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Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mAthode. 1 2 3 4 5 6 WE El • r.SHl S;'-' L( • »: ■ ■ ■- . . ,,(M>', BY o-jSli^ss -A.s:pr)iisr, cr.i^. PRICE SIXPENCE. SHEB'FIELb: JAMES S. GAKRARD, QUEEN STREET. LONPON AND MANCHESTER: JOHN HEYWOGD. .And all Booksqliebs. M.\f ■-,,,; ' 1883. ,;•,.,.. : 'sw^'. ;^^'^ 1 r ^■■-:^) ^■%^r V 1 , > .' ' ;?:i""3 'I" ■ v.;.:" . ■:) 'V.!'')^ v<.v^:-ri' ■J" ./. ., r\ ^%'J .T .%■ . rir r.V.,,,ft ?•( „fr_ MMiMdiM '.'\£ ,! -«'. :r ^^ .1 i Jf. 1.-, ir.4M'^ijCnEFACF. countries the axiom that " he who will not work must starve " is believed in implicitly and acted on invariably. As a matter of fact, so many colonics have been from time to time represented as El Dumdos, where wealth, together with case and dignity, arc to be had without work, that many have been deceived by the exag- gerated statements of Emigration Agents or Land Owners, and come back more soured and disappointed than they were before. _ The writer of the following pages, having piissed through all the vicissi- tudes of the sweets, bitters, and successes of a pioneer's life, has experienced Assumin the want of a reliable guide and luind-book of information, such as ho ni(„np,i;,,- now offers to the public. The reader may rely upon the accuracy of the detennin statements made. Nothing has been extenuated, or aught set down in ^jj^ ^^jjj malice. Prospective emigrants, when they have read this work, will be in shallo forewarned against the difficulties they will have to encounter, and they ^lll^" ';« need not take a leap in the dark or at hap-hazard. most of either fr The writer has aimed at terseness rather than literary excellence, and physical brevity is essential in order to condense the information into the limits of ^'^"V*"* •^ . . hrst few a small pamphlet. There is no lack of voluminous works on emigration, the enii}' ])ubllshed by Land and Emigral' :i Agents, of the various Foreign and Colonial Governments. It is no part of the writer's object to go over ground that has been traversed by otliors, but to give such information as may smooth the way to newly arrived settlers in a strange country, and he ventures to hope that his efforts will be appreciated. which is of judgm Tlie \ mineral, to a Ian requiren If emigi have fe' vice vers farmers parallel Siniili the woi persons ii other hr I out of 1 I did we essentia range fv climate, The \ J all com I whethei everyth drawba( a stead long pe be obta: is believed ae to time md dignity, )y the exag- come back the vicissi- experienced such as ho iracy of the let down in ork, will be and they ellence, and the limits of emigration, foreign and t to go over ibrmation as ountry, and I EMIGRATION. WHO snouLT) emigrate. AssL'MiNfj tliat the future emigrant has deten-i'ied lo break i^p bis lifo- lonrr associations in the old world and seek 1.... fortunes in (.lie new, the moinoni ; ;uostion as to what part of the ^iobo lie will sottlo in has to bo determined. A riglit or wrong decision on tliis point wnl probably detormino tr future success or failure of the emiorant's cnroer, ^\hethor hn clioosos tbo tide wliicli, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune, or that wliicli is hound in shallows or in miseries. The okl country may Imve been a hard foster- parent, but still it /,* the Mother country; to make a cliaUf^i. for the Avorse is liard indeed : j-et such mistakes are continually being made, and most of the colonies have attained an imdcserved name from men wbo, either from their uusuitability, natural nnlitness in education, training, or physical powers, our;ht never to liave ventured out to countries where tbo great nine qua non of success consists in the ability of "rougliing it." for the first few years at all events. In all the coh)nies, especially the newer ones, the emigrant must " stoop to conquer." It is the want of lluit adaptability which is one of the causes of so many failures abroad. Another is the want of judgment displayed in the selection of the land of their adoption. The world otters a wide choice both in climate and variety, whether of mineral, vegetable, or animal produce. The emigrant, therefore, can migrate to a land wliere the climate and surroundings are in accordance with tho requirements of his health, his previous occupations, and natural fitness. If emigrants would study these questions before going abroad, we should have fewer cases of round men putting themselves into square holes, or vice versa. Mineralogists would not seek for wealth in the Coral Islands, or farmers look to raise grain on the Rocky Mountains ; and yet we iiear of parallel blunders being continually made. Similarly in the matters of health. There arc colonies in various parts of |the world wliere consuinption is unknown ; and, more than that, where persons sulVei'ing from chest diseases rapidly recover, but where, on tho other hand, those who require a strong, bracing climate, would certainly bo out of place. To mention these facts may seen, like repeating platitudes, did we not co)istantly see the evils which arise from negkct of these first essentials of health, prosperity, and happiness. Our own colonies alone range from the torrid to the frigid zones, so that there is no lack of choice of climate, suited to every disposition and degree of hardihood. The Avorld is a wide place ; there are countries and climates tliat will suit all conditions of men, and labour enough to suit all classes of workmen, whether lltey are agricultural, mechanical, or mining. Emigration, like ever)'thing else in this world, is not entirely an unmixed blessing. It has drawbacks, and a man who wislies to succeed must make up his mind to a steady course of sheer hard work, untiring industry, a rough life, and a long period of steady self-denial. But in what part of the world can success be obtained without these qualities? On the other hand, given these essen- 8 WJio should Em{{fratc. tials in the newer countries, success is certain and assured : the relinements of life come in due course, and the eniijj;mnt. especially if he '• has his quiver full, ■ cmi rest in tlie assuran(;«> that his family will bo well provided for, that he is in a part of the world. Where children are blessings, and ho who has most Has aid to his fortunes, and riches to boast; and he will ho free in his new home from one constant and ever-present source of anxiety, and that is, the t'u In I'l' of his pro other hand, all who can and will work nre assured of a good living, with ])](.Mity of eating and drinking, be comt'ortably clothed, and be able, not only to enjoy life somewluiL as llioy go on. but also to lay by a ]irovision agniiist old age or the proverbii;! rainy day." The foregoing extract points out in terse and unmistakable language, on the one hand llie evils of emigration to dorks, scliohus. and other followers of "genteel Ciilling-." und on the otiier tlie advanuiges which it freely offers to those who arc able and willing to do a good day's work. Clerks are at a dis- count in the old eountry, in a new one they are worse tlian useless unless they have the /ihi/sii/uc and williiigm^ss to adapt themselves to circumstances, to throw down tin; pen and take up the i»i(;k, and linrn to lab.iur and to wait. Many scholars, gentliiiien, and university graduates have followed this course with advantage, and attained ultimate success. In such cases it is necessary to stoop in order to con<[Ucr, and tlie soonei' this fact is lecognised by the genteel classes the better. I have devoted some space to the (piestion as to the type of men who are wanted in the colonies, and I canm)t reiterate; the fact too strongly, that clerks, scholars, and professional men aie out of place. In my experience of several years in Canada ami the United States, I have met with S(!oies, Rmongst whom were well educated iikmi— tlie sons of olergvmen, pro- ffssionnl men, merchants, nud shopkeepers, itc, — who. instead of improving How to Emic'ratc. 9 refiiipments IS his quiver iro\i{led for, ever-present [on is a fact and physical \ themselves it when they land flowin<» )r the rest of nd have but tliis class of 2S every day positions in 1, in the full will at once el, and their ses are only (nipotition is irccs to the of physical same extent. and dogjTed se qnahties, iipetence — is ials of ))ros- lilst on this I opinion of )lonies : — Lag(! of those se in the old ed of a good lod, and he to lay by a (tinge, on tlie followers of ;oly offers to are at a dis- elpss unless cunistiuu'es, aiul to wait. 1 this course is necessary lised hy the len who arn , that clerks, pctrience ol with scores, fynien, pro- f improvinjf their condition by emigration, have sunk lower and lower in the social scale, until they have reached the level c-f loafers and vngabonds; /// iie'irh/ crcru vase, the result ofi/oiiii/ nbroad at ntndtnn. Apart, however, from the surroundings Iniving been unsuitable, these social shipwrecks would probably have foundered in any cliniiito. INLn-al stamina is essential everywhere, but more particularly in new countries where the old social barriers are broken down, the protective distincti(»ns of caste arc unknown, and the refinements and elevating influence of books are lost for a time. To sum up, weak-kneed, vacillating people are but of little use in tlie old country — they are worse than useless in the new ones. The sound mind in the sound body is essential every where, but in no place so much as in the colonies or abroad. Assuming that our reader has the requisite qualifications in the way of phy.sical and mental stamina, and has, alter due consideration, made up his mind to emigrate, it will not be out of place to give some information as (o HOW TO e:\iiguate. There can be no doubt that no matter how rough and hard a man s lot may have been in the old country, it causes a great lieart-wrench to leave it for new and untried prospects. The Teuton still hankers after " Faderland ' and the liriton after " Merrit; ' England. One count ly inny have been a hard "Father,' and the other far from " Merrie, but it lins been tlu! birth-pliKM', and is associated with tender feelings of family ties. These feelings nre powerful with men, still more so with women ; and the mjirried nutn is frequentlj' tempted to forego his resolutions through tli<> teius and persuasions of the wife and "childer," iind may be the pnrt;nts. Still, these feelings must be overcome by the man who determines to win fortune; and, piiinfiil as the severance of family ties and friendships is. it must, like otlu r evils, he endured. Tlie soul of goodness in things evil.iind the converse, is common to all liuniaii things and institutions. Then comes tli(> hriifiking iij) of the /jiiirs. /*ciiri/i:i, household treasures, furniture. tli\tra charges will often cost more than the goods are worth, to sdv nolliiiig of the trouble which they entiiil in tninsit. The best property to carry is the very porhible one of a littl(.> rf>!idy money for contingencies, and as many bjtiikois drufts as can be obtained. The latter are always sale, and producer a profit in the wiy of exchange ; whereas an excess of bullion is not only a source of risk in itsidf. but a constant source 01 t(;mptation to the owner, as well as to his jtoover. or more niis(U'Uj)ulous fellow- jiassengers. On the first v(»yage, I would advise; taking as little outfit and as much money as possible. hiVen tluuigh the emigrant may eventually pay more for his necessaries, he will save freight, trouble, and the risk of landing in a new country with insufficient money. When once steady employment has been secured, there will be but little didiculty in procuring su<'h goods as are specially suited to his pccmliar requirements and that of the settlement he hai* selected. Of course these remarks ai»]ily only to lu'w emigrHUta. 10 Luggage. When men know the exact requu*ements of a country, and the places to supply those wants, of course they can do well by converting their cash into profitable merchandise ; but in proceeding for the first time to an unknown country, it will be found that the general rule the less the luggage and the more money the better. Skilled artisans and workmen should in all cases take their tools, books, and appliances in connection with their trades and callings. A good supply of clothing, china, cutlery, brushes, combs, and sponges can be taken with advantage, as also a good gun, two or three strong pocket knives, and a compass. Revolvers and bowie knives are not much wanted, though they are often affected by young emigrants. Even when the luggage has been reduced to the minimum, it will be found to fill a number of cases. These cases should be well made, somewhat like seamen's chests, of about 5 cubic feet capacity. i2ft. Oin. by 1ft. (Jin. is a convenient size. The chests should have rope handles, and be readily handled by two people, as thej' have to be exposed to rough usage. Strength is an important element. Bedding slionld be secured in canvass bags. Articles wanted during the passage should be packed in a hand-bag, or portmanteau. The other luggage should be labelled carefully. Attention to all these details, trifling as they may seem, will in the end save much time, trouble, and annoyance. It is a very common thing for persons intending to emigrate to run about making many unnecessary inquiries as to different lines of steamers, sailing vessels, or individual ships. Of course, this is to be expected when they are about to take a sea voyage to a strange country, probably for the first time in their lives. All ships which carry passengers from any port in Great Britain are duly authorised to do so by, and are under the inspection of, the officers of the Board of Trade. They differ considerably in size, speed, internal arrange- ments, and finish, but tliey are all staunch, seawortJiy, and safe, under good officers ; and as the different owners exercise great care in the selection of efficient and trustworthy commanders for tlieir ships, none but capable men have charge of them. Very many people, when about to take their passage, think they ought to select the fastest vessels, overlooking the fact that those making the voyage in the shortest time are not always the safest. They may have the reputation of making very quick passages, it is true, but the public do not know the many risks that ai'e often run to accomplish this. Some of these racing vessels are at times run at a greater speed than would be thought safe by the majority of careful commanders ; but the captain wishes to maintain the reputation of his Hnc or ship for speed, and, therefore, crowds on steam or sail, or both, very often, when it would be safer to run at half-speed. The fault, however, is probably caused more by the travelling public than the owners of vessels by whom these rapid passages are maintained, for so long as people crave to be carried over the ocean at lightning speed, cap- tains will be found who will continue to run the increased risks which such high rates of speed must always entail. It will be wise for those who emigrate to consider these matters when they are about to make a selection. Passenger steamships and sailing vessels are despatched from Liverpool, London, Southampton, Plymouth, Bristol, Newcastle-on-Tyne, Glasgow, Queenstown, Londonderry, Belfast, and other ports in the United Kingdom. Having decided from what port and by what line he will sail, the emigrant should ensure his passage by securing a berth two or three weeks, or in some cases even more, -before the advertised date of sailing. He should, wlion possible, endeavour to arrange for pleasant companionship during the voyage with persons whose acquaintance he may acquire, previous to saiUug. This can generally be done when arrangements for the passage are made early, and it conduces much to the comfort of the emigrant to be associated on board Touts and Crimps. It e places to ii* cash into m unknown ,ge and the in all cases trades and sponges can rung pocket iich wanted, ill be found iiewhat like ft. Oin. is a be readily . Strength avass bags, ind-bag, or in the end o run about lers, sailing :en tbey are first time in feat Britain e officers of lal arrange - under good selection of lapable men leir passage. ;t that those They may t the public nplish this, than would the captain 1, therefore, er to run at filing public utaiiied, for speed, cap- which such ho emigrate Passenger 1, London, iuecnstown, le emigrant or in some lould, whon ; the voyage iling. This nade early, ;ed on board wiih those in whom he may rely as persons of known respectability and good character, and between whom mutual confidence exists. Introductions of this kind can generally be made by the agent through whom the emigrant nego- tiates for his passage, and who, if he understands his business, will always endeavour to associate congenial spirits, and tlius not only contribtite much to the pleasures of the voyage, but bring credit to his own agency, and in- creased business to the company which he represents. As a rule, tlie shipping companies require that emigi'ants shall be at the port of embarkation the day previous to the one on wliich the ship is adver- tised to sail, when the balance of their passage money is to be paid, and the final arrangements for their departure completed. The emigrant's luggage must be all plainly addressed, giving his name and destination, with, the name of the ship in which he is to sail. On arrival at the seaport, passengers should leave their packages at the left-luggage office at the station when they leave the train, taking a receipt for it, and proceed without delay to the chief office of the shipping company, where they will receive full instructions for their guidance as to the time of embarkation, &c. All seaport towns are more or less infested by hordes of loose characters, made up in a great measure of touts or crimps, who are ever on the alert to entrap the unwar}-. To guard against this class of persons, the emigrant must avoid being duped bj' refusing to accompany strange persons under any pretence whatever, however plausible their story. In the majority of cases the emigrant is a perfect stranger in the place to which lie proceeds to embark, hence it will be Jiecessary for him to use the utmost caution with regard to the selection of the lodgings he is to occupy during the night previous to sailing, for although there are many clean, comfortable, and well-ordered hotels and boarding-houses, there are very many which possess none of these qualities. Generally the agent who issues the passenger's ticket will furnish him with the address of some reliable house at which to stay, but when he omits to do so, the shipping company will direct him to comfortable ([uarters. Having received definite instructions as to the time he must be on board the following daj', the emigrant sliould repair to his lodgings, take his meals regularl}', avoid intemperate eating and drinking, and retire to rest early, to ensiu'e a good night's rest, so tliat he may be prepared to rise betimes in the morning. At an early hour the emigrant must be astir and proceed to have his luggage removed to the dock, wharf, or landing-stage, from whence it can be readily put on board. He will find others similarly engaged, and, as the morning wears on, carts, drays, cabs, and other vehicles will arrive and deposit their loads, which in turn will be removed to the ship. As the time for passengers to be on board arrives, the bustle and throng increase, for there are always some persons who aiTive just at the last moment to add to the hurry and con- fusion, and the emigrant is glad to escape the turmoil on sliore for that of the ship, which, both on deck and below, presents a scene of great activity. The quantity of luggage allowed each passenger by the trans-Atlantic steamers is, for cabin passengers ^0 cubic feet, and for intermediate and steer- age passengers 10 cubic feet. Persons taking more than this allowance wjll be chargeable for excess at the rate of Is. per cubic foot. On the Cape steamers, ^0 cubic feet is allowed to all classes, and !2s. per cubic foot is charged for excess. On Australian steomcrs, 1st class passengers are allowed 40 cubic feet; 2nd class, 20 cubic feet; and 3rd class, 15 cubic feet; while the excess rate is 5s. • er cubic foot. On Australian sailing vessels, 1st class passengersi are alloweu 40 cubic feet ; 2ud class, .SO cubic feet ; ;Jrd class, 20 cubic feet, with an excess rate of Is. per cubic foot. On New Zealand sailing vessels, 1st class passengers are allowed 40 cubic feet ; 2nd class 20 cubic feet ; and 3rd class, 10 cubic feet; with an excess rate of Is. per cubic foot. U! n Treatment on Board. Emigrants are entitled to take with them, tree of duty, wearing apparel in actual use, and other personal clVects ; hut merchandise will be liable to Cus- toms dues at the port of landing ; in most eases, therefore, the emigrant must govern himself accordingly. The heavy luggage of passengers by trans- Atlantic steamers is generally placed in the ship's hold at the port of embark- ation, and not taken up until it arrives at the