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 32X 
 
 1 
 
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The 
 St 
 
 G RI 
 
 and 
 
 A Vari 
 
A COMPLEAT 
 
 HISTORY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 LATE WAR;;^ 
 
 O R 
 
 ANNUAL REGISTER 
 
 OF I T'S 
 
 Rife, Progrefs, and Events 
 
 IN 
 
 Europe^ Afta^ Africa^ and America* 
 
 AndExhibiting 
 
 The State of the Belli g e rent Powers 
 at the Comniencrment of the War ; their In- 
 terefts and Objeds in its Continuance : 
 
 INTERSPERSED with -' 
 
 The Thaiactfrs of the able and difintereftecl 
 St A 1 i-: SM EN, to whofe Wisdom and Inte- 
 grity, and of the Heroes, to whofe Co u rage 
 and Conduct, we are indebted for that 
 
 NAVAL and MILITARY 
 
 Succcfs, which is not to be equalled in the Annals 
 of thivS or any other Nation. 
 
 liluftrated with 
 
 A Variety of Heads, Plans, Maps, and Charts. 
 
 D U E L I N: 
 
 Printed by J O H N K X SUA W. 
 MDCCLXill. 
 
R A •■[ 
 
 O 
 
 ,£ 
 
 I 
 
 ITT:. 
 
 yi 
 
 "I: 
 
 ti:T 
 
 ■:t ^ r 
 
 ever. 
 
 •-'• ",'::! 
 
•T '*» 
 
 
 11 
 
 n ^ 
 
 -,,v 
 
 k 
 
 THE 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 K59CM59C E have taken the earliell opportunity that 
 g W g a judicious infpedlion, and mature con- , 
 MMMSQC ^deration of events could give us, of 
 prefenting to the public, A com pleat His- 
 tory OF THE LATE War, not Icfs important than, 
 we hope, ufeful and corred, written with an im- 
 partiality which rhould be the guide of every hifto- 
 rian, and from which we have not deviated through 
 national affection. 
 
 We have taken up our History from the com- 
 mencement of the war, and have beftowedall the pains 
 upon it, fo intereftinga fubjedl requires, which, how- 
 ever, wc m\ift acknowledge, deferves much more 
 fkilful workmen. None was ever more formed to 
 excite curiofity, from the importance of events, the 
 dignity of the perfons engaged, the greatnefs of the 
 adions performed, and the amazing revolutions of 
 fortune; for the Reader will here find the fcattered 
 accounts of this war, which has been carried on in 
 
 a 2 the 
 
<* 
 
 .■ • / : 
 
 •* "':*^ .he PREFACE. " 
 
 the four quarters of the world, imked in one con- 
 nected narrative, and continued to the peace. j 
 
 4 To efFecft this from the materials thjit offered, has 
 been a work of more labour, than may at firft ap- 
 pear; and to render thefe tranfaftions (which have 
 not been lefs our amazement, than the world's in 
 general) the more confpicuous and clear, we have 
 added, in Notes, the accounts tranfmitted from the 
 commanders of our fleets and armies, und publiflied 
 by authority, when fa(5ts were rec^ent, and tl^e imm.e- 
 diateobjedof univerfal attention.Thefe will illuflrate 
 and confirm the Hiftory; and our Readers muii 
 be pleafed to fee fo many curious and important 
 pieces, which, while they give the cleareft evidence, 
 iiipport the national charadler to future ages. In 
 
 - many' places we find them filled with the adions of 
 inferior officers, which, with lefs care in their fupe- 
 riors, would have been loft in the multiplicity of 
 events : This care, not lefr, commendable than ufe- 
 fiil, will "excite officers to feize every opportunity of 
 immortalizing their fame, and doing honour to their 
 refpedtive corps. Some of thefe letters muft be ufe- 
 ful in forming the young foldier, as they are very 
 expreflive of that charader, pointing out the care, 
 circumfpedion, anxiety, and perfeverance to form 
 a Wolfe, or a Granby. 
 
 liu .t i 
 
 v/ 
 
 
 THE 
 
 .1 
 
 I 
 
 J^ L 
 
■T 
 
 con- 
 
 b ap- 
 
 have 
 i's in 
 
 have 
 m the 
 >liflied 
 imme- 
 Liitrate 
 
 mull 
 Dortant 
 
 dence, 
 ts. In 
 ions of 
 ir fupe- 
 |city of 
 an ufe- 
 nity of 
 Ito their 
 be iife- 
 e very 
 e care, 
 o form 
 
 THE 
 
 C O N T E NTS. 
 
 H E 
 
 ORIGIN of the trouWes in 
 North America, page i 
 M. dcc.lv. 
 Admiral Bojcanxen and General 
 Braddock fent to America, 2 
 Different opeiations under taken, 
 
 4 
 
 Two French men of war taken 
 by Adm. Bojcanjoen^ ii 
 
 General Braddock defeated nera 
 Fortdu ^uefne, 5 
 
 TJiejkau defeated, and tak- 
 en by Gen. Johnfon, ib. 
 
 Seizure of the French trading 
 ihips, ib. 
 
 M.DCC.LVI. 
 
 French threaten an invafion, 6 
 
 Fort St. Philip m the itland of 
 
 Minorca befieged, and taken 
 
 by the French, ib. 
 
 Sea-fight off Minorca between 
 
 Admiral Byng, and M. Galif- 
 
 foniere, ib. 
 
 Treaty with Rujfia, 7 
 
 M. Dcc.Lvn. 
 
 /iUia nee with the King of Pruf- 
 
 fia, ib. 
 
 Ground of the quarrel between 
 
 Jier Imperial Majcfy and the 
 
 K. of Prtifta, 9 
 
 Treaty of PeterJl'Ourgy 10 
 
 • ■' '•'- of Ferfailles, 1 1 
 
 Kino- of Prujfsa enters Saxony, 
 
 anl Bohemia, ib. 
 
 V>nn\c oi' Lo^vofitz, 12 
 
 'Saxon army fui renders, ib. 
 
 State of the Englijb Minillry, 
 
 The chara<5lers and dedans of 
 
 the fe vera! I'actions, ib.. 
 
 A coalition of parties, 17 
 
 O/nvego taken by the French, ib. 
 
 Calcutta taken by the ?:ahoh, iS 
 
 Anuria reduced by Ad:u. I'Vat- 
 
 fon, ^ 19 
 
 State of the confederacy againtl 
 
 the K. of Pruffia, ib. 
 
 The French pafs the JVefer, 22 
 
 King of Pruffia enters Bohemia^ 
 
 Battle of Prague, . ,.,m ./Ibi 
 Prague in veiled, 23 
 
 Count /)(?«« tak':;s the command 
 of the Aufirian army, ib. 
 Battle of Colin, 24 
 
 Conkquences of the battle of 
 Colin, 2 5 
 
 King of Pruffia evacuates Bo- 
 hemia, - ib. 
 Battle of Hajlenheck, 26 
 Convention o\' CJoRer-Se'-Jen, ib. 
 Expedition to Rochfort, ib. 
 RitJ/ians enter PraJJta, 27 
 Aujirians beliege Schzvsidnitz, 
 
 ib. 
 French and ImperialiPs make in- 
 curfions \v\toRrande>djoiirg,\h. 
 Sijoeiles enter Porurir'na, 'b. 
 Battle of KWhittew, 28 
 
 Genera! Lehiuahl dQ',c?iQS , ib. 
 Meianclioly liate of the K. of 
 PruJJiu, ib. 
 
 Battle of Rufhnch, "|©' 
 
 <S'c/}-xr«'^«jVi: taken by the Aujiri- 
 ans, 32 
 Prince of Be-jern attacked in hh 
 
 cu- 
 
 ■Z-'."-- 
 
..«- 
 
 rhc 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 entrenchments, 32 
 
 Brejlau taken by the Aujlriansy 
 
 , lb. 
 King of Prujfta marches into 
 
 Silefta, II 
 
 Battle of Liffa^ ib. 
 
 Brejlau retaken, 35 
 
 Auftrians driven out of Silejia, 
 
 ib. 
 Rujffians and Sivedes retire, ib. 
 Hano'verians refume their arms. 
 
 Cruelty of tlic French^ ib. 
 
 Condition of their army, ib. 
 Caftle o( Hnrburg befie|ed, 37 
 Preparations for an expedition 
 to Louijhourgf and laid afide, 
 
 39 
 Fort iVilliam Henry taken, 41 
 
 M.DCC.LVIII 
 
 Exploits of Admiral fi^'atfonand 
 Colonel Cli've in Indiay 42 
 Chandenagors, a French fort tak- 
 en, 43 
 Vidtory over the Nabob , 44 
 Nabob taken and beheaded, ib. 
 Revolution in Bengal^ 45 
 Treaty advantageous to the Eaji 
 India Company, ib. 
 Admiral Watfon dies, ib. 
 French retire out of Hano'very^S 
 The taking of Hnya, 47 
 MinJen taken, 48 
 Dillrefp of the French, 49 
 Generofity of the Duke de Ran- 
 dan, ib. 
 The French retire beyond the 
 Rhine, ib. 
 Recovery of Embden by Com. 
 Holmes, 50 
 Alterations In the French Mini- 
 ftry, 5 1 
 The itate of the Englijh affairs, 
 
 5.3 
 
 Subfidy treaty with the King of 
 
 Pri'Jfia, 54 
 
 Affairs of S-iveden and Rujfia, ib. 
 
 Schiueidnitz taken by the King 
 oi Prujiuy 55 
 
 He enters Moravia and inverts 
 Olmutz. ib. 
 
 Condudl of Count Daun, 59 
 
 He attacks the PruJJian convoy. 
 
 Siege of Olmutz raifed,' 
 King of Prujfia marches 
 
 Bohemia^ 
 Allies pafs the Rhincy 
 Battle of Crevelt, 
 Adtion at Sangerjhaufen, 
 at MeeTy 
 
 ib. 
 into 
 
 59 
 ib. 
 
 62 
 63 
 
 65 
 66 
 
 ib. 
 
 70 
 
 Allies repafs the Rhiney 
 Retreat from Bohemia, 
 Meafures of Count Daun, 
 Battle of Cufirirty 
 King of Prujjia marches into 
 <S«jfo«y, and joins Prince Hen- 
 
 Uy 73 
 
 General Oberg defeated at Lan- 
 
 ijuerenhagen, 7 5 
 
 King of PruJJia furprifed at Hoh- 
 kircheny 77 
 
 M. Keith and Prince Francis of 
 Brunfiuick killed, ib. 
 
 Affair at Gorlitz. 80 
 
 M. Daun invefts Drejden, 82 
 King of PruJJia, raifes the fiege 
 of Neijs and Cojely 84 
 
 Death of the Duke of Marlbo- 
 rough, ib. 
 Difpofitions for the winter, 86 
 The burning of the fhips at St. 
 Maloy 90 
 Taking of Cherbourg, 91 
 Defeat at St. Casy 94 
 Operations in America, 95 
 Siege and taking of Louijlourg, 
 
 97 
 Englijh army defeated at Ticon- 
 deroga, ' '• ' 121 
 
 They take Frontenncy 125 
 
 The French abandon Fort du 
 ^ejney ,125 
 
 Goree taken, 1 27 
 
 The 
 
 Hep 
 
 / 
 
^m- 
 
 The 
 
 CON 
 
 King 
 
 5S 
 
 livvefts 
 
 ib. 
 
 59 
 onvoy, 
 
 57 
 
 ib. 
 
 es into 
 
 58 
 
 . 59 
 ib. 
 
 63 
 
 . 65 
 
 66 
 
 'un, ib. 
 
 70 
 
 :hes into 
 
 ice Hett- 
 
 73 
 d at Lan- 
 
 75 
 :dat//o^- 
 
 ''^\ 
 anits 01 
 
 ib. 
 80 
 en, 82 
 the fiege 
 84 
 Marlbo- 
 ib. 
 nter, 86 
 lips at St. 
 90 
 
 91 
 
 94 
 
 9S 
 
 \onijlourgy 
 
 97 
 at Ticon- 
 
 125 
 
 ,125 
 
 127 
 
 The 
 
 ^r, 
 
 ,.. M.DCC.LIX. 
 
 Th- inclination of the powers 
 at war at the clofing of the 
 iaft campaign, 132 
 
 The King of Spain's death ap- 
 prehended, 133 
 
 Condition of the King oiPruffta, 
 Emprefs i^een, Snueden, Hol- 
 landy France and England, 
 
 134 
 The allied army moves, 1 4 1 
 Battle of .Ser^^w, ib. 
 
 Plan of the campaign, 143 
 General Macguire defeated, 144 
 Bamberg pillaged, ib. 
 
 HeJJe abandoned by the allies. 
 
 Expedition to the IVeJi Indies 
 
 under Hcpfon and Moore, 1 46 
 Account of Martinico, ib. 
 
 Failure there, ib. 
 
 Guadaloupe invadeH and def- 
 
 cription of that ifland, 147 
 Bajfe Terre attacked and burned , 
 
 149 
 General Hopfon dies, 1 50 
 
 Operations againft Grand Terre, 
 
 ib. 
 The inhabitants capitulate, 1 5 1 
 Letters to the Government on 
 
 the occafion, ib. 
 
 Bravery of a French lady, 1 5 2 
 Mariegalante taken, i 54 
 
 Progrefs of the French after the 
 
 battle of Bergen, > 160 
 
 Munjler and other places taken, 
 
 163 
 Motions of Prince 'Ferdinand, 
 
 164 
 
 Battle ofMinden, 166 
 
 Hereditary Prince ofBrunf'wick 
 
 defeats the Duke ofBrifac, ib. 
 
 Prince Ferdinand's order after 
 
 the battle of Minden, 167 
 The French pafs the Wefer, ib. 
 Lord George Sackvi/le refigns 
 
 the command of the Britijb 
 
 1 • " 
 
 TENTS. 
 
 forces ; Marquis of Granhy 
 
 fucceeds him, 170 
 
 The French driven to Marpurg^ 
 
 171 
 Siege of i\lunjler, ib. 
 
 Project of France for an invafi- 
 
 on, 172 
 
 Hwvre bombarded, 173 
 
 Aftion of Cape Lagos, 174 
 
 Admiral Bofcaiuen^ account of 
 
 the aftion, ib. 
 
 Count Do^wrtdifgracedand fuc- 
 
 ceeded by Wedel, 1 77 
 
 Battle of Zutichau, ib, 
 
 RuJJians take Franckfort on the 
 
 Oder, 173 
 
 Battle Cunnerfdorf, i 79 
 
 King of PruJJia repafles the 
 
 Oder, 182 
 
 Soltikoff and Daun communi- 
 cate, 183 
 Parallel of the King of PruJJia^ 
 
 and Prince Ferdinand of 
 
 Brunjiuick, ib. 
 
 Plan of the campaign in North 
 
 America, 184 
 
 liconderoga and Croian Point 
 
 abandoned, it?6 
 
 Colonel ToTJunJhend killed , 187 
 Expedition to Niagara, 188 
 Sir William jfohnjon's account 
 
 of it, ib. 
 
 Colonel Pr/Jf^i/*' killed, 190 
 Sir IVilliam "John/on defeats the 
 
 French, . 192 
 
 Takes the Fort o^ Niagara, ib. 
 The expedition againlt i^iebec^ 
 
 '93 
 Defcription of the town and 
 
 harbour of ^ebec, 195 
 
 Aftion at the Falls of Moultne^ 
 
 re net, 196 
 
 General Wolfe fickcns, 198 
 His remarkable letter, 199 
 
 Admiral Saunders's letter, 206 
 The battle of ^ebec, 2 1 1 
 General Wolfe killed, ib, 
 
 French 
 
'4k' 
 
 ^ 
 
 I t 
 
 Tie 
 
 French defeated, 2 1 z 
 
 M, de Montcahn killed, 2 1 3 
 
 ^ebec furrenderSj ib. 
 
 Gen. Moncktoii's account, ib. 
 
 f T01V /jjhend' s , 214 
 
 Adm'ral iV/uWi^rj's, 218 
 
 Movements of Gen. Jmherji, 
 on hake Ch^mp/uzti, 222 
 
 Prince Henrys inarch into Sax- 
 ony, and Gen. l^ehla defeated, 
 
 224 
 
 K. of Pruffin's furprifing marcli 
 into 6V/;fo;z)», 225 
 
 Prujfiuns defeated at Maxen, 
 
 226 
 
 Again defeated at MeiJJen, 228 
 
 Munjier furrenders to the allies, 
 
 229 
 
 Hereditary Prince of Brunfwic/c 
 
 defeats the Duke of Wurter - 
 berg at Fulila, ib. 
 
 The preparations at Fan7tes and 
 Brejil ' 231 
 
 Remarkable behaviour of Adni. 
 Saundei^, and Gen. Tofjn- 
 JJjenJ, 232 
 
 French fieet defeated near Belle- 
 'A, 233 
 
 Admiral /7rtw;(e's account of his 
 
 engagement vi^ith M. deConfans, 
 
 234' 
 
 Lift of the two fleets, 238 
 
 French fleet under M. d'Ache 
 twice beaten, 241 
 
 M. de Lally takes Fort Sf. Da- 
 I'id's and repulfed at Tan- 
 jour, ib. 
 
 Lays fiege to Madmfs which he 
 is obliged to raife, 242 
 
 M.Lnlly's remarkable letter, ib. 
 
 Behaviour of the French in Ger- 
 many, 244 
 
 The Duke de Beilcijle's letter on 
 the occafion, ,. ib. 
 
 M.DCC.LX. 
 
 Nothingdecided in the war, and 
 the ftate of the feveral pow- 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 ers concerned, 249 
 
 Great Britain and PruJJta pro- 
 
 pofe an accommodation, 252 
 Difficulties in concluding a 
 
 peace, 2 1" 4 
 
 State of the Englijh garrifon at 
 
 ^lehec, 255 
 
 Defigns of Monf Le'vi, 256 
 Preparations for a fiege, ib. 
 Gen. Murray's refolutions on 
 
 the occafion, 257 
 
 Battle of Sillery and defeat of 
 
 Gen. Murray y 258 
 
 0hiehec befieged, 259 
 
 The Englijh fleet under Lord 
 
 Cd'ville arrives, 260 
 
 M. Le'vi raifes the fiege, ib. 
 Gen 2ral Murray's letter on the 
 
 O'jcai'on, ib. 
 
 D''trcis of Saxony, 267 
 
 Preparations for opening the 
 
 campaign, ib. 
 
 Lofles fullained by the King of 
 
 PruJ/Ia, 268 
 
 Theatre of war in the Eaft of 
 
 Germany, 571 
 
 Battle of Land/hut, 272 
 
 PruJJian army under Fouquet de- 
 
 ftroyed, ib. 
 
 The Aujlrians take Glatx, 274 
 Kingof Prw^rt marches towards 
 
 Silefta and deceives M. Daun^ 
 
 275 
 Siege of Drefden, ' ib. 
 
 raifed by M. Drt!«w, 277 
 
 Brejlaii befieged by the Aujlri- 
 ans, ib. 
 
 Caufe of the flownefs of the al- 
 lies and /rt-w/^, 280 
 
 Difference between Broglio and 
 St. Germain, 28 1 
 
 Marpurg and Dillenhurg taken 
 by the French, 282 
 
 Rattle of Corhach where the 
 
 Hereditary /'r/wff was wounded, 
 
 283 
 
 Surprifeand defeat of M. Glau- 
 
 bitm 
 
s. 
 
 Prujftn pro- 
 odation, 252 
 including a 
 
 p gartifon at 
 
 255 
 
 Levi, 256 
 
 fiege, Jb. 
 
 efoiutlons on 
 
 257 
 
 and defeat of 
 
 V 258 
 
 2(;9 
 
 t under Lord 
 
 , 260 
 
 e fiege, ib. 
 s letter on the 
 ib. 
 y, 267 
 
 r opening the 
 ib. 
 by the King of 
 ^ 268 
 
 in the Eaft of 
 
 'ut, 272 
 
 ider Fouquet de- 
 
 ib. 
 
 {keGlatXy 274 
 
 iiarchcs towards 
 
 eives M. Dfl««> 
 
 275 
 ib. 
 
 'I. Dnun, 277 
 by the Aujiri- 
 ^ ib. 
 
 wnefs of the al- 
 \h, ■ 280 
 cen Broplio and 
 281 
 illenburg taken 
 2H2 
 \ach where the 
 ice; was wounded, 
 283 
 "eat of M. Glau- 
 bitvj 
 
 The CON 
 
 litz at Ermfdorfy 283 
 
 A.&.\on 2it fV^arbourgy 285 
 
 Prince Ferdinand's letter on the 
 occafion, 286 
 
 The Marquifs of Granbfs let- 
 ter, 288 
 Prince Ferdinand's order after 
 the day of battle, 290 
 Laudohn blocks up Scbnveidnitz, 
 
 293 
 March of the King of Pru^a 
 
 from Saxony to Lignitz, 295 
 Laudohn defeated near Lignitz, 
 
 296 
 Daun forms the blockade of 
 
 SchiveidnitZy and compelled 
 
 to raife it, 298 
 
 A£lion between General HulJ'en 
 
 and the army of the Empire, 
 
 299 
 Intercepted letter from the King 
 
 of Prujffia to the Marquils 
 
 d'Argens, 300 
 
 Situation of the French and En- 
 
 glijh armies, 302 
 
 Hereditary Prince furprifes a 
 
 body oi French in Zierenbergy 
 
 ib. 
 General Buloiu takes Marpurg, 
 
 307 
 Defeated by Monf. Stain'ville, 
 
 ib. 
 
 Hereditary Prince marches to 
 
 the Rhine, pafles that river, 
 
 308 
 Cle<vestaken&nd ^''<?/t'/befieged, 
 
 ib. 
 
 Battle of Catnpeny . 313 
 
 Allies defeated, ib. 
 
 Hereditary Prince repaffes the 
 
 Rhine, 3 i 2 
 
 Siege of IVefel ralfed, Ib. 
 
 Death and euloglum of George 
 
 II. ib. 
 
 Accefl'on of George III. and his 
 
 refolution of fupporting his 
 
 allies, . ib. 
 
 TENTS 
 
 RuJJians and Aufirians enter 
 Brandenhurgh, 3 1 5 
 
 General Hulfen retreats from 
 Saxony to Berlin, 316 
 
 Evacuates it, and the city capi- 
 tulates, 3 1 7 
 
 Enemy retires out of Branden- 
 hurgh, after having pillaged 
 it, 318 
 
 ImperialtJIsm&ke thcmfelves ma- 
 fters of Mifnia, 3 1 9 
 
 RuJJians befiege Colberg, 320 
 
 Battle of TorgaUy ^zz 
 
 M.Z><zM« wounded, ib. 
 
 Siege of Colberg raifed, 324 
 
 The allies raife the fiege of Got- 
 tingeny 326 
 
 Winter-quarters and fufferings 
 of the Britijh troops, ib. 
 
 Popular debates in Englandcon- 
 cerning the German w^r, 328 
 
 Thurot (zih from Dunkirk, 333 
 
 Puts into Qottenhurg and Ber- 
 gen, ib. 
 
 Puts into the Ijle of Hay, ib. 
 
 UttzkQsCarrickfergusy 334 
 
 Sails from thence, ib. 
 
 He is killed, and whole fqua- 
 dron taken, 335 
 
 Capt. Elliott''^ account of the 
 engagement, 336 
 
 War in America, ib. 
 
 General Amherjl goes down the 
 river St. Laivrence, 337 
 
 General Murray marches from 
 ^ebec, ib, 
 
 M<?«/r(?«/furrenders, 340 
 
 Cherokee war, 341 
 
 Affairs of the Eajl Indies, 344 
 
 Z,rt//y defeated by Colonel Coote, 
 
 Col. Coofe's account of his pro- 
 ceeding in the Eaji Indies, 
 
 346 
 
 M.DCC.LVXI. 
 
 Preliminary remarks, 353 
 
 Treaty propofed and entered 
 b into 
 
rhe CONTENTS. 
 
 ri' i 
 
 I '\ 
 
 into by the belligerent pow- 
 ers, 357 
 
 Mr. Stanly fent to Paris^ and 
 M. Buffy to London, 3 5B 
 
 French machinations in Spainy 
 
 359 
 Difficulties in the negotiation, 
 
 ib. 
 Defign of the campaign in Heffe, 
 
 and of the expedition to Bel- 
 
 leip, 360 
 
 Prince Ferdinand'^ plan, 361 
 Allies enter into Hejfe and Thu- 
 
 ringia, 363 
 
 French retire, ib. 
 
 Hereditary Prince rcpulfed at 
 
 Fritzlar, 363 
 
 i ritzlar taken, 364 
 
 Blockade of Marpiirg and Zie- 
 
 genhayn, 365 
 
 Sie^^e of Cajlely ib. 
 
 Battle of LangcnfaltzCy 366 
 Broglio reinforced from the Lonx)- 
 
 er Rhine, 367 
 
 Hereditary Prince defeated at 
 
 Stanperode, 
 
 ib. 
 
 Siege of Cajjcl, &c. raifed, and 
 the allies retire behind the 
 Dyinely 368 
 
 The negotiation continued, ib. 
 
 Propofition <.^^ uti pojfidetis, 370 
 
 Debate concerning the periods, 
 
 ib. 
 
 Bcllclpc tkfcribcd, j : 
 
 Fnglijh repulfed at Lochmaria 
 bay, ^ 372 
 
 Gen. Hodgfon and Commodore 
 Keppel's account of their pro- 
 cccd\rG,s at Be /h'ijiey 373 
 
 They maice good their landing, 
 
 374 
 Palais hcdegcd, 377 
 
 Town abandoned, 378 
 
 Citadel c:ipitulate8, ib. 
 
 Etv'liind and France aPree to 
 
 t.*eat of a (cpnratc peace, 379 
 
 Epoclias propofcd by England, 
 
 380 
 
 Court of Fienna agree, ib. 
 
 Objefts of the negotiation, 381 
 
 Fropofals oi France with regard 
 to Europe, Afia, Africa, and 
 America, 382 
 
 French memorial concerning 
 Spain, 385 
 
 Indignation of the Englijh Mi- 
 nilter, ib. 
 
 Englijh anfwer to the French 
 memorial, 386 
 
 Motions of the French and al- 
 lied armies, 387 
 
 General Sporcken atacked, 388 
 
 French pafs the Dymel, ib. 
 
 Pofition of Prince Ferdinand, 
 
 389 
 
 Junftion ofBroglio and Soubife, 
 
 ib. 
 
 Battle o^ Kirch Denkern,?ind the 
 French defeated, >. ib. 
 
 Prince Ferdinands account of 
 the battle, 391 
 
 French threaten Hano-ver, 393 
 
 Remarkable behaviour of Lord 
 Geo. Lenox, and Major Walflj, 
 
 ib. 
 
 Prince Henry of Brunjiuick kill- 
 ed, 394 
 
 Taking of Dorjlen, ib. 
 
 Various movements of the ar- 
 mies, ib. 
 
 Dellrudion of Schartsfells-ca- 
 
 (ile, ^ _ •' 39S 
 
 Prince Xa'vier of Saxony takes 
 
 IVolfenbuttle, and invefts 
 
 Brunjivick, 396 
 
 Detachments from Prince Sou- 
 
 hife take and abandon Emb^ 
 
 den, ib. 
 
 Attempt on Bremen, 397 
 
 Sulferings o{ Lonver fFeJlphalia, 
 
 ib. 
 Condition of the King of Pruf- 
 
 JJa, 398 
 
 Motions of the RuJ/tans and of 
 
 Laudohnt 400 
 
 Bre- 
 
fhe C O 
 
 , ft. 
 
 ;ion, 381 
 h regard 
 •itfl, and 
 
 382 
 
 )ncermng 
 
 385 
 
 glijh Mi- 
 
 ib. 
 
 le Trench 
 
 386 
 
 :h and al- 
 
 387 
 eked, 388 
 /, ib. 
 
 Ferdinand i 
 389 
 ,nd Soubifet 
 ib. 
 er«,andthe 
 ; ib. 
 account of 
 
 39» 
 /ox'fr, 393 
 lur of Lord 
 
 ib. 
 
 ujwick Icill- 
 
 394 
 ib. 
 
 of the ar- 
 ib. 
 
 artsfells-ca- 
 
 395 
 -xowy takes 
 id invefts 
 
 396 
 
 Prince Sou- 
 
 Indon £w^- 
 
 ib. 
 
 397 
 
 UVt'ftphaliay 
 
 ' ib. 
 
 iigof Prw/- 
 
 398^ 
 \ans and oi 
 
 Brejlau cannonaded, 
 
 Tottleben removed, and Colberg 
 
 befieged, 401 
 
 Ruffian magazines in Poland 
 
 deftroyed, 402 
 
 War transferred to " merania, 
 
 403 
 
 N T E N T S. 
 
 ib. Difpofition o' the court of Mu' 
 
 dridy ib. 
 
 Treaty between France and 
 Spain, 426 
 
 England defires a communica- 
 tion, 427 
 
 Court of Spain, refufes, ib. 
 
 King of Pr»^« quits his ilrong The Minillers mutually with- 
 
 camp, ib. draw, 429 
 
 Scweidnitx taken by a coup de Rfockade of Pondicherry, 430 
 
 main, ib. Fleet difpcrfed in a ftorm, but 
 
 Gen. P/rt/f«repulfed, 405 returns agnm, 431 
 
 Knoblock made prifoner at Gen. Lally^ letter on the occa- 
 
 Treptonv, ib. fion, • .432 
 
 Prince ^Mr/e«^Mr§' retreats, 406 Tov/n furrenders. '^^h^ 433 
 
 Colberg taken, ib 
 
 Ruffians winter in Pomcrania, 
 
 ib. 
 The negotiation refumcd, 407 
 
 French conceflions. 
 
 Mahie taken, ulc^m ib. 
 
 Enterprifes of Mr. La^v, ib. 
 Mogul iirmy defeated by Major 
 Cartuic, 434 
 
 Difference concerning the Ger 
 man alliance, 409 
 
 ■ concerning the cap- 
 
 tures antecedent to the de- 
 claration of war, 410 
 Treaty breaks off, and MefTieurs 
 Stanley and Bujjy recalled, 
 
 411 
 Conduit of Spain during the 
 negotiation, 412 
 
 Spanijh minifter's memorial, 41 3 
 Treaty between France and 
 Spainy ib. 
 
 Difference in the EngUJlj mini- 
 ftry, 414 
 
 Mr. PiV/ refigns, AV'X 41 ^ 
 Lord Granville^ s fpeech on the 
 occafion, ib. 
 
 Diipute concerning the rcfigna- 
 tion, • ■'^'■^ >^•^ -. 418 
 
 Addreffes, 419 
 
 Mr. Pitt's letter to a perfon of 
 eminence in the city, 420 
 Parliament meets, 423 
 
 Difpute with Spain, ib. 
 
 Reprefentation of the Earl of 
 Brijiol, 4Z| 
 
 408 Nabob of .S?;7^/i/depofed, 435 
 
 Coafhot iV/zw/z/rrt ravaged by the 
 QoyxntdT.ftdmg^ ib. 
 
 Dominica, taken by I,ord Py.olh 
 and Sir "Javics Douglas, ib. 
 M.ncc.r.xi r. 
 
 State 0^ Ku) :'t' in the beSfinninp- 
 
 01 
 
 this 
 
 year. 
 
 43f> 
 
 IlUlatcof the BritiJJ.> alliance, 
 
 437 
 
 Condition of the A''5r/.^c;-/7 Poiv- 
 
 ers, ib. 
 
 War reaches to the Sott/bern, 
 
 . . 438 
 Familv Compaft, ib. 
 
 Some articles from It, 440 
 Obfervationsupon them, ib. 
 Confequcnccs of this treaty to 
 Kit rope, 441 
 
 War declared againfl Spain,. \.\z 
 State of Spain and Grrat Bri- 
 tain at the beginning of the 
 war between them, ib. 
 
 Advantages and difadvantages 
 on each fide, '' ' ib. 
 
 Portugal threatened, nnd the 
 melancholy llat(.' of that king- 
 dom, 443 
 
 i\rro- 
 
 ? 
 
The CONTENTS. 
 
 •31 
 
 
 Arrogant propoiition of the 
 French and Spanijh Minifters 
 to the court of Lijbon, 445 
 
 Anfwerof that Court, 446 
 
 Refolution of the court of Por- 
 tugaly ' 448 
 
 French and Spanijh Minifter de- 
 part, ib. 
 
 War declared by thofe powers 
 z^-axnik. Portugal, ib. 
 
 Death of the Eraprefs Elizabeth 
 of RuJJia, and her character, 
 
 449 
 State of the power of RuJJia on 
 
 her deceafe, 450 
 
 H-jr nephew P^/^r III. fucceeds, 
 
 451 
 Entire change of fyftem, and 
 
 peace with PruJ/ia, 453 
 
 Peace between Prujfta and Si c- 
 den, lb. 
 
 1'he Czar enters into an alli- 
 ance with the King of PruJJia, 
 
 454 
 War with Denmark threatened, 
 
 and its caufe, ib. 
 
 Campaign betweenPr«^rt«jand 
 
 Aujirians opens, 455 
 
 Prujjians obtain advantages in 
 
 Saxony and Sjlefta, 456 
 
 Sudden revolution in RuJ/ia, ib. 
 Caufesof the revolution in RuJ- 
 
 >.. . 457 
 
 Czar irritates the clergy and 
 
 foldiery, 458 
 
 Differences with the Czarina, 
 
 459 
 Czar depofed by the Senate, 
 
 460 
 
 His imprifonment and death,46 1 
 
 The Czarina d'-clared Emprefs, 
 
 462 
 
 EffciSl of the revolution in Ruf- 
 
 fm on the King of Pruffia\ 
 
 affairs, 463 
 
 Situation of the new Emprefs, 
 
 464 
 
 i?«/^«« conqueftsreftored, 46^ 
 RuJJians quit the PruJJian camp, 
 
 ib. 
 King of PruJJia, draws Marfhal 
 Daun from Buckerfdorff, ib. 
 Schiueidnitz befieged, 466 
 
 Marlhal Laudohn attacks the 
 Prince of Be-vern and is re- 
 pulfcd, 467 
 
 Difpofition of the French and 
 allied armies, ib. 
 
 Battle of Grah^nftein, 468 
 
 Lord Granhy drives the French 
 from Hombourg, 469 
 
 Prince Xavier of Sazony de- 
 feated, and Gottingen evacu- 
 ated, 470 
 War in Portugal, 473 
 Miranda, Braganza, and Cha" 
 njes, taken, 474 
 Almeida befieged and taken. 
 
 Count of La Lif>pe arrives m Por- 
 tugal, 476 
 
 Surprife of Valentia d' Alcanta- 
 ra by General Burgoyne, ib. 
 
 Affair of nilaFelha, 478 
 
 Spaniards retire, ib. 
 
 Expedition againfl Martinicoy 
 
 479 
 Troops land at Cas Na'uire, 480 
 
 Attack of the pofts near Fort 
 Royal, 48 1 
 
 For/ /i<7yrt/ furrendered, 482 
 
 General Monckton's, and Admi- 
 ral Rodney s letters relative to 
 the conqueft of Martinico, 
 
 ib. 
 
 St. Lucie, the Grenades and St. 
 rincent taken, 491 
 
 Preparations for war againfl the 
 Spanijh fVeJi Indies, 493 
 
 Commanders in the expedition 
 againll the Ha^vannah, and 
 departure of the fleet, 495 
 
 Piilfage through the old flreights 
 of Bahama, , 496 
 
 Town 
 
 
 M 
 
rhe CONTENTS. 
 
 ored, 465 
 iftan camp, 
 ib. 
 m Marftial 
 fdorff, ib. 
 1, 466 
 
 ttacks the 
 and is re- 
 467 
 French and 
 ib. 
 n, 468 
 
 the French 
 469 
 Sazony de- 
 ngen evacu- 
 470 
 
 473 
 srt, and Cha- 
 
 474 
 and taken, 
 
 475 
 irrives in Por- 
 
 476 
 
 a d'Alcanta- 
 
 hrgoyney ib. 
 
 ba, 478 
 
 ib. 
 
 ft MartinicOf 
 
 479 
 f Nwuire^ 480 
 )fts near Fort 
 
 481 
 
 ered, 48 2t 
 's and Admi- 
 ers relative to 
 Martinicoy 
 ib. 
 
 nades and St. 
 491 
 'ar againft the 
 dies, 493 
 
 he expedition 
 ivannahy and 
 le fleet, 495 
 leoldftieighta 
 496 
 Town 
 
 Town and harbour of Ha'van- 
 nah defcribed, ib. 
 
 Troops land, 498 
 
 The fiege of Fort Mora, ib. 
 DIftrefs of theEngliJh forces, 501 
 Succours arrive from North 
 America y '^oz 
 
 The Fort ftormed, 503 
 
 Operations againft the town, 
 
 504 
 The Ha'vannah furrenders, 505 
 Letters from the Earl of Albe- 
 marle and Admiral Pocock re- 
 lative to their operations, ib. 
 An expedition againft the i'^?'- 
 lippine IJlunds, undertaken by 
 Gen. Draper and Adm. Cor- 
 nijhy 5 1 o 
 
 Departure of the forces, 5 ' ' 
 City of Manila inverted, 5 1 3 
 Th^ place ftormed and taken, 
 
 514 
 Gen. Draper and Admiral C.or- 
 nijh\ account of the expedi- 
 tion, 516 
 Propofils for peace, 524 
 State of the Miniftry and par- 
 ties, 525 
 Dukes of Bedford and Ni'ver- 
 mis employed in the negoti- 
 ation, ,. 528 
 
 Neiufoundland taken and retak- 
 en, ib. 
 
 War in Germany^ 53* 
 
 Hereditary Prince defeatej at 
 lohannisherg, 538 
 
 Crt^/invefted, 539 
 
 Remarkable cannonade at Buck' 
 er Muhly flj. 
 
 French take Amoneherg, 540 
 
 Ca^el furrendered to the allies, 
 
 ibu 
 
 War in Wejiphalia concluded, 
 
 541 
 
 Lord Granhy% letter of thank* 
 to the army, iS», 
 
 Siege and furrender of Schweid" 
 nitz, 5^3 
 
 War transferred to Saxony ^ 544 
 
 Aujirians defeated at Freyberg, 
 
 ib. 
 
 PruJJtans ravage the Empire^ 
 
 n ,. • . r ,545 
 
 rreliminaries of peace between 
 
 Great Britain and France^ 548 
 Mr. Fox comes into adminiftra- 
 
 tion, f.:5 — •■' SS^ 
 
 Preliminaries approved by par- 
 
 iiu.;':ent, ^^j 
 
 Peace of Hubert sbourghetvrecn. 
 
 Aujlria and PruJ/ia, 558 
 Conclufion, ib. 
 
 .^ 
 
 ' ..-r> 1; ' 
 
 i :rv- Am 
 
 .'.' 
 
 ■■■ 'r'^J. ]'•> ■;/;. / .13'JX- 
 
 ' ] -sU \: .., 
 
 : . . i. J.>* VTK 
 
 ,:;?rl ^t^ !:■ . 
 
 ' . . ) la - .Iv'- .VX 
 
 ;.; :•: '-r'-'^n -- 
 
 '^:;iA ■>.>---- rm 
 
 A Lift 
 
' / ,'J>' 
 
 i1 
 
 A Liji of Heads, Maps, and Plans, 
 . in the Compleat History of the 
 LATE War. 
 
 
 •*' L The Head of his prefent Majefty to Face the 
 
 Title. 
 
 «- IL The Head of Admiral Bofcawen, Page 4 
 
 of General Amherft, g^ 
 
 — — of Prince Ferdinand, 164 
 
 — of the Marquifs of Granby, 170 
 
 of General Wolfe, 220 
 
 -- — of Admiral Hawke, , 232 
 
 of the King of Pruflla, 300 
 
 — - — of the Right Hon. Wm. Pitt, 420 
 - — of General Monckton, 480 
 
 : III. - 
 
 t IV. - 
 * V - 
 .. VL - 
 V VII. 
 
 I vin. 
 
 ' IX. - 
 
 Z X. 
 
 
 MAPS and PLAN S. 
 
 XI. Plan of the Siege of Louifbourg, 
 
 XII. of the Ifland of Gorce, 
 
 XIII. View of Montreal, 
 
 XIV. Plan of the Siege of the Havannah, 
 
 XV. Map of Germany, at the End, 
 
 XVI. of America, at the End. 
 
 no 
 128 
 
 S39 
 498 
 
 ' « • ' I ^. *i 
 
 ^ ■.,'^^v; 
 
 . r ( - 
 
 ^ Lifl 
 
 IjjA^ 
 
ALiJiof FRENCH, ENGLISH, and SPANISH 
 Ships of War takeriy deftroyedy or lofty during the late War. 
 
 FRENCH Line of Battle Ships, 
 
 Taken. 
 
 Guns. 
 
 Deftroyed. 
 
 TJ^Ormidable 
 X3 Foudroyant 
 
 80 
 
 Ocean 
 
 r V 80 
 
 SoJeil Royal 
 
 Centaur 
 
 74 
 
 Bein Aime 
 
 Temeraire 
 
 74 
 
 Entreprennant 
 
 Achille 
 
 i. 64 
 
 Heros 
 
 Alcide 
 
 64 
 
 Prudent 
 
 Belliqueux 
 
 . 64 
 
 Redoutab 
 
 Lys 
 
 '. 64 
 
 Thefee 
 
 Modefle 
 
 ^ 64 
 
 Jufte 
 
 Orphee 
 
 . ,. 64 
 
 Superbe 
 
 Raifonablc 
 
 "V V. 64 
 
 Capricieux 
 
 St. Anne 
 
 64 
 
 Celebre 
 
 Arc en Ciel 
 
 50 
 
 Alegon 
 
 Oriflamme 
 
 - 53 
 
 Apollon 
 
 Guns. 
 84 
 84 
 
 74 
 74 
 74 
 74 
 74 
 74 
 70 
 70 
 64 
 64 
 5» 
 50 
 
 FRENCH FRIGATES. 
 
 Taken. 
 Abenquais 
 Danae 
 Arethufe 
 Bellone 
 Blonde 
 Boufonne 
 Brune 
 Comniette 
 Diane 
 Herniione 
 Sirene 
 Veftale 
 Emeraude 
 La Folle 
 Opale 
 Gala thee 
 
 Tcrpfichore 
 
 1 ygre 
 
 Zcpliire 
 
 Guns. 
 
 Taken. 
 
 Guns. 
 
 44 
 
 Guirlande 
 
 zx 
 
 40 
 
 Hardie 
 
 20 
 
 3* 
 
 Mignonne 
 
 20 
 
 32 
 
 Efcarboucle 
 
 16 
 
 32 
 
 Anemone 
 
 14 
 
 3* 
 
 Eprcuve 
 
 H 
 
 32 
 
 Surdoigne 
 
 M 
 
 3» 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 Deftroyed. 
 
 
 32 
 
 Aquilon _ "" 
 
 48 
 
 32 
 
 Atalante 
 
 36 
 
 32 
 
 Fclicite 
 
 36 
 
 , 28 
 
 Fidelle 
 
 36 
 
 24 
 
 Rofe 
 
 36 
 
 24 
 
 Flcur de Lys 
 
 32 
 
 24 
 
 Nymphe , 
 
 30 
 
 24 
 
 Pomona 
 
 24 
 
 24 
 
 Cleonc 
 
 16 
 
 ^ + 
 
 Biche 
 
 16 
 
 
 . ii'.. .. 
 
 ENGLISH 
 
 .„•*; 
 
ENGlIlSH Men ofJVnr taken and deJiroyeA by th FRENCH, 
 
 this it'bole IVat . 
 
 i|n 
 
 'taken. 
 
 Guns. 
 
 Tahn. 
 
 Guns. 
 
 Warwick, retaken 
 
 60 
 
 Merlin, retaken 
 
 14 
 
 Greenwich, finceloft 
 
 50 
 
 Stork . , y 
 
 14 
 
 "Winchelfea, retaken 
 
 24 
 
 Dejiroyed. 
 
 
 Blandford, rellored 
 
 20 
 
 Bridgewater . 
 
 , 20 
 
 Hawke, retaken 
 
 16 
 
 Triton : 
 
 20 
 
 ^ F R E N 
 
 C H Ships lojl by Accident.- '■ 
 
 » '' 
 
 :i.i..- 
 
 ' Guns. 
 
 
 Guns. 
 
 Northu.nberland 
 
 70 
 
 Concord 
 
 30 
 
 Opiriiatre 
 
 1 64 
 
 Sauvage 
 
 30 
 
 Leopard v- 
 
 60 
 
 Harmonic 
 
 26 
 
 Aigle 
 
 r..:- 50 
 
 Zenobie 
 
 26 
 
 Greenwich 
 
 / 50 
 
 Minerve . 
 
 24 
 
 . \ ENGLISH Ships lojl this War by Accident. 
 
 
 Ramalies 
 
 90 
 
 Humber 
 
 40 
 
 Prince George 
 
 84 
 
 HalTar 
 
 28 
 
 Invincible, F. 
 
 74 
 
 Leoflroffe 
 
 28 
 
 Refolution 
 
 70 
 
 Lyme 
 
 26 
 
 Conqueror 
 
 : 70 
 
 Tartar's prize, F. 
 
 24 
 
 Due d'Aquitaine 
 
 ' 54 
 
 Biddefbrd 
 
 20 
 
 Eflex 
 
 04 
 
 Mermaid 
 
 20 
 
 Mars,F. 
 
 . 64 
 
 Queenborough 
 
 20 
 
 Raifonable, F. 
 
 64 
 
 Ferret 
 
 16 
 
 Sunderland 
 
 60 
 
 Pheafant,F. 
 
 16 
 
 Tilbury 
 
 60 
 
 Peregrine 
 
 16 
 
 Litchfield '■''.„ 
 
 SO 
 
 Diligence 
 
 -• 14 
 
 Newcaftle 
 
 50 
 
 Scorpion 
 
 .14 
 
 Chefterfield 
 
 44 
 
 - 
 
 
 - SPANISH Line of Battle Ships. ' 
 
 
 Taken. 
 
 Guns. 
 
 Sunk. 
 
 Guns. 
 
 Tigre 
 
 7C 
 
 Neptuno 
 
 70 
 
 Reyna 
 
 70 
 
 Afia 
 
 64 
 
 Soverano 
 
 70 
 
 Europa 
 
 60 
 
 Infante 
 
 ^ 70 
 
 ';''■ 
 
 
 Aquilon 
 
 70 
 
 Frigates. 
 
 ^ 
 
 America 
 
 60 
 
 Taken. 
 
 
 Conqueftado • 
 
 ySo 
 
 Vinganaza 
 
 24 
 
 SanGenaro 
 
 60 
 
 Thetis •:■ 
 
 24 
 
 San Antonio 
 
 60 
 
 Marte 
 
 18 
 
 A/^ B. There wcie two fliips of war taken on-the flocks, at the 
 Havannah. 
 
 THE 
 
 I 
 
[ I ] 
 
 THE 
 
 ANNUAL REGISTER : 
 
 O R 
 
 H I S T O R Y 
 
 O F T H E 
 
 W A 
 
 R. 
 
 C H A P. I. 
 
 Origin of the troubles in North America. Admiral Bof- 
 cawen and General Braddock fent tbitber. Operations 
 intended. Two French men of war taken. Braddock 
 
 . defected. Gen. fohnfon repulfes the French. Fremff 
 threaten an invq/ion. Fort St. Philip hefteged and taken. 
 Treaty with Ruffia, the fpirit of it. Alliance with the' 
 King of Prufjia. Ground of the quarrel between her Im- 
 perial Majejly and that Monarch. Treaty of Peterjbourg. 
 Treaty of Verfailles. King of PruJJia enters Saxony and 
 Bohemia. Battle of Lowofttz. Saxon army furrenders. 
 
 TH E original plan of this work propo fed no more 
 than, that each volume fhould contain a narra- 
 tive of thofe events which diftinguifli its own 
 Year. But, becaufe we have entered upon our 
 undertaking in the heat of an almoft general aj>d very im- 
 portant war, I thought it would not be unuecefTary or 
 difagreeable to look a little farther back. It would be 
 difficult, perfeftly to underftand the operations of the; 
 fcveral powers at war, without reviewing the tran- 
 faitions of the preceding vear? \ pgr wgul^ it b? eafv 
 
 B to 
 
2 The History of the War. ^155- 
 
 to enter into the fpirlt of thefe, without examining 
 the cdufes which more nearly or remotely operated to, 
 protiuce thofe troubles that have involved fo many parts of 
 the world in one common diftraftion. 
 
 The war in which all parties and interefts feem now to 
 be fo perfeftly blended, arofe from caufes which originally 
 had not the leafl: conne&ion : the uncertain limits of the 
 Englilh and French territories in America ; and the mutual 
 claims of the Houfes of Auftria and Brandenbourg on the 
 dutchy of Silefia. It is no v/onder that the two former 
 powers feizing on a country in which they confidered the 
 right of the natural inhabitants as nothing-, fhould find it a 
 very difficult matter to fettle their own. For a long time 
 neither of thefe powers were fufficiently acquainted with 
 the geography of America, to enable them to afcertain the 
 limits of their feveral pretenfions with any tolerable exa£t- 
 nefs ; nor, indeed, were thefe matters deemed of luffici- 
 cnt moment to call for a very laborious difcufllon. At the 
 treaty of Utrecht, whilfl: fo many more important interefts, 
 or what then feemed more important, were difcuffed, the 
 limits of Nova Scotia, then called Acadia, were exp'-effed 
 only in general terms, ?.nd left to be put on a more 
 certain footing by fubfequent negotiations. Thefe nego- 
 tiations purfued with no vigour, and drawn out into an ex- 
 ceflive length, feemed only to encreafe the former confu- 
 ■fion. After the accefiion of the prefent Royal Family, a 
 French connexion, perhaps neceflary from the ciicum- 
 ftances of the time, and afterward "-• a certain negligence of 
 all affairs but thofe of our domeitick polity, fuffered this 
 important point to vanifti almoft wholly out or our confi- 
 deration. During this interval, our colonies on the con- 
 tinent of North America, extended themfelves on every 
 fide. Whilft agriculture and the maritime commerce flou- 
 riflicd on their coafts, the Indian trade drew feveral of our 
 wandering dealers far into the inland country, and beyond 
 the great mountains. Here they found themfelves in a de- 
 lightful climate, in a foil abundartlv fruitful, and watered 
 with many fair and navigable rivers. Thefe advantages, join- 
 ed to thofe of the Indian trade, appeared to compenfate for 
 its remotenefs from the fea. It was judged, that as the 
 firft fettlers on the coalh we had a good right to the inland 
 country; and, if fo, to the navigation of ttie MiiTifippi, 
 which ojcncd anpther clogr to the ocean. With thefe 
 
 views. 
 
«755- 
 
 I'he History of the War. 
 
 5 
 
 views, a company of merchants and planters, obtained a 
 charter for a confiderable tra6: of land near the River 
 Ohio, on the weftern fide of the AHeganey mountains, hut 
 within the prcance of Virginia; and the adventurers be- 
 gan to fettle purfuant to the terms of their patent. 
 
 Now began to (hoot forth the feeds of another difpute, 
 which had long lain unobferved, but which proved alto- 
 gether as thorny and intricate as that concerning the limits 
 of Acadia. The French pretending to have firft: difco- 
 vered the mouths of th'^ Miillfippi, claimed the whole 
 adjacent country, towards New Mexico on the eaft, quite 
 to the Apalachian or AUeganey mountains on the weft. 
 They drovv. off the new fettlers, and built a new fort called 
 du Quefne, on the forks of the River Monongahela, a 
 fituation which commanded the entrance into all the coun- 
 try on the Ohio and Mifllfippi. 
 
 The reader will obferve, that I do not pretend to decide 
 concerning the right of either nation in this conteft. It is 
 evident enough, that the confideration of the right had 
 much lefs influence on both parties, than the confideration 
 of conveniency. Should the French be able to unite Ca- 
 nada to their colonies at the mouth o/ the Mifllfippi by a 
 pofleflion of all that vaft country which lies between them, 
 the Englifh colonies mud lofe all fhare in the Indian trade 
 in time of peace ; and in time of war be expofed to conti- 
 nual dang'*'-;,, or to the ruinoufly chargeable defence of a 
 frontier more than 1500 miles in length. If on the con- 
 trary, the French Ihould fail to make good thefe claims 
 on the Ohio, and thofe on Nova Scotia, their two colo- 
 nies entirely, difunited, and the entrance into one fhut up 
 for the winter feafon by froft, ancl the entrance into the 
 other difficult in all feafons by the banks at the rnputh of 
 the Miflifinpi, muft certainly lofe all their value to France, 
 and in theii fall involve much of the fortune of their p^eat 
 fettlements in the Weft Indies. 
 
 Both nations being fully perfuaded of this, no ' r 
 looked on the affair of the Ohio as a matter of indiffe. ace. 
 They prepared to cut the gordian knot of the long and in- 
 tricate negotiation by the fword. Ships were fitted out, 
 and fome troops filcntiy fent off from Breft. General 
 Braddock failed to Virginia with about 1 500 regular 
 troops; 24 men of war under the Admirals Bof- 1755. 
 cawen and Moftyn were ordered to America, to in- 
 tercept the French fupplies. Orders were fent to our 
 
 P 2 colonics 
 
r!', 
 1 , li 
 
 4 the History of the War. i755. 
 
 colonies to arm ; and three operations were a9;ually under- 
 taken, one againfl: Fort du Qnefne under Braddock ; the 
 other * > againfl; the French forts in Nova Scotia, and 
 the for " Crown Point on the frontiers of New York. 
 The twc jrts in the mean time breathed nothing but 
 peace, and exchanged reciprocal profefTions of friendfliip 
 and good will, which deceived neither party. 
 
 They who are of opinion that the pafllons and characters 
 of the ruling men influence all public concerns as much as 
 the public interefts themfelves, thought they faw other 
 caufes operating to haflen this breach. On the death of 
 a great Miniflier, which happened fome time before, the 
 admlnifliration was new moulded. Some perfons then tiiken 
 in, were confidered as belonging to a party not perfectly 
 united with the remains of the old adminifliration. It was 
 thought, that the leading man of this party propofed to 
 work out the old fervants of the crown, in order to make 
 way for a more uniform fyfl:em. As long as peace fubfiflis, 
 government is fupported by itfelf ; and any change is dif- 
 ficult. But the condu£t of a war, is a thing critical to a 
 miniftry. The leader of this party, therefore, confcious of 
 his own talents, which all men acknowledged to be confpi- 
 cuous, and of his connections which were confiderabic, 
 warmly pufhed on a war, fcconded by the fairnefs of the 
 public motives, and the general voice of the people. In 
 this war his friends relied that things muft neceflarily be fo 
 •cmbarraffcd, that the old party would find themfelves 
 obliged to retire, and to leave the fl:age clear for them to 
 ferve their country according to their own plans, and on 
 their own terms. This defign was believed to be pufhed 
 forward by another great man of that party, who had play- 
 ed a game nearly of the fame kind before, and in whom 
 an advanced age had not abated any thing of his natural 
 fire and love of violent councils. 
 
 Things came to a crifis by the taking of two French 
 
 men of war by the Admirals Bofcawen and Mof- 
 Junt lo. tyn. The operations by land we;c carried on with 
 
 vigour ; but whether conducted with equal judg- 
 ment, we ftand too near the time to decide. However, the 
 
 French fort at Beaufcjour was taken, and foon 
 June 1 6. after thofe on St. John's river were abandoned ; 
 
 by which we remained maflers of all Nova Scotia. 
 'Ihc principal expedition was that againfl Fort du Qnefne, 
 
 under 
 
 / # 
 
1755. 
 
 / under- 
 ck; the 
 tia, and 
 V York, 
 ling but 
 iendlhip 
 
 iaraQ:ers 
 much as 
 iw other 
 death of 
 Fore, the 
 len taken 
 perfeftly 
 . It was 
 opofed to 
 to make 
 e fubfifts, 
 ge is dif- 
 itical to a 
 mfcious of 
 be confpi- 
 ifiderablc, 
 efs of the 
 ;ople. In 
 arily be fo 
 hemfelves 
 them to 
 „, and on 
 Ibe pufhed 
 had play- 
 in whom 
 is natural 
 
 ro French 
 and Mof- 
 
 ^d on with 
 
 |qual judg- 
 ^ever, the 
 and foon 
 
 bandoned ; 
 
 )va Scotia, 
 
 Quefnc, 
 
 under 
 
 ./(■iJ^j 
 
 : dnji£. Mosf:^ WEj\r 
 
jU'. 
 
 \^ 
 
 4 
 
 '* * 
 
1755- ^^-"^^ History of the War. 5 
 
 under General Braddock. That General aboundlnpj too 
 much in his own fenfe for the degree of military knowledge 
 he poflefTed, commanding in a country which he did not 
 know, and-carryingon a fpecies of war in which he had no 
 experience, fuffered himfelf, when he had advanced within 
 10 miles of Fort du Qiiefne, to be furprifed by an ambuf- 
 cade of French and Indians. His army was fei/,- 
 ed with a panic from the unufual appearance, and July 9. 
 horrid cries of the favages ; they fled in confu- 
 fion ; they were totally defeated with a confiderable flaugh- 
 ter, efpecially of their officers. The General himfelf, after 
 having five horfes killed under him, was mortally wounded; 
 wiping away all the errors of his condu6t by an honourable 
 death for his country. 
 
 The nation was fomething confoled for this lofs in the 
 fignal advantage gained by General Johnfon, who com- 
 manded the expedition defigned againrt Crown 
 Point. He was attacked in his intrenchments by Sep. 7. 
 the French General Diefkau , but the afHiilants 
 wanting cannon, and firing from too great a diftance, were 
 totally defeated, and Diefkau himfelf was made prifoner. 
 This vi£lory, tho' very honourable for Mr. Johnfon and 
 the provincial troops under his command, yet as it was 
 gained late in the feafon, and as the army was in no very 
 good condition, it had no confequences. On the whole, 
 we feemed, after allowing for this victory, and for the dif- 
 lodgement of the French from Nova Scotia, to have had the 
 worfl: part in the campaign ; confidering the fanguine ex- 
 pectations which had been formed, and the great fuperiori- 
 ty of ffrength which we exerted, or were able to have ex- 
 erted, in that part of the world. 
 
 During this fummer, our court took a refohition not to 
 wait the precarious operation of our arms in America for 
 redrefs of the grievances complained of, but to ftrike fuch 
 a blow as would at once put a fecurity into our hands, for 
 the evacuating the places the enemy had fortified in our 
 territories, and difable them in the two moft material points, 
 the rcfources of their trade, and their feamen. Their 
 merchant fliips were every where attacked, as if war had 
 been actually declared, and vaft numbers brought into our 
 ports. The French made all Europe refound with com- 
 plaints of what they called a proceeding fo unjufl:, and a 
 ' violation of the law of nations fo flagrant and unprecedent- 
 ed. 
 
m 
 
 1 ;- 
 
 n 
 
 6 T/jiT History of i/je War. ^75^* 
 
 ed. But, whether It was that they were really in no con- 
 <lition to aft, or that they intended to influence the other 
 courts in their favour, by a fhew of extraordinary modera- 
 tion, they contented themfelves with this, and neither de- 
 clared war, nor made any fort of reprifal for feveral months 
 atter. At length they began to a6l ; feveral bodies 
 i'J'j6, of troops moved to the coafts of Picardy, Nor- 
 mandy and Britany ; and all things threatened an in- 
 vafion on fome part of this kingdom. Under the fhadow 
 <if tliis (Iraiagem, they got ready in the harbour of Toulon 
 a fkct ot ivvelvomen of war of the line, with the utmolt 
 expedition, which convoyed an army of about 
 Apfil i8. 11,000 men, under command of the Duke dc 
 Richlicu to the irtand of Minorca. In a few 
 . ., flays they opened the trenches before St. 
 
 This was done wbiUt the nation trembled under a fliame- 
 ful panic, loi^ public to be concealed, too fatal in its confe- 
 cjufjnces to be ever forgotten. The real invafion did not 
 leflen our fears of the imaginary one ; it threw us into a 
 confufion that fuffered us to be fenfible of nothing but our 
 own weaknefs- We did not look upon ourfelves fufficicntly 
 fee Li red by the arrival of the Hanoverian and Hcffian troops, 
 which the fame weaknefs had induced us to call to our afTift- 
 ance. The miniftry feemed to have been infected with the 
 common terror ; for though they, had very early notice 
 ©f the French deligns, fuch was the apprehcnfuin of the 
 invalion, or fuch the ill-contrived dlfpofition of our navy, 
 that Admiral Byng was not difpatchcd to the Mediterranean 
 before the 5th of April, and then with a fquadron of no 
 more than 10 fliips of the line. 
 
 The engagement with the French fleet under M. Ga- 
 
 liflbnierc; the retreat of Byng by which the gar- 
 May 12. rifon of fort St. Philip was cut off from all hopes 
 
 of relief; the furrender of that garrifon after 
 June 29. nine weeks open trenches ; the fentiments of the 
 
 court and the public, on the diflcrent merits of 
 the governor and the admiral ; the oppofition of fome, who 
 though I the one too highly honoured, and the other too 
 fevcrcly ccnfiircd; nnd the mcafurcs which rather indigna- 
 tion al our lolVcs ami dilgraccs, than a cool fenfe of things 
 obliged us to take, arc known to all the world. Oui affairs 
 xvcic in fuch a tonditiun tliiu v\ c vvcic driven to the expe- 
 
 diciU 
 
 rM 
 
 
• in no con- 
 ; the other 
 iry modera- 
 
 ncither de- 
 eral months 
 veral bodies 
 :ardy, Nor- 
 itened an in- 
 
 the (hadow 
 ir of Toulon 
 I the utmoi^ 
 fiy of about 
 he Duke dc 
 k. In a few 
 
 before St. 
 
 dcr a (hame- 
 
 , in its confe- 
 
 rafion did not 
 
 rew us into a 
 
 :hingbut our 
 
 •es fufficiently 
 
 ^cffian troops, 
 
 \ to our aflift - 
 
 laed with the 
 
 early notice 
 
 cnfion of the 
 
 of our navy, 
 
 cditerranean 
 
 uadron of no 
 
 Inder M. Ga~ 
 [hich the gar- 
 rom all ho pen 
 tarrifon after 
 liments of the 
 lent merits of 
 
 of fome, who 
 [he other too 
 [ither indigna- 
 
 :nfc of thing:> 
 Our affairs 
 
 to the expc- 
 dicnl 
 
 '^757* ^^-^^ History of the Wa r. *j 
 
 dient of a court martial to revive the Britilh fpirit, and to 
 the unfortunate neceflity of fhedding the blood of p . 
 an Admiral, a perfon of a noble family, as a fa- I 
 crifice to the difcipline of our navy. '^'* 
 
 From this melancholy pi6hire, let us turn oui eyes ano- 
 ther way, and review the fteps by which this war came 
 to involve the reft of the contending powers. The 
 French, amongft the other plans they formed for diftrcf- 
 fing our affairs, made no fecret of their defign of attack- 
 ing his Mvajefty's German dominions. 'j'hefc countries 
 evidently had no fort of connexion with the matters which 
 gave rife to the waij. But being under a Sovcrcif2;n fo 
 remarkably affe^ionate to his native country; they judged 
 he might be terrified into a relaxation of his rights in 
 America, to preferve Hanover from the calamities wltli 
 which it was threatened. Their politics, however, in this 
 inftance proved as unfuccefsful as tjicy were unjufl. No 
 motion was made towards an abatement in our claims with 
 regarti to America ; his Majefty took other methods for 
 the prefervation of the peace of Germany. His Britifh fub- 
 je£t« by their reprefentatives, not more generouily than re;i- 
 fonably, refolved to defend the Hanoverians if attacked iii 
 (their quarrel. To anfwer this purpofc', the miniftry enter- 
 ed into a fubfidy treaty with the Emprcfs of KuiTia, In 
 virtue of which (lie was to hold 55,000 men in readincf* 
 to be fenr on a requifition wherever the Britifli fervice re- 
 quired. 
 
 The alliance with Ruffia was chofen for reafons whicli 
 were then fufficiently plaufible ; though it is to be hoped 
 rhey can never fubfift again. The long ill underflanding 
 between the King of Pruffia and our court, and his clofc 
 connexion with that of Veriailles, raifed no ill-grounded 
 apprehenfions that he might be induced to a6l a dangerous 
 part on this occafion. Ruffia was tliercforc a proper ally, 
 who Ivad both a political and perfonal enmity to this mo- 
 narch, and who would be fure to employ a great power 
 with great vigour in fuch a caufe. But this fyflem was • ' 
 a ihort time totally reverfed. The King of Prullia had 
 been too well apprifcdol' the cloferonjunftion of the courti 
 of Peter(burg and Vienna, and of the real motive to tluit 
 conjun£lion, to have the leall defign of embroiling himfelf 
 witli England. Matters were therefore very foon explain- 
 ed, and the treaty between his Prufliao majefty and this 
 
 <omr, 
 
!! 
 
 8 
 
 The History of the War. 
 
 1757- 
 
 court, to keep all foreigners out of the Empire, was figned 
 at London in January i 756. Thefe treaties were cenfured 
 as inconfiftent with each other ; but in reaUty they were 
 confiftent enough, aiming preclfely at the fame obje£t, to 
 oppofe the fchemes meditated by France for diflurbing the 
 affairs of Germany. 
 
 If reflerting on the fentimcnts of thefe courts, there was 
 fomething uncxpe6icil In the alhance between Great Bri- 
 tain and Pruffia; it was foon followed by another alliance of 
 a nature Infinitely more furprlfing. The Emprefs Quee~ 
 of Hungary, finding England In no difpofitlon to co-operate 
 in her defigns, had recourfe to other njeafures. The houfe 
 of Auflria, which had formerly united Europe to preferve 
 her from the power of France, now entered herfelf Into the 
 mod intimate union with that power. By this extraordinary 
 revolution, the whole political fyftcm of Europe affumed 
 a new face ; it was Indeed a revolution fo extraordinary, 
 that we fhall be juftified If we interrupt the courfe of this 
 narrative, to look back at the caufes which produced it. 
 
 The houfe of Brandenbourg, a little more than two cen- 
 turies ago, was in a very humble condition. But by the 
 part flie took in the reformation, v/hlch put Into her hands 
 the eftates of the Teutonic order ; by a marriage from 
 which fhe acquired the dutchy of Cloves; and by an un- 
 common fuccelTion of able Princes who carefully Improved 
 every turn in the affairs of Germany to their advantage, 
 file raifed herfelf by degrees to a confiderable ftate, to an 
 electorate, and at laft to a royalty, not only in name but in 
 power. The late King of Prullia, In order to ilrengthen 
 this power, though he part almoil his whole reign In the 
 moft profound peace, gave his whole attention to his armyj 
 frugal in all other rcfpe6ts, in this alone he was cxpenfive ; 
 it was his bufinefs, and what was perhaps of greater mo- 
 ment. It was his only diverfion. Thus in a reign apparently 
 inaftive, there was always kept up an army of near 100,000 
 men, In as much excrciie as they could have In war, and 
 formed with the moft pcrfctSl difcipline. 
 
 When his prefcnt majefty came to the throne, he imme- 
 diately flicwcd a difpofitlon of 'employing effedually that 
 military force which his father had fpcnt his life only in 
 forming and training. He managed his difpute with the 
 Hilliop of Eiegc by the fummary method of force ; and 
 fccmcd difpojwd to tarry all things with fo high an hand, as 
 
 made 
 
. 1757' 
 
 vas figned 
 5 cenfured 
 they were 
 objeQ:, to 
 jrbing the 
 
 there was 
 Great Bri- 
 alliance of 
 efs Quee- 
 co-operate 
 The houfe 
 :o preferve 
 elf into the 
 traordinary 
 pe afTumcd 
 raordinary, 
 lurfe of this 
 uced it. 
 Ill two cen- 
 But by the 
 o her bands 
 riage from 
 by an un- 
 y improved 
 advantage, 
 tate, to an 
 amc but in 
 llrengthen 
 ign in the 
 his army ; 
 cxpenfive ; 
 rcater mo- 
 apparently 
 |ar 100,000 
 war, and 
 
 he imme- 
 tually that 
 [life only in 
 le with the 
 force ; and 
 In hand, as 
 made 
 
 1755. The History of the War. 9 
 
 made him indeed much rcfpefted, but much dreaded too 
 by the Princes of the Empire, who faw that there was 
 another power to be feared in Germany, befides that of 
 Auftria. But thefe were fmall matters, rather figns of the 
 difpofition of this Prince, than exertions of it. He medi- 
 tated much greater things ; and only waited an opportu- 
 nity to make good the antient claims of his family on the 
 moft confiderable part of the dutchy of Silefia. The right 
 to that dutchy had been a very intricate affair ; but the 
 houfe of Auftria availing herfelf of the greatnefs of her 
 power, and of a diflenfion between the Elector Frederick 
 II. and his fon, prevailed with the Eleftor to give up that 
 right for an equivalent ; then fhe perfuaded his fon to con- 
 firm the treaty ; and at the fame time for a trivial confi- 
 deration to give up the equivalent itfelf. The King of 
 Pruflia, not thinking himfelf bound by thefe ads, though 
 confirmed by a long poffeffion, took advantage of his own 
 povver, and the embarrafled circumftances of the houfe of 
 Auftria, to refume what their power and the embarrafled 
 circumftances of his family had formerly deprived him of. 
 For immediately on the death of Charles the 6th, 
 when the Auftrian greatnefs feemed irrecoverably Dec. 
 loft, he entered into Silefia, and made himfelf mafter 1740. 
 of the whole country with little oppofition. Then 
 uniting with the French and Bavarians, he fecured his 
 conquefts by two decifive viftories, and by a trea- y 
 ty which yielded him the greateft part of Silefia J""^ ^* 
 and the whole county of Glatz. But the caufe '^ 
 of the Emperor which the King of Pruflia had embracctl, 
 foon caufed a renewal of hoftilities; the Queen of 
 Hungary faw herfelf defeated in three pitched June 2, 
 battles ; her new ally the King of Poland, driven 1 744. 
 from his German dominions, and the King of 
 Pruflia entering Drefden in triumph, where he gave the 
 law in a treaty, by which Silefia was once more 
 foiemnly confirmed to him: in return to which Dec. 1745. 
 he guarantied to the Queen of Hungary the reft, 
 of her dominions. 
 
 The Queen of Hungary could not eafily lofe the me- 
 mory of the wound fhe had received in the lofs of one of 
 the fineft and richeft parts of all her dominions. Silefia, 
 which flie had juft yielded, extended in length 200 miles 
 •along the courfe of the large and navigable rivfr Oder. 
 
 C A 
 
io The History of the War. '75^- 
 
 A country of the mofl: exquifite fertility and higheft cultiva- 
 tion ; abounding with men, abounding with valuable manu- 
 faftures, and yielding a clear yearly revenue of 800,000 
 pounds fterling. The peace was hardly concluded by which 
 /he refigned this valuable territory, than flie fet on foot 
 practices for recovering it. She entered into a treaty with 
 the court of Peterfbourg, of an innocent and fimply defen- 
 five nature, fo far as appeared to the public ; but 
 May 22, fix fecret and feparate articles were added to it; 
 1 746. one of which provides, that in cafe his Prufllan 
 majefty Ihould attack her majefty the Emprefs 
 Queen, or the Emprefs of Ruflla, or even the republick of 
 J*oland, that this attack fhould be confidered as a breach of 
 the treaty of Drefden ; that the right of the Emprefs Queen 
 to Silefia ceded by that treaty fhould revive ; and that the 
 contfa6ting powers Ihould mutually furnifh an army of 
 60,000 men to xe-invefl the Emprefs Queen with that 
 dutchy. 
 
 To this fo extraordinary a treaty, the King of Poland 
 was invited to accede ; and, he did fo far accede to it, as to 
 fhew he perfectly agreed in his fentiments with thefe courts. 
 But his fituation in the jaws of a formidable enemy, and the 
 experience of pafled misfortunes, had rendered him fo 
 weary, that he declined figning the treaty ; but Hill, with 
 the confent of the parties concerned, whom he fully con- 
 vinced of his refoluiion to co-operate in all their meafures. 
 He defired and they agreed, that in the fuccefs of their armr. 
 he fliould have a fhare in the fpoil, on the footing of x 
 treaty for the eventual portion of the King of 
 May 18, Pruflia's dominions made in the laft war. Oil 
 1 745. thefe conditions the King of Poland without actu- 
 ally figning, was underftood, and received as a 
 party to the treaty of Peterfbourg. 
 
 In confcquence of thefe meafures, all fort of means were 
 employed to embroil the King of Pruffia's affairs in the 
 North, and particularly to render him perfonally odious to 
 the Czarina. When their machinations had taken full ef- 
 fefl, and Rullia was fixed in an unalterable enmity to that 
 monarch, preparations of magazines and armies were made 
 in Bohemia and Moravia ; and the King of Poland, under 
 pretence of a military amufement, drew together about 
 16000 men, with which he occupied the ftrong and im- 
 port»nt pofl of Pirna. The Queen of Hungary faw that fhe 
 
 flood 
 
 I 
 
1 7 56- 
 
 \ cultiva- 
 )l€ manu- 
 800,000 
 by which 
 It on foot 
 reaty with 
 ipiy defen- 
 lublic ; but 
 dded to it ; 
 lis Pruflian 
 le Emprefs 
 epublick of 
 a breach of 
 prefs Queen 
 [nd that the 
 in army of 
 1 with that 
 
 g of Poland 
 e to it, as to 
 thefe courts, 
 imy, and the 
 2red him fo 
 ut ftill, with 
 le fully con- 
 eir nmeafures. 
 of their armf* 
 footing of X 
 the King of 
 ft war. On 
 vithout aftu- 
 eceived as a 
 
 1756. The History of the War. |j 
 
 flood in need of yet ftronger fupports than thefe in the 
 arduous bufmefs me had undertaken. She found that Great- 
 Britain, which had often done fo mu^h for her diftrefs, 
 would do little for her ambition : (he therefore had recourfc 
 to France, who joyfully accepted an alliance, that promifcd 
 to confound the whole Germanic body, concluded a treaty 
 with the Emprefs at Verfailles the ift of May 1756, a re- 
 markable aera in the oolitical hiftory of Europe. 
 
 The fecret articles of the treaty of Peterfbourg, the 
 fountain of the prefent troubles, and the fteps taken to put 
 that treaty in execution, though formed and carried on 
 with as much fecrecy as earneftnefs, could not efcape the 
 vigilance of his Pruflian majefty, who watched all their mo- 
 tions, and had perfeft intelligence of their moft hidden defigns. 
 When, therefore, he perceived that by the breach between 
 England and France, the Emprefs Queen would take ad- 
 vantage of thefe troubles to avail herfelf of her alliance 
 and her armament; he ordered his minifter at Vienna to 
 demand a dear explication, and proper aflurapces cpncern- 
 ing the preparations he faw making: and receiving only a 
 dry and equivocal anfwer, that the Emprefs had taken mea- 
 fures for her own fecurity and that of her allies and friends, 
 the King believed himfelf no longer bound to preferve any 
 terms ; a dangerous war was to be kept out of his own ter- 
 ritories at any rate; and being alw2};s in perfeft rcadinef^ 
 for a£lion, he fell upon Saxony with a confiderable army. 
 
