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Lorsqua la documant ast trop grand pour atra raproduit an un saul clich*. il ast film* A partir da I'angla sup«riaur gaucha. da gaucha i droita. •t da haut an baa. an pranant la nombra dimagaa nicassaira. Laa diagrammaa suivants illustrant la mAthoda. MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART (ANSI ond ISO TEST CHART No 2} ^ ^PLIED IIVMGE '653 Eosi Mo.n Streft Rochesi,,, n„ y '716) ^82 - 0300 - Ph„„, (716} .Hfl - 5989 _ f^^ ^ i>f:PAR'nfi:xT or AoiaccLxuiti.: Dominion Experimental Farms DlViaiOir OF HORTICULTURE THE APPLE IN CANADA ITS CULTIVATION AND IMPROVEMENT W. T. MACOUH Dominion BortiCHltMrist HULLETIN No. WH Publi.h.d by.uthority of .-on. MARTIN BURRELL. Miiiil^^T^T Agriculture, Ottawa, Ont. Dominion of Canada DKl'AKTMKXT OF Ac;KIC['LTl'KI-: Dominion Kxpehimentai. Farms DIVISION OF HORTICULTURE THE APPLE IN CANADA ITS CULTIVATION AND IMPROVEMENT nv W. T. MACOUN Iloiii'nioH Uorliciitturisl HULLb:TIN No. h« Published by authority of Hon. MARTIN BURRELL, Minister of Agriculture. Ottawa. Ont. 'i i 1 * '• i Ottwva. ril)niar.v 10. I'.iin. Tlic Iloiioiiriilpli' the Minister of Aaricultiirp, Ottiiv.ii. SiH,- r hiivc the luiiioiir tn -iil.iiiit iurcwitli. lur vuiir ii|>|.ri.viil. Hiillclin X„. m <.r til.- rfnuli.r .•i.ri.v. nititli.,! Tli.. ('iiltivMiimi „ii(| Iin|.r..vcm-iit „f th.> Applr ii, ('iiiuKlii, wliicli liii> I'liii pr.piiri'.l liv tile Dc.iiiiiii.iii Il.irtiriiltiiri.t. \\r. W .T. M; un. The urowiiit? inirHirlnruv of the iii-l-I.-pro.liiciii^' iii.lu-tr.v in ( aiiii.lM .iii.l tlir iiKTon^iiiff intiT.'St in tli.- yr.,\vii,v' ..f tins fruit n..vv l«.in;r -Ii.,wm in .v.i'.v i.mvin.'.' of the Domini. .11 nn.l.r tli.' i.nipli.'iiti..n ..f tiiis l.till.lln m tl... pr.M'iil tim.' ni.i-t opportiin.'. Thi' lar«.- .ini..Mnt ,,f iMf..rni:iti<.n in.-iu.l..,| tl..r.'iii .in.l tli.. .■..tnpr.l...n- siv.' cluiructiT ..f the nunu-. r.n.l.T it M.imtiiitiK "f .i r.tVr. i l...<.k iin.l a l.ull.'tin tliat ! in thf han.lH ..f cv.t.v appl.-«r..w.-r and w..nl.li«' appl<-(tr..\v.T in Cana.Ia. I Imv.. to r.-c.min.'n.l, th.-rcfor.-, that a law ..iition Im- i.-sucl at as ..arl.v a date us practicuMc. 1 have the h.in.iup t.> lie, sir. Your nhc.licnf servant, .1. II. (iUlSDALF. Dirrctor, Doiiuiiiim Kx/n riim nln' •irni' •4 i 92898—1 J J. 11. (iiiisiiM.K, K..|.. II.Atrr., Director, Dniiiiuiciii KxiiiTiiiiciitiii Furiiiit, Otluwii, Sill, I liiivi> till' liiiiiiiiir to Hiiliiiiit licrfwitli, for your iipproviil, ii iMilIrtin riititliil '* Th" Ciiltiviitioti aiie»t iiiethoiN of propn^atiii^ tiii'* fruit iiiiil of piiiiitiiitr iiiid eiiriiig for tipple orehunl^. Lists of vurieties of upples rei-oiiiiiiciided for the -''tfereiit provinces of L'liiniila will Ih' found in this bulletin with deM'riptiuiis of th' m and of other varieties. The lists uf those reooininended are based on e.xiH-rinients with varieties at the Central and Bruiioh Farms and Stations, and the exju'riene*- of fruit growers in ditferent parts of Canada. Siif{^i'«,tions for exhihitini; and jii(lv'in'.f apples are alno iiieludij in tlii-> bulletin and uthcr iuforinution in reKurd tu this iin|H>rtant fruit. I have the honour to 1h', si Vour obedient servant. w. T. MAcoirx, Duminion llurlicMurint. Ottaw.v, January 22, 1910. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Apflc (tilliiri- ill ( iiiiiiilii. . i'riiK'i' K'luiirl l-l.itiil. New nriiii«i> Xl>V|l Srntill {iuv\v,- Oiitiirii Itriti>li riiliitiiliiii Muiiitolm StiHkntrlii'U'iin MU-rU '■■■'■ '^ '■'''.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. [' Apple ('iilturc at tlir ( iiitnil Kx|Mriiii.'iifiil Knriii, Oit urn.. .... KxiMTiimiits with Appl.w iit t\;- llnincli Fiirin- ;iiirc((liii(r Appl.rt ill Caiuula ' 'r()>M-l.m',liiiK Appl..H at the ( ..ntral Kx| ..riiii.-ntal larm. Ottaxvn AppH^ ()rijfiiiut(>s nn>i Cruh Appl,-^ OriKinat.d in th.- II( tiPtiltural Diviiiioii, Ottawa Conclusions Hoachod in llvpar,] . Ork'ina .i,r X«'W Vuri.-tic. ..f .\pph'./ ' Sowinj? the Spod Propafrntion by (Jraftinpr and h injr Stocks Scions T?oot->rraftin(r rr()wi>-"'flft'njr Top-u.aft.MC Huddii.^ '.'.'.'.".'.'.'.'. Tools nid Appliances Tsrci in I'miiinif and Oraftin;.'. . The Xurscry. The Orchard Site and Soil Preparation of the Land Time of Plnntinir Laying out the Orchard _ Wiiidhrcnks Kind of Trees to Plant T'l.nntinfT Pv;»:. H l» !» 11 'I Iti |u It |:i i:! 1.-. 1.'. i:. IT IM .r,', •-':•. i'» •Ji Ui; .11 :i4 .T4 n4 Pruiiiiiff Maintennncc of Fertili Composition of the Fruit. nr. 37 38 3S 41 42 4:? 44 44 4.1 4.1 4n 47 4« 40 .10 .13 54 Cultivotiiiii MulcliiiiK verxiis Ciiltiviitioii Mulching the Snil witli (ii-fcii ("lnvcr. . . . Cover Crops Cover Crops iiiid ('(Jiiservatiou of Moisturo Irrin'iitiou. TliiiiniiiK Aiii)lcs. . . . IJigli colour ill Apiili Pollination of Apples Dwiirf Apple Trees . . Si ipra.vint; Sprayinfi Calondar. ... Siirayinj? Aiipliaiices. . . . Resistance and Susceptibility RenovatinfJT Orehanls PickinfT and Pai-kinn Storing d Viiricties of Apples tip Sc/ Yields of Trees of Varieties of Apples at difTiTcnt ages A Wealthy Apple Orchard Closely Planted Kxpenses of and Profits From Cost of Developing an Apple Orchard Cost of Growing a Barrel or Box oi Apjiles Monthly Expense Sheet for Il<'cordii g the Cost of (irowing Apples Frost Injury, Different Ways in which Ai-p!- Trees are Affected Other Or<-hard Trouhies Dropping of Leaves Spray Injury Water Core Orchard Ileatera to Protect Trees from Fro>t Protection of Apple Trees from Jliee and Uahliits and Care nf Injureil Trees. . Treatment of Injured Trees Introduction of Varieties . .... Varieties of Apples Keeommended for Planting in Canada or Suggested for Trial. Ontario Quebec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Nova Scotia Prairie Provinces (Manito'.a, Saskatchewan, .Mliertii) British CoUiml)ia Descriptions of Varietii>s Sunnner Varieties Autunui Varieties Early Winter to Mid-Winter Varieties Mid-Winter to l.ate Winter Varieties Crab Api)les Some of the Most Promising Varieties Originat'd in the IForticultural Division, Ottawa Some of the Hardiest and Best Hybrid Apples or Crab Apples Originated by the I. ale Dr. Win. Saunder> Some of the Best Second Crosses Originated by the Late Dr. Win. Saunders. Hardy Winter Varieties of Apples Russian Apples Hardiest .Russian Apjiles ut Ottawa Exhibiting and Judging Ajiples AOE. -,s 53 50 •;<> 00 01 (•4 05 00 08 71 :■> 72 7:5 74 75 80 80 81 82 83 H\} 9-2 0-2 0.3 03 m 04 05 00 0(5 07 08 00 00 100 100 101 101 102 104 108 113 118 1l>0 124 125 120 128 129 131 . <- THK APPLE IN CANADA, ITS CULTIVATION AND IMPROVEMENT. (liy W. T. .Ma((i1N. f)oiiiiiii())i lloilicidhirist.) *\. Tlu' continued iiopuliirity ni the upplc tlimuKliuUt tlic uurld i~ well shdwn l)y the onornKHiH (iniintitio (if thin fruit oon>uni('il annuiilly und liy tho very cxtcnsivo plantinfjs tnadc in rt'ccnt years. So many trees have beep planted that iiiiiiiy iH^rsons are in doubt as to tbi' wi-iloin of phintiiif? any niori> and ofh<'rs believe that too many liave been i)lanted already. Time aloiio will tell whether tlie>o jK'rsons aro eorreet in their judgment or not. The writer is one of those who believes that if the methods ot distributinf.' the crop are improved rapidly enou.;,'h it will bo a lonjr time iieforo there is actual over production. It would recpiire many million more barrels of fruit than aro boiufr produced [kt annum to-day to f;iv(> every man, woman and child in Canada and other countries all the aiiples that they mifiht be expected to consume were they able to obtain them at a reasonable price when tliey wanted tiiem. So many ai)plo trees die every year; so much poor fruit is produced every year; so many orchards aro neglected every year and so many persons are discouraged every year; that the man who grows ffood fruit should, takinj^ one year with another, continue to make a fair profit. The man who has some other crops to depend upon in a season when jrood ai)plos are very jilentiful and prices low, will of course be in a better position than ho who deix-nds solely on the apple for his income. As the market becomes flooded with great (luantitles of apples the merits of the different varieties will become better knst-keeping apples are produced in Canada and, if the Canadian ai)plc grower does his part well, Canadians should have a large share in supplying the markets of the world with this wholesome fruit. The origin of the cultivated aiiple is unknown. It is supposed, however, that it had its beginning in the wild apple of Europe (I'l/nts Mains), but there is no evidence to .~how when the improvement began, nor when the fruit reached the size, colour and quality of what is con>idered a good api)Io to-day. It is known, however, that at the beginning of the Christian era, the Romans cultivated a few varieties of apple which might compare favourably with some that are grown at tiie present time. Although the ai)ple is mentioned in Holy Scripture many years prior to tliat [K'riod, the word evidently referred to another fruit, or other fruits, and not to what is now called an apple. While the range o{ successful culture of many litl'.er frnit'- li cr.mparntiveiy limited, the api>le has a very wide one in tiie temperate climates of the old and new Worlds and is able to arcommodate itself to conditions und<'r which many other culti- vated fruits would not thrive. It is, however. In the temperate parts of .\merica that it reaches the highest state of development, where there is an ever increasing area devoted to this fruit. Named varieties of apiile are very numerous, being, probably, over ;5,IK>0 ill liuiuber, si, tliut every tuste, no matter how eccentric, may be .satistied, aiij a selection made of tliuso Lest suited to a particular person or place. Xo other fruit, prc^jably, has aa long a season as the apple. H,v a judicious ."election of varieties, apples may be had in good condition the \vh,,le year round, ami now that cold storajro has been so perfected, some of the best varieties, wliicli. under ordinary eircumstanee.s. would not keei, until spriii- may be kept in gdod condition until \i\U- in the following summer. S(,ine varieties of upp!e bcfrin to bear paying crops when tive years planted. Some of the best sorts, however, do not l)ear heavily for ten years or more. The profitable life of nn apple tree will deiK^nd greatly on the climate it is grown in, the culture given, and the variety. There are, however, other factors which influence it. In the be-t apple districts of .\merica, i)rofitable crops are gathered from trees si.xty to one hundred years of age. The u.ses of the apple are too well known ti, need mentioning. Trul.v, this is the king of fruits. APPLK CULTURK IN" (AX.VDA. The fruit industry has become one of the chief industries of Canada and the apple is by far the most imix>rtant fruit grown. The area in Canada over which the apple can be grown successfully commercially is very great, so great that if it were nil covered with apple trees in bearing there would bo more than enough apples to sup|)]y the markets of the world. As new and hardier varieties are introduced the area of successful apple production is gradually widening and no one is bold enough to say where the northern limit will eventually be. A largo pmixirtion of the provinces of Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick is suitable for commercial orcharding. The provinces of Ontari(» and Quebec have an area about 700 miles in length and varying in width from 30 to l.',0 miles where apples can be successfully grown. Apples can be grown successfully on N'nicouver Island and the Lower Main- land of British Columbia and in innumerable valleys from the boundary line north to the Grand Trunk Pacific railway or farther which vary in size from a few acres to mar.y thousands of acres in extent. In the Prairie Provinces, apples are grown to a very limited extent yet, but in time, no doubt, large areas in these provinces will be devoted to this fruit. The extent of the apple industry so far as the number of trees and (pmntity of fruit produced is concerned, can be gathered from the following table compiled from the Dominion Census of 11)11. APPLE TliKf;s AND APPLES GROWN IN CANADA IN I'.llO. Ontario Nova Scotia Quebec BritUh Coluniliia. New Brunswick . . P. K. iHlaiid Manitolia Saskateliewan . . . . Alberta ... Total.. l*rovinct'. IWaring. 544,768 .'>34,820 252,52:; 510,703 a ,862 147,637 4,2!)2 I.44;» 3.?;i 10,.VJO,4o7 Non- Bearing Dushel.-*. 2,053,302 0,250,072 884,070 l,fi(»,.'?82 860.0«;4 l,481.2:i;) 1.465,602 575,377 229,833 272,8S(> 58,342 160,124 17,801 1,4'J8 ^4S4 iH) 4,448 ISO 5,578,'J5() 10,408,457 ^ t. Prince Edward Island. — The culturt' of npplos has not dcvfloixHl as rapidly on Prince Kdward Island as the climate and soil justify. Tliis is due to a larpc cxtetit to the fact that transi)urtation hctwcen the island and the mainland and with the markets of Great Britain nnd KuroiK' is not yet very piod. The ai>ple succeeds well in this province and eivinj; to the C(.mparatively cool su.nmer and uututmi, causiti^' slow ripening, the fruit keeps as Innp or lon^'er than in any other part of the Dominion. The soil of a very larfre proportion of the province is well adapted to the cultivation of the apple. In i)laces windhreaks are necessary owinir to the lii^'h winds and exposed nature of the sites in some of the hest districts. While some apple > .'cs are jrrown hy most of the farmers on the island, there are comparatively few c.immiTcial orchards for the reason jriven ahove. Ai)ple trees have heen ixruwn on Princi« Kdward Island since ahout 170:!, when the Enplish first settled then-. ^fw Brunifw'ul,: — The climate of New Brunswick is admirahly suited to the eulti- vation of the hardier varieties of apple, and as some of the apples of the most attractive appearance and the best quality are anionff the hardier sorts, this province could jrrow a very lar^ro quantity of the finest fruit. Land is relatively cheap, also, in New Bruns- wick, which should ho an inducement, to many persons to plant apple orchards. The transiwrtation facilities are good, and beinfr near the seahoard the prowers have not far to send tiieir fruit intended for export. The development has heen sh>w, however until recently when there has been an awakeninsr of interest and more trees are Wxwg planted. While, perhaps, the largest area of land suitable for growing apples is in the St. John Kiver valley, j'et many ether sections, particularly in the eastern part of the province, will grow very fine fi ait. Although the apple has not heen grown as long in New Brunswick as in some other parts of Canada, it has been cultivated .-ince the early part of the nineteenth century and jK)ssihly before. Aora Scotia. — The apple has been grown in Xova Scotia longer than in any other province of Canada with, perhaps, the exception of Quebec. Tile French settlers who occupied this province, then called Acadia, in the early part of the m vcnteenth century, no doubt, planted seeds and trees. When settlers from New England came in 1701 they found trees in bearing and there is a record of top-grafting being done in 1704, showing that cultivation of the apple had advanced considerably at that date. It is only within the last fifty or sixty years, however, that the apple has been grown commercially to any extent, but the industry has now reached great proportions. The largest crop so far was produced in 1911 when 1,7:54.(X)0 barrels were packed and sold from the Annapolis and adjacent valleys. The total crop for the Province was, however, considerably greater than this. The parts of Xova Scotia which so far have been used to the greatest extent for apple orchards are the Annapolis and adjacent valleys, making a district of about 100 miles long and from « to 11 miles wide. The south-ea.stern part of Nova Scotia, while not yet planted very nmch to apple trees, is attracting more and nKjre attention as the climate and soil are well adapted to the successful culture of most of the varieties grown in the Annapolis valley and the time will come, i.o doubt, when this I)art of Xova Scotia will be noted for it apples. In northern Xova Scotia also and in Cape Breton, gt)od fruit of the hardier varieties can he successfully grown. Quebec— The apple was jirobably planted in what is now the province of Quebec as early as in any part of Canada. There are records Vvhich show that as long ago as 100;} this fruit was l)eing produced there and doubtless some .seeds or trees were planted when the first .«ettliniiMits were made near the beginning of the seventeenth century. While the apjile industry has not grown as rapidly in this [iro- vinco as in some other parts of Canada, there are many fairly large (jrchards there and .some new orchards are being i)lanted every year. The ca|)ai)ilities of Quebec for the production of apj.les of the finest apix-arance and h(->t quality are very grear. It was in this province that the Fameuse apple is thought to have originated, and 10 tliM IS oiiP of tlio vnriptica wliich prowH to perfection lierc. Like other part's of Ciiiiiulu tlicrc iire urent opportunities in tiio province of Queln-c for ftrowiiif,' api.l..< In the Ottawa and St. Lawr.Mice river valleys. throii«hout tlu- eastern townships and in the other part^ of the j.rovinee there are many tlioiisands ,,f arres whieii will frrow apples. Oiiliuio.—(n all the provinces ,,f the Dominion of Canada, Ontario prows the most app.es ut Jiresent as will he seen fr.mi the tijrures pivt^n from th.. .,ve latitu.h- 4(i the hardiest sorts ..f apiih.s ami erah apples are heinf.' ti'sted. Th.. apple industrv is ^rniwinfr rapi.lly m Ontari... Many new orchards have heen set out in -ecent years and lar-.. ar..as are c..mins into heariiifr every year. The devel.,pinent of commercial orchard- miX in Ontari.) has taken place within the past fifty or sixtv years, and was ma.I.. possihle when the huil.liiifj of tii.. railways ].ermitt(..l tre.'s and fruit t.) he transported rapidly from one jilace t., another, hut apples have h«-n pr.nvn in the pn.vinoe sine,, the middle of the eiirhtcenth (.entiiry. Brili.sl, Columbia.— \w]o t'n.wing in British v olumhia was onlv he^un in com- parativ.-ly rec.nt years, hut th.. d..velopmi.nt ..f commercial orchardintr has heen very rapi.l. The first trees were planted al)..ut Is.-.O, hut not until after the completion e'f the Canadian Pacific railway in is^T were there many trees, planted for cnmiereial puriH.ses. J he Dominmn Census of 1S<»1 jryvc the area devoted to all kin.ls of fruit as (1,..00 acres. The greatest plantiiifr of apple trees lias occurred during the past ten y<>ar . The climate of British Columhia is very varied. On Vanc.mvcr island may he found hotli w.'t and dry ffrowiiifr seasons. The climate .if the l.iwer mainlan.l IS relatively w..t while m the many valleys of tlie upper cuntry there are drv and mod- erately dry ehniates, in some pla.-cs irrifration h..iii- necessary and in some"i)laees n.,t Ihis great diversity of climate permits of the sueeessful culture .if nianv tvpes of apjile var.viii»>; m col.nir iroin the duller shades to the hrifjhtest and most attractive that C'ln bo found anywhere. Li su.-li a diversity of climate the .(uaiitv .,f fruit also viries some districts produein- apples of much hetter .piality than others, thoutrh ..f the <.,„„' variety. The most note.l district at iire.^ent is that of tli,. Okanajran vallev wh.Tc some of the finest orcliar.ls in the i)r.,vi,ice and in tlie D.miiiiion are t.. he fouii,], but oth.^" valleys not so well known are .|iiitp cpial t.) it and possibly hetter. There are ditlieiil- ties in marketiiifr ajiph.s proHtahly. at in-eseiit in this Proviiu-e, hut with the recent increased duty it is hoiied that these will he .ivereome. Manlh.ha.~\\'\uU' (he -mwii so su..cessfully in many places in the provii ee 11 (if Sn-katrhowiui aid that >.inic appirs .f the viry linrd.v Ku"i:iti VMiiini;^ liiivt- lucn iiiiitiircd, li'uds cue to 1 clicve thiit then' will lie, in tlit' fiitun^, otIuT v;irittics (iri^MiiMtnl wrurli will aujc'ccil inore penorally. Tlic wooded parts nf iinrthcrn Sa>kati-ti('W:ui wIiiT" the natural pn.ti'ction is poud and whoro the r^uiMcu cliaiiu'i's <>( triii(H>raturi' in sprinir, which are so disa-.trou> to trees iire not ■:« fre(|Uent a^ in other part-, may yet he found to lii> well fuited to tlui culture of the hardie-t app^^s. Alherla. — Tho climate of Alh(>rta varies much fri>ni north to south, Iry with littl Some parts ■itiir very ( i>wfall. The hest resnlt- >now in winter, otiier parts having' a pood 'aiiifall and far liivo lieen ohtalneil in -nnthern Alberta whiTe. on '4 . ^^x^f^ (^ -^ .« ^ x^ *r^ , •* ^»-. ,,_ V c - .^ TV. •^ } •'*•: fW \ ■ ^- . 4iS i *- i^ • f ■ ' ■"^•v;-' . K ■» 1 ..g^-,^. \ ^^it *"-SL!te^nil- ' 'wi Silvia ajiplj trci' in lilcHmi, Kx|>eriniental Station, ' thhridpe, Alta tiio Experimental Station at J.ethbridpc and at other s, pood ap|)les have hein produced. This success is no douht due to tlie fact that, ., np to tlic dry autumn, the wood of the trees ripens well; but apples have been produced in tlu; vicinity of Kdnion- ton where the climate is irnicli moisfer. The farthest north that apples have b'cen prowii ill Canada, at least as far as tho writer is aware, is at the Sub-Station at Fort Vermilion, Peace liiver District, Alberta, in latitude 5x° 2:3' where the crab apples or small apples oripii)atetiv,.m-ss, .|U litv. iiii.l r-'lativt- I1V.I0IU from .li...nM- „f tii,. .lilT.r.nt varictirs .< appl.-. \..vv varirli,^ hav \„;-n oriifinat.'.l. test.-.!, dcscrilHcl and iiairad. llrvnvi]. Uavv Win kfjit fiU'ii v.ar .,{ tia. iiiilivuliiai .vi.l.U „f ca.-ii Ip.ariii;.' tivc in tiic orciainN >inf.- lMI->. Ti'ic ditrcivnt inctla.ds (,f prnpajfMtinf,' and yraftin;; iiav.. Ixvu tri.d. u>in^' various -tiH-ks for this piiriH.s... Tile top-nraflin- of f.nd.r variftics on laird.v sto.'ks lias rcMivcd mucli att.iitiou. J)iir,.rciit iiU'tliods of culture have heeeii tried in the orelurd and varioii. cover s« that nuieli pro^'rcss was made. Since that tiin.. the niinilxT ot varieties tested and the area devoted to thi> fruit hav,. l.,.tli iiMTea^vl very much. Up to the present time 7;!4 minied varieties have heen tested, of which Uussian varieties tested, though many thoUKlit at Hrst to be ditferent have proved to be iden- tical There are 1,114 apple trees in iHTinanent jxisitions in the iiiai.i orchards oecupyinn about ISJ acres, ami ill crab apph-s. There is als,, a small eloselv planted orchard mainly of the Wealthy api.le; another small orchard eontainiiiK trees „f the best secdliiifis originated at Ottawa. Still another small orchard contains trees of cross-bred apples (,rif;inated in the Horticultural Division. There Is also an orchard contain! 11.1; cross-bred apples (,riirinated by the ht,. Dr. Wm. Saunders. „nd there is another orchard .,f seedlinj,' apple trees. Scattered throuKh the permanent orchards and used as tillers between tlu- iiermanent trees are seedling and cross-bred „pple trees which are left until tiny fruit. In all about -'.". acres are devote.l to the apple in 1915. EXPEKIMKXTS WITH AIM'l.FS AT TIIK RRAXCll KXPEHl.MKXTAl. FAIJ.MS .\ND STATIOXS. The inaiu experiment earrieil on at the >. First, frmn sop.l of fruit th;it ciiine fidiii tl.iwiTs wliicii lutv.' been niun iinlliiuitr.l .ir iiolliimtcil iiiiluinliy iiii^l wiii.li we .'liiiU .•all Mcliiiig variiti.'s; mm-i.imI. h.v artificial .•ro.-f,.rtilizati(,ii ami h.vl.ri.li/.u- tiiPii. wliith «i. ,luill oull cT..!'s-brcd or hyl.ri.l vuri.tic-.; an.,rts. From trees like these have ori-iiiate.l such tine varieties as .Vorthern Spy. iJaldwin. Faiiicu>, . M.-Intosh Ited, and many others. Of late years iiiure .systematic ellorts have been made t . r.riiiiiiate n. w varieties tioin .seed. Jiiit the varieties of really useful apples which have ori-inated in this way have been very few indeed. As an e.xample may be ^iveii the work of the late Peter (i.d.on, of K.\celsior, ilinn., I'.S., who devoted inii.-h time to this work. He Iiublished the results of his experienci' in th<,' Thirteenth Annual Report of the .\Iin ncsota State Horticultural S .ciety. The followiiifr „re e.xtracts from that report: '•Our eiforts and trials in ilinnosota be-aii thirty yejirs au-., hi~t spriiifr bv plant- in?,' one bushel of apjde .seed, a peck of peach seed, and five hundred apple, pear, plum mid cherry trees, and for ileven years thereafter planted each y.'ar enough apple .-eed to bring 1,000 trees, and in the timo named freipient additions t.. the er.di.ird of old named varieties— .11 .southern or eastern grown trees and .se. ds, and all kept as Iniin as they could be made to live in -Minnesota, and to-day only two trees remain. One of these, the Wealtliy, jrrown from a cherry-crab seed, olitaJned of Albert Kmerson, of BanfTor, JIaine, of whom I obtained scions at the same time, from whi.'h I fii-ew'tlio Duchess, Hlue I'earniuin. and the riierry-crab. all of wl.ich. combined, were the foiind- atiou of Minnesota horticulture, that to-day is the pride and hope of the Xorthwest Hut since these varieties came into b.-ariii;r we have (ilant.d only of our own firow'im of seed, with forty first-class varieties the result." "Thus far it has taken from three to five hundred .seedlinRs to ^ive us one tir-t- class apjile, and that from .seed taken from the best apples wo had." AlthouKh the Wealthy is probably the most valuable variety of its s.'ason in the colder parts of Canada and the Tiiited States, (;il' tliciii win- »ui- "r iipph'-*. A fi'W only were (•oii-.i lH-i IMtS thi« writer, lielievintf tlint in an orehnnl at the Ceiitriil Kx|H-rinientiiI Farm. Ottawa. I'oiitainin)^ hetwei^n 400 ami .IIK' named varieties of appli'* all sort* of 'omhinatiotw i^f eluirnc-ter«, woiiM he takiiijr plaee hy natural |x>llinat'on and that the '.•hiinee.H of ohtaininK some Hood ^I'edliniT'* hy Miwinjf needs from .-ome of thesi> varietie-i would he very tjr<'iit. hud wed naved of M»me of the he.*t-tliivoured apples then fruitintf in the ori'iiiird, iis well an some other ViirietieH de>iriihle on a< Uiit of other pharai'teri.-tio. There were iiieluded in the-e the Mcintosh. St. Lawrence, F;.meu--e. Wealthy. Shiawa.-^ee. Swayzie. Scott Winter. Sidoine. Lawver. (iano, Xortticrn Spy. Winter St. Lawrence, and liuUock (Amerii'an (loldi'ii Kusset). The seedlint,"* of these and others which wero Hown hiter have Wen iilanted out at ditTeront times. lM'ninnin(? in I'.HU. until iihout 2,fMH) trees wero planted, this heiiiK nil we had room for. The first tree tu fruit from seed was n Wealthy seodlint,' now called rr\isop. which fruited in 10(»:t. t\ t years after planting and five years from M'cd. and it may horo ho stated that the jrrc:it majority of the Wciillhy seedlings wero early hearers like the female parent. The Rood results which it was hoiM-d to ohtain hy planting seedlings from fruit from trees which must have received poUcn from a ^fat many v:irietip* has hecn ahundantly horiu- out hy the actual results. During the past ♦■velve years. 1,211 of these seo.1 per cent were snudl or crubrlike. Of the 1,1'11 varieties, there have heen JJTS considered so promising that they are hi-'ma; propapited for further t t and U!) of the best have been named. Some most interest ing facts have been noted in regard to tlu? way in which the seedliufrs resemble the fetnali- parent. If the parent is bright in colour most of the seedlings are bright in colour, but if dull in colour then the se<'dlings arc dull in colour. If the parent is an appio of good (luality then with few e.xceiition* the seedlings are above meuium to good in quality, nnd on the other hand if the parent is of inferior quality the swdlings nrc of medium quality also. If the parent is a hmg kirping apple then most of the seedlings are good keepers. Size has not been as constant as fc.mo other characteristics. Where there is a marked ditTerence in size between the majority of the seedlings and the female parent it is in the dirwtion of larger fruit iu the seedlings. For instance, the fruit of the seedlings of American (lolden Russet. Swu.vzie. and Fameuse average larger than the i)arent. Where seed has been examined carefully it has been noted that as far as size of seed is concerned the seed of the majority of the seedlings resembles the female parent. The varieties which gave seedlings which had the most characteristics of the female parent are Wealthy, Gano, ilclntosh. Northern Spy. and Langford Beauty. Those least resembling the female parent are Swayzie and Fameuse. The seedlings of Fameuse have been thvi most di>apiM}intiiig of all, there being a largo proiwrtiiiu of varieties of inferior quality. The largest proiiortion of promising seedlings are among Mcintosh, Langford Ueauty, Northern Spy. and Wealthy. Elsewhere will be found descriptions of a few of the most promising varieties. . , , x ^ i As there are very few winter apples iiardy enougii lor the colder part*; of Canada where tlie apple is grown successfully and as there is room for better summer and iUitumn varietie-; a!! iiver Ciinudu. these new v.irieties sh.nld prove of great value, and they are being propagated with a view to a more extended tost of them. As this kind of aitple breedin,' had given such good results, seed wa« saved in I'JOS of some more of tlie best hardy winter apples grown at Ottawa, including ^lilwnukee. Bethel, Winter Hose, Baxter, La Victoire, Stone and Forest, of wliich "12 were in the orchard in 1915. 17 A. it U iini.Mrt..nt to .l,tuii. ..I'jJ.H Huitul,!.. f,.r tl... prniri.. |.r.,vin.vH .,f C.i.ndu n<* Hiw.i as i.,w.il.l.., nnotl...r iii..Ih.,| thui. lh„t |„!l,,vv..,l l.y ,1,.. I,,,.. |,r. \V„, Sui..mI..m ..^ bon.K i.ra.ti....! l.v tl... wril.T. S | w:,s h„wu i.. ll.lo .,( ,„„.,. „f .li.. |.,.,.!i..,t Ku*. , .,i,,.l... li.rlml.njf Ir.,..-,,„r.„t. ( ■lmrl„m„tr. lUutilul Arr.,.1., (>l.l..nl.„rtf Tc.t..i ..V. A„.«. Antonuvk... an.l llil„.r.ml. M.,r.. .... ,111,.;:. of tl..,.. „„.! oth-r v,.ri..ti;H mvo 1.....,, t; „„„,„„.,. ,M,.l fro,,, tl...... ,.l„„.t :.-...«!.. 1. ,v.. I,...,, ,..,.t n. v,..,rli,.;f, to tl„. I'oinMuo,, KN,«.n„,.„tMl Farms 1„ tl„. pnnri.. provi,...,., a,.,| ,,h.„,..,i „i,„„ ,„„,.,|,„, ,„ i.>r-.r.v row.. Alt.r tl.r.v .v,.„rs «,.,v «l,i,|, pn.v.. |,ar.!.v ,„a.v !„. r.n.ov...! to .,„ or.l.:.r.| or (urtlM.r t..,t or ar.. I..ft to fruit i„ th.. „ur,,r.v row. .\|„„v of ,!....■ h:,v.. „rov,.,| tl..so lmnl.v U,i..,ans whi.^li stH.,,1 ., ,„....}, ,.ol,l i„ 1{„„;.,. „.ii l„„i„„,l ,.,„„. «•.,... w, I l... „.M..,.I „. ,1,., ,.„I.| .li,,n..t, of CauaJa. wh,,... ..arl.v ^^rowth i„ th. .pri,.» folioNu.,1 l,v fro-t ....•.„. a, ,l...tru.tiv.. a. low t.niiHTatur..H of wi„t, r lu ..t_o„ to ,|„. ,n..w s,.„t from Otf. ,. „tl,..p tr.M.s of tl„. ...m. vari..ti,..H h.v.. ;■<•.. >frow,, f,.om ,1... ,.,,..1 .,f fr„it r|p,.,„„, ;„ Mnfitol.a for .■o„.,..rlHo,.. At tl,.. .r.>,..lo,i K.xp,.nm....tal Far,,. -o,„.. s.vdii,,.,. „f ,|„. rU^u-r. a .To^.-hrcJ vari.-tv Iniit.'il tiitTc, arc prom,.!,.'.'. t:llAH.UTKH,S OK HKKDI.IN.i Al'IM.Ks ..III.II.N VTKIl l\ TIIK II.MlTIt 1 I.TI l(\l l>IVIMI.)N. l>.-.criptio.,s ur.. tak..|, of tl... „.,.,lli„„ ,„,,,K., „hi..l. ar.. oriKi..at...l i,. th.- llorti- culturul ).v.s..m. wl,..tla.r thoy an- xoo-l. ......liu.„ or ,K..,r. loin^ this, it is po-sibh- to t..ll aft..r .. t.i.M. what pun..,t vari-.tics an- ^Ivi,,^ th.. h.r«..st prop.,rtio„ of promi,i„>r Tari..tu.s.a,.d what the I.'ast. It ^-ivs vali.al.l.. i.iforn.ati..,. for futur.. w..rk i.. I.r....!;,,^ 8I.l...s.as 8...W...K ^^i,„t ,.l,ara..t..r« of ,1„. f..„,al,. pan..,t ar,. appan...t or co„>,„.....,u8 m the >..edl>.,Ks. 11... ,l..s..r.,.t,o.,s of th..,.. s....,lli„Ks uvn- all .,,,.,1.. l.v tl,.- writer li.....] was taken. a It 1 Z^"7n "."'■'■•''■ ,^^ '■! '■ t'"' "'"'•■ I""-<'nt is thus .,ot know., wit! rtaintv. n .tu.l.v of the follow...^ table will 1, . fou,.d v,.ry i„t,.resti..j, „„,1. it i. I,.,,,..,!, su^-,-,.;. tive The follow..,f. eharmters of the s..,.,llin,.s of the twvlv,. vari,.ties are -mite mnrked. ' Fameme Seedl!no..-U U jrenerally suppose.l that .scH.dli.,gs of Fam.-use res. r !,lo he female parent .,, a ,nark,-.l .!,.j?r,... I„ this eas.. th.. .„.,.,b..r of p,o,l Fa.neu^e .so,.,!- hns-'s has been smal, wh.l,. a larfr.. o-oportion of the s,.e.llin^'s of Afelntosh whi.-h i. n seetilinjr of F amcuse. hnv,- hepti j.'ood. e type with a marked rcscmhhiiic... to Ii > female parent or to I.ouisc, a seedling of FV.meuse. fl2S08— 2 IH hauirr .sWi/ZiHrM.— Whilt- 2I» |«T ••lit "f tli." mnlliiiif iirr liili'-ki-opinff npt'l<-« lil«' iW f.nml.- imr.Mt. it i- intir.'.tiiijr I., ii-.lr tluit i. lim- |.r rtioii Inn.' .1 h«'i>hoii hrfnrr H...,..ul"r. Sum.' of ihr l,..«v.T H..M|liiiif, ^h"w in,.rU.-l ..tfi.s ..f N»rlli.Tn S|.v lplo...|. imrti.ulurly in 'linrsi.-tiT of tli'li iiixl llnvi.ur. Il..tli l.iiwv.r iiii.l Nc.rlli.rn Spy arr Iiit.-I.I.Miinirnr .'ort-t iiihI witi' iK.t v.t>' f»r rtpurt in tlif urdianl in IMtx. Mrlnlosh StvdUixjit.—'Ww M<-Int..*h i* Mii.|.o*f.l to Ik- u Mf.lliiiir of Funif'UM! unci Im* imiliv Fimi.MI«' rlu.r K't.li.ti.'.. It* -..■.•.ilil.K-. Iiiivr Ihiii Illll.''' •«lt.r than the FaiiM'iis.. *r,..llinK^ nourly on.-lmlf tl.r M.Into-h ^..-illinif. Iniiiir tliunulit wurtli.v ..I prolMiiratioh. wliilc ltiitc ■!. Sorlhein >/'// Si'iiU>tiii*.—l\\i>\\»\\ lit loiiHt imrtiuliy iM'll-^tirilf anti thii.* iioiil)ti«'K'* IH.iliiii/r.l ly Willi* "tlur Viiri.'ty or viirirtirs tlirri* has Immmi a inarknl ri'-'iiiihliitiii' to till' NortlnTii Spy in II law pro|)ortioii of tin' fi'i'iilinif in oiilwanl appfaraniT. tl.»li. mill tliivoiir, anil in biiinr lutc-kcfpiiiir iii)plt!<. Siitomr .'nv.' nicdiiini to iromi in i|iinlity, Init tlio jMrn-iit iiri" tliounht worth iiro|m»fatinir wii-t only a little laririr than with the Fninouse sreclliiiffK. .^icai/jic >V>'(//iHflAi.— Only a Mniill proinjrtion of tiic secillintM ri'^rmWe the parent in oiitwarcl appearaniv. thi>nirli a lar>r«' percentat'e IhmC 'i niarkel 'csemhlancc to Swuyzie in thivour. The Swnyzie !« a snuill upple, but if the seedlings, over 7Si ixr eent were medium to large. \»f(i///i//. — There i.- u Reiierd n MMuhlanee to Wi'althv in a hir— prol">rtion of tiio ceeilliiiK^. piirtieularly in eolonr iind the reKuliir oiitli f the friut and eharaeter of Hesh nnd flavour. U in(-r SI. Lnirri'ncr.—Tht^ Winter St. l-iiwreiife has jriver. a Inrtfe pro|«>rtion ..f seedlings above nicdiiim to Rood in .pnility. but tiie proportion tlioiijrht w(.rtliy of pro- paf^ation is about the >^uhiu qh Tt FaineuH". Tlr re are a few lale-keepin;f apples jiinoiiii- tlu'li). In deseribinj? the apples of wlii to 3J inehes in diameter. Very larfje — Above 3i inches in diameter. The notes nnd fijriires under Uksf.miii.vmk ilo not apply t > all the «.eedlinff.-< de».eribed. If a eharaeter of a female parent vns eonspicnou.- in the seedlinpr it was noted but, no doubt, there were many .sliirht resiinblanees which wen; not noted, hence the percentaETes after the various heading'- under Ul>K.Mm,AN< K are merely suggestive, but all the other >'haructer^ were recorded for all the seedlings. 10 1 I C 1 a e ■& I c c '>|tU||tl.|>M tu.unl *|»m.i| J.I j4),i«i«ij I •HmiMj JO 4.>) wjvii^-) ! '■lllll||l.>.M ..l/XwMt^ iipiui.( J.I j.ri.mm.), ) 'lii^wl' , '.•111111 l| )■! J I.MUWII) 4* »itii.»i|. , a - .t -> 5 2i«? It :. : I : : : I : . : I . i Tit' 71 1 2«KS"s iS rt«' I'i 11 * *n a« Is '•" " :: fi. II '" 5 » = »• s I •«JIiiir|Ki.w .iiiKiUH.. "• .^ -...i-j S.^JP ')II.4JImI i.>|«iil.ij |.i J.ti.nuvii,') ; p*l>l \.l>^ (IJ.II||.Ii|.^ ■»ll.>.lll.| »«|inii.i| ji) j.iMiuiii|,) ->8U!||kKM l|«UI||0|^ ■IH.UWl .t|WIMJ Jll J.I1.nuiM|,) '•1}|1!ll|.l) J.) J.ll.liuilll,-) 'sdlll||l.>.H ).H.«||}| I ) U«3{.|.llliy ')ii.uinl ..vm RKii,iiui!^.{ 5 I ^*2* 8 s«'=V!S~iT f^S^^ gS«Sr-|S| «.'?5f t- soj^.f, I s I i a-I-s i:^-^^ i'SS.^? |g ■■*i;2a*' « ~-~ j - |.^i ' : s •; ; *-i 5 5 " ji !; ^ '- = i 9 '- 'h % I - " '• 5 3 « ^ •■< — I'-rJiin; 928n.**— 2.V £55 505 in i-2 a ■.i_ ,. 5 gCKOO = •?:::?• 5.2. : ."re . o » : • (- fi> &,' ^ t s - I £ec as 3 = i =■=.£ 2 = -fK-j ca-cas j 3 80 ■sauiipoax I Aiii.!< .>]z.{fl.«s •5s •3 s o ■)U'>a«nio|8y^ : O ' SQ iM M cj o ^ : cs ^Q w X O 1-4 CO (M t* =>^^^U 8 * 2SSI3 S S 3 S • w s ih ^ «» 1* ■B8in|p*i9 .>j JO a->i>«a«qo b lb jj .n « 8 S . ! • 2^S2' I '88381^: j 8 ssi:2 is 5 T *oo ■ S f sSSSSo - O -" =1 k SI - CO jc I'- o ,0 J O CC CO -^ t^ 5 j ^ 5-1 CO — O SS8S -.T-S ■Bju(U«8 onu;) j CI > - -i O 1-1 W I- W -n- C-) ^ i-( 8 »c o 'f 8 I I ^'Lo^'- I 8 O r- tr^ I— I i-H 2SSS3 :U:' -r I- w I- i c* M ;s X o * -i -^ to o I— ' O i-t 8s4:SS I 8 : $ S^S? ^3 CO 5 i tH^W^ ^ CI C-. ei X 2 k~ " '^ i 15«f-iX --rOMTO" — tcx^ ■ — b-iw^i- MSf M «s — •ius»jwl >)l«m IJ JO a-n3"JB'r. ) •Bijini ■ -3 - 3 • ="= S c5 t. « O u u - Ill |?|e|lE|| 1 i;ii>S-llUKl) \M> inKIIll) VAIIIKTIKS. Th.Kse variotios whi.-h nrc ori^iinntod l.v nrtiricial .•n.ss-lVrtilization an.l l.vhrldi- /..ti.Mi aro called . Kptrics: i:s t,,r instate,.. l>,.tw,.,,, /',/,„. M„l„s. x\u- appl... or a variHy of it. and l'„n,s harrain tin- S.bvr.an .-ral,. A , r„..-I„vd is a <•.•„>< l.wu-.vn ,u„ vari..li,.s „f tl„ .„.,.. >|H'<-io- as, tor iiistanr,.. l„.tw...„ |l,o \uvX\um Spy aiah M.-lntosh Kod app'.-. AlthoMfrl, ...oarly all omi- Lost appl.s have luroii ori;rinatod as s.vdjii.i^s. tlw ro ,s„„ IS, not that pHMJ yanotirs ..an-iot I,.. pro,l,„vd i,y artiHi'la'! .•■•o-s-fortiiizatioi,. l„.t that -onuuratnoly httle syst.matio work ha.l horn dono in tins ,lir,.,-tion in Anuri,-. ti| mcnt years. \\ |,..n one ..onsiders that a very lar^o nninh.r ot ,han;-o sc^llin-s ],-,v,> bee., the result oi natural .-ross-f.-rtilization of the Mowers of .lltferent varieties ('for It 1. now an .stahhshe.l faet that many varieties of apples are self-sterile) it -e-.n. m.s,,„al,lo t , ,-uppo-e th.t a ,„aeh lar^'er pereentafro of ^ood apples will he ohtained if the flowers are polhnate.l artifieially. as then only th.. varieties whieh have the eh-.r- aetenstn-s desired n, the s,.o,for.nation available to know w.t, eerta.nty what w.ll result by usin^ .rrtain varieties ,d' apples as both tl , I and fenmle pan^nt it is wise to do some .Tossing with one variety as the female parent j.nd so„.e with the samo variety as the n.ale p.^rent. Tho r.-soi,, obtained with oro!*: .re apple the orjians of rejjrodiiction represent both sexes. When the i)ollen, whieli is the fine dust eonstitiitinn the male part of the flower, <'onies in eontaet with the stigma, which ia the upper part of the female organ, fertilization is liable to take place, and this nnist be previ>nted if artificial pollination is to be per- formed. Tlie pollen which is'eontained in the anthers is >lied almost as soon as tla; blossoms open, and work must bcfiin, therefore, when the flower is in bud. There are usually five or si.x buds in a cluster on apple trees, but pMierally only the stronjrest of these set fruit. The more the flower bud is developed, tiie greater chances there will bo tha* artificial ixdlination will be successful. The operator, how- ever, must be certain that no pollen has already been shed. Two or three of the weak- est and least developed buds are i)inclied off and the lemainder are left to be operated upon, or if some of the flowers are open they are removed and tlie otherc left. A i)air of small tweezers are very good for this jnirpose. They should be iierfectly smooth at the tijis, both outside ami inside, so that no pollen will lodge there. The jH'tals of the Inids are now removed by means of the tweezers; the anthers wbicli contain the pollen are then removed, by breaking the filaments off, and thrown away. In removing the petals and anthers, great care should be taken that the stigmas are not injured, as, if they are, failure is certain. Only the female part of the flower now remains. The stigmas arr i-i condition to receive the pollen when they become moist. Thev will remain in tliis condition for a d;iy or two. Pollen miy, h )wevi'r. b' applied the stigmas before tliey are ready, as pollen will stay in good condition longer than the stigmas. If the pollen is not ai)plied immediately, the flowers v ' " b have been oper- nted upon should be covered with a stout paper bag, not much 1; . than is lu'ccssary to cover the flower cluster and permit tying but large enough so tlie flowers will not be eru.shed. The mouth is tied tightly about the twig, so that no insect can get in. Flower clusters of the variety of apple which is to supply the poll(>n and bo the male parent of the future seedlings, should be gathered just before the buds open, and the twigs put in water until the blossoms open and th is ev(>ry probability that insects may liavo deiiosited jioUen from other varieties there, and thus the parent- age of the cross-bred variety would iu)t be certain. Pollen nuiy be kept in good condi- tion several weeks if in a dry conditicui in closed bottles in a dark place. It is thus ])os-il)U» to bring pollen for cro-sing from one i)art of (!'anada to the other if desired. AViien the pollen and stigmas are ready, tlie bag is removed and the stigmas then well covered with tlie pcdlen. This may eitlier be effected by holding the flower in the fingers and rubbing the anthers against the stigmas, by jnitting some of the pollen on tlie finger nail and tlius rubbing it on, or by applying it on the end of a knife or some other flat surface. Tiie camel's hair brush which is often recommended is not a safe thing to use unless the person using it is very careful, as pollen may stick in the hairs, and if several kinds are wcu-ked with, there-will be no certainty as to the jiareiit- agc. After this operatiiui b been perforincd the bag should be jiut on again and ticil tightly as before. A label s-iiould then be attached to lh(> twig, on which should be written a number, the names of the male and female jiarents, th'- number of flowers operated on, and the date on wliich tlie work was done. This record should also be kept in a notebook. When the blossoming period is over and the fruit is well set the paper bag should be removed, a record tnkf>n of the number of apples wliich liavc «cf, and then a gauze or muslin bag tied over the fruit instead of the paper one. The npiiles should then bo left to grow and ripen in the orchard. Late apiiles which are not thoroughly matured when harvested should be left as long as jiossible before the seeds are taken out. Tlie S(>eds should be removed, however, in time to sow them before winter sets in. They should be counted and the number recorded with the other data, and then treated the same as has already been recommended in the iiaragraph on Seed- ling Varieties. 2a ('It()SS-HHKKl)I.