudes, is of great value, as a prejiarative of the system I'or tlie (piinine; and it is the omission of the l;iuect, which in many cases jiermits a result, that throvrs discredit on the (quinine. I. SECTIOX V. DISEASES OF THE 1-IVER FROM AUTUMNAL FEVER. There is mudi in tlie symptomatology, and pathological anatomy of our autumnal fever, lo raise and perpetuate, in our minds, the idea of a, deep impli(;itioii of the liver; much to justify the epithet ' biliou.-?,' so generally ajiplied to them ; which, indeed, would be a very convenient and ajipro]»riate term, if it could be so used, as not to suggest the idea of their originating, from some ;. unary affection of the liver. All this implies, that the biliary function is, in general, greatly disturbed iu these fevers; which, we have al- ready sliown, both by the pheiujinena during life, and the ap[iearauces after death, to ])c the case. The proper treatment of the morbid conditions of the liver during tlie Fever, has been already pointed out: and we come, now, to iiKjuire into its condition after ihc Fever has been a rested. In doing this, the first fact which meets us is, that in many cases, the functions of the organ are natural and healthy, from the termination of the Fever; the next, that when they are morbid, the liver appears in some eases to lie free from inflannnatioii, iu others to be inflamed. We must study these eonditiuns separately. II. Mkre Fuxction'AT. Lesions. — 1. Torpor, or inactivity of the organ, in its secretory or excretory function, appears, sometimes, to constitute the only morbid condition. I am disposed to believe, that the liver is not, like the kidneys or the lung.>!, an organ which secretes contiiuuuisly, but that its action is essentially intermittent. Its relations are with the stomach and duo- denum, whose functions are periodi<;al ; and the whole may be presumed to work, under the same law of iutermittonce. The universal habit of taking food at itilarrals, and the certainty with which digestion is impaired, by the intro- duction of new aliment, while that previously taken, is undergoing conversion into chyme, denujiistrate, that hunger and the functions of digestion, are essentially periodical. That, while they may be modified by haliit, they are the cause and not the effect of habit. The reason of this, lies quite on the surface. If food were taken continuously, much of it would neccs.sarily pass the pylorus undigested; and not having experienced the action of the stomach, could not be converted into chyle, and would be lost to tlie nour- ishment of the system. The natural ]ierii;dieity of the functions of the stomach being established; a corresponding periodicity, must be admitted in fi:' t : I I.. (Hm y i'l i; r 850 THE PllLNCIPAL J)1o1:A.S1:;s of Till'; [llOOK II. ■Jr.-? tlic functions of tlio (luodt'iiitm. Tlio cliyiDc liuiiip: prepare d, tlio pyldrus cx- piiiids, ami tlio stniiiacli, oliaiigiiie its nnulo of imiscular mi/V( iiifiit, from a gestatiry fn a jioristaltic or (.■ximl-ivo, jmslics tlic aliiiH'iitar} mass into tlio sn])[)leiiH'iil;il oriraii; tlirre to rc'civo an iiiipi'(".Miati(^ii of Lilc ami paiicruatio juice; aft. r \v!;ii!i, tin- (■liiipiaiml is to Ih' transinittod to tl;c small intestines, for alisorptioii into tlio system. iNuw, it would be a pliysiological alisurility, for tlio liver ami pancreas, to pour out contiiii..')US currents of secreted fluid, wlion tlio ends fur wliicli fliey aro fonm il, can only bo aceomplisiied at inter- vals. ] ciiiicludc, tlicii, that tlioso orti'aiis, wlieii tbi- iii(li\idu;il is in health, are stiniulalcd into activity, ]i_y the impress of food in the stoiiKu-ii, tl;i! ex- cited state of wliic'i, invites into the ca-liao artery, more blood than before; v.'heroby m^ro is sent through the liver, liy the lie|iatic artery, and especially by tlio vciia ])orta ; and, thus, it is n.it only roused into action by its nervous associati.iii witli the stomaeh, but by the increased supply ol' blnod. The secretion of bile and pancreatic jnico <^'ces on v.iili activity, under such cir- cumstances: the e.\cret(iry du'-ts become tilled; and, by the time the chyme begins to j.ass the pylorus, the currents of secreted iluid, are jiouring into the duodenum, to mingle with it — secretion, then, giving place tu excretion, to be revived on the next call of the stoinai h. If those physiologieal spec- xdatioiLS be correct, it follows, that while the liver pcrform.s a contiiuuais func- tion of circulation, in transmitting the blood of the vena porta, it executes a periodical function, of se(:retioii and excreticn. Now, an organ whoso I'unetion is pcriddieal. is much more likely to fall into toi'por or inaction, than one whoso function is incessant. Hence the froi[uenc3' of torpidity, or sus[ienued secretion, in the liver, and its eoutinu- anee, in so many instances, alter attacl's of autumnal fever. In this condi- tion, the elements of the bile, which arc developed in the blood, arc not col- lected and coniliiiud in that organ : and one of them, the c(.loriiig matter, manifests itself in the complexion, the urine, and the serum of the blood. In tiiis uiainier. a variety of juiuidice, more or less intense, may arise. ]]utwhen the secretiuii of bil.; is not suspended, the c.rrnt/o/r may be. The biliary ducts may ni t a'l with energy; or duodenal inilammatiou or irritation, during the Fever, may have extended to the ciiiimnn gall duet, and caused a thickening of its mucous membrane, or a spasmodic constriction ; which, remaining, may interrere with the excrcition of the bile. In these pathological condi- tions, the sallowness may be even deeper than in the other; and in all, the stomach, fnin its symjiathy with the liver, and the bowels from the same cause, and also from tlie absence of their natural stinndus, the bile, snou show a variety of functional disturbances, such as anorexia, llatuleiice, acidity, con- stipation, or diarrha-a. As long as these conditions of the liver coniinue. tlio couvalescence of the ]iatient will be slow and unsatisfactory; his muscles of loconiiiiii'ii will be weak; his heart leeble and irritated; his nervous system morbidly sensitive, and his spirits gloomy. All this, I suppose, may exist without the sliiihtc.-t inflamnialory aft'ectiou of the oi^an; but it constitutes a good [iredi.spositiou : and, if allmved to continue, vicissitudes of tempera- ', [hook II. arcd, tliopylt'iiis cx- :ii- miiV( iiiiMit, I'l'i'iu a ('i;l:ir_> nii;ss into tlio i" Lik- iiiul jiinurentic; I till! siiuiU iutestiiios, vt^ioli'Liicul alisurclity, ■ ut.s vX cccviteil iluiil, n;L'(iiiiiili>-'iH'(l ill iiitcr- dlNiiliial is in liualth, tl,o ^^tuiiKu-li, tlit; cx- rt! liliiiiil tiiaii lu't'tive ; arlcTV. a;;il t>i)tcially actidii liy its ik-vvous iipiily of lilontl. Tho tivity, uudcr f-iuli (-iv- y the tiiiK' the cliyiue ihiid. aro i>(mriii<:- into iig jilaco to exfvctioii, so physiiili'.uival s|iec- ■i\is a (.•Diitiiir.diis luiic- ciia pdvta, it exeoiitcs icli more lilu'ly to fall ncCf^Hant, llouec the livi'V, and its rcntiuu- I'uvcr. Ill thi.s oiaidi- 10 bhiiid, arc not col- tho L'(J(jviiip; inatter, uiof tholilood. Ill tills arise. ]>iit wlioii the L'. The biliary ducts irrltathm, duriii,!;' the d caiiSLd a thii-keiiing u ; wliii-h, roiiiainiiig, so i;Kitliolo<;ical eoiuli- (itl'.er; and in all, the io\wls iVtini the same IS, the liile, snou show atuleiieo, acidity, cou- hc liver Cdniiiiue, the ctdry ; his muscles of I ; his nervous system I supposo, may exist ;an: hut it cuiistitutcs issitudes of tempcra- PAIIT !. INTERIOR VALLF.Y OF NORTH .■\:\inn[CA. S51 tiii'o, or some other cause, may, at leiiirth. cxciti' iiiflammatin'i. Jjit lis now direct our attcntini t i the rciii'ival of these I'uuctiuiial disorders. in. TiiK liKMinjiKs. — l>i;fi)rc jircsciiljiiicr for tho patli(>!'igical condi- ti(ii;s, the physician should, by his IviinwlcdLio of dia,L'nosis, ascertain that inflammation docs not exist, when he may pursue tho follewiug mctlied: 1. An a^'tive em'^tic is generally of signal service. Xothiit'.;' amuses the liver t'l renewed secretory action, (jr einuhics its ducts, mnre succc.»sfullv. One of the best is an illusion of the rooi of the s;iii,'ininnria I'andeiisis with ipceae. 'I'artarized aiitimony is too sedative; and, if it be us' d, shouhl be dissdlved in some stimulating draught, as a t.'a of valerian r^rl ; an oi)iato to be uiveii after the uprmtidn. 'J. Au active cathartic should next bo administered. If the patient should labor under diarrlnen, a large dose of caleincl and rhubarb, folhwid by an opiate at night, will be jirojier. If costive, a portion of cah'mel at night, with infusiipii of senna the next morning, or a dose of pills, coiiipesed of equal parts of calomel, gamboge, and ah:cs, should be given: and. after the operation, au anodyne. .". The patient may now be put upon the use, every night, of two or more of the following jiills : K. J)lue mass. ^ Aloes, / each ,3ss. Tpecae, ) Extract of taraxacum, ----- 3iss. Mix, and nndvc into thirty-two pills. 4. In tlio day, as much tincture of rhubarb with 'gentian, as may be neces- sary to secure, with tho pills, two or three alvino cvacualious, shmdd bo administered ; or the pills being suflicient to keep up the action of the bowels; a cold infusion (made by displacement) of tho bark rf the wild cherry tree [Pninua Viri^hua/ui), may be substituted for the timtni'e, which will be especially rorpiired when there i-; strirture of the coniniou gall duct — tho prus■■•,< ■■ ■& .