 At firft the King of Pruflla feemed oqly to demai^d a 
 free paflage for his troops, and an obfervance of 
 the neutrality profefled by the King of Poland ; Aug. 29. 
 but as he had very good reafon to diftruft fuch a 
 neutrality, he demanded a^ a fecurity, that the Saxon 
 troops fhould quit the ftrong port they occupied, ^nd difr 
 perie themfelves immediately. This demand was refufed, 
 and the King of Pruflia iw confequence of that refufal, 
 immediately formed a foit of blockade about the Saxon 
 camp at Pima, with a view to reduce it by famine, fince 
 its inacceflible fituation rendered an attack unadvifeable. 
 There were in Bohemia two Aurtrian armies under M. 
 Brown and M. Picolomini ; to keep them in awe, M. 
 Schwerin had entered Bohemia from the county of Glatz ; 
 and M. Keith had penetrated into that kingdom on the fide 
 of Mifnia. But the King of Pruflia, not entirely confiding 
 in thefe difpofitions ; and ftill apprehenfive that M. Brown 
 
 C a might 
 
1 m 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 111 :m 
 •i 
 
 12 ^he History of the War. ^75^- 
 
 might be able to convey fome relief to the Saxons, refoiv- 
 ed to bring him to action, to the fuccefs of which he knew 
 his own prefence .vould greatly contribute. He therefore 
 left the blockade of the Saxon army, joined his forces under 
 
 Keith, and < ngaged the Auftrians at Lowofitz. 
 Dec. I. Here he obtained a vi6tory, which though it was 
 
 not undifputed with regard to the field of battle, 
 yet with regard to the confequences it was as decifive as 
 could be wilhed. M. Brown found it imprafticable to re- 
 lieve the Saxons, notwithftanding the judicious efforts he 
 made for that purpofe ; and that army, after a vain attempt 
 to retire from their difficult port, which had one fault, that 
 it was as difficult to leave it as to force it, wer j obliged tq 
 furrender prifoners of war. The King of Poland quitted 
 his German dominions ; and the Pruffians took up their 
 winter quarters in Saxony, feized upon the revenues, levied 
 exorbitant contributions, and obliged the country to furnifli 
 recruits. This unhappy people faw their country exhauft- 
 ed, and forced to bear the burthen of a war againfl: itfelf. 
 It was then, that the King of PruflTia confulting the rules 
 of policy, more than thofe of politenefs, made himfelf maf- 
 ter of the archives at Drefden, in doing which fome rough- 
 nefs was ufed towards the Queen ; but he maue himfelf 
 amends for the clamour induftrioufly raifed on this pretence, 
 by acquiring the originals of thefe pieces, which evinced 
 to the world the reality of the defign againft him, and 
 which therefore in a great meafure juflified the means he 
 had taken to come at them, as well as the extraordinary 
 feveritics he ufed towards the unfortunate Saxons. 
 
 
 Ml 
 
 CHAP. 11. 
 
 State of the Englify minifiry. T^he chambers and defigns 
 of the fever al fai^ions, A coalition. Ofvoego taken by 
 the French. Calcutta taken by the Nabob. Augria re- 
 duced by Admiral Watfon. , ■• 
 
 WH I L S T the King of Pruflia pafied the winter 
 in the niofl: vigorous preparations for carrying on 
 the war, his ally Great Britain prefented a very different 
 face of things. The lofs of Minorca plunged the people 
 into the utmoH: grief mixed with fhame, for fiich a blot 
 on^t'he national honour, and with indignation not only 
 
 , ;.' .ira 
 
 againll 
 
1756. 
 
 ns, refolv- 
 h he knew 
 ; thereforQ 
 »rces under 
 
 Lowofitz. 
 ugh it was 
 \ of battle, 
 decifive as 
 able to re- 
 s efforts he 
 ain attempt 
 
 fault, that 
 i obliged tQ 
 [and quitted 
 »ok up their 
 nues, levied 
 y to furnifti 
 try exhauft- 
 igainft itfelf. 
 ng the rules 
 hiimfelf maf- 
 fome rough- 
 naue himfelf 
 lis pretence, 
 lich evinced 
 ift him, and 
 
 e means he 
 [xtraordinary 
 
 cons. 
 
 \s and defigns 
 9go taken hy 
 Angria re- 
 
 the winter 
 carrying on 
 
 [ery different 
 
 the people 
 
 fuch a blot 
 
 Ion not only 
 
 m 
 ■». 
 
 «3 
 
 I 
 
 ifraintl 
 
 l<757. ^he History of the War. 
 
 againft thofe who had afted weakly, but thofe who had 
 proved infufficiently for the lofs of that important poflefllon. 
 The public rcfentment which at firft feemed to have 
 no other pbje£k than Byng, was foon turned againft the 
 miniftry. The clamour in parliament was great ; without 
 jdoors it was excefllve. Addreffes praying a ftrift enqui- 
 ry into the caufe of our misfortunes, were prefented from 
 all parts of the kingdom. The miniftry, notwithftanding 
 this general difcontent, had a real ftrength ; and they 
 might have flood, had they agreed amongft themfelves. 
 The commons could not be brought to any angry 
 votes; and the refult of the enquiry into th'^ lofs of 
 Minorca, was 3s favourable as they could have wiftied. 
 
 But Mr. F X thought it not advifeable to bear a 
 
 large proportion of the odium caufed by counfels, in 
 which he had little fliare. Perhaps he thought this 
 embarraflment, a fituation not unfavourable to the ar- 
 rangement he had always aimed at; he therefore fuddenly 
 threw up an employment, which he hoped to refume aug- 
 mented with greater power. 
 
 On the removal of this principal prop, the whole ftrucr 
 ture of the miniftry fell to pieces. The D. of N. the 
 Ld, Ch. the firft lord of the admiralty refigned ; and 
 the chiefs of the party by whofe manceuvres they 
 were difplaced, naturally fucceeded to the ma- Dec. 4. 
 nagement of affairs. They who had refigned 1756. 
 gave them no apparent oppofition in parliament ; 
 but whether it was, that the new miniftry were them- 
 felves too frefti from oppofition, and fome of them too 
 full of the popular manners that introduced them to court 
 to be perfectly agreeable in the clofct, or that they had 
 made their bottom too narrow, after holding their em- 
 ployments for fome months, to the great concern of the 
 public, they in their turn were obliged to quit 
 their pofts. Thus was the helm of government April 5. 
 a fecond time abandoned. The cafe of the 175'/. 
 King and the nation was at that juncture truly 
 deplorable. We were without any ally who could do us 
 the leart fervice, engaged in a war hitherto unfucccfsful, 
 with the moft formidable power in Europe ; we almoft 
 defpaired of our military virtue ; public fpirit appeared 
 utterly extinguilhed, whilft the rage of faflion burned with 
 the utmoft violence : our operations were totally fulpend- 
 ' . ed : 
 
14 
 
 The History of the War. 
 
 1757 
 
 I' * 
 
 ci, ^ 
 
 cd : and having no miniflry eftablifhed, we had no plan to 
 follow. 
 
 Three fa8:ions divided the ruling men of the nation, 
 for the grofs of the people feemed to have no further views 
 than a redrefs of their grievances, by whatever means 
 that could be brought about ; the firft of thefe faftions 
 was compofed of thofe who had grown to place and power, 
 or had formed their connexions under the old miniftry. 
 They were fome of the mod refpeftable perfons in the 
 nation, and had undoubted!) the greateft parliamentary 
 intereft. They had at the fame time another intereft 
 hardly lefs confiderable, that of the monied people ; but in 
 fome points, and thofe material too, they were weak. 
 They were not at all popular ; a matter of great confi- 
 deration in a government like ours ; and they were fup- 
 pofed by the grofs of the people, not to be under the 
 direftion of great political abilities. 
 
 The fecond fa^ion, though not fufpefited of the want 
 of fufficient ability, was yet more unpopular than the 
 former ; they had not attempted to preferve even the ap- 
 pearances eflential to popularity ; and to them the more 
 effential, as their parliamentary ftrength was, however 
 refpeftable, much inferior to the firft. If their influence 
 at one court was able to ballance that of the old miniftry, 
 by means of a then powerful connexion, that very con- 
 neftion made them far worfe at another court, and worfe 
 with the generality of the people, who entertained or pre- 
 tended at leaft to entertain, fufpicions of a nature the more 
 dangerous, as they were only dropped in hints and whif- 
 pers, and never coujd come to a full and open explana- 
 tion. 
 
 The third party, had little parliamentary and lefs court 
 influence; but they had a prodigious popularity, which 
 fupplied every other defe£t. The abilities of their leader 
 were of the moft ftiining kind ; his application equal to 
 his abilities ; his difintcreftednefs was confeffed by his ene- 
 mies ; and though it would have fliined in the days of he- 
 roifm, was now the more valued, and fet oflFto. the greater 
 advantage by the general felfiftinefs which prevailed among 
 the men of bufinefs The nation repofed the moft perfeft 
 confidence in his integrity and love to his country. This 
 party, confcious where its ftrength lay, cultivated with 
 great care the popularity which w^s bafis of their 
 
 power i 
 
 I 
 
1757 
 1 no plan to 
 
 the nation, 
 jrther views 
 ever means 
 tiefe faftions 
 ; and power, 
 >ld miniftry. 
 ■fons in the 
 arliamentary 
 :her intereft 
 ople J but in 
 were weak. 
 
 great confi- 
 y were fiip- 
 i under the 
 
 of the want 
 ar than the 
 even the ap- 
 em the more 
 /as, however 
 leir influence 
 old minifliry, 
 at very con- 
 t, and worfe 
 ained or pre- 
 ire the more 
 Its and whif- 
 )en explana- 
 
 nd lefs court 
 irity, which 
 their leader 
 ion equal to 
 d by his ene- 
 days of he- 
 0, the greater 
 /ailed among 
 mod perfed 
 intry. This 
 tivatcd with 
 afis of their 
 power i 
 
 ^757' ^^^ HistoftY of the WaiC. i$ 
 
 power ; even perhaps fo as to impair on fome occaHon 
 the dignity of government. 
 
 Thefe three factions differed from each other extremely 
 with regard to power, the grand objeQ: of all faftions. But 
 in the general fcheme of their politics, the two firft were 
 pretty much agreed. Looking on France as the moft con- 
 (lant and moft dangerous enemy of Great Britain, they 
 dreaded the increafe of her power and influence among the 
 neighbouring nations as the greateft of all evils. To pre- 
 vent fo dangerous an aggrandifement, they thought it 
 abfolutely neceflary to preferve a conftant attention to the 
 ballance of power, and to feek our particular fafety and 
 liberty in the general fafety and liberty of Europe. A 
 clofe connexion was therefore to be kept up with the 
 powers of the continent, not only by continual negotiati- 
 ons, but by large fubfidies, and even by afllfting them with 
 our troops if the occafion fhould require fuch afllftance. 
 For this purpofe, as well as to fecure the more efFeftuai- 
 ly our prefent happy eftablilhment, a ''onliderable regular 
 land force ought to be conftantly maintained. Our navy, 
 they thought, ought by no means to be neglefted ; but 
 it was only to be cultivated and employed fubferviently 
 to the more comprehenfive continental fyftera. The(e 
 parties were far from being friends to arbitrary power, 
 or in any fort averfe to parliaments ; they loved the confti- 
 tution ; but they were for preferving the authority of go- 
 vernment entire, and in its utmoft lawful force. To make 
 government more eafy, knowing that many would difturb 
 it, from difaffeftion or difguft, or miftaken notions of 
 liberty, they thought it juft to rule men by their interefts, 
 if they could not by their virtues, and they had long 
 been in the pra6iice of procuring a majority in parliament, 
 by the diftribution of the numerous lucrative places and 
 employments which our conflituticn leaves in the difpofa'( 
 of the Crown. Several believed that no other method was 
 practicable, confidering the nature of mankind, and our 
 particular form of government. 
 
 But the third and popular party, was influenced by 
 c|ifFerent principles. They looked indeed on the power of 
 France in the fame light with the two former, and were 
 of the fame opinion concerning the neceflity of fetting 
 bounds to it. In the means of attaining this end they 
 differed. Our fituation they thought dilated a narrower, 
 
 but 
 
i6 T/je History of the War. 1757. 
 
 but a more natural, a fafer, and a lefs expenfive plan of 
 politics, than that which had been adopted by the other 
 party. We ought never to forget, faid they, that we are 
 an ifland : and that this circumftance, fo favourable both 
 to our political and to our civil liberty, prefcribes to us a 
 condu^ very different from that of any other nation. 
 Our natural ftrength is a maritime ftrength, as trade is 
 our natural employment ; thefe muft always go hand in 
 hand, and they mutually fupport each other. But, if 
 turning our back to our real interefts, and abandoning our 
 natural element, we enter that inextricable labyrinth of 
 continental politicks ; if we make ourfelves parties in 
 every controverfy ; if we exHauft our wealth in purchafing 
 the ufelefs and precarious friendfliip of every petty prince 
 or ftate; if we wafte the blood of our people in all the 
 quarrels that may arife on the continent ; fo far from go- 
 ing in the right way to reduce France, that we attack her 
 on the ftrong fide, and only deftroy ourfelves by our ill judg- 
 ed efforts againfl the enemy. That we can have nothing to 
 fear from the fuperiorityof France on the continent, whilft 
 we preferve our fuperiofity at fea ; that we can always cut 
 the finews of the enemy's ftrength by deflroying their* 
 traffic ; that to fear an invafion from a power weak in its 
 marine, is the idleft of all fears; that in cafe an invafion 
 were pofHble, a well trained national militia, fupplying by 
 their zeal the defefts of their difcipline, would prove our 
 beft protection ; that a (landing army is in whatever (hape 
 dangerous to freedom ; and that a government like ours^ 
 connefteu by its very eflence with the liberty of the fub- 
 je6t, can never be in want of the fupport,- of defpotic pow- 
 er. As little is parliamentary influence neceffary. A go- 
 vernment pleafing to the people, as every good govern- 
 ment muft bt^ can never be generally oppofed ; and m .n 
 need no bribe: lo perfuade them to their duty. 
 
 Thefe notions, fo oppofite n. their extreams, might be 
 reconciled in a medium, and ufed to temper each other. 
 For as, on one hand, it would be very abfurd to make no 
 fort of advantage of our infular fituation, but to engage in 
 all the bufinefs of the continent without referve, and ta 
 plunge ourfelves into real evils out of a dread of poflible 
 mifchiefs ; fo on the otiier hand, to think ourfelves wholly 
 unconcerned 
 continent, 
 
 by 
 
 in the fortunes of our neighbours on the 
 or to think of aiding them in any cafe, only 
 
x-^ 
 
 J 757- 
 
 Ive plan of 
 jr the other 
 that we are 
 urable both 
 ibes to us a 
 her nation. 
 , as trade is 
 go hand in 
 r. But, if 
 ndoning our 
 labyrinth of 
 s parties in 
 1 purchafing 
 petty prince 
 !e in all the 
 ar from go- 
 re attack her 
 our illjudg- 
 e nothing to 
 inent, whilft 
 in always cut 
 roying theii' 
 weak in its 
 : an invafion 
 fupplying by 
 d prove our 
 atever (hape 
 nt like ours^ 
 of the fub- 
 efpotic pow- 
 ary. A go- 
 ood govern* 
 and IP n 
 
 s, might be 
 each other, 
 to make no 
 to engage in 
 rve, and to 
 of poflible 
 elves wholly 
 ours on the 
 y cafe, only 
 by 
 
 i 
 i 
 
 1*756. Tie History ofr/je War. 17 
 
 by the way of diverflon with our fleets, would be a way 
 of proceeding, dill more extravagant than the former. If 
 fuch notions were reduced to pradicc, vvc might foon lofe 
 all thofe advantages derived from a fituation which we 
 abufed. 
 
 '^he reafonablcnefs of fuch a temperament, could not 
 be perceived during the ferment of that time, in which 
 thefe topics were bandied to and fro with infinite heat. 
 The refignation, or rather deprivation, of the popular mi- 
 niftry, only increafed their popularity, and the general 
 difcontent ; the people could not believe that good mea- 
 fures could be purfued, v^hen thofe, in whom alone they 
 confided, were not employed ; almofl all the corporations 
 of the kingdom prefented the deprived miniflers with their 
 freedom, and addrefled them in the warmefl manner, tefli- 
 fying the mofl entire approbation of their condu6t, and 
 the fincerefl concern to fee them out of employment. 
 
 This conflift between an old eftablifhed intereft, and the 
 torrent of popularity, continued for a long time, and the 
 nation was almofl: ruined by it. It is not eafy, nor perhaps 
 quite proper, to attempt to trace the fteps by which fo hap- 
 py a coalition, as we have feen take place, was brought 
 about. But it was formed in fuch manner, has held to- 
 gether with fuch folidity, and produced fuch 
 excellent effefls, as I believe the mofl fanguine June 29. 
 could not have hoped for at that time. Mr. P. 1757. 
 was again reflored to the office of fecretary of 
 flate, the D. of N. was placed at the head of the treafury, 
 Mr. F. was appointed paymafter of the forces. This ar- 
 rangement, which gave very general fatisfaction, was how- 
 ever difliked by thofe, whom their violent attachment to 
 their party had infpired with a narrow and exclufive fpirit. 
 ft was the befl meafure, becaufe it was an healing mea- 
 fure ; and it was little lefs than impofTible for any parti- 
 cular party to carry on public bufinefs on Its fingle botr 
 tom. 
 
 It was high time that our domeftic diflentions fhould be 
 compofed at lafl. From every quarter of the 
 world, in which we had any concern, we heard Aug. 14. 
 of nothing but loffes and cilamities. In America i 756. 
 we loft the Fort of Ofwego. That fort, fitua- 
 ttd at the mouth of the Onondaga river, commanded 
 v> commodious harbour on the Lake Ontario. It was built 
 
 D 
 
 by 
 
i('i 
 
 fii' 
 
 it The History of the War, ^15^- 
 
 bv General Shirley, and defigned to cover the country of 
 the Five Nations ; to fecurc the Indiixn trade ; to interrupt 
 the comfnunication between the French northern and 
 fouthern ellablifhments ; and to open a way to our arms to 
 attack the tbrts ol Frontenac and Niagara. For thcfc 
 purpofcs, .feme frigates had been fitted out for cruizing, 
 and a number of boats prepared for the tranfportation of 
 troops ; bat they all fell to the enemy with the fort, where 
 lOO pieces of cannon were, and a conild-jrable quantity of 
 provifion. i6co men were made priloncrs of war. The 
 place made but a trifling refinance, fcarce holding out 
 three days ; the attempts to relieve it were too late. The 
 French demolilhed the fort. 
 
 Cur lolfes were not confined to America. The E. India 
 company received a blow, which would have fliaken an ef- 
 tablifhment of lefs rtrength to its foundations. The news 
 of the war between France and England had not yet reach- 
 ed India, but a new and very formidable enemy was raifed 
 up in that quarter. The Nabob of Bengal (the Nabobs 
 are a fpecies of viceroys to the Grand Mogul, grown 
 almoft independent in their feveral provinces,) irritated at 
 the prote6lion given to one of his fubjects in the Englifli 
 fort of Calcutta, and, as it is fiiid, r.t the refufal of fome 
 <luties to which he claimed a right, levied a great army, 
 and laid fiege tc that place. The Governor, terrified by 
 the numberL' of the enemy, abandoned the fort with feve- 
 ral of the principal perfons in the fettl'^ment, who faved 
 themfelves with their moft valuable effects on board the 
 fliips. 
 
 Thus deferted, Mr. Hollwel, the fecond in command, 
 bravely held the place to the lafl: extremity, with a few 
 gallant friends, and the remains of a feeble garrifon. A 
 very noble defence was infurTicicnt to keep an untenable 
 place, or to affe6t an ungenerous enemy. The fort was 
 taken, and the garrifon being made prifoners, 
 June 26. were thrufl: into a narrov/ dungeon. Hollv/el, 
 with a fev/ others, came out alive, to paint a 
 fcene of the mofi cruel diflrefs which perhaps human 
 nature ever fufiered. The Eafl India company loft their 
 principal fettlement in Bengal, and a fort, which fecured 
 to them tiie mofl: valuable part of their trade. 
 
 In the fpace of this unfortunate year, we were ftrlppcd 
 of Minorca and Ofwego j we apprehended an invafion 
 
 of 
 
1756- 
 
 country of 
 o interrupt 
 them and 
 (ur arms to 
 For thcfc 
 ir cruizing, 
 ortation of 
 fort, where 
 quantity of 
 war. The 
 lioldlng out 
 late. The 
 
 rhe E. India 
 liaken an ef- 
 The news 
 ot yet reach- 
 ly was raifed 
 (the Nabobs 
 3gul, grown 
 ,) irritated at 
 n the Englifli 
 fufal of fome 
 great army* 
 , terrified by 
 rt with fevc- 
 who faved 
 Ion board the 
 
 nr 
 
 The Hr STORY of the Wy\R. 
 
 j/- - v - • 19 
 
 ol' Great Britain itfclf: our councils wcr;i tora to pieces 
 by fa£lions ; and our military force was every where in 
 contempt. Amidfl thefc lofles, we confidcred as 
 Feb. 13. fome advantage, the redu«3:ion of the principal 
 fort of Angria, a piratical prince, who had been 
 many years troublcfome to the Englifli trade in the Eaft 
 Indies. This fervice was perfonncd by Admiral Watlon 
 in the beginning of the year. 
 
 CHAP. III. 
 
 State of the cotfederacy agalnjl the King of Priifia. French 
 pafs the JVefer. King of Pniffia enters Bohemia. Battle 
 of Prague. Prague tnvefccl. Count Daiin takes the com- 
 mand of the Aiifrian army. Battle of Colir,. 
 
 WHAT turn the Englifli politics were like to triVc 
 in the year 1759, feemed for fome time uncertain. 
 The new miniftrv did not feem well eftahliflicd : nor was 
 it well known, whether they would purfuc the plans and 
 preferve the connexions of the old. Abroad, every thinfi; 
 was prepared for opening the campaign with the utmoft 
 eclat. All Europe was in motion. 
 
 France, in order to demonflrate to the Queen of Hun- 
 gary, the advantageous choice fhe had made in conneftinp; 
 herfelf with the houfe of Bourbon, formed two great ar- 
 mies. The fir ft was compofed of near 80,000 men, the 
 flower of the French troops, attended Vv'ith a vaft artillery, 
 and commanded by M. d* Etrees, a General of the beft 
 eftabliflied reputation fhe had in her fervice. Under him 
 ferved M. de Contades, M. Chevert, and the Court de St. 
 Germain, all ofFcers of high charat^ter, and all fit to com- 
 mand in chief, if M. d' Etrees had not been appointed to 
 that eminence. This formidable army paffed the Rhine, 
 and marched by Weftphalia, in order to invade the King 
 of PrufTia's dominions in quality of allies to the F.inprefs' 
 Queen, and guardians of the liberties of the Empire, and 
 to no other intent, as it was pretended ; but in reality, with 
 a view to reduce Hanover alfo. They judged that their 
 operations againft the King of Pruflia might be executed, 
 and their fcheme to drive the King of England into fome 
 conceflions with regard to America, might he compleated 
 by one and the fame [)low. 'T'he fecond army was com- 
 
 P :;; ' manded 
 
20 The History of the War. 1757- 
 
 manded by the Prince de Soubife ; it confirted of about 
 25,000 men. This army was deftined to rtrengthen the 
 Impc"'al army of execution ; but before it had pafTed 
 the Rhine, it made itfelf maflcr of Cleves, Meurs and 
 Gueldres, whilft a detachment from d' Etrees's armv fei/ed 
 upon the town of Embdcn, and whatever clfe belonged to 
 PruiTia in Eafl: Friefland. 
 
 As foon as the King of Pruflia had entered Saxony in 
 the beginning of the preceding fummer, procefs was com- 
 menced againfl: him in the Emperor's Aulic council, and 
 before the diet of the Empire. It is not difficult to con- 
 ceive how the affair mufl have been decided ; when thofe 
 who feared the King of Pruflla, believed they had a fair 
 opportunity to reduce him : and when thofe who fe,arcd the 
 houfe of Auftria, were, by that very fear, obliged to fup- 
 port the power they dreaded : accuftomed as they were 
 to the influence of a family in which the Empire had fo 
 long been in a manner hereditary i and over-awed by the 
 appearance of a confederacy, the mofl: formidable the 
 world had ever yet feen. Accordingly the King of Pruffia 
 was condemned for contumacy; and the Fifcal had orders 
 to notify to him that he was put under the ban of the 
 J'.mpirc, and adjudged fallen from all the dignities and pof- 
 fcfllons which he held under it. The circles of the Em- 
 pire were ordered to furnifh their contingents of men and 
 money to pot this fcntcncc in execution ; but the contin- 
 gents were colle61ed flowly, the troops were badly compo- 
 fcd, and probably this army had never been able to aft, it' 
 it had not been for the affiftancc offered under the Prince 
 de Soubife. 
 
 The Auftrians, who were principals In the quarrel, were 
 not behind their auxiliaries in the greatnefs of their pre- 
 parations ; they made the mofl llrenuous efforts, by which 
 they affemblcd a body of upwards of 100,000 mei) in 
 Bohemia, and committed the command to Prince Charles 
 of Lorrain, affifled by M. Brown. In the north all things 
 threatened the King of Pruffia. The O/arina true to her 
 refentments and her engagements, had ftnt a body of 60,000 
 men commanded by M. Apraxin, wju) were in full march 
 to invade the Ducal Pruffia, whillla flrong fleet was equip- 
 ped in the Baltick, to cc-opcratc with that army. Altho* 
 the King of Sweden was allied in blood and inclination to 
 his Pruffum majelly, yet the jealoufy which the Senate en- 
 tertained 
 
1757- ^^^ History of the War. 21 
 
 tertained of their fovereign ; the hope of recovering their 
 anticnt pofleflions in Pomerania by means of the prefcnt 
 troubles, and in fine their oUl attachment to France, neuly 
 cemented by intrigues and fubfidies, made their ill m~ 
 clinations to the caufe of Pruflia more than fufpicioiiis. 
 Hitherto indeed nothing more than the tendency of thck 
 councils was fully kno\vn. The Duke of Mecklenbourg 
 took the (lime party, and agreed to join the Swcdifli army 
 when it fliould be aflembled, with 6000 men ; a proc<ee«S- 
 ing which he has fince had rcafon to repent bitterly. TJiiMs 
 were the forces of five mighty ftates*, each of whicih had 
 in their turn been a terror to all Europe, united to rciln-cc 
 the heir of the Marquiffes of Brandenbourg ; and in fiicih 
 a point of danger and glory, had tjie great and formidaWc 
 abilities of his Prufllan majeily placed him, wit]\ llttk, in 
 comparifon, that could enable him to fullaln the violcmoc of 
 fo many fhocks, except what thofc abilities fiipplicd. Bui 
 his aftonifliing o^conomy, the inconijiarablc order of 3uL> 
 finances, the difcipline of his armies beyond all praile, a 
 fagacity that forefaw every thinr, a vigilance that attennlcd 
 every thing, a conftancy that no labour could fulidue, a 
 courage that no danger could difmay, an intuitive glaanoc 
 that catches the decifive moment, all liKfc recmed to form 
 a fort of ballance to the vail: weight againll: I'.irn, turned 
 the wiflies of his friends into hopes, and made thcni de- 
 pend jipon refourccs that are not within ijie power of caku-? 
 la t ion." 
 
 The only army that appeared in his favour was a IxKiy 
 of between 30 and 40,000 Hanoverians and II'.iTians, who 
 with fome reinforcements of his own troops, i'orir.ed .in 
 army of obfervalion, commanded by his K.oyal Ijigiji^.-eils 
 the Duke of Cumberland; this army Mas j)oiled on the 
 Wefer, to watch the motions of M. d'I'-lrccs. Tlie vafll 
 and unwieldy body of the French, eiicum'Dcred iv^ ihc 
 French armies always are by an immenfe baggage, atid an 
 inniurierable -nultitude of mt)uihs without hands, mav!c a 
 very flow pr(\i:refs through the rough ami barren loiinlry 
 that lies bclwcen the Rhine and the Wefir. All iheahjli- 
 lies of the h'rench general weie employed in finJing i'uhnf- 
 tence for his troops. Mis Royal ll.ghnefs on 1 1 -.e other 
 hand, ilifj>layed great al)ililies in throwing all polTible im- 
 pcilimen':s in his way. But wlien thefe im|)(.(hments v.-erc 
 removed by the lupcriority of numbers, tho ILmrverian 
 
 army 
 * Avulria, Ruflia, France, Sweden, the Fmpirc. 
 

 1 1.1 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 .1 
 
 22 The History of the War. i757- 
 
 army gradually gave way, yielding to that fupcriority, 
 and the French troops palled the Wcfer without oppo- 
 fition. 
 
 In the mean time, his Prufilan majefty being determined 
 according to his maxim, to lay the cloth as far from home 
 as pofTible ; made his difpofitions for carrying the war into 
 Bohemia as fpeedily as the fcafon would admit. Three 
 great bodies of his troops entered into that kingdom by 
 three very different ways, but nearly at the fame time. 
 M. Schwerin penetrated into it from Silefia. The Prince 
 of Bevern entered with the corps under his command from 
 Lufatia, and defeated as a preliminary to a more decifive 
 
 viQiory, a body of 28,000 Auftrians who oppo- 
 Apr. 21. fed him. The King himfelf prepared to enter 
 
 Bohemia at a great diftance from the corps com-- 
 manded by thefe generals ; and as he feemed difpofed to 
 march towards Egra, the enemy imagined he intended to 
 execute fome defign diftinft from the obje£t of his other 
 armies. With this idea they detached a body of 20,000 
 men, to obferve his motions. The King of PrufTia find- 
 ing that this feint had all its effeft, made a fudden and 
 mafterly movement to his left, by which he cut off all 
 communication between that detachment and the main 
 army pf the Auftrians. Spirited with this advantage, he 
 pufhed onwards with the utmofl: rapidity to Prague, where 
 he joined the corps under the prince of Bevern and M. 
 Schwerin, who had advanced with inconceivable diligence 
 to rpeet him. Never were operations executed with more 
 judgment, celerity and fucccfs. 
 
 The Auftrian army was little fliort of 100,000 men, and 
 
 the fituation of their camp, fortified by every ad- 
 May 6. vantage of nature, and evcfy contrivance of art, 
 
 fuch as on common occafions might juftly be 
 confidered as impregnable ; but the Pruffians, being near- 
 ly as numerous as the enemy, infpircd bv a fociety of dan- 
 ger with their King, and filled with that noble enthufiafm, 
 which, whilft it urges to daring enterprifes, almofl: enfures 
 their fucccfs, paffcd moraffcs, climbed precipices, faced 
 V)atteries, and after a bloody and obflinate refinance, totally 
 defeated the Aufirians. They took their camp, military 
 jrhcft, cannon, all the trophies of a complete viftory. The 
 |ofs on the fide of the victors, as well as the vanqiiifhed, 
 was very great ; but both fides had yet a greater lofs in 
 
 the 
 
iy57' ^''-"^ History of the War. 2j 
 
 the death of two of the bed generals in Europe. M. Sch- 
 ■werin was killed at the age of eighty-two, with the colo-" 
 nel's ilandard in his hand at the head of his regiment. M^ 
 Brown received a wound, which, from the chagrin he 
 fuffcrcd rather than from its own nature, proved mortal. 
 
 About 40,000 of the Auftrian army took refuge in 
 Prasrue. The reft fled different wavs. The King of PrufTia 
 loft no time to inveft the place, and to cut off all fuccours. 
 If on one liand fuch an immenfe garrifon made an attack 
 unadvifcable, on the other that formidable number itfelf 
 feemed to make the reduftion of the place by famine the 
 more certain. The King of Pruflia not relying folely 00 
 this, prepared to bombard the town. On the 29th of 
 May, at midnight-, after a moft dreadful ftorm of rain and 
 thunder, as if it were to difplay how much more>.ruinous 
 the malice of men may be, than the greatcft terrors of na- 
 ture, on the fignal of a rocket, four batteries, which dif- 
 charged every twenty-four hours, two hundred and eighty- 
 eight bombs, befides a vaft multitude of red hot balls, be- 
 gan to pour dell ru6tion on that unfortunate city, which was 
 foon in flames in every part. The garrifon made a vigo- 
 rous defence, and one well conducted and defperate fally : 
 but they were rcpulfed with great lofs. The principal 
 magiftrates, burghers, and clergy, feeing their city on the 
 point of being reduced to ar heap of rubbifh, made the 
 moft moving fupplications to the conunander to liften to 
 tfrrms. The commander was deaf to their prayers. Twelvq 
 thoufand of the moft ufelefs mouths were driven out of the 
 city. The Prulfians forced them in again. The affairs of 
 the FjTiprefs feemed verging to inevitable deftruction ; a 
 whole army was upon the point of furrendering prifoners 
 of war ; the capital of Bohemia on the point of lielng ta- 
 ken, and with it all the reft of that flourilliing kin!i;dom. 
 The fanguine friends of the King to Pruflia began tocom- 
 pule the diftance of Vienna. 
 
 In this defperate fitualion of alTairs, Leopold Count 
 Daun entered on the ftage, and be gan to turn the fortune 
 of the war. 'Ihis General never had coniinaiulod in chief 
 before ; but he was t\)rmcd, by a long courfe of experience 
 in various parts of Europe, under the greateft Generals, 
 and in the moft illuftrious fcenes of a6lit)n. Though of u 
 very noble family, he i\ad without the leaft afllftance from 
 court favour, rikn infenlibly b^ the flow graO.ition (»l" mere 
 
 merir, 
 
"II J 
 
 !'■■: 
 1 li ii^ 
 
 24 57/^ History 0/ rZ'f? War. 1757- 
 
 merit, with much efteem and without any noife. This 
 General arrived within a few miles of Prague, the day af- 
 ter the great hattle. He collcfbed the fugitive parties of 
 the Auftrian army, and retired to a pod: of great ftrength, 
 from whence he fed the troops in Prague with hopes of re- 
 Itcf. But as no man hetter underftood the fuperiority of 
 the Pruflian troops, and as he was fenfible of the imprefTion 
 "which the late defeat had left upon his men, he carefully 
 avoided to precipitate matters by an hafty a6lion. He 
 knew that the fituation he had chofen would embarrafs the 
 Prijflians ; that a large party of their army mull: be always 
 employed to watch him ; that this would weaken their ef- 
 forts againfl: the great body fliut up in Prague, whilft his 
 own forces gained time to recover their f\>irits, and to in- 
 crcafe in ftrength by the daily fuccours, which his court 
 exerted all their powers to fend him : with thefe ideas he 
 waited in his entrenched camp at Colin, to a6l as events 
 ihould dire 61. 
 
 The King of PrufTia was not lefs fenfible than Count 
 Daun of the effefts of this condu6t. He determined at all 
 adventures to diflodge him from the poll: he held ; but 
 whether it was that the King feared to weaken his army, 
 which had actually an army to befiege, or whether he was 
 blinded by a train of uniform fuccefs, which made him 
 believe his arms irrefiftable under every difadvant? Cj or 
 whatever were his motives or neceflitics, the whole army 
 employed in this undertaking, including the Prince of 
 Bcvern's corps, did not exceed 32,000 men, cavalry and 
 infantry ; and with thefe he was to attack 60,000 men, 
 
 in one of the llrongell: fituations which could be 
 June 18. chofen, and defended by a vaft train of artillery. 
 
 Whatever the moll impetuous and well regula- 
 ted courage, whatever an ardor infpired by the remem- 
 brance of fo many vi^lories could do towards overcoming 
 every kind of diiadvantage, was done by the PrufTians on 
 thisoccafion. They returned to the attack feven times: 
 in none of their viftorious battles had their bravery been 
 more confpicuous. Both the King's brothers were in the 
 field ; and they did every thing that could be expelled from 
 the King of Pruifia's brothers. The King himfetf at the 
 head of his cavalry, made one furious and concluding 
 charge. Everything was tried, and every thing was un- 
 fuccgfsful.. The want of a fuffiticntly numerous infantry, 
 
 ia 
 
1757- 
 
 Mfe. This 
 the day af- 
 e parties of 
 at ftrength, 
 lopes of re- 
 periority of 
 i impreffion 
 e carefully 
 iflion. He 
 ibarrafs the 
 fc be always 
 en their cf- 
 , whilrt his 
 and to in- 
 h his court 
 ;fe ideas he 
 \ as events 
 
 than Count 
 mined at all 
 e held ; but 
 I his army, 
 ther he was 
 made him 
 vant? yy or 
 whole army 
 Prince of 
 :avalry and 
 ,000 men, 
 could be 
 of artillery, 
 ivell regula- 
 ie remem- 
 overcoming 
 ruffians on 
 ven times : 
 ravery been 
 were in the 
 K^^ed from 
 nfelf at the 
 concluding 
 mg was un- 
 LIS infantry, 
 
 :h 
 
 1757. The History of tbe W A K. 25 
 
 in a ground where his cavalry could not fupport them, the 
 want of an equal artillery, the advantageous fituation of thi? 
 enemy, their numbers, their bravery, their General, obli- 
 ged the King of Pruffia to quit the field. What his lofs 
 was is not fo certain ; it was undoubtedly great in the ac- 
 tion, but ftill greater by defertions, and th' innumerable 
 ill confequences that follow a defeat. 
 
 Though the King of Pruflia v/as defeated in this battle, 
 and though he brought on his defeat, in a great meafure, 
 by fome errors of his own, yet whatever fmall blemifh his 
 military (kill might have fuffered, his reputation was raif- 
 ed higher than ever, in the opinion of all judicious men, 
 by the noble and candid manner in which he acknowledged 
 his miftake, by the firmnefs with which he bore his mif- 
 fortune, and by thofe aftonlftiing ^.rokes of genius and 
 heroifm, by which he retrieved his lofs. The fmilea of 
 fortune make conquerors ; it is her malice which difcoveri 
 heroei. 
 
 C H A P. IV. 
 
 Confequence of the battle of Colin. King of Pruffia evacu» 
 ates Bohemia. Battle of Hajienbeck. Convention of 
 Clojier-feven. Expedition to Rocbjort, Ruffians enter 
 Prujpa. Aujlrians beftege Scbvjeidnitz. French and 
 Imperialijis make incurftons into Braudenburgb. Swedes 
 enter Pomerania. Battle of Norkitten. General Leb-^ 
 ivald defeated. Bad condition of the King "f Prufftii, 
 
 NEVER was the old obfervation, une bataille per- 
 due a un mauvais cu, more verified than in the con- 
 fequences of the unfortuate battle of Colin. Though the 
 King retired unpurfued by his enemies, he was obliged to 
 rejoin his own army before Prague without delay, and to 
 raife the blockade of that place. The imprifoned Auftrians 
 with joy received Count Daun their deliverer, and their 
 united forces became greatly fuperior to the Prufllans. 
 The King was in a fliort time obliged to evacuate Bohemia, 
 and take refuge in Saxony. The Auftrians harafled him as 
 much as poflible ; but their armies, notwithftanding their 
 great fuperiority, were not in a condition from their late 
 fufferings to make any decifive attempt upon him, as the 
 
 £ frontiers 
 
26 
 
 ^he History of the War. 
 
 1757 
 
 Imp 
 
 ':11 
 
 frontiers of Saxony abound with fituations eafily de- 
 fended. 
 
 The King of Pruflla's misL.iuncs now poured in upon 
 him at once, and from every quarter. The army com- 
 manded by the Duke of Cumberland, who continually re- 
 tired before the French, after they had paflcd the Wefer, 
 came however to a refolution to make a ftand at Haften- 
 beck, within a few miles of Hammclen, where it was 
 judged that the fuperior numbers of the enemy might be 
 the leafl: prejudicial ; but notwithftanding the advantage- 
 6f the fituation, the bravery of the Hanoverians, and the 
 condu6t of the Duke, the allied army was driven from the 
 
 field of battle, and retreated towards Stade. By 
 July 25. taking this route his Royal Highnefs was driven 
 
 into a fort of cul de fac. Unable by his fituation 
 to retire, of by his ftrength to advance, he was compelled 
 
 to fign the remarkable capitulation of Clofter- 
 Sept. '). feven, by which 38,000 Hanoverians laid down 
 
 their arms, and were difperfed into different 
 quarters of cantonment. The French army had a 
 little before this changed its commander. D'Etrees, 
 the favourite of all the military men., was removed from 
 the command, which was conferred on the Duke de Rich- 
 lieu, who excelled him and all mankind in the profeflion of 
 a courtier. The Hanoverians were now quite fnbdued, 
 and all the French force, let loofe by this treaty, was rea- 
 dy to fall in upon the King of PrufHa's dominions. 
 
 An enterprize was concerted in England againft the coafl! 
 ©f France, to make a diverfion in his favour, by drawing 
 a part of the French army to the defence of their own 
 country. England propofed to compafs another great de- 
 fign, and which fhe had equally at heart, by the expediti- 
 on, which was to give an effectual blow to the marine of 
 France. The deftination of this armament v/as kept a pro- 
 found fecret, and whilil it exercifed the penetration of alt 
 the politicians of Europe, it filled France with the mod 
 ferious alarms. The Englifh fleet at laft appeared before 
 
 Rochfort. Some time was fpcnt before it could 
 Sep. 21. be rcfolved what plan was to be followed in the 
 
 attack ; at laft it was refolved to fecure the fmall 
 ifte of Aix, from whence fome ohftruclion was apprehend- 
 ed to their Linding. . The ifland was foon reduced ; but as 
 a good deal of time was conlumed in thcfe deliberations an(J 
 
 actions. 
 
1757' 
 
 eafily de- 
 red in upon 
 army com- 
 ntinqally re-* 
 the Wefer, 
 id at Haften- 
 here it was 
 ly might be 
 e advantage- 
 ans, and the 
 ven from the 
 s Stade. By 
 fs was driven 
 r his fituation 
 as compelled 
 1 of Clofter- 
 tns laid down 
 into different 
 irmy had a 
 D'Etrees, 
 emoved from 
 )uke de Rich- 
 e profefllon of 
 uite fubdued, 
 :aty, was rea- 
 lions. 
 
 ;ainft the coaft 
 r, by drawing 
 of their own 
 ther great de- 
 - the expediti- 
 the marine of 
 •/as kept a pro- 
 ictration of alt 
 with the moft 
 ipeared before 
 before it could 
 "ollowed in the 
 !cure the fmall 
 ^as apprehend- 
 duced ; but as 
 jlibeFations and 
 adions. 
 
 • -I 
 m 
 
 1757. 7'bg History of i/je War. 27 
 
 aflions, the militia of the country had time to gather, and 
 there was an appearance of two camps on the fliore. The 
 commanders now took into confideration the badnefs of the 
 coaft, the danger of landing, the time tlie enemy had to 
 put the place in fuch a poflure of defence, as might make 
 any fudden attempt, or coup de main, unfuccefsful : in 
 confequence of thefe deliberations, they unanimoufly re- 
 
 folved to return without making any attempt. 
 vSep. 29. The difappointment of the nation was equal to 
 
 the fangume hopes we had conceived ; nothing 
 could exceed the general difcontent. The military men 
 blamed the plan of the expedition. The Minifters, and 
 with them the public voice, exclaimed at the execution. 
 A court of enquiry y of officers of reputation, cenfured the 
 commander; a court martial, of officers of reputation, 
 acquitted hjm. The expedition ferved only in England to 
 increafe and imbitter our diflentions, and to turn our at- 
 tention to vain difputes. It did nothing towards relieving 
 the King of PruiTia. 
 
 The Rufllans, who had made for a long time a dilatory 
 march, and feemed uncertain of their own refolutions, all 
 at once haftened their motions. They entered the Ducal 
 Pruflia under M. Apraxiq and General Fermer, and mark- 
 ed their progrefs by a thoufand inhuman cruelties. A large 
 body of Auftrians entered Silefia, and penetrated as far as 
 Brefl.iu. Then they made a turn backwards, and laid ficgc 
 to the important fortrefs of Schweidnitz, jurtly confidered 
 as the key of that dutchy, which was the caufe of the war. 
 Another body entered Lufatia, and made themfelves maf- 
 ters of Zittau. Twenty-two thoufand Swedes pierced in- 
 to the PrufTian Pomerania, took the towns of Anclam and 
 Demmein, and laid the whole counlrv under contributions. 
 Richlieu, freed from all oppofition on the fule of Hanover, 
 inade his way into Halberflad, and the old marche oF 
 Brandenburgh, firft exafling contributions, and then plun- 
 dering the towns. The army of the Empire, reinforced by 
 that of the Prince de Soubifc, after many delays, was at lail 
 on full march to enter Saxony ; this left the Aurtrians at li- 
 berty to turn the c^rcatcrt part of their forces to the redin51i- 
 on- of Silefia. General Haddick pierced through Lufatia, 
 pafled by the Pruflian armies, and, fuddcnly prcfentinj; 
 .himfelf before the gates of Berlin, laid the King of Pruilia's 
 capital under contribution ; and though he retired on the 
 
 M a appro^cN 
 
tS 
 
 The HistorV af 'the War. 
 
 1757' 
 
 approach of a body of Pruflians, yet he ftill kept pofleflion 
 of his former poft, in order to interrupt the communicati- 
 on of the King with Silefia. The fate which feemed to 
 have threatened the Emprefs fome months ago, was now 
 looked upon as the certain lot of her antagonift. All his en- 
 <Ieavours to retrieve his affairs had hitherto been equally 
 brave and unfuccefsful. General Lehwald had orders at 
 any hazard to engage the Ruffians : with thirty thoufand 
 he attacked double that number (Iron^ly entrenched, at a 
 place called Norkitten ; but after feveral of thofe 
 Aug- 30. wonderful efforts, which the Pruffians alone 
 knew how to make, he was compelled to retire ; 
 but he retired in excellent order, without being purfued, 
 having killed five times more of the enemy, than he had 
 loft of his own men, and more formidable after his defeat, 
 than the Ruffians after their viftory. The King of Pruffia 
 exerted himfelf upon every fide ; his enemies almoft always 
 fled before him ; but whilft he purfued one body, another 
 gained in fome other part upon him, and the winter came 
 on faft, as his ftrength decayed, and his adversaries multi- 
 plied from every quarter. The following letter, which ap- 
 peared in the public papers about this time, paints the con^ 
 dition of that diftreffed monarch,, in fo full a manner, that 
 ! fhall attempt no other defcription of it. 
 
 ♦* Many perfons, who faw the King of Pruffia, when 
 he pafTed lately through Leipfic, cannot exprefs how much 
 he is altered. They fay he is fo much worn away, that 
 they fcarce knew him. This, indeed, is not to be won-: 
 dered at ; he hath not a body of iron, like Charles XII. 
 and he endures as great fatigues as he dio. He is as much 
 on horfeback as Charles was, and often lies upon the 
 ground. His inward Sufferings cannot be lefs than his out- 
 ward : let us caft our eyes on a map of the Pruffian domi- 
 nions ; and meafure what he hath left of the many fair poff 
 i'effions he had in the month of April laft, of which a fpace 
 of feven months hath flript him. Whence can he have 
 men ? he is fhut out from the Empire ; and from whence 
 can he draw money ? the dutchy of Guelders, the dutchy 
 pf Cleves, the principality of Moers, the county of Lin- 
 j!;en, the county of Lipftadt, the principality of Minden, 
 Eaft-Friefland, Embden, and its infant company, part of 
 the archbifhoprick of Magdeburgh, fome other parts of 
 I he marche. Ducal Pomcrania, a great part of Silefia, a 
 
 great 
 
xy57- ^^ History of the War. 29 
 
 great part of the kingdom of Pruflia, Berlin itfelf, almoft 
 all his dominions, in fhort, are either taken from him, or 
 laid under contribution, and pofleffed by his enemies, who 
 collect the public revenues, fatten on the contributions, and 
 with the money which they draw from the electorate of 
 Hanover, and other conquefts defray the expences of the 
 war. This pifture certainly differs greatly from that which 
 the King of Pruflia might have fketched out, the day he 
 took arms to enter Saxony. Add to this the Duke of Cum- 
 berland's convention, which deprived him of all his allies, 
 and left him without any affillance whatever, excepting 
 ibur or five hundred thoufand pounds fterling, which the 
 Britifh parliament may give him. Add likewife fome do- 
 meftic uneafmeffes." 
 
 CHAP. V. 
 
 Battle of Rojhacb. Scbweidnitz taken by tbe Aujl riant. 
 Prince of Bevern ^(tacked in bis entrenchments. Brejlau 
 taken by tbe Auflrians. King of Pruffia marches to 
 Silefia. Tbe battle of Lijfa. Brejlau retaken. Aujiri" 
 ans driven out of Silefia. 
 
 THIS was the King of Pruflia's fituation, when the 
 will of Providence, and his own wonderful abilities, 
 as wonderfully changed the fcene. His majefty deferred 
 to bring on a decifive aftion, diftrefled as his affairs were, 
 until the approach of winter ; had he marched to attack 
 the Imperial army, \vhilft it was at a confiderahle diflancc, 
 he muft either have left Saxony expofcd to the infults oi 
 the Auftrian parties, or have greatly weakened his own 
 forces employed in the principal action. He therefore fuf- 
 fered the army of the Empire to advance to the frontiers 
 of Mifnia, and even to threaten the fiege of Leipfic, be^ 
 fore he began to a8: againft them : he however moved to- 
 wards them, leaving an army in Lufatia to obferve the 
 Auftrians. On his firft motions, the enemy retired with 
 precipitation. But when they had reinforced themfelvcs 
 with numbers and courage fufficient to perfuade them to 
 advance, the King of Pruflia in his turn retired. His re^ 
 folution feemed to have been to fight as near Mifnia as pof- 
 fible, and as deep in the winter as he conveniently might; 
 fpr if he ^ould have the good fortune to fuccieed againft 
 
 the 
 
r 1! 
 
 30 T:'he History of the War. 1757^ 
 
 the Imperial army, fuch a blow, at fuch a feafon, would 
 cfTcflually difable them from afting any thing to his preju- 
 dice, for that year at lea ft ; but if, on the contrary, he 
 Ihould fail, Saxony was at hand, in which it would prove 
 dilicult for the enemy to make any impreflion whilft the 
 winter contmucd. As for the time to be loft by following 
 thjs plan, and the advantage it would afford the Auftrians 
 in their defigns on Silefia, they were not to be compared 
 with the advantages which the King received from it. He 
 knew that Schweidnitz was ftrong, and excellently provi- 
 ded ; the prince of Bevern was ftrongly pofted near it to 
 obftru£\ the enemy's operations ; the winter v/ould Jean 
 heavier on the befiegers ; and on the whole, he had reafon 
 to truft that his troops, animated by his own prefence and 
 example, would prove far fuperior to the enemy, in endu- 
 ring all the hardfhips of a winter campaign. 
 
 After fome time fpent in various movements, between 
 the allied army of the ImperiaUfts and French on one fide, 
 and the Pfufllans on the other, the King refolved to give 
 battle to his enemies, who were now advanced to the con- 
 fines of Mifnia. On the 24th of Oflober, the King had 
 taken his refolution ; at that time his army happened to be 
 divided into feveral corps, fome of them at a diftance of no 
 lefs than twenty leagues afunder ; yet fuch were the fpirit 
 and excellent difpofition of the Prufllans, that the jun8:ion 
 pfallthefe corps were fully effe6ted on the 27th, and the 
 King advanced towards the enemy. The enemy fell back 
 at his approach, and repafled the Sala ; they were followed 
 -vT clofe. The two armies met near the village of 
 
 ^^^'' 5- Roftjach. 
 
 The united army, commanded by the prince of Saxe 
 flilburghaufen and the prince of Soubife, was 50,000 men 
 compleat. But the troops of the Circles were new raifed, 
 and many of them not well affe6led to the fcrvice, nor to 
 their French allies. The PrufTians did not amount to 
 2^,000; but then they were PrulUans, and led on by thi,' 
 King of Pruftta. As foon as the armies were formed, and the 
 battle going to begin, which was to decide the fate of lb 
 niany nations, and to determine between force and virtue, 
 "" ' ' "^ ' • ■ near! 
 
 lowihe; words. 
 
 troops 
 
 ■ly 
 
 " My dear friends, the hour is come, in which all that 
 \h is, and all that ought to be dear to us, depends upon 
 
 " the 
 
 15 
 
 ^ 
 
 (C 
 
 (( 
 
 n 
 f{ 
 
 <( 
 ti 
 n 
 
 a 
 « 
 
 ^\ 
 
1757' 
 
 afon, would 
 to his preju- 
 :ontrary, he 
 would prove 
 n whilft the 
 by following 
 :he Auftrians 
 be compared 
 From it. He 
 lently provi- 
 ed near it to 
 v/ould lean 
 le had reafon 
 prefence and 
 my, in endu- 
 
 ;nts, between 
 li on one fide, 
 folved to give 
 ;d to the con- 
 the King had 
 appened to be 
 diftance of no 
 vere the fpirit 
 t the junftion 
 17th, and the 
 lemy fell back 
 were followed 
 the village of 
 
 rince of Saxe 
 as 50,000 men 
 ;re new railed, 
 crvice, nor to 
 ot amount to 
 led on by the 
 ormcd,and the 
 
 the fate of fo 
 •ce and virtue, 
 rly in the io\- 
 
 which all that 
 
 depends upon 
 
 *' the 
 
 ■I 
 
 4 
 
 
 (( 
 
 (< 
 
 <( 
 
 i( 
 
 H 
 
 i( 
 
 II 
 
 a 
 
 ^151- ^^^^ History of the War. 31 
 
 the fwords which are now drawn for the battle. Time 
 permits me to fay but little ; nor is there occafion to 
 fay much. You know that there is no labour, no hun- 
 " ger, no cold, no watching, no danger, that I have not 
 Ihared wilti you hitherto ; and you now fee me ready to 
 lay down my life with you, and for you. All I alk, is 
 the fame pledge of fidelity and afFeftion that I give- And 
 let me add, not as an incitemeni to your courage, but 
 as a teftimony of my own gratitude, that from this 
 hour, until you go into quarters, your pay Ihall be dou- 
 ble. Acquit yourfelvcs like men, and put your confi- 
 dence in God." The effeft of this fpeech was fuch as 
 cannot be defcribed. The general emotion burft in an uni- 
 verfal Ihout, and the looks and demeanor of the men were 
 animated to a fort of heroic phrenfy. In this difpofition, 
 which prognol'iicated the fuccefs, engagement began. 
 
 In the beginning of the a£lion, the French cavalry canic 
 on with great fpirit, but they were repulfcd ; fome regi- 
 ments having gained an eminence, defended themfelves 
 bravely, but in the end they were totally routed. The in- 
 fantry, both PVench and Imperialifts, made but a faint re- 
 fiflance. The King of PrufTia in perfon, expofed to the 
 hotteft fire, led on his troops ; the enemy gave way in eve- 
 ry part ; they were feized with a panic, and fled in the ut- 
 moft diforder. They left 3000 men dead on the field of 
 battle ; 6t^ pieces of cannon, and many colours. Eight F'-ench 
 Generals, 250 officers of different ranks, and 6000 private 
 men were taken. Night alone Hived from total deftruttion 
 the fcattered remains of an army that in the morning was {q 
 numerous and fo formidable. 
 
 I have not undertaken on this, nor ihall I undertake upon 
 any other occafion, in thefe preliminary chapters, to enter 
 into the detail of all the ^^arioiis manoeuvres of every battle ; 
 they are matters little underflood by, and little intercfling 
 to, the generality of readers. Befides, the accounts arc 
 lomcclmes inaccurate, and feldom or never confiftent with 
 each other. 
 
 The glorious fuca fs of tlic battle of RollDach, was fuch 
 as hardly wanted to be in^proved ; the enemy was left to- 
 tally incapable of af^ion. T'he King was fet free on that 
 fide ; but it was a freedom which gave him no refpite fron> 
 hi» labours j it oidy gave Jnm an opportunity of undergo- 
 
 ing 
 
.! 
 
 32 
 
 The History of the WaR. 
 
 1757' 
 
 ing new labours in another part. The Auftrians had a vaft 
 force, and had now begun to make a proportionable 
 progrefs in Silefia. The dependence which the King 
 had upon the fidelity of his Generals there, feemcd 
 fhaken by fomething which then appeared, and ftill 
 feems ambiguous in their conduct. The Auftrians after a 
 fiegefrom the 27th of Oftober to the nth of November, 
 carried on under infinite difficulties and with a prodigious 
 lofs, had reduced Schweidnitz, and obliged the Prulfian 
 garrifon of 4000 men to furrender prifoners of v/ar. Soon 
 after, as they had intelligence of tue victory of Roft)ach, 
 and knew that the King of Pruflla was on full march to the 
 relief of Silefia, the Auftrians refolved tolofe no time to at- 
 tack the prince of Bevern in his ftrong camp under the 
 walls of Breflau. A treble fuperiority incited them to this 
 attempt. They attacked the prince's army with great refo- 
 lution, and their attack was fuftained with amaz- 
 Nov. 22. ing intrepidity. The flaughter of the Auftrians 
 was prodigious. A great part of their army had 
 retired from the field of battle, and the reft were preparing 
 to retire ; when all at once the Prrfllan Generals unexpeft- 
 cdly took the fame refolution. A y-'art of their army had 
 fuffered a great deal in the engagement. They became ap- 
 prehenfive of a total defeat in caf : their intrenchments 
 fhould be forced in any part. With thefe ideas they re- 
 treated from the ftrong poft they occupied, and retired be- 
 hind the Oder. The Auftrians returning, with aftonifli- 
 ment faw themfelves maftjers of the field of battle, which 
 they had but juft been obliged to relinquifli. What is re- 
 markable, and what gave rife to many conjeftures, the 
 prince of Bevern going to reconnoitre without efcort, and 
 attended only by a groom, was taken two days after the 
 battle by an advanced party of Croats, a fmall body of whom 
 had croflcd the Oder. 
 
 This advantage, though dearly bought, was immediate- 
 ■^-r^ ly followed with many others. Breflau, the ca- 
 
 ^* pital of Silefia, immediately furrendered, where, 
 as well as at Schweidnitz, they found vaft ftores of provifi- 
 on, ammunition and money. All Silefia was on the point 
 of falling into their hands. Fortune feems every where to 
 have tlirown the King of Pruflia's affairs into diftra£lion, 
 in order to ralfe, .iiid as it were, to round his glory in efta- 
 
 bliftiine: them 
 
 and to have been even fo jealous of \\u ho- 
 nour 
 
1757' 
 
 had a vaft 
 
 artionable 
 
 he King 
 
 feemcd 
 
 and flill 
 ins after a 
 [ovember, 
 jrodigiojs 
 ; PDilUan 
 ar. Soon 
 
 Ro{bach, 
 irch to the 
 ime to at- 
 under the 
 ;m to this 
 great refo- 
 vhh amaz- 
 : Auflrians 
 
 • army had 
 preparing 
 iinexpefl- 
 
 • army had 
 )ecame ap- 
 
 nchments 
 they re- 
 retired be- 
 aftonifli- 
 tle, which 
 'hat is re- 
 tures, the 
 Ifcort, and 
 after the 
 of whom 
 
 imediate- 
 i, the ca- 
 I, where, 
 )f provifi- 
 Ithe point 
 1 where to 
 [ftraftion, 
 |y in efta- 
 )f hii ho- 
 nour 
 
 1 
 
 1757. y/?^ History c///;^ War. 33 
 
 nour as not to permit his own excellent generals and incom- 
 parable troops to triumph any where but in his own pre- 
 ience. 
 
 The King immediately after the battle of Rofbach, with 
 thofe troops which he had a few days bofore colle£led from 
 places an hundred miles diftant from each other, began a 
 march of upwards of two -hundred more, and led them 
 from engaging one fuperior army, to engage another ftill 
 more fuperior ; from danger to hardfhip, and from hard- 
 ihip to renewed danger. In a mofl: rapid march he pafled 
 through Thuringia, through Mifnia, through Lufatia, in 
 fpite of the efforts of the Generals Haddick and Marfhal, 
 who were ported in Lufatia to obftruft him ; and entering 
 Silefia arrived the 2d of December at Parchwitz upon the 
 Oder. Here he was joined by the prince of Bevern's corps 
 who croffed that river to meet him. 
 
 About this time an incident happened which was very 
 remarkable ; one of thefe agreeable adventures that relieve 
 the mind amidft the perpetual horror that attends a narra- 
 tive of battles and bloodihed. The garrifon of Schweid- 
 nitz had feen, with the greatefl reluftance, the capitulati- 
 on which bound t\eir hands from the fervice of their King 
 and country. Whjlft the Auftrians were condufbing them 
 to prifon, on their route they chanced to hear of the vic- 
 tory their mafter had gained at Rofbach ; animated with 
 this news, they unanimoufly rofe upon the efcorte which 
 conduced them, and which happened not to be very ftrong, 
 and entirely difperfed it. Thus freed, they marched on 
 not very certain of their way, in hope to rejoin fome corps 
 of the Pruflian troops. Tht f'me fortune nhich freed 
 them, led them direftly to the army commanded by the 
 King himfelf, which was haftening to their relief. Great 
 was the joy on both fides at this unexpected meeting, for 
 the prifoners had heard nothing of his majefty's mai':h. 
 This little incident, whilft it added a confiderable ftrength 
 to the army, added likewifc to its fpirit, and feemed an 
 happy omen of fuccefs in the future engagement. 
 
 As his Pruflian majefty approached to Breflau, the Auf- 
 
 'trians confiding in their fuperiority, abandoned their ftrong 
 
 camp (the fame which had been occupied by the prince of 
 
 Bcvern) and rcfolved to give the King battle. He was 
 
 marching with the utmoft diligence not to difap- 
 
 Dcc. 5. point them ; and they met near the village ot 
 
 F Lcuthcn. 
 
34 ^^^ HiSTO'.iY of the War. 1757. 
 
 Ltuthen. The ground which the Auflrians occupied was 
 very advantageous, and every advantage of the fituation 
 was improved to the utmoft, by the diligence and {kill of 
 Count Daun ; who remembring that he was the only Ge- 
 neral who had ever carried the field from the King of Pruf- 
 fia, knew better than any body how difficult it was to ob- 
 tain fuch a vi(Sory. All the difpofitions were made ac- 
 cordingly • the ground they occupied was a plain, except 
 that in fome parts it had fmall eminences ; thefe they fur- 
 rounded with artillery ; the ground was alfo interfperfed 
 with thickets, which they fought to turn to their advantage. 
 On thzir right and left were hills on which they planted 
 batteries of cannon. The ground in their front was inter- 
 fered by many caufeways ; and to make the whole more 
 imprafticable, the Auftrians had felled a vaft many trees, 
 and fcattered them in the way. The King of Pruflia was 
 not terrified with this fituation, nor with the confcioufnefs 
 that above 70,000 excellent troops, commanded by Count 
 Daun, were fu pofted. The Pruffians, who did not ex- 
 ceed, as it is faid, 36,000 men, attacked them with their 
 ufual refolution. It was almuft impoflible, at the begin- 
 ning of the engagement, for the PrufTian horfe to aft, on 
 account of the impediments we have juft mentioned, but a 
 moft judicious difpofition of the King himfelf overcame 
 that difadvantage ; he had in his firft difpofitions placed 
 four battalions behind the cavalry of his right wiuj^, fore-i 
 feeing that Gt> .leral Nadafti, who was placed with a corps 
 de reierve on the enemies left, defigned to take him in 
 flank. It happened as he had forefeen ; that General's 
 horfe attacked the King's right wing with great fury ; but 
 he was received with f<> ^evere a fire from the four battali- 
 ons, that he was obliged to retire in diforder. Then the 
 King's flank well covered and fupported, was enabled to aft 
 with fuch order and vigour, that the enemy's right was 
 obliged to give way. The Pruflian artillery, which was 
 incomparably ferved, and filenced that of the enemy, con- 
 curring to maintain the King's infantry, and to enable them 
 to a6t in grounds where their horfe could give them but 
 little aififtance. The Auftrians made a gallant refiftance 
 during the whole battle. The panic of the enemy did not 
 here, as at Rofbach, do half tlie bufincfs ; every foot ot 
 ground was well difputed. The Auftrians rallied all their 
 forces about Leuthcn, which was defended upon all fides' 
 
 with 
 
1757- 
 
 5 occupied was 
 f the fituation 
 ice and (kill of 
 s the only Ge- 
 ! King of Pruf- 
 X it was to ob- 
 were made ac- 
 i plain, except 
 thefe they fur- 
 Ifo interfperfed 
 heir advantage. 
 ;h they planted 
 Tont was inter- 
 he whole more 
 ift many trees, 
 5 of Pruflia was 
 le confcioufnefs 
 anded by Count 
 ho did not ex- 
 hem with their 
 e, at the begin- 
 horfe to aft, on 
 entioned, but a 
 mfelf overcame 
 pofitions placed 
 ght win^^, fore-i 
 ;ed with a corps 
 to take him in 
 J that General's 
 great fury ; but 
 the four battali- 
 der. Then the 
 as enabled to aft 
 emy's right was 
 ery, which was 
 he enemy, con- 
 jd to enable them 
 d give them but 
 gallant refiftance" 
 \e enemy did not 
 , every foot of 
 rallied all their 
 cd upon all fulesV 
 with 
 
 ^757- ^^^ History of i/jtr War. 35 
 
 with intrenchments and redoubts. After reiterated attacks 
 made with the utrpoft impetuofity, and fuflained wilb great 
 firmncfs, the Prufllans mafcered :he po'^' ; then the Auftri- 
 ans fled on all parts ; they w^re entirely rouied. The 
 King purfued them to Lifla. 6000 of the Auftrians wer^ 
 flain, 15,000 were made prifoners; and an ii^imenfe artil- 
 lery, upwards of 200 pieces of c -.nnon, were taker,. 
 
 This great and decifive adtion v/as fought on the very 
 fame day of the next month after the no lefs important and 
 decifive battle of Rofbach. The confequences that follow- 
 ed the action of Lcuthen, declared the entirenefs of the 
 viftory. Notwithftanding the rigour of the feafjn, the fiege 
 of Breflau was immediately undertaken, and profecu .ed with 
 fuch fpirit, that by the 29th of December it fur endcred ; 
 and with it furrendered the girrifon of 13,000 iien prifo- 
 ners of war; the blockrde of Schwe dnitz wa: formed as 
 clofely as the inclemency of the winter would per.ait ; 
 whilfl; the Prufllan parties not only re-poffefled thofe p?.rts 
 of Silefia which belonged to the King, bul: penetrating into 
 the Auftrian divifion, reduced Jagerndorf, Troppau, and 
 Tetfchen, and left to the Emprefs Queen, except a forlcrn 
 garrifon in Schweidnitz, no fort of footin.j in tha' country, 
 in which a few days before fhe reckoner! her dominion per-f 
 ketly eftabliflied. 
 
 C H A P. VI. 
 
 Riifflans and Swedes retire. Hano'veriam re fume tbeii' arms. 
 Cruelty of the French. Conditio?; of their crmy. Cc.jlle 
 of Harburg hefeged. Re-capitulation of ibs events of the 
 year 1757. , ■ ,. . . • 
 
 AS the miijfortunea ^f his PruT^i-n Majefty, a.'ter :he 
 battle of Colin, came on him all at once., fo hi.; fuc-, 
 cefles, after his vJ6lo its at Ro(bnch . nd LiiTa, flowed upon 
 him 11 i'.t once Ukcwii'e, a-1 in a Tull tide. The Rufllan^, 
 thougli they had rcpulfed Cener 1 L;;iiwild, f-ifFereo fi 
 much in that action, and their barb.iroi's method of ri..k- 
 ing war h. d {u dcflroycd tha country, .h.; they fcJir.el to 
 themfclve to h.'.ve no way of fafcty lit but in .cdri gout 
 ot the P». ilian tcir'tori^^s. Thi'5 txtraordinary i-j..oat of 
 fo gieat ar ar . /, and lu luic!; v cioriouj, anJ itil pofl'tT. i 
 of a goodie- V si in J.t country, couic k^i-iJyy bcaccpi- t- 
 
 1' 1 ai 
 
If 
 
 36 Tht Hi^roKY of the Vsf K?i. ^ISJ- 
 
 cd <"or on thofe motives we have affigned, and aftonifhed all 
 Eui'ope, whilft it left Gen. Lehwald at liberty to turn his 
 arms into Pomerania againft the Swedes. The Swedes on 
 this occafion did nothmg worthy of their ancient military 
 fame ; but every where retiring, left the Pruflians an eafy 
 conqueft, not only of the Pruflian but of every part of the 
 Swedifli Pomerania, excepting the port of Stralfund ; they 
 left their allies of Mccklenbourg quite expofed to all the re- 
 fcntment of the King of Pruflia, who chaftifed them with 
 the moft fevere contributions and levies. The French, 
 who had been ravaging the old marche of Brandenburg, 
 evacuated that country immediately after the battle of Rof- 
 bach. But one of the greatefl: revolutions of forfune in the 
 war, and one of the moft glorious and important confe- 
 quences of that viftory, was, that the Hanoverian troops 
 were enabled to refume their arms. 
 
 From the moment the capitulation of Clofter-feven was 
 figned, the Duke de Richlieu, who came to the command 
 only to reap the advantages, and fully the honour of ano- 
 ther's conqueft, feemed to think of nothing but how to re- 
 pair, from the plunder of the unhappy Hanoverians, the 
 fortune which he had fhattered by a thoufand vices. The 
 moft exorbitant contributions were levied with the moft in- 
 flexible feverity ; every exadion, which was fubmitted to, 
 only produced « new one ftiH more extravagant ; and all 
 the orderly niethods of plunder did not exempt them from 
 the pillage, iicentioufnefs, and infolence of the French fol- 
 diery« However, in juftice to merit, we muft exempt from 
 this general charge the conduct of the Duke de Randan, 
 Governor of Hanover for the French ; who faved the ca- 
 pital of the ele6lorate from utter ruin by the ftri£tnefs of his 
 difciplinc, by the prudence, the juftice and moderation of 
 all his condu6l ; a condu£t which noes more real honour to 
 his name, than the moft fplendid victories. 
 
 The Duke de Richlieu's rapacioufnefs and opprcffion, 
 whilft they leaned fo heavily on the conquered people, did 
 the conquering army no kind of fervice. Intent only on 
 plunder, which he did not confine to the enemy, he relaxed 
 every part of military difcipline ; and that numerous army 
 which M. d'F.trecs had fuftained, and brought in health and 
 fpirits through the difmal defarts of Weftplialia, under all 
 the oppofition of a fkilful advcrfary, were now, in full peace, 
 in the (juict poireflion of a conquered and plentiful country, 
 
 reduced 
 
 ':i 
 
verian troops 
 
 1757- ^^'^ History of the War. ' 57 
 
 reduced in their numbers, decayed in their health, and their 
 fpirits, without cloaths, without fubfiftence, without order, 
 without arms. In this condition they began at laft to per- 
 ceive that the Hanoverians, with the yoke of the capitula- 
 tion about their necks, were ftill formidable. As they had 
 broke almoft every article of that treaty, they made no fcru- 
 ple to add another breach in order to fecure them in ail the 
 reft. They attempted aflually to take their arms from the 
 Hanoverian and Hefllan troops Thefe gallant troops, who 
 had with a filent grief and indignation feen the diftrefies of 
 their ruined country, were ravilhed to find that the vi(5lory 
 at Rolbach encouraged their fovereign to refent at laft this 
 and all the other indignities they had fuffered. They began 
 to coUeft and to aft, and under the command of the gallant 
 Prince Ferdinand of Brunfwick, reinforced with a body of 
 Pruftian troops, they broke from their confinement. They 
 reduced the town of Harburg, and laid clofe fiege to the 
 caftle, which it muft be owned was defended very bravely. 
 In all other refpefts the French did not feem in a condition 
 to maintain their ground any where, Thofe troops, which 
 a few months before had fo fubmitted as to make it nccef- 
 fary to declare that they were not prifoners of war in order 
 to explain their condition, were now on the point of pufh-. 
 ing their adverfaries to almoft the fame ftreights. Such 
 was the force of French military difcipline, and fuch the 
 triumphs of Voltaire's hero. 
 
 The King of Pruffia now faw the full effe6l of his coun- 
 fcls and his labours. His dominions werd freed; his allies 
 were enabled to affift him ; and his enemies defeated, broken, 
 and flying every where before him. In what light pofterity 
 will view thefe things is uncertain ; wc, under whofe eyes, 
 as we may fay, they were atchieved, fcarcely believed what 
 we had feen. And perhaps in all the records of time, the 
 compafs of a fingle year, on the fcenc of a fingle country, 
 never contained fo many ftriking events, never difplayed fo 
 many revolutions of fortune ; revolutions not only beyond 
 what might have been expe6led, but far beyond what the 
 moft fagacious forcfight, reafoning from experience, and the 
 nature of things, could polTibly have imagined. The King 
 of Pruffia at firft triumplianP: the whole power of the Au- 
 ihians totally defeated ; their hopes utterly ruined : then 
 their aflairs fuddenly re-ellablinied, their armies viftorious, 
 and the King of Pruffia in his turn hurled dovfn; defeated; 
 
 abandoned 
 
^8 The History of the War. i757- 
 
 jfKtandoiKil by his allies; fiirrounded by his eneirJes ; on 
 the very edge ol" defj)air : then all at once raifed beyond all 
 hoot, he fees ihe united A iftrian, Imperial, and French 
 power levelled with the ground ; 40,000 Haiioverians, a 
 whole iirniy, iuljinit to 80,000 Frcnch/and are only ,iot pri- 
 foners ot w.r. The Fr..,)ch are peaceable mafters of all the 
 country hetwe: n the Wefer and the Elbe : anon, thefe Tub- 
 dueti Hanoverians refume their arms ; they recover their 
 country, and the French in a little time ;hink themfelves 
 not fecurc to the eaftward of the Rhine. 500,000 men in 
 aclioj. Six pitched battles fought. Three great armies 
 annihilated. The French army reduced and vanquilhed 
 without fighting. The Rufllans victorious, and flying as if 
 they had been vanquiflie^, A confederacy, not of fmaller 
 poteniL'tes to humble one great power, but of five the great- 
 eil powers on earth to reduce one fmall potentate ; all the 
 force of thefe powers exerted and baffled. It happened as 
 we hive related ; and it is not the hiuory of a century, but 
 of a finglc campaign. 
 
 ill 
 
 CHAP. VII. 
 
 Prrp/i-at'oiis for an epediSion to Lonijbourg. Laid a fide. 
 Fori IVi li m-Hnry tah'n. Exploits of Admiral IVatfon 
 and CfAonel Clivc i.: Ind'a. Chandenagore a French fort 
 taker. V'^lory over the Nabob. Nabob taken and be- 
 herded. P.evoluiion in Bengal. Treaty advantageous ta 
 the Eiijl-India company. Admiral IVatfon dies. 
 
 / 
 
 WI T H regard to the part we had in the traniadlions 
 of this year, though it was not fo full of ftriking 
 events, nor does it aiTord Inch a fplendid fubjeft for narra- 
 tive, ywt it is as interelling to an Englifli reader, and may 
 perhaps prove more iniira<5livc ; as it Ihews us in fo rtrong 
 a lighi, th.; / ifemblc confequences of our political divifions, 
 which produced p general imfleudinefs in all our purfuits, 
 and infufed a langour and iuacUvity into all our military ope- 
 rations. For, whilil: our commanders abroad knew not who 
 were to reward their fervices or punifli their neglefts, and 
 were not afliircd in what light even thebefl of their afilions 
 would be confidered, (having reafon to apprehend that they 
 might not be judged of as they were in themfelves, but as 
 their appearances might anfwer the end of fome ruling fac- 
 tion i) 
 
1757- 
 
 enemies ; on 
 ed beyond all 
 and French 
 anoverians, a 
 2 only .loi pri- 
 Hersof all the 
 )n, thefe Tub- 
 recover thtir 
 k themfelves 
 3,000 men in 
 
 great armies 
 d vanquifhed 
 id flying as if 
 ot of fmaller 
 ive the great- 
 tate ; all the 
 
 happened as 
 century, but 
 
 Laid ajide, 
 niral Watfon 
 X French fort 
 ken and be^ 
 antageous to 
 es. 
 
 trania6lion3 
 of ftriking 
 ft for narra- 
 cr, and may 
 in fo ftrong 
 cal divifions, 
 3ur piirfuits, 
 nilitary ope- 
 lew not who 
 2gle6ls, and 
 heir a£lions 
 id that they 
 Ives, but as 
 : ruling fac- 
 tion 
 
 1757' '^^^ History of the War. 39 
 
 tion ;) they naturally wanted that fiimnefs and that enter- 
 prizing refolution, without which the beft capacity, an4 in- 
 tentions the mofl: honeft, can do nothing in war. The at- 
 tachment of mod men to their parties, wea' ened their af- 
 feftion to ihe'r country. It has been imagined that mini- 
 fters did not always w'fh fuccefs even to their own fchcmos, 
 left obnoxious men fhould acquire credit by the execution 
 of them; as it was fufpeOied that officers even at tbc ex- 
 pence of their own reputation, did not exert their facuhic;. 
 to the utmoft, left a difagreeable minifterial fyllem lliould 
 eftablifli the credit of its counfels by the vigour of t'lcir 
 operations. For my part, I think that thefe refinements, in 
 which there is often as much malice difcovered as penetra- 
 tion, have carried the matter infinitely too far. But certain 
 it is, that the fpirit of perfonal parties and attachments, ne- 
 ver canicd to greater lengths .han at tha'. time, proved of 
 very bad confequcnces, if t had no Oiher effe£t than to 
 aifc c^nd to give a colour to fuch fufp c ons as we have firil 
 mentioned. Whatever was the caufe, it is moft certain, 
 that our fuccefs in America this year, no more anfwered to 
 the greatnefs of our preparations and our hopes than it did 
 in the two preceding. 
 