\(} AIM'LKS I\ CANADA. Much work has btvii iIoik! hy a iVw nieii in Canada in i)ri(,'inating varictips of apples by l•ro5^-brL■editlg and lijbridizatiun. To the late Clias. Arnold, Paris, OnU; tliL' late 1'. C. Dcnipscy, Trenton, Out., an;ener is a worthy memorial to that trentleman. it Imuh a jrood, and, in some se<-tions, a profitable, entn- niercial variety. Thi- Trenton and Walter apples are two of ilr. Dempsey's erosses, and are amon^' the best apples of their season. The Crimson IJeanty apjile. a handsome variety now ^rown to a considerable extent as a very early summer apple in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia particularly, was orifrinated by .Mr. Sliarj) and the "New Brunswick" apple which, however, most j)omoloKists cannot Jistin^'uish from the Dui'hess of Oldenburtr, is said to have been orifjiiuited by him and has be(>n largely ])lanteil in New Brunswick. At the Ontario AKricultund CoIIpkc, Ouelph, Out., ami at the Ilorticultnral Kxperimentnl Station, Vineland, Ont., work in eross-breediuK apples has been in pro};- re>s for some years and no doubt some good varieties will be produced at these iiist'i- tutioiis. CUOSS-BUKEIllMi Al'I'l.ES \T TIIK CKNTRAI. KXPKRIM KXT.M, FAHM. OTTAWA. APPI.KS OUIfilNATKI) nv TIIK I.ATK Dli. WM. SAINDKHS. The beginniiif,' of the work of the late Dr. AVm. Saunders is described as f<]llows in his own words in Bulletin .Vo. T.S, Kxperi mental Farm Series "Prof.'ress in the Breeding of Hardy Apples for the Caiuidian North-west." Wild Sil)eriun eruli apple 1 1'iini.i hui-niiii ) "Shortly after the first Dominion Kxperinienlal Farms were established cxpcri- mi'nts were bejrun, both with larfie aiiu small fruits, with the object of liiidiny out what varieties, if any, could be successfully srown, especially in the colder districts in the Northwest Provinces. The ajiplc, on account of its relative imijortanee, natu- rally claimed special attention. Duriufj the first eij-'ht or ten years more than two hundred of the hardiest sorts of cultivated ajiple trees obtainable in northern Knrope and other northern countries were thorouirhly tested, especiallv at the experimental li;rnis at Bran(h)n, :Man., and at Indian irend. Sask. These trees were planted i,, considerable numbers, often from twenty to fifty tre.v of a kind, snnw in slu.lt.T more or less dense, others with.mt shelter, but in no case were any fruits produced. New yaru'ties oriiiinated since then, omsidered to be of esix'cial merit and hardiiu'ss, have beeen subjtHited to similar trials. "In ISsT, the year during: which work on the experimental farms was beirun, seed was obtained from the Tmi)erial Botanic CardiMis. St. Petersburg. Russia, of a small wdd Siberian crab-api.le, known as the -Berried Crab,' I'lmis barcata. Tiiis crab 24 Plows ill abuiulaiici' iibout tlic >liori's df tin- liuikiil Sim and in many parts cif Xortlicrn Kilicria. Vouiin tiTe-i were raisi'd frciiii M'cd of tliis crali, and, as soon as lh<' spic:- luciis were larnc iiuuij^li for traiisplaiitiiij;, soiiii' wore sunt to Brandon, .Man., and otliiTs to Indiuii lload, Sask., and in liotli places tlicy wore found to Ix- entirely hardy. Durini^ u trial of about twenty year.n the Berried Crab has never been injured by winter and the trees have started from the terminal buds on the branches every season. Tlieso trees have fruited abundantly for many years, but the fruit of mo-t of them is small — not much larfrer than a cherrj' — and is also ustrinsent and acid and in some cases bitter. The frviit of I'l/ni-s hnrrntu makes excellent jelly, however, and I'.enee, in its improved form, ha.s been found useful. It is also hijjhly ornamental in the sprint?, when in blossom, or when adorned with fruit in the autumn. The trees are rather dwarf in habit, low-branched and stronirlv built, with th" fruit firmly attached to the tree. From its jreueral habit of growth, it is well adapted to resist tlie hijfh winds to which trees are often exposed on the northwestern provinces. Cninmi'iircmi'iif of tin' Wnrh (if ('rass-Ilrii dlnii. After four or five years' experience had thoroughly established the character of the berried crab for extreme hardiness, efforts were made to improve the size i:nd ((uality of the fruit by cross-fertilizing the flowers of I'/iriis harrola with ixillen from many of the hardiest and best sorts of ap])les (;rown in Ontario. Tiiis work was beLcuii in 1>!M, and has since been continued alon'.r several difforent line<-. The seeds dhtained from the first crosses were sown in the autuiim of that year and jrerniinated in the follow- iiif? spriiifr, iirodueinp, in all, about KiO youngr trees. There were planted in the spring of 1890, when many grew rapidly and soon made shaju'ly , ■cimens. These, and other young tree*, resulting: from similar stil)se(iueiit experiini iits, have beeeii planted from year to year in orc'-rds at Ottawa, Tirandon, Indian Head and other North- western stations. In I*-' .liirty-six of tiie cross-bred ajiples first iiroduced and grown at Ottawa fruited, a' ...c of them were of such size and <|uality as to justify their beiiijj propagateil for m(jrc general test. The fact that so many of these fruited on the fourth year from ♦he sowing of the seed indicates a very early fruit-bearing habit. Since then several hundred more of these cross-bred apples have borne fruit, and the number of varieties worthy of extended cultivation has been considerably increased. Root-grafts of some of the more promising sorts were early made and thest: have been teste 1 I'cir eight or ten years past at eaich of the northwestern farms and luive shown very slight inelinatioii towards tenderness, even when planted in exposed situations. The cross-bred sorts graftetl on rof)ts of seedlings of Pi/rus harcnta have produced trees which, so far as they huve been tried, seem to be quite as hardy as the wild firm of harcala. There seems every reason to expect that they will jirove generally hardy thnnighout the northwestern country. ■' In all cases of crosses mentione;! in tiiis bulletin the first jiarent named is the female, the second the male. "/i'.c/Hr/mcn/.v iritli 'Ffinis jininifdUfi' ntid 'I'l/riis Mnhia." "hi 1^'Mi a series of crosses was begun (■;! another sort of wild <-ral), known ; •■ Piints pninifolla. This is ngarded by some botanists as a distini't spcvies; others believe it to be a hybrid between P. Muhtr, tiw wild crab of Europe, and P. harrnln. Seeds of this form were also obtained from the Iioyal Botanic Gardens, St. Peters- burg, Kussia. The fruit of /'. prunifoUa is usually larger than that of htrcafn, and will average nearly twice the size. Its hardiness in the Xorthwest has also been established by a test covering a number of years on both of the experimental farms at Brandon and Indian Head. The first crosses with this species v.ere made in IslXi, and since then nia:iy new sorts have thus been originated. "Another line of work in producing new apples was begun ia I'M'-. i:i crossin!" I'-i/rii:: Malut, the wild ajiple of Europe, with some of the best Catuidian s'uts. T' iu-.,:nuB. ' A. ••^ II > ■■ <|l ^1 '1*1 MWWffl Tl TIT fruit is about nn iiicli in (liiiiiiiHcr to start witli, mid of fair (iiiiility. A linnly form of this tree has hcn-ii secured which has stood scvend winters at Brandon and Indian Head without injury, and witii tliis additional eros.-es luive i.ei'n inmle. " ilaiiy of tiie host of the crosses produced on /'. hiucnhi and /'. iinnilfolin iiavi' heen recrossed, thus introduciiifr a second (luota of the iilood of tiie hirpT apple with tlic lii>pe of ohtaininf; fruits of hiryer siz(> an'autifnl Arcade, Broad (ireen, IC.xcelsior, Fannu-e. (iolden Uiisset, ilaas, llerren, Krimskoe, Mcintosh Ked, .Mc.Mahan White, Omiuoc, rewaukce, Ked A>trachaii. Ribstoii Pippin, Scott's Winter, Simbirsk So. i), S\va.\/.ie ronmie (irise, Talman Sweet, Wintci- St. Lawrence and Yellow Transparent. The nunilicr and variety of the crossi's have thus been very much increased, ilany hundreds of these cross-bred varieties of hacrata origin have been jiroduced (about SOO in all), and most of them have fruited. While a larpe number have proved of inferior (piality, there have been criKiiiated, up to the iirescnt time, about sixteen vi.rieties in ail. most of which. Iron, their superior size and (juality, may be re^'arded as usef"' for dome-tii' jiiirposes and deserving more extended trial. " I'-cronil 6';'o.s.s('.s'. " ifany of the best of the crosses jiroduci'd on I'linif hacrata and i'l/nis jirunitolta and their related forms have been recrossed, thus introdueiiif^ a second jtorfioii of the characteristics of the larger ai)ple, with the hope of obtaining fruit of larger size and higher (juality. From these second crosses, which were made in IHOI and following years, there are now 407 trees growing in the orchards at Ottawa, several of wiiich fruited for the first time in I'JlO." soMi: iisRnv N ahii:tif:s. After being pro|)agate(I and thoroughly tested on the prairies some of Dr. Saunders' hybrids have ])rovcd hardier tiian any other varieties of .appie-^ or llow Transparent 1-4 by 1-3 inches), Eve (P. liacrata by Simbirsk No. 9, size lO by \--> im Descriptions of the>, pubiisheij liy T)r. Win. Sanmlers in Bulletin No. CA will be loiind (11 page Ij f of this bulletin. Sed lings grown from these gave in nearly every •;'se fruit smaller than the parent. As none of the fruits resulting from this cro-s was large enough to compare favmirab'y with less hardy varieties of .-pple-i aiid errih apples, the best of these fir-^t crosses were, :u 10r4, recro-si.,] ^vitli named varietiis of tipples with t!iL' object of olitaining varieties bearing larger fruits but whij-li v ild retain stifficKnt hardiness to be grown in the open on the prair'e.-, size inclies.) In this work Dr. SauiiderM u^«'il the crossi's iis tlit- inothcr imrciits in nil cases. The varii'tic.-i of «|iph>s u>f(l us iimii' puriMits iire .Mcliitusli, lialdwiii, Criiiiburry, DiKiht'.ss. NortluTii Si),v, OetnluT, Scott Winter, Siiiiliirsl< No. !», Tetofslty, Yellow Transparent, Ontario. Ciideon, Kiileau. llims, Aii^iist, Walter, Wealthy, McMahaii. From seeils ohtaincd tlirou^'h this work 4<>7 trees were grown at Ottawa which be^an to fruit in lUlO and of whivh a larne i>roi><)rtioii have borne. While many of theso have borne fruit no larger than the motliir parent, 21 have produced apples two inches and niyre in diameter. Some of the largest varieties which have fruited are Wapelhi (Ihviu by Ontario) ^izo J-2.') by -J-i.') inches; Ansrus (Dean by Ontario) size 2 hy S'l inches. The l)arentatre of Deiin is P. haccaid by Wealthy, ilartin (Pioneer by Ontario) size 2.2'> by -J'.'n inches; firetna (I'ioneer iiy Northern Spy) 2 by 22.') inches. The parentage of Pioneer is /'. iKicmta Ly Tetofsky. Most of these second crosses retain the lonp, slender stem, tho thin, tender skin, and the crisp, l)roakin)» flesh which are ehiiracteristic of I'l/nis harrata, but a few are (piito apple like. Tt is not known yi t whether these will be sufficiently hardy or not, but this will soon be determined. It is to be rcjtrettcd that the apple (Pyrus Mat. s) was not used as tho motlier in thexe crosses, as it is believed by the writer that larfier apples woiild have been obtained more (piickly, but size miirht h;ive been olitained at the expense of hardiness which is the first consideration on the priiiries. If these second crosses prove hardier than any other apples or crab apples which have been tested they will mark another 81 p in advance. CROSS-BHKKDIXO APPLES IX TIIK IIOKTUMTLTURAF, DIVISION, OTTAWA, ONTARIO. A little work in cross-breed inw was done in the Horticultural Division in 189.5 ■wh(>n ilcMahan was crossed with Scott Winter and Wall)ridne with Northern Spy, but bcKinniufr in 1899 some work has been done almost every year since. The parents used in makintr crosM's are Anis, Anisim, Antonovka, Baldwin, Baxter, Bethel, I5in>;o, (Cobalt, Crusoe, Duchess of Oldenburg;, Dyer, Danville, Fameuse, Forest, Gleuton, (iravenstein. IIiliern;il, Lawver, I.owl.uul Uaslierry, Malinda, Milwaukee, ^Iclntosh, McMaliau, Newton. Northern Spy, North Western Oreeningr, R. I. firoenmjr, Rosalie, Roideau, Scott, Winter, Stone, Winter Ruse, ami Walton. Recipnjcal crosses have been made in many cases. There have been two main objects in view in this work, iirst to obtain liardier winter apples for the colder parts of Canada wliere aiiples are grown e.innnercially and, si'cond, to obtain early bearing varieties covei'ing the whoir season, iis there >eems to be no jfood reason why more apples of the Northern Spy tyi>e should not b'; obtained which will bear as early as Wealthy and Wajrener. .More than 1,()(M) trees are now growinj; as a re>ult of a little crossinjj almost evt'ry year and near'.y KH) of tlioe have already fruited. So far not many apples have fruitid which have been tlioutiht vvortliy of prop.i«ation, but tiiere have bei'ii a few from a eros^ between ^Iclntosh and Lawver where the object was to obtain varieties whii-h would keep better than Melnto-h. In six out of ten crosses which have fruited with Lawver as the mother no marked resemblance to either parent is recorded, and similarly in three of the six with Mcintosh as the mother.. Of the four varioties with Lawver as the mother that have marked characteristics of the parent, two have distinct ifclntosh tlavour and two resemble Mcintosh in colour. The Lawver characeristies are not ver,y marked. Of the six varieties with ^lelntosh as the mother only two show nuirked resemblaiice to either parent in the imixjrtant cliaracteri>ties oi cohnir, flesh, and flavour, althoufrh as rej-'iirdr! xsimiu a larfic proportion roembles biitli parents. The MeIiito>h seedlinijs from open pol'iimition have fiivcn a larjrer proportion with marked Mcintosh character- istics than has been the case in this cross. While there are none of the sixteen varieties tm^^y,-:^'. ipf tliis cross which luivc ,vct fruited which iirc n^ tfimd ii^ Mclntd^h in (|Utility, ten of the sixteen lire hetter tliiiii I.avvvcr in (|inintit,v iiiul thirteen of the sixteen are hiter in .H'liAon tliiiu McIntoRli, and nioi-t nf the varieties are of hi^ii cdh.ur and attrai'tive in apiK'urance. Folhiwinn are IIiom- wliich have hern named: I,;iwver hy Melntioh-Hdl;'., Vermac. Mcliitoish by F^awver-Mavis, Kur-th'r. IMI) Sl'OlMS. I IMIUnil M.ITV 1\ M'I'l.i; niKKS. In the ininual report for 1!mi;! and in .-everal of the ri |iorts >in('i', yicMs have hccn ]piihlished from individnal trees of the same varieties of apph's phinted at the same time and frrowinir nii(h'r aippannliy \(ry >imihir conditions. It lias l)i en showi that tliore was a frrcat ditferenee in the yiehls from ditferent trees, some produciiifj from two to three time-* as imicli us etliers. It i> not known wlu tlier tliis ditTerenci! in yicM is due to a ditTerencc in tlie soil or wlietlier, as some horticulturists 'lelieve, each imd of an apple h,as an individuality of its own wliick is iierpctiiated hy iirojiajlatioii. A tal)h> i- fiivcn 1 clow of the yichU of individual trci's of McMahaii, Patten, and "Nrdntosh applc-i. There was a tahle nivinir the yields of Wealthy apple trees in i>re- vioiis reports, hut tlioe trees have now heen thinned and are Hot now under ver ' simihir ('(Jiiditions. .^as':^ 2S • 1 s 4n in .- .n ..-; o lO i o P 111: Slgiilgljlg St — iJ «i - ?' 3 S 3 e c o^c s — 3 c o K c c E I ■-•; c •.■: » o 3 o m « b TJ W ' ^ ' -J , -r » W — I- » ?. I Jl ! ^ C3»c = e = c =~ S « — "■ ¥ I- ;4 I ri *SiS5?.??S [2 COOOOOCC ; = — ' "C ip I- IN 'T -* I 5 •r ^ I* X t- ^ in 5) •— ?; ?j -^ — CO c: t-*: N -i rt -i -r ft -« I - X *2 X ^ r: w _4 *».s -^ ^-2 •*" t i 3 = ff) w X -r c. c -f n : r. o ff) w X -r c. 5 - 5 S 3 £ 2 'r' i ?J ' -f; k- 72 ?.' i" i ' ih = '- :2 r-ts^rt-ri'; -^i- x Id ".a : o g ?i 2s? fi ^ is .' s i^T * 51 i =5 1^ OS- 1 n ^ i o c 1 ?)i 1 ?.k 1 J50 :r-, ?£ 1^ 7; X t-t^ 1^ ;; H c s : = .-. g s s s o s ri O = » i .r. •a ■»• M r; N 5i"^ - H si^S ^ i-^'i » w « J-. = S 1 i sc = c = ««4^ X -r ■£ S ^ OK ' 1 = o = o = » o o o o =. X oos op '- .g t- .h — « U-S -O -> M i = = O c ..-: S i ::=^^-?^ 1 = 0000 x: 2 1 o oo o c i J = OOO = : w N N CO ^ ! 2!) 80 Ti> iiotormiiif, it' |M),«ilili\ wlK'tlirr tlioc iliMcri'iic-ivi woiilil he loiitiiiiiod in ir«i'* Krul'tcil from tlniii. Hcioim w< n> tal huxt produi-tivi' tnr. tlic iiio«t prixliK- tivti tree 1111(1 till' treo whirli JMirc a k>. I.iinsr nnjt irriiftcil im ^^l'l'c|lin«^ of 111'' IJ >t' Sfjinstcai! ('rail ami plantiMJ mit in llMC.t on a Miiifurin p'fcc df .dij. 'riic.v lii'V'aii liiarinj; in lltlJ ami in tin- fnllnuinff talilc will lie t'dunil the .vidcK •ilitnini'd for V.nj, 1!M;I. imi and liM'i. It will lie mmmi tliat tin- trci'.s frcini tin- prodtwtivi- and ri'ffiilar lii'ariii.r tnc has so far. ;rivcii :^liKlitl,v the Iwit i-rop hat tlic .vicld fmni tin' tn'os fnitii thi' piiort-tt ticarcr arc imt much lirliind. The ri'unlt-i arc intifc^tinn. tliiinjrh M'Viral .vcarx' ninrc cnip- arc necessary licforc one slamld draw any con- clnsiiins. YtKi.n of ITeavifst Hearitifr Tree. Bad IlenHlity KxiHrimrnt, Ki■ ■arly tiituU Vi.ld l»li 0•?^ gnl **ar V totaU Tr.c. 5 1 6,2 5 3 5/4 5 '5 12 5 12/ la Yi.'M 1912. Yi.'ld 1013. Yifia 1914. 2 appIcH 3 0-6 gal. „ 2 „ 3-25 gal. 200upp!.M O'OO „ 000 „ 2 75 gal. 175 .1 1000 „ 17 75 gal. 3 gal. r ,. 30 „ 30 „ 10 „ .'■•a 9 „ 2 75 gal 40 gal. Yield 1111,5. SOOappl.f. 1-75 gal. 60 .. 200 „ 000 „ O'OO „ 6- 00 gal. Total yield from .■-even trees for four years lll'i-.'i jrailnns. ViKl.ii from I-easf rroductive Tni-. IJud Ilercd'ty K.xperiinciit. Jt.cor.1 X.,. 6."«7. 63;w. 6:«9. ti340. 6341.. 6479. 6490.. Yearly totals . Tn. 4 I 4 2 4 '3 4,4 4/5 12,'8 13 2 Vi.lil I'.il'J Yield lOI.'t. 00 5 gal. 75 gal. OIK) 0-00 .. 0(10 25 ,. 000 ., 00 ., I Yi.1.1 lliM. 05 gal. I 1 OOg.il. 3 gal. 5 .. 6 30 .. 5-0 „ 90 „ 4 a apples Ni.i.i v.n:,. 1 .-. gal. 075 ., 4 5 5 3 5 00 31 gal. 15-25 gal. Total yield from seven trees lor f.inr years IT-T.") fralloiis. '5i "UkA-- !!:^^s:^sg^^sr. Ul Whfii tin- KciniiM froiii which thr^- trir< werr |irii|)ii(fiit<'il wi'ri- tnkcji frnni thi' piirvnt tri'i's in IIMC. tlir hitt< r uhi"h hii.l \laiit<'<| in Ix'.Hi, hiui .\iil.l.'.l liKiJ KalluiiH, h>l KuNiiiH, anil .'it) Kiilli>ii-<, r<'M|H'i'tivi'|\ . n.l hc> ti- N.\MKS lilSyw To ^MMKTIKs liK AITI.KS ASH IKVII M'I'l.ls (iHltitN^TKI) IS Till; l|i>IITIi I Ml ll»l, I'lVlsloS AT TIIK 1 KSTIIAI. KM'l.HI M IST M. f \IIM. liTT\\\ \, iiSI, Tlio followiiiK nanic4, with n tVrt'inc n- to whiTr liir (iriirinnl ilt-«Ti|ition- may ho fdiiiiil, iiavc hern (,'ivcii ti> apph-; ami rrali a|p|)l(- ..riKiiialrd at the Crntnil Kxpcri- nifiital Firm. When the iian.i'.* wcri- Kivni it wa- thi.uL'lit that tin -<• varieties pnitiiifctl t'( 1m' iwi'ful in «nnir part of Caiiaiia. 'I'luir h:iriliiii>-, which i» oi f tlat ino.pl<'^^ oriKiiiatt'tl in the lli'rtirulinral hivi-imi. d.nlr.il Kx|xt:- niiMital Farm, Ottawa, up to »prinK "f I'.M.'i: So«»dlin(y \'iirii'tif.*. A.cof . . liiiiK". • . Donald. . KIllKT . . Kmilia. . KpHoin .. (tnltoii. . . (Jli'tiUn llciiniT . lapton.. MaruuB. . Neotor. . . Niotje . . Kocket tlOKillip Sandiiw. Himrtii . Rliirirr Orlaii.'lM . Piiiulnra. TaHty.... Thurso . 22 Varietiri*. I h't'iiialf t'lin'iit. Nor.!ii.i n .Spy. ,.\ul r.riscci. . . f'lira Diiiiia. .. I Hill', t . , (lali'im. . tJaimr. . (Iwald... Hiirai-e. . KiUiare. . Kim Linda . . Moffnti. . Monitor. hi|ion. . . iSonora. . ,l.anKfor>l llcniuy. l.^ Varieties Brock.. Carnii. . Caruso. Casco . Mrlntovli. Dao ,.r Datinf KlN.<| i'liottai^* Ir..... ^ Vir«t t*' rait in;,'. Kriat. »*.(«Tilif( 1 t..*IIN .Split • pirut m-: U. 1913, r. •.<•>•>. IWH IiKrj litio K. 1911, 1'. Ill) \mn iikr; ItHK) K. I9I-.'. I' 92 IWtH v.m 1911 I(. 1.112, 1'. 92 18!tH VMr> lt)M It. 191.-., 1'. •.9.-> IMIS v.w I'.tij R. 1913. I- 2!t3 mm VMHi l!»I2 H. 19ir., 1' .'.95 IWW VMri ItKH.I K. 1911, V 111 mm vm i'.HW It. 191(1, 1' l.T. 1W»,S v.m I'.nt I!. 19I.-,, 1' ."i9-i IK!W VMrj mil K. 1912, 1' 93 IWW l!ltl1 liil:.' If. 1912, 1'. 93 IHW 1!K)'J ].) 1{. 1911, l>. III IHW I'.HI'J liiia K. 1911, I-. 112 IK'.lh Iiml llKkS i:. 1911. 1'. 112 tHil,s I'.NIL' 1!M1 K. 1912. 1'. 9^ imi- IIHII li»12 I{. 1911, 1'. 49,'i m.>s l!Mp:t !'.tlH K. l"|.\ 1'. M-t IH'.tS 11K« I'.tU It. 1913, 1". 294 ISitH I'.HC' 1110.H It. 1913, 1'. 294 !«!»• IIHCJ 1911 It. 1912. 1' 94 18<>h 1!H)1 hmhi a. 1908 v. 193 mw IWi:' llllO li. 191.3. V. 2! 12 1S!W IIMPJ 1!W7 It. 1911, P. no 1WI.H i;h)3 1912 it. 1913, P. 2! 12 IMIK \»K\ 1911 It. 1911. P. 494 INJW l9o:t I'.ill It. 1913, P. 2)»3 IH'.IK ijtaa 19.I7 It. liHIH, p. 101 ItfllS liKKt 1911 It. 1912, 1'. 92 IWti- 11102 190H K. 1912, P. 93 IWI.S 1pl<"4 ..rijiiiinti.l in tlir n..rtiU .. , liriivxr (j<»U) K»n>rimnrr , Melha Ni-niii Jorcv 1 'tilro HKrvice >Vt«n Timtllct V'»l"riB . WiiiLin . I%t«i>f I'Unline Tr.-. Milllllimll. IH V'»ri«'tii-«. Huirilo-r. 1 Varitfly. Liioia Cleavpr . Msn.la . Oiwitld.. Konilo . , UcilllrUII Htrlk . . Aiiliiiiin Kuni'Pt .S«l<> H ^ »ri tiM, Petrel . . . Kami III It 2 Viiri'titM. AU»Tt . . Anwi ■ Atlu- ... DriinilK) . . liiiitoii . . . Nili- . ... ^hiawll WiiiiiT ."^l. I,iiwn'i 'i Varii'tiiw. Adonm . Battle . . . Olive. .. Conm II t . CriiiKX-. . . (iaittta . Jethro . . X.iike ... Merlfiirtl. Mihin... Mendel . T'into . . Pnn'iHT. . Aoel HH IHOH 1H!H« 1H'> 180K mm 189« 189S IHiW iHilH ISiW 18!t.s 181IS 1H!»8 !8!I8 1S!I8 181I8 18! 18 18118 ,H|.rin(f I8;i,s 19(M IIIOI 1U))I 1!»« IflfM lixil MNll 11103 11)01 iimt 1!N>I I IN (I \\m V.W2\ VMS 1911.' IlKK! 11102 line IIXKJ iwri luoi lie (2 I 11)01 IINII i9oy 11 l!(Ol 11)01 r.Ni2 WW. iimi 1901 1!H(2 UK 12 I'l"" IflOll l'J02 l>at>- of Kir«t Kriitinif. IINKI ISDN lilOlt llll)| lUtM 190H Iftll t!)II IttJH 1908 11)12 lUOn 1!)08 1911 1912 11)10 1910 1!HW 11)08 11)11 1907 19«)>- 1907 11H>8 19(i!l liHK) 11)10 1910 11)07 11)08 11)«) 191 Mi 11HI7 liNis VMU 1U(k; 1011 l.llMi 190(1 190) 190(! VMW, ::n>S 1905 I'.KW Fruit l>i'»rrili<' R. 1910. P. l.kl R. 1912. I'. 9» R. 1910. p, i:iii R. 1910, p. i;i6 It. 1910, \: 138 R. ll)i:i, p. 294 R. 1912, p. 91 R. 1910, p. i:i4 R. 1912. p. 91 R. IDIi"). 1'. 594 It. 1908, p. 102 R. 1912, P. 91 R. 1905, a. 1910. I{. 1908, K. 1914, R. IDOti, R. IWHi, U. 1014, R. 1911, It. IDOS. R. 1910, It. llKKi, R. 1909. U. 1910. R. 1906, P. 107 P. 134 P. 101 P. 4m p. 107 108 491 111 102 1.15 108 111 P. r.n; P. 108 If. 1911, P. 112 T-^x'TSV vr.^.^. -W-JS. 33 NaniM givw. to .»,.,.!.» ..rlKinat..! ii, tli.^ HortiiMiltiintl DiviMon, ii:—(Jontinut,l. .S«Mlliiiir Vnrktir*. CoUll... ('CHIKI). . . Itenvillr. 3 Varictiii. Knnain Parnit. lawyer . I>»t<- of Uataiif S.>*i„„S«.,lJ •'I.'""'"* Hxnlil. 1 Variety. AiiiIk). . (!ri liner. Navan . Nome OtUwa Kail nor Severn . 7 Variflien. Bnmii I Varii'tv. riaire Neville < )iicar Ku|i«rt Percival 5 Varietien. Crot»4>raJ Varietii-n. Kameuse .Sway zie . . Vutimin IHOH mm IMIIH hilte of Kir«t I'rm: KiiiitinK' l!NI| V.»r> \:tiKl Soiitt Wintir.. KUH RuHtler . . M.IVIH . . . N'erraoo Hoh CJranhy. . Ki-lso Sorrl l>orviil KiiliervnI. ViiloiH . . , Walton . . 11 Varietien. Total, 115 Varietie.. Mcintosh \ Ijiwver r,aw\(r X Mclntodli.. VuMal.iin X Hcott Winter IHVH 1H9H 1N9H IMOS imiH mm IHH!) \m[i 1K8» 1»M IIWJ nun; I '.DM I!* II' im« llHtl iiKi; I WD I 1H'.« IWtti IK'M iSllit iitort IMKI liHti 1HU!I nw.' IWOt 19"':i IWt") ISWl XXK> INIH! IMU6 IH'Jti IWO IHtN) 1H95 ISiXi IWIA 18'l« mM 1H!K, UXM I'.wi iiirj iui>r> I WW ifK): 11106 liNM I«I7 t«l7 1!«W l'.tl2 l'J09 ints imi i!ni: 1!<07 I'M): 191)5 I9ll.'i nxtr. l!Ni:i Kriiit t>nu'rilmi K. 191l», v. 134 K. imut, I'. 1.(7 K. I'.W!!, I'. Ill K. liHo, !■ i:« u. I!>U, ^ihl K. lum, 111 I'.HXi, IfW 1!M.\ WW llHW. I)M Mf.l, 111 llKW, Wi u. v.m, V. i(»i K. iiiiw, r. 107 K. l!Hlti, I', KM It. 1!«(N, I'. 1(12 K. lIHHi, ]>. ]o rci'onlid tirst in tlie AiiiuiMl R.'ix.rr of ih,' Kxpcrlrii.iital Fnniis fnr VMM; w('r<> jjivcii tn scc.llin;; vnrictics ..f Uussimi ..riiziii dcMTiptidus of wliich Iiayo nut ^'ct Ixvii imhlislicd. TIicm' were mnow^ tli,. host iuid :ii)|.:in'ntl,v the hnrdii-st '"()(») trcis. Tlif.v liiivi. liccii sent t., the pniirif pniviiici -,• fcr trial and -liniild any of til': •)r()V() i)r(,iiii\s Ki:\i iii:m i\ i;i-.i,m;ip io oiiicivAiiNc \K\v v\iin;rii:s ok aim'I.ks. (1). To jmidiice a hardy apple where no apples liave yet lieeii foiitnl liardy ; (,() Cro.'!S tlic apple witli tlie wild Siheriaii Crah ap|ili> il'i/riis harnihi) : (1.) S,,w s.cds of apples which have rii)ened in a <'!itnate as nearly sindhir as pos.--iblo. ('2). T(> imiduce a iiardy lon;,'--keepinf,' apple of ^'ood (niality: Sow seeds of Lmilt keepiii},' varieties of apples id' froo.l (juality which have ripene liavin;,' certain characteristics, as re^'ards hardine-s, viffour and pr.iductivene-s of tree, and i|uality, -i/c and appearance of fruit : Sow .si«eds of varieties haviny- most of the characteristics desired. (■1). II seedliiifis ,ire to l,e jrriAvn on a larire s<'ale, more varli'ties liavlnir the characteri^lics desired will prohalily I,., .il.tained if trees of MWeral named .-ort- blossotnin^r at the same time he i)Ianted In clo^e ]>roximity in the orchard, and the seed- u-od from fruit home on these trees. The tr<>es thus planted slifmld coinliine all the jrood i)oInts in the standard aimed ;it. for the variety to he orlL'Inated. (r>). In cross-breed inj,' apples where (piality Is an important factor, as it >honld be in nurst places, cross two varieties which are both (.'ooil or very g 1 in (iiiality. Jt iias been tlu; experience at Ottawa that in cro.-sin^'- a variety ,d' fjood (piality with one of inferior (juality the ero-ses will nearly always hear fruit witli (luality inferior to tbo one with Ki'nd ijuality. SO\VIX(; TIIK SHKI). Apple seeds f,'-erminate best when sown in the autumn. If, however, it is not ci.n- venient to .sow them at that time, they ina.\ he stralitled; tliat i.~, mixed witii sand, .slitjhlly moist, hut not wet, and kept In a cool hut dry place nntil spriiiir. Seid- should n..t he sown in the autumn in .-oil which heaves mus ilec p. in row^ from l'I to:! leet apart. Or, If the (]Uantity is ^mall, beds may be prepared and the seed- sown In rows about (i inches apart. If sown in tlii' autumn, most ,.f them .-Imuld germinate tlie followin;,' sprint,' and make a f,'rowth of fr ;n one to two feet that seabun. They should be tran.splant<.'d the followiiifi sprin^r ii,io rows from L.M to ", tVot apart, iilaciiif,' them ]-2 iiudies apart in tin- rows. The next spring,'- they should hi' in K"od condition for iilantiiig in the s-eedliiif; orchard. rUOI'ACiATIOX BY (iUAFTIXC AND lUDDIXC. When u flood variety hii*, lieen oriv'inat4>d. more trees of it are usually wanted. Bud the process of iucrcasimr tli' iiiimher is called ]iropa'j;atioii. Plants whi 'h ( ome true from seed, are, as a nil.', increased by frrowinu' them fro-n the see.l ; but as a UflUJ I l^iJ i BTSSr e'h,d. of pp>,.,..:,'hoM l)Ut tlies:. iire uh:it ,iiv UMia'l.v a.l,,i.t.-,l i,, this .•ouiilrv. I:, -rMtiii. the M'.'.le the innu. >fio,i is j^iven to :, ,M,ttl„- of v. I „f th' variety ti ,t il i- deM.-ed to i„'o,,a."^;,t.. I he stock 18 the tree or portion of the tree, be it youn- or ohl. (hat fl,.. .,.;, ■ V \K milted uiih. A- it 1, ,,iily lhrou;jh the stoe!; ihal t'l, whieh noiui,-he^ il, at lea-t fir a time, the former The stock is the tree or portion of the tree, be it yoini- or oi~. ^ ,s,'od,-.v.— Seme kinds ,,f fruit,, may be -rafted su.-ees.fuliv o„ otiiers wi,;,:, ar,. ■ ■-ely reiat.'d to t!:e,!, botanieally. Mi,di as |h,. pear on th d,,,-,.; la, I tlaae ,s „olhia' .-.o : .ti^.,:-tery to graft the apple on as the apple, and, under certain einannsta.ev- llm .■rai, -.li^i,,, _ Alll., ui;l, the st.ei; and s.-ion, aiv united by the iiroe,.-< ,.aihd !,rafti,r- both of tiMio ret :n almo.-t entirely Hair individual ehara.-teri-l ies. The <-!,„:, doe, 'hovv.er .- . 'y !i..vi-o:Tand fruilMdu,,s of the variety ^raft.'d ,„, it. I f a vari,.| v 'is e ■'al'te.l on a duarf or slower f,'rowin«; tree than itself the result is that the stoe\ t miJs to ur of the top: and a, a le-^enin.- in vi...nr t,nd, t , the development of iruu bnds, tins k„nl of stoek is often used for th.. pur,.... of Indnein.- iVuitfnlne., i„ a variety and i.,r .hvarhn.- the tree. The l>ara li.e Mo-k of Kurop,. i, an esaniph. of tins kind ol stoek. I here is. hou'evr, often suel, a dilfere in the irrowth of the ;toek and the variety frraftel 0:1 it that tile result i, n .t ,- nl .f,i,.|o:v. h, is ,|„ite pos.sdde that the stock may have the effect of niakin- tla^ tre.. jia-di.u- as if ...,,uth i^ .heeked the wood may ripen better; allhonjrli the results obtained 'bv top-'.r iftii- 9-2 varieties at the Central E.xporimcntal Farm on hanly stoeks j;howed that there was not a snll..u..nt na-reas,. in the hardiia- „f tend.u- vari. ti... to onab!,. then, to wilh- ^tand.-v tost winter. In top-.^raflin- trees. j.:vat . f.aken that tlie stock IS a vi-.,roiis p-owm- varnly, a.-, if it is not. the union mav !«• bad. or the top outgrow it and the tree will h, ne top h,.avy and finally break down. While ..- 1 result, have been obtained by fop-;;raftiim on crab apple stock, it i. not very sati-faetorv and ,',onhI not be used nnlcs m exceptional cases, as tia. union i< often bad ,,r th.-'iiraft,.! part oiif.u'rows the seion. Some of the be^t varieties for .sfo.^k on whi.^h t.. to,,-.r,..,f, .,^0 JilcMahan, Hibernal and Jlaas, and Tolman in th.- best , !e ,li,(ri.-i« Dwarf or siow-p-owin- ^to-ks such as I'ara.lise and I)ou,-i., ar,. not re..onimend..d for general iis... The stocks used in root -rafting' and lanhlin.^ in th,. ,listri.-ts where tlie be.-t apples can be rai.,.d su,v..s>fiilly are usually obtain..,] fr.nn appi.. se.ds whi,-h are procured at ci,l,.r mills or auywh..r,. el-.- wla-re tlu.y can b.. t-of ..a-ilv an,! in lar-e 'Piantities, and 11, > pains are taken to learn wh;;t varieti,.s pnulm-,.,! th.v s.'.d- St,..-ks gTown from this kin.l of m.mI. whi!.- .piit,. satisfa,.t.)ry, as a rule, aiv ,H,t, .le'irabi,. in til" .■.ddcst parts of the ..ountry wh,.re root-killinsr is liabl.. t,) ...-cur. a^, in,lid,lu.d trees vary much in liardiness, and one mi^ht Ki'aft a har.ly variety on a tond.T stock without kiunvuijr it. At Ottawa, what st...ks ar.. r.'.piiivd for r,.,,t-raftin.' ir,. e-nally Krown from s,.eds of the :\[artiia and <.th..r lianly vi^r,,r.n,s crabs, .^..-d. fn.ni tiio hardiist varieties of botk apples ami crab apples an- nior.' lik.-ly t,. ,)n..!ii,-e hardy stockfe than if the ^eeds wen- obt.iine.l promisi.imusly. For tlio very .-.d.l.st parts of Cana.la where th,. appk- .au b.- grown at all, tho b,-rried cr.ib, I'urus bnrcdtn, will probably mak.- th,- ni,.,t satisfak . wher.^ th<^ winter. are very .severe, having endured the climate tli.^re. The seetls from whicli the stocks arc to be gr.nvn for root-grafting or budding should he treatci in th.- manner already th'serib.-l un.ler the lu-a.liu'-' 'S.-edliic Vari.-ties,' Tt is im|)ortant t,, caltivat,. th,i young trees tliorouglily the fir-t season if it is d.-sired t„ vwi- tliein for root-gruftinf? M the others left to grow for nnothor soaflon, when tliey may be usctl for budding, if pro- piigntiim in done tlint wny, «>r for root-«raftint? as before. They will not be large enouffh for budding the first season. If it is known that a hardy variety is growing on it.s own root-*', hardy stocks may Ix- ol»tiini'd if pioivs of the roots lire cut off iind scion : t'ruftoil on tln'm. There are many of the be.st apples wliich will not succeed in certaia i)arts of Canada when grown in tlie ordinary way, as they are either root-killed, or sunsealded so badly that thoy die from the effect of it. Kxperiments conducted at the Central Experimental Farm go to prove that by t(>i>-grafting these varieties on hardy stocks some will grow well and produce fruit of fine aiipearance and quality for a time but when a test winter comoB they swcumb. To obtain the.se s rcks it is necessary, first of all, to have hardy roote. This may bo effected to a large extent by raising seedlings from the very hardiest apples or crab apples. A variety is then grafted or budded on them, which fonns a straight, clean trunk which does not sunscald, and on this variety is top-grafted the kind that does not succeed when growni in the ordinary way. The surobt way, however, of obtaining hard.v stocks is to prow the hardy varieties on their own roots as explained in tho paragraph on root-grafting. SCIONS. As much of the success in grafting depends on tho condition and quality of the scions, too much stress cannot be laid on the itni^iortance of having them of the be*t ortant. Whii) or ton-ue-fjraftinK is the nielhod u-nally employed. As only the root is re<,uired, the trunk and i>ran<'hes are cut „iT and thrown away. As there is but little advaiita^o in usin^r the wli.de root, it muv be divided into .several pieces, much dei.eiidinK on its size. Each j)iece should be at least four inches loiiK. A smooth, slopiiif? cut up-wards, about two in.'hes lon^, is made acros- the mam part of the root m..st suit.-d to receive the s.-ion. The scion is prepared by euttinn oir a piece of the woo.l prrK'ured for the purpose in th.> autumn from f,.ur to SIX in.-hes Ions ami with ..bout three well dev.'loped l,uds on it; a smooth sl,,,,inf,' out downwards and across it is now made of about the same leiifenh as that already Kx,ini|ili' (if root-Braftinjr. nia.le on the stock. Clefts are now made in the .sloping .surface of both scion and stock 1,1 the former, upwards; and in the latter, downwar.k They are then joined together by forcing the tonpue of the s.Mon into the cleft of the st<.ck The' inner bark or cambium, of both scion and stock should be in ...nta-.t with one anoth,>r on a east one side of the praft, as it is at this point of contact where th,- union bcMns to take place In order to ensure a speedy and successful union, wa.xed .•otton thread ■s woun.l tiphtlv around to hold the parts together. Amateurs are also advised to rub praftinp wax nil over where tbe two parts arc joined, as with this treatment suc^ss Is likely to be more certain. The operation liavinp been completed, the grafts are pneke.i awav in moss or sawdust until spring. They arc then planted out in nur.sery rows ab.'.ut th^e^ fee apart and one foot apart m the rows, the point of union being alnmt three inches h o" lout'tbr' ° '""^ f'- "^'"^ ^•""^' ^'""''^ ^i^"" ^•" '"'"^ ^•--'-'1''^ -'tiv S throughout the season. Some varieties of apples throw out r.nits quite readily from the scion and after a time they thus become practically on their own roots. If it T EST 38 ilc.= ir"l 1(1 h:iv(' a Variety on iis nwii ronN. a snicv frdiii fi fsndt pliiiitcd dicp in tin- .lurser.v mw, ..nlv liiivln;,' inii' \niil >'( tlic scion hImivc llic ■.urt'iK'c of tlic uromid. Roots will t'u ii lie thrown out on tin- sriiiii, and when tlic tree is dii^ tlio stor'k iniiy 1k> cut awny. mid tlio tree wil! ,;en Ihi on its own roots. Or, on tlie other li;uid, t\ piece of idot fnmi a tree of the sniiic variety as the sinon may he used as th<' >tock. Croini-flmftinp. — frown-^traftiiiU' is usually done on younn stocks in the nursery row in the spring. 'I'lie trees are cut at or jiist Ixneath the surfa'-e of the >n'\ at the crown or collar. A sloping' cleft is tlicn made in the -ide of the crown, and a scion, cut wedK'e-shape at the lower end, is inserted in the cleft. The same precautions should be ohserved as in '•..(pt-trraftintr. of havin;,' the inner hark of hoth stock and scion tou<>hinir on at lea~t one side. The Kraftrrr.ft(>d in this wa.v. hut as the work has to he done in April hefon; growth lupins it i.* .iften inconvenient to do it it that hnduce poor or unprofitahle fr\iit they may he made to hear good fruit hy top-frrafting other varieties \ipon them. If it is desired to grow a variety which, when grown in the ordinary way, jn-oves a failure. i: .atliplc of cleft -^-raflii.s.'. on necount of root-killing or sunscalding, it is possible to grow it sucoossfully hy top- grafting. Varietie-s whii'h ordinarily take a long time to ••onie into hearing will fruit much so(uier when top-grafted. The . ;iri> some of the most important results which may he ohtaiued h,v this luethod. I'p to the l)"C-eiit time in Canada, toi;-grafling ha.i usually heen .ne on old or bearing trees wiiich produieil poor 'ruit. ami as vitv satisfaetor.y rc.alts have h(>en ohtained, this practice will continue to lie ])opular. The' work is done in the spring before growth begins, but it is possible to graft suc- eessfidly even when the *rees are eoiuing into leaf, provided the scion i , i]nite dormant, but the chances of suo-ins are much lessened if it is done late. .\^ tlic shock to n large tree wo'.ild be viry gnat if all or nearly all of the branches ,in vv'.ii.-ii the Iciives develop were cut olF tliu tir.-,t >iiisuii, irmn tliri'c to four jeur;* should hv ili-volid i,. ioiiio\iii« tiie top of the tnr. If, Ik.wcvit, a liir^rc nuiiilxT of .scions are iiiMrtid, the top mav lie .•linn>r.- to do it in l.-s tli.m ilmo .vrars. FiirtiuTliioro, a too sivciv pruning' at one tiiiio will .-aii-o a larp- iiuiiiIi.t >■( -lioots to grow o.i th.' tnv, and .•onsi,l,.n,l,l(. lai,our will Ic iiiv<.lv.d in icnioviiiK lliciii if luan.v trtv.s aro frrattcd. Clcft-^rniftinf,' is usiially adoplcd in top-working' tries, it Ihmhi,' u ! same. If the scion is not a ti-ht fit all along, there is something wrong in the way it has heen cut or the stuh has l.ien delt. Th > cut parts should now he coven^d wilh grafting wax to exclude tho «ir aiii] hold the scion in iilace. Cotton is also sometimes wrapped around the wax in order to more effectively lold the scion in plaee. If hoth of the scions graft. mI on n stuli should grow, the weaker one should he •< moved after the other is well united and the surface of tlu! stub at leas: partially lieile.l over. It is often desirahli> to top-graft young trees, and this may be done very readily. The main branehi-s are cut back to within a short dist:inee of the trunk, and the si ions gralled on. either by cleft or wliip-grafting. The closer the grafted part is !•. the trunk, the belter, as tiie tree will be stronger than if the union occurred further out on the limb, since the growth ef graft anil scion may not b(> equal. It is well, however, to have one bud left on the stub -o that in ease the grafting is not siicc.ssfiil a new ^1 t '•■"! ri'adily start. Otherwi-c th> stub may die bai'k to the trunk. It i, possible to cut off the whole toj) of the tree ami graft succe-sfuUy on tho main trunk, when the tree is yoiing, but unless one is sure that the union will be iierfect and the top not oiitirr.iw the stock, it is better not to run the rh-!. of losing the tree. Furthermore, if t!ic whole top is r-ut off there will be such a growth the first season that the scions are liMb'e to pet broken off. In top grafting a voiing trie that has been jdanted from three to five years, it is better to tak(< two sea-ons to do the work, as the result will, lis a rule, be more sntisfaetfiry. The central or hading branehes should he grafted the first ear as if the side or lower branches are grafted fi"'^ there mav ho too mneh growth in the u'""-afted jiart r..r the grafts to do well. It is neecssai-y to examine the grafted trees during the summer and remove any .voUiig shoots from tlie stocks which are iHlerlenng with tlie scioris. It is not wise, h"Wcver. especially when the tree has been eut back severely for grafting, to remove all the shoots until the grafts have grown eonsiderably and furnish a good leaf sur- f:ice. In the ehaptrr on stocks, refereiiee wiis made to the toi>-grafting of tender varietie on hardy stocks, in order to make the former hardier. The trees should he diuible worked as described there, planted out in the orehnrd, and when large enou"b, whieh will be in two or three years, top-gr.nfted with t^e tenrler sorts. 40 In ISOfl, trees of MeMnhnn, (iiflonn, Unas, and Ilibernul apples were planted in the orelinrds at the Central Experimental Farm. These are all very luirdy, strotiK- jrrowinR varieties, wliicji do imt sunseald at Ottawa nnd which iiro fine, striiii.'ht- trunked trees. They were grafted on hardy roots. In IWts, the work of toi)-y:raftiiijf Yoiinif tree top- {Traft^Kl on main Htem. Not f:- coinniende scvcro winter of l!ion-4 killotl jirai-tii-ally all of tlicni, tliiis donionstratin^' tlii> innhiiity of hardy stocks to iii:ikc tender varieties liardy etionsli to withstand tost winters. Tlic foilowinjj cxiM-rioncc' liad warranted the Impe that, tho residts Would have been otlierwise: — In IX'M, a tree of Duehess and two trees of Wealthy were top-^'rafted witli Nor- thern Spy, wliieh will not live at Ottawa when prown as a standard tree. All (jf these fruited in IsDT. The Krafts on Duehess produced fruit in ^^'^' and H!t!», and those on Wealthy in IsOT and 1S0S. Tho \n.od of the Xorthern Spy appeared (luite hanlv until tho winter of IDO.'M, when this variety was killed, while tho stocks on whieli it was grafted remained nliM'. lluddiiit/. — Although praftinjr is a euninnui niellmd of [iropafratiuK apples; iaiddiuK is very i)opular anioujr nurMTvinen. The latter has some advantages over tiie former and can also bo done at a time wh(>n pniftint,' could not be perforna'd successfully. The he-t season for buildinfr the apple is in late summer, some time during Au'rust beinp the best time in nio>t places in Canada. Younff stocks of the first or seei)nd seasons'^ prowth from seed are frenerally u>ed. The pri>ees3 of budding adopted for apples consists of inserting a bud witli very little or no wo(jd, under the bark of tho stock and on the surface of its wood. It is called shi<'ld-budiliM(,'. Buddiiifj is best l>erformed when then- is still .sufficient, sap benealii tiu> bark to IK'rmit of the latter beinj,' easily raised with a knife. On the other hand, if tla- work is done when tho tree is still prowinp vipe^rously the bud is liable to be ' Irawiud out,' or, in other wrirds, forced out by rea^ijn of too much sap ami frrowth of .■ stock. Tiie stock which is to receive the bud should be at lea.-t three-eiphts of n uch in diameter near the ground. The lower leaves are rubbed off to a hcipht of tiw or si.x inches to enable the budder to work more frwly. A perpendicular cut is now made in the stock as near the ground as possible from an iiudi to an iiudi ami a half loiip and perferably on the north side of the tree, as the bud will not be s.. readily dried out by the sun ' niude across the tup of the lurpendicular one. The two cuts when made will apiHjar thus: "[ 92 ns ne Kxanr.ple of shield building. The buds ore cut from well developed or nearly mature shoots of the current .season's jrrowth of the variety it is desired to propagate. Before the buds are removed the leaves should be cut off tho shoots; a piece of the petiole or leaf .stem is left, however, by which the bud may be handled after it has been removed. A very sharp, thin- 49 •• "" >-•'"■•" I'.iiiiK^c, iK.wcvcr, 1-. li. cut, upwiird^. I l.r Iciwtli df ti.i- pii i.'iMnv,..! .vitli flu. Ini.l HliniiM l,f nlinut, .,110 ii.di Ic.iijr. aiid Hi., .ut >urtiifo »iii...,tli. >hoii..l ho .|iuf,, tlmi. a-* l.ut litll.. „f tli.' \\„„i\ U tak.ti with !!,.■ l.u.l. Tl,<- l.u.ls l.ln.l...! kii.i,. M I .vs-„r.v in r.-iih.vi.iK '..• Wl. K.iiv,. „rr s-'iaiiv inadc f„r llii. purpus... 11,,. l)U,l IS rut ..If till. ,.li„„t .l.iw.iwar.is ,„• npu.inl-. wlu..|i,.v,r U i.ioHt .iiv.iii.nl. til.. n.iuTiil practi.:... Ikiwcvit, is t.. cut, upward., •ll... l.MRtli .,f tl... pi...... It twips ,|,„,|],1 1„. t<,.,,t wluTc tli.y will luit dry oat wliilc tli,. work „( l.nd.liiitr ii p'int,' on 111., lui.l I, Miscrti.l iimliT til., bark l.y raisin- ll,.. latt.r with tiir Mad.. ..f tl„. knifo or '!"• P nt nf tl,.. l.n.l.lin;; knit-., iiia.l.. fnr that, i.urpn-c. Tl,.. hu.l is then push.-d dnw:, ii'Hl UM.i..r th.. l.ark witli tla- fin^rcrs. ami tiiiall.v tl„. pi,...,. .,f l,,if Maik which was loft wh.n ,t w,,s nrn,,v...l fr.an ll,.. !«;- i. press.,! with the h'.a.I., „f th kiiif.- to l.rin:? tho hu.l int.. the pr..p.r p.,siti,.n. Th.- l^.rk .in ea.-h fci.le ..f th,. hu.l. uairh sl,uul.l i„,w be und.T the bark .,f the sto,.k will I,„ld it ii. position. In ..r.l.r to briritf tho bud and stock int. I ,.l.,s<. ooiita.t and prevent th,. former from dr.viiif; np h, r.,r,. the uiii.m t;,k.s lilaeo, they sh.iuld bo ti.'d fo^retlier with raffia or s.,nic s.ift strintr. takiin,' earo ii.it to ever tho bud with it. Th<. bud should unite with the stock in two .,r thr.o weeks, and lifter that tiiiio tho strin^' should bo cut. as otherwise the bud may b.. injur.,!. Tf tlio pr..per soas..i! had Ik-cii chos.'ii for tho work th.. bu.l should ninain .l..rniaiit until s|.riii;r. If it starts in th,. autumn it may bo kill..! cut .itr jii>t above th.- bud. which will cau.-o all th.' str.n^'th of tho st.ick t.i bo directed int., th.. bud and pro.hic.. r.ipid trrowth, f.iur f.et and'morc not beiiif an o-xceptional jrr.iwth f..r th.' first s.ason. Tools ii,r 1 1,1 |,;- .;i,-i.;;iti,i^ a,l 1 pl-lliiin;,'. 1. rniiiiHK knifp; 1'. Weilge ; 3. rrunlii^' slicars; 4. Saw;:., (iraftiiin liiiifo ; i'.. Hiuliiing knife; 7. Saw; b. Piuning sheai.s. Budding is uow a very jiopular m.'thod of propapatinR apple.s. The tlrst soa.snn's frniwth is irrcater than f'loia ro.it-frral'ted tree.-! and tlu-vo is a larger pn, portion of straight-tninkoil trees 1 y this method. If it is d(siire,i also to prevent trees from boi'oniint; on their own roots, buddinsr is prcferahlo, as trees pr.ipairated in this way may bo iilaiited so that tho stock is jus-t at the surface of tho soil and all roots are liir:iw:i from it. TOOLS AMI APl-I.IANrKS fSFD I\ I-RITNIMJ AM) CHAKTINC. Wihile grafting implements and appliances are numerous, the work can bo done with a few, and as it is not often oonv<.nient for the farmer or fniit grower to got a large ..utfit, only the iv;:lly ne..e.s-sary things are mentioned. These are ;_A sharp I 43 finc-tnotltod liiimlsnw, to lio u*r\\ fur iinwiiifr ofT lartro liml*. or for iiinkiiiii llio siiilw (HI tms t) 1k' tn|)-ifr;itl((l. riil('-> ill till' hiiuil* <>( ii nircliil iiimm, a .