**«:: -sr 852 THE riUNcn'AL diseases of the [book II. fevti" iii;iy, in gonoral, bo soon removed. Let us now turn our attention to tlic iiiilainiiuitory contlltion of the liver. I\'. Si-ii.vcLTi; lIi,i'ATixi,s. — 'J'lie acute inflammation to wliieh tlie liver is liable, during the Fever, may remain in ti subacute form, after that disease has been arrested ; or the organ being, at the close of the Fever, in a state of torpor or engf)rgement. ii.ilammatii^n, under the influenec of exciting causes, may supervene. On the relatidiis between subacute hcjiatitis and the Fever, of which it is a consequence, the foUuwing remarks may be made ; 1. V.'hile, as we have seen, splenitis oftcner follows intermittent than remittent fever, hepatitis is more frcfjucntly the effect of the latter tlian the former. Tt would be erroneous to say, that cither is conlined to a particular form of the Fever; but that each has a closer connection with one tlian the other is, I think, certain. I cannot explain the more freijuent occurrence of hepatitis than splenitis, in remittent fever, except it be, that a gastro-en- teritls is oftener present in the fonner than the latter, and by continuity of mucous membrane, or sympi.lhy, excites he[iatitis. -. Of the relative fre(|uency of these two aifections, as consequences of autiunnal fever, I cannot speak with statistical or numerical accuracy, but believe tliat tlie s])lcen suffers oftcner tlian the liver. Slight degrees of inflammation may pass undetected in the former organ ; but, when seated in the latter, thoy numifest themselves in an obvious manner. Thus, it seems proljable. from the luunber of known cases of s^ilenitis, that if all were dis- covered, the catalogue would much exceed that of hepatitis, from the causes we arc now considering. o. Of the relative prevalence of hepatitis, from the Fever, in the north and the siuitli, I cannot speak pusitively; but in(|uiry has satisfied mc, that there is (juite as much of it in the former as iu the latter, in proportion to the number of fever cases. 4. Hepatitis, I thiidc, is more apt to run into suppxu'ation, in the southern than in the northern portions of the Valley. The number of hepatic suppu- rations, of which I have collected an account, is less tlian the number of splenic abscesses. A large majority of them were south of jMemphis; the reverse of wliat is true in regard to abscesses of the spleen. Of the cases, the mode of tevmination of which 1 have ascertained, five, occurring in the practice of Doctor Drish, of TuscaLiosa, Alabama, discharged themselves through the lungs ; one, a patient of Doctor Shanks, of 31em[)his, opened ex- ternally : anil one, mentioned to me by Doctor Vivian, of Dover, jMissouri, took the direction of the bowels. Doctor Fearn, of Mobile, has bad several cases, the termination of which I did not record. 5. In estimating the influeuoc of autunnial fever in producing hepatitis, we must not forget the effects of alcoholic intemperance, in exciting or predis- posijig to tliat affection ; and thus causing it to occur more frecjueiitly than it would from the Fever alone. C). ^Vhen :it [Memphis, Doctor Shanks took mo to see a river-woman, who, after an attack of intermittent fever, had, at the same time, an enlarged spleen, and a suppurating liver which pointed externally. \ [noDK II. urn our attontiuii tu n to wlik'li llio liver nil, uftor thut diycusc the Fever, iu a sttitc iiiilueiico of extltiiig iLaeute liciiatitis and niiarksuKiy l)o made : ws intenuitteut tlian of the latter tliau the (iiliiied to a jiartieular ion with one than the i frcfjucnt occurrence , be, that a gaiitro-en- aud by continuity of IS, as consoquonecs of luerieal aecuraey, but ■r. flight degrees of ; but, when s-eated in liner. Thus, it seems s, that if all were dis- atltis, from the causes ! Fever, in the north has satisiied mo, that attcr, ill jiroportion to ration, in the southern iber of hepatic suppu- s than the number of jutli of ]Memphis; the cell. Of the eases, the e, occurring in the seharged themselves Memphis, oi)cned cs- II. of Dover, 31issouri, ubile, has bad several iroducing hepatitis, we iu exciting or predis- murc fretiuently than ■c a river-woman, who, me time, an enlarged Iv. li PART !.] INTERKMl VALLEY OF .NORTH AMKllICA. 853 7. Tf honatic ah; labh / . II ncpanc aiLscesscs, as appears jtroiiahle, are more common, in |i portion to the numlior of cases of hepatitis, in tlie snutli tlian in thr imith, it follows that the iiilhimmatinn is oftener parenchymatous in the fnrnicr — membranous in the latter; and this may exjilain the fact, that bilious nj)- pcarancos are rather more conspicuous to the south than the north, while the number of cases of hepatitis is not greater. S. There arc few iiiflammatiDiis mure apt to recur than lie]iatitis, I know a lady in whom the disease followed autumnal fever, while she was !>till a child, that relapsed, at various times, for the next thirty years; several of the attacks being prolonged and violent. IT. The symptoms of subacute or chronic hepatitis, are constipation or diarrh iii> tilt' |)eri.-er (|nantities than iire ennnnonl}- given. Its powers are fcebh;; and le.ss than two drachma, every twenty-fuur hours, will not bo likely to aeeoniidlsh anything'. (). ^VluM\ the disease continues till the sneceeding siinmier, and is aec(jm- panied by constipation of the bowels, !^ul]ilnir-water,s, drank for a few week.*, are often txeecdingly bcnelieial. liut, to [jrove so, the keen appetite which the^- produce, must not bu indulged ; and, by the use of an opiate ut bed time, the sulpliur should, if possible, bo detcnnined to the skin. 7. In every >tage of the disease, the morbid sensibility and irritability of the system, must bo paliated, with gentle nareoties. and anti-sjiasm.dies : which, as far as practicable, should be so combined with diaplioretics, as to act upon the skin. To this end, it is advantageous to conddno Dover's powder, with the cvcinng dose of calomel; but the constitutional irritation often reipiires tlie administration of gentle narcotics, and stimulanl.s in the day, Avhcn a pill of four grains of assaf(otida, and a fourth of a grain of opium, may be administered, at such intervals as seem necessary. Or, in its stead, the following formula may be used : K. k?ulphate of morphine, ------ gr.ii. I'^uljihuric ether, ------- jij. Simple syrup, -------- '^u. Mix. A teaspoonful, diluted with cold water, to b(3 taken at discretion. As all modi -ines of this class, soon lose their effects: and many cases of subacute hepatitis, continue for a longtime; a change of tliu narcoticn- antispasmodie, often becomes necessary; and therefore, I subjoin (he fol- lowing : R. Tincture of valerian, - - - - - - Jii. Ammoniated alcohol, ------ 3ii. Tincture of opium, 5i. Mix. A teaspoonful to bo occasionally administered. "When wo Iriok at the value of +he sulphate of rpiinino. in cl'.rr nic splenitis, we may suppose ihat, it must bo serviceable in chronic hepatitis from autum- nal fever, and as it coincides, in action, with the medicines we are now con- sidering, it is proper to employ it. Condjincd with Dover's jiowder, in the proportion c^f five grains of one to ten of the other, it may be given at night : or it may be administered, now and then, throughout the twenty-four hours. according to the following formula : '4 '. i1 V > iiu-A [ •1 Z [dook II. es, the latter will be rL'd : and, in every 1 to tliu riulit liy^iu- llfc; but to jiro- j tlian arc ctiiiiiininly s, every twenty-lour uuier, and i.s accom- ank for a few weeks, keen appetite wLicU of an opiate at bed be nkin. ty and irritability of nd anti-spasnicdies : li diiiplioretics, as to tu combine J)uver's istitutional irritation id stiniulanls in tlic fourtli of a grain of leccssary. Or, in its - gr-i'- - oij. - 2ii- J^lix- discretion. and many cases of o-c of tbe nareoticn- , I subjoin I lie fol- ! V 5ii. 51. Mis. . in clirouic splenitis, ?patitis from autum- ncs we arc now con- over's powder, in the iy be given at niglit : c twenty-four lionrs, PART I.] INTllUIOll VAIJJIY or XOIITII AMllUICA. fc,53 11. .Sul[)liatc of fpiiniiie, Gi. " morpliine, - - - - . pv 1. Arouiati<' snlplmric aiiil, gt.x. Sul[iinu'ic ether, ^i. Simple syrup, - - ^i. .AHx. A toaspoonful to be given, as occasion may rcnuiro. ■'^. Tn many instances, a cliange of climate becomes iiulispcnsablo. It must always be madn from a wanner tn a colder latitude: cboosing, at tlie same time, a locality but little infested witli autumnal lever. !', 1 do not give a sejiarate con.'^ideratlou tu the diarrluea, v.l.ii'h in S' nic cases follows on autunnial fever, as it is, generally, syinptouuitic of liver dis- ease, and ceases when its pathological cause is removed. SECTION VI. DROrSY. I. TIisToiiv. — Dropsy is another consc({nencc of autunmal fever. In slight cases, the serous inliltration is limited to the lower extremities; but in the graver, extends to llie whole sub-cntaneous cellular tissue, giving uni- versal anasarca. Ascites is less common; and, never occurs, I believe, without cellular inliltration of tlio legs and feet. Ilydrothorax from this cause, is exceedingly rare, ami hydropericardium, still rarer. Dropsy seldom follows «.n remittent fever, except it terminate in the in- termittent form. "When intermittents are cured at an early period, dropsy seldom appears. Chronic eases arc commonly its pathological cause. Some- times, when the anasarca commences, the jiarox^'sms of fever cease to recur: and, after the lapse of a little time, the cii'usion ceases, that which had accu- luulated is absorbed, and the patient is restored. la other cases, b(;th the paroxysms and the iniiltratioii, keep on, until the liiidjs .swell to a great size, and the ascites assumes a lormidable character. In such cases, tbe Fever has been peculiarly obstinate, and of long duration ; or the constitution has been j)reviously broken down by other diseases, or b}' intemperance. A high grade of the lymphatic temperament niay, however, lead tu the same result. Under these sinister circumstances, the disease may prove intractable; and hydrothoras, or even hydropericardium, may, at last, supervene, and prove fatal. Drijpsy from autumnal fever, prevails as extensively as the Fever itself; but -„hether it occurs more frcfjuently to the north or to tlie south, I am unable to say. II. Patiiologv. — A difference of opinion prevails as to the immediate cause of this serous accumulation. 