 The attack upon Crown Point, which had been a princi- 
 pal objeftof our attention n the beginning, feemed at thi:> 
 time to be laid afide •, and an exped tion to Louifbourg, un- 
 doubtedly a more confiderable o jc i in itfelf, fupplied its 
 place. Lord Loudoun was to command the land forces in 
 this expedition; Admiral Holbornnhe navy. The former 
 left New York with a bodv of 6000 men, r.nd fail- 
 ed to Halifax, where he was joined by the latter, July 9, 
 who had failed from Corke on the 7 th of May \\ itli 
 a confiderable fleet, and much the fame number of land 
 forces, which his lordfhip had brought from NewYo>k. 
 When the united armies and fleets were on the point of de- 
 parting for Loulfljourg, news arrived at Halifax, thai the 
 Brcft fleet confifting of feventeen fliips of the line lu-rules 
 frigates, with great fupplies of inilitai'y ll:i)rfs, proxifiuns, 
 and men, were arrived at the harbour which they were pre- 
 paring to attack. This news immediately fufpended thtir 
 preparations. Councils of war were held one after another. 
 The refuU of the wjiole was, thai as the place was fo well 
 reinforced, the fleet of the Fren^'h rather fupeiiour lo our 
 navy, and thc.feafon fo far advanced; it was the nn e piu- 
 
 d.nt 
 
40 'the History of the War. i757- 
 
 dent courfe to defer the enterprife to a more favourable op- 
 portunity. This refoUition feems to have been the moft 
 ehgible in their circumftances, becaufe the council of war 
 was almoft unanimous in it. 
 
 Lord Loudoun returned to New York, and the Admiral 
 now freed from the care of the tranfports fet fail for Louif- 
 bourg, in hopes as it Wao faid, of drawing the French fleet 
 to an engagement. But upon what grounds this hope was 
 conceived, I confefs I cannot fee ; as it could not be ima- 
 gined, that the French fleet having no fort of occafion to 
 fight in order to proteft Louiflsourg, would chufe out of a 
 bravado to bring on an unneceflary battle. However it 
 was, the Englifh fquadron continued to cruize oflF that har- 
 bour until the 25th of September, when they were overtaken 
 by a terrible fl:orm. In which one of our ihips was loft, eleven 
 difmafted, -acA the reft returned to England in a very fhat 
 tered condition. This was the end of the expedition to 
 Louiflaourg from which fo much was expected. But it was 
 not the worft confequences which attended it. 
 
 Since Ofwego had been taken, the French remained en- 
 tirely mafters of all the lakes, and we could do nothing to 
 obftruft their colleding the Indians from all parts, and 
 obliging them to a6t in their favour. But our apprehenfions, 
 (or what ftiall they be called ?) did more in favour of the 
 French than their conquefts. Not fatisfied with the lofs of 
 that important fortrefs, we ourfelves abandoned to the mer- 
 cy of the enemy all the country of the Five Nations, the 
 only body of Indians who preferved even the appearance of 
 fricndfliip to us. The forts we had at the Great carrying 
 Place were demolifhed ; Wood Creek was induftrioufly 
 flopped up aid filled with logs ; by which it became evident 
 to all thofc who knew that country, that our communication 
 with our allied Indians was totally cut off; and what was 
 worfc, our whole frontier left perfectly uncovered to the 
 irruption of the enemies fiivages, who foon availed them- 
 felves of our errors. For after the removal of thefe barriers, 
 and the taking of Fort William-Henry, of which we fhall 
 fpeak prefcntly, they deftroyed with fire and fword the fine 
 fettlcmcnts which we poflelfcd on the Mohawks river and 
 on thofe grounds called the German flats. Thus with a 
 vaft increafe of our forces, and the clcareft fuperiority over 
 the enemy, we only abandoned our allies, expofed our peo- 
 ple, and relinquillicd a large and valuable trad of country. 
 
 The 
 
1757- ^^^ History of the War 41 
 
 The French foon made us feel efFedually the want of what 
 we had loft, and what we had thrown away. 
 
 A confiderable fort called Fort William-Henry, had been 
 built on the fouthern edge of the Lake George, in order to 
 command that lake, and to cover our frontiers ; a garrifon 
 of 2500 men defended it. General Webb with about 4000 
 men was ported at no great diftance. No fooner had the 
 French learned that my Lord Loudoun with the body of the 
 army was gone on the LouiflDourg expedition, than they pre- 
 pared to take advantage of his abfence. They drew toge- 
 ther all the forces which they had at Crown-Point, Ticon- 
 deroga, and the adjacent ports ; they added a confiderable 
 body of Canadians, and a greater number of Indians than 
 they had ever yet employed ; the whole made near 8000 
 men. With thefe and a very good artillery, Monfieur 
 Montcalm prepared to befiege Fort William-Henry. It is 
 faid that the advances of this commander were not made 
 with fo much fecrecy as to prevent General Webb from 
 having early intelligence of his motions ; but unfortunately 
 no credit being given to this intelligence, orders were not 
 fent to colleft the militia in fufficient time, which in con- 
 junftion with his own forces, and with thofe in the fort, had 
 either obliged the French to relinquifli their attempt, or to 
 have made it a very great hazard. But the fiege being 
 now regularly formed, and the befiegers meeting 
 but little oppofition from within, and no diftur- Aug. 3. 
 himce at all from without, the place was in fix 
 days furrendered by the advice of General Webb ; 9th. 
 whofc intercepted letter M. Montcalm fent into 
 the fort. 
 
 The garrifon marched out with their arms, and engag- 
 ed not to ferve during eighteen months. The French la- 
 vages paid no regard to the capitulation, but falling upon 
 our men as they m::irchcd out, dragged away the little 
 effc£ls they had left, bawling the Indians and Blacks in 
 our fcrvice out of their ranks, fcaiping fomc, carrying off 
 others, and committing a thoufand outrages and barbari- 
 ties, from which the French commander endeavoured in 
 \ain to rcftrain them. All this wr^s* fu'.fcrcd by 2000 men 
 with arms in their hands, from a diforderly crew of fa- 
 vap;es. However, the greatert part of our men, tiiough in 
 a bad condition, got to V^ort Edward, fomc by lliglit^ fomc 
 i>avi)i£; fiKrtndcrcd thcmfclvcs to the French, were by 
 
 G them 
 
»,^'li/ 
 
 42 'The History of the War. ^757- 
 
 them fent home. The enemy demolilhed the fort, car- 
 ried off the provifion, ammunition, artillery, and the vef- 
 fels which we had prepared on the lake, and departed 
 without attempting any thing farther. Neither was any 
 thing farther attempted on our fide. And thus was finifh- 
 ed the third campaign in North America, where we had 
 adually near 20,000 regular troops, a great number of 
 provincial forces, and a great naval power of upwards of 
 twenty (hips of the line. 
 
 A war between the maritime powers is felt in all parts of 
 the world. Not content with inflaming Europe and Ame- 
 rica, the diflentions of the French and Englifh purfued the 
 trafts of their commerce, and the Ganges felt the fatal ef- 
 fects of a quarrel on the Ohio. But here the fcene i« 
 changed greatly to the advantage of our nation ; the bra- 
 very of Admiral Watfon and Colonel Clive, re-eftabli(hed 
 the military honour of the Englilh, which was finking there 
 as it had done in all other places. Admiral Watfon with 
 no more than three (hips of the line, failed from Madrafs, 
 and after a tedious voyage arrived at the port of 
 Dec. 5. Balafore in the kingdom of Bengal, where ftrength- 
 ening his force with what recruits he could draw 
 together, he entered the Ganges, and after a fhort refinance 
 made himfelf mafter 01 Buibudgia fort which 
 Jan. 30. commanded that part of the river. This opened 
 him a pafiage to the fort of Calcutta^ the late prin- 
 cipal fettlement of the company in Bengal, and the fcene of 
 the deplorable fufFerings of fo many of our unfortunate 
 countrymen. Animated with revenge at the afFefting fight 
 of this place, our ftiips and land forces attacked it with fo 
 much fpirits, that the Indians furrendered it on the fame 
 day it was approached. A few days after Hugly, fituated 
 higher up the Ganges, was reduced with as little difficulty. 
 The Nabob, who faw that the torrent of the Englifh va- 
 lour could not be refifted by fuch feeble dams as forts de- 
 fended by Indians, drew down a whole army confiding of 
 10,000 horfe, and 12,000 foot, to drive them from their 
 conquefts. Infinitely inferior as our troops were in number, 
 they did not hefitate to attack the Nabob's army. 
 Feb. 5. Though our forces did not entirely rout the In- 
 dians, yet they made a great flaughter amongft 
 them ; and they had fo much the advantage of the field, 
 that the Nabob was in a fliort time glad to con- 
 clude a treaty of peace, by which the Englifli 
 
 Eaft- 
 
 9th. 
 
1757- 
 
 I fort, car- 
 anil the vef- 
 id departed 
 ler was any 
 J was finilh- 
 lere we had 
 : number of 
 f upwards of 
 
 in all parts of 
 »pe and Arac- 
 1 purfued the 
 t the fatal ef- 
 the fcene i» 
 ion ; the bra- 
 re-eftablilhed 
 s finking there 
 Watfon with 
 rom Madrafs, 
 at the port of 
 rhereftrength- 
 he could draw 
 (hort refiftance 
 ;ia fort which 
 This opened 
 , the late prin- 
 id the fcene of 
 ir unfortunate 
 affeding fight 
 ked it with fo 
 it on the fame 
 Lugly, fituated 
 ittle difficulty, 
 ^he Englifti va- 
 Ins as forts de- 
 .y confiding of 
 em from their 
 re in number, 
 abob's army, 
 rout the In- 
 jghter amongft 
 le of the field, 
 le glad to con- 
 h the Englifli 
 Eaft- 
 
 1757* '^^ History of the War. 43 
 
 Eaft-India company was re-cflablithed in all its anllent pri- 
 vileges ; an immunity from all taxes was granted^ and a 
 reftitution promifed for all that the trade had fuffered in the 
 taking of Calcutta. 
 
 When all obflru^ion on the fide of the Indians was re- 
 moved, and the company's officers had taken pofTeflion of 
 their antient eftablifhments, the Admiral turned his arms 
 againft the French. He refolved to attack Chandenagore, 
 fituated fomewhut higher on the river than Calcutta ; a 
 place of confiderable ftrength and the principal fettlement 
 of the French in that part of the Eaft-Indies. In this ex- 
 pedition Colonel Clive commanded 700 Europeans and 1600 
 Black foldiers. The Admirals Watfon and Pocock com- 
 manded the fleet, if it may be called a fleet, which confiited 
 of no more than three ihips of the Hne, the Kent, the Ty- 
 ger, and the Salifbury. The French prepared in the beft 
 manner they could to receive them, and funk feveral large 
 vefTels both above and below their fort; but the Admiral 
 having by carefully founding found a fafe pafTage without 
 being driven to the neceflity of weighing up any of the 
 (hips, made fo fevere a fire' upon the fort, in which he wa^ 
 feconJed by Colonel Clive's batteries on the fhore, 
 that the place capitulated in lefs than three hours. May 24. 
 500 Europeans and 700 Blacks furrendered prifo- 
 ners of war; 183 pieces of cannon were found in the 
 place, befides a confiderable value in goods and money. 
 Four forts cofl our troops no more than four days tq reduce 
 them. 
 
 The judicious timeing of thefe feveral operations, as well 
 as thole which followed, was not lefs laudable than the gal- 
 lant fpirit with which they were executed. Before the 
 Frenv':h were alarmed, care was taken to re-poffefs all the 
 pods we formerly held ; to humble the Nabob by fome ef- 
 fectual blow ; and by a treaty tie up his hands from afting 
 againft us. This Prmce had fhewed himfelf from the mo- 
 ment of his figning that treaty, very little inclined to abide 
 by the flipulations he had made. He indeed promifed 
 abundantly, but always deferred the performance uponfuch 
 frivolous pretences, as evidently demonftrated his ill inten- 
 tions. The Englifh commander? underftood this proceed- 
 ing pcrfe6lly well ; but they refolved todiflemble their fenfe 
 of it, until they had broken the French power in this pro- 
 vince, which they had greater rcafon to dread, fmall as it 
 
 vi 
 
 wasi 
 
11 
 
 I 
 
 44 T'/'^ History 0/ //^^ War. 1757- 
 
 was, vhan all the armies of the Nabob. When they had 
 fully accompliflied this by the taking of Chandenagore, they 
 deliberated whether they ought not to re-commence hoftili- 
 ties with the Ind".u:s. A refolution in the affirmative had 
 been attended wii'' gi eat difficulty and danger, if a mod 
 fortunate incipient ^. J not helped to enfurc fuccefs. 
 
 The Nabob Suraja Doula, the fame who had the laft year 
 taken Calcutta, had fhewn to his own fubjeQs the fame vi- 
 olent and perfidious fpirit, which formerly and flill diftreffed 
 the Englifli. His Generals were moflly difcontcnted, and 
 fome of them entered into a confpiracy againft him. Jafficr 
 Ali Cawn one of his principal officers, a man of gieat power 
 and interefl, was at the head of this confpiracy. As foon 
 as their defigns were ripened, they communicated them to 
 the Englifh government in Calcutta, praying their aiTiflance. 
 The chiefs there did not hefitate long what party they 
 Jhould take ; they entered into a treaty with Jaffier Ali Cawn 
 dnd the confpirators ; and in confequence of this treaty, our 
 troops immediately took the field under Colonel Clive. The 
 Admiral undertook to garrifon the fort of Chandenagore 
 ■with his feamen, in order to leave the greater number of 
 land forces for the expedition. A detachment of fifty fea- 
 men with their officers were added to ferve as gunners. A 
 twenty gun fhip was ftationed above Hugly, in order to 
 prcferve a communication between Colonel Clive and the 
 Admiral. 
 
 Their preliminary meafures being thus judicioufly taken, 
 they advanced up the river, and in a few days brought the 
 Nabob's army of about 20,000 men, exclufive of thofe who 
 favoured the confpirators, to ana6\ion, which was 
 June 22. decifive in favour of the Rngliffi. Two confidcr- 
 able bodies commanded by Jafficr and Roy Dolub 
 remained ina6live in the engagement. The Nabob feeing 
 himfelf ruined by the treachery of his officers and the cow- 
 nrdiccof his troops, fled with the few who continued faith- 
 ful to liim. 
 
 Jaffier Ali Cawn now declared himfelf openly ; and en- 
 tering Muxadavat the capital of the province witli 
 
 26. an army of his friends and victorious allies, he was 
 
 placed by Colonel Clive in the antient feat of the 
 
 Nabobs, and received the homage of all ranks of people as 
 
 Suha of Bengal, Bahar and Orixa. The depofed Nabob 
 
 Avas foon after made prifoner, and put to death in his prifop 
 
 by 
 
175B* ^hs History of the War, 45 
 
 by the conqueror. In about thirteen days this great revo- 
 lution was accompHfhccl ; and with lefs force and trouble 
 than is often required to take a petty village in Germany, 
 was transferred the government of a vaft kingdom, yielding 
 in its dimenfions to few in Europe, but to none in the ferti- 
 lity of its foil, the number of its inhabitants, and the rich- 
 nefs of its commerce. By the alliance with the new Nabob, 
 and by the redu6lion of Chandenagore, the French were 
 entirely driven out of Bengal and all its dependencies. This 
 was one of the articles of the treaty. By the other articles, 
 a perpetual alliance ofFenfive and defenfive was made be- 
 tween the parties. The territories of the company were 
 enlarged, and upwards of two millions fterling -w^s ftipu- 
 lated to be paid as an indemnification to the Eaft-India com- 
 pany, and the fufferers in the taking of Calcutta. The new 
 Nabob, full of gratitude to thofe to whom he owed his dig- 
 nity, gave, befides the above large fums, about 600,000 
 pounds, as a gratuity to the fea fquadron and the troops. 
 However fhort of expectation our enterprifes in America fell 
 this year, thofe in the Eaft-Indies greatly exceeded every 
 thing we could hope from the forces which were employed. 
 And it may be doubted whether all the great powers en- 
 gaged in the prefent bloody wars in Europe, in which fuch 
 torrents of blood are fpilled, and fo many millions of trea- 
 fure arc wafted, will in the conclufion reapamongft them fo 
 much folid profit as the Englifh Eaft-India company did with 
 a handful of men in a fliort campaign. The joy of tL. 1- 
 lion at thefe fignal fucceUcs, was not a little damped by the 
 death of Admiral Watfon, who loft his life by the 
 unwholefomenefs of the country, in which he had Aug. 16. 
 tftabliflicd a great and lafting reputation. Colonel 
 Clivc ftiil lives to enjoy the fortune and honour he has ac- 
 ijuircd by his gallant actions. 
 
 C H A \\ \m. 
 
 prencb retire out of Haiv.zrr. The taking of Iloxa. Min- 
 den taken. Difrefs of the French. Gcnerofitv of the 
 Duke de Ran 'an. The French retire hryond the Rhine. 
 Recovery of I ,bdcn by Commodore Holmes. 
 
 >T58- A'r'' 
 
 the hlocdflied of the iaft campaign in 
 •many, and tjigfc loiles which both the 
 yidorioub and van(iuijhed felt fo very fevcrelv, produced no 
 
 overtures 
 
46 
 
 The History of the War. 
 
 175S. 
 
 overtures towards peace from any of the powers at war. 
 And perhaps nothing fo fingular ever happened, as that fo 
 many ftates, united, if not againft their real interefts, yet 
 againft all their former habits of connection, full of fo ma- 
 ny occafions of jealoufy, abounding with matter of com- 
 plaint againft each other, and even involved in misfortunes 
 which ufually deftroy a mutual confidence, that not one of 
 theie powers either from fear, or hope, or wearinefs, or 
 Itvity, defifted from their hoftilities againft the King of 
 PrufTia ; nor did that monarch acquire one ally more by 
 the admiration of his fuccefles, than he had formerly gain- 
 ed through companion to his misfortunes. All the confe- 
 deritcs preferved the fame attachment to each other, to 
 him the fame animpfity. It is equally a matter of great ad- 
 miration, liow the refources even of thefe great ftates, 
 could keep pace with their ambition, and in a very few^ 
 
 ' months fupply the place of great armies almoft wholly de* 
 ftroyed. The King ol^ PrufTia by his victories had added t6 
 his natural refources. Thefe refources were more confide- 
 rable than is commonly imagined ; and the poffefllon of 
 Saxony which yielded him great fupplies, laved his own 
 revenue. He was indeed not quite fo frefh as at the be- 
 ginning of the war ; but then the condition of the enemy 
 wa<; in many refpe6ts far worfe than his. His tfoops had 
 befides acquired a high reputation and a clear fuperiority 
 
 " over all others. The confideration, however, of an ar- 
 my greatly harraficd, and a moft fevere winter, obliged him 
 to reftrain his ardor, and to attempt nothing againft the 
 Auvlrians in the months of January, February, and March, 
 The Himc inaction owing to much the fame caufes, pre- 
 vailed amcngft the Hanoverians for a little time : but hav- 
 ing been reinforced about the middle of February by a bo- 
 dy of PrufTian horfe, they put their whole army once more 
 in inotion. 
 
 The Duke de Richlieu had been recalled, and the Count 
 of Clermont now commanded the French troops. This 
 was their third commander in chief v/ithin the fpaceofa 
 year ; a circumftance alone fufficient to ftiew the imfteadi- 
 riefs of their councils, and the irregularity of their opera- 
 tions. In efFeft, they every where retreated before the 
 Hanoverians, whofe rnain body marched on the right to 
 the country of Bremen ; whilft a fecond body under Gene- 
 ral Zaftrow kept on the left towards Cifforn, They pufti- 
 
 • " '■ ed 
 
 ■,< 
 
 woul 
 

 i«758. TV^*^ History of the War. 47 
 
 ed the French from port to poft. They obliged them to 
 evacuate Otterfberg, Bremen, and Werden, The caftle 
 of Rotterlberg was taken in fix hours. A confiderable de- 
 tachment under Count Chabot was ported at Hoya, a ftrong 
 fort upon the Wefer, and a place of fuch confequence 
 that prince Ferdinand refolved to diflodge the enemy from 
 it. He appointed for that fervice the hereditary prince of 
 Brunfwick, with four battalions of foot and fome light 
 horfc. This prince, not twenty years of age, had already 
 entered into the courfe of glory under the aufpices of his 
 uncle, and full of ardor to fignalize himfelf, with joy em- 
 braced the occafion : and here he gave an earneft of his 
 fame, in one of the moft lively and bert conduced a6l:ions 
 in the war. The firft frufts of this young hero were fuch as 
 would have done honour to the maturity of the moft expe- 
 rienced foldier. 
 
 The prince had a broad and deep river to pafs. He had 
 no means of tranfporting his men, but a fingle 
 float ; fo that a long time mufl be fpent in get- Feb, 23. 
 ting them over : what was worrt, before half his 
 troops were pafled, a ftrong wind arofe, which rendered 
 the float unferviceable, and entirely cut off all communica- 
 tion between the prince and the moft confiderable number 
 of his party, whilft the party he was going to attack was 
 fuperior to him, had his whole body been together. In 
 this exigence the prince came to a refolution worthy of 
 himfelf. He refolved not to fpend any time in attempts to 
 bring over the reft of his troops, much lefs to make any at- 
 tempts to return to them ; but tc urge on boldly, in fucli 
 a manner as to poflefs the enemy with an opinion of his 
 ftrength, and to attack them brilkly before they could be 
 undeceived. Therefore, between four and five o'clock in the 
 morning, they marched with the utmoft fpced direfllv to 
 the town of Hoya. When they had approached within a 
 mile and a half of the place, another accident was on the 
 point of defeating the whole enterprife. Their detachment 
 fired by miftake upon four of the enemies dragoons, who 
 were patrolling ; the firing v/as caught from one to another, 
 and at laft became general. This feemed more than enough 
 to difcover their motions and alarm the enemy. But the 
 fame fpirit influenced the condutt of every part of this af- 
 fair ; « bold countenance became neceflary, and it was af- 
 fumed j they marched with the utmoft diligence to the 
 
 town. 
 
48 I'he History of the War. 1758. 
 
 town, and encountered the enemy at the bridge ; a fierce 
 fire, well fupportcd on either fide, enfued. The ground 
 was fuch, that tl^e prince could not bring up his whole 
 detachment equally. Senfible of this difadvantage, he form- 
 ed a defi ^n to overcome it, as judicious as it was refolute, 
 wliich was to turn the enemy by attacking them in the rear ; 
 to execute this defign, it was neceflary to make a circuit 
 about the town. Every thing fucceeded : the attack on 
 the enemy's rear was made with bayonets fixed ; a terrible 
 {laughter enfued. The French abandoned the bridge, and 
 fled in confufion : the prince having cleared the town of 
 the enemy, joined the party he had left. The Count de 
 Chabot threw himfelf, with two battalions, into the caftle, 
 with a rcfolution to maintain himfelf there ; but, in a lit- 
 tle time, he capitulated, furrendering the place, his ftores, 
 and magazines, his troops being permitted to march out. 
 The prince, who had no artillery, and who, on account 
 of the hadncfs of the roads, defpaircd of bringing up hea- 
 vy cannon, fuftered them to depart. Six hundred and feven- 
 ty men were made prifoners in the a£lion, and a place of 
 much importance, antl which opened a paflage over the 
 Wcfcr, fccured to the Hanoverians, with the lofs of lefs 
 than 100 men killed and wounded. I have dwelt on this 
 aflion, and defcribcd it as particularly as I could, though 
 nothing decifivc in itfclf, bccaufe it is not in pitched battles 
 between great armies, where the moft mafterly firokes of 
 conduct are always difplayed ; thefe lefler affairs frequently 
 call for as much or more of fagacity, refolution, and pre- 
 fencc of mind, in the commander ; yet are they often (lightly 
 paiVcd bv, as matters of no confequencc, bv the generality 
 of people, who rather confider the greatnefs of the event, 
 than the fpirit of the aiiion. 
 
 Prince Ferdinand continued to advance, with his right 
 on one Tide oi the Wcfer, and his Icfi on the other; the 
 French continued to retire, and fucccffively abandoned all 
 the places they had occupied in ihc eledlorate, except 
 MiiuJcn. |A garrifon of 4000 men defended that place ; 
 but it was clofely invelleil, and in nine days the 
 March whole ganifon furrcndcred prifoners of war. Se- 
 
 14. veral Ikirmiflic-, happened between the advanced 
 parties of the Hanoverian army and the French, 
 always to the advantage of the former. The wretched con- 
 dition of the French troops is hardly to be defcribcd or ima- 
 gined : 
 
 ginej 
 the 
 
1758. 
 
 idge ; a fierce 
 The ground 
 ; up his whole 
 tage, he form- 
 was refolute, 
 m in the rear ; 
 lake a circuit 
 the attack on 
 ed ; a terrible 
 le bridge, and 
 the town of 
 "he Count de 
 nto the caftle, 
 but, in a lit- 
 ce, his ftores, 
 to march out. 
 , on account 
 ging up hea- 
 ed and feven- 
 ind a place of 
 fagc over the 
 c lofs of lefs 
 |.lwclt on this 
 )uld, though 
 tched battles 
 y ftrokes of 
 rs frequently 
 3n, and pre- 
 ftcn flightly 
 e generality 
 : the event, 
 
 1758. The HizTOKY of the W xVi. 49 
 
 gined : officers and fdldiers involved in one common diftrefs; 
 the officers forgot their rank, and the foldiers their obedi- 
 ence ; full hofpitals, and empty magazines ; a rigorous fea- 
 fon, and bad covering ; their baggage feized or abandoned, 
 and the huflafsand hunters of the allied army continually 
 harafling, pillaging, and cutting them off. It was no alle- 
 viation to their mifery, that the inhabitants of the country, 
 which they abandoned, were reduced to the fame extremi- 
 ties. The favage behaviour of fome of their troops at their 
 departure, took away all compaffion for their fufFerings ; 
 but this was not univerfal. The Duke de Randan, who 
 commanded in Hanover, quitted the place with the fame 
 virtue, that he had fo long held it. Refentment had no 
 power to perfuade him to aft with rigour, in the adverfe 
 turn of the French affairs, than the pride of conqueft had 
 in their profperity. When he had orders to evacuate the 
 place, there were very confiderable magazines of corn and 
 forage, amaffed for the ufe of the army ; he had full time 
 to burn them, and he had precedents enough to have juf- 
 tified the aftion : but he left the whole in the hands of the 
 magiftrates, to be gratuitoufly diftributed to the poor : he 
 employed all his vigilance to prevent the lead diforder 
 amongft his troops, and was himfelf the laft man that 
 marched out of the town. This behavour, which did fuch 
 honour to his name and country, has made his memory for 
 ever dear tc the Hanoverians, drew tears of love and grati- 
 tude from his enemies, and acknowledgments from the 
 generous prince againft whom he ferved. 
 
 The French, through extreme difficulties, marched to- 
 wards the Rhine in three columns. The feveral fcattered 
 bodies, which had united at Munfter, formed the right. 
 The body, which came from Paderborn, and whicii was 
 commanded by the prince of Clermont in perfon, march- 
 ed in the middle. The forces which had occupied Heffe 
 were on the left. In this order they reached the Rhine, 
 which they all pafled, except a body under Count Cler- 
 mont, who ftill remained at Wefel, and refolved to main- 
 lain that port, The French army, which about four 
 months before had palled the Rhin^ in numbers, and in a 
 ( ondition to ma-ke the moft powerful enemies tremble, with- 
 out any adverfe ftroke of war whaifotver, by a fate almoft 
 unparalleled, now rcpafled it like fugitives, in a condition 
 the moft deplorable, reduced to Icl's than halt their original 
 
 H number. 
 
March 
 14. 
 
 19. 
 
 50 ^be History of the Wajl. 1758, 
 
 number, and clofely purfuci by the enemy, which they had 
 obUged to lay down their arms. 
 
 The fame ill fortune, and the fame defpair of their af- 
 fairs, followed them every where. On the arrival of a 
 fmall Englifh fquadron, commanded by commodore Holmes, 
 before Embden, and their taking an advantageous 
 fituation, which cut off the communication be- 
 tween the town and the mouth of the river Ems ; 
 the French garrifon, confif .ng of 4000 men,. im- 
 mediately evacuated the place. As foon as Mr. 
 Holmes difcovered their defign, and that they were tranf- 
 porting their artillery and baggage up the river, he order- 
 ed out a few armed boats to purfue them. Thefe took 
 fome of the enemy's vefTels, in which were the fon of an 
 officer of diflindiion, and a confiderable Cum of money. 
 The commodore without delay reftored the fon to his fa- 
 ther, and offered to return the money, on receiving the 
 officer's word of honour, that it was his private property. 
 This affair is mentioned, not only to do judice to the judi- 
 cious conduct by which a place of fo much confideration 
 was fo eafily carried, but alfo to that gencrofity of fpirit, 
 which fo nobly diflinguifhes almofl all thofe, who hold any 
 rank in our fcrvice. 
 
 i ftg 1 
 
 CHAP. IX. 
 
 Alterations in the French minijiry. The Ji ate of the Englijb 
 affairs in the year 1758. Subftdy treaty with the King 
 of PruJJia. Affairs of Sweden and Ruffia. Scbweidnitz 
 taken. King of Pruffia enters Moravia and invejls 01- 
 mutz. Conduh of Count Daun. Attacks the Pruffian 
 convoy. Siege ofOlmutz raifed. King cf Pruffia marches 
 into Bohemia. 
 
 WHILST the French arms fufFered fuch difgraces 
 abroad, they endeavoured by an alteration of their 
 councils at home, to rcftore their credit. Their minifters 
 had been long the fport of female caprice ; it was their 
 power of pleafmg a miflrefs who governed their King, that 
 alone qualified them to fervc their country. Some of the 
 mod able men were turned out of their cmploy^ments with 
 difgrace ; others retired from the publick fervice with in- 
 dignation i a certain low chara^cr had for a long time ap- 
 peared 
 
lich they had 
 
 of their af- 
 arrival of a 
 iore Holmes, 
 idvantageous 
 unlcatlon be- 
 le river Ems ; 
 000 men,.im- 
 foon as Mr. 
 y were tranf- 
 er, he order- 
 Thefe took 
 the fon of an 
 m of money, 
 fon to his fa- 
 receiving the 
 vate property. 
 :e to the judi- 
 i confideration 
 ofity of fpirit, 
 who hold any 
 
 I 
 
 oftbeEngiiJh 
 ivitb the King 
 Scbweidnitz 
 td inve/it 01- 
 the Pruffian 
 rujpa marches 
 
 fuch difgraces 
 Jation of their 
 Iheir minifters 
 '; it was their 
 bir King, that 
 J Some of the 
 loyments with 
 Irvicc with in- 
 llong time ap- 
 ' pcared 
 
 1758, Thi History of the War. 51 
 
 pcared in all the proceedings of France, both within and 
 without. Even in their domcftic difputes, and where 
 fomcthing of a free and manly fpirit appeared, this fpirft 
 evaporated, and fpent itfelf upon unworthy and defpicable 
 objefts. Thefe contefts which involved the church, the 
 law, and the crown, weakened them all ; and the ftate 
 felt all the ill effefts of difunion of its orders, without fee- 
 ing an augmentation of power thrown into the fcale of any. 
 But now taught by their misfortunes and difgraces, they 
 were obliged to an alteration in their conduct : they were 
 obliged to call men to the public fervice upon public prin- 
 ciples ; at a time indeed, when in many refpeCks things 
 could only be altered not mended ; and wife and able mi- 
 nifters could do little more by their penetration and public 
 fpirit, than to fee and lament the ruin, caufed by the want 
 6f thofe virtues in their predeceflbrs. The duke de Bell6- 
 ifle, known to'alt Europe for his great abilities, and his 
 great exploits, was at length placed at the head of the mili- 
 tary department, as fecrfetary at war. 
 
 There appeared in the common^^rints a fpeech, faid to 
 be made by that nobleman in council ; which, if it be not 
 authentic, contains at lead fuch fentiments, as would come 
 not unnaturally from' a French patriot, and one who had 
 ferrod his king and country with honour during better 
 times. 
 
 ** I know, faid he, the ftate of oui" armies. It gives mc 
 great grief, and no lefs indignation: for befides the real 
 evil of the diforder in itfelf, the difgrace and infamy 
 which it reflects on our government, and on the whole 
 nation, is ftill more to be apprehended. The choice of 
 officers ought to be made with mature deliberation. I 
 know but too well to what length the want of difcipline, 
 pillaging and robbing have been carried on by theomcers 
 and common men, after the example fet them by their 
 generals. It mortifies me to think I am a Frenchman ; 
 my principles are known to be very different from thofe 
 which arc now followed. I had the fatisfa£lion to retain 
 the efteem, the fricndfliip and the confideration, of all 
 the princes, noblemen, and even all the common people 
 in all parts of Germany where I commanded the king's 
 forces. They lived there in the niidft of abundance ; 
 every one was picafed ; it fills my foul with anguifti, to 
 find that at prcfent the French arc held in execration ;, 
 
 li :j *« that 
 
 re 
 
 f< 
 
 (( 
 
 «< 
 
 (( 
 (t 
 ii 
 it 
 *t 
 n 
 
 <( 
 
 (( 
 tt 
 
 
 <( 
 
 it 
 
ft 
 « 
 
 <( 
 tt 
 « 
 
 « 
 
 52 sr/?^ His^o>Y 0/ /i&<r War. 1758- 
 
 that every body is difpirited, and that many officers pub- 
 lickly fay things that aire criminal and highly punilhaible. 
 "The evil is fo greft that it demands immediate redrefs. 
 ".lean eafily judge, by what paffes in my own breaft^ of 
 ** what our generals. feel;from the Speeches they muft dai- 
 ly hear; in Germany^' concerning pur conduct ; which 
 indeed would lote much to be compared, with that; of Our 
 allies. I muft particularly complain of the delays and 
 irregularity of the ports; a fervice which is very ill; prOr 
 vided for. I am likevvife difple^fed with the negligence 
 of our generals returning anfwers ; which is a manifeft 
 breach of their duty. Had I commanded the army, a 
 thpofaQd things. v^hich are done,: would, not have been 
 **'.done i and others, ^hich are negk^ed, would hay« 
 ** been executed. l;\^ouldhave muljtiiplied my communi- 
 **' catioljs; I would hav.e;had ftrong poMfts on the right, oa 
 the left, and in the c^ptre, lined with troops. I woi^id 
 have had magazines ip every places T.h.e quiet and -fatis- 
 faflion of the country (hould have beep equal to their pre- 
 fent dKTafreflion, at hieing haraHed and plundered ; an<^ we 
 fhould have been as much beloved, as we are at prefent 
 **;abhorred. The confequences are too apparent tp, need 
 " being mentioned. I muft infift on thefe things, becaufe 
 " late redrefs is better than the continuatioaof the evil.'* 
 
 M. de Belleifle being eftabliflied in his office, turned all 
 his aj;tention to th^ c|Ljre pf the evils, whic^ he lamented ; 
 ^^d exerted all the ^o>ver that remained ;. in, the nation, to 
 put their army in Germ?iny once more upon a refpefikablc 
 footing.-. Tne exp^ei|iliv*9.n. into Germany was originally a 
 nie^fure, as contrary ipthe true interefts of France, as it 
 pivas-ofjuftice j;n4 equi,(,y ; but having adopted that meafure, 
 ,the coofcjquences whic^ft arofe fcymed to demand that it 
 ^l>ould be purfue4 with vigour. Therefore the connection 
 with the Eniprefs Q^c^yH was drawn clofer than ever, and 
 nothing M'as omitted to give a greater ftrcngth, and a better 
 .order to the arrtiy on the Rhine, But thefe endcavpurs 
 .which ftraincd all the finews of France, already too much 
 weakened by the almoft total ruin of feveral eflential bran- 
 dies of their trade, drew away all the rcfources necelfary 
 to Cupport their navy. It was then in a fufficiently bad 
 condition, from a want of feamen and ftorcs; and there 
 were ro means found, or little attention ufcd, to reftore it: 
 fo that from a deficiency in the marine, it fecmed to be 
 
 equally 
 
 « 
 
 it 
 
 (( 
 
 ry 
 abi 
 
1758. 
 
 y officers pub- 
 ily puni(h?iib|e. 
 ediate redrefs. 
 )wn breaft, of 
 they muft dai- 
 iduft ; which 
 ith that of Our 
 the delays and 
 is very ill prOr 
 the negligence 
 h is a manifeft 
 d the army 1 a 
 kot have been 
 , would have 
 my compFiuni- 
 i the right, on 
 lops. I WQ\<ld 
 quiet and fatiso 
 lal to their pres- 
 ide red J and we 
 : are at prefent 
 pare;it to.iieed 
 hings, becaufe 
 i,of the evil.'* 
 ice, turned all 
 he lamented ; 
 the nation, to 
 a refpe^able 
 5 originally a 
 France, as it 
 that meafure, 
 mand that it 
 le connection 
 lan everi and 
 and a better 
 e endcavpurs 
 ady too much 
 flential bran- 
 rces neceffary 
 fficiently bad 
 >i and there 
 to rcftore it : 
 ecmed to be 
 equally 
 
 1758. '^^^ History of the War. 53 
 
 equally imprafticable to feed the war in America, or to 
 preferve the coaft of France itfelf from infults. Such was 
 the condition of our enemic;;, at the opening of the cam- 
 paign of 1758. 
 
 As to England, far from being exhaufted by the war, or 
 difpirlted by our ill fuccefs, our hopes rofe from our difap- 
 pointments, and our refources feemed to be augmented by 
 our expences ; with fuch eafe and alacrity were the neceffa- 
 ry fupplies granted and raifed. Many errors and many 
 abufes which the war difcovered without making fatal, 
 were corre6ted. The fpirit of our officers was revived by 
 fear or by (hame. Our trade was well protected by the 
 fuperiority, and prudent diftrlbution of our naval force. 
 The revenue was frugally managed, and the whole ftate 
 well cemented and bound together in all its parts, by the 
 uni6n of the adminiftration, by the patriotifm which ani- 
 mated it, and by the entire confidence which the people 
 had in the prefiding a' lities and intentions. As France 
 perf^fted in her attachment to the enemies of his Pruffian 
 majefty. Great Britain entered into flill clofer engagements 
 with. that monarch, the luilre of whofe virtues, fetofF by 
 his late wonderful fucceffes, quite turned our eyes from the 
 objections which were raifed againfl the confiflency of that 
 alliance with our interefts. How far it is confiftent with 
 them, is, I think, a much more difficult point to fettle, 
 than the .Jherents to either party feem willing to allow. 
 But it ought to be confidered, that the circumftances of 
 affairs in the beginning of the war, hardly admitted of any 
 other choice j it had been the height of madnefs to have 
 been on ill terms with his PrulTian majefly at that time ; 
 and it was impofllblc to have kept good terms with him, 
 without being on very bad ones with Vienna. Things 
 were in an ill fituation ; and the ballance of Germany was 
 in danger of being overfet, what party foever fhould pre- 
 vail. It was impolTible that England could have flood neu- 
 ter in this conteft : if fhe had, France would not have imi- 
 tated her moderation ; flie would gladly have joined with 
 the King of Pruffia to diftrefs Hanover, and reduce Auflria. 
 Thefc two powers fo exerted, would doubtlefs compafs 
 their end, unlefs wc intcrpofcd to prevent it; and we mull 
 fooner or latter have interpofed, unlefs we were rcfolvcd 
 lamely to fee IVance and her allies giving laws to the conti- 
 nent. In a word, France would certainly have joined with 
 
 . ^ onr 
 
rn 
 
 54 'T^e History of tht War. 1758. 
 
 one party or the other, and the party which Ihc joined, 
 would certainly, by that union, prove dangerous to the 
 common liberty, and muft therefore be oppofed by us ; we 
 muft have been in fpite of us engaged in the troubles of 
 Germany, as we ever have been, and ever ihall be, as long 
 as we are a people of confideration in Europe. The alliance 
 with Pruflla was pointed out to us by the circumftance of 
 his a6ling on the defenfive. The King of Pruflia medita- 
 ted no conquefts. but her Imperial majefty indifputably 
 aimed at the recovery of Silefia, which was to difturb the 
 fettled order of things ; and this defign was the only caufe 
 of the troubles in that part of the world. I am fenfiblc 
 that this is notwithftanding all that may be faid, a queftion 
 of fome intricacy, and requires a confideration of many 
 more particulars, than the brevity of our defign will allow. 
 But whether we chofe our party in this alliance judicioufly or 
 not, we have, I imagine, very great reafon to be pleafed 
 with a meafure, which has induced France to engage fo 
 deeply in the affairs of Germany, at fo ruinous an expence 
 of her blood and treafure. Our miniftry was at this time 
 fully convinced of the prudence of the choice that had been 
 made, and refolved to fupport his Prufllan majefty, and 
 the army under prince Ferdinand, in the moft eftedual 
 manner ; 100,000 1. were voted for the Hanoverian and 
 
 Heflian forces ; and a convention between the 
 Ap. 1 1 . King of Pruffia, and his Britannic majefty, was 
 
 figned in London, whereby the King of Great 
 Britain engages to pay his Pruflian majefty the fum of 
 670,0001. fterling ; and each of the contrafting powers 
 engaged to conclude no peace without the participation of 
 the other. - *>'• " ' ^' ' i>'"- 
 
 The northern courts made no alteration in their fyftcm. 
 In Sweden, fome real plots to difturb the eftabliftied con- 
 ftitution ended in the ruin of their contrivers ; fome fidti- 
 tious plots were fet on foot to give a fan6iion to mqafures 
 againft the crown party, which anfwered their ends | and, 
 as the ruling power continued the fame, and the internal 
 diflenfions the fame, the hoftilities againft the King of 
 Pruftia were refolved with the former animofity, but pro- 
 miftd to be pyrfucd with the former languor. In Ruffia, 
 the F.mprefs did npt think her intentions well fecondcd by 
 her minifters. The great delays, and the unaccountable 
 ijL'trtat in the laft campaign, gave ground to fufpe^t, that 
 
 ftie 
 
 W. 
 
 re-c( 
 Sch> 
 that 
 
1758. 
 
 fhc joined, 
 
 >us to the 
 
 by m ; wc 
 
 troubles of 
 
 be, as long 
 
 he alliance 
 
 mftance of 
 
 fia medita- 
 
 idifputably 
 
 lifturb the 
 
 only caufe 
 
 m fenfiblc 
 
 a queflion 
 
 I of many 
 
 will allow. 
 
 liciouflyor 
 
 be pleafed 
 
 engage fo 
 
 n expence 
 
 this time 
 
 It had been 
 
 ijefty, and 
 
 : eftedual 
 
 erian and 
 
 ween the 
 
 efty, was 
 
 of Great 
 
 e fum of 
 
 powers 
 
 ipation of 
 
 |r fyftcm. 
 "led con- 
 |me fi6ti- 
 
 iqafures 
 Is I and, 
 
 internal 
 IKing of 
 |but pro- 
 RufTia, 
 jnded by 
 
 )untable 
 
 |6t, that 
 
 (he 
 
 If 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 ,.* 
 
 1758. T'be History of the War. 55 
 
 fhe had been betrayed by her minifters, or her generals. 
 M. Apraxin was moved from the command, and was put 
 under arreft. He juftified his condu£t by exprefs orders 
 from Count Beftuchef Beftuchef was removed from his 
 office, and put under arrefl alfo. Count Woronzoff fuc- 
 ceeded Beftuchef in his employment, and the generals 
 Brown and Fermor took the command of the army in the 
 place of Apraxin. 
 
 As foon as the feafon permitted the King of PrufTia to 
 re-commence his operations, he laid fiege to 
 Schweidnitz, and pufhed it with ^o much vigour, April 3. 
 that the place furrendered in thirteen days. The 
 garrifon reduced by ficknefs during the blockade, and by 
 their lofles during the fiege, from feven to little more than 
 three thoufand men, yielded themfelves prifoners of war. 
 By this ftroke, the King of Pruflla left his enemies no foot- 
 ing in any part of his dominions. His next confidcration 
 was how to guard againft their future atterhpts, and at the 
 fame time to make a vigorous attack upon fome part of 
 the Auftrian territories. His forces were well ftationed 
 for both thefe purpofes ; for befides the troope which count 
 Dohna commanded on the fide of Pomerania, a confidera- 
 ble body was ported between Wohlau and Glogau, in order 
 to cover Silefia from the fury of the Ruflians, in cafe they 
 ihould make their inroad that way. An army, in a little 
 time after was formed in Saxony, commanded by his bro- 
 ther prince Henry, which confifted of thirty battalions, 
 and forty-five fquadrons. It was dertined to make head' 
 againft the army of the Empire, which by amazing efforts 
 made during the winter, and by the jundion of a large bo- 
 dy of Auftrians, was now in a condition to aft again. A 
 ready communication was kept up between all the King of 
 Pruflla*s armies, by a proper choice of ports. 
 
 The King refolved to make Moravia the theatre 
 of the war this year. Moravia was fre(h grownd ; 
 a country, as yet untouched by the ravages of war. if he 
 ihould fucceed in his operations in this country, hii fuc> 
 cefies by opening to him the neareft road to Vienna, mujl 
 prove more dccifivc than they could any where clfe. If he 
 rtiould fail, the Auftrians were at a diftance from the t cntrt 
 of his affairs, and would find it difficult to improve tluir 
 advantages to his ruin. After the redu£tion of Schwcid- 
 niti, the King ordered two bodies of his troops to poll 
 
 iJ3 
 
in 
 
 ft 
 
 ^6 The History of the War. 1758. 
 
 themu Ives in fuch a manner, as to make it appear that he 
 intended to carry the war into Bohemia. Whilfl; he drew 
 away the enemies attention from the real objefts by thefe 
 difpofitions, the main of his army, by a very 
 May 3. rapid march, entered into Moravia in two co- 
 lumns, and made themfelves mafters, in a fhort 
 time and with little or no oppofition, of all the pofts necef- 
 fary to cover the troops to be employed in the fiege of O!- 
 mutz. On the 27th of May the trenches were opened be- 
 fore that city. 
 
 M. Daun was no fooner apprifed of the King's niarch to- 
 wards Moravia, than he took his route through Bohemia 
 tr" that province. Notwithftanding that the Emprefs Queen 
 omitted no poflible endeavours to aflemble a large army 
 ti(^;' nil the King of Pruflia, though fhe had for that pur- 
 pcfe e^haufted the Milanefe and Tufcany, and fwept up 
 the la( iccruits in her Danubian territories, M. Daun was 
 not yet in a condition to give the King of PrufliA battle ; 
 neither did his charader lead him to trufl that to fortune, 
 which oe might enfure, though more flowly, by condu6l. 
 This wife general took his ports from Gewics to Littaii, in 
 a mountainous country, in a fituation where it was impofli- 
 bie to attack him. He had the fertile country of Bohemia, 
 from whence he readily and certainly drew fupplies, at his 
 rear. He was from his pofition at the fame time enabled to 
 harafs the Pruflian army before Olmutz, and to intercept 
 the convoys which were brought to them from Silefia. 
 
 Olmutz, by the extent of its works, and other advan- 
 tageous circumftances, is a city which it is very difficult 
 compleatly to invert. So that fome of the King's ports be- 
 ing necellarily weakened by occupying fo great an extent ot 
 country, were attacked by Daun's detachments from time 
 to time, with fuch fuccefs, that abundant fuccours both 
 of men and ammunition were thrown into the place. Thefe 
 attacks were always made by night, and very few nights 
 parted without fome attack. The fuccefs was various. Bur 
 the operations of the ficge were greatly dirturbed by thefe 
 continual alarms. Befidcs it is faid that the Auftrians, be- 
 fore the King's invafion of this province, had deftroyed all 
 the forage in the neighbourhood of Olmutz. The horfe 
 were obliged to forage at a great dirtance, which harafled 
 them extreamly. M. Daun took advantage of all thefe 
 » ircumftances. It was in vain that the King of Pruflia 
 
 cndea- 
 
 175I 
 
 end( 
 vokel 
 adval 
 to thl 
 
1758- 
 )ear that he 
 ilft he drew 
 rls by thefe 
 by a very 
 in two co- 
 , in a ihort 
 polls necef- 
 fiege of O!- 
 opened he- 
 's niarch to- 
 jh Bohemia 
 prefs Queen 
 large army 
 )r that pur- 
 d fwept up 
 . Daun was 
 ufliJi battle ; 
 to fortune, 
 by condud:. 
 ) Littaii, in 
 ivas impofli- 
 f Bohemia, 
 *ies, at his 
 enabled to 
 intercept 
 silefia. 
 ler advan- 
 ry difficult 
 s pods he- 
 extent ot 
 from time 
 ours both 
 :e. Thefe 
 iw nights 
 ions. Bur 
 d by thefe 
 rians, be- 
 royed all 
 he horfe 
 harafled 
 all thefe 
 f PrufTia 
 cndea- 
 
 ■■■; 
 i 
 
 1^58. T/be History of the War. 57 
 
 endeavoured by all the arts of a great commander to pro- 
 voke or entice him to an engagement. He profited of the 
 advantages he had made, without being tempted by them 
 to throw out of his hands the fecure game he was play- 
 ing. 
 
 The great objeft of M. Daun was the Prufllan convoys. 
 On receiving advice that a large and important one was to 
 leave Troppau on the 25th of June, he took meafurea to 
 intercept it. He ordered general Jahnus, who was at 
 Muglitz on the left, to advance towards Bahrn, and a de- 
 tachment which was at Prerau at a confiderable diftance to 
 the right, to march to Stadt-Leibe; fo that thefe two 
 corps fhould on different fides attack the convoy at one and 
 the fame time. To further the execution of this proje6V, 
 M. Daun himfelf approached the PrufTian army, and di- 
 rected all his. motions as if he intended to givf them battle. 
 However, the King was too great a mafler i th ? game of 
 generalfhip, which was now playing, to be d.eived by 
 this feint. He detached a confiderable party under general 
 Ziethen, to fupport his convoy, which was already about 
 7000 flrong. Before this detachment could ome up, the 
 convoy was attacked, but the Auflrians "ere repulfcd. But 
 M. Daun, who provided for every thingy quickly reinforc- 
 ed his parties who renewed the engagement the next day. 
 They firfl fuffered the head of the convoy to go unmolefl- 
 ed ; but as the centre was flill embarrafTcd in a dangerous 
 defile, they eafily cut off the head from the reft, and then 
 they attacked the centre with the greateft fury. The Pruf- 
 fians made as good a rcfiflance as the nature of the ground 
 would fulfer. General Ziethen did every thing which 
 could be expefted from an accompU(hed officer ; but in 
 the end they were entirely routed ; all the waggons in that 
 divifion were taken ; the rear was pulhed back towards 
 Troppau ; the head alone with great difficulty arrived at 
 the Prullian camp. 
 
 This was a fatal flroke, becaufe it came at a time when 
 it was impofTible to repair it. The fiege of Olmutz had 
 been all along attended with great difficulties : and now the 
 news which every day arrived of the nearer and nearer ap- 
 proach of the Ruffians, called the King loudly to the de- 
 fence of liis own dominions. Already the CofTacks and 
 Calmucks made incuifions into Silefia, and by their ravages 
 jnd crjtltics» announced the approach of the great army. 
 
 I The 
 
58 T^he History of the War. 1758. 
 
 The fiege muft be raifed ; Moravia muft be abandoned ; 
 Marftial Daun muft have the honour of freeing his coun- 
 try, and driving away fuch an adverfary as the King of 
 Pruflia, from a conqueft deemed certain ; alt \Va» perform- 
 ed without a battle, by a feries of the moft refined and 
 vigorous manoeuvres thai ever were put in praftice. 
 
 When the King of Prufliafaw that the unprofperous fitu- 
 ation of his affairs obliged him to retreat; he took a refo- 
 lution, fuch as a vi6tory infpires in others. He took ad- 
 vantage even of the excellent moveiifient of M. Daun, by 
 which that able general had advanced his quarters to Pez- 
 nitz, and placed himfelf fo as to fupport Olmutz in the 
 moft effeftual manner ; by this movement, howevftr, hef 
 was obliged to uncover the frontiers of Bohemia. The 
 King of Pruflla, whom nothing could cfcape, was fenfible 
 of this advantage, and therefore, inftead of falling back 
 upon Silefia, which ftep would immediately have drawn 
 the Auftriari army into his dominions, he determined to re- 
 treat from one part of the enemies territories into another. 
 The day before the fiege was raifed the firing of the Prufli- 
 ans continued at brifk as ever, and Ihewed no fort of fign 
 of an intention to depart ; but in the night the 
 July I. whole armvtook the road to Bohemia in two co- 
 lumns, anci gained an entire march upon the Auf- 
 trlans. So that notwithft^nding the utmofl efforts which 
 the enemy could make to overtake and harafs the King 
 upon his march, he advanced into Bohemia with little mo- 
 leftation, feized upon a large magazine at Leutomiflfel, de- 
 feated fome corps of Auftrians who had attempted to difturb 
 him in his progrefs, and arrived at Konigfgratz, one of the 
 Aioft important pods in Bohemia, with all his fick and 
 wounded, with all his heavy baggage, all his heavy artille- 
 ry, and military ftores compleat. This place he poffcffed 
 after driving from it a body of 7000 Auftrians who were 
 entrenched there. He immediately laid this city and feve- 
 ral other diftrifts under contribution ; but his plan not ad- 
 mitting any further operations on that fide, he took no 
 other advantage from this momentous port. He foon re- 
 entered Silefia, and marched with the moft amazing dili- 
 gence to encounter the Ruffians, who had at this time 
 united their divided corps under Brown and Fermor, and 
 fixed the long flu6tuating plan of their operations, by en- 
 tering the New Marche of Brandenburgh and laying fiege 
 
 to 
 
1758- 
 
 3andoned ; 
 ; his coun- 
 e King of 
 ;s pcrform- 
 ^fined and 
 ice. 
 
 >erous fitu- 
 Dok a refo- 
 e took ad- 
 Daun, by 
 jrs to P6z- 
 Litz in the 
 )wevfcr, he 
 mia. The 
 vas fenfible 
 »)Iiifg back 
 ave drawn 
 lined to re- 
 to another. 
 ■ the Prufli- 
 fort of fign 
 i night the 
 I in two co- 
 m the Auf- 
 brts which 
 the King 
 little mo- 
 miflfel, de- 
 to diilurb 
 one of the 
 Hck and 
 vy artiile- 
 pofTefTed 
 who were 
 and feve- 
 n not ad- 
 took no 
 foon re- 
 zing dtli- 
 this time 
 mor, and 
 by en- 
 ying ficge 
 to 
 
 4 
 
 1758. 7"/}^ History 0/ tlje War. 5^ 
 
 to Cuflrin. The reduflion of this place could leave them 
 but a few days march to Berlin ; Count Dohna was not in 
 a condition to oppofe their progrefs, the King was ftill at 
 a. great diftance. But it is neceflary to break our narrative 
 of his affairs, however interefting, to take a view of the 
 operations of the armies on the Rhine. We leave the King 
 of Pruflia in full march, to give one body of his enemies 
 battle, after executing a retreat from the other, in a man- 
 ner that did his military genius the greateft honour. So 
 that on the whole, it is difficult to fay, which gained the 
 greateft glory, the King of Pruflia by his retreat, or M. 
 Daun by the meafures which obliged him to it. 
 
 C H A P. X. 
 
 jfllies pafs the Rhine. Battle of Crevelt. A^ion at 
 Sangerjhaufen. A^ion at Meer» Allies repajs the 
 Rhine. 
 
 PRINCE Ferdinand had it not in his power tp cqt 
 off the retreat of the French over the Rhine ; but he 
 prefled them clofely, and prepared himfelf to crofs that ri- 
 ver in purfuit of them. His defign was to carry the war 
 beyond the Maefe, and thereby oblige the prince de Sou- 
 bife to abandon the enterprife he was preparing againft 
 Hefle CafTel. His Highnefs executed the pauage 
 of the Rhine at Herven with the corps immedi- June i. 
 ately under his command ; then he fent the bridge 
 with which he ferved himfelf fo well up the river to Rces,; 
 the reft of the troops pafled there ; the whole army were 
 over before the 7th of June. The flattery of the laft age 
 faw with aftoniflimcnt a paflage of the Rhme by a French 
 monarch, unoppofcd, at the head of a mighty army. We 
 faw that river pafled by the enemies of France, in the pre- 
 fence of an army of 50,000 of that nation ; it was an 
 aftion which did not need the exaggerations of rhctpv^ 
 rick. 
 
 The French army retired as the prince advanced, and 
 took an advantageous camp which threatened to retard the 
 operations of the allies; their right was under Rhcinberg; 
 hut the prince by hib well judged motions turned their left 
 flank towards the convent of Campe, by which the French 
 found themfelves obliged to quit their advantageous poft, 
 
 I 1 and 
 
€6 
 
 The History of the War. 1758. 
 
 the 
 
 and to retire into Meurs : they ftill kept towards 
 Rhine : the prince advanced on the fide of the Maefe. 
 
 It was evident, that whilft the French continued only to 
 retire, it would prove impodfible for them to hinder the 
 .lilies from executing the plan they propofed : they there- 
 fore thought it advifeable to change their countenance. 
 They had failed back as far as Nuys ; they now returned 
 on their lleps, and advanced as far as Crevelt, within a 
 few miles of prince Ferdinand's camp. The prince made 
 the difpofitions for a battle, with his ufual vigour and pru- 
 dence. He carefully reconnoitred the fituation of the ene- 
 my. He found that their right was at a village called 
 Vifchelon ; their left extended towards Anrath, where it 
 was covered with a wood : Crevelt, which was in the 
 front of their right, was occupied by a party of their 
 troops. His highnefs refolved upon three attacks : the 
 firft and real attack was on the flank of the enemies left 
 wing ; the other two were defigned to divert their atten- 
 tion, and prevent their fuccouring the objeft of his prin- 
 cipal attack ; for which purpofe he recommended to bis 
 generals to make the beft ufe of their heavy artillery, and 
 not to advance too far unlefs they were perfeflly affured of 
 the fuccefs of the main operation. 
 
 Having made thefe wife difpofitions, and perfeftly learn-^ 
 ed the beft routes by which the enemy might be 
 June 23. approached, his highnefs put himfelf at the head 
 of the grenadiers of his right wing, and advanced 
 on the fide of Anrath in two columns. A cannonading vi- 
 olent and well fupported opened the a£tion : the Hanove- 
 rian artillery was greatly fuperior to that of the French ; 
 but though the French loft many men, they loft no ground 
 in this way, and their pofition in the wood made a clofe at- 
 tack abfolutely ncceffary : the hereditary prince of Brun- 
 fwick put himfelf at the head oF'the firft line of foot, and 
 with his ufual fpirit, advanced with the whole front direct- 
 ly to the wood. Here a furious fire of fmall arms com- 
 menced, which continued without the finalieft intermifli- 
 on for two hours and an half. All the Hanoverian battali- 
 ons threw themfelves into the wood : two ditches well lined 
 with infantry were oppofed to their fury : they were forced 
 one after another : the enemies battalions were pufiicd 
 back, they were entirely broken, and fled out of the wood 
 in a diforder which was irreparable : their cavalry, who 
 
 kept 
 
jy^S. ^hf History of the War. 6i 
 
 kept the beft countenance poflible, in fpite of the terrible 
 fire of the Hanovorian artillery, and in fpite of the vigorous 
 attempts of the Hanoverian horfe, who had by this time 
 found means to gain the plain, covered the retreat of their 
 fcattered infantry, and faved them from utter ruin : the 
 right wing and the centre, though they fuflfered grievoufly 
 by the canno.iading, were no where broken, but retreated 
 towards Nuys in the moft perfefl order. 
 
 Seven thoufand of their beft troops were killed, wound- 
 ed, and taken prifoners ; but there was nothing in this bat- 
 tle fo grievous to France, and fo affefting even to the ene- 
 my, as the fate of the count de Gifors. This young noble- 
 man, the only fon of the duke de Belleifle, not above 
 twenty-five years of age, newly married to the heirefs of 
 an illuftrious houfe ; himfelf the lafl: hope of a mod noble 
 family, w?s mortally wounded at the head of his regiment, 
 which he brought up with the mod heroic courage, and 
 infpired by his example to make incredible efforts. He 
 had been educated with all the care an excellent father 
 could beftow on a fon of an uncommon genius, who was 
 alone able to fupport the reputation of his family. To the 
 purefl: morals he had united the politcfl: manners; he had 
 made a great proficiency in learning ; he knew many 
 branches of it, and loved all ; he had feen every part of 
 Europe, and read courts and nations with a difcerning 
 eye ; and wanted nothing to fulfil all hope, and to make 
 him a perfcft and lading ornament artd fupport to hiscoun* 
 try, but a knowledge in the military art ; he entered that 
 courfe of glory and danger, and fell in his firft campaign. 
 The unhappy father and minidcr fa w his private misfortunes 
 keep pace with the public calamities, and the tears of his 
 family mingled witii thofe of his country. 
 
 Prince Ferdinand gained a vidory at Crevelt, which did 
 the greatefl; honour to his military capacity, and to the 
 bravery of his troops. Rut it was a victory neither entire 
 nor decifive : the French army on their own frontiers was 
 quickly and drongly reinforced; fo that they were not on- 
 1} in a condition in fome fort to make head againft the allies, 
 but were enabled to detach a confulerable reinforcement to 
 the army of tl e prince de Soubife on the other fide of the 
 Uliinc. 
 
 Although the prince had reafon to imagine that he lliould 
 pot be able to keep his ground on this fide oftlic Riiine for 
 
 any 
 

 62 The History of tbc War. 1758. 
 
 any confiderable time, this did not hinder him from im- 
 proving to the utmoft, the advantage he had obtained. 
 Whilft the French, difabled by their late defeat, were in 
 no condition to oppofe him, he pafled the Rhine with a 
 lage detachment, and appeared on the 28th of June before 
 Dufleldorp, a city advantageoufly fituated on the river, and 
 belonging to the Ele6lor Palatine. A fevere bombardment 
 obliged it to capitulate on the 7th of July : the garrifon, 
 confifting of 2000 men, marched out with the honours of 
 war. Prince Ferdinand placed here three battalions of 
 Hanoverians, and threw a bridge of boats acrofs the river ; 
 by that means he multiplied his ports and communications 
 on both fides of the Rhine ; a;id threw a new and no fmall 
 impediment in the way of the French, to retard their pro- 
 grcfs, in cafe he (houkl find liimlclf compelled to retire. 
 After this, the army of the allies and that of France, fpcnt 
 fcvcr;ii days in making various marches and countermarches, 
 as ifthry both propofcd to bring on an a6lion, to which, 
 however, it does not appear, that either party was very 
 ftrongly inclined. 
 
 Prince Ferdinand ftill retained his hopes that the prince 
 of Yfenburg, who comii^anded the Heflian troopsj would 
 find the prince of Soubife employment for fome time. He 
 had originally laid his plan in luch a manner, that by pafling 
 the Maefc, and transferring the feat of war into the enemies 
 country, he might draw the French from the Rhine, and 
 .perhaps oblige the piincc of Soubife to come to the afllf- 
 tance of the main aimy under M. dc Contades, who com- 
 manded in the room of count Clermont, being now the 
 fourth commander oF the French troops fincc they entered 
 Germany. Rut whilll prince Ferdinand pleafed himfelf 
 with thofe hopes, and (lill continued to aft as far as circum- 
 ■Jlanccs would admit, in purfuance of this plan, he received 
 an account wliicli d'fconccrtcd all his meafures. 
 
 The duke dc Ercf^lio, fupportcd by the corps of the prince 
 dc Soubife, witli a much fupcrior force, attacked 
 July 23. and defeated the Hcifian army of fcven thoufand 
 men nea.' Sant^erihaufen : this opened to them 
 the poffeffion of the Wcfcr ; they might a6i in Weftphalia, 
 on which fide focver they pleafed, and it was to be feared, 
 that if they availed themfeives of the advantages they had, 
 tliey might be able to intercept the Britifli troops. Thefc 
 troops having been landed at Enibdcn, were now on their 
 
 march 
 
 ,5- 
 
 1 7 51 
 
 
 marfl 
 
 
 reinfl 
 
 
 aflPail 
 
 
 Freifl 
 
 \ A 
 
 was 1 
 
 
 ctinel 
 
 
 mairl 
 
 3. 
 
 and m 
 
 
 atiorl 
 repal 
 led m 
 
 1 
 
 heavj 
 
 ""tI 
 
 % 
 
 not e 
 
 ''i 
 
 ablef 
 
 
 upon 
 allies 
 
 1: 
 

 17^8. ^^^ History of tbe War. 65 
 
 march under the command of the duke of Marlborough to 
 reinforce the allied army. The prince in this fituation of 
 affairs* had no option left but an engagement with the 
 French army, or a retreat over the Rhine : the former 
 was not eafy to compafs, as the French induftrioufly de- 
 clined a battle, ^ nd it became extremely dangerous to re- 
 main long in a pofition with the enemies army on his left, 
 and the ftfong fortrefs of Gueldrc on his right. In this fitu- 
 ation his fubfiftence became every day more difficult. To 
 repafs the Rhine, had its rfifliculties too ; the roads which 
 led to that river were rendered almoi^ impaflable by the 
 heavy rains ; the river itfelf was fo fwelled with them, that 
 the bridge at Rees had been for forr.e time ufelefs. 
 
 Thefe difagreeable circumftances of the allied army did 
 not efcape the penetration of Monf. de Chevert, one 0/ the 
 ablell commanders among the French. He formed .1 plan 
 upon them, which, if it hfid fucceeded, muft have put the 
 allies into the greateft perplexity. This general had Ibme 
 time before paiVed the Rhine, with an intention of making 
 blm{t .. nailer of Dufllldorp, and he a:A prepared all things 
 with gicat ability for that enterprife ; the rains ufually hea- 
 vy for that feafon, and fome other crofs accidents, had 
 fruftrated his intentions. But perceiving that the fame ac- 
 cidents which defeated his defign proved alfo unfavourable 
 to the enemy, he refolved to turn his difappointment intt» 
 an advantage, and from the ruins of his firft projed to 
 build another of yet greater importance. Baron Imhoff was 
 pofted to the right of the Rhine in a ftrong fituation near 
 Mcer. He was to cover the bridge at Recs ; to f "icure a 
 confiderable magazine; and to keep open communication 
 between the Englifh reinforcements and the main army. 
 The plan of Monf. Chevert was to diflodge Imhofl", to 
 burn the bridge at Rees, to make himfelf mafter of the 
 majjazine, and to r'^nder the junftion of the Engliih troops 
 with the Hanoverians impraflicable. To execute this ju- 
 dicious fcherne, he united fevcral detachments from the 
 garrifon of Wefel, to a confiderable corps which ho intenil- 
 ed to have employed in the fiege of Dufleldorp. The 
 whole made near 12,000 men: the troops under Imliorf 
 were but fix battalions, and four fquadroni., hardly 3000 
 in all. 
 
 When that general was apprifed of the t'llffigns and moti- 
 ons of the French, he Taw it was in vftin loex|)«.'^t luccoiui^ 
 
m 
 
 ■iii 
 
 li! 
 
 '-'^■Hwf '/ 
 
 IB; 
 
 ni 
 
 64 'T/je History of ibe War. '758. 
 
 from the army of prince Ferdinand : the fwell of the river 
 had rendered all relief impoflible ; all his hopes were there- 
 fore in his own genius and the bravery of his troops. He 
 confidered that though the pod he occupied was fufficient- 
 ly (Irong, the enemy might make themfelves mafters of 
 Rees, by turning his camp, and thus execute one of the 
 principal parts of their defign; he confidered the great 
 difference between attacking and being attacked ; he con- 
 (idereo the effefl of an attempt altogether unexpeded by 
 the enemy ; he therefore took the rcfolution of abandoning 
 his pod, and goingoutto meet them. Perceiving that the 
 French were marching into difficult ground, he did not 
 
 lofe a moment to begin the a£tion. He ordered 
 April 5. a fmall party, which he had ported in a little 
 
 coppice, to fall upon the enemies left, which he 
 obferved to be uncovered ; and appointed the fire of this 
 party, as a fignal for all the reft to advance, and make the 
 onfet with bayonets fixed. The French thus vigoroufly 
 and unexpefledly attacked, fell into confufion ; their cou- 
 rage ill feconded the wifdom of their general ; they did not 
 ftand half an hour; they left on the field of battle, eleven 
 pieces of cannon, many prifoners, and much baggage to 
 the Hanoverians, who drove them under the cannon ot 
 Wcfel. ^ .; 
 
 This fignal advantage over fuch a prodigious fuperiority 
 was not more gallantly obtained, than well purfued and im- 
 proved. Imhoff law that the rains had increafed to fuch a 
 degree, ab to leave no hopes for the allied army to pafs by 
 the bridge of Rces. Having taken proper care of his ma- 
 gazines, he quitted his poft at Meer, and being reinforced 
 by fonic parties, who paffed the river in boats, he march- 
 ed with the utmoll diligence towards the route of the En- 
 glifti forces, and happily cffcftcd a jundion, which had hi- 
 therto been attended with fo many difficulties. 
 
 Prince Ferdinand in his retreat met whh no obftruclioii, 
 but jull: what was fufficicnt to difplay more fully tlic gal 
 lantry of his officers, and the fpirit of his troops. Atuwn 
 called Wachtcndonc k was on his left, as he retreated ; thi> 
 place, tiunigh not fortified, i-i a poft of much importance, 
 and being an inland furroundcd by the river Nicrs, is ex- 
 tremely dilTiciilt of nccefs : the French had thrown a bodv 
 of troops into this place. The hereditary prince, the firll. 
 in every a^ive fervica, was employed to force it. The 
 
 brill }/f 
 
 exai 
 
cannon oi 
 
 1758. Tl&f History o//y&f War. 65 
 
 bridge on his approach had been drawn up. The prince fee- 
 ing that if he attempted to get down this bridge, the ene- 
 my would gain time to recolleft themfeives, threw himfelf 
 into the river ; his grenadiers, animated bv fo gallant an 
 example, plunged in after him, and furioufly attacking the 
 enemy 'vith their bayonets, in a few minutes drove them 
 from that poft : this advantage, joined to that gained by 
 general ImhofF, and the uncommon refolution which ap- 
 peared in both thefe aftions, awed the French. They 
 found that their troops, raw, undifciplined, and little fit for 
 hard fervice, were not to be relied upon ; and they feared 
 to bring on an aftion, which by being decifive againft them 
 might draw on the moft fata! confequences. So that the 
 prince repafled the Rhine in a moft excellent order, even 
 with let's trouble than he had at firft paflfed it ; and indeed 
 with little moleftation, but what he met with from the 
 weather. Such excefllve rains had fallen, that he in vain 
 attempted a paflage at Rhineberg or at his bridge . 
 of Rees ; he effected it a little lower at a place ^f' ^' 
 called Griethuyfen. ^^"^ ^°' 
 
 Although prince Ferdinand was obliged to pafs the 
 Rhine, and to aft more upon the defenfive for the future ; 
 yet his vigorous conduct in the beginning was very glorious 
 to him, and very advantageous to the common cauie. The 
 French fuffered greatly in their military reputation ; the 
 Hanoverians had gained a fuperiority over them, and now 
 fo much of the campaign was wafted, that notwithftanding 
 the greatnefs of their numbers, it was not probable that 
 they would find themfeives able to m.ike any confiderable 
 progrefs in their defigns againft the King's ele£loral domi- 
 nions for this year. The advantage gained by Broglio and 
 Soubile was not attended with the consequences, which 
 might hjive been apprehended. Prince Yfcnburg kept fo 
 good a countenance in a ftrong poft he had chofen, that 
 the French did not choofe to attack him again ; and fince 
 prince Ferdinand had repalTed lh« Rhine, he might always 
 be well fopportcd. 
 
 .«f 
 
 * « tffll A**?* 
 
i\ 
 
 
 66 
 
 ^ht History of the War. 
 CHAP, XL 
 
 1750, 
 
 ■Saxony, and 
 
 tnji. 
 
 y!^l 
 
 Retreat from Bohemia. Meafures of C = 
 of Cujirin. King of Prujlia murda 
 joins Prince Henry. 
 
 BY the retreat of the Prumans from Moravia, the war 
 had aflumed a new face. The generals who conduc- 
 ed it had changed hands. The King of PruiCa was obliged 
 to aO: upon the defenfive ; M. Daun was now in a condition 
 of difplaying his talents in an offenfive war. I'he affairs of 
 the King ofPruflia were fcarce ever in a mc- critical fitu- 
 ation than at that time. The RuflTians feenr.ed at firft dif- 
 pofed to enter into Silefia ; but now they had united their 
 fevcral disjointed corps, penetrated into the New Marche 
 of Brandenburgh, and having commenced the fiege of Cuf- 
 trin, a place that threatened them with no great oppofition, 
 they were arrived within a few days march of Berlin. 
 Count Dohna ported with a greatly inferior force at Frank- 
 fort on the Oder, watched without being able to obflruft 
 their progrefs. In Ponierania, the Generals Weedel and 
 Manteufel oppofed almofl the fame ineffectual efforts to the 
 arms of Sweden. The army of the Empire, and a confi- 
 derable body of Auftrians under General Haddick, advanced 
 into Saxony, and pofTefTing themfelves by degrees of ihofe 
 llrong pods, which compofe the frontiers of Mifnia, they 
 continually flreightened the quarters of prince Henry. That 
 prince was flrongly encamped at Dippoifwalde, with about 
 20,000 men, in order to cover Drefdf^n, and command the 
 courfe of the Elbe. Thus circuniftanctdv the King could 
 not find his account in remaining long in Bohemia, where 
 it was inipoflible (0 effc£t any thing dccifive. Every thing 
 depended upo: fui being able to drive the Ruffians out of 
 his icrritories, ^^'il j with a mighty force ruined every place 
 they arrived at, and fecmed not only to make war againfl 
 him, but againfl human nature itfelf. 
 
 M. Daun was foon apprifed of the King of PrufTia's in- 
 tentions : but he confidered that if he was to purfue the 
 King into Silefia, he mufl encounter with difficulties almoft 
 infuperable j feveral ftrong places flood in his way, and it 
 would proVe cafy for the Prufllan troops left for the defence 
 of that dutchy, to take an advantageous camp under one of 
 thoic places, and thus oblige them to wafte unprofitably the 
 
 time, 
 
 derai 
 
 W^ 
 
175^. 
 