-jiw willi m.i' i(L'i' is iH'tttT lll;lll (illc Willi l\\i>, iH tllr U|i|liT iHlr i-» lillMc to Ic.r ihl' WiMill llll.Hf. A slrmij; priiniiiK kiiil'i' li'r nittiiii: llic iimlliT liiiiK-; t'wr -ii tiling lln' uonml-* iiiiulc iiy tin- i-ii\v ( r |>niiiiiij; >iii'Mr- ; lur Irliiiiniiiu' I'lT torn ciI^^t^ oI' l.r.iiirln-. iimi lor pninlii^; roots (,t' v .ii;i,!r trees wli.ii |>l.iiilinL;. A i>ii(lcliii{r kiiitV, «itli i\ tliiii >tc('! Iil^'ile, I'or rriiinvin^r I'lul-, l.:ivliiir an ivi.ry liiiiullo wliicii is iiuiiio thill :it tlio ishI ;i:m1 is n-irl I'di- raisin;; tiic liark. A tinit'tiiifT kiiitr. wliii-h is ii-cd in t .;i-rriit'liiitr tms. li.iiin'-iiiiKle {jrallinj; knives c-ni lie eii^ily Iiinile. A stroii;;, slKirp I. lade is I'ue eliirf reinii~ite. I'niliiiiir slieiirs, wliieh me iiitelliieiiiale in lluii' u-i- {■i|\\eeii llie ^aw ami tlie |>riiiiiiijr knife. Tlie.v iiro ti.-e. It is very -truiij- and vi-r.y plialilo and is partienlarly useful for Imndiisiiii' when liuddiiiL'. Cotton .yarn, wliieli is used fur tieiiin root f.Tiifts ami is niie of the nii>s' satis- faelor.y materials for the puriHise. The s'::e known ;'s No. is l.nittiiijr enttoii is the he.^t. It is IxiiiKlit in halls, whieli shouhl he soaked tor a few minutes in nu-lted graft- in(? wax liefure usliiK- The .varii liia.v alsii he drawn dirounh iiieltid wax, whieli oiisures it all heiiiy: thoioiif;lily Miakeil, and i-. iierliap~. mi this aeeuinif pret'erahle to soakiiis the hall. There are many kinds ef ciaftimr v.ax re<'oiniiiendc d, hut it is iinneei's-aiy to (II imerato them all. One of the clieajie-t and he-t is made as fnlh.w-.: Ite-in, I parl», hy weight; heeswax. _' jiart-; talhiw. 1 pait. Melt Ic^trthiT and jiour into a pail of cold water. Then firease the hands and pull the w x nntil it is nearly white. One of the he-t waxes f.ir either indonr (.r outduur Use. This slioiild he heated before usiiifr if too hard. Another and more pliahle wax for oulilimr ii.-e is made in the fnilnujiiir [ir^'pcir- tioiis. Uesin, 5 parts h.y wei^ilit; h(H'swa.\, 1 ](art ; hoiled linseed dl 1| iiart-. The principal value of f^r.iftiii'-r wax is to exeliidr air from 111" woniid. and thus prevent the Wdud from dryinjj hef.ire a union takes jilaee. A <;ii(it| yraftins;' v.ax should net erark when on the tne, ilse tlie air will re leli tli.' w.iimd a:id the wax prove of little value. M.in.v niali rials may hi- ii-iil instead of f;rafliirr w,;\ fur this p\irpos(\ one of the simple-t heiii^r a mixture of ela.v and ouw dnii'r. hut yraftini;' wax is mueh to he preferred. Strips of eiitl"n are (d'teii used, espeeiall.v in top-jrraftiiu; and erown-frraftin^. for wrappin;.;' around the wound after the wax has been applied, for Ihe purpose of hrlpiiitr lo exclude ihe air. and al-o to a-^i-l in liolilinir the scicn in position until the union taki s iilaee. This ootton is uniieecs-ar.v if ^'nod jri'..flln' yvax is used; hut if a very vahialile variety is ^.^raftiil i* is ,ifcr t> ii-c ihe ecitt.Mi. as \vhc 11 the t;rowtli of (he scion i> r.ii'ul. tlave is a chance n\ ils ettliiiu' broken ulF diirinir the first -easoii before it is tlioruafzhl.v united with tlie stuck. I.aiirc wounds on trees should he oovtrcd with senile material that will ].:■,, 'eet the out surfare frnni the weitlier. itreveiit disease frciii si'ttinu' in. ;ind which will unt peel etf easily. .\ Roed dri^ssinfT of white lead is ])robabl.v the host mat<^rinl to use for this purpd-e (iraftiiiiT wax may be used on sTuallcr branches. Till'. M lISKilV. Although, ns a rule, it will he tiie most convenient plan to buy trees from tlio professidiial imi>er.vmaii, yet he who pro|)a}j;ates apple trees h,y root-frraftiiifr, erown- graftiiiK, or buddiiifj, for hi.s own use, should have a nursery in which to (rrow them until they are ready for the orchard. .V yued sandy loam snil. which dues not bako und is well draiiH'd. is lR>st suited for this purimse. and will frrow th(> stronjr. healtli.v t-ees which are desired. The uround -liuuld Im' thorouudily prepared and tlii> young 44 tn..> ,,|ant...l ain.ut IJ „wI...m .„.,.. m row. fr,..,> Jj l., :i tV. , ,.|. Cnltivati,,,, "llnul.l l„. thoruUKl, U|. I., nlpnut tl... IMJcMI,. „f .h.l.y. „.|.,„ i, ,|,„„|,| ,,,,„. „^ j,, <'..l.l.r clmmtrs, .- (Hvially it i, vit.v .l..«ir,ihli. thai tlir w,h.,1 rilH^ii w.ll, nii.I Into .Mil- tivntioii vv.,iil,l ,-u raur hit.- un.wtli. It will h.. !i,..-,.H,nr.v (!„■ lir-t v,.,,- thr Knift.^l np l)u >t..r.k. aial al-o I,, r.-hi.'.- thr Kraft t,. on.- -tciii -h.-iihl iM-.r.. .h'v..|,.p. If „,iy .;,!,. hran. I,,-,* ^row. how.v.r, th.y ^h,.,lM U. h.ft i„f;„.t. Ill Miiall niir-.Ti.N it is s.,tii.tlii.r, a.jvi-ahh. to »!.• th...v,.uii>? tnvs to stnkcH the first ^^(■.1^.11. I hit will make thrill ^traiKht.T uikI will h.'l|. to k.ip th.'m from h.in^' hmk..,, riicM! trns may hi- plaiit.il in tin- or.-hard the followii,>f *]',-\un if oii.-yrar-ol,| tr.i'>4 im. to 1,,. usi.,l. Diirlii!,' tho s ,ii,i y,,ir any sh(«.ts from fif,. >forkH or sid',. shoot* from tho jjraft near thr Kromirl .h..iil.l ho romov.l hut tho f.w.r hrati.-h.s tiiat aro romov,.d the storkior the troo will hr ami it ran U- i.nMio.1 up to tho .l,>ir.',l laiirlil wh.n plaiit.il out. By tho .11,1 ,,f th,. s.Toiid yoar or flu- hc^riniiiii^r of tho third, affor th« hraiioh.s havo boon pruno.l to tho pr r h,.i^,l,t „„d tho tops shapo.l. tho trros will ho 111 tho hot coiiditioii for plaiitiii^- in the oroharcl. In inirs.-rios in tho ooldor distri.-ts tho vv.mkI of yoarlin>f and sometime^ two-y.-ar- old troos will kill hack in wintor. Tiih-ss injur.-,! w,«.d is ,-iit h.i.-k to h.-althv "woo,l in tho spriiiK. the troos aro lial.l.- to r.-maiii hia<-k-hoart.-d although this ..aiditiiMi if it only happons once may not s.-rioiisly injur.- tho tro.-s. Th.- pra.-d.-,- with th.- h,-st niirsc^rymon in th.> Xorth is to ,-iit y.-arlint' tr.-.-s haok to lu-ar tho ^m.un,l in spring thus onsuriuf,' a hi-ulthy trunk >ind a stromr prowtli for that c.-nson. TMK iPll. IIAHII. Sih and Soil.-Thc fnrmor-s orohard is. as a ruh-. m-ar the- houso, an.I prohablv will ho 111 tho futuro, III most ,-as.-s. Th.-ro nro many udvantaKos in having it thcr- whi.-h will olFset the reason why it shoul.l not b.-. Tho man wlio mak.-s fruit jtrowiiij: ■ s main business, how.-v. •. should consider will b.-foro d,M-i,linK wlu-n- ]w. will pi int U < v-eB, .so that go,jd and i)rotitahle rotiiriis may i,o . htaino.1. Thcr.> has h.-oi, much c. to in recent years us to what slop.- is b.->t siiitc.l for tli.< apple. Tlu- tr.-es i)lant<-d on a southern or soutli-w.^t.-rn slope are iiior.- siibj.-ct to siins,-ald than if planted on u north.-rii or east.-rn o,..-. On th-. oth.-r haiul. it bar b.-.-,! proven that in a y.-rv s,-vere climat.>, tr.-.-s .suff.-r more from mot kiiliiifr on a north.-rn .slop.-, the intensity of the frost beiiifr greater. As .sunscahlin^ j.robably causes the death of jiioro tre.-s tiiaii root killing wliero tho apple can bo jrrown at all, and as root killiiifr can 1 -v..„t,.d to a larpo extent by >,'rowiii>r eover crops, a northern or east,-rn slope wou! -rdlv ]',- b<-st In the Prairie provim-CH where warm days in early spring- cans- flu- bu.i, to swell, .southern slopes should bo avoided as the severe frosUs wlii.-h oft.-n conic later on may cause .serious injury. It i.s not. bow,n,.r, mn-.-ssary to have tlu- orchard .,ii a.iv slope, bu s]op,n^■ land is usually freer from .-arly frosts aii.l is bett.-r drain.-d than Knel land and p. .d drainage is on.- of th.- .-hi.-f essentials to successful apple -rrow- uig. („.od natura drai„:,so is best, but if this cannot bo had tho .soil sboul.l be'"th.>r- oiiRhly drained either with tiles or in some other way. Tn-.-s prowinj, in badlv .Iraiiied soil will become stunted, diseased, short-lived and will rarelv prov,- protitahl,: I he question of spring frosts should also be considered. All practical farmers and fruit growers know tliat sprinjr fro.sts are often ver,^ local, o.-c,irri,ig o„ one part on^jTirlr' '"• *'" "•''7-. ^V t'"'- f--'-^ -ni-'inx- •>"-" .nu..li loss if ey r"' "S*'\Vr"!?'"-"^ P""--'^' '\'' ^<"7/",portant to avoid ehoosin« a site where soTflen '"^"''■'"' '' """**■" '''*' '' "^"''«''''' ^l'*-'" fi-o^ts do not occur It is iniportant, if possible, to have the orchard protected in some wav from nre- vailing winds, and natural protection is an important factor in successfurorchard „k made'Sere."' ""' '''^"'"^ ^' P'"*"*'"^ windbreaks, referenee to which S ^^BT' 40 Apiilo trors urnw will in iilnm^t any kind of noil if i* in tlmrointhly rlrniin>il. It is thin iitlii|iti>liilif ■,( the ii|i|ili' ulii.li .aiiMS tin- tut-* ti> Iw |>laiit<'il In ipiiiitly on poor ianil; but tiiM t.r ll». ...jl, the I..11. r tli.' r.siiliH will Ik-. A n><»ii|>|ili< i| with plant fi.i.il in a fnrin tiait may be niadi) racily availabl.'. It >h.>uld bt. ri.li in hiitinis anil -h.ml.l U- .'a-Hily wnrk.d, iiiid if iH.*t.ibic, it "iKMild 1 ; lini.-t..nt. f.,rnuitiiin. Sandy -uil is I'a.-iily wnrk.d, but is as a rule. n.)t ri.li in available (ilant f.M>d and is al-o la.'kinj; in IniniMs. I'laiit food also whi.-h i, applied in tho form of barnyard manure and artiti.'ial firlili/. rs is cnxily leached away in sandy soils. In the eolil.r parts of lh< nifry rn..t killing is niso more prevalent in sandy soils, but in cold di-tri.ts -andy loam soils are belter than heavier ones if the timiIs are protei-ted by eover erojn as wnod will ripen bitter on siu'h soils. Clay Ian.!, on llie other laind. is too »tilT ami is hard to work, tin- snjl baking ea-il.v, ami makinix it dillienlt to .■nitivat.'. Where hnvu\ir. the ^ro'nd i- not kept eultivati-d and the fertility maintaimd by top-dressin(r, Irn^ are ^'M«n very sueeessfully and Rood crops produeeii on this kind of land. 'I'ae tnis make less Krowth and on this account may develop more fruit bnds than on liu'lit soils. Sandy loam and day loam soiN are. as n rule, tin* most suitable, and probably clay loam soils ui-e tlu! best for apple ^rowinK in the be«t apidc-jrrowintr districts. Samly h)am soils with open sub.viil^ are better further north, a< they are warnuT. Land which has been exhausted o| much of its i>lant food by ^r^owinlr cereals or other iTops uimiu it is less suitable for orchard purposes. I'lrparuliuit of llir J.uinl. — It very often ha|>iM.'ns that the farmer or fruit grower suddenly dis-jdei to ulant an orcharil. Xo pn^vious thounht had been piveu to the matter, («r if theio had, nothliw was done to ^'et tlio land into better condition for the younj; trees. The trees are bou^fbt, thi» land hastil.v, and not very well, prepared and the trees set out to take their elmncea. No after cultivation will fully make up for iii'Kle<'t of the thorough preparation of the land. Tre land is not thoroughly jirepircd and "11 ffood conditi has no land in KOod Condition, to delay planting"- for a year, ami jfue the soil the necessary attention. The time will jint he lost, as the trees will do nuich better. Land which luis been well manured for root crops, plougl.eil in the autumn. ' au'ain ploujjh, d in the spring and thoroughly levelled and palverizid with the ha w should be in fioo soil from four to six inches djM'pcr than the former. DynamitiuK the soil before pl^intinp has Ixmh riioiiMMciiiliMJ in recent years but has not always been shown to be an advantajre. Stiff .soil.^ which neer for trees to make a ;rood start are ubually not the mo.-H suitable on which to have an orchard. Sod land iilouphed in the autumn, top dres.=ed in the siirini: with a frood cuatin'j of barn-yard manure ami then plouliiii».'.l latf til.- .•Iiiincr- art- that a lar«.' |ir..p,,rli..ii will .11... alllu.uKli lliis i* ii.,t iilwa.s-. till- i-a-H'. Il trri', an- .liitf <;iil,v in il,,. uiirs.T.v Uu- f.iil plintii,- tli.' w:...i it ►"llifliilic* iM.l ^iiti;.'i.Mitl.v rl|Hii.-l and lla n it kilK l.ii.l;, ,.«|.,...ii,lly ii, ,,,|.l .liiiialrs. Aliolli.r «• iii^.- ..(■ .iralh ai'iM'ar.s to I... that wliiii tlii' riHiU arc i,..t in .].. c .outHt witli tia« ,..i| i,„d rl.,. irr, . an.' ii .t u.ll .liarK' d with sap. tlu- tr..-. dry <>ul duil,;.- tlio ■■iHl. T. and -p di.'. it, \.|,v ,.tl,.|i ha|.;>v;w al c. that t. h.iiin «ili,. lU,- uiitui.ni i^ dry and this makf, tla- .•l,aii v, of hu,mp,s ,lill h..,, h -A-.,, „ft. i, ,,.,.1,,,*. ,v.,,....i,.llv „ h.To Ih' l.nd hai n,.t h.vii th.-muyly pr.-p.iivd ^r|.M,U.d and lla. tr,r. la.t l„u.r.d I„ tlu- ,,,ri,a. tlav ,„av ii.v.t ""•'*","'■"■ "" " ''" '■ '"'"'• ''' '■■"•'■* "•■'• I '•"""' '" 'I'-' pnnu-. ih,. l..',t .•.,Mdili„n«i ar; all..r,|,,| ,!„.„i l,,r Kn.wiui.'. Th.-y sI.muI.I, hou.v,.,-. [, . plvMv.l in ^o..d .nis,,,, h.t,.n. Rrouih UriiH and ,:^ .h on after ih.. «:n>nnd i. in , adit a.,, t,. vv.rk a, iH,-ihio As It i.s ot tla.Kroat.'st imiH.rtan.v t„ p.t ||„. tivs planted -arlv „„d as, wh. a nrd,r.-l from nurseryni, „ m tla- si.rinr. it is dilli.-ult ■,, ^mI tla-ni a. ra -iv as r..|i.;r.-d. a k 1 plan IS to order them t,. he d. liveml In autunn. an I la-,.| i!„ ;., i., „„,ii .,,,i„^, ^he., they , nay l,o had a, n^,u as r.^p.ired. A piaee -l„.u!d he el,,,-. „ f„p ,],;, p„rpn-e wh.w the draina^o ,h « . wh.-v thev «ill not he i„ danger fren, mle,, and where the tree. will h« well covortH with nnow A tren.-h .hould he made ,le.,, enoUKh to ,K-rmit of the o„ s h..,,,. W..I1 eovere.l u„h .„,d. Afier ...ttin,- oir any ia„Ueu r„o,s.',la. ,r shoa d lu. lud ,M a single h.yer 1,1 sn.di a shuuln.,^ i..slthm that the fps will almost loneh the ^rr„„nd. and the root, and half or n,o,e of the tnmk th. n well eov.Te.l with 'Oil lla. latter U^', well w,,rke,| la am,uer the roof,. T„ ..xpo.el phav, tli-v m ,v he PMfirely eovered if in well-drained soil. la, mivne L,nn,„ o,.l Ii.. 0,r/,„-n/.-The disUu, ;;,art that ap,de trees .laa'ihl 1„. ph„„ed will vary aeeurdiiiK to the varieties used, the h.eality. th.' land «t the ,danter's .lis- I".- d. and the .,ther parpos.M. if ,nv. for diieh he intends t . nse the h.n'l. In ,.rder to thrive l,e,t, ami prodiu'e fruit of Rood «izo and eolo„r. the trees .should h,.v.. aim.,- dnneo of sunhfiht and air. and they e.annot ..htain tla-^e if planted too elos,.lv t„.r,.,.,..r Kar y henrm^' varu-t,es may. howvver. he pl.u.ted as .-losely as l,". feet apart ,aeh w,v in Idoeks of about l.H, f,.,.t in widtl th a wider spa.-e .'Very Vm feet fir a r, 1, o ' t 1 spray p.,„np the tree, he,n^ thinn, .ut later on. Thi, tne.hod is, h„wever. not r. u. ...ond.d for the avera^.M.rehardist. Spraying has hU I is- ^.neo when tla- trees are youn.^ but they will ,.,„.tim,e to bear ..rofitablo erops f„r many years when tre,.s ,,lanted m,i,.h nioro elosely will have ,vase,l to bear Ko<>d fruit In the eolder p.;,rts o Ont: no tlu- provinee of Quebee. Xew Brunswi,.k. Xorthern Xo ^ Seotni. and Pnnee l-.dwatd Island ;;0 to V,:, feet apart ea.d, way is a ^ood distance ," the iirairii- provimvs I'O feet apart eaeh wav is soff,.;,.,,t 7,. IJrit: ■'(• ! ■ ■ •■-)' - apart eaeh way is a satisfae.ory distanee. A ^rrowin« pra.-ti.v now-a.;!;;;'!"-.;;!! one whn-h ,s siv.n^' f?oo.oduee profitable erops of fruit when very voun;.. and whieh may be ren, ,ved w leu they interfere with '.ae permanent trees. Oth,.;- fru-'ts «ueh ns plums, cherries and pea. hes, may also be used for this purpose, L-jt a-e lot as'siitisf." ^E^^^Sn^T^SSFT!! V rv II, ii|i|>l)'-i iH tliiy lire iiuf -iini.M,! Ill till- -.mil- linir iin.l ii i. n.it r miiiiii.l. .| ia iiM' Ihriii. If. Ii.iw.v.r, til.' inriiiiiiHiit trr.- iir.' pliiiit>'>l niu.-li l.- ili.m tn iV.t ii|.;irt iwli wii.v. the • tijl.r- ■ -I Ill c.iilv li.' phiiih'cl I»ih,. i, i|„. tr. . - In tl..' |,. riii;iii. iit r..w-. «H ill II IVw vnir-. til., tri'. vvi.iil,| U. i niwilnl t',.r iM-t r. ill-. :iiiil ^pr.ixiiv ...iild lint U- tli..ri.imli|y «1 \\ hrii ||„, .||.|iiii.T Hpart m «lii. Ii tin' lr.r« uri' t.. !..■ pl.iiiliil li.H l..rii lh.iilil )■,• lai.l ..iil, ..r. in ..(li.r wm!-. llic pla.r- iiiiirk.'.! wli.r.' 111.- ir..- nr.' I.. !..• phinh.l. •IIlt.' iir.' ■..v.tkI «,i,vs in wlil.l, || ,-. I.ani iiiii.v Im' IiiIiI .Mil. lint the r..t.ini'iiliir ..\.|.iii «iili tlif piriiiiin.i.t isv.-, ti,,. -.m,. ,li,. tiiinv ii|)iirt fii.li wii.v is 11-^ II rul.', tlii' iiiii-l -.ati-l',!. I..r.\. Tl,.' i..w, ,.f tr.v- -I1..11I.I li.' IMTl'ictl.v .-triii^lil. ImiiIi |,,r lli.- >iik.- ,.( vn>\,r .■iiltiv:ili..ii ^iixl ii|.|..iiriiiM-.'. 11,1 mav !.(• I'asil.v iif.-..iM|iliH|M,l if a litij,. tri.nlil.- i, lak.ii. If ih,- tl, I.I 1, irninihir. it 1- 1 .• .lilli.'ult than if it i> s.|nari\ It i- ini|»>i'lalit I., niak.' tlu' plauliiii.' iii.a p. if.-, tl.y Miliar.) I.. >tart with ..thrrwi-.' it »ill I,.. iiiip.."il.|.' t., Iia\.' th,- liv.-. in -traiulil iin. - 111 nil ilirc'tiim,. 'I'li.. pla..-. wh. r.^ ti». in.', ar.- t.. «■• -ImmiLI all !..• ii,.,rk,-.| wii!, !.,k.-. kcl.Tt. the liol.'s ar.' .luy. a- it will }„■ .-a^ii'i- t.. k..p tli.' Inn,,, r in Im,. if tlii- i-, tl .i-.-. A win- !.Irfli'li..,| fr..i „• m.I.' ..f tit. li. 1.1 P, : ll„ i' will -a', iniirli ,i);litinK, I'll.. Itv,.. «h..lil.l Im' si;;|,t,.,l Ih.iIi wa.v, «l:.'ii pla.v.l In tl..' III. I.-, A planllnu' h...,r.l ulll 1,.. I.M.ial 11 ifrcHl .unv.iii.'n.i' in plantin;.'. 'I'hi- i- a t.-im li l...ari| iiImmiI Ii\.' .,r ni..iv l,,i Inii^:. fith.-r with till-,',, nntcl •■- <-ut th. niih.- .Ii>ian.v int., il„. I„..ir,| 11I..1.- • -i,|,.. IT ..111' tilil.v he ill I'a.'h finl aial ..nc 111 tin- .•lait n^ ; ..r, ia-t. a.| li..!,. ina> I..' 1 ..r,,| m ih,. h'.aril ii.'iir fa.'li . n.l. On.- la.t.-h i- at th.. ni.l.ll.- ,.f tl,.- ! ..a|-,| | |«-,. n.:ir .if iil tin- • laN. Afl.Tlhi- p,-«, an- put .I..W1, uli.-i-,- i-a.-h tr.-.- I p, v an. I l.i-f..n- . a.-h |i.,l,- 1- .h- the phiiitiiiy- li.iani is hii.i <|..wn with th,' tr.,' p.'- in ih, n. t. li Tw,, .,th,'i- p,--, an- ih.'ii Jiut in th.. .,th.T ii..P-|„.,. .Ml tire- p,'L', ,h,ail,| h,- ,A;i.-!|> in liii. . I la- "li,.apl iiml tri,'.' p.'jr may n.iw h,- r.-iii..V('.l an. I th.' Ii,,l,' ,1ul' aial wh.-n th. tn,- 1- p|;,,..l Ml it mill l..'f.ir.. th.. .-.nl i> put I a.'k it .-an If in.>vi'.l P, th.' .-xa.'t >p..t in ih,. h,.l, whi-r.- th.' PCjr will- Kv piittin- th.' I r.l hark ..x.-r th.' p.'ti- whhh r.-niiiin.'.l. Th.' tr.-. -h..i;I.I 'H.w ho in th,. c'litri' ii..t.'li. Th.' IM-..'. s),,. 1,1,1 |„. all ii^ n. iirly ihc >aiii.' m,-, a- p.,-iM,-. Ill layinjf ,,ni ..mall ..r.-hiinU. U'-in.-h w h-n hih.'l- wlih-h ar,' .-xiL'tly th.- -iiin,- -i/.- I avi> hcfti fiiiind v,-ry Mili.sfa. t.,ry. )\ in(ihrii.l.' fmiii wlii.h th" crciil.-t injury .-..iih's, th.- ..hjc.-l h.-lni,' M'.t to .sfi.p Ihi' win.! iilt.iK. thi'i-. hut simply t., .-Ii.'.'k it- v,'l,M-itv. iis if a win.lhr, ,ik i-* hitrii iilid very .l,-ii>.'. it vt,.ps th.' <'ir('iihili..ii ,.f air in th.- ..r.-hard t- :i hir-.' ,'M. ul. an. I tils a'wvt v.-ry fiiv.niriihl,- ,'.,n.liti..ns f,,r th, ..pr.'ii.l ,if h.ith in-,-.'t p.-t- an. I plant -li-- I'u.-cs. On the nthi-r h.in.l. n pn.p.-r wiialhrcak l.'--.'ii, th. f,,r<-.' .,f th.- win. I aiai thus I>riiti'<'t-i th.' Ir.'c-, whi.'h will jin.w -triiitiht.-r ami >hap.-li.'r; it uil! iiN., v.i'.\ iii:i|. rially l.'SM'ii th,' am,, lint i.f win.lfalN. an.l it will p.rinit ,.f ^i-,.win^' \ :ii-i..ti.-- whi, I, will n,,t •-iii-.-,-('il undiT ..nliiniry ,-xp.,'.ur,'. Winil is .me i.f th.' lu^ -\ in,:'.,rtaiit l'a.-t.,r- in ,li-.\ in._' "lit th.' Ian. I and .-aii-intr .lr,,iiL'lil. If its t'..r<'(' is .'h.'ck,',! hy ., windhr.'iik, th.- <-v;ip,.ra- ti.iii of iii,,istun' from th.- s.,11 will ii.,t he s,i ^ircat. One ,,t the h. -f tr.'.'s 1., plant for u win.lhri-ak in Ka>t,'r]i ( 111111.111 is th>- .\,,rwa.T > Iirn.'c (/'(.'(■« cxrcl.sa). It is 11 rupid-frr.nvinjr pvcrffrcn ami is hardy iilin,,-t cv.Ty wh,'r.' wlii-r.' apples can he irrown snc-.'s-fnllv. A -iii'-'h' r,.w of t)i,-.,- phmt.-.l from <'iKlit to ten f.'ct apart is .[uitc sutK.'icnt. It -h,,>il.l h,- at l.'a-t fifty f,-,-t fr,.m ihs iipph? trees. Thi' tr.'es slanild frrow. if |)r,,p.'rly .-iircl f.,r. at th,- rat.' of fnmi J t-> ■'• f.'i't a year until th.'y r.'a.-li a h.-i-ht ,,f .Ml to Ho l'.-,'t. In v.ry ,-\p,,-.'.l plac's it may he dcsirnhli' t,, phjnt tW'.- r.'Ws nf tn-.'s. t!;.- t-.-. < formin" th.- -s,-.-';.;;d r.-.'-v V-r-[y,-x p!,i.:t.-i from 8 to 10 feet hehiml the trees in the first row. Th,' first row may he eoinpos,,! ..f Arbor-vifie, whii'h are rath.'r slow-prowiuL'. ami th.' r..w h. himl made of .Voiw.i.t fpruc-e. if desired. White plw and Kiiropeau lanh an- rai,i,l irr.ivvim.,' Tr,..s whli'li may be used for tliis purpose. Seoteh jiine is inelin.-.I I,, i.e irre^'ular in Lrowlli. aiil IS, (in th'.s ji(^(',,uiit. sotni'fiin.s not satisfaetor.v. If th" tr.'.'s alrea.h.- nienlinned eaii- iiot he o'^taine.l. then- a-.' otlier native trees wliieli w-l! {rive troo.l satisfaeti.ni. Loin- 48 hardy poplar planted about 8 feet apart makes a windb/enk in a short time, as this is 11 very fast jjrowinp tree. On tlie prairies the ilanitoba maple or box elder is a K(ii)d tree for a win- kind to plant in Eastern Canada, as when they are older than three years, growth is so checked and the trees so stunted by transplanting that it is not at all desirable to plant them when 49 they are so old. Furthermorp, the freight or oxpross will bo less on smaller trees. If low-headed trees »ro desired, they may be phiiited when one yejr old, if the growth 18 strong, and eut back to the desire.l height, lenvinR only the bare stem. (Jne-yenr- old trees are those most in demand in British Columbia. The ordinary farmer in Eastern Canada, however, who may not Jfivo his trees nuieh attention, requires a tree two or three years old, so that it may easily be seen, if ho prows other crops in the orchard. Trees should be procured from reliai)le nurser>-men. as it is important to have th(!m true to name and well shaped. A local nurserymnn is best if he carries p)od stock. It will pny to pet the highest prade of trees offere.l. Stunted, unshapely trees will never pive the same results as healthy, strai}.'ht ones. The 2- or H-year-old trees should have tho liemls W(>11 formed when received from the nur.seryman. Tiie best head consists of a central 1. ad.^r with three or f.nir side branches rism^' alternately from tho trunk. If the branches are opposite, a crotch is formed and when the tree is heavily laden a branch may be easily broken Moreover tre(>s are often ruin.'d in the colder parts of Canada by frost in the crotch of tho tree' which causes the death of large branches, and a weakening at tho crot.'l, causing tho tree to eventually split there. It is not always possible to get a central leader, and the next be.st top is one with from three to five branches rising alternately from tho main trunk, forming a symmetrical head. Planling.—As many of the roots of ai)plo trees arc destroyed when they are dug this should be taken into consideration when planting the tree, and the top headed in' If the top 18 not headed in, there will not be enougii saj) from the roots which are left to supp<.rt it, and the moisture 'transpired by the leaves being greater than the quantity supplied by tho roots, the tree is liable to wither up and die. If the trees are grown by the person who plants them, great care should be taki-n in di-gin- to destroy as few roots as possible. Tho amount of heading in will depend upon^the number of roots and the condition of the tn-e. Trees wliicli have c.mie from ,i .tistancc and are rather dry need pruning more than those planted fresh trom the nursery riie wood should be eut off close to a bud. The branches should be cut back at least one-half, and in the majority of cases it will i)ay to eut thein luck t.. about four buds. The work of heading in can be best done immediately after the trees are planted, as one can see bettor then what to do. Tho ' Stringfcllow' metlupd of planting trees was advocated by 11. W. Striii-'fellow of Texas. The theory of this method is that trees when transi.lanted in the onlinnrv way lose their tap-root, but if the roots are i)ruiie(l back to a mere stub a new tap-root will bo formed and the tree will be more permanent than when treated in the ordinary way. Trees pruned in this way w.uld also be easier and more cheaply shippf^d and make less labour in planting. To . .unterbalance tho cutting off of the roots nothing IS left of the top of the tree but a mere stub about eighteen inches l.)iig. While tretx planted by this method may succeed under moist conditions of soil and climate, it is not a practi-e to be adopted in Canada where the soil and air arc dry. The roots of the trees should not bo allowed to become dry from tiio time they are dug in the nursery or received from the nurseryman until the "trees arc planted. .Much of the failure in planting comes through carelessness in this regard. When taking the trees to the orchard, it is a wise precaution, especially if there are drying winds blowing, to have a barrel partly filled with water in the field to dip the rcM)ts"iti. In addition to this, the roots should be protected until the trees are planted, by covering them with wet sacking or straw. Too much [ireeaution cannot be taken in this matter. Before exposing the roots of the trees, however, tho holea should be made. Manv planters seem to have the id<>a that if they dig a hole barely large enough for the roots to be crowded into, they will have good results. Sometimes they do; mucli oftener they do not. If the whole field has been subsoiled and is in a thorough state of tillage, it would not matter so much, as the soil all over would be in the same state of friability, but this is very rarely the case. So that, as a rule, it ia necessary to 92898—4 50 moke the hole somewhat larger than will nccommodate the roots, spread out to their full extent. It should be made about IS inches deep, after which the subsoil should be loosened a few inches niore, but not removed. In difrpin;? the hole, the surface soil should be kept separate fnim the subsoil n. (nat of poorer quality. Sufficient surface soil should now bo thrown back into the Imle to make the tree, when planted, about an inch deeper in the jrround than it was before. If a tree i>' nf)t planted deep etinuph, the roots may become exposed and the tree die. On the other hand, it should nut he planted too deep. Before it is planted permanently in the hole, the soil which bus been thrown in should be raised and rounded off in the ci>ntre. If this is done, the roots of the tree can be spread out much more readily and placed more in their natural position. Roots of apple trees have not many fibres and it is necessary to spread what are left on the tree, carefully, in order to pet the best results. Broken or bruised roots should be cut off before planting the tree. The tree being now placed upright in the hole and> the routs carefully rpread out, the surface soil is gently thrown in and worked in among them, by the hand, if neces- sary. It is very important to have the soil come in close contact with the root fibres, in order that the best conditions may be afforded the tree to begin growth promptly. When the roots are well covered, more good soil should be thrown in and when the hole is about half full it should be well tramped with the feet, after which the hole should be filled level with the surface of the soil, tramping being done while i' is being filled. The surface of the soil should be left loose, as this will heir *" evapor- ation of moisture from the soil which has been thrown in. It ii.. ^-ssary to water any tree except, perhaps, in very dry districts, if planting i .. the proper season and the soil is fairly moist and well compacted about the roo... If the orchard is in an exiwsed position and the trees large and with high trunks, it will pay to tie them to stakes to keep them from getting loose. In districts where drought is liable to occur, or even in places where the soil is likely 'to become rather dry, it will be wise to mulch the trees immediately after planting, to a depth of from 4 to (5 inches with manure, straw, sawdust, or anything of that nature wliich will not become a comi>ii(t mass. If this is placed about the base of the tree and left during the summer, it will keep the surface soil loose and prevent evaporation of moisture and growth of the tree will be much more rapid. A good mulch may be the means of preventing a tree fr so carefully done that there will be no bare limbs. Most of the fruit will be borne on fruit spurs or short woody branches on the larger branches; and if the top of the tree is very dense these do not dcvelo]) wi'll. In Eastern Canada, however, there is now a tendency to do m 51 comparatively little priininff for tho first few years after plnntiiiR. the object beinp to bring the trees into bearin;,' sooner tliuii if trees are jpruiiijl iieuvily every yt-ar, and if the main branehes are limited to three to tive at the outset the tree will not beeome too thick for some time with a v.-ry little pruninf; earh yv-.n. it is best to prune from the outside of the tree a.s much as pos^ihl,., rather than from the inside, as tlu' work can lie do?ie there witli much better judgment. In onier to keep the lower hraneho vigorous tlie.lenile- is sometimes kept headed back somewliat, so that there will he more growth on the other l.raneLus. Low-hcafleil apple tri'c, unpniiml. Idiwheadeil aiiple trHi', pnim-il. In Britisli Columbia where the anniuil prowili in many places is very great, more attention must lie jpnid to pruning' the youiiL' tree tha.i in other parts of Canada. Ileadintr in of trees of spreadinir liahit, part iciilarly, i< ueee-snry to strcn.Lrtlien the limbs for tlie future heavy crop of fruit. All braiu'hes which are growiUfT aero-s and through the tcjp should be cut out. If two branches touch one another, one of them should be removed. If a branch on one side of the tree has outgrown another, it should be heailed hack so as *o make the tree symnu^rical, euttitig it off just above a bud which is on the side that it is desired to have tho new growth. Tf, when the trees are young, they are treated in this way every year, comparatively little work will have to be done at one time. Perhaps the best tinio to prune would be between the middle of 'May and the middle of Juno when tho trees are growing thriftily, as the wounds will heal over qiueker if done at that time, but as this is a very busy season of the ypar, the customary practice is to prune during the month of ^larch, when quite satislactory results are obtained. By pinching off ,vouug growth which is not required, in suimner, labour will be saved in i)runing. Heavy summer pruning is being pn.ctised by some fruit grower^, f.-5pe(iiilly in Lrllisii I'olumbia, bet smnmer pruning nnist be carefully done and done neither too early nor too late for best results and bad results may follow improper summer pruning, lii'nce before practising it one should learn what has been tho experience of siimioue who has been practising it for some time nearby. It is much better to prune at any time if the year than to neglect it nhogether, a.s it is not a mat- ter of great consequence what month it is , is removed, .and the tree is checked in its growth and somewhat weakened, although the pruning should not be so severe aa to make the latter apparent. Summer pruning to produce fruitfulness, is, however, f-eldom necessary. If trees are given even a fair measure of attention they will reward the owner witli abundant crops. Some varieties of apple do not come into bearing as quickly as others and often growers think that sonuthing is wron;< witli these trees when they do not bear early. Root pruning, which also tends to weaken the trees and promote fav trees, and thus destroying part of their roots. Anything which checks the downward flow of sap in healthy trees seems to favour fruitfulness. A branch which ha.s been injured will bear before another. A top graft, in which thi; free downward flow must Ik; checked at the union, fruits earlier than a standard tree. Ringing, w-hioh checks the downward flow of sap, favours fruitfulness, but as the fruit buds develop in the early part of the summer for next year, the che^'k must ho given early. A sudden dry spell in the early part of summer should favour fruitfulness as tiie growth is checked when fruit buds are being made. A branch which is broken, or split by the wind or by weight of fruit may often be saved if it is carefully bent back to as near its original pofeitiou as possible and bolted with an iron bolt. An auger hole is made througli the broken branch and the iminjured part and a bolt run through. By do?ng the work carefully, the branch may be drawn almost into its original posilion by tightening the nut well. The bolt should bo as- near the size of the auger hole as possible, as the tighter the fit the better. The nut and end of the bolt are better largo, as they will not sink, so readily into the wood. After the bolting is done the ends of the auger hole fchonld be closed up 'with grafting wax or paint, as the bolt will not fit tightly enough to exclude air, and germs of disease may enter. If the split or break i* a bad one tlia branch should bo headed back, so as to lessen the leaf surface. Althou/jrh a brawh may often be savecl by treating it in this manner, a better practice in to bolt the trees before the branch breaks. A weak branch is often indicated by a *jplitting at the crotch, and if the bolt MH 53 i8 run through then tho branch us almost «.rtnin to be saved. It is somotimos odvis- able to bruco U.o tr.^ h.gher up, .md this oan be done with a lo.^er bolt or with heavy wire putt.n^Hcrew eyes in tho wood to fasten the e„,U of tho wire so as to prevel^ K.rdhng l,e 1>.„1>. wh.ch .vould o.'eur if the wire were wou.ul around it Patehmg up trees is not. however, o„ the wh„I,. a very s.ti^fa.'torv pnu-fiee and ;t may bo avoided t. .. lar^e extent by havin. trees without en.tohes: a^,.l this may ... a large measure be a.-comphshed by j.ru.ung the trees proix-rly whe.i young. Trees are often ruined by n,«kH.ti.ijr to tre.t wounds or allowi,,.. rot to set in at he eroteh Tn sueh <■««. all the deeayc^ pa,t.hould bo re.uoved and tl- w„„d s<.r. ui •aek to hv .„s: t.ssue, „„d m the ease of rou^h wounds made by bn,i>es or breaking o dcaux m.xt ire and then eovered wth paint or Kraftin^' wax. Wounds ^houl.l be ke,^ eovered w,th these M.bst.nees until th.," are healing nieely. Hole mav b fille- with eement after eleauin- n.id disinfecting them. "IP n lie. MAINTKN.V.NCi; OF KEHTH-ITV. When it is at all ,K,ssible, it i« better not to remove any vnyp. but ancles from he orchard land after the trees are plant«l. aithou.^h the growingT.f i er, ^ tZ t '^nr '""'"'^r^ '^'-'^ '^'" .""^^ "f ''">'*-':"^' the orehnrd to the bea ir^ ^e „„3 usually the^grower des.rc. to do this. When it is eonsidere.l that the apple tU are o bear crops for fi ty years or more on the same land, it may easily be understood hat the trees to do their b«st will need all the plant food that they can get from the soil aiul as mueh more a. ca.. be eeouomieally applied. If the soil is cn.pped wit grass reals and roots, for .nsta>.ce. for eight or ten years, much plant food will be en3* ...d although the.se crops may be manure,!, there is but a small percentage of , r^oV.s who will manure the land sufficiently to make up f.,r the pla.it foo. Ire not^ >urtherr-.ore. the n.oisturo in the soil is lessened if other crops are grow ow "g t.i the evaporation from the leaves of the growing crops, a.ul as dn.ugh,.s occu fr^rntk - so„.e parts of the eou.itry as .nueh n.oi.sture as possible sho'uhl be " nse3 ft^ use of the young trees W here land is expensive, however, or where o..e has o, v . ......ted area it ..s desirab e to raise intercrops until the trees begin to bear ad even ^^hen one h;w much la.id the te.nptation will be to grow intercrops while tlie t 1 are .^oung and .f care .s taken no great hann to the trees should follow These ii te er ,s should be such as may be cnltu-ated or hoed. A crop of potatoes is one of le lea objectionable crops to grow. Beans may also be gro-vn. (A,rn is ofte.. pi;, ted h young orchards but an ...stance has emne under our notice where corn eviden 1 • 1, d caused injury by sliadiug the tru.ik too n,u..h. and the wood, not being XroU,y ripened, was badly sunscalded. or injured by winter, and many trees did not recover If other crops, such as hay or grain, are grown, there should be four or five fee; left on each side of the tree without a,.y. and the strip thus left niav be enU vatlxt If no o her crops are grown .n the orchard, the tretvs, if cultivated pro,H.rlv. will need very httle manure until they come into bearing, as apple trees will ^row qui e thrif i^v when young on comparatively poor soil, as the exhaustion of the soil from tb, . r ductmu of wood is small compared with that wlie.i large crops of fruit arc emoved Barnyard manure .s one of the best complete fertilizers where it eau be pro- cured cheaply and conveniently. ^ '"^° The weight of the fertilizing constituents which are removed from the J] • the production of a crop of apples when the trees are in full bearing, has l;een esti- ma «1 by careful analyse., and if about fifteen tons of fresh barnyard „JZ" were applied eve,7 three years, considerably more plant food would be restored to the sod than would be removed by the crops of apples. But as some of it will leach awTv «n^ ^some m.ver be reached by the feeding roots of the trees, it is wise to'^jtT Hb:;Ll 64 As in mnny plnofs bnni.vanl innnurc cunnot 1)0 profitably used bccouRc of its scarcity, tlu- foUowiiitr cxtrnct frmn the nuiiual ri'iiort of Dr. F. T. Shutt, Doiiiiiiion Chi'tnist. for 1S04. will prove valimlile to tho.se who desire to maintain the fertility of their hind hy other nietliods than the application of harnyard manure: — COMPOSITION OF TIIK Fill IT. .1 jio/.v.vi'.v of Apphs. " The nencral compo.sitioii, viz., the i)ercentu(re of water, organic matter and ash (which make up the whole) and the amount of iiitrotren, are given for the four varieties examined in the foUowinsi tubulated form: — Name of Vuriityof Applf. DuclieBi nf 01nb)irg . Wealthy Kaiiieii«' Nurtherii Spy Avcr.ijfp Water. 88^61 .sT'tH) 8.5 • 22 X7-II8 Organic Mutter. 80-98 U14 12-71 12 r,5 12-71 Aih. -25 •29 •32 •27 ■28 Nitrogen. •0382 0375 •01)12 •0443 0428 Although there is u great similarity in composition in the varieties examined, and none differ much from the average deduced from them all, it is of interest to note that the Fiimeiise is the richest in organic matter, in ash constituents and in nitrogen. The Wealthy and Northern Spy contain almost identical amounts of organic matter and ash, and the Dnehcss of Oldenburg has the largest percentage of water and lowest percentage of organic matter and ash. Pi;ltCK\T.\CK OF TMPOIITANT CUNSTITI KXTS IX ASII. Nanm uf Variety of Apple. I'hoxphor io Acid, Potash. 53-07 57-00 66-25 54 U 53 20 iioJa. 3 28 2 03 2.50 1-94 Oxide of Iron. 1-77 i-;6 1.20 2 13 1 72 Lime. n-80 3 33 8.66 3.86 Magnesia. Silica. DuchpRa of Oldenburp Wealthy FanieiiKe Northern Siiy 8-90 8 15 7 19 UOS 8 '.IS 5-20 3-84 4 03 8 !I9 -36 •03 •32 1 11 Average 2-01 4.38 4-27 ■00 In this table the composition of the ash in detail is given. Of its components, phosphoric acid and potash are the principal. The latter constitutes over half of the ash (55-20 per cent), while the former is about 9 per cent, the average being 8-98 per cent. Xo groat differences between the varieties are here to be noticed, though the Xorthern Spy presents some striking variations from the average. Its asl contains nearly •■? per cent more phosphoric acid, nearly 1 per cent less soda, about -5 per cent more oxide of iron and alumina, and about -5 per cent more silica than the ash of the other apples. The ratio of the potash to the phosphoric acid in the ash of the fruit is to 1 ; in the ash of the older leaves it is 2 to 1. Relatively, therefore, the demands of the leaf and the fruil on the soil of these two constituents are very different. It might here be remarked that the greater quantity of the ash ingredients of the fruit is con- tHinod in the seeds an.l w.ilL. of the ovnry, eompnrativoly little being found in the flesh (it the tipple. A eoi,.,«,rison of this table with that showinR the roniposition ,.f the ash ..f the leaf w.ll r,.veal further .nterestiuK features. The total pereentases of ash in sin.ilar we.Kh..s of ..af „„.l fru.t. are as 3.4fi to ..'S. Li„„, i. ,„„,.,, ,„„re „l„m.laMt in the ash of the leaf, while magnesia, oxide of iron and sill,,, are about the SMnie. takinff the older leaves for eompnrison. For the purpose of a pra.-ti.-al pres,.ntHtion r.f the suhjeet. the data pr ut.-.l in the followini? table have b.eii pn^pare.!:— Wkkiiit uf Important Fertilizing Constituents withdrawn from ti,- Soil. Niiin.-uf Variety uf A|i|i1h. DncheKs of Oldenburg Wealthy Fameiise NortliiTM Spy Avi-rajti- A ^-pragp W lillllt IMT l)ll«hel ill l«)iinds. 4( fiO 60 'lli XlTHlHlKN. 47 6 I<1h. jkt liarrtl. 040 ()70 •(i:)7 UTe.or Ui(J barrelH. T 350 H-22-) 11 22:1 '.IfPtXi rHosi-HoKic Ann. ToTASII. lKirr,l. 027 11,32 ii:ii) ■O.'JJ lAm. |icr iUTi', orltMi iKirrels. 4 M7 5 181 ."i 04.'} 5 22s barrel. ir.2 22« 25(i 18.5 217 LIm. |ier acre, cir 100 liarrelu. 25 g;."} .Sli 232 .•» 450 2y 570 32 Wit XoTE.-In the above calculations tlie followinR data are u,ed- Forty trees nor (H.0) barre.,. One barrel contains two hu.he!,- and three pecks. e.tim t'J'rs^in-i i" -""'"''T "'' n'"^' "'■ "'*'■'"-"■"• >'l'->'l"'>-i- -•iJ and potash tt4 ould ' t t "V n'"'"r''"'" '"■" "' "" '^"'^^^^■•''^•'^' ""J "■" '-"^t "f returning, I . ♦ • ^""'f -, ^''" ''"'■*''^'^' '''■'"^'"^ '^ °n the iHitash in the soil; next :::::;en^:t:oS:- ""' ''-'' ''" ""-"""'''= -''■ ^" ^'-^ -- -^ •"•■ "-•<- "-^^ For the vigorous development of the tree and an abundant cr.,p of fruit, the s„il must contain these constituents in a naire or less inn.u.iiaM, Luairro^Unl it IS for this reason as well as to replace the exhausted plant f..„d. that fertilizer, nre necessary to profitable apple t'rowinir. T,7,off.„. -To supply nitropeii, some organic manure is perhaps the most eco- nomical. Harnyard manure „r the turni,,,. under a le^umilious crop (the later being rich . nitrogen) are to be reconimeiuh.l. Besides adding nitrogenl they furnish humus or Uecaynig vegetable matter, which serves a u.eful function by liberatiic' monoUT. has much to do in bringing about good tilth and i. the retention of .s„il tTek I • ^"""' "^ *:"■"''■*•' •'""^ '■■■"=' development in the apple is compara- uol> h,ng. organic manures „i most instances will probably give better returns than those containing more soluble forms of nitrogen, such as tiitrate of soda or sulphate ot ammonia. Potash and Phosphoric Acid.-To furnish potash and phosphoric acid, wc would first mention wood ashes. J n most parts of Canada they are the cheapest form in which to purchase these constituents. Moreover, tluy possess them in the relative avaSlT '"'* ^"^ ^'"''^ requirements and in a condition that renders them easily 60 If wood oslics arc not obtainnblo, kninit and murintc of potnsh may be substituted to supply potush; nnd boiiu nii'iil iind supcrphosplmte, the phosphoric acid. Bono mi'iil i-ontiiin* 2 jn^r cent to i\ piT cent of nitrotfcn. In addition to tiiu phospiioric acid, bnt riquircM ii ftrciitor lpriortunt element. Soils differ so much in compositiou that it is impo.ssible to state definitely the uniouut* of these fertilizers that should be employed in all cases. The wants of the tree for fruit and leaves have been given and the principles for an economical return of these re«iuirenients indicated. In coiicUision, it may be said that the best and most profitable crops can be obtained only when the soil contains what might be thought to be a large amount of plant food, the greater part of which is more or less assimilable. A good tilth, among other advantages, tends to a good root development. In such the rootlets are able to procure food from a much larger area than otherwise; but in every orchard, owing to the disposition of the roots, there must of necessity be much unoccupied soil, and hence the imjwrtancc of supplying liberally nnd in excess of that which is absolutely needed for a season's growth and fruit, those forms of plant food which we buve been considering." ,/.,.. About 200 pounds of ground bone and 200 pounds of muriate of potash (if it is available) applied annually to k'ariiig orchards should furnish an abundant supply of |)hospboric acid and potash. Leaves in proportion to their weight contain a much larger amount of phint food than the fruit. The amount contained in 1,000 pounds of leaves gathered in Septem- ber was 8-87 pounds of nitrogen. 