1. One theory is, that the absorbent system is left in a torpid condition by the Fever, in conse(|ucnco of which the serum, which naturally bedews the cellular tissue, and the peritoneal suck, become,? accuniulated ; aud the 1 -sf-i ■ n 8uO Till'; riihNcii'AL 1)1si:asi;s (ir 'nu; [bouk :i. practiet! fMinuloil on this assuniptlnn is gcucnilly sucix'.sHful; a fii(!t wliieli su]ij)(irfH, tliMUL;li it iiiiiy not ustiiMisIi, tlio liypntlicbis. li. Anntlii T tliL'ory, refers it in iiiereasi U seeretii»u. Tliis l;!is lu I'li aji- |ilie(l ti) iisiMtes, ot'teiiei- tliaii to iiiin^aivii; the |ici'itiiiieiim luiVTig iKeii left, it WiiM salil, iii a .stati.' of .subiieute iiiflaiiiuiiitinu. Such a comlilioii of tliat iii(iiilir;;:ie may uiidoubteilly exist niter tlie Fever, and produeo aMMlcs; Imt wc liavu no evidence of tlio fact ; or tliat any de;^rec of inflaiuniatory action, firevailrt in tho eellidar ti^ssuo id' the extivniitie.s. ily ex|ieriinent3 on tlio mine, 1 iiavo found that, soinetinies it is allniniiuons ; ofti-ner is nut. Hut if tliat conditiun should be present, and as Doctor Hlncl;all helievcH, indicate inflannnation, it does not lolluw, thnt it would he in tho jieiitu- ucuni, seeing that both the liver and the ,>;[d('en are more inobuMe seats, .']. Tlio popular oj)inion, both in and out ol" the profession, is, that those dropsies are occasioned by diseases of the sph.'cn; which operate to produeo cfrnslviii, in two modes; c. V,y tin; increased secretion from the inllanied surface, generating ascites; L ]>y tho cnmiiression of the vena jiortic, when the organ is enlarged, obstrui-tiiig tho return of blood from tlu! abdominal viscera, arid thus occasioning cifusion into tlio peritoneal cavity : wliile by compression of the ascending vena cava, it di'ternnnes a state of venous coii- gcstion in the lower extremities, and a conse<(n( nt incnase of scr'Us efi'u- sion. That a subacute inflamnuition lA' the serous covering of the spleen, may cause increased secretion, is undeniable; but in many cases, the extent of that surface is so entirely disproportionate to the amount of dropsic effusion into the cavity of tlin jierltoneum, as greatly to invalidate this hy- pothesis; which, moreover, will not in any degree explain the production of anasarca. ]Jut may not compression of the vena jiort.o be adapted as the pathological cause of ascites V The answer must be in the negative ; for in the lirst place, many cases of ascites occur when tho spleen is not so en- larged as to reach to tlio linea alba; and in the second ph'ce, it is idmcst impossible that ani/ enlargement, however great, or in whatever direction, shoidd exercise a compres;ang power over that vein. ?ti!l less can it be ex- ercised upon the hejcitic veins. IJut in reference to anasarca, tho oi»inion is held, that the eidarged organ, exerts itself on the asceiiding cava. In this case, however, tho ascites is left unexplained. Nevertheless, as tho two forms of dropsy may depend on difTercnt pathological causes, it is proper that S]ilenic enlargement, as a cause of anasarca, should be more carefully considered. I assume, then, that this enlargement is not n nicolianical cause of anasar- ca, and rest tho assumption on tho following facts : a. It seems nearly impossible, tliat enlargement of the spleen should compress the ascending cava; which not only lies to the right side of the vertebra, but is protected by the aorta, the diameter of which, however, it must be admitted, is not equal to that of the cava. And, as tho organ advances across tho abdomen, its convex surface ermtinucs in contact with the anterior walls, and tho stomach and bowch are consequently behind, and interjioscd between, it and the great vein. M [ROUK !I< •sfnl; a f:i : 858 THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF THE [book 11. produce lesions of that oigan, of wliich every physician, in the Valley, must Lave seen examples. c. Wo can perceive how organic disorders of tlic liver may produce dropsy : First. An obstructed circulation through the organ, necessarily leads to a state of venous congestion, in all the portal viscera ; which may be the prox- imate cause of increased serous secretion into the peritoneal sack, and tho production of ascites. Second. When tumefled, the organ, from lyingnoar to and on the same side of the vertebral column witli tho vena cava, may compress it, and thus generate anasarca. d. Beside tlie function of transmitting the blood from the other abdom- inal organs, the liver is charged witli separating fnmi it tlio elements of the bilo, wliich, failing adequately to do, tliey accumulate in that fluid. It ap- pears, moreover, tliat in autumnal fever, there is an extraordinary development of biliary elements ; and that a copious secretion and excretion of biio is, in general, a condition of perfect recovery. Here, then, we have an abundant sourcf of impurity of the blood ; and to this pathological state, wo may, perhaps, in part, ascribe the hydropic effusion. 5. It is well known, tliat in protracted intermittent fever, the sweats, which follow lIio occasional paroxysms, arc generally offensive. Even while I am writing this article, a student, laboring under a relapsing intermittent, with subacute inflammation of tho spleen, but without liver disease or dropsy, assui'es me, that the perspiration whicli follows eveiy return of his chill and fever, is sour and di.sgusting in its odor ; a sufficient evidence of a patho- Ic^iical state of the blood. (). The state of the urinary secretion, in autumnal fever, has not been well studied. We know, however, that tho ((uantity of urine is often deficient; and that, in chronic cases, it frequently throws down sedimouts; another evidence that the blood is unhealthy. 7. To these sources of impurity wc may, perhaps, add one more — the constitutional morbid action of the solids. Wliatever difficulty may now exist, or may forever exist, in comprehending the reciprocal actions and reac- tions of the blood and tlio containing solid tissues, no accurate observer can fail to notice many proofs of their reality. The blood and the solids are, in fact, so united anatomically and physiologically — placed in such relation to each other — that, a priori, it seems quite impossible for one to be in a morliid cond'tion, without affecting the other ; and, hence, in the course of a protracted and relapsing intermittent fever, the blood may become impover- ished in its red corpuscles or fibrin, or be otherwise deteriorated. To the morbid condition of that fluid, generated in so many different ways, we should, no doubt, ascribe the leucophlegmatic, wan, leaden, or 3ailow appearance of those who have lon^ Lad ague and fever ; and wc may, perhaps, refer to the same patliological cause, the copious luemorrhages from the stomach and bowels ; which, as we have already seen, sometimes follow tliat disease, and wliich are, commonly, but not intelligibly, ascribed to enlarged spleen. Of tho tendency to h.-cmorrhage, created by a deteri- orated state of tho blood, we have instructive examples iu scurvy. [jE [book u. in tlio Valley, must may proiluce dropsy : leccssarily leads to a ich may be tlie prox- itoncal sack, and the gan, frcni lyingncar the vena cava, may m the other abdom- it the elements of the in that fluid. It ap- lordinary development jxcrction of bi'io is, in we have an abundant ogical state, tvc may, Bnt fever, the sweats, fensivc. Even while I psing intermittent, with ver disease or dropsy, return of his chill and it evidence of a patho- fcver, has not been well rine is often deficient; wn sediments; another IS, add one more — the ver difficulty may now jrocal actions and reac- ) accurate observer can ood and the solids arc, placed in such relation l)lo for one to be in a ence, in the course of a id may become impover- ctcriuruted. in so many different niatic, wan, leaden, or guc and fever; and we 10 copious lucmorrhages already seen, sometimes ,ot intelligibly, ascribed jc, created by a deteri- lies iu scurvy. PART I. INTERIOR VALLEY OF NORTH AMERICA. 