 Saxony, and 
 
 ivia, the war 
 
 i^ho condu^- 
 
 a was obliged 
 
 in a condition 
 
 i'he affairs of 
 
 ' critical fitu- 
 
 d at firft dif- 
 
 i united their 
 
 >Iew Marche 
 
 fiege of Cuf- 
 
 atoppofition, 
 
 h of Berlin. 
 
 xe at Frank- 
 
 : to obftruft 
 
 Weedel and 
 
 efforts to the 
 
 and a confi- 
 
 k, advanced 
 
 rees of thofe 
 
 Vlifnia, they 
 
 enry. That 
 
 with about 
 
 jmmand the 
 
 King could 
 
 mia, where 
 
 Every thing 
 
 flians out ot 
 
 every place 
 
 war againd 
 
 PrufTia's in- 
 
 purfue the 
 
 Ities almoft 
 
 ay, and it 
 
 he defence 
 
 dcr one of 
 
 fitably the 
 
 time, 
 
 
 175?. T/bf History of ihe War. 6j 
 
 time, whicii n*ight be employed in the executioii of more 
 judicious projects. Befides that in this manne.- of proceed- 
 ing he could never zGt in concert, nor p-c/e rve '.ny eflfe«'*.Urt! 
 communication tvith the feverai bodies of his '.vAi^i. "To 
 pufh forw;. -d with his whole force direflly to Berlin, could 
 at befl be regarded as a coup de main, which could prove 
 nothing decifive in the campaign, even fuppofing the proje£l 
 ihould fucc^ed ; but it was rather probable that it would 
 not fucceed, as the King of Pruffia might clear his hands of 
 the RuiTians before the army of M. Daun could, for want 
 of fubfiftance arrive in the Lower Lufatia. Ever) confi- 
 deration therefore pointed out the relief of Saxony as the 
 great objtft of tap Auftrian operations. It was an objeft 
 apparently to be compafFed with greater eafe, and if com- 
 pafTed, produ£Uve of more folid advantages than any other. 
 The army of the Empire already fuperior to that of prince 
 Henry could co-operate in the defign, and the recovery of 
 Saxony once effefted, the King of PrufTia would fee himfelf 
 entirely divefled of one of the principal refources he had to 
 rely upon in the war, for money, provifions, and forage ; 
 whilfl his hereditary dominions ftripped of this (Irong bar- 
 rier defencelefs in themfelves, and affaulted on three fides 
 by powerful armies, could fcarce find them employment to 
 the end of the campaign. 
 
 M. Daun having refolved upon his plan of operations fuf- 
 fered the King of Pruflia to continue his march towards the 
 Ruffians, without any moleflation : he contented himfelf 
 with leaving a confiderable body of troops under the Gene- 
 rals Harfch, and de Villi , on the fouthern frontiers of Sile- 
 fia, in order to form fome enterprife on that fide, which 
 might draw the aUentlon and forces of the PrufHans as far 
 as polTible from the great obje£t of his operations. When 
 he had made thefe difpofitions he marched towards Saxony^ 
 through the country of Lufatia, by Zittau, Gorlitz, and 
 Baut/.en. His firft project was bold. He propofed to crofs 
 the Elbe at Meiffen ; by which the communication between 
 Drefden and Leipfic would be cut off at one ftroke. Then 
 he propofed to attack prince Henry in his camp at Scidlitz, 
 whilft the army of the Empire fell upon him in another quar-r 
 ter. Thus the Prince was to be pur between two fires, and 
 his retreat into DrcTden to be rendered imprafticablc; bul 
 upon mature conHdcratio?!, this projcft was laid afide. M. 
 Daun rcfledcd that the fortrcfs of Sonncftein, of which he 
 
 K 2 Mft^^ 
 
1 
 
 1 :■ 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 ■ ' \ i 
 
 i 
 
 d 
 
 i fk ' 1 
 
 ;t'i!-' 1 
 
 ML 
 
 
 5:) ■ 
 
 »,^f :'!l 
 
 fl 
 
 68 STy&tf History of the War. 1758. 
 
 was not yet in pofleiTion, would prove no fmall 
 Sepf. 3. impediment to his defigns. He confidered that 
 (he pofition of prince Henry oppoiite to the army 
 of the Empire was too advantageous, to make an attack upon 
 him adviPe^ble : and unlefs the prince could be induced to 
 attack the Imperialids firft, a point not to be expe£ked iitf 
 his circum dances, he might always find it eafy to throw 
 himfelf into Drefden, and by proper motions to preferve a 
 free commlinication with the King. M. Daun was obliged 
 to renounce his firft design, but he was left at fiill liberty 
 to form and to execute fuch other plans for the relief oif 
 Saxony as his prudence could fuggeft. 
 
 About that time the Imperial court elated with their re* 
 cent fuccefs, began to (hew with what moderation they 
 were likely to behave if it continued and increafed. They 
 entirely threw off all the little appearance of rcfpeft they 
 had hitherto retained for the King of Great Britain, an« 
 feveral others of the mod rcfpe£table princes and perfons 
 of the Empire. They made the abufe of their authority go 
 hand in hand with the fuccefs of their arms. On the 21ft 
 of Auguft a Conclufum of the Aulic council was ifTued againil 
 the King of Great Britain, as Etedor of Hanover, againfl 
 the Landgrave of Hefle-Caflel, againft Prince Ferdinand of 
 Brunfwick, the Count of Lippe Buckebourg, and in general 
 againd all the adherents to the King of PruiTia, threatening 
 them with penalties in dignity, perfon and edate. In con- 
 fequence of this •''icree, letters avocatory were iflued, noti- 
 fying to the fovcreign princes, that if they did not within 
 a limited time difperfe their armies, break off their con- 
 nexion with the King of PruflTia, pay their quota of Roman 
 months, and fend their contingents to the army of execution, 
 they were |o be put under the ban of the Empire. To all 
 other perfons who held any dignity in the Empir*!, orders 
 were given and penalties were threatened fuitable to their 
 condition. They in fhort went all lengths, but that of 
 aftually and formally putting them under the ban, which 
 they ^vould not have failed to do, if their fuccefs had sxn- 
 fwercd its beginnings. So little regard had the court of 
 Vienna to former fervices of the mod intereding nature ; 
 and fo entirely did flie fecm to forget that flic owed to the 
 Mng of Great Britain, not only that power which (he 
 n iv unjulHy and ungratefiillv turned againd him, but ai- 
 med the \Hiy bung qt the hoqfe of Audria. So entirely 
 
 di4 
 
 ;f 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 ■4. 
 
 mial 
 
 for 
 
 Th« 
 
 .**■ 
 
1758- '^^^ History of the War. €g 
 
 did (he forget that this Monarch had expended his trcafures, 
 employed his armies, and even expofed his perfon in her 
 caufe, when it was not only abandoned, but attacked by 
 almoft all the reft of Europe. However, the violent pro- 
 ceedings of the Aulic council, drew no one State or perfon 
 from the Kings of Great Britain and PruflTia ; they rather 
 had a contrary efFe£t, ir roufing the whole Evangelic body 
 to a fenfe of their own danger. Much lefs were they able 
 to ftop the progrefs of the allied arms. 
 
 The King of Pruflia condufied his retreat out of Bohe- 
 mia in admirable order. The Generals Jahnus and I.audohn 
 for feveral days hung upon his rear with two ftrong bodies. 
 They tooK advantageous pofts, fometimes on one fide, fome- 
 times on the other, fometimes together, fometimes fcpa- 
 rately, and threw all poflible impediments in his way. But 
 the vigour of the PrufTians drove them with lofs from every 
 poft. So that by the 6th of Auguft, they were obliged 
 entirely to defift from their purfuit. The King of Pruflia 
 freed from all moleftation, marched with the utmoft diligence 
 by Wifoca, Politz, Landfliut, and arrived on the 20th at 
 Franckfort on the Oder. Here he joined the troops under 
 Count Dohna. The array was now in a condi- 
 tion to aft, and they did not lofe a moment's time Sept. 2 2d. 
 to march againft the enemy. All their vigour and 
 expedition was not more than neccflary. The Rufllans had 
 befieged Cuftrin from the 15th. Though tliefc people 
 fcarccly emerged from baibarifm, had not the moft perfcft 
 fkill in operations of this nature, they fupplied th.it deficien- 
 cy by a ierofity that fcruplcd nothing, by numbers whofc 
 lives they did not regard, and by a moft formidable artillery, 
 which rudely but furioufly managed, only fpread the more 
 general find indifcriminate dcftruttion. In cffeft, they 
 threw fuch a multitude of bombs and red hot balls into that 
 unfortunate city, that in a fhort time it was on fire in every 
 quarter. Of the wretched inhabitants fomc were burned, 
 fome buried in the ruins, feme killed by the balls that fell 
 like hail in the llrccts: the furviving majority fafe neither 
 within nor without their houfcs, abandoned their homes 
 and their fubftancc, and fled, many of them ..imoft naked, 
 out of the fide which was not inverted. Never was beheld 
 a more deplorable fpeOatle; nor was it cafy to fay which 
 tornitd the more wretched appearance, thofe who perilhed, 
 or jhofc v/ho clcapcd, Mean while the Governor, firgi in 
 
 hi> 
 
■h 
 
 I-;. . 
 
 t " 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 m 
 
 
 ua 
 
 
 7© 7'be History of tbe War. 175^. 
 
 his courage and fidelity, did every thing for the defence of 
 the walls and ruins of the place ; but the walls built in the 
 old manner did not promifea fuccefsful defence; the enemy 
 had pofled themfelves in the fuburbs, and in the firing 
 of the town, the principal magazine of the befleged was 
 blown up. 
 
 The protev^or and avenger of his dominions, was now 
 however at hand. On the 23d, the King of Pruflia's whole 
 army pafled the Oder at Gluftebiffel, about twenty Englifh 
 miles to the north-eaft of Cuftrin. The Ruffians on the 
 firft notice of his approach, broke up the fiege of that place, 
 and marched towards the villages of Zwicker and Z<3rn- 
 dorff. It was the King*s intention to wind round the left 
 flank of their army, and to take them in the rear, by which 
 he hoped to throw them into confufion. But in this he 
 found himfelf difappointed. The Ruffian Generals had 
 forefeen his purpofe and made excellent difpofitions. As 
 thp ground did not admit them to extend greatly in length, 
 they threw themfelves into a fquare body compofed of four 
 lines, forming a front almoft equal on every fide, and on 
 every fide furrounded by cannon and chevaux de frize. In 
 this formidable difpofition they waited the attack of the 
 PrufTians. 
 
 It was on the 25th of Augufl that the King of PrufHa, 
 after a march of 56 days, from the midft of Moravia, 
 brought his army in prefencc'of the Ruffians. The King 
 had never been perfonally engaged with that enemy before. 
 His troops had never obtained any advantage over them. 
 The whole fortune of the war depended upon the event of 
 this day. The Prufllans were now in the clofeft fenfc to 
 fight for their country, which was ready to fall under one 
 of the feverefl fcourges with which Providence has chaflifcd 
 a nation. Nothing was wanting which could infpire the 
 foldiers with revenge. Every where the marks of the 
 enemies cruelty were Ncfore their eyes ; the country defo- 
 lated-on every fide, and the villages in flames all round the 
 field of battle. 
 
 At nine o'clock in the morning the battle began by a fire 
 of cannon and mortars which rained on the right wing of 
 the Ruflians without the leaft intcrmiffion for near two 
 hours. Nothing could exceed the havock made by this 
 terrible fire, nor the conilancy with which the Mufcovitc 
 foot, raw and unexperienced, fuflaincd a (laughter that 
 
 , would 
 
1758. 
 
 the defence of 
 ills built in the 
 ice; the enemy 
 1 in the firing 
 e befieged was 
 
 ons, was now 
 Pruflia's whole 
 twenty Englifh 
 uflians on the 
 e of that place, 
 ker and Zorn- 
 
 round the left 
 rear, by which 
 
 But in this he 
 
 Generals had 
 fpofitions. As 
 eatly in length, 
 mpofed of four 
 Y fide, and on 
 X de frize. In 
 
 attack of the 
 
 ing of Prufiia, 
 
 t of Moravia, 
 
 s. The King 
 
 enemy before. 
 
 50 over them. 
 
 the event of 
 
 left fenfc to 
 
 all under one 
 
 has chaftifed 
 
 \ infpire the 
 
 marks of the 
 
 country defo- 
 
 all round the 
 
 egan by a fire 
 right wing of 
 or near two 
 ade by this 
 le Mufcovite 
 lughter that 
 would 
 
 i«758, The History of the War. 71 
 
 would have confounded and difperfed the compleated vete- 
 rans. They fell in their ranks ; new regiments ftill prefTed 
 forward to fill their places, and to fupply new flaughter. 
 When the firft line had fired away all their charges, they 
 rulhed forward on the Prufllans. That firm body of the 
 Pruflian infantry which had often (lood, and often given fo 
 many terrible (hocks, by one of thofe unaccountable move- 
 ments of the human mind, that render every thing in war 
 fo precarious, gave way in the prefence of their Sovereign, 
 and when they had in a manner fecured the victory, retired 
 in difordei' before the half broken battalions of the Mufco- 
 vites. Had the Rufliao officers known how to profit of this 
 diforder ; had they immediately thrown in their horfe with 
 vigour to compleat it, and entirely break that body ; this 
 had probably been the laft day of the Pruffian greatnefs. 
 The King was not fo negligent. For juft in this anxious 
 moment, whilft the battle was yet in fufpenfe, by a very 
 rapid and mafterly motion, he brought all the cavalry of his 
 right to the centre, with which General Sedlitz at their 
 head, burfting in upon the Ruflian foot, uncovered by their 
 horfe, and difordered even by their advantage, they pu(hed 
 them back, with a moft miferable flaughter. The repulfcd 
 battalions of Pruflia had time to recollect, and to form 
 themfelves ; and now returning to the onfet with a rage 
 exafperated by their late dilgrace, they entirely turned the 
 ballancc of the fight. The RuiTians were thrown into the 
 moft horrid confufion. The wind blew the duft and fmoke 
 full in their faces. They no longer diftinguiflied friends or 
 enemies. They fired upon each other. In this diftradion 
 they plundered their own baggage which ftood between the 
 lines, and intoxicated themfelves with brandy. Orders 
 were now no more heard or obeyed. The ranks fell in 
 upon one another; and being crammed to5ether in a narrow 
 fpace, every Ihot difcharged by the Prufllans had its full 
 effe6t ; whilft the Rufllans kept up only a fcattered fire, 
 without dire^ion or effe£t, and quite over the heads of their 
 enemies. It was now no longer battle, but a horrid and 
 undiftinguifhed carnage. Yet ftill, (which is a wonderful 
 circumftance) the Rullians thus diftraded and flaughtcred, 
 kept their ground. The adion continued without inter- 
 n^-'fllon from nine in the morning until fevcn at night. At 
 laft the night itfclf, the fatigue of the PBuiHans, and a judi- 
 cious attack on their right wing, which drew their attention 
 
 on 
 
72 
 
 The History of the War. 
 
 1758- 
 
 1758 
 
 on that fide, gave the Ruffian arni^ fome refpite to recover 
 their order, and an opportunity of retiring a little from the 
 fcene of their difafter. On their fide near 10,000 fell upon 
 the fpot; they had more than 10,000 wounded, mod of them 
 mortally ; 939 officers, not including the inferior, were 
 killed, wounded, and taken prifoners ; of two particular re- 
 giments confiding before the battle of 4595 effeftive men, 
 only 1475 were left; their whole lofs on this bloody day 
 was 21,529 men. That of the Pruffians in every way did 
 not amount to 2000. 
 
 The Gazettes of both parties warmly difpuced the vain 
 honour of the field of battle. On the moll diligent en- 
 quiry, it appears that both parties fpent the night on or very 
 near the place of a£tion. But this is an affair of little con- 
 fequence. The Prufllans had all the fruits, and mod of the 
 proofs of a viftory the mod complete and decifive. A vad 
 train of artillery taken, the military ched, a number of 
 prifoners, many of them officers of high rank ; the retreat 
 of the Ruffian army, the next and the following days ; their 
 General Fermor*s requed for leave to bury the dead ; their 
 incapacity 10 advance or form any new enterprize; the King 
 of Pruffia's unmoleded operations againd his other enemies ; 
 all thefe form the mod clear and certain demondration of a 
 victory in all the points, for which a vidory is defirable. 
 
 Nothing lefs indeed, than a very compkat viflory could 
 have done any eflential fervice to the King^s aflEairs at that 
 time, when four armies of his enemies were making their 
 way to one common centre, and threatened to unite in the 
 heart of Brandenburg. The King renewed the attack on 
 the Ruffians the next morning. The event of tRc lad day 
 had dievved them, that there was no way of fafety but in a 
 retreat, and m effeft they retreated before the PrufTans a'^ 
 far as Landfperg on the frontiers of Poland. The King ot 
 Pruffia was convinced that their late check mud wholly dll- 
 ablc them from attempting any thing material againd his 
 dominions on that fide; and he faw clearly that whatever 
 he might hope to gain by improving his advantage againd 
 the Ruffians, he mud lofe far more by allowing his other 
 enemies to mak^ « progrefh on the fide of Saxony. He 
 fatisfird himfclf therefore, with leaving a fmall body of 
 trtsops undei Count Dohna, to obfcrve the motions of the 
 ^Mufcovite army ; And marched witbithl;^reated^art of his 
 
 © m f<Ste;!» 
 
 
 vS 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 % 
 
 jSS 
 
1758- 
 
 e to recover 
 tie from the 
 
 00 fell upon 
 iioft ofthem 
 erior, were 
 articular re- 
 Fcftive men, 
 
 1 bloody day 
 ery way did 
 
 ted the vain 
 diligent en- 
 t on or very 
 >f little con- 
 moft of the 
 ve. A vail 
 number of 
 the retreat 
 days ; their 
 dead ; their 
 i-y the King 
 er enemies; 
 [iration of a 
 irable. 
 ory could 
 rs at that 
 aking their 
 ite in the 
 attack on 
 e laft day 
 y but in a 
 rufTans a-^ 
 le King ot 
 w^holly dil- 
 jainft his 
 whatever 
 ge againil 
 his other 
 ony. He 
 body of 
 ns of the 
 )art of his 
 fd^» 
 
 iy^8. The History of th War. 73 
 
 forces and the utmoft expedition to the relief of prince 
 Henry. 
 
 M. Daun having laid afide his firft proje£t for pafling the 
 Elbe at MeifTen, enterprifed nothing new on the fide of 
 Saxony for fome days ; he contented himfelf with taking a 
 pofition at Stolpen to the Eaftward of the Elbe, by which, 
 whilft he preferved to himfelf an eafy communication with 
 the army of the Empire, he interrupted the communica- 
 tion between Bautzen and Drefden ; he favoured the opera- 
 tions of General Laudohn, who had advanced through the 
 Lower Lufatia to the confines of Brandenburgh ; and by 
 drawing the attention of the Pruflian forces which were 
 left in Silefia to the northward of that dutchy, he facilitated 
 the progrefs of the Generals Harach and de Ville in the 
 fouthern parts. Admirable difpofitions without queftion, 
 if the time had not called for more vigorous meafures, and 
 if the refcue of Saxony from the King of Pruflia had not 
 been the great obje6t of the campaign ! It is not impoflible 
 that the court of Vienna had ftill fuch an hankering after 
 Silefia, as induced them to flacken their efforts on the fide 
 of Saxony, in hopes, that if M. Daun could protrafk the 
 operations there, fo as to find full employment for the King 
 of Pruflia, their other forces might reduce Silefia with great 
 facility ; and thus perhaps by aiming at two fuch difficult 
 objefts at once, as it generally happens, they loft them both. 
 Upon any other fuppofition, it is not very eafy to account 
 for the feeming inactivity of M. Daun, whilft he had fo 
 fair a game in his hands. However advantageoufly prince 
 Henry might have chofen his port, or however ftrongly he 
 might have fecured it, yet, the prodigious fuperiority of the 
 combined armies feems to have more than over-balanced 
 that advantage, and to have juftified, nay, to have demand- 
 ed fome bold and dccifive attempt. 
 
 In fa6t, this appeared at length to be the- Marfhal's own 
 opinion. For when the ftrong fortrefs of Sonneftein moft 
 unaccauntably furrendered, with a girrifon of 1400 men, to 
 the Auftrian General Mac-Guirc after the refift- * 
 ance of no more than a fingl' day ; M. Daun pro- Sept. <• 
 pofed that the prince of Deux-Ponts ftiould attack 
 Prince Henry, whilft the grand army of the Auftrians laying 
 bridges between two fires, at a fmall diftance from each 
 ether, ftiould pals the Elbe, and falling at the fame 
 tfnif on the Pruflians, fecond the attack of the Im- Sept. 10. 
 perialillf, at|<l rut off th«r»^frcat of fhtnr encnstes 
 
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74 'J'be liiSTOVi\ of the War. 1758. 
 
 towards Drefden. This was to bring matters to a fpeedy 
 decifion. But now the King of Pruflia by the mod rapid 
 marches had reached the frontiers of Saxony. The whole 
 defign was difconctrted ; and far from being able to diflodge 
 prince Henry, they found themfelves utterly unable to pre- 
 vent the King his brother from joining him, with 
 Sept. II. his whole army. On his approach General 
 Laudohn abandoned his advantages in the Lower 
 Lufatia, and fell back upon M. Daun ; who himfetf retired 
 from the neighbourhood of Drefden and fell back as far as 
 Zittau. The army of the Empire poHefled of the ftrong 
 port of Pirna, which the Saxons had occupied in the begin- 
 ning of the war, kept their ground ; but did not undertake 
 any thing. Thus in fifteen days the King of Pruflia, by 
 his unparallelled fpirit, diligence, and magnanimity, fought, 
 and defeated a fuperior body of his enemies, in one extre- 
 mity of his dominions, and baffled without fighting another 
 fuperior body in the other extremity. ,..,■■. 
 
 Thefe advantages, glorious as they were, were not the 
 only ones which followed the victory at Zorndorf. The 
 Swedes who dire£led their motions by thofe of their Ruffian 
 aUies, haflened their operations when ^hat army had ad • 
 vanced into Brandenburgh. General Wedel was detached 
 from Saxony, to flop their progrefs ; and the prince of Se- 
 vern, now Governor of Stettin, gave them fome oppofition. 
 All this, however, had proved inefFe&ual, if the news of 
 the defeat of the Ruffians had not alarmed the Swedes in 
 fuch R manner, as to make them return with more expedi- 
 tion ihan they had advanced. Tho' the King of Pruffia's 
 affairs began to put on a better appearance by thefe efforts, 
 the fortune of the war flill hung in a very dubious fcale. 
 The enemy was flill fuperior. 1 he Swedes and Ruffians 
 had flill fome footing in his dominions. The Auflrians and 
 Imperialifls were yet in Saxony ; and if the King's armies 
 had it in their power to take urong fituations ; the enemy 
 had the fame advantages. The condition of things was ex- 
 tremely critical, and the leafl error or misfortune threatened 
 ilill to plunge the King of Pruffia into an abyfs of cala- 
 mities. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
ns^' 
 
 'The History of the War. 
 
 75 
 
 :.._-». 
 
 ■>"' '^Q " 
 
 CHAP. XII. 
 
 General Oberg defeated at Laniverenbagen. King ef Pruffta 
 furprifed at Hocbkircben. M. Keith and Prince Francis of 
 Brunfwick killed. Affair at Gorlitz. King of Pruffta 
 r ircbes into Silefia. M. Daun invejls Drefden. Tbe 
 fuburbs burned. King of Pruffia raifes tbe ftege of Neifs 
 and Cofel. He returnf into Saxony. Tbe Aujlrians re^ 
 tire into Bohemia. Difpojitions for tbe winter. 
 
 TH E operations of the armies in Weftphalia, feemed 
 for a long time to languiih. The grand army of the 
 French under M. de Contades, was wholly unable to drive 
 prince Ferdinand from the ports which he had chofen fo ju- 
 dicioufly along the Lippe. The other divifion of the French 
 forces under the Prince de Soubife, had made no great pro- 
 grefs on the fide of Heffe-Caffel, againft the prince Ifcnburg, 
 who flill kept his ground in that principality, in order to 
 proteft the courfe of the Wefer, and to cover the elcfto- 
 rate. The French were fenfible that an attack on the prin- 
 cipal army of the allies, would prove a very dangerous at- 
 tempt, in which even if they ihould h^ve forae fuccefs* 
 their progrefs into the King's cleftoral dominions muft be 
 very flow and difficult. But as the body of the allies cm- 
 ployed in Hefle-Caffel was far the weakeft, and as an ad- 
 vantage on that fide promifed them the command of the 
 Wefer, and a better paflage into the heart of the enemies 
 country, they determined to make an attempt there. To 
 further this defign, a confiderable detachment was made 
 from the army of M. de Contades, which increafed the 
 prince of Soubife*s corps to at leaft 30,000 men. Prince 
 Ferdinand, who was fufficiently aware of the enemies plan, 
 had fome time before fent General Oberg with a ftrong 
 reinforcement to join the prince Ifenburg ; but notwith- 
 ftanding this reinforcement, the whole force of the allies in 
 Hefle did not exceed 1 5000. This body was attacked by 
 the French at Lanwerenhagen, and their great 
 fuperiority, efpecially in point of cavalry, obliged Sept. 30. 
 the allies to retire with the lofs of about 1500 
 men. The allies unable to keep the field, had however 
 fome woods in their rear which covered their retreat, and 
 they preferved fo good a countenance as prevented their 
 defeat from becoming tot^l. 
 
 L 2 Great 
 
! 
 
 ' i 
 
 76 The History of the War. ^T5^' 
 
 Great confequences might have been apprehended from 
 this affair. But the vigilance of prince Ferdinand, who had 
 cftablifhed the moft ready communications all along the 
 Lippe, fuffered the viflorious army to reap but little advan- 
 tage from their vi6itory. That accompliihed General ad- 
 vanced with the utmoft expedition tbwards Rheda, and the 
 P. Ifenburg having fallen back upon him, they joined in fuch 
 a manner as perfe£lly to fecure the Wefer, without lofing 
 any thing on the fide of the Rhine. And although thefc 
 necertary motions, in fome fort uncovered the eleftorate, 
 fo as ,jp lay it open to the incurfions of the enemies light 
 troops, who penetrated even to the gates of Hanover ; yet 
 the French were not in a condition to eftabUlh any confi- 
 derable body, or to take any pod of moment in that part. 
 
 During this time, the armies of the King of Pruflla and 
 M. Daun, made no very remarkable movements. The 
 Marfhal kept his advantageous camp at Stolpen, by which 
 he preferved a communication with the army of the Em- 
 pire. The army was fecured by its inacceflible fituation, 
 but it enterprifed nothing of confequence. The King of 
 Pruflia on the other hand, having taken pofleflion of the 
 important port of Bautzen, which lies fo opportunely for 
 commanding at once both Mifnia and Lufatia, extended his 
 right wing to Hochkirchen. By this pofition he preferved a 
 communication with the army of his brother prince Henry, 
 he prote<^ed Brandenburg from the incurfions of the Auf- 
 trians, and at the fame time that he fecured thefe interefl- 
 ing objefts, he was better fituated for throwing fuccours 
 into Silefia, than he could be any where elfe confiftently 
 with his general plan. The two armies kept the moft 
 watchful eye upon each others motions. The principal aim 
 of the King of Pruflla, feemed to have been the preventing 
 M. Daun from communicating with Bohemia. The^reat 
 intention of M. Daun was to cut off the King from Silefia. 
 Things were fo ballanced, that it did not feem pofTible by 
 mere (kill in marches and pofttions to anfwer thefe ends 
 very fully : therefore a battle feemed inevitable. But it 
 feemed too thnt confidering the fitaation of both armies, a 
 battle could not be attempted without extreme danger to 
 the party who fliould begin the attack, 
 fi; M. Daun faw that if any more time was loft without 
 action, the very feafon muft oblige him to evacuate Saxony, 
 and thus give up all the fruits of the campaign. He came 
 
 to 
 
 i 
 
 da 
 of 
 nij 
 th 
 be 
 
1758- 
 
 ^be History of the War. 
 
 77 
 
 to a rcfolution of giving the King of Pruflia battle. But 
 even in the vigour of this refolution, appeared the extreme 
 caution which charafterifes that able General. Having 
 communicated his defign to the prince of Deux-Ponts, and 
 fettled meafures with him, he marched in the dead of a very 
 dark night, in three columns, towards the right of the King 
 of Pruflia's camp. Notwithftanding the darknefs of the 
 night, notwithftanding the neceflary divifion of 
 the Auftrian army, the greatnefs of their num- Ofl:. 14. 
 hers, and the length of way they had to nr.arch, 
 yet fuch was the wife conduft and great good fortune of 
 this defign, that they all arrived at the fame time at the 
 Pruflian camp, none having loft their way, without difco- 
 very, without confufion, and began the attack with the 
 utmoft regularity and refolution at five o'clock in the morn- 
 ing. 
 
 How the King's out-guards were kept fo as to make fuch a 
 furprife pradicable, is hard to fay. It is hard to accufe 
 the vigilance of fo able a commander, or the attention of 
 fo many finiftied officers as ferved under him. To fpeak 
 of treachery is a way of accounting, for misfortunes, more 
 common than reafonable. However it was, the Prufllans 
 had not time to ftrike their tents, when they found the 
 enemy in the midft of the camp, and an impetuous attack 
 already begun. Scarce had the battle began, when a de- 
 feat feemed certain ; not fo much from the confufion of 
 the troops, as the irreparable lofs of two officers in the 
 higheft comm^'nd, rnd of the greateft merit. M. Keith 
 received two niuiquet balls, and fell dead upon the fpot. 
 Prii ce Francis of Brunfwick had his head fhot off* by a 
 cannon ball as he mounted his horfe. The King of Pruffia 
 had then the whole of aff'airs to fuftain alone, at the time 
 when he moft wanted afliftance. But his prefence of mind, 
 his firmnefs, his activity, remedied in fome m^eafure the ef- 
 fects of this unforefeen attack, and the lofles and diforders 
 it had occafioncd ; he was every where prefent, and infpi- 
 red his troops with an ardor like his own. The King or- 
 dered fome detachments from his left, to reinforce his right 
 wing ; but in the moment the orders were received, the 
 left itfclf was furioufly attacked. General Retzow who 
 commanded in that quarter, with difficulty repulfed the 
 Auftrians, and was not able to afford any confiderable affif- 
 
 tance 
 
^^8 The History of ihe War. 1758. 
 
 tance to the right, which was alone obliged to fupport the 
 whole weight of the grand attack. '• 
 
 . The Auftrians in the beginning of the engagement had 
 beaten them out of the village of Hochkirchen ; as the fate 
 of the day depended upon that poft, the hotteft of the dif- 
 pute was tliere. The Pruflians made three bloody and un- 
 fuccefsful attacks on the village ; on the fourth they carried 
 it ; but the Auftrians pouring continually frefti troops upon 
 that fpot, drove them out at length after reiterated efforts, 
 and a prodigious {laughter on all fides. Then the King 
 defpairing of the fortune of that field, ordered a retreat : 
 his troops, which had been fuddenly attacked in a dark 
 night by fuperior numbers, and had run to arma 
 fome half naked, and all in the utmoft confufion, had, 
 notwithftanding, made a moft vigorous refiftance ; and 
 maintained the fight for near five hours. They made their 
 retreat in good order without being purfued, fupported by 
 the good countenance of their cavalry, and the fire of the 
 numerous and well ferved artillery, which was placed in the 
 centre of their camp. They loft in this bloody ad:ion at 
 leaft 7000 men, killed, wounded and prifoners, together 
 with many cannon. The Auftrian account allowed their 
 own lofs in killed and wounded to amount to near 5000. 
 
 The King of Pruffia, in retiring from Hochkirchen, in 
 fa£l: only altered the pofition of his right wing, which fell 
 back as far as Weiflenberg. His left ftill remained at Baut- 
 zen. This pofition was nearly as good as the former. The 
 great lofs, was the lofs of reputation, which always attends 
 a defeat, and the lofs of two great generals which attended 
 this in particular. M. Keith was a Scotchman born. He 
 engaged with his brother the Lord Marftial in the Rebellion 
 of 1 71 5. Being obliged to relinquifh his country on this 
 occafion, he entered into the troops of Spain, and after- 
 wards paiTmg into Ruffia, he obtained a confiderable com- 
 mand, and performed many fignal fervices in their wars 
 with Turky and Sweden ; and ferved them alfo in peace by 
 feveral embafllies. But finding the honours of that country 
 no better than a fplendid fervitude, and not meeting with 
 thofe rewards, which his long and faithful fervices deferved, 
 he left that court for one where merit is better known and 
 better rewarded ; and having been employed fince the be- 
 ginning of the war in a diftinguiftied command in the King 
 
 of 
 
1758. 
 
 lort the 
 
 ent had 
 the fate 
 the dif- 
 and un- 
 carried 
 ps upon 
 efforts, 
 le King 
 retreat : 
 a dark 
 > arms 
 >n, had, 
 :e ; and 
 ide their 
 jrted by 
 e of the 
 :d in the 
 idion at 
 together 
 ed their 
 5000. 
 chen, in 
 hich fell 
 lat Baut- 
 r. The 
 attends 
 ttended 
 n. He 
 ebellion 
 on this 
 id after- 
 le com- 
 ;ir wars 
 ^eace by 
 :ountry 
 fg with 
 iferved, 
 l«vn and 
 the be- 
 ic King 
 of 
 
 1758. *The History of the War. 79 
 
 of Pruffia's armies, he fell at laft in a fervice that was wor- 
 thy of him. 
 
 If the King of Pruflia loft fome reputation in fuffering 
 himfelf to be furprifed in this affair ; he fully rei. ieved it 
 by his extraordinary conduct in the courfe of the adion, and 
 his admirable efforts after it. On the whole, perhaps, 
 when all circumftances are confidered, the King of Pruflia 
 will appear greater in this defeat, than in any victory he 
 ever yet obtained. The wing of his army that was attack- 
 ed, was furprifed at a diftance from him, the two Generals 
 that commanded it flain in the Hrft onfet, his other princi- 
 pal Generals wounded, the whole wing in confufion with- 
 out a leader ; to come, in thefe defperate circumfliances, in 
 hafte from another quarter ; to recover all ; twice to re- 
 pulfe the enemy, and at laft to retire, overborne only by 
 numbers and fatigue, without being purfued, is fuch an 
 inftance of great Generalftiip, as perhaps has never been ex- 
 ceeded. I- 
 
 Whilft thefe things Were doing in Saxony, the Ruffians 
 mftde no farther attempts on the (Ide of Brandenburgh ; 
 they remained in their tamp near Landfperg, until the 2 1 ft 
 of September; when, after feveral feigned motions, made 
 to cover their real defign, they began their retreat towards 
 Pomerania, where th'Cy arrived on the 26th. , 
 
 It was impoffible th&t they fhould keep their ground in 
 that province during the winter, unlefs they could fecure 
 fome fea-port, from whehce they might be fupplied with 
 provifions. The little town Of Colberg was t^ipg opportune 
 for that purpofe, as it is a fea-port on the B^||i}^ and fo 
 meanly fortined, that the redu&ion of it appeared to be as 
 eafy as expedient. On the 3d of Oftober, they formed 
 the fiege of this inconflderable place, with a body of 1 500Q 
 men. But fuch was the braverj^ of Major Heydon the 
 Governor ; and fuch the incapacity of the Rufllans for ope- 
 rations cf this nature, that this little town, defended only 
 by -' rampart, without any outwork, and lined with a very 
 feeble garrifon, held out againft the repeated attacks of the 
 enemy twenty-fix days, and then obliged them to q r^ 
 raife the fiege, without any fuccours whatfoever ' ^' 
 
 from without. This was the laft enterprife of the Ruffians. 
 Their vaft army retired with difgrace, firft from Branden- 
 burgh, and then from Porrerania ; not being able to mafter 
 one place of ftrength in either country ; but having de- 
 ft roycd 
 
8o ^he History of the War. 1758. 
 
 ftroyed with the mod faviige barbarity both the open 
 towns and defencelefs villages ; leaving as ftrong imprefll- 
 ons of contempt for their incapacity, as of horror for their 
 cruelty. 
 
 After the defeat which the King received at Hochkirchen, 
 he omitted no meafures to prevent the enemy from making 
 any material advantage of it. He perceived clearly, that 
 the advantage they propofed to derive from it, was to cover 
 the operations of their armies in Silefia ; and that they had 
 no longer any ferious defign u^/on Saxony during this 
 campaign. The King therefore, made no fcruple to rein- 
 force his army by confiderable detachments from that of 
 prince Henry, which were brought up by that prince him- 
 felf. And ?s he faw that Neifs, the fiege of which had been 
 already formed and profecuted with great vigour, muft cer- 
 tainly furrender if it were not fpeedily fuccoured, he refolv- 
 cd to march into Silefia. 
 
 To the execution of this defign, the greateft difficulties 
 darted up on all fides. The army of M. Daun, lately vic- 
 torious, had no other bufinefs than to intercept him. To 
 fight was dubious ; to avoid it hard. If he could even 
 avoid a battle, he had much to apprehend from the efforts 
 cf the enemy to harafs him on his march. If he ihould be 
 fo happy as to efcape or to conquer thefe difficulties, yet his 
 march entirely uncovered Saxony, and abandoned that moft 
 interefting pofleffion, very poorly defended, to all the force 
 two powerful arniies. 
 
 On the other hand, if the confideration of Saxony fhould 
 detain him in his prefent fituation,Sikfia ran the fame rifqoe, 
 and the fame or greater difadvantages muft enfue to his af- 
 fairs, by fufFering the Anftrians to obtain a footing there. 
 This dilemma, which would have rendered a meaner geni- 
 us entirely inaftive, and hindered him from taking any refo-^ 
 lution, only obliged the King of Pruflla to take his refoluti- 
 on with the greater fpeed, and to execute it with the great- 
 er vigour. 
 
 Oa the 24th of November at night, he quitted his camp 
 at Dobrefchut?., and making a great compafs, he arrived, 
 without any obftruftion from the enemy, in the plain of 
 Gorlitz. A body of the Auftrians hid in vain endeavoured 
 fo fecure this port before him ; thofe that arrived were de- 
 feated, with the lofs of 800 men. By this happy march, 
 all the advantages of M. Daun's ftudied pofition, of all the 
 <. .' - fruits 
 
1 
 
 1^58. 'rbe History of the War. 8i ' 
 
 fruits his boafted viftory at Hochkirchen, were loft in a mo- 
 ment, and an open paflage to Silefia lay before the King. 
 He purfued his march with the greateft diligence. General 
 Laudohn, with 24,000 men, was fent to purfue him. That 
 aftive General continually jiarafTed his rear guard ; but the 
 King continued his march without interruption, and fufFer- 
 cd him to take many little advantages, rather than by de- 
 laying to conteft fmall matters, to endanger ■^ defign, which 
 might be decifive of the whole campaign. 
 
 On the other hand, Daun, not content with the obfta- 
 cles which General Laudohn threw in the King's way, fent 
 a large body of horfe and foot by another route to reinforce 
 the army which under the Generals Harfch and De Ville had 
 formed thfe fiege of Neifs, and the blockade of Cofel. But 
 he perceived that all thefe meafures '/ould probably prove 
 inefFeftual, as his principal proje£i .vhich was to cover 
 Silefia, had been defeated. He therefore turned his views 
 towards Saxony, and Satisfying hinsifelf with detaching Ge- 
 neral Laudohn, which might create an opinion that the 
 whole Auftrian army purfued, he followed the King no far- 
 ther than Gorlitz ; which place he immediately quitted, 
 and having by forced marches gained the Elbe, he 
 pafled that river at Pirna, and advanced towards Nov. 6. 
 Drefden. At the fame time the army of the Em- 
 pire, by its motions having obliged the Prufllan army then 
 extremely weakened by the detachments that had beer\ 
 drawn from it, to retire from its poft before Drefden, feme 
 miles to the weftward of that city, cut off their communica- 
 tion with Leipfic, whilft M. Daun attempted to cut off their 
 communication with Drefden ; but they found means to 
 throw th^mfelves into that city, and afterwards to retire 
 to the clher fide of the Elbe. The Auftrians and Imperial- 
 ids began at once to inveft thofe two important places ; 
 another party advanced towards Torgau, and attempted 
 that town. It feemed utterly impoffible to prevent the 
 Auftrians from becoming mafters of Saxony, who in a man- 
 ner covered the whole country with their forces. 
 
 In the mean time, the King of Pruflla drew nearer and 
 nearer to Neifs. The fiege of that fortrefs was commenced 
 on the 4th of Au^iiuft ; on the 3d of Oftober it was com- 
 pletely inverted ; ai;d the place was pufliyed on one fide with 
 the greateft vigour, and on the other maintained with the 
 moft confummate (kill and bravery, until the approach of 
 
 M , the 
 
82 
 
 The History of the War. 
 
 175^- 
 
 ,jf*i 
 
 
 
 the King of Pruflia obliged the Auftrians, on the id of No- 
 vember, to raife the fiege, leaving a confiderable quantity 
 of military (lores behind them. The fame terror obliged 
 the parties employed in the blockade of Cofel, to leave 
 that place at liberty, ai;d to fall hack, together with the 
 armies of the Generals Harfch and Dc Ville, into Bohemia, 
 and the Auilrian Silefia. 
 
 The King of Pruflia, when he had thus by the report of 
 
 his march, without fighting, driven his enemies 
 Nov. 9. out of Silefia, loft not a moment to return by the 
 
 fame route, and with the fame expedition to the 
 relief of Saxony. Two bodies of his troops had moved for 
 the fame purpofe out of Pomerania, one under Count Doh- 
 na, and one under General Wede!. The corps under We- 
 del had thrown itfelf into Torgau, repulfed the Auftrians, 
 who had attempted that place, and purfued them as far as 
 Eulenburg. The grand operation of the Auftrians was 
 againft Drefden. M. Daun, with an army of 60,000 men, 
 came before that city, on the very day on which the King 
 of Pruflia began his march to cppofe him, fo that he might 
 well imagine his fuccefs certain againft a place meanly for- 
 tified, and defended only by 1 2,000 men. The fame day 
 he began to cannonade it, and his light troops, fupported 
 by the grenadiers of the army, made a fliarp attack upon 
 the fuburbs. The Governor, Count Schmettau, faw that 
 from the weaknefs of the fuburbs it would prove impoffible 
 for him to prevent the enemy from poflefllng themfelves of 
 them by a coup de main, and if they fucceeded in this at- 
 tempt the great heighth of the houfes, being fixer feven 
 ftories, and entirely commanding the ramparts, would ren- 
 der the reduftlon of the body of the place equally eafy and 
 certain. Thefe confiderations determined him to fet thefc 
 fuburbs on fire. 
 
 It is well known that the fuburbs of Drefden compofe 
 one of the fineft towns in Europe, and are greatly fuperior 
 to that which lies within the walls. Here the moft wealthy 
 part of the inhabitants refide, and here are carried on thofe 
 feveral curious manufa£lures for which Drefden is fo fa- 
 mous. Count Daun forefaw this confequence of his at- 
 tempt. He endeavoured to intimidate the Governor from 
 this meafure, to which he knew the cruel reafon of war 
 would natural!) lead him, by threatening to make him per- 
 fonally anfwerable for the fteps he fliould take j but Count 
 #• — ■'- Sehmettau 
 
 k 
 
•I 
 
 1758, ^he History of the War. 83 
 
 Schmet! u anfwered with the firmnefs that became a man 
 of honour and a foldier, that he would anfwer whatever he 
 fliould do, and would not only burn the fuburbs, in cafe 
 M. Daun advanced, but would likcwife defend the city it- 
 felf ftreet by ftreet, and at lafl: even the caftle, which was 
 the royal refidence, if he fliould be driven to it. When 
 the magiftrates were apprifed of this refolution, they fell at 
 the feet of Count Schmettau, and implored him to change 
 his mind, and to have mercy on that devoted part of their 
 city. The part of the royal family, who remained in Dref- 
 den, joined their fupplications to thofe of the magiftrates ; 
 they prayed him to fpare that laft refuge of diftrefled royaU 
 ty, and to allow at leaft a fecure refidence to thofe, who 
 had been deprived of every thing elfe. All entreaties were 
 vain. Schmettau continued firm in his refolution. He 
 told them that their fafety depended on themfelves, and on 
 M.Daun \ that if he made no attempts, the fuburbs Ihould 
 be ftill fecure i but that if he took any farther fteps, the 
 ncceflity of his matter's fervice, and his own honour, would 
 compel him to aft very difagreeable to the lenity of his dif- 
 pofition. The magiftrates retired in defpa^r. CDmbuftibies 
 were laid in all the houfes. 
 
 At three o'clock next morning, the fignal for Nov. 10. 
 firing the fuburbs was given, and in a moment 
 a place fo lately the feat of eafe and luxury, flouriftiing in 
 traffick, in pleafures, and ingenious arts, was all in flames. 
 A calamity fo dreadful needs no high colouring. However, 
 as little mifchief attended fuch a combuftion, as the nature 
 of the thing could admit. Very few loft their lives ; but 
 many their whole fubftance. When this was done, the 
 PruiTian troops abandoned the flaming fuburbs, and retired 
 in good order into the city. 
 
 M. Daun faw this fire, which, whilft it laid wafte the 
 capital of his ally, made it more difficult for him to force 
 it, he fent in fome empty threats to the Governor. But 
 the Saxon minifter at Ratift)on, made grievous complaints 
 to the Diet^of what he reprefented .s the moft unparalleled 
 a£t of wanton and unprovoked cruelty, that had ever been 
 committed. Th\e emiflaries of the court of Vienna fpreac 
 the fame complaints ; and ihey made no fcruplc to invent, 
 ^nd to alter fafts in fuch a manner as to move the greateft 
 pity towards the fufferers, and the greateft indignation 
 againft the King of Pruifia. All thcfe* however, were in 
 
 -^ M ?, a .Oiort 
 
^' -, 
 
 n 
 
 The History of the War. 
 
 1758- 
 
 a Ihort time abundantly confuted, by the authentick certi- 
 ficates of the magiftrates of Drefden, and of thofe officers 
 of the court, who were perfe6tly acquainted with the tranf- 
 aftion. By thefe certificates it appears, that only 250 
 houfes were confumed. Though this was a terrible cala- 
 mity, it was nothing to the accounts given in the gazettes of 
 the Auftrian fadion. By thefe certificates it appears alfo, 
 that the people were not furprifed, but had fufficient notice 
 of the Governor's intentions, to enable them to provide 
 for their fafety. In a word, all the charges of cruelty 
 againfl the Pruflian commander, and foldiery were fully ^ 
 overthrown. 
 
 ^i.This fire made a coup de w^/'/i imprafticablc ; regular 
 operations demanded time, and the King of Pruflla wa» 
 now in full march towards Saxony. M. Daun retired from 
 before the place on the 1 7th. The King, after crofling .. 
 Lufatia, pafling the Elbe, and joining his troops under 
 Count Dohna and General Wedel, arrived triumphantly at 
 Drefden on the 20th. The armies of M. Daun and the 
 Empire gave way towards Bohemia, into which kingdom 
 they foon after finally retreated, without enterprifing any 
 thing further. Six fieges were raifed almoft at the fame 
 time; that of Colberg, carried on by General Palmbach, 
 under the orders of Marfhal Fermor ; that of Neifs, by 
 M. de Harfch ; that of Cofel ; that of Drefden by M. 
 Daun ; the blockade of Torgau by M. Haddick ; and that 
 of Leipfick by the prince of Deux-Ponts, 
 f 1 About the time that the Auflrians retired into winter 
 quarters, the French did the fame ; and the Hanoverians 
 permitted them to do it without moleftation, the feafon be-r 
 ing too far advanced, and their army perhaps not of fuffi- 
 cient ftrength for offenfive operations ; and prince Ferdi- 
 nand kept the field no longer. The Britifh troops had no 
 occafion of fignalizing their bravery this year ; but without 
 a battle the nation fuffered a confiderable lofs, and was 
 touched with a very deep and general forrow. The Duke 
 of Marlborough died in Munfter, the 20th of Odober, of 
 a fever, contra 6ted by the fatigues of the campaign. Mever 
 did the nation lofe in one man, a temper more candid and 
 benevolent, manners more amiable and open, a more pri- 
 mitive integrity, a more exalted generofity, a more warm 
 and feeling heart. He left ail the enjoyments, which an 
 ample fortune and an high rank could bellow in the publick 
 
 eye \ 
 
1758- 
 
 The History of the War. 
 
 n 
 
 ) 
 
 nto winter 
 
 eye ; and which every milder virtue, every dlfpofition to 
 make and to be made happy, could give in a domeftic life : . 
 he left thefe for the fervice of his country, and died for 
 its defence, as he had hved for its ornament and hap- 
 pinefs. 
 
 If we compare the events of this year with thofe of the 
 laft, we fhall find in the adions of the prefent year, perhaps 
 fomething lefs of that aftonifhing eclat ; fewer batiles ; not 
 fo many nor fo ftriking revolutions of fortune ; but we may 
 difcover upon all fides far greater mairagement, and a more 
 ftudied and refined conduct ; more artful movements, a more 
 judicious choice of ports, more quick and vigorous marches. 
 If in the laft year, the King of Pruflia was the hero of the 
 imagination, he is this year the hero of the judgment ; and 
 we have, I think, reafon to admire him upon jufter princi- 
 ples. Obliged to evacuate Moravia, he throws himfclf in- 
 to Bohemia, and executes a retreat with all the fpirit of an 
 invafion. He marches more than an hundred miles through 
 an enemy's country, followed and harrafled by large armies, 
 who are unable to obtain any advantage over him. Gain- 
 ing at length his own territories, he engages the vafl: army 
 of the Ruffians and defeats it. He is unable to follow his 
 blow, but he difables them from ftriking any againft that 
 part of his dominions, which he is obliged to leave. Whilft 
 he is engaged with the Ruffians on the frontiers of Poland, 
 the Auftrians and Imperialifts enter Saxony. Before they v 
 can do any thing decifive, the King is himfelf fuddenly in 
 Saxony, and by his prefence, at once difconcerts all their 
 projefts. The fcene is again changed, they furprife him 
 in his camp at Hochkirchen, two of his Generals are killed, 
 his army defeated, his camp is taken. They attack Silefia 
 with a formidable army. NotwithftandJng his late defeat ; 
 notwithftanding the great fuperiority of his enemies ; not- 
 withftanding the advantage of their pofts ; he makes an 
 amazing fweep about all their forces, eludes their vigilance^ 
 renders their pofitions unprofitable ; and marching with 
 an aftonifhing rapidity into the remoteft parts of Silefia, 
 obliges the Auftrian armies to retire with precipitation out 
 of that province. Then he flies to the relief of Saxony, 
 which his enemies had again profited of his abfencc to in- 
 vade i and again by the fame rapid and well conduced 
 march, he obliges them to abandon their prize. Defeated 
 by the Auftrians he acquired by his condud all the advan- 
 tages 
 
86 
 
 I'he History nf the War. 
 
 1758. 
 
 tages of the nioft compleat vidory. He guarded all his pof, 
 fefllons in fuch a manner, as to enable them all to endure 
 his abfencc fo! fon\e (hort time ; and he conduced his 
 marches with fuch fpirit, as did not make it neceflary to 
 them to hold out aiiy lonp;er ; he made twice the circuit of 
 his dominions, and i:i their turn he nlieved them all. 
 
 T\'or was the conda£t of Prince Ferdinand of Brunfwick 
 Icfs worthy of admiration. Placed at the head of a body 
 of troops, who were but lately obliged to lay down their 
 arms, he found the enemy in poffeflion of the whole open 
 coun ry, and of all the ftrong places in it. Commencing 
 the campaign in the midft of a fevere winter, without any 
 place of ftrength in his hands, he drove the enemy from alf 
 thofc they held. He obliged them torepafs the Rhine, he 
 followed and defeated them in a pitched battle. Being af- 
 terwards obliged by the great force of France on its own 
 frontier, .ind the numerous armies they had in diflferent pla- 
 ces, to repafs the Rhine ; he defended Lippe againft num- 
 bers greatly fuperior, and though they defeated a part of his 
 army, they were not able t6 turn their viftory to the Icaft 
 advantage. Prince Ferdinand's campaign may well pafs for 
 a perfeft model of defenfive operations. 
 
 The Aultrlans, in taking winter quarters, difpofed their 
 forces fo as to form a chain of an ama/-ing length, from the 
 frontiers of Moravia pafTmg through Bohemia, all along 
 the (kiris of Silefia and the borders of Saxony. There the 
 Imperial army joined this chain, and continued it through 
 Thuringia and Franconia, where it was united to the quar- 
 ters of the Prince dc Soubifc. Thofe troops had fallen back 
 from Hcfl'e Calfcl, finding thcmfelves unable to maintain 
 tlicir ground in the landgraviate. The Prince de Soubife's 
 cantonments extended wellward ^liong the courfe of the 
 jMaine and Lahn, to meet thofe of the M. de Contades 
 wiiich (Irelchcd to thr Rhine, and continued the chain be- 
 yond it quite to the Maefe, fo as to command the whole 
 courle of the Rhine, on both fides, both upward and down- 
 ward. Prince Ferdinand was unable to extend himfclf to 
 fuch A length ; and cfpecially found it impra(!?licablc to cfta- 
 blitli quarters on the other fide of the Rhine; but he dif-' 
 poled his troops in the mofl .advantageous manner in the 
 hifijoprics of MiinlK:r, Piidcrborn, and Hildeflieim, and 
 in the landt^raviate of Ilcflo Caflcl. Ti e fcveral bodies 
 may all unite withcaic, and fupport each otiicr. To pre- 
 fer vc 
 
laintain 
 )ubife*s 
 
 of the 
 mtades 
 lain be- 
 
 whole 
 
 down- 
 kifclf to 
 lo cfta- 
 Ihc uif" 
 
 in the 
 m, and 
 
 bodies 
 fo prc- 
 tervc 
 
 1758. The HiSTORV of the War. g? 
 
 lerve a communication between this and the Prufllan army, 
 as well as to break fome part of that formidable chain of the 
 enemy, the King fent fome bodies of his troops into Thu- 
 ringia, who difpoffeffed the army of the Empire of feveral 
 of their ports there, and they now threaten to penetrate ftiil 
 farcher. 
 
 The King of Pniflia when he had a fecond time driven 
 the Auftrians and Imperialifts out of Saxony, refolved to 
 keep no meafures with that unhappy country. He declared 
 that he was refolved no longer to confider it as a depofit, 
 but as a country which he had twice fubdued by his arms. 
 He therefore ordered thofe of the King of Poland's privy 
 council, who ftill remained at Drcfden, to retire at a very 
 (hort warning. But if the King of Pruffia had a right, as 
 perhaps he had, to confider Saxony as a lawful conqueft, 
 he certainly feemed not to confider the people as fubje£ls, 
 when he continued toexa^l themoft fevere contributions ; 
 and in a manner too very little becoming a lawful fovereign ; 
 for he furrounded the exchange with foldiers, and coiirt- 
 ning the merchants in narrow lodgings on ftraw beds, lie 
 obliged them by extreme fuflFcring, io dra^w bills on their 
 foreign correfpondents for very large fums. This city had 
 been quite exhaufted by former payments, and had not 
 long before fuffered military execution. An enemy that 
 afted thus, had afted fcverely ; but when a coantry is en- 
 tirely poffcflcd by any power, and claimed as a conque(>, 
 the rights of war feem to ceafe ; and the people have a claim 
 to be governed in fuch a manner as becomes a juH Prince i 
 cfpecially when no extreme neceflity in his affairs comptls 
 him to thefe rigorous courfes. To retaliate on thefc mifc- 
 rable people fome part of the cruelties committed by the 
 Ruflians on his dominions feems to be very unreafonable, 
 as it is but too obvious, that the barbarity of that people 
 could not be reftrained, however it might be exafperatcd 
 by the total deftruQ:ion of Saxony. Sui h retaliations are 
 odious a^nd cruel. We heartily wifh wc could pruiic vhc 
 Kmg of Pruflia as much for his temperate nfe of his con- 
 queft, as for thofe wonderful and heroic qualities by which 
 he obtained it. We might be confidcrcd as partial in louv 
 account, if we had omitted to take notice of what is alltdji- 
 cd aga^nft the King of Pruifia, when we have fpokcn lo 
 fully of the outrages committed by his enemies. It is now 
 time to turn our eyes from this gre.it theatre towards h-iVor 
 
 ' events. 
 
^he History of the War. 
 
 1758. 
 
 1^ 
 
 events, but fuch as will employ us altogether as agreeably ; 
 the operations of the BritiOi fleets and armies in Europe and 
 America againd the French. 
 
 CHAP. XIII. 
 
 ^he hurtling of tbf jbips at St. Mahet. Taking of Cher- 
 burg. Defeat at St, Cat, Operati^m in America. Siege 
 ami taking of l.ouijhourg. Englijb army defeated at Ti- 
 conileroga. Tbey take Frontenac. The French abandon 
 Fort ilu ^i(fne. Conclufton of the annah of the year 1758. 
 
 IN the beginning of this year, the good condition of our 
 navy and our army ; the fpirit and popularity of the 
 miniftry ; the wife choice of commanders, in contempt of 
 vulgar and trivial maxims ; the prevalence of the contrary 
 to all thefe amongd the enemy ; gave us the bed grounded 
 hopes of a vigorous and fucccfsful campaign. Concerning 
 the theatre of our iperations thf're was fome doubt. It 
 was the opinion of ••me, that our pufli in Europe fhould 
 be made on the fictt T Germany ; and that we ought to 
 ftrengthen the army of prince Ferdinand with fuch a re- 
 fpcftable body of troops, as might enable that finiflied com- 
 mander to exert all his talents, and to improve to the utmoll: 
 the advantages he had already obtained over the French. 
 They imagined, that if an early and confiderable reinforce- 
 ment were fent to the prince, whilil the French army was 
 yet in a diftrefled condition, and if in this condition that 
 ihould receive any confiderable blow, they would find it 
 extremely difficult to retrieve it : and receiving this blow, 
 on the frontier of their own territories, the Prince might 
 carry the war into France itfelf; and thus very probably 
 bring matters to a fpeedy decifion. That in purfuing this 
 plan a diverfion on the coaft of France was by no means 
 excluded : and that on the contrary it muft, on this plan, 
 be attended with confequences infinitely more important 
 than it could othcrwifc ; that otherwife, France might 
 laugh at the little dcfultory efforts of an handful of men, 
 who were to be embarked and dif-embarkcd with great dif- 
 ficuity and hu/.iU J, and which would always be obliged to 
 fly at the firll approach of an enemy. That whilft the 
 Prcnch had only an army, greatly inferior in number to en- 
 gage on the fide of Germany, they would always find them- 
 t-^im--^ ■'::■'■ . " fclvi."» 
 

 
 ca. 
 
 )f Cher- 
 
 a. Siege 
 cd at Ti- 
 f abandon 
 ^ar 1758. 
 
 • « * 
 
 on of our 
 
 ity of the 
 intempt of 
 e contrary 
 1: grounded 
 'oncerning 
 doubt. It 
 ope (hould 
 e ought to 
 fuch a rc- 
 iflied com- 
 the utmoll 
 
 ,e French. 
 
 rcinforcc- 
 
 1^58. The History of the War. 89 
 
 felves well able to ad abroad, and defend themfelves at 
 home. 
 
 On the other hand it was ftrongly urged, that we ought 
 to make the dellrudion of the French marine our great 
 object, and to confider all continental operations only in a 
 fecondary light. That by fending a large body of Englifti 
 troops to the King's army on the Rhine, we muft necefla- 
 rily weaken our eflforts in America, and on the coan of 
 France ; and by drawing away all our forces, we muft (hake 
 that internal fccurity, which invigorated all our operations 
 abroad. That whilft we maintained an army of 50,000 
 foreigners in Germany, it would be the greateft imprudence 
 to fend alfo a large body of our own national troops into 
 the fame country, and by that means not only fquandcr 
 away our men, but employ almoft every penny granted for 
 the land fervice, out of Great Britain ; a method which 
 could not fail of exhaufting us in a very (hort time. That 
 the force already in Germany was fufficient to keep the 
 French engaged, and that the propofed expeditions to 
 France would, by attacking the coaft, now in one part, now 
 in another, and keeping all parts in continual alarms, necef- 
 farily detain a very confiderable part of their forces at home, 
 and thus make a powerful diverfion, whilft it was purfuing 
 what ought to be the grand perpetual obje6k of all our 
 operations, the dcftrudtion of the French maritime power. 
 
 The latter opinion prevailed ; but it was however fo far 
 modified by the arguments on the other fide, that after 
 fome time a few regiments were fent into Germany, as we 
 have before related. Thefe and better reafons, no doubt, 
 determined the operations on the coaft of France ; but 
 whilft the neceflary preparations were making, their defti- 
 nation was kept an inviolable fecret ; and now, as they had 
 the year before, infpired France with no little terror. Two 
 fquadrons, by the latter end of May, were in readinefs for 
 failing. The greater under Lord Anfon, the fmaller under 
 Commodore Howe, which was fo defigned to convoy the 
 tranfports, and to favour the landing and re-imbarkment. 
 The land forces confifted of fixteen battalions, and nine troops 
 of light horfe : they were commanded by the late Duke of 
 Marlborough. They failed from Portfmouth ; 
 but as foon as the fleet fet fail, the fquadron of June I. 
 my Lord Anfon feparated from the reft, and bore 
 ofl" to the Bay of Bifcay, in order to fprcad the alarm more 
 
 N widely, 
 
 I 
 
go the History of the War. 1758. 
 
 widely, and to obferve the French fquadron in Breft. The 
 other part of the fleet, which was commanded by Commo- 
 dore Howe, with the tranfports, arrived without any acci- 
 dent in Cancalle Bay, at a fmall diftance fix>m the city of 
 St. Maloes. Here the troops landed without op- 
 5th. pofition, and having fortified a poil near Cancalle^ 
 (a poft by nature well fitted for defence) for the 
 fecurity of their retreat, they marched in two columns to 
 St. Maloes. When the army arrived there it was foon vl* 
 fible, that the town, ftrongly fituated on a peninfula, com- 
 municating with the main land only by a long and narrolv 
 caufeway, was by no means «» proper object of a coup de 
 main ; and though for want of outworks, it was ill qualifi* 
 ed to fudain a regular ficge ; yet our forces were, for wartt 
 of ftrength and artillery fufficient, altogether as ill qualified 
 for fuch an operation. They were therefore contented with 
 fetting fire to about an hundred fail of fhippingi 
 8 th. many of them privateers, which lay under the 
 cannon of the town, and to feveral magaz.ine8 
 filled with naval ftores. The damage was very confidera* 
 ble ; yet, what is to be remarked, the enemy did not fire a 
 fingle ihot on the detachment employed in this fervicc. 
 Having nothing more to do on this fide, they retired to 
 Cancalle ; and reimbarked with as little oppofition 
 1 2th. as they met with at landing ; the land and fea com« 
 manders having made all the difpofitions with 
 great judgment. 
 
 Before the fleet returned, they reconnoitred the town of 
 Granville on the coaft of Normandy ; but finding that a 
 large body of troops were encamped in the neighbourhood, 
 they made no attempt there. From thence they moved to- 
 wards Cherbourg, and made the proper difpofitions for 
 landing near that place } but a hard gale blowing in to the 
 fhore, and the tranfports beginning to fall foul on each 
 other, it became extremely hazardous to attempt landing. 
 Befides, the provifion was near exhaufted, and the foldieri 
 by being fo long cooped up in the tranfports, were grown 
 fickly. It became highly Bcceflfary to return home, and 
 they arrived at St. Helen's on the apth of June. 
 
 The fuccefs of this e^jpedition, by which the French fuf- 
 fered largely, with fcarce any lofs on our fide, though it 
 fufliciently anfwered the intention of the armament, fell 
 fomewhat fliort of the expedations of the public, who 
 
 had 
 
i75«- 
 
 . The 
 )mmo- 
 y acci- 
 city of 
 out op- 
 ancallc^ 
 for the 
 imns to 
 foon Vi- 
 la, com- 
 l narrow 
 coup d& 
 I quaVifi* 
 for -wartt 
 qualified 
 ited with 
 {hipping* 
 mder the 
 nagaxines 
 :onfidera'' 
 not fire a 
 ^s fervicc. 
 retired to 
 oppofition 
 i fea com* 
 ions with 
 
 |e town of 
 ig that a 
 jourhood, 
 Imoved to* 
 Ifitions for 
 in to the 
 ll on each 
 |t landing, 
 le foldiers 
 ifc grown 
 [omci and 
 
 rench fuf- 
 Ithough it 
 blent, fell 
 llic, who 
 had 
 
 1758. 'J'^^ History of the War. 91 
 
 had formed much greater hopes, than it was poflible for 
 the nature of fuch enterprifes to fulfil. However, their 
 hopes were again revived ; by feeing that every thing was 
 prepared for another expedition, and that our armies and 
 fleets were to be kept in conftant afiion during the fummer. 
 The time was now come when we were to turn the tables 
 upon France, and to retaliate by real attacks, the terrors 
 which had been raifed by her menaces of an invafion. The 
 Duke of Marlborough had now taken the command of the 
 Englifli forces in Germany ; and General Bligh fucceeded 
 him in this command. Prince Edward refolved to go upon 
 the expedition, and to form himfelf for the fervice of his 
 country under fo brave and able a commander as Howe. 
 It is eafy to imagine, how much the fpirit, the prefence 
 and example of the gallant young prince, who went with 
 the utmoft chearfulnefs through all the detail of a midihip- 
 man's duty, infpired both the feamen and the troops. 
 
 On the firft of Auguft, the fleet fet fail from St. Helen's. 
 In a few days they came to anchor before Cherbourg. The 
 French had drawn a line ftrengthened by forts, along the 
 moft probable places for landing. They had drawn down 
 three regiments of regular troops, and a confiderable body 
 of militia to the fliorc, and had in all appearance threatened 
 a very refolute oppofition to the defcent of the Englifh 
 forces. But the Commodore difpofed the men of war and 
 bomb ketches fo judicioufly, and made fo fharp a fire upon 
 the enemy, that they never ventured out of their 
 entrenchments ; fo that the landing was efFefled Aug. 6. 
 in excellent order, and with very little lofs. The 
 French who made fo poor an oppofition to the landing, had 
 ftill many advantages from the nature of the ground which 
 they occupied ; but they negle^ed them all ; and abandon- 
 ing by a moft (hameful defpair their forts and lines on the 
 coaft, they fuffered the English to enter Cherbourg the 
 clay after the landing, without throwing the leaft obftacle 
 in their way. It muft be remembered too, that the whole 
 number of the Englifli forces on this expedition was rath< 
 fhort of 6000 men. 
 
 Cherbourg is on the land fide an open town ; neither is 
 it very ftrongly defendcvl towards the fea. The harbour is 
 naturally bad. But the place is well fituated, in the midft 
 of the channel, for protecting the French, and annoying 
 the Englifii commerce in time of war, and perhaps for fa-- 
 
 N 2 cilitating 
 
92 ^he History of the War. 3758. 
 
 cilitating an invafion on England itfelf. Morfieur Belidor 
 the famous engineer, had dem onilrated iis importance, and 
 propofed a plan for the improvement and defence of the 
 harbour, as well as for the fortifications of the to^vn. This 
 plan was approved and partly put in execution by the build- 
 ing of a mole, digging a bafon and making (luices and flood 
 gates with excellent materials and a vaft expence. The 
 work had been for a confiderable time d'fcontinued ; but 
 in this expedition, that work of fo great ingenuity, charge, 
 and labour, was totally deftroyed. Whilft our humanity 
 regrets the unhappy necelTity of war, we cannot help ihink- 
 ing that the Englifli nation was freed by the fuccefs of this 
 expedition, from what might one day be caufe of no trivial 
 alarms. 
 
 When this work of deftruftion was over, all the veffels 
 
 in the harbour burned, and hoflages taken for the contribu- 
 
 ^ tions levied on the town, the forces reimbarked, 
 
 16th. with great fpeed and fafety without any interrup- 
 tion from the enemy, and with the fame expedi- 
 tion, care and conduft, as they had been firft landed ; the 
 army having continued ten days unmolefted in France. 
 
 The nation exulted greatly in this advantage, efpecially 
 as it almoft accompanied the news of our glorious fucceffes 
 in America. Nothing was omitted to give the aftion its 
 utmoft eclat ; the brafs cannon and mortars taken at Cher- 
 bourg, were drawn from Kenfington to the tower, quite 
 through the city, in great pomp and order, adorn- 
 Sept. 16. ed with ftreamers, attended by guards, drums, 
 mufic, and whatever elfe might draw the atten- 
 tion of the vulgar. They who cenfured this procefllon as 
 too oftentatious, did not confider, how forcibly things of 
 this nature ftrike upon ordinary minds, and how greatly 
 they contribute to keep the people in good humour to fup- 
 port the many charges and loflcs that are incident to the 
 moft fuccefsful war. 
 
 The fleet when it left Cherbourg, was driven to the 
 coaft of England ; but the troops were not difembarked ; 
 it was refolved, that the coart of France Ihould have no 
 refpite ; and accordinR;ly they failed towards St. Maloes, 
 and landed in the bay or St. Lunar at a fmall difliance from 
 the town of St. Maloes. This choice of a place for land- 
 ing, mud necelTarily have furprifed all thofe who remem- 
 bered "pon what reafons the attempt againft that place had 
 
 been 
 
 v/»f .M>.^ 
 
1^58- ^^^ History of the War. g^ 
 
 been fo recently laid afide. There was no other objefl of 
 fufficient confideration near it. The town was at leaft in 
 as good a pofture of defence as it had been then • and the 
 force Which was to attack it had fince then been confider- 
 ably leffened. There is undoubtedly fome thing very unac- 
 countable, a& well in the choice as in the whole condufl of 
 this affair. The nerfons in the principal commands, (hifted 
 the blame from one to another. There is nothing more 
 remote from our defign, than to fst up for judges in mat- 
 ters of this nature ; or ungeneroufly to lean on any officer, 
 who meaning well to the fervice of his country, by fome 
 misfortune or miftake fails in fuch hazardous and intricate 
 enterprifes. We fhall be fatisfied with relating the fads as 
 they happened. 
 
 As foon as the troops were landed in the bay of St. 
 Lunar, it became evl lent that the defign againft St. Maloes 
 was utterly imprafticable. Other proje6ls were then pro- 
 posed, but they all Teemed equally liable to objection. Whilft 
 they debated concerning a plan for their operations, the 
 fleet was in the greateft danger. The bay of St. Lunar is 
 extremely rocky ; and the experience of the people of the 
 couiiiry, together with what he faw himfelf, convinced the 
 Commodore that it was impofllble to remain any longer 
 in this road with tolerable fafety. Therefore he moved 
 up to the bay of St. Cas, about three leagues to the 
 weftward. , • 
 
 The fleet was feparated from the land forces ; but it 
 was ftiil eafy to preferve a communication between them ; 
 and as no attack was yet apprehended^ they made no fcru- 
 ple to penetrate farther into the country. In two days they 
 arrived at the village of Matignon, having had feyeral fkir- 
 miflies with fmall bodies of the enemy, who from time to 
 time appeared on their flanks, and who always difappeared 
 when they were brilkly encountered. By this time the 
 Duke d'Aiguillon, Governor of Britanny, was advanced 
 within fix miles of the Englilh army, with a body of 
 twelve battalions and fix fquadrons of regular troops, and 
 two regiments of militia. This determined the council of 
 war to retreat; they wanted but thice miles to the bay 
 
 of St. Cas. But in this little march a confiderable tune 
 was confumed, and the French army was clofe upon them 
 before they could be completely reimbarked. A very jfleep 
 Iiill formed a fort of amphitheatre about the bay of St. 
 
 Cas, 
 
94 ^^e History ef the War. 1758. 
 
 Cas, where the embarkation was making ; but before the 
 laft diviiion, which confifted of all the grenadiers of the 
 army, and the firft regiment of guards, could get ofT, 
 the French had marched down this hill, through an ho'- 
 low way, and formed themfelvcs in a long line againfl: 
 the few Englilh troops that remained. There remained 
 in this exigency only the expedient of affiiming a bold 
 countenance, and attacking them with vigour. The bra- 
 very of our troops on this defperate occafion, was wor- 
 thy of a better fortune. The (hips and frigates ftconded 
 their efforts, and made a fevere fire upon the enen.y. 
 All was to no purpofe ; their ammunition was at laft fpent ; 
 the enemies numbers prevailed ; our little body attempted 
 to retreat, but they fell into confufion, they broke, an hor- 
 rible (laughter followed, many ran into the water and met 
 their fate in that element. The fhoie was covered with 
 dead bodies. General Dury was drowned. Sir John 
 Armitage a young volunteer of great fortune and hop€J, 
 was (hot through the head. Several officers, men of large 
 fortune and confideration fell. At length the firing of the 
 frigates ceafed, and the French immediately gave quarter. 
 About 400 w^ere made prifoners, 600 were killed and 
 wounded. 
 
 In the midft of this carnage, in the miJft of a fire that 
 Haggered the braveft feamen who managed the boats. 
 Commodore Howe exhibited a noble example of intrepid 
 dity and fortitude, by ordering himfelf to be rowed in his 
 own boat through the thickeft of the fire, to encourage all 
 that were engaged in that fervice, and to uring off as many 
 men as his veflel could carry. 
 
 This affair difpirited the people of England, and elated 
 the people of France far more than an affair of fo little 
 confequence ought to have done. It was in faft no more 
 than the cutting off a rear guard. There is often more 
 bloodlhcd in (kirmiflies in Germany, which make no figure 
 in the Ga7,ettcs. And certainly, if our expeditions to the 
 coall: of France were planned with any judgment, on our 
 part we had rather reafon to congratulate ourfelves that 
 we were able to land three times on that coaft, with fo in- 
 confiderable a lofs. The French indeed had reafon to mag- 
 nify this lofs ; and they did greatly magnify it in order to 
 confole their people, who had feen their trade fuher fo 
 much, and their country fo long infulted with impunity. 
 
 Whatever 
 
1758. 
 
 •e the 
 of the 
 5t off, 
 n ho'- 
 igainft 
 nained 
 i bold 
 \e bra- 
 5 wor- 
 conded 
 enen.y. 
 fpent ; 
 empted 
 an hor- 
 ,nd met 
 Btf with 
 r John 
 1 hop? J, 
 of large 
 g of the 
 quarter, 
 led and 
 
 
 
 \ ^y. 
 
 fire that 
 
 boats, 
 
 intrepi- 
 
 d in his 
 
 rage all 
 
 as many 
 
 elated 
 fo little 
 lo more 
 »n more 
 [o figure 
 IS to the 
 
 on our 
 Ives that 
 Ih fo in- 
 I to mag- 
 lorder to 
 juher fo 
 junity. 
 
 Whatever 
 
 %<■ .,~ \y' 
 
 
 Vjx) 
 
Ma^or General AM HE R S T 
 
 land ; 
 near in 
 
T. 
 
 i<758. ^b<: History of the Wa r. 95 
 
 Whatever our fucceffes were on the coaft of France, they 
 did not afFeft us in the fame manner with thofe which we 
 had in America. From this part of the world we had long 
 been ftrangers to any thing, but delays, misfortunes, difap- 
 pointments, and difgraces. But the fpirit which had been 
 roufed at home, diffufed itfelf into ail parts of the world 
 where we had any concern, and invigorated all our opera- 
 tions. 
 
 Admiral Bofcawen with a powerful fleet of men of war 
 and feveral tranfports failed for Halifax from England, Feb. 
 the 19th. He had the chief command in the expedition 
 againft Louifbourg, and in particular the direftion of the 
 naval operations. General Amherft, from whole charafVer 
 great things were expefted, and who juftified thcfe expefta- 
 tions, was to command the land forces. Thefe amounted 
 to about 14000 men, including fome light troops, fitted for 
 the peculiar fervice of the country. The whole fleet con- 
 fifting of 151 fhips, fet fail from the harbour of Halifax." 
 On the fecond of June they appeared before Louifbourg. 
 They were fix days on the coaft before a landing was found 
 practicable; fuch a prodigious lurf fwelled all along the 
 ihore, that no boat could pofllbly live near it. The French 
 not trufting to this obftacle, had drawn entrenchments in 
 every part where it might be poflibk o land, fupported 
 them with batteries in convenient plajes, and lined them 
 with numerous infantry. At length the furf 
 though violent, at beft, was obferved to be fome- June 8. 
 what abated, and the Admiral and General did 
 not lofe a moment to avail themfelves of this opportunity 
 of landing ; they made all their difpofitions for it with the 
 higheft judgment. They ordered the frigates towards the 
 enemies right and left, to rake them on their flanks. Then 
 the troops were difpofed for landing in three divifions. 
 That on the left was commanded by General Wolfe, and 
 was deftined to the re^l attack. The divifions in the centre 
 to the right, were on'y defigned for feigned attacks, to 
 draw the enemies attention to all parts, and to diftra6t their 
 defence. ^ 
 
 When the fire of the frigates continued about a quarter 
 of an hour^, General Wolfe's divifion moved towards the 
 land ; the enemy referved their {hot until the boats were 
 near in fhore, and then directed the whole fire of their 
 cannon and mufquetry upon them. The furf aided their 
 
 w, fire. 
 