1-94 pounds of phosphoric acid, 3.92 pounds of potash, this being the average of five varieties analyzed by Dr. Shutt. Clil.TJVATION. Of late years, orchard cultivation and management have received the serious attentif>n of ail progressive fruit growers. The droughts, which are frequent in certain parts of Canada, have led to the adoption of methods which are more conducive to the conservation of moisture. The plant food, also, which is in the soil, is made more easily available by tlic tillage which many orchards now receive. Shall wo keep our orcluirds in sod or adoi)t clean cultivation? This is the r non-cultiva- tion that in tho best applp-prowinj? districts it \* un(iucstiontil)l.v the Ixttcr priii-ticc to adopt in most cases. When the surface soil is cultivnted it forms a juulch and prevents the evaporation of moisture in a larfjo measure. The air also i- iihle to enter the soil very easily and nitrification takes plnce readily. With sufficient moisture iind with plenty of plant food the trees will nuike vigorous prowth and pood crops of fruit will he borne. Fruit prowers who hnve followed thv custom of keepint' their orchards in sod, and who decide to cultivuto them in future, should he careful not to break up the sod in the autumn, espcciiilly in those parts of the cnmitry where the winters are severe. Tho roots which have not been disturbed, it may be for years, will Imj near the surface and arc" likely to be injured, and an- perhaps destroyed altojrether by hard frost. It is better to plough in the spring. The first plouRhintr. to break up the sod, should be shallow, as it is not wise to destroy too many roots at one time. Sometimes, if the sod is not too thick, a spade or disc harrow cati be used successfully instead of tho plough. A method of orchard cultivation known as tho Johnson method is giving good results in Nova ScHitia and promises well elsewhere. Instead of cultivating all the land, alternate sides of n row of trees are cultivated each year, or alternate ridges, a crop of clover cut for mulching being grown in alternate ridges each year, thus saving half the cost of seed for cover croj) and half tho co«t of cultivation each year and, it is claimed, inducing greater fruitfulness. If a cover crop has been left over the winter, it should not. as u rule, be allowec to grow in tho spring until there is a good crop to plough under, es,)ecially in districts where droughts occur; the land should be ploughed as soon as it is dry enough to work, not waiting for the plants to grow up; thus much moisture which would otherwise be transpired by the leaves of tho plants would be saved, and the chance of suffering from drought lessened, by beginning cultivation earlier than it is generally begun in some places. A good setting of fruit depends very much on an ample supply of moisture in the ground at blooming and setting time and if there should be a drought after a heavy croj) of clover or vetch has been ploughed under conditions will not be at all favourable. Ploughing should be done in alternate years towards and from the trees, so as to keep the soil level. The following extract from Bulletin No. I(i4 of the Michigan Exi)eri- ment Station, giving the results of an experiment to test the amount of moisture in the soil, shows what may be saved by early cultivation: — "Two tests were made of this question in Field Xo. C. The ploughing was done May 2. Samples were taken for determination of moisture on May 10 and 17, with the following re-ultf : — May 10. Bprini^ ploughed Not ploughed Sprinff ploughed Not ploughed. . . May 17. Ut Foot. Pet cent. 10-50 10 10 10 10 07 8 12 10.) 0-3.1 878 8 76 ,')-92 •55 2nd Foot. Per cent. -83 3rd Foot. Per cent, 8-04 7 26 78 C 97 (•,82 15 Averajff 3 Fct. Per Cf^nt. 9 M 8-49 1 05 7 iW 7 1, a land ir J £ '•This given a diffcrrncp in the flMt iiiMtaiieo of 2S pound.'* per square font to di'pfh of thrtf fiHt and 14 pounds in the nerond instance, in favour "f the lai ploiiKhed curly in tlic >prinK. " KxiKTinicnts tried by I'mfessor KinR and reported in the Wisconsin Report fi l^"'!, p. 101 nnd 102, show larjjcr diffcrcncc-i. Tlic |ilc>iiKliin.t wni done April •_'!» iinu naniplcjt taken May (!, showinir u dilTcrcnic f pounds." I liese deterininutioin all show that t) have as lar^e a >upp.y of moisture as pos- gihle for the eroji it is neei-ssary to plough or work the soil in some way to form u muieh to prevent cvajiorntion ns early in the spring as the eotidit'oii of the land will allow. In some districts and particularly in .Nova Scotia, fall ploUKhin;j is practiced with (food results, hut wlii-rr ija-re i^^ little snow it is desirable to have a cover crop to help hold it. After tlie hind has been ploughed it s' add be harrowed or cultivated nt intervals until about the middle of July in the warmer parts of Cainida, and not later than July 1 in the colder sections where early ripcniiiK of the wood is a ver>- important consideration. There is no fi.xcd ride as to the number of tinu's that harrowing should he done, ns nuich will depend on tlio diaracter of the season. The object, however, should be to ket'p the surface soil loose from spring till July. The soil should be cul- tivated after every shower of any conse'iuence, and even if no rain falls it should be stirred at Icrst once a week. Cultivation should cease in Jid.v. in order that the late growth will not be cncourafred, and that the wood may ^'et thoroughly ripened. If cover crops are firown they will need the intervening time before winter to make the {trowth necessary to form a Rood protection for the roots of the trees. Constant cultivation year flftor .vear has the effect of reduciii<; the humus in tho soil, and the system recommended should not be followed too riffidly. Circumstance! sho\dd iruide the fruit prrower as to tho best methods he slmuld adopt to maintain suffi- cient luimus in the soil. At the Central K.xperimental Farm there is naturally v. rv little humus in the soil, as most of the orchard land is a liifht, sandy loam. There is, however, sufficient moisture, and drouaht is not feared. .MlL(III.\(i \KHSrs tl [.TI\ ATloN. During tho past few years much lias been writ- mi iibout the '' -Vulch Method '' in orchard practice. The object of this method is tu 'omplish by mulchiiiff with Krass what is done by thorouRli cultivation, namely, s -vation of moisture. A heavy mulch will retain moisture better than cultivat' , as proved by cxiierimeiits by tho Chemist, at Ottawa, but it is often difficult and Ap<'nsive to niMintain n heavy liuilch durins? the growing season, and a thin mulch does not prevent the evaporiition of iii:iisture well, licnce does not serve the puppoo for which it u used. Tho mul;-h in an orchard makes a harbour for mice, which is an objection ti its use, unle^ss tho yoiinjr trees are protecttnl as described later on. Where the ground L, iough nnd culti- vation not easy, a mub-h may bo used t^) advantage. Oood results have been obtained from nnili-liiiisr, but where thorough cultivation is jio-slble. tlu- latter is to be preferred. SirLCIIIX(i TIIK soli, WITH GKEEN t l.in KR. T m 1S9S to 1902 a system of mnlchinj? wrt^ adopted in part of tho orchard at the Central Kxperimental Farm, Ottawa, but for another object than tho conserva- tion of moisture. Seod was sown in May, and the clover was allowed to grow during that seat-ou nnd to remain and protect the ground the followinir winter. The second season, insteail of plouahins: under the clover in the spri™?, it was allowed to grow and was cut at intervals during the summer and was not ploughed up until the next sa Mpriiiff. By oiitfinjr the chvcr wlicn tho flowor lirnd* worn jint lioirinninR to xd, r, whon it was fnun tiKhtccii to twenty iii.lii.. in hiiiflit, it win fouiul tlutt frum |. r to Hvo K'»h1 I'UttinK^ cniilil III- iiukIi- iukI liy wciKhinif Hnnii- of t|ii> iiiiitiriMl nt i li I'littitit; it wiiN foimd tliiit nluiiit L'.'i tmis of (frccii cIuvit [mt acTi- witi- nit diiriiik' tho ■4. Tim importance of cover crops as a factor in the successful i ultun- of larne fruits is now well recojniizfHi, although it is only during' recent years that much atten- tion has been trivcn to the subject. The nniiii uses of the cover crop in the orchard are: to hold the snow in winter, and thu.s afford Kreatcr protection to the roots of trees; to prevent the thawinjf and freezing of the ground; to lessen the depth to w iieh the frost will go in the soil; to furnish vegetable matter in the sprinjr for the I .irposp of obtainiuR humus and iiitro^fcn; and to act as a catch-ilron in autumn to ,irevent the leaehiuK of plant food made available durinpr the -iiiiuiner. The cover crop is also a means of reducin)? the moisture in the soil by transpiration, and thus aids in ripening the wood of fruit trees liable to be injur<-iio«fall is light. In the colder i)arts of Canada, where there is usually plenty i f iiioi-ture in summer, it is better to sow seed for tho cover crop in the tirst half (jf duly, lather than in the second half, na it is important to have the wood of trees thoroiiirhly ripened before winter sets in. and by sowing the seed early the growth <'f the tree slioiiM be aided in ripening by the drying arts of Cnnadi it is imt iiecessarj- to s»ow .seed for the cover crop until about the middle of July, as the early ripening of the wood is not so importiiiit as the conserving of moisture in the soil ly cultivation through the early part of the summer, .\ftpr the seed is sown, the s ill should be rolled with a heavy land roller, which will cause the moisture to rise to the surface of the soil and assist the germination of the seed. This rolling is very important, as should the seed lie in the ground for any length of time without gcrmiii- iiting thero will not ho time for a S'""i cover crop to be formed before winter. No nurse crop is, as a rule, necessary. Some of the desirable characteristics of a good plant for cover crops are, first that it will germinate quickly and grow rapidl.v, so that weeds will be checkei]. It should be a strong grower, as there should be a dense cover to prevent the frost from i)enetriiting deeply into the ground. It should stind f lirly erect, so that it will hold the snow well in winter. It should also he a plant which can be easil.v handled in the orchard. In districts whc-c there is danger of niakin'r 00 till- .«(iil ! H< dry li.v lute Rrowth a i-nvor frnp ..li.iul.i l><' • lifi*«'n whirh will l)f» killo.1 by fiirly t^,,. AtiimiK thi« |>liinl.< wliiih hiv,. b(>»-n WMnl ii« fovi-r w jions I .'li-li ll.ir-«<' Hcimx. Hairy \ . tc li, Suiminr Vct.li, I!iick\vli.,ii ,im<1 Rji|««-. Crim^i.n Cliivcr ]m'* hrtw fi.iiiiil t tn it dui- well .xhauiitivi' i,{ norc diilii'ult til luiiidlc In KpriiiK. It lia-* Ihcii nf..wn I'onnid irii'ts of Kritlxli Coluniliia recently liotli a< n cnvcr rrup n ralily I fnr ion is to irrik'atc for it t tlio clctriniont of the apple trcis, hrnco wiso to itniw it in orchards there unl*-'^ irrigatitit; ix very cnru- in driili* 2H inplirs apart, nt tlic .iio of .,ri i>"iind- 1 1 r a, re, in nr wt! , luit 'ver(> killed hy the first frost, nnii ro Ihiko not natis- ire to. ♦ ' -. .. ilrilln 2H infills apart, at the rate of one iiu-hel | ' r .'itiniie Kfowinp till -evere frosts. They liidd the simw \\,ll lireak down easily, 'liiey uro roUe! in the >prinK and work UuiH', .''own hroadea.st anion({ th(> llor-.*' Uenns, makes a Ko"d ite in the .seaMin. !l plough under in tiio #«>il moist ,i I in tl ' ir t r. .1 hay h' " II., t^i it »•* il.' ' il 11 fully di Soy III. •Tnno IS, ;. factory. ; ! Kn^•li '■' 'i.r-,- IK ire, ha ' . ' in wint.r 'lie. into the n. iind et ttottoiii cove, . JIuir\ v'et> li i^ u iro 'I cover crop, making .Htronj,' f;ro\vth may be f xji broadcast or in (> pounds per aer.-. It kills out in the winter, hut furnishes a tjood cover. Huckw '.eat. — This is not a ROod cover crop, as it adds no plant food to the soil, i.ml the leaves are killed by the first frost, but it is bettor than nothinj; and sometimes proves useful fur late food fur bee.-, at the same time helpinjf to bold the snow. Kape prows rapidly in the autumn and makes a good >;rouiid cover. It does not udd nn,v plant food to the soil but is easy to iiloiijih under in the sprin^', as in most places it i- kilicil by winter. Of the non-lej-'umiiious jihint.s, or those wliieh do jiot add nitropen to the soil, it is one of the best; on the prairies, particularly, this has been found very satislaetory. iis with it one is liraetieally sure of a po.id croi. and one that will hold snow well. At Ottawa rape and tares in tho projiortion of pounds ef the former and ;!0 pounds of tho latter have boon sown for a mixed cover crop. th»^ latter furnishing the nitrogen. From S to 10 pounds of rape se«Hl alone per acre ensures a good stand. Cover crop.'i ami Consciialion of ^[lJl^l•llr(■. — -.\s some plants I'xhaust the soil more rapidly of soil moisture than others, experiments have been conducted in the orchard with, cover crops, and cheniieal aiial.v -es have been made b.v the Chemist, I'r. Frank T. Shutt. to determine the percentage of moisture in the soil under different crops at difTerent dates, for comparison with soil without cover crops, and with each other. The moisture in cultivated ground is almost always greater than where cover crops are growing, but some plants are much more exhaustive of moisture than others. The results of these experiments have appeared from time to time in the Chemist's report. IRRIOATION. In some parts of Canada there is not sufficient rainfall during the growing season to suppl,v apple trees with the necessary amount of moisture, hence where it is possible to get additional water and apply it artift<«lly it is desirable to do so when it can be done economically. Before undertaking to install an irrigation .system or to jdant trees with the expectation of irrigating them, it is important to be reasonably certain ei llmt thfri' will Ut an iirifiiiiiiiK. r"iiliiiu..ii., iiikI ii.lninutf -iipplv. uili.rwiK,. ., muti iniitlit liriii»f liU tro.-* to tlic ln'iiriinf ituf iiikI just when W..- irriKiiii-n would !..■ „t thu Kfi'iili^t luluf to him tli.- wiilir -m|i:>I.v rniulit rfn*v. Hitnri' I fuiniiiiiif In irii;;:iii. ii i« iicf«->iir.v to liiHK ttin liiiiil well jfniilf"! >•>> flmt it will Im» |io.>.il>li- |..r tho w.ji. r to mn wiflioiif ii cli.Tk wli.ri« it is (Icsiml for it to ki> hikI iit lli.- ^pi'.tl r.t|uind. If il„.r.. iiro hollow* or ri<><'l. In voiiuif ■inlmrds on,. .lit.h on im.Ii »i.|,. , f a row of tri'.s is suniiiint hut for iM'arinjr onhar.ls the furrows .h,,uhl Iw ffoiii live to sis U't't apart I ..lw,.,.ii th.- rows of fro, -. Fiw aiul llioroiiu'h irrit'iitious arr h.ll. ■ thiin friipiciit anerve the nioi^tur- and «Jinit a r into it aiwi fiuir« than one harrowinK is desirahle iH-twren liie dilf.'renf irri- jrntioiK. Tho prnund s?ioiil,] 1„. tnoi-t -h,.,, winter s.ts in as ih.-re will not I,, so „,u.-h Applt- orclmr.l ln-i ,' .-rig:!!!!!!, lJkiiriaK;ui bikf l)istriot, li.C. dnnirer from roof killing,' as if it were drv. If a special irripntion is n. i. -sary to ttoiko the around moist for winU-r it should tK> made late enough so that there will l.o no dan«»r of eausin;,' the trees to ont'nae ^rowiiiir, otherwise it may lead to mueh injury by 1,-ist. Different soil- will roipiiro ditfiTent treatment and the prowi r will havi- to icani the details for his ^llee:al case by careful ejiperimeutiiit'. TIIINS]N(i AISLES. The thinninp of apples is not as common a practice in Eastern Canada as it is in Brnish Coiumhia where it is atis- faetnrily and will usually e more uniform, iarpcr, and better coloiire well distributed over the tree. If the crop is a very heavy one, one fruit to each spur is sufficient to leave. Komctinics tliinniiiij has not proved profitable and each one must find out for himself whether it will pay him to do it. The following small experiment at tho Experimental Farm, Ottawa, and rej orted on in the annual repcirt for l!il.') will give some idea of the results which may bo obtained. Jforo extensive experiments in thinning havo been carried on by the Dominion Government in Nova Scotia in ihc Demonstration Orchards there. ■illlNMNC i;\l'i:HI.ME\TS WITH WKAI.TIIV .Vl'Pl.l'S, 1914. A thinning experiment on a small scale was conducted with 12 Wealthy apple trees, three being left unthinncd, three having 19 per cent of the fruit removed, three having 2.").!) ijcr cent removal, and three having 30.1 per .cent removed. The api)les wero removed from the trees about tho time that they were the sizo of largo walnuts and every apple removed was counted. At tho time of harvesting all apples harvested from these trees were also counted. In this way a record ( f tlie total number of apples originally on the trees was obtaiiicd. In the packing, the apples were graded into fancy. No. 1, No. 2, No. 3 and cidls and were sold on the market as such, a record being kept of the pack-out from each plot, and of the returns obtained in the sale of the different grades of fruit. The results of the experiment appears as follows : — Tablk No. 1.— Pack out results in 11 quart baskets. Plot. Thinned 251* i«r ctnt Thinned 30- 1 Thinm^d 190 NotThinneil Fancy. No. 1. 10 IS 6 15 13 4 11 No. 3. 1.1 5 4 5 12 Pi Culls. Drops. 41 »2 20 K) 5 TotuI XntiilM-r of Basket-. 82-5 ()9 5 47 a lU 1 ABi.i: Xo. ■>. — The above results expressed in terms of jht ct It will be noted that the greatest percentage of No. 1 and Fancy apples came from the plot thinned lii.'l p»,>r cent, while the total Fancy and No. 1 apples from the other two thimicd plots is about equal and very little in excess of the unthinned plot. The percentage of culls, it will be seen, remains about the same for all four plots. In order to compare the actual merits of the thinned and unthinned plots, it will bo necessary to determine what the results from the unthinned plot would have been, had it been thinned. By actual count tho unthinned plot produced ll,7i":0 apples and 39 83 of the.o were required to fill „ gullo,,, «l.ile fro,„ ti.o plot t'.in.ud .•!(.. 1 p.r ,e.,t .,nlv 20 Bpples were required to fill a gallon. ■ Had the unthinned plot Wn thinned. Ml per eent of the ..pples would h:.v.. h.-.n removed which would have left 8,2;;9 apple, to be harveste.l in the autunu. The «ize of the apples would then have inereased to the *an.e size as those fr,„n the no- 1 per eent thinned plot or, to 29 per gallon. This would have given yield in gallons of 8,239-^-2!) or 284 gall..ns. whereu- the aeUial yield was 300 gallons, «o that there was a decrease in total yield of Ki gallons or 0-3 per cent. *" ' This loss due to decrease in yield, however, may have been offset by the increased value of the apples resu ting from thinning. This can be arrived at bv workin- out the pack-out from the above theoretical yield, usin,, the percentage a,.Iu,illv obtained irom tlio .iO-1 per cent jilot. These pack-out results sh..w that the 30-1 per cent thinned plot gave:— 11-51 per cent Fancy apples. 25-8991 " Xo. 1. 57553 " No. 2. 0-4748 '• Xo. .^. 4-31C.-> " Culls. 40-0431 " Windfalls. Referring now to table Xo. 1 and using these peii thinned to .-'.O-l ,kt cent the total en)p would have been 103 eleven quart baskets instead of 111 us was the iictiial case. The pack-out would have been as follows: — 11-8 baskets Fancy, valued at $ 3 54 26-6 " Xo. 1, valued at .' ." ij ,jr, 5-8 " Xo. 2, val .-d at 1 -jO 6-6 « So. 3, valued at , ;j2 51-9 " Culls & Drops.valued at 2 .')9 Total nr, 40 Instead of 15 liaskets X'o. 1, valued at $ 3 "5 11 ■■ No. 2, valued at 2 47 1<> " No. 3. valued at ;{ 20 69 " Culls & Drops, valued at 34,'; With a total value of |52 S7 This gave a gain of $2.53 for the three trees in this plot. Against this is the cost of thinning which amounted to 11.05 in this plot, leaving a net gain of $1.48 for the three trees. This figuring out for an aero with 45 trees on it would mean a net gain of $22.20 due to thinning. Working on these same principles it was found that the results of the other thiee plots appear as follows: — When 20-1 per cent of the fruit was removed the gain was 20 cents, but when cost of thinning was considered this turns to a net loss of seventy cents or $10.50 per acre. When 10- 1 per cent of the fruit was removed a gain of 09 cents resulted or a net loss of $0.10, when cost of lliinning was considered. This equals a loss of J|>2.10 per acre. It will be seen from these results that only in one instance did thinning pay, but in that one case the profit was worth while. From these results it appears that thinning may or may not i)ay, depending upon the amount of fruit removed, and also upon conditions over which there is no control. In every case uniform trees were selected as much as possible. M HIGH COLOUR IN APPLES. The cause of colour in apples is not thoroughly understood, but it may be said that each variety of apple has a colour or a possibility of a colour or colours peculiar t.. itsolf and it requires the proper conditions and cihemicnl changes to develop them and miiko them apparent to the eye. Certain conditions will intensify the colour of a variety, and others will lessen it. .Some of the principal apparent causes of the develop- ment of colour in fruit may bo considered. It is well known how important a factor sunliffht is in the development of colour in fruit. Fruit that is hidden bv fnliape is not as well coloured as that exposed to full sunlipht, hence the importance of thorough pruning and thinning. During the piist few years it b :3 become quite an amusement to cover part of an apple early in the season with a letter or letters or the profile of some person; underneath these letters or profile the natural colour does not develop Piid when they are removed the letters stand out in green and yellow in the surrounding red, to the wonder of the uninitiated, thus showing that sunlight is necessary for the development of high colour. Heat is also an important factor in determining inten- sity of colour. Each kind of fruit appears to have its optimum or best mean temper- ature in the growing season. In countries or districts w.ith cool summers for the kiiul of fruit in question the fruit is not as a rule highly coloured and where the summer temperature is very high some varieties of apples are not as well coloured as where the summers are a little cooler. Fruit on young trees growing vigorously and causing the fruit to grow late is not well coloured. This leads to the conclusion that the degree of maturity of the fruit has much to do with the colour. In Ontario late keeping varieties have the best colour in the warmer districts where the fruit becomes most mature before picking. Early varieties, or those that mature in summer or early in the autumn, get sufficient heat in most places in Canada whore apples are grown to reach their full development in comparatively warm weather, hence are highly coloured over a much wider area tlian are the late winter varieties which, where the season is relatively short and the autumn cool, do not reach their best condition. In warm, dry seasons fruit matures earlier than in seasons which are less so, and if well developed the more mature the fruit is before it is harvested the higher the colour will be Tlie fruit in the diy di.stricts of British Columbia, Oregon, Washington, California and some other states is noted for its high colour. There the trees are irrigated and by stopping irrigation and causing a ripening of the wood of the tree and a thorough maturing of the fruit the latter becomes highly coloured. In orchards where the trees are m sod. winter apples are usually more highly coloured though smaller than in cultivated orchards, evidently because the trees ripen sooner and the fruit matures more quickly than in cultivated ground. This leads to the conclusion that moisture must play an important part in the colouring of fruit, as the relative amount of moisture and heat will determine to a large extent when the tree stops growin- and when the fruit will mature. British Columbia. Oregon, Washington and other places where irrigation is practiced afford the best combinations of sunlight heat dryness and mo^ure. hence it is that some of the most highly coloured fruit is produced there. What part, then, do soils or plant food in soils play in the production of highly coloured fruit? This is a question in which every fruit grower is interested I'rom the foregoing statement it can easily be seen that warm, well drained soik are most likely to produce apples of a high colour, as on these soils the tree and fruit will mature earlier than on wetter soils. Here is a suggestion as to the effect of climate on flavour which some one, how- ever, may disprove. Where a variety matures thoroughly with a relatively low mean temperature for that variety, then one gets the best flavour .'n that vuriety. Where a variety matures thoroughly with a relatively high mean temperature then one gets the poorest flavour. Where the mean temperature is too low for full maturity, but where there is almost maturity there one gets a medium flavour. Where the mean tempera- ture 15 so low that the fruit is immature there one gets the greatest acidity and lack of flavour. 65 POLLINATION OF APPLES. partial ^ulf-stc-ril. o th" t 0!^^ ,' t iT'l'T " ?"',''?' '" '^'"'^'^ •■"'""'^■^^' - in tl.o,n.c.lves will, if n a u. 1 i,, ! H T '"" *""'"^ ''"'* ""•■''•»'"-^ -sflf-.toriio bloom at tiu. .an,; i ,r:^ fri; ,\f "%'':;T:'^;''"'i'"''' '^ *'"^ *"" ^•'''''■''- a variety wim-h is . If '. r J '^''V N"" ^"''' ''""'''• ^^'^ '^ '"'^ '•'•^•» <'>""J tlu.t «..d by planti i tl o Liuds w Lh "' '^■'",'''"' "'. ''"' '"'^^■'"'•"^ "^ ^he Dominion, oa the dates of blosso . .J^,/ " ^ j^: ^ 'i "' ""»• ^^ f <^ ^-a-. observation, parts of Canada for thonor,;,.Wiv-'^' '.'''■■■'' """"'' ^'>' ^"''''"'"' i" ^"'i""^ The data thu no 1, .t • . ■'■'^:r", "* '*'" ^'^■"*^"' Kxporiniental Farm. followingli to apX d '..'rTntrt^r" "'"^ ".-'^ """' "''^•^"^■'- »" ^-''^ ^he bloominij. While his divi^si^^ li groups aeeonhnu. to tlu-ir av,.raBe time of found tu be fa? 1; ec^ t e^lLc ^" *-'""' '" "" '''''' "*" ^'"""J"' "^ -» ^^ IvVKLY r.HOIP. Antonovka. Ducliess of Oldcnburp, Earlv Tlirvest Gideon. JIaas. llurlhnt, Longfield. I'att!;, (if ' Fa mcuse, (Iravpnstoin. Shiawassee. Tetofsky. U-a.e;;;;:-^a;i:;p;p;;no"a;';!ef """""'• '"°" ^^ '"-• .MEDIIM OROI p. LATH (iROIP. DWARF APPLE TREES. manv'y?.rl;^l"i?i' ,'■?'' T^ '"/ "'""'•^ ^♦"^''^^ ''''^"^ '^-" '^--n --ossfnllv f,. would otherwise d. In Canada th;. sp..i;r;;;th:ds^::o n::\:tz.:i:\:'z briffht sunshine and h.ph summer temiK-ratures favour enrlv bearing of tl ? 1 trees are planted, when they are propagated on ordinary free Ln-owin.r seodlinllV I "^zr^ '"'"""'''' "" '''"' °' ^™'-'^''^^ Stocks rBHtirS^r^i^w::: accomplishes sonicwhut similar results as ho ilois when he suiiinicr prunes or roiit liriiiies his trees to elieck the growth „f the top. The ihvarf stocks dwarf ( r check the growth of the trees and the latter eonie into h-arinj,' sooner than on ordinary feedling stocks. Two kinds of stocks are usuiilly used; the French Paradise stock whieh. owinj? to its very slow growth, checks tlie growtli of the trees prnpa-ated on them \x'ry much; and the Douein stock which may be called a semi-dwarf and wln'di does not check the growth to nearly the same extent. Xo cxtensiv. experiments hine hccn made at the Central K.vperimental Farm with dwarf stocks thou-h both tl.e French Paradise and Douein have been used. In the case of the French Paradise tic teiideney was for this stock to stunt the growth of seme of the trees making them less able to resist the oyster shell scale. Others which made a good start have not been so checked, but this nmy be because some >f the roots from the scion were thrown out. The Douein stock did not materially .•heear to be in growing trees on dwarf stocks is that in the ease of the amateur who has only a backyard in whi<'h to grow fruits he could grow nior.' tr.'t^ and a greater variety than he otherwise would Ho will, however, find that to keep dwarf trees in gof.d condition lie will have to prune carefully and watch that root throwr out from the scion do not eventually tr.ke the place of those from the stock, as if they do the tree will be on its own roots and will be dwarfed no longer. In parts of Canada where root killing is liable to occur Para- dise stock -li >uld not be used as it is not very hardy. F'xperiments carried on at'tho New York Experiment Station on a comparatively large scale confirm our own experi- ence with a few tr.H's. We should, therefore, not advi.se the planting of apple trees on dwarf stocks for commercial purposes in Canada. SPRAYING. If the fruit grower faithfully i)crforms all the operations described in thi-. bulletin from the planting of the tree to the time when it comes into beariig and after, hut does not spray, one of the most important factors in successful orcharding,' will have been neglected. Owing to the numerous injurious in.sects and fungous diseases which unfortunately, affect the apple in Canada it is absolutely necessary to spray if a large proportion of Xo. 1 fruit is to be obtained from one year to another. The advantages of .spraying have been thoroughlj- proven by many exi)erimcnts which have bet-n carried out during the past twenty-five years and one mi-lit be led to think that all farmers and fruit growers would si)ray their trees. It i.s"true that many do spray, but only a comparatively ^niall proportion have really satisfactn^- results. This is not the fault of spraying in itself, but usually because the work ha's not been thoroughly or ii-telligcntly done or the mixtures have not been properly niadV Some are discouraged 1 C' -a use in seasons when apple scab is not bad tile man who do.-l. not spray at all may have as good fruit as the man who spravs. This should not however, be a discouragement as in a year wlic; there is much' disease the man who spra.vs will be rewarded for both year's work. Spraying is an «.xpcnsive op.Tation and It IS surprising that so many continue to waste money hv not doing the work well Tlio early sprayings are the important ones and if these are neglected much loss i.s almost sur.^ to follow. Spray calendars have been issucxl from the Exj)erinientd F irm Ottawa, from time to time in which a certain number of spravings are suggested ..t certain stages in the development of the leaves, flowers, and fruit, and one is n„w avai!a!-le to any cue who ask.-, for it. Spraying should be done thoroughly so that every leaf, bud, and fruit if possible will receive some of the material, not only on one part of it but as nearly all over as possible. Every leaf, flower bud or young fruit missed means a possible .starting point for disease or msect pests. I >•; " ■■-!•""».» n... "Ell ' ' :,' ;:'";:'";™' v' -^f,"™' ■«"' ■■• <-li''mi.Ml c-orni)..siti,Mi ,.f tho miitcrinl^ »,.. „ i i '"""'.'•- " " """' knows the y "Iter thorn sli^l„Iy t, „^ ! "^ .; :; " i^,'";'' '"'^ "'"'"-^ '*""'^' "^ ^'-"^'"^- '"■ "i.itiTiuls used ^ro,-s „„ furtluT than the num. 1, i ■"".■i" "r ,'•"" ■*""""■"-•' "I th ■^l'-' y. He should nlso do his s„n,v ,J s 3; • " "'n ' ^'""" *'"' '■'-'^•"•'i"- A d..Iay of a few days „,i^,.t na-an ,. H . ; £> U ;:f H ' "'• * "^ ^"'"""^ ''"'^^'■^"•''• "s th.To miKht he no ntiirn f„r the l.,l„ ,1 "" ""^f'"-'' <•>• so]„tion u ilirrri'l'j';:;: -''-!:"-'"S"^;'. ,:=;■■■;:,; "" "" "•"■ "' '•"■'• »"'■"■ '" "»»--! .1...:' ;;l;i,'i;";„:; '.r;,:,':",:; X"," I s a rapid «' sprayings .n-,' l-owT sprayers, Central Kxperimental Kara,, i '»:i, Ont, t e oodI,„,. „,oth nnd the eureulio .and in th, r'""" ■"'/''^' ■■'■>"i tl>'> 'iplii-les. To d.-strov the :: s=:irj!ird::::''v:;'r:r; •;■";'' --"- "V- ^-a^ orf;;^;";. ...ieh destroy ,h,.so it is neees,arv t sS t :''i ^ '■'"•""■ ^"'•">' ''^ '-■-•-I- - to .^o^ the hn.athin. peres .. I iSn^te'rSv't;';^"^'^^ ^'*" ^'^'^ ^''™- •■'" spr.i.v Most .nso,.tu..des i.sed for hitinp insee, ' ' IMSOcts. '^":r!rt t '"'^'"* ""■"' ^^'"■•*- - <•- ^--t tro.,bieso„H. In th,. tii-i ,.h,..s are, as exanipU's. secono eh.ss th,. San .T<,s,. s<-aie. oysfr lut.n^r M.s.vts a so-ealled "internal" poiso,. - . "r tn penetratinp propertii-s ,,f the ave l.ttk. if any effect on the saeking of Canada It is very i,njK>rtant to spr»v the tree- within ., „. l, t. u V ■ '•""■ **8 !)2S9,S- injT OS the spray to enter, but they afterwords close, and the spray should be applied before they elos'e, otherwise the results will not be satisfaetory. To i-outrol apple scab which is the disease which causes most injury to apples in Canada, it is verj- iiniKirtant to destroy the spores as soon as they jrerniinate in the spring, hence the necessity of having the tree well covered with the spray material so that if a spore perniinatcs it will be destroyed and the disease prevented from develop- iiip further. For full ])articulars in regard to the life histories of insects and diseases and other information in regard to them the reader is referred to the Kiitornolo^rical Branch of the Department of Agriculture. Ottawa, and the Botanical Division, Kxperimental Farm. Ottawa. Owinn to the practical impossibilit.y for the fruit srower to pet time to make a special spray for each particular insect or disease it is desirable to control a number of kinds as well as possible in a few api)lications. For this reason a number of in>-ects and diseases which may bo controlled in this v/ay are mentioned in the following Spray Calendar. SPRAYINC} CAT.ENDAE. Plant. Apple. Scab or black spot fiinKUH, Booty blotch, black rot, oodlin^ moth, leAf.eating caterpillars, borer*, blistor mite, ciirc\iliu, apple aphis, wale insects. l-Ht Application. Lime-sulphur wath or I'ouoncd Bordenur. ■JuKt as leaf buds are opening (Important. ) 2ncl .Vpplication. Limr-tulphnr mish or Poiumtd liordeatur. J list before blossoimx oi>en. ( Import- tnt. ) 3rH Aiiplication. Limc-fulphur waih or Poif lined Bordciiur. As Koun as blossoms fall. (Important.) From one to three more sprayings may lie neces- sary to control the apple scab, depending on the season and prevalence of the disease. Nicotine lulpKatf, Kerosene emulsion, or Whale-oil .inap just wlien buds lireak and eggs arn hatched for aphis; again in late May or .lune when young scale insects hatch. Nicotine sulphate, if used nii.xed with the Lime Sulphur ivash, will kill many of the aphix. For oyster-shell scale, spray trees lato in autumn with Lirne imsh, two coats, applying the second as mk». :ui the tint is dry. Lime Sulphur wash for San Jose scale, first application. FORMUL.K. i.rMK-sri.iMirn wash. (For San .Tosc Scale and Fuiifious Diseases.) Lime lb 20 Sulphur, powdered " 15 Water to make gal. 40 Slake the lime with only enough water to do it thorouffhly. Add the sulphur by dustliiK it over tiie lime while flaking; stir well and boil for at least an hour luldins only so much hot water as is nccosary for easy stirring. When thoroughly cocked, strain through sacking, and apply hot. COMMEKC'IAI, LIME .SULPHUR. When commercial concentrated lime sulphur wash is used, it should be diluted for use, when there are no leaves on the trees to 1 gallon of the coiKentrated wash to about 9 gallons of water varying with the inteiifcity of the wash. For use when there 'ri ta •A f'T.^'lf '™7"'P''"'- "^""'-J !"> 'l""*^' t- 1 gallon of tho ooucentr..to.l wa.h to .5S t„ 40 PM Ions ot water. Ar^rnato of Ica.l i. th,. b.-st iK.iso,, to „s.. with tli. li„u- Bulphur wash. Ars..nit.. of Ii,„o will injur, folia^... Arnonato of li,„.. is a „r „. i « iiisectic-ido to U80 with limo sulphur wash. pronuMnK COXCK.VrU.MKI) I.IMK MLl'lllH. This enu bo made at homo instcui of buying th.. .-onnnoroinl limo sulphnr. With a formula of .,0 p,.u„.ls frosj. limo, lU) poun.ls *,ulplH.r to 4(. ^xHons of wat.r Ifo.t he wator to near boiling, then put in the limo. and when it i« slakod. add the sulphur laxing hrst broken any lumps and soro.Miod it. Keep tho mixtur.- b„ilinu' woU for an hour when, if 't has k-en frequently stirred, it should be in r,,n,litian. Thou ropl:,,., wa er lost in boihnjr to make up forty galbms. .Strain throuirj, n ■2i> to the ineh me.h and store ,n barrels until ne^-de.!. If barrels are ..ot elosed. oovorinjr the surfa I.IMK SI l.l'lllli. (Kspecially for Hrowu Hot affectiiiff reai-lies.) Unslaked llmt> . Sulphur (flour or flow("-8) . . „ ^ Water , » R-al. 40 Slake the iime in a barrel with a littl.. e„l,l water. After screoniu- to break up lumps, put the sulplu.r m another vessel and add enough water to make a thin pnste ..ow p.nir the suli.hur i-aste, or even the dr>- sulphur slowly into tho barrel .■ontaininsr the sinking' lime. Stir the mass thoroiiphly an.l add enough cold water to keep the lime from stickinR to the Iwttom of the barrel and to ensure thorough slaJcing but avoid usmjr more wnter than is n.Kvssary until the lime L. slaked when ...lough witer shou.cl le at once added to cool the mass. Strain before sprayin?? and ad.l enough water to make up to the pro,K)rtion in the formula. It is found that a d«.ir iblo amount of heat is obtained by slaking L'i p:,unds of lime with 2t pounds sulphur at ^-'liv V 1X116* I.IME WASH. (For Oyster Shell Scale.) Unslaked lime ,. , „ Water ..'.'.'.'.'.'. a, ■" '° " .Strain through Backing before sprayinB.' To be applied" late'ln autumir. ' BORDEAITX MI.XTIIRE. (For Fungi.) Copper sulphate (blue.-stone) ih . Unslaked lime „ T Water (1 barrel) •■•••...!.!..."..".."..".."■..'■. .gal. 40 TO When npniyiiig jwat-h and plum folioKi' whicli may bf iiijurod by the ordinury foriiiiilu, it is rtiifiT to use Borleuiix mixture ia tho proportiuti of 3 pounds cdpiMr eulpliatc, 4 iKjunds limo to 40 gullons of water. Di!*('olvo tho i-opinT suljihate ;by su»i)oiidiii({ it in a wooden or earthen vessel coii- miiiiiiff 4 or 5 or more pillions of water). It will dissolve more quickly in warm water than in cold. Slake the limo in another vessel. If tlie lime, wlien slaked, is lumpy or fc-ranular, it should l>e straine 1 tliroujih eoar.so sucking or u fino sieve. Pour the eopper suljihato solution into a barrel, or it may be dissolved in this in the fitvt place; half fill the barrel with water; dilute the slaked lime to half a barrel of water, and pour into the diluted coi)pt'r sulphate wdutioii, then stir thoroughly. It is then roaer sulphate and milk of lime may be prepared and kept in separate covered barrels throuRhout the .-prnying scas,.n. The (piantitift, of eopixT 8\ilphate, lime and water should be carefully noted. Bordeaux mixture deteriorates with nge and should bo used ns soon as made. To test Bordeaux mixture, let a drop of ferrocynnide of i)otassium solution fall mto the mixture when ready. If the mixture turns reddish-brown, add more milk of lime until no change takes place. POISO.NKD ItoHDKM X .MIXTl RK. (For Fungi and Leaf-eating Insects.) To the 40 gallons of Bordeaux mixture prepared as above, add 4 to S ounces of i ari8 green, or 3 jiounds of arsenate of lead. I.NTKR.NAL Poisons (vor Bitixcj Ixskcts). PARIS c:heen. I'arlg Rreen ,y^ Unsiakert lime '„ ] ^"'^ ■■..■•..•■..■■..••.."■..■■..■..••.;•..••.. Kal. 16^ ARHU.N'ATE OF I.KAD. Arsenate of leail ,, „ . „ ^-" ■.•.•.■■•.•.•.•.•.•,•.;•.;■.;•.;■. :,!!;; .-'"^ Mix thoroughly before usinjr. If dry arsenate of lead is used, one half the above (luantity will be sufficient. Contact Poisons (for Rickino Inskcts). *MC<)TIXE sri.PHATK. (Contf'iiinf^ at least 40 p»^r cent nicotine). (For Aphin.) Nicotine sulphate „. ■■ «; • -ir 1 part to SOO ID 1,000 ot water. It should be more concentrated for some species. NICOTINE. (For Ro.=e Thrip and Aphis.) Nicotine. Water. . 1 teaspoonful. 1 gallon. •A preparation of this known ns "Black Leaf 40" Is offered for sale In Canada. Tl KKH().SKNK KMI I.MON. (For Aplii!<, Scale iiiul otlu-r Sufkiiijj Iiir^fct.".) Kerosene (coal oil) _,l . rii\lii water «' • S™!' •.".'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.■.■.■■.lb. i Di!i.s(.lvc wmp ill wutor by boiliiijr; tako from firt-. imd, while hot. turn in kcrospiio niid churn hriskiy for 5 minuti's. For use, dilute with !• parts of wnter w. that the g above ;J Knllt'ii" "f ^toe•k emulsion will make ;l<» ^rallons of sjirayiinr mixture. FU)LR KMILSION. (For Apli!.». Seale ami other SuekinK Inse<-tt«.) Keroiene ,,u„rt. 1 f'!"'"' o». 8 Water ^„, j Stir together the flour and kerosene, then add tiie water, and churn violently fi'r live minutes. To be used at onee. W1IAI.K-OIL «<).\P. For brown or hlaok aphlB 1 lb. In 4 khIIohh wnt«T. For scale-insects (younK) 1 lb. In .'> For green aphis or thrlp 1 lb. In 6 •• Tn to twenty dollars. For small orchards up to two or three acres a barrel pump which can be i>laced on a cart or truck and worked by hand" will be found satisfactory. Such pumps cost from twenty-five to thirty dollars. With pumps of all kinds, it is di'sirable to keep uji a good pressure, hence with small pumps where the pressure is kept up by hand it is important to have a good pump. For larger orchards the power sprayer has now taken the place of the hand sprayer as the work can be done quicker, more thoroughly and more economically than with the hand pump. A 21 horse jwwer engine with a two cylinder pump can be purchased for about $30!). The hi)se re<'ommend.iirH.viiijr nuu-iiiiurv tli<> ri-nder i« rcfrrn-d to Hiillrfin Na. Tl» of tin- Kx|Hrimtiit:il Fiirrii Svrii-x by .Nf. li. Diivin (III Hi'iiovatioii of the Nt(tli'<'tiiJ Onhanl with S|iiecpt- ibie to the disease are the Fnineusc, ( Iravciistciu, and Mcintosh, anpcptible to the disease. It will be a trreat Inwii to the fruit growers when this comes to pass. RFXOVATIXC OIU'ITAUDS. Many orchards have been nci-lectcil s.^ loiii^ and have reached such an ape that it will not k' profitable to uttenipt t:> reMoxiit.^ them, and tlio best plan would !«■. in such cases, to plant yountr trees. On \\w otL.'r hand, tiii're are many orchards whero the trees, if cared for, would l>o in the pruue of life, and ne).'lect is the oidy cause which prevents iirotitable <-rops Iroin beint? uniwu. It is of orchards snch as these that a few suKSestions are offered as to how to brin>f then, back into pood condition. For fuller particulars tho reader is referred to Bulletin No. 79 of the Experimental Farm series as recommended under sprayinj? aj)plianceF,. The results desired cannot be nceomplished in 0:10 year. To bepin with, the trees .should be pruned, not too heavily at first, but enonph limbs should be taken out to oik'u up the top and permit a free circulation of air and the admission of sunlight to it, and as nnich as [xissilile of tliis work should I- done from tho outsidn of tho tree. The trei's may need -• ^ • re headinjr back uv iM»isibly thiwe in every other rnw should be removed. The^e oiierations are fully describe*! in the bulletin referred to. Th(* trees will probably be nnieli moss jrrown, and Imth tiny and the fruit affecn-d with various diseases, and injurious insects are almost certain to abound. Sprayiiiff should be bepun early in the season, as recommended in the spray inpr calendar in this bulletin, and the trees should be kept covered from toj) to bottom with litne .sulphur wash or Bordeaux mixture and arsenate of lead tmtil tiie fruit is almost fully prown. Serapinp tho trunks and larpe branches of the trees may lie done if there is nnich moss, but as soon as tho tree becomes more viporous, and air and sunlipht are admittelant sown and the pround rulleil. n A irood r .rnp ^houl.I \^ {.>n,u;\ l.y iiiitumii. Tlii-* wr.uld ronrliulo tho fir*t wiiM..hM work. Tl». r.-ultH would |.r..l.,d,|,v !«• a jrr.ntl.v ii,.r. i.-d viK-.ur in lli.- In.w iin. f.io fruit. tli..u>fh iKThaps not |.l-„tiful. would !»■ ilimicr. Tl... wk-omiI .Hca-.-n midit.onnl. Imt I.'ks. ,,rui.ii>i; slioul.l I... d •. 'ho tr.. s k. pt tlr,.roUKhlv .prav,.! ..« lK«forp. tho rov.T crop i.IoukIkmI ujid.r in th.. ^prii.K. and I ho land kept harrow...! or <•uItivat.Nl till July, nn.l tli.Mi K..nw> w-.'d m.wm for auofli.T expr. (..,1 to U.ar h.-avil.v and th.. ..r.har.l Ik. in u I .