port to which it is bound, though in some cases the luggage of cabin passengers is stored awaj'^ in more accessible places, wliere it iaay bo reached during the voyage. On the Cape. Australian, or Now Zealand ships, passengers are usually allowed access to their luggage once or more during the voyage. Steerage passengiu's on the trans-Atlantic steamers are required to provide themselves with bedding, mess utensils, etc., for use during the voyage. These should consist of pillow, mattress, pannikin to hold Ih pints, plate, knife, fork, and spoon. The cost of these articles will not exceed is. or 5s. at the port of embarkation. The passenger should also be provided with bed covering, a rug or blanket is sufiicient. It must be borne in mind that should the l)assengers take these articles from home with them, tiiey must take them out of their boxes before going on board, as there will be no chance of obtaining them after the luggage has been placed in the ship's hold. Intermediate and cabin passengers are provided with all necessary bedding and other articles for use during the voyage. Oi. vessels making longer voyages, the necessary articles iov use at sea are either provided free or at lixed charges by the agents of the different colonial governments appointed to superintend the embarkation to the several colonies for free and assisted passengers ; full paying emigrants and second-class passengers are retjuircd to provide their own outfit, while tii'st-class passen gers are provided with all requisites by the shipping companies. In steamers second-class passengers a)e also thus provided by shippers on long voyages ; also boxes, marked '• Wanted on the voyage," come uj) out of the hold at intervals of :2i or -js days. Ouce on board, the emigiant must without dcday proceed to make himself at home as far as the civcumstances of the situation will allow. The steerage passenger will lind some situations "below" more desirable than others; therefore it will be to his advantage to get located early. If possible he should select an npjjcr berth as near amidshi[)s as possible, where both light and ven- tilation are good. Married couples witli their children are berthed together, and single women are classed togt^tiier by tliemselves. After the emigrants are all on board, iliey are ordered "aft." and, passed in single iilo befoi-e a medical oJiicer appointed for that purpose, a formal in- spection takes place, in oider to asct.'rtiiiu flint there are none amongst them who are not in a healtiiy stale, or who are incapable of undertaking the voy- age ; friends say " Good-bye I ' the last tender steams off, and tlie ship is soon (uider weigh. The emigrant lingers on deck, gazing longingly and h)vingly at his native land as it fivst disappears from his view, until at last he sees nothing ai'ound him but the broad expanse of waters. lie now realises that he is leaving behind him, it may be lor ever, tlie home of his youth and the resting- place ^^ his ancestors; and when tlie sun sinks deep in the western horizon he may still, oblivious of all that is passing around him. be absorbed in deep and sorrowful thought. Siienes of the happy and cloudless days of childlu)od crowd before him, revered memories chase tlirougli his troubled mind, and his heart throbs as tltough it would break. Jle is naturally downcast for the time ; but the stout-hearted emigrant consoles himself with the thought th/it the step he has taken will lead him to the enjoyment of even happier days than those he has spent in the pas' and at last he retires " below." Tea or supper is probably the iirst meal partaken of on board by the steer- age passenger. It usually consists of tea, sugar, biscuits, and butter, and i« those oi much hotels. vided. luxuria '■ Mai de Mey. 18 g apparel in able to Cus- ligrant must s by trans- t of embark- it is bouiul, vay ill monj n the Cape, ed access to d to provide yagQ. These , knife, fork, it the port of . covering, a should the ike them out of obtaining mediate and ther articles 3e at sea are feiit colonial 3ral colonies second-class lass passen In steamers ng voyages ; the hold at ake himself ."'he steerage lian others ; le he should 'lit and ven- ed together, and, passed a formal iu- longst them ing the vov- sliip is soon I lovingly at sees nothing 5 that he is the resting- ern horizon •bed in deep if cliildhood ind, and his 3ast for the houglit th/it appier days y the steer- ttor, and i« served out at six o'clock, (>atmeal porridge or gruel being supplied two hours later, when required. Breakfast consists of coll'ee, milk, sugar, bread and butter, biscuit, oatmeal porridge and treacle, or Irish stew. This meal is served at eight o'clock. Dinner, at one o'clock, consists of soup and fresh beef or pork, with bread and potatoes, or fish and potatoes, according to the day of the week, and on Sunday pudding is added. Taken as a whole, the steernge fare is substanliul and wholtsonie, and on most ships there is very little to complain of either as regards quality or iiuan- tity ; but there are always thin-skinned or fastidious persons even amongst steerage iiassengers, and these )iiay be lieard to grumble sometimes when tliere is really no cause for them to do so. If the emigrant cannot. subsist on steerage fare, and has not the means to travel as a, higher grade of passenger, he ouglit never to emigrate, as lie is certainly not the kind of person rc(|uired in new countries, who f hould be tho.se only who are not easily stuck with trifles. Intermediate o) second-class passengers fsire somewhat better than those in the steerage. 't'he_yhave good, plain, substantial menls. with dinners frcnn the joint, and are provided by the ship with all necesssiiy bedding, etc.. tliough they have no sejtarate promenade on deck, viliich is in oomnntii with those of the steerage. Cabin passengers have a more lihoial table. They live much the same, or even have gi-eater variety, than do guests at lirst-class hotels. Their sleeping accommodation is well appointed, and baths are pro- vided. The saloon wiiere their meals are served up is tastefully and ev(Mi luxuriantlj' furnished and decorated, while on most of the large steamers music saloons and smoke-rooms are ))rovided. A separate promciuade is I'e- served for the use of cabin passengeis only, this being situated "aft." and on the hurricane deck. For the first few houis on board, some of the passengers will try to ho merry, while others will not disguise that they are sad at heart, and still brooding over what they have left behind. 'I'liis state of things will e.xist until the ship is fairly ont to sea. In a short time she will have passed from the comparatively snuxtlh waters of the Channel into the heaving bosmn of the mighty ocean. JNlost of the loassengers will now begin to exhibit sym)Honis of the well-known and much- ''■ea.>d. though hariiiless. malady known as sea-sickness. Doth those wlm . h been merry and those who have been sad will bo seen devoting a good ueai of their time to looking over the ship's side and "feeding the iishos. They will be pulling wry faces, and looking the picture of misery. Some, however, will feel very sickly, but still be unable to vomit, and these, probably, will fare the worst, as they may have the unpleasant company of a sick headache the whole of the voyage, which those who have been able to clear their stomachs will generally be free from in a day or two, and feel all the better for the attack. Sea-siekness is. without doubt, produced by the heaving motion of the ship as it rises and falls upon the waves : and although it attacks most people when on their first ocean voyage, a few persons escape the malady altogether. Perhaps there is no effective treatment for it, though many remedies have been tried ; yet, by adopting certain precautit»nary measures, the symptoms may be checked or warded olf to a considerable extent. The irregular way in which so many emigrants live during the day or t\\(} before embarking, and the excitement attending their departure, perhaps has much to do with the severity of the attacks ; and if they indulged less, both in the matters of eating and drinking, their stomachs would be the better prepared to with- stand the strain to which they are subjected during a severe attack of sea- sickness. •As precautionary measures, tie a handkerchief or towel tightly round the body over the stomach, and take some effervescing drink, such as ginger ale. u Social A mmities. Beraain on deck as much ns possible, and when you go " below," remain, whenever possible, in a recumbent position, never rising without first eating' something, if it be but a dry biscuit, and never allow the stomach to become empty. The following mixture taken three times a-day, after meals, is said to 06 one of the best antidotes for sea sickness : — llydrocyanic acid, I'^i drops ; acetate of morphine, 1 grain ; carbonate of soda, 1 draclim ; Avator, (J ounces. In the steerage, the atmosphei'e will be rendered somewhat offensive through the sickness of some of the passengers ; therefore, when able to do so, it is advisable to keep on deck. During the time the stomach is upset, the emigrant will most probablj' have little appetite for the ordinary meals served out in the steerage, therefore he will do well to be provided with some little delicacies before going on board. Cheese, ham (cooked), pickles, preserves, &c., will be appreciated by him at this time, and they will form an acceptable addition to the bill of fare. Cabin and intermediate passengers will not find it necessary to be thus provided beforehand. If a passenger goes on board suffering under a bilious attack, he must expect to suffer severely; as a preventive measure it is better to get into condition beforehand. Voyages of long duration are not taken at a short notice, and tliere is generally sufficient time to undergo a course of medicine before em- barking. Sea sickness over, the voyage becomes a season of enjoyment and pleasure to all those who enjoy good health, are not habitually dissatisfied with their lot, and who have made up their minds to make the best of things. All passengers are advised to read the regulations framed for their guidance, which will be found posted up in various parts of the steerage, and to strictly adhere to them. Scrupulous cleanliness in person should be observed, not only for the passenger's own comfort, but for the comfort of his fellow passengers. Generally the stewards and stewardesses will be found to be obliging and willing to do their best to satisfy o,ll ; but their life is not an easy one, their time being fully occupied with the duties of their post, which at the best is a trying one. Do not find, fault unnecessarily, and do not report fancied grievances ; but should any incivility or neglect on their part occur, a report to the chief steward will be sufficient to set matters right. Owing to the close and continuous contact with fellow-passengers, acquaintances and attachments quickly }ipen into friendships in as many days as it would take years to accomplish on land. The least sociable persons may enjoy a sea voyage, which is generally beneficial to health ; and acquaintances formed for the first time during an ocean passage are often broken up with feelings of heartfelt and sincere regret. Many fellow- passengers part never to see each other again, while others form friendships on board ship which endure to their hfe's end. The foregoing advice may to some appear trivial and out of place. This is not so, however. The constant irritation that arises from a series of small annoyances during a long voyaj^e becomes a grave source of discomfort, if not of positive illness, whi^h is aggravated by the knowledge that it might have been avoided by the exercise of a little forethought. In one case the emigrant will land in good healtii and spirits, and look back upon a pleasant voyage. In the other he will find himself on arrival shattered, somewhat irritated from a constant succession of pettj' annoyances, and he will look back upon the voyage with feelings of disgust. Ship's passengers and crew are for the time being a family party ; it is doubly incumbent upon each mem- ber of the family to make him or herself agreeable in studying the comfort and feelings of others, in order to ensure a pleasant and prosperous voyage. When most of the passengers have shaken off their attacks of sea sickness. affair's on board will wear a more pleasant aspect, and those who can will enjoy themselves after their own peculiar fashiou. Some will employ their Advice on Debarkation, 16 low, " remain, ut first eatiii},' icli to become meals, is said anic acid, l,i achm ; water, ed somewhat erefore, wlien the stomacli [' tlie ordinary time in reading, and not unfrequently nuisic and dancing will form a part of the amusements indulged in. If the weather is line, the ship makes steady progress towards her destination, all will go " merry as the marriago ) bell," and the days will pass pleasantly. After sighting port, the hatches will be removed, jireparations made for taking up the luggage from " below," and the emigi-auts will get ready to land. When the party breaks up, the travellers or emigrants will be none the worse for the hearty " God speed" of their fellow- voyagers. When fairly in port, the Customs and Health officers will board the ship, r tne orainary , g^y^^ either examine the passengers and baggage while yet on board, or imrae- > be proyidod . diately after landing. At most ports where emigrant.s land, every arrange- ment is made for their reception at the immigrant depot, where will be found refreshment rooms, postal, telegraph, and exchange offices, under the manage- , ment of officials appointed by Government. Here the emigrant should , exchange the money he has brought with him, which can be done at current : rates. The port of debarkation is generally a poor place for the emigrant to remain in, as many arrivals, who have not the means to take them ; further, stay there. Consequently the sea-ports in new countries pi'esent few : openings for employment, the labour market thei'e being over-stocked and , wages low. The emigrant who studies his own welfare will lose no time in getting into the interior of the country, where his prospects will be much 1 better. ; Emigrants must use every caution as to who.se care they entrust themselves. As long as they remain within the Government immigration depot thej' will ! have the protection and advice of the officials connected therewith ; but the . moment they leave it they will be beset with " touts," " crimps," or "runners," I who disi)]ay much adroitness in their endeavours to persuade the strangers to \ go to some hotel or boarding-house in which the " touts ' have especial interest. ! Although some of these persons may be employed by highl3'--respectable and • trustworthy proprietors, yet the emigrant, as a stranger to the ways of the country, not being in a position to discriminate between those that are reliable . and those that are not, had far better give them all a *' wide berth," in order lam (cooked) and they will intermediate rehand. If a uist expect to into condition rt notice, and ine before em- njoyment and ly dissatisfied e the best of heir guidance, and to strictly observed, not of his fellow found to be life is not an lir post, which y. and do not on their part ers right, w-passengers, to avoid risk. All emigrants should, if possible, procure the name of a i m as rnany . yespectable house through friends who have previously gone out, through the !^i'iloifi?*^^o», I ^ *'g^'i*' ^vJ^<^ books his passage, or by enquiry during the voyage, and go to it ; on arrival. If his mind is not fully made xip, he should ask the agent at the immigi-ation depot, and act upon his recommendation. He should avoid , persons professing to be- able to confer extraordinary favours and i benefits, and, above all, " confidence men," who are ever on the alert to ensnare the uninitiated by borrowing his money, watch, or other valu- • ables. These men are very plausible, so are " ticket scalpers," " card < sharpers " (known in America as "three-caid monte men"), and other land i sharks ; and the emigi-ant cannot be too well on his guard against such J persons. Drinking, especially with strangers, should always be avoided ; I and the emigrant should keep his own counsel, and not be too communicative. ) health ; and age are often Many fellow- 'm friendships place. This leries of small discomfort, it' that it might I one case the Oil a pleasant ad, somewhat he will look [ers and crew )n each mem- g the comfort 3us voyage. sea sickness, who can will employ their J Those who have letters of introduction, should present them at once. i In a few hours after the ship's arrival most of the passengers will have left I for their various destinations, and be travelling towards their new homes. I Those steerage or third-class passengers who have to make long journeys by i rail, as many have to do on landing in Canada and the United States, will do I well to take with them in the train the various domestic articles used by them on shipboard, including tin cans, bedding, etc., and also provide themselves ! with provisions for the journey. These may be had good and cheap at the \ Government immigration depots previous to starting. Other grades of i passengers, who are not stinted in means, will find meals provided on the 1« Old Habits and New Coiiiitrifs. ♦raiiiB, or at refreshment rooms en ronW, which may be more suited to their tastes. SIeG])iiij^' acooinniodation is also provided in Pnlman (uirs attached tu trains running during (he niglit. Tlio emigrant will ni)w bo iairly launched in his new career, and everything around him will be ditVcrent iVoni what ho has been accustomed to in Great JJritain. if the languiigo be oxceplod. Tiu^ counlry will oiler many advantages; hut it will also ])resoiit disadvantages and drawbacks from which no nev; country is free, and fur which tlie emigraiit should always be prc|)arod. Money is undoubtedly a good companion for the emigrant to have with him. though a fair amount of common sense is, perhaps, a more valuable commodity, and one which he is not so apt to lose. A plain, well grounded knowledge of everyday matters, and especially some knowledge of the country to which he is going, are v^ry esseutial. The better informed the emigrant is. the less likely will he be lo fall into the numerous errors which now arrivals are prune to comn»it. He must not fancy that he has merely changed his plact'. and not liis country, and strive to fil/ow too slavishly the customs to which ho has been hiibittialed. or tiike an oullit with him to serve for years. If he does this ho will be; merely tlirowing obstacles in his own way, and protracting and rendering moie dillicult and disagreeable his ]»ori'oct ii^aiUiilisiitiou in the counlry he has chosen for his home. All his W(irk, and all the muterials fur his woik. are to be fouiul in that new country, and all that is wanted of him is eai)abili(y. as little clogged by old recollec tions as pussiblo. 