 
96 
 
 The History of the War. 1758. 
 
 fire. Many of the boats overfet, many were broken to 
 pieces, the men jumped into the water> fome were killed, 
 iome drowned ; the reft fupported and encouraged in all 
 difficulties, by the example, fpirit, and condud of their 
 truly gallant commander, gained the ftiore, took port, fell 
 upon the enemy with fuch order and refolution, that they 
 foon obliged them to fly in confufion. As foon as this port 
 was made good, the centre moved towards the left, and the 
 right followed the centre, fo that the landing was compleat- 
 ed, though not without much time and trouble, in an ex- 
 cellent order, and with little lofs. 
 
 The operations of a fiege are too minute and interefting 
 to make a detail of them agreeable to readers, who are not 
 converfant in the art military. The operations againft 
 Louifbourg for feveral days went on very flowly, owing en- 
 tirely to the prodigious furf and the rough weather, which 
 made it extremely difficult to land the artillery, ftores, and 
 inftruments to be employed in the fiege ; however, the ex- 
 cellent condu6k of the Generals Amherft and Wolfe, by 
 degrees overcame all the difficulties of the weather, which 
 was extremely unfavourable, the ground which was rugged 
 in fome places and boggy in others, and the refiftance of 
 the garrifon which was confiderable. The French had five 
 men of war of the line in the harbour, who could Ijring all 
 their guns to bear upon the approaches of the Englifh troops. 
 The firft thing done was to fecure a point called the light- 
 houfe battery, from whence they might play upon thele 
 veflels, and on the batteries on the other fide of the harbour. 
 General Wolfe performed this fervice with his ufual vigour 
 
 and celerity, and took poffefTion of this and all the 
 June 12. other poftis in that quarter. His fire from this 
 
 port on the 25th filenced the ifland battery, which 
 was that moft immediately oppofed to his ; but the {hips 
 ftill continued to bear upon him until the 21ft of the follow- 
 ing month, when one of them blew up, and communicating 
 the fire to two others, they alfo were in a (hort time con- 
 fumed to the water edge. This was a lofs not to be repair- 
 ed ; the approaches drew near the covered way, and things 
 were in a good condition for making a lodgment in it ; the 
 enemies fire was confiderably flackened: the town was 
 confumed to the ground in many places, and the works had 
 fuffered much in all. Yet the enemy ftill delaying to fur- 
 render, gave occafion to add one brave adion to the others, 
 
 which 
 
1^5^- The Hi&TOKY of the V^ KK. gy 
 
 which had been difplayed during the courfe of this fiege. 
 The admiral who had all along done every thing pofllble to 
 iiecbnd the efforts of the land forces, notwithftanding the 
 feverity of the weather, refolved on a ftrokc, which by be- 
 ing decifive of the poffeflion of the harbour, might make 
 the reduftion of the town a matter of little difficulty. He 
 refolved to fend in a detachment of 600 feamen in boats, to 
 take or burn the two fhips of the line which remained, and 
 if he fhould fucceed in this, he propofcd the next day to 
 fend in fome of his own great fhips, who might batter the 
 town on the fide of the harbour. This was not more wifely 
 planned by the Admiral, than gallantly and fuccefsfully ex- 
 ecuted by Captain Laforey. In fpite of the fire 
 from the fhips and the batteries, he madehimfelf July. 25. 
 mailer of both thefe fhips ; one he towed off, the 
 other, as fhe ran aground, was fet on fire. 
 
 This ftroke, in fupport of the fpirited advances of the 
 land forces, was conclufive. The town furren- 
 dered the next day. The garrifon were prifoners July a6. 
 of war, and amounted with the irregulars and 
 feamen to 5637. 
 
 The taking of Louifbourg (a) was an event the mofl- 
 
 O i«i5y-M^.sr> jcfired 
 
 (a) Major General Amherft's Journal of the fiege 0/ Loulibourg. 
 
 On the 28th of M«y, I had the good fortune to meet Admiral 
 Bofcanuen with the fleet and the troops coming out of the har- 
 bour of Halifax. Lieut. Gen. Bragg's regiment, fjom thfi bay 
 of Fundy, joined the fleet this day. 
 
 1 he 29th we had fine weather ; the fhips kept well together ; 
 the whole confifted of 157 fail. The i>«^//« went very fickly 
 into Halifax. 
 
 The 30th the wind blew hard in the afternoon ; the fhips were 
 greatly difperfed. 
 
 The 3 m the wind fometimes contrary, obliged us to tack, and 
 it blew frefh. 
 
 The I fl of June Capt. Rous in the Sutherland came from off 
 the harbour of Louijhourg, faid, two fhips had got in the 30th ; 
 that there were 13 fail in the harbour. We faw the entrance of 
 Gaharus at night. 
 
 The 2d it was foggy in the morning ; about twelve i^vf Lpuif- 
 loiirp and the fhipa in. the harbour. The fleet, with about a, third 
 
 
I 
 
 l^ 
 
 ^ I'bc HistoKy of the War. ' " 1758. 
 
 dcfirtd by all our colonies ; that harbour had always been. 
 a receptacle cOfivetiient to the enemies privateers, who in- 
 felled the Englilh trade in North America. It Was the moft 
 
 .... ^ efFeCiiial 
 
 of the troops, anchored in Guharus bay ; and this evening, with 
 Brigadiers Generals Laiuren^e and Wolfe., I reconnoitred the (here 
 as near as we could, and made a difpofition for landing in three 
 places the next morning, in cafe the troops arrived. 
 
 The enemy had a chain of pofts from Cape Nair to the flat 
 Pointy and irregulars from thence to the bottom of the Bay ; fome 
 works thrown up at the places which appeared practicable to land 
 at, and fome batteries. 
 
 On the 3d moft of the tranfports came in this morning, all well 
 prepared for landing ; but the furf on Ihore was fo great, it was 
 impolliblc to land. This day Brigadier General Whitmore arrived 
 from Halifax^ at which place I have left Col. Monckton to com- 
 mand. As c .le Bay was found to have lefs furf than the others, 
 a difpofition was made to land the next morning in one place in- 
 ilead of three. 
 
 The 4th the wind and furf were fo very high, Admiral jB<j/*fffw^n 
 told me it was impradicable to land. 
 
 The 5th a great fwell and fog in the morning, and the Admi- 
 ral declared it ftill impradticable to land. 
 
 The 6th an appearance of change of weather, in the morning 
 early : I was refolved to feize the firft opportunity ; the fignal 
 was made to prepare to land between five and fix o'clock, and at 
 eight all the men were in the boats : The fog came on again, and 
 the fwell encreafed during the time the men were getting into 
 the boats, and the Admiral again declared it impracticable to land. 
 I ordered the troops on board their refpeftive fhips, firft acquaint- 
 ing them with the reafon for fo doing. 
 
 i The 7 th the weather bad in the morning j in the afternoon the 
 fwell rather decreafcd, and gave us great hopes of landing at day- 
 break the next morning, for which orders were given: and Bragg's 
 tegiment, who were in a number of floops, to ftil under convoy, 
 by the mouth of the harbour to Lorembec j fending at the fame 
 time a proportion of artillery deilined for the light houfe Pointy 
 with orders to make all the fliow they could of landing, but not 
 to land tillfurther orders, intending to draw the ^nemy's atten- 
 tion on that fide. "" ^"^^ ' *^ 
 
 Froitn the 2d to this time, 'the <*nemy have been reinforcing 
 
 their pofts, adding to their works, cannonading and throwing fbelis 
 
 at the fhips, and making all the preparations they cnin to oppofe 
 
 ouf landing Seven tranfports were now mifling with troops on 
 
 • . , board, 
 
1758- 
 
 lys been- 
 who in- 
 the moft 
 effeQ.ual 
 
 ling, with 
 1 the Ihorc 
 g in three 
 
 to the flat 
 Bay J Tooie 
 ble to land 
 
 ig, all well 
 :eat, it was 
 lore arrived 
 on to com- 
 the others, 
 le place in- 
 
 ABofca'wen 
 1 the Admi-- 
 
 le morning 
 the fignal 
 ocic, and at 
 [1 again, and 
 getting into 
 ble to land, 
 •ft acquaint - 
 
 Tternoon the 
 
 [ding at day- 
 
 md Bragg's 
 
 der convoy, 
 
 lat the fame 
 
 lioufe Pointf^ 
 
 ng, but not 
 
 ^my's atten- 
 
 reinforcing 
 
 lovring (bells 
 
 In to oppofe 
 
 |h troops on 
 
 board, 
 
 175S. T^ History 0/ t^e War. ^g 
 
 <5fFe£tual blow which France had received from the com- 
 mencement of the war. By the taking of Louifbourg, fhe 
 loft the only place from whence fhe could carry on the cod 
 
 O 2 fifhery ; 
 
 board, three of which came in at night. The Admiral gave ail 
 ncceffary orders for the frigates to cover our landing. 
 
 On the 9th the troops were aflembled in the boats before break 
 ofday, in three diviiions ; and Commodore Dur^// having viewed 
 the coaft by order of the Admiral, and given me his opinion the 
 troops might land, without danger from the furf, in the bay on 
 our left, the Kennington and Halifax foow began the fire on the 
 left, followed by the Grammont^ Diana and Shannon frigates in 
 the centre, and the Sutherland znd Squirrel yxvon the right. When 
 the fire had continued about a quarter of an hour, the boats upon 
 the left rowed into the fhore, under the command of Brigadier 
 General fVolJe^ whofe detachment was compofed of the four eldeft 
 companies of grenadiers, followed by the light infantry, (a corps 
 of 550 men, chofen as markfmen from the different regiments, 
 ferve as irregulars, and are commanded by Major Scott, who was 
 Major of the Brigade) and the companies of rangers, fupported by 
 the Highland regiment, and thofe by the eight remaining compa- 
 nies of grenadiers. 
 
 The divifion on the right, under the command of Brigadier 
 Gen, IVhitmorty coniifled of the Royal, Lafcelles, Monckton, Forhes, 
 Anjiruthir and Webb, and rowed to our right by the white Toint^ 
 as if intending to force a landing there. 
 
 The centre divifion, under the command of Brigadier General 
 Lawrence, was formed ofAmherJf^, Hof/on's, Otivay's, fVhitmore'if 
 Latvrence'St and ffarburton's, and made, at the fame time, a fhow 
 of landing at the frcfh water Cove. This drew the enemy's at- 
 tention to every part, and prevented their troops, ported along 
 the coaft, from joining thofe on their right. 
 
 The enemy adled very wifely, did not throw away a fhot, till 
 the boats were near in fliore, and then directed the whole fire of 
 their cannon and mufketry upon them. The furf was fo greut, 
 that a place could hardly be found to get a boat on ihore. Not- 
 withftanding the fire of the enemy, and the violence of the furf, 
 Brigadier fVolft purfued his point, and landed juft at their left of 
 the Cove, took poft, attacked the enemy, and forced them to re- 
 treat. Many boats overfet, feveral broke to pieces, and all the 
 men jumped into the water to get on fhore. 
 
 So foon as the left divifion was landed, the firfl detachment of 
 the centre rowed at a proper time to the left, and followed ; thrn 
 the remainder of the centre divifion, as fafl as the boats could 
 
 fetch 
 
i 
 
 loo fbe History of the War. 175^' 
 
 fifhery ; and the only place (he had in a convenient fituatid* 
 for the reinforcements that were fent to fupport the war in* 
 the other parts of America j and with Louifljourg fell th<^ 
 ; vr-xiiri • r. v> iflani 
 
 fetch them from the fbips; and the right divifion followed tbe 
 centre in like manner, o ..-/.n oj c-'r ^.:: . ; \ p.i'ihv -"^fft 
 
 It took up a great deal of tinic to land the troops ; theeneniy's 
 retreat, or rather flight, was through the rougheft and wdrfl: 
 ground I ever faw ; and the purfuit ended with a cannonading from 
 the town, -which was fo far of ufe, that it pointed out how near f 
 could eiicamp to inveft it: On which the regiments marched to 
 their ground, and lay on their arms. The wind encreafed, and 
 we could not get any thing on fliore. 
 
 The lofs of his Majcfty's troops at landing is, Capt. Baillie and 
 Lieut. Cuthhert, of the Highland rtgxmtni i Lieut. Nkholfon of 
 mine, 4 ferjeants, i corporal, and 38 men killed, 21 were of my 
 regiment, (the grenadiers) of which 8 were fhot, and the reft 
 drowned in trying to get on fljore. , , 11.-^'^ 
 
 Five lieutenants, 2 (erjeants^ i corporal, and 51 men wounded ; 
 and of the live companies of rangers, i enfign and 3 private 
 killed, I wounded, and i mifling. 
 
 On the enemy's fide, 2 captains of grenadiers, and 2 lieutenants, 
 are prifoners ; i officer killed, and an Indian chief: Several men 
 Ukewife killed ; and, I imagine,, about 70 men taken prifoners . 
 They were lent on board as fa ft as pofllble. By fomc of the pri- 
 foners I had intelligence, that M. St. Julient Colonel, command- 
 ed in the Cove \ That there were 5 battalions in the town, name- 
 ly, Bourgogney j^rtois, Royal Marine ^ Cambifey and Folontaires 
 Etrangersy with about 700 Canadians. The three firft regiments 
 wintered in Louijbourg i rolontaires Etrangers came there ndt 
 long fince with part of the fleet, and Cambife the night before 
 we landed. 
 
 We took from the enemy three 24 pounders, feven 9 pounders, 
 and feven 6 pounders, two mortars, and fourteen fwivels ; all 
 which were placed along the fhore, to prevent our landing ; with 
 ammunition tools, and ftores of all kinds. 
 
 The 9th Lieut. Gen. Bragg\ regiment returned in their floops 
 from Loremhec. The weather continued extreniely bad j the 
 furf fo great, that we could get only fome of our tents on fhore 
 in the afternoon. 
 
 The loth the furf ftill continued, and it was with great difficul- 
 ty that we got any thing on fliore. 
 
 The I'lth the weather grew clear and better, and fhe light 6 
 pounders, which I had ordered on ftiore immediately after the 
 
 troons 
 
; 
 
 1^5^. the History of the War. lo'i 
 
 ifland of St. John's^ and whatever other ihfferlor ftations 
 
 they had for carrying on the fifhery towards Gafpefie and 
 
 .the bay De Chaleurs, which our (hips foon after this event 
 
 •tsHJ entirely 
 
 troops, were now only landed, and fome artillery ftores tirith 
 them. 
 
 On the 1 2th, from intelligence I had received, that the enemy 
 had deftroyed the grand battery, and called in their out-pods, I 
 detached Brigadier IVdfe with 1 200 men, 4 companies of grena- 
 diers, 3 companies of rangers, and fome light infantry round the 
 N. E. harbour to the Light Honje Point, with an intention to fiience 
 the //7fl«^ battery, and, at the fame time, to attempt to delhor 
 the lliips in the harbour ; fending, at the fame time by fea, the 
 proportion of artillery, tools, &c. that had been ordered for tliis 
 fervice.;d afi^'A/ :'f .J/lprifi u Tuouf. 
 
 I received, this day; a report from Brigadier Wolfe, that he had 
 taken pofleilion of the Light Houfe Point, and all the pods on that 
 fide the harbour, which the enemy had abandoned, leaving feve- 
 ral cannon, which were rendered ufelefs, toolc^ &c. and a great 
 quantity of filh at Lorembec. The weather continued extremely 
 bad ; but we got fome tools on fliore this night, fo that, on the 
 13th, we began to make a communication from the right to the 
 left in front of the camp ; and I ordered three redoubts on the 
 moft advantageous ground in the front. A party of the enemy 
 came out this day towards our camp, but were foon beat back by 
 the light infantry, before two picquets could well get up to their 
 alFiftance. We worked at three redoubti; in front all night. 
 
 The 14th the enemy cannonaded us a great part of the day 
 The furf ftill continued lb great, that it was with the greateft 
 difficulty we could land any thing, The fleet, under the com- 
 mand of Sir Charles Harrly, which appeared yeilerday for the firft 
 time, was in the night blown oil" to Tea. 
 
 The I 5th I fent four more mortars in a (loop to the Ltght-^ 
 Houfe, but we could not get any artillery landed on this ftore; 
 At night two deferters from the k'olontaires Etrangers came in { 
 faid they had 5 killed and 40 wounded in the (kirmilh on the 1 3 th. 
 
 The 1 6th, the firft fine weather, we landed 12 days provifion, 
 and got many things on (hore, but could not land any artillery. 
 
 The 17th I got Colonel Bnjlide on horfeback, and, with Col; 
 JVilliamfon and Major A'VKellar, we reconnoitred the whole 
 ground as far as we could ; and Colonel Haflide was determined 
 in his opinion of making approaches by the (jieen Hill, and con- 
 fining the deflrudioa of the (hips in the haibour, to the l.iaht 
 
 •.. . r-u , 'i .. , - - . ...J .- Houft 
 
102 
 
 The HrsTORY of the War. 
 
 entirely deftroyed. It is incredible how much tnis fucccfs 
 in America, joined to the fpirit of our other meaAlrcs, ope- 
 rated to raife our mil'tary reputation in Europe, and to fink 
 
 that 
 
 »:ii 
 
 Houfe Pointy ni^d the batteries on that (Ide. I added two 8 inch 
 mortars and three royals to the Light Houfe batteries. 
 
 The 1 8th we had fine weather. Some Indians took thret of 
 the tranfports men at the bottom oiGabarus bay who landed there 
 contrary to orders. The road for the artillery was puflked on as 
 faft as pollible. We got three 24 pounders on (horc, though the 
 furf was great the beginning of the day. 
 
 The 19th the batteries on the Light Houfe were intended to 
 have been opened this night, but could not be got ready fo foon. 
 VEcbo, a French frigate of 32 guns, was brought in to-day ; had 
 got out of the harbour the 13th at night, and was bound to 
 ^eiec : By her we have intelligence, that the Bizane got out the 
 day we landed, and the Comette fince our arrival oft" the harbour. 
 
 The 20th the Ifland Battery and fliips fired at the batteries on 
 the ftiorc, who began their fire this laft night. The enemy 
 burnt an old (hip at the bottom of the harbour. 
 
 The 2 1 ft very bad weather, and the furf high. The enemy 
 difcovered us making the road for the artillery, and cannonaded 
 us ; threw fome (hot into the \tit. of the camp, but did not 
 oblige me to decamp any part. An advanced redoubt towards 
 Gr^*« //»// was thrown up this night. M'\' "\^ t»a > 
 
 The 2 2d the bud weather continued ; we were employed on 
 the road, and getting up a Block Houfe on the left, by the Miray 
 road, to fecure the communication to the N. E. harbour and 
 Light Houf, and to hinder any parties from going into the town. 
 
 The 23d the Admiral aflured me there were above a hundred 
 boats Igft in landing the troops and provifions. This day fine 
 weather ; and we now have on (hore twelve 24 pounders, and 
 fix 12 pounders. The enemy fired a great deal from their 
 Shipping and Ifland Battery, and threw feme (hot into the left 
 of the camp. Colonel MeJ]er<vey, and molt of his carpenter?, 
 taken ill of the fmnll-pox, which is a very 5;reat lofs to the army. 
 Gabions and fafclncs arc landed, and carried forward as faft as 
 poflible, to make an cpaulement to Green Hill. The batteries at 
 the Light Houfe fire with fuccefs againll the Ifland Battery, and 
 I hope will foon filencc it. 
 
 On the 24th the enemy fired on the Light Houfe Batteries from 
 the town and (hipping, and on our advanced redoubt, which was 
 fini(hed, they fired from the town. Colonel Bafiidc remained 
 fixed in his opinion of advancing by Green Hill, We had this 
 
 day 
 
fUCCCfs 
 :», Ope- 
 to fink 
 that 
 
 o 8 inch 
 
 thret of 
 led there 
 led on as 
 lOugh the 
 
 tended to 
 y lb foon. 
 day ; had 
 bound to 
 ot out the 
 B htrbour. 
 Ltteries on 
 "he enemy 
 
 'he enemy 
 annonaded 
 It did not 
 bt toward* 
 
 jloyed on 
 he Miray 
 rbour and 
 the town, 
 hundred 
 is day fine 
 ders, and 
 rom their 
 o the left 
 :arpenter?, 
 the army, 
 as fad as 
 attcries at 
 //pry, and 
 
 ieries from 
 
 ;hich was 
 
 remained 
 
 |c had this 
 
 day 
 
 U4 
 
 i*j5%. The History of the Wa r. 103 
 
 that of France, and confequently how much it influenced 
 our mod effential interefts and thofc of our allies. 
 
 Th« plan of our operations in America were, however. 
 
 day in the park of artillery thirteen 24 pounders, and fevcn 1 2 
 pounder.s. 
 
 The acth the cannonading continued night and day : In the 
 evening the IJland Battery was filenced ; their own fire had helped 
 to break down part of their works : Fafcines and gabions were 
 forwarded to Grten Hill as fatt as polfible. All the men employed 
 at work, and making the necelfary communications. The enemy 
 fired a good deal at our advanced redoubt. 
 
 The 26th a fmall alarm on the left of a party that had advanc* 
 ed from the town ; had got up to the Block Houfe^ which was 
 not quite finiflied. They had with them a barrel of pitch to fet 
 it on fire : The guard on it was not fufficient to oppofe a large 
 party ) but a detachment was fent out fo quick, that they were- 
 forced to retreat without effedting their defign, though two of 
 the men had been in tne Block Houfe^ and they were drove back 
 into the town very faft. Three hundred pioneers ordered to 
 Green Hill. Admiral Bofca'wen landed 200 marines, and took 
 the poft at Kenning ton Cofve, which is a great eafe to the army 
 I defired of the Admiral four 32 pounderu and two 24 pounders 
 to leave at the Light Houfty to keep the Jflnnd Battery in ruin, 
 that with a proper number of men intrenched there, Brigadier 
 IVolfe^ with his detachment, might be able to come round the 
 harbour, bringing his artillery with him ; and to try to deflroy 
 the (hippinE, and to advance towards the Pl'^eji Gate. 
 
 The aytn one brafs 24 pounder was loft in 12 fathom water, 
 by nipping off the catamaran* , as they were coming from the 
 (hip to land it. The cannon I aiked ot the Admiral were landed 
 this night at the Light Houfe. 
 
 The 28th a great many popping (hots and cannonading. As 
 the poft at Green Hill was covered, we began the road over the 
 bog, and throwing up an epaulement. Colonel Mejfervey and his 
 fon both died this day ; and of his company of carpenters of 
 108 men, all but 16 in the fmall-pox, who are nurfcs to the 
 ficlc. This is particularly unlucky at this time. 
 
 The 29th cannonading continued ; the frigate fired conftantly 
 at the epHulement ; weputfued working at the roaJ, which coft a 
 great deal of labour : At night the enemy funk 4 fhips in the' 
 harbour's mouth j yf^o//o, a two-deck'd one, In Fidtlle of 36- 
 guns, laChevre, and la Biche, of 16 guns each, and they cut. 
 
 cff 
 
 ♦ A kind of raft much ufcd at fea. 
 
I04 ^he History of the War.' 1758. 
 
 by no means confined folely to this obje6k, important as it 
 was. Two other attempts were propofed : the firft at- 
 tempt was with a great force to drive tire French from Ti- 
 vj conderoga 
 
 off moft of their mafts. Remain in the harbour five of t\e line 
 of battle, and a frigate of 36 guns. 1 
 
 The 30th, at night, fome firing at Kennington Cove : The ma- 
 rines thought they faw Indians : The frigate fired all night at the 
 cpaulenient, as the men worked in the night-time. 
 
 'i he ill of July, the enemy creeped out in the morning to get 
 fome old palifades and v/ood. Brig. H^olfe and Major S.ett'a light 
 infantry puflied them in with a very brilk fire ; and the Brigadier 
 took poH: on the hills, from whence it was intended to try to de- 
 ^olifh the (hipping ; we marched forward on the right ; forced 
 the enemy back to Cape Noir with a fmart fixe. 
 
 The 2d, the epaulement and road went on heavily, from the 
 extreme badnefs of the ground : The enemy continued their can- 
 nonading, and threw fome flielis : We Ikirmilhed all day with par- 
 ties out of the town. 
 
 The 3d, a great cannonading from the town and (hipping on 
 the batteries. Brig. IVolfe was making an advanced work on the 
 right, thrown up at 650 yards from the cover'd way, with an in- 
 tention of ejeding a battery to deftroy the defences of the place, 
 it being pretty well on the capital of the CiM^*/Aj/?/o«; and the 
 falling of the ground from this place, towards the works, would 
 hinder difcovering as much of the works as would be necelTary to 
 do them, any confidcrabie damage. In the evening the fea officers 
 thought fome of the (hips would try to get out of the harbour 
 The batteries on the left immediately played on them, but it grew 
 fo dark they could not continue. 
 
 The 4ch a great fog j when there were glares of light, the 
 cannonading began ; 500 men kept continually making fafcines. 
 
 The 5ih very bad weaiher ; the epaulement was haftened on 
 as much as pollible, it fwallowed up an irnmenfe number of faf- 
 cines, cod fome men, as the frigate cannonaded on it without 
 ceailng. 
 
 The 6th a (loop failed out of the harbour with a flag of truce 
 to Sir Charles Hardy ^ to carry fome things to their wounded of- 
 ficers and prifoners. 
 
 The many difliculties of landing every thing in almoft a conti- 
 nual furf, the making of roads, draining and palling of bogs, 
 and putting ourfelves under cover, render our approach to the 
 place much longer than 1 could wifh. 
 
 On the 7th we had very foggy weather j cannonading conti- 
 
 tlylaU A ♦ i»ued 
 
 nued al 
 pofts. 
 
 The 
 Noir^ t 
 a mu(k( 
 The 
 dier La 
 though 
 diers o( 
 polled \\ 
 ed three 
 drove thi 
 nadiers b 
 
 of the ei 
 ferjeant, 
 of five p 
 de Cham 
 17 men I 
 what woi 
 died imm 
 their deac 
 frigate wj 
 very niuc 
 The 10 
 the enem) 
 The II 
 the block- 
 The 12 
 tachment 
 work to G 
 iucWIy ma 
 Citadel B(m 
 The 131 
 ed our wo 
 ^ny was at 
 that point, 
 faid a (loop 
 The 141 
 intention t 
 
1^58. The HisroKY of the WhK. 105 
 
 conderoga and Crown Point ; in which, if we could fuc- 
 ceed, the enemy would lofe thofe ports from which they 
 were in the bert condition to molert our colonies, and by 
 .•»iol .' • • lofing 
 
 nued all day, and a good deal of popping (hots from the advanced 
 poils. 
 
 The 8th I intended an attack on feme advanced pofts at Cape 
 Noir^ but it did not take place. Col. Baftide got a contufion by 
 a mufket ball on his boot, which laid him up in the gout. 
 
 The 9th, in the night, the enemy made a Sortie wh'^re Briga- 
 dier Lanjurence commanded ; they came from Cape Noir^ and 
 though drunk, I am afraid rather furprifed a company of grena- 
 diers of Forhcs'St commanded by Lord Dundonald^ who were 
 pofted in a FUecke on the right. Major Murray y who command- 
 ed three companies of grenadiers immediately detached one, and 
 drove the enemy back very eafily. IVhitmare*s and Bragg^s gre- 
 nadiers behaved very well on this occafion. Lord Dundonald was 
 killed,' Lieut. 7etu wounded and taken prifoner, Capt. Bontein 
 tii the engineers taken prifoner : i corporal, 3 men killed ; 1 
 ferjeant, 1 1 men mifling ; 1 7 men wounded : The Sortie was 
 of five picquets, fupported by 600 men ; a Captain, Chevalier 
 de Chauvelirij was killed, a Lieut, wounded and taken prifoner : 
 17 men killed, 4 wounded and brought oiF prifoners, befides 
 what wounded they carried into the town, one of which, a Capf. 
 died immediately. The enemy fent out a flag of truce to bury 
 their dead, which when over, the cannonading began again. The 
 frigate was fo hurt, (he hauled clofe to the town; the Ihips fired 
 very much againft Brig. fP'ol/e's batteries. 
 
 The loth, the road at the epaulement went on a little better ; 
 the enemy fired a great deal, and threw many ihelis. 
 
 The nth, a waggoner was taken off by fome Indians between 
 the block-hou(e and the left of the N. E. harbour. 
 
 The 12th it rained very hard ail night; not a man in the de- 
 tachment could have a dry thread on ; we made an advanced 
 work to Green Hill ; at night the waggoner who had been taken 
 luckily made his efcape, faid, they were 250 Canadians. The 
 Citadel Bajiion fired very fmartly. 
 
 The 13th, the enemy threw a great many fhells ; we perfeft- 
 ed our works as faft as we could ; bad rainy weather ; the ene- 
 my was at work at Cape Noir to hinder us taking pofleflion near 
 that point, which is of no confequence ; fome deftrters came in, 
 faid a floop of Miray got in three days ago. 
 
 The 14th, the hatteties were traced out laft night, with an 
 intention to place twent) 24 poundets, divided in four different 
 
 P batteries, 
 
io6 The History of the War. 1758. 
 
 lofing them, would lay open an eafy road into the very 
 
 heart of their fettlements in Canada. The fecond attempt 
 
 vias to be made with a condderable, though an inferior 
 
 ,: • force, 
 
 
 batteries, to deflroy the defences, and a battery of 7 qiprtars, 
 with fome 12 pounders to ricochet* the works and the town, c;' 
 
 The 15th, the cannonading and firing continued; the enemy 
 tried lo throw fome ihelis into cs^mp, fuppofed to be intended 
 againll our powder magazine : At ten at night the l,ight Houff 
 battery Bred fome rockets as a fignal of (hips failing out of the 
 harbourf ; Sir Charles Hardy anfwered it ; the frigate got out, 
 and Sir Gharles Hardy % fleet got under failand went to fea. Be- 
 fore day break, Capt. Sutherland^ pofledat the end of th^ N. £. 
 harbour, was attacked, and there was a great deal of firing ; 
 the grenadiers of Brig. Wolfe\ corps marched to fuftain him, and 
 all the light infantry ; it was over before they could get up, and 
 by a defer ter from the enemy, they were only loc men come 
 from Mirayy where they left Monf. de Boijbere^ who had, on thq 
 other fide the water, 300 men with boats to pafs. Major Scott , 
 with the light infantry, purfued, but could not get up with them. 
 I encamped a corps forward. 
 
 The 1 6th, towards nizht. Brig. Wolfe pufhed on a corps and 
 took poireilion of the hills in the front of the Barafoy, where we 
 made a lodgment ; the enemy fired very brilkly from the town 
 and (hipping. 
 
 The 17 th, a great fire continued from the town and (hippin 
 
 V. 
 
 we refolved to extend the parallel from the right to the left 
 fleet returned. 
 
 7'he 18th, all laft night the enemy fired muflcf try from the co" 
 vert way, and tried to throw (hells into the camp. 
 
 The 19th, I relieved the trenches by battalions, the 14 batta- 
 lions forming 3 brigades ; a fmart fire from the covert way, the 
 batteries on the left fired againft the ballion Dauphint with great 
 fuccefs. 
 
 The 2 1 ft, one of the fhips in the harbour, that had fome pow- 
 der blown up in her, made a great explofion, and fet the fiii'p oa 
 fire, which foon caught the fails of two more ; they burned very 
 fail, and we kept firing on them the whole time, to try to hinder 
 the boats and people from the town to get to their ailiftance ; the 
 
 EntreprennaniXt 
 
 * Is half charging a gun, by which the bullet flcips upon the 
 ground like Hones \vhen Ikimm'd upon the water. 
 
 t This was probably the (hip which brought news to Franct 
 of the Englijh landing, and efcaped notwithl ling the vigilance 
 of rp great a fleet. X Of 74 ^uus. 
 
4t 
 
 1758. 
 
 le very 
 ittempt 
 inferior 
 force, 
 
 inQrW8» 
 town, 
 the ewmy 
 
 intended 
 ight Hwff 
 out of the 
 e got out, 
 ► fea. Be- 
 •ftbpN.E. 
 
 of firing ; 
 in him, and 
 ret up, and 
 ' men come 
 had. on thq 
 Major Sco»» 
 p with them. 
 
 a corps and 
 where we 
 >m the town 
 
 ,nd fcipping « 
 the left. Tne 
 
 .t V ■•5> 
 
 I from the co- 
 
 Ithe 14 ^a"*" 
 lertwav, the 
 
 \nt with grea^ 
 
 Id fome ppw- 
 fet the (hip oa 
 ly burned very 
 b try to hinder 
 ■lUftancei the 
 \treprennantXt 
 \ips upon the 
 
 tws toFrantt 
 the vigilance 
 
 1758.. T'i'/ History 0/ the War. 107 
 
 force, from PenfylVania againft Fort du Quefne": fhe fuc- 
 cefs of this attempt would eilablifh us in the poffcflion of 
 the Ohio, (See the map of America at the latter end) and 
 
 break 
 
 Entreprennantf Capricieux ||, and Superb ||, were the three 
 burned ihips ; the Prudent and Bienfaifant remained. 
 
 The 22d, two batteries on the right opened with thirteien 24 
 pounders, and another of 7 mortars, and fired with great fuccefs ; 
 the enemy fired very well from the town for fome time, and threw 
 their fliells into our works. Our (hells put the citadel in flame). 
 I ordered Col. WilliamfnH to confine his fire as much as he could 
 to the: defences of the place, that we might not de(^roy the hou- 
 fes. A Lieut, of the Royal AmericaHSi going his rounds on an ad- 
 vanced pod, loft his way, and was taken prifoner near Cape Noir. 
 A battery was begun on the left for four 2^4 pounders. 
 ' The 23d, the cohorns virere ufed at night, and the French mor- 
 tars fent to throw ftones from the trenches. The enemy fired all 
 forts of old iron, and any ftuflF they could pick up. Qo\. Bafiide 
 was out to day for theifirft time fince he received the contufion. 
 Our batteries fired, with great fuccefs. This night the (hells fet 
 fire to the barracks, > and they burnt widi great violence.^ ij35L' 4 
 On t^ e 24th, the'fire was very brilk on oui fide, and the ehcmy'a 
 decreafed. The Admiral gave me 400 feamen to help to wor*- at 
 the batteries, &(f: and 200 miners added to a corps of lod already 
 eftablifhed, that 'wemi^t make quick work of it, and thfey were 
 immediately emplbydd. The 4 gun battery opened, and another 
 of 5 erecting. One of the men of war in the harbour, the Bien- 
 /tfii/kftf, fired ntduii trenches' at h^h<^M^&t6r,! and the Citadel and 
 B'ajiiori Daupbifff firtd ^^inik the 4 giin battery } but our men 
 firing fmall armd into thieembraaiures, beat the enemy off their 
 
 guns. ■■'' ■.:,:;■' 
 
 The 25th, the batterieaiired with gceat; fuccefs. The Admiril 
 fent me word, he intended' to fend in bodts. with 600 men, to take 
 or deftroy the Prudent and the Bienfaifant in jthe harbour. I op-r 
 deredall the batteries at night to fire intoihe works as much as 
 pofHble, to keep the enemy's atteiition to the land. The miners 
 and workmen went on very well with their approaches to the co- 
 vered way, thoujgh they hlrd a continued and very fmart fire from 
 it, and grape (hot, and all forts of old iron from the guns of the 
 ramparts. We continued our fire without ceafing, and i Ricochet : 
 The boats got to the (hips at one in the moiriing, and took them 
 both : They were obliged to burn the Prudent, as (he was aground ; 
 and they towed off the Bienfdifant to the N. E. harbour. 
 
 P 2 The 
 
 H Of 64 guns each. 
 
 1 
 
f^* 
 
 io8 The History of the War". 1758^' 
 
 break oflF the connexion between Canada and Louidana. i 
 Gen. Abercrombie, commander in chief of our forces in 
 America, conducted the firft of thofe expeditions. He em- 
 barked 
 
 H 
 
 u 
 
 The 26th, the Admiral came on fliore, and told me he propo- 
 fed fending 6 Ihips into the harbour the next day. Jufl at this 
 time I received a letter from the governor, ofiering to capitulate » 
 and the articles were agreed upon. ::' -. 
 
 AHicksitf capitulation hetnveen their excellencies *dmiral Bofcaw- 
 
 en and major general Amherft ; and his excellency the cheva" 
 
 • Her Drucour, governor of the ijland o/Ca^ Breton^ o/Louif • 
 
 ■'bourg, the ijland of St. John, and their appurtenances. .so; 
 
 . « ^ . . .... . ■ ■!'"*'" 
 
 I. The garrifon of Louijhourg fhall be prifoners of war, and 
 ihall be carried to England in the ihips of his Britannick Mz~ 
 jefty. ^ ;• -:.'> 
 
 II. AH the artillery, ammunition, provifions,. as well as the 
 arms of any kind whatfoever, which are at prefent in the town of 
 Louijiout'gf theiilsindsof Cape Breton and St. fohn, and their ap- 
 purtenances, ihall be delivered without the Ijait damage, to fuch 
 commiiTaries as ihal) be appointed to receive thein, for the uie^of 
 his Britannick Majeily. 
 
 Willi. The governor ihall give his orders that, the troops which 
 are in the iiland of St. John and its appurtenances, ihall go on 
 board fuch ihip of war^ as the admkal &all fend to iieceive 
 them. . ■■■'':■;:;.•'.•: ■';'■'•■'•. '':.■!■: j 7 '■■: 
 
 b.lV. The gate, called;P«r/^ Dauphine^ ihall be given up to the 
 troops of his Britannick Majefty, to-moirow 5 1 eight o'clock in thie 
 ororning, and the gardfon, including all -thofei that carried ^ms, 
 drawn up a«- noon, on the Efplanade, where they ihall lay down 
 their arms, coI<^urs, .implen)eiU:s, and ornainents of war. And ' *he 
 gdrrifon fliail gr on boardf^Jnribrden to be carried to England in a 
 convenient time. 1 ^ ■;l\.A--'' ■ • ■" - • 
 
 V. The fame care ihaJi. be^taken of the Tick and wounded thati 
 are in the hofpitals^ as of thofe belonging 'to ; his Britannick 
 Majefty; .-;;'..': .'.:■ ' ', :■ :....■; 
 
 VI. The merchants ind their clerks, that -have not carried 
 arms, ihall be fent to Frahcey m fuch manner as< theadmical ihall 
 think proper. ;;>->j«ofUiv/ nuiiiio i>^;;.;!*no; ?i«<j<n< t 
 :;;.,.-i, ic-. ;. : > , Louifhrnr^^ • 26 July, l'J'§8; !toi ^f,-; .-Jwd -rX V 
 
 ': (Signed),, Le Chevalier de DRUCOUR. 
 
 Si^H 
 
 K. Al 
 
 ■rij^- 
 
 ^^ f>" 
 
 ■>o ■■ J 
 
1758- ^^^ History of the War. 109 
 
 barked upon Lake George with near 16,000 troops, regu- 
 lars and provincials, and a numerous artillery on the 5th of 
 July ; and after a profperous navigation, arrived the next 
 
 day 
 
 A Defcrtption of the Toivn and Harbour of Louifbourg, nuith 
 - References pointing out the Approaches of his Majefty^s Forces. 
 
 A. The Town of Louijbourg. 
 
 B. The citadel 
 
 C. A lake, where the fifhing- 
 
 barks winter. 
 •D. Stajges for drying fifli. 
 
 E. A battery of 20 guns, eredt- 
 
 edfince 1748. 
 
 F. The Dauphin battery of 30 
 -:£ guns, which defends the 
 x;R"; Weft-Gate, being that 
 I .1: whibhwas fir ft delivered to 
 
 the^^nglijb. 
 
 G. The Ifland-battery of 40 
 
 guns, filenced the 24th of 
 
 June^ by the Light-houfe 
 
 .\r battery at I, under the di- 
 
 •V- re£tion of Major General 
 
 mife. 
 
 H. A fmall battery of 8 guns. 
 
 I. The Light-houfe battery, ta- 
 
 , • > ken by Major Gen. IVoife^ 
 June 12th, from whence 
 the ihips in the harbour 
 were deftroyed, at X. 
 
 K. A battery of 1 5 guns, ufed 
 for the deftrufliou of thp 
 (hipping. 
 
 \j. The grand battery of 40 
 guns, deftroyed by the 
 French the lath, when all 
 the out parties were ordei- 
 ed iftfQ the works of the 
 toVirn. 
 
 M- A bittery of ' 1 5 guns, de- 
 ftroyed the fame time. 
 
 N. Hoyfes inhabited by fifher- 
 nien. f , 
 
 O. A lake, 
 
 P. Rivers, from whence the in- 
 habitants have their frefh 
 water. 
 
 (^ A pond, which defends part 
 of the works, and makei 
 this jpart very difficult of 
 accefs. 
 
 R. The grand bepch. 
 
 S. Rocks under water. 
 
 T. The Careening place de- 
 fended from all winds. 
 
 V. TheGreen-hill, from whence 
 the town was annoyed by 
 a redoubt caft up the lift 
 of y««f, under the dire£ti« 
 on of Col. Baftide. 
 
 W. The place where the enemy 
 funk four (hips on the 29th, 
 «t;/«. the Apolio a two- 
 deck'd ftip, la Fidelle of 
 36 guns, le Chevre and 
 ia Bichey of 1 6 guns each. 
 
 X. The ftation of the French 
 men of war that were de- 
 ftroyed from the Light- 
 houfe and other batteries, 
 eredted for that fervice. . 
 
 Y. The place wheiv. the Pruf 
 dent was fet on fire, by the 
 boats froni the fleet, J««f 
 
 25 th. /r,( 
 
 Z. The North eaft harbour, to 
 which place the Bienfaifant 
 fliip of war was towed by , 
 the boats qf the fleet from 
 Y. 
 
 A a. Capt. 
 
1. 
 
 
 Erf 
 
 xio 7'/&<r History of the War. 1758. 
 
 -day at the place where it had been propofed to make the 
 landing. They landed without oppofition. The enemiei 
 advanced guards fled at their appearance. The EngUlh ar- 
 vsti 'my 
 
 A a. Capt. Sutherland' %^^ that 
 was attacked before Day^ 
 on the 1 5th of Jw/y, who 
 made a gallant defence, 
 
 ' t. and cleared himfelf of the 
 
 jtli enemy, without any airift- 
 ance, the reinforcement 
 coming too kte. 
 
 Bb. Where the block-houfe was 
 erected, the zzd of Juncy 
 nezrMiray* road, to fe- 
 cure the cbmmunication 
 to the North Eafl harbour 
 
 .>;, and light-houfe. 
 
 C c. Cape Noir Bajiiony where 
 the enemy made a faliy of 
 their picquets the 9th of 
 Julyt fupported by 600 
 chofen men ; by them Ld. 
 Dundonald was unfortu- 
 nately furprifed. He was 
 
 Greett'hilly with a corti- 
 mand cf Forhes'i grena- 
 diers. On this occafion 
 Bragg's and WhitifHor/^ 
 grenadiers behaved with 
 uncommon intrepidity, 
 (they were detach<!d by 
 Major Murray) and repul- 
 fed the French ^-^hoAXi this 
 expedition loft foiiie able 
 
 1 officers, with many '. fol- 
 diers. It was after this af- 
 fair the enemy fent a flag 
 
 [:• of truce to bury thd dead. 
 
 vd 
 is 
 
 -1/ 
 
 * Miray a lake fame tvay ih 
 land front Louifl>ourg harbour ^ 
 lying bet'ween the tovtn and the 
 North-eaji harbour: here Monf. 
 de Boifl)ere had on the other fide 
 of that lake 302 wf», 'with boati 
 ,H: pofted on the right of the to pajs over. «! iUwl / ' 
 
 )S:ctraif of a Letter from Admiral BofcaWcii, to the Righi Hon. 
 Mi'. Secretary Pitt, dated Namur, Gabreufe Bay, iSth of July, 
 
 I Will not tfovible you with a particular detail of the landing 
 and fiege, but cannot help mentioning a particular gallant 
 aflionin the night between the 25th and 26th inftant: The boatg 
 of the fquadron were in two divifions, detached under the Com- 
 mand of Capts. Lafotey and Balfour^ to endeavour either to take 
 or burn the Prudent of 74 guns, and Bienfaifant of 64, the only 
 remaining French (hips in the harbour ; in which they fuccteded 
 fo well, as to burn the former, flie being a-ground, arid take the 
 latter, and tow her into the N. E. harbour, notwithftanding they 
 were expofed to the fire of the cannon and mufquetry Of the (/land 
 battery, point Rochefort, and the ToTwn, being favoured with a 
 dark night. Our lofs was inconfiderable, 7 men killed, ahd 9 
 wounded. 
 
 I have 
 
APLan of ihe Harbour ai 
 Island of Cape Bri 
 
 ,^^. 
 
 ,i» 
 
 i> 
 
 ■••<■>— ' 
 
 ?^j» 
 
 ^ jT '*J> -^^ • •->- - Jt-i?--* 
 
 j*.,^«v 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 -<t* 
 
 Cc 
 
 "^A^zJ^ 
 
 -.-/ 
 
 7^ 
 
 Y ^ 
 
 <f 
 
 <^ 
 
 .♦ 
 
 '.''*'.' ".!*'"•■"•'**■■*'* 
 
 
 
 \>f^. 
 
 ;f j.^ 
 
 ^Bladc Point /r^ipgM>lr 
 Itxtt of Gid[>arus fia/ 
 
 A. 
 
APLan ofihe Harbour and Toa\^n of Lo 
 
 ISLATSTD of Cape BRETOTST Drawn oi 
 
'crwn of LOUISBOURG mthe 
 'y'N Dra^^n on the Spot. 
 
 A^crale of .500 Tot s eg. 
 
 '■■■ ■' 1^1 11 
 
 ^o too iLoo ^00 -foo s^^ 
 
*4'?, 
 
 '*,«t.. 
 
 t' M 
 
 J .ilVi I 
 
 ^:' ■-:». 
 
 1758. 
 
 my pr< 
 
 couatr) 
 
 woody, 
 
 unknovi 
 
 were b« 
 
 another 
 
 der, th( 
 
 before .1 
 
 the fam 
 
 ed, in \ 
 
 of near 
 
 glifh fii 
 
 confequ 
 
 from th< 
 
 formed 
 
 vice wh 
 
 under h 
 
 gage; h 
 
 mon fcj 
 
 hunger, 
 
 fy in his 
 
 the com 
 
 the mom 
 
 the mof 
 
 enough 
 
 deed to 
 
 of his c< 
 
 his fortu 
 
 fame vir 
 
 J.?.: 
 
 * ■. I < ■ 
 
 \. 
 
 ."SiW- 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 IftM* 
 
 I have 
 and the 
 Bicker/on, 
 gentlemei 
 
 I have I 
 officers, I 
 fiege, wit 
 
 * Soon 
 lowing ad 
 Qn worth; 
 
1758- ^b^ History of the War. ni 
 
 my proceeded in four columns to Ticonderoga. As the 
 country through which their march lay was difficult and 
 woody, and the guides which conduced the march to this 
 unknown country, were extremely unlkilful, the troops 
 were bewildered, the columns broke and fell in upon one 
 another. Whilil they marched on in this alarming difor* 
 der, the advanced guard of the French, who had lately fled 
 before .them, was bewildered in the fame manner ; and in 
 the fame diforder fell in with our forces. A fkirmifh enfu- 
 ed, in which this party was quickly defeated with the lofsv 
 of near 300 killed, ^nd 148 prifoners. The lofs on the Hi^^ 
 glifh (Ide was inconfiderable in numbers ; but great in 
 confequence. Lord Howe was killed. This gallant mant^ 
 from the moment he landed in America, had wifely con- 
 formed and made his regiment conform to the kind of fer- 
 vice which the country required. He did not fuffer any 
 under him to encumber themfelves with fuperfluous bag- 
 gage ; he himfelf fet the example, and fared like a com- 
 mon foldier. The firft to encounter danger, »:o endure 
 hunger, to fupport fatigue ; rigid in his difcipline, but ea- 
 fy in his manners, his officers and foldiers readily obeyed 
 the commander, becaufe they loved the man ; and now at 
 the moment when fuch abilities, and fuch an example were 
 the mod wanted, was fatally loft, a life which was long 
 enough for his honour but not for his country. It adds in- 
 deed to the glory of fuch a death, and to the confolation 
 of his country, that we ftill poHefs the heir of his titles, 
 his fortunes, and his virtues, whilft we tremble to fee the 
 fame virtues expofing themfelves to the fame dangers.* 
 
 Excepting 
 
 I have given the command of the Bienfaifant to Capt. Balfour ^ 
 and the Echoy a frigate, to Capt. Laforey ; Mr. Affleck and Mr. 
 Bicker/on^ Lieuts. who boarded the Bienfaifanty fucceeded thofe 
 gentlemen in the /Etna (irefliip and Hunter doop. 
 
 I have only farther to aifure his Majedy, that all his troops and 
 officers, both fea and land, have fupported the fatigue of this 
 
 fiege, with great drmnefs and alacrity. 
 
 , ' •■ ' • 
 
 ♦ Soon after the news of Lord Hotue^s death arrived, the fol- 
 lowing advertifemcnt appeared in the public papers ; nn applicati- 
 on worthy of a Roman matron, in the virtuous times oi xhc re- 
 public, 
 
112 The History of the War. 1758. 
 
 Excepting this lofs, the army had hitherto proceeded 
 fuccefsfully. In a little time they appeared before Ticon- 
 deroga. This is a very important poft, and as 
 July 8. ftrongly fecured. The fort is fituated on a tongue 
 of land between Lake George and a narrow gut, 
 which communicates with the Lake Champlain. Oh three 
 fides it is furrounded with water ; and for a good part of 
 the fourth it has a dangerous morafs in front ; where that 
 failed, the French had made a very ftrong line upwards of 
 eight feet high, defended by cannon, and fecured by 4 or 
 5000 men. A great fall of trees with their branches out- 
 ward, was fpread before the entrenchment for about an 
 hundred yards. / ; ■• ^ 
 
 The General caufed the grounil to be reconnoitred ; and 
 the engineer made fo favourable a report of the weaknefs of 
 the entrenchment, that it appeared practicable to force it 
 by mufquetry alone. A fatal refolution was taken, in con- 
 fequence of this report, not to wait the arrival of the artil- 
 lery, which on account of the badnefs of the ground, could 
 not be eafily brought up, but to attack the enemy without 
 lofs of time. They were confirmed in this precipitate re- 
 folution, by a rumour that a body of 3000 men were on 
 their march to join the French at Ticonderoga, and very 
 fhortly expelled to arrive. 
 
 When the attack began, the difficulty of the ground, and 
 
 the 
 
 .sa- 
 
 ^iii'AfJj- ii\i 
 
 public, and which could not failoffuccefs, where the leail fpark 
 of virtue exilled. 
 
 * Ttt the Gentlemen^ Clergy^ Freeholders, and Burpejfes^ of the 
 
 * Totvn and County of the Tonvn of Nottingham. i ' 
 
 * As Lord Howe is now abfent upon the public fervice, and 
 
 * Lieut. Col. Honve is with his regiment at Louijbourg, it refts up- 
 
 * on me to beg the favour of your votes and interefts, that Lieut. 
 
 * Col. Hoiue may fupplv the place of his late brother, as your re- 
 
 * prefentative in p?irliament. 
 
 * Permit me therefore to implore the protedlion of every one 
 
 * of you, as the mother of him, whofe life has been loll in the 
 
 * (mice of his country. 
 
 Albemarle'Streetf Sept. 
 14. «75S 
 
 CHARLOTTE HOWE. 
 
1758- 
 
 ceeded 
 Ticon- 
 
 and as 
 tongue 
 )W gut, 
 In three 
 
 part of 
 jre that 
 (rards of 
 by 4 or 
 168 out- 
 bout an 
 
 ed ; find 
 iknefs of 
 » f(jrce it 
 
 in con- 
 the artil- 
 d, could 
 
 without 
 litate re- 
 were on 
 and very 
 
 lund, and 
 the 
 
 leaft fpark 
 
 iw, o/ the 
 
 [vice, and 
 
 |t refts up- 
 
 lat Lieut. 
 
 Is your re- 
 
 |every one 
 )ft in the 
 
 tOWE- 
 
 i75»- 
 
 The History of the War. 121 
 
 the ftrength of the enemies lines which had been fo little 
 forefeen, was but too feverely felt. Although the troops 
 behaved with the utmoft fpirit and gallantry, they fufFered 
 fo terribly in their approaches, and made fo little impreflion 
 on the entrenchment, that the General feeing fheir reitera- 
 ted and obftinate eflforts fail of fuccefs, beii ^ upwards of 
 four hours expofed to a moft terrible fire, thought it necef- 
 fary to order a retreat, to fave the remains of the army. 
 Near 2000 of our men were killed, wounded and taken pri- 
 foners ; the number of the taken being very inconfiderable. 
 This precipitate attack, was followed by a retreat as preci- 
 pitate ; infomuch that our army gained their for- 
 mer camp^to the fouthward of Lake George, the July 9. 
 evening after the aftion. (b) 
 
 To 
 
 
 
 (h) General Abercrombie'/ Account of bis Expedition againjl 
 
 "^Ticonderoga. 
 
 5 -» , Tv^ -:r :o! Qamp at Lake George, July I2, 1758. ' 
 
 THE embarkation of the artillery, ftores and provilions being 
 compleated on the evening of the 4th inftant ; next morn- 
 ing at break of day the tents were ftruck. and all the troops, 
 amounting to 6367 regulars, officers, light infantry, and rangers 
 included, and 9024 provincials, including officers and batteau men, 
 embarked in about 900 batteaux, and 135 whale boats, the ar- 
 tillery to cover our landing, being mounted on rafts. 
 
 At five in the evening, reached Sabbaih Day Point (25 miles 
 down the Lake) where we halted till ten, then got under way 
 again, and proceeded to the landing place (a cove leading to the 
 French advanced guard) which we reached early next morning 
 the 6th. 
 
 Upon our arrival, fcnt out a reconnoitring party ; and having 
 met with no oppofition, landed the troops, formed them in four 
 columns, regulars in the centre, and provincials on the flanks, 
 and marched towards the enemy's advanced guard, compofed of 
 one battalion, pofted on a logged camp, which, upon our ap- 
 proach they deferted, firft fettmg fire to their tents, and deft rov- 
 ing every thing they could; but as their retreat was very precipi- 
 tate, they left feveral things behind, which they had not time 
 either to burn or carry off. In this camp we lijcevvife found one 
 prifoner and a dead man. 
 
 The armv In the foicgoing order contimied their march through 
 
 Q, the 
 
 I 
 
122 The History of the War. 1758. 
 
 To repair the misfortune of this bloody defeat, General 
 Abercrombie detached Col. Bradftreet with about 3000 
 provincials againfl: Fort Front :;. The Colonel with 
 
 -c t .,•; ; ; ... '.j;ji'' , i;;...:c :.;;';?;, i' '^^ '!% -.viui'i'.- great 
 
 great pr 
 brought 
 Lake Or 
 
 the wood, on the weft-fide, with a defign to inveft Ticonderoga, 
 but the wood being very thick, impaflable with any regularity to 
 fuch a body of men, and the guides unlkilful, the troops were be- 
 wildered, and the columns broke, falling in one upon another. 
 
 Lord Honve, at the head of the right centre column, fupported 
 by the light infantry, being advanced,^ fell in with a French party, 
 fuppofed to confift of about 400 regulars, and a few Indians^ who 
 had likewife loft themfelves in the retreat from the advanced 
 guard; of thefe our flankers killed a great many, and took 148 
 prifoners, among whom were five officers and three cadets. 
 
 But this fmall fuccefs coft us very dear, not as to the lofs of 
 numbers, for we had only two officers killed, but as to confe- 
 quence, his lordihip being the firft man that fell in this fkirmifh ; 
 and as he was, very defervedly, univerfally beloved and refpefted 
 throughout the whole army, it is eafy to conceive the grief and 
 confternation his untimely fall occafioned ; for my part, I cannot 
 help owning that I felt it moft heavily, and lament him as fin- 
 cerely. 
 
 The 7th, the troops being greatly fatigued, by having been 
 one whole night on the water, the following day conftantly on 
 foot, and the next day under arms, added to their being in want 
 ofprovifion, having dropped what they had brought with them, 
 in order to lighten themfelves, it was thought advifeable to return 
 to the landing place, which we accordingly did about eight that 
 morning. 
 
 About eleven in the forenoon, fent off Lieut. Col. Bradjireet, 
 with the 44th regiment, fix companies of the firft battalion of the 
 royal Americans ^ the batteau men, and a body of rangers and pro- 
 vincials, to take polTefllon of the Sanv-niilly within two miles of 
 Ticonderoga *, which he foon effected -, as the enemy who were 
 , .,, ; , ,^^r .-,[_ ■■■ - .;.-r;,;,j.j ■ polled 
 
 ■ * A fort built about two years ago on the narrow pafTage or 
 communication between Lake George and Champlain. It has all 
 the advantages that nature or art can give it, being defended on 
 three fides by water, which is furrounded by rocks, and on the 
 half of the fourth fide by a fwamp, and where that fails, there 
 the French had erefted an entrencliment and breaft work about 9 
 feet high. It is in the way to Cro'wti Point, and muft be tal?n by 
 our forces before they can march thither. (See the Plate.) 
 
 pofled thei 
 
 bridge, ha 
 
 Lieut. C 
 
 having fen 
 
 accordingly 
 
 quarters th* 
 
 The prif 
 
 that ihe Fr, 
 
 troops, in a 
 
 intrenching 1 
 
 they expea< 
 
 ans, who hj 
 
 Levy, to nia 
 
 upon intelligi 
 
 repeatedly r( 
 
 moft advifeai 
 
 ezrlyin thei 
 
 acrofs the riv 
 
 noitre the en 
 
 Upon his r 
 
 carrying thofe 
 
 agreed to fto 
 
 light infantry, 
 
 immediately ti 
 
 non /hot of t 
 
 George, and tl 
 
 troops, deftine 
 
 on their rear. 
 
 The Piquets 
 
 tliers, and by 
 
 upbriflcjy, ru/h 
 
 they were with 
 
 After thefe < 
 
 been left at \.\xq 
 
 whale boats, ar 
 
 put in motion, 
 
 tunately found 
 
 had been repre^ 
 
 ^^^f^'iigh; but 
 
 frees, the branc 
 
Jeneral 
 : 3000 
 1 with 
 
 great 
 
 mderogay 
 ilarity to 
 were be- 
 nother. 
 fupported 
 nch party, 
 Vrtni, who 
 advanced 
 took 148 
 idets. 
 the lofs of 
 J to confe- 
 s Ikirmilh ; 
 d refpefted 
 e grief and 
 •t, I cannot 
 him asfin- 
 
 iving been 
 
 ftantly on 
 
 ng in want 
 
 with them, 
 
 e to return 
 
 eight that 
 
 BraJJireet, 
 alion of the 
 ers and pro- 
 wo miles of 
 y who were 
 pofted 
 
 ' paflage or 
 It has all 
 iefended on 
 [and on the 
 (fails, there 
 lork about 9 
 Ibe talen by 
 
 nate.) 
 
 1758. The History of the War. 1^3 
 
 great prudence and vigour, furmounted great difficulties, 
 brought his army to Ofwego, where he embarked on the 
 Lake Ontario, and arrived at Frontenac the 25th of Au- 
 
 guft. 
 
 pofted there, after deftroying the mill rnd breaking down their 
 bridge, had retired fome time before. 
 
 Lieut. Col. Bradflreet having laid another bridge a-crofs, and 
 having fentme notice of his being inpofTeflion of that ground, I 
 accordingly marched thither with the troops, and we took up our 
 quarters there that night. 
 
 The prifoners we had taken being unanimous in their reports, 
 that the French had eight battalions, fome Canadians and colony 
 troops, in all about 6000, encamped before their fort, who were 
 intrenching themfelves, and throwing up a breaft-v\rork, and that 
 they expeded a reinforcement of 3000 Canadians^ belides Indi- 
 ans, who had been detached under the command of Monf. de 
 levy, to make a diverfion on the fide of the Mohaivk river ; but 
 upon intelligence of our preparations and near approach, had been 
 repeatedly recalled, and was hourly expeded j it was thought 
 moft advifeable to lofe no time in making the attack ; wherefore 
 early in the morning of the 8th, I fent Mr. Clerk y the engineer, 
 acrofs the river on the oppofite fide of the fort, in order to recon- 
 noitre the enemy's intrenchments. 
 
 Upon his return, and favourable report of the prafticability of 
 carrying thofe works, if attacked before they were finiflied, it was 
 agreed to ftorm them that very day : Accordingly the rangers, 
 light infantry, and the right wing of Provincialsy were ordered 
 immediately to march and poft themfelves in a line, out of can- 
 non fliot of the intrenchments ; the right extending to Lake 
 Georgey and the left to Lake Champlain, in order that the regular 
 troops, deftined for the attack of the intrenchments, might form 
 on their rear. 
 
 The Piquets were to begin the attack, fuftained by the grena- 
 diers, and by the battalions : the whole were ordered to march 
 upbrilkiy, rufli upon the enemy's fire, and not give theirs, until 
 they were within the enemy's breaft-work. 
 
 After thefe orders ilfued, the whole army, except what had 
 been left at the landing-place to cover and guard the batteaux and 
 whale boats, and a Pronjtr-ial regiment at the Sniv-mill, were 
 put in motion, and advanced to 7icondcro;^ay where they unfor- 
 tunately found the intrenchments, not only much ftronger than 
 had been reprefented, and the breafl:-work at leaft eight or nine 
 feet high ; but likewife the ground before it covered with felled 
 trees, the branches pointed outwards, which fo fatigued and re- 
 ■ . ■• (^2 rnnied 
 
 
 ^'mh 
 
 
 1 It f} 
 
124 7^/6^ History o/ //&<? War. 1758. 
 
 guft. This fort ftands at the communication of Lake On- 
 tario with the river St. Lawrence, the entrance into which 
 river it in fome manner commands. However, for a port 
 of fuch moment, it was poorly fortified, and poorly garri- 
 
 foned. It was taken without the lofs of a man on 
 Aug. 27. our fide, in lefs than two days after it had been 
 
 attacked. The garrifon, confifting of 130 men, 
 were made prifoners ; nine armed floops were taken and 
 burned ; and a large quantity of provifions amafled there 
 for the ufe of their garrifons to the Southward, was deftroy- 
 cd. Col. Bradftreet having perfornied this important fer- 
 vice, returned. Many were of opinion, that fo fine a pod 
 ought to be kept and itrongly garrifoned ; others thought 
 that it would be impofTible to prefcrvc a place at fucH a 
 diftance from our own eflabliflimcnts. (c) 
 
 tarded the advancing of the troops, that notwithftanding all their 
 intrepidity and bravery, which I cannot too much commend, we 
 fuftained fo confiderablc a lofs, without any profpeft of better 
 fuccefs, that it was no longer prudent to remain before it ; and it 
 was therefore judged necefTary, for the prefervation of the re- 
 mainder of fo many brave men, to prevent a total defeat, that we 
 fliould make the beft retreat poflibie : Accordingly, after feveral 
 repeated attacks, which lafted upwards of four hours, under the 
 moftdifadvaatageous circumilances, and with the lofs of 464. re- 
 gulars killed, 29 milling, 1 1 1 7 wounded ; and 87 Prcmincials kil- 
 led, 8 mining, and 239 wounded, officers of both included, I 
 retired to the camp we occupied the night before, with the bro- 
 ken remains of feverals corps, fending away all the wounded to the 
 batteaux, about three miles diflance ; and early the next morning 
 we arrived there ourfelves, embarked, and reached this place the 
 evening of the 9th. Immediately after my return here, I fent the 
 wounded officers and men that could be moved, to fort Edward 
 and Albany. *'. '■'■ '■■■'• •-■ ' ' ' -- >- ■ 'v-., < -um , >..•,• 
 
 (c) Colonel Bradftreet'j Letter to General Amherft, on the ReduSH- 
 
 on of Fort Frontenac. 
 
 Ofiveg^, Aug. 31, 1758. 
 
 Landed with the troops within a mile of fort Frontenac with- 
 out oppofition,the2 5th' The garrifon furrendcrcd prifoners of 
 
 r the 27th, between 7 and 8 in the morning It wag 
 
 a fquiirc 
 
 It is 
 
 greatly f 
 
 TheGei 
 
 through 
 
 md cont 
 
 ans. Ar 
 
 800 men 
 
 vanced tc 
 
 of reducii 
 
 fuddenly j 
 
 killed and 
 
 the rell. 
 
 body of th 
 
 cumfpedi 
 
 being con 
 
 to furprife 
 
 to no purf 
 
 1 
 
 Nov. 24. c 
 
 ; V : f 
 
 men, towa 
 b 
 
 25th. d 
 
 a fquare fort 
 
 men, fome v 
 
 (half of whic 
 
 menfc quantit 
 
 gone to oppo 
 
 and to fuppor 
 
 intended ent( 
 
 French at 800 
 
 fels from 8 to 
 
 of which I hs 
 
 and the provif 
 
 fort, artillery, 
 
 ons, fliould I i 
 
 that their troo 
 
 fer greatly, if 
 
 veffeJs we ha\ 
 
 ^hem home fi 
 
 garrifon furren* 
 
 tqual numbers 
 
'75^. 
 
 keOn- 
 which 
 
 r a pod 
 y garri- ' 
 man on 
 ad been 
 30 men, 
 iken and 
 "ed there 
 1 deftroy- 
 rtant fer- 
 ne a poft 
 thought 
 at fucH a 
 
 It 
 
 ng all their 
 nmend, we 
 a of better 
 e it ; and it 
 of the re- 
 at, that we 
 after feveral 
 I, under the 
 of 464. re- 
 iticiaUhl- 
 included, I 
 ith the bro- 
 inded to the 
 :xt morning 
 lis place the 
 1 fent the 
 \ort Ediuard 
 
 \theRedu!':i- 
 
 [tenac with- 
 prifoners ot 
 — It Wf»8 
 a fquave 
 
 1758. The History of the War. 125 
 
 It is very pofTible, that the fuccefs of Col. Br«idftreet 
 greatly facilitated that of the expedition under Gen. Forbes.. 
 The General had had a very tedious and troublefome mardi, 
 through a country almofl impafiable, very little known, 
 and continually harafled on his route by the enemies Indi- 
 ans. An advanced guard of this army, confifting of about 
 800 men under Major Grant, had moft unaccountably ad- 
 vanced to Fort du Quefne, v/ith a defign as it (hould feem 
 of reducing the place by a coup de main ; but the garrifon 
 fuddenly fallying out and attacking them warmly on all fides, 
 killed and made prifoners many of this party, and difperfed 
 the rert. This was, however, their laft fuccefs ; for the 
 body of the army beingcondufted with greater ikill and cir- 
 cumfpcdion, baffled all their attempts ; fo that the French 
 being convinced by feveral flcirmifhes that all their efforts 
 to furprifethe troops, or interrupt their communication were 
 to no purpofe, and being confcious that their fort was not 
 tenable againlt a regular attack, they wifely aban- 
 Nov. 24. doned the place after deftroying their works ; and 
 fell down the Ohio, to the number of 4 or 500 
 men, towards their more fouthern fettlements. Gen. For- 
 :?.:' bes once more erefted the Fnglifli flag on Fort 
 25th. du Quefne. Without any refiftance we became 
 
 . . mafters 
 
 a fquare fort of loo yards the exterior fide, and had in it no 
 men, fome women, children, and /«^/'««s, 60 pieces of cannon, 
 (half of which were mounted) fixteen fmall mortars, with an im- 
 menfc quantity of provifions and goods, to be fent to the troops 
 gone to oppofe Brig. Gen. Forbes, their wertern garrifons, /W/V/wj', 
 and to fupport the army under the command of M. Levyy on his 
 intended entcrprife againft the Mohaiuk river, valued by the 
 
 French at 800,000 livres. We have likewife taken 9 vef- 
 
 fels from 8 to iS guns, which are all they have upon the lake, two 
 of which I have brought here ; one richly laden ; and the refl: 
 and the provifions I have burnt and deftroyed, together with the 
 fort, artillery, (lores, l^c. agreeable to your excellency's inftrufti- 
 ons, (hould I fucceed. The garrifon made no fcruple of faying, 
 that their troops to the fouthward and weftern garrifons will fuf- 
 fer greatly, if not entirely (larve, for want of the provifions and 
 veffels we have dedroyed, as they have not any left to bring 
 
 them home from Niagara. The terms on which the 
 
 garrifon furrendcred were prifoners of war, until exchanged for 
 equal numbers and rank. ; ^ , , , .^ 
 
 
 III 
 
 
 ¥\ 
 
 If 
 
 Hi; ill 
 

 ia6 
 
 The History of the War.; 
 
 1758. 
 
 i 
 
 maftcrs in the third year after the commencement of 
 hoftilities, of that fortrefs, the contention for which had 
 kindled up the flames of fo general and defl:ru<Etive a war. 
 This place with its mafters has changed its name, and is 
 called Pittfburg, with a propriety which does not need to 
 be pointed out. (d) 
 
 Notwithflanding the unhappy affair at Ticonderoga, the 
 campaign of 1758 in America was very advantageous, and 
 very honourable to the Englifh intereft. Louifbourg, St. 
 John's, Frontenac, and du Quefne reduced, remove from 
 
 our 
 
 i'lTHC^: 
 
 Ai.. 
 
 
 (J) Brigadier General Forbes'^ Letter on his taking of Fort du 
 
 Quefne. 
 
 • ' T Have the pleafure of acquainting you with the fignal 
 X fuccefs of his niajefty's arms over all his enemies on the 
 OhiOy by having obliged them to burn, and abandon their Fort du 
 ^efnCy which they efFefled upon the 24th inft. and of which 
 I took poflefllon with my light troops the fame evening.and with 
 
 uiy little army the next day. The enemy made their ef- 
 
 cape down the river, pai t in boats, and part by land, to their forts 
 and fettlements upon the Mijftftppi^ having been abandoned, or, 
 at leail, not feconded, by their friends the Indians^ whom we had 
 previoufly engaged to a£l a neutral part, after thoroughly convinc- 
 ing them, in feveral (kirmifhes, that all their attempts upon our 
 advanced pofts, in order to cut ofFour communication, were vain, 
 and to no purpofe j fo they now feem all willing, and well difpo- 
 fed to embrace his majefty's moft gracious protection. 
 
 Give me leave, therefore, to congratulate you upon this impor- 
 tant event, of having expelled the French from Fort du ^ejne, 
 and this prodigious tradt of fine rich covmtry ; and of having, in 
 a manner, reconciled the various tribes, and nations of Indians, 
 inhabiting it, to his majefty's government. 
 
 So far I had wrote you the 26th, but being feized with an infla- 
 raation in my ftomach, and liver, the (harpeft and moft fevere of 
 all diftempers, I could proceed no farther ; and, as I have a thou- 
 fand things to fay, have ordered Major Halkett down the country, 
 in order to explain the motives lipon which I proceeded, and the 
 various, and almoft infurmountable difticulties I had to grapple 
 with. 
 
 I (hall leave this as foon as I am able to ftand ; but God 
 knows when, or if ever I reach Philadelphia. 
 
 I expeft the heads of all the Indians in here to morrow, whenl 
 hope very foon to finilh v/ith them. 
 
 1758. 
 
 our coIo 
 the Frei 
 yoke of 
 their coi 
 ofFenfive 
 vered of 
 affords tl 
 meafures 
 campaign 
 It wou 
 of the mi 
 the enem 
 as extenfi" 
 Two fj 
 fent early 
 drive the 
 They ente 
 tion of a ( 
 could not 
 which conr 
 the 29th , 
 with the a 
 Lieut. Col. 
 Goree and 
 to his Maje 
 
 (e) CommoJot 
 
 S I R, 
 
 J Arrived he 
 of Decemb 
 agreeable to hi 
 the fort and ba 
 duced to alk tc 
 be allowed to ; 
 the honours of 
 frelh attack; it 
 the ifland, fort 
 niajefty's fquadi 
 Lieut. CoJ, H' 
 
1758- 
 
 ent of 
 ch had 
 a war. 
 and is 
 leed to 
 
 ga, the 
 us, and 
 irg, St. 
 ve from 
 our 
 
 C Fort du 
 
 the fignal 
 
 ies on the 
 
 if Fort du 
 
 of which 
 
 r,and with 
 
 £ their ef- 
 
 their forts 
 
 loned, or, 
 
 im we had 
 
 convinc- 
 
 upon our 
 
 /ere vain, 
 
 /ell difpo- 
 
 lis Impor- 
 
 [having, in 
 If Indians, 
 
 Ih an infla- 
 
 fevere of 
 
 Ive a thou- 
 
 |e country, 
 
 and the 
 
 [to grapple 
 
 but God 
 Ivv, when I 
 
 1758. The History of the V/ar. 127 
 
 our colonies all terror of the Indian incurfions, draw from 
 the French thofe ufeful allies, f'ee our frontiers from the 
 yoke of their enemies forts, make their fupplies difficult, 
 their communications precarious, and all their defenfive or 
 ofFenfive operations unefFeftive ; whilft their country unco- 
 vered of its principal bulwarks, lies open to the heart, and 
 affords the moft pleafmg profpe£t: of fuccefs to the vigorous 
 meafures which we may be aflured will be taken in the next 
 campaign. Gen. Amherfl: is now commander. 
 
 It would be doing great injuftice to the fpirit and condu(5l 
 of the miniftry, not to obferve, that they omitted to diftrefs 
 the enemy in no part, and that their plans of operation were 
 as extenfive as they were vigorous. 
 
 Two Ihips of the line with fome frigates, were 
 fent early in (he fpring to the coaft of Africa, to Mar. 9. 
 drive the French from their fettlements there. 
 They entered the river Senegal, and in fpiteof the obftruc- 
 tion of a dangerous bar, which the fhips of Avar 
 could not pafs, they obliged the French fort May i. 
 which commands the viver to furrender. And on 
 the 29th of December following, Commodore Keppel, 
 vsrith the ailiftance or fome troops under the command of 
 Lieut. Col. Worge, made himfelf mafter of the ifland of 
 Goree and its forts ; the garrifon furrendering at difcretion 
 to his Majefty's fquadron (e). By thele fuctefies, we have 
 
 taken 
 
 (e) Commodore Keppel'j Letter to Mr. Secretary Pitt, on his taking 
 
 the IJJandofGoxQQ. 
 
 SIR, 
 
 I Arrived here with the fquadron under my command the 28th 
 of December paft in the evening ; and the next morning, 
 agreeable to his majefty's inftruflions, I attacked with the fliips, 
 the fort and batteries on the ifland oi Goree, which were foon re- 
 duced to aflc to capitulati ; and the Governor's demands were, to 
 be allowed to march the French troops out of the garrifon with 
 the honours of war. His terms labfolutely rejefted and began a 
 frefh attack i it was, however, but of a very fhort duration, when 
 the ifland, forts, gariifon, Ssfc. furrendered at difcretion to his 
 majefty's fquadron. 
 Lieut. Col. Worge had his troops embark'd in the flat-bottomed 
 
 boats, 
 
 
laS 
 
 T'he History of the War. 
 
 1758. 
 
 taken from the enemy one of the mcft valuable branches of 
 
 their 
 
 boats, in good order and readinefs, at a proper diftance, with the 
 tranfports, to attempt a defcent, when it fhould be found praftica- 
 ble or requifite. 
 
 Two days after the furrender of the ifland, lorde/ed it to be 
 delivered up, with the cannon, artillery, ftores, and provifions, 
 y<r. to the officer and troops Lieutenant Colonel Worge thought 
 fit to garrifon the place with ; and the colonel is taking all ima- 
 ginable pains to fettle and regulate the garrifon in the bed man- 
 ner, and as fafl as things will admit of. 
 