-ondition.' IMCKINt; AM) l'A( KINti. It IS difflfiilt to (fivf ..xa.t inl'oriiiaiion a* to tho U-xt timn to pick apph-.-. Ka.h fruit jfrowc-r must li>arii this fr..m i«r»onnl <.xiM.ri..nfi'. Soni.' viiri..ti..s r«..|uir.' to h.) l.icKfd at on.. NtiiK.- of niiituril.v, and soiii.. nt anotli.r. Tli..r.. an. how..v..r. H..v..ral jr-^iu-ral dir.<-fions whi-'li may l«. t'iv..u. Karly nppl..H whi.'h ar.' int.'n.l..d for n.-ar niurki.ts (.la.ul.l he pi.-k..d wli.u almost m.-Uow, and .lisp-iscl ,,f as s as po,.ihl... U.S tlu'ir «.'ason is nhort. Th.. In^st way of putting up .arly iipi'lfs is in li or 11 -luart hii-k.'ts with loiio covers, or in hoxcs. For ..xp.)rt pnrims..s th..y should Im" pi..k...i when W.I! colound hut still tiriii. Kxpcricii.... will soon teach th.. U.st time to j.i.k for thii* IMirposo. Winter nppl..s may Im- h.ft on the trc..s until thrre is danger .if injuriou* frr.st. In larno or.har.ls it is n<.<-essary to U'^iii picking in jro.i.l m'»m,h, an.! tho ditr..rent vuri.'th.s will have to he tak..n in sii......ssioii. iH.jrinniiiK with the .arly winU-r sorts uii.l those varieties whi.li dr.ip easily. For this reason ami on u.-iount ..f tho scarcity of lahour, it is important to K'r..w vari.-ties which leiiKtlu.n tho picking season. An njiph- In.foro lH'iii»? i.i..k..d shoul.l hav.. its s.h'.Is almost mature, and have taken on most of its c.)lour. As s.-asons vary ..onsi.lerahly. ju.lKin..iit has to he shown as to the Inst tim.. to Kuther tlie fruit. When the season is hot, tho fruit maturea sooner and should he picke.1 eorlier. It oltin ha|>pens that u K""i1 rutlieriiijr. Wint.T varii.tii's upi..ar so hard when th.y ar.- pick..d that ono mi^ht ho led to think n little cari.less handling would have ii'> injurious effe..ts ujwn them, i)iit this is not the cas.-. Apples ari. ..n^ily hruis.d. and som.- varie- ties much more ..asily than others. When an appl.> is hriUM.d. its apii.araii.e i.- ..I'ltn spoiled for the home mark..t and its shippinj,' (lualitli.s very much l..ss..ned for tho export trade. Tin hriiiM.^ of some varieti.-s. while distiKurinur the fruit, do not iii.luco tho apple to rot rapidly; on the other hand, thi.re an; many vari.ties whi..ii v. ill r.t rapidly when once brtiise.l. Bruis.-s may h.^ avoid...! by cur..ful haii.lliiifr and nothin;,' 8h.)iiKl induce th.i practi.-e adopt.^tl hy some iHV.plo of shaking tho ai>p!i.s from tho trees. Apples should not he picked and pil...! in the orchard, as th..y an; liable to h.,.at in the piles and riiK-n rapidly ond thus have their k.(.piiii,' qualify iin|iain.r, ns too much caution ..aiiuot he tak.'ii in this r.'^'anl. A hook nuiy 1, fasten.. 1 on tiic handle, .so that .l.c ha-kct may be sii>iieiid. >1 while tho l)iekcr is at work. The easiest way to remove tho apples from the branch will soon he learned. Tho stem should n-main on th.; ai)ple, as if bnik.'n otT, decay :'s mon> likely to set in. The fruit may be either sortM imm..diat«>ly or taken to a stor>.houso Rnd p.=ickf-d at some future time. Many of the b.".-;t pr..w.-rs i-.-rt and pa.k iii tlie on-hard. and certainly the fruit has much less danger .>f beinjr hruis...! if treated in this way. But owing to the scarcity of labour, this i«i seldom done now by the b.>st (growers, who prefer to use all their help for harv.-stinp the cn>p ami netting it under .•ov..r in ii cool place, leavinpr the packing until later, and the apples wli..n \>'u-kri\ an; merely emptied into barrels and drawn to tho storafre house. i 'i 74 A RortitiK \xinti\ fovfri'd with >.(itm« »oft matrriul i* arriiiitrc*! nt n i-onvciiioiit din- taiK't' trmii thu tfri>uii(l mi whit'h tlio iipplci ur« I'liiptioii fi-'nii tlic bankftK, \f<\,>* tir harrcU, 'i'liry iiro tlic-ii imuully wrfcil iiili> thrci- Krudt'-, imiiit !,v N'.i. 1, No, :;, and Nil, :t, uiid if tlic fruit if i'N|M.M-iulIy itiiod, u " lamy" urudi- i^t ulmi mudc. Tlii< No. I and So. 'J ari< |iut in buMki'tit um n'lccti'd, and tlit* ciilU ihrowii to oiu' Midi-. r)ii'4i> lla^>k<'ts Hiiotild Ih- r'liiMll ciHiuuili to tin iiilii u liiirri'l, .-liuiild tli>- lattt'r l>t- iI'^mI. Mui'biiii':4 for Kradiii;! and Hi/.injr fruit liavi- hrvix uscil for tliij* work in riTint .vcars Imt, ui>!fot or codiinK moth, the hund will havi- to Im> u»<'d id»o. 'I'hf usual prai'tifc is to fni'r the cuil of the harril witii two hi.Vfrs of npphs pliu'fd ni'Htiy and t KJitly in it with the hand, >ti'mH down. If thi' sti'ins ari' lonif, 'hey ■.houM he cut off to prevent injury. Thi* fa xhouid Ih> a fair sample of the kind ot iio-.le* whii-h are in the mirtant factor in nucepMsful pnckinff. The last row of apples should eoine slij^htly ahove or just up to the heading tiroovi . If they nro above thin, there will Ims too many bruiHed when the head is prisstnl in. Thti iippU-s arc prvssed into plaec hy menns of a lever luid n circular hand lincii with feft just fitting the barrel, until the top boards can be fitted in. If tho apples have been well shaken when beiiiif put into tho hurrel, very little pressing is neeessar.v. \* all the pressiiiK that is recpiircd is to kj-eit tho apples from movintr, the moro pressure that is put on, tho greater quantity of bruised apples there will 1k>. Some yielding; nutterial, such ns excelsior or felt, i)lae«>er place to store them, he is obliged to sell, while if he were able to hold them for a time, In^tter prices would be obtained. .^7^1 Bin 75 A 'vllar „fi..n uuHw,r. ll... ,.ur|..«,. ..f „ ,t„r..r.H.n.. In.t it tnk.- .■ Inw oolhir to »torc triut fr.„n a law "r-l.-.M. l„r „«„, xari.ti... ..f .ppl-- a wll wnlil ...1 r Hbov.. Kr,.u,,.) w„L,.,„M,,arahv..|,v ,lr.v air. (I,.. tr,„|H.r.,l,.r,> ..t «|.irl, max Ik- k, ,.t |,.«, i, "' '""'•, ■}''':'"■; '!;'■'.' "^ "' '- "''i''- •'"■'^•l '•""'>• ^.h,. l...,...r i„ a ,n„.t „„.a... . T. . . •', ,*""''''"*>• '"">• '••■ '■'•"•••..I wilLout a t:r..at .■x|.,n.lit..r,. ..f i. „,.,• It «h..ul.I Ik; bu.lt H. ....-h a niai.n. r that th. warm air may U- k.-pt nut ai.,1 im. ■,..,.,l..r i.ir k.i.t .... or v.... v.T.,.. Tl... t. ,u|...rafu.-, -l.„ul,| ]». kr,.t hh ......l „. ,H.„il,|,- ;„ ,|,., a..i.in.... mui iii tho wiiit.T it .l.uul.l U' mi.i..taii..^l it fr..m .-I-' F t.. .T, ' 1- Tl... ••im.Ut apiilcs aro kf|it without frwzii.if, tla- iHtt.T If in, til avoiij I"-« to tl.c coll- Appl. . may 1«> k.pt in surl. « f,.,i|,|ii,^ „„,il ,i,..y „,.. r..,,uin-.| for -iMpm.,., tl...y art. kept lato into tl.o wi.if..r. tl,..v -l.o.iM U- r-pa.-k..l Lofor.. .|ii„„iii,. to "•'ii.liiitf away anything that will !>,• a ,lis, ndit to It,,. KlIll.lT. lollSl'M lie rcjful..tc(l, a. it j «:roW4r ami n V it U (.ftfii (lilHruIt t , Kft a ).lai-« wli.n- tli.> ti , , , , , , ""'"'"•^ '•'"''■'■ '"" "'"•"> "r to,, .old. How..v,.r, thi -I.Mt pla.-o - .,.,.1,1 ... ..hos..,, wluT,. tl.,.r,> .. .... .lanw-r of front. If tWre i- a -hoi,-,, ,.f -wo r.Io„M. lla.t w.th tl... mo, -tor atmoHp|...r,. woul.j 1„. tla- lM.tt,.r. for. as a rut... il». air i, too .Irv for k...pM,. ippK.s pro,..rly iu a -ity l.ou,... If tla- appl... ar.- in >:oo,l ..o,i,|i,io„ „„;i .one of til, -,„.,.,„,..„« h|„.vv. ,:gu-< „i muwu. th.y may U- l,.ft in tl... l,..rr..| or Ik.x If l>ow.,n-..r, .l„.> .!..,w M^;|,^ .,f r„fMi.^. ,i,.,v ,houI,l Ik- s.,rt..,l ai.,1 tl... ,„.rf,...t ..im,.,H' r> wr"l'l""'l 111 |ii,in r. barrel or l«.x •.'!. .■ . . ■. «' |ii>l'.. niii,.h l...s ,la,i«..r of n.t spn.a,lin« if th.. frui IS wrapp..,I Jt . imiKiita.it to k,.,.p th.. fruit it. .-loan ro-vpta,-]..., oth.-rwi... th,.v .ibsorl. unpleasant tlav.nirs. may llm u.i-m.>..,| .l.„,n„.nt „l ,^arl. an.l t. lub-r tr..itH to (ir.at Britain ami to th, westen. prov.n.^e. of ('a..a,lu has m.,.].- the n,.,.,l of ....M-stor ..^e laiil.linKH U-h am many have h,.,, ore.-t..! i., nn^ent y.ars. The temp..r..ture L, ... .h hiiiUIinKs i^' ken fun to soften, and I th.. pre-i-oolins ehamU-r .if the eold >tora).'e house or i, r F.irthi'r information in reHr.ii.l to pri.-eoolin«f ..i..' . from the Dairy and Cold .'^torajre Coinmi.sioner. D.'pir nip • le ml t •III !,•(! sueeessfiilly '■<'k them when -luntly I'ool in .li. he obtiiin.'d •'ilture, Ottawa. YIKLD.S OF AI'Pl.K TICKFS AT DIFFKHJ.;, : v;.(.;s. Ead. y..ar thero are a large number of m.w fruit Krower.s in Cana.la. men who Wievo that they .•...■ make a sucvess of the in.L.stry an.l who are .i..t..ni.ined to rv These nien. iH^fore makniK their deeision, estimate pres.-nt ..nd future ..xp..,.! theV also e.uleavour to estimate prob..hle .-rops an.l profits, hut wii..n they ..oni, to Wk for l^..r..s .lowing ti.e .v|.,.l..s of ,liff,.re„t va,i,.ti..s of appl.-s th..y are .Lappoii te.l h a re.narkal.le faet that there u.s l.H-n very little reliable it.formation pul,li«he, in Am,.n.-a on the aef.al en.ps obtained from trees „f different a«,^ of ,h,. vari..ties of appl.-swhuj. are usually panfd for eomn.ereial purposes. There is the .General state- ment that Wealthy and Waj^ener are early b,^„r,.rs. that Northern .S„v do.s not Leir anything 'oji-^tk "i until it is .,!,.,ut tv..-Ke years of ..ir,., that Kiii^r is a vrv shv bearer and that il.-I.itosh is a rather lif^ht en.pper in .son,, pla.-es. and so on. but fe^ aetual fijfures are available. In fa..t, until a table of s-.n-h yi.l.ls was published in the annua report of the Kxperimental Farms for 19(.:5 w,. ,1„ ,„.t think that any reeord, of yiel.ls had l.,H.n p.iblislu.d who,, tn-es .-ame into Ix.ari,.- a.,,! aft.rwards. Otl«>t records have been published in the reiK.rts for lOO.-,. 1900, and 1911. 7fl Rinop tho yonr I89ft or for C'iKht»H>n foiisecutivo years, records hnve been krpt of the yoiirly crop!* of over ;i,(M)0 apple trees in tlie orchards nt tho Central Experimental Farm. Unfortunately, ninoni; these trees the winter varieties of most commercial value in the warmer parts of Canada are not to be found, such varieties for instance as Tonikins Kinp, U. I. (JrceniiiK, Baldwin, and Northern Spy, as they have not provinl hardy at Ottawa, but other well known sorts sueli as Yellow Transparent, Duchess of Oldenburtr, We^ilthy, Fameuse, and Mcintosh have been re<'orded with miiiiy others. The number of trees of each variety prown at Ottawa, however, is very liniite>ach variety arc prown, the hlKhest yielding tree would 1h( fairly near tho avernKO of an oji'hard of .several acres. These figures arc not given for tho main purpose of basing future profits in orchanliiifr, but rather to jfive some idea of the crop one nilKht ex|)( "t from trees »if different ajres. For estimating probable i)rofits, the yields from whole orchards should be tidien for n series of years but while, no doebt, many such fijiiires will be nvailaSle in a few years, few have been published yet except those in connec- tion with demonstration plc comes into bearing the sixth yciir after planting at Ottawa. In that year a tn>e has borne about two clevcn-t<'en years during which it has bc«>n in bearing, we find the average yield \>vr year from one tree has been about twv) aiul three-(iuarter barrels. It would look as if one might safely count on two barrels a tree. The Duchess of Oldenburg apple is one of the n^Jst reliable and productive varieties. It lupins bearing the third year after planting and by thu sixth year tlu trees will bea:- nearly a barrel apiece, by tho eighth year two barrci-i, and by tlir tenth year three barrels; by the eleventh year more than four barrels and the nuixinium crop .so far hti* been reac-hed in th(! twent.y-fourth year when a yield of over eight barrel.! was obt.\iiU'd from one tree. One tree bore the following crops in thirteen conseeutivo years, beginning with the eleventh year: 2}, 2, 31, I!, 4Jl, ;!, 4, -J. 4*. 4. C, 2, .':>J barrels. Other trees bear a heavy crop every other year. The average yield per tree from the third year to the twenty sixth is about two barrels ikt tree, and from the tenth year to th(s t\veiity->ixtli, three barrels. The Wealtliy is one of the earlie^t and most productive? bearers, but it doi's not become a large tree and the maximum crops have not been as large as some other varieties. It begins iM'aring the s«'e.)iid or third year after planting. One tree gave as much as nine gallons of fruit the tliird year, but as a rule tli're arc only a few apjile.s, the .^'coud and third years and most trees do not give luorr- than from three to five gallons the fourth year. The fifth year there is about half a barrel to a tree although there has been over a barrel on oiu" tree. By the seventh year the trees will be l)earing a barrel or over, ami by the eighth year there has Im'cii as high as two barrels on a tree, iiy the eleventh year some trees will bear two ami a half barrels and by tho thirteenth and fourteenth \ear from three to four barrels. The highest yield obtained from a Wealthy in oiu- year was Tij barrels in the twenty-fourth year. The average yield i«>r year from the third to the twenty-sixth year is about a barrel and a halt. This is a low average compared with some other varieties but the Wealthy is a small tree ai'd as u rule bears heivily (uie year anil has a light crop the next which brings dowi: the average. But from tiie twentieth to Uie twenty-sixth year the average is two and three-tjuarter barrels a tree. 77 Other vnnctips could be discussed in the snme wny hut tlie records of the*p will be found m the table which follows. One of the highest yi.'lds obtain.'d from anv o,,.- tree in uny one year was fr„ni a .McMahaii which, in ihc tvvcntv-sixth v.ar, whi.-h IS the greatest ufje of trees in our or.-hanjs. yicMid nine barriN. In Hnlletin No. :!Tt; of the .Vrw York .\i:ri,.ullnral K.MH.rinict Stath.n the .vields are jjiven of an acre (.f Baldwin orchard of trees twentv-seven vears „1.1 at the l-cRinnin- of tlie exiH-rinicnt and thirfy-s<.ven at the end. For Wu v.'ar^ tl... avcn .vield per tree wu.s 4-20 barrels .■onsistinff of 2-01 barrel sto..k and l-.'iS culls and dn.ps. riase are the only fi-ures f„r a lon^' peri,,,! „f ycar> outside „f tho-e ol.taincl at Ottawa that the writer has hc-n able to find, cxcpt the following- whi-'h were driven by Irof. J._ W. (row at the Annual .Mcetint; ,.f the Ontari-, Fruit <;ruw..rs' Association in 1014 : — '• Kefcrrin-r to the fiifures mentioned by .Mr. .Macun (ti^^un.s whi.-h follow), they were ollected in Norfolk county. Ontario, and five the av,.r,.ffe vield per tree for the years 1!»11. 1!)12. l!)i:5 as follows: l.r,:.'!> Raldwins, 1.1:.'4 i-pies. I.o'tT CJreenin^-s The trees were of bearinp afre, that is possibly about twenfy-fiv.. vears. and all under uniform condition.s of ordinary care. The inferior trees, or ..reliards. not well eare.l for. have not been included in this rsliinate. Tlu' .iverajr.- vi.^ld p, r tree wis- I!.,],), wins. 2-41 barrels: Spies. 2:W barrels: Oreenint's. :.'.n:! barrels. This is the total yield of No. 1 and No. 2 fruit, but docs not include culls." 7S ■in>.( IH9S • :-3?J 2 :3 •.in...t nn;2 ■"<■'■< Ml^^, ;g5 :| .1? :2 . :?,z ; ■2g3S2|= ;* ;| S gS?'' •jm.i pj)^ •M to - -^e 1 5; ao tr: — — -o — .- .^^ fi •^l .(; -^ J«rf.{ piijj I I SSS a!K^fe2!,-= ?.SL: j^Ti?; 5!u-o-j 5 ^ ■v.:.,\ iMi,- :2 :!i ■ «=;?- 4.MA .(»,«; I = f,^ -^ ^ :2 : '.^Zf, •"■■■>■< ii.i;i ; ® > S ■nsi ".■^-34;:??? :«US ««:-' :<'gg s®^ s;?"*'- ;« x : «t>. — .o «3 .f; Tc — I . Nt<-»; ■ ii ■-. ?i v; -T l/i .^ •jna.t t|>9x ■4B.IA i|}m ■•'"•'•^' MIS 1 1 siUs^ S S ?? ?. 55 K 3 S ■ ?»x-r?T^ ^^ I- fict-?: X — 7J — :£ U •jn-iA ipi[ •*j;SS«2- = <= = t--"tT' = -' = ;,: = 5;-'<=*£- = =?r "^■tmot; U$J5i:'flSS '2xi;5=^; •JB..A l|Jfi X . c ■'^ ?i ?i 1 3 «s.ti|w >5g : - V Sl;2f, ■jrJA in^ ■jn.iX mo ! - 5; *i' . nj' w'l'^ i I^ ■ ■ ri ■ ■ ■ w • 1^- ■ ■ ■ ■"•■•■< 'PQ ;" : -«^ :»^ . ;:^ :o -,-i - . C ; ;CJ ; ■ -I- •HirfA" mf- -- *■";:- -3 ■ ■ Jli.iA (Uf; -c n ■;(uiiut![,| j JO ..»i;(i ! III? WlMilWiiMll Ml mmmMMM^ e^ - i I ^ ■5 = a J5 . a. - - : .J s ■■II f a: t- , j;4 !« jK|uiuv; ; [ - X c. c " • : 2: _ •B £ X E =1 = ll ■3 . « '5 ^ r J5 fil ^ -i^ J? • S - i.' u ;: ::: S 'j: ^ ;:; f , «, J,' i.", r, ifj g ^5 ?, g; ^ - ^< 5; 3; ^ j^ j T» rimtii l.y F. T. Sluitt. r!.w.-ly |.l;iiit,.-il Wniltliy aiijil. trees iu U\n,n,. C.-iiti ,1 K\|n-riiii.-iiUl l':iiiii. Dttiiun, Out. riioto l>y K. T, Shult. riimcly |ilantcd Wciilthy apph' tnts in fniit, Central K\iiiTiiii.nt.il \\\Tm, Ottawa, Ont. Bfff 80 A WEALTHY APPLK onciIAin) OLOSKLV I'F.ANTKl). hi 1896 a small orchard of Wraltli.v appl.-s wan planted at tl.o CoiUral Kxpori- in.MitM Farm. This orchard contained 144 tree>, Jo by ]() feet apart, or at the rate of 4."!.") tre<'« per acre. The idea in coiinw-tion with thi,i orchard was to ascertain whether or n.,t the close pliintHiK of such early l)(>ariii>f varieties as Wealthy wa- a protitahh- uridertakiiiir. \s file trees have erow.led each other they have been reuiov.-.! from time to time, and eveiitnally a very larire inimber will he removed until praeti.'ally the whole orchard is demolished. It i> considered that hy plantiiitf such orchards as these, with the idea of tearinyr out the trees and rpplaiitiuK. a jrreater averajre proiit per acre miifht he obtained tiian by ijlaciuK the trees farther apart and waitini; tor some years for all the space to hi" utilized. This, of course is only practicable with such varieties lus the Wi-althy. Wanener, anil Duchess, and trees wiiich are comiiarativcly small-frrowintr trees aiid bear at an early iijre. In removiiifr trees the poorer yieldini; ones have be<'n removed as far lus possible instead of the lieavier yieldiii)? trees, a nn'ord haviiif; been kept of what each tree has produced sii.ce ]«*!•!). Of tlie original 144 trees there are now S8 left. The treatment of this orchard is ditlerent from the friiieral practice, as tlie orcliard is left in sod and the itruM kept cut and allowed to remain as a mulch. It is manured oiii'e in three years. Kollowiny will be found a statement of yields, dat<'s, expenses and nri.)fits from the time the orchard was planted until the end of 11)14:— \Vi:.\l,TII V ( M!C'IAI£I>, i:iit. Oallons. F'rult pirkwl 1.043-.-, WindfiiU.'i ]] ' 867'0 Tot.->I \Jw-:, l'3stlniatoH Wales of I'liiit. pp, Acre. 411 baaketH at •2(1 $ S 00 $ ^.'i f.2 J*"' " "--■• n2 112 101 4S ^" " '-■• 10 00 :i2 0.1 ISl " -30 .-,4 30 173 !.2 20 bags Email apples at TiO 10 00 32 03 $114 92 $3fiS OS Expense?, 101 1 Xlowlncr, 1 man. .■. hours nt 20 omts $ i oo $ 3 ;o l.irnc sulphur ami poison, one spraying; 17,'. !", t]\ Bordfaux and poison. 3 .spray.s 1 r.O ."13 Sliraylnp four times :! 20 10 2.") I'liltincon tree prottctors. 1 man. I I outs, at 2' (■■•rts. SO 2 56 Hint of land !i4 "j 01 401J baskets at Ti cents with »'ovt*rs 20 30 fi", o" rommlssion on sales 1 1 r,0 36 N.'! PirkinK fruit, 137 hours at 20 I'ents 2I 40 S7 76 r'arking frullt, !)2 hours at 20 cents 10 40 33 31 Total expenses t 78 S!) $2.-)2 CS Net profits 36 03 115 40 tm 92 J36S OS 81 WKAl.THY DliCHArtn. 1S»«-1»X4. Average uit pruflt per iicie fiom il:iif f.f plnntlUB, 1S96-1914_ Nfl profltH |i.r ;i.Ti-, IMifi. 11)04. . ... ,, I'lir, ' *" '" ,,,,,,. 103 n \ll^. 112 Mn limv .IT 54 liio;.. ; "' !i nil '"•' " un.i. •""' " iHi 1 ,;':' ?i IKi 40 Tot.il net piofltB per acn- lS!n;-l!iH. 1". ccn'.s "••,«« l-iihoiir HcttitiK. I.IKIO trees at I" ci-nt" u', 1 'repar.it ion of soil .,ii,l ferlilizitiK '.'. ' /. ' ; ; \,\,l ,,J '^•""' $^:^K;r^ Intcre.st on $2.r.r,n for ten years at fi i,. r cent o nie «1 I'ultivatinK a.Kl pruning, nine yeais :,i $| ,,..r acre per'v.'ar" " 7''>17 95 l-ertllizInK ar.M .spraying, nine years ;,, {| • ;„re per V.-ar' ' '".7 95 (Compound Interest cliarKe.l on the atiove investment) . . .' . " Total cost of :'". a.rsl) i'o An orchar.1 .,f l.iKMI troos should Mt tli.' .tpI „( tl.o tell, year liavo pro-liu-o,! 500 barrels m.plos which .shiHihl fnirly rcprocyt ji n-v.-iiiic nf .fl.iMKl hI,„vi' c.xi.ciis,.^ „f hiiiKllinif thorn. This rcvfiiu,. .h'diictr,! fr„ni tlic $7.i«i-'.r.l w,nihl h-nvo 1,11 in.l(.ht,.,ln.Hs of |(J.(U)i.5I or $-JUU() per ncr.-. Tho .■.tiinat.. of ^2r,a per ii,-n> .,s thf cost of .Icvvlop- ing a ten .votir old orchiird is npproximuU'ly correct. (OST OK I'llolK ( TI(P\ l'i:i( .V< l:!' VKTll! TIIK TINTII VKAH. '■'■un'nff J 1 on I'loiighiiiK anil first cultivation 3 j„ Four cultivations .-it ■",(! c<'iiis each ., „D SprayinK four times, iisinj- live gallons p.r tre<' ai . a. Ii :ip|ilic/ition son Kallons at 1 cent per Kallon ' ^ ,,0 Cost of application of spray as sh'wn IrIow .. ,. '] - ^^ <'ultivation and cvjvcr cr-op ] " * 4 no Kertilizers - no Two men on rods at $1.7."i .'.'.'.'.'. 't ;» "T""" tsTfifi 1 IIST Id' SI'IIAV MATKIil',:.. One Ballon c-oncentraleii lime sulphur to 10 Kal'.ons witer 20 Two pounds arsenate of lead to 1" tiallons water at In cmfs.. ... 20 Forty Ballims mi.Mure cost 4ii ccius .1 cent per nallon. I OST or .M'PLK .^TION. Kivo t-allons per tree at four npplici.tions ..ipials JO gallons ,H:.r tree. Forty trees per acre nt -X) pa h.ns each e„uals s.M. ,,,llo„s per acre. On,, power oi.tCt shu.Ui p„t oil an avern.ffe nf l.i'Oil srallon.- jier ihsy :ir d,.-i U -ieres l>:.'.S!tS— (J 82 tosT Til Dl-liKATE. One power outfit, tN.50 per day an follows — One boy to drive 1 00 One tenm 3 00 (iaiolene and weitr and tvui' of nmi'hinu 1 00 Total $S 50 l"o»t pir aire ,". 6(> An ucre of orcliard >ilioulil produce from the teiitli to the fifteenth year nil iiverase of 1,000 barrels or 1 barrel p«'r tree, and from that on at least 2 barrels per tree. The cost of manaKiiiK ->> neres at $;5;l.(it! \x'r acre would amount to $«41.50 whifli. if 1,000 liarrols are produced, would equal 84-15 cents per barrel. After the fifteenth yciir the crop will increase to 2,(K)0 barrels whereas the expenditure per acre will not he any Srreater which increase will at once lessen the cost of production by one-luilf, or to 12 cents per barrel. To the aljove should Im- added the diaries for handling; the crop, whldi will bts approximately as follows per barrel. Cents. Barrel 40 PlcklnK 15 I'nrklni! 10 HaullnK to station or war«'l'*)uiBe 10 Tof 111 "a The cose IHT barrel will therefore \>e lfl..'>!) for from the tenth tu tiTlei'iith .vc:ir Dnd *H.17 after the fifteenth year. Allowihfr for an interest on investment, assuming; that the orchard cost $-.'.">0 jmt acre to ten years of ajre and interest on the money rMiuiretl to develop the crop we have 111) additional $17.01 ]k-t acre equal to 42 cents per barrel, or u total co-.t of •*2.ol from the tenth to fifteenth year, and i^lM) from the fifteenth year on. Should the crop increase the cost of production will r)f course correspond! nffly le? sen. Ii would apiiear that up to the fifteenth yenr apples will cost to produre, han-est and market and pay interest on investment $2.01 per barrel, an!> per barrel. The estimate of 40 barrels 7K^r acre fr >in the tenth to tlie fifteenth year and SO barrels \h't acrt from the fifteenth year in is considered by growers (icneraily to Ik too low. They claim that an averuffe of 1} barrels |«t tree from the tenth to the fifteenth year and .") barrels per tree from that on is a fair uvcrage. CO.ST OF (iUOWING A BAUKKL OK 15()X OF APPLES. Very few records are available in Canada of the actual cost of urowinfj a barrel or box of api)les from year to year, but some estimatt\s have U-eii mudi^ and expenses recorded by u few [K-rsons, some of which are given below. Expenses have bet'n kept of urowinjr a barrel of apples by Mr. Manninfr Ells, Port Williams. X.S., based on an orchard of ;!2i acres over ten years planted. In l!tl4 they cost $1.32J per barrel tree run laid down to be j)ackeil on the warehouse fioor. In 2tll."> the cost p«T Imrnl was $1.22 tree run landed at the warehouse. Mr. Ells states in a letter to the writer: " In niakiii)? up these exiM'uses, I charfju the orchard 17 cents an hour man lalM)ur and l."> cents an hmir horse labour. A cbarjie of 5 cents a barrel is made on the crop for interest and depreciation of tools and equipment. Barrels are charKcd at their cost. 2S cents in the Inst two years, and a charge for interest on investment is made on a valuation of $,'>O0 an acre for all orchard over ten years out. My orchard oi. which I am keeping accounts is ;\2\ acres over ten years out, which makes an interest diarge iit (i iM-r cent (,f $!•!)() a year. To find the cfwt JUT r^Rckcd barrel <.r,r },rrt\-^ <:: q.->.l l.'i j-^^r cent to there figuree (etirt whci: landed -•cvTtii«afc.t Saff'^* 88 to 1.0 pnokrd flt warohou«P) nnd n.1.1 the pnokinR oxx^mo^ I think In „ f!.» z'^i^tr,.:;;,:;:: »:;••"'"■ '♦'■■ ^'' •''■^.'»:'":^^:". -■:-;•= " "- Si\tr7„r™'«Lrt,:;r;', S • ■" «"-'■■« ' •■' T,.ri'%^^"""''"'/',r'^" ''7 '"^"""-ti"" "l>^'i>"'l from ..noual r..,H,rt of Mr A (I Ovtarto -Arrordiug to tho late Mr. Rol.t. Tli.„„ps.,„. St. Catliarinrs 0,.t .,t tl,.. ^:;r;::ra;:::'.;::f ^••"- " "'""^'- "'- •"•*-•- -- "^ .=..'; tr;i:; liritLsh Colli mhia.~\t-cur(\\na to Mr J. ,1m F K'.^.LI,. K" l I>o,ninion Fru.t ronforon..... ,UnLy, J^l^nU^U, t^ri;^ . "J;: ll;;: (::;*:?,;:!„£ .M I nt.sh ( ,|„n,l.ia i. about 70 .-ents. an.i a. nhu, t„ Mr. U. M. W ' w Pn >• at. Mr V. N Hol.-s, Ann^fro,.^^ KV.. puo the .-ost a tew .voars ap, at T.". to l.:{ cents iier box and *:.'.J.-. t.. $l>.7!> per barrel. MONTlIJ,y EXPHNSK SIIEi:'!- FOR KEfORDlXG TIIK COST OF (;R .nd are not able t, ,..|1 " , .••■r a,n,y at the end of the year ju..t how n.ueh net ineon„. the.v have h^d tr'n. tl.!-'; iruit. tn onler to en.-ouraKe fruit grower, to k,-, „ more aeeurat.- r.-,-ord, the n.onthlv expe„.se ,sh."et jriven below was devised in tl».. Hortl.-ultural Divi^.^n and i- distributed free to a..y fru.t power who asks for it. A . onsid-ruble nu...l- r have fakeu adva-.ta^e ot h.s offer an.l .t .s hovKHJ that the appearand ,.f . ,.„py of th... ex,M.-use sheet i., fl^, bulletin will lead others to apply. 92S!)8— fij M s a CQ H a. X >< o a a fa M .s J i •8 i 3 fa I 1 •a s f o 3 r ?i irr 3 I i 03 s — * a. i. c H - S 1?!^ 88 t 1 m I I S c a: a, 2 ■^ 1 - « >lt FKOST INMIKV. DIFFKKKM WAYS IN Wlllcai APPLE TREES AUK Al KE( TKI). During till i..i»t t»fiit,v -cvi'ii svun much .xperit'iici" \\a» bet'ii hud ut Ottawa with frost injury to fruit Uvv». ami the cibsi rvatioiii* which have btt'ii iiiude during that time anil the conchi^ions drawn md rfcnniMHiniations niadi> aru now nummarizi-d, in tho hope that inufh injury will h.- prcvt-iitud by udoptiiw tho b»Ht niiUifxl;*. It wouM •ppen- tliat tliero are ut li-aitt < li'Vi'n di^-tint-t furini* ii{ winter injury. Il one loiild make iin aecurat. . -timate of the numlnT of fruit tree* whieli have be»-n winter kilU-d in the (-.'Ider pi is of the different provinces o' i 'unudu the tijjnres would u- ustiMi,idin(r, they wouM be m large. Trees which Wcn- killed the year aftc7 plautiug; tree- that were killed just when they were bcKiiininn to bear fruit; and treiirts of I'aninla. .Much of this lo-s c.iild hiivc I,,-. 11 avoided if the hardiest trees only had been planted, but how few there are who ku,,w the details connwted with the establishment and miiutenance of an orchard luid who know there i-i almost or i|uitc as much diflerence in the hanlinc ^ of vuijeties of fruit- a- tlicre ie between the hardiness of tho tenderer mid the luinlier kinds of vesretiil.ks. All farmers have learned by observation lh:it with a very >|i-ht frost iM)tato t"ps will I. killed, but that it will tuKe a much lower tcmiH-rni ire to kill x cabbatre. But the eaus. ..f death in fruit trws still continues to be a very mysterious thint: to mo^t farmers ,110, when a tree has been root killed, tor insfince, -ics it leaf out and bloom but eventually wilt under his very eyes durinjt the summer without any apparent reason, rnforiunafcly this lack of knowledfre on the [lart of the farmer has been taken advaiitnK'' of by uiiw-rupulous men and farmers have been urjied to buy the varieties .f fruits which nnieal to them miwt btrouirly in tlie coloured plate or from the Rlowiu'X description Riven by the aKont. Of late .vears our Iwst nurserymen seem to be impressing upon their ajienta the importiinic of ofreriii}.' only those varieties suited to the district in which they are sold and we have been very plcaseil to have these agents call ot the Exiwrim iital Farms and !,'et what information could be (jiven them on the fruits mo-st fcuited for the districts they were working in. For a Ions,' time it was not known what varieties of fruit wore hardy in the ,1-iFercnt parts of Caniida, but experience has tuujrht which will 9ucce.>r..| witli iilxxit I inohc-" of »ii<,w when- ever xiniw fi'll, Tlic n-niiiiniiij^ Ihi.xc wcrt- hft witlimil aii> in.criiiK, ami mi..h «liii'h fell liiinir Kwi'pt iitf. Tin- trirt \v uninjured. |n the unproteetol liox eoiitiiiriinir !."> 2 |ier emit uf moi«turt', II) trw* m>n> .kvul uml injupeil. In the U>x with ii moi-tiirt> eontent of m.H per cent, U were deitd. Kt injureil. ami 1:.' uninjured. !n ii hix willi J.'.t! per cent inoi.stiire. -H trt-.-^ were .lead, 4 injuri-.|. iin.l i:i iininjtir.-.j. The hox eovere.l with tlio htruw mnleh c.nl.nne.l U\ per e.nt .)f mjiI in..i.,ture aii.l .i..ne ..f tin- tr.'e.. wen- dead in this Ikjx, hiuI hut 7 injured. In the \«ox eoven.l ..eeaMi..niilI.v with »ii..w an.l cont.iiniiiK I.IH per c« nt moisture 7 were deii.l an.l H injured. Not u r.M)t wa^* injiire.1 ill ii b.ix Htorc'd in a co.d, dry cave, fhoiiprh it eontnine.l hut 10 p«T cent n.iil nioi^turc. These tiRures an- vor>- rtrikiiiff. Th.- fact that the trees k.'|.t in a 1. .Ir.v , and helps to holil the snow for further protection. The roots of trtn-s in sod are also pn.tected in the same way. The mulch- inR of the ground about trees with straw or manure will al.so protect tho roots from injury. Another reason why we have not been troubh.l with r.Dt-killiiiK durinff tho past twenty years at Ottawa is that practically all ..ur grafted trees have been since that time prafted on crab apple roots, not on P.i/rus harrala. although some are on this stock, but on the seedlings of Martha, Transceiulent. uml other ."ultivntcl varie- ties. The apple se«'dlings used by nurserymen for stocks vary much in hardiness. Every tree probably differs m.)re or less and some are undoubtiKlly ipiite tender. The result is that varieties otherwise hardy, when grafted on these roots, fail. Se.illinirs of the crab apples are much m.ire likely to be hard.v. and wc b.'lieve that if some nurseryman would make a specialty of firowini; the apples suitable for the elder parts of Canada on crab apple stocks, he would in time sell a larnc number of these trees. The advantage ..f crab apple r.iots has been very luarkeil in the X.irtbwcstern States where trees on ordinary apple stocks have been killed out, while those on crab roots were uninjured. Bark splUtinii. — This is an injury which usually occurs on young tret's. It is due to tho expansion caused by frost when trees are in a very succulent conilition. It occurs when trees have prown late in the fall and there is a sudden low drop in temperature. It will occur when trees have prown late and there is a heavy fall of snow before the pround freezes. The soft snow appears to soften the bark of the trees and when the temperature drops suddenly the hark is loosened. The injur>- is usually greatest near the crround. Tii N'ova Scnti.i the Oraven-tein nr.d rthc-r applc;^ are MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No, 2) ^ ^^PPUEDjvt^GE ^^1: ^653 Cost Mo;n street ^S= ('!6) 288 ~ 5989 - Fo. 88 fou'tlho'Sj'"" "' S!"^" '^r "t" ^™"" '"''" "^"'^^ aPP-ently destroys the bark about the tree near the ground. From what can bo learned of tliin injury which thrcauTf";.,"! :,''" ^"'t''^-"*'-^ "■■"•''"'d.. and in moi.st ground, it is believed that the tau.e ,s that the Graven.te.n grows too late and is subjected to the conditions ust referred to namely, of b.n,,^ too full of sap. Traces of disease have been found at these nuured parts but :t ,s believed that the disea..o is secondary rather than the principal cause. Bark splitting can be prevented to a large extent by having the Zal.: . t "• ^^''-"'/.'P-:'"^ -l'"' -'"'- -t« i". and this can be brou.d.t about! usua 1>. by stopping cultivation ni good tune. When young trees are injured by bark sphtfing they may bo saved if not too badly hurt by covering the injured part's with gratt'.ng wax. i . ^n Trunk splitting.-'£im± splitting, while not a common injury in orchards is not rare. It was long thought to be due to the expansion of trees wliirhad beJi h.de-b.,un.l. ' This sphtt.ng is i, ,w thought to be due to the cells of the medullary rays contracting to a greater degre. than those of other parts of the wood when there IS a .udden lowering of temperature below freezing. The medullary ray. are plates of Applf tree badly affected by Bunscald. cellular tissue which radiate from the centre of the trunk to the bark. It is trees Lnc« ^r ""?'^^l"'«/'-"«']'' "»d are well charged with sap that are usually affected, hence thorough ripening of the wood is necessary for the prevention of this injury Sunscald.-The injury to apple trees known as sunscald is one of the most serious hindrances to successful apple culture, particukriy in the northern and eastern parts of Ontario m the province of Quebec and other parts of Canada where there is warm bright weather in early spring followed by severe frosts. Xewly planted or young trees are, as a rule, more seriously affected by it than older ones. The unhealthy 80 ties are the hnsVaVct^l 'n ' '""v'^ """' *" ^'''^ ^""- ^^''" ^Mnliost vnrio- a severe frost and ,t and the cambium are both injured. It has b^on alo suK«^tcd that as this part of the tree is later to mature than some other parts al" ere f roSl Onoof?h"eT sf '''^'■"^*'' '''''•'^°'" ^^'^ ^«°^ "^•"'^ *- ♦^'^^ cLtraVno of t ." t" One of the best means of preventing erotoh injury is to grow trees with as little crotch as possible, training with a centralleader. ' "-ts wnn as Jittle crotch Kimng-hach-ThiBi, the indication of inherent tenderness of the variety or of inmiatunty of wood. Plants which need a long season in whi..h to matu re th '; wood will go on growing so late when cultivated iu a climate having a slu.rt r se sin tl t he.r wood IS not matured and the young wo.,d or the whole tre^ may be kil cd Vl en the wood of a tree which would otherwise prove tender is well r\Ln Ait u A survive but there are fruits and varieties' that wiU t .d „ dv 'c 'in m im m temperatures, alter which their protoplasm or life is destroved U „, , m "imum l!l m''''K' '^"'^ ^''^' ^'^ «''--'"'^- ^-£ wm r!:ive\r rrr ^'Z^l crop followed by a severe winter when. owi..g apparently to lowered vitalitv thev w n be destroyed. The Ben Davis apple is an example of this. As has been said kUli.g back may be duo to t le immature condition of the wood, or it may be duo to the dea h of the protoplasm. W hen winter killing is due to immaturity ,.f wcx.d it my be r." Oult K H T ^^^'^^^ \--\hods of cultivation. From experiments co" ducted Ottawa by the chemis . Dr. Frank T. Shutt, it was found that varieties of ant.Ies whi< h were known to be tender had usually more moisture in their twigs in wint r L th st tZZ"" f"t "■' "UV ""'"f "f •^'^"^^' '" *^° ^-^^^ ^'"^^ '''-^ --•' more imm a tu" than those of trees whu-h were hardier. When trees of certain varieties are liable to be killed afcer heavy bearing, thinning of the fruit should be practised in order o prevent the lowering of vitality. 90 Ulach Heart. — Blaok Ilonrt is n condition found in trees frrown in cold climntes. It is fiuisi'd by tlic deatli of tiio alburnum or .vouiitt wood in winter. The barit and cambium remaining uninjured, jirowtli continues in tlie spring niucii as usual, but the injury remains. Another severe winter or several winters while the trees are youncr may cause repeated blackening in the same tree and yet the tree continues to make (food growth, tlie cambium not being killed. If a branch breaks off a tree which has been blackened for a number of years, rot may gain an entrance and most of the interior of the tree may rot and some day the tree will blow over and it will be found merely a shell which has been held together by the trunk and a few outside laycs of wood. ^YhcrG repeated fnist injury occurs, as in such a case, the tnn? is not hardy enough for the climate it is growing in. At the Central Experimental Farm many trees are black-hearted but most of these trees are growing and bearing well and there is no outward evidence of this injury. On cutting down many bearing trees w'lich it was desired to remove for other reasons black heart was present but there was no evidence that rot had set in. Black Heart in its incipient stage may be prevented by careful attention to northern grown nursery stock. During the winter after the first season's growth of the young grafted trei>s, most varieties are likely to be killed back, and when the tree begins to grow in the spring it will be found that the alburnum or sap wood is blackened below the point where growth begins. This is Black Heart. Care- ful nurserymen now cut back the young trees almost or quite to the ground the first year, in order that the tree may start growth from healthy wood. The same thing may occur the second season, and the trees are again cut back, but it is usually not necessary to cut so far. Even after trees are three and four years of age and have been I)Ianted in the on-hard they may get Black Heart by winter injury, but it is much rarer than when they are neglected in *he nursery. In November of 1911, 22 degrees of frost caused much Black Heart in nursery stock. It is verj' important to have the wood ripi'iied up well where such severe frosts are likely to occur in autumn. Trees badly affected with Black Heart the previous year do not make as vigorous a growth as uninjured trees. The growth also will be somewhat spindly. The tenderer varieties are more susceptible to Black Heart than the hardy ones. Discoloration of Sap Wood. — In parts of Canada where there is often a sudden drop in temiierature several degrees below freezinjr while the wood ot nursery stock or young trees in orchards is not yet well ripened, a discoloration or browning of the sap-wood occurs. The writer found on examination of nursery stock after eight degrees Fahrenheit of frost that some varieties showed this discoloration. So far as we are aware there is no evidence to prove that this slight discoloration will seriously injure the tree if H has iny bad effect at all. In districts where these early severe frosts occur trees already planted in the orchard are liable to become discoloured and if the frost is severe enough they are likely to oecome black hearted. Trunk Injury — Body Injury. — The fact that trees loose moisture in the winter has been proved by careful experiments. In an experiment eondueted ' ♦he Central HxiKTimental Farm by Dr. Frank T. Shutt, Chemist, in the wint( 1902-3 to determine the moisture-content of apple twigs, it was found that during the depth of winter there was a gradual loss of moisture. Experiments at other places confirm this. In tiie Northwest, where the weather is very cold in winter and there are often no trees to check the force of the wind, trees lose so much moisture that it is a common occurrence for them to die simply from drying out. The same trees if protected by a good windbreak would in many cases not be injured. It has been written, although we are not sure that the figures are correct, that the same surface which would in calm weather exhale 100 parts of water would exhale 150 p:irts in a high wind. These proportions would probably be considerably less in the case of fruit trees protected by bark, but it shows what a drying effect wind has. The winter of 1906-7 was a very cold one in ea!--tcrn Ontario and the province of Quebec, and there was considerable injury from body-killing. This, for the most part, took the form of trunk killing, 91 the u,,i,or part of th ! trunk uni.r..U...ted l,v mm.w WiuK a pp.. runt 'y dri. d out. Tli,. result was that the bark and cambiiini all around tlie trunk ••..•re killod At Ottawa quae a number of trees was lost in this wa.v. The reason, in our judf,Mnent, whv the ;"''t''f 7'''' "!"' V"" ^T V""'J'"-''<' ^^"-^ ''"'t '""■ t'.p lu.d n.ore n.oi.ture an,! was ot dne. out sulheiently to be killed. In past e.x,H-rien..e it has been n.,tieed at Ottawa tluit soniec;:aes the joun^'er growth of apple tn^'s will eon.e throuffh the winter uninjured, while the older j.arts of the braixOies will be kill.d. Trees in sod or.'hards will sometimes die from 'body killing'' wiien tho^e wliieh are eultivated do not, tJie latter having more moisture. In a letter reeeived from Mr. A. P. Stevuson, Morden Jlan.. he writes:-- Outside of sunscald. our ehief winter injury is killing baek. iliis IS serious when the followin- winter eonditions prevail: Liffht snowfall hiph winds and extremely low tempiTature eontiiiuiiif? for some time. Some varieties are killed to the snow-line. Two years njio we had a winter like that, and another seven years previous to that. The trees are simply frozen dry.* Th.-re hav.- Ihkmi some mdieations at Ottawa that body-killing or trunk injurj- has oeeurred under the veneer proteetor. This may have been due to iee lield about the tree too lon;r bv the protcetor. ' Two means of prevention of body-killing may be mentioned. One, to see that the trees liave made vigorous growth the previous summer, not forgettin^^ however to h.ivo the wood well ripened. The seeoiid is to plant windbreaks to cheek the force of the wind. In the Northwest the trunks are sometimes protected by sa<-king or veneer. It is even suggested bj those who live in the West to make a box around the trunk with about six inches space and fill it with soil. Killiny of dormant buds.— Whilo the killing of dormant buds evidentlv conies about partly from the same cause as body-killing, namely, a drying out"^iii cold weather, it would seem that buds are more tender than wood, and their life is destroyed at certain minimum temperatures. Not only are fruit buds destroved when "the twig IS not injured, but leaf buds as well. The buds being more exposed to the air may dry out when the wood does not. The buds of apples are not killed in Canada to the same extent as the buds of plums and cherries. In the province of Quebec and the colder parts of Ontario the buds of the European and Japanese plums and cherries are nea-ly always injured more or less in winter. This seems undoubtediv to be due to the drying out of the twigs, for when these fruits are grown near bodk-s of open water m winter they do well. The marked success of ilr. Aug. Dupuis and others in growing the European plums along the Lower St. Lawrence is well known But what are the conditions there? It is only within a comparatively short distance of the river that these fruits succeed. When wo get further back from tlu- river the buds are killed as in other parts of the province. The reason of the successful culture of plums and cherries is evidently due to the fact that from the water there rises in winter a fog which blowing over the land keeps the air moist enough to save the buds from tloath It will be remembered that it required dryness with cold to kill the roots of trees. When the roots were moist they were little injured, even if exposed to the same temperatures. There is. as yet, no very practicable way to prevent this drying out of the fruit buds. The fact that the parts of the trees which are un.ler the s.,ow produce fruit, when the parts which are exposed do not. suggests the plan of bending over the trees so that they will be covered, which has been, done successfully bv some growers. Another plan which we think deserves further experiment is low t;airg of trees growing them with horizontal arms, for instance, which would be under the Zr'' \ M P'^'\■'^*^e b^^'Ji"^' of varieties having hardier fruit buds. This we believe should, and IS being done. imswo Winier-kilUng of swollen huds.