'J'lio ([uickor the cmigriint adiipts liiniself to the manners and customs of tho counlry in wliicii ho settles, the sooner he will make both money and fiiends. Tiie long period of unrest which has boon piis.sod through during the previous days of the soa vuyage and Journey inland, unlit the emigrant for active em ployment for a few diiys after his arrival at his journeys end : therefore it is advisable that he sh>iuld not outer at once upon manual labour. Two or three days', or even a week's rest, will ho boneticial ; and however eager he may b to commence labour in his now sphere, ho will undoul)lodl3' be much better for a short period of ri'lav.uioii bol'oro iiiNJiiiig into the thick of the work. A veiy common error among^t omigiants. when about to engage in em ployment in a no\v country, is to sisk of empl()yers much higher wages than raw emigrants are capable of earning. This they do in spite of their ignorance of the way's of woikiiig and ihe customs of the country to which they hiive now come. !Many who procure wovk on arrival, of the kind they have boon accustomed t<> at Inane, are capable of earning the host wages : but this remark principiilly ap)ilies lo good mechanics, who, during a long aitprenticoship to their own particular trade here, have gained such a thorough knowledge of it that tlioy iind few equals in new countries, where long apprenticeships are the excoi>lion rather than tho ride. He who gets such employment feels but slightly the change from the old country to the new. Largo numbers of one land t)f mechanics, however, are not in demand in now countries ; therefore no mechanic should emigrate on chance unless he is prepared to take in hand other kinds of work than that to which he has been accustomed, until such times as work of a kind more to his tastes presents itstdf. The emignant who asks and obtains higher wages than he is able to earn soon ('omcs to grief. Employers in new countries are mostly composed of practical men who have thomselv(>s, in days past, creditably tilled the places of workmen ; therefore they cannot long be deceived as to the abilities of those they employ, and soon rid themselves of incompetent hands and loafers. The best plan for the inexperienced emigrnnt who wishes to get along is to b(! somewhat modest in his demands until he sees how he can fulfil the duties of the post assigned to him, be prepared to accept a moderate rate of pay to Id to their ttached (u jvevything in Great llvantaf^os; L\v country Jhave witli |e valuahli! |l grounded lie country |niigraut is, i\v arrivals Imnged his le customs servo for 1 his own ccable his 0. All his \v country, Id recollec- le manneys make both he previous nctive em- retbre it is 'wo or three he may bo uuch better 3 work. age in em- a[lier wages lite of their countr}' to ival, of the Darning the anics, who. lavo gained I V countries. I. He who countiy to are not in ! on chance it to which his tastes than he is are mostlv itably tilled i as to the stent hands long is to be lie duties of 3 of pay to Haphazard Emigration, It commence with, and not till he has had some practical assurance that he ia worth more, demand it. Ho will then feel under no obligation to his employer, will gradually gain confidence, and slowly, it may be, out surely, he will rise in the estimation of his employer and associates. All emigrants dependent upon their daily work for a living should not shrink from engaging in any honest labour abroad, whatever they may have been engaged in at home. They should always bear in mind that they may do this in new countries without loosing caste, though such a thing would hardly be practicable in the country they have left, where every one is expected, in the ordinary way of things, to run in the same groove in which they started until the end of their days. Many a man who, as a newly-arrived emigrant, has had to fight his own way amongst sti-angers, has done so with credit to hinxself, and though the battle may have been a hard one, the reword came at last. Agricultural and other labourers with only a scanty education have but one way to rise, that is simply by honest toil, — if they look for wealthjfrom any other source they are most likely to meet only with disappointment. They must sow before they can expect to reap. They must, by steady persevering industry, accumulate those means which will bring them indepen- dence as the result of their own endeavours ; they will then know how to value and enjoy in comfort that property which has gradually come into their pos- session. Sucli men have nothing to fear, for they may in all new countries, after a few years of persevering endeavours, attain a competency and retire from their labours upon the provision they may thus make for old age, whereas, had they remained in this country, they could have looked forward to no such happy termination to a life of industry. Therefore, they who have been brought up to manual labour cannot lose by emigrating, but have all to gain by such a course, for they are soon able to do all that is required of them in the shape of work abroad. Not so, however, with those of what is called the middle class in this country, who emigrate with the idea of gaining a living by daily labour amongst strangers, though they may think there will be no difficulty in their way in doing this. They will generally find that they have vastly deceived themselves, unless they go prepared to rough it in a style they never dreamt of doing at home. Persons o this class have, in most cases, been brought up in a good position and have received a fair education, a qualification which in many instances causes them to overrate their own abilites as emigrants. Hundreds of such pei'sons have emigrated and returned to their native land disappointed, because they found they would have to work hard and long before they could make a position for themselves abroad, having been foolish enough to go out with the idea that less exertion would be neces- sary to accomplish this there than in this country. To cover up their own faults and to attempt to account for their own speedy return, such individuals circulate damaging reports respecting the country to which they went with such erroneous ideas and upon which they conferred a favour when they turned their backs upon it. When a young man of good character and education emigrates haphazard or at random he goes amongst entire strangers to him and to whom he is the same. He commences v/ork probably as one of them in a gang of navvies, wood cutters, or other ordinary labourers, who in every respect consider themselves his equal. Here he works away day after day, or month after month, with little prospect of bettering his position, and in many cases learns to spend his hard earned wages, as many of his com- panions do, in drinking and gambling. Persons in other stations of life, residing in the vicinity, if they ever become aware of his qualifications as a scholar, are apt to look upon him with some degree of suspicion, for it is not easy for them, who are not probably aware of the state of the labour market in this country at the present time, to understand how it is possible that any man of good character and education would be obliged to resort to the lower 18 Suitable Eviigrants. h i' It classes of labour in otdor to gain a livelihood, and in such a position choose men of doubtful antecedents for his associates, hence they regard him with some suspicion, and some even may be cruel enough to hint that he may have " left his country for liis country's good." To a respectable man a position of this kind is net an enviable one, still it is one in which hundreds of men in tlie Colonies and Amtrica are now placed through their own folly in emigrat- ing at random, without knowing previous to starting from home where they were going to or how they were going to bo employed. In my time I have seen scores of such men, sons of professional men and respectable tradespeople, wlio have been well brought up liere, working as ordinary labourers, a position which they filled with some difficulty, yet above whicJi they were never able to rise. Many of these, instead of accumulating money, had wasted what they had taken out with them, and were continually entreating their relatives in this country, who had no idea of the menial position they were occupying, to send them more, which in many cases they did, thus enabling the recipient to shirk his employment for a while, and, as long as the money lasted, to spend his time in drinking and idleness. If young men, wlio have been employed in this country in the capacity of clerks, shopmen, or other similar occupations, are to emigrate successfully, they must not do so on chance, as they arc the very worst class of men to be thrown on their own resources in a new country, not only because they have been previously unaccustomed to manual labour, but because they in most cases so vastly ovev ate their own abilities. Persons of this class, being those with which this country is so much over- stocked at the present time, cannot expect, even at the best, to gain more than a bare living in the old country, therefore any openings for them elsewhere should be welcome, providing that a means of transplanting them safely can be secured. If they entertain emigration in its proper light, it certainly offers them chances for which they may wait here in vain, but they must be prepared to make up their minds to change for awhile the unprofitable mode of life to which they have been used, and lead one that is totally different in every respect. Sensible men will see that such a course is the only one lefl open for them when they find their occupation here is gone, particularly when they consider that the person who gets along the best in the Colonies and America, is the man who, while he has an educated brain, is also able and willing to labour with his hands. The class who make the best settlers are those who, having received a good manly education in this country, do not disdain to work, and are quite prepared for the first year or two to work as a farm hand. Then having learned thoroughly the business of farming, such a man might, in the course of five years, save enough money to purchase and manage a farm of his own. Such a man is no failure, and it is no doubt that this is the future to which very many of the rising generation of this country are destined. They must, laowever, begin well ; they must not go out expecting to get em- ployment as clerks or shopmen, but they must go out to situations on farms, and remain there until they have gained an experience of the country, and then if they have capital they will know how to employ it profitably. Farming being at the root of every other branch of industry in new countries, a young man cannot possibly commence life there under more favourable con- ditions than in working on a farm, under p, reliable and trustworthy man in that capacity, for he will gain experience while being fully employed, and receiving board, lodging, and probably some remuneration for his services. Men who have been farmers in Great Britain, and capitalists going out with means, should not be too hasty in the investment of their capital on arrival in a new country. The former will always find it better to purchase an improved farm in preference to taking in hand wild lands ; while Mistakes often made. 19 on ohooso him witli may liavo position of af men in omigrat- liere they 10 I have despeoplo, a position never able what tliey elatives in upying, to ecipient to , to spend capacity of iccessfuUy, men to be they have ey in most much over- more tlian elsewhere safely can )frers them prepared to ife to which respect, m for them ey consider »rica, is the g to labour ho, having ► work, and nd. Then ght, in the I a farm of 1 the future 3 destined, to get em- nations on le country, profitably. ' countries, irable con- thy man in employed, ration for capitalists at of their it better to ids; while the latter would do well to spend some little time in the country as a boarder, before launching out into any enterprise of which ho has no practical knowledge. One very fatal error, so common amongst emigrants, is that of persons both with and without capital settling upon unbroken lands. In this country many a man can never hope to own land of his own, and it is most probably the strong desire to possess broad acres that in a very great measure influences a man to emigrate to those countries where ho sees every prospect of soon becoming his own landlord ; but in his anxiety to secure tho much coveted prize, he very often makes a blunder which causes much unnecessary labour, and in many cases years of hardships and privations which by a little foresight would have been avoided altogether. No emigrant should settle upon wild lands until he has spent some time in the country, and learnt in older settled localities the best modes of reclamation. This they may do while being boarded and lodged and paid by others, whereas if they go at once and settle iipon wild lands, they have to gain this experience at their own cost, and generally it is thus acquired very slowly indeed ; for it often happens that the emigrant-settler has for his nearest neighbour other " greenhorns," from whom he can learn nothing that will assist him in getting his land under cultivation, and when a few sucli people are located together the settlement makes very little headway, and slow progress is the order of the day. Natives, or those who have become thoroughly naturalised, make the best settlers for wild lands, for they know how to go about tho work to the best advantage, and do not waste their energy in striving to do things the wrong way, as emigrant-settlers generally do. If a newly-arrived emigrant has the means, and is determined to buy land, let him purchase that which is partially improved in preference to going farther back to reclaim that which is entirely in its primitive state. If he has no means to buy, let him rest contented until he has accumulated sufficient means to purchase in a settled locaUty, and avoid, in the meantime, the draw- backs he would incur by dragging his wife and family into the trackless wilds, where none of the conveniences, and very few of the necessaries of civilized life are to be obtained. It may be argued that by taking up wild land, while it is in the market, a man may secure what in a few years will become a very valuable property, and the idea of doing this may weigh a good deal with some people ; but it must be remembered that a raw emigrant is not competent person to select land which has never produced anything but timber and grass. He will often, in his ignorance, select a plot such as no practical man would look at. My experience is that there are always plenty of partially improved lands, which can be bought at prices such as no emigrant could make the improvements on them for ; therefore, if he could only think so, he would be much the gainer by purchasing such land, in pre- ference to exposing himself and his family to the hardships and privations which all pioneer settlers have to encounter for a season, v.'heu they settle upon wild lands. Then again, the emigrant should not grasp at too much land, or he may have cause to regret it afterwards. Opportunities to buy on what may seem liberal terms on credit often induce inexperienced men to purchase more land than they are capable of working. This will often be bought "on time," the purchaser giving a mortgage for the unpaid balance. In many cases he has great difficulty in making the necessary payments to hold it, and this tax upon him is a great burthen in consequence. Such a man has little pleasure in life, and bis eft'orts to farm are crippled, when he becomes, as it is called in America, " land poor," and he very often loses 20 Objects in Writwf;. [^: all through the foreclosure of tlie mortgagee, and that after having expended all his capital and years of labour upon it. Many men in now countries have had an experience of this kind, which, it is needless to add, is neither a pleasant nor a profitable one. Tlio better plan is to purchase a small plot and pay cash for it. Then the purchaser has the satisfaction of knowing that ho is " out of debt and danger," and that lie has no more land than lie can work well, with profit and pleasure to liimsclt' and those around him. I liavo not written in the interests of any particular country or colony. My aim has not been to extol one to the detriment of the rest. None of them offer inducements to the idle or the dissipated, but to the industrious and persevering all of them, with their millions of acres of unoccupied lands, offer such inducements as Europe docs not possess. To those who are well oft' here, emigration otl'ers but little temptation generally, and to such persons I would say, stay where you are and let well alone. There are plenty of needy persons wlio cannot get on in this country, no matter how they try. To such people I would say, look for a home beyond the seas. I have never had a desire to push emigration unduly ; my aim has ever been to guide and direct it, and to make it less risky than it has been in the past through the random manner in wliicli so many persons liave emigrated. To parents who are blessed with lai'ge families, and who have not them- selves the means to place their sons and daughters in independent positions in this country, I would say, if your cliildren show a desire to emigrate do not discourage such ideas, but rather be proud to think that they have the sagacitj' to see that there is not room for them here, and are looking towards "fresh fields and pastures new," where their labours will meet with a more liberal reward. I know that many parents think as they have always been able to get a living in this country their children may do the same, and this argument will be advanced when the subject of leaving home is brought up ; but parents should, and many do, know that increased popula'ion necessitates increased competition and decreasing work in every profession or trade, so that the chances of openings here for the rising generation are daily becoming more difficult to find. Some years ago, when the writer, as tlie eldest in a family of six sons, left England to fight his own way in the new world, many arguments and even entreaties were used to persuade him to remain here, but in vain. Years rolled by, others of the family followed across the Atlantic, until four out of the six were located there, none of whom regretted having taken that step, for there they have acquired positions which were denied to them here ; and those whose fond entreaties had failed to induce them to remain in the old land, lived to see the benefits of and to approve of that emigration which at the time they had thought they were but doing their duty to discountenance. I have, in the course of these remarks, avoided painting those rosy descrip- tions which most emigration pamphlets contain, simply from a desire to show the intending emigrant a little of the dark side of the picture, when pointing out the shoals and quicksands upon which the emigrant's bark has so often been wrecked, and which have too often been -hidden from his view. I have drawn no illusionary picture. What I have stated is not simply the hastily-formed opinions and ideas of a traveller, tourist, or adventurer, but is based on my own hard-earned and dearly-bought experience, extending over several years, and may therefore be relied upon as authentic, notwith- standing what interested persons may have written to the contrary. My chief desire has been to prepare the emigrant for the worst, and should he find his new life less rough or unpleasant than he had anticipated through reading these lines, he will certainly have less cause to censure me than ho Canada. 21 having , which, better irchascr or," and pleasure colony. ^one of ustrious occupied iiptatiou let well country, a home r been to the past id. ot thera- positions te do not sagacity .3 "fresh 1*6 liberal !n able to irguraent t parents ncreased that the ng more a family Id, many lin here, ross the regretted lich were o induce approve »ut doing descrip- to show pointing so often b simply renturor, Intending notwith- d should through than he would if the reverse had been the case. In the foregoing I have extenuated nothing nor aught set down in malice. Many other directions might bo given, and probably some much more applicable to particular cases tlian those which are contained in the preceding pages, but in a short abstract only those which are of the most general character can be stated, and no instruction fron others can supply the place of that close personal observation and experience which is the grand security for success. Having duly cautioned the intending emigrant, and given plain rules for his guidance, I cannot do better than give a glance at the various British and American Colonies, with a few reliable details of each. There is variety of climate, produce, and occupation in these districts to suit all sorts and conditions of men ; 'hilst of late years both time and distance have become partially annihilate', and emigration does not necessarily mean expatri- ation at the present day. CANADA. DEscniPTioN. — The Dominion of Canada is bounded on the south by the United States of America, and extends from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. Its area is '3,470,392 square miles, and its most southern point reaches the 4'2nd parallel of latitude. The capital of the Dominion and seat of government is Ottawa. The country is divided into eight provinces, the names of which are given below : — 1, Nova Scotia, containing 20,U07 square miles ; 2, New Brunswick, 27,174 ; 3, Prince Edward Island, 2,133 ; 4, Quebec, 188,088 ; 5, Ontario, 101,733 ; 0, Manitoba, 123,200 ; 7, North- West Territories, 2,005,252 ; 8, British Columbia, 341,305 square miles. Population. — According to the census taken in 1881 the population of the Dominion at that time numbered 4,324,810. Of these Nova Scotia contained 440,572; New Brunswick, 321,233 ; Prince Edward Island, 108,891 ; Quebec. 