 The inclofed, Sir, is the Hate of the ifland, with the artillery*, 
 ammunition, and provifions, found in the place at its fur- 
 render. 
 
 French, made prifoners of war, 300. 
 
 Blacks, in arms, a great number j but I am not well enough 
 informed as yet to fay precifely. 
 
 The lofs the enemy fullained, as to men, is fo very differently 
 ftated to me by thofe that have been alked, that I muft defer fay- 
 ing the number till another opportunity. 
 
 Iron ordnance of different oores, 93 ; one brafs 12-pounder -, 
 iron fwivels mounted on carriages, 1 1 ; brafs mortars mounted 
 on beds, two of 13 inches ; ditto, one of 10 inches; iron, one 
 of 1 o inches. In the magazine, powder, 1 00 barrels. Provifions 
 of all fpecies for 400 men for four months. 
 
 Explanation of the Plan of the IJIaml of GoxQt. 
 
 A. The negroe village. 
 
 B. The company's gardens, ^^. 
 C The flavery. 
 
 D. The negroes fountain. 
 
 E. The company's fountain. 
 
 F. The governor's fountain. 
 G.Thehofpital. 
 
 H. The chapel. 
 
 I. The officers hoi'.fcsunfiniih- 
 ed. 
 
 K. Hutts for labourers. 
 
 L. The barracks for carpenters. 
 
 M. The apartment for bombar- 
 diers. 
 
 N. Offices, ftore-houfes, and 
 barracks for foldiers. 
 
 O. The pharmacy and engi- 
 
 neer'j laboratory. 
 P. The armourer's apartment 
 
 and forge. 
 Q^The governor's apartment 
 
 and garden, l^c. 
 R. A ciftern. R. R. A ciftern 
 
 unhnilhed. 
 
 5. A powder magazine. 
 T. Shad'es for water caiks. 
 W.Thv* landing beach, and en- 
 try into the parade. 
 
 V. The court of the fort of St. 
 
 Francis. 
 X. The Ihambles. 
 Y. the burying place. 
 Z. Ditto for the negroes. 
 
 6, A rain water ciftern. 
 
 Explanation 
 
jns 
 
 lent 
 
 lent 
 
 Idem 
 
 en- 
 
 )fSt. 
 
 lation 
 
 M» -'H 
 
 m¥si 
 
 iV 
 
 ^ 'U 
 
 •"it 
 
 1 ! I I ' 
 
 11. I 
 
 iff" 
 
 
 ,li J 
 
 .♦ <, 
 
 14 
 
 m'-i. 
 
 HM 
 
 I * T-fl 
 
 ^j" :■ 
 
 ff 
 
 3i»i 
 
^15^ 
 their 
 impn 
 
 w 
 
 1. The 
 
 2. Thef 
 (fmaiJ 
 
 3.St.Ph 
 
 4. Pt. Pe 
 
 5. Citade 
 chaei, 
 
 6. North J 
 
 [7 
 
 7. Mortar 
 S.Weftpt 
 9. A batte 
 io.Negro( 
 
 •The I 
 the river V< 
 into the At 
 "\aps, rifes 
 "n'es, near 
 northerJv qj 
 Gambia^ or 
 «<?«/ empt 
 The entranc 
 .w'hich h Fo 
 '« a quadran 
 rabie ftrengt 
 'eafon for r 
 or rather fro 
 ^he Englijb 
 "'ere driven I 
 from C«/^ 5, 
 
 iht Dutch \ 
 [orts. The. 
 In 1692 the I 
 ;°o^ them, a 
 i^iivis In 1603 
 
 '"^Ts. extend 
 
 KM 
 
ij^S. The HiSTOKY of the Wak. izg 
 
 their commerce, and one of the moft capable of abundant 
 improvement*. 
 
 . • From 
 
 Explanation of the Batteries. ^, 
 
 J ii-jii 
 
 9 guns, 
 lo guns. 
 
 5 gwns. 
 
 5 guns. 
 
 6 guns. 
 
 9 guns, 
 I (pltt. 
 8 guns. 
 5 guns. 
 
 3 guns- 
 10 guns. 
 
 r Four half moon 
 
 1 1 < batteries en bar- 
 C bet on the hill. 
 
 I a.Twoflanking bat- 
 teries for the bay 
 
 13. Three paffage 
 batteries 
 
 i4.Three brafs one 
 iron mortars 
 
 15. On St. Francis 
 fort 
 
 13 guns. 
 
 4 guns. 
 
 } 
 i 
 
 ? 7 guns. 
 
 ) 4inortars 
 3 I damag. 
 7 I a guns, 
 i I fplit. 
 
 Total 
 
 iiopieces. 
 
 I. The grand battery 
 a. The falute battery \ 
 (fmall) S 
 
 3. St. Philip's battery 
 
 4. Pt. Peter's battery 
 
 5. Citadel of St. Mi- 
 chael, en barbet 
 
 6. North point batte- 
 
 7. Mortar battery 
 8.Weft point battery 
 9. A battery uniinilh'd 
 lo.Negroe batteries 
 
 *ta".f.> l\ ! 'lit I'mnl ' 
 
 * The river Seng/iy or Senegal^ is in one of thofe channels of 
 the river Niger^ by which it is fuppofed to difcharge its waters 
 into the Atlantic ocean : The river Niger, according to the befl: 
 maps, rifes in the eafl of Africa ; and after a courfe of 300 
 miles, nearly due weft, divides into three branches, the mofl: 
 northerly of which is the Senegal, as above ; the middle is the 
 Gambia, or Gamhra ; and the moft fouthern, Rio Grande. Se- 
 negal empties itfelf into the Atlantic ocean in 1 6^ north lat. 
 The entrance of it is guarded by feveral forts, the principal of 
 which is Fort Lewis, built on an ifland of the fame name. It 
 is a quadrangular fort, with two baftions, and of no inconfide- 
 rable ftrength. At the mouth of the river is a bar ; the beft 
 feafon for pafllng it, is from March to Augujl, or September, 
 or rather from April to July, becaufe the tides are then higheft. 
 The Englijh had formerly fettlements here, out of which they 
 were driven by the French, who have engroifed the whole trade 
 from Cape Blanco to the river Gambia, which is near 500 miles. 
 The Dutch were the firft who fettled Senegal, and built two 
 forts. The French made themfelves mafters of them in 1678. 
 In 169a the Englijh feized them ; but next year the French re- 
 took them, and have kept them ever fince. They built Fort 
 Icwis'm 1692, and have beyond it a multitude of other fcttle- 
 'fients, extending 200 leagues up the river. The principal com- 
 
 R modities 
 

 I 
 
 150 .7)&^ History 0/ ^/&e War. 1758. 
 
 From tht Eaft Indies we have this year heard nothing 
 remarkable. It does not feem that the French, notwithftand-* 
 ingthe great ,ft«jggle they made to fend out a ftrong arma- 
 ment undef Gen. Lally, have been in a condition to enter- 
 prife any thing. It is (aijd» jand probably with good founda- 
 tion, that the greateft part of that force was dwindled away 
 with ficknefs during the voyage. Our naval force was ex- 
 erted with fpirit and ^flfeO: in the Mediterranean. The 
 French found that the poftefTion of Minorca could not drive 
 us from the dominion of the Mediterranean, where Admi- 
 ral Ofborn gave the enemies maritime (Irength fuch blows, 
 as they mufl long feel, an4 which merited him the greatefl 
 of all honours, to be joined with the conquerors of Louis^ 
 bourg, in the thanks of the reprefentative body of their 
 country. 
 
 The coming year feems big with great events. In Ger- 
 many the affairs of the rival powers of Pruflia and Auftria, 
 appear to be more nearly ballanced than at any time fince 
 the beginning of the war. This force is as great as ever, 
 and their animofity is no way leflened. Greiat fteps are ta- 
 ken to aflemble powerful armies on the Rhine ; whilfl: Great 
 Britain has fentout two confiderable armaments, one to the 
 Weft Indies, the other to Africa ; thefuccefs of which mud 
 go a great way towards determining the ifTue of the war. 
 Other great preparations are alfo making on the part of 
 Great Britain. In the mean time, the Dutch enraged at 
 the captures of their (hips, make complaints, and threaten 
 armaments. The death of the Princefs of Orange, which 
 happened at a moll critical junfture, adds more perplexity 
 to aflairs ir that quarter. If we look to the fouthward, the 
 clouds feem gathering there alfo. The imminent death of 
 the King of Spain, will be an event fruitful of troubles. In 
 this affair the King of Sardinia, the houfe of Auftria, and 
 the houfe of Bourbon, will find thcmfelves concerned ; to 
 fay nothing of the maritime powers. In a word, the flame 
 of war threatens to fpread in every pari of Europe. 
 
 modities which the French import from this fettlement are, that 
 valuable avtlclc gum fenega, hides, bees-wax, elephants teeth, 
 cotton, gold duft, negroe flaves, oftrich feather!), ambergris, 
 indieo, and civet. 
 
 At 
 
1758. The History vf the "War. 131 
 
 At prefent we are obliged to buy all our gum fenega of the 
 Dutch f who purchafe it from the French -, and they fet what price 
 they pleafe on it. But as the trade to Africa is now open, by 
 this important ac^uifition, the pfice of this valuable drug, which 
 is fo much ufed in ieveral of our manuia^ures, will be much 
 leduced. 
 
 ^ n 
 
 
 \ ^ 
 
 ■■ jfl.- 
 
 1 
 
 
 f 
 
 k 
 
 '\-y. T *? o 
 
 jiL. Mk, 
 
 i J 
 
 y '4 
 
 Rs 
 
 •f H fi 
 
 ..:_va..;' 
 
[ 132 ] *« vl"^ 
 
 ,tw^ 
 
 j 
 
 THE " i\:ui»y*> I 
 
 ANNUAL REGISTER. 
 
 O R 
 
 HISTORY 
 
 O F T H E 
 
 W A R. 
 
 For the YEAR 1759. 
 
 C H A P. I. 
 
 The inclinations of the Powers at war at the clojing the lajl 
 campaign. The King ofSpain''s death apprehended. Con- 
 dition of the King of Prujpay Emprefs ^een, Rujta, 
 Sweden, Holland, France, and England. 
 
 WHOEVER rcflcas upon the conclufion of the 
 feveral campaigns fince the year 1755, will 
 cafily perceive that at the end of the laft, the 
 fortune of the feveral powers at war feemed 
 more nearly upon a ballance, than it had been at the clofe 
 of any of the former. That campaign was rather iefs 
 bloody, than that which immediately preceeded it ; and it 
 was not concluded with any a£tion of fuch an eclat, as could 
 greatly raife, or deprefs the hopes of any of the contending 
 parties. Ail parties became more cautious ; becaufe it be- 
 came every day more evident, that the fortune of war was 
 not to be decided by any fingle ftroke, however confidcrable. 
 
 The 
 
 % 
 

 ER. 
 
 : Y 
 
 fing the lafl 
 \ided. Con- 
 >en, Rujfta, 
 
 [ifion of the 
 1755, will 
 lelaft, the 
 irar feemed 
 
 |at the clofe 
 rather lefs 
 it ; and it 
 [at, as could 
 1 contending 
 Icaufe it be- 
 ] of war was 
 lonfidcrable. 
 ■ The 
 
 1759. Tbe History of the War. 133 
 
 The prize was referved for the player of the (kilful game ; 
 for the moft attentive patience : for the greateft depth ot 
 refources. An equality of this kind feemed at lafl: to pro- 
 mife Europe fome repofe. All fides might now give and 
 receive honourable and equitable terms ; and peace might 
 be fettled on that footing, on which it has been ufually made, 
 for fome time pad, in our part of the world. But the great 
 defigns entertained by each power ; revenge imbittered by 
 the blows which all had felt in tHeir turns, the confideration 
 of the vaft expences that fell upon all, and which a peace 
 at that time would have made fruitless ; even the hopes 
 arifing from the equivocal appearances of the laft campaign, 
 eftranged every court from the difpofition to peace. Info- 
 much tha^ there were no terms direftly offered by any of 
 the belligerent powers ; nor did any of the neutral interpofe 
 their mediation. Befides thefe, another caufe operated 
 -"werfully; a great event was hourly expeOied about this 
 lime 'f an event which threatened to involve the Southern 
 parts of Europe in the calamities of that war, that had fo 
 long wafted the Northern ; and which, whenever it ftiould 
 take place, threatened to render the political fyftem infi- 
 nitely more intricate, and probably to give the war quite a 
 new turn. 
 
 The late King of Spain, by the force of a conjugal affec- 
 tion, rairely feen in that dignity, fince the death of his 
 Queen had been given up to a melancholy, which preyed 
 upon his health, and affe£lpd his underftanding. His death, 
 or incapacity, appeared inevitable within a Ihort time. The 
 King of Naples, Don Carlos, was next In the order of fuc- 
 ceflion. In the treaty of Aix la Chapelle, it had been 
 agreed, that the dutchies of Parma, Placentia and Guaftalla, 
 fhould be reftored to the houfe of Auftria, in cafe Don 
 Carlos Ihould ever come to the crown of Spain. Thefe 
 countries were at the end of that war, in the hands of the 
 Emprefs Qyeen, or her allies. Her imperial Majefty had 
 fet up a claim to the reverfion of thefe dutchies, on the ex- 
 tindtion of ifliie male in the houfe of Farnefe. But the 
 ambition of the Queen of Spain to make all her children 
 Sovereigns, put powerful bars in her way to it. This am- 
 bition was one of the caufes which made the laft fo general 
 a war. The peace of Aix la Chapelle, which put a period 
 to that war, after fettling thefe contefted dutchies as an 
 (cftablifbment for Don Philip, fecond fon to the King of 
 
 Spaln^ 
 
 4 ! 
 
 i 
 

 
 134 '^'^^ History of the War. 175^. 
 
 Spain, provided, that whenever the event, which we have 
 mentioned above, fhould take place, that is to fay, the ac- 
 ceflion of Don Carlos to the crown of Spain, then the King- 
 dom of Naples and Sicily fhould pafs to the Infant Don 
 Philip, and the dutchies which formed his eftablifhment 
 fhould revert to the houle of Auftria. 
 
 The King of Naples, not without reafon, looked upon 
 this article of the treaty of Aix la Chapelle, as injurious to 
 his rights ; accordingly he never acceded to it. No method 
 m this cafe could be feen, which might prevent matters 
 from coming to extremities, except the fituation of the Em- 
 prefs, engaged as (he was with a powerful adverfary, who 
 kept her forces ftrained to the utmoft pitch. She was in no 
 condition to engage in a new war, however interefting the 
 objefl: might be. Her ally France, who fo ineflfe6fcually 
 a 111 fled her in Germany, could not probably aflift her with 
 more effeft in Italy ; ine therefore feemed to have no other 
 part left, than to acquicfce for the prcfent, and wait in 
 filence a more favourable opportunity to affert her claims. 
 The event cf the King of Spain's death has fince happened. 
 It has produced none of thefe immediate effefls which were 
 apprehended ; and this probably proceeded from the caufe 
 which we have jull now hinted. A dead calm at prefent 
 broods over Italy. But in this tranquility and filence there 
 arc materials gathering, which may in no very diftant period 
 burfl: in a terrible temped: over that delightful country. 
 They are very nearly the fame that produced the laft trou- 
 bles there, and may not only revive them^ but fpread the 
 horrors of war once more over all Europe. 
 
 Such were the inclinations of the powers at war at the 
 opening of this year ; their ftrength feemed alfo very entire; 
 in particular, the refources of the King of Pruflia appeared 
 aftonifliing, after the great blows he had fufFered ; and after 
 the advantages he had gained, but gained at fo high z, price. 
 He was ftill able to fhew himfelf the father and benefador, 
 as well as the prote6lor of his people. In the midft of the 
 devouring walk of fuch an expenfive war, from the funds 
 of his ceconomy he was enabled to remit the taxes to thofe 
 parts of his dominions, which had fufFered from the Ruffian 
 barbarity ; he even advanccid money to thofe which had 
 fuffered the mofl: confiderably. 
 
 To take a nearer view of his fituation, we muft obfcrve, 
 that the whole kingdom of PrufTia ftill remained in the 
 
 hands 
 
 1759- 
 hands ol 
 with his 
 nothing 
 fpe^is, Y 
 from th< 
 lofTes, tl 
 one cam] 
 tc this, t 
 on the ad 
 undoubtc 
 in power. 
 But to 
 not quite 
 cious thai 
 and fair, 
 hoilownel 
 parable b< 
 had given 
 the fame j 
 long feries 
 on the fid( 
 is to be be 
 and defpai 
 nite train 
 many woi 
 their favoi 
 battle, or 
 hoards wl 
 time muft 
 liave been 
 Saxony co 
 The iudigt 
 the rapaci 
 Britain did 
 ficiencies o 
 ftances, pn 
 and dilator' 
 The cou 
 «s the Kin 
 blows. Tl 
 able and pc 
 Guilds, than 
 able to fubf 
 
1759' 
 
 vc have 
 the ac- 
 e King- 
 int Don 
 iihment 
 
 ed upon 
 irious to 
 > method 
 t matters 
 the Em- 
 iry, who 
 was in no 
 ;fting the 
 ffedually 
 
 her with 
 • no other 
 id wait in 
 er clainns. 
 happened, 
 hich were 
 
 the caufe 
 1 at prefent 
 
 nee there 
 
 ant period 
 country, 
 laft trou- 
 
 pread the 
 
 ra,T at the 
 »ry entire; 
 I appeared 
 , and after 
 gh SI price, 
 lenefador, 
 idft of the 
 
 the funds 
 es to thofe 
 ;he Ruffian 
 
 rhich had 
 
 [ft obfcrvc, 
 
 icd in the 
 
 hands 
 
 1759- ^^^ History of the War. 135 
 
 hands of the Mufcovites. The dutchy of Cleves, togethe*^ 
 with his other poHeflions on the Rhine, could yield him 
 nothing *, they were held by the French ; but in thefe re- 
 fpe£i8, his fituation was not worfe than it had been, almoft 
 from the beginning of the war. He had to ballance thefe 
 loffes, the rich country of Saxony, which he had twice in 
 one campaign wrefted from the hands of the Auftrians. Add 
 tc this, the renewal of the fubfidy treaty with Great Britain, 
 on the advantageous terms of the former year. Thefe were 
 undoubtedly great fupports ; and the King feemed as entire 
 in power, and more advanced in reputation than ever. 
 
 But to a more critical examination, things had an afpeft 
 not quite fo favourable. This appearance was rather fpe- 
 cious than entirely folid ; and whilft all without looked full 
 and fair, within there was a decay of fubftance, and an 
 hollownefs that rung at the flightefl: touch. That incom- 
 parable body of troops, which at the beginning of the war 
 had given him fo great a fuperiority, no longer exifted in 
 the fame perfons. If his troops derived advantages from a 
 long feries of active fervice, thefe advantages were equally 
 on the fide of the enemy. His army had known what it 
 is to be beaten ; and it is no wonder, if a fort of wearinels 
 and defpair began to creep upon them, after fuch an infi- 
 nite train of unrewarded fatigues, when they faw that io 
 many wonderful exploits had not yet ended the war in 
 their favour. Many of his heft generals had been killed in 
 battle, or died, or had retired, or were difgraced. The 
 hoards which he had amafled before the war, by this 
 time muft have been entirely fpent ; his dominions muft 
 have been greatly exhaufted, both of men and money. 
 Saxony could no longer yield fuch fupplies as formerly. 
 The indigence of the fubdued inhabitants, fei bounds to 
 the rapacity of the conqueror. The fubfidy of Great 
 Britain did a great deal ; but it could not fupply the de- 
 ficiencies on this, and on every other fide. Thefe circum- 
 ftances, probably, made the King of Pruflia more cautious 
 and dilatory than ufual. 
 
 The court of Vienna had as great burthens to fuftain 
 as the King of Pruflia, and fhe had fuffercd much greater 
 blows. That power has a ftrength, fomewhat unaccount- 
 able and peculiar to herfelf. More deficient in pecuniary 
 funds, than any other great power in Europe, fhe is better 
 able to fubfift, and to do confiderable things without them. 
 
 For 
 
 i 
 
 M 
 
 I 
 
 ■■i < 
 
 ■■-, 
 
136 The History of the War. 1759. 
 
 For by a long habit, the whole ftate is formed to its necef- 
 fities ; and the fubjed is more ready to fupply free quarter, 
 and to endure military licence than any other. The coun- 
 try is abundantly fruitful in all its parts. And whilft the 
 war is carried on near home, an arbitrary government, 
 operating on fo extenfive an obje£t, can hardly fail of fuch 
 rcfources, as muft ferve an Auftrian army ; which is ftill 
 paid in a great meafure, as Tacitus defcribes the troops of 
 the antient Germans to have been ; they have a plentiful 
 table in lieu of pay. (a) 
 
 And indeed it muft be owned, that there is no Sovereign, 
 who is more highly honoured in his dominions, or obeyed 
 with a greater mixture of love and reverence, by all his 
 fubjeds, than her Imperial Majefty. So that having a very 
 ample power, very willing obedience, a large territory and 
 many men, not fufficiently employed in the arts of peace, it 
 perhaps may be guefl'ed, in what manner <he has been 
 able to fupply her many and great lofles, and to continue a 
 war, like the prcfcnt, better than ftates more abundant in 
 money. She is befides, and this is a matter of no fmall 
 confequence, fupported by the countenance, the authority, 
 and the forces of the Empire. And Ihe has for her allies 
 the firft, and moft formidable names in Europe. In the 
 wars which this power carried on in the lafl., and in this 
 century, though ufually not very fuccefsful, Ihe has always 
 been the lall: to defirc a peace; though frequently flow 
 in her operations, Ihe makes amends by an extraordinary 
 . pcrfcverance. 
 
 This flownefs could not efcape general obfervation, in 
 the anions of the laft year. That the Auftrians did not 
 play with fufficient fpirit, the great game which was in 
 thiir hands, after the battle of Hocjikirchen, and the entry 
 ot" the Rufllans into the New Marche of Brandenburgh, 
 fcems hardly difputable. Perhaps it was that the court of 
 Vienna, by an error common to many courts, but particjr 
 larlv fo to this, and often fatal to it, interfered too much 
 and too minutely, in the operations of the campaign. 
 
 It is not impofllble that the character of Marflial Daun 
 himfelf, might have had fomc (hare in this inactivity ; a 
 charafter almoft in all things the direCt reveife of that of 
 
 his 
 
 (a) Nam epultey et quanquom incompti, largi tamen apparatut 
 p%o jUpendio cedunt. Tricit. de nioribus Germ. §. 14 
 
 ^59' 
 his Prufl 
 lute and 
 and fpirii 
 Should t 
 they migl 
 able to e<\ 
 a llile of 
 principle, 
 adion, in 
 by a long 
 efforts it 
 iide. His 
 fhould rati 
 of all the < 
 flow advani 
 mafterly fti 
 and all the 
 condu£l, a 
 lall campai| 
 of what th 
 and Pruflian 
 very late to 
 The couii 
 in fpite of 
 forts of the 
 liance. If (] 
 Ihe could fee 
 carried on at 
 fo dreaded, a 
 the opportun 
 perfeaing he 
 to keep her c 
 The Swed< 
 they continue 
 part of the wj 
 Holland pre 
 little refpeaet 
 vided in her c< 
 t'i'gufted the : 
 ^>cnch. For 
 ried on the trac 
 •^d them to fre 
 ""d privateers. 
 
1759- 
 
 necef- 
 uarter, 
 z coun- 
 lilft the 
 nment, 
 of fuch 
 h is ftill 
 •oops of 
 Plentiful 
 
 vcreign, 
 • obeyed 
 »y all his 
 ig a very 
 tory and 
 peace, it 
 bas been 
 ontinue a 
 indant in 
 no fmall 
 luthority, 
 her allies 
 . In the 
 nd in this 
 as always 
 ntly flow 
 aordinary 
 
 |\(ation, in 
 IS did not 
 [\i was in 
 I the entry 
 fenburgh, 
 court of 
 It particJ" 
 Itoo much 
 
 lal Daun 
 
 tivityi a 
 
 )f that of 
 
 his 
 
 apparatut 
 
 
 1759- The HisroKY of tbeW A K. >■ 137 
 
 his Prufllan Majdly. He faw that the King, aftive, refo- 
 lute and advantageous, wafted himfelf even by that adivity 
 and fpirit, to which he owed his moft brilliant fuccefles. 
 Should the Auftrians carry on the war in the fame fpirit, 
 they might fufFer in the fame manner, without being ever 
 able to equal, much lefs to exceed that great Monarch, in 
 a ftile of a€kion peculiarly his own. Daun therefore by- 
 principle, feems to have kept his army from coming to 
 action, in order to oppofe a ftrength entire, and recruited 
 by a long reft, to that of the King of Pruflia, wafted by the 
 eflforts it was obliged to make, inceflantly and on every 
 fide. His defign feemed to be, that the iflTue of the v/ar 
 fhould rather arifc from the general refult and concurrence 
 of all the operations, gradually producing a folid though a 
 (low advantage, than from the effects of a bold, quick, and 
 mafterly ftroke. In fa£t, the Auftrians felt all the benefits, 
 and all the inconveniencies which ufu'ally attend this fort of 
 conduft, a conduct which probably loft them Saxony in the 
 lad campaign, and which has fecured them the pofleflion 
 of what they now hold in that country. The Auftrians 
 and Pruflians watched the time and one another, and came 
 very late to adion. 
 
 The court of Peterft)urg ftill adhered to its old fyftem, 
 in fpite of the late ill fuccefs of her arms, and all the ef- 
 forts of the Britifti minifter, to withdraw her from her al- 
 liance. If ftie had fome lofs of men, it was the leaft lofs 
 (he could feel : and fhe thought that whilft tha war was 
 carried on at the expence of others, the reduftion of fo near, 
 fo dreaded, and fo hated a rival as the King of Pruflia, and 
 the opportunity of the forming her troops to fervice, and 
 perfedting her officers, were objefts of confequence enough 
 to keep her clofely attached to her firft fentiments. 
 
 The Swedes prefervcd likewife the fame connexion ; but 
 they continued as before, an inconfiderable, and inglorious 
 part of the war. 
 
 Holland preferved her neutrality ; but it was a neutrality 
 little refpe^ed, and indeed in itfelf little refpeftable. Di- 
 vided in her councils, attentive only to private interefts, flie 
 difgufted the Englifti, and neither pleafed nor fcrved the 
 French. For fome of the fubjefts of that republic had car- 
 ried on the trade of France in their bottoms, which fubjeft- 
 cd them to frequent captures from the Englifti men of war 
 and privateers. This produced loud complaints in Holland, 
 
 j^ and 
 

 138 7*/^^ History e/ ///tf War. 1759. 
 
 and waim remonftranocs to the court of •London. Thefe 
 complaints twt with little attention, being in msny refpeds 
 but indiffieie.dv founded. The affair was dfEwn out in 
 length, until t ' difpute was extinguiHied by the dedrudion 
 of its objeft , ■otae of the French colonies were reduced, 
 and the trade in the others, grown too fmall and too hazar- 
 dous to be continued longer with any hope of advantage. 
 
 The affairs of France and England were partly connected 
 with the general fyftem, and partly di(lin£l and independent. 
 France perceived that the ftrength of the EngliAi, and the 
 exertion of that ftrength, increafed continually in America; 
 ihe knew from the natural inferiority of her colonies, and 
 the feeble ftate of her navy, that fhe could not in reafon 
 hope for great fuccefs in that quarter ; for which reafon, 
 although fhe fent a fleet under Monf. Bompart into the 
 Weft Indies, and fome men of war, with as many ftoreand 
 tranfport fhips as fhe could fteal out of the river St. Law- 
 fence, her great efforts were to be made in Europe ; (he 
 had two objeds, the recovery of Hanover, and the invafion 
 of thefe iflands ; in either of which if ftie fucceeded, there 
 could be no doubt, but that it would prove a fufficient bal- 
 lance for all that (he had fuffered, or had to apprehend in 
 any other part of the world. 
 
 With regard to the firft obje£l, though it was difficult 
 to attain it, and though if it (hould be attained, it did 
 not promife to anfwer her purpofes fo well as the latter, 
 yet it was upon that (he chiefly depended. Hitherto in- 
 deed the fuccefs which France had in Germany, was not 
 at all proportioned to the prodigious efforts which (he 
 made ; fhe began to find herfelf much exhaufted. The 
 wants of the French obliged them to pay little r^fpeO. to 
 neutral, or even to friendly powers ; fo that the efteem 
 and afnftance which they had in Germany, diminifhed con- 
 tinually. They eat up the country, and feized on fuch 
 towns as were convenient to them, without any ceremony : 
 yet freed from all thefe reftraints, their army had made very 
 little progrefs ; their generals had not difplayed any great 
 abilities, and their army, in itfelf very badly compofed, 
 was deficient in difcipline, to a degree which is fcarcely 
 credible. They kept neither guards nor ports, nor cen- 
 tinels ; a great part of their troops wandered from the 
 camp into the neighbouring towns, and returned drunk. 
 Their councils of war were held in a tumultuous and difor- 
 
 derly 
 
1759- ^'^ HisTOAY of the War. t^^ 
 
 defly manner ; and all their deflgns were parfc^ly know 
 in the camp of the allies, where a very different pi£^ure 
 was exhibited, with regard to regularity and caution. 
 
 The French troops have feveral effential defefki in 
 their conftitution, which prevent them from equalling 
 thofe of Germany, and other nations. Several regiments 
 are in a manner hereditary in great families, who placed at 
 their firft outfet at a very high point of military rank, think 
 it unneceflary to attain the qualifications, which lead others 
 to it ftep by ftep. As to the reft of the officers, as their 
 pay is fmall and their hopes little, few ftudy the art military, 
 as a profeflTion : they fcrvc becaufe it is the faftiion to do fo, 
 and that it is thought neccflary to be a gentleman. Thus 
 they difpatch their bufmefs as a difagreeable talk; and 
 having little to lofe in the fervice, it is almoft impoifible to 
 preferve a due fubordination. The common men are little 
 more than abjeft vaflals, and therefore want that high fpirit 
 which in their gentry makes fome amends for the want of 
 knowledge and afliduity. And as they are corrupted by the 
 example of their fupenors, fo by their negligence they arc 
 left without any reftraint. The officers do not chufe to 
 incur the ill will of their men, or to ^ivc themfelves trouble, 
 by exercifing that wholfome feverity in which the health 
 and vigour of military difcipline confift. 
 
 The German common people are indeed in a ftill lower 
 flate of vafTalage than the French, and might therefore be. 
 fuppofed naturally, no better foldiers ; but their bodies are 
 more robuft and hardy ; their treatment is fevere and rigo- 
 rous, their fubordination is moft exa£t, which makes their 
 difcipline perfeft ; and Germany is fo habituated to war, 
 that all the people may be faid to be born foldiers. Thefc 
 things give the Germans a great fuperiority over the French ; 
 a fuperiority which was more vifible in this, than in any 
 former war. 
 
 Thefe defers in their army were increafed by the low 
 flate of their finances, which caufed their troops to be 
 The French court made fome attempts to 
 redit, by changing their former methods of 
 Mr. Silhoute was made comptroller of the 
 finances, ancf^ the farmers general were removed from thehr 
 former employment of finding the fupplies. New methods 
 were devifed, which might ftave off the entire ruin of their 
 finances, until their armies in Germany could ftrike fome 
 
 S 2 cffcaual 
 
 very ill paid. 
 keep up their 
 railing money 
 
 
J40 7/r Hf STORY 0/ the War. 1759. 
 
 fffc^nal blow, or their projc6l of an invnfion, which 
 quictril the mind» oi the |"»co]>lc in fomc dcgrcc» fliould be 
 pill in execution. 
 
 With regard to the latter projef^, France had formerly 
 found that the bare report of fm h a defip^n had lervcd many 
 material purpofes ; but in F.nf!;lami things had lincc then, 
 been greatly changed. The threats of an invaHon increal- 
 ed our internal flrength, without raifingany npprehcnfjoni; 
 they in a great meafure executed the mditia a(rl, which 
 hardly any thing clfr could have put in execution ; they 
 increafcd the regular troops, both in their number and their 
 fpecies. England for the fird Ufnc faw light horfe ami 
 hght foot. There reigned in both houfes the moll ported 
 and unprecedented union. Antong the great men ihac 
 was no dilVcrcnce that could in the lead »fl*c6l the conduft 
 of the war. The difputc concerning the preference of the 
 continental and the marine lylK"m» was entirely fdcnccd; 
 bccaule a fyftem took place which comprehended both, and 
 operated in both as fully as the warmeft advocates of either 
 could defire. Never did F.ngl.ind keep a greater number 
 of land forces on foot, on tlie continent of Europe, in 
 England, in America, when flie turned all her power to her 
 land forces only. Never did flie cover the feas with Inch 
 formidable fleets, when her navy alone enp,aged,hcr atten- 
 tion. Such is the cffcft when power and patriotilm unite; 
 when lihfrty and order kifs \ and when a nation fus with a 
 happy fccurity under the fliade of abilities which flie has 
 tried, and virtues in which Ihe dares to confide. 
 
 .r ^ : C H A P. H. 
 
 ^ bf allied arpty moves, Succefsful fkirmiprs ott the fitlr of 
 the allies. Battle of Berp^ett. Pritiec Ferdinand retires 
 to JVindeken. Plan of the (ampait^n. General iVoher- 
 fnow*s expedition into Poland. Prinee Henry^s into Ho- 
 beniia /tnd Franeonia. General Mae^uire defeated. Bam- 
 berg pilloji^ed. Prinee Henry returns to Saxony, fifjfc 
 abandoned by the allies. 
 
 TH F. fcizing of Francfort in the lart year, by a moll 
 flagrant violation of the liberties of the Empire, hail 
 given the French and their allies the moft material advan- 
 tage they had acquired in the campaign; for it fecurcd to 
 
 them 
 
 1759- 7'/ 
 
 them the courii 
 
 caiy to tjjem tt 
 
 fiipply. it fee 
 
 them, the liupi 
 
 tiiat chain, fror 
 
 iiuitual fuccour 
 
 depended upon 
 
 well with rcgar( 
 
 army, as lo thai 
 
 nccclfarily have 
 
 whole cnfiiing c 
 
 this, as foun as 
 
 atlion, drew jiij 
 
 the head of thirt' 
 
 before they couli 
 
 in daily cxpedat 
 
 about ten or tw< 
 
 cleOoratc, and u 
 
 dctathiTients of J 
 
 end of February, 
 
 the ports, which 
 
 and fomc phitea i 
 
 bo<iyof theeneml 
 
 but the hereditar 
 
 of the allies ihroi 
 
 army, defeated t 
 
 places of imporla 
 
 were made prifo 
 
 alarmed at the vi 
 
 prelude to fonieth 
 
 of Broglio took 
 
 village between I 
 
 fary the Allies fl 
 
 ro his line. This 
 
 his flanks and cen 
 
 only be made at 
 
 /n this difpofiti 
 approached ; the 
 and bep;an the a 
 nine and ten in tl 
 were received wii 
 had prepared for 
 fpatc of about tw 
 
»759- '^^^'^ History of the War. 141 
 
 tlicni the couric of the Maine, and the Kiiine, ;in(l made it 
 caly to them to receive every kiiul ot reinforcement and 
 liipply. It feciircd likcwHc that coininunication hctwcen 
 them, the Imperial, and the AuArian armies, and formed 
 that chain, from wiiich they derived no (mall henclit of 
 mutual luccour and concurrence in their operations. Much 
 depended upon their being diflodged Ironi thatpofl; as 
 well with rep,ard to the h)rtiiiie of hi:. Hritannic Majefty's 
 army, an to that of the King of PrufTia. Such a flroke mull 
 ncccllarily have the grealell influence on the events of the 
 whole cnluing campai);n. I'rince Ferdinand, fcnfiblc of 
 this, as loon as the Icalun permitted him to enter upon 
 action, drew his troops out of their cantonments ; and at 
 the head of thirty thouland men, prepared toilillodge them, 
 before they could receive the fupjdies, of which they were 
 in daily expedation. The rell of his army, confilting of 
 about ten or twelve fhouland men, were left to guard the 
 decorate, and to watch the hiflioprickof Munftcr. Some 
 detachments of Hanoverians and Pruflians had, in the latter 
 end of February, drivci^ the Impcrialifts and Auflrians from 
 the ports, which they occupied at Erfurth and Eifinach, 
 and fomc places in the country of lleffe; this drew a ftrong 
 bocly of the enemy into that part, which pufhed them back; 
 but the hereditary prince of Brunfwick, who led the army 
 of the allies through ways, before deemed ImpafTabfe to an 
 army, defeated them in fome feverc (kirmifhes ; fevcral 
 places of importance were taken ; feveral whole battalions 
 were made prifoners, with their ofliccrs. The French, 
 alarmed at the vivacity of this beginning, judged it but the 
 prelude to foniething more decifive. Accordingly the Duke 
 of Broglio took an advantageous poll, near Bergen, at a 
 village between Francfort and Hanau, which it was nccef- 
 fary the Allies fliould marter, before they could penetrate 
 to his line. This place he had ir.ndc his right, and fecured 
 his flanks and centre in fuch a manner, that the attack could 
 only be made at that village. 
 
 Jn this difpofition was the French army when the Allies 
 approached ; they formed ihemfelves under an eminence, 
 and began the attack on the village of Bergen, between 
 nine and ten in the morning with great intrepidity. They 
 were received with a very feverc fire, which the enemy 
 had prepared for them j they made three attacks in the 
 fpacc of about two hours, and were every time repulfed. 
 
 Prince 
 
 ■1^ 
 
 
 w^^^\i 
 
I4S ^hf History of the War. 1759 
 
 Prince Ferdinand now ohferved that the enemy ftill kept 
 a good countenance in their port, and that his own troops 
 began to full into fome difordcr. This able general, who 
 never rifqucs his fortune on a fingle throw, began to think 
 of a retreat, whild his lofs was yet inconfiderable, and 
 the diforder of his men eafily to be repaired. But a 
 retreat in the face of a viftorious enemy, was hazardous ; 
 and the day was not yet above half fpcnt. In this exigence 
 he made fuch movements, as ftrongly indicated a defign of 
 falling once more upon the village, in the enemy's right, 
 and of making at the fame time a new attack upon their 
 left, Thcfc appearances were farther countenanced by a 
 cannonade, on both thefe ports, fupported with an uncom- 
 mon fury. The French deceived by thefe manoeuvres, 
 kept dole in their ports ; they expeded a new and a lively 
 attack every moment j they returned the cannonade as 
 brifltly as they could ; and in this pofture things continued 
 until night came on, when the prince made an eafy retreat, 
 without diforder, or molertation, and halted at Windeken. 
 
 In this action the lofs of the allies was about two 
 thoufand in every way : that of the French was by no 
 means lefs confiderable. The allies indeed fuflPered no- 
 thing in their reputation ; their countenance through the 
 whole a6^ion having been excellent. Prince Ferdinand 
 gained as much honour, and difplayed as much (kill, as 
 could have been obtained, or rtiewn upon a more fortunate 
 cccafion. The event however was, in its confequences, far 
 from indiflFerent ; for the allies having miffed this blow, 
 the French ftill kept F'lancfort, and all advantages which 
 they drew from that fituation ; they had time and means to 
 receive their reinforcements ; and they acquired in a rtiort 
 fpacc fuch a fuperiority, as obliged prince Ferdinand to 
 content himfrif with acting on the defenHve, for a long 
 time after. 
 
 The advantages which would have arifen from another 
 ilTuc of th.1t battle appeared more fully, from the operati- 
 ons which were carrying on on the fide of Bohemia, and 
 which probably were defigned to concur with thofe of the 
 prince, in fome grand and comprehenfive fcheme. There 
 is no doubt, that the army of the allies, and thofe of his 
 Prufflan M.ijcftri had determined to aft in concert, and 
 had fettled fome plan for that purpofe ; and though it fliould 
 nut be difcovercd with equal certainty, what that plan was, 
 
1759 ^^ History of the Wa r. 143 
 
 it may not however be unplcafant to trace it ; as far at 
 kaft as a reafonable conjecture, guided by the lights de- 
 rived from the tendency of each operation, may lead us. 
 For if we fuccced at all, in fuch an attempt, it diffufes a 
 wonderful clearnefs over the whole narrative. 
 
 It is not impoHibie then, that it was defigned in the firil 
 place, to keep the Rufllans at a didance, until the latter end 
 of the fummer, by the dc(lru6\ion of their magazines in 
 Poland. That on rhe other fide prince Ferdinand fhould 
 attempt to drive the French towards the Rhine, and to get 
 between them and the army of the Empire ; which having 
 thus loft its communication with the French, prince Henry 
 (hould rufti out of Saxony, and fall upon them in Bohemin 
 and Franconiu, and cut oflF alfo their communication with 
 the great body of the Auftrians. Then the Impcrialifts 
 would find themfelvcs fituated between two hoftile and fu- 
 perior armies ; whilft in Bohemia, Marfhal Daun would he 
 cither obliged to try his fortune fmgle handed, with the 
 King of Pruflia, or totally to abandon that kingdom, into 
 which it was in the power of the PrulTians to enter, in op- 
 pofitc parts at once. 
 
 The firft part of thi. i>lan was executed with great fpirit 
 and fuccefs. So early as the 23d of February the Pruflinn 
 general Woberfnow marched into Poland from Glogau in 
 Silefia, with forty-fix fquadrons, and twenty-nine battalions, 
 where they routed fome bodies of Coflacks ; and after hav- 
 ing deftroyed fcvcral immenfc maga/.ines, particularly one 
 at Polen, faid to be fufficient for the fubfiftencc ot fifty 
 thoufiind men for three months, they returned without any 
 lofs into Silefia, on the 18th of April. 
 
 As for the fecond A61 of this military drama, it was ex- 
 ecuted with as great fuccefs, and with fome advantages 
 more ftriking than the firft. Prince Henry commanded the 
 Fruflian troops in Saxony, which the public accounts called 
 forty thoufand men. He had certain intelligence, that fome 
 movements, which had purpofcly been made by the King 
 of Pruflia, had drawn the greaieft part of the Auftrian 
 troops, which had been pofted as a watch upon Saxony, 
 towards the frontiers of Silcfia. He immediately took ad- 
 vantage of this opening, and entered Bohemia in 
 two columns: one marched towards Peter fw£ide : April 15. 
 the other, which was command<;d by General 
 Hulfcn, made its way by Paftjerg and Commottau. The 
 
 Hrrt 
 
 'i** I 
 
144 '^^^ History of the War. 1759. 
 
 firft penetrated as far as Lobofchutz, and Leitmeritz, the 
 enemy flying before them, and every where abandoning or 
 burning the vaft magazines which they had amafled in al' 
 thofe parts. 
 
 The body under General Hulfen did as much fervice, and 
 it had a more aftive employment. The pafs of Pafberg, 
 flrong in itfelf, was defended by a < onfiderable body of 
 Auftrians. General Hulfen having conduced his cavalry 
 by another way, fo as to fall direftly on their rear, attacked 
 them with his infantry in front, and drove them out of ail 
 their intrenchments ; one general, fifty-one officers, and no 
 lefs than two thoufand private men, were made prifoners 
 on this occafion. The Pruflians loft but feventy 
 April 22. men killed and wounded. They returned into 
 Saxony with hoftages for the contributions they 
 had exa£led. 
 
 After this fatiguing expedition, the prince gave his troops 
 a few days to reft, and then led them once more 10 aftion. 
 He directed his march through the Voigtland, towards the 
 army of the Empire ; they entered Franconia by the way 
 of Hoff; they attacked General Macguire, who command- 
 ed a body of Auftrians and Imperiafifts. Here they were 
 bravely refifted for the whole day ^ but the numbers and 
 fpirit of the PruiTians prevailing, Macguire gladly took 
 advantage of the night to make a retreat, having loft about 
 five hundred men. A few fkirmiftics more decided the fate 
 of Franconia. The army of the Empire retreated, as the 
 Prufl'ians advanced, and abandoned the rich bifhoprics of 
 Bamberg and X^'^urtzburg to contribution. The 
 May 16. town of Bamberg furrendered upon terms ; but 
 fome confufion happening before the capitulation 
 was complcatly finiftied, a party of Croats came to blows 
 with a party of Prufllans, who had by this time pofleflion 
 nf one of the gates ; this was refented as an infringement of 
 the capitulation. A pretence was given to plunder the 
 place ; it was given up to pillage, by order of the comman- 
 dcro, for two days, in a very unrelenting and licentious 
 manner. This produced loud and juft complaints againft 
 the Pruflians, and in due time a fevere retaliation. Prince 
 llcrrv h.ul piilhcd back the army of the Empire, as far as 
 NuitmbcTf!; ; he had dil'ahled a great part of the circle of 
 I'ranconia iVom i;iving them afliftance ; and thus far he 
 had jicwom^^liflicd the objefts of his expedition. But as 
 r--^ ' that 
 
ritz, the 
 loning or 
 [Ted in al' 
 
 vice, and 
 
 Pafberg, 
 
 body of 
 is cavalry 
 , attacked 
 out of all 
 irS) and nn 
 ; prifoners 
 ut feventy 
 irned into 
 tions they 
 
 his troops 
 ; 10 aftion. 
 )wards the 
 )y the way 
 command- 
 they were 
 mbers and 
 ladly took 
 loft about 
 d the fate 
 ed, as the 
 |{hoprics of 
 lion. The 
 rms ; but 
 lapitulation 
 ,e to blows 
 pofleflion 
 gement of 
 under the 
 comman- 
 licentious 
 nts againft 
 Prince 
 as far as 
 ke circle of 
 hu3 far he 
 In. But as 
 that 
 
 i75p. The History of thi War. 145 
 
 that part of the plan, which Prince Ferdinand was to have 
 executed, had failed, it was impoflible on one hand to hinder 
 the French army,from fuccouring that of the Empire, or 
 on the other, to prevent a body of Auftrians from availing 
 themfelves of his abfence, to penetrate into Saxony. In 
 thefe circumftances any farther ftay in Franconia was \xfe- 
 lefs, and might be dangerous. His army, loaded with 
 booty and contribution, returned to their old fituation. The 
 Auftrians retired into Bohemia at their approach. 
 
 Appearances were hitherto favourable enough to the 
 Pruflians ; however none of the great ends propofed by the 
 general plan were fully anfwered. The Ruflians, notwith- 
 landing the deftruflion of their magazines, continued their 
 piarch towards Silefia. Count Dohna, who had raifed great 
 contributions and levies in the dutchy of Mecklenburg, was 
 preparing to oppofe them on the fide of Brandenburgh ; 
 otiicr parties under other commanders, were pofted at thofe 
 places where their irruption was the moft apprehended. 
 The approach of this army brought things nearer and nearer 
 to a crifis. The eyes of all Europe were fixed with anxiety 
 and expeflation on their progrefs. It appeared the more 
 formidable, becaufe the progrefs of the French arms was 
 very rapid after the battle of Bergen. 
 
 Prince Ferdinand finding that another attack was not ad- 
 vifcable, retreated continually. The French poffefled them- 
 felves of Hefle without oppofition ; they met as little in 
 making their way through the bifhopric of Paderborn ; and 
 whilft their grand army, under Marftfal dc Contades, pufhed 
 the allies in that quarter and on the fide of Heffe, M. 
 d'Armentieres was pofted by Weftl, to advance on that fide 
 as occafion fhould require. The condition of the allied 
 army was extremely dubious ; whilft the French increafed 
 in their numbers and fpirit. Their new fuccefs gave them 
 rcafon to hope for a campaign as fortunate as that of 1757 
 
 
 yfii 
 
 ili 
 
 '*: 
 
 t. 
 
 CHAP 
 
146 
 
 'The History of tke War. 
 CHAP. III. 
 
 ^759- 
 
 Expedition to the Wejl Indies under HopfoH and Moore. Ac- 
 count of Martinico. Failure there. The Caufes of it. 
 Guadaloupe iuvaded. Defer ipt ion of that ijland. Bajfc 
 Terre attacked and burned. Gen. Hopfon dies. Operati- 
 ons agaivjl Grand Terre. Several pa^es forced. The in- 
 habitant i capitulate. Bravery of a French lady. Mary^ 
 galante taken, 
 
 GREAT Britain was not content with the efforts which 
 fhe had made in Germany : America, the interefts 
 of which had given rife to the war, was the obje£t which 
 principally engaged her attention. This was indeed the 
 proper objed of her natural ftrength, and by her fucccfs in 
 this quarter, fhe mod efFeflually laid the axe to the root ot 
 the enemy's naval power, and cut away one great part of 
 the refources which fed the war. Afquadronof 
 Nov. nine (hips of the line, with fixty tranfports, con- 
 1758. taining fix regiments of foot, in the end of the 
 laft year, failed for the Wcfl: Indies, in order to 
 attack and reduce the French Caribbee iflands. General 
 Hopfon commanded the land forces; the fleet in the ex- 
 pedition was to be under the orders of Commodore Moore, 
 then in the Weft Indies. 
 
 Their rirft cbjcft was Martinico, the firft in reputation 
 of the French Caribbees, the feat of government, the centre 
 of all the trade which France carries on with thofe iflands ; 
 ftrong both by nature and art. This ifland lies in the 15th 
 degree N. lat. The (hore is on every fide indented with 
 very deep bays, which they call Cul de Sacs, and the fands, 
 only difcoverable at low water, form in many places a hid- 
 den, and almoft infurmt>untable barrier. A lofty ridge of 
 almoft impalfablc mountains, runs north weft and fouth cad 
 quite through the ifland ; all the fpace on both fides is inter- 
 fered at inconfiderabic diftanccs with deep gullies, through 
 which the water pours down in the rainy feafons, with 
 ^reat impetuofity. In other refpe£ts, the ifland is plealanl 
 and fruitful ; well watered, and well cultivated, abounding 
 with plantations and villages all along the fea coart. Tht 
 two principal placed arc St. Pieire, and Port Rpyal ; hoth 
 
 towns 
 
1759- ^^^ History of the War. 147 
 
 towns confiderable in this part of the world, for their mag* 
 nitiide, trade and (Irength. 
 
 Ey this (hort defcription may be difcerned, how defirable 
 fuch a conqued was, and the difficulties which naturally 
 oppofed themfelves to it. They were the greater, becaufe 
 at this time there was in the iiland a confiderable number 
 of regular troops. They have at all times a numerous and 
 well armed militia, not contemptible for their difcipline, 
 and well fuited to the fervi*^- of th<' country ; add to this, 
 that they can bring into the neld a large body of negroes, 
 habituated to arms, ?*nd in general well affe^ed lo the in- 
 terefts of their maders. 
 
 The Englifh forces landed without oppofition, on the 
 weft fide of Port Royal harbour, after the men 
 of war had driven the enemy from their bat- Jan. 6. 
 teries and entrenchments But on their landing, 
 they found that the nature of the country proved a greater 
 obftrudion to their progrefs, than the ftrength of the enemy. 
 Thefe profound gullies, inclofed by fteep, and almoft per- 
 pendicular precipices, proved an unfurmountable obftacic to 
 the regular march of the troops, or the conveyance of 
 cannon. The enemy had broke up the roads ; and five 
 miles of fuch roads, and through fuch an impradicable 
 country, we i to be palTed before Port Royal could be at- 
 tacked by land. The commander, therefore, of the forces, 
 judged the difficulties on the land«ride infurmountable ; the 
 naval commander held it impofllble to put the cannon 
 afliorc nearer to the fort. Some iealoufy feems to have 
 arifen. The refult of the whole was, that the forc«s 
 were reimbarked on the day of their landing. 
 
 Very little was done at Port Royal ; but it was hoped, 
 that more would be done at St. Pierre. They accordingly 
 fet fail for that place ; but when they had arrived 
 before it, and examined the coaft, new difficul- 19. 
 ties arofe, which produced a new deliberation. 
 They determined that the fort could not be reduced, 
 without fuch detriment to the troops and the (hipping, 
 that they could afterwards make little ufe of their fuccefs ; 
 and in this they had probably good reafon. The condud 
 of the officers afterwards plainly demonftrated, that no 
 mean views had any influence on their councils ; they 
 agreed to abandon their enterprize againft Martinico. 
 But having been foiled in this their firft attempt, they 
 
 T 2 rcfolvcd 
 
14^ The History of the War. 1759. 
 
 rcfolved not to return with the difgracc of having done 
 nothing worthy of the grcatncfs of the armament, and the 
 cxpeflation of their country. They confidcred, that the 
 iiland of Guadaloupe was an ohjcfV, though not of fuch an 
 rclat, of full as much real confequcncc as Martinico ; and 
 they knew, that it was locithcr fo ftrong in troops or forti- 
 jfications. Their firft failure might lead to an advantage, as 
 confiderablc as that which they had mifled. In purfuancc 
 of thcfc rcfolutions, they fet fail for Guadaloupe. 
 
 The iiland is called Guadaloupe, from a refcmhlancc 
 which it bears to a chain of mountains of the fame name 
 in Old Spain, To fpcak with oxa£tncfs, Guadaloupe is 
 rather to be confidered as- two iflands, divided from each 
 other by a fmall arm of the fea, or falt-water river, not 
 above three hundred feet over where it is wideft. One of 
 thcfc iflands is called the Grand Terre ; the other more 
 particularly and by diftinftion, Guadaloupe ; they arc to- 
 gether in a circle about ninety leagues. The firft is nearly 
 dcilitute of frefh water, and not pcrfe6lly cultivated; but 
 it is othcrwife with Guadaloupe. No part of the world 
 is furnifhed with more or better. No lefs than tifty 
 rivers, in that fmall circuit, throw themfelves into the fea ; 
 many navigable by boats, for two, fomc even for three 
 leagues into the country. Not to mention the numberlefs 
 fprings which rife among the rocks, and, after a thoufand 
 beautiful meanders, lofe themfelves in the larger rtrcams. 
 The firfl accounts which we have of that country, arclavi(h 
 in the defcription of its beauties ; and the latcft aghcc with 
 them, that no part of the Well Indies, perhaps of the 
 world, affords more agreeable and romantic fcenes. It is 
 full of high mountains ; one of which towers far above the 
 fcft, and is a volcano, continually emitting fmoke and fire. 
 From hence they have conliderable quantities of fulpliiir. 
 They have alfo hot batjis, fit for all the medicinal purpofcs 
 in Avhich fuch waters arc ufcd. The land in the valleys is 
 extremely fertile ; it produces the ufual Weft India com- 
 modities, fugar, indigo, coffee, cotton, and ginger : ihi 
 mountains abound with game : fo that there is nothinc; in 
 the ifland wanting, for the convenience and vlelight of lite, 
 in an air more temperate and falubrious than is commonly 
 breathed between the topics. 
 
 The French bcpan to plant colonics in this ifland as early 
 gs the year 163^. But for a long time this, together with 
 
1759- ^^•"' History of the War. 149 
 
 all ihcir other colonics, continued in .1 l.mmiilliing coiuli- 
 fion. It was in the beginning of tliv prclcnt century, that 
 they began to emerge. After the peace of Utre* ht hud 
 given France time to breathe, Ihe turned her aititition 
 lirongly to thcfc iflands ; Guadaloupc partook however KTs 
 of this care than Martinico, and yet, by its natural ndvan- 
 tagcs, it docs not fall fhort of that illand, neither in the 
 quantity, or the goodncfs of its produce ; if it does nr)t 
 greatly exceed it in both ; as it certainly does in its capacity 
 to receive all forts of improvement. The importance of 
 this ifland, until its late conqueft^ was very little known in 
 England. The reafon was this. By an old regulation, the 
 people of Guadaloupc were forbid to trade tlircOly with 
 Kiirope, but were obliged to fend all their produce t<» 
 Martinico, from whence they had all their luiropean 
 commodities. A ftrangc regulaticn, to be continued m 
 :in age fo enlightened as this^ by a nation fo enlightened 
 as France. 
 
 The F.nglilli made attempts upon this ifland in 1691, nnd 
 1703; but they were neither powerful cnoujrh, nofcon- 
 <lu£itcd with fufficient ability io produce any |)crmanent ef- 
 tcft ; the troops wafted the country, and retired with their 
 hooty. But on the occaHon, of which we are going to 
 {peak, they were more able, rtrong, and fortunate. 
 
 On the 23d of January the fleet came before the town 
 of Baflc Terre, the capital of the ifiand, a pl.ice oiconfi- 
 (lerable extent, large trade, and defended b);a ftrong for- 
 trefs. This fortrefs, in the opinion of the (hicf engineer, 
 was not to be reduced by the iliipping. But Commod<'rp 
 Moore, notwithftanding this opinion, brought fo'ir mm of 
 war to bear upon the citadel ; the rell were difpoltd atvnnfl 
 the town, and the batteries which obftru^cd the laiuling. 
 About nine in the morning a fire from all fides bej';an, 
 which continued with the utmoll fury until night, \vl;en 
 the citadel, and all the batteries, were cfTcQually filent cd. 
 During this cannonade the bombs, that were coutinuallv 
 fliowcred upon the town, fet it on fire in feveral plicc. U 
 burned without interruption the whole of this and tiic fol- 
 lowing day; when it was almoft totally rcduce<l tt) afhcs. 
 The lols was prodigious from the number of warclitnik in 
 the town, full of rich, but comburtible materials. Nolh'nr; 
 (ould be more ftriking, than the horixjr of the fpc^>.u ie, 
 
 , . from 
 
 
 l\ 
 
150 The History of the War. 175^. 
 
 from the mutual and unremitted fire o'" fo many great (hips 
 and batteries, heightened with a long line of flames, which 
 extended ^loog the (hore, and formed the back ground of 
 this terrible pifture. 
 
 In this lively engagement, our lofs was very inconfidera- 
 ble. The next day the forces landed without 
 Jan. 24. oppofition, and took pofleiHon of the town and 
 citadel. Notwithflanding this fuccefs, the ifland 
 was far from being reduced. The country is rugged and 
 mountainous, and abounded with pafTes and defiles, of a 
 diilBcult and dangerous nature. The inhabitants had retired 
 with their armed negroes into the mountains ; and all 
 feemed prepi.red to defend their po({eflions bravely, and to 
 the laft extre -nities. 
 
 General Hopfon died on the 27th of February, and Ge- 
 neral Barrington fucceeded him. He embarked part of his 
 forces for the Grand Terre, where Colonel Crump attack- 
 ed and reduced the towns of St. Anne, and St. Francois; 
 whilft this attack diverted the enemy's attention, the Gene- 
 ral fell upon the ftrong poft of Gofier, and pofleiTed hini- 
 felf of it ; and thus the Grand Terre was in a manner re- 
 duced> and difabltd from fending any relief to the other 
 part. 
 
 There is a confiderable mountain, not far from the town 
 of Bafle Terre, called Dos d'Afne, or the Afle*s Back ; thi- 
 ther a great part of the enemy had retired. It is a poft of 
 great ftrength, and great importance, as it keeps a watch 
 upon the town, and at the fame time forms the only com- 
 munication there is between that town, and the Capes 
 Terre, the plaineft, pleafanteft, and moft fruitful part of 
 the whole ifland. it was not judged practicable to break 
 into it by this way ; and all the reft of Guadaloupe was in 
 the enemy's pofleflion. Therefore a plan was formed for 
 another operation, by which it was propofed to furprize 
 Petit Bourg, Goyave, and St. Mary's, and by that way to 
 march into Capes Terre, which might be eafily reduced. 
 But this defign failing, it was neceflfary to attempt thofe 
 places by main force. Col. Clavering and Col Crump 
 landed near Arnonville, and attacked the enemy, ftrongly 
 intrenched at a poft, ftrong by nature, called Le Corne. 
 This was forced ; another intrenchment at Petit Bourg had 
 the fame fate ; a third near St. Mary's yielded in tlie fame 
 hianncr. An opening being at laft made into the Capes 
 
 Tewe, 
 
1759* ^^' History of the War. 151 
 
 Terre, the Inhabitants faw, that the beft part of the coun- 
 try was on the point of, being given up to fire and fword ; 
 they came in and capitulated ; their poUefTions, 
 and their civil and religious liberties were granted May i. 
 to them. 
 
 Three fmall idands, near Guadaloupe, Defeada, 
 Santos and Petite Terre, furrenderei a few days 19th. 
 after, and on the fame terms. 
 
 This capitulation was hardly figned, when the French 
 fquadron under M. Bompart appeared before the ifland, 
 and landed at St. Anne*s, in the Grand Terre, the Gene- 
 ral of the French Caribbees, with fix hundred regular 
 troops, two thoufand buccaneers, and a large quantity of 
 arms and ammunition. The capitulation was made at the 
 moft critical time ; for had this reinforcement arrived but 
 a day iooner, the whole expedition had probably been 
 loft. 
 
 Thus came into the pofleflion of Ore Britain, this 
 valuable ifland, after a campaign of nt.T three months. In 
 which the Englifli troops behaved with a firmnefs, cou- 
 rage and perfeverance, that ought ne^ t to be forgotten. 
 Intolerable heat, continual fatigue, the air of an unaccuf- 
 tomed climate, a country full of lo. / mountains and fteep 
 precipices, ports ftrong by nature and by art, defended by 
 men who fought for every thing that was dear to them ; 
 allthefe difficulties only increafed the ardour of our forces, 
 who thought nothing impofliible under commanders, who 
 were not more diftlnguiflied for their intrepidity and (kill, 
 than their zeal for the fervlce of their country, and the 
 perfect harmony and good underftanding that fubfifted be- 
 tween them. There is nothing perhaps fo neceffary to in- 
 fplre confidence into the foldier, as to obferve that the of- 
 ficers have a perfect confidence in one anotherfj j. 
 
 II 
 
 (a) the Hon. Gen. BarringtonV Letter to the Right Hon Mr. Secre- 
 tary Pitt, particulariftng his proceedings at Guadaloupe, May 
 
 9. «759 
 
 IN my laft letter of the 6th of Marchy I had the honour to ac- 
 quaint you, that the troops under my command at Guadaloupe, 
 (except the garrifon of Fort Royal) were all embarked, with 
 
 their 
 
152 Tf>i^ History of the War. ^1S9- 
 
 h iniifl not be omitted, that many of the inhabitants 
 exerted thcmlclvcs very gallantly in the defence of their 
 country. A woman, a conlidcrable planter in the iflanil, 
 
 parti- 
 
 their baggage, l^c. without the lofs of a man. The fleet failed 
 the next morning for Fort Louis ^ but from the very great difficul- 
 ty of turning to windward, were not able to reach it till the i ith, 
 at four in the afternoon, when all the (hips of war, but only 25 of 
 the tranfports, came to an anchor ; the others were either driven 
 much to leeward, or prevented by the winds and ftrong currents 
 from weathering the point of iiaintes. 
 
 I went on Ihore at Fort Louis that evening to fee the Fort, and 
 the works carrying on by the detac^nnent that had already been 
 fent thither fioin Bajjeterre. 
 
 On the 1 2th, I went in a boat to reconnoitre the two coafts of 
 this Bay, as well i\\c Grand Terre fide, a^ thzt of Gua,lalou/>e, to 
 find a proper place for making a defcent ; but Commodore Moore 
 having acquainted uie in the evening of that day, that he had re- 
 ceived certain intelligence of a French fquadron of fliips of war, 
 confiding of nine fail of the line and two frigates, being feen to 
 the northward of Bnrhndoes, and that it was therefore necelfary 
 for him to quit this place, with all the ihips of war under his com- 
 mand, and go into Prince Rupert's Bay, in the ifland of Domiiiico, 
 as a fituatlon more advantageous for the protecllon of Bajjeterre, 
 and this place; as well a.s tht Eng/ijh iflands; I thought it advife- 
 able the next day to call together the General Officers to confider* 
 what, in oi;r prcfent fituation, was bell to be done, and it was 
 determined, notwithftanding the divided ftate of the troops by 
 the feparation of the tranfports, the weak ftate of Fort Louis, 
 and the impofllbility of fupplying it witli water but from the fliips, 
 and the many dilHculties which then appeared, that it would He 
 mofl for his Majefty's fervice, and the honour of his arms, to do 
 the utinofc to keep poflellion of the Fort, and to wait fome further 
 intelligence of the motions of the (.nemv. 
 
 Commodore Moore failed the next niouiing for Prince Rupert's 
 Bay, with all the (hips of war, except the /^o<'^«</<' of 40 guni, 
 which he left, as fome protection to the tranfports. 
 
 From this time to the 17th, I continued to dirctit works to he 
 made fur the fecurity of the camp, and for the finiffiing, as well 
 as ftrcngthening the lines, when, the chiof engineer, who was on 
 board one of the tranfports tlmt could not before get up, being 
 arrived, and having made 10 me a report of the weakneh of the 
 Fort, 1 thought it necelfary to call a council of war to confider 
 tht; ftate thereof; and ii being debated whether the Fort might 
 
 wn 
 
 not be made 
 
1^59- The History of tbe War, 153 
 
 particularly diftinguifhed herfelf ; fhe was called Madam 
 Ducbarmey : this amazon put herfelf at the head of her fer- 
 vants and flaves, and acquitted herfelf in a manner not in- 
 terior to the bravefl men. 
 
 Soon 
 
 not be made tenable, and kept as a garrifon for his Majefty's fer- 
 vice, on a more circumfcribed plan, though it appeared iniponi- 
 bleto keep it in the prefent extent of out-pofts; it was determin- 
 ed, after much confideration, that from its weaknefs and bad con- 
 itrudion, its being commanded by feveral heights very contiguous 
 to it, as well as the great difficulty (I may indeed fay the impofli- 
 bility) of procuring for the prefent, and eftabliftiing a conllant 
 lupply of water, and other more necelFaj-y things for the fupport 
 and defence of a garrifon in this part of the world, not to be teju- 
 ble. However, Sir, I was, determined to hold it, until fome 
 future event might convince me what was beft to be done for his 
 Majcfty's fervice. 
 
 1 reflefted on the ftate of the army under my command, and of 
 the little probability there was of lucceeding in any attempt of 
 reducing the country by the troops I had, without the afliftance 
 of the fhips of war to cover them in landing. But however I de- 
 termined to make a defcent on the coaft of Grarui Terre ; and for 
 that purpofe I ordered Col. Crwwf^, with a detachment confiding 
 of 600 men, to go in fome of the tranfports that carried moft 
 guns, and endeavour to land between the towns of St. Anne and 
 St. Francois^ and deftroy the batteries and cannon, which was 
 happily executed with very little lofs. 
 
 As I imagined by my fending Col. Crump to attack the towns of 
 St. Anne and St.. Francois, the enemy would be obliged to detach 
 fome of their troops from the poft of Gofter, I ordered, two days 
 after he failed, the only 300 men I had left to be put on board 
 tranfports, and lye off that town ; and in the morning of the 29th, 
 1 went to reconnoitre the battery and intrenchments, and per- 
 ceiving that the enemy appeared lefs numerous than for fome time 
 before, I made a difpofition for forcing them by two different at- 
 tacks. This was executed the next morning at fun-rifing, with 
 great fplrit and refolution by the troops ; and notwithftanding the 
 fire of the enemy from their intrenchments and battery, both were 
 foon carried with little lofs, and the enemy drove into the woods. 
 The troops immediately deftroyed the cannon and battery, with 
 the town. 
 
 This being happily effefted, I ordered the detachment to force 
 its way to Fort /^oMi'i ; and, at the fame time, font orders for the 
 is IT , garrifon 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 I: 
 
1^4 ^^-^^ History of the War. 175^ 
 
 Soon after the rcdu6tion of Guadaloupe, the 
 ifland of Marigalante furrendered itfelf upon May 26, 
 terms fimilar to thofe which were granted to the 
 
 former 
 
 garrifon to make two failles, one to the right, in order to put the 
 enemy between two fires, and the other to attack their lines, as I 
 knew that which I had jull made would oblige them to fend troops 
 to oppofe our pafTageon that fide. The firft was made, but the 
 latter, by fome millake, was not executed ; which, had it been 
 done, we mull have inevitably been in pofleflion of their lines. 
 The detachment from Gofter forced their paflage with fome lofs, 
 notwithftanding a very ftrongpafs that the enemy were poflefled 
 of, and took pofleflion of a battery of three 24-pounders, which 
 would, the next day, have played upon our camp. 
 
 Governor Dejbrifay, whom I had left at Fort Royal in Bajfeter- 
 re, having been killed by the blowing up of fome cartridges that 
 took fire from the wadding of a 24-pounder that was difchargcvi 
 from the upper baflion of Fort Royal, at a body of the enemy, 
 on the 23d of March, I appointed Major Me/vilt, who command- 
 ed the detachment of the 38th regiment from the Leeioard IJlamis, 
 to be governor in his room. Major Trollone, a lieut. of the 63d 
 regiment, and two private men, were likewife killed by this acci- 
 dent ; r.nd a capt. another lieut. and 3 men wounded : And the 
 parapet of that ballion levelled with the ground by the explo- 
 fion. 
 
 At the fame time that I was acquainted with this accident, I 
 was told, that the enemy had erefted a bomb-battery, and thrown 
 feveral fiiells into the "fort; and that they had, for fome time 
 paft, been working, as the garrifon fufpefted, upon another bat- 
 tery ; I therefore ordered Govenor Melvill to caufe a fortie 
 (fally) to be made from the garrifon in order to deftroy it. Ac- 
 cordingly a detachment of 300 men fallied out under the com 
 mand of Capt. B/omer, on the i ft of April, and without much 
 difficulty forced the enemy's intrenchments, and got into the work, 
 which proved to be a battery of one i8-pounder, and one 12, 
 nearly complcated. Our people fpiked the guns, and returned to 
 the garrifon with the lofa of only fix men killed, and fix wound- 
 ed. 
 
 As I thought the fort, by this accident, might want the a(lii> 
 ance of the chief engineer, I fent him thither immediately, as well 
 as the commanding officer of the artillery, that no time might be 
 loft in putting it again in a proper ftate of defence. 
 
 The remeining part of the tranfports^ with the troops, being 
 
 HOW 
 
 / 
 
1759' ^^^ History of the War. 155 
 
 former ifland. This is a fmall place, but the conquefl is of 
 confequence, as the French by this are left no footing in the? 
 Leeward iflands ; Martinico is one of thofc to the wind- 
 
 ' ward. 
 
 now arrived ; nine having come on the 23d of March ^ and the 
 others by one or two in a day ; as I had long intended, (b foon 
 as it was in my power to make an attack on the Guadaloupe fide, 
 as the enemy had there fome pofts of infinite confequence, I form- 
 ed, upon the information of iome Negroes, who promifed to con- 
 duct the troops in flat-bottom boats by night, adefign of furprlz- 
 ing Pftit Bourg, Guoya've, and St. Marie^s, at ihe fame time. 
 The firft was to be effeiled by Brig. Crump, who, th« moment he 
 had made himfelf mafter of it, was to march to bay Mahnut, and 
 deftroy the batteries there, as well as a large magazine of provifi- 
 ons that the enemy had coUefted from the Dutch, and to iiinder 
 any more arriving: The latter, under Brig Clai'ering, after he 
 had furprifed St. Marie's and Guoyave, was to march into tiia 
 Capefterre, and reduce that fine country. The fuccefs of this ap- 
 peared not only to me, but to the gentlemen who were to exe- 
 cute it, almoft infallible : But the night proved fo bad, and the 
 ^^tgroe conduflors were fo frightened, that they run feveial of 
 the boats on the fhoals, of which that coaft is full ; fo that tho' 
 Brig. Cla'vering did land with about 80 men, yet the place was 
 lb full of mangroves, and fo deed in mud, that he was obliged to 
 return, but not without the enemy's difcovering our dcfign. 
 
 This obliged me to attempt by force, what could not be efffft- 
 edupon a fafer plan : But as I then was laid up in a moll fcvere hi 
 of the gout in my feet, head, and llomach, I font Brigadier.! 
 Clavering and Crump to reconnoitre the coalt near yfr/icirf/r ; 
 find upon their report, I ordered 1300 regulars, and 150 or the 
 Antigua volunteer."!, to land under the protection of the Wool- 
 wich man of war ; What happened afterwardi", you will fte l^y 
 the following letter which I received at Pctif Bourg from Brijr. 
 Chvering, on the 25 th of Jpril. 
 
 At M. Poyen's, Capejlerre, Guadahuie, .It^ril 2\, i7<9. 
 SIR, 
 
 ON Thurfilay the i 2th oi April, at day-brc?ik, I hnded witii 
 the troops which you put under my orders, coniiiting of 
 130 men, exclufive of the Antigua volunteers, at; a Bay r •■. far 
 dillant from Armvilk. The enemy made no opposition 
 
 U 2 
 
 out 
 
1^6 The History of the War. ^759. 
 
 ward. Thcfc beginnings were happy omens of the fuccefs 
 of the mi^rc important undertaking, which was to be carried 
 on in another part of America. The reputation of our 
 
 arms 
 
 landing, but retired, as our troops advanced, to very ftrong in. 
 trenchments behind the river Le Corn. I'his poll was to them of 
 the greateft importance, as it covered the whole country to the bay 
 Mnhfiut, where the provifions and fupplies of all forts were iaiui- 
 ed from St. Eujiatui, and therefore they had very early taken pof- 
 feilion of it, and had fpar,d no pains to ftrengthcn it, though 
 the fituation was fuch as required very little alliftance from art. 
 The river was only accelfible at two narrow pafTes, on account 
 of a morafs covered with mangroves, and thofe places they had 
 occupied with a redoubt and well pallifaded intrenchments, de- 
 fended v/ith cannon, and all the militia of that part of the coun- 
 try. We could only approach them in a very contrafled front, 
 which was at leaft reduced to the breadth of the roads, interfeft- 
 ed with deep and wide ditches. Our artilleiy, which confilled of 
 four field pieces and two hawbitzers, were ordered to keep a (oi;- 
 ftant fire on the top of the intrenchments, to cover the attack 
 made by Duroure's regiment and the Hi^hlamlers, who, on thi; 
 occafion, behaved with the greateft coolnefs and refolution, keep- 
 ing up, as they advanced, a regular platoon firing. This behavi- 
 our fo intimidated the enemy, that they abandoned the f:rll ii\- 
 trcnchment on the left, into which the Hi^hlauden threw tlioii;- 
 felves, fword in hand, and purfued the enemy, with part of />«- 
 roure's regiment, into the redoubt. 
 
 The enemy ftill kept their ground at their intrenchments on tlie 
 right, from whence they annoyed our people very much, both 
 with imifquctry and cannon ; and though thofe who had carried 
 the firft intrenchments had got into their rear, yet, till a bridge 
 coidd be made to pafs the river, they could not get round to at- 
 tack this pod. This took us up near half an hour ; but howevL'r 
 we got up time enough to take near 70 of the enemy prifo> 
 ners, as they were endeavouring to make their efcape, '.unonj^ll 
 whom were fome of the moft confiderable inhabitants of the 
 idand. 
 
 We found in both the intrcnchmcnt? fix pieces of cannon. Our 
 lofs was one officer and r j men killed, and two ofHcers and 5: 
 men v^oundcd 
 
 So foon as the ditches could be filled up for the pafinge of the 
 artillery, we proceeded on our march tuv/ards Pcfii llouff^. A 
 coiifiJerable number of the enemy had lined an intrenchniciu 
 
 iibuiit 
 
I75P- ^^^ History of the War. 157 
 
 arms there, except in the iedu£lion of Louifboiirg, had 
 hitherto not been very great. But other commanders v.'ere 
 now appointed, and other maxims prevaded. However, 
 
 wc 
 
 about half a mile on the left of the road, but when they perceived 
 v\'e were endeavouring to furround them, they abandoned it, 
 keeping always about 200 yards in our front, fetting fire to the 
 fugar-canes, which obliged us more than once to leave the road, 
 to avoid any accident to our powder. 
 
 The troops arrived late on the banks of the river Lezard^ be- 
 hind v/hich, at the only ford, the enemy had thrown up very 
 ihong intrenchments, protetled with four pieces of cannon on the 
 hill behind them. 
 
 Having reconnoitred the fide of the river, and finding it might 
 toll: us very dear to force the palTage at the ford, 1 therofoie kept 
 up their attention all the night by firing into their lines, during; 
 which time I got two Canoes conveyed about a mile and a halt' 
 down the river, where being launched, we ferryed over, before 
 hreak oi day in the ujorning, a fuHi-rient number of men to at- 
 tack them in flank, whillV u e fhoulu .-o the fame in front . The 
 enemy foon perceived their danger, and left iheir intrenchrtie.'us 
 with the greatell: precipitation. 
 