-Durir^g winters with very changeable weather ri^cialv of :r T '"'^^ -"-there is often a premature sweHing of buds cnU ^1, the cherry, plum and peach. These warm spells may be followed bv cold weather, and there may be several such changes before spring. The uds 92 bpirip swollen ami nioro or less nctivr nro more suUjpot tn injury from frust mid clump's than tlic dnrniant liuJs and tlic rcr-uit is that tlicy arc killt'd. Appli; buds do not swell readily and hence are seldom injured t'roni this cause in Canada, except it may be in the prairie provinces, altliciUKli just before the flowers open if there are severe frosts nmch injury may occur. (Ireat injury is often caused in the i)eacli districts by the killing of swollen buds, and in the province of Quebec injury to the buds of plums and cherry is no doubt done wl mi they are in this condition. It was lonj; thought that if the jjround <-ould be kept frozen about the trees it would i)revent the buds from swellin • as the roots would thus be kept in un inactive coiulition, but it has been i)roved ov . and over again that this has no effect whatever in (h-layiiiy: the swelling of the buds. The expanding of the willow buds in our swamps before icr is gone is a good example of bow bud.s will develop while the roots may yet be in a frozen condition. There is sufficient sap in the tree to supply the buds and even the leaves when they first expand and when the temperature alxiut the top of the tree is high enotigh growth V-egins. Swelling of buds cm Ik' jirevented by bending over the trees as suggested to prevent killing of dormant buds, but this could not very well be doi:'; on a largo scale. A few years ago experiments were conducted at the Missouri station to d^'tcrmine if whitewashing the trees would retard the buds, the princii>le being used that white surfaces do not absorb heat as readily as darker ones. It was found that the whitewashing did retard the buds and in the case of jwaches would sometimes prevent injury from frost. An experiment was tried at Ottawa in white- washing plums and cherries, and it was found that it retarded the swelling of the buds. This means of prevention is not, however, a very practicable one as it is difficult to get the whitewash to cover the branches well for a Iflug period. After further investigations at the ilissouri station, it was found that the buds of varie- ties of peaches having the lightest coloured twigs required higher temperatures to cause them to swell than those with darker coloured twigs, and the former suffered less from killing than the latter. Not having in these lighter twigged varieties the kinds of peaches for commercial purposes the Missouri station is now at work breed- ing good varieties with light coloured twigs. It was also found at the Missouri station that the b'lds of peaches which matured their wood late did not swell as readily as those which w« re well rii)ened and thus were less liable to injury from frost. KltOST IX.Il RV TO FLOWERS. Apple flowers in but* will stand more frost than when they are fully open. When the petals fall less frost will cause injury than when the ♦rees are in full bU)om. From five to seven degrees Fahr. of frost are likely to cause severe injury to api)les when in full bloom and after the bloom has fallen from four to five degrees may do much harm Much depends on the length of time the flowers are frozen and on the weather follow- ing the freeze. Il the flowers have been injured by frost, an examination after the petals are open, if the frost occurs when they arc in bud, will reveal the centre of the flower or pistil discoloureu or brownisli The fruit will not set when flowers are injured in this way. The frost may, however, come after pollination has taken place when the fruit may set. KISSKTIX(; OF FlillT DIE TO FROST. Sometimes frost affects the fruit when it is still (juite small and later on the evi- dence of the injury will be a russeted area usually about the calyx end but sometimes at the stem end of the fruit and sometimes as a band of russet around the fruit. This, no doubt, is often attributed to some other cause than frost. OTHER ORCHAUn TItOlBLES. Dropping of Apple Leaves. — Many leaves drop from apple trees in summer anj cause anxiety to fruit growers. Probably the three n.osi imi)ortant reasons why tht leaves drop are: First, that the tree may regain a proper balance between top and 03 root. Thcro is often a pront leaf (levclopuieiit. owiiiff to moist coiKlitions, and wlieii drier weather conies, there are too iiiaiiv leaves lor the tree to siiiiport. heiiee son f them drop olT. Seeon.l, timt niider eertaili conditions, ospeciail.v when tlicre has l.ceii a wet season, leav.'s will scald and .Iroj, „tT. .^praviiij,' sometimes .aii-es this scaldinK rhird. that the h'aves are affected with a l.af sp.,f diM.as.>. The devehipeient nf this disease may. however, come after they l,ec. weak from lack of moistiir.' t,, Mipp,,rt them, or when the leaf is weakened hy MliiM^aid. As a rid.-, nn.ler k,m«1 c,illivati,.n, there are (piite stitficient leaves left to develop the fruit properly. Spraii Iiijunj—IhiKxitlnii of Apphs.—Vor the past few years complaints Iwive l)oen made that sprayin;,' trees with Bordeaux mixture injured the apples, caii-intr them to hcconie russctcd, the I5cn Davis Milfcrin- in particular. There is no doiiht that when Bordeaux inixturi< is not made with sutlicient lime, injury will occur, hut iiijur.v has followed the use of properly made Bordeaux, and it lias heen found that the climatic conditions which have jirevailed, either hefore or when the spniy was applied, have much to do with it. The worst injury has occurred in the districts iN.rderiin; tlio (ireat Lakes and in the :Maritiine Provinces, where the air must he eoii- siderahly moister than furtiier inland, and in a damp season the air is still inoister, hence the skin of the apiiles is more tender than it is where the atmosphere is drier, and when a spray or even heavy dew rests on the fruit duriiif; brifrht sunshine anil hot weather, sealdinfjf and russetiiifi folh)w. This may he due in part to th.^ fuiiKi-'idi- in the mixture. liussetiiifr occurs even when trees are not sprayed, due. it is helievcil, to sealdinp caused hy a heavy dew in bright, hot weather. It would he a pood practice, where it is possible to carry it out to spray the south side of the trees in the nK.riiinK and the north side in the afternoon, so that the mixture v.-ould have a <-hance to dry on the tree before the sun shone on it. WATEit coin;. In .some seasons, and in certain parts of t'anada more than others, a few varieties of apples become more or less water cored and are rendered 1,'ss valuable on this aeeount. This condition is now eonsidere.l to be brought about by sap jiressure caused by cool nights following very warm days. The transpiration of water from tli(. leaves is more rapidly checked, than the upward flow, by a coiisidi-rable lowering of tlic air temperature with the result that the flesh of the apple is tlooded with sap. Trees growing rapidly in moist soil are liable to be more atfected than others mal;- iiig slower growth and trees which have lost part of their foliage through any causV are also more subject to it than trees with good foliage. Water coring is ditliciilt to guard against as it is due to climatic conditions. There is likely to be consid(;rable loss from water cored fruit if pa(;ked for expo' ORCIIAUl) JIKATKRS TO PKOTKCT TREES FRO.M FROST. It is not likely that orchard licaters or fire pots will be useo much in rature can be readily Icopt above iiee/.iiig when there are several degrees of frost ,uit-ira>,Mi,u' t" u irujt ^'n.vv.T, or w.Mil.l-h.. fruit jrn.w.T. than t„ .,.,. hi. ..roharU whi,.ii !,.■ ha.l car.,! tnr ,,..rln,x- f„r hv „r >ix yoar., ruin.d hy mice; un,l yot this fr...,uenily hai.pcns. AH Ins ,„„|,| ho ,,r..vont..,l ,f tho far.n.T „r fruit ^rowr woul.l use tl„. inf..r,nati..n .•va.lahl.. an.l i.n,t,.t hi. tr..,.. from n.i.'o. S,.„„. y..ar.. tluT,' is loss injury than ,.th..rs. an,! this fa--t h.n-!s t„ .■ar..!fS8n<..s.s, an,l wh.., a ha.l y.-ar .-..in.N th.- tr,.,M ar,. uu|.r„- Whil.. th.- ,h.,.riNlati,.r.s front nii.',- an,l rahhits in winfr vary fn.rn „no year to anotluT .i,-,..'n,ln,- on tla> s.-arcity or abumlanc.. of foo.l. th.. numh.T of mice whi.-h arc. m the yicnuty an.l the .'liara, t.r .,f the Nyinter, the injurj- is always Rr..Uest .yh.., the orchanl is ii, >,o.J, an.l when there is ui.hhish lyin^' ahout: h,.n<'e tlie latter shouhl be removel hefor.- the winter ^ets i„. I„ most oas,-s it is not ncr.sarv nor n,!visahle to haye th.- orehnr.l in s,.d. partieulnrly .ylan the trees are yountr. although it is highlv Ai)|.I« trtectegin to -n-iw it if it IS not protected. A small mound of soil from eight to twelve inches in height raided about the base o^ the tree will often prevent their injuring the tree, and even onow tramped about tf trees has heen quite effectual, but tlie elu^apest an.l surest practice js to wrap the tree .vith or.linary building paper, the price of which is merely nominal J ar paper 19 also effectual, b>it trees have been injure,! by usln" it and it != wll tj guard against this when building paper will do as well. After the' paper i^ wriinped around the tree and tied, a little earth should be put about the lower end to prevent the mice from beginning to work there, as if th,vy get a start the paper will not stand in their way. It may be stated, however, that although two thousand young trees huyo lH.t.,1 wrapiK'd with buil.liuK imp.r f„r .vwrix] y.-ar. at tl,.. Kxpt-rinifntal Farm at Ottawa, Urtm Imvc liriu i,ra,ti.ully no iiiMuncs wluro tli.^ mi.-,, havr Kiiauvd thn.uK), the- paper to ^et at tlio tr.i-. The u^ii of a wire- prot.Ttor. or on,' ina.l.. of tin or khIvu,- izod iron, IS croi licul in tin- end, lu tlu'.v arc .lurabl.'. la the north, protirtiori from sMns.al.1 i- almost as impor'ant as prot.rtion frotr niKv. At the fcMtral Kxporimmtal Farm, w.M.don vcn-.T protectors havo been u«P,i for several .vears past for the stan.iar.l tncs. as thoc profc.-t from n.icc and on necount of be.npr loose, about the tree leave a K"..d air spa.e whi.d, appe-.r,. to protect the tree Iron, those ^Mdden .ban^.s of temperatiue wbi.l, s..em to be the main eas 1 lonml fairly .successful. Make a mixture of one part by weiKJU of arsenic with three parts of corn meal ^ ul two p.«.es of board each six feet lonp and six inches wi.h- „.;.,i.er so as to m.X a tron«h. Invert thm near the trec^ to be protectd and ,>lace about a tablespoonful of the p.„so„ on „ .sh.nsle and put it near the middle of the run. renewinu' the poison as often as is necessary. ' The following formula, as a protection from rabbits, i, rec,.mm,.nded by the S"'uS:""\"' '"'^f """■•'■• ^V.sl,in.tou. D.C: rnslnked lime. 20 pound' fl o.e of sulphur 1.". pounds: water. .".O gallons (10 ln„,erial .'nlionsV Thi. is app i.;! o 1 . Irunhs of the tr.'cs with a brush. THKAIMIAT o|- l\,Jlm:i) TIIKKS. ci ul, , :i?::"'''^ V"^ covered with sraftin^. wax or some paste, such as sulphur. d /.rou iil' '• ''"■."•',"•'' ^^';'' '•':"'• ♦" '■■^'•'"''" '''■• '■'"• '♦'•-"t tlM. woun.l from sa . Wiicb ; ♦, " r-sd..hty of savim, the tree if tl„. girdle is a small one as the n er Irl 17""^ "" "'T^ "''" ''"""""^ *" '^" '"' ""'1 "-turning' thro-mh the pTt of ,:'"''" ''\'^"'f:f ';"""»'"» -'■" """^<' ^-rowth to b. made all around the upper a most cer r <'";J""'' •".•••"'"^'■■^ ''^>- '"■'■">•'• ""• '"'-'"f^"' i^ P>'t ..... the tree will n.e Iv ^ K^ 1 • " *''""^'' '^ '""•^' '""'"'"•"' t^' f-'^"^^- tfiroufrhnut the season. When e «ax and bamlajre are applied the tree should be beade.l back eonsiderablv to los,.,. .< amount of tnuispirntion of moisture, ns there will not be as m.i.di sap rise as if the tree were unitijured. and the wood will thus dry out sooner than if it were headed ba.k. If the jrirdle ,s near the pronnd. in addition to eoverinp the injured part with ^\^ZZfTAr f7' ■' '' '"'^''"J'''' '" "'""'"^ ""^ ^'"^ «"'! "''""t *ho tree to cover the wound and thus help to prevent the wood from .Irvinn out metbn,) I '^ f*"'^ are fre,,uently save.l. and more surely save.l than bv the above method b. eonneetins the upper and lower ed^es of the pir.ll..- with scions, which are Hiserted about an inch apart nil around the trunk. This is known as bridw praftinp IZrrVr''" .f "' "'"'^ *''" 'l'"'''^"" *'''^>- "'" ^'^'"^ together and form a new trunk, but two or three scions sueoessfullv Rrafte.l on a small tr,.e will carrv enough unlnTure7w 'V-""'" I'T *.^ ''"5'*"'/ u" '^ """'" "' "■'''•'' ""' "^ ^'^ """"J '" t^« uninjured wood in which the ends of the scions are to be inserted. Stron- nlumn sc:ons of thepreviou, .=ea,on'. grouth not necessarily from the same tree, nor even the same variety-cut a little longer than the distance between the .slanting cuts are made wedge-shaped at each end. They are made a little lon-rer than the dfstanc; be ! iT^ 1' ' 'Vu*"" l^^* ""'^^ '"*<^'-t!n? f^*- ""'l^ into the cuts it will be tiecessarv to bend them, and thus have them under pressure, which helps to keep them in posi- tioii. Affpr in-ortinar, "omo of tlio in'ido Imrk of fho stock alifliild rrmnin in contnct with till' iiLiiiif hurk of tlio s-ciun, (im it i« lien- or nt the ciiinliiiiiii Iii.vit wlitTc iiiiiiii tlllii's liliU'f.-.. An woiitl IIH till" wiollH iiri' 111! pIllctNl till" woilixl, i"'|ii'<'iilll.V illioilt tlu' riul!* of the j ground and in-ert a scion of some variety. This ttraft should rtmw nt lenst three feet in lieiKht the first ;isoii and make a iiiep yonni; tree. A tree may sometimes he savcil when the virdlinu: is well ahove the prnft by cut- tinjr the tree hack so as to remove all of the injured jiart. I'niler sncli conditions younpr trees will ns'iallv start fresh irrowth and the stroiifrest shoot ni.iy he seleetcl to form n new trunk and top for the tree. IN'TlJOnrCTIOV of VAIlIKTrES. Many varieties of apples have been tisted in Canada and tlio Fnited Statoa since these countries were tirst settled, and d 'riiiR the last century, especially the nundier has incrcM -d very rapidly. These have either Ik^cii introduced from (treat Tiritain and Kurope or have tii'cn orijrinated in America. It has been found that a much laruer proimrtion of tlie \arieties which have originated in America, inv more profitable sorts to Krow than of those from other countries, and in Canada the facts are much the same, except in the verj- coldest parts of the country, where apples can be fjrown, and there the Russian varieti(>s take a predominant plac(>, but this is probably because the colder i)arts of the country have not been settled so lon^f, and hardy seedlinffs of value are, on thi> :iceount, not so often met with. During the ])ast twenty-.seven years TIU named vane. les of apples have been tested at tlie Central Kxperiiiiental Farm, Ottawa. Tluse have been obtained from many sources, but the largest proportion of them were of American and Uussiaii origin. Of the ai)ples which ar siicceedinf.' best at Ottawa, nearly all the most profitable siiinmer varieties are of Kussian orij^in, but most of the best aijtumn and winter sorts were originated in America. VAUIETIKS OF APPLES KlX'OMMKXDEl) FOR PLANTING IN CANADA OR SrOGESTEI) FOR TRIAL. In a eountrj- of as vast an extent as Can.ida with so many different c-limatic condition.s, it re(iuires quite a long list of varieties from which to select, those which liave shown thcin.selves to be particularly suitable for different climates and covering the season from summer to late winter. On the other hand it lias been found that n certain finv variciics have a very wide adaptation and except under the most adverse conditions are the best varieties of their season from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Among such may bo mentioned the Yellow Transparent, Duchess of Oldenburg, and Weallhy. It is, however, being more and more impressed upon horticulturists that there are certain districts and certain soils where certain varieties reach their highest state of development, and no doubt this fact will bo given more thought when trees are planted in the future aiul as the area devoted to apples increases in Canada. Some winter varieties, especially, require a much warmer and longer growing eeason than VI <.tlMT>* ill orilop t" l.riiw ..III tlu'ir U-^t .iiiiiliticH. Otlicr!- iiKiiiii .lo nnt rond, tlicir liinla-t Htatc i.f i|rvr|n|,i,i.iit it llir.v iirr iiiMturril in \,r,\ wiiriii wtnlli.r. 'J'li,. mii.I.v ..f tli4> rcliitii.ii ..r tlir iiiiiiiIkt i.f li.'ut iiiiitH .liiriiiK (lie Kn-wintt m'ii-..ii t,» tin- iinituriiiL' <>i 111.' viiri.t.v t.) Im- |iIjiiiIi't riccivf iih.r.' atr.'iitioii in lli.- tulnn. T!ir iil.ilil.v „t' a vari.ty l.i withsti.n.l tn-t ami otli.T a.iv.TM' i-liiiiati n.liliuiiN imi-t, liowfv.r. \k- tnk.-n intn .•,,n,i,l,.riiti n- n.> liinttft hi.w MiitiiM.' ih.' Mr.>wiiiif M-an..!! iiia.v I" li.r a i-crlain viirl.'ly. if tli.' <|..rinnnt m-iiwiii is unl'av.iurulilf tia'ii lliiit vari.-ty is imt t.> !>.• reciimiiiiinjc.i. TluTu iiri' ni'.iil iiri.i- in Ka-I.iii < i.|,a.la wliciv th.' .•liiiiiiti.- .lili,,n- arc sutii- irrilly niiiiiljir t.> warrant tlii' r. • irniiii ndinj.' .,t" al -t lli.' >atii.' \ari.ti.'- li.r plai-.'s wiilily siparati'd. It is dcsiralilf t.. ri'iiuc- tli.' nuiiilxr .it Mirii'ti.vs ii.'in n.|, <1 as MiiK'li as iiDssilii.' a», at |iris<'iit, llaTc ar.' far t.i.i inniiy (.Town in ('ana. la. It is iiiiifh ciiM.r t<. pr.ilital.ly innrlM't laruv .inanliliis ..I' a fiw vari.ti.-- than -mall .|nan- titii'> lit' many varieties. Kulliiwiiix are li-ti I'.ir .iitr.T.nt part- ..f * 'aiia.ia liase.l >.n .xp.Tieia I fruit ^.Tiiui-r- and K.\periuiental Stalii.ii- in tin-.' .Ii>;riet-. ONTARIO. The pr.iviiiee .if Onlari.i iiia\ [»■ divided mnyhly intn six .ji-triel- uli.ir thr climate is -titfi.iently ilitr.Tent to warrant .-..me ditt.T.'ii.'.'. .mh tli.Mi^rli -liulit. in ih.' varieli.- ree.iinmen.le.l. nistricl I. ('.unities north .if Lnko Krie. Siimmii: — Ke.l Astra. 'haii. Dn.-hess i>( Olilenhuri.'. Autiimit. — (iravenst.'in, W.'altliy, Ulenheiin. luiihi U'l'/i/. ;-.—T.impkiii> K'inu. Iliil.liard-t.in. .M.'Int.i-h, Kameu-e. Uliude l-ian.l Cirei'iiinsj. Wiithr. — Duldwin, Northern Spy. Dislrlrt ..'. ( ipnnties on Lake llur.iii ami the s.mth.rn part .if tli.- (ie.irKian liiv mh inlm 1 to Wi'ljiiifft.in and Waterloo counties. .""'amMicc— IJ.mI A>traeluin, Duchess of Ohleiihiir^'. Auliimn. — (iravensteiii. Wealthy, Alexander, liieida'im. A'(i;,'.i/ Wiiilii. T.impkins Kinjr, lihn.le Islan.i ( Ire.'iiin:.', .\l n>||, {•■,i,ii. i>.-. Winttr. — Baldwin, Northern S|>y. nishicf -i. Counties on Lake Ontari.i north to a line south and ;i, Yellow Transparent, Priaiate. Bil.st.m, Swayzie, Tolnuin. Kome Beauty. nixlrict I,. Counties of Wellinuton aii.l Wat.rl.i.i an.l the higher elevations in the adjacent counties. Summer. — Duchi'ss of Oldcnliurf;. .4 ulumn. — Wealthy, Alexander. 9i>S98— 7 w Hitrlfi Wmtir. Moliit(»«h, Fiiriii'iitf. <)tiiI NnrtlMin Spy «,ll »iu-rif.| in llir tiioKt timmruMf piirN. I.iit it i* .iitVr fi. f«>|i-jrriitr tin rii. IhsliK t .',. From iinir Kiiiir-t.ni. nurlli aii'i(»(m.;-. YrlJMw Trinis|iurriit. ('nin.nii ll.iml.v. Itiiili.-- ..f Oliliiil.iii-. I.niir- lord Iti'iiut.v. .inhimn. Wnillliv, Al.Xiinilrr. J)ii.ll..v, M.Mniuiu. ( >I<;iIhii,i i,. pmiin-iii-. h'lirlii Wiiilii. .Mi'Iiit..,|i, Kiini.n-.'. Wolf Itlvi r. IFiH/cr.— Milwuiiivi.('. Itctlid, Scott Winfrr. Sciuht Pipiiin mi ■■ .N «. li rnMi- tlu- St. l.iiwrriH"' rivrr hut i^ not linrd.v .tiou^'li |nl;iri(l. Additioruil viirii'tic?* »UKKi'''tril tor Iiumh' u-c: >'iimm.'r. — I.owliiiid IJii-plnrry. Auliimii I'carli of' .Montrciii. St. I..n\ r.Mir... U i/i/<'r.- I'l.wmikci'. Anii'ri.iui -\v wliiirr viirictic-* iirc riiviniiiii-ndi'd lor tiiin ili-lrii't, ixtni^u.' |il,int- inifs of tlii'in ire imf !iclvi«fd. Ilislrii t It. North III Di-trii'i .'i. Siimmrr. I!ln-lird Cnlvillo, I.oul;,,,.! IJnM.'.rrrv. Diirli.s.^ .,( < >l.i(iil,Mri.. :ii..! Cliiirhiinoff; tli.^ two Initir liiiii;.r ntitimiii vnrict,. - in tl,i- di-tri-t. .1 |/^.m«.— (Jold.n Wliiti'. Antoiiovkii. W .iillii.v, lliln'riini. McMnlmn. I...i,yl|,id and I'iitt.n (irconiii;.'. All of wiii.-li nii^flit |,o ..iillrd .nrlx wint.T iipplo, in" this di.-trict. Whori' iippli, will not iirow, tl «• f..llo\vinjr "ThI. iippl.-n slioiil.i 1m- trird:-- Whitnoy, Trniis<.n.lfiit, Florcnco, Mnrilia and Ilyslnp. Whcr.' the .•Iiiii:it(. i-i ino>t. severe the hyl.rid .tuI. ni.phw originated at the Cntnil Kxperinir„tal Farm. Oft ,wa, i-neli an Silvia, .lewel. and Clinrles fLonld siiwced. QUEBEC. The provin. f (.)iiel«..- may he divi.led into Iwn districts s,, far a> liie irrowin;; of apples is eoneenied. DMrUI 7. North tr. latitude \i\' and south to t|„. Anierieau houndar.v, in the we-tern i>art. ot llie province ;nid ea^ to the ,ountie, of I.,,thiii::'n' and Di'irclie^ter. >oiitli of tiie St. Laivrene,. river, and on the north side uithin five miles nf the St. Lawrence river h-om ahoMf Tiirec Ifivcr.s. east to tlic M;,„d of Orleans; and then jirain south of tlic St. J.MWr- liver within a few miles of the river from Nicolef coimtv to r;r tiierc are liidi elevations or especially unfavonrahlc .-ondition. of >nil the varieties for District :.' would Ik- the hctter to plant. .^"mmtcd for home use. t^ximmer. — Lowland Rnspherry. .1i(/t/ni«.— Peach of Ifontreal. St. Lawrence. U'?»/cr.— Pewaukee. American fioldcn Kusset. Tolnian. !»!» _ Wl,;i..,i r,.vv Hii.l.-r v.irlrhr- nr.. r.'.-..nMn.,„|, ,1 |,,r li.;- ,l,-ln.-r, .Atrn-lv ..| •,i;i,K- I't ili«iii iiri' iiiit mhiMil. Il.'tl...| i, , v.T> l,:,,.|> ,,,,.1 -|„,„|,| ,„,, |„. |,|,,„„,| ,,. ,|,r ,,,|,|. ., ,,.,rl. ,.|- ,h„ (li-lnct. IHnhi,! .'. N'Tlli ut' liititiKl.' Ill . lofth ot" fli.. St. l.:nMv ■ vxu-v: ^uxl -..iitti ..f l|„. S, I > ■ IVhir riM r III till' loiMlti.- i.f liilll..||-kl. Maliilli' illfl (iil-|>' Sommrr.- Iilu-li...| ( „lvil|... [...whiiiil Un-plurry, |»ii.|„- ,.| ( »|,|.r,l.uiu nn.l tliaf laliiutf; llin t\V(. I, .-r iHMiiuiitilMiMii Viirii'ti.- in tin- ,|i-rn.i ^-ll.nv rr.ih-|.,ii-.iit ulll -I'' il ill till' iiiM,t tiivdiinilili- |i;in-. l(//»m/,. -(i,,M,„ Wliitr. .\i,lM„..vk„. \V,.;ill,y. MiluTii.,!. .\|,\|.,! I..,„u'li.|,i ,,,1 I'.utiu (;r.n.ii,«. .ill ,.f wl,i..|, „.i;rl,f !„• .Mli...! ,.„rl.v ••;-,,• m|,|.|,.- In tin. .li.ln.l W Im r... api. ...H «,ll ,„,! trrnu- ,|,„ iu\\nxy\w -n |.pl,. ..|,| 1... iri,..|, Wintn.x. Tr.in- ■I'lMl.nt, Hur.h,',., M„rll,„ MK.I JI.v.l,,,,, \V„.r.. ll t,. i, ,„„.f ..v,,. th,- l,>l,ri.l iiil.ii|.|.l.'H(,riKiimt.<| „t tli.'C . iili:,l |:\|«.riiii.iitul ■ ' »ttii«.i, -ii.j, ,i- Silviii .Iih.I lllill < llill-ll'^ ^llMllM «U 1m|. PRINCL EDWARD ISLAND Aiiliiinii. |)||c|i. -- n|' ( llili'iihlir;;. /■.'mill 11 /(i/( c- \V<'iillh,\. AliMiiKJcr. ir/"'-/-.— Ti.nipki.is K\uii. \l,U-t',u. \|.h,h„|,. Sorthvvu S,,,. i;.,sl„uA ;,n.l Si;,rk. Olll.r V.inclH- uiiirji iu\u t he pi-.^vu !.;■ Imlllr i|-,r-| uill.v :,|v; >((»im<;-.— l.,n 1:111.1 l:ii-|.l...|T,V, Vciluv ■rnili-iiiuviit. Auhinin.-St. I.iiurcn.c unii (Jnivi'ii^t.iu. I.'oihi Winirr ,111,1 Ulnh, <;riiiics. Aiiitii.^u, (inl.ivii lln-~,t. Oil I'riiRV K.iuar.l J>liUMi tj,.' MiiiiimT iiinl iiutmiiu vnn, lir- .-p.-, i.ilu , k, , ,, ,,|,|..|, loi,-.v tl.iiu ill iii.,-t uthcr |.lih. , in ( .iiiMiia. < JriiviM.-tciii i.ii.l \V,,,|tltv. 'f,.i' in.i:,,^'.' kf..|.iii>;- well .,11 int.. ti..' wlht.i lin,. v th.. t,.|-iu ' .,iit n " h.r ;ii,-,. ;,. yr,,u., ,„i' I'riii.-.. K.lwiir.l M.iii.l ii,.iy !„■ ,-,,iii,.u|,iit ,.f ,, iin-ii,,iii.T. ""E^; BRoNSWICK The l'..il..\vinK iiiC'ViiniliMi , n.)j.,i-,| i,, \ ,.ri. •!;.•- ..< ;i|,|,|,., r,,i- X,.vv l;rii'. -v j,-k 1- takuii li-uiii till- i;.'p, ri MM II ,ni,-,ilt,,r,^ f,,r tl„. |'|.,,vi, ( .\,.^k |!ri|ii-« i.^k • I'll, v.ar J!tH:- .1,.,,/,.. -N.'t .!■- MiiifiKl. .1 .. all; 11.11 liiivi^. (.an,,, (.i .-.s,-.,,, i,, th.' lu.-t >,.ntli..rlv -,'-lin,,~- A,.|-||..Tn_Spy. An„.ri,.an l!.,lJv..i„, l! j,. |.h,n.l (.■-.■.■nin*;. Kin- „! Tmnnkin- ('•, <-av..n.-t..iu. l!„l,..p Pippin. i;,l„i Hi,,.,. P.^aniiain. l!l..nli,.iin an.l Ontari,. In tlic b,.>i ....■ticns „f AI„cTt. Kin^r.-. ( 'liai-l,,ti... (^i,,,,.. Sunlairv. W, -ini.,ri ,.„l inal \.,rk cmntir.-. tin- Hisli,,p I'ippj,, ;,„,! HIn- l'..annain .'an 1.,- smun sn f l', 1..V t..i,-Kniltin^r t„ ln,r.ii..r M,„k . -u..), a- T„ln,.,n. Al-xaiakr niul ifc^Malun Wlut.'.' \lul,._p„,a ..p,.,anu.ns }■■•..«•„ mp-^r,,,,',,.,! ,„• N„,tl„.ni Spy. < ;rMv..n^t.'in, A.M,.ri.-a,, hal.Iwui. Kintr ot loiiipkin. Co.. KMm..K. IMaiaHlivoninp an.l Hkniuin. l„.v,. 1 n .< lown. Miul thoy may 1„. frn.wn tor la.ni.. ns... tli.'y nr< t r. .■,.,ni.M-ni|...l f.,,- ....ninan-i-,! Pluntmpi.. except perhn,.., to a c.rtain e.xtent in tli.. .oiitli.rn ..aif ,,f Ali„.rf in.l Cli.,',- Intl.' .■..unties, where the ellmut.,' i.^ milder an.l th.'y ,]n w.ll. J. ,, : ' " ^••'•- ' ""• •'"•■'.1' '"t-t ami wr^t fr.-lll W i-[.,.-;, (,, ,,,-.iiu. tlie loll, rtiiijr varieties li ,e prove,! liar.Jy iin.l vahiahle:-- .^^/mm^r.— Crimson Heniity. I{ed Astrn.'han. V.'ll.nv Tr,in-pan.„i .l"/»»i;i.— Duehess. Xew Ilriinswiek ami Du.llev. Karl,, ir;»/,-,-.-WenIt!iy. AI,.xaml,.r. W.,li' Mwi-y, Fain, u,.', M.-ln,..-]. M:\ Kih- stoii (h.'st top-!rraft..fn. ' " l()fl Winter. — Bi.slioii l'i])|)iii top-tfriiftcil. lifthcl, ('niiiulii Hiikiwiii mid Tolniuii. Additional wiiitiT wiriotics well wcirtli/ of trial ari' Milwaiikcf and Xoitlnvivtern (livening. Scott Winter and (ioldtni Kussct have both proved hardy, but the forincr I'cars lurjje fro|is of undersized apjdes, and need-* heavy thinninir, while the latter, l">iiif,' a shy b .arer, is only reeonnnended for home nse. Xorth of the same line the iVdlowin^r varieties are reeonnnended: — i^Kniniii: — Crimson Beauty, Yellow Transparent. Aiiliimii. — !)nehesB, New lirnnswiek, Dudley (doins well in the illustration orchards on the Xorth Shore). /vnr/// and MifJiruilrr. — Wealthy, Wolf River, I-"ameUf.e, Alexander, .Mcintosh Red. Willi' r. — Scott Winter, Cianada Baldwin, Winter St. Lawrence, .Milwaukee. Soi. e of tlio varieties mentioned in the southern district may prove hardy enouRli for tiie northern section, but they have not been sutliciently tested yet to recominend tlicTU as reliable. For eonmiercial apple fsrowinp, where tlu- orchards will ranjre hirtier, th(! Fameuse, Mcintosh Red. Bethel and Bishop I'ippin will tind a ready sale at piod prices on the local markets. For i-.xport inirposes we would oiriit from this list the Bishop Pippin, and add the Duches*.. I)\idley, Wealth.y an(^ Alexander or Wolf River. NOVA SCOTIA. Annapolis and adjacent valleys. Sunutitr. — CrimMPU Beauty. Williams Favorite. .1 iitiinin. — (jravenstein. Wealthy, Alexander. Earlfi W'lnhr. — Tompkins King, Kibston, .Mcliii 'i, Blenheim. Winter. — Northern Spy, Wagener, Stark, liaidwin and American (ioldcn Russet. Other good varieties vvhicii do well there an^ Yellow BellHnwir (Bishop Pippin), Roxbury (Nonpareil), and Cox C)range. Fasti'rn Nova Scotia. Siinimrr. — Crimson Beauty, Yellow Transparent, Duchos of Oldenburg. .4 u/i/7«H.— Dudley, Wealthy, Alexander. F.arlii Wintir. — .Mcintosh. Winter. — American (iolden Rn.sfeet, Stark.. The possibilities of thi.s i)art of Nova Scpareiit. .intiimn. — lluches-, of 0]deid)urg, Dudley. F:ailii ir/ii/r;-.— Wealthy, Mcintosh, Wolf River. Winter. — Bethel, .\meriean (i(dden Rii>sel. Other varieties will do very w(dl in places .ind Slimmer. — Red Astraehan, Cliarlamoff. Winter. — ]{ibslon, Tolnian, Blue Pearmaiu ire parti'-ularly u-eful fur Imnie use. Pewaokee. (Irime-* and .Vorthem Spy. Apples recommended for the Prairie Provinces. .i/)p?c.«, in IJie moxt favnineil xiluation.'i. — Bhished Oalville. .\nisett<>, Duchess, Charlamoif, Lowland Raspberry, Beautiful Arcade ( Re|)ka Kislaga), Patten ((ireen- inn), .\ntonovka, iribernal. Crab Apples. — Transcendent, Florence, Virginia, II.vslop. Saynder.s' Ili/hrid drab Apples. — .Tewt>l, Charles, Silvia, Prince, Tony. Robin, Elsa and Norman. These are about the size of other named crab apples, but hardier. 101 BRITISH COLUMBIA. Tl.m> aro*o man.v .-linintcs i„ Hriti.
  • to th.. maiiv valL-v,. t,. flie ditf.-n.ncv in elevation, and to (litrcrciKv in li.inii.lity tliat witliont divi.linfr tli,. prov- ince into a Jircat many (li..tri<-tH for wliicli lists of lust varieties are ^Mv,.n ti.e fruit RTower niifilit plant a variety in a eertaln district wlii,-li would l,e .piite iin.suitr.l to it llie followuif.' list ot distriets is taken from Fiullctin ,M of tlie Department of A-rieul- ture for the Provimr of liritish Columliia (i,y li. M. Winslow. Provincial Ilorti.-ul- turist) and the varieties which fcdlow are in most cas.-s tlu' varieties n n.ii.led for these districts. Kv.n within these districts, howevr, there ar.' Iii;;h or low elevations or peculiar climatic conditi.ms ami tlie prospective ^rn.wer must not follow the -iiuTal list too closely, I,„t judfr,. f„r hiniMlf as to whether his climate is representative of the district and, if not, what other distri.'t has a <'liniatu most like it. Kor tlu' verv c..]dest places where apples are prow nly with the greatest ditlieiiltv. or where it is 'do.ihtfiil it they will succeed at all. we should recinnniend ti the prairie provinces. inieiid tryinn- tile varieties reeoiiimeniled for List of I-ruit Districts.— (1 ) Vancouver Island-Southeast section: Ci ) Vancouver Island-AVest const; (ii) Mainland eoust; (4) Northern coast vallc.vs; (-,) Lower niaiii- iaud; (()) Lytton, I.iilooet, Speiices liridfre; (7) Kaiiil(M.p.s-\Valhiehin ; (s) Southern Central plateau; (!l) Shuswap lake; (Id) Upper Okanairaii lake; (U) Lower OkamiKau lake; (1-2) Similkanieen ; (11) Kettle river; (14) West Km.tenav; (1.%) East Kooteiiav (Kl) Central British Colunihia. ri;fIT 1) iTKKT.S IN MKITISII COMfMl'.IA. Varieties of Apples ReiiMnmendwi. 1 X .\ X 2 X X X X ;! X x' X 4 X X X X X X r. X X 1 X X s X .\ X ri X .\ X .\ X in X .\ X X X X X X X X X X n X .\ X X X X X X X X X V2 X X X X X X X X X X X 1,3 X X X X X X X X X 11 X X .\ X X X X X X 1 X t X 1.-) X X X X X -^ X \ X X ii; Ale.xander lileiilieiin Canada Reinette Charlainoff Cox Orange Ouchess Grimes. . . X X Fainen>e Delicious .lonatlun. Melntosli McMahan Milwaukee, Northern Spy Ont.ario. . . Red Asti'achan X X X X X X .\ X X X X X X .\ X X X X X X X X X X X X .\ X .\ X X X X X X X X Red Cli.-ked I'ipj.in Rome }'•' auty Scott W inter Tetof.-kv, X \ X X X X X Tcm|pkin.s King Wagener Wealthy W'inesiip Wolf River Yellow Newton Y'ellow Transparent. . . X X X DKSCIMI'TIOXS OF V.\1!II:t1KS. The following descriptions of vari.'ties liav.- heeii nearly all made l.v the writer from typical si)e.'im.>iis either grown at the Central Kxperimental Farm' or revived from Iruit growers thnnitriiout Canada. Nearly all the varieties reconiiii..|ide.l i,, the 'I'lif vjirii'tif* me dividi'd into I'mir >rriiups, iiuiiiflv. SiiiiiiiuT. Aiituinii, Kaily Winter to Mid-wintor and Winter. Tlie mimes in eneli frrdnp nre iirraiiffed nljihidx'ti- ciiilv. SlMMKIl \ AHIKTIKS. Aiiisett,'. — This is 11 Uiissian variety, very similar, if not identieal witii I>uelie-s of Oldenburg, which has done particularly well in Southern Manitoba. lii'auiiful Aniidr (Uepka Kislofru) — Oriirinated in Kussia. Fruit medium t > al>ov(» medium in size, roundish, sli^rhtly ecnieal. rejiidar; eavity medium deptli. nai'- row; stem short, moderately stout to stout: ba>iu medium depth and width, slifrlilly wrinkled; calyx open or partly ojien ; colour i>ale yellowish and wliitish ^reeu, somi^- tiuies with a slight pink blii.-h: dots numerous, pale, indistinct; .skin thick and moder- ately toush; tlesh white, moderately juicy; core small, closed; Havonr sweet, pleasiuil ; quality abovo medium; season mid-Au(rust to September. A very hardy and productive IJussian variety. It has been growinf; at Ottawa under tlic» name of (!ood Peasant and llcrren, in addition to the synonym jriven a! ove. Blus]irdf'alrilli'.—()rin'\m\to<\ in Russia. Vrnh roundish conical, angular, meiliiun to large; cavity medium depth and width, slightly russeted; stem long, moderately stout; basin luirrow, metlium depth, wriukh-d; calyx closed; colour i)al(> greenish yellow with a faint jiink blush on sunny side, sometimes without; dots few, pale, indistinct; bliiom none; skin thick, moderately tender: flesh white, crisp. jui<-y, teiuler; (piality medium to above medium: season miil-.\ugust to early September. A v(>ry hardy, early variety, but sliows bruises badly and on this account is ilcsirablc mainly for I'.iiie use. The tree is productive iait not a very vigorous grf)wer. Charlamoff (Pornird I'ipla, Arahha). — A Russian variety, grown under several different names in this country, the i -t eonmion being Pointed Pipka and Arabka. Fruit above medium to large, oblong, conical; skin pale yellow well splashed and streaked with bright purplish red or carmine; a few small white, fairly distinct dot>: cavity deep, and of medium width; stc^m of medium length, stout; basin shallow and of m(>dium width, wrinkled; calyx oi>eii ; Hesli white, rathcT coarse, juicy, mildly subacid, with a pleasant Havour; core small; (pntlity good; season. August, just before Duchess; tree very hardy, a spreading, strong grower and heavy bearer. The chief fault of thi> variety is that it only remains in good condition for a very >hort time. It is a good dessert apple wlien at its best. Docs very welt at Ottawa and farther north. Crimson licaiily. — Originated by Francis Peabody Sharp at Woodstock, \ew Brunswick. Fruit medium to above medium, roundish slightly ribbed; cavity open, deep; stem long, moderately stout to slender: basin oiicii, deep furrowed or wrinkled: calyx open; colour pale greenish yellow well splashed aiul washed with lively deep attractive crimson; predominant colour lively deep crimson; doti; few, yellow, distinct; skin thin, tender; tloh dull white, or y<-llowi>h, ^ometilnl■s tinged with red near skin, tender, moderately juicy; core medium; acid, little flavour; quality medium; season early August to late August. While this variety is only medium in (juality it has proved (juite profltable on account of if^ earlincss and handsimie appearance. The tree is luirdy and bears well. Duchf'ss of Oldcnhur;/. — Originated in Kussia. Fruit medium to large, roundish to oblate; skin yellow, well sjjlashed aiul streaked with bright red; cavity of medium depth and width; stem short, moderately stout or rather slender; basin deep, open; calyx partly open; flesh white, crisp, tender, juicy, ncid. Quality oidy above medium a- a dessert fruit, but one of the best cookers; season, August, but will keep until Septem- ber further north; tree very hardy, a moderately spreading grower, and an early and very prodiu-tive bearer. hnnriford Beaidu (liuftseli). — Originated near (iatineau Point, P.Q. Fruit medium to above medium in size, roui-dish to oblate; skin pale .vellow, almost, or com- pletely, covered with deep red; dots few, gray, not prominent: cavity shallow, open; 1(13 stiiii lunii:. sliMidcr; Imsiu slmllnw, oikmi. slifjhtly wrinkled; calyx clo-^cd; flosli white, tender, ineltln>r. juicy, siibiicid, with ii ph'MSiint flavour. lmviii>r a siijffrcsti.ni of Fnnieusc ahout it, slitjhtly astringent; .-(.re lar;.'e, (|tiality -ood ; s.'ason, middle of Anirii-t to middle of Sc|itcnd.cr. ripens ratlier iineveidy; tree viworons, proihictive in allrniate years, and hardy. Lowland Haspherry {Lkvland A'rt«/;fc.cn/). -Oritrinated in Kussia. Fruit round- i«li lo oblate, conic, angular, medium U, larue; cavity medium depth, narrow; „tem medium lenfrth to short, moderately stout; hasin shallow, narrow, slightly wrinkle.l: calyx closed or i)artly o|)en; colour pale y.llow. waxy, more or less hlotchid. splashci • washed with hritjrht red: dots few. pale yclh.vv. indi-tinct; skin iiKMlcrat'elv thi.^k. tender; flesh white, tin(,'ed with red, crisp, tender, juicy; core medium size to larp'. open; flavour sub-acid. i)lea.saiit, good; quality very fjood; season mid to late August. A handsome early apple of V(.ry jrood quality and .specially valuable for home^isc' It bruises easily and drops badl.v, hence must be haiiin shallow and of medium width, sli-htly wrinkled; calyx open; flesh white, firm, crisp, juicy, almost acid, with an afrn-eable rich flavour; core small, quality flood; season, latter part of .Tuly and first half of Aufiiist; tree hardy and an upripht >-troiijf jirower, but n rather shy bearer. Red Jiiiir ( Wihoii's Jiitiv, Carolina Rid Ju/ic).— Probably ori^'inateil in South Carolina. Fruit medium size, obtusely conical; cavity shallow, sometimes lipi)ed, medium width; stem medium to long, stout; basin open, medium depth, wrinkled: calyx closed, or partly open; colour, yellow, well washed «ith deep crimson; predomi- nant colour deep crimson; seeds numerous, below medium size, acute; dots few, yellow, distinct; skin thick, toufth ; flesh white, tender, moderately juicy; core rather lar^^e. open; flavour sub-acid, pleasant; (juality jrood; season Aufrust. but will keep until late autumn. This is a promising summer apple for some parts of Canada. It has been beariiifr for four years as a top-graft at Ottawa. It should ship well. Strnu-lcrni (of .¥on/rraO.— Originated on ("apt. Rayncs' property, Westmount, P.Q. Fruit of medium size, roundish conical; colour yellow, well splashed and striped with carmine; briskly subacid, pleasant flavour; (piality above medium; season mid to late August. The tree is a strong, upright grower, and productive, and formerly was considered of value in the province of Quebec. A hardy early apple, but it ha.s been superseded by Yellow Transparent auo is rarely i)lanted now. r,./o/,«h/.— Originated in Kussia. Fruit oblate to roundish, angular in form, and medium to below medium in size; cavity medium depth and width, slightly russeted; stem short and sU)ut; basin shallow, medium width, wrinkled; calyx closed- colour pale greenish, .vellow, with a slight pink blush, though sometimes without; sometimes also splashed and streaked with carmine or i)ink; dots fairly numerous, pale, not prominent; bloom none; skin thick, moderately tough; flesh dull white, firm! juic.v. coarse; core small; briskly sub-acid, flavour not marked; quality medium t(i above medium: season first week of August and earlier. Very productive in alternate years. Has been planted to a limited extent on account of its earliness, but is not as good an apple as Yellow Transparent, though a few days earlier. Tilorla {Gipsy GtrZ).— Originated in Russia. Size large to very large: form oblong to roundish, angular; cavity deep, medium in width, slightly russeted; stem short, stout; basin deep, medium width, wrinkled; calyx closed or oi)en; colour pale 104 yellow. wHl Hpla»li to oblong, ribbed; cavity deep, moderately open, heavily russeted; stem short, stout; basin deep, medium width, wrinkled; calyx closed, sometimes open; colour yellow ;' dots obscurc>; >kin thick, tender, surl'ace rough; flesh yellow, firm, coarse but tender! m< ".erately juicy; core small; flavour bri.skly sub-acid, peculiar, spicv, pleasant; quality almost good; season September to mid October. Productive and very hardy. One of the standard varieties in the colder jjarts of Ru>>i:i. CcZZtVi?.— Originated i,i England. Fruit ]arg.>, roundish, obtusely conical in form; cavity .,i)en, medium depth, russete.l; stem medium length, stout; basin deep, open, or very open, slightly wrinkled; calyx open; colour pale greenish yellow, washed and splashed with deep crimson; predominant colour deep crimson; seeds medium size, acute; dots obscure, ..r a few white di-tinet one>; >kin moderately thick, tender; flesh, white, tinged with yellow, tender, melting, jui<-y:. core small ; flavour briskly sub-acid sprightly but not high; quality almost good; season late October and November. Has been grown tn some extent in the |)rovinee of Quebec. It is an excellent cooking ai)ple. nii\vi(k wlicrc it is hcst kimwn. Fall Piii/nn. — Ori^rin unknown. Fruit larf^c to very lar^e roundisii, rililied, cavity open, medium di'ptli; stem medium to short, stout; l)asin dit-p, ojHn, almost smooth; calyx open; colour trreenish yellow to yellow sometimes, washed with i)inkis! red mostly on snnny side; ilots indistinct; skin moderately thick, tender; flesh yellowish, tender, Imttery, juicy; core small to medium; flavour sub-acid, i)leasant; • piality (jood; season autumn to early winter. .Not si much i^rown as it oiic(> was hut is flood hotli for dessert and eookinjr. /•'((»/«.(/.— Orijiiiiated near Stra^hur;;, l.an<-astcr Co., Pa.. I'.S. Fruit aiiovc medium size, roundish to ohlate, sli;;htiy conical; skin yellow, heavily splashed and wa.-hod with deep red; dots few, yellow and not promitient; cavity deep, moderately open; stem short, slender; basin of medium depth, narrow almost smooth; ealy.K partly opi-n. Flesh white, crisj), tender, juicy, snli-acid; core small; (piality jrood. Season Sei)temliei Tree vif.'orous, siireadiiifr, and productive. Gideon. — Originated by Peter M. (lideon, F".\celsior, .Minn., I'.S. Fruit abovo medium size to lari;e. roundish conical, ribbed; skin yellow with n briyrht rosy red blusli; dots fairly numerous, yellow, distinct: cavity narrow, meilium depth; stem short to medium, slender; basin shallow and of medidui width, wrinkled, ealy.x closed; flesh white, crisp, juicy; briskly sub-acid; liable to watereore or iirownlnf? of flesh; core lur-ie; quality above na'dium. Season October and early Xoveniber, tree hardy, a stronjr frrowiT and very productive. (loldin Wliiti' (Winlfr Stripe). — Orijriiiated in Kussia. Fruit roundish, some- what ribbed, conical; size above medium to larpe; cavity narrow, medium depth, russeted; stem .short, moderately stout; basin deep, medium width, wrinkled; calyx large, open; colour yellow. s])lashed and striped with bright earmiiii'; dots moderately numerous, pale yellow, distinct; bloom slight; skin thick, touyh; lle>h dull white, sometimes tinsrcd with red. tender, moderately juicy, rather coarse; core small to medium; flavour sub-acid, iileasant; (piality ^ood; season late September to early October. This is of better (luality than most of the llussian varieties. The fruit is attractive in ai)i)earance and th(> tree is hardy and i)ro(luctive. It has been received and grown at Ottawa mider th(> name of I'liUanofl', .\intmanii. r.nd Lon.L'fleld .")(!M. Gravptislcin. — Orijrinated in Germany. F'ruit medium to larfre, roundish; skin yellow, splashed and streaked with oranjic and red; stem short, -tout; basin wide and rather d(X'p. Flesh tender, crisp, juicy, sub-aeid and liiuh flavoure(l; ipiality veiy good; .season September and October. Tree a stroiur siireadiii}: fiTower and very i)roduptive. Units (Fall Quern). — Ori};inate(l near St. Louis, ilo. Fruit medium to above niediuni in size; oblate; skin yellow, well splashed and washed with dee]), sometimes brownish red; cavit.v dtH'p; moderately open; stem short, stout; basin narrow, ot medium depth, almost smooth. Flesh white, juicy, s;'' leid, with little iliaraeteristic flavour, rather nstrinpent; core small, (luality niei'' , nbove nu-diuni. Season autumn. Tree hardy, a strong, moderately upright y. r and a p>od iinnun! bearer. Xot (h^sirable except in the coldest ])arts of the aiii)le jrroivinjjr districts. Hibernal (Uumnat. — Orif^inatwl in liussia. Fruit medium to lar{;e, oblate conical : skin pale greenish yellow, splashed and streaked on sunny side with bright purplish red; a few white dots; cavit.v deep, of medium width, russeted; stem short, stout; basin of nu^dium depth and width, slightly wrinkled; calyx ojien. Flesh yellowish, crisp, tender, juicy, acid; core small; (pialily medium; season September to .November. Tree very hardy, a strong, spreading grower, and very i)roduetive. Although not a j. xxl dessert fruit this is a pood cooking ai)ple and on account of its great hardiness ;ind productiveness is one of the best of the Ivussiaii ajiples for the coldest parts of ( iinada. Iloadley. — Originated in Wisconsin. F>uit oblate (•(Hiic; size above medium; cavity deep, moderately open, slightly r'.isseted ; stem short, sh^nder to stout; basin ](H'. Tri'c ;ui nii'dium (Icptli 1111(1 wi.ltli. iilinii>t -iiinntli ti. «li>{!itly wriiiklnd, rnlyx (ipcu, coldiir .vclluw spliislu'd and strciik.d with (Mniiiiic; dots few, .vcllnw, indi^tiiii't ; .-.kiti tliick, iiiudir- iifil.v ti-tidcr; rtivsh .v<.||(p\vM with tnicrs of red. juicy, rather ti-ndor. hri!.lity iilxivc iiiiMliurn; sensoii Octnln'r. iipni-'lit Kriiwcr, hiirdy nud produc'tivc. Loiif/firld. — A HusNiuii viirii'ty intrddiict'd in the year ls7(). Fniit >uinftini('-i iiicdiiiin, mostly holow nicdiiiiii in size, roundi.-ih conic;!' ^lijrhtly anf.'ular; siun jialc yellow, nliiiost white, with a l)ri(j;ht pink Mush; dots few. .I.seure; cavity very jiarrow, deep. more, or h'ss rnsseted : stem short, slender; lia in narrow, of medium depth, wrinkled; calyx partly open; flesh white, crisp, very .iuiey, very tender, nieltini,'. l)riskly siih-ncid, almost acid, pleasant; core incdinm; (luality jfood ; season Octohcr a. id Novem- her. Owing to the great crops, the fruit is lialile to ho undersized, and hecauso of its tender flesh and t>ale skin, it shows lirui cs bailly, which lessens its eommercinl value and is upainst it. It is a ff<>"d apple for the ni.rth on account of ''s hardiness and low growth. .yc.Va/(a;i.