859 Let us now proceed to inquire wlwther we can deduce the dropsy conse- quent on autumnal fever, in whole or in part, from this sanguineous vitiation. b*. In proceeding t, 1. , 1 1 > each 2iv, bruised, lihick mustard seed, ----- f " ' Juniper berries, ------ J Squill, } llust of iron, \ ^ ' Mix and infuse in a gallon of hard cider, for three days, in a covered vessel, and then, immediately after strong agitation, pass the liquid througli a thin strainer, and liotile. The dose is from two to four ounces, four or six times a day. That the undissolved carbonate of iron, may bo taken, the bottle should be agitated before pouring out the dose. I have repeatedly prescribed this compound with the happiest effects ; and it is generally ac- ceptable to the patient, beeause, he regards the ingredients as simp/cs. In general, the diuretic treatment sliould be continued longer than the purgative ; but there are limits beyond which it should not be carried, and the physician ought, at length, to turn his attention to another great func- tion, that of the skin. This may, indeed, have been already d(jne to some extent ; for when Dover's powder was administered at night, and the purg- ing was suspended, some influence was necessarily exerted on the external surface. The restoration of its functions should now, however, become the main object, and, therefore, neither cathartics nor diuretics, should be ad- ministered. In the prosecution of the diajihorctic plan, warm battling, local or general, with frictions and shanipo(jings, should beenqiloyed; and ton grains of Dover's powder, with five of sulph'ite of quinine, given, once or twice every night, with hot infusions of balm, sage, sassafras, thorongliwort, or serpontaria. When, however, the powers of the system are greatly reduced, hot gin, or whisky toddy, sliould be preferred; or one of those stimulants shoidd be added to one of the infusions just mentioned. In the day time, the patient should be kept in bed, or at least witliin doors, otlierwise the perspiration will bo cheeked. IMany years ago, Doctor Allison, who had been Surgeon-Goneral of Wayne's Army, told me, that he had cured a 802 THE PRINCirAL DISEASES OE THE [nooK II. Uh, .»,• ^1 V <; .1* .(;. • ' V' M:'.. female patient of anasarea, following on intermittent fever, by making lier drink hot gin todd}', and dance daily to fatigue, in a warm room. The excitation of the absorlients, has been stated as one of the objects to be acconiplished. Tt may, indeed, be said to be the great end in view. But, it will be perceived, that very little remains to bo .said under this head; for all tliat has been advised, has contributed to fidfill this indication. More- over, of nu'dicines that act specilically on tln^ absorbent system, we know but little. Nevertheless, it seems probable, that digitalis exerts an effect of that kind ; as wc seldom observe diuresis under its administration, except ■when there are dropsical effusions ; which, being absorbed, irritate the kid- neys into increased secretion. There is little doubt, moreover, that iodine exerts an influence on the absorbent system ; and hence, pcrhajjs, in part, the efficacy of the hydriodatc of potash, in the diseases under consideration. But there arc means of a different kind, for promoting absorption — these arc compression and exercise. As a general rule, bandages will accomplish but little, till tlie absorj)tion has cnnnnenced; when they should never be omitted, from both the lind)S and abdiunen, if the disease exist in both. Of the power of exercise over the absorbent system, there can be no dou1)t. ^Vlicn the abdominal distension is great, it cannot be taken, because the diaphragm cannot descend ; and if there be eidargcd spleen, the difficulty will be much increased. But in the treatment of anasarca, the value of active, or sus- tained locomotion, will be decisive. Its effects are not limited to the action of the muscles upon the veins and lymphatics ; but found, likewise, in the increased exhalation from the lungs, from deeper and more frequent inspira- tions, which tend, at once, to the elimination of the absor])ed fluid, as if from tlie skin or kidneys; and to an ini|)roved condition of the impoverished blood. And this brings us to our last indication — the restoration of the flesh and strength of the patient. Tonics, scarcely ever to be omitted, after the absorption of the serum has been effected, may, in many cases, bo advantageously ad-iinistcrcd before. For example, when there is still a strong tendency to the recurrence of the felirile paroxysm, under slight exposure, or at ([uartan, or heptan periods, the bark, alone, or combined with cream of tartar, will contribute to dimin- ish effusion and promote absorption, as well as arrest the recurrence of the Fevei'. And, when the effusion has suddenly become very great, with a fee- ble pulse, and cool or cold, bloodless, and semi-transparent skin, that medi- cine, and the proto-carbonate, proto-tartrate, or proto-sulpliate of iron, arc powerful means of arousing the system into increased absorption and secre- tion ; while they contribute to augment the solid materials of the blood, and thus diiniiii.sh the tendency to the effusion of serum into the cavities. < »f the whole, tlic proto-carbonate ha,s, perhaps, been mostfrcipiontly cmployt'd; and there is much testimony in its favor. The iodide of iron, and the hydru- cyanate of quinine r.ro, also, well adapted to such cases. The absorption of the serum having been effected, some of the medicines, just named, alternated with vegetable bitters, must bo coiiHinued for a con- aiderablo length of time ; great care being taken to keep the secretions, in a ;iR [dook ii. Part i.] INTERIOR VALLEY OK NORTH AMERICA. 8G3 fever, by making licr rami room, as Olio (if tlio objects ;he great ciul in view, naicl under tliis head; bis indication. Morc- bcnt .system, we know ritalis exert.s an cfli'ect aihuinistration, except i)rl)ed, irritate tlic kid- moreover, that iodine ;e, pcrbaps, in part, the iS under consideration, absorption — these arc Tcs will accomplish but liould never be omitted, ixist in both. Of the in be no doubt. ^\ hen because the diaplnagm difiiculty will be much •aluc of active, or sus- ot limited to the acti(m t found, likewise, in the more fre(]nent iiispira- e absorbed fluid, as if ion of the impoverished ) restoration of the flesh •ption of the serum has y ad-iinistored before. 1) the recurrence of the tan, or lieptan periods, ill contribute to diniin- it the recurrence of the very great, with a fec- ;parent skin, that medi- to-sulphalc of iron, arc d absorption and sccrc- erials of the blood, and into the cavities. Of st freipicntly emjiloyed ; i of iron, and the hydro- 's. some of the medicines, be coiftinued for a con- vcep the secretions, in a healthy condition, liy such means as arc least debilitating. If l/icij should fail, the effusions will recommence. At the same time, comi)rossion, frictions, and percussions, should be applied to the limbs ; and kneading with tlie fists to the altdonien, should there be nothing in the state of the liver or spleen to forbid them. The diet of the patient should be mixed and nutritious, but not in excess ; and ho should take as much exercise in the open air as possible ; iiaving the surface of his Itody well protected. SECTION Vil. PERIODICAL NEURALGIA. I. PiiEVAr.ENCE, Seasons, and Subjects. — llelying upon the information received of others, in connection with my own experience, I may say, that neuralgia is decidedly the most freipient of all the cunscqiicnces of autumnal fever. It prevails from north to south — everywhere, indeed, that our j)eri- odical fevers occur; but most, wliu-io interiuittcnts are most prevalent in comparison with runiittents. I)i)ctor Flournoy, of Lexington, Missouri, ia the oidy pliysician wlio has told me, that he had seen it precede the fevers of autumn. Its subjects, then, were probably those who had experienced attacks of the Fever the year before. In general, it follows the annual epidemic; and, therefore, occurs chiefly in winter, and in spring when vernal intermittents prevail. Occasionally, in certain localities, the number of winter cases is so great, as to constitute it a kind of epidemic. Troni June to December, it is Cv^iuparatively rare. It affects adult.s more than eluMren, and men more than women ; at least, this is what I have observed in my own practice. In some cases it becomes so established, as to return with great frcfiuency for years. Such, for a long time, was the condition of the lato President Harrison, who resided in a locality infested with intermittent fever. Many years ago, I knew a IMiiladelpliia niereiiant, who traveled much in the West, and was obliged always to carry with him a (quantity of the bark — the only medicine which afl'orded him relief. II. Skats and Symi'Toms. — The true typo of this painful affection, and, by hr, the most connnon, is known under the popular name of 'suii-p;iin ;' by the profession called periodical hemicrania. Its common seat is the right or left extremity of the forehead; but it often spreads over the entire orbit of the eye. Occasionally it runs back to the occiput, limiting itself to ono side; but now and then it attacks the whole head; raging, however, with greatest intensity in the frontal region, and generally more on one side than other. In some cases the skin of the forehead shows a consideraljle degreo of hyperaJinia; but I never saw evidences of inflammation. AVhen it ex- tends to the orbit, the eye becomes red, there is a copious secretion of tears, and considerable intolerance of light. It commonly shows a distinct (jnoti- dian, intermittent type ; but, in some cases, is tertian; and now aftd then f "•*'•■?»»-, 864 TIIR riUNCIPAL I)ISEAyi:S OF TIIK [book II. '"Jl B>-?' ' 1 .,- Il-^ l^ |Vj' '^ ' ■ >f^ P^^.' V'' ' ' i', -'■' J '4-* jfi , M ■ ■•^' •' ''Xi f ,-. :\ Ci' f > ' f;' i 'i . ' (' U- lii^iit only reiiiittciit. I caiiiKit, say, tlmt tlio pamxysnis arc never u.sliered in with u (listinct eliill ; but ilu nut rectillect its occurreiico in my own practice, nor has it beon mentioned to mo l>y otliers. Altliough the jiaroxysm may recur at any time in tlic twenty-four liours, its Icgitiinato period is the hitter part of tii(^ night or early in the morning; which, with it.s gradual increase during the forenoiion, and its abatement or entire cessation toward night, has pro- cured for it the name of ' siiii-pain.' As it ceases, the redness of the eye, when that organ is involved, diminishes or disapiieurs, and the tolerance of ligiit returns. As to ciiiistitutiiinal symptoms, (he liver, stomach, and bowels, arc much less disturbed than in relapses nf intermittent fever. The pulse is a[)t to bo accelerated during the paroxysm, and, occasionally, there is some develop- ment of heat in the skin; but, in many eases, scarcely a single symptom of fever is jircsent. 