 Thus we paired without the lofs of a man, ftlll purfuing them 
 to Petit Bourg^ which place they had fortitied with lines, r^nd a 
 redoubt tilled with cannon. 
 
 We found Capt. Ui'edale there, in the GrnfwJa bomb, throw- 
 in^lhells into the Fort, "^ihe enemv did not remain in it lonw, 
 when they faw our intention of occupying the heights round them, 
 but left us mafcers of that, and the Port, with all the cannon 
 round the place. 
 
 We halted here the 14th, to get provifions for the troops. 
 
 On the 15th, at day bre.\k, Hrig. Ot/w//. was dct;ichi'il with 
 700 men to the bay Mahaut^ and at the fame time Capt. Steel 
 with 100 10 Guayniey about 7 miles ia our front, to dellroy a 
 battery there. The panick of the enemy was fiich, that they 
 only dilchargcd their ca-inon at him, niul abiiiuloned a pod that 
 might have been defended againll an aiiuy. Me nailed up 7 pie- 
 cts of cannon, and returned the fame evening to Petit Bour^^. 
 Hrig. Ctum/> returned likcwil'c the next day with his detachment 
 fVom the bay Mohaut, where he found the town and b.itterii.i 
 jihandoned. Thefe he burnt, with an imnsenfe (|u:uitity ofprovi- 
 fions, that hail been lamled there by tht Duti/.>, and reduced the 
 whole country, as far as /V//7 Bourg. 
 
 Tlie 
 
 wm. ' 
 
 
 '111 
 
 
 m 
 
158 7'be HrsTORY of the War, i^/^g_ 
 
 we poftpone the niiir.itivc of thtfe very interefting everts 
 to confidcr tliofe which intervened on the continent of [?u- 
 rope, in which too we are to fee our arms no lefs diftin- 
 
 guiflied ; 
 
 The heavy rains on the. fucceeding days had fo fwelled the ri- 
 vers, that it was iinpoHible tor the troops to advance; however 
 this delay [»ave us an opportunity of ftrengthening the port; at Petit 
 Bourg. 
 
 On the 1 8th in the evening, the Antigua volunteers took poflcf- 
 fion again oi Guoyave ; they were fupported early the next morn- 
 ing by a detachment conuiianded by Lieut Col. Barloiv, who had 
 orders to repair the road for the palfage of the cannon. 
 
 On the 20th, after leaving 250 men to guard Petit Bourg, the 
 remaining part of the detachment, with the cannon, nioved on to 
 Guoyii'vi'y in order to proceed afterwards to St. Marie's, where 
 we were informed the enemy were collefting their whole force to 
 oppofe us, and had likewife thrown up intrenchments, and made 
 barricadoes on the road to prevent our approach to it. We were 
 not long before' we perceived them ; but, at the fame time, we 
 found, as well by our own obfervation, as by the information of 
 the guides, that it was not impoilible to get into their rear by 
 roads the enemy thouglit imprafticable, and confequently had 
 t^uarded with very little care. 
 
 A detachment wars inmicdiatcly formed under Col. Bnr/onv, for 
 this fcivice, and orders were fent to hallen the march of the ar- 
 tillery, which, from the badnefs of the roads, had not been able 
 to get up. 'I'he tirfl (hot from our cannon, placed very near their 
 intrenchnient, with the alarm that was given by our detachment 
 in the rear, made the eneniy very foon fcnfiblc of the dangerous 
 fituation they were in, and imleed their precipitate flight only fa- 
 yed them from being all taken prifoners. 
 
 We purlucd them as far as the heights of St. Afr/nV's, where 
 we again formed our n;cn, for a frcfli attack on the lines and bat- 
 teries there. 
 
 WhIIrt the bajricadoes were levelling for the artilleiy, we at- 
 tempted a fecond time to pal's the woods and precipices that co- 
 vered the flanks of the enemy's lines ; but, before we could get up 
 our cannon, they perceived our movement, and began to quit their 
 lines to oppofe it, which nude us refolve, without any further 
 ilelnv, to attack them imincdinrely in front; and it was accord- 
 ingly executed vviih the grcatelT vivacity, notwithftanding the con- 
 llant fuingof both their cannon and imifquetry. They abandon- 
 ed here all ihi^fr artillery, and went ofl^in fo much coatuhon, that 
 they never afterwards .ippearcd before us. 
 
 We 
 
i'759- " ^^-"^ History of the War. 159 
 
 guillit-'d ; p.nd to behold England emerging from the riib- 
 bilh of low principles and timid conduft, once more become 
 the pride and terror of Europe, and aQing in a manner 
 not unworthy the moft illudrious periods of her hirtory. 
 
 C M A P. 
 
 We took up our quarters at St. Marie ^ that night, and the next 
 ilay entered tin: Cape/ler re, which is the richeftand moll beautiful 
 part of this or any other country in the Well Indies. Eight 
 hundred and feventy Negroes, belonging to one man only, fui rend- 
 ered this day. 
 
 Here Meir. Je Gtaiti'villiers and Duqueruy, deputeil by the 
 principal inhabitants of the Ifland, met me to know the terms you 
 wouH grant them j and, as I accompanied them to Petit Boiirt^ 
 the next day, and there prefcnted them to you, it is not ncceirary 
 tur me to mention any tranfadion fince that time. 
 
 I cannot, kowevcr, conclude, without doing juftlce to thofe, to 
 whofe merit is due the fuccefs that has attended the King's arms 
 on this occaGon ; I mean the fpirit and coiiftancy of the troops : 
 To Brig. Crumfi, without whofe concurrence, I never undertook 
 any thing, but chiefly to yourfelf, Sir, who planned the whole en • 
 terpvize, and who furnilhed me with all thefe meons, withcfUl 
 which, neither bravery or prudence can little avail. 
 
 1 ha<ve the honour to he, &c. 
 
 J. CLAVERING. 
 
 fht Hon General FJarrlngton'i Letter to the Right Hot: Mr 
 Secretary Pitt, date J, IJiaJ Qitarten, in the CapclUrre, (Jua- 
 duloupe, May 9, 1759. 
 
 I Have the fatiifadlion 10 inform you, ihiit by great pcrfeve- 
 "•.mce, and changing entirely the natiiic of the war, by carry- 
 ing It on by detachments, I have at length made myfelf mailer of 
 Cuaeialoupe nnd Grand lerre. This is a work, Sir, that, I be- 
 lieve, the Mjoll laiiguine (confulcring (mr total feparation from the 
 fleet) could not exped to have been performed by fo fmall a body 
 of men. 
 
 i fliall not in thl^ trouble you with a dcttiil, as 1 have done my 
 fclf the honour of fending it to you in my other letter. 1 fliall 
 «iiily fay in general, that tlie gresit good condu(M and zeal of Uii • 
 g;idicr.s Clarjering and (.'ri(n:/>, and the biuvcry of the troop.s, ggt 
 tho bolter of every obrt^c^c i forcwl the enemy in all their ui- 
 
 irciichmcnis, 
 
 ui: 
 
 "^f 
 
 t •. 'I 
 
 H4h- 
 
 /••* 
 
i6o 
 
 The Hi STOP Y of the War. 
 ' C 11 A P. Iv'. 
 
 1759- 
 
 Piogrcfs of the French after the !'attlf r>^ bergen. Munjler 
 ami other places taL'rt. Situaihn af the French, and of 
 the allies. Motio7is of Pyince Ferdii'and. Rattle of Min- 
 dcn. Hereditary Prince of Brun/ivick defeats the Duke 
 of Brifac. The French pafs the IVefcr. L. G. S. refigns 
 the command of the Br itifl) forces \ Marquis of Granby 
 fucceeds him. Ihc French driven / Marpurg. Sieg: 
 of Munjler. M. d^Etrees arrives at the French camp. 
 Frojec-J of France tor an inva/ion. Havre bombarded. 
 Action ojf Cape Lagos. French fleet dcjeated. 
 
 WE left the army of Prince Ferdinand upon the retreat, 
 ever fince the battle of Bergen. The Freneh ad- 
 vanced with great vivacity ; their light troops made incur- 
 
 fions ' 
 
 trcnchinents, and llrong paflcs ; took 50 pieces of cannon, and 
 advanced as far as the Capejlerre, the only remaining unreduced 
 part of the country. "^Ihis at laft bioMght the enemy to terms. 
 My fituation was fuch, that it was ablolutely neceflary, that what 
 was done fhould not be procraftinated, as I was determined to 
 grant no truce for time enough for the inhabitants to recover from 
 their fears. Mr. Moore was nbfent, the thmg preifcd ; and 
 ibme refolution was to be taken i.nmediately. That, which I 
 took, was according to the beft of my underrtanding, and, 1 
 hope. Sir, you will approve of it. 
 
 \ believe. 8ir, the infinite confequcnce and value of Ciiiula- 
 /oiif>e, an i ''^-ind Terre, is not perfedly known m England, as 
 (if 1 am n'.;iVly informed) there i? more fugar grown here thun 
 in al! the ^et^xvard IJlands put together ; befidcs great quantities 
 of cotton ami cofTee. The country, efpecially the C.apefefif. 
 the fuiclt I ever faw, watered with good rivers every niiie or 
 two ; and a port belonging to it, where all the navy of England 
 may ride fafe from hurricanes. All this can be explained much 
 better, than I Ciin by letter, by Brig. Clavering, whofe infinite 
 zeal for his Majelly's fervice, and talents as a foldier, I hope will 
 recommeml him to protcttion. Such men are rare ; and I think 
 I may venture to afliire you, there are few things in our profclli- 
 on, that he i:; not ccjual to, if it fliould be thought (it to lionoui 
 him withthc axccution ofany future coumiands 
 
 T hv'c 
 
 • % 
 
jy59- T*/" History o///^f War. i^j 
 
 )K)n5 aiaioft to the gates of Hanover. The Prince ftiil con- 
 tinued to retire, but he left garrifons in Liplbdt, Ritbe'- .^» 
 
 cnem'''^ pro- 
 grefs : 
 
 luiw-— — f C> 
 
 Munfter and Minden, in Oid<fi io rvtard ih^ 
 
 J!' 
 
 I have appointed Col. Crump to the government, who, fince 
 governor Haldane left us, I have made adl as Brigadier : His 
 merit is very great, both as a foldier, and a man of judgment : 
 He is of this part of the world ; underftands the trade, cufloms 
 ind^snius of the pc'tle ; and as he thinks nobly and difintereft- 
 {dl/, he would not ha-.c accepted of the governuientj but in hopes 
 of advancing himfelf in the army by that means. I cannot fay, 
 how very ufeful, and how much our fucceffes are owing to his 
 ^ condud, and great zeal. 
 
 As 1 have now nothing to fear from the land, I am repairing, 
 y well as I can, Fort Louis ^ and fortifying the ifle ofCochon, for 
 the greater fecurity of the harbour. The poor people here are 
 in a miferable condition, but I fhall do every thing in my power 
 to procure them the things they want. 
 
 1 have the honour to fend you inclofed the capitulation of the 
 (Tovernor, as well as that of the inhabitants. The latter have be- 
 haved, in all their dealings, with great candour ; and it is a 
 juftice I owe them, to acquaint you with it. 
 
 It has not as yet been poilible for mc to go round the ifland to 
 fee the different polts that nmft be occupied, I therefore cannot 
 ret determine theexaft number of troops that will be neceflary to 
 i)f left for their defence. 
 
 The great alfiftance I have received f'-om Capt. Lynn, of his 
 Majefty's fliip the Roebuck, In the difi'ercnt fer vices I have been 
 carrying on for the redudlion of thefc iflands, ought not to be for- 
 fot by me, as well as his firft Lieutenant, Mr. Keating j both 
 whom I beg leave to recommend to your favour. 
 
 I find it is importible (from the different parts of the Iflands 
 where they are to be received) for me to procure a return of thf 
 srtlllery and (lores (which have been delivered up, in confequence 
 of the capitulation) to fend by this opportunity ; but I hope to be 
 ibleto have the honour of fending it very foon. 
 
 I cannot help congratulating myfclf, that I had juft (igned the 
 capitulation with the inhabitants of the (i rand Ten c, whin a nief- 
 fengcr arrived in theii camp toactiuaint them, that M. Beaubar- 
 noii, the genrral of fhcfe iflands, had landed at Sf. /!nnc^3, on 
 the windward part of that illand, uirh a reinforcement from MtH' 
 !inico, of 600 regulars, 2000 buccaneers, and 2000 llnnd of 
 fnire arms for the inhabitants, with aitlllcry and mortars, um'cr 
 
 W'M'i, 
 
 \ M ., 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 it. .:-|' '' 
 
 i 
 
i62 the History of the War. i-^^o 
 
 grefs : their principal dtfign reemed to be to cut olF his 
 retreat to the Wefer, to wiiich he kept very clofe, as he 
 knew the infinite confequence of that communication. How- 
 ever, if the enemy failed to compafs that objeft, all the 
 
 pre- 
 
 * V : .I'.g^ 
 
 the convoy of M. fiompart's fquadron. This fupport, had it ar- 
 rived there an hour fooner, mud have made the conqueft of that 
 ifland very difficult, if not iinpoflible. As foonas he heard the 
 capitulation was figned, he reimbarked again. 
 
 CommoHort Moore'j Lttier to the Right Htn. Mr. Stcrelaty V'm, 
 datsdf Cambridge, in Prince RuperiV Bay, Douiinique, May 
 II, 1759. 
 
 BY the Griffin, which arrived here on the 17th of April, \ 
 was honoured with your letter, fignifying his Majefty's mod 
 gracious approbation of my conduct, and of the behaviour of 
 thofe under my command, which I took the liberty to commu- 
 nicate to thofe gentlemen : And give me leave to fay. Sir, no- 
 thing can contribute fo much to our happioefs, as being honour- 
 ed with, and executing orders to the honour of his Majefty's 
 arms. 
 
 Give me leave, Sir, to congratulate you on the capitulation of 
 the ifland of Guadaloupe and Grand Terr(, which Major Gen. 
 Barrington fends to you by this cxprefs ; in gaining which, 
 great honour is due to the troops. The flrong hold, the enemy 
 had, could not be conquered but by great conduct and refo- 
 lution. 
 
 J hope the conqueft will prove as great an acquifition as it ap- 
 pears to me. 
 
 It i.s with great pleafure, I think I may fay, Sir, that, on this 
 expedition, great unanimity has been kept up between the t«o 
 corps, as well in obedience to his Majefty's commands, as from 
 our own inclinations. It has ever been my wifh to have fuch har- 
 mony fubfift, and I flatter n\y(<\f I h^ve always fucceeded. 
 
 I beg leave to acquaint you, Sir, that, on the 2d inft. being 
 informed, the FrtHch fquadron, under the command of M. 
 Bompart, was to windward of Maripalante, I put to fea in the 
 night, and endeavoured to get up with them ; but, after beating 
 five days, and having gained very little, two of our ciuizt^rs, that 
 I had lent difTcrent ways, to watch the enemy's motions, law 
 them, the 6ih inft. return betwixt the two illands into Fori 
 Hoyal. Fioni the almuil conilant Itc currents, it being very ilit- 
 ficult for ftiip.'i to get to windward, it nuift always be in the ene- 
 ny's choice, whctner they will come to a a-eucral ai^ion or not. 
 
 Their 
 
1759' ^^^ History of the War. i6^ 
 
 precautions of the Prince proved alfo inefFe£lual to retard 
 the progrefs of their arms. Ritberg was furprifcd, Lip(^adt 
 was blockaded, Minden was taken by afTault, where a gar- 
 rifon of 1500 men were made prifoners, and where immenfe 
 magazines fell into their hands. D*Armentieres advanced 
 againft Munfter ; he attempted to take the place by a coup 
 (jemain. Though foiled in his attempt with confidcrable 
 |ofs> he did not defift ; he drew up his cannon from 
 Wefei) and after a (hort fiege, made himfelf July 25. 
 mafter of the city ; the garrifon, of 4000 men, 
 became his prifoners. Nothing feemed able to withftand 
 the rapid torrent with which the French over-ran the whole 
 country ; they no longer hoped, the conqueft of Hanover ; 
 it was with them an abfolute certainty. Elated with the 
 fair appearance of their fortune, they kept no bounds. The 
 French minifter, the Duke of Belleifle, in his letters to the 
 Marfhal Contades, fpeaks only of the means of fecuring 
 their conqueA, and preventing another expuldon from Ha- 
 nover; and for this end propofed the mod cruel and un« 
 warrantable expedients. Nor was there lefs dread and de« 
 jedion vifible on the fide of the allies, than pride and con- 
 fidence on that of the French. The archives and mod va«* 
 luabie moveables were fent off from Hanover to Stade. All 
 things feemed hafteping to the fame poflure which drew on 
 the famous capitulation of Clofter Seven. 
 
 In this general gloom that overfpread the fortune of the 
 allies, the Prince kept himfelf unmoved and attentive to his 
 defigns. He did not fufFer himfelf to be difconcerted by 
 blow«, which he had probably forefeen, and the ill confe- 
 quences of which he knew how to prevent. The body of 
 the French army after the taking of Minden, had polled 
 themfelves near that city, to which the right of their army 
 extended ; their left was prote^ed by a very deep hill ; in 
 their front was a large morafs ; and a rivulet covered their 
 rear. Nothing could be more advantageous than this fitua- 
 tion ; and whilft they continued in it, nothing could be en» 
 tcrprifcd againft them. The army of the allies, after a ron- 
 tinucd retreat, began at laft to advance^ und fixed their 
 
 X 2 tamp 
 
 
 . It's 
 
 iirl-iii"L, ? I'. .Ill 
 
 i'V V" 
 
 • 1 
 
 : i,' ' 
 
 Their fquadron confilb of nine fail of the line and three fri"« 
 gates. 
 
 I ffiali, in conjun6lion with CJen. Barriitgton, give every allift- 
 uncc in my power to any other fcrviccs. » 
 
 '' \ 
 
 
164. f}je History of the War. 1*7 ^q, 
 
 camp altogether as advantagcoufly at Petcrlhagen, a place, 
 about three leagues from the enemy. 
 
 Things were brought to that pafs, that nothing but a 
 battle could hinder the French from taking winter quarters 
 in the cle6ior!<te. There was no poflibility of attacking 
 them with any hope of fuccefs in the camp which they then 
 occupied. The point was to draw them from that port in- 
 to the plain ; but the movements neceflary to effed this 
 were extremely hazardous to an inferior army, in fight of 
 the enemy. The operations of Prince Ferdinand, on this 
 occafion, difplayed fo penetrating and uncommon a genius, 
 fuch a guarded holdnefs, fuch a certainty of the grounds he 
 went upon, fuch a perfeft pofieflion of himfelf, that per- 
 haps there is no inftance in hiftory of generalfhip fo com- 
 pleat and finished ; for which reafon we (hall endeavour 
 , from the befl: lights we have, to draw out at length the 
 feveral parts that concurred to form this remarkable piece ; 
 we could indeed wifli that the authentick accounts of fo ve- 
 ry memorable an event, had been more clear and explicit; 
 but we muft content ourfelves with the materials we have. 
 On the 29th of July, Prince Ferdinand forfook his camp 
 on the Wefer, and marched towards Hillen, a village con- 
 fidcrably to his right, with the greateft part of his army: 
 However he took care to leave on the brink of that river, a 
 body under General Wangcnheim ; which extended to the 
 town of Thornhaufen, where they were intrenched, and 
 fupported by a confiderable artillery. He had the day be- 
 fore detached the Hereditary Prince of Brun- 
 JulyzS. fwick, with 6000 men, to make a com pafs to- 
 wards the enemy's left flank, and to port himfelf 
 in fuch a manner, as to cut off the communication of their 
 convoys from Paderborn. 
 
 r ; The French were not inatteitivo to thefc movements; 
 their Generals immediately held a council of war ; and the 
 refult was, that they gave compUttly into the fnaro that 
 was laid for them. They faw, as they imagined, the allied 
 army divided and disjointed ; and now the happy niomcn* 
 prefented itfelf, for the attack of General Wangcnheim, 
 who they knew was not ftrong, and who feerncd at a great 
 diftance from the reft of the army, fo that it appeared im- 
 pofllble that he could be relicveil. This body being routed, 
 as it eafdy might, it was obvious that they fhould then he 
 able to place thcnrifelves between Prince Ferdinand's .army 
 
 and 
 
 4., » 
 
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 u: 
 
thing but a 
 ter quarters 
 f attacking 
 h they then 
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 length the 
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 he day be- 
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 lio was to 
 
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 confidence ; 
 
 lay along hi 
 
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 whole armj 
 
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 compoled thi 
 
 right, which 
 
 ol impreflioi 
 
 At this po 
 
 Sackvillc, w 
 
i-j^g. The History of tbg War. 165 
 
 and the Wcfer, and cut off his communication with that 
 river; the great objeft at which they aimed, through the 
 whole campaign, and in which was involved the certain de- 
 ftruftion otthe allies. 
 
 Full of thefe ideas they left their advantageous port, and 
 in eight columns palTed the mnrafs in their front, . 
 and advanced into the plain. The Duke of Brog- ''°' ^* 
 lio was to lead the attack, by falling upon that body that 
 lay near the river, which fcemed to prefenthim an affured 
 and eafy vi6ory. He marched on, therefore, with great 
 confidence ; but as foon as he had gained an eminence which 
 lay along his front, he was (Iruck with the utmofl: furprife, 
 when, inftead of a few port* weakly guarded, he beheld the 
 whole army of the all'js drawn up in excellent order, ex- 
 tending from the banl.s of the Wefer, quite to the mc-afs, 
 in the front of the late French camp. This was a ftroke en- 
 tirely unexpefted : they believed the Prince to have beei a'. 
 +Iillen ; but he had marched up, and the whole army was 
 joined in the night. This difcovery for a while put a ftop 
 to the motions of the French ; they were hemmed in be- 
 tween the allies, the morafs and the river. Their fituation 
 was difagreeahle, but it was now impoffible to recede. 
 
 The allies, finding the French flower than they expell- 
 ed, began to advance, and threatened the enemy's centre. 
 This wascompofed almofl wholly of horfe i but it was the 
 flower of their cavalry, who anticipated the fliock of the 
 allies, and began the engagement. 'I'he brunt of the battle 
 was almoft wholly fuflaincd by the Fnglifli infantry, and 
 feme corps of Hanoverians, which ftood the re-iterated 
 charges ot fo many bodies of horfe, the flrength and glory 
 of the French armies, with a rcfolution, fteadinefs, ana 
 cxpcrtnefs in their manoeuvre, which was never exceeded, 
 perhaps never equalled. They cut to pieces or entirely 
 routca thefe bodies. Two brigades of root attempted to 
 Airport them, but they vaniflicd before theEnglifh infantry. 
 Waldegrave's and Kingflcy*s regiments diftinguifhed ihem- 
 ftlves in a particular manner this day ; nor were their com- 
 manders lefs diltinguiflied. The enemy's horfe, which 
 compoled their centre, being entirely difcomfitcd, and their 
 right, which attacked Wangcnheim, having made no fort 
 of imprefljon, they thought of nothing but a retreat. 
 
 At this point of time the Prince fent orders to Ld. George 
 Sackvillc, who commanded the whole Britifh, and fevenil 
 
 brigades 
 
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i66 The History of the War. ly^p. 
 
 brigades of the German cavalry, to advmce. That caval- 
 ry termed the right wing of the allies, extended to the mo- 
 rafs, and if it could have charged at the inftance of the ene- 
 my's retreat, fuch a fhock at that time, and in that fitua- 
 tion, would in all probability have left the French without 
 an army in Germany. But the orders were not fufficientlv 
 prccife, or they were not fufficiently underftood by the En- 
 glifh commander; fo that there was fome delay in waiting 
 for an explanation. The critical minute pafled away ; the 
 Britifh cavalry loft their fhare in the glory of the aftion ; and 
 the French retreated in fome order, favoured by the fpjri- 
 ted and well-judged efforts of the Duke of Broglio, and 
 the advantages which the pofleffion of Minden gave 
 them. 
 
 What is remarkable, the French attributed their misfor- 
 tune in this battle to the fame error in their difpofition, 
 which loft them the battle of Blenheim ; that of compo- 
 fing their centre almoft wholly of cavalry, without any pro-. 
 per fupport of foot. 
 
 The battle was over ; but then it was that the effefts of 
 Prince Ferdinand's admirable difpofitions appeared in their 
 full lufbe. The French not having been molefted by the 
 Britifli cavalry in their retreat, had an opportunity of regain- 
 ing their former advantageous poft. They had, indeed, 
 loft the honour of the day, and miffed the ftroke which they 
 had meditated. They had likewife loft a great number of 
 men. But all thefe loffes and difgraces might be repaired, 
 and there feemed nothing decifive in the day of Minden. 
 It had certainly happened, as it then appeared, if the 
 Prince who forefeting this, and npglefling nothing which 
 could be provided, had not form d the plan of detaching 
 away the Hereditary Prince in the manner already related. 
 At five in the morning of that day, this young hero attacked 
 a large body of the. French under the Duke de Brifac; this 
 body, though ported in a moft advantageous manner, he 
 entirely defeated, and obliged them to take refuge in Min-- 
 den. The news of this blow came with an ill omen to M. 
 dc Contades, in the inftant when the Englifh infantry began 
 »o engage his centre. The enemy himfelf could not help 
 Admiring the dexterity of the ftroke under which he funk: 
 an«l full of aflonifliment at a condu£t at once fo daring and 
 judiciou!!, paid the juft applaufe to a General, who could 
 detach with fccurity fo large a body from his army, when 
 .,A. ,:^. - - he 
 
 (a) Prince Feti 
 
1759" ^^^^ History of the War. 167 
 
 he was going to attack an enemy already much fuperior to 
 him in numbers. 
 
 This happy ftroke decided the affair, all the pafles thro' 
 which the French could draw fuccour or provifion, were 
 feized. They relinquifhed their ftrong pod; they fled 
 through Minden, and pafling the Wefer, retreateo to the 
 eaftward of that river ; thus lofmg all the advantages which 
 they had made in the campaign, and forced to retreat thro' 
 a country different from that through which they had ad- 
 vanced, and in which they had taken no meafures to pro- 
 cure fubfiflence. 
 
 The lofs of the French in this adion amounted to about 
 feven thoufand men killed, wounded and prifDners ; among 
 whom were many officers of conflderable rank. The lofs 
 of the allies was not more than two thoufand. The Eng- 
 lifli, as they gained the greatefl glory, fo they were the 
 greatefl fufferers. Twelve hundred of the killed and wound- 
 ed were of that nation. The Prince on the day after the 
 battle paid the due honours to thefe illuilrious corps, as well 
 as to feveral of the Hanoverians who had behaved in the 
 fame gallant manner. He did juflice to the merit of the 
 officers ; he diflinguifhed their names ; and even particula- 
 rifed fo low as captains. To fome in the moft obliging man- 
 ner he fent conflderable prefents ; and he omitted nothing 
 to {hew that he knew what it is to be well ferved, and how 
 to encourage the troops and officers to do their duty with 
 fpirit and chearfulnefs. 
 
 Although the Englifh had the greatefl: fhare in the ho- 
 nour of this fignal day, and that the Prince acknowledged 
 their merit n the ftrongcft terrasf a^, yet a cloud was cafl: 
 . ,. ,. . , . over 
 
 (a) Prince Ferdinand's Orders the Daj after the Battle of / j 
 
 Minden. «'. 
 
 HIS Serene Highnefs orders his greatcft thank* to be given to 
 the whole army for their bravery and good behaviour yef- 
 terday, particularly to the Britifh infantry, and two batlalions of 
 Hanoverian guards ; to all the cavalry of the left wing, and to 
 Gen. IVangenheim'^ corps, particularly the regiment of lloWein, 
 the Heffum cavalry, the Hanoverian regiment du Cor/>i and Ha- 
 mrfiin'& ; the fame to all rfie brigades gf heavy ar.tiilcry. His 
 
 ' Seienr 
 
 if 
 
 .'1 
 
 :V't 
 
 ih' 
 
i68 The History of the War. i^^p. 
 
 over their triumph. There were fome exprefllons in the 
 orders for the rejoicing, which were fuppofed to convey a 
 Very feverc reflection on Lord G. S. commander in chief 
 
 Serene Highnefs declares publickly, that next to God he attri- 
 butes the glory of the day to the intrepidity and extraordinary 
 good behaviour of thefe troops, which he aflures them he (hall 
 retain the ftrongeft fenfe of as long as he lives j and if ever upon 
 any occafion he (hall be able to ferve thefe brave troops, or any of 
 them in particular, it will give him the utmoH: pleafure. His 
 Serene Highnefs orders his particular thanks to be likewife given 
 to Gen. Sporcketiy the Duke of Holjieitiy Lieutenant Generals 
 i/;i/'oj/"and Vrff. His Serene Highnefs is extremely obliged to 
 the Count de Buckeour^^ for his extraordinary care and trouble in 
 the management of ihe artillery, which was ferved with great 
 effect ', likewife to the commanding officers of the feveral brigades 
 of artillery, «i;iz. Col. Broiune^ Lieut. Col. Hutte^ Major Haffe^ 
 and the three Englijb Captains, Phillips^ Drummond^ and Foy. 
 His Serene Highnefs thinks himfelf infinitely obliged to Major 
 Generals l^^aldegm've and Kingfleyy for their great Courage and 
 good order, in which they conduded their brigades. His Serene 
 Highnefs further orders it to be declared to Lieut. Gen. the Mar- 
 quifs of Granby^ that he is perfuaded, that if he had had the 
 good fortune to have had him at the head of the cavalry of the 
 right wing, his prefcnce would have greatly contributed to make 
 the decifion of that day more complete and more brilliant. In 
 Ihort, his Serene Highnefs orders, that thofe of his Suite whofe 
 behaviour he inoft admired be named, as the Duke of Rich/nand, 
 Col. Fiizroy, Capt. Ugonier, Coi. IVatfon, Capt. IVilfon, aid de 
 camp to Major-Gen. fValdegrn've, Adjutant Generals Erjioff, 
 Bulutu, Durendo/Icy the Count Tohe and Malerti ; his Serene 
 Highnefs having much reafon to be fatisfied with their conduft. 
 And his Serene Highnefs defires and orders the generals of the 
 army, that upon all occafions when orders are brought to them 
 by his aid de camps, that they be obeyed punctually, and without 
 delay. 
 
 Prince Ferdinand, in the orders of the id of Auguji^ having omit' 
 ted Ciiptain Mochean, fent the folloiving^ lurote in his oivn 
 hand. .... 
 
 SIR, .«'.iiM^ ,-;.u / •'.i.\V..jiVU>\\ n / 
 
 „ TT is from a fcnfe of your merit, and a regard to jullticc, 
 X thnt I do in this manner declare I have reafon to be infinite- 
 
1759- "^he History of the War. 169 
 
 of the Englifti forces. The Prince required with an em- 
 phafis, which feemed particularly pointed, that his orders 
 by his aids de camps for the future (hould be more exafkly 
 obeyed. In a manner ftill lefs to be mifunderftood, he 
 exprefled his concern that the Marquis of Granby had not 
 bad the command of the Britifh cavalry. Had he com- 
 manded, his highnefs made no doubt that the fuccefs of the 
 iay had been much more compleat and brilliant. The fe- 
 vere infinuation concerning the difobedience to orders, and 
 the invidious compliment to a fubordinate officer, were 
 dear declarations. 
 The news of a viftory fo glorious to our troops, and of a 
 cenfure fo difgraceful to their commander, came at once to 
 England. In proportion to the joy which filled all hearts, 
 in proportion to their opinion of the great general to whom 
 they owed fo feafonable an advantage, was their indignati- 
 on againft the unfortunate commander to whom it was at- 
 tributed that this advantage was not greater. The public, 
 as ufual, judged definitively upon the firft charge. They 
 never pardon a general whofe error it is to fall fhort. In 
 vain they are prayed to fufpend their judgment, and to wait 
 for a full difcuflion ; the matter is already decided ; they 
 have a faft againft an officer, and they look upon all rea- 
 foning in his favour, not fo much a defence of jfiis conduft, 
 as the exertion of eloquence and artifice to palliate a negleft 
 . . ■ .of 
 
 ly fatisHed with your behaviour, activity, and zeal, which in fo 
 confpicuous a manner you made appear at the battle of Tonhau- 
 fen on the firft of Augujl. The talents you poflefs in your pro- 
 fefllon did not a little contribute to render our fire fuperior to that 
 of the enemy ; and it is to you and your brigade that I am indebt- 
 ed for having filenced the fire of a battery of the enemy, which 
 extremely galJed the troops, and particularly the Britijh infantry. 
 Accept then, fir, from me, the Juft tribute of my moft perfeft 
 acknov'ledgmenis, accompanied with myfincere thanks. lihall 
 be happy in every opportunity of obliging you, defiring only oc- 
 cailons of proving it ; being with the moft diftinguiihed efteem. 
 
 Tour devoted and , 
 
 /' entirely affeSionate fervantj 
 
 • Y FERDINAND. 
 
lyo The History (;/ //;^ War. i-y^^ 
 
 of duty. This indeed makes the cafe of officers particular- 
 ly hard ; but then it always fliews them what they have to 
 do. 
 
 The merits of the matter are flill regarded in the fame 
 light by the public. But the heat, the eagernefs, and cu- 
 riofity of the firfl: movements being over, the matter will 
 be heard, whenever it comes to be again difcufled with lefs 
 attention, but with lefs paflion too. It is not for us to deli- 
 ver any opinion in fonicea controverfy. We have in points 
 of lefs moment hitherto declined it ; and we fliall always de- 
 cline it until the proper judges before whom it probably will 
 come, Ihall have taught us what to think. There is in- 
 deed no doubt that if the cavalry of the allies right wing, 
 fituatcd as it was, had been brought to a6t at the critical 
 time when it had orders to move, the battle of Minden had 
 proved as decifive as that of Hocflet. But whether it was 
 n fault in the giving or the delivering of the orders, or whe- 
 ther it was fome mifapprchenfion in him who received 
 them, we cannot but fincerely pit/ a commander of fuch 
 admirable talents, who by the error or the misfortune of a 
 moment, loft an opportunity that would have ranked him 
 for ever with the Marlboroughs and the Brunfwicks. 
 
 A few days after the battle his lordlhip refigned his com- 
 mand and returned to London. He was but a few days in 
 London when he was deprived of all his military employ- 
 ments. The Marquis of Granby, whom the opinion of 
 Prince Ferdinand, and the dcfires of the whole army had 
 pointed out, fucceeded him in Vivi command. A generous 
 and ardent courage, an affability of manners that flowed 
 from no artifice, a manly freedom and opennefs of foul, a 
 chearful and unreferved converfation, a munificence that 
 knevv no bounds, fo many qualities of the man and of the 
 foldier, endeared him to the whole army, a^d rendered En- 
 glifh and foreigners, his inferiors, his equals and his fuperi- 
 or in command, unanimous in his favour. 
 
 Whilft thefe changes were making. Prince Ferdinand 
 loft no time to improve his victory, by the purfuit of the 
 French, whp retired in the utmoft diftrefs. The allies were 
 not indeed able to overtake the main body of their army, 
 but they haraffed them extremely, and the French were 
 obliged to facrifice f? great part of their army piccc-mcul to 
 preferve the reft entire. The neccfllty of providing fublif- 
 fcnce drove them towards Q\\^q\. The Prince purlutil 
 C. ■■ -' i/ therrif 
 
THE MaRQUI^^ of (tRANBY 
 
 
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 I'. 
 
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 army, 
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 1759- 
 
 them, obliged t\ 
 
 freed that poor d 
 
 The caftle of 2 
 
 the allies about ^ 
 
 rcditary Prince i 
 
 ous in the greate 
 
 made a private i 
 
 prife a corps of 
 
 bv the famous 
 
 Wetter, where : 
 
 This corps he ei 
 
 taking 400. Tt 
 
 inhopesof puttir 
 
 In effeft this did 
 
 length the caftlc 
 
 confifting of bet 
 
 prifoners of war. 
 
 Here a bound 
 
 Not that they w< 
 
 from the main be 
 
 fome efFe6ls in a 
 
 ning of the camp 
 
 had not yet perfc 
 
 behind them, an^ 
 
 a powerful garri 
 
 even after his d< 
 
 had now no furt 
 
 ftrong body unde 
 
 fome troops fror 
 
 to cover that plai 
 
 ed General Imho 
 
 the approach of 1 
 
 the fiege. But 
 
 French comman 
 
 Wcfel, the pofH 
 
 proved of infinite 
 
 rations. The fu 
 
 the bufinefs thr 
 
 however was the 
 
 all other refpedf 
 
 driven thiir enei 
 
 the end of the c; 
 
iy59- S'"^^ History of the War. 171 
 
 them, obliged them to evacuate that place, and once more 
 freed that poordir:refled country from the French tyranny. 
 The caftle of Ziegenhayn, after an hour's defence, gave 
 the allies about 400 prifoncrs. After this the He- 
 reditary Prince of Brunfwick, equally confpicu- Aug. 23. 
 ous in the greater and the lefler operations of war, 
 made a private march at night in order to fur- 27. 4 
 prife a corps of French irregulars, commanded 
 bv the famous partizan Filcher, which were pofted nt 
 Wetter, where it w.is convenient for the allies to encamp. 
 This corps he entirely routed, killing a great number and 
 taking 400. The French threw a garrifon into Marpurg. 
 in hopes of putting fome flop to the rapid career of the allies. 
 In effefit this did prove an obftacle for fome days, but at 
 length the caftle furrendered, and the garrifon, 
 confiding of between 8 and 900 men, became Sept. 11. 
 prifoners of war. 
 
 Here a bound was fet to the progrefs of the allied arnis. 
 Not that they were (lopped by any confiderablc ob{lru*3;ion 
 from the main body of the French in that quarter, but from 
 fome effe61:s in another quarter of the unfuccefsful begin- 
 ning of the campaign, from which the battle of Minden 
 had not yet perfeCUy disengaged them. Munfter was ftill 
 behind them, and ftill in the hands of the enemy, who had 
 a powerful garrifon in that city. M. de Contades, who 
 even after his defeat exceeded the allies in numbers, and 
 had now no further view of an ofFenfive campaign, fcnt a 
 ftrong body under d'Armentieres, which was reinforced by 
 fome troops from the Lower Rhine, to near 15,000 meni 
 to cover that place. Prince Ferdinand had before detach- 
 ed General Imhoff from Caflel in order to reduce it. On 
 the approach of d'Armentieres, ImhofF was obliged to raife 
 the fiege. But being foon after reinforced, the 
 French commander retired in his turn towards Sept. 6. 
 Wefel, the pofleflion of which place had all along 
 proved of Infinite importance to the French in all their ope- 
 rations. The fiege of Munfter was again refumed, but 
 the bufinefs threatened to be difiicult and tedious. This 
 however was the only rub which the allies encountered. In 
 all other refpefls they were perfedly fortunate. They had 
 driven th^ir enemy two hundred miles before them, and at 
 the end of the campaign, after all their efforts, and all their 
 
 Y 2 fanguinr 
 
172 ^he History of the War. 2755. 
 
 fangulne hopes of conqueft, fet them down juft where they 
 had begun it. 
 
 The event of the battle of Minden, and the fubfequent 
 misfortunes of the French arms, threw VerfaiUes into the 
 utmoft confufion. The news of that defeat arrived juft as 
 the King was taking horfe to hunt. He retired filent and 
 dcjeQ:ed into the apartment of Madam de Pompadour, and 
 for fome time faw none of his minifters. The Duke of 
 BrogUo and M. de Contades mutually accufed each other, 
 for the ill conduft of that day. The public acquitted Bro- 
 glio. Belleifle and his General Contades loft all reputati- 
 on : but the duke ftill preferved his employment and a con- 
 fiderable part of his influence at court. 
 
 As foon as the firft confufion and furprife of fo unexpect- 
 ed an event was a little abated ; it was refolved to fend re- 
 inforcements to their army in Germany, and at the fame 
 time to fend thither fome officer of experience and authori- 
 ty, who might judge, and compofe, if poflTible, the differ- 
 ences which fubfifted between the commanders ; as well as 
 to aflift in the deliberations for retrieving their affairs. Pub- 
 lic misfortunes call great men from their obfcurity. M. de 
 Etrees was chofen on this occafion, and inverted with an au- 
 thority which he unwillingly accepted. When he 
 Sept. 25. arrived at the French camp, he could not avoid 
 a ligh on viewing of the ruins of that army, which 
 had triumphed under his command at Haftenbeck. Howe- 
 ver, his behaviour to M. de Contades was polite and gene- 
 rous. The old Marefchal told him that he was not come 
 to take his command, but to ferve under him ; and whilft 
 he afllfted him with his advice, he would receive his or- 
 ders. 
 
 Whilft the French endeavoured to piece up their broken 
 fortune in Germany, they made fome {h'>w of pulhing the 
 other part of their fcheme with vigour. All their ports 
 were full of the preparations for an invafion of the Britifh 
 dominions. Men of war, tranfports and flat-bottomed boats, 
 now almoft a word of ridicule, were prepared with great di- 
 ligence. They talked of a triple embarkation. M. Tha- 
 rot was to command a fmall fquadron and feveral tranfports 
 from Dunkirk, which it was believed were intended fo; 
 Scotland. This man from a mafter of a merchant fhip be- 
 came a captain of a privateer, in which capacity he greatly 
 annoyed the Englifti trade, and acquired a reputation. At 
 
 . a time 
 
1759- ^^^ History of the War. 17^ 
 
 a time when France docs not abound with great men, his 
 fcrvices in this way and his daring fpirit, recommended him 
 to a command in the King's fervice. 
 
 The defign againft England, as the voyage hither is the 
 ihortefl, was to be attempted from Havre, and fome other 
 ports of Normandy, in flat-bottomed boats. The third 
 embarkation, which was fuppofed againft Ireland, was to 
 be made from Vannes in the Lower Britiany, where a 
 large body of troops was aflembled, commanded by the 
 Duke d'Aiguillon governor of that province. This embar- 
 kation was to be covered by the fleet under M. de Conflans, 
 which was preparing with great diligence in Breft. Had 
 this defign been fuch as it was reprefented, and had it been 
 put into execution, there is no doubt but fuch an attempt 
 upon both kingdoms, at three different places at once, mud 
 have thrown the whole into no fmall confufion. But excel- 
 lent mcafures were taken on the part of England to fruf- 
 trate their defigns, whatever they might have been. 
 
 A fquadron under Commodore Boys was ftationed before 
 Dunkirk. Admiral Rodney was fent to bombard Havre, 
 which fervice he performed with fuccefs. Admiral Hawke 
 blocked up the harbour of Breft with a ftrong fquadron, 
 whilft a leffer kept a watch upon that of Vannes. Thefe 
 precautions were continued the whole funfmer, during which 
 time the French proceeded rather flowly, but after the 
 battle of Minden had deftroyed their hopes in Germany, 
 they turned to this obje£k with the greater attention. What 
 ifliie it had we fhall relate in its proper place. But their 
 firft attempts on the ocean proved as unfuccefsful as their 
 arms on land. ' 
 
 A great fleet was equipped at Toulon, which fome defti- 
 ned for America, whilft others believed it was defigned to 
 unite itfelf with that of Breft to favour the invafion. Ad- 
 miral Bofcawen who commanded in the Mediterranean, 
 blocked up this fquadron, until fome unfavourable weather 
 and the foulnefs of his ftiips obliged him to return to Gib- 
 raltar to refit. The French took this opportuni- 
 ty to fail out, and they proceeded with great dili- Aug. 14. 
 gence to the ftreights. 
 
 They had arrived very near Gibraltar before the Admiral 
 
 had notice of their approach ; but notwithftanding that our 
 
 ftiips were not pcrfc^ly prepared to fail, the admiral ufed 
 
 . fuch 
 
 a time 
 
174 ^^^ History of the War. 1755. 
 
 fuch great expedition that in two hours after the account ar- 
 rived the Englilh fleet was out at fea. •-.;»- 
 
 The Englifh fleet was compofed of fourteen Ihips of the 
 line befides frigates. The enemy had twelve of the line. 
 They were fuperior in the bulk of their fhips and in the 
 number of men, if they were inferior in the number of vef- 
 fels ; and it is the opinion of many perfons of judgment, 
 that if they had formed a line of battle, and fought Mr. 
 Bofcawen in order, they might very well have hoped for a 
 better ifTue of this matter thj>n they found. But the evil 
 genius of France operating on the cowardice or incapacity 
 of their commander, induced them to feparate their fleet 
 and fly. The Englifh (hips were newly refitted ; they pro- 
 ved better failors ; and the men, animated with the fpirit- 
 ed example of their admiral, engaged the French fhips as 
 they could overtake them ; and they overtook fome of them 
 ofli" Cape Lagos in Portugal. A brlflc engagement enfu- 
 ed. Two of the enemy's fhips, the Ocean and the Re- 
 doubtable, were run on fhore and burned. The firfl: was 
 the fhip of M. de la Clue, the French admiral, who efca- 
 ped to land ; but being grievoufly wounded, and, as it is 
 faid, having lofl: both his legs, he died foon after. Two 
 other capital fhips, the Centaure and Modefte, were 
 taken. 
 
 The fcattered remains of their fleet with difliculty got 
 into the harbour of Cadiz, where they w^ere foon after 
 blocked up, and where they fl:ill remain. This adion hap- 
 pened on the 1 8th of Augufl: ; and it gave a great eclat to 
 the Britilh arms, which, in the fame month, had triumph- 
 ed fo fignally both by fea and landfi^. I 
 
 , "\' CHAP. 
 
 (b) Admiral Bofcatjoen's Letter to Mr. ClevlattJ, Secretary ta 
 the Admiralty, dated, Namure, off Cape St. Fincenty Augujl 
 20, 1759. 
 
 ** T Acquainted you in my laft of my return to Gibraltar to re- 
 X fit- As foon as the fliips were near ready, I ordered the 
 
 Lyme and Gihialtar frigates, the firfl to cruize off Malaga, and 
 
 tie laft from Ejlepona to Ceuta Point, to look Out, and give me 
 
 timely notice of the enemy's approach. 
 
 On- the 17th, at eight in the evening, the Gibraltar made the 
 
 fignal 
 
1759- 
 
 I'be History of the War. 
 
 175 
 
 •'»• 
 
 
 CHAP. V. 
 
 ■"y:[ 
 
 
 Count Dobna dif graced. Wedel fucceeds him. The Ruffi- 
 ans enter Silejia. Battle of Zulichau. Rufjians take 
 Frankfort on the Oder. Gen. Laudohn joins them. King 
 of Pruffta joins Wedel. Battle of Cunnerfdorf. King of 
 Prujpa repajfes the Oder. Soltikoff and Daun communi- 
 cate. King of PruJJia detaches General Wunfch into 
 Saxony. Parallel of the King of Prujpa and Prince Fer- 
 dinand of Brunfwick. :..:.■■.. J. 
 
 A 
 
 trvj 
 
 S the King of Pruflla's vi£iory at Rofbach had given 
 
 the Hanoverians an opportunity to free their coiin- 
 
 it might be expe6ted that the affair at Minden would 
 
 figaal of their appearance ; 14 fail on the Bar iary ihore to the 
 eaftward of C««//i. 
 
 I got under fail as fail as pofQble, and was out of the bay be-- 
 fore ten, with 14 fail of the line, the 5^rtM«on and ^tna firefliip. 
 At day light i faw the Gibraltar^ and foon after feven fail of 
 large ihips lying to; but on our not anfwering their fignals, 
 they made fail from us. We had a frefh gale, and came up with 
 them faft, 'till about noon, when it fell little wind. About half 
 an hour paft two, fome of the headmoft fhips began to engage j 
 but I could not get up to the Ocean till near four. In about half 
 an hour, the Namur^s mizen mail and both top- fail yards were 
 fhot away : tl/e enemy then made all the fail they could. I fhift- 
 ed my flag to the Neiuarky and foon after the Centaur of 74 
 guns ftruck. I pnrfuedall night, and in the morning of the 19th, 
 faw only four fail of the line Handing in for the land, (two of the 
 beft failors having altered their courfe in the night). We were 
 not above three miles from them, and not above five leagues from 
 the fliore, but very little wind. About nine the Ocean ran amongfl 
 the breakers, and the three others anchored. I fent the Intrepid 
 and America to deflroy the Ocean. Capt. Pratten having an- 
 chored, could not get in ; but Capt. Kirk performed that fer- 
 vice alone. On his firft firing at the Ocean fhe flruck. Capt, 
 Kirk fent his officers on board, M. de la Clue having one leg 
 broke, and the other wounded, had been landed about half an 
 hour ; but they found the Capt. M. LeComte de Came, and fe- 
 veral officers and men on board. Capt. Kirk, after taking them 
 out, finding it impofTible to bring the flu'p off, fet her on fire. 
 
 Capt. 
 
 
 
1)6 TVv History ef tht War. 175^. 
 
 h.:"c fcrvcd to free hi» rruflinn triRJcfty from fotiic of the 
 nutmcrous armies that onprcflVd him. But jis this buttle 
 wrts fought in thr nudillc of the fcafon for rt<-\ion, anil ^j 
 Munllcr rtiil continued in the pofleflion of the Frencli, 
 Prince Ferdinund could not vcnmre itt th«t time, to make 
 ttny detnchmcnt from his nrmy in the King's favour, with* 
 cut rifquing nil the advantages which he had obtained ftuni 
 his viOory, The King of Prullia was theitfforc left aloitc 
 to Ihuggle with ihe Aullrians, KuUians, Imperialllls, and 
 Swedes. 
 
 The Rutlians, whofe motions governed thofc of all the 
 other armies, left tlieir tamp at Pofna in Polatul, atui quit- 
 ting the Viilula, drew near to the banks of the Oiler. They 
 
 were 
 
 Cupt. lUnttev, of the /r««»//(^/, was ordereil afndhll thcTVwK. 
 r*iMy of •?4 guns I and brought her off with little dauiage, the 
 ofKcers and ntcn nil on boanl. At the fame time Vicc-Admlrul 
 iit'MiriiA with hisdivilion burnf the KfthuhttiHe^ he r olHrcrs «ml 
 men Imvnig ipiitted her, being Iniigeil i and brought the iWti/f/tfr, 
 fo 64 guns, t'tf very little tiniiiMgeii 
 
 I hrtvo the pirnfure toacipMint thoir lordlhips, that moll of his 
 - iiitijetlv'.i Ihips under my ronuuand failed better than thuti? of the 
 enrmy. 
 
 Inolofeil I fend you a litl of the htmh liptadron, fouiul on 
 bimrd the Mihlrfit, 
 
 llrrewlih V(>u will nllo receive the numbfr of the killed luul 
 wotimied on bonid Ium initjetly's Ihip^^, referring their lor\llhipi« lor 
 tiuthci ptuticulius to C'upt, Huikh\ 
 
 M , . - . '■■ y "• ' ■' ■ 
 
 i i/t #/' th h^'fHih «VfMrtr/»,vK M«t/f»' th rfimmumi tf M tft h Che 
 
 
 vV/»;>,r f, 
 
 'WWT. 
 
 A'Ai/k Gnh} 
 
 1, , .; y 
 
 T.t) ertU 
 
 Ho Intrnt 
 
 1 .e 1 .ion 
 
 f.4l 
 
 . . ' !■ ■ ■ 
 
 !,e i'^ilo itublr 
 lor ntAure 
 !a S* <t\ iiiitt 
 1 w V jiurrier 
 
 74 Imum*. , ^' 
 -4 (rtken 
 
 ".J Olv'llpOll. 
 
 -4 elVtipod 
 
 l,r Tiiton 
 
 1 I'UM 
 
 1 ' Oiitliunme 
 In V.'hime»e 
 
 64 
 
 SO 
 
 loll coinpu- 
 ny ountiitu 
 thio' the 
 Strttightt. 
 
 \r lVn\etaiu' 
 
 "1 luKrn 
 
 l.ii Miner ve 
 
 ^4 
 
 1,0 Fni.tatinir 
 
 (vj |»u\ romp. 
 
 1 ,rt iJincioufc 
 
 4*. 
 
 
 l.e ^^o^lcll^ 
 
 («) tiikcn. 
 
 
 
 
 In f5us rnjrm'.onu'iu the ^>«(j/{/?» hnd \f\ n\cn kllKMl. «nd t«)f» 
 wuundrd .. 
 
7 '/v H I vS roll Y of / Af' \V \ u , 
 
 «77 
 
 «ric uiuUm" the rmmwiuul ol" i\ RulViaM ttoMcmjut, Count 
 .Vhikort. Count Dolutii, who luul hrcn oiilniil to oppolc 
 tliciui Irtw thrtt their uuuihcrs wne too cot\(i«lcr;ihlc, autl 
 tluir polls loo (h\M<f\ to hr atttukol with rtuv piotpci'^ of 
 Mlv«nti«ji;c, To thu' he vontcntctl hinihU withohlVi viun ihcii 
 motions, rtiul h.'U ailing; their nitUih. Thisroiuhi^l (ccinnl 
 \mx ihliitory nntl liu\i«l than the cin ntutlani cs, or the \\\- 
 vliimtions ol the King vmiM hear. Me is laiti to l»ave re- 
 |wuhe»l that (leneral \\\ lo (eveie a manner, lor rt eontlni'l 
 in wKieh he 'vas ui all piohahilitv very jiHliHahle, that he 
 l(H»k the Hrll opportunity to rejip,«\ his eontnianvl, anvl, un- 
 (ki tl»e pietenee ol re* overM\|r his health, retiieil lo Mer- 
 lin, The Kinn inuueihalely put (Jeneral Wedel intt» his 
 pluc, with politive onlers to eni!,a}\t' the Uiillian arnty at 
 ill even's, 'i'o enahle him to obey his eoit\maiuls, he re- 
 inloieevl him with leveral tleiav hn»ents iVom his ow«» ainiy. 
 The pol'niveuels ol the Kinf?;*s ortlers on this on al"n>n mav 
 j'lVliaps he eenluretl ; lull it mntl he i>wt\e»l, thai the liute 
 io|\me*l a eovule next t«» ilelperale. Mis herevlitarv Joiui- 
 iiions were it\ the utnu>(l ilanp;er, aiul nothinp; hut (ome 
 gu;>l aiul hntnnate llroke eouKI elVedluallv pievcnl the 
 iim(lion ol the Aullnan auil Uulliaus armies, an event 
 "hull, ol all others, he havl ihe ^vreatell realon lovlivatl. 
 
 I'ertilietl in Imne tnealure hy the rcinrt>riements he havl 
 nui»evl, anvl ill eonletpienee ol his luvlers, ( len. \\ eviel 
 iclitlveil [o attack the KiitUans kwx then tuaii h, 
 rhi\ hail got to /.ulh ban aiul »lire(Unl their July ijj. 
 
 u'lll 
 
 le to CiolVen in Silelia, to p;et helore the rrul 
 
 Inn armv, ami to make fvoovl the palVaj\e ol the (\ler. 
 ri>clilU)itiou * the Uulliaus was very a*lvai\lap;eous ; pt»ll 
 ulupon emmtnves, ilelemleJ hy a powerlul artillery* ami 
 'Hill ;it,o(%) llioniv. The I'rullian aimy lell Ihori ol <v>,o(Vu 
 l tluy hiul pj'atcr ililavlvanlages than theu" iiileruuity ot 
 
 nil 
 
 nil 
 
 f 
 
 inher to ^1 over. Thev hail a hriil|\e iop.>ls ami huh 
 low iUlile to Uruji;pje thnui}»h, that learee a thirMol a 
 
 I UiU 
 
 hitiili 
 
 ion iouhl t\uiri h in Irottt 
 
 Iho ^ 
 
 ro»uul wa 
 
 huh 
 
 iliiil the ea\ahv \ouKI iu>t luppoit then itiluilrv, ^'e^ 
 whl\ all thele ihllieullies ihe allai k was h>n|', auvl relohile. 
 IHil this telolulion uuiile then lepulle, whivh all thele ilil- 
 ulv.uuiiges hiul lenvleretl inevitahle, lar nu>re hKu'vIv aiul 
 *lillrcUliil. I'our ihoul.uul Www huiutroil were ktlh»l or 
 jMiloner.-^ ; the woiuuUil vame to <oon. (Jennal V\oher- 
 I'low , Ml «>|]ieei ot (<rcat ahiliiy, was killetl, and ( teneval 
 
 
 M 
 
 ani^'.i 
 
 tlu\ 
 
17B Jhe History of the War. 17^^, 
 
 Mantcuffcl was wounded. The Prufllans were obliged to 
 retire, but they were not purfued, and they pafled the 
 Oder without moleftation. The Ruffians feized upon the 
 towns of Croffen and Frankfort on the Oder. 
 
 The King of Pruflia, fince the beginning of the war, 
 had never hitherto obtained an advantage where he was 
 not pcrfonally prefent. His prefence now became morene- 
 ceffary than ever. Since the aftion at ZuUchau, the Ruffi- 
 ans had penetrated a confiderable way into his territories, 
 and had taken pofl'cflion of the important city of Frankfort 
 upon the Oder. He therefore marched with io,oooof his 
 bell troops, to join the broken army of Wedel, in order 
 to drive this formidable and determined enemy from his 
 country. Prince Henry commanded the remainder of his 
 army, which was too well polled to fear any infult during 
 his abfence. The eyes of all were fixed upon his march, 
 and his fohlicrs, who remembered Zorndorf, eagerly long- 
 ed to try their ftrength once more with the fame anta- 
 gonifts. 
 
 M. Daun was not unapprifed of the motions of the Ruffi- 
 ans, or the dcfigns of the King of Pruflia. He knew that 
 the great fault of the Ruflian troops, was the want of a re- 
 gular and firm cavalry, which might be depended upon in 
 u day of action. This defeat was a principal caufe of their 
 misfortune at Zorndorf in the lad year ; a misfortune which 
 difconcerted all the operations of that campaign. As this 
 was the only want which the Ruflians were under, fo it was 
 that which Daun was beft able to fupply at a fliort warning. 
 With this view he fele6ted about 12,000 of his horfe, and 
 there is no better horfe than that ai the Aullrians, which 
 with about 8000 foot, he placed under the command of 
 Gen. Laudohn, one of the abltit officers in that fervice. 
 This body was divided into two columns, one of which 
 marched through Silefia, and the other through Lufatia. 
 By extreme good fortune and condud, with little lofs or 
 oppolition, they both joined the Ruflian army, and were 
 peceived with tranfports of joy. 
 
 In the mean time the Kingof Pruflia, who was unable to 
 
 prevent this flrokc, joined General Wcdcl at 
 
 Aug. 4. Muhlrofc, and took upon him the command of 
 
 the united armies. But flill finding himfcif too 
 
 weak for the decifive adion he was preparing to attempt, 
 
 he recalled General Finck, whom he had fent fomc time 
 
 bclwc 
 
1759- The History of the War. 179 
 
 before into Saxony with ninethoufand men, in order to op- 
 pofc the Imperialifts in that country. With thefc reinforce- 
 ments he was not able to raife his army to fifty thoufand 
 compleat. That of the Kiiflians fince the junction of Lau- 
 dohn, was upwards of ninety thoufand. They had befides, 
 taken a port, v/h'ch they had fo (Irongly entrenched, and 
 defended with fuch a prodigious number of cannon, that it 
 was extremely difficult and har.ardous to attempt them, 
 yet under thefe accumulated difadvantagcs, it was abfolute- 
 ly neceflary that he ihould fipht. The detachments from 
 Count Daun*s army already menaced Berlin ; Saxony, 
 which he was obliged to leave expofed, had become a prey 
 to the Imperialifts ; and the Rnflians united with the Au- 
 llrians, encamped before his eyes in Silcfia, the heft and 
 richeft part of his dominions. In (hort, his former repu- 
 tation, his prcfent difficulties, his future hopes, every mo- 
 tive of honour and of fafety demanded an engagement; the 
 •impaign hailed to a decilion, and it was evident that no- 
 ing farther could be done by marches and choice of ports. 
 The fanguine temper of other generals has often obliged 
 them to fight under difadvantages ; buttheKingof Pruflla's 
 circumftances were fuch, that from the multitude of his c- 
 nenfiies, he was neither able to confult times nor fituations. 
 Rafhnefs could hardly di£tate, any thing which in his con- 
 dition, would not have been recommended by prudence. 
 
 When the attack was refolved, the King's troops put 
 themfelves in motion at two in the morning, and 
 having formed themfelves in a wood, advanced Aug. 12. 
 towards the enemy. It was near eleven before 
 the aftion began. The principal effort of the King of Pruf- 
 fia was againft the left wing of the Ruffian army. He be- 
 gan according to their ufual method, with a fierce cannon- 
 ade, which having had the effed he defired from it, he 
 attacked that wing with feveral battalions difpofed in co- 
 lumns. • '• '-* * ' ^ ' 
 
 The Ruflian entrenchments were forced with great 
 fiaughter. Seventy-two pieces of cannon were taken. But 
 ftill there was a defile to be paffied, and feveral redoubts to 
 be maftercd, which covered the village of Cunnerfdorf. 
 Thefe were attacked with the fame refolution, and taken 
 one after another. The enemy made another (land at the 
 village, and endeavoured to preferve their ground there, 
 hy pulhing forward feveral battalions of horfe and foot ; 
 
 Z 2 but 
 
i8o J'he History of the War. ly^^, 
 
 but their refiftance there, proved not more efFeftual than 
 it had done every where elfe ; they were driven from poft 
 to poll, quite to the laft redoubts. For upwards of fix 
 hours Fortune favoured the Pruflians, who every where 
 broke the enemy, with an unparallelled flaughter. They 
 had driven them from almoft all the ground which they 
 had occupied before the battle, they had taken more than 
 half their artillery ; fcarce any thing feemed wanting to the 
 mofl complete decifion. 
 
 The King in thofe circumftances wrote a billet to the 
 Queen to this effe6l ; " Madam, we have beat the Rufll- 
 *' ans from their entrenchments. In two hours exped to 
 " hear of a glorious victory." This news arrived at Ber- 
 lin, juft as the poft was going out, and the friends of the 
 King of Pruflla throughout Europe, exulted in a certain 
 conclufive victory. Mean time. Fortune was preparing for 
 him a terrible reverfe. 
 
 The enemy, defeated in almofl: every quarter found 
 their left wing, Ihattered as it was, to be more entire than 
 any other part of the army. Count SoltikofF therefore af- 
 fembled the remains of his right, and gathering as many as 
 he could from the centre, reinforced that wing, and made 
 a (land at a redoubt which had been erected on an advan- 
 tageous eminence, in a place called The Jews burying 
 ground. Nothing was wanting to finifh matters in favour 
 of the King, but to drive the Ruffians from this their laft 
 hope. But this enterprize was difficult. It is confidently 
 faid, that the Pruflian generals were unanimous in opinion, 
 that they fliould not endeavour at that time to pufh any fur- 
 ther the advantages they had obtained. They reprefenied 
 to the King, that the enemy was Hill very numerous, their 
 artillery confiderablc, and the poH: which they occupied of 
 great (trength ; that his brave troops, who had been en- 
 gaged for fo long a time, in the fcvercfl: adion, perhaps, 
 ever known, and in one of the hottcft days ever felt, were 
 too much exhaufted for a new attempt ; an attempt of fuch 
 extreme difficulty, as might daunt even troops that were 
 quite frefli. That the advantage he gained would be asde- 
 cifive in its confequences as that at Zorndorf; and whiiil 
 the enemy filled the gazettes of their party, with frivolous 
 difputes of the field of battle, he wcdd be reaping, as he 
 did then, all tlie cffc<I:\s of an unquellioned vifitory. That 
 .*hc enemy would be obliged to retire immediately into Po- 
 lar, cf, 
 
1759- " ^^^ History of the War. i8i 
 
 land, and to leave him at liberty to aft in other quarters,- 
 where his prefence was full as neceflary. 
 
 Thefe reafons were very cogent ; and for a few moments 
 they feemed to have fome weight with the King. But his 
 charafiter foon determined him to a contrary refolution. He 
 could not bear to be a conqueror by halves. One effort 
 more was alone wanting to that viflory, which would free 
 him for ever from the adverfary, which had leaned heavieft 
 on him during the whole war. 
 
 Once more he put all to the hazard. His infantry, iliill 
 refolute, and fupported by their late fuccefs, were readily 
 broughb to aft again. They drew on their bodies fainting 
 with heat and labour to a new attack. But the enterpri/x 
 was beyond their ftrength. The fituation of the enemy was 
 impregnable ; and their artillery, which began to be fupe- 
 rior to that of the Prufllans, on account of the difficulty of 
 the ground, which made it impofllble for the latter to bring 
 up any other than a few fmall pieces, repulfed thefe feeble 
 battalions with a great llaughter. With an aftonilhing, per- 
 haps, with a blameable perfcverance, the Pruflian infantry 
 was brought to a fecond attack, and were a fecond time 
 repulfed, and with a lofs greater than at firft. Thefe ef- 
 forts being unfuccefsful, the aflair was put to the cavalry. 
 They made redoubled, but ufelefs attacks ; the horfes were 
 fpent, as well as thofe they carried. 
 
 It was juft at that time, when the Pruflian horfe was 
 wafted by thefe unfuccefsful efforts, that the greaiefl part 
 of the Ruffian, and the whole body of the Auflrian cavalry, 
 which had been hitherto quite inaftive, and which was 
 therefore quite frefli, rufhcd down upon them, broke them 
 to pieces, forced them back upon their foot, and threw the 
 whole into irreparable diforder. The whole army was feiz,- 
 cd with a panic ; and in a few minutes thofe troops, fo 
 lately viftorious and irrefiftable, were totally difperfed and 
 defeated. The King did every thing to rellore the field, 
 ha/.arding his pcrfon, even beyond his former daring, and 
 prodigal of a life, which he feemed to think, ought not to 
 be fcparated from conqueft. Thrice he led on his troops 
 to the charge ; two horfes were killed under him ; feveral 
 bails were in his cloaths. The efforts of fkiM, courage, and 
 defpair, were made, and proved ineffeftual i a fingle error 
 outweighed them all. Scarcely a general, hardly an inferior 
 officer in the army was without fome wound. That of Ge-- 
 
 neral 
 
 
 
 
 1. ■, .,!;' ■ 
 
 »m 
 
 
 
 
 ■l|-'i 1" 
 
 1 ? ■ •'■; . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 '-■'V^^^tMl 
 
 
 
1 8s 
 
 T^he History of the War. 
 
 1759- 
 
 neral Seidlitz was particularly unfortunate; for to that 
 'vound, the failure of the horfe which he commanded, was 
 principally attributed. It was to the fpirit and conduQ: of 
 this able officer, that a great part of the fuccefs at Zorndorf 
 was owing, in the laft campaign. It is known, that if it 
 had not been for a feafonable movement of the horfe, the 
 whole Pruflian army had then been in great danger of a 
 defeat. 
 
 The night, and the prudent ufe of fome eminences, 
 which were defended as well as circumftances would admit, 
 preferved the PrufTian army from total deftru6kion. How- 
 ever, this lofs was far greater than any which they had fuf- 
 tained from the beginning of the war. All their cannon 
 was taken, the killed, wounded, and prifoners, by the mod 
 favourable accounts, were near twenty thoufand. Gene- 
 ral Putkammer was killed on the fpot. Thefe generals 
 whofe names are fo diftinguifhed in this war, Itzenplitz, 
 Hulfen, Finck, Wedel, and Seidlitz, v -^re among the 
 wounded ; as was the Prince of Wurtenburg, and five ma- 
 jor generals. The enemy could not have fewer than ten 
 thoufand killed on their fide. For hardly ever was a more 
 bloody battle. 
 
 When the King of Pruflia found himfelf obliged to quit 
 the field, he fent another difpatch to the Queen, expreffed 
 in this manner^ " Remove from Berlin with the royal fa- 
 " mily. Let the archives be carried to Potzdam. The 
 " town may make conditions with the enemy." We 
 ihould in vain attempt to draw the picture of the court and 
 city, on the receipt of fuch news in the midft of the joy, 
 which they indulged for that which they had received but 
 a few hours before. The terror was increafed by the indi-^ 
 ftinft relation that foon followed, which gave them only 
 to underfland, that their army was totally routed ; that 
 there was no account of the King, and that a RulTian army 
 was advancing to take poffeflion of their city. 
 
 Tile day after the battle, the King of Pruffia repafled 
 the Oder, and encamped at Retwein. From thence he 
 moved to Fuftenwalde, and placed himfelf in fuch a man- 
 ner, that the Ruffians did not venture to make any attempt 
 upon Berlin. He continually watched their army ; a part 
 of which, inftead of turning towards Brandenburgh, march- 
 ed into Lufatia, where it joined that of the Auftrians. Here 
 the vitlorious General SoltikofF, for the firft time, ir^ t M. 
 
 Daun, 
 
i'759- ^^^ HiSTOPy of the Wa?. 183 
 
 Daun, and amidft reJoLings and congratulations, confulted 
 about the meafures for inr»proving their fuccefs. 
 
 The Ruffian and Auu'-ian armies thus united, fcarce 
 feemed from their ftrength and thair vi£lories, to have any 
 other deliberation left, than of what part of the Pruffian 
 dominions they ftiould take poffeflion. The King was twice 
 defeated with a vaft lofs. He was cut off from all commu- 
 nication with the atrmy of his brother Prince Henry ; yet 
 to the aftonifhment of all the world, the fuperior, the vic- 
 torious and united army afked upon the defenfive, and were 
 curbed in all their motions, and fruftrated in all their de- 
 f'gns, by the inferior, the heated and divided. Nothing 
 ever fhewed the genius of the King of Pruffia more fully, 
 than his condufl after the battle of Cunnerfdorf. In a few 
 days after fo terrible a defeat, every thing was in order in 
 his camp. He fupplied the lofs of his artillery from his 
 ibres in Berlin. He recalled General Kleift, with about 
 five thoufand men from Pomerania ; in prefence of two fuch 
 armies as thofe, of M. Daun and Count Soltikoff, he de- 
 tached fix thoufand men from his fmall body, to the relief 
 orSaxonvj where the army of the Empire had availed itfelf 
 of his abfence, to reduce the whole country. Hall, Wit- 
 temberg, Leipfic, Torgau, and at laft Drefden itfelf, had 
 opened their gates to the Imperialifts. With the remain- 
 der of his troops, he put himfelf bet\/een the Ruffians and 
 Great Glogau, covered that city, which was the objeft of 
 the enemy's defigns, and faw them foon after, notwith- 
 ftanding their two victories, obliged to return again into 
 Poland ; and to leave him free for the reft of the campaign. 
 
 What was done by the King of Pruffia fince that time, 
 will be the fubje^: of another chapter ; after we have re- 
 lated the proceedings of the Englifh and French in America, 
 to which the order of time dire£ts our prefent attention. 
 But we cannot difmifs the affairs of Germany, in whicli 
 two fucli battles a3 thofe of Minden and Cunnerfdorf were 
 fought, with events fo different for the common caufe, 
 without obferving fomething concerning the two generals 
 who conduced them. 
 
 They are certainly in reputation the firft in Europe, 
 which probably never produced two greater men ; though 
 they diffef as much in their characters, and in the kind of 
 talents they poffefs, as they agree in the greatnefs of their 
 abilities for war. The King of Pruffia, rcpid, vehement, 
 • impatient, 
 
184 ^he History of the War. 1759. 
 
 impatient, often gives decifive blows ; but he oftep mifles 
 his ilrokc, and wounds himfelf. Princi Ferdinand is cool 
 deliberate, exa6t, and guarded ; he fees every poffible ad- 
 vantage, he takes it at the moment, purfues it as far as it 
 will go ; but never attempts to pufh it further. Nothing 
 in the man difturbs the commander. In him, we do not 
 fee Jt perfon who is a great foldier ; it is the idea of a per- 
 fect: General ; it is a general in the abftraft. Ferdinand 
 fufFers his temper to be guided by his bufmefs. He never 
 precipitates matters ; he takes them in their order and their 
 courfe, and trufts nothing to fortune. The King on the 
 ether hand, leads, and even forces circumftances ; he does 
 not endeavour to remove but to over-leap obftacles ; he 
 puts all to the rifque ; and by fufFering Fortune to play her 
 part in his dcfigns, he acquires a fplendor and eclat in his 
 a6\ions, which mere wifdom could never give him. Prince 
 Ferdinand is famous for never committing a fault. The 
 King of Pruflla is above all the world, in repairing thofe 
 he has committed. Like fome of the great mafters in 
 writing, when ever he makes, or feems to make a mif- 
 take, it is a fignal to the obferver, to prepare for fome 
 great and admirable ftroke of fpirit and conduct. His er- 
 rors feem to be fpurs to his abilities. He commits an er- 
 ror, he repairs it ; he errs again ; and again aftoniihes 
 us by his manner ofefcaping. We fliould often condemn 
 the commander, but that we are always forced to admir;] 
 the hero. 
 
 ■ c H A p. VI. 
 
 Flan of the campaign in North Amerira. Three expeditions, 
 Ticondcroga and Crown Point abandoned. Colonel Tovon- 
 (Jjend killed. Expedition to Niagara. Colonel Prideaux 
 killed. Sir JVilliam John/on defeats the French. Takes 
 Fort Niagara. Confquences of this., 
 
 TH E theatre of our operations in America, is of fuch a 
 vaft extent, that if we had perfevered in the courfe 
 we purfued for fome time, in attacking but one place at 
 cnce, the war would inevitably be fpun out to an extreme 
 length, without bringing on any thing decifive ; and it 
 would have re-idered our natural fuperiority of little ufe, 
 by fuffcrliig the French to coUcft, as they had hitherto 
 , . ' done, 
 
1759' 7'/'<f History of th Wap,. 185 
 
 done, their ftrength into one fingle poinl, which enabled 
 them to contend with us, with a force fufficient for the 
 fervice in that country. This year another method was 
 followed. It was propcfed to att-'ck the French ii. all 
 their ftrong pofts at once ; to fall as nearly as poflible 
 at the fame rime upon Crown Point, Niagara, and the 
 forts to the fouth of Lake Erie, whilft a great naval ar- 
 mament, and a confiderablc body of land forces ihould 
 attempt Quebec, by the River St. Lawrence. ,^ 
 
 This plan was very advifable, as it tended to weaken, 
 by diftrafling the refiflance of tht enemy, and whilft we 
 adhered to it, it was clearly impofllble for the French to 
 maintain their ground in any of thofe places which were 
 attacked, without very weakly defending, or even defert- 
 ing fome of the others ; and if, by the means of fuch 
 (jiverdons, any of thofe places ihould fall into our hands, 
 the campaign could not be faid to be fpent to no purpofe. 
 But befides the end in diftrading the enemy's defence, 
 there v^as another propofed of no lefs confequence ; which 
 was to make a concurrence in all the various operations, fo 
 that whilft they divided the enemy, they might mutually 
 fupport one another. 
 
 General Amherft, who commanded the American forces 
 in chief, with the m.oft conliderable body, amounting, in 
 regulars and provincialp, to about twelve thoufand men, 
 to attack Ticonderoga and Crown Point by Lake- 
 
 was 
 
 George ; the redu£tion of thofe forts would naturally lay 
 open the Lake Champlain, where, having eftabliftied a 
 fufficient naval forcw, he was by the River Sorel, which 
 forms the communication betwe n this Lake and the great 
 River St. Lawrence, to proceed direftiy to Quebec, the 
 capital of Canada. Here he was to make a jun6kion with 
 General Wolfe and Admiral Saunders, who having entered 
 the River St. Lawrence at the oppofite quarter, would pro- 
 bably have commenced the liege of Quebec, by the time 
 that General Amherft might find it prafticabie to join 
 them. It was not doubted, that if this junftion could be 
 effefted, the redudion of that city would follow of courfe. 
 The third of the grand operations was againft the fort, 
 near the Fall of Niagara ; a place of very great confequence 
 both in war and in peace. The reduftion of this was com- 
 mitted to Brigadier General Frideaux, under whom Sir 
 William Johnfon commanded the provincials of New York, 
 
 A a and 
 
i86 The History of the War. i-y^^ 
 
 and fcvcral Indians of the Five Nations, who were engaged 
 in our lervice by the credit that gentleman had obtained a- 
 fiiong their tribes. 
 