1,359,027 ; Ontario, 1,923,228 ; Manitoba, 05,954 ; North-West Territories, 56,440 ; British Columbia, 49,459. The nationalities of the population are returned as follows :— 891,248 English and Welsh, 957,408 Irish, 099,803 Scotch, 1,298,929 French, 254,319 Geriiiau. The balance is made up of Dutch, Scandinavians, Italians, &c. GovBUNMENT. — The government of the country is administered by a repre- sentative of Her Majesty, whose oflScial title is Governor-General. The tenure of the office is six years, and the expenses are borne by the Dominion. The Federal Parliament includes a Senate and a House of Commons. The members of the Senate are elected for life, but they can resign at any time. The House of Commons is composed of representatives from every part of Canada. The government is conducted on the English basis of the responsibility of the Ministers to Parliament, which is elected for a term of five years. The government of the Provinces is carried on by Lieutenant-Governors, appointed by the Governor-General in Council, and local legislatures, which deal Avith civil rights and property, the administra- tion of justice, and local matters, such as education, control of lands and municipal institutions, prisons, asylums, &c. The Provinces are further sub-divided into coimties and townships, with local boards and councils for regulating taxation for roads, schools, and municipal purposes. The franchise is practically extended to every householder. The criminal and civil laws of Canada are based on those of Great Britain, but ai-e more siraple and less expensive. The law of pinmogeniture has been abolished, lands descending to all Cciiiadd. i 1*1 children, male arid female, in equal shares. Marriied women hold property free from the debts and control of the husband. Trial by jury in civil cases is optional ; the jury is dispensed with, unless either party desire it. Religion and Education. — Religious liberty prevails in Canada. As regards education, long before School Boards were established in England, Canada was in the enjoyment of a well-organised educational system, which is under local control. Free schools are provided, and facilities are aftbrded to successful pupils for obtaining the highest education. There are plenty of newspapers in Canada. Every village of any preten- sions has its weekly press, while towns of seven or eight thousand inhabitants have their local dailies. Some of the city papers have an extensive circula- tion. Several excellent magazines are also published in Canada, besides two literary weekly papers, and other periodicals. These are class papers, agricultural, commeicial, and financial weeklies, and each of the leading religious denominations has its special organ. Militia. — The defence of the country is entrusted to the militia, which consists of two forces, the active and reserve. The strength of the former is fixed by law at 40,000, service iu which is voluntary. In the latter all male British subjects between the ages of IG and 60, not exempted or disqualified by law, are liable to be called upon to serve in case of emergency. The active militia, armed with breech-loading rifles, is equipped in much the same manner as the volunteers and the militia of England, and can be placed in the field at a short notice. Tlie force is under the command of a general officer of the English army. There is a military college for the education of cadets (with a four years' course of study) at Kingston, and schools of gunnery at Quebec and Kingston. A five years' residence in Canada is a necessary qualification for admission. Trade. — The following figures show the imports and exports of Canada for the fiscal year ended June 30th, 1881 :— DOLLARS. Imports 105,330,840 Exports 98,290,823 The exports are divided thus : — Produce of the mines 2,916,254 „ „ fisheries 6,898,884 „ „ forests 25,709,848 Animals and their products 22,665,610 Agricultural produce .. • 31,294,127 Manufactures i,043,123 Miscellaneous articles, coin and bullion, and estimated amount short returned at inland ports 4,962,977 Agriculture forms the principal wealth of the Dominion at the present time ; but Canada is taking a prominent place as a manufacturing country, and the resources are such as to justify the statement that its growth in this respect is likely to continue. Since 1878 the value of the imports from Great Britain hus increased from 37,431,000 dollars to 43,583,000 dollars in 1881, and they are equal now to about Ml sterling per capita, as compared with 14s. 9d, per capita in the United States. Every facility is off'ered for securing patents for inventions, the fees being very moderate, while the protection is as eft'ective as in other countries. The bank return for the month of September, 188.2, shows that there was nearly 100,000,000 dollars on deposit, and in June, 1831, in addition to deposits in the ordinary banks, there were 304 post-office savings banks in the Dominion ; and the total amount standing to the credit of all open accounts on their books at that date was B,208,226 dollars. The average sum standing to the credit of each account was 156*75 dollars. The interest allowed is 4 per cent. )roperty ril cases da. As ilnglaud, which aftbrded preten- abitants circula- ides two papers, leading I, which brmer is all male qualified y. The luch the )e placed general nation of ihools of lada is a mada for 3nt time ; and the 3 respect m Great in 1881, red with es being BS. lere was lition to banks in all open :age sum interest Catiada. 23 The decimal system of coinage and weights is in force in Canada. In money, all transactions appear in dollars and cents. 100 cents make one dollar. Tlie dollar is worth -is. 2d., so that, practically, a cent is equiva- lent to an English halfpenny. The coins in use are the 1 cent (copper), 6 cent, 10 cent, 25 cent, and 50 cent pieces. Bills are issued by the Govern- ment for amounts between 1 dollar and 5 dollars. These bills are convertible into gold on demand, and therefore are equivalent to gold. They are, in fact, preferred to gold for common use. For sums exceeding 5 dollars, the banks (subject to restrictions) issue their own bills. English gold is used in the Dominion, but silver coin is subject to a small discount. Means of Communication. — Canada has an extensive railway system. There are about 8000 miles in operation, affording means of communication from the provlace of Nova Scotia to the western portions of Ontario; and again from the western shores of Lake Superior into Manitoba and the North- West Territory. The Canadian Pacific Railway — one of the greatest national undertakings of the age — is being rapidly constructed. It is already in operation from Thunder Bay on Lake Superior to Winnit)eg, and 500 miles west of that city ; and from Winnipeg south to the international boundary, where it conneccs with the United States railways. It is confidently expected that in 1880 there will be a railway from the Maritime Provinces to the Pacific coast entirely through Canadian territory, the importance of which to the country and to the British Empire it is impossible to exaggerate. The Canadian Pacific Railway deserves special mention. Prior to 1880 the work of making a connection between the Atlantic and Pacific coasts was being carried out by the Government ; but in that year it was transferred to a syndicate, which is now engaged in rapidly constructing the line. There are 1000 miles of it in operation at the present time, aiid the track has been laid during the past season at the rate of between two and three miles per day. It is now opeu to withiu 300 miles of the Rocky Mountains, and the difficult work in British Colurabia, and on the northern shore of Lake Superior, is also being accelerated as much as possible. The line, when complete, will be 2600 miles long. This does not include the branches which will be inevitable. The public importance of the railway will be understood when it is stated that a subsidy for completed works, equal to nearly eleven millions sterling, and twenty-five million acres of land, was voted by the Canadian Parliament to enable the contract to be carried out. The inland navigation of the Dominion has cost a large sum of money, but it is a work of which the country may well be proud. Vessels of 600 tons can proceed from the western end of Lake Superior, and from the United States ports of that vast inland sea, to Montreal hy way of lakes Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario, and the river St. Lawrence — a distance of nearly 1,300 miles. The flocks on the Welland Canal connecting lakes Erie and Ontario — rendered necessary by the Niagara Falls — have recently been en- larged, and are new 270 feet long, 45 feet wide, and 14 feet deep. Vessels of a still larger size will therefore be used to carry produce direct from Western Canada and the United States to the St. Lawrence route, which will tend to cheapen the cost of transport. The Canadian route from the lakes to the ports of transhipment, compared with that to New York and other American ports, possesses some advantages. Take, for instance, the distance from Chicago. It is 150 miles less to Montreal Mian it is to New York, via Bufi'alo and Erie Canal, and there are 16 more locks and 80^ feet more lockage by the American than by the Canadian route. In addition, Montreal is 300 miles nearer to England than New York. To show the improvement that has taken place in the navigation of the St. Lawrence, it may be stated that in 185,0 the channel between Quebec and TJijntreal was only II feet deep ; it lias gradually been increased to 26 feet. Atlantic steamers of 6,000 tons can now be moored alongside the wharves at the latter city. M Caiiadci . Postal and Telegraph Arrangements. — The postal arrangements are under the administration of a department of State, and faciUties are found in every village. Under a recent enactment, newspapers are conveyed through the post, Iree of charge, from the offices of the journals to their subscribers. Money-order offices are in existence, affording an easy means of transmit- ting money in th.'i country and abroad, at nominal rates. The telegraph system of Canada is in the hands of chartered companies. There are about 30,000 miles of wire in operation. Fvery village of any importance has its telegraph office. The lines are also iu connection with the Atlantic cable system. Climate. — The severity of the Canadian climate has been very much exaggerated. In a country like the Dominion of Canada, extending north- ward from the 42nd parallel of latitude, and east to west for 3,000 miles, the climate is naturally variable ; but to speak generally, the summers are hotter than in England, and the winters colder. ]3ut neither the summer heat nor the winter cold are disadvantageous to the inhabitants or to the productive- ness of the land. The warmth of the summer months extends the range of production in grains from oats and barley to wheat and maize ; in fruits, from apples and pears to peaches, grapes, melons, nectarines, and apricots ; and in vegetables, from potatoes, turnips, carrots, and cabbages, to the egg plant and tomatoes. The winter temperature cannot properly be measured by the thermometer for purposes of comparison with that of other countries. It is at times much below zero ; but the air is so dry and exhilarating that its effect upon the body is not nearly so great as a much higher temperature would be in a more humid climate. To agriculture, snow and ice are no great drawbacks. They mean protection to the land almost as valuable as a cover- ing of manure. They convert the surface of the earth into roads equal to turnpikes in any direction, over which millions of tons of i^roduce of all kinds are transported at a minimtim cost, affording emploj-^ment for men and horses when cultivation is arrested by the frost. Besides, from an agricultural point of view, whether the thermometer is at freezing point or whether it is below zero is a matter of small moment. The winter iii Canada has little or no effect upon vegetation. The fruit trees remain practicall}'' uncared for during the season ; ferns, flowers, and shrubs appear every spring as regularly as they do in England, and the woods and -valleys abound in mid fruits. Grape vines in the Ottawa valley and in the Toronto and other districts are left unprotected during the winter without injury. It is not necessary to point out that the winter cold in Canada is greater than in England. That is an admitted fact ; but it is not disadvantageous. The houses in Canada, and the clothes worn, are adapted to the weather, and it is well-known that Canadians prefer their dry, clear, winter weather, to the damp, cutting temperature that prevails in England. It is said that farmers cannot work in winter, and that labour is at a standstill. A greater mistake could not be made. A farmer, in Canada, does very much the same work in the winter as an Englis^^ farmer in the same season and in wet weather. While the frost stays actual cultivation, which at the outside is only about five months, and often less — in 1881, ploughing was being done in the Ottawa district on the last day of December — employment is found for men and horses in carting, and in many other ways. Lumbering is also done during the winter, and gives employment to a large number of men. Mechanics can continue work during the season, excepting such men as masons and bricklayers, and even they can sometimes do inside work. But if a man goes to any colony, he must be prepai-ed to take whatever work offers, and, in Canada, no difficulty in securing employment will be found. Emigration to Canada (a) Classes of Emigrants. — The classes of men particularly wanted in the Dominion are agriculturists, farmers, farm Canada. merits are found in I through scribers. transmit- telegraph are about ice has its ntic cable ery much ng north- miles, the are hotter heat nor )roductive- le range of ruits, from ts ; and in plant and ed by the ries. It is ig that its mperature re no great as a cover- s equal to )f all kinds and horses tural pohit it is below ittle or no for during 3gularly as ts. Grape ts are left L is greater antageous. Jather, and her, to the lat farmers er mistake e work in it weather. )nly about he Ottawa men and me during Mechanics asons and > if a man rs, and, in les of men ers. farm labourers, general labourers, navvies, mechanics, and last, but not least, domestic servants. Persons with capital will find opportunities for the safe investment of money, not excelled in any other part of the world. Manufac- turers receive every encouragement from municipalities in the establishment of factories, end in many cases are exempted from taxation for a time. The classes which should be warned against emigration to Canada are females above the grade of servants ; clerks, shopmen, and persons having no particular trade or calling, and unaccustomed to manual labour, unless they have capital, or are prepared to adopt some more active kind of employment than that which they have hitherto followed. (b.) Tjme 10 Emigrate. — The best time to arrive in Canada is early in May, when the inland navigation is open, and out-door operations are com- mencing. The emigrant will then be able to take advantage of the spring- and summer work, and to get settled before the winter sets in. The voyage from Liverpool to Quebec occupies, on ui average, about ten -days by steamer, and the journey to the North- West four days longer. (c.) Cost of Transit to Canada. — The cost of reaching Canada varies from time to time. At present the fares are as under : — From Great Britain to Quebec, the saloon fare ranges from £10 to .£18 ; intermediate, £G. Os. to £8. 8s. ; steerage, i'4. 4s. The Government, however, ofier assisted pas- sages to mechanics, navvies, farm and general labourers, and domestic ser- vants, to the following extent : — 1. For mechanics, navvies, general labourers, and their families, per adult, £4 ; children between 12 and 1, £2 ; infanta under 12 months, 10s. 2. For agricultural labourers and their families, per adult, £3 ; children between 12 and 1, £2; infants under 12 months, 10s. 3. For female domestic servants, £3. These passages can only be obtained by application on forms which are supplied by the Government to the difterent Steamship Companies. The lines authorized to carry assisted passengers to Canada are the Allan, Dominion, Great Western, Bexver, and Teniperley lines. There is no system at present in operation or before the public which per- mits of money being advanced for the assistance of emigration to be repaid after arrival in Canada. Fares must be paid before passengers embark. Canadian Government Offices. — The chief offices of the Government of Canada in Great Britain are at 9, Victoria Chambers, Westminster, London, S.W. Communications should be addressed to Sir Alexander T. Galt, G.C.M.G., the High Commissioner. Mr. Joseph G. Colmer is the official Secretary. Canadian Government Agents in Great Britain : — Liverpool ... Mr. John Dyke, 15, Water street. Glasgow Mr. Thomas Grahame, 40, St. Enoch square. Belfast Mr. Charles Fcy, 29, Victoria place. Dublin Mr. Thomas Connolly, Northumberland House. Bristol Mr. J. W. Down, Bath Bridge. The following are the Agents of the Canadian Government in Canada and the United States : — Ottawa Mr. W. J. Wills, St. Lawrence and Ottawa Railway Station, Ottawa, Ontario. Toronto Mr. J. A. Donaldson, Strachan avenue, Toronto, Ontario. Montreal ... Mr. J. J. Daley, Montreal, Province of Quebec. Kingston Mr. R. Macpherson, William street, Kingston, Ontario. Hamilton ... Mr. John Smith, Great Western Railway, Hamilton, Ontario. 26 Canada, London Mi*. Halifax Mr. St. John Mr. Quebec Mr. Winnipeg ... Mr. Brandon Mr. DUFFERIN ... Mr. DcLUTH Mr. A. G. Smythe, London, Ontario. E. Clay, Halifax, Nova Scotia. S. Gardner, St. John, New Brunswick. L. Stafford', Point Levis, Quebec. W. B. C. Grahame, Winnipeg, Manitoba. Thomas Bennett, Brandon, Manitoba. J. E. Tetu, Dufferin, Manitoba. McGoverx, Duluth (Minnesota, U.S.) l^OYA SCOTIA. Description. — Nova Scotia is a peninsula, l.ying between 43° and 4C° north latitude, and 01° and 07° west longitude. It is connected with the province of Nev*^ Brunswick by a narrow isthmus about IG miles wide ; its area is about 300 miles in length by 80 to 100 miles in width ; its length running about north-east and south-west. The province contains about 13,000,000 acres of land, of which about one-fifth consists of lakes and small rivers. About 5,000,000 acres of land are fit for tillage. The coast, although rugged, is indented with numerous deep water harbours, most of which are easy of access, commodious and safe. According to the census of 1881, the popula- tion of the province amounted to 440,57-.i souls. Its capital city is Halifax. Land. — The quanity of land at the disposal of the Government is limited, the price 44 dollars per 100 acres of Crown land — free grants being, however, given to bona fide settlers. Climate, Soil, and Productions. — The climate of Nova Scotia, contrary to the general impression in Europe, is more temperate than that of any other part of Canada. It is extremely healthy. The returns from British military stations place this province in the first class. The fertility of the soil is unsurpassed, and the western counties of Nova Scotia excel in the growth of fruit, especially apples, for which the climate is peculiarly adapted. All the small fruits are very abundant, as well as grand root crops and Indian corn. Minerals and Timber. — The principal minerals of Nova Scotia are coal, iron, gold, gypsum, &c. Coal mines are extensively worked in Cape Breton, Picton, and in the County of Cumberland. It contains large tracts of wood- lands, which produce pine, spruce, hemlock, and various kinds of hard wood timber. Manufactures and Exports. — Shipbuilding is one of the chief industries, while fishing em^Dloys a large portion of the population. The chief exports are timber, coal, iron, fish, fish oil, and farm produce. Average Rate ok Wages, Cost of Living, kc. — Farm labourers, per day, without board, 4s. Gd. ; per month, and board, £'i. 5s. to i'4. 4s. ; female farm servants, iCs. to 25s. ; general labourers, per day, 48.' to 5s. ; railway labourers, 4s. to 5s. ; boiler-makers, 8s. ; masons, 10s. ; bricklayers, lOs. ; carj. enters, Gs. ; lumbermen, Gs. ; shipwrights, 10s.; smiths, 8s.; wheel- wrights, Gs. Gd. to 12s. ; gardeners, per month, with board, X'3. 15s. to ^gG; per month, without board, =£5. 5s. to i'8 ; miners, 5s. to Gs. ; mill-hands, per day, 4s. Gd. to 6s. ; engine drivers, 7s. to 9s.; saddlers, per week, il. 5s. to £'i ; bootmakers, per day, 5s. ; tailors, per week, £2. 5s. to £2. 10s. ; cost of board, per week, 12s. Gd. to 14s. Gd. ; house rent, per year, i'3 to i'5. The price of ordinary day labour is from 3s. 9d. to 5s. sterling. Farm labourers, during spring time and harvest, earn even larger wages, and board besides. The cost of provisions is much lower than in England, the price of flour varying from ^1 to ^1. 10s. sterling per barrel ; beef, mutton, and veal from 6 to 10 cents per lb. Fish and vegetables are abundant and cheap. New Br' and the St; Nova Scotii tinent of A has a coast and is intei aflat or u was 321,23 Land, — ' order of th obtained b of age, on ( Climate and does n equal, are soil is gei Scotia. T building, f Man UFA has greatl manufactu furniture, operation, tural prod AVERAG much fro: slightly Ic This pi between Northum east to w 2134 squi aspect of 1881 the Cliarlott( Land,- be obtair Clima and fogs The SI proporti( fruit, an are foun deep, ai Potatoes also ha\ the nort for by attentio crops y able fa United Canada. 