1 must now enumerate other parts of the body, in which this affection ha^ been observed, by those witli whom I have conversed; having also witnessed several of them myself. In the north, Doctor Conant has seen it in variims parts of the body; Poetor White saw one ease, in which it occurred about tlie middle of the humerus: Doctors Hakeraiul Kitterage, have seen it in the extremities ; .Doc- tor AVallace. in the teeth and side of the chest; Doctor Dresbach, in the sacrum, coccyx, and lower extremities: In one case it attacked the spermatic cord and testicles, and the paroxysms alternated with otliers in the head, feet, and stouKich. In the west, Doctor Price has fre(|uently seen it attack the stomach — in one instance that organ and the diaphragm, the paroxysms coming on regidarly at midnight ; Doctor iMcCuUough has known it assail the OS (iccipitis, the right side of the chest, and the wrist. To the south. Doctor Christian has had two cases in which it occurred in the splenic, and four in the uterine region; Doctor Kittral has twice seen it in the ear; Doctor AValkly had a case in which, under the influence of electro-magnetism, it shifted to a tooth, then to the external angle of the eye, then to the tem- ple of the opposite side, and then to the arm, when it ceased; Doctor Barnett has seen several cases in which it fell upon the uterus, and, also, upon the tongue; D.ictm- McMurtery has seen it affect the testicle and the liver; Doctor II. ('. Lewis saw a ease in which, after a white swelling of the knee- joint, it attacked the gastroenemii muscles of the same limb, and returned the next autumn i;i the same part. Finally, it is a familiar fact, that the membranes of the jaws, and even the teeth, are often attacked. Thus, I have seen the pain of decayed teeth return at regular, diurnal ])eriods. In addition to tliese citations, which show that various parts of the body are affected, I may add, that nuiny cases of what, from their history, are called chronic rheunnitism, have such diurnal or nocturnal exascerbations as should, ])crhaps, entitle them to a place in the catalogue of neuralgias. Although the aflections we are now studying, very commonly follow at- tacks of autumnal fever, many cases do not. They depend, however, on the same cause ; but occur without the intervention of the Fever. This is proven !•: [door ii- icvor ushered in with ny own practice, nor jiaroxysin may recur iod is the hitter jiart idual increase during ward night, has jiro- rcdnosH of tlio eye, and the tolcranco of id howelH, arc much The jiulsc is apt to licrc is sonic dcveh)p- a single symptom of lidi this alVcction haS laving also wituessed } parts of the hody ; ut the middle of the the extremities ; Doc- •cshach, in the sacrum, ;d the spermatic cord crs in the head, feet, tly seen it attack the ragni, tlie paroxysms has known it assail wist. To the south, ed in the splenic, and seen it in the car; of electro-magnetism, eye, then to the tem- ased ; Doctor Barnctt s, and, also, upon the sticle and the liver; swelling of the knee- e linih, and returned iimiliar fact, that the attacked. Thus, I diurnal jicriods, )us parts of the body ira their history, are •nal cxascerbations as of neuralgias, commonly follow at- pciul, however, on the ever. This is proven r PART 1.] INTERIOR VALLEY OK NORTH AMERICA. 805 by their jircvailing in the same places, having the saino symptoms, and being cured or relieved l)y the same trcntnieiit. In general, the cases which have not been jircceded by fever, arc of the mildest grade. The disc ase we are now consid, ring, doubtless attacks many parts of the body, not highly en- dowed with K(,'iisibility, and disturbs their functions, without giving the acute pain of neuralgia. iSucli cases may be detected by their periodicity, and the absence of the signs of influnimation. i'rofessor Gross, whose popu- ularity as a physictian e(pials his fume iis a surgeon, has, as he informs me, met with such cases, from the country around Louisville; and they have also occurred in my own practice. in. PATiroi.oiiV. — I'eriodical neuralgia, is a pain or aching of the white fibrous tissues; but sometimes of the red; and, jierhaps, also of others. The nervous irritation is not generally, or necessarily, of that kind which invites blood into the part, though such a fluxion may be jiroduced. A true inflammatory action is, however, not set uji; for the irritation cca.ses, and with it the hypcrapiiiia, before the inflammation can be established. When it attacks the fibrous membranes of the cranium, it is sometimes mistaken for aiachnitis ; and I have scon the paroxysms be ;orae progressively worse under an antiphlogistic treatment. Why it is oftener seated in the extremi- ties of the fifth pair of nerves, than any others, I cannot tell ; but we have long known, that ordinary tic douloureux has its chosen scat in the same nerves. The reason that a part which is aflected with periodical neuralgia, does not suflfer organic changes, is to be found, I suppose, in the absence of inflamma- tion, the immec'.atc cause of most lesions of structure. This negative char- acter, taken in connection with its jieriodicity, places the disease among the neuroses, and reveals to us the true character of intermittent fever, as far as the primary impression of the remote cause is concerned. It, also, teaches us why that fever cannot, in general, bo arrested by means which only lower the excitement of the system; and why it readily yields to o|)ium and qui- nine, when the system is brouglit, by depletion, into, a state favorable to their action. T5ut the disease, in both its febrile an I its neuralgic stages, is of a peculiar kind, and, therefore, not every agent which acts powerfully on the nervous system, will arrest it. IV. Tkeatment. — I know of no disease, in the treatment of which our physicians are so unanimous, as of that now bof(yro us. From north to south it is essentially the same. Everywhere the sulphate of (|uiiiine is the popu- lar remedy ; and by nearly all it has been found infallible. 15ut this infal- libility, in many cases, is limited to an arrest of the paroxysms ; which after a while may recur. In fact, this jiainful aS'ection obeys the same laws as protracted and relapsing intermittent fever. Uy some physicians, the fjui- ninc is administered without any preparation of the system ; while others always subject their patients to the operation of emetic and cathartic medi- cines. There are cases which do not, and others which do, re(iuire that preparatory treatment. As a general rule, the longer and oftener, the dis- ease has returned, the less is the necessity for those evacuaiits : and, of the two, emetics arc more beneficial than cathartics. Sometimes, when the qui- WW 'iiSmB^!^ ■W.r ,' ',10 , 8GG THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES, ETC. [book II. / ^^ nine lias failed Lcf'iro, it lias succcoiloJ after, tlio oporation of an active emetic. When tlio attaek is violent, and distinctly niaiked with diurnal, t nocturnal parox} iiis, opium is a valuahli; adjuvant t(t the quiiiinc. Thus, a grain of that medicine, or ten grains of Dover's jxiwdcr, with ten of quinine, may ho administered at bedtime; and another doso of the same kind, be- fore day, in antieipatiou of the paroxysm; which it will generally avert, provided the j)atient continue in bed durinf]f the forenoon. ]>ut in soino cases the proportion of opium may bo doubled. Tlio next night, half tho quantity of those medicines will be suflicient. In obstinate cases of long standing, a method, not so prompt, will bo preferable. Thus, the bark, iu substance, may be administered in drachm doses, throe or four times a day. Or a compound of (piininc, opium, and arsenions acid, as for relapsing in- tormittents, may bo sul)stitnted for it. Doctor Vivian, of Missouri, assured me, that he I'll found the carbon a s-ferri, of much service in some cases of this 1 . V variety of local applications have been made. In my own practit' ;'iey u .e done but little good. Yet a blister to the nape of tho neck, ha^, ,,i;casio- "."v. given immediate relief, the pain being seated in tho face or head. Of uUier applications, over tho affected part. Doctor IJarnott, of iMississippi, and Doctor W. A. Davison, of Missouri, informed me, that that tiiey had scon veratria afford relief; and Doctor Talbot, of the latter State, has employed a saturated, alcoholic tincture of stramonium seeds with advantage. 