— Introduced hy A. L. Hatch, Wis., I'.S. Fruit lartjo to very large, roundish, slightly conical; skin i)ale waxy yellow, almost white when in host condition, with a delicate pink blush; cavity deep, medium width to open, slightly russeted; stem short, stout; basin of medium depth, narrow, almost smooth; calyx open; Hesh white, rather coarse, crisp, juicy, briskly sub-acid; quality above medium. An excellent cook- ing apple. Season October and Xovember. Tr(>e a very strong grower and a good crop- per. Owing to its vigour and apparent great hardiness it should be one of the. best apples to plant near the limits of su<'cessful apple culttire. Maiden BZusA.— Originated in New .Jersey. Fruit medium to above medium size; oblate conic; colour pale yellow with a bright crimson blusii; tlesh white and .vellowisli! crisp, juicy, tender, briskly sul)-acid; (|uality above medium to good; season September to December. Has not k-en planted much in Canada in recent years. 0/,(.ipHn.— Originated in Minnesota. Fruit, above medium in size; form oblate t'. roundish conic, regular; cavity deep, moderately open to onen, russeted at base- sfm medium length, moderately scout; basin deep, open, slightly wrinkled; calyx open or closed; colour iiale yellow, washed and splashed witii deep orange red approaching car- mine; predoniinanr c(dour deep orange red; seeds medium size, acuminate- dots obscure; skin moderately thick, moderately tough; flesh dull white or Yellowish, tinged with red, tender, rather coarse, juicy; core medium; flavour briskly sub-acid, pleasant- quality above medium to good; season late September to mid October. Fruit resembles Duchess of Oldenburg somewhat, but is a much betti-r keeper. The tree is hardv and productive. Gstraloff r67o.M>.— Originated in Russia. Fruit, medium in size: form r.-uudisl,- cr iiiodcriitclv moui : Imsi,, niirrciw. in.diiiin .Icpth. wrinkled: .'nlvx closed; i-oloiir r.ide ynviii^h v, Mow with n pink Mnsh on >unr],v sid. : dots niiincroii-. [inle, indisfin..f: skin iiiodrrntely tlii.'k. niodcrntelv tounh; flesh oii hit.- AuriisI imkI eiirly Septenilier. This viirietv liiis Keen fjTown in tiie provinee ,,f (^uel.e.' for innny yejirs. Th.' tr.v is virv hjirdv'nnd .piil- linMluefive. hut the fruit shows hrnises hiidly, St. J''iwni,r,:—()r:i!\ni\ti.'d in Montre.d enrly in the I'.Mh e, ntuiy. Kruit. Mhov.' iiiediuin to hirye; form olihite Vi/:c,.— Oriyiruited iu l.'us.-iii. Fruit in.'.liuni to al".v. tui-diuni in si/e; form roundisli to .,hl-it.'. ref-'ular; cavity .shallow to nie.liuni .iepth. medium width; stein short to inedinui, nioderat.'ly stout to sl.u.hT; hasin inirrow. rather shallow, slightb wriidil...!; calyx partly open or cdosed; colour pale yellow, almost lutirely overspread with rich lively red; dots few. .vellow. indistinct; skin nioderat.ly thi.k. m,>,Ierately toiifrh; flesh white, firm, erl-p. m,.derat.ly j"i<'y; <'ore m.'.liuin: flavour suh-acid, pleasant; .(uality f-ood; sr-ason early Sei.temh.T to late Sei)t.'mh.r. and earlv Oct..lK'r. This very handx^me variety is sonietiin.'s mistaken for the I.owhiinl IJasherry but is • lUit.. distin.'t. and kc.'ps 1,,iii.mt. Tre,' is ver;. sus.-.ptihie to fir.' Mljlit. which is ajrainst it as 11 commcriial vari. ty. 7'/rH/o;,.— Orioinat.d hy I'. < '. Diinpsrv, Trenton. Ontario. Fruit, lu.'dium to ahov.- me(liiim in size; form rounilish coui-iil; cavity .le.-p. me.liuui width. ni-s,.ti..l; stem medium leUKtli. slend.^r; basin open, me.lium .l.-pth. wrinkl.d: calvx open; '■olour yellov; washed and spla-h.'d with d.'.'p. ratli.T .lull red; dots obscure; l.loom pink; slun moderately thi.'k, t.-nder; flesh .vellowish. rather <-oarse, .'risp, breaking, tender, moderately .juicy .-ore above medium ; flavour sub-a.-id, pleasant; (lualit.v if.K.d: season late S.ptember to early October. Xoi as attra.'tive looking an'apple as Wealthy nor as loni; a keeper. Season is .just befor,- Wealthy. An early bearer. Tii-inli/ Ounn- (Vwyuu'i Hid .'^'/iv.;/.*.— Orifrinat. .1 in Conni-cti.Mit. I'.S. Fruit 'ariie to very lar^'o, roundish; skin .Yellow, splashe.l ami stri^ak.'il with liriRht purplish stout; basin of m.'iliiim ilcptli; calyx snnill. •• sub-acid; .|uality above medium, but a .11 to early winter. Tr.^c a strong grower reil; cavity deep and wide; steni short an. open; flesli, white, coarse, juicy and bri first-class eookinjr appl.-; s.nson hit.- aut aii.l jiroduetive. irrtV,.,-.— Orifjinate.l by 1'. C D.inpsey, Trent. ui. Out. Fruit roundish. ribi)ed; .size larfre to very lartrt ; cavity ilee|). medium whltli to open: st.'iu short, mo.lerately stout; basin deeji. medium t.. ..[.en. almost smooth to mo.h-rately wrinkled; calyx opiui; eoh.ur (rreeiiish yellow, splashed an.l streaked with crimson; dots few." small, white distinct: skin moderat.ly thick, moderatidy tender; flesh y.^llow. tender. rath.T coarse, juicy, meltiup; core small t.> medium: sub-acid, pleasant liiph flavour; (juality cood to very jrood. A suEjresticu of Oravcnst.-in flav.-ur nK-ut tliis ..t.plc; season. October. Tree hardy and productive at Ottawa. MVa/^/i,V.— Originated by Peter M. (iideon. Excelsior, Minn.. F.S. Fruit of medium hizc, almost larg.' on young trees, roundish; skin yellow, w.dl splashed and washed and sometimes cutipletely covered with crimson; dots .v.dlow, fairly numerous, dis- tinct, but not prominent; cavity deep and of m.-dium wi.lth ; st.'m sh.)rt to m.'dium. m 108 Hlenilcr to mndprnfoly stout; bnsin imrrow. rather (loop. iilmo-li; laisiii inediuni almost covered IMII \M\Ti:ll To Mri) WIMI.It. AriiliskiJi' ( Will 1 1 r AmhLiil. — A IJussian variet.v. Fruit lar«e luvity deei>, narrow, rnssett>-, imlis- tinct; skin moderately thick, tou^dl, often with a suture line; lie-h jfrecnish whiti, coarse, tender, juicy; cure above medium; acid, litth' tiavour; «pndity nudium; season early to mid-winter. The tree is not as hardy as some of the IJussian varieties. It is Krown to n limitcii extent in the ccdder parts of Ontarid and (Jueliec. also in New Brunswick. The fruit is attrai'tivc in appearance hut of inferior quality. I'Lrlvr (La />/«■>.— Originated near HrockviUe Ontirin. Fruit, larjfe to very large; form roundish, slijfhtly ril.l>ed; cavity medium licjith and width, russeted towards huse; t-teni short, moderately stout; hasin deep, open, sliditly wrinkled; cal.V.v open; colour yellow, washed and splashed with oran^re red; predoniiiniut cdloii: oraiiRc reij; seeds medium .-ize to hcluw medium, acute; dots numerous, yellow, conspicuous; skin moderately thick, moderately tender; tlcsh dull white and .vellowish tinned with red, coarse, tender, moderately juicy; core medium, open; tiavour suh-acld. pleasant, not high; (piality al)ove medium; si-isim .Vovemlicr to mid winter. This io a handsome apple hut is not good enough in ipiality to he jdunte 1 comnienlally. At Ottawa a has proved oidy a moderate heanr. y»(.sn)ar'7,.— Originated i]i New Zealand. Fruit, above medium to lirge; form roundish; cavity deep, narrow to na'dium width, russeted; stem short. niodcriitiOy stout; basin very deep, i.peii, slinbtly wrinkled; calyx opiii; colour grccni-h yellow well washed with crimsdu ; predominant cidcur crimscui; seeds medium ci/e. broad, ncute; dots few, indistinct; skin moderately thick, moderately ienhed and splashed with orange red mostly on the sunny side; dots few, pale, distiiu-t but not prominent; cavity moderately deep, narrow, russetwl; stem short, moderately stout; basin of medium depth, si tb, open; calvx largo, open; flesh yellow, crisp, tender, melting, moderately juie.v, mildly sub-acid, of good tlav(Uir; core small: quality geod to very good. Si>iisi.n XdViinber and I'eei niber. Tree a strong grower and a good bearer. Canada IUildwin..—'Aau\ t.. have originati'd from see, rather coarse, firm, inclined to be corky, fairl.v juicy mildly sub-acid, with a pleasant flavour; slightly astringent; core small; quality good; season midwinter; tree an upright, stn.ng grower: a light to nie.lium, but iinmiai bearer at Ottawa; said to bo subject to suu-.scald, but trees have not feufffiroil n ucli from it here. mil tox Uianye (I'lpinni.- OriKiiiati.l in Kii^laiid. Fruit. in.Mliiiin !n mz.- form oblato, come; lavit.v imdiiiiii (l..|.tl. ami wi.itli. rus^.t.^ ; st.in short, ralh-r ,l..n.|.T- ba.H.ii mcdaim df|.th and wi.ltli, sin.H.th; raijx .l-.M-d ur opun; clour j.-llow wdl was hc.,l with ..run«,. vv,\ and witii .anninc ^phi^his; dot, iVw. di^tin.t, irn^'ular- .sUiii ii.odfratily thi.-k. i |,T.it..|.v t,.UKh; 11...,;, .v,.ll„w, tirtn. cri^i.. i.roakintr, tcnd.T. jui. *■• ••oro «inail; llavour Mii.-a.-id. spri^htLv, s|„.y. vory p-'d; quality wry good to iM-stj Mv.^on early wmt.T. lias don.- \r(>du<'tive. /;,/,>j,,„,._()ri^,i„„t,„l i„ Madison Connlv. |„wa. and introdu.v,! l,v Stark Bros lAMMsiana Mo in 1M..V Fruit, lar^e; form ohh.uK to roundish, llattened at end*' prominently nhi.ed; .uvity deep. o,H.n ; stem medium hniith, stout; basin verv deep ^er.v ope,., prominently wrinkle.l; ealyx dosed or ,,artly open; eolour greenish" vellow washe.l with rather .lull ornnjfe ml with carmine splashes; pr,-,lominant .-.d.-ur rather .lull oraiifi,. r.'.! api roaehmj.' .Mrmiiie- .lots niod.-rat.'lv lhi.-k. toMu'h; flesh yellow, tend.-r. meltiiiff. mmle num. Thus, white, erately juiey; (Mire li. di>tini't ; skin ineiluiin; ■.1 «'nour mildly snh-aei.l. p|,.usant. poo.l; .piality vry ^ood'; s,.ason .-arlv to late winter S.vms more suitahle for riritish Columhia thnn for ..asfrn Canada, 'ifas not , liarilv ,,f Ottawa. J'rodiietive where it aue^-eeds. Famcu^e (Snow)-On^hi unknown. SupiH.s..d ..itluT f. have Ik-..,, hnmirht to anada with .l,e ..arly F r..,,..], .-ttlers or to Have been a s.v.lli,... ori.^innted In Hd" ountry. truit of n„.dnim si.e. roundish to ohlaf; skin pal.. y,.l!ow. eith.-r almost or omph.tely eov..r..d with ,leep r,.! ..r splash,.! an.l wash.-l with re.l when fruit is no d eolour,.,!; dots indistinet f. ol.eure; ea-i.y „f m...lium depth and wi.lth ; sten i t ";"'"" "• '1 • ^'""'"'" •"■ '"'"'-^■•'•♦^■'■v «l'""; ba.in m,.li,im d,.pth an.l wdh to rather narrow, alnu.st sm..oth ; fl.>sh very white, sometimes with traees ..f red ^.•ry ten.ler. ,,u..,v. s„l>-ae,d with a fine flav.uir and a .Mieate perfum,.; .-or,. „ ,1 quality very prood to l,.>st: season early winter; tr,... :, stro,,.- .^rouvr. sprea.li,..' Vnd a ■- one of the best d,.s^,.rf anplcs an,l on.. ,.f t!„. most profi'tnble he.'ivy hearer. This where it succeeds well. nnmr., ^^0 Wow.-Oriffinated in AVrst Virginia. Fruit. m,..lium in size- form ■oiindi.h to slif^htly oblon.^ som,.what flatten...! at ..n.is; .-avity m,..!i,„n ,l.',t'h Z width russet..!; stem m.,lium h.npth, sl..,i.!..r; basin ,le..p. open, wrink!.-. caW, closed or open; ..oloui- prc>en,sh y..llow t,> y..l!„w som,.tim,.s with traces of pink sh re,l on sunny side; dots obscure; skin mo,l,.rat..ly thl,.k. t..n..„. ,,ots onscure; sk,„ n, rat.'ly thick. t..„,ler; flesh vllowish. crisp n.ler. som..w-hat buttery, firm. mo.I,.rat..ly jui.y „, jui..y; core medium to sn.al •" ivour sub-aci.l. spi..y. p.o.l; quality Rood to very px,,!; season early to mid-winter' fnirly lianly variety th.aid. it has not sin-.-.H-d...! at Ottawa. Tliis variety is much esteemed where it ,s known. Tt .Iocs very W..11 in liritish folumnia where it yields //»Wnrrf,,/o„._Ori^nnat.|> ,t1iii..,ii : .lot- t'rw, mii ill, yollow. in.ll-tin.'t: ^-kiii tlil:i to ni.«l..nilrl.v thirk. toiiKJi ; l!.-li ,m11ow1-Ii. . il.,.,*|..|i,l,.r! .ini-r: ror.' rn.'.liimi -iz..; tlnvoiir tiili-ii.Mil, spriKlitiy. iirotimti.'; .|ii;ilify h,h.,1 to v( rv '■ '• "■•''"" <'iirly to mi.l-wiiitcr. Tlii* vnricty U irrowit to ,i l;irif.> <'xt.iit in Hritl-li fotiiiiil.iii wli»T(> it it nil oiirly nnil luMvy liiMircr, l.iit in .M^torn ( •,iii,iil-i,tb rililw '; i-Mvity -li.illow to nio.liiini d.^ptli, iiiiMliiiiii widtli; stem >liorf r.. nicd.iuni. iMo,i,.n,t..]y sfoiit to ' Kood; season De.'emlMT to Fehniarv. Tlii« helonL's to the Faiiieii-e KTonp hut i- n,,| i!-i valuahlo a variety as eiiher Melntosh or Faiiiense. nor a- harily. .1/.7„^,,v/,. -Originated will, ,l,,hn Melnlosh. Dundela, ()i,t. in IT'.m; Iruit aliove ' '',"•"■ '•■■"i.dish.sIi.Mitly rihlud: skin pah- yellow, almost entirely eoveivl uith erini- son. dark on sunny sid. ami hritfhl.'r ..n r few. Muall. yellow, .liMiie-t Imt ""'•■•"" """"^ '■•""•'■ "'' "'*^'li""> - tender, jni.r. aeid sprightly with hut little .•luira.-tensti.- llavour; eoro small. Quality ahove medium; season. Xovemher to Manh iree si.readm^. a rooderate grower and an early and i,ea^> eropper. A promi-i,,.^ :ipph' tor the north, as it appear- to he very har.ly. O^a^..s..„^-Ori,,inntod in Ohio. Tlii.s is a .w and promising, variety wliieh oducti^e Fruit,,: ;"■ \ \ J*-M..TMne„t Station; "Tr.H, vigorous, roundish, open, productne. 1 ruit nn.tortnly lar^e to very large, ronndish-eonie, usually symmetrieal. Ill ..b.. ...V r,i,lH.d; M..,,. .h..rt. .l,.iul..r; ..,mi> ,1....,, I,,-.,.,.!. .„„n,n,.,tr. ,.„ ,,||v .„„. •I..I1 il. oft... ru,M-t.s|; ....l.vx h.rK... „,,.„. „„h M.n.ll. nl.t,,,... rrtlrx..! IoIh.'; Im.ill ■l..|.. w,.|.. „l,l,i„. to „r;itr. „.i,utim.- .|,kI,!|.v (Mn-nw,..!. ..vi.Mn.ln.Ml ; .kin tlurU miImt t.. ,Kii. KI..-.V. fak.w a |,ri ,„ ,„,|i.|,; ,.„|„„r l.riuj,, ,,.,1,. v. Il..w „.,,rK ..,■ ,,,m,.' ..^. rM.r.,ul w,ti. .lark .1...... r-.l «i.|, tai...t -pl.-l,.., ..f purpli.l.-.r •; .|,„, ,.„..,. ,-,.„,. -..nil ..,„„,,„■,..,.... y..!l,.w„|, or n,-..t. ^....n ,.,l„,„.r^^. .1. fr..,,u..„.l,v urn,.!..! wi.l, ,r.v- '',""■,'"""■"" .'' ' '""'•'• "" '•^'•' ^"■"""'' "'"• '"'*"': '•""• ->""II; •■•■11- H-, .llv -•"-.I; -....N in..,ln,iM H, ^i/..; |!,..|, y.||„«i,|, ,inn. ..ri,,., Uu.Ur. jni.v, pi,;,,,,.,. ,„iM Mih-a.M.I, a.'.....al.r. j;..."l I.. N.r.v u,„„|; -..,>,.„ \,,,,.,„|„.r .., .I;,.,,.;, vv," ' A'/..'.. /«/,/„,/ 0',v,.,„»,y. - ()ri;ri.,nlr.i ,„ Kl,.„|.. M,„mI. in.it l,m; Mm.- ;., r..,..,.|, ,k„. Kr.... 1,..,, u„|, .. li^.l,, „k |,|„-1,; ,|„„ ,. ,„„,. „,.. .„. ^ .i.-l,..-l, M.f „„t v..r.v pr.H,n,....,.. ,.a^ „.v „„rro«- a.,.l „f ......ji,,.,, .|,.p,|,; -,,,„ -1,,,:, M'Ml..rat..|.v .(.,„t: m-i., „arr„u-. -hallow, sliuh.ly u,i„kl-,|; ll.-i, v,.||„w. ,riM, ., „,|,.r" -..,. ..arly w,.„..r ,o „„.lw,..,..r. T.- , -p,..,,.li„^ v.ry .tr.nu .^rou.r.n.l a l„.,,.v ■•.m.r lln. va.-,...y ,. ,„.,.■ .„|,. , , .1, „„1 , .|, ,|„„„„^,,, .,^.,„^ ,, ;, la.-ks 1,.^'i. roLair. n lurl. „ „«aiM-f It in „■ „i„,-k,.t- a-, a., .Ap.,rl a|,,,l,'. Ulhshn, ,l'l,,,,;,.,. (),.iLM„a...| in Vnik-lun.. |.:„„l„,„l j.,,.,. m„,|m„„ ,„ !„■.■,■• ... >l,„rt. > o,„; |.aM.,^.|....p.o,.,.,.. urmkl.,1: .-alyx par.lv np..,,; ,.„|„„, ,.'||„„„|, .,,„.,, -piM.ia;! a.al «a-l„,| «,(!, l,.-owMi-h r.,1; p,T.l,„„i„a,., ,.,.|„„r l,n,„,„-„ ,„ „,.,. ,..,, " . •■. ".-'" ■;- wl...-r. Vhi. va..i..,y ,!,„., par,l,.,.la,.|v n.!! i„ N„va ..'an l„-...r' " " ■' ''""■' "' *'"""" '■ '"'--•■^''■''■''- '''I'" '«•"-'•-. i- " .H."!- l'o,hrll.. nri::i„au.,l u,,|, I;. W. ,^ 'a,,!,,., ,]. C ,^„. I,,-,., Kn,,, .,„„|i,.„, ,,, Un.: n.s..,..,I; m..„. , |„„t. -,„,.,; l,a-i., ,1,..,,. ,„...|i,„„ ,,„(,. ,,i'Ikl,..|; ... U ,„„. | - >pla.l,r.. .lark.T „,„r.. ..ar, .1,,,,. ,.ri,„.o„; .|,„, f,,,.. .„,,||. .;,||„„. ;,„|, „;,„.,. ,, .; ..-.I..r,,„.ly ,l,„.k. n„Hl,.ra.,.|y „.„.!,: tl,-h ul,i, ■ ,„1|.,„.M, .nl. .r.;,.,' ,!,■ ■! ,| ..,.; t.MKl.r. j.u,.y: ..o,... ......Il,„n; ,lavn„r ...i.-a,-.!. ,,|,.a-a„t I,,., ,„„ l,id.; ,,„ali.; ,1 " .'. lian.lM.iiio li-iul ami ..M.l.iitiy \,.rv har.jv. >'';„ ,f..,,!.s /Ad,.////.— Original, d at I..mi. L,.,., .i.a.. ra,.„.us...,w,.i,.h i, .1.,... ...,. h„w..v,:r;-.:,;,::^ r",'.:;:!,;'!::'''' '""' ^"" "■ ^"" '""'• lUi-.-. ami t-aiil oi he a li..a\y licanr. r,... a >.;-oi,!j, I'j.nL'ht „],. • . • • '. *" "'• 'l"aill,\ ^'OIKI to V..rV LMii, • - i-nli ',;,":;'■!';;::.'■:,.',;, ■'""■- "--" ' ■ '"■■ <■■■- .-'.ii*"« lit Stnni'. — Orisiiiiil)^! in Vprninhl. Kriiit ulicivi- tiu'iliniii In Inrup; fnrtn rnumlUli ri'liifwiiiit cl'lxiliir: cuvily iiiirriin, ixiiiii'liiiicM i-IiiimiI, xIuiIIuw; kIi'iii ■•liorl, ult'tiiltT; I'll- ill lmr^•<^. iiuiliuiii depth to rtluillow, »li«liil,v wriiikliil; ml.vx piirtl.v hihii; i..li.iir .\tllotti-li Kmii, cpla-liid mill wii»luil wiih iliill, d.i p, (.ruiiKf rcil; il..i, iiiiiilrriitil.v iiiliiur.ii-, liniv, ili^tiiHt; >.kiii ihiik. iiii.ilfnitfl.v loimh; tli-l' vill • ish. nilliir ■■.uirM>, crii-p, tiiiilir, iihm|( rnti'ly juicy; niri' kiiuiII; iiiiliily siili-niitl. »pif.v, kim.cI tlitvour, i|iiii!il.v iiIm.v.. iiiriliiiin to K«i»\: .I'li-dii, ciirl.v to iiiiilwiiitir ApiH'iriHirf \a riitlur iii-iiiii-t tlii- uppli', i\» it i* imt vi-rv l.riirlit in mUmr iior ntinii'- tivo. It it a t'liir ilr^rrt iipplr Imi nithfr too iiiilil for ino«t tiixtfit. Tr«'«i iippur- c'htl.v vtT.v Imnlv. Ililciiiirt to tin- llliii' I'.ii'rn.iiii tfroiip. >'/m'.i»v/m.,' I Hiiiiil III. -l)nu'ti\i\t<'>l ill SliiiiHii-c.. Co., Mj.'li.. r.S. I'r..|piilil.v a wH'dliiiK of Kaiiii'iiM-, Fruit of iiiiiliuiii »i/f. olilnti', llatt.'iifd; skin .vcllow. wrll wnslicd illid -pia-.|i.«l witli di'i'p criiU'oii; dots few. piili', diHtiiK't; cavity dc'li, o|n-ii; .Irm of liifdiiiiii linjrili, sliiidir to iiiodcratily >tout ; Uumix uicdiuni in diptli and width, and ahno-t Miiooth; lalyx fh»w|Kn. Fli-'h white, crisp, tcndor. juicy, suh-acid. with a (food Ihivour; core medium, (^nility tt««'i to very (food, Scnwrn early winter. Tree a har«ly, stroiitf. i h'rat.ly upriulil jrrowiT, and a heavy licurer in alternate yeari. Siiltiii, iHraiiliO. ihiuU\nU'i\ at Smton, Ma*-!. i'.S. Fruit of medium -i/e. \vinmctricMl ronndi*li conic; skin wa.xen yellow, wa>heil and -iilii-hcd with crinwon; dotH fairly iiumerons jiale, di-n or partly open; tlc-.li dull wiiite, crisp, tirni. juicy, n spri^ditly mild suli-jicid with a |ileaiant hut not hiudi llnvoiir; cor- small; (piality piod. Scasoii early to mitlwinter. Tree an upright, strnn;; grower , ml ,,roiliictive iindci jjood con- kinH Kin,, {n'iii;, of Tompkins Co.. Ki„;i.) Oi'.'iu i ertain; said to Iiave oriHiuated in New Jersey. Fruit laru'e, roundish, xiincwliat ohiale, oliscurely angular; sluii yrdlow, well spla-hed and washed with hrifjht crimson and ornnjro red; dots laiily numerous, white, -listini't, jiromiuent; cavity of medium di'pth and width; stem slmrf, moderately sioMf; l.asiu of m.'ilium depth and width, almost smooth; calyx closed; flesh .vcllow, rather coarse, erisi>. tender, nicltin^'. moderately juicy with a rich, hif-'li'. aromatic and very attnvuhle flavour; core small; (|uality very jjood to best, irutfcHcr.— OriKinaUd in the .State of .\, w York. Fruit me-f„rfl,,r).—Orii:m. Cmnei-ticut, I'.S. Fruit of medium sizo, roundish conical; skin .vcllow. well washed ami splashed with deep rather dull oranfje red; dots numerous. Inr^^e. .vcllow. distinct, <'..iispicuous; cavity di-cp, narrow, russeted; stem medium h'ti^'th to short. modiTately stout; hasin narrow, .shallow, smooth; calyx open, lobes retlcxcd, flesh yellow, tender, ineltiii!.'. juicy, mildly sab-acid with a pleasant Havour; core! above mediuni in ^ize; (|uality very nood ; season, midivinter. Tree vijrorous and iiroductivo. Winter /iu/ia/m.— Originated in Indiami. Fruit medium to lar>fe, roundish, cunieal. sliirhtly ribbed; cavitv medium denti!, ojseii. s!i;r|,t)y r(i--i-t,.d; -tciu :ii:',rt to medium, stout to moderately tout; basin shallow to medium depth." oihmi, slightly wrinkled; calyx open; colour .vellow with a deep i.inkisb red blush, waxy; dots pale obscure; skin moderat.'ly thick, tender; flosli .yellow and white, crisp, tender, juicy;' core medium size, open; flavour mildly sub-acid, spri^rhtly. ix'ar-like, >;ood; 'quulrt.v very fjood ; season early to uiidwinter or late winter. A handsome upplo of very 1» A U-w ol 1 1.. lr4H-* |,1«„|.^ in |,shf» truitv.! .., |,h!m.. T|,.. tn.- .li-l u.ll ,.,,.1 1.. viK-rou, Kruvvtl, ,„. l,. ,1... .v.ur IML'. wl...,. I.li«|„ n,,,H.ar...| i„ ,|. vhar.l an.l .li.l ..."Hd«ral,|« nuwry. and in l«!..l ,|... .|i , ,,„.,, .,„|j.., „, „,., ^,,„„, _^_^_, _^^^^_,_. «ren, n,v„„,., a,..,,,.^; ,|... „....,. T|,i, |.,, ,|,.. .,r,.l,.,r,| ;„ .. v.t.v I,m.1 .on.li.i..,,, S....... r.., I.u.l ,|....l ,|„.„..,|„r „ih..r, u.r.. r..!...-..,! „. ,„.„„... .....I .,«..in ..th.r- .,vl,i.-h l.ml lu «.. .l,«...,M.d l„„l., .,.„„ „tf 1....I I,,., ,h..ir -j„„n..try. The tr..-, w.to nnt , „..|, ;:u;;:v;.r- '.";'■> *'"'"": '"^'"•^' '■ ■ -»•»'"""•' '— "-i .iuri..« ,i "I' " ."' • "•"■"'« ""• l;-' '•"-''" ' .-^"- d .lili.m an.l are P";'""\ " ",*' ''"• l"'^''i'''" '•( »1"- lt«'--i<«n vari.ti... Ihon^j, a f..« ,.f th..^. ar. '""■ ■■ ''"'" "»'''■'•"' "^ -l"'»" I'.v thosp uhi.'h hnro Hii.w.l..d l-^st in Manif.,l.a TIi.t.. "■'■•.,"" ;'.""'•»;.-'""• "f '"•<• fnll..«in« vaii.ti,.H wlii.-j, hav.. nnt i„...n thnnuKhiv t.-t-.l -n tho ( a.m.lian prniri.- >,.t hut th.'y ar.. Ix-inK p, auat-.l l„r furfh.T t.^t Tl,.- n.'n...s l,.-r.. k,v.,,. an.l il„. .ynnnymn in pa r.M.t !..■.,.>. un.l.r uImVI. th.'v «,rv ..l.tain...| nniy nnt 1... tl... ....rr.-.f n, i„ a*-*. I.nl ., i- .lirti..,.lt t.. tin.l tl... .'•..rr.--f nan...> ,,( tlK-... Ku.,s,an v.rK.tn.s. in many ..,>,•>. »« tl... .■,.nt•n^in,. i,. Uu-Hian n.-m.-n.-latur.. in .\n..rn-« ,s v.t.v Kr.'at. [t will I,.. ,.,.„ that ...„„. va.-i,.fio. havo l,„.n r...-..iv..,l „n.l..r a jfr.at many difierout nunic* HAI.niKhT HIKHIW \I-|>|.KS \l liTT\W A. ;^"',' '•*'"'• •^"'''- •'^'"f-k i'i>. 'i'-hlfn U.in..tt.-. Or.-! Xn. :,. Siiuhir,k N... I .Siinhirsk Si,. 11.) I{,.,| „„;i ,,.,!,,„. .Vni» tliouKh ..vidi-iitiy n..arly n.h.t.-d an- HJiditly ititit'n.nt. Anisiiii ( Mclnncn). Aiit..n..vka ( ( 'innanmi,. (..rnian Culville, Tii'M-nhaii^.n. Vtllnw An.a.l, JO M.) B.autiful An.ad.. (Arka.l. (i,„M I'.aMint, Uorren. ()«ini.H.. an.l is known in Mani- toba as IJcpku Kisli' fa ). HIu.^IukI Calvillo (Whit.. Truii^parfiit j. I{..d... B«tf.- ( Hivdaiiort' St.'klianka. OrandnDth.'r, H.-.l ij n. White I'itn.ni,). Borsilort' (HorsdoitVr. Round Hoi'sdorf). Chnrlain.>ff (Arahka. Snnimer Arnhka. P..int.>d Pipka, Throii... |{r..ad Cheek Hi^y Voroncr-h. .Sacharin... l:i5 M). Dn.'hess of Oldcnhiiiv (Rorovinka.) Th.. variety jrrow n as Aniwtt.. in Manitoba in v«.ry Kiinilar t.i Du.-hes*. Dvinnoe .^olovieff. Kn.irniotis. (lardeii Sw.<'t. Golden White (Winter Strii«., Aintiiianii. Plikan.>ff. Tkrain... Sehwartze (ilas Skrut (Irein. (■roen Swe.'t ( Lclioiik.-y Sweet). IFundsome White. l:;o IIilx}rna] (Komiia, Komcnsk. ■■■. Silken I. inf. A|Kprt. YiUdw ArcMilin. I.iiii«rii'li| ")" -M, Kt'iiic'ttf Kic\>kii<', Snltim). Lupoufhiic. L(>b('(lkii. Lowland liasijU'rr.v ( l.ievliind Itasphcrr.v, IJvlaiid ItnsplM-rry. .Mrloiu'ii). I.ul)sk (Juccii. Moscow Pear. Orel. Ostrakotf (01as«) I'apcrovka. I'lodovitka. Kipka Winter (Hojidnnoff) Itosy Hepka { I{('t«>lovka, Miron, Siinar MiroiO Iiiissian Proscrvc. Simbirsk No. J Simbirsk Xo. !». Var)?ul (Marniabidc. I,o;i.l of St. IVtorbiirarbt Varjfulek. Wbito Kiisset. Tbi' most promi.sinc varictie- nro n CDiniiii'ndcc! in llio diMrii't lists aiwl ib scribed olsewliere in this bulletin. The folIowiiiK ease for and against the Russian ap])les, whieh was imblished bv Prot. F. A. WauKli. in Bidletin Xo. (i1, of tlie Vormont .\frrieultnral Experiment Station, so fully expresses our own opinion of them that it is endorsed, and herewifli ipMited :-- " l-'or. ■■ rhey have priven ns M^verai varieties of reeoy:nized value, like Obb-nbiirfr and V<'!lciw Transparent. "They promi.«e to sivo U8 other le^eful vuTiPtiM thronKh gradual intererossiny with our <'onimon ap|)les. ■■ The.v furnish Inirdy trunks on wbieli nir>re tender varieties may l>(> grafted to advantage. "The trees are very hard.v. "They are inostl.v free from disease (e.xeept blight^ " Tlie.v usually bear early and abundantly. " Tile fruit is often lartio and finely eolonred. " Their'introdnetion has eneonraged many persons to grow apples in reuion- where they would not otherwise have attempted it." " Against. " Very many of tlie varieties introdnced are immensely worthies.*. " .\[r)st of them ripen too early and will not keep. This is dne to their introduc- tion from a zone of shorter season to one of longer season. " The fruit of man.v varieties drops badly before mature. " Tlu' fruit i.s usuall.v coarse grained and of poor qualit.v. "The .skin is often very thin and tender, making the fruit liable to injury. "Their nomenelnture is so badly eonfnsed that no one can be sure of what be is handling. ''The young growth i* I'xtreinely sub.ieet to fire blight." tat i:XI!IHITIN(, AM) ■iriKilN(; AI'I'I.KS. l)unn^y..m.t yars ,„„n. ..ttentiou 1ms l„vu ,,ai,l t.. tlu- jml^in^r ot t.uit tlian . ..rnu. y. ,hi,lK,.s ..ro i.h,« I. luoiv nmnoroiis tl.ai, lln.y usr.l t,. l,o nnd it -.viiw ^f.,v ...MraUc that ju, ^.s offruit i„ ("aua.la .ho.l.l hav .>,.,„.■ stan.lar.l from whi.-l. t.. work Ow.Mfr to th.. ,>Ml«,.s of f,.,„t at .•..rtain fairs h.-in^- ,.l,an^ro.l vory fn-.„.,.ntlv. i„ .,„>, cuse« almost every year, and each jud^e haviuK U ditferent standard for ju.lKin.- .xh.l., ors are at a lo-s to know what i>-'if-'" *•"•• the uso of judges and exhibitors with -xplananon. ot tlu- terms us,..l. Th,.se s..ore .-anls w.Te a.h.pt..d hv n.ost of the I'vov . .end I.ru,t (.rowors Associations in Camula and nn.eh ^.,„d has. it is heliev..!. U.cn .K. omplished throufjh then, but a more freneral familiarity with thoso seoro ..nr.ls and explanations o ternn used is desirable. hen.M. s.^ore ear.ls ar,. published in this bulletin where t ...y wdl r..,v.ve w..le publicity. These s..ore cards unless otherwise marke,! are [hose a.lopted n, 101:! by the .Society for Horticultural Science an an injustice. A H-ood judfTc makes a ipiick but accurate deu;iru.v wli.n sror..: '^? ( oi.i.iiiTUiN oi' Fid ITS Willi Sn:i ii ii:ii Ni miu u ,,i 1'i.ati:s. \':iUn' (If v:\ripties for purposf stated .„ <'onililioii i)f fruit civi-raKP of Imllvlih:.! pi. it.. si-o?i').. ., .'. '-[„ liK) I.Mtc J.ST AMI lilsl ( Yill.!-;. I |..\. N'uiiilx'r of vaiietiis Valtii- i»f varU'ties for puiposf slated I'liniiitlOM III fruit i!ivi'r:iBe ol inillvlMii;iI plnte I ore) . 33. \ 3,n liin ^B*^P^ff 132 Altcriiiitivc Sciirc i'md for ( 'nllcrtiiiiis ( StniMdird- tor .hi(l)jin(r Kriiit) Koim I » Size 1 II Colour 1 ." Unlfonnitv in Freetloni from hleminh -'> iMiility I'l Commerclnl v:iluf 1" Xomeiirlature r. Arraiigfciiieiit a St^ason ■'> 1110 SiMJI.E Pl.ATKS OV SkKIH.INOS OK •' AnY OTHEK V.\KIKT\ " (StaNOAKHS KllK .IriH.IM l''m IT) — Korm 1 ■'■ Size 1"> Colour 2« rnlforiiilty I'l FVoedom from hlemlHh !•' Quality ami texture 2n Season '• 101' ImiK HaKUKLS AM) UoXES OK A (ilVKN VaRII Rox- Texture and flavour 100 Size and form 100 Colour 150 Uniformity 150 Freedom from blemish 150 Total «50 Barrel — Texture and liavoui- 1 nil Size and form 100 Colour 150 I'niforniity ir»» Freedom from blemish 1.10 Material Marking Solidity (nalllnit. olenta. etc. ) . 30 10 10 Total Total. Staves. . HoopK . . Heads . . NailinK . MarUiiiB fir.ii 10 lit 1" Bulge or swell 100 Allffnment. HeiRht of ends Attractiveness and style Compactness Total. 2(1 (50 40 SO SOO Total KaciiiK Tailing . Pressing llacUin*;. Tot.il 7n SO 50 "i> ,S0 K.XIM.ANATION or ThliMS — FrUIT. .lr/(iii;/('»ic(i/.- Tiistc Mini skill in stii»fiiijr .■«> as to attract iiKi-iitiou anrl add to tlir general appt'iiraiict' of tlic oxliiliit. Colour. — Britriit, cloar, well dcvcloiicd colmir, cliarantcri-tic of tlio varioty. Commvrcial raliir. — Standard, known market varieties, as orown in and suited to tlie district, iirefcrred. Form. — In all east's, e.xeept seodlings. refers to the normal type or shape of the variet.v, but in case of seedliiijrs it refers to the shape as desired in a coinmeroial variety. A rom-.dish apple is of the most desiralile shape, and ohlate and ohldiift apples len>t dc'sirahlo. d \:\r, Freedom from W-M.-Any injury by innects, f.n.^n. brui.o.. los. of .ton, mUl """• '""■' "" '"'"'■ '"■ """<■«— "»■ tho Kxi.ibi, siu,ii iH. ..,,11.7!; ; i' tho S.„.,ot.y A.s,K.,Ht,o„ .,r Kxhibiti,.,. at whi.-h th...v nn- sl,..wn. Th,. ,,-.. . Im ^undard nomcK-latMr. adopted by the American F„n,.,l.,.n..„I Sodetv i. r.v.,n,. nit'iideil to such todies. possible, but It has be<.oni.. tho pra.'ti.v t,. rub off the bl.H.m to heiirhti-n th,. ....Lnr d..nd anta«.. h..n..e. unless thoro arc rul.s prohibiting^ rubbing it will 1... b,.tt..r to do it (Juahly and rr.chur.-J., be c-onM.h.red in ...lleetion.. ^.odlinRs. new v,„i..ti..s on trial, or other .*>rts ii, eoniiK-tition. ».i'nni> .v^nted by the var.etu-s .shown. Varieti..^ pa.st couditiou .showu for the puriKK. , . !:?£ si,;!:" '"'"'"" ""' ""'• ''•'"""'-• ^■■"''^ '- '"•^'^ - «>"^i- '" "-'i^th^ri^iu.;! Siz,--\\]ulo,iy.,, in H.uK. .■a^es imiicat, s ean. and skill in pr.Klu,.tion it i- not usudy fou„.l w.th the h-.,hest colour and with freedon, fro.n blelnishes and L lar^^ hould no take th.. Hr.t priz.. unless it is ,,,ual to or better in other r^sp.Us ha, tlo . 1,1 eouipetition with it. ,.J^f """"■~^'*"'"'"""" ^'""''' ' ^ """'^- "'"'" i" ri-- f"".. and ....lour a. i;\|.|.A\\TloN I,,,- TKH.MS— l-ArKI\<; AM) |.^, KACKS. .4/.-i/«m.„/.-Alignn.ei.t refer* lo the row. of fruit in the box. tlie .trni. ^o iv^rson .ball .-ell or off.-r. ..xpose, or have in hi. ,K,sso..iou for .ale auy fruit po.ied mm ]:)4 in any paekngc in which the fnocd or shown surfnoo privcis a fnlse roprcsontation i>f thu i-ctntonts of such pm'kaKc. and it siiall In- ronsidiTiMl ji fnis<. rciiri'si-ntation whiMi more than fiftivn per centnm of audi fruit i» Biihshintiali.v smaller in size than, or inferior in urath- tu, or difforiMit in viirii'ty from, tlio t'm-ttl or shown snrfncf of sni'b imokage.'' Apples in barrels for exhibition «ho\dd be packed as required by law. MarJAiii/.—Thi- niarkinj; ,.f barrels and bi.xo -lioiild be distin« t and attrnilive. U should . •limply with tiic nruhitions uf tin. lns|iiction an.i inches long. The dimensions called for in a standard barrel of mininmm si/.e are: Between heads, 2til imhes wide, inside measurement; head diameter, 17 inches, inside measurement: middle dianu'tir, ISJ inches, ii.sich- mcusuienieut. The barrel trencrally -used in Ontario is 27i inches between t!.e heads, 17 inches in diameter at the head, and with a nnMdle diameter at the bily:e of VJf, inches. A good barrel should have sixteen staves with fin jointing, cut five to two inches and avcrag , four inches in width at the bilge, and be free from hirf;c knot- or shakes. The bed sh,,uld not be less tiian half an inch in thicknes- dressed cU'an and sound. The hoops should be about 11! inches in width and from ,•■•. ,;, inches in thickness and eight in number. The barrel shouM l)o new and clc!'- Material for boxes.— The box should be nuide of material strong enough to with- stand ha-idlin! in transportation. The heads, or einl i)iec.'s. should be each of one piece of wood and not less than ■; of an in<-h thick nor more than I inch. The sides also should be each of one pi- ce and not less than i! liow more injury to the fruit through shaking than barrels over-pressed. Narki>,!i.—M\ barrels of apples should be racked when being pa.'kcd. so that the truit will settle, and the packer thus be abb. to tail his barrel so that the fruit will een racked. Over-pres>,.d fruit is usually found where apples hav not been racked well. Solidity (Nailing, Cleats, etc.)-By solidity is meant the handling, lining, eb-ating and marking ot the box or barr,.). The heads of the barrel should tit snuglv into the chine. For barrels, six rosined iMnch nails in each head are usually sufficient. One ni.'h nails for the (pnirter hoops arc large enough. They should b.." .,-arefullv .Irivco llinpugli the^ barrel into the head. Liners should be us<.d on the head for grca^- - 'i"-ir^n'' i''''^' ^'^''"* '*''°"'*' ''O 1'"* "''"tl> "" *'"■ ''"X 'I'l'l fo'ir rosined nails d' -kilfully through them and through the top or bottom into the ends of the box sides of the boxes should be nailed with four miils at each end of each side of the Vio Tl... nnils ,>...d for l,„x..s nr.. ,h.,s. known ,,s foMr|,..,„,v. Lini,,;, ,.„,..,• i,,,,,,,,,,.. ,1,, ii|i|MiinHid upplcs in Utxos. .ml All that IS u..-,...sMr.v .n ^ 1 tn.hnfj .s to lu.v.. tlu- .nrf.u-,. as l.-v.-l ns po>sibK. Hi. tlH- ,tom ..n.l .lowu wlK.n tl„. a,.,,|... an- |,n...,.,|. Tl... appl.s .,.. „,. Th.. -ar,. in tailin, will l„. known wh.., ,!,.. U n^ » ..Pi'u by tl... inannor .,. wh...h tl,.. frnit has l,,-.,, l„Mi,..,| wh..n p.•..s^in^^ M i:.;kstki> idkai. si/.i: ok M.i.r.i;, am kmiihition. ol.tait.i'tr"''''''""*' " J."'^"'"""*''' -^^ ♦'"' ^""i^.v for irorti<.nltu,al Srion,... tho writo, .. bt. n.,.l th,. op.Mons ot a nnn.U^r .,f fruit ^^row.-rs' in Cana .s to tl,.- i,l..al si...s ot '. Alexandei- Baxter Bethel Ben Davis Canada Baldwin frimson Beautv. . . . Dudley ." Fameuse Mcintosh Milwaukee New Brunswick Oldenburg Pewaukee Red Astrachan Scarlet I'ippin Soott Winter St. I^.wreme Wolf River Wealthy Yellow BellHower i Bishoii I'ipp n) . Yellow lYansparent Ini'hi's. Miamif -'i Inilies. Dia.m('tei-. 4 ■> I - 1 -4 .1 -4 - 4 24 I iHrt I Foi- Nova Srotln. Annniwllo hikI Ailji"'»nt Xallejii — Variety. Alexander Hnhlwin Ben UavlH Hli'tihelm I'ox OraiiKc F'lpiilii rrltriBon Beauty Kalliiwiiter liravensti'lii liiilden HuKMi't ( Amir liuii ) Hiibbar»i»tnii Mann N(>rthern Sp>' OlilenbufB Ontario U. 1 iirei'iiiMR Roxhury FtusHft (Nonpareil) Ked Astnichun liibston Stark Tolinan Tompklna KlnK WaKener VVellinBton Wealthy Yellow BelUlowci ( Bisbo]. I'ippin) h Pia he»<. metei * ■il For British rolumbla — Variety. Cox Oransre Pippin. OldenburK Esopus (iraven.'^tein Grimes Jonathan KbiB naviil Molntoxli Northern Spy Rome Beauty Red Astrachan . . . . Tompkins KiiiH- . ■ • WaKener Wealthy Wineaap Winter Banana . . Yellow Transparent. Yellow Newtown . . Inches >i:imeter. 3; •■!'. 3 3 ::.. ^i Z' aaL'-.d 'lOk^iKiti- iiiniiuToinlly. U.J R00.1 ,|Uolit.v, but ,H it ..how.s l.ruis,.s r.M.iily it i, n..t plantr,! ,.xf,.nsiv..Iv IMC tree is n fiiirly ciirly liciircr. l|-;/./-'r I!o.i,:~l)rlKunxtvi\ hi Duiulns county. Ontario. Fruit ol.lat..- ^i/,. .,l,„vo "K.d.un.; c.v.ty .ncliun. .I.,.tiu narrow. Lppcd to.ar.ls has., of st ■ . 's, t nod,.rat..ly stout; l.asu. narrow, .l.allow to .ncdiun.. >liKl.tly wriniorU'd in ls.i;{ tr.an .Manchester. Kn^h.n.l nnd.T the name ot .Iank'« CVxHin^. by the late \Vm. Lnnn. of Montn.al. X.M.el \V St I-awrenec Ky he Montreal 1 orticultural So..i..,y about IsT:!. Fruit nudium larKe nmnd.sl, .sl^^htly conical; «ki.i greenish yellow well cover.... with .1...,. r. I, ,;,; ulnch are dark purpl.. splashes and streaks; .lo„ f„iHy nunu.rous. pal... .H i 't pn,ty ratluT de.-p and m...luim in wi.ith: st..,,. short. sl..,.d..r to n.o.l Vrat .1 v s ,u : Ih^h «hi ... moderat.ly. jui..y. .,ub-ae„l. „ood Havour: ,.or.. inediu.n; „„alitv ^ood- reason early w,nt..r. r.-e a ■no,!,,.,,..!,. spr..adin,. strong grower and ha dv. A lid. to medium but annual bearer at Ottawa. Wolf /;ti..r.-()riKi,iat.^.l with W. A. Sprin^,..r. n..ar Wolf Uiv..r. Fren.ont. Wis IS., and disposed of to 11 Ki.len before comin,. into beariuK. It is .su J. t .1 s..edl,n,' ot A ...xan...r. I-ruit lar^,. to v..ry lar^n-. oblat... conic. sli«h, y angular- «kMi Kreen.sh yellow, beeomiuK liRhter later in the .season, nearly c..vr..d w i . .^rk ml or crimson, w.tli a tew pale y.-llow distinct dots; cavity d.-.p and of m,.dium w t, rus.-et,.,I; sf.ni snort, stout to slen.h.r; ba>in narrow to na'diuni wi.ith. abr.ipt • a id ■ ..t .n..,ln,m .J..p,h to . .-ep; caly.x clos..d .,r open; tlesh yellowish. nio,i..rat..lv ,, .• ratlu.r ten.l.>r, sub-acul with a pleasant flavour; core of mediiun size; open ■" o ," i'y' above medium; sea.s.ii .-arly to mi.l-wint,.r; tr... hanly an.l a stro,.,^ spreading jrrow.r and a auod cropper in alti'mate y.ars. I-nading ViUow /i'ZWou'.r.— Originated in Turlington. N.,J. T' S Fruit l„r,„. li coiHcal; skin pale y..l,ow. oft..,, with a pinki^i. .,r oran.J Wush HrVZlft^ dots ew. f,n,v ,,r„„„n..nt; cavity of medium .leptli and width; stem of in..d m leng h ino.l..ratdv >tout; basin narrow, .hallow to medium, wrinkl...!; ,.a vx el, ed or partly open : lesh .y.l ow,. t..n.l,.r. butter.v. jui,.y. sub-a..i.l. with a pl,.asanM!.,v ur core large; .,uahty goo.l; season, midwinter. Tr,.,- a spreidinL^ inorW t an.l productive. This is ..ailed llishop Pippi,, i„ „,„ l^ari;^m; 7^.^: ' '""'"''• Miinvi\Ti;n ro i.vrK wintku wunrriKs. 7^,W«-,-„.-Origii,at..d in Mass.chns,.„s. T.S. Fruit above m<.dium to bir^,. roundish; skin y. ow. w.-ll wash...l an.l .plash...l with crimson and re do f rly mimenms. gray, distinct; cavity of me.lium d..pth and wi.lth; steui s ur ad «• basiu deep, open, sonunvhat wrinkl..d; calvx elos..d or open; ilcsli ve llowSi firm rat li..r coarse, moderately juicy, u.ildly sub-a..id. with a pl.-asant Havour cnsnuT-" quality Rood; season, late winter; tree inoderat..lv upright, vigorous and prodnc fv. as k.Mi a very prohtable vari.^ty in tlu- p.„t on account of its nr.Kl.ictiv.lrs ; J aiice and good shipping qualitii.s. xo. s. app. ar- Bon AN.;,s..-Originat,.,l in Xoith Carolina early in the lUtli century Fruit m..dium to large, roundish ..nni.al: skin vellow well s„l shed .,,1 t'^ , red; .lot. obscure; cavity dc-p. of m,..,iuni wMtli. slightly riltw ^^ m :^::^tS^' .nalit, medium; season late winter; tree hardy, spr^idi. i^: Jl^;; Z Z^'^^ 92898—8 HW^B-.BwanTiyr.TLit-in. Ciikar '.^itr.'~*sir-' wsea}^TW^r^i>r~!9i 114 ..^. Hi lirlhrl. — Oriffinntod in Vrrmort Kr lit liirK<'. roiiiulisli, slightly aiipular; skin ffrpf'nisli yrlliiw, s|iIms|ic<1 iukI striT.l'cil .vith dci'i) (iniiiifi' rctrtcnii*h ,Vflli>\v. prominent; <.. iiy di'C'p, of nii'diuni vidtli. slijflitly r\iM.,i'tiil; ntcni sliort to incdinni. inodiratrl.v stout to sK'ndcr; liaxin shallow, nifdinni width, sni(K)th to wrinklid; cal.vx partly opon ; flesh yellowish with truces of pink, moderately juicy, mildly sub-aeid; eore of medi\ini size; (|uality jtoixl; season, midwinter ti> late winter; tree a stroiitr KroweT. Hlue Pearmain trroup. Itlnrk lirii thtris. — This cannot lie distintruished from (!ano. filiic /'.Yirmni/i.— Oriixin unknown. P>uit ahove medium to larprc; form round- ish, sliirhtly rihhed: cavity medium ch-pth and width, russeted towards hase, stem short to medium, stout; basin medium depth and width, slightly wrii'kled; c:ily\ open; colour yellow, ithnost entirely eoverer commercial purposes, thoucli one of tin best for home use. Fallawatcr. — Originated in Pennsylvania. Fruit larsre to very larRc, roundi~ii; skin yellowish frreen washed witli pink or dull red, mostly on the sunny side; dots few, pale, large and prominent on the red portiiui of skin; cavity narrow, of medium depth, .slightly russeted; stem short, rather slender; basin narrow, of medium depth, slightly wrinkled; calyx partly or fully oix'u; tle.sh greenish .vellow, crisp, tender. juicy, mildly sub-ncid, with a )ileasant flavour; core small; ipndity good; season, mid- winter til late winter; tree a strong grower and a good bearer. Forest. — Originated in Wisconsin. Fruit above medium size; form oblong to roundish conical; cavity medium depth and width, sometimes lipped, russeted; stem short, stout; basin medium depth and width, wrinkled; calyx o]H-ti ; colour greenish yellow washed with deep rather dull red, mostly on sunny side; dots few, gray, di-^- tinct; skin thick, rather tough; flesh yellow, crisp, juicy; con' snuiU : sidvacid. good, pleasant flavour; (|uality good to very good; x-ason, mid to late winter. Tree hardy. Would be very i)romising if fruit were a little more attractive. (iaiin. — Originated in Missouri and is .said to he a seedling of Ben Davis. Fruit above medium size, roundi.sh conical; skin yellow, almost completely overspread with crimson, not splashed or streaked as Fien Davis; dots gray, obscure; cavity of medium depth and .vidth; stem short; basin of medium depth and width, .sliglitly wrinkled; calyx open. Flesh dull white, somewhat tenderer tlian Ben Davi.s, mo •I I' vuluablf viirii.t.v In tli< uld liT piirfs Kruwcr. .s»n.ftin....s l.m a li^ht .-r.-piHT. This "' Or.tar.o ,,n,l Qu.-b,.,., ns it is hardy '"■iJ; "or., small; ,,uaiitv .,J sT,' ' "" "'"'' •"•'r^" """• ''"-I'. i^'-S. m.I,- Kr...voran.,,.r,..iu...;i.... A.^;:;,.,' i,;;^;;"^ ,::;;;- ,.,;:;: ^' - - - h,. to rather hn^v, H."vour s.-h-.M , • >';";'!^'-l'- <•".,. .to,., jui.-y; ..„r.. uumIIum, -..r..d with ..ii.:::;^;;' iz;i'^'' -f"'-;/^;'' -— ■• >-.'n .., t ""ci width, lightly r,...t...i: lui^ zinZ:^:: b:: :: \ r'r^ ■'/ '"fr ''•"'" ulin,.st .sni...>th; ..alvv .,„e,i and n.o.li,,,, "t i.u.,lu,ni dipth an.l width, t.l.v jui..v, sub-acid with a ,) . .m * '',''' *■'"'• "'""•■■ ^•""'•^'■. '"""l"ra- round- rr.i;i:t^:::.:t/:i;-;;:^[;;^t,rr-'''; •^r'*^ - '-mun s.... bright to deop red; dot. 'Z pi . i" ti.o """1^ ""• '"■ '"'""• ""'"•^ "^'1' ^'!S:^,s:;ir-:,:;-t; -!,;- s™«™.^: =s,:':;;;i: fairly har.ly. vl,-oro„,s. „.,.l -rat.T up "h " ""7 """^ T'""" '"'*' "'"»'"•= '■'■'• and Uu. frwit is rath.. ... . ! ,. " Ti;^' i""" "'?•"■ 'n "" " '""'^^ '■^'"■"-• . A«mm..//, Blur!.- r»./,/.-This nam.- has bo.M. piv,.„ to thr. v ' • .• ^i;r "^- '■■'■;-- - '--■ "'■'-: l-rowish pink blush; dots n .„';,; 't •' I "' " "" ".'"•^' '■'"'■• '"''-' ^^'i"' ' .•avitydo..p, .nediun, in width, "^"d'in h,rr'' r'"!""'" '" '■'"'^- ^^'"*-^ an.l width, slightly wrinkl..,!; .'alvx .nK ' ,i ^''•"''"'■•, "f" "^ "HxUnn. d..pth nn'-ily sub-aoid. with „ Piea;a,,t tl^.^^^ :,^';:;::;':';,.;'7'' 7''-- --P. juicy. Vigorous, spn^idin^^ pn.wer an.! an nnrlv a .lit l""^""- I'"" ".nfr. Tr.... a l.nt lacks attractive clour. " ' '""'"'■■ "^ ^"""1 '<'-"Pi..K app>> Xcwtown and G^L XcwZ ' ' k,wn';",l ;';:'• ^'^^ ''"''' '^"«'' ""■ V-iL.w -l-ther the YelW is a spor. o^ 'r^r " ' r ^c:^;;;"'^; *''':^ '/, '^ T l^™ ^ninctimos known as AlLi-r—i-!.. i- tb • • i ■ " ^cll„w Npwt„w,, arc .nnch alik,^ however. The' Yellow \owt.'!«.n"i U """' «""''''"">- P'a.'ted. Both •.l..;l; at n.aturity than the Gre^ A^ewtS^r a^.i^^ fllT ""fJ^'V "*■""-• ""^--'^ and has less acidity. ^^ewrown,. and the fle.sh „f tl„. former i,. .vellow.T open, rus-^eted; Fruit medium to large, roundish, .slightly .•ibb..,l • eavitv .le.... u rnedium dentb n,„l ,nM.i,. „.i... __ , . ■ '" •'■ '"'"•.^^ *^"''*'' "'"^ "■''"•'= ^"'""■- P'^". when pi'kid "t 'banging to i!r.,.nisb 11« yi'lliiw hikI ofttMi with u hrawiiiKli pink l>lu».li; rtt-nli uri-t'tiinli |.> vrllow, tirni, iri-*|>, jiiii-y. Hiib-uciil with n liitth Ihivoiir; ijiiulity Ih'kI; hcuhhii initl ti> hit<> winter. Xortliwi'siern ( (iri'rnimj }■ — Oritfinatcd in WiiiipHra nunity, Wisconsin. Fruit ItirKc. rnuniii^h I'lmii'iil, rt'Kiilur, ^.vniinetrt>'al, hii> mi iip|H>aranco tis it' from n mould; ravity di't'p, nii'diuiii wipi n. aitniiFnii">th; ralyx <>|n'ii nr partly oiM'n: i'.>|ciiir k>'< in tnrniiii; to »;rci'ni'«h >( Mow, di'i'pcr oil huniiy xidc, and Hotni'tiincit with u hrun>:y tiuK<': pri'dniuinaiit lulour (fricnisli yellow; weds liolow nu'diiiiii, li»flit lirowii. ai'ntc; dot* wliitc, indi-tiiiit ; «kin inodoratoly tliirk. i loratrly toiidcr; tli'sh yellowish, firtn, rutliff I'ourKc, niodiriitidy jtiiiy: i-oro ini'diuni; tliivunr biiliarid, spicy, pcarliku, plcaHunt; c|uality ({""d : scu-oii .lannary to Into winter. An attractivo lookinn apple on aeeoiint oi itn (■yninielry anve medium U- laiKi", roundish eonieul, sli({litly uiiKular; nkin yellow, u.-ually well washed, .•.plaxlied and streaked with pinkisli reel, whieh in highly eolonred s|M'eimen» hei'omes hri«ht red; there is also a pale pink hlnom whieh ineroa-»'« the attraetiveni'ss of this variety ; dots few, .small, whiti.sh. distinct; cavity de<'p, open; stem short; modiTately stout; hasin ol mediuia depth and width to narrow, slightly wrinkled; calyx small, elohcd nr open; tlesh creamy white, crisp, tender, .juicy, suh-ai'i.-- Orininaled by tho late Charles Arnold, Paris, Ont., by crossing Wug- ener with Northern Sjiy. Fruit large to very larffe, oblate, sometimes roundi-h. slitrhtl.v anirular; skin .vellow, usually well washed and splashed with hrifrht red and cnrrnine, thiTe is also a pale pink bloom which adds to the appearainv (d" this variety; dots few. pale nml a little jarircr and more distinct than on the .N'orthern Spy; cavity deep, ol>en. slightly, russeted; stem short, moderately xtout ; hasin medium to rather deep, slightly wrinkled; i-alyx .small, open or clo>ed ; Hesh creamy white, cri>p, tender, juic.v, a brisk sub-acid (more acid than N'orthern Spy) spri;;htly, slightly aro- matic; core small; quality Rood to very good; ^I'ason, midwinter to late winter. Trie moderatel.v vigorous, but an ear'y and heavy bearer. .* >rood aii|ilc both for cMniiner- i-ial purposes and f ir home use but shows bruises easily. J'etfdnki'f. — Originated in Wi.sconsin. A iross lietween I)uche.-7. of OldcMliurg and Northern S|iy. Fruit large, roundish, ribl'c*!; cavity nariovv, shallow, uneven, russeted, one side with a characteristie lipped growth; stem .^hort, moderately stout; basin narrow to medium in width, medium depth, wrinkled; caly.x open; skin yi'llow, sjilashed and wa>heii with orange and purplish red; dntn few, .s;inall, yellow, distinct hut not |>roininent; skin moderately thick, tcniler; llesh yellowish, breaking, crisp, juicy, rather <'oarse: core small; flavour sub-acid, pleasant; (piality good; HPason mid- winter to late winter. IVwankee i- a productive winter at>ple and the tree is fairly hardy. Tts chief fault is that the fruit drops ba ;itf i';r''tivr •■rii!:.-"-ii . d-its gra.v and yellow, distinct; flesh yellowish, crisp, tender juicy, sub-acid, sprightly, pleasant; (luality very good; season mid to late winter. This is an