27 ■ NEW BEUITSWICK. " New Brunswick borders on the Provinces of Nova Scotia and Quebec, and the State of Maine (one of the United States of America), and is, with Nova Scotia, nearer Europe than any of the populated portions of the Con- tinent of America. It is 210 miles in length and 180 miles in breadth, and has a coast line of aboiit 500 miles indented with spacious bays and inlets, and is intersected in every direction by large navigable rivers. It is generally a flat or undulating country. In 1881, the population of New Brunswick was 321,233 souls. St. John and Frederickton are the principal cities. Land. — Large blocks of choice farming land have lately been laid oiT by order of the Government, from which free grants of one hundred acres can be obtained by every head of a family containing children under eighteen years of age, on condition of actual settlement on the grant. Climate, Son,, and Productions. — The climate is exceedingly healthy, and does not prevent the soil from producing crops which, other things being equal, are not inferior either in quantity or quality to those of England. The soil is generally fertile, and the produce is similar to that grown in Nova Scotia. The forests of New Brunswick produce superior timber for ship- building, for which the country has long been celebrated. Manufactures and Exports. — The manufacturing interest of the province has greatly increased during the past few years, and establishments for the manufacture of woollen and cotton goods, boots and shoes, leather lumber, furniture, carriages, door sashes, steam engines, hardware, &c., are in full operation. It exports many of these articles, besides lish, cattle and agricul- tural products. Average Rate ok Wages and Cost of Living. — These do not vary much from the rates m Nova Scotia, though if anything diiferent they are slightly lower than those of that Province. PKIKOE EDWAED ISLAj^D. This province is situated on the south side of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, between New Brunswick and Cape Breton, and is separated from them by Northumberland Strait, which is from to 30 miles wide. Its extent from east to west is 130 miles, and from north to south 34 miles, with an area of 2134 square miles. The surface is gently undulating, presenting a charming aspect of hill and dale, well watered with numerous springs and rivers. In 1881 the island contained a population of 107,781 souls. The chief town is Charlottetowu. Land. — Farms in good cultivation, with buildings and improvements, can be obtained for about 20 dollars an acre. Climate, Soil, and Productions. — The climate is temperate and healthy, and fogs do not prevail to the same extent as on the coasts of Nova Scotia. The soil is remarkably fertile, and it has more land under cultivation in proportion to its size than any of the other provinces. All kinds of grain, fruit, and vegetables do well. Large deposits of what is called "mussel mud" are found in the beds of all the rivers, some of them from ten to thirty feet deep, are used as fertilizers, and yield vei-y large crops of hay and clover. Potatoes, oats, and barley have been the principal staples for export ; horses also have been raised in numbers, and are much sought after by dealers from the northern New England States. The sheep are line, and are also sought for by New England buyers. Cattle breeding has not yet received much attention, though the pasturage is remarkably good, and both hay and root crops yield very large returns. It is believed that the island affords favour- able facilities for the breed 'ug and fattening of cattle for export to the United Kingdom. 28 Canada. The fisheries are among the best in the Gulf, and give employment to a large number of men. Shipbuilding is also one of the principal industries. A submarine telegraph connects the Island with New Brunswick. There is one railroad on the island 198^ miles long, under the control of the Dominion Government. S* :amers ply constantly between the ports on the island and the seaports of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and the New England States. The chief drawback is, that during a part of the winter, communication is interrupted with the main shore owing to ice blockades. il QUEBEC. Desciviption. — This province was originally settled by the French. The first English settlers whp really fixed their homes in Quebec were the United Empire Loyalists, whom the War of Independence in the United States caused to emigrate to Canada. To recompense their allegiance the British Government granted them mugnificent grants of land in th' Eastern Town- ships in Quebec, and in the peninsula formed by the great lakes of Ontario, In this way there exists to-day in the province a mixed population, consisting of French and English-speaking people. The capital of the province is Quebec, though Montreal is the largest city, having a population of over 150,000 inhabitants. Land. — Upon eight of the great colonization roads, every male colonist and emigrant being 18 years of age may obtain a free grant of 100 acres. The conditions are that at the end of the fourth year a dwelhng must liave been erected on the land, and twelve acres be under cultivation. Letters Patent are then granted. Crown lands can also be purchased at 30 cents to (50 cents an acre. The province has a homestead law exempting the property of emigrants from seizure under certain conditions. Climatk, Soil, and Puoductions. — Though colder in winter than in Ontario, the summer is hot in Quebec. The climate is remarkably healthy, and its people are hardy and vigorous. The soil is generally of good quality, and its productions are similar to those of Ontario. Minerals and Timber. — Mining in this province is only in its infancy, though iron, gold, cojiper, lead, silver, platinum, zinc, granite, marble, slate, gvpsum, phosphate, &c., &c.. are found abundantly. The most important trade in Quebec is the lumber industry, and this aftbrds nearly everywhere a ready market for the farmer, certainly to the new settler, and, in the winter season, employment for himself and his horses. The value of exports of produce of the forest from the province of Quebec in 1881 was 12,785,223 dollars. Fisheries. — The fisheries of the iirovince are a great boon to the settlers along the rich lands girding the coast, and beginning to be a very large source of trade. The total yield of the fisheries in Quebec in 1881 was 2,410,937 dollars. Quebec has an extent of coast of 1,000 miles, where the cod, herring, mackerel, salmon and other fisheries are carried on successfully. Whale fishing is also carried on. There are, it is said, on reliable authority, above 70 salmon fishery rivers in Quebec. Manufactures and Exports. — The principal articles manufactured in the province are cloth, linen, furniture, leather, sarwn timber, flax, iron and hard- ware, paper, chemicals, soap, boots and shoes, cotton and woollen goods, etc., etc., and all descriptions of agricultural implements. The exports from the forest during the year 1881 amounted to 12,785,223 dollars, and the agricul- tural produce to 8,24=2,021 dollars, and the export of animals and their pro- duce reached the sum of 12,478 690 dollars. Average Rate of Wages, Cost of Livfng, &c. — Farin labourers, per day. lent to a ustries. ontrol of ; ports oa the New le winter, kades. ch. The le United ed States e British !rn Town- f Ontario, consisting irgest city, )lonist and 3res. The liave been ers Patent GO cents an ■ emigrants in Ontario, ly, and its uality, and ts infancy, rble, slate, ', and this inly to the If and his province of the settlers very large I 1881 was , where the iccessfully. J authority, ired in the I and hard- goods, etc., s from the he agricul- their pro- rs, per day. Canada. without board, 4s. to Os. ; per month, and board, £i to .£5. lOs. ; female farm servants, ^1, 5s. to £'2. 2s. ; general labourers, per day, 4s. to Os. ; railway labourers, 53. to Os. ; masons, (is. to 9s. ; bricklayers, Hs. to 9s. ; carpenters, Os. to 9s. ; lumberers, and board, (is. to 8s. ; shipwrights, per day, Os. to 83. ; smiths, Os. to 8s. ; wheelwrights, Os. to 8s. ; gardeners, with board, per month, £i to £0, without board, per day, 4s. to Os. ; miners, Os. to 8s. ; mill-hands, 4s. to Os. ; engine drivers, 7s. to 10s. ; saddlers, 8s. to lOs. ; bootmakers, 5s. to 8s. ; tailors, 4s. to Os. ; female cooks, per month, £1. l-2s. to £i. 10s. ; domestic servants, in great demand, ^1. 5s. to £2. 2s. ; laundresses, per day, 3s, to 4s. ; cost of board per week, 12s. to 10s. ; rent of mechanics' and labourers' dwellings, £1. 5s. to ^£1. 12s. per montli. The agent for the Province of Quebec, in Great Britain, is Mr. J. H. O'Neill, Park Villa. Wimbledon Park Road, Southfields, London, S.W., to whom communications respecting the colony should be addi'essed. OI^TARIO. Description. — Ontario is the principal province of Canada. It is situate to the north of the River St. Lawrence, and of the great lakes Ontario, Erie, Huron, and Superior. The River Ottawa, a noble .stream, divides it from the Province of Quebec. The capital of Ontario is Toronto, a fine city, with a population of about 100,000 inhabitants. The other principal cities are Ottawa, Hamilton, Loudon, and Kingston. Land. — Every head of a family can obtain a free grant of 200 acres of bush laud, and any person 18 years of age may obtain 100 acres in the free grant districts. The conditions are : — 15 acres in each grant of 100 acres to be cleared and under crop in five years ; a habitable house, at least 1(5 feet by 20, built ; and residence on the land at least six montlis in each year. The patent is issued at the end of five years. Uncleared lands can also be pur- chased at prices varying from 2s. to 40s. per acre. Cleared and improved farms, with buildings, can be bought at from ^£4 to ^£10 per acre. The money can nearly always be paid by instalments extending over several years. A company has been formed in Ontario, called the Canada West Land and Agency Company. The object is to bring before the public the improved farms of Ontario, These properties are for sale in consequence of the rush to Manitoba and other new countries. In Ontario farmers would find all the comforts and conveniences they had been accustomed to, without the necessity of undergoing pioneer life in the bush, or on the prairie. The company has an office in London, at 82, Queen street, Cheapside. The manager is Mr. W. F. Smith, who will supply lists of farms for sale, with descriptions and prices. Climate, Soil, and Prouuctions. — The climate is much the same as in some other parts of the Dominion, but milder in the winter than in Quebec, The soil of the country varies in difi'erent localities, a large proportion being of the best description for agricultural purposes. It produces cereals, grasses, and the various root crops, while apples, pears, and many other varieties of fruit grow and ripen in abundance. In the southern portion of the province hemp, tobacco, maize, peaches, and grapes grow in the open air. Minerals and Timber.— In mineral wealth it has gi'eat resources, pro- ducing iron, copper, lead, gold, silver, phosphate, marble, petroleum, salt, &c. Its immense forests of pine timber are well known as a great source of wealth. Manufacxcres ANn Exports. — Its principal manufactures are cloth, linen, clothing, leather, furr ture, hewn and sawn timber, flax, iron and hardware, paper, soap, cotton anu woollen goods, steam-engines and locomotives, wooden 10 Canada. ware of all descriptions, agricultural implements, &c. Cattle, sheep, and pigs, dairy and agricultural produce are exported largely from this province, and the trade is increasing rapidly. AvERAGK UATK OF Wagks, Cost OF LiviNo, &c. — Farm labourcrs, per day, without board, •ia. Cd. to 4s. ; per week, with board, 123. to 14s. ; female farm servants, witli board, per month, 203. to 25s.; general labourers, per day, 5s,; railway labourers, 5s. (Id.; masons, 10s.; bricklayers, 10s.; carpenters, 8s.; lumbermen, (is. ; shipwrights, Os. ; smiths, Os. ; wlieelwrights, (5s ; gardeners, with board, KJs. per week; without board, 5s. per day; minei'S, ;}s. to4s.; mill-hands, 5s. Od. ; saddlers, (is. ; booimi.kers, 6s. ; tailors, Os. ; female cooks, per month, ^1. 12s. to £ii; domestic servants, £1. 5s. to £1. 10s.; laundresses, £1. 12s. to ^1. 18s. Board and lodging, 12s. to IGs. per week; house rent, from il to ^2 per month. Provisions are much cheaper than in England. Beef, veal, and mutton are from 3d. to Od. per lb. ; pork, 4d to 5d.; bacon, (id. to 8d. ; bread, (best). 4.|d. to 5d. per 4lb. loaf; butter (fresh). Is,; salt (ditto), 7d. to 8d. per lb.; potatoes. Is. 9d. to 2s. per bushel; tea, 2s.; sugar (brown), 4d. to 4^d. per lb. ; milk, 3d. per quart; beer. Is. 2d. to Is. Od. per gallon ; and tobacco. Is. to 2s. per lb. AoRicuLTURAL STATISTICS OF OxTAnio. — The Burcau of Industries of the province of Ontario, Canada, has published some Agricultural returns relating to that province in 1882, which are not without interest at the present time. The total number of farms was 201,700, embracing an area of 10,602,387 acres, of which 10,211,900 acres were cleared. The value of farm land was estimated at 631,882,030 dollars, and the total of land, buildings, implements, and live stock at 882,024,500 dollars. The yields of the different kinds of produce wei*e estimated as follows : Fall wheat, 203 ; spring wheat, 165 ; barley, 280; oats, 3G'4 ; rye, 18'8 bushels per acre. The figures com- pare very favourably with, and are in excess of most of, the American States. The area under grain crops in 1881 was 5,002,007 acres, or 48 per cent, of all the cleared land ; and under other field crops, orchards, &c., 2,335,149 acres. This makes a total under tillage of 7,337,210 acres, leaving 2,874,474 acres for pasture and fallow land. The tables of live stock show that the number of i'arm horses in the province on May 31 was 503,(104; of cattle, 1,580,312; of sheep, 1,015,303 ; of hogs, 850,220; and of pouUry, 5,352,120. The number of milch cows was 009,029, and of thorough-bred cattle, 23,029 ; the returns of the latter, however, were incomplete. Of shoep. one year and over, 933,143 were returned as coarse-wooUed, and 178,299 as fine-wooUed ; the average weight per fleece of coarse wool was 5"19lb, and of fine wool 5"07lb. The number of hogs one year and over was 252,415, and under one year, 597,811. The number of turkeys was 310,058 ; of geese, 533,357 ; and of other fowls, 4,508,705. All further particulars respecting the Province of Ontario may be obtained from Mr. Peter Byrne, Ontario Government Agency, 6, South Castle street. Liverpool. MAl:i3"IT0BA AND THE ]S"OETH-WEST TEREITOEIES. Dkscription. — The country now universally known under the above names. was granted by Charter to the Hudson Bay Company in 1070, during the reign of Charles II., as a hunting and trading ground, and was held by it, and by the North- West Company (tha two corporations amalgamated in 1831) until i870, when their rights were surrendered to the Dominion. Its popula tion is about 200,000. Its principal city, Winnipeg, contains a population of about 25,000. The navigable rivers in the country are the Red River, the , and pigs, (vince, and rs, per day, smale farm r day, 5s.; liters, 8s.; gardeners, ;5s. to 4s.; male cooks, lundresses, louse rent, n England, bacon. Od. Is.; salt 'is.; sugar Is. Od. per Canada. 81 idustries of ral returns the present an area of line of farm 3, buildings, the different Dring wheat, figures com- e American 5S, or 48 per •chards, &c„ cres, leaving s stock show I'as 5Oy,(i04; d of pouUry, lorough-breil !. Ofshoep, I 178,209 as .•lOlb, and of 252,415, and 8 ; of geese, Y be obtained Castle street. WEST above names, D, during the ,s held by it, ated in 1821) Its popuk' population of ed River, the Saskatchewan, and the Assiniboino. Manitoba is the name of a province formed out of the North-West Territories. It is situated between the parallels 41)°-50° 50' latitude N., and 8i)°.102° west longitude, in the centre of the American continent. It contains about 123,200 square miles, or 78,000,000 acres of land. An Order in Council was passed during the year 1882, dividing the North-West Territories beyond the confines of Manitoba into four new districts, or, more properly speaking, territories, as follows : — Assiniboia, containing about 05,000 square miles; Saskatchewan, 114,000; Alberta, 100,000; and Athabasca, about 122,000. Saskatchewan includes the towns of Battleford, Carleton, and Prince Albert. Assiniboia includes Regina, a rising town of 1,000 inhabitants. Alberta comprises the towns of Edmonton, Calgary, and Fort McLeod ; and Athabasca includes the fertile, yet undeveloped, country known as the Peace River district. L.\ND. — It is estimated that the land suitable for cultivation in Manitoba and the North-West Territories, practically unoccupied at the present time, amounts to between 100,000,000 and 200,000,000 acres. It will tlierefore take many years for the country to fill up ; but there cannot be much doubt that the earlier settlers will reap advantages tliat must arise from the rapid development that is now taking place in the country. It is surveyed into "townships" of six miles square, each containing thirty-six square mile lots or sections. These sections are numbered con- secutively one to thirty-six ; two in each township are reserved to defray the expenses of education, and are sold by auction from time to time, and two others belong to the Hudson Bay Company, which Corporation oilers its lands for sale at prices ranging from 14s. to 24s. per acre, on deferred payments. The London office of the Hudson's Bay Company is at 1, Lime Street, E.G. For twenty-four miles on each side of the railway (now being made) across the continent, the remainder of the odd-numbered sections in each township belong to the Canadian Pacific Railway Company, who dispose of their large land grants on favourable terms of purchase. Full particulars can be obtained at the London office of the Company, 101, Cannon Street, E.C. The remaining even-numbered sections in each township (sixteen) are held exclusively by the Government for free grant and pre-emption purposes. These sections are each sub-divided into four quarter sections of 160 acres, two being available for free grants, and two for pre-emptions. Anj^ male or female who is at the head of a family, any male member of a family 18 years old, or any other person who has attained that age, can obtain a free grant of 100 acres, and can also make an. entry for pre-emptiou rights to the adjoining 160 acres at the Government price of two dollars fifty cents per acre, payable in cash at the end of three years. For office fees to cover the cost of survey, documents, &c., a charge of ten dollars is made in each case at the time of entry. Outside the railway belt alluded to above, the even-numbered sections are also held for free grants and pre-emptions, the odd-numbered being designated " public lands." Such pre-emptions and public lands are offered for sale by the Government at two dollars per acre, the money in the former case being paid at the end of three years, and in the latter at the time of purchase. The title to the free gi-ant is given at the end of three years. The conditions to be fulfilled are : residence on the land six months annuallj'" for the three years ; the erection of a house ; and general cultivation of the land, — but a settler is not bound to put any specified quantity under crops. Owing to the rapidity of settlement, it is not now possible to obtain a free grant of land near the railway for at least 200 miles from Winnipeg ; but the line is being rapidly constructed westward,- opening up every month large tracts for occupation. Climate, Soil, and Productions.— The climate is very healthy indeed, and though the winters in the eastern portion of the Territories ai"e 'colder 82 Canada . I thftn those of Ontario, those of the western portion are warmer, owing to the prevalence of the " chinook," or warm winds, which there prevent the snow laying for long together. The summers are hot, though tempered by the gentle breezes which blow across the wide expanse of prairie, of which the country is chiefly composed. The soil is an alluvial deposit of great richness. It varies in depth (and the subsoil is not always the same), and it has been reported upon favourably by almost every person who 1ms inspected it. All the crops that grow in England flourish here, as other varieties also. Wheat yields from 25 to 40 busliels per acre ; oats from 00 to 70, and other produce in like proportions. Wild fruits abound in great variety. Minerals and Timbku. — Coal is found above Edmonton and for some dis- tance below that point ; it has also been discovered o,i the Las llatchcwan and Souris Rivers, and every indication points to the fact that it exists in large quantities. Different species of hardwood, some pine, and other varieties of timber, are found in groves and detached clumps all over the country. AvEHAOE Hate of Wages, Cost of Living, &c. — Winnipeg and District.— Farm labourers, with board, per month, ^4. 4s. to £S. 8s. ; female farm ser- vavits, i;2. 2s. to i:3. 3s.; general labourers, per day, 8s. to lis.; railway labourers, 10s. to l2s. ; masons, per day, 12s. (5d. to 20s. ; bricklayers, lOs. to 25s.; carpenters, Hs. to Kis. (Jd. ; lumbermen (for shanty), £6 to £7. 7s. per month, with board ; smiths, per day, 12s. (id. to 14s. Od. ; wheelwrights, 10s, to lOs. ; gardeners, with board per month, £-i to £{j ; mill-hands, per day, Hs. to 10s. ; engine drivers, 12s. to 20s. ; saddlers, 8s. to 12s. ; bootmakers, 83. to 12s. ; tailors, l2s. to 20s.; female cooks, per month, ,£3 to £'0; domestic ser- vants, ^2. 