'S.r i..L.»4 ■k The article Autumnal Fkvku is now brought to a close. It lias ox- tended through many jtages; but a smaller number would not have sufficed, to present, even an outline, of its etiological, and therapeutic history ; through Hi) wide a geographical range, as that of the southern half of our Interior Valley ; in almost every part of which, it is an annual cndomio- cpidemic. Of all our diseases, it is the one, which has the most intimate relations with soil and climate — that, in which, peculiarities, resulting from topographical and atmosjtheric influences, are most likely to appear. Ilonco it was clioseii, to stand next to tho Book of General Etiology; as illustra- ting, better than any other disease, the importance, of the facts which make up that Book. It is, moreover, the great cause of mortality, or infirmity of constitution, especially in the southern portions of the Valley ; and, there- fore, entitled to severe and patient attention. "What I have collected and presented, has ref[uired more labor, than many of our brethren might sup- pose ; and, yet, tlicy will not, perhaps, realize so fully as I do myself, how much must bo added — how many errors corrected — before the i)agca through which they have traveled, can be entitled to universal acceptance. Meanwhile, if what has been written, should stir up a single young physi- cian, to a more diligent observation of the Fever, or save the life of one individual, who might otherwise have become its victim, my labor will uot have been in vain. END OF VOLUME FIRST. [book II. )cr.ition of an activo vkod with diurnal, ' f lio fjuiiiiiic. Thus, a , with ten of ([uiiiino, )f the sanio kind, bc- will gi'nerally avert, cno(in. l)ut ill sonio 3 next night, half tho bstiiiato cases uf long 'rhuH, the hark, in 3 or four times a day. , as for relapsing in- , of Missouri, assured rvice in some cases of n made. In my own ,er to the nape of tho in heing seated in tho part, Doetor IJarnctt, iri, informed me, that Talbot, of the latter stramonium seeds with INDEX. a close. It has cx- ould not have sufficed, . therapeutic history; 13 southern half of our i an annual endemio- has the most intimate iaritios, resulting from ely to appear. Ilenco Etiology; as illustra- f the facts which mako ortality, or infirmity of 10 A'alley ; and, thero- ,t I have collected and ir brethren might sup- y as I do myself, how a — before the jtagcs ) universal acceptance, a single young physi- ir save the life of one :tiui, my labor will uot A. Abiiomi-n in romittent fovcr, 837. Adiroiidiii k ci'iilcr, 15. African Viirii'ty, G!)?. Agricuil 11 ml laiior.s, influcnco on health, GS'l. Akron, 371. Aliihiunri River, IP, .17, 182. Alnoholic beverages, CGci. Alcxaniiria, IGl). Alle;^iKiiiy River, 27.'>. Town, 27 1. Alpine snniiner resiilcnee for invalids, 397. Altitudes, curves of, l!)-2(i. iiitlnoucc on mean temperature, 4(J4. Alton, 1 13. American bottom, 121-137. Amherstbiirfj, .■!.') 1. Amusenieni.i, G'J6. Analysis of soils, silt, and water, 75-70-77, 24:j,2i»:i-:to;j. Anglo of the delta of the Mississi|)pi, 107. Animal food, 054. Animalcnlar hypothi'sis, 723. Animals, distribntion of, G30. Ann Arbor, 357. Annual mean temperatures, 455, 47.3-479. temperature, curve of for the Interior Valley, 530. Anthony, Falls of St., 148. Appalachian Mountains, 7, 28. Appalachicula Bay, and River, 178,181. A(lueous meteors. 5>7. Arctic Kasin, SI, 412, 60G. Ocean, 444. regions, winds of, 570. Area of Interior Valley, 5. Arid south-west wind, 577. Arkansas river, 14, 122, IG3. Arrow rock, 1G;1. Arsenious acid in internilttents, 750-777. Artesian wells, 195. Arts and manufactures ; influeuco on health, G95. Aspects of Interior Valley, G. Atchafalaya, (i'i. Athabasca river, and lake, 8, 442. Atlantic Ocean, 580. » States, G41. Atmospheric pressure, 531. etl'ects of, 55G. Atmospheric and terrestrial meuu temper- atures, compared, 1G9. Attakapas, 79. Augusta, 2.57. Autumnal Fever, lO'.i. Autumn, temperat e of, .)04. A.xes, hydrographical, 9, 449. uiouutain, 13. B. Balizo, 88. topography and scenery, 88. geology, 90. inhabitants, 94. town, 95. inod(!s of living, 9G. diseases, 9G. Barometric observations, 531. at St. Louis, .531. at Cincinnati, 53G. at Hudson, 541. at Toronto, 545. generalizations, 550. extreme annual ranges, 553. monthly ami (iuarti'rly,554. pressure, elllxts of, 55G. Barrens, 237, Barren ground, 414. Bar-room drinking, GG9. Baslu of tho up[)er lakes, 3>^4. tides — daily thictuations — ground swells, 3'-4. annual rise and fall, 385. prolonged rises, 386. temperature, 387. marginal forests, 368. Bathing, G79. :!>Mt-^-M- 868 INDKX. ■r'.ull I ,^'- :' t .1/^ Ifit •VK ' .1 Butoii Roii|rc, 108. IJatture, 1(12. liuyuu Atcluifiilnya, ^2. J{larU,!^l--^.l. I. a Foil relic, (53. IburvillM, Gl. Maiicliac, ()1. i'laqiicininu, 81, 107, Toclie, G2. Bayous around Now OrlouiiH, 91). Ilayou Sura, town of, 110. Heaver and Krio cuiial, 282. Beulou, 2():». Big Beaver river, 12,282. Bijr niack river, 208. Dig Sandy river, 17, 25!). Big Stone lalie, 11). Biloxi l)ay,r>S, Birds, migration of, G33. BitterB as tonics, 741). morning, GGB. Black hills, 171. Black river, N. Y.. 105, Black river, Ohio, 371. Black-elato, valley plain, 307, Black swani]), 3()5. Black Warrior river, 11)1. Blood, detorioiation of 731-732-733, 739, 771,819. Bloodletting, 713, 771. Bloomiiigton, 322. Blue licks 2.")5. mound region, 328. Bluff zone, 204, Bolivar, 212, Booneville, 1G8. Boothia Felix, 445. Braiu, slate of in intermit tent fever, 752, 771. remittent fover, 825. Brazos river, 158. British immigrants, 641. Brownsville, 2G9. Buchanan, 2GG. Buffalo, 380. Burlington, 143. bay, 408. Buttermilk, 058. Bytown, 417. Cahawba river and town, 184. Cahokia, 140. Cairo, 135. Calculated mean temperatures, 467. Calms, 586. Calomel ia intermittents, 777. Calomel in romittentH, S04. Canada, autumnal fever in, 709. West, 3.53. Cunadiaii river, 1 63. Cunalw — Ni'w Orlians, 100. IVniiHylvania, 272. French creek, 281. Conneaut, 282. Ohio and l'>ie, 2S6, 374. Cincinnati and Dayton, 297 Whitewaler, 297. Beaver and Erie, 379. Erie, 403. Uideau, 418. Welland, 390. life upon, 6s8. Canebrake, Alabama, 195. Cane, native, nurthern limits of, 254. Canton, 287. Ca|>o Diamond, 424. Catoche, 32. Caribbean Sea, 5rtl). Carver's Cave, 472. Carondelet, 138. Carroll county, Mississippi, 210. Carrolton, 249. Castalia and Cold Spring, 367. Cathartics in iiitermittoiits. 745, 767. Caucasian variety, 637. Cayuga marshes, 401. Cedar creek dam, 717. Cellars, 681. Centers, hydrographical, 9. mountain, 13. Chagrin river, 376. Chainbly, Canada P/ist, 421. Change of locality in intermittents, 816. climate, effects of 647. food, effects of, 6 18. political, moral, and social con- dition, 648. Chattahoochee river, 181, Chautaiuiuo lake, 277. Cheat mountain, 265-267. river, 264-267. Cherokee country, 231. Chicago, 341. Chickasaw bluffs, 133-134. Chihuahua, 154. Chillicothe,295. Chippewa, .390. Chocolate, 661. Choctaw, Mississippi, 210. Chronic action of the cause of autumnal fever, 841, 833. intermittents, 809. .[ m.: itH, 804. ever iiii 708. ms, 100. niii, '21± rk.'JCJl. 2HtJ. irio, 2SG, 374. luiid l).iytoii,297 LT, 2!»7. J Krio, 37'». ,8. 390. iia, I'Jri. loru liiuiU of, S34. 4. ississippi, 210. spring, 3G7. rmitlciits. 71.'), 7G7. , 637. 101. 717. hical, 9. 13. East, 421. in iiiterrnittents, 816. , cflVcts of G47. fleets of, fi 18. , moral, and social con- n, G48. r,181, 277. :G.J-2G7. :G7. 231. 133-134. ppi, 210. ilie cause of autumnal S4 1,833. nts, 80!). INDEX. 8G9 Cider, fifiO. Cubo, inland of, 4C. Ciiicinnuti, 201). Culinaiy vcjji-talil.'s. Cjfi. moan temporaturo of, 525. artH, G.'itl. harDinutricai observationBat, 530. Culnilna'lii|r lino of the Valldy, 19-23. Claibornw, 184. Cultivated plants, G28. Clarksburtr, 2CG. Cumberland -nountains, 22.'), 228, 232, Clear an.l cloiKly days, 594. 250, 250, G29. Cleveland, 375. river, 233-236. Climate, iLfoneral views of, 447. Cupping in remittents, 700. mean temperature of theyoar, 453. Curative treatment of interniittents, 745. of tlie Interior Valley, 449. Curves of altitude from east to west, 22. Climatic etiology, 447. migration from Kurope, G38. distribution of planti and animals, Cuyahoga basin, river, and falls, 372-5. <;23. native plants, G24. cultivateil plants, 623. •luadrupeds, G31. birds, G33. replili's, 634. tislies, G.'i5. insects, G35. man, G3G. Clothing, G7G. Coal mining, GOl. Coasts of the Mississippi, 84. Coft'ee, 659. Cold, pole of, 1 1.')— 1S4. in iiiterrnittents, 7G8. stage of intermittents, 737. I). Danville, 2.")2. Davenport, 145. Debris of rocks, 26. Decatur, 224. Delta of the Mississippi, GO, 70, 73, 77, 111. Demopolis, 108. l)e|)tli of tile Lower Mississippi, 66. Detroit, 3,55. straits 351. Dew, C06. Dewpoint, 601-tjU9. Diet, 653-657. Diluvium, 27. Diseases,futuro increase and decrease, of,701 Coldest and hottest months compared with Diurnal changes of temperature, 510. mean temperature, 506. Dodgeville, 329. Colorado river, l,j7. Donaldsonville, 106. Color, peculiar of liver in autumnal fo- Dresa of men, 676. vcr, 830. Columbiana county, Ohio, 284. Columbus, (ieorgia, 181. Mississippi, 193. Ohio, 294. Commercial pursuits, 685. Complications of intermittents, 7G5. Concordia bottom, 122. Conewango creek, 277. Configuration of the Valley, 19. Conneaut lake, 282. Consequences of autumnal fever, 831-835. Continental extretnes of climate, 484. aqueduct, 20. Coosa river, 188. Copper mine river, 442. region, 334. Cordilleras, 151, 556. Corsets, 677 Coteau des Prairies, 7, 19, 20, 24. Cotton limit, 215. Covington, 301. Croghansville, 368. women, 677. children, 678. Drift, 27. of Mississippi and St. Lawrence, 430. Dropsy from autumnal fever, 855. Drummond's Island, 349. Duck river, 232. Dundas, 408. Dunnville, 383. Du Poisson's voyage, 112. Dykes at New Orleans, 100. E. Eastern townships, Canada East, 421 . Electricity, atmospheric, 611. Elk river, 226. Elyria, 371. ';- Emetics in simple intermittents, 744. malignant intermittents, 766. remittents, 782. malignant remittents, 801. vernal iiitermittentB, 815. English immigrants, 643. 870 INDEX. 7i^ ' Ml "1 'k !»' ft ^r )i i ,« J Ei>i.lfmlr fever, 18.10-30; 1820,991,30.1; ll^r.t, ;)7(). Erio I.ukc, HaHiii of, 35H. Houtlicrii, 3.')!). nortlierii, ',ibi, town of, 3T{?. Esraniliiii river, r)0. ENi|uiiimiix, lilt], -Hi, C3H. KHttiarion ('uin|iuro(l, 55, I'M, Esluury, Mobile, .'