    ...,l,.„r .t,.,,.,.,,: «v,|. „|k,v.. ,n.,|iu,„. I.r ..,.r....Iy V mt-r to l..t,. w,.,„.r A,. ..ttrnHivv l.„,ki..^ ..p,.I.., TLin is .... ...rlv .u„l ,,r..- Jl.i^ fruited i,H I, t,.|»-Kni(t i,t Ottawa s' ,..<•(' I!lll. /;'""■" <(an,.,h l,d lommr ,/,• AVr)._(,ri«i,. u„k„..w„. Frul, m,..||..„. ,„ .. •.•!>. rath,T dul. ,.ru,.«,. r.,!; ,|„t« fairly „..,....r.,..s. 1 r^., y„||„„, . .,„.pi,.,„„.. ,,,vity • "P. nnrrow; ,t..„, >,....!, „„ .„ ,|,.,h. ,„„.|,.rat.-!y .-..,..t to -I-.,.!,,: l,,„i,. M.rmJ J.MO ,..,i,l|y M,l..a..d u.tl. n pl,.a,a.,t l.ut ..of l.i.,1. Ilav....r; roro of .„...li„.,. si,.- •i...l,t,v ^r,„Hi; H..aso,.. i.,.d«i.,t,r to lat.. wi.,t.r. Tr...- u stn,,,^. irrow.T ..ol ha, l-rov.-d pro.lu..tiv.. ia ^o,.,.. pla,.... u-i.il.. a shy b..an.r i.. oth.T.. /.'..-A.,,, (/.V,.„0.-^()riKi,.at...l i., tl„. Stat.. .,; M,.>Hac.i.us..t.s .....1 i. ,|„. sa-.... .'.t,. "•;|-';''''7---'^';' *-'-•••■•'-''. .vHl-v „,or.. or l..s,s rus-..t...l. .o..,..,i„.... wit! " l.ro,, . Mu-h; .lots oi,-..„n.: .•av.ty of na.dl,..., .loptl.. op..,,; .„,„ ,|,„n. .,„ut ; l.nsin <.. n,.,l...... .l..ptl, a.oi wi.ltl,. M„ootl.: ..alyx .,,h.., or ..Io>...l; ,l...,h vllowi-l,. ..nd.r n,»d..r«t..ly ju.,.y s..l.-a.-.d. with a ^'.,o,l. ri-l. flavo,.r; .-or,. m..«11 ; .p.alitv «.,od t., v.-rj^ Kil'ul crTrn'r """"'"■'■ '" '"''■ "■''"'•'■• "■'■" """I'T.'t.'l.v vi,r„rous, >pr...,di.,^' a,„l ,, .S//«m,.--().-i^.iMat..d with Klias V. II,..,h„way. Ottawa. lil.. T.S. Fruit ..a-di.,,,, to iM.ow na.d.u... .„ Mz... rou„di,h ..o,,!..;.!, so..a.wh.,t a.,^M,!ar a.ul i,a.|i.,..d ,„ U. .rr..tr,..ar: >k.,, ,,al.. ylloA- .pla^lu.l ar.d washed with l.rifilit ai.d .ot.a.tii...., rath.T ralo ..n,.,-,. r.d. ovor.pr.'a.l with a d.^licato pi„k l.lo.,,., ...aki..;: Ih,. fruit v.r- attra.'tiv.. looki„«: dot, .,u.....roi,s, pal., yellow, pron,i,...„t: ,.„vify d....p a..,l ..adiu... i.. width- st.'i,, short, naal.rat.ly Mout ; Imsi.i ..arrow, i.i..(liu.., in d.'ptl,, almost sH.ooth- .-ilvx s..a.ll. closed or partly ope..; fl,.sh y.lh.w. ..ri>p, t.-i.-ler, i.aMlen.f.lv juh-v. s„'l.-a.-'id. Miyrlitiy aro.iiatir; ,-,.n- larue. ope,,, .,„:,lity };on,l; seas,,,, i.ii.lwi.iter to late winter- tr.-e a stroiiff, upridit Kn.w.r. hardy aial a k I eropp..r. Wh.,, tla- .-rop is larire th.. fruit .s liable to I,., h.-'.ow ..a-.liu... ii. size. This is a han.Jsouie api.l.- an. I h.-i„if fairlv hardy and a jrood keeper is valiiahle ii. the colder parts of the .-ou.itry. Scnlt Wint, -Introduced l.y Dr. V. 11. iFoskii.s, New,)ort. Vt., I'.S. Fru.t iia-diui.i to helow nu.liu.n in size, roun.li.-j. .-onical. a.iffi.h.r; skin y.-llow. w.-ll splashed and wash.d with deep ora.ifri a.id purplish .-.-d: dots ohscure; .-avity of iiiediu.ii depth to de..p. inedluni width, russef.-d; stem short. I.iodcratelv >tout ; I'.asii. deep, rather narrow, sli-l.tly v.ri..ki.d; calyx partly open; (Icsh y.-llowish, crisp. tei.iJor, juicy, acd hut with u pl.-asa.it flav »i,ie, d,.i* not i-ron.:- .a; cavity .,f me.lium depth a..d width' stem snort, moderately .-tout; basin of niedii.m wi.lth, rather shallow; calyx lar>ro' partly oix-.i or open; flesh yellow, mod-'rately juicy, ratln'r eour.st>, mildly 'sub-acid' pleasant but not hiffh flavoure.1 ; cor., medium; (luality almost Ko.,d : s.-ason late winter. Tree a strong, moderately spreadi..g grower and prodia-tive. Fruit has not enough acidity for n winter apple. ^m .-<■ »-.\ TR- >7.i//. »i«.„;^. UriKumi.-l II, K,,ii-.ii*. Si/,. HUHliiim I,, ub.iv(. m.'.'ii .,r rln„.,l; ,, l„ur >.'n-„„h .v.lL.w ,v,i.h.,l „.i.| H,,la»l.r,| with .lull r.-I: |,r.-.|oi,.i..:.ni r..|„„r dull r.,1; «...,1» n...huin nm; ..l.tu-... nliKhtb ' nuiiifrou.. v..||„w '•■•"tmrt. ,.U.ii ino.|,.rut.l.v thi.-k. .,..Ml..n.l.l.v l..n,|,r; ||,..|, .v,.||n«. ,.n.p. jiii-v"- ,.,.r.. m.-.,.,t ; .,"nl,t.v k-mI to N.rv m.«h1; h..,,,.,,,' ,",imI p. ..t.. wmt.T. I I.M ha, pn.v.n Imr.l.v at Ottawa wh. i, t..p-Kralud and lian now fn.ip.l or two .v.-arn. lU,- mm-oi, m not nniw U,uk m.wuh Iht.. lor tl,i, varirtv to na.ji if, ""' "•*>'<;l"| I. I'l't it .honl.l prov,. . .|..,iral, nnn-vial .ipplr in ,^u,n. nart, ..f < Hiiada. It !.•. not (iiiilf altrartivf .•noiiyji in apiHar^in.-,.. >•«.«)/*«.— St.piK.Hcl to hav,. ..riKinatril n. „,• .Niagara, Ont. Fniit IhIow in.'.jiuin '.oiu..(,„i..H almost n>.Mlinm in «i/.-. ..I.lat.. to mnnili,!.; >kin .v.How .■ov..r...l wit), a tlun' ru,Ht.t .irnrl.v all owr; .|o|^ fairly ni.nM.r..,w. pair, .ii^tin. f l.ut not pron.in-nt: .av itv d.H.p, narrow; .t.n. .la.rt, .Hlrn.l.T: basi,> narrow, of .n-.linni .|..ptli. al.no,t Mnooth; '■"■'■" !","■">• "= "'•^'' '•"''• Kr'''"ii-1> .vllow, .Ti.,.. bnakinR. t..n.l..r. j,.i,-v, .-pri^htlv MUl.a.;id with a IiikI. aronialir Mavonr; .or,, .inall: .p.alitN vrv K<»>d to Im.^I ; «..a.oM .....Iwint.r; tr.. lairl.v hnr.l.v an.l an n,.ii«l,l l.„t ,.,,;> .no.|..rat.. Krowor ai„| ratluT li>flit cropiM-r. A hue di>M«'rt apple. 7W„..,„ --Orijfinat.M in Kho,!.. |,| |. F,,,!, n„.,|i,.,n ,,. ,,l,ov,. n„.,|n„n in -i.,. round.Hh; .km .vHlow wh.-u fnllj ,natur..d with oft,.„ a faint hln>h on the .unnv .i.!..'; a .l..tM,-t lin.. n.,nall,v ru, troin .t.n. P. ,.alvx: .lot. ...w. ^ray. not. proniin-nt :"..avi,v ■ I'-'. ni,.,ln„n n, ,|,pth; >t.,n rath.r l.,n.^ ,,l..n.|,.r: l.a,in n.-Ii, m in ,l..pth an.l wi.ltli wnnkl.-d; .-alyx oiH.n: tic.h whit... tirin. nio,l,.rat,.|y jui.-y. .w,...i. with a hi^rli llavonr- vor,- .mall: .pml.ty y,.ry ^,u,d for a .w,.,.t appi,.; sea..,.,, ..ariy winp.r to lat.. wint..r ircf a .strontf, -iprcadinK- urow.T an.l v.ry pr,.,luctiv,., Windsor (t7.,V/).^()riKin«ted in \V,.,.onMn. Krnit al.ov.. nadimn P. la.^,. in /<■. ..Ma .. to nnnn ish. .|,;,|„ly HM,...!; .-avity .iialiow. ...k.,,. n.or.. or k.„ ru,,t....! Stem ,n...l.un, !„gfh. ^tout ; l.asin n.o.linn. .I.pth and wi.lth, alin..,t .n.ootl,- ,,|vx op..n; .•.donrj-dlow w,.|I wa.ho.l with ,1, .• ; ,. , ,lots f, .. .o ,n..,Ii„n,, .,.||o; llu- .^I...u,.ns: sk.n t ....k. t„H«h; fl...h yollowi>h. firm. j„i<.y: -orp Mnall; flavonr n.il.llv M.b-«.Md ph.asant: .p. :!.ty irood; season lat,. winter. Has not pvnv,.,l hanlv at Otf ,w', tl...u,^h ,t ha. fruite.l la r... A littl.. P.,, .lark in -olour for a .„o,i .■„niin..r;.ial ..ppi: » ,n.,,a/,._OriKin nnknown. Fruit of m...liun, >i/,.. roun.lish. ....ni.al ril,l,..,i ■ '■"v.ty deep. mr,l„„„ width, russet..,! ; .,..,„ short to n„.liu,r,. s|..,„|e,; ,,asin sh 1] J r'' "u.dnun. narrow, wrinkle.l; ealyx .-I....,!, .mall: .-olour v,.|iow. weil wash.;,! wilh deep rod. and hav.np an orange tinpe: .l..ts f..w. small. .v,.ll.,w. distinet l.nt not pronnnon ; ,sk,n thiek t.-ugh; flesh .vllow. firm, erisp. .iui.-y: eor.. .„,.,1„ , „ !,„ hnour .ub-aenl, spnghtly. high. rieh. .p.alify very g 1; s.ason late winp.r. V. . .i I'miihr"" '" '" """"■"■ "' "■"''■ '""'■•■ " ""'•■ '"'^'■"' '" •'"• "•''"'"-' ""■•f^ "^ Yor/,- /m/,.r,-.i/.-SnpiK..se.l P. have .uisinat.,! in York ('„ I'a rs Fruit f medium size rotindish. ol.late. flatt,.n,.d an.l .somewhat o„e-si,W. angular'; skin vllow .ph-.hed and w,.h..d with hright n-d; .lots f..w. y,.ll..w. .listinet. hut not p ",., i ; : flesh .velhnvi.sh hrm. ensp. t,.n.l..r. ,n...I,.rat..ly jnie.v. mildly sul.-aeid with h ,t a sH^} a .■imra.tenstie flavour: .piality al.ov.. „„..;iuni: ,s,.a.son. late ^vinter. Tive a m.'d,'r;, vZis^r ""'' ""•"'"■ •■""""^'•'"' ■"">l-~ ..:.rts .^;t ("RAB APPLES. 7>arn ; «tem long, sh-n-ler; basin shall.nv. m,.lium width. ,sli,,htlv wnnkle- '" "'i m -l.ail„n. „,,..„. .M.tly wri,.l<;..|; ...,|vx .-l ,1; ,.„l,„.r „,,., ,„„„„, ,^]^ ^^^ vv.th cT,n,.,.„. ,v..|l..w .how- through ,.rii,....„ i„ li,...^ „„ki,.« i, v,.n- „ttrm-.iv..- ,l„t, o^;.•u^.: l,|,„„„ v„ry ,|,^.ht ,.n,..„n, ; ^ki„ tl,i„. ,,,„|,,r: tl.,!, ,v,.ll..w wi,l, tn^-s „( r...l <-n.|, firm. l.r.Mk,,,^. .,ni,.,v: ...,n. Mimll: tl..v.,iir l-ri^klv M.l.-„..i.l. .|id,ilv „-tri„ir...,t ' ■'""'">■ "^"""- ' '"""; -■'-"" }"-f M..U- MMrthn. I,,,.. .\i,i.M,.t I ,|v Si.,,„,„|„.r \' "■'■•'■ """"-"" '•'!' i'l'l'l" wt.i.h i. v-r.v ,...,,„lMr i„ .Mi„,„-„,„ :,„,!' i, ..r.,,,, • It, nil:,. ii-i,ii; III ////Wo;,. (),-,;..,„ „„k„„wM. Si/,. „„.,ll„„! t,, l.uv; f...',„, ,■,.,,,,.1,-1.; ,-,,vi,v n.,r- ,vw. sl,„ll„w; M,„, 1.,,,., .|,.,„|,.r; U,.in ,l,.,ll„w. „,,..„. w,-i„kl..i; ....Iv |,.,-,lv'.,|,..„ • roI.Mir ,vll..vv. wvll w„slu.,| wi,}, J.,.,, ...•in,>„„; ,|ot* ,„.Ml..r.,t..|v ,.,i„„.r.-,is ' ,v,ll„w' ""'"'""■' "'"■•■ '"'"• '- 'I-'''!"-'. .li-ii„,'t u„ lid,t,.r «!,:,. I.-: -k,„ ,l,i„. tri„|,.,-- t),.,|,' ,v..lW, (,n„. i„u,l,.r„t,|.v j„i,.v: ,.or.. m.,„11: tl„v.„,r s„l.-„,.i,l; ,,„ali,v „„.,li„,„' -,...1. -ii,i,ll to,- ,i„ Mppic, „,..|iiii„ for I, en,!.. 11, -III.- vi,.o,i (),.t,,l,.r. A ii^.niv |,ro,|i„.th ,. v.iriity, „,,(! „ liftlir ki'ii.rr ti,a,i i„..-i ,Tali ii|i|il.'<. /..„,«,/,, /Vo/,/,V. -OriKinat..,! l.y H. M. |,vi„„„, Kx-l,!.,,-. Mi,,,.. .Si,.. l„r^,. u,r M rrul.; luriii n,mi,l,sh ; ,Mv,ty i„,.,|i„i„ ,l.-|.!l, ;,,i,| wi.ltli: >t.„, |,,„^. -, i„|,.r. j,.,.;,, d.'op, o|„.,i. smootli, .-aly.N ,>ih.„ ; Colo,,,- y,.|l,,w wrll w„.l„,l will, ,1.,,, ,„■;,„«,. rcll- „r. • d. Thi. ti',..' is ratlier larsre. v.ith a h.-;id whip!-. Is vt-v •'- 1 nprifriit. until the wei,.l,t of frnit press.s it downwards and o^'nl' h hears'^ho'iviiv hut not earl.v. On youn^ tre.s the Cniit is hirj^e. for a erah, very ohl..nij-onie." 0,1' older rees the fruit is ohlon,,' to ronn.lisl.-ohlo,,^.. and truneat... In ol.I afro the frnit IS still fine and salable: its clour is .vellowish Rreen. mostly eover.'d with rod The lonpth. The flesh ,s .vellnwish-whit... tender, rather .iuiry (h„, mealy if over c^jfi*' •m.M-im'^.. vvi»>.:£r>.< ;'*'■- «'«'*r*.>a^-..- 120 rino), sul)-iiei.l, vory sliplitly nstriiiKciit. It rip.Mis about tli." niiddlo of Scih ■ ■■ T. Jhi.s viincty soeiiis almost iiiiknowii outside tlie iiroviiiec of Qui'Ikm;.''— (First .-.i of Fruit Coniiiiittoc of tli<' Montnal A^rricultural mid Horticultural Sncictv, 1 - : . ra/i.vrr'«,/-7i/.— Ori-iii unknown. Si/i. aliovc medium: form roundish aufrular; cavity medium depth and width; stem lon^, sl.'uder; l.aMii open, shallow, wrinkled; c:ilyx ,.l.,sed or partly ..pen: c.lour rich yellow well washed with oriinRo red; .lots oI)seure; l,lo,,m thin: skin thiu. tender; lle>h de

    h, flattened, regular; surface yellow, thinly covered with red. s.>inetimes nearly solid red; cavity obtuse, n-ular, s!if;hlly russ,.tcd; stem bui^; b:i>in nearlv or <|uitv tlat, cornm^Mted and wrinkled; calyx closed; flesh juicy, acid. (.n„.d f,,r eulinarv u>e: Sep- tember. Xovember."— (Hansen). This variety has i)roved hardy in Manitoba. ir//i7;,,7/.— Orifrinated with A. TI. Whitn.'y, Franklin Crove. III. Fruit hirfr.- for a crab apple; roundish eonie; yellow, wi^ll washed, ami spla-h d with deep red. approaehim.' oraufje re.l; flesh yellowish, crisp, tender, juicy; .piality p.od; s.^asou late Auf-Mist to early Sept<>ml)li:;l,tlv wrinkled; caly.K elosi'd or i>artly open: <-olour .vellow well >.pla>hed anil washed with 'orange rehi skin moderately thirk, t,'ni fruit, 1 medium; form roundish; cavity medium depth and widtl in til,' ori'lianb iwn autiiniii , of the llortii-ultural f isits. Tr,.,. planted .sown autumn of fsiis. litl:^. Size medium to above ■ e'" ■•■"■" iiiiii , stem medium length, moder- ately >toiit: basin m,Mliuin wi,ith, ihvp. wrinkleil; calyx closi^d or i>artly opei yelbiw well wash, 'd ami splash, •,! with attraelive , ■rims Mis II"v. Domild (Xorlhern Sp,/ .srr,///,,,/;.— Originate.: in the orchards of the IIorti.MiItural Division. Experimental Farm, Ottawa. Seed sown uutumn of ISOS. Tree planted in orchard in spring of 1902. First fruit, 1900. Size above medium to large; form oblUe -lijilitl.v rilibcil; piivity thvp, l.v >tP<'ii. ipi'ii. to roiiiidi.-li, rppuhir in >\t:\\ii; ru.-ssfted ; .stem >ii(,it. inod.Tiiti •-1'-". ,.n,k,sh; sk„> ,n„d..n,t..|.v thiok. „.„d..r: flesh vellowish. eri , t ie r .; J>mrrf.\orll,ent .^V '^'■cdlh.O.-On^inM.d in the ..rehar.lsN.f the Ilnrtl-ultur ,1 ' . in , I-.x„erM„cntal Fan,,, Ottawa. S„,.d „,„„ a„t,M,„. .,f ls:,s T,... I ,, ', i ■ 'Peiiard in spni,!,' of l!»0-> First fm;* imii «• .■ , piaiiti n in M- htlv ril.hed- T-uitv I , ," ""■''""" ♦" "''ove; f<-r>,i ro.iixlish. ...Mtl rilHlKd ravitx d,.,.,,. „;„row, russ.-ted at i,a-e: .te,„ .l.,,der. i.ie.ii,,,,, ieu.^th lus n d,.e,,, „a.dunM wnlth. >li^|,tly wrinkhd; ealv.x p.nlv „pe„ or • , ,1, . I "''r -," --'^'■<' ' ^p'- 1 with de.,. erin,.,,,! ..vdo,:,;; ':;,'; .;;:;;;;': .It, In tu.d.r fle.h e lowish. .,„„■>•; ,.n>p, tender; .'ore ,„e,Ii,.,„ si/e. open- llavonr s„h. a.-,|l pleasant. spr,f.htl.v: „nalit.v .ood ; .ea-on laf D.-eniher t„ ate w, „ -^ jn,d^tastes eons.derahlv like Sp,. Fle-h .nneh like Spy. 0„,. .,f ^U.\Zl yJZ!:t UuleUaf ItV.W,, «.,.,//;,,,;._Orif,Mnafed in th,. o,vi,ards of the Ilortieultural Divi- >H.n. I.M.er.n,entaI I-arn,. (Ottawa. Seed sown antnn,n of IMK. T,e e • ,e in ;: ihsh rs;;;/' t ,'';t 'r^'r'- "'^" - ■■ ""■•""■■' *■--<■■"-:'- o ts tonf i '" ""' ;''"''' '•"^•'*-^' •'''*'''• "■'"■"• ^li«l't'> '•>>s..,ed; sten. V t V ■ ''"';i\ -''^"- "P.nkled; calvx closed or partlv open; eolonr pa snle. .io, ohsen.e: skm th.ek. ,node,-at,.l.v ton,!,; tiesh white. ,.ri.p, tender j i-' cure inedunn; flavour, snh-aeid. j.leasant; (piailtv k-o.I m-,.,., late \, . ^ ' „, , ,. ,' , .* "o Luiai i arm, wttaua. Need sown autumn of JMis Tn.e •Innted u. orehard n, spr.ns <.f VMr.'.. First frnit, 11.11. Size above n,e,lin,n to ,nedi ,m- oun roun.h-h to oblate sli,d„ly ribU .h eavi,, ,nedinn, depth and widlh; sten, n.e 1 i, .' en^th to Hhort, .stent: basin ,, n.e.liu.n wi.lth, .vri,dtem short, .--lender to moderatuly .stout; ba.-in dieii, open, nearly smootli; ealy.x partly open <,r open; colour yellow wa>hed and splashed with crim.son; predominant col.Mir crim-on; seeds medium size, acute: d,.ts few, white, distinct; blonm pinkish; skin niod-'ralely thiek. tender: flesh dull white, with traces of red, crisp, juicy; ,.„n. medium; ijavour sub-acid si)rij,ditl.v, pka.sant; (|uality ffood; sea.-on ^'ovcuiIkt to late winter. l;e-<,.mbl,.s Lan>'- ford lieautv a litt! lutward ap|)earance. Liidon (yoiihcrn S,,,, .vc,-,///„;/y.— Orisfinated in the ,,:vi,ard> of the Horticultural Ihvismn. KxiMTimental Farm, Ottawa. .Seed sou,, aiitimm of ls!t^. Trc'c iilinted in orchard in spring of l!t04. First fruit, i:U4. Size lucliuni; form roundish t,. oblate conical, ribbed; cavity deep, oK'h, russeted; .stem short, stout ; basin .leep, medium width wiiuklcd; ealyx partly open or open; colour y.-llow well wa>h medium size, acute; d,,t- m-,,l,.rately numerous, .vellow, di-tin.'t: skin moderately thick, ni.,prin,u' .,f V.WX. Fir.t fruit, llto.s. Size niediuiri to al.ove medium; form roundish conical, rilhed; cavity o|.en. mi'dium deiith ; stem nadium Icupth. stout ; ba-in medium depth ami width, wrinkled; calyx closed; cid.iur pal.- wa.xy .v.. How well w,-c ...1 and splashed with briulit carmine and crim.s(ui ; preib.minant colour hriKht car ine- .-eeds medium or abov, broad: dot- f.nv. pale, indistinct: bloom bluish; skin modera- tely thi<-k. tend.T, ])crfnmed; llesh white, cri.sp. tender, jui.-y : ..ore .Mbove medium open- flavour sub-acid, si.rifrhtl.v, aromatic. pl..asant; (piality jrood to verv ,wod; season late Aujiust t.i mul-Oetober. A handsome apple sufrgestive of Mcintosh in perfume Hesh ;.nil llavour, I. lit little in outward ai.pearance exei'pt alhuit cavity. Same season ;,, Lowland Haspberry. but would A\\\) better. Mohr iSorlhcrn ^>,, .'•■'■cr////,-/ '.- -Orifrinater dull crimson • preJununant roiour nitla-r dull eriiUM.u: s Is alove me.iinm; .lots few. white indistinct; bl.Kun thin, pinkish; ..kin moderately thick. Puif-'h; llesh yellowi-h, crisp! tend.T. rather coarse, moderately .'uicy: core medium. oi)eu ; flavour mildly sn'b-ncid pleasant, -iirijrhtly; .piality -ood to v,.ry food; sea on December to late winter" Resembles Northern Spy .somewh;-t in <.utward appenrnucc. an.' c.msidernblv in flavour ..e-«f-->-^-' cvity ,.K.diu,n wi,lth. .1...,,. ru.s,V.. :„■,;,, VT" ""■*'"""•/""" "''i.t-. .•,.„!,.: wi.lth. .sli^l.tlv wrinkl,.,!- • ilvv , ■ r K '..<'l....n. Mout: I.M.in .J,.,.,.. ,n,.,iiu.n ti-.: skin thiL ,oS .. 1 S: ch': ;''1'""' "f. """■•= -'"'^^••-•i-'di- .....eh like it in iK.h nnd iL'-ouV '""'' '" "'"""'•'' '" ="•'" • '-' - spring .,f i,M,;j Fh^'fr^it ros '':^" ';;r;""' ■' t- ''r "'"""■'• ■" •■'•••'-■'' - -l^-p. open, slightly ^.^XZn ^Z ^T ^ t"" """'"'r '""" '"■'-"= --^^ elosed; colour pal. vellow v. hi .,':/' .'■ "•""•.""'>'"--'' ^vrinkle.l; eal.vx n..-/D;Xi;^°t::in:c:;,,r'S"o;;ir''s;',,i • -'•'-^' -^"^- ^'•■--"- Pl-.ted in orchard in spring, of nK.oVii;n:ir V ::;;^\"'"""\"f '^"-- Tree form roundish ..„nieal- e-,vitv d,.,,, ,, 1 i " '"■" "'•■''""" to medium: ^tout; hasin deep, nam, " I, ' ' m';"' '?'"'' "T'''''''^ ^'•■'" ^''"■■'- """■'•.■""■b- ^...d .plashed wi h crins,n' ;',,;''',"''•'•" '."""•^' """"^ '•"'"'"• >-"""- "-l-J .lots moderarelv nin r ' / 7'Tf '"'"""'"' •^^'^"^■^ »'"•■''"•" -■-■ -.'f: tou.h: flesh >^.iir: is^ lie! t;:^: '•"•"" "y'^'^''= ^^'■' "''"'^- '-^'--t-iy sub-acici Pleasant, spri.hti. •,;::!;'; •^;i 's,:::, i;;;:'';^:;,*:;-"} '^^-^ «-•'- ...ueh hkc Sp.. and is nnn.h like Sp, i., ,,;,, .hn",,!: Id ^l!; 'im.^ '""'"''■ '""'^'^ Hivi • r re:;::;i.Jni::ricrsr ^:; s,::'''S. "r V"-?"-- ;;:::;:^:::;,;:tt-it:.T:':::;r'-v''r^^r^ Palo .reonish yH;:^^. ^ nj^r^ t a S^ i 'It H"',"'""- ^"'"""''^ '^"'^^ '"-■'' = tnra/n;:::i!;^1t;::im::tri'^^^^ t "" '-'"'-'^ "^ ""■ "..rtieui. p-ant.d i.. orehardy:;:;;;;;?o;7ooi."^¥:;:; ,:;:;; -■ ^'S":!'n,.l.ir?- r depth and width t^ ^CZ'lZ !:u^ :£: X "7 ':''''' ' '""'" '""■""■" greenish yellow washed .md sph .h.d S 'a ^^i ^^ Z I"^^^^ '"7= T'""-- -^'•'• I«.le. in.listinet: see.ls helnw mediun. e -te -i ? «-•"'«".'; 'lots lew. sn.all. .vellowisl, with traces of r..!. Z Z].; ti^^T r't""'''^' .'^"'^- '""^'''■- *''^^'' s..h-aeid. sprightly, pleasant: uai]!; i" s^^^r^i::;:^::•f ^i 1":"= ^^r""" An apple, looking, smelling and tasting sonaewhat like a Spy " '"■ '"'"• Ei*K.^=» '.<.•.►- l-2i M DESCRIPTION'S OF SOME OF THE HARDIEST AND BE.ST HYi.RID APPLES OR ("RAI! APPLES ORICIXATED BY THE LATE DR. WM. SArXDERS. (T.'h- d.-s*^'''*; '"''i^'v conical, distiuctiv ribbed, t al.vx protrudinjr and persistent. Stem, of medium len^rtji. Colour red with Strip..s and dots of a deeper shade. Flesh, y.'llowi.h. lijrlitly streaked with red. 'jui<-v subacid, with a pleasant flavour; .-lijrhtly a.-triiifrcnt. Quality, fair to frood. Seasoli late September and Ocn.her. Thus far free from blight. FAsa{P. hurata with Yellow Transparent).- -Tree, a strong grower and a heavy IT\ J'"''' *'^''' ^"^ ""''"^^ '"''""■■' "'"' ^••- ■'"■^"» f .„,.. i„,.h I,,,,.'. C.lnnr J -How an,l ml. I- o.h v.r.v firm, jui,.y. M.b..i,l. wirl, . .li.ht ...trin^'on-v a.,! .' Pleasant flavour. s and Lr. ineh.-s d-rp; f ,r,n ..„n,..w!n[ ..nf.M and ,.,1...... Cal.vx persist,,,,. S,e„,. • r„ .\ inel, 1,„„. ,!,,:„„ p,|e veil." I e_ I, of pleasant llavo,,.. .,,t,.,e,d. „„ a~tri„..en,y. Quality, jrood. Itipo. An-r.'.st Otl, 1 }"')' ''"^' '''."■; ";'t 1<.-P I-:.-: o, f the earlie-t to ripen of the eross-hred apple- wl„eh havo yoi fr„,trd. lias, thus far, not ,ho«„ any tendenev to Mij.ht 'Ion, (P /.,.,«/„ .vith .Me.Mahon White).- Tree, a .tro,,.. and spread!,,, .^rowe, so,l:«l eiri 3|- 7T ""■ '■•'■' '"'•'"\— -"1 l-» i-hes deep; form round. Som,«hat G.toncd. (alvx. pers»tent. .^t-m. about L^ inehes Ion.'. Colour r^'f n V ^V:;''':'.'""' ^"!^':''-' -••' '-^f-t red and with n,any yellowish do! Flesh, yellow,-l,-wl„te. j,„ey. sprightly, suhaeid, s!i^d,tly a.triuirent. DESCRIPTIO.VS OF SOMK OF TIIK RFST SF( O.vn ( RO J.SF.S ()R|(il- x.\''Fr) nv Tin-; i..\tk du. wm. safn-dkrs. (I)eseriptious n„ hy W. T. .\laeoun. and i-uhlishe.l i„ the Annual Report of the f)o,n,nion Kxp,.ninentai Farm-, for the year endin- .Maivh .W. llU.i.) Aii'/iis (Dean x ()ntario).-Fruit heh.w niediun, in nie.liun, in si/e ■• l,v •>! ■■"■h.'s; tor.n ronndi 1,, sli-htly ribhec! cavity nari-ow. medium depth; stem jonlr" ^le,,,l..r: has,,, open, me.liun, depth, wrii. ^ed; calyx j.artly op,„ ; e,,l,,ur vellow wa-hed «ith p,nk,sh rod; predominant colour pinkish re.l; see.ls n,edium si/.e for an apple a<-ute, dots lew, small, white, an apple, 1^ by 21 inches; form oblate to roundish; cavity open. n,(Mlium depth; sten, Ion- s'leiuler bas,n open, wrinkled; calyx closed; colour yellow, well washeiiil)(r. "1"'M. .n..dnm, d.,,th; ^U.n Iouk. slondrr; l,..siu d.v„. uu.diu.n width, wri kkd iv' It'Z^Z'u"'' ^"" ^""^';^ with d..perin.on; predo.ninant chi.; 1 ^•, ^^ •ith , • '.Ha,a.r.u,.s, .v^„t,.. .l,s,n,..t; ,kiu. fhir, t..,,,!,.,.; ,h.i, ,v..||„ v. s.ai.u 1 «.th n.d, loader, jUicy; core uhove medium; flavour suhacid. „l,.asa.,t u. a.tr „ J . 'lUMJity gcu.l; seusou Oct<,her to November i«.tnnK..n..'. . h,:.. tender, lloh .veMow.sh. eri.sp. br..nl Iv very pleasant; .,ual.ty good to very goo.!; sea.on lato August. ' Wapella (Dean k Ontario).-^Fruit below medium for o, .,„nl.. vrv I,,. v cr..b 2i by --l inches; forn. roundish to oblong, rul ^ i v' mX m Eh l 1 wtdth; stem mediun. len.th. sl..„,l.r to n.oderately stout .l^^^^i 'o," li ,tr kl d calyx par ly open, or closed; colour yellow washed with re.l : predominan 'c. hn .,] ^ sjvds ,m.d.um s,ze i.,r an apple, obtuse; dots very few. indistinct; 1 h om p nl^.!' thn. sk,n moderately tlHc<. n.oderately tender; flavour briskly subacid pie' an ^ cor,, med.um; flesh yellowsh with trae.-s of red. ,.risp. l„vakin.. jui-v ; „uali above medium; season November to midwinter. H'-o'tj at.o\L IIAUDY WIXTKK VARIETIKS OF APl'LK.S. The search for hardy productive varieties of winter apples with fruit .,f hiuh colour and ^ood qual.ty for the Xorthwesteru states, the no th, centra nJ ,st ' portions ol he province of Ontario, throughout the province of QuZ, 1 ', ; lar^e par of the province of New Brunswick still ^oes on and a numbe'r of person' are now try, n,. to obtain such varieties by cross-breedin,. and the .^rowinfo '^ IPS ,n larpc munbers. What is desired is a variety or varieties wh'ch wU n . J ourab.y with the best winter apples produced where the climate is milil . V ha^o the desired va,-,e les not yet h.ou found and will tluy ever been found are .us tions worth asking and answering if possible ' found that a far larger proportion of those which originated in the Eastern uhI Soutlnves em States are tenderer than those which originated in the X he st ' an.l Northwestern Stah-s and m Canada. The sam,- may be said of Furope 11, those from the colder parts ot Russia. It niay be safelv stated that the h .rd L no ;"""'r "* thousands ot var,et,es whieh have originated in Russia duri,,.. the past centuries and have shown their ability to withstand the winters there ,f^,; .lorth as lat,tud,. .5.^. or further, in a continental eli.nate. In An e ca a, d J .e ally m the colder parts of the country, the origination of varietie" h ^ b ^ : ,: n.eent a,,d ,t tiiay be some t,me before such hardy large apples as Hiberna Ch r moff and Duchess w,l be originated on this continent, although some .,u ite h r v varieties have already l)cen obtained. ■ By again analysing the list of varieties tested, we fiinl that the s. sou nf M th,. Iuadie:,t varieties is summer or autumn. The wint.-r of 1903-4 was a verv severe , , e .1 the province of Ontario, and in the orchards at the Central Ex.x^r nL tal Fan, 1.4 yar,,,,.., were w,nter k,ll..d. An anal.vsis of these varieties, a I st of wl ieh « , published 111 the annual report for 1004. shows that 130 of these were ea wi, e aud winter varieties, and 34 summer and autumn. Wo believe that this s uf Sn ^&:s^m U'7 pruvi' tliiit suiiirit.T and autiiriiii Viinctir: luirilicr than Intor krcpiiiAr I'vidi'iicc ti Mjrts. Lot u. now ..oM.i.Kr tl... .litfcvMcv l,o,w.,.„ . „. ut .u„1 a uiuter a,„.l.. It has 1,«.„ fr,..,u.ntl, ohs-Tv.,! that appi- which n.atmv ra.lv au.l a.v in i- eurlj and .,n the oth.T han,l an apple whid, is not r.ad.v t„r u.so until wint.r is nsnal y j,rown on a tr.. wln.h do., not rip... its wood ..arly.' A .a.-t wE n^ v iL " ol;Mn...l and win-h wo hohovo Is p..H„,.tl.v natnral. Th. iruif ol' n,ost v, ii. , w.ntor applos ha. ,o ho ).,,, „„ ,ho „ s at Ottawa nntil tluTo is danlr . , n,.st .n ordor to ,ot tho applos .,urticiontl.v niatwo that the llavonr wiUd.v.lop and that thoro wdl Ik- a ta.r ..olour. Tho u ,1 of snoh t.vos is al.o ,.,,nal!v s|, w , ' / " n^ . tha,^ sta^.. ot r„..n..ss whioh will onahi.. it to with-tand th./winU.,. ^ J i proven l>y the fitrurcs jrivcn ahovi>. Souie winter ajipies ar,. har.lier tluu. other,, hut Iron, „m- . x,„.rienee > h •. l,r^. nutnber o, varieties we are toree.l t ,elnde that tn.less the iJt of a var, t.^' a c...rta,n staKe ot d..veiopn,ent or n.aturity every season a eerta.n ,in,e he,„re i 1. to be pn.ked owu.^. to danger fro.n .severe trust, that vari..ty i. not a «ale o e to plant What that sta^- -t n.atnrity is we cannot at pre-ent delinitelv ,av In br,ef. then we heliev,. that it i, a physiolo^nca! in,possibili,v 'for \u.. „,ajont^ ■ jt w.nter apples v.lnch have ye. been produced to prove har.ly i„ ,he eolde , d.str.cts of (.anada because the tree> havin,. ori.Hnated where the ..„.,„ is 1, ,, grow too late for our short season. Must wo then conclude that the origination ^f -, hardy w.nter apple tor the north, of ,ood colour, and the be,t de..e,t .^ualitv. is a .n,poss,bd,ty ^ U e beheve not. A,,ple. which will keep nearly all winter when Kn-w m son,e d,s nets are antnnn. apple, elsewhere. Son.e of the hardy varietL o Ku.ss,an apples wluch have been ,ntro,l„c..,l are found to b,. nu.eh earlier in season h Amer.ca than they are ... IJussia. We believe that the ^rowino- an.l ripeni-./s.^a' ,! in two countries, or districts, while about the sa..,e le..f,th of ti.ne. n.av varv sutfi c.c.tly to caiv^o a ...arkcd d.tfen.nce in the season of a variety. As an .^.xa.nple/take aga... 1 r.,.co K.lwanl l.a.id, where the,-e is a late spri,,.-. but whe.-e .evr,. f.-o't ,£ .H.t ro.ne u..t.l late, a, eo.npared with (he ..older pa.ts of Ontario, wh.^re the s.rin.^ U cary but whore fall frosts are ,.arly also. In or.I..r. th..,,. to ^.t a., appl,. n.os, sui;..i o a d..tr,et or e h.nate and to ... .t „f the s...,,, re.uir...). it n.ust h!. on.ina,,..! in that chmate. The work of or.g.nat....^ apples has b..e,. co.>.parativ..lv r.^vnt in the ■older parts of Kaster.. Canada and in the Xo,thw.>ter.. States, and i,y f.r t , l.rfrest .nn.,or.ty of seciiiu- apples .,f ....-rit wbh-h have b.vn pr..,lu....,l a.v su,..,n,.,. or autu.nn k.,.d3. This wc think is due to two principal causes. In tl... tir>t plac,. because .nost of the seed hngs have been raised fr.,.,. sutn.ncr or autunu. vari'.ties these he, ng the hard.cst. and we s!,ould naturally e.xp..,.t that .,.o,t of su.l, ■.e...ili,.L;s' would bo of the same season as their parent.s. I,, the second place, an.l „„ thP other han.l. s.rdln.f:^ have l>een raised f.-om thr l.vt la... koepiuf, vari.ties. but wf i..h an- not hardy enoUKh to stai,d a test winter, and the s,edlin-s from sue}, tr,,. ■ h.v . , as a rule prov.. hardy. We do n„t ,,cli..ve that he..,,;. sJ^lllin^M^ ntiti^^i n"^ cl.ma e w,th a f-hort .eason that the lar.^.st ,.roportion ..f them will pr.,v.. ..a riv apples -•eganlies. of the.r an,.,.stry. W.. heli..v.. that in most cases in the past ,1,.. an,.e!t v of the scedl.njr var,..t,es or..Mnated in the North has not been favourabl.. to the pr,;. duct.on of har.-y w.nter var.eties. The importance of ancestry in the nri.nnatio,r..f i,^Tr-H;.*'» - t2» a bardy vintor apple is well illustrato.l. w. think, i,, „ numlHT ..f cross-brcl apple, w ., . have iru.ed a ,,e Cen.n.l Kxperim-nt^l Fan,.. 0( a .,.,.,, be.w S. Sn u ''";:;S,";'' •;'"'-/-"''■•. ■"•-'^ '-^ '•-^- ^"l." Crai«. when hortic^lt^ -f r... (ro.te.1. Loth ..t these van.f.M ar.. har.l.v at Otta^va. S.m.- of these are earher m ^eas,,,. than MeMahan an.I I I uf ,l,e,„ are later kee « apples ]• .. , v a! ut the,., have ...„o visible rese.nblance to tho parents au.l L.n.e a o Vvry s .i f l.otii parents. All withstoo,] the test winter .,f llMi;!-l ^ «'i'iilar t.. On the other hand, trees of eross.-s be.ween I.uvvor an.I Melnl ,sh ,.n,i vieo versa i^;..:; JhiieriieSr- lir'*''"''-'^''- ""• '-- ""-- ■'--" • •- - n.-rtll'shnlMT'' "'"■?" '"'"-^ ''"■■.""• •"■°''"''i"" '"■ tl- -i-ire.l winter a,,,le f„r the :':f:^:^:l::!:u^::::zz::7^^^ ^'''''"' '-^ ••"- '■■ '- ;;l;.r f ;:;;: S-rr •-:;;• i!: ;i:r at^ ir^r ::'i;;r;;;:i::'-; k.;o,. nnn.h lon.er. It is to this ,..ass th:,t the .h.ind winter .^i:: U^T ' " lOO-V'nt Oh""'"" "";"*'^^^•'"•»'"- ori^nnatorl in the north stood the to,t winter of l.)n.,-l nt Ottaw:, and arc just such apph^ as have l.vn described. (^anada Baldwin, orijfinate.l in the province of Qncheo U inter IJose. oriirinafed in Dundas rountv Ont Calumet. ori::inate,| on Calumet Island, in 'the Ottawa river Hixtnt. Seott Winter, oritrinaled in Vermont. ^Milwaukee, ori-inatcd in Wisconsin Of c2;:^;;:dtTni;;TS2:;j:r;;::;>l;;r^;''^^^^ ^7-; ^^^ -'•>- -- mentioned have all the desired poi-its W with 1 . • "" '■"■"""" "'""" originated at the Fxperinie it ,1 7rn O ',"'' I-romis,,,.,^ winter varv'ties obtaining, a ha dv , ro n t v' '"•'"• "";'^'^- «•<: -n>"Ier the outlook vry bri..ht for quality for thtth '"' ''"'""'-' """^•^' "' ^"""' -'""■• -"1 '-t desert missr.v.v .\ppLEs. ..n,^f «.,*;!:,;c;r;::i;j: ^tJz^TJ;::: ''"T ",r" '-•"• of atitnde 4., tho Rus.s,nn apples increase in value the further north thev are irro vn the cYe " I'^TT'' ""^ ^y'^"'' "'^'^^'^^ "" '■^"'^P»>"""^ t'^ ^''"""^t. all h^ others' th se hem., standard varieties in nearly all parts of Canada where apple tree are 1 J'.l A liiig,. nuiiiU-r ot Ku^i,,,, ,,.ni„ i . ,"- V -io.. tiih t^ 'H:,:t^ r';"-- -"ter-kni,..i. „... „ , j::j, '"'•I. .JiM'OVeriHl. '"•' ''■ ->'""">""'• "- - .nl..T of ,v v,„s |,„^,. A l.nv of til.. triM's pluiit.-d iu l.sss fn,it,..l i,, Is'm. ti , ■■ , „ ....iMdcrnl.le n.j„rv. und in 'l.V.:i .h..",'!! ,' , '."'"'T' '" ""■ '"■"'""••' '""' 'H-' •>•'.•> l.a,| ,li..,| nl,„.',|.,., ,..; ! ""• -r.hur.l „, u v.t.v I,;..I .-ondifi,,,,. S.,,.,.. i-K. .ii..u..d ,i..,.: '::::!ruJz:t':V::::^'-Ti'r^ '"''-- - •• • ""'"•'-'' i" '-!M a»d IMC, l„if „«i„./t th '"""'.7'''., ''"' "■"- "'■■•'^ ""f - -1. of tho tr,...s lu.v,. ,„,ul,. ..„.. J, wl ' V "7 ''^'^ "•" I M ,M„.|, I,Iid,t t -'•-.I .;v ..li... ...... ::J:::::t:!;i7z:L;:;:: ''"-' - ^ '••> "^ - '"- -""'iH:.: i::■H:::':n'.;;^i;r';;;^!'•^T^1''•'' ''--'" '"•"''• '■•• •■■••■ -<" -". '>■> do„l,t. .,„ f ,1,; , U r. hnvo m,..co..d..d host i,. ...„.,i,..l„.. Tl,..r.. ■-' tl... Cn ii,„. ,„.„H,.: V -t H,. V ,' l' • " ! ' " """•""«''•>• .-f.', ...■.„..,„.|a„„v i„ ^..-n-at ...any ditfen.ut uan.o" ' """" ""■"■""^ '"'^■" •-"•" — -iv-d u.hI.t diti..,vnt. ' ^"" ^"" "'""«'' <'v>d.-..tl.v n..arl.v ,vlat..d an .li^l,,).; Anisiiii ( Mel,,,,,.!!) '■■'- as K.,,ka Kislalial <■"<"»' ""-..t. Hern..,. ()«„„.., and i. known in Maai- Hluslu.d Calvill,, (Whit,. T.ans,,a.v„t). liddf. n..frdan,,in}lass , H„„,la„.,lV St..klia„ka. ()rn,„l„„.fi„.r. |{,d Quo,;, Wl.it.. I'i ^ ^^,^,2;:!■'s:!',,;;^;;;l*;'i,'",7'■' """'"■ '■ -' '■■'■'■"• •'■i- ■ «'■ ''"i.. k..., . v.'i'iT,:';,:''!;:;:^''' "*• ' ^ "■ "■ ••^■* '- > -» r)vinnoe .Snlovicff. Kn.irnioiiM. (lardeu Sweet. SknlJS)'''"*' '"^'""^ ''^""■- ^'■""■""""- ''"^"""'^- '•^'--- ^<-i'-rt..- (ilas. r.reon Sweet I Leiionkey Sweet). IFundsome Whit... 180 ,. [filj^rnnl (Unmim. I{om..,..k,«.. Silk.,. I....,f. .\|H,rf. V.lh.u Ar....!!,,. I «ri.ii l41|NIU('lllH-. r-«'l)i'(lkii. Ixiwlund I{..,plHrr.v (Lifvl,,,,,! K„,,,lK.rr.v. I-IvImimI U.,,,.!,,,-, v. .M.l..,..,,). I.ulisk QiKTii. Moviiw I'fiir. Orel. <)>trukoff ((;Imhs1 I'illKTOVkll. I'liKlovitku. Ki pkii Wiiit.T Clt<.«s,v K.-pka (U.iH.lovka. ^ri^oll. HiiB.ir MitoiO liiMsiui! I'ri'scrvr, Siiiihirsk y*!. ] Siiiiliirsk \o. !t. ViirKul (Miirnmla.lc. [.en. I ..f St. IVorlniiwIO Varffiilt'k. White KusHet. The most prmnisinp varietie- are re.„,nn .le,| i„ tl.o di«triet lists an.! .1. -.-rihe.l elM'Wher.' Ill this laiiletiii. Thy f..il,.wi.i.. ,.a-.. for an.l a^.ins, the Kus>ian apples, wliiel. wa, piihlishe.! hv Sb t . •^/^,""^'''- '" f^""""" •^"- "'• "f »»■<■ Vormont .Vrie„lt„ral Kx.H.riiiienr ■' I'ur. withoIr'L'nr''" *r '""'" "" ""'*' "'*^"' ^"'*''« ^*»""""' »'^«'^"»' i"t"r<.r„ssi„u wiiM .>iir .'niiiiii.ni apples. advaiitalir *"■"""'' '"""''' '"'"^^ "" "'"'•'' ""'^" '"'"''■' ^■"'"''- '^"^ ''" »'>-^'»""l «" " The trees are ver.v hanl.v. •• The.v nre tiiostly free fr.>iii disense (exeept hlixlit^ " Thi'v usually hear early and abundantly. ••The fruit is ..fteii larjje ami finclv eolntind. wher" 1.'"''' '"'r^'""'""", ''"^. ''"/'"'•n.ged many per...ns to ^row apples i„ ..e.Mon- where they would m.t oth.-nvise have attempted if " Apainst. •• Very mniiy of the varieties introduced nre immenselv w..rthless -Most of them rip<.n to,, early and will not keep. This is due to their inTro.l.ie- tion from a zone of shorter season to one of h.njrer seftson. i"Tro,i„e "The fruit of many varieties drops bndly before mature •• The fruit is usually eoarse Rrained and of poor quality •;The_sk.n is often very thin and tender, makin^r the fruit liable to injurv is haiJlini; "'""•^""'"^'"•" '^ ^" •''"^'>- '•""f"-'^ ^''"t no one ean be sure of what he "The .vountr urowtl, is extremely siibjeet to fire blijrht." i:tl l-Xllllin IN(> AM> .11 |K.|\(, AI'I'I.KS l»iiriii»f r.M'iiit viur- iiictc iitttMitimi li,i- l.c.u )i,iii| |,, ih,. jmljjin^ ol' inill tliiin li.riiicil.v. .lu.ltiis lire iiiiH'li iiioic niiinoroiiii tliiiii llicy unci Im l>f mid ir cri'iii, \pi\ ■ '< -inil.lf lliNl jii.lKc»..t' fruit ill Ciiiiitilii ^hoilil Imvi' r., me >tiiiuliir at a In-, f,, kiiiiw Nvliat kind ..f fruit U, ■.vu,\ «r li.nv to park it and. m» 11 ri-.i.lt, Wf li.-li.vi' that ill iiiaii.v <-ii.,'« tliiy an- diHcmriiKcl from .xliil.itinn. One jiidti.. may pla.-«- too mii.li imiiortaii.c upon mIzc. aiiotlit-r ii|h>ii ■■..loiir, an>l too litll. on fn-cdoni from l.lcini,!,,.*. «liilc iiimtlu'r may tliiiik little of tli.. uniformity and frm- n. -"s to typ... all ..f wlii.-li l.ad« to >rr,.„f .■onfii^ion. A iHriniiiiiK \va- mail.' to improvi llic'... (•ondition, in l!M(» xvlun „ Conimitt.-.' of tli.- Ontario Fruit (iroH-.r»' AHM,.iatioii ot wliii'li till' writer wi\* .liairiiiaii ^.iihmitttil ii luimln'r of >cori' lar.ls in a )iiini|liKl 4||I.m1 "Standards for .hiduiriy Kruits" for tla- u,,. of jud^.'s and ..xliilators «itli ■ \plai:afi..n- ot tin- tirm- um.I. TIk ,(■ wor.' cards hit.' a.lopi.ti liy most of th.' I'lov inc'ial I'Viiil (irowcrs' A-so..iatioii> in Caiiiida and miudi i;..o.l lias, it i« l«li,v.Hl. l..-,.ii •' u|'li;li''d tliroM^r), tli.'ni Init a more >:ciu>ral familiarity witli tli.s,. scnro cnnis and (•xidanations of t.rms u-..d is dcsiralil.'. li.'iirc s.-orc cards arc pul.lisli.d in this liiillctiii whcr.' th.y will r.ccivc wide pnhlicitj, Thcs.- s,-orc cards unless otlierwis.' marked an- Ihosi- iidopt.Ml ill lOl.i hy the Sfwioty for Florticnltiiral Scieneo and aro con-ideicl iiiiprovemctits ov.r iho-c in the pamphlet r.-fcrrod tii. A few iiitro.lii.tory \\..riU arc liowc\cr. iiece>sar>. A Kood judffe must he familiar with many varieties, uth.rwise lie is liable to cau«c much confusion, annoyance and injustice to .•xliil.ilor-. and will - i |o-c any repii tation he may hav.' had as a food jiidp'. A judKe must !.<■ iiiipr.judiced. oth.-rwise at a Miiali Ijiir where h.> will pn.hahly know who j{rew the iipid.'s exhibited he is liable to do an injustice. A ;.'ood judni' makes a ipiick but aci-iirnt deci-i.ui. The regulations in refranl to the number of s|M'ciiiieii- rc.piircd, si/.e niel kind ,.f paika>fc. vtc.. sliould be pbiin. Nomenclature sliouhl be eorreet. It will ' miieh to the interest of an exhibit if the jndne or exhibiti.ai imniitte.' arraiij:.'s to |,at the nam. - ,.f th.' winiK'i - on i;ird> so tha! the public i-an them .ns v,,on as the award- ar,- madi'. ■ mil' I'lat.H — F'orrn Si«.' ' ,',' ' ' ' ' ',' ' ' ' ' ' ' '] * 'olour rnif.ttmity Kfr»Mlorn f rnra 1>lfr)i)Hh '^ualltv win n si-oinl ( oi.i.Ki I los la- Km ITS \Vi I II Si'i ( ii im Ni mih u c.i I'i.vi is. \*:ilile of variotlt'H fctv ptlr-pos.- Rlattil ("imilltlOM of iiult i:ivi'raKe of Inrlividciil |i|:ifc pcor.' ) . . in K. ■20 30 2.-. 1.mii;ksi ami lii.si ( 'oi.i.t;i rioN . NuiiUiei" (if varieties Value of variflit-M for iiurposc sialt-ii .'onrtltioii of fruit iav<>ra6' "I inillvirnial elate sooro) . . . VJ;'ii_"..jE,r»^^^«F-E;-.3is»- 189 Alt.. """^•" ■'^ 'ill"' I I'T < ■..ll.Tli.iM, iSliiii.lnnl- |.,r .lii.lBiiit' Krnifi Kot (11 Ulif '"oloui Ifnlforiniiv K'rHeittHii tioni lilrmiah. 'iu.ilii) , , < '<»i!im»'r. i.il Xithif . . , , .Vomeiii'latur* ' rriiiiKt fiitfiil Sv'itNiin hi III If. I" i» iw M< |i>« SlNt.l.h I'l \IKj. (IK SkKIM.IXM oh " AnV thllKII VaHIKT^ " (ST\M>M(|i> KoH .1 I IH.IM; I'll I 11 I Koim .Sue ' iiloui rnlfoiiMlty l'r.>e(1om from Mi-mlnti •Juullt> lllil ti'XtUlr. Hr^iMin I 1. J I* 1" inn rmi ItlHKH.S AM) HoXKS l)K A (ilVKN V\HIKI\. ""<-- Harrfl— T*xtui« anil Havour lOO IVxtiiiP unrt llavou; . inn «l«r iiti.l form luu Slx« and fonn ino '■o'""'' ISO Colour I.-,,, l.'iilfoiMilty 150 I'lilformitv. . ,r,o Kivwloin rrnm l.ti-nilHli 150 Kieortom from l.|.ml»h ISO Tot:i! Material MarkiriK Solidity fimllliiK, rlfntM, •>(<< Total m 10 BuIbi- 111 MWdll. 1011 Allftnmi nt. 2« HelKlit of cmiIm till Attractiv«'npSH am style. . , 41 t'ompai'tnesH. . . in Total :itifl Total SiavHK. . Moo|iM Hcail." . . NallillK . ^Ta^kirlK■ Total Total Hall 111 70 •••"•I"" SO T"iii"n ,-,n PresMlnB . 70 Itu'klnK ftn :k« Kxri.ANATKiN (II TkIIMS Fill IT. An,in!,vm,„t.-~l,^M>- i.iul skill in .stiiKiii^' s„ ;u> tu attract attciiliun nu,] n,|,| t,, tti.. peiKTiil aiHU'iiraiin' nl the oxliiliit. C.lniir.-nri^Ut. ,l,.«r. wf!l .|,.v.'i,i|.,--l ,•,,),. i,r, .•Imni.t.Ti-ti,. „( tiu> vuricty. Comm. ..xi-cpt M.edliuK.>. refers tu the imnnal type or shape of the variety, but in . .i.se of se<>«lliiij,M it refers to the shape as desired in a eonimereial virietv .\ i(..M:di.-.h apph- is of thi. most .lesimhle shape, and ohlate ami oIiIoi.k apples l...,Lt de-nalile. . at ■:.' V ■•BhtXCL'-y^y m^jfsm' WT I.I.I l-r,.dom tn.,n lil. .„/,. Any i„j,,r.v l,v in^H-u. f„„B,. l.n.i,.... W, .., ,,..„, .. o l,..r o«u«.. I.<*..„.,„; ,1,.. v„lu.. „r ,„,H.Hr,.„.,. „f ,|>.. l-xinl.i, .|,m1I U. ..,.II..| ." lili'Miivh .\«»..,.- .,/,.r...-Kxh.b,t, M.H,, I,.. ..,„r.-fly n.,nu..l a.-..,.rd..,^ ... th. , n-hMur. ..I..M,..l l.v |„. s,.,,„,y \„„„„„i„„ „r Kshil.iti..,, „, ,vhi-h ,Imv „r.. .h..w,„ Tl... „.. "•I tl... .t.iMd..rd norm.nrlHtur,. ad..|.t.^ I,v th.. A,„-nV.M, IV.i„..|„^.i..„l s,...i,.tv i, r.r.,,,,. iiii'iiilcil to siii'h iHidit'T-. /yM/„V,/.-Frurt on ..xhihition ,l„.MKi lu.v,. a, n,u,.h o. ,l„. n..,,-..! 1.1, lHM..ld.. l.„ „ 1,,., 1....... ,„.. ,.ra..ti.... „. r„l. off ,h.. l.l „ ,.. h..i,.ht..n tl,.. ...lonr '''^'"'^ """"•■ ' '■• ""'"'- "'"•'■ '-"■ "•'- Prol.il.itinK rnl.l.i,.^. if «,ll h.. l„.tt.T to ,1,. it '■"'"''^V '""/ '/•■;'",'■■ T,. I.,. ..onM.l..r.Kl i .11..,,;..,... .,..,llin«,. ,...„■ v.ri.M... oi, frini. or otlitT w.rt- i,i c-,.i„|«.titii.ii. S..u„n.-\u .•.,I|,...,ion. it i, ,U.,iral,le ,o l.av.. a. l.,„« a ...„.„„ a. ,-.,mI,!,. r,,,r... .v;:..-\Vhil.. ,i/.,. in .„„,.. ,,.., i,„li,,„.., ,„,,, ^„„, ,1^111 ;„ ^^ . MM.ully toun,] w.th the h.«l.o., clour «„d uith freedom fro,,, |.i..„,ish... : and n, Inrur Hh«.,l,l no, tak.. tl,.. hr>. pr,., „„!.-, i, i, .,,ual ,., ,., |...„..r i„ .,,1,..^ r..s, ,. ,|.a„ ,1 , . in i.<>ni|...(,tion \v,tt, it. ,...sil,lf """'"■"■'''""■'"""' ''■'"''' ' - '"^ ■''''^" '" ''-• f-" -J '-1'- - K\,-,.V\ VI„,N ,.K liHM^ ,-M-,x,\<, \\\, \-\i KM.y.S. tlif l>ox. tlif r»traijrhtor . I /i';/,i »,,•«/.— Aligi,n,.„t ri'foi* lo liie r.iw* ,f fruit :m>l nior.. r<-(,iilar tli.- row.^ ,l». |„.(i,.r i> tl,.. aliRnin.-nt. H..ra..tm.. Tl... skill .....l „o.,.l ,a.t.. of .ho paok.-r i. .hoJn i„ ,1,,, ^ r ! ! f ^ tru, and h.. ..t.yl.. ..t t ,.- pa.-k. Tl,.... ar,. many .tyl.-s of pack. b„t the on ho , d n..\ w!,.ch l..n.l.. ,ts..lf U.., to ,1,.. vnri..ty and .i... of fr„it pa-k-.l. Tl,.- di ^'o„ ;::.::i.:: "tI^i-:;::::;;;;;,,, -r, -;;; :::;r!-::.-:i;t,;- - -- - -'-^ ..itt;^^;:;r;^^^^^^ rr::f:;.:^':irti,;,^'r::-- nr tli.> cfntre, at liotl, top and Imttom. T,„.:=TJ;:;";i:;:;zr,t;;"„:^;:iT-l!f r - ■-■ ..*<'d for ho faoo should ta.rly roprescnt th.- fruit throughout the barrel b„t th. ...pplos ,n th..so two row. shonl.l present a. attnu-tiv.. „„ ,.pUan« as plssil.le it ..«• .n rosard to fno,,,,.. as ,i..fine.l in the rnsp.-.,io., an.l^le. A..t U a folloTv No iH-rson shall sHI .,r off,.. oxp.>s<.. or have in hi. ,K.ss...ioa for .ale a .yf^i/t ^ i i;m fi;S u.. ... o,„„i„;i,.. .,„,,, „ i„.,,,„. i„ „„^„|, „, .^-„;,';:,';;1 • i,„ ,. .;^ i'in:;: !».., :.;,.,, , 1; :.:'ZJ;;:i:;;'; ji^r .,^"i;, ;;:ii;:i'L"i;;, t?U'ir z ;;;'.;l";,;,j h™;;:' '- '■■ ■■ '"" '"•- ■•■•'" - ' '-■ ■<■>' >•! 1 .1" .1 1.; ...,/;,:ii',?',fz;:;;:;:!;:,S;: -'s^trt ;ir:,r™' rr.r "«'■,"• ™'- liiipgisiili -non. „,^,ry to tho fn.it thn.uKh sl.kin. than b^li^lls t ! .^.'r '"'""""'^ ^''""• tn.it^:;?:^;;;^ .S"r;::^^'t:t'';i;:v";t;iV- '7' '1-^ ^r'^""- - ♦ .arrv w.ll. When tl.o l.Mrr lis o o . . ,1, f 1 ,' ""■'■''' '" *''"* '''" ^'''^' ^^'1' tlu. fruit has boon lMlZZ^i^l'uT:::.tT''''^ 1" '"^'r" '"'^^ ^^'" -"■.•.«ti,. Ti,. ., , L 1 1 :., ,;"'T* "•":';''','- '""',' "■■ ""■ '~i '" "«->•■, i:{5 I.iniiit; |iii|PiT imnripvc- tlic Tile nnil.-i used for Imxes iire tlio^' kiKiwii iii fniirpciiny. ii|)|U'iiriiiicf of iiiiwra|i[iod apiples in Ixixes. railin!,.— By tailing is ni.-aut tlu- putting a.i.l placiiiK of the h>t fruit int.. tlir liarrcl. All that is iii-ci>.s,Mir.v in s:oo.l tailinj,' is t.. liavr tli«' siirfaw as Ifvcl ^is possible vv.tl, til,. sfMii nul .lowii W1...M tlu. appl..s „r.. pr..»s,.,I. Th.. appl.-s slmul.l ••oin.. np f. the chuie but not appreciably aU.ve it as if much above it too much fruit will he l.niis,.,| when the li,.,id is pres>e,l in. The .-are in tailinjf will he known wh,.,, the barrel IS open by the manner in which fiie frnii has luvn l,nii.s,'(l when pressinn sr,:(iKSTKI> IKK.VI, sIZK OK APl-LKs loll KMIIHITIoS. As a member of a Committee of the .Society for Ilortienltural Seionee thp writpt oht.iuie.1 th. inions of a number of fruit growers' in ('anaavis T,' fanaihi Kalilwiii ' ' ' :,[ Crimson Beautv ." , Dudley .' '. ^ .........'.'.'.'.'.' .'. i' Famcuse ' Mcintosh o' .Milwaukee ;' New Brun.Mwick !,' Oldenburg '^ Vewaukeo '^ Red Astrachan ',',. Scarlet Pippin .■;■ Soott Winter .. .. '>{ St. Lawrence I Wolf River Wealthy Ypllnw I!s!!f|,-.»vr ( Hishojr Pipt.-tT) .. .. 'i' Yellow Transparent ,, -a L Nova Scotia. Annuiiolia und Adjiufnt Valley . \'ari*'ty. AUxanilcr Unhlwin Hen Uavtx liltnheim Cox OraiiRe I'lpplii (Ylmsoii Beauty H'alla water 'Jravenstein » loUIen FtuHSft ) AmfrU-aii ) HubbarilBtijii Mann N'Drthern Spy OlilenburK Ontario |{. I. (Jreening Roxbury ItuxKot (Nt'mianil) Red Atitrachan Rlbston Stark Tolman Tompkins KinK Wasenrr WellinKton Wealthy Yellow HellliowiM- ( HlMlioii I'ippin) Inchei*. Piamefer. i 4 2i 3 For Hrltish rolum)>ia-- Variety. Cox Orange Pippin . Oldenburg Esopus (Iravenstein Grimes Jonathan King David Mcintosh Northern Spy Rome Beauty Red Astraohan. . . . Tompkins Klnt;. . . . Wagener Wealthy W'ines.ip Winter Banana. Yellow Transparent. Yellow Newtown. . Inclu's >lamettr.