10s. to £i ; laundresses, £'3 to £6 ; cost of board, £1 to £1. 123. per week ; house rent, for houses of 3 to 5 rooms, £-i to £(j per month ; houses of 5 to 7 rooms, .£0 to £15 per month. Brandon District. — Farm labourers, per day, without board, 8s. ; per week, and board, £1. 13s. ; general labourers, per day, 8s. to 10s. ; railway labourers, 8s. ; masons, 12s. to 20s. ; bricklayers, 123. to 20s. ; carpenters, 10s. to lOs. ; lumbermen, 8s. ; smiths, 8s. to KJs. ; gardeners, with board, (Ss. ; without board, 8s. ; mill-hands, 10s. to 14s. ; engine drivers, 14s. to 20s. ; saddlers, 10s. to l4s. ; bootmakers, 10s. to 14s. ; tailors, 8s. to 14s. ; female cooks, per month, £4 to £(i; domestic servants, £2. 2s. to £3 : laundresses, £5 to £0; cost of board, per week, £1 ; rent, for small house, £1. 12s. per month, and upwards. BEITISH COLUMBIA. The province of British Columbia is the most western of the group of provinces which constitute the Dominion of Canada, and has a coast line of about five hundred miles on the Pacific Ocean, with innumerable bays, harbours, and inlets. The harbour of Esquimalt is the best on the Pacific, north of San Francisco. It has an almost even depth of 30 feet, with an excellent bottom, and it is perfectly safe and sheltered. It is well lighted, and may be entered with facility at all times. Onl}^ a tongue of land, 750 feet wide, prevents free communication between it and the harbour of Victoria. Still further on the east coast of the Island of Vancouver is Nanaimo, sixty-five miles froni Victoria. It possesses a safe and commodious harbour. British Columbia has a population of only 60,000, and is capable of unlimited development. Its capital is Victoria, with a population of nearly 6,000. Land. — Heads of families, widows, or single men of 18 years and upwards may obtain free grants of 320 acres eastward of the Cascade range of moun- Byitish Columbia. 68 ^ng to the the snow |id by the Inch tlie Jepth (and lavourably |t grow ill b 25 to 40 [oportiona. some dis- -atchcwan it exists in r varieties ntry. District.— farm sei- . ; railway 3rs, l(is. to £7. 7s. per •ights, 10s. •er day, Hs. kers, 83. to mestic ser- to £1. 12s. •er month; ; per week, '■ labourers, Os. to iGs.; 3. ; without ; saddlers, cooks, per ^5 to £0 ; nonth, and 3 group of •ast line of able bays, he Pacific, it, with an ell lighted, ' land, 750 larbour of icouver is immodious sapable of , of nearly i upwards ) of moun- tains, or of 1(U) acres iu other parts of the province. The settler selectH his own land, records it in the oilico of the Jiistrict Commissioner, the loo for which is two dollars, and at once enters upon ocoup.ation. After two years' occupancy, and certain conditions as to iniprovcuicnls having been coni|)licd witli, a Crown grant or conveyance will be made, tlie only expense of which would be live dollars. Lands, tlio surveys of which have been duly made and confirmed by notice in the (Jovernment (Jazctle, are open for purchase at the rate of one dollar per acre — to bo paid in one lull payment, or in two annual payments of 50 cents per acre ; the purchase to bo completed iu two years from the time of purchase. l^ersons desirous of purchasing unsurveyed, unoccupied, and unreserved Crown lands must first have the land surveyed by a surveyor approved by the Government. Tracts of land near the land actually occupied can bo leased for tjrazimj pur- poses, on terms designed to be liberal to the pre-cmptor. Such leased land is liable to be pre-empted by others, but in that case the lessee's rent is reduced proportionately. Land covered with wild hay can also be leased in the above way, but not more than 500 acres of it to any one person, and not for longer than five years. Mining and timber leases are granted under favourable conditions. MiUtary and naval officers in Her Majesty's service are entitled to free grants on certain conditions. Homestead Act. — If a settler has a wife and children, this Act must be dear to him. The farm and buildings, wlien registered, cannot be taken for debt incurred after the registration. It is free up to a value not greater than 2500 dollars (£500 English). Goods and chattels are also free up to 500 dollars (£100 English); cattle " farmed on shares " are also protected by an Exemption Act. Farm lands in private hands may bo bought at almost at any price, from 5 dollars (20s. English) to 4=0 dollars ( fy English) per acre, according to situation and improvement. Climate, Soir., and PiioDucTioxs. — The climate of British Columbia is healthy. It res'^mbles very much that of Great Britain, excepting that the summers are much drier. Although the surface of the country is somewhat broken the soil is generally very good, and all kinds of crops grown here can be successfully raised there. Minerals and Timbek. — Gold is found in paying quantities in several districts. Copper, iron, and silver deposits exist at various points, but coal is the principal mineral mined in the province. It is found in large quantities in Vancouver's Island. The timber of British Columbia is very fine indeed, and the Douglas pine, which is here the chief forest tree, attains a very large size. Other species of timber are found here — including the cypress, cedar, and the various kinds of hard woods common to North America. Exports. — The chief exports of British Columbia are coal, timber, and fish, all of which are unsurpassed in quality, and is also in constant demand. Average Rvte ov Wages, Cost of Living, &c. — Labour commands a high rate of remuneration, and men capable of ordinary manual labour receive from £5 to £12 per month, with board. Ordinary day labourers receive from 8s. to 12s. per day, witliout board. Living and house rent is somewhat high, board ranging from £5 to £7 per month. British Columbia is now reached by crossing the American continent to San Francisco, and thence per steamer; but when the Canadian Pacific Railway is completed it will be much easier of access, and the route to it will be entirely through British territory. 84 South Africa. SOUTH AFRICA. Area, about 500,000 square miles. Population, about 2,000,000. CAPE COLONY. Description. — Capo Colony is (he most southerly portion of the African Continent. It was founded by the Dutch, but afterwards ceded to the British Government in 1800. It has only recently been rof^arded as a desirable bold for emigration, and it was not until the year 1H7.'J that it was represented by a Government Emigration Agent in London. The capital of Cape Colony is Cape Town, which, including its suburbs, has n population of about 50, GOD. Port Elizabeth is the next town of importance, containing about 15,0011 inhabitants. Land. — Land can be purchased from the Government on easy terms, ox- tending over a period of ten years, by a yearly rental instalment, to be paid in advance for two years. Tlie lessee is bound, within two years from the time of obtaining the lease, to cultivate at least one acre out of every ten, or to erect a habitable dwelling-house thereon. When ho lias made liis tenth payment of rent he will, on payment of survey and other expenses, receive the land at a perpetual quit rent of one per cent, per annum, upon ten years' value thereof J but the quit rent chargeable will in no instance be less than 10s. per annum. The value of improvements is not taken into account in fixing the amount of purchase. Climate, Soil, and Productions. — The climate is clear and dry, and con- sidered exceedingly healthy. In the fertile districts large quantities of excellent grain are produced. Fruits of every description llourish, and the grape vine is extensively cultivated. Trade and Exports. — Ostrich and '^hcop fi ;ming is extensively carried on, and factories of various kinds are in full operation. The exports are wool, feathers, copper, wines, &c. Rate of Wages, Cost of Living, &c. — The following are about the aver- age rates of day wages paid : — Bakers, 7s. ; butchers, 8s. ; masons and brick- layers, 10s. Od. ; carpenters, 10s. ; machinists, 10s. ; dressmakers, 5s. ; painters, 7s. 6d.; printers, 8s, ; shoemakers, 10s.; sawyers, Os. (id. ; saddlers, lOs, ; tanners, 9s. ; tailors, Os. ; tinsmiths, 7s. Od. ; wheelwrights, 10s. The cost of living is higher than in Great Britain, for while meat is cheaper bread is much dearer. Clothing is also much higher. The rent of a cottage, suitable for a mechanic, in towns is about £-Z per month. Cape Colony is reached by direct steamers from London, The Castle Mail Packets and the Union Royal Mail Steamers take passengers at the followinfj rates : — 1st class, 30 guineas ; 2nd class, 20 guineas ; and 3rd class, lo guineas. Free passages are granted to approved persona who wish to emigrate to the Colony, and are prepared to settle upon land on arrival there. For full particulars, apply to the Agent of the Cape Government, W. C. Burnet, Esq., 10, Bloomfield street, London, E.C. I^ATAL. Dkscription. — This colony formed, until 1845, a portion of Cape Colony, but has now a separate Government. It owes its name, in common with othei- colonies, to the fact that it was discovered on Christmas Day, 1497. The capital and seat of government in the colony is Pietermaritzburg, wliich has a I South Africa. 86 population of 10,1 U. It is situated inland from Port Natal (Durban) about ,10 miles, on tho Umsrundusi, a branch oi tho Umgeui river. Durban, a ris- ing town of tho colony, has a population of nearly 1 1,000, of whom about half arc whites. Land. — Tho Government has set apart '^,000,000 acres of land for location by the natives, imd over (1,000,000 acres have been acquired by grant or pur- chase by Europeans, tho balance being retained for allotment to new settlers. Tliis is open for salo in Ircehold and by public auction to tho highest bidder, the upset price being at tho rato of 10/- per acre. The Colonial Government reserves the riglit to minerals and timber upon such lands. In some parts the country is very rich in iron and coal. Climate, Soil, and Puoductions. — The climate of Natal, although almost tropical on the coast, is very healthy. The summer is the wet season, and storms of thunder and hail aro of frequent occurrence. The soil produces almost every description of semi-tropical and farm produce in the inland districts. Tho other productions aro sugar, cofl'ee, tea, tobacco, an'owroot, cotton, indigo, maize, &c., and in some locahties ginger, spices, rice, pepper, and flax have been successfully cultivated. Minerals. — The minerals consist of limestone, marble, coal, ironstone, and gold in small quantities. Exports. — The exports of the colony are wool, sugar, hides and skins, ivory, ostrich feathers, coll'ee, arroAvroot, rum, &c. Average Kate of Wages, Cost of Living, &c. — The average wages of farm servants are i-lS (is. 8d., and of female domestic servants il2 (Is. per annum. Mechanics receive from 7s. to 10s. per day. The cost of living and house rent are somewhat higher than in Cape Colony. A regular service of steamers of the Castle Mail Packets, and the Union Royal Mail Steamers, take passengers from England to Natal at the following rates: — 1st class, 37 guineas ; 2nd class, 25 guineas ; 3rd class, 18 guineas. Assisted passages are granted to farmers, labourers, and mechanics, and their families. The amount each emigrant has to contribute towards the cost of their passage is as follows ; — Adults over twelve years of age, £o ; under twelve, £2 10s. Further information and forms of application for assisted passages will be supplied by Walter Peace, Esq., Natal Government Emigration Agent, 21, Finsbury Circus, London E.C. geiquala:n'd west. Description. — This portion of South Africa — called more commonlj " The Diamond Fields " — was declared. British territory in 1871, and though since formally annexed to Cape Colony it remains an independent state or province, important only on account of tlxe precious stones found there. Its area is about 10,000 square miles. On the flrst discovery of diamonds the popiilation increased very rapidly, and supplies of all kinds attained famine prices. At one time it numbered about 00,000, but has since decreased to about 45,000, of whom 13,000 only are whites. Kimberley, the chief town in the vicinity of the famous Du Toit's Pan diamond field, has a population of 13,590, of which less than one half are whites. The climate is hotter than that of Cape Colony or Natal, but is considered healthy. The cost of living at the Diamond FielcL is high, the population is composed of a somewhat unstable class, and life and property cannot be said to be so secure hpro as in Cape Colony or Natal. The province is reached from Cape Town by rail and coach to ICimberley The time occupied by the journey varies in accordance with the state of the roads. This country cannot be said to present a good field for the ordinary emigi-ant, and is more suited to the tastes of the class of mining adventurers who compose the bulk of its present white population. ae Australia, AUSTRALIA. i WESTEEI^ AUSTEALIA. Description. — This colony was formerly called Swan River Settlement. It comprises an area of l)75,82-4 square miles, lying between South Australia and the Indian Ocean. The population of the country, in comparison to its area, is insignificant, containing only about 30,000 souls, of which about 7,000 live in Perth, the capital, which is situated at the mouth of Swan Uiver. Land. — The lowest upset price of Crown land lit for agriculture is fixed by Act of Parliament at £1 per acre, and the lowest upset price of pastoral huuls at a sum equal to 12 years' rental, but not less than 5s. per acre. Emignuits who have been selected as eligible persons by the appointed Agents in lOng- land, are allowed plots of land on very advantageous terms, inasmuch as if lie pays the full cost of ixis family's passage out, a warrant, which will entitle the holder to receive from the Immigration Agent at Tasmania an order for Crown laud to the value of i'l8 for each member of the family above 15 years of age, and i'!) for each member above 12 months and under 15 yeai's old ; and these land-orders will be received by the Government as payinont for any Crown lands that the emigrant may buy after his arrival. The Act also empowers the Immigration Board to permit any persons from Europe or India, who has paid his own and family's passage-money, to demand, within a year after his arrival in the colony, a certificate to select 30 acres of land for himself, 20 for Ids wife (providing he has one), and 10 for each child. Climate, Soil, and Phoductions. — The climate is exceedingly healthy, although varying considerably from its northern to its southern extremity: the northern portion of the colony being at times very hot, though tempered with cool and refreshing winds. The chief products are wheat, oats, barley, hay, fruits, and timber, of which there are several valuable varieties Amongst these may be named the jarrah (a species of mahogan}-), tuart, kiui and sandal wood. On the fertile tracts of soil the oronge, peach, almond,' banana, grape, olive, and figs are cultivated. Minerals. — Magnetic ii-on, lead, copper, and zinc ores are found in large quantities. Exports. — The principal exports are wool, jarrah timber, lead, copper ore, whale oil, guano, sandal wood, pearls, &c. Average Rate of Wages, Cost of Living, &c. — The rates of wages are: — Labourers, from i'lH to £50 per annum; carpenters, 7s. to 10s. par day; masons, 7s. ; printers, lis. to 8s. ; boat-builders, 8s. to 10s. ; brewers, (5s. to Ss. ; coach-builders, 7s. to lOs. : navvies, 7s. ; and painters, 7s. to 10s. Tailors and shoemakers are paid by the piece. The cost of living is low, am! as tliere is no great influx of new settlers, houses can be rented more reasonably tlian in the adjacent colonies. This colony is not represented by a resident agent in Great Britain. Western Australia is reached either by sailing vessels direct, or by the Orient Line of steamships to Melbourne, and thence by Colonial vessels.' SOUTH AUSTRALIA. Description. — South Australia extends from the Southern to the Indian Ocean, and contains an area of 903,600 square miles. The population is about 275,000, and Adelaide, t)\e capital, contains about 38,000 souls. 'w^)*^ Australia, found in larM Land. — The lands at tlie disposal of the Crown are classified for the purpose of sale as town, snburban, and country. The lowest upset price for wild lands is £1 per acre, and may, to a certain extent, bo purchased on credit. In that case, pi'epaymeut of four years' interest at five per cent, on the purchase money has to be made, one-half at the time of purchase and Die otlier half at the end of three years. Pasture leases ore granted at the rate of 10s. per square mile for terms of 14 years. Other waste lands leased for pastoral purposes are divided into three classes — first class at Jcl, second class at Hs. (Id, and third 2s. (id. per square mile respectively. Mining leases are granted for 14 years, in lots of 320 acres, at a rent of 10s. per acre, with right of renewal. Ci.iMATK, Soil, and PaonucTioNS. — Both the climate and soil are favourable for the production of all kinds of cereals. Wheat is one of the staple crops, and the gn^pe vine thrives well also. Mfnkuai.s. — Gold, silver, iron, copper, and lead exist in large quantities ; but the scarcity of coal is felt. ExpouTs. — The principal exports are wheat, flour, mutton, wines, and dairy produce. AvKUAOE Rate of Wages, Cost of Living, &c. — The rates of wages are as follows : — Bakers, 5s. Od. per day, with board and lodging ; blacksmiths, 8s. (id. per day; boundary riders, married, with double rations, Jtliy'i per annum ; bricklayers, Os. to 10s. per day ; brickmakers, per 1000, 12s.; bullock drivers, .4'o2 per annum, with rations; bush carpenters, .£52; butchers, 5s. l)er day, witli. board and lodging; cabinet makers, Os. (id. per day; car- penters and carriage builders, Os. to 10s. per day ; coopers, Os.; farm servants (man and wife), i'5S per annum, with rations; single men, i'lM ; jewellers, 10s. per day ; laboiu'ers, (is. (id. to 8s. , masons, 9s. (id. ; miners, Os. ; painters and glaziers, Os. to 10s. ; plasterers, 10s. ; shoemakers, 7s. (id. ; tailovs, per hour. Is. ; tanners, 8s. (id. per day ; upholsterers, lOs. ; wheelwrights, 8s. (id. to Os. ; barmaids, 15s. to .i'l per week, with board and lodging ; barmen, 15s. to 28s per week ; compositors, ,£2 15s. to .£3 per week — on piece work. Is. Id. per 1000 ; C()oks, female, Kis. pci; week, with board and lodgings — male, 20s. to 30s. ; geneial servants, female, C20 poi.' annum, with board and lodgings — male, i'4(i ; milkmen, IBs. Od. i.ev week, witli board and lodgings ; wool pressers, 33s. House rent is s.imewhat higher than in Great Britain, and costs from .£2 to iJlO per month, i^rovisions and clotliing are reroonable. South Australia is reached b;' the Orient Line of steamers. The iarea to Adelaide are as follows: — Is!, class, 50 to 70 guineas: 2nd class. 35 to 40 guineas ; 3rd class, 20 to 22 guineas ; steerage, for men only, 1(1 guineas. The Goverinncnt of South Australia grant, what is known as the "assisted passage" v'stem in operation, imder which residents in the co^ ny and per- sons ju.- ! .irrived, can obtain, on application at the Crown Lands and Im- migration Office in Adelaide, assisted passages for their relations and friends, if eligible, by contributing a small proportion of the passngc-moncy. Tho advantnge of the system is that persons nominated iia\e, on tiicir arrival in the colon}', someone to take an interest in them, niid, con "(juentl3% they do not fool the strangeness and difficulty in finding emnlavment tiiat new-comers sometimes complain of. At tiic present time agricuUural and pick-and-shovel labourers, artisans, navvies, and domestic ;^crvants tire eligible for assisted passages at tlie following rates : — Males or females, utider ]2 years of age, £3; males or females, over 12 and ui der 40 years, .