>!. I'nHriifjonJji, 58. Alnliaiim, 18'J, Oiiio, 'JID. Muiunee, 3()1. St. Lawrence, l'2G, Evan<4ville, 308. Evaporatlun, GO3-G0G. Everjjiade.s, 178. Flvii of winds, 586. Exercise, GUG. Fall8ofOIiio,2lfi. St. Anthony, 1 18. Febrile diseases, 703. Fever river, MS. Fever uiitnmnal, 703. variety ami identity 703. gcograpiiiim! liiiiils, 704. at twenty-six niiiilary posts, 706. at Canadian posts, 708. canses of geograpiiical limits, 709. soil, 709. living vegetation, 710. surface water, 710, temperature, 712. assigned remote causes, 710. meteoric hypothesis, 716. malarial hypothosia, 719. vegeto-animal(;ularliypothe8is,723. value of these inquiries, 727. first elVects of remote cause, 728. action on the skin, 728. on the stomach and bowels, 729. lungs, 730. blood, 732. intermittents, 734. remittents, 735. development, and pathological character, 736. cold stage, 737. hot stage, 7.39. local nll'ections, 740. Fever intermittent, 741. simple, 7'42. history, 742. Fever Intermlttpnt, pathology, 742. preparative treutniPiit, 743. curative treatment, 745. ■ul|ihato of (piinine, 74G. vegetiihle bitters, 719. tirseniouH acid, 7.iO. intlirmiiatory, 751. diagnosis and pathology, 751. treatment, 753. recapitulation, 755. malignant, 75G. general history, 750. symptomatology, 758. pathology, 7G1. complications, 7().">. treatment in the paroxysm, 7G5. evacuauls, 7G(J. external sliniulants, 7G7. internal stimulants, 770. means of relieving the internal or- gans, 770. treatment in the intermission, 773. bark and the sulphate of qui- nine, 773; opium, 77G. arsenious acid, 777. piperine, 777. calomel, 777. regimen and relapses, 777. Fever remittent, 779. simple and inflammatory, 779. diagnosis, 779. tendencies and terminations, 780. treatment, 781. first treatment in the west, 782. advantagesand disadvantages of this treatment, 783. treatmentas for gastro-enteritis,784. purging practice, 784. tendency at the present time, 78G. facts r(>lativo to quin lie, 789. modifications of treatment, 793. malignant, 794. diagnosis and pathology, 795. treatment, 799. indications and difficulties, 799, venesection and cupping, 799. external stimulation, 800. emolients, 801. vomiting, 801. purging, 802. calomel, 804. various remedies, 806. sulphate of quinine, 807. cases and remarks, 808. Fever intormitteat, 809. mB4^ INDKX. 871 patliology, 742. Irfiilinciit, 743. atiiioiil, 74j. (luiiiiiie, 74G. ilUTM, 711). ci.l, 7,-.(). ry, 751. 11(1 piUliology, 751. 75:1. 011,755. 75(5. ftory, 7.1(i. olo(;y» '^^• 701. Jim, 7G5. 11 tlic paroxysm, 703. 7t;t>. iimilants,7G7. liiiulaiitH, 770. relifviiig tlio iiitfiriial or- 0. ill the intiTinissioii, 773. \\w sulpliuto of qui- f:»; acid, ( 47. 777. 77. 111(1 relapses. 777. 77!). (1 inflammatory, 779. 77'J. and torminationa, 780. 781. ment in the west, 782. •sanddisadvantagesof this nt, 7c<.3. as for gastro-enteritis,784. ractice, 784. at the present time, 786, ve to quin lie, 789. 011s of treatment, 793. 794. and pathology, 795. , 799. IS and diftlculties, 799. on and cupping, 799. itimulation, 800. imolients, 801. 801. 802. 304. ■emedies, 806. of quinine, 807. remarks, 808. it, 809. Fever intcrmllHntN, chronic cases, 809. relapses, HU. vurniil, 811. deferred attacks, 812. treatment of winter cases, 81 i. vernal cases, 815. rhiingo of locality, HIG. popular empiricism, r^ll, Hulutary ellects of, 1^17. Fever auliiiiiiiul, patholugicul unat. of, ^^^IH, mortality, 81H. condition of the blood, 819. pathological uaatoniy of intermit- to 11 ts, 820. ])atliologi(Ml anatomy of remit- tents, 823. coiiseqiKMices of, 831. First plowings, .'i2o, 357. t'iorenco, 222. Florida, 47, 178; town, 53. Fog, (iOG. Fond (III Lac, 334. Food,chang»i of, G48. solid, 648. Forests, 50, .'i.'), 59, 71, 77,90, 101, 105, 130, 179, 219, G21-G25-G2G-G27. Fort Adams, 124. Armstrong, 145. Urady, 3:«5. Brooke, 19. Clinch, 51. Crawford, 14C. Dearhorn, 342. Gibson, 1G4. (Iratiot, 351. Henry, 413. Jackson, 87. Jpssup, IGl. King, 179. Leavenworth, 172. Livingston, 8G. Maiden, 354. McComb, 181. Mackinac, 34G. Mississaga, 407. Mitchell, 181. Pickering, 134. I'ike, tti. t- lith, 1G4. Smiling, 146. St. Philip, 87. Towt.Mn, IGl. Wacassa, 180. Wayne, 361. White, 180. Winnebago, 339. Fort Wood, P7. U'i Ilium, 3:M. Four Lakes, :»27. i'ox riv«r, 339. Frankfort, 251. Franklin, Missouri, 1G9. I'ennsvlvaiiia, 276. French Creek, 280. Immigrauts, 638. Frost, GOG. naloiia, 145. Callipolis, 291. Ualvi'stou, island and town, 45. (Jauley valley, 2G2. Genealogies, national, 613. Geiioseo river, 394. flats, .395. above the flats, 396. Geograpliical and (reolngical outlines of re- gions east of .Alissisaijipi, and south oi (Jhio, 176. Geological outline, 26. section, 215. Geology of the falls, 247. Georgian bay, 350. (ferman immigrants, 642. Glades, 2G2-2Gt;. Good effect of winds, 5nG. Grand gulf, town of, 127. river, Canada, 383. Ohio, 377. Great Bear Lake, 442. Fish, or Back's river, 442. plains, 173. J!». relapsing, Hll. vernal, 81 I. deferreil, H12. nnaioniy of, 820. <'onse([ueiices of, 834. Introduction, 1. invalids, temporary residence for, 3!iG. sn miner voyages for, ,'147. alpine residence for, .'l!(7. northern summi-r voyage for, 432. voyages up the iVIississi])pi, I ID. upper 'reniiessuo river, 230. Irish immigrants, G 12. Iron mining and Hinelting, C93. IsL-dn Noix, 121. I.^o'tliermal curves, 475. J. Jackson, Miss., 2(l.'l. Jacksonville, Illinois, 321. Jetr 'SOU Barracks, 1,'I8. '•:;>, HH. Jcllersonville, .''OG. Jews, ()4II. .lonrney of health on tho great plains, 174. Juliet, 32G. Junction of Mississippi and ]\Iissouri riv- ers, 112. Jussieua grandillora, purifying influence of, 7U. K. Kankakee river, 326. Kanzas river, 171. Kaskaskia rivi-r, .'120. Kenawha river, 2G1. lower valley of, 2G3, its salines, 2G3, G!)5. Little, 2G4. Kentucky, north oast, 254. river, 24!). effects of dams and locks, 250. Key West, 47. Kingston, Caiuuia, 413. Tennessee, 22C. Kingwood, 2G7. Knoxville, 22G. L. Lab.ador, 25. Lu"hiiie, 411). Lacustrine axis, 443-444. 1 '.;■■ INDEX. S7--5 lo, 7.1-2. ;mi.:itory,751. iriimil, 75(i. iic.H(»!). siiiji, Hll. il, f^ll. •r.'il.Hl'i. ji.iy of, 820. I'qucnoes of, HJW. V r('siclonc(> for, 'M')C>. oyafTi's for, IM7. t>r TeiineHSiiO river, 2'JO. Iil2. ini'lt'.iig, C93. J. \:i ois, 321. 1, 138. on the great plains, 174. ssippi ami Missouri riv- ora, purifying iufluoiice 120. il. ill.^y of, 2C3. •s, 2G3, G'J5. CI. i^i. :■!!). of (lams ami locks, 250. 113. usee, 22G. L. i4>J- 444. I.nfuycltf, 312. Ijaki;.9 of tlir liiliMJor Valley, y, Luko Atliabasc'i, 112. liiU ."^lonc, 20. Ilorgiie, <)l. Ca)Kin(lai;riia, 400. Ciitaiiodla, 122. Cayu^ra, 400. Cliutiiplain, 420. ('hatau(|iio. 277. ('Iietiiiiac.lic.'-', 02. Concordia, 122. Crookofi, 400. V.v'iv, .'(.')."■'. (heal Hear, 412. (iroal Slave, 412. Huron, 343. Lovelace, 122. Maurepas, (il. ,Miei)i{r;ii!, 330. Of the Wo.>il.s,24. Oneida, 40lt. (Juondaga, 403. Ontario, 3S!I. ronleliarlraii; (il. IVovidenco, lii2. Sandy, 331. Seiieea, 400. St. Clair, :t."»l. St. I'.ter, 432. •Superior, 3.33. Traverse, 20. Winnebago, 10. WJan.pc.,', 8, I'J, 130. AVoilaston, i-'. Lancastur, Ohio, 2'JO. Ijawrenceburg, 305. licnionade, fi.j8. Lexington, Ky., 2.53. country uround, 252. Iii'xington, Missouri, 170. laurd's river, 443. Licking rivor, 254. Licking rivor, Ohio, 288. Life upon tho gulf, G86. our rivers, 68G. northern lakes, Gc^S. canals, CS8. of voyageurs, CH'J. of Santa Fc traders, GJl. Liquid diet, (i57. Little Rock, Uil. Living, modes of, G53. Liver in remittent Fever, 827. Iiliuio estacado, (5. Lodgings, (!79. 6() Locidities, eomparixon ol, 207, 1229. Louisville, 24d. AT. .Maekinack, island, town, and fort, 346. residcnco for invalidg, 347. Madison barr.K Uh, 40G. .Madison, Indiana, 30G. Madison, Wisconsin, 32"^. Magnetic dip, and direction, [)oli> of, 145. intensity, pole of, 411. Malarial hypothesis, 71'.). .Malignant intermittent fi'ver, 75fi. remittent fever, 794. Malt licpiors, GC9. Mammoth cave, 2.39. Manhattan, .302. .Marietta, 289. -Marion, loG. Mutanioras, 153. M;iumeo Kiver, 3G0. IJay and estuary, SGI. Canal, 3G2. Maysville, 2.'7. McKenzic'.'? River, 143. Meadville, 281 . Mean annual temperature, 153. general table. 455. calculated tabli', 4G7. by int-uetion, 51 G. St. r.onis tables, 519. Cincinnati tables, 525. of Interior \'alley, 5.3(1. .Mechanical arts, GI)5. Melvilb- island, 445. .Memphis, 133. Mercer, P. 'insylvania, 283. IMeti'oric h_ itotbesis, 71 G. .Methodist, Indian manual labor nciiool, lil. Mexican ba.sin, 28. Miami, Missouri, 170. .Miami Valley, 297. Michigan City, 313. Michigan Lake, 33G. .Microscopic discoveries, 723. Middl.^ Tennessee, 2.32 .Migration from Europ , G39. Milk, G57. Milneburg, 105. Mihvaukie, 340. Mineral Point, 329. Mineral water artificial, G(j7. ilining, coal, G9i. iron, G93. lead, C93. .Minuesota River, 9. 1 lADEX. Miuo"- bays, 57. I'ascugoiila, 58. Biloxi, 5H. St. Louis, 5D. .Mississippi, above tho Delta, 1:J1. Toiisas or Coiiconlia bot- tom, 122. Yazoo bottom, 121). at. Francis bottom, 1^1. American bottom, 137. Upper, 141. sources of, 3.T1. Mississippi River, Delta of, GO-Gl. descriptive liyilrojrrapiiy, CI. rise ami fall of, C4. depth, CU. temperature, 67. susjiendcd and dissolved ma- terials, 7(1. age, growth, composition, 73. vegetation, 77. Jussieua grandillora, 71). rice lands, i^~. marine extremity, 88. passes, G-l. iMissouri River, 166. settlements north of, 172. voyages up, 171. Mobile Bay, 51. citv, 55. Modes of living, 653. .Moisture of climate, 603. rec;ion of the (!ulf, 604. West of Gulf and Missis- sijipi, 601. East of the Mississippi, and north of (Julf, 605. of northern Lakes, 605. Arctic, 606. Monclova, 15 Mongolian variety, 638. Mouongahcla River, 264. lower basin, 26!