£4, over 40 and under 50 years, X'8 ; witli infants uiuler one j'ear, land order system, free. Land order uTirrants can be obtained from the Ageiit-General for South Australia, 8, V'ctoria Chambers, London, S.W, 88 Australia. YIOTOEIA. Description. — This colony is smaller than any of the other colonies of Australia, and it originally formed part of New South Wales, but was sepa- rated in 1851, when gold was first worked to any extent. It contains an area of about 89,644 square miles, and in 1881 had a population of 858,582. Its capital is Melbourne, the seat of Government, with a population of 282,981. Land. — The land in Victoria is obtained at £1 per acre, which may be paid by instalments, or if bought by auction, at or under the upset price of £1 per acre, must be paid for in cash. A license also may be obtained for land not exceeding 320 acres before it has been surveyed, and obtain occupation for three years at a rental of 2s. per acre. Tlie occupier must fence the lanJ, reside upon it for two and a half years, and cultivate one out of every teu acres of the land, and at the end of that time has the option of purchasing at l4s. an acre. Should land which has been put up by auction for sale at the upset price of £1 per acre be not sold, it can be bought at the highest price bid for it, All lands near the villages or towns must be sold by auction. Clijiate, Soil, and Productions. — The climate is excellent, for although in summer the winds are at times dry and hot the evenings are cool and pleasant, indeed there is little to complain of in point of temperature through- out the year, being much more healthy and invigorating than that of England, The soil is good and produces cereals of a superior quality, as well as the other farm crops usually grown in Great Britian ; also the grape, olive, fig, date, coral-tree, sugar, millet, tobacco, and in some situations the tea-plant, cotton, and rice. Minerals. — This colony may still be considered the principal gold field of Australia, and a large proportion of its population find J employment at the " diggings " where the mineral is raised. So much so, that until but recently other industries have been somewhat neglected. Exports. — Wheat, and other agricultural products are exported in con- siderable quantities, but the largest value exported is in gold. AvER.^GE II.A.TE OF Wages, AND CosT OF LiviNG. — The wRges aiid prices of provisions, &c., in Victoria, are as follows : — Fariu labourers, 20s. to 2o3, per week, with rations ; ploughmen, 20s. to 25s. ; reapers, 12s, to 15s. per acre; mowers, 3s. to 5s.; shepherds, ^35 to ,£52 per annum; stock-keepers, £^0 to i£80 ; married couples, ,£60 to £80 ; gardeners, 20s. to 403, per week, with rations ; grooms, 17s. 6d. to 25s. ; female domestic servants, £20 to £()0, Masons, carpenters, blacksmiths, tailors, shoemakers, and ail included iu the mechanic and artizan classes, get from 10s. to 15s. per diem, without rations. Board and lodgings, for single worlung men, can be obtained at from 15s. to 22s. per week. Clothing and house rent are very high, particularly in the neighbour'! ood of Melbourne ; but provisions are low. Victoria is reached by the Orient Line of steamers, from London to ?Iol- bourne direct. They make the passage in about forty days, ''"ho rales arc as follows : — ist class, 50 to 70 guineas ; 2nd class, 35 to 40 guiueas ; 3rd class, 20 to 22 guineas ; and steerage; only for men, 16 guineas. There is no assistance granted to emigrants by this colony. The address of the Agent-General for Victoria, is 8, Victoria Chambers, London, S.W. A ustralta. 89 ISTEW SOUTH WALES. Description. — This was the first British colony estabhshed in Australia, and originally embraced the counties now known as Tasmania, Victoria, and Queensland, which are now thriving independent colonies possessing Governments of their own. Its area is about three times the size of Great Britain. In 1883, Ncav South Wales contained a population of 758,000 souls, including 223,554, which is the population of Sydney, the capital, on the shores of Port Jackson. Land. — Land may be purchased at or under 20s. an acre, and is generally sold by auction, the sum mentioned being the upset price ; if, however, it .;'io;\ld not be sold, it can be bought afterwards at tlie upset price. Again, L I'^^i ^nay be purchased by what is called "conditional sale," by which any- o!< Ccin make a written application to purchase not less than 40 nor more than 343 acres ; a deposit of os. per acre must be sent with the application. The ground selected for purchase must be within some distance from a town or suburbs, siiy from two to ten miles, according to the number'of the inhabi- tants of the nearest village or town ; at the end of three years and three months the purchaser may pay oti' the whole sum due upon the ground, or he can defer the payment as long as he chosos by paying 5 per cent, upon the money due. He is bound to make certain improvements upon the land within a given time, that is to say he cannot purchase the land and allow it to remain totally uncultivated. Leases of pasture land may be had in the settled districts at £2 per square mile. The land under farm cultivation is about 63(5000 acres, about 20,000 'icres being devoted to gardens and orchards. Cmmati;, Soil, and Productions. — This colony possesses a fine climate, and (exoe]-!. :'n r few localities) it is unnecessary to house live stock at any season r; did ''ear. The soil is generally good, and, beside the ordinary farm produ'tb Ti.tl.an corn, sugar-cane, arrowroot, grapes, oranges, and various other . iii.'K oi fruits grow freely. Mtn'^ral- . — GoL' has been obtained in very large quantities, and it is to its auritei.?ri- ri"^,cc.its that the colony principally owes its rapid increase. There are large areas of. coal-beds along the sea coast, much of it lying near the surface. Copper mining is also profitably worked. Exports. — The chief exports of New Soutli Wales are gold, copper, coal, wheat, wool, wine, and fruits. Average Rate of Wages, Cost or Living, &c. — The average rate of wages for carpenters, smiths, wheelwrights, bricklayers, and masons was from 9s. to lis. pf I diem without board and lodging, and from £80 to ^£120 per annum wit. 'oard and lodging. Farm labourers and shepherds receive from ^85 to £lo iioi' annum, with board and lodging. Female domestic servants from £20 I i'30 ; and good cooks from i£35 to £o2, with board and lodging. Clothing and house rent is somewhat dearer than in England, but great facilities are oftcred to steady men for acquiring houses of their own. Single men can board respectably at £1 per week. New South Wales is reached by the Orient Line of steamers, carrying passengers from London to Sydney at the same fares as to Melbourne. Assisted passages are granted to farm labourers and their families, to certain classes ot mechanics and female domestic servants, respecting which full particulars may be learnt on application to the Agent- General for New South Wales, 3, Victoria Chambers, London, S.W. 40 Queensland. QUEE^SLAISTD. Description. — Tliis colony contains an area of about 700,000 square miles, and has a population of about .'500,000, of which about 6000 are Cliinese. The capital of the colony is Brisbane, a thriving town situated on the Pacific coast, witli a population of 3'}, 000. Land. — Wheat-growing land may be had at 153. per acre, payable at the rate of Is. (id. per acre per annum. Pasturage in twent^'^-five miles of rnn can be leased from the Government for twent.y-one years, at 5s. per square mile for the first seven ye^v-i. 10s. for the second, and 15s. for the third seven years. A lessee is entitk •■' ""U'chasc 2500 acres in one block at 10s. per acre. Cr.iMATK, Son., ANn PnoDi . iNs. — Tlie heat in summer is very great, though the evenings are cool. A large portion of the colony being tropical or sub-tropical, it is not suited for wliite labour, and emigrants from Great Britain should be particular in not selecting the most northerly part of the country for settlement, as there it is the hottest. The southern part of the colony enjo.vs a beautiful climate, somewhat resembling that of the South of Europe. The soil is productive. Sugar-cane, cotton, maize, grapes, and other semi-tropical fruits, as well as more hardy cereals, are grown. Minerals. — Gold is found in the eastern portion of the colony. Coal, iron, copper, tin, and precious stones are also amongst the mineral products. Exports. — Cotton, sugar, maize. Avheat, and mutton are amongst the ex- ports, but as yet the colony is to a very great extent undeveloped. Average Rate of Wages and Cost of Living. — Farm labourers, married, ;£45 to £50 per annum, with rations ; ditto, single, ^35 to ^40 ; bookbinders. 10s. per day without, rations ; bakers, ^50 to ^(iO per annum, with rations ; bricklayers and blacksmiths, lOs. to l-2s. per day, without rations; carpr iters and joiners, 12s. to 14s. ; compositors. Is. Cd. per 1000 ; plasterers, painters. and glaziers, lOs. to l2s. per day, w'.thout rations; shoemakers, Os. to 10s. ; sheplierds, A'45 to ^50 per annum, with rations ; tailors, fls. to lOs. per day, without rations ; wheelwrights, 10s. to 12s. per day, without rations ; cooks, £W to £oO per annum, with rations ; housemaids, ^25 to i'30 per annum, with rations ; needlewomen, 2s. Od. to 4s. per day, without rations ; washer- women, 8s. to 3s. (id. per day, without rations ; butchers, ^£1 10s. to .£1 15s. per week, with rations ; engineers, ^'14 to <£15 per month ; general servants, 12s. to 15s. per week, with rations. Provisions are low. Workmen's cottages can be rented in the neighbour- hood of towns at from 8s. to 12s. per week. Passengers by the Orient Tiine of steamers from London are booked to Brisbane at the following additions to the fares to Melbourne : — 1st class, £li 15s.; steerage, £1 l5s. Assisted passages are granted to farmers, shepherds, farm labourers, vine- dressers, labourers, mechanics, and their families, and to female domestic servants, at from ,£1 to £0 per head. Forms of application and further particulars can be obtained from the Agent-General for Queensland, West- minster Cliambors, London, S.W. TASMANIA. Description. — Tasmania is 'an island lying to the south of the Aubti"^Tian continent. It is divided from the colony of Victoria by Bass's Straits, 120 miles wide. Its area is nearly 17,000,000 acres, and its population about 120.000, of whicli Hobart Town contains about 22,000 ; the next town of im- portance being Launceston, with a population of 13,000. Tasmania. il Land. — The lowest price for Crown lands in Tasmania is £1 an acre, and for pastoral lands not less than 5s. per acre ; but credit may be had if the purchase is beyond .£15. Licenses are granted to dig for gold and to cut timber on Crown lands. Climatk. Soil, and Puoductions. — The air is so pure and the temperature so genial, that the death-rate is very low, and will bear favourable comparison with that of any island in the known world. The surface of the country is undulating, and the soil is good. It is a rich agricultural countr}', and pro- duces a great variety of crops. The native trees and shrubs are nearly all evergreen, and the smaller shrubs are mostly aromatic, and bear beautiful flowers. Avkraoe Rate of Wages, Cost of Living, &(•. — The rate of wages in Tasmania is as follows : — Carpenters, 8s. to Os. per day ; smiths, Ss. to 10s. per day ; househokl servants, £20 to £30 per annum ; plumbers, Os. Od. to Us. per day ; farm labourers, 10s. to 15s. per week, with a cottage, firing, and rations. The cost of living is about the same as in New South Wales. Tasmania is reached by colonial steamers from Melbourne or Sydney. Passengers booked through from England by the Orient Line of steamers, pay the following additions to the fares from London to Melbourne, viz.: — To Launceston, 1st class, £2. 5s. ; steerage, £l. 7s. Od. ; to Hobart Town, 1st class, £8. 15s. Od. ; steerage, £2. Free or assisted passages are not granted to Tasmania, but persons paying their own passages are entitled, under certain conditions, to grants of land varying from ten to thirty acres, according to the age of the emigrant and the amount paid for liis passage. Land-order warrants and general informa- tion about the colon}', can be obtained on application to the Emigrant and Colonist Aid Corporation, 25, Queen Anne's-gate, Westminster, London, S.W., who are the Agents for the Tasraanian Government in this country. 144!H!! 42 Neii) Zealand. NEW ZEALAND. Description. — New Zealand consists of two large islands, known as the North and South, divided by Cook's Straits, a small island called Stewart's, and some smaller islets scattered around the coasts. The united area of the two islands is about 70,000,000 acres. The colonist population of the two islands is about 450,000, and that of the natives about 45,000. The colony is divided into ten provincial districts — Auckland, Wellington, Taraniki, and Hawke's Bay, in the North Island, and Nelson, Marlborough, Obago, Can- terbury, Southland and Westland, in the South Island. The seat of Government is at Wellington, in the South Island, which has a population of 19,000 souls. The otlier principal towns are Dunedin, in the South Island, with a population of 35,000 ; and Auckland, in the North, with 32,000. L.\ND. — The Crown lane' offices are at Auckland, New Plymouth, Napier, WelUngton, Nelson, Blenheim, Christ Church, Dunedin, Invercargill, and Holdtika. The Crown ^ands are divided into town, suburban, and rural lands. The rural lands are generally sold by auction at an upset price per acre, which varies from 5s. to 40s., according to quality. Town and suburban lands are also sold by auction at upset prices of not less than ^30 per acre for the former and ^3 for the latter. The right to cut timber may be acquired by lease for a term not exceeding seven years. Forest lands are sometimes sold by auction, and unsurveyed lands are open for free sale at from ^1 to £2 per acre. Climate, Soil, and Productions. — The climate of New Zealand is excel- lent, and is regarded as one of the finest in the world. The summer is warmer than that of Great Britain, while the winter is much milder. It is subject to high winds which prevail at all seasons. Fogs and thunder-storms seldom occur. The soil produces luxuriant crops, and, most of the native trees and shrubs being evergreen, the country has a verdant appearance at all seasons, all the crops produced in Great Britain, besides maize and semi-tropical fruits, ripening. Large forests of Kauri pine and other valuable timbers abound in the colony. Trade and Exports. — Manufactures are extendmg most rapidly, and factories of various kinds, including ship-building yards, foundries, carriage works, tanneries, meat preserving works, saw mills, clothing factoiies, &c. The colony exports gold, timber, gum, wool, flax, preserved meats, wheftt, oats, barle}', &c., &c. Average Rate of Wages, Cost of Living, &c. — Ordinary labourers in town and country receive from fis. to 8s. a day. Shepherds from £35 to £80, and ploughmen from £40 to £()0 per annum, with board and lodging. Married agricultural labourers, with their wives, from £50 to £80, and single men from £25 to £50, with board and lodging. Mechanics, such as carpenters, cabinet-makers, coach-builders, painters and glaziers, saddlers, harness-makers, bricklayers and shipwrights from 8s. to 123., without rations. The wages of female domestic servants vary from £20 to £50 a year, with board and lodging. The cost of living is low, clothing of the plainer kinds is about the same as in England, but house rent is considerably higher. New Zealand is reached by direct steam and sailing vessels from London. The fares are — Saloon, £52. 10s.; second cabin, £25; third cabin, £18; steerage, £16 ; or by the Orient Line of steamers to Melbourne and Sydney, from whence passengers go in colonial steamers to New Zealand for the additional fares of £0 foi first-class and £4 for steerage. Assisted passages are granted to farm labourers and female domestic servants. Forms of application and every information may be obtained from the Agent -General for New Zealand, 7, Westminster Chambers, London, S.W. The United States. 48 THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. Dksc]UPTion. — The United States extend from the Atlantic in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, a distance of 27(i0 miles ; and from Canada in the north to Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico in the south, a distance of 1(500 miles. Its total area, inclusive of Alaska (acquired by purchase from Russia in 1807) is 3,542,858 acres. The country is traversed by two great mountain chains, the Alleghanies and the Rock Mountains, which divide the country into three natural divisions, the Atlantic and Pacific slopes and the valley of the Mississippi. The highest peaks of the Rocky Mountains attain to a height of 16,000 feet above the level of the sea, while the highest peak of the Alleghany chain attains to a height of 642 G feet. The principal river is the Mississippi, which has many important tributaries. It rises in the state of Minnesota, and after running for 3200 miles empties into the Gulf. The principal rivers flowing into tlie Atlantic are the Con- necticut, Hudson, Delaware, Susquehanna, Potomac, and James ; and into the Pacific, the Columbia, Sacramento, and Colorado rivers. The chain of lakes, comprising Superior, Huron, Erie, and Ontario, form a portion of the boundary line between the United States and Canada. The principal lakes belonging exclusively to the States are Michigan, Champlain, Salt Lake, Pyramid, and Indus. The capital of the United States and the seat of Government is Washington, though the principal city in point of population is New York, beautifully situated at the mouth of the Hudson River, where it empties into the Atlantic Ocean. The population of the United States is about 52,000,000. GovEUNMKNT. — The Government of the United States is a Federal Republic, composed in all of forty-six independent States and Territories, each State exercising independent j)0wers within its own dominions, subject to the constitution and laws of the United States. The Territories are governed in part by ofllcers appointed by the President of the Republic. By the terms of the Constitution, adopted by a Convention iu 1787, and ratified by the States, general powei's are vested in the Central Government at Washington. This National Government is composed of three departments, the Legislative, the Executive, and Judiciary. The Legislative power is composed of a Congress of two houses, the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Senate is constituted by two- members from each State, elected by the State Legislature. A Senator must be thirty years of age ; his term of office is six years. A Representative, or member of the " Lower House," is elected by the people for a term of two years. He must be twenty-five years of age, and a citizen of the United States of seven years' standing. One representative is elected for every 130,000 inhabitants. 44 The United States. The Executive power is vested in the President, who is elected tor a term of four years. 