^. Monroe, Michigan, 350. Monroeville, Ohio, 370. Monterey, 152. Monto Sano, 224. Montezuma marshes, 401. Montnromi'ry, 187. Months, ttfiiiperaturo of, 40G. Montreal island, 418. city. no. to Quebec, 42;(. ]\loral condition, ciiungeof, Gi'. Morning bitters, 668. .Mortality uf autumnal fever. t'lP Mountain, Adirondack, 15, 23, 406, 420. Appalachian, 5, 7, 10, 25, 176, 229, 261, 264, 278, .i27, 450, 475. Cordilleras, 22, 151, 150, 475, 541,582, 621. Cumberland, 225, 227, 231, 234, 62!l. O/ark, 7, 28, 165, 6.iO. Rocky, .'')-6, 13-14, 22, 25, 167, 173,175,436, 442, 451-4.")2, 46!^, 475,-481,484, 515,554, 557, 501, 604, 631-633. Hwcet-water, 6. White and Green, 15, 30, 420. Muscle shoals of Tennessee River, 223. -Muskingum River, 2^4. below Zanesville, 285. above /anesville, 286. pool, 28a. N. Nashville, 234. Natchez, 124. Natchitoches, 161. Navarino, 337. Navy Yard, Pcnsacola, 52. Nebraska River, 14. Negro variety, 637. Nelson's River, 10. Neuralgia, periodical, 865. New Albany, 307. New Madrid, 132. New Orleans, 97. position and plan, 97. lakes and swamps, 08. b.iyous, 9i). dykes, 100. canals, 100 street currents, 100. inundations, 101. forests, 101. fevers of the swatnp, 101 batture, 102. city filth along the riv- er, 102. boats aud shipping, 102. fever on tji? liver side, 103. condition of the city, 103. composition of society, 104. Newport, .301. Niagara Kivor, 391. Fulls, ;)91. town., 407. Nomenclature of fever, 70.3 North AMcrican variety, 63'' k, 15, 23, 406, 420. m, 5, 7, 10, 25, ITO, 2G1, 264, 278, ^27, i75. , 22, 131, ir.3, 47:), . 624. kI, OQ? oo Mi, 231, 29, 165, 6.)0. (i, 13-14, 22, 25, 167, ), 436, 442, 451-452, i,' 481, 484, 515, 554, L, 604, 631-633. tcr, 6. .1 Green, 15, 30, 420. nnessee River, 223. s4. anesville, 285. iinosville, 286. ?'J. N. la, 1, 865. on and plan, !)7. and s\vanii)S, 08. s, ity. , 100. ), 100 currents, 100. ations, 101. ts, 101. 3 of tho swamp, 101 re, 102. fillli along the riv- 102. and wluppin^, 102. on tin liver side, 103. lion of tlio city, 103. osition of society, 104. v,r.703 iriely. 63'" INDEX. ua North-west passage, 445. Nortlicr.s — Los Norles— 582. Norwalk, 370. Norwegians, (i4.'t, 048. Nnecc3 liivcr, 157-158. 0. Oakland collefe,207. Op-densburn^, 415. Oliio I3;tsii), -JAl. I'Liver trough, 21!). gi-ncral views, 2.'>7. remainder of, .'(!(). Okie and Erie Ganul, 286. City, :i7(;. Opelonsas, lUS. Dsi.ge River, 16^!. Oswego liivyr, 10.). town, 105. Ottawa, .325. River, 417. i\ Painer>vilie, 378. r.iirs of nioutiis, temperature, of. 507. Pascagoula 13a;-, 58. River, 201, Pusso (]. rflf. 876 INDEX. i fig ; I..'. I M ? ■K Palina, -l.'ll. •S'nlinf county, Missomi, 170. Salines, Keiuiwhn, ;3GH. Kaiiillo, 1.'2. Suli 1, ;ikinf,r, (;:)!. liiver,;.>l:.». Saiuiusky liasiii, 'M'lt'. City, ."Jilt;. I.owor, H()S. Upper, 31!!). Sandwich, llftl. Sandy lUvor, 2.')8. Suntu iV', ir)r>. trad<>rs, CDl. Santa I!osa, 5(1, .M. Saskutcliawau River, 1 l/JO, -Klit, 111. Sault dcSt. .M'lrie, 'Xi'u Sciionl, manna! labor, Indian, 171. Seas, 8, Seasons, tempiTatiiro of, IS.'), talji'' of, J87. Selkirk's Colony, -l-lO. Sclnia, IH6. Sii-rru Aladre, 1.">1, ir)S. Sliado trues, (js.'i. Sliawneetown, 1)17. ^'iiieltinfr iron and load. (i''.'t. Snioku I'o;^, (iOi^. Sinytlitfeld, :2(i7. Snow, .'):;7. Snowy days, 594. Soeial eondition, H-H. Soil, 7(lit. Sources of tlio IMissisaijjpi, 331. SoiitliriM) Basin, ill-.'U. South Pass. ;2-}. Spaniards, tJ'l(J. Sparta, 2-JU. S[)le('U, diseases >f, 835. fininrjremen'.. of, ill'2. inllaniination of, 8:itf. suppuration of, 810. Splenitis in intemiittents, 7.')I. .Sprinfjfield, .'J'J2. Si)rinfr Hill, :,(i. Statistical physiology, 6.')0. Staliiro of man, G.'>L). Stephenson, 1 l.j. Stillwater, 330. Strength of men, G.")2. St. Catharine, 407. St. Charles, 14:2. St. (JIair Jiako and Strait.s, 3,'>I. St. Croix Lake ami River, 330. St. Francis Bottom and River, 131. St. Franfisville, 110, St. Lawrciirn n^^^'i, 30, .M2. River, from Ontario to Mou- li'"0l i\'t fiom A.'o.itreai 'u (^ue'>ec.4"?3. Kstiiary • f, i~-ii. (ailf nf,4- . KUiiii.H'r resnii, fo, inval- ids, 432. and Missis3i])picompared,430 St. Louis River, 3.'i4. St. .Mary's Straits, 3.34. St. r.-ter's River, 147. Summit level between Southern and North- ern Uasiiis, 10. Superior T^ake, 3.'I3. southern coast, 334. Surface water, 710. Sulphate of (juininu in simple intermit- tents, '4 4G. malignant intcrmittents, 773. simple remittents, 7^(). c.xperienco of many physi- cians, 7S0. maljfrimnt remittents, 807. Sweetwater Alountains, G. River, 22. Synclinal axis of the Valli y, 7, 10. Syracuse, 404. Table drinks, G;)7. Tampa Bay, 40. Tampico, 44. Taos, Valley of, 15G, 'lV.;i, (^:»^. Temperature oi" the interior Valley, 4.')3. mean of llio year, 4,")3. dilliculties ,)t the subject, 453. object to beke|)t in viow, 15.3. Hsccrtained mean tempora- turo, 4.")3. general table of. 455, «lecreaso from increase of latitude, 4G0. decrease from altitude, 4G4. by calculation, 4GG, table of tlij same, 4G7, decrease abovo tlio forty- eighth parallel, 4()7. table of the same, 4GS. furthtr use of the forego- ing tabli's, 4Gt?. atmospheric and terrestrial compared, 4G0. influence of Northern Lakes upon, 473 .M^'^rn INDKX. 877 roin Oiiiario to Mou- jntrUuel>ec,423. : .»f, 'I'iG. ■-'*-■ . , I- rc's'ni, f'l. inval- :!2. -sissippicomiiared.'l^O 11 Southern !\iui Nortli- ):ist, 331. J in Hiinplo iiitiTiiiil- it intcrinitteiitw, "li. inittcnls, 7^l). CO of iniiiiy I'liY'^i- 7y'.>. lit vfiuittciils, HOT. [liiis, G. ,0 Vull. V, 7. 11). Interior Valley, •■iri3. if til') yeiir, -1.');!. Itiosot the sul)ji.'C't,453. to bckopliu view, 133. ii;ied intnui tc-inpora- t;ible. of. 'i^'i. ISO from iunreaso of lude, 4G0. ;i:)o from altitude, 4G4. Iculalioii, 4GG. jf thj s:mii', 4G7. ■a»o abovo llio f>irty- litli paralli'l, 4t)7. of the samo, 4GS. ir use of tho forcgo- tahles, 4G8. spheric and terrestrial nparod, 4li'.>. • nco of Northern LuUes on, 473 Temporatur ', variation .ii (iiflVrent yoar.9, 47:). greateat variation, tahlo of, 474 isothomal curves, 475. Interior Viliey and Atlantic pi in, 47(i. no change from cultivation, 477. Temperature — extremen of cold and heat, 47o. table of tho same, 479. extremes and moans com- pareil, 4~(). intlnenco of moutttaius on tho ranpo of. ''81. Northern Lake.., 4S2. Hudson Bay 492. Polar Sea, 4rt2. relation of tho minima and nrixima to mean heat, W.l. contincuital extremes, 4S4. lesser variations, 4^0. Temperature, mean of tho seasons, 4'^5. table of the .seasons, 485,487. deductions, 4!)1. of tho months, 436. tabular view, 4')G, 40?. summer months, 5IJ0. winter months, 501. HpriufT nionths, 50.'!. full months, 504. diverge nco of tho hottest from tho coldest months, 501. hottest aud coldest compar- ed with, 50(;. pairs of monllis, 507. Temperature, diurnal aud siiddeu varia- tions, 510. regular diurnal changes, 510. occasional sudden changes, 514. Temperature, mean, determined by induc- tion, 51(). of St. Louis, 510, of Cincinnati, 525. curve of tho Interior \'al- ley, 5;30. Tfinsas bottom, 122. Tennessee, middle, 225, 232. comparison between cast and west, 223. Tennessee river, 17, 222. Miiror waters, 230. voyages upon, 2.')0. Teire Hu.ife, 3K}. Texa.i, southern, 157.' Thames, ,')54. Thi.st, (i(il. Tluuiip-.un'.s Island, ii. Thousand Islands, 414. Tluuuli'jing spring, 5b Tbund'T storms, (illJ. Tierras calientes, 151. templailas, 151. fria;, 151. TilFin, 3GS. Tipton Co., Tcnn., 212. Tobacco, (J73. Tombeckbee, 132, 13^). Tonawanda creek, 3'JO. Tornadoes, GIG. Toronto, 4'J'J. Torlugas, 47. 'I'rcatmcnt of simple intermitteuts, 743. preparative, 741). curative, 745. of indammatory intormittents, 75;i. malignant into rmittents,7G5, 773. simple remittents, 781 . malignant remitlonts, 7 93. chronic intermittents, 814. vernal intermUteuts, 815. Trent, valley of, 4I)--41 1. Trois Rivieres, 423. Turn again river, 41!). Tuscaloosa, 100. river, 191. Tuscnmbia, 221). Tygart'.s \-AU'\, 2G5. U. Union Town, 209. Unjigah river, 443. Upper Mississippi, 149. V. Vapor, weiglit and i nsion of, G02. Varieties of population, G37. Variety Caucasian, fi3^. ^'eg|■to■aninlalcular hypothesis, 723. \ ouice, .'1G7. Vera Cruz, 12. Vicdisburg. 12-^. \'idalia, 125. Vincennes, 314. Voyage early up tlio Mississippi, 111. Voyages on Upper Tennes.seo, 2;)0. Voyageurs, 689. its '.i M ' %m\ . ''mm:' 878 v INDFX r'- Wabaali hclow Now Harmony, .115. ri'^riou wost of, .'ilG. Wiiliash river, .'til. W.-irreii, Si7G. Wa.sliiiigton, j\Ii., 12.'». Oliin, 21)1. Wasliit.i, lGi». Water, (iGI. river, u'oll, ami npriiifr, CG2. rlll'cts of, (IC.l. iin[)iir(>, CCG. from Icadi'u iiioi's, (iOG. rain, GG7. Kurfaiu- water, 710. AVoijrlit of men, ()■")'). Wells Artesian, ID.'i. Western Dislriet of Tcnne.s.sei>, 212. Wetumpka, 1S8. Wlieelin;r, 'JGO. White river, 309. Wiiitesbnrpr, 2:25. Wilson Co., Teuii., 2:)5. Wiiiil.M of the interior Valley. 557. introilnelory ol)servations, 557. tabular viowaat our military posts, 5,5i). Winds, tabular views at various civil sta- tions, 5(54. order of, 572. relative prevaleiine, 57.'1. the sonlli east, 571. wontli west, 570. north west, 571), north east, 58."). roduceii to somi-circles, 581. calms, 5.^0. {;ood and evil of our, 58U. Win(ls'>r, 351. Wine, ()GS. Wisconsin river, 330. Woodvillo, 20G. Y. Y.-llnw fever, .Jl-l.')- 10-17- IS, 52, .57-5S, DO, 103, 1(10-107, 110, 12G-127, 12'.), 131, KiU-lG 1,21)1. Yazoo bottom, 12D. river, 130. city, 131. Youi^hiojj;heny river, 207. \V3 at vBrious civil sta- ilcnno, T)?;). St, .'jTI. st, 57(5. St, :>79. 4, 53;t. iini-circloB, 5HI. 1 of our, rjSG. 330. Y. ..i:,_.iG_.i7-.i«, r.2, .'■)7-.^s, 7,110,l^G-l-J7,J2'J, i:il, 1). cr, 207.