'I his and the Vice-Prosidency are the only offices for wliich a citizen of foreign birth is not eligible. Tlie Judiciary department consists of a Supreme Court, with a chief justice and seven associate justices, who are appointed for life by tiio President, with the approval of the Senate. Tliere are also, besides the State Courts, District Courts throughout the ditierent States. The Supreme Court has original jurisdiction in cases arising under the Constitution of tlie United States in matters afiecting treaties, ambassadors, consuls, &c. Tlie State Courts have jurisdiction over civil and criminal causes arising witliiu tlie State in which they are situated, and ati'ecting the inhabitants of that State. lli;i,i«ioN AND Education. — All religions are free by the law of thj land, and are supported upon the voluntary principle. The Protestant dcuoniina- tions are the most numerous, but the Roman Catholics number fully one-fifth of the entire population. Spiritualists, Shakers, and Mormons are found in considerable numbers, and Orientals, composed chiefly of Chinese, are soikc- wliat numerous in the States bordering on the Pacific. The schools are free, and supported by taxes, funds, and " school lands," given over to New States for educational purposes. Much enterprise is exhibited in connection with newspapers. Every little town has its local publication. Each State in the Union has several ably- conducted publications, and although they are no doubt somewhat inferior in literary ability to those issued in older countries, what they lack in this respect is made up for the business energy displayed by their proprietors. Trade. — The principal exports of the United States are cattle, sheep, and horses, breadstull's, provisions, cotton (raw and manufactured), tobacco, rice, fruits, mineral, oil, coal, leather, manufactures of iron and steel, including agricultural implements, engines, sewing machines, &c. The imports chiefly consist of manufactured goods, though, by the aid of high protective duties, the manufactures of the United States are now able to produce at home many of the articles which a fewj'ears ago were imported from Great Britain. These extend to almost every description of hardware and cutlery, and the various articles of clothing of which but comparatively limited quantities are now imported. Kid gloves, silks, wines, and other articles are still imported, but the tendency on the part of the Americans is to purchase nothing abroad which can be profitably manufactured at home. Means of Communication. — Ptailway and steamboat communication throughout the country is of the very best description, and oflers superior accommodation to that obtainable in Europe. Long distances are traversed either by land or water with ease and comfort, and several of the lines of railway run for thousands of miles. Postal and TKi,EonAPi£ Arhangements. — The Post Office is controlled by the State, and money-orders affi)rd cheap facilities for transmitting cash. The Telegraph is worked by several chartered companies, and it extends to every town and village of importance throughout the country. Climate. — A gi'eat variety of climate may be experienced in the United States. The atmosphere inland is generally dry, but that of -le Atlantic coast is aflected to a considerable extent by the action of the 'J ulf Stream. Hot summers and cold winters prevail in the Northern States, while in the south, or Gulf States, the climate is almost tropical. In the far west, par- ticularly in California and the Southern Pacific States, the climate is mild and salubrious ; while in the North-west and Northern Pacific States it The United States, 45 resembles more that of Central Europe. All kinds of cereals, apples and other fruits, indigenous to temperate climates, yield <^<)od crops in the northern portion of tho United States, from whence thoy are lar<;ely exported. In the southern portion of tho country cotton, rice, tuhacco, and other tropical products are chiefly grown. Emigration to the Unitko Statks. — (. (is. to £S. 8s. ; steerage, X'-i to ML -Is. There are no free or assisted passages to the United States. lunication THE NORTHERISr STATES. Description. — The Northern States, composed of those lying east of the Mississippi, and comprising with others what are known as the New England States, is the country where the Pilgrim Fathers landed tlie Anglo-Saxon race, and was first successfully planted. This section of the country contains many ot the most populous cities, including the State capital of Washington, and the commercial capital of New York. Amongst its other large cities are Philadelphia, Chicago, Cincinnati, &c. Land. — Most of the lands in the Northern States having passed from the hands of the Government, are owned either by private individuals or railway companies ; and, excepting in one or two States, little wild land is now vacant. In the State of Michigan principally, unredeemed lands suitable for agricul- tural purposes are still to be found at prices from five dollars per acre. Climate, Sou., and Productions. — The climate of the Northern States varies considerably, and though the winters are colder than those of Great Britain, the summers are much warmer. The soil also varies in dillerent localities, tliough a very large portion is of the best description for agricul- tural pui'poses. Many of the farms are under a high state of cultivation. Cereals ox all kinds, grasses, and a great variety of root crops, while fruits, including peaches and gi'apes, are grown in abundance. Minerals and Timber. — Iron, petroleum, and coal, is found plentifully in the States of Ohio and Pennsylvania, lead in Illinois, zinc in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, and tin in Maine. Pine timber grows in the States of 46 The United States. Elaine and Miclrgan, whcrfi lumbering operations are still carried on to somo extent, llavdwuod timber is produced in most of the Northern States. Manufactl'UEs and Exports. — The chief manufactures of the Northern States are iron and steel, colton goods, macliinery, fire-arms, cutlery, oloctro- plated goods, watches and clocks, earthenware, woollon clothes, silks, &('.. all of whicii are exported in considerable quantities, together with lead, cojipor, zinc, lumber, sashes and doors, leather, beef, pork, mutton, cheese, fruits, &c. AvKRAOK Rate of Wages, Cost ov Living, &c. — Farm hands receive from £2. 10s. to i;8 per month, with board and lodging, and from 4s. to 8.s. per day during throe months of the summer season, vv-ith board and lodgings ; female servants get from 30s. to 50s. per month. Miners and mechanics also receive higher wages than in England, but the cost of living and clothing ig more expensive, board and lodgings costing from -lOs. to 80s. per week. n I m i THE SOUTIIEKN STATES. Description. — The Southern States are bounded on two sides by the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico. They comprise that portion of the States where until the Civil War negro slavery was tolerated by legislature. Now, however, the coloured population enjoy the same privileges as the whites. The principal cities of the South are New Orleans, with a popu- lation of 191,418 ; Charlestown, and Memphis. Land. — Most of the land in these States is in the hands of private individuals, though there is a large quantity held by the Governments of several States ; and in Florida alone the State lands comprise an area of about 15,000,000 acres. These lands may be purchased at prices varying from one dollar per acre and upAvards, by addressing the local State Com- missioner of Lands. Climate, Soil, and Productions. — In the "Sunny South" the climate i^ mild and warm, and in the elevated parts of the country is healthy, but on the low-lying lands near the Mississippi and other rivers, and in the vicinity of swamps, fevers are prevalent. The soil is generally good, and produces maize, cotton, indigo, sugar, rice, tobacco, oranges, lemons, pine apples, bananas, grapes, and peaches, besides the various fruits, vegetables, and cereals common to the more northern climates. Lideed, judging from the letter whicli appeared in the People, on the 15th April, 1883, the land would appear to be an earthly paradise. We quote in exlenso : — " In 1819, Florida was purchased by the United States, and formally ceded by Spain. In 1822, a territorial government was established ; in 1845, she was admitted to the Union ; and in January, 1861, she seceded. Such is the history briefly told. Discovered in 1497, and made the battle ground of strife until 1858, it is a marvel, says a writer, ' not that she has accomplished so little, but that she exists at all, and that her boundless forests, her lovely rivers, and beautiful lakes, are not locked in the silent embrace of a lifeless desolation.' " Situated between latitudes 25 degi'ees and t31 degrees north, bounded on the east by the Atlantic, and on the west by the Gulf of Mexico, and being only about ninety miles average distance from either, there is always a delightful and invigorating breeze. At Jacksonville, in 1881, the highest temperature was 90 degrees and the lowest 32 degrees, the annual mean being 73 degi-ees, and from trustworthy data carefully prepared during five years The United States. 47 it wfts found thnt ^tciitone exceeded Jncksouville in humidity noavly f )ur per cent. "Last year alone, Florida received no less than 50,000 visitors from the north, and no wonder. In this delicious climate every description of fruit and vegetable grown in any semi-tropical region thrives to perfection aad in the wildest abundance. Oranges, lemons, pineapples, bananas, guavas, cucum- bers, tomatoes, citrons, olives, pears, plums, strawberries, and grapes, form but a few of the vast variety of fruits that now grow in Florida, and from thence are shipped to the northern cities, where they realise at times almost incredible prices. Tiie timber of the Florida forests, and esperially the yellow pitch pine, excels all others in t'.e States, being free from sap, and for the purpose of railway sleepers requires no crcosoting. The orange business, however, is the one which seems now to be attracting the greatest attention, and in a recent report Her Majesty's consul at Pcnsacola writes : — ' Of late years quite a number of market gardeners have settled near the city, and the planting of vegetables and the transportation of the crop when ripe to the northern and western markets in railroad cars has been found very proiit- able. New towns arc springing up in all directions, and over 55,000,000 oranges have been boxed tip and transported to all parts of the T 'nitcd States. The Iruit growers are making fortunes. A ten-acre orange grove with (iOO trees bought and planted at four years old will cost, including care and atten- tion dui'ing four years, i:5KS, and will readily soil when ten years old. that is, six years after the grove is planted, at i,"5000.' The trees bear in tlie eighth year, and will continue to do so for hundreds of years. " Florida abounds in beautiful lakes, full of choice fish, while deer and other game are to be found in plent}' if sought for. For the class of emigrant who has the command of a few hundred pounds. Florida offers the most practical and tangible inducements. Twenty or thirty acres of land there will produce as large a result as two or three hundred in the western states, and with a minimum of help, for the settler should bo able to do the most of the work himself, or with a hired man or two. " The everglades or southern half of Florida aro now being drained, and vast areas of lands of the richest description are being prepared for sugar growing, ard when this great work is completed in a year or two henc^ America oughi to require no further importations of sugar, but steadi' •, ii id profitably produce her own. " On the St. John's River, which flows half through the State from north to south, and which contains a greater volume than the Ilio Grande, thriving towns and cities are springing up with surprising rapidity. One of the oldest residents on the shores of this beautiful river is Mrs. Stowe, the authoress of "Uncle Tom's Cabin." Her orange grove at Mandarin is a place of pilgrimage for those who remember the excitement caused bj' her famous novel a quarter of a century or more ago. " Everywhere in the State to-day are unmistakable evidences that Florida's time of prosperity has come. She has waited long, but emigrants of all kinds are now making their homes there, and the millionaires of the north are erecting handsome residences on the lakes and rivers to which they can resort in a two days' journey, and so escape the rigours of the northern winters. "H." Minerals and Timber. — Gold, silver, copper, iron, lead, marble, and coal is found in the Southern States. Where the country is wooded, pine, cypress, cedar, oak, hickory, maple, and black walnut are found in consider- able quantities. . . :- 18 1 he United Stales. MANUi'ArruiiKH AND Exi'OiiTK. — Mills and fiictorios of various kinds iiboiuul, iind (III! priiiripiil exports an; cotton and cotton f,'oods, rico, suf,'ar, tobacco, indij,'o, brcadstulls, meats, lumber, leather, resin, turpentine, and tar. AvKUAoK Katk oi' Waoi'.h, Cost oi- Liviso, &c. — Owinj,' to the conipiu-a tive abundance of coloured labour the rate of \va<,'es i)aid for unskilled labour in the south is low. The monthly waj^es of fariu labourers, with l)oard in summer and winter, is from oOs. to 5i)s., and the monthly wa^'es of femulc servants from 15s. to U'm. Mechanics are better paid. The average is as follows: — lilacksniiths, biicUlayers, carpenters, coopers, painters, plasterers, tanners, tailors, tinsmiths, and wheelwrights receive from Hs. (id. to lUs.pcrday without board. The necessaries of life can be purchased at reasonable rates, and board may grnerally be had cheaper than in the north, where the population is more dense. THE WESTERN STATES. Dksciui'tion. — lJnd(.'r this designation must be included the large extent of territory west of the Mississippi, bcmndcd on its western limits by the l'acili( Ocean. Much of this vast tract of country was, until recently, known as " territories," but is now divided into States, having local governments similar to the oldrr States of tlie I'Uion. A few thousand Indians still roam over the unsettled parts of the countr}', tlu)ugh most of them liave been induced to settle down on the land set apart for them by the Ui'ited States Government. The principal cities in tlio Western States are — St. Louis, the commercial centre of the Mississippi Valley ; Sau Francisco, on the I'acilic ; Galveston, and Little Kock. Lano. — The different State Governments, in order to encourage coloniza- tion, grant lands to dual settlers who cngngo to cultivate it. There are also State lands for sale at prices varying from oriC dollar an aire upwards. Ci.imatk, Soir., AM) Pkoj)i:i'T1ons. — In a la"go tract of country like this, the climate varies considerably, but taken as a whole it is pleasant and more healthy than that of the South. The soil over a great porti(m of the country is very fertile, though in certain parts it is sandy and barren, and in some of the States, as in Nevada, much of the hr.icl is mountainous, rocky, and unfit for agriculture. Besides tiie ordinary crops usually grown on farms in Great Britaii", the west produces many of those belonging to semi-tropical climates, amongst which may be mentioned tobacco and cotton, besides the most delicate kinds of fruits. Stock raising, however, is probably tlie greatest industry in the Western States, and thousands of heads of cattle, many of which iind their wa}' into the English market, are raised and fed on the ranches. MiNHUALS AND TiMUKn. — Thc Westcm States probablj'' possess in Nevada. New ]Mexico, and Colorado the richest deposits of silver in the world. Gold was lirst discovered in California in 1H4.H, and is found also in New JNIexico, and some other States. Coal, iron, copper, lead and marble are also amongst the minerals. Though a large extent of the country is composed of prairie lands, a considerable arexi is covered with timber, consisting principally of pine, spruce, cypress, cedar, cotton-wood, oak, maple, cherry, walnut, hickory, birch, and ironwood. Manufactures and Exports. — The manufactories of the west consist principally of flour, saw and planing mills, cloth factories, coopers' shops, Is iiboiuul, ]. tobacco, coinpiira [o(l liiboiir boiii'cl ill jol' fciuiile (iragc is as plasturers, Ja. per day ind board niliitiou is The United States. 49 lead furnaces, blacksmitlis' and \\agon makers' shops ; tobacco furnaces and ■•on works ; and the exports are mort- the natural productions of tlie country ilian manufactured goods. They consist principally of minerals, Hour, cotton, tobacco, corned beef, meat, maize, wheat, rye, cattle, hogs, wool, cheese, fruits, &c. Average Rate of Wages, Cost of Livino, &c.— -In the Western States, particularly in California and Colorado, the rate of wages paid is high. Farm hands receive from i.'5 to MiS per month by the year, with board and lodgings. Women as " hired girls " receive about the same. Skilled work- men, from 8s. to 15s. per day ; miners, about 1-23., without board. The cost of living is rather high, and board and lodgings cost from 20s. to 303. per week. c extoiit of the l'acill( known as ints similar roam over induced to overnmeut, commercial Galveston, 'fi coloniza- re arc also irds. f like this, t and more he country in some of ', and unfit farms in mi-tropical )esides the ibably tlie s of cattle, and fed on in Nevada. :ld. Gold w ]\Iexico, 10 amongst of prairie ncipally of t, hickory, st consist irs' shops, THE NOETII-WESTERN STATES. Description. — The North-Westeru States comprise iliat part of the country lying between the Mississippi and the gi'cat lakes in the east and the Pacific Ocean, whose northern extremity adjoins the Dominion of Canada. Until recently some of these States were, to a considerable extent, disturbed by Indian warfare, and the massacre of General Custer and his comrades by the Indian chief, " Siting Bull," vill still be fiesh in the memory of many. Affairs have now, however, assumed a more tranquil aspect, and the Northern Pacific Railway, with its branches, is fast carrying settlement and civilisation into that part of the country which not long ago was in undisputed possession of tlie red man and the buffalo, both of whom are rapidly becoming extinct. The principal cities in the north-west are St. Paul, Milwaukee, Ohmaha, Salt Lake City, and Portland, Oregon. Land. — Government lands, open for settlement, are granted to actual settlers free, under conditions they reside upon and cultivate them. Appli- cants must be citizens, or persons of foreign birth who have declared their intention to become such, and over the age of 21, if single or the head of a family. To such persons 100 acres is granted. The Chicago, Milwaukee, and St. Paul Railway, the Northern Pacific Railway, and other companies owning lands throughout the country, have large tracts for sale at prices varying from 10s. per acre upwards, according to quality and location. These lands may be purchased on credit on the following terms : — One-sixth of the purchase money to be paid down ; the balance in five equal annual payments, with interest at 7 per cent. Climate, Soil, and Productions. — The average summer temperature of Minnesota and Dakota is similar to that of the Atlantic States, though it is somewhat colder in winter. The air is dry, pure, and very healthy. Malarial diseases, that are common to the more southerly states, are almost unlinown here. In the States of Oregon and Washington, on the Pacific coast, the climate is not so dry, and resembles more that of Great Britain than any other part of the American Continent. Over a large portion of the country the soil is good, but in some parts it is more diversified, and in sections rocky and barren. It produces large crops of wheat and other cereals, as well as root crops of various kinds, apples and other fruits. Much of the country is covered with bunch grass, upon which cattle fatten, and keep in good condition. There is a large area of this kind of land, par- ticularly in Montana, which is considered one of the best grazing countries in the world. 60 The United States. Minerals and Timher. — Coal is found in many places along the line of the Northern Pacific llailway. Gold and silver have been successfully mined for some years in ^lontana, Wyoming, and Idaho. Iron, fin, copper, and limestone are also found. Timber scarce over a large portion of the country, but tree-planting is receiving every encouragement under the " Tree Culture Act." In the States of Washington and Oregon forosts of excellent timber of large size are found, and the lumbering operations in these States are extensive and important. Manufactures and Exports. — Tlie manufactures consist principally of the products of saw, flour, quartz, and woollen mills, foundries, machine shops, and works for canning fish. The exports are horses, cattle, sheep, wool, hides, provisions, breadstufis, iron, lumber, canned fish, leather, and fruits. Average Rate of Wages, Cost of Living, &c. — In Montana, Oregon, and Washington the rate of wages for every description of labour is high. Farm hands receive from i'5 to i;7 per month by the year, and from ^10 to .£12 per month during the harvest months, witli board and lodgings. Women are scarce, and female servants get from .£5 to £10 per month. Skilled workmen, from 12s. to 18s. per day ; and miners, about 14s. a day. Board and lodging is high, and costs from 24.s. to 80s. per week. Further east, in tlie States of Minnesota, Dakota, and Iowa wages are not so high, but the necessaries of life cost loss. Farm liands receive from £"{ to £5 jx^r month. and servant girls from -'JOs. to JOs. per moutlt. Ill Beij Cc PRICE 3d.; POST FREE, FOUR STAMPS. fi A WARNING TO /NVAUDS. Being an Exposure of the Frauds of Medical Impostors upon their Suffering and Credulous Victims. Compiled frojn Information siupplied by Persons who have been Duped. BY JAMES S. GARRARD. OPIJflOJ^S OF THE PRESS. Mr. James S. Garrard on Quack Doctors and their Doings vigorously exposes the malpractices of those who prey upon the credulity of weak-minded people. The remedy, as ho points out, is easy enough— " Don't go to quacks, but to legally (lualified medical men, when professional advice is needed." — The BroacL Arrow, May 13th, 1882. Mr. James S. Garrard has just published an admirably written pamphlet on the subject of Quack Doctors which ought to be read by every young man in the country. The information which Mr. Garrard has collected in numerous towns will open the eyes of the public to tho enormity of the offences of the scoundrels who have too long traded upon the credulity of their sinning victims. The exposfi is fall and reliable, and teems with facts supplied by the dupes themselves. — The Brighton Herald, May 13th, 1882. This useful pamphlet is compiled from information e':pplied by persons who have been duped by the rogues who trade upon one of the inherent weaknesses of human nature. The entire system of roguery is exposed, and several of the adver- tisements, reprinted in facsimile, will be recognised as appearing in religious and' Oiber obscure prints. Mr. Garrard has a claim upon the gratitude of thinking people t .t the skill and tact with which he has carried out his work. — The HoUoway Press, : June lOtb, 1882. Those who like things to be called by their right names will welcome tho appear- [ ance of a little pamphlet on Quack Doctors and their Doings, by James S. Garrard, I which contains an exposure of the frauds of medical impostors upon their suffering i and credulous victims. Tho author has in his unpretentious little pamphlet called a spade a spade, and does good service by his fearless exposure of the doings of adver- tising medical impostors, who are probably the foulest set of harpios in existence. — The People, October 15th, 1882. SHEFFIELD: JAMES S. GARRARD. LONDON & MANCHESTER: JOHN HEYWOOD.