 'I'hc object of this operation lay too remote from the r 
 thersj to cxpe6t, with any great confidence, that they 
 could be alTifted by its fuccefs in any other manner than by 
 weakening the enemy's forces. However it was hoped, 
 Jiat if they Should be fortunate enouf?;h to take Niagara, 
 early in the feafon, the troops might be embarked on the 
 Lake Ontario, and finding no longer any obftruftion from 
 Fort Frontenac, which was deftroyed laft year, might fall 
 ^cwn the River St. Lawrence, and poflibly either make 
 themfclves mailers of Montreal, or by their approach 
 at lead, draw fuch a force to that part, as greatly to faci- 
 htate our defigns upon Quebec and Crown Point. But if 
 this fchemc, in addition to its own end, fhould not facili- 
 tate either of the other two capital undertakings, it would 
 probably, as it was the moft important place the French 
 had in that part of the world, draw all the troops they had 
 upon the Lakes to attempt its relief, which would leave 
 the fort, on thofe Lakes expofed tc a fourth, though infe- 
 rior expedition, which was made againft them, under Ge- 
 neral Sianvvix. In reality, it afterwards had that efFec!^. 
 
 The army under General Amhcrft was the firft in mo- 
 tion. The Lake George, or, as the French call it. Lake 
 Sacrament, is a long, but in proportion, narrow water, a- 
 bout forty miles in length, andenclofed oh either fide vith 
 marihy grounds. This communicates by another long and 
 very narrow ftreight with Lake. Cham plain. This ftreight 
 Is fccured at each fide by a fort ; that to the fide of Lake 
 Georjje, is called Ticonderoga ; that to the Champlain 
 Lake, is called Fort Frederick, or Crown Point ; both 
 extremely ilrong in their fituation ; and the former of which 
 had repulfed our troops with a very confiderable flaughter, 
 as has been related amongft the events of the lad year. 
 
 General Amhcrft, after he had paflTed Lake George, ar- 
 rived with very little oppofition from the enemy before Ti- 
 conderoga ; at firft the French made fome appearance, as 
 if they meant to defend the place ; but as they knew the 
 ftrength of our forces, as they faw that the preparations 
 for the attack were making with as much judgment as vi- 
 gour, and as the enterprize which was preparing againft 
 Quebec, did not leave them a force fo confiderable as they 
 : : ;: A • ' had 
 
:*j^g. T/je History of tbf War. 187 
 
 had there In the preceding campaign, they abandoned their 
 fort in the night, having damaged it as much as , . 
 
 they coimi, and retired to Crown Point. •' ^ 
 
 General Amherft immediately fet himfelf about repair- 
 ing the fortifications of this port, which effeftually fecured 
 the Lake Gibrge ; covered our colonies, and was of fnch 
 vaft importance, to enable him to pufh forward his oflFcn- 
 iive operations, or to favour his retreat, in cafe of a re- 
 vcrfe of fortune. The only lofs of any confequencc which 
 the Englifli army fuffered, in making this valuable acquifi- 
 tion, was the death of Colonel Townfend, who was killed 
 in reconnoitring, by a fliot from the fort. The fteady 
 bravery, the promifJng genius, and the agreeable manners 
 of this officer, cauf' d this lofs to be confidered as a very 
 great one. They compared this melancholy event with 
 the death of Lord Howe ; they remembered how much 
 thefe young folders refembled each other, both in their 
 virtues, and in t'.ie circumftances of their fate. Both dear 
 to the troops, ind having both loft their lives on an expe- 
 dition againft iihis place. 
 
 Although the general had reafon to imagine, that the 
 fame reafons which had induced the enemy to abandon 
 their fort and lines at Ticonderoga, would perfuade them 
 alfo to relinquifh Crown Point ; he took all his meafures 
 with the fame care, as if he expefted an obftinate defence 
 at the fort, and an attempt to furprize him on his march. 
 He remembered how fatal fccurity had proved to us, in that 
 part of the world upon many occafions. 
 
 The French abandoned the fort as it had been forefeeif. 
 The general retired with about three thoufand five hundred 
 men to the bottom of Lake Champlain, and ported himfelf 
 at the ifland called Ifle du Noix. He was ftill pretty ftrong 
 on the lake, having feveral armed boats and floops, with 
 which he hoped to prevent the progrefs of the Englifh into 
 the interior parts of Canada. General Amherft, as foon as 
 he had taken pofTeftion of Crown Point, ufcd every . 
 endeavour to attain a naval fupcriority on the lake, °" ^' 
 and in the mean time began to fortify this poft, as he had 
 that at Ticonderoga. To this time the French were actu- 
 ally eftabliflied in the heart of our territories ; fo that dur- 
 ing a war of three years, we had in effe6l been only a(^ing 
 on the defenfivc. It was on the day on which Mr. Am- 
 herft took pofTeflion of Crown Point, that he received the 
 
 A a 2 agreeable 
 
 *^ 
 
 i : ZW: i 
 
 ¥ 
 
 mm 
 
 ife ;^}i; 1 ?.*^ 
 
 
i88 fhe History of the War. i^^^, 
 
 agreeable news of the reduflion of Niagara, by the troopi 
 under Sir William Johnfon ; and he had the pleafure and 
 encouragement of feeing two of the great objeAs of the 
 campaign accomplilhed, whilft he prepared himfelf to 
 co-operate in the accompli(hment of the third, which wai 
 to be decifivc of the whole. The body whjjph had been 
 appointed for Niagara, under General Prideaux, without 
 any accident arrived at the fort, which lies at the bottom 
 of the lake, towards the fouth-weft (a). 
 
 (a J Sir William Johnfotis Letter to Major-General Amherji^ on bi$ 
 Conqueji of the Fort at Niagara^ z^th Jufyp I7S9. 
 
 SIR, ■"■'■■-■■, '.: ' ) ' ' 
 
 I Have the honour to acquaint you, by lieutenant Moncrieffy Ni- 
 agara furrendered to his niajefty's arms the 2$thinftant. A 
 detachment of 1200 men, with a number of /n//iVi«j, under the 
 command of MefTrs. Auhry and de Lignery^ collected from Detroit 
 FenangOy and Prefque IJle^ made an attempt to reinforce the gar- 
 rifon, the 24th in the morning ; but as I had Intelligence of them, 
 I made a dlfpofition to Intercept them. The evening before, I 
 ordered the light infantry and picquets to take poft on the road 
 upon our left, leading from Niagara Falls to the fort : In the 
 morning, I reinforced thele with two companies of grenadiers, 
 and part of the 46th regiment. The aftlon began about half an 
 hour after nine ; but they were fo well received by the troops In 
 front, and the Indians on their flank, that. In an hour's time, the 
 whole was compleatly ruined, and all their officers made prifo- 
 nerSj among whom are Monf. Aubry^ De Lignetyy Marirty Re* 
 pentini, &c. to the number of 1 7. I cannot afcertain the num- 
 ber of killed, they are fo difperfed among the woods, but their 
 lofs Is great. 
 
 A: this happened under the eyes of the garrlfon, I thought 
 proper to fend my laft fummons to the commanding officer for nis 
 furrendering, which he llftened to. M. Moncrieff vr'xW Inform 
 you of the ftate of our ammunition and provlfions : I hope care 
 will be taken to forward an Immediate fupplyof both to Ofivego. 
 As the troops that were defeated yefterday were drawn from thofe 
 pofts, which He in Gencrnl Stantvix^s rqute, lan^ In hopes it will 
 be of the utmoft confequence to the fuccefs of this expedition. 
 The public ftores of the garrlfon, that can be faved from the 
 Indians, I fhall order the afliftaiit quarter-mafter-general, and the 
 clerk to rake an account of, as foon as polfible. 
 
 As 
 ,.-..■/ , " ^ -fv.. - 
 
iy59' ^^^ History of the War. 189 
 
 This Is without exception, the moil important poll in 
 America, and fecures the greateft number of communica- 
 tions. For it is fituated at the very entrance of a ftreight, 
 by which the Lake Ontario is joined to that of Erie, which 
 is connefted with the other three great feas of frefh water, 
 by the courfe of the vaft river St. Lawrence, which runs 
 through them all, and carries off their fuperfluous waters 
 to the ocean. A little above the fort, is the catarafl of 
 Niagara, which is efleemed the mod remarkable in the 
 world, for the quantity of water, and the greatnefs of the 
 fall. This fall would mterrupt the commerce between the 
 lakes, but for a road which the French have made up the 
 hilly country that lies up the ftreight ; fo that there is here 
 a good carrying-place, and not very tedious ; for after a 
 portage of about eight miles, you reimbark again, and pro- 
 ceed without any interruption to the Lake Erie. 
 
 As the great communication of thofe who go by water 
 is along this ftreight, and carrying place, fo thofe who tra- 
 vel by land, are obliged to crofs it. The lakes are fo dif- 
 pofed, that without a fomewhat hazardous voyage, the In- 
 dians cannot any otherwife pafs from the north-weft to the 
 fouth-eaft parts of North-America, for many hundred miles. 
 The fort of Niagara, thus naturally commands all the Five 
 Nations, and all thofe Indian tribes that lie to the north- 
 ward of the lakes, as well as thofe that are fcattered along 
 the banks of the Ohio, Ouabache, and Mifllfippi, and ac- 
 cording as it is pofleffed by the Englifti or the French, 
 connefts or disjoints the colonies of Canada and Louifiana, 
 proteds or lays open our own, and is in all refpefts of fo 
 much confequence, that it was the opinion of perfons, the 
 moft converfant in American bufinefs, that this attempt 
 ought to have been made much earlier ; and, that if fuch 
 an attempt, made at fuch a time, had fucceeded, it would 
 have contributed very much to the fccurity of thofe parts 
 
 of 
 
 As all my attention at prefent is taken up with the Indians^ that 
 the capitulation I have agreed to may be obferved, your Excel- 
 lency will excufe my not being more particular. 
 
 Permit me to aiTure you, in the whole progrcfs of the (lege, 
 which was fevere and painful, the officers and men behaved with 
 the utnioft chearfulnefs and bravery. I have only to regret the 
 lofs of General Prideaux and Colonel John/on. I endeavoured 
 to purfue the late General's vigorous ipeafuues, the good cffefts 
 of which he deferved to enjoy. W. JOHNSON. 
 
 iiii 
 
 ■^Ifi 
 
 
 
 W' 
 
 ITf 
 
 
 illiSi 
 
1 90 The History af the War. ^1S9- 
 
 of our colonies, which were the mofl: expofcd, and would 
 have, at the fame tittie, greatly facilitated all our ofFenfive 
 meafures, and (hortened the war. 
 
 From the time that the French were acquainted with 
 this place, they were fully pofleffed with an opinion of its 
 importance, both with regard to commerce, and to domi- 
 nion. They made feveral attempts to eftablifli themfelves 
 here ; but the Indians who feemed more fenfible of the con- 
 fequcnces than we were, conftantly oppofed it. They 
 obliged them to relinquifli a fort which they had built, and 
 guarded this fpot for a long time, with a very fevere and 
 prudent jealoufy. 
 
 But whilft we negleftcd, confiding in our flrength, to cul- 
 tivate the friendfliip of the Indians, the French, fenfible of 
 their weaknefs, omitted no endeavour to gain thefe favage 
 people to their interefts, and they prevailed at laft, under the 
 name of a trading houfe, toereft a ftrong fort at the mouth 
 of the ftreight, on the very bell: harbour, not only on this, 
 but on any of the lakes ; an harbour which is fafe from e- 
 very wind, and open for the whole year. A French officer, 
 an able and entcrprifing man, had been a prifoner among 
 the Iroquois for a lonn; time, and having, according to their 
 cuftom, been naturalr/,ed, he grew extremely popular a- 
 mongfl: them, and at laft acquired his liberty. He com- 
 municated to the then Governor of Canada, the plan of an 
 cftablilhment at Niagara, and he himfcif undertook to exe- 
 cute it. He returned ainongft the Iroquois, and pretending 
 prer.t love for their nation, which was now his own, lold 
 them, that he would gladly come to make frequent vifits 
 to his brv'hren; but it was proper for that puqiofe, that 
 they fliould allow him to build an houfe, where he might 
 live a^ cafe, and according to his own manner : at the fame 
 time, he propofed to them, advantages in trade from this 
 cflablifhment. A requeft, winch feemed a compliment to 
 thofe to whom it was made, was readily granted. The 
 houfe was built. By degrees this houfe extended itfelf ; it 
 was flrengthened by various additions'; and it grew at lad 
 to a regular forlrefs, which has ever fince awed the Five 
 Nations, and checked our colonies. 
 
 The fiege of this place had not been long formed, before 
 , , ^ General Prideaux was killed in the trenches, by 
 J" ^ " ' the burfting of a cohorn. As foon as this accident 
 happened, which threatened to throw a damp on the ope- 
 rations, 
 
 > 
 
1759- '^'^^ History of the War. 191 
 
 rations, an exprefs was Cent to General Amherft, who al- 
 ways attentive to the fervice, loft no time to fend an offi- 
 cer of character to command in his place. But the com- 
 mand, which in the interim devolved upon Sir William 
 Tohnfon, could not have been better beftowed. He omit- 
 ted nothing to continue the vigorous meafures of the late 
 General, and added to them, every thing his own genius 
 could fiiggeft. Refpefted by the regular troops, dear to 
 the provincials, almoft adored by the Indians, poflefTed of 
 that genius for acquiring popularity amongft all kinds of 
 men, and that verfatile difpofition, which we fo feldom fee 
 united with difintereftednefs and integrity, he employed 
 thofe talents folely for the benefit of his country. The 
 troops, remembering, that it was under that General, 
 the firft advantage had been obtained over the French, 
 puflied on the fiege with fo much alacrity, that in a few 
 days, they had brought their approaches within an hundred 
 yards of the covered way i on llruti H •' 
 
 The French were alarmed at the imminent danger rf this 
 interefting place. They therefore collefted all the regular 
 troops and provincials, which they could draw from all their 
 pofts about the lakes, and to thofe joined a large body of 
 lavages, in order to give the Englifti battle, and to raife the 
 fiege. They amounted in all to 1 700 men. 
 
 When General Johnfon was apprized of their approach, 
 he ordered his light infantry, fupported by fome grenadiers 
 and regular foot, to take poft on the road to his left, by 
 which the French were to take their route. He placed his 
 Indians on his flanks. Whilft he took meafures to receive 
 the French, who came to reheve the place, he ported a 
 ftrong body, in fiich a manner, as to fecure his trenches 
 from any attempt of the garrifon during an engagement. 
 
 In this difpofition he waited to receive the ene- y . 
 my. At nine in the morning the engagement be- J ^ 
 gan, by a violent and horrid fcream of the enemy's fivages, 
 according to their barbarous cuftom. it was this fcream, 
 perhaps the moft horrid found that can be imagined, which 
 is faid to have ftruck a paiiick into the troops of General 
 Braddock, and was one of the principal caufes of that de- 
 feat, by which our endeavours in America were fo loni; 
 fruftratedi but on this occafion, it had no eflVct. Tiic c- 
 ncmy was fo well received by the troops in front, and by 
 the Indians on their flanks, that in lefs than an hour's timi-, 
 
 • their 
 
 'ttifcystft/'**^' c 
 
192 'J'he History of the War. i^^^ 
 
 their whole army was ruined. The purfuit was hot and 
 bloody ; and it continued for five miles. Seventeen offi. 
 cers were made prifoners, among whom were the firft and 
 fecond in command. 
 
 T 1 This a£^ion was fought in fight of the fort ; 
 
 ^ J j' and it was no fooner concluded in favour of our 
 troops, than the General fummoned the garrifon to fur. 
 render; fending a lift of the- prifoners, and remonflrating 
 on the ill efFefts of their holding out longer, particularly 
 with regard to the Indians. The capitulation was figned 
 that night. The garrifon, confiding of about 600 men, 
 furrendered prifoners of war, and were condu£fced to New 
 York. The fort and (lores were given up to the Englifh 
 troops. 
 
 This was the fecond very important fervice performed 
 by General Johnfon in this war, and a fecond time he had 
 the good fortune to make the commander in chief of the 
 enemy his prifoner. It muft not be omitted, to the ho- 
 nour of this gentleman, that though he was not regularly 
 bred a foldier, the mod compleat officer could not have 
 made more excellent difpofitions for the battle, or have 
 conduced the fiege from the beginning to the end, with a 
 more cool 'and fteady refolution, or with a more compleat 
 knowledge of all the neceflary manoeuvres of war. The 
 taking of Niagara broke ofFefFe6^ually that communication, 
 fo much talked off, and fo much dreaded, between Ca- 
 nada and Louifiana, and by this ftroke, one of the capi- 
 tal political defigns of the French, which gave occafion 
 to the prefent war, was defeated in its dired and im- 
 mediate objed. 
 
 ; 'I 
 
 '.'i3 Ul 
 
 MA.^y 
 
 
 CHAP. 
 
 •, '1 
 
 , t 
 
The History of the War. 
 CHAP. VII. 
 
 IP3 
 
 '!^t expedition againjl iluebec. The IJJe of Orleans occU' 
 pied. Defcription of the town and harbour oj ^ebec. 
 Situation of the French army. Action at the Falls of 
 Montmorenci. General Wolfe Jickens. The camp remo- 
 vid to Point Levi. The troops go up the river. The 
 hcttle of ^ebec. General Wolfe killed. French defeat' 
 (d. M. de Montcalm killed, ^ebec furrend.rs. Move- 
 ments of General Amherji on Lake Cbamplain. 
 
 THE confequences which attended the reduftion of the 
 fort of Niagara, as well as thofe upon Lake Cham- 
 plain, were very interefting; but the great and centra! 
 operation to which all the reft tended, and to which even 
 thofe were to be only fubfervient, was that againft Que- 
 bec, the capital of Canada ; and as this was to be the de- 
 cifive ftroke, it was proper that the greateft force fhould 
 have been employed againft it. If we reckon the maritime 
 force, there is no doubt that we employed a greater num- 
 ber of men againft Quebec, than againft the Champlain 
 forts ; but the land forces, from fome caufe, fell much 
 Ihort of the number originally propofed, for they did not 
 exceed 7000 men, regulars and provincials, though the 
 original plan intended 9000 for that expedition, indepen- 
 dent of the junction of thofe under Gen. Aniherft, whofe 
 afllftance on the occafion was taken for granted. In this 
 expedition Gen. Wolfe commanded the land forces. The 
 fleet was under Admiral Saunders. 
 
 The whole embarkation arrived in the latter 
 26th. end of June in the Ifle of Orleans, a few leagues 
 from Quebec, without any accident whatfoever, 
 notwithftanding the ill fame of the river St. Laurence, and 
 the reports of its dangerous navigation, probably fpread 
 for political purpofes. They landed upon the Ifle of Or- 
 leans, which is formed by the branches of the river St. 
 Laurence. This ifland is about twenty miles in length, 
 and feven or eight in breadth, highly cultivated, and af- 
 fording every kind of refreftiment to the foldiers and failors 
 after their tedious voyage. 
 
 As this ifland extends quite up to the bafon of Quebec, 
 it was necefliiry to poflTefs it in order to a£t againft the 
 
 B b town J 
 
194 77;^ History o/ //;r War. ly^n. 
 
 town ; for the moll vveftcrly point of this ifland advanccij 
 towards an high point of l;ind on the continent, called I'oint 
 Levi. Both of thefe fliut up the view of the northern and 
 ibuthcrn channel, which environ the iflc of Orleans, fo 
 that the harhour of Quchcc appears to be a bafon landlock- 
 ed upon all fides. The polTeflion of both thefe points were I 
 neceUary, as they might be employed either with great ad- 
 vantage againft the town, or much to the annoyance of the! 
 Ijcfiegers ; for whilfl: the enemy continued mailers of thole 
 it was impofllblc for a fliip to lie in the harbour of Quebec. 
 When thefe polls were poflblfeJ, which was done with 
 little difficulty, the harbour and town of Quebec appeared 
 full to the view, at once a tempting and a difcouraginji; 
 Tight. For no place fecms poUelVed of greater benefits ot 
 nature ; nor any of which nature feems more to have con- 
 fulted the defence. 
 
 Quebec, fays F. Charlevoix, can boall of a frefli water 
 harbour, capable of containing an hundred men of war of 
 the line, at one hundred and twenty leagues dillance from 
 the lea. It lies on the moll navigable river in the univerfe. 
 The river St. Laurence up to the Ifle of Orleans, that is for 
 about 1 1 2 leagues from its mouth, is no where Icfs than 
 frbm four to five leagues broad ; but above that ille it nar- 
 rows, fo that before Quebec it is not above a mile over. 
 Hence this place got the name of Quebeis or Quebec, 
 which, in the Algonquin tongue, fignifies a flrait. 
 
 The city is the feat of the governor and the intend- 
 nnt, and the fupreme tribunals of jufticc for all the French 
 North America ; it is alfo an epifcopal fee, and a place of 
 confiderable trade. It is large in extent, and elegant in 
 many of its buildings both public and private. It confifts 
 of an upper and lower town ; the lower, which is narrow, 
 is built upon a llrand, at the foot of a lofty rock, upon 
 which the upper town Hands, l^his rock extends itfelf, 
 and continues \uth a bold and lleep front, wellward along 
 the river St. Laurence for a coniklcrable way. Another 
 river from the north-well, called St. Charles, falls here in- 
 to the former, wafliing the foot of the rock on which Que- 
 bec Hands ; the point on which the town is built thus be- 
 comes a fort of pcninfula by the jumllion of thefe rivers; 
 fo that whoever attacks Quel^cc, mull cither make his ap- 
 proaches above the town, and overcome the precipice which 
 I have mentioned, or crofs the river St. Charles, and at- 
 r .. . .» tempt 
 
,|59* '^^^ History of the War. 195 
 
 I tempt it upon that fide. The former of thofe methods muft 
 jnpear to a prudent commander wholly unadvifcablc, and 
 (he Utter extremely difficult. If the former method Ihould 
 de attempted, they would have that dangerous precipice to 
 overcome, defended by the enemies whole force, which 
 the attack would draw to this quarter. On the other hand 
 the country from the river St. Charles to the northward, 
 for more than five miles, is extremely rough, broken and 
 difficult, full of rivulets, gullies, and ravines, and fo con- 
 tinues to the river of Montmorenci, which flows by the 
 foot of ft deep and woody hill. On the fide of the river St. 
 Uurencc is a bank of fand of great extent, which pre- 
 vents the approach of any confidcrable vcflcl. 
 
 In this advantageous fituation was the French army poft- 
 (d, upon what was deemed the only accefliblc fide ot Que- 
 bec, all along from the river St. Charles to that of Mont- 
 morenci, entrenched at eVery attackable fpot, with the ri- 
 ver and fandbank above-mentioned in their front, and tiiick 
 impenetrable woods upon their rear. It is impofllble to 
 imagine a (Irongcr poft ; a port at once more dcfenfible in 
 iifclf, or better calculated for fuccouring the city, on which 
 fidelbcver it fhould be attacked. *Thun ported, they great- 
 ly exceeded in number the bcfiegers, being about 10,000 
 men, under an able, and thitherto fortunate commander, 
 M. de Montcalm, who, though he was fupcrior in number 
 to the Englifh, refolved to rifque nothing, and wifely reli- 
 ed on the natural rtrength of the country. 
 
 When Wolfe faw the fituation of the town, the nature 
 of the country, the number of the troops, and their pofiti- 
 on, though of a fanguine temper and highly adventurous, 
 lie began to defpair ; but, however another commander 
 might have thought inaction in fuch circumrtnnccs jurtified 
 to himfelf, or even to the world, by fuch rtrong appearan- 
 ces, Wolfe refolved to leave nothing unattemptcd, but 
 amidft the choice ol difficulties which lay before him, to 
 pitch upon thofe where the valour of his troops might be 
 employed with the bert profpeO: of fuccefs. 
 
 As foon as he had fecured the weft point of the ifle of 
 Orleans, and that of I.cvi, he created batteries there of 
 cannon and mortars, on tliehigh ground, from the point of 
 Levi, which looks towards the town ; thefc fired Continu- 
 ally upon the place ; Admiral Saunders was rtationcd below 
 in the north channel of the ille of Orleans, oppofite to 
 
 B b -2 Montmorenci ; 
 
igS The History of the War. 1755. 
 
 Montmorenci ; Admiral Holmes was ftationed above the 
 town, at once to diftraO: the enemies attention, and to pre- 
 vent any attempts from the enemy againft the batteries that 
 played upon the town. 
 
 After this wife difpofition was made of the fleet, Gen. 
 Wolfe caufed the troops to be tranfported over the north 
 channel of the river St. Laurence, to the north-eaft of Mont- 
 morenci, with a view of pafllng that river, and bringing 
 the enemy to an engagement. Some heights which com- 
 manded the enemies intrenchments, and a ford above, and 
 another below the falls, encouraged him to this attempt ; 
 ' but upon reconnoitring the ground, the oppofite fliore was 
 found fo deep and woody, that he could not hope to put his 
 defign in execution, which was by moving towards the ene- 
 mies flank, to draw them to an engagement. To bring 
 the French to an aftion was his fingle objeO;. He had 
 found that any attempts to aflault the city would prove to 
 no purpofe, whilft the fleet could only batter the lower 
 town, and muft fufFer greatly by the cannon and bombs of 
 the upper, whilft they were employed in this ineffedual 
 fervice ; for after the reduftion of the lower town, the paf- 
 fages to the upper were extremely fteep, and moreover fo 
 well entrenched, that this advantage would prove little to- 
 wards the reduftion of the place. 
 
 The only point left, therefore, was by every means to 
 entice or force the enemy to an engagement ; and to this 
 end no means were omitted, by fending detachments up 
 the river, and by every appearance of a defign to attack 
 the town on that fide. But the Marquis de Montcalm, in 
 chufing his poft, was well apprifed of its importance. He 
 knew fufficiently the nature of the country up the river, and 
 he trufted to it ; and therefore kept himfelf clofely in his 
 poft, difpofing his parties of favages, in which he was very 
 ftrong, in fuch a manner, as to make any attempt upon 
 him by furprife abfolutely impoflible. In the mean time, 
 from the town, firefhips and boats were let down the ftream 
 to deftroy the ftiipping, which, as they almoft wholly filled 
 the channel, were greatly endangered. But by the ex- 
 traordinary (kill and vigilance of Admiral Saunders, every 
 veffel of this kind fent againft them was towed afliore with- 
 out doing the leaft mifchief. 
 
 ,. . ..: - . ,.-.- The 
 
 i'ijuji:"; 
 
 «i 
 
 r-l-.'- 
 
iy59- ^^^ History of the War. 197 
 
 The general finding that all his efforts to decoy the enemy 
 to an engagement had proved unfuccefsful, and, fenfible 
 that they defired nothing more than to a£t defenfively, un- 
 til the feafon itfelf (hould fight for them and oblige the 
 English to retire, he came at lad, in fpite of all difficulties, 
 to the refolution of attacking them in their entrenchments 
 on the fide of Montmorenci. fhe place where the attack 
 was to be made, was chofen with great judgment, as the 
 only place thereabouts in which the artillery could be brought 
 into ufe; as there, and there only, the greateffc part, or 
 even the whole of the troops, might a£t at once, and that 
 there the retreat in cafe of a i. epulfe was fecure, at lead for 
 a certain time of the tide. Having determined upon the 
 place where the attack was to be, which was at the mouth 
 of the river Montmorenci, the befl difpofitions for it were 
 made, both on the part of the Admiral and of the 
 General. But notwithftanding that the whole July 3a 
 was conducted with equal vigour and prudence, it 
 was totally defeated by one of thofe accidents which fo fre- 
 quently interpofe to the difgrace of human wifdom, and 
 which demonftrates that {he is far from being the fole arbi- 
 trefs of war. 
 
 The Englifti grenadiers, who led the attack, had orders, 
 immediately after their landing, to form themfelves on the 
 beach ; but inftead of forming themfelves as they were di- 
 refted, from the hurry and noife of their landing, or from 
 an ill-governed ardor, they ruftied impetuoufly towards the 
 enemies entrenchments in the utmoft diforder and confufi- 
 oDj without waiting for the corps which were to furtain 
 them, and join in the attack. In this diforder, they were 
 met by a violent and fteady fire from the entrenchments, by 
 which they were thrown inter more confufion, and obliged 
 them to (helter themfelves behind a redoubt, which the 
 French had abandoned on their approach. 
 
 The General perceiving that it was impoffible for Jhefe 
 grenadiers to form under fo fevere a fire, that the night dre>v 
 on, a violent tempeft was gathering, and the tide began to 
 make, faw clearly that he had nothing further left, than to 
 order a retreat, with as little difadvantage as poffible. He 
 therefore called off thofe troops, and having formed behind 
 Brig. Monkton's corps, which was on the beach in excel- 
 lent 
 
198 I'be History of the War. ly^p. 
 
 lent order, the whole repaffed the river without moleftati- 
 the General expofing his perfon with that intrepidity, 
 
 on 
 
 which diftinguifhed him both during the attack, and the 
 retreat. 
 
 The lofs in this check was not inconfiderable ; and the 
 event on the whole was fuch, as to difcourage any further 
 attempts upon that fide. They returned to the old meafures. 
 The General again fcnt fome bodies above the town, and 
 fome men of war failed up the ftream for more than twelve 
 leagues. They received intelligence that the enemy had 
 amafled fome magazines of provifions in the interior coun- 
 try, and they propofed by getting between them and the 
 town, to draw the French army from their entrenchments, 
 to the long-defircd engagement ; but if they failed to com- 
 pafs this, they might at lead deftroy the fhips oF war which 
 the enemy had in the river, and help to open a communica- 
 tion between them and Gen. Amherft, on whom their laft 
 expeGiations were fixed, and who, they flattered them- 
 felves, was on his march to their afllftance. 
 
 But though they fucceeded in deftroying fome of the ene- 
 mies magazines, there was nothing of great moment in 
 this. They could not come near the men of war. Howe- 
 ver they received intelligence from fome prifoners, of the 
 fuccefs of Sir William Johnfon againft Niagara ; they 
 learned likewife, that the French had fmoothed the difficul- 
 ties in the way of Gen. Amherft, by abandoning Crown 
 Point and Ticonderoga. But this intelligence, otherwife 
 fo pleafing, brought them no profpeft of the approach of 
 any afllftance from that quarter. The feafon wafted apace. 
 The General fell violently ill, confumed by care, watching, 
 and a fatigue, too great to be fupported by a delicate confti- 
 tution, and a body unequal to that vigorous and enterprifmg 
 foul that it lodged. It v/as not enough for him to efcape 
 from fo great an expedition uncondemned and unapplauded; 
 to be pitied, was he thought but a milder ccnfure ; and he 
 knew that no military conduft can fliine, unlefs it be gild- 
 ed with fuccefs. His own high notions, the public hope, 
 the good fuccefs of other commanders, all turned inward 
 upon him, opprefled his fpirits, and converted difappoint- 
 mt^nt into difeafe. As foon as he had a little recovered, he 
 difpatchcd an exprefs with an account of his proceedings to 
 
 - ^ En- 
 
 Head garters at 
 
 J'iH 
 
iy59- '^^^ History of the War. < 199 
 
 Englandff^, written indeed in the ftile of defpondency, but 
 with fuch perfpicuity, cicarnefs, and elegance, as would 
 have ranked him amongft our beft writers, if his military 
 eA'ploits had not placed him among our greatefl: command- 
 ers. 
 
 ^c) Major General Wolfe's Letter^ and Admiral Saunders^Sy to 
 Mr. Secretary Pitt, relative to the Operations at ^ebec. 
 
 Head garters at Montmorenciy in the Ri'ver Saint Laurence, 
 
 Sept. 2, 1759- 
 
 SIR,.. -^ ■■-■'-' '•' ' :.'-y .--'■•: ' - ■■'■y 
 
 IWifli I could, upon this occafion, have the honour of tranf- 
 mitting to you a more favourable account of the progrefs of his 
 Majefty's arms ; but the obftacles v/e have met with, in the ope- 
 rations of the campaign, are much greater than we had reafon to 
 fxpedl, or could forefee; not fo much from the number of the 
 enemy (tho' fuperior to us) as from the natural ftrength of the 
 country, which the Marquis de Montcalm feems wifely to depend 
 upon. 
 
 When I learned that fuccours of all kinds had been thrown in- 
 to ^ebec i that five battalions of regular troops, completed from 
 the beft of the inhabitants of the country, fome of the troops of 
 the colony, and every Canadian that was able to bear arms, be- 
 fides (everal nations of favages, had taken the field in a very ad- 
 vantageous fituation ; I could not flatter myfelf that I fliould be 
 able to reduce the place. 1 fought however an occafion to attack 
 their army, knowing well, that with thefc troops I was able to 
 fight, and hoping that a vidlory might difperfe them. 
 
 We found them incamped along the (hore of Beaufort, from 
 the river St. Charles to the falls of Montmorenci, and intrenched 
 in every acceflible part. The ayrh of June we landed upon the 
 ifle of Orleans ; but receiving a meflage from the Admiral, that 
 there was reafon to think the enemy had artillery, and a force 
 upon the point o{ Levi, I detached Brig. Monckton with four bat- 
 talions to drive them from thence. He palled the river the ZQth 
 at night, and marched the next day to the point ; he obliged the 
 enemy's irregulars to retire, and poflefTed him felf of that poll : 
 The advanced parties upon this occafion had two or three fkir- 
 niifliea with the Canadians and Indians, with little lofs on eithet 
 fide. 
 
 ,.>V; . Colonel 
 
^v 
 
 iioo The History of the War. 175^, 
 
 He refolved, when he fent away his account, to conti- 
 nue the campaign to the laft polFible moment ; and after a 
 deliberation with his officers, determined, that any further 
 • attempts 
 
 Colonel Carleton marched with a, detachment to the Wefter- 
 moft point of the ifle of Orleansy ifrom whence our operations 
 were likely to begin. 
 
 It was abfolutely neceflary to poflefs thefe two points, and for- 
 tify them ; becaufe from either the one or the other, the enemy 
 might make it impoffible for any ihip to be in the bafon c[ ^ebecy 
 or even within two miles of it. 
 
 Batteries of cannon and mortars were eredted with great dif- 
 patch on the point ofLe'vty to bombard the town and magazines, 
 and to injure the works and batteries : The enemy perceiving 
 thefe works in fome forwardnefs, palTed the river with 1600 men 
 to attack anddeftroy them. Unluckily they fell into confufion, 
 fired upon one another, and went back again ; by which we loft 
 an opportunity of defeating this large detachment. The effeft of 
 this artillery has been fo great (though acrofs the river) that the 
 upper town is confiderably damaged, and the lower town entirely 
 deftroyed. 
 
 The works for the fecurity of our hofpitals and ftores on the 
 ifis of Orleans being finiflied, on the 9th of July at night, we 
 pafled the North channel, and incamped near the enemy's left, 
 the river Montmorenci between us. The next morning Captain 
 Dank's company of Rangers, polled in a wood to cover fome 
 workmen, were attacked and defeased by a body of /«^/anj, and 
 had fo many killed and wounded, as to be almoft difabled for the 
 reftof the campaign: The enemy alfo fufFered in this affair, and 
 Were in their turn dr'ven off by the neareft troops. 
 
 The ground, to the eaftward of the falls, feerned to be (as it 
 really is) higher than that on the enemy's fide, s nd to command 
 it in a manner which might be made ufeful to us. There is be- 
 fides a ford below the falls, which may be pafled for fome hours 
 in the latter part of the ebb and beginning of the flood tide ; and 
 i had hopes, that poflibly means might be found of paffing the 
 river above, fo as to fight the Marquis Je Montcalm, upon terms 
 of lefs difadvantage than direftly attacking hislntrenchments. In 
 reconnoitring the river Montmorenci, we found it fordable at a 
 place about three miles up ; but the oppofite bank was intrench- 
 ed, and fo fteep and woody, that it was to no purpofe to attempt 
 a palfage there. The Efcort was twice attacked by the Indians, 
 who were as often repulfed ; but in thefe rencounters we had 40 
 (officers and men) killed and wounded. 
 
 Th« 
 
1759- ^^^ History of the Wa r. 20 1 
 
 attempts at Montmorenci were to little purpofe, and that 
 their principal operations ihould be above the town, in or- 
 der, if poflible, to draw the enemy to an a£tion. But the 
 
 defign 
 
 The 1 8th of Jufyy two men of war, two armed floops, and 
 two tranfports with fome troops on board, pafTed by the town 
 without any lofs, and got into the upper river. This enabled me 
 to reconnoitre the country above, where I found the fame attenti- 
 on on the enemy's fide, and great difficulties on our's, arifing from 
 the nature of the ground, and the obftacles to our communicati- 
 on with the fleet. But what I feared moft, was, that if we (houtd 
 land between the town and the river, Capt. Rouge, the body firll 
 landed could not be reinforced before they were attacked by the 
 enemy's whole army. 
 
 Notwithftanding thefe difficulties, I thought once of attempt- 
 ing it at St. MichaePs, about tl ree miles above the town ; but 
 perceiving that the enemy were jealous of the defign, were prepa- 
 ring agamil it, and had actually brought artillery and a mortar 
 (which, being fo near to ^eiec, they could increafe as they 
 pleafed) to play upon the (hipping ; and, as it muft have been 
 many hours before we could attack them, (even fuppofing a fa- 
 vourable night for the boats to pafs by the town unhurt) it feem- 
 ed fo hazardous, that I thought it befl to defift. > 
 
 However, to divide the enemy's force, and to draw their at- 
 tention as high up the river as pofTible, and to procure fome intel- 
 ligence, I fenta detachment under the command of Col. Carleton, 
 to land at the Point de Tretnpey to attack whatever he might find 
 there, bring off fome prifoners, and all the ufeful papers he could 
 get. I had been informed I'lat a number of the inhabitants of 
 ^ehecy had retired to thai, place, and that probably we ihould 
 ^d a magazine of provifions there. 
 
 The Colonel was fired upon by a body of J tdians the moment 
 he landed, but they were foon difperfed and driven into the woods : 
 hefearched for magazines, but to no purpofe, brought off fome 
 prifoners, and returned with little lofs. 
 
 After this bufinefs, I came back to Montmorenci, where I found 
 that Brig. Toivnjbend hudy by a fuperior fire, prevented the French 
 from erefling a battery on the bank of the river, from whence 
 they intended to cannonade our camp. I now refolved to take 
 the firft opportunity which prefented itfelf, of attacking the ene- 
 my, though pofted to great advantage, and every where prepared 
 to receive us. i 
 
 As the men of war cannot (for want of a fufficient depth of 
 water) come near enough to the enemy's intrenchments, to annoy 
 
 C c them 
 
 S'i 
 
 &n 
 
 is,'. '-1 
 
 fii'i*H>;K.ilii.<Wf««El 
 
 
202 ^he History of the War, i-^tq 
 
 defign of WoU'e was deeper, and more particularly dired- 
 ed than it had been before. The camp at Montmorenci 
 was broke up, and the troops were conveyed to the fouth- 
 • . ■ = eaft 
 
 them in the leaft, the Admiral had prepared two tranfports (draw* 
 ing but little water) which upon occaiions could be run a-ground 
 to favour a defcent. With the help of thefe veflels, which I un- 
 derftood would be carried by the tide clofe in ftiore, I propofed to 
 make myfelf mafter of a detached redoubt near to the water's 
 edge, and whofe fituation appeared to be out of mufquet fhotof 
 the intrenchment upon the hill: If the enemy fupported this de- 
 tached piece, it would neceflarily bring on an engagement, what 
 we moll wilhed for ; and il ..ot, I fhould have it in my power to 
 examine their fituation, fo as to be able to determine where we 
 could bed attack them. 
 
 Preparations were accordingly made for an engagement. The 
 31 ft oi July in the forenoon, the boats of the fleet were filled 
 with grenadiers, and a part of Brig. Moncktont brigade from the 
 point of Levi : The two brigades under the Brigadiers Tovjn- 
 Jbend and Murray were ordered to be in readinefs to pafs the 
 ford, when it fhould be thought necelTary. To facilitate the paf- 
 fage of this corps, the admiral had placed the Centurion in the 
 channel, fo thatfhe might cherk the fire of the lower battery which 
 commanded the ford : This fhip was of great ufe, as her fire was 
 very judicioufly diredled. A great quantity of artillery was placed 
 upon the eminence, fo as to batter and enfilade the left of their 
 intrenchments. 
 
 From the veffel which run a ground, nearefl in, ( obferved 
 that the redoubt was too much commanded to be kept without 
 very great lofs ; and the more, as the two armed fhips could not 
 be brought near enough to cover both with their artillery and 
 mufquetry, which I at fir ft conceived they might. But as the 
 enemy feemed in fome confufion, and we were prepared for an 
 a^ion, I thought it a proper time to make an attempt upon their 
 i'-trenchments. Orders were fent tOi the B/igadiers Generals to 
 be ready with the corps under their conimand. Brig. Monckton 
 to land, and the Brigadiers TtnunJbenJ^nd Murray to pafs the 
 ford, "v :f.oi? TO yrjj:. 
 
 At a proper time of the tide, the fignal was made, but in row- 
 ing towards the fhore, many of the boats grounded upon a ledge 
 that runs off a confiderable diftance. This accident put us into 
 fome diforder, loft a great deal of time, and obliged me to fend 
 an officer to ftop Brig, Taivn/bend's march, whom I then oblerv- 
 ed to be in. motion. While the feamen were getting the boats off, 
 iw?ifi the 
 
il^g. The History of the War. 203 
 
 caft of the river, and encamped at Point Levi. The fqua- 
 dron under Admiral Holmes made movements up the river 
 for feveral days fuccefllvely, in order to draw the enemies 
 
 attention 
 
 the enemy fired a number of (hells and (hot, but did no confide- 
 rable damage. As foon as this diforder could be fet a little to 
 rights, and the boats were ranged in a proper manner, fome of 
 the o(Bcers of the navy went in with me, to find a better place 
 to land : we took one flat-bottomed boat with us to make the ex- 
 periment, and as foon as we had found a fit part of the (hore, the 
 troops were ordered todifembark, thinking it not yet too late for 
 the attempt. 
 
 The 13 companies of grenadiers, and 200 of the fecond /Joyrt/ 
 American battalion, got firft on (hore. The grenadiers were or- 
 dered to form themfelves into four diftinft bodies, and to begin 
 the attack, fupported by Brig. Monckton*s corps, as foon as the 
 troops had pa(ftd the ford, and were at hand to affift. But whe- 
 ther from the noife and hurry at landing, or from fome other 
 caufe, the grenadiers, inftead of forming themfelves as they were 
 directed, ran on impetuouily towards the enemy's intrenchments 
 in the utmofl diforner and confullon, without waiting for the 
 corps which were to fuibin them, and join in the attack. Brig. 
 Monckton was not landed, and Brig. TtionJbend-vfA^ ftill at acon- 
 fiderable diflance, though upon liis inarch to join us, in very 
 great order. The grenadiero were checked by the enemy's firft 
 fire, and obliged to (helter themfelves in or about the redoubt, 
 which the French abandoned upon their approach. In this (itua" 
 tion they continued for fome time, unable to form under fo hot 
 a lire, and having many gallant officers wounded, who (carelefd 
 of their perfons) had been folely intent upon their duty. I faw 
 the abfolute neceflity of calling them off, that they might form 
 themfelves behind Brig. Monckton's corps, which was now landed, 
 and drawn up on the beach, in extreme good order. 
 
 By this new accident, and this fecond delay, it was near night, 
 a fudden ftorm came on, and the tide began to make ; fo that I 
 thought it moft advifeable, not to perfevere in fo difficult an at- 
 tack, left (in cafe of a repulfe) the retreat of Brig. To'wnjhend'% 
 corps might be hazardous and uncertain. 
 
 Our artillery had a great effe6t upon the enemy's left, where 
 Brigadiers Totvnjhend and Murray were to have attacked ; and, 
 it is probable that if thofe accidents I have fpoken of, had not 
 happened, we (hould have penetrated there, whilft our left and 
 centre (more remote from our artillery) muft have bore all the 
 violence of their mufijuetry. 
 
 C c ? The 
 
 <? 
 
 m. 
 
 mi *J 
 
 
 m 
 
204 J'he History of the War. 175^. 
 
 attention as far from the town as poflible. This fucceecied 
 in fomc meafure ; for, though it could not perfuade the 
 Marquis de Montcalm to quit his poft, it induced him to 
 
 detach 
 
 The French did not attempt to interrupt our march. Some of 
 their favages came down to murder fuch wounded as could not be 
 brought oif, and to fcalp the dead, as their cuftom is. 
 
 The place where the attack was intended, has thefe advanta- 
 ges over all others hereabout. Our artillery could be brought in- 
 to ufe. The greated part, or even the whole of the troops, 
 might aft at once. And the retreat (in cafe of repulfe) was fe- 
 cure, at leaft for a certain time of the tide Neither one or other 
 of thefe advantages can any where elfe be found. The eneni" 
 were indeed polted upon a commanding eminence. The beach 
 upon which the troops were drawn up, was of deep mud, with 
 holes, and cut by feveral gullies. The hill to be afcended very 
 fteep, and not every where prafticable. The enemy numerous in 
 t'. Jr intrenchments, and their fire hot. If the attack had fuc- 
 cee-ied, our lofs muft certainly have been great, and their's in- 
 » II (iderable, from the Ihelter which the neighbouring woods af- 
 fovded them. The river St. Charles ftill remained to be pafled, 
 before the town was inverted. All thefe circumftances I confi- 
 dercd ; but the defire to aft in conformity to the King's intenti- 
 ons, induced me to make this trial, perfuaded that a viftorious 
 army finds no dilficulties. 
 
 The enemy have been fortifying ever fmce with care, fo as to 
 make a fecond attempt ftill more dangerous. 
 
 Immediately after this check, I fent Brig. Murray above the 
 town with 1 200 men, direfting him to nfliR Rear Admiral Holma 
 in the dcftruftion ot the French (hips (if they could be got at) in 
 order to open a communication with Gen. Amherfi. The Briga 
 diet was to feck every favourable opportunity of fighting fomc of 
 the eTif>my's detachments, prvcided he could do it upon tolerable 
 terms, ind to ufe all the means in his power to provoke them to 
 attack him He made two diHerent attempts to and upon the 
 North ihorc without fuccefs; but in a third was more fortunate. 
 He landed unexpeftedly at DeChamhaud, and burnt a magazine 
 there, in which were (ome provifions, fomc ammunition, and all 
 the fpare ftorcs; iaihing, arms, and baggage, of iheir army. 
 
 Finding that then (hips were not to be got at, and little prof- 
 pcft of bringing tlie enemy to a battle, he reported his fituaiion 
 *n Tc, and I ordered him to join the army, 
 
 The prifonors lie took informed him of the furrender of the 
 fort of Miagura ; and wc difcovcred, by intercepted letters, that 
 
 the 
 
iy59- y/'^ History of tbe War. 205 
 
 detach M. de Bougainville with 1 500 men to -watch their 
 motions, and to proceed along the weftern fliore of" the 
 river, whilft the Knglilh army direSed its march the fame 
 way on the eaftcrn bank. 
 
 When 
 
 the enemy had abandoned Carillon and Croivn Point, were reti' 
 red to the ifle Aux Noix ; and that Gen. Atnherft was making pre- 
 parations to pafs the Lake Champlain^ to fall upon M, de Bourle- 
 miiaue's corps, which confills of three battalions of foot, and as 
 many Canaaians as make the whole amount to 3000 men. 
 
 The Admiral's difpatches and mine would have gone eight or 
 ten days fooner, if i had not been prevented from writing by a 
 fever. I found myfelf fo ill, and am ftill fo weak, that I bewged 
 the general officers to confult together for the publick utility. 
 They are all of opinion, that (as more (hips and provifions have 
 now got above the town) they ihould try, by conveying up a 
 corps of 4 or 5000 men (which is nearly the whole ftrength of the 
 army, after the points of LfA and Orleans are left in a proper 
 ftatt of defence) to draw the enemy from their prefent fituation, 
 and bring them to an aftion. I have acquiefccd m their propofal, 
 and we arc preparing to put it in execution. 
 
 The Admiral and I have examined the town, with a view to a 
 general affault j but, after confulting with the chief engineer, 
 who is well acquainted with the interior parts of it, and, after 
 viewing it with the utmoil attention, we found, that though the 
 batteries of the Lower Town might be eafily filcnced by the men 
 of war, yet the bufmefs of an aiiault would be little advanced by 
 that, fince the few paflages that lead from tl\e Lower to the Up- 
 per Town, are carefully intrenched ; and the upper batteries can- 
 not be affcfted by the Ihips, which mud receive confidcrable da- 
 mage from them and from the mortars. The Admiral would rea- 
 dily join in this, or in any other mcafure, for the publick fervice ; 
 but I could not propofe to him an undertaking of fo dangerous a 
 nature, and proniifing fo little fuccefs. 
 
 To the uncommon llrength of the country, the enemy have ad- 
 ded (fur the defence of the river) a great number of floating bat- 
 tciies and boats. By the vigilance of thefc and the Indians round 
 our different polls, it has been impoflible to execute any thing by 
 furprixe. We have had almoft daiij' flcirniiflics with thefe Sava- 
 ges, in which they arc generally defeated, but not without lofs on 
 our fule. 
 
 By the lift of difablcd officers (many of whom arc of rank) you 
 may perceive, Sir, that the army is much weakened. By the na- 
 ture of the river, the mod formidable part of this armament is de- 
 prived 
 
2o6 '■The History of the War. i^^a 
 
 When Gen. Wolfe faw that matters were ripe for aftion 
 he ordered the (hips under Admiral Saunders to make a 
 feint, as if they propofed to attack the French in their en- 
 trenchments, 
 
 prived of the power of afling, yet we have almofl the whole force 
 of Catmtia to oppofe. In this fituation, there is fuch a choice of 
 difficulties, that I own myfeif at a lofs how to determine. The 
 affairs of Great Britain, I know, require the moft vigorous mea- 
 fures ; Imt then the courage of a handful of brave men fhould be 
 exerted only where there is fonit nope of a favourable event. 
 However, you may be affured, Sir, that the fmall part of the cam- 
 paign which remains, -Ihall be employed (as far as I am able) 
 for the honour of his Majefty uid the intereft of the nation, in 
 which I am fure of being well feconded by the Admiral and by the 
 Generals. Happy if our efforts here can contribute to the fuccefs 
 of his Majefty's arms in any other parts oi America. 
 
 I hwve the Honour to bey ■ •, : • 
 
 .. . ' '- With the greatejl Refpe^y Sir y ;-.,.^ »..»;; 
 
 Tour tnojl obedient y and mojl humble Servant, 
 v'„, •': .^ L . > V JAMES WOLFE. 
 
 m 
 
 Slerling-Cajlle off Point Le<vi, in the River St. Laurence, <^th of 
 
 September, 1759. 
 
 SIR, 
 
 IN my letter of the 6th of June, I acquainted you I was then 
 ofl' Scutari, ftanding for the river St. Laurence. On the 26th, 
 1 had got up, with the firfl divifion of the fleet and tranfports, as 
 far as the middle of the Ifle of Orleans, where I immediately pre- 
 pared to land the troops, which I did the next morning. The 
 fame day the fecond and third divifions came up, and the troops 
 from them were landed likewife. 
 
 I got thus far without any lofs or accident whatever ; but, dl- 
 reftly after landing the troops, a very hard gale of wind came on, 
 by which many anchors and fmr'U boats were lofl, and much da^ 
 mnge received among the tranfports, by their driving on board 
 each other. The fhipj^ that loft moft anchors I fupplied from the 
 Mpn of war a.*! far as I was able, and in all other refpe£ls, gave 
 rheiu the belt alhftance in my power. 
 
 On 
 
1759- ^^^ History of the War. V 207 
 
 trenchments, on the Beauport ihorc below the town, and 
 by their motions to give this feint all the appearance of a 
 reality which it pofTibly could have. This difpofition be- 
 ing 
 
 On the 28th, at midnight, the enemy fent down from ^ebec 
 feven firefliips ; and though our Ihips and tranfports were fo nu- 
 merous, and neceflarily fpread fo great a part of the channel, we 
 towed them all clear and a-ground, without receiving the leaft 
 damage from them. The next night Gen. Monckton croflVd the 
 river, and landed with his Brigade on the South (hore, and took 
 poft at Point Lenji ; and Gen. PFolfe took his on the Wellnioit 
 Point of the Ifle of Orleans. 
 
 On the I ft of Julyy I moved up between the Points of Orleans 
 zjid Le'uli and, it being refolved to land on the North fhore, be- 
 low the falls of Montmorenci, I placed on the 8th inft. his Majef- 
 ty's floop the Porcupiney and the Bofcaiven armed veflel, in the 
 channel between Orleans and the North (hore, to cover that land- 
 ing, which took place at night. 
 
 On the 17th, I ordered Capt. Rous of the Sutherland^ to pro- 
 ceed, with fhe firft fair wind and night tide, above the town of 
 ^ehec, and to take with him his Majeft/s Ihips Diana and Squir- 
 reli with two armed Hoops, and two catts armed and loaded with 
 provilions. 
 
 On the 1 8th, at night, they all got up, except the Dianas and 
 gave Gen. fFol/e an opportunity of reconnoitring above the town, 
 thofe ihips having carried fome troops with them for that pur- 
 pofe. The Diana ran afliore upon the rocks off Point Le'vi, and 
 received fo much damage, that I have fent her to Bojionv/hh 27 
 fail of American tranfports, (thofe which received molt damage in 
 the gale of the 27th of June) where they are to be difcharged ; 
 and the Diana^ having repaired her damages, is to proceed to 
 England^ taking with her the maft (hips, and what trade may be 
 ready to accompany her. 
 
 On the 28th, at midnight, the enemy fent down a raft of fire- 
 ftages, of near a hundred Radeaux, which fucceeded no better 
 than the 6re-fhips. 
 
 On the 3 1 ft, Gen. Wolfe determined to land a number of troops 
 above the falls of Montmorenci^ in order to attack the enemy's 
 lines J to cover which, I placed the Centurion In the channel, be- 
 tween the Ifle of Orleans and the falls, and ran on fliore, at high 
 water, two catts which I had armed for that purpofe, againft two 
 finull batteries and two redoubts, where our troops were to land. 
 About fix in the evening they landed, but the General not think- 
 ing it proper to perfevcre in the attack; foon after, part of them 
 
 wm 
 
208 
 
 T^be History of the War. 
 
 1759. 
 
 ing made below the town, the General embarked his forces 
 about one in the morning, and with Admiral Holmes's di- 
 vifion went three leagues further up the river than the in- 
 tended 
 
 re-embarked, and the reft crofTed the Falls with Gen. Wolfe ^^ 
 upon which, to prevent the two catts from falling into the ene- 
 my's hands (they being then dry on Ihore) I gave orders to take 
 the men out and fet them on fire, which was accordingly done. 
 
 On the 5 th of Augujiy in the night, I fent twenty flat-bottom- 
 ed boats up the river, to the Sutherlandy to embark 1 260 of the 
 troops, with Brig. Gen. Murray ^ from a poft he had taken on the 
 fouth fliore. I fent Admiral Holmes up to the Sutherland, to aft 
 in concert with him, and give him all the afllftance the Ihips and 
 boats could afford. At the fame time I dire£ted Admiral Holmts 
 to ufe his beft endeavours to get at, and deftroy the enemy's (hips 
 above the town ; and for that purpofe I ordered the Loiuejioffe, 
 and Hunter (loop, with two armed Hoops and two catts, with pro- 
 vifions, to pafs ^ebcc and join the Sutherland ; but the wind 
 holding wefterly, it was the zyth of Augujl before they got up, 
 which was the fourth attempt they had made to gain their paf- 
 fage. 
 
 ' On the 25th, at night, Admiral Holmes and Gen. Murray, 
 with part of the troops, returned ; they had met with, and de- 
 ftroyed a magazine of the enemy's cloathing, fome gunpowder, 
 and other things ; and Admiral Holmes had been ten or tweire 
 leagues above the town, but found it impracticable at that time 
 to get farther up. 
 
 Gen. Wolfe having refolved to quit the camp at Montmorenct, 
 and go above the town, in hopes of getting between the enemy 
 and their prdvifions, (fuppoled to be in the (hips there) and by 
 that means force them to an atStion, I lent up, on the 29th at 
 night, the Seahorfe and two armed (loops, with two catts laden 
 with provifions, to join the reft above ^ebec ; and having taken 
 off all the artillery, from the camp at Montmorenct, on the 3d 
 Jnft. in the afternoon the troops embarked from thence, and land- 
 ed at Point £^^'^ The 4th, at night, I fent all the flat-bottomed 
 boats up, and this night a part or the troops will march up the 
 fouth Ihore, above the town, to be embarked in the (hips and vef- 
 fels there, and to-morrow night the reft will follow. Admiral 
 Holmes is alfo gone up again to afllft in their future operations, 
 and to try, if, with the afliftauce of the troops, it is pradicable to 
 get at the enemy's (hips. 
 
 As Gen. Wolfe writes by this opportunity, he will give you an 
 account of his part of the operations, and his thoughts what fur- 
 ther 
 
1759- ^^^ History of the War. 209 
 
 tended place of his landing, in order to amufe the enemy, 
 and conceal his real defign. Then he put them into boats, 
 and fell down filently with the tide, unobferved by the 
 French centinels pofted along the fliore. The rapidity 
 of the current carried thefe boats a little below the intend- 
 ed place of attack. The Ihips followed them, and arrived 
 juft at the time which had been concerted to cover their 
 
 landing. 
 
 ther may be done for his Majeft/s fervice. The enemy appear 
 numerous, and feem to be ftrongly poiled ; but let the event be 
 what it will, we fhall remain here as long as the feafon will per- 
 mit, in order to prevent their detaching troops from hence againil 
 Gen. Amherfi ; and I (hall leave cruizers at the mouth of the ri- 
 ver, to cut off any fuppHes that may be fent them, with ftridl or- 
 ders to keep that ftatlon as long as poHIble. The town oi^ehec 
 is not habitable, being almoft entirely burnt and deftroyed. 
 
 I inclofe you the prefent difpofition of the (hips under my com- 
 mand: twenty of the victuallers that failed from England v/ith the 
 Echo, are arrived here, one unloaded at Louifbourgy having re- 
 ceived damage in her palTage out, and another I have heard no- 
 thing of. No (hips or the enemy have come this way, that I have 
 bad any intelligence of, fince my arrival in the river, except one, 
 laden with flour and brandy, which was taken by Capt. Drake of 
 the Lizard. 
 
 Before Admiral Durell got into the river, three frigates, and 
 feventeen fail, with proviuons, (lores, and a few recruits, got 
 up, and are thofe we are fo anxious, if polTible, to deftroy. 
 
 Yefterday I received a letter from Gen. Amherji (to whom I 
 have had no opportunity of writing fmce I have been in the river) 
 dated, Camp of Cronun Pointy Augufl 17th, wherein, he only 
 defires I would fend tranfports and a convoy to Neio Tork y to 
 carry to England fix hundred and feventy prifoners taken at the 
 furrender of Niagara. 
 
 I would have wrote to you fooner from hence, but while my 
 dirpatches were preparing, Gen. IVolfe was taken very ill j he has 
 been better fmce, but is (lill greatly out of order. 
 
 I (hall very foon fend home the great (hips, and have the ho- 
 nour to be. 
 
 With thtgraateJiRefpedy 
 
 • ■ -' '- -, SIR, ' '■■" ■ ■' '" '■■ * 
 
 Tour mofl obedient^ and moji hutnhlt Servant^ 
 
 ■ 
 
 M 
 
 D d 
 
 CHARLES SAUNDERS. 
 
2IO 'The History of ibe War* i'j^q 
 
 landing. Confidering the darkncfs of the night, and the 
 rapidity of the current, this was a very critical operation 
 and it required excellent heads both on the part of the 
 marine, and the land fcrvice, to prefcrve a communicati- 
 on, and to prevent a difcovcry and confufion. 
 
 As the troops could not land at the fpot propofed, when 
 they were put on fliore an hill appeared before them ex- 
 tremely high and deep in its afcent ; a little path winded 
 up this afcent, fo narrow tliat two could not go abreaft, 
 Even this path was intrenched, and a captain's guard de- 
 fended it. Thefe difficulties did not abate the hopes of the 
 General, or the ardor of the troops. The light infantry 
 under Colonel Howe laying hold of ftumps and boughs ot 
 trees, pulled themfelves up, diflodged the guards, and 
 cleared the path ; and then all the troops furmounting eve- 
 ry difficulty, gained the top of the hill, and as fafl: as they 
 afcended formed themfelves, fo that they were all in order 
 of battle at day break. 
 
 Montcalm, when he heard that the Engllfh hadafccnd- 
 „ the hill, and were formed on the high ground at 
 
 P ■ ^' the back of the town, fcarcely credited the intel- 
 ligence, and ftill believed it to be a feint to induce him to 
 abandon that ftrong port, which had beenj:he objed of all 
 the real attempts that had been made fince the beginning 
 of the campaign. But he was foon, and fatally for him, 
 undeceived. He Hiw clearly, that the Englifh fleet and ar- 
 my were in fuch a fituation, that the upper and lower 
 town might be attacked in concert, and that nothing but a 
 battle could pofllbly fave it. Accordingly he determined 
 to give them battle, and quitting Beauport, paflcd the river 
 St. Charles, and formed his troops oppofite to ours. 
 
 He filled the buihes that were in his front v/^ith detadv 
 ments of Indians, and his hefl: markfmen, to the number 
 of about 1 500 ; his regular forces formed his left ; his right 
 was compofed of the troops of the colony, fupported by 
 two battalions of regulars. The reft of the Indians and 
 Canadians extended on that fide, and attempted to out- 
 flank the left of the Englilh, which was formed to prevent 
 that defign, in a manner which the military men call Po- 
 fence ; that is, in a body which prefcnts two faces to the 
 enemy. Here Brigadier General Townfhend commanded 
 fix regiments, and the Louilbourg grenadiers were difpof- 
 cd in a line to '.I'-j right of this body, extending to the ri- 
 
 *ver. 
 
 ftance, our troops 
 
1759' ^^^ History of the War. 211 
 
 vcr. A regimr was drawn up behind the right for a re- 
 fcrve. It was juimcd in eight fubdivifions, with large in- 
 tervals. The light infantry under Colonel Howe, prote£l- 
 ed the rear and the left. The difpofitions on both fides 
 were judicious, and the engagement on both fides, began 
 with rpirit. 
 
 The Englifh troops were exhorted to referve their fire ; 
 and they bore that of the enemy's light troops in front, 
 which was galling, though irregular, with the utmofl pa- 
 tience and good order, waiting for the main body of the e- 
 ncmy, which advanced fad upon them. At forty yards di- 
 (lance, our troops gave their fire, which took place in its 
 full extent, and made a terrible havock among the French. 
 It was fupportcd with as much vivacity as it was begun, 
 and the enemy every where yielded to it ; but juft in the 
 moment, when the fortune of the field began to declare 
 itfelf, General Wolfe, in whofe life every thing feemed 
 included, fell : General Monckton, the next to him in 
 command, fell immediately after, and both were conveyed 
 out of the line ; the command now devolved on General 
 Townlhend. It was at a very critical time. For, though 
 the enemy began to fall back, and were much broken, the 
 jofs of the two generals was a very difcouraging circum- 
 Aance, and it required great temper and great exertions to 
 fupport the advantages that had been gained, and to pufli 
 them to their proper extent. General Townlhend (hewed 
 himfelf equal to fo arduous a duty j the troops preferved 
 their fpirit, and each corps feemed to exert itfelf with a 
 view to its peculiar charafter. The grenadiers with their 
 bayonets, the Highlanders with their broad fwords, and the 
 reft of the forces, with a fteady and continued fire, drove 
 the enemy in great diforder from every port, and compleat- 
 cd their defeat. During the whole aftion, Colonel Howe 
 with his light infantry covered the left wing in fuch a man- 
 ner, as entirely to fruilrate the attempts of the enemies In- 
 dians and Canadians upon that (lank. 
 
 The field now fccmcd to be complcatly decided, when a 
 new enemy appeared, which threatened to bring on a frcfii 
 engagement, and to put all again to the hazard. M. dc 
 Bougainville, v^hom the feigned movements of the Englifh 
 troops had drawn up the river, turned back on difcovering 
 their real dtfign, and now appeared on the rear of the army, 
 with a body of 2000 men. But fortunately the main body 
 
 J:) d 2 of 
 
 
 
212 ^he History of the War. ^15^. 
 
 of the French was by this time fo broken and difpcrfed 
 that the general was able to eftabl'fh his rear, and to turn 
 fuch an oppofition on that fide, that the enemy retired after 
 a very feeble attempt. 
 
 In this decifive a£lion our troops loft about 500 men • 
 on the fide of the enemy at leaft 1 500 were killed. But 
 however glorious this vi£tory was, and however important 
 in its confequences, it muft be admitted that it was very 
 dearly bought. Soldiers may be raifed ; officers will be 
 formed by experience ; but the lofs of a genius in war, is a 
 lofs which we know not how to repair. The death of 
 Wolfe was indeed grievous to his country, but to himfelf 
 the moft happy that can be imagined ; and the moft to be 
 envied by all thofe who have a true relifti for military glory. 
 Unindebted to family, or connexions, unfupported by in- 
 trigue or fa61:ion, he had accomplifhed the whole bufinefs 
 of life at a time, when others are only beginning to appear; 
 and at the age of thirty-five, without feeling the weaknefs 
 of age or the viciffitude of fortune, having fatisfied his honeft 
 ambition, having compleated his character, having fulfilled 
 the expeftations of his country, he fell at the head of his 
 conquering troops, and expired in the arms of viftory. 
 
 The circumftances that attended the death of fuch a 
 perfon, are too interefting to be pafled over in filence, and 
 they were indeed fuch as fpoke the whole tenor of his life. 
 He firft received a wound in his head ; but, that he might 
 not difcourage his troops, he wrapped it up in his handker- 
 chief, and encouraged his men to advance ; foon after he 
 received another ball in his belly; this alfo he diflembled, 
 and exerted himfelf as before ; when he received a third in 
 his breaft, under which he at laft funk, and fullered himfelf, 
 unwillingly, to be carried behind the ranks. As he lay 
 ftruggling with the anguifli and weaknefs of three grievous 
 wounds, he feemed only ibllicitous about the fortune of the 
 battle. He begged one, who attended him, to fupport him 
 to view the field ; but as he found that the approach of 
 death had dimmed and confufed his fight, he defired an 
 officer, who was by him, to give him an account of what 
 he faw. The officer anfwered, that the enemy feemed 
 broken ; he repeated his queftion a few minutes after with 
 much anxiety, when he was told that the enemy was totally 
 routed, and that they fled in all parts. Then, faid he, 
 " I am fatisfied j" and immediately he expired. 
 
 Without 
 
jy59- ^he History of the War. 213 
 
 Without the fame advantages, the enemy alfo had an 
 heavy lofs in this battle, which, no doubt, contributed to 
 their defeat. M. de Montcalm, commandlr in chief, was 
 lulled on the fpot ; an officer who had done the higheft 
 fervices to his country throughout the whole American war,. 
 jnd perfectly fupported his reputation in this laft fcene of 
 it, having made the moft perfect difpofitions that human 
 prudence could fuggeft, both before the battle and in the 
 engagement. It is fomething remarkable that in both ar- 
 mies, the firfl in command (hould be killed, and the fecond 
 dangeroufly wounded. But General Monckton happily re- 
 covered, the French officer died a little after the battle. ~ 
 
 Five days after the aftion, the enemy feeing that the 
 communication between the town and the army 
 was cut off, and that the Engliih fleet and troops Sept. 18. 
 were preparing with all vigour for a fiege, fur- 
 rendered the city of Qijebec upon terms of honour to the 
 garrifon, and advantage to the inhabitants, who were pre- 
 ferved in the free exercife of their religion, and the poflfef- 
 fion of their civil rights, until a general peace fhould decide 
 their future condition. The fortifications of the city were 
 in tolerable order ; the houfes almoft totally demolifhed. 
 A garrifon of 5000 men under General Murray, were put 
 into the place, with a plenty of provifions and ammunition 
 for the winter. The fleet failed to England foon after, 
 fearing left the fetting in of the frofts fliould lock them up 
 in the river St. Laurence, (a) 
 
 ; ' ' Thus 
 
 (a) The Honourable Gen. Monckton's letter to the Right Honourable 
 Mr. Secretary Pitt, dated. River St. Laurence^ Camp at Point 
 Levi, September 1$, 1759. 
 
 SIR, 
 
 I Have the pleafure to acquaint you, that, on the 13th inftant, 
 his Majefty's troops gained a very fignal vidlory over the 
 French, a little above the town of ^ebec. General IVolfe, ex- 
 erting himfelf on the right of our line, received a wound pretty 
 early of which he died foon after, and I had myfelf the great 
 misfortune of receiving one in my right bread by a ball, that 
 went through part of my lungs (and which has been cut out un- 
 der the blade bone of my flioulder) juft as the French were giv- 
 ing way, which obliged me to quit the field. I have therefore, 
 
 Sir 
 
 I! 
 
 i:v W. ' S- 
 
214 '^f^^ History of the W^r. '^1S9- 
 
 Thus the capital of French America was rendered to the 
 
 KngUfh, after a mod fevere campaign of near three months ; 
 
 and perhaps, if the whole be confidercd, ther'J never was 
 
 ■ " an 
 
 Sir, defired General Toijonjhend, who now commands the troops 
 before the town (and of which I am in hopes he will be foon in 
 poflelHon) to acquaint you with the particulars of that day, and 
 of the operations carrying on. I have the honour to be, &c. 
 
 ROB. MONCKTON. 
 
 P. S. His Majefty's troops behaved with the greateft fteadinefs 
 and bravery. 
 
 As the I'urgeons tell me that there is no danger in my wound, 
 I am in hopes that I fliall be foon able to join the army before the 
 town. 
 
 *rbe Honourable Brigadier General Totunfljend's letter to the Right 
 Honourable Mr. Secretary Pittf datedy Camp before ^ebec, 
 . Sept. 20, 1759. . ' . . 
 
 ..■»*' - , " 
 
 SIR, 
 
 I Have the honour to acquaint you with the fuccefs of his Ma- 
 jefty's arms, on the 13th inft. in an aftion with the French, on 
 the heights to the weftward of this town. 
 
 It being determined to carry the operations above the town, 
 the Pofts at Point Le'vi, and I'ljle d Orleans ^ being fecured, the 
 General marched with the remainder of the force, from Point 
 Lei'i, the 5th and 6th, and embarked them in tranfports, which 
 had paffed the town for that purpofe. On the 7th, 8th, and 9th, 
 a movement of the fliips was maue up, by Admiral Holmes^ in or- 
 der to amufc the enemy now ported along the North ihore ; but 
 the tranfports being extremely crov/ded, and the weather very 
 bad, the General thought proper to cantoon half his troops on 
 the South fhore ; where they were refielhed, and rcimbarked up- 
 on the I 2th at one in the morning. The light infantry, com- 
 manded by Col. Hoive, the regiments of Bragg, Kennedy, Lafcelks, 
 and /Injiruther, with a detachment of Highlanders, and the 
 Avierican grenadiers, the whole being under the command of 
 B. igadiers Monckton and Murray, were put into flat-bottomed 
 boats, and, after fonie movements of the (hips, made by Admiral 
 Holmes, to draw the attention of the enemy above, the boats fell 
 down with the tide, and landed on the North fhore, within a 
 league of Cape Diamond, an hour before day-break : the rapidity 
 of the tide of ebb carried them a little below the intended place 
 pf attack, which obliged the light infantry to fcramble up a 
 ••^ - woody 
 
1759- ^^^ History of the War. 215 
 
 an enterprife of fuch difficulty carried on with a more gal- 
 lant perleverance, or accomplifhed with more vigour and 
 ability. A city ftrong in fituation and fortifications, was to 
 
 bu 
 
 woody precipice, in order to fecure the landing the troops by 
 diflodging a captain's poft, which defended the fmall intrenched 
 path the troops were to afcend. After a little firing, the light 
 infantry gained the top of the precipice, and dilperfed the Cap- 
 tain's poll ; by which means, the troops, with a very little lofs 
 from a few Canadians and Imlians iii the wood, got up, and were 
 immediately formed. The boats, as they emptied, were fent 
 back for the fecond embarkation, which 1 immediately made. 
 Brigadier Murray^ who had been detached with Anjiruther^s 
 battalion to attack the Foiir Gun Battery upon the left, was re- 
 called by the General, who now faw the French army crolfing 
 the river St. Charles. General fVolfe thereupon begun to form 
 his line, having his right covered by the Louijbourg grenadiers ; 
 on the right of thefe again he afterwards brought Otivay's ; to 
 the left of the Grenadiers were Bragg'Sy Kennedy s^ Lafcelle'Sy 
 Highlanders t and Anjiruther's j the righ^ of this body was com- 
 manded by Brigadier Monckton, and. the left by Brigadier Murray ; 
 his rear and left were protefted by Col. Hotve's Light Infantry, 
 who was returned from the Four Gun Battery before-mentioned, 
 which was foon abandoned to him. General Montcalm having 
 colledted the whole of his force from the Beauport fide, and ad- 
 vancing, (hewed his intention to flank our left, where I was 
 immediately ordered with General Amherji'% battalion, which I 
 formed en potence. My numbers were foon after encreaied by the 
 arrival of the two battalions of Royal Americans ; and Webb's 
 was drawn up by the General, as a referve, in eight fubdivifions 
 with large intervals. The enemy lined the buflies in their front 
 with' 1 500 Indians and Canadians, and I dare fay had placed moft 
 of their beft markfmen there, who kept up a very galling, tho' 
 irregular, fire upon our whole line, who bore it with the great- 
 eft patience, and good order, referving their fire for the main 
 body, now advancing. This fire of the enemy was however 
 checked by our pofts in our front, which protefted the forming 
 our own line. The right of the enemy was corapofed of half of 
 the troops of the colony, the battalion of La Sarre, LanguedoCy^ 
 and the remainder of their Canadians and Indians. Their centre 
 was a column, and formed by the battalions of Beam and Gui- 
 enne. Their left was compofed of the remainder of the troops 
 of the colony, and the battalion of Royal Roufillon. This was, 
 as near as I can guefs, their line of battle. They brought up 
 
 tv.o 
 
 ■* ^-^n 
 
 jB:|#P '?■!■% 
 
2i6 The History of the War. ly^^ 
 
 be attacked. An army greatly fuperior in number to the 
 befiegers, was pofted nuder the walls of that city in an im- 
 pregnable fituation. That army was to be forced to a battle 
 
 againft 
 
 two pieces of fniall artillery againft us, and we had been able 
 to bring up but one gun ; which being admirably well ferved 
 galled their column exceedingly. My attention to the left will 
 not permit me to be very exaft with regard to every circumftance 
 which pafled in the centre, much lefs to the right ; but it \% 
 nioft certain, that the enemy formed in good order, and that 
 their attack was very brifk and animated on that fide. Our 
 troops referved their fire, till within forty yards, which was fo 
 well continued, that the enemy every where gave way. It was 
 then our General fell at the head of Bragg'sy and the Louijhourg 
 grenadiers, advancing with their bayonets: About the fame 
 time Brigadier-general Monckton received his wound at the head 
 of Lafcelles's. In the front of the oppofite battalion fell alfo 
 M. Montcalm ; and his fecond in command is fince dead of his 
 wounds on board our fleet. Part of the enemy made a fecond 
 faint attack. Part took to fome thick copfe wood, and feemed 
 to make a ftand. It was at this moment, that each corps 
 feemed in a manner to exert itfelf, with a view to its own pecu- 
 liar charafter. The grenadiers, Bragg's, and Lafcelli Sy preffed 
 on with their bayonets. Brigadier Murray^ advancing with the 
 troops under his command, briflcly compleated their rout on 
 this fide ; when the Highlanders, fupported by Anjlruther'%, 
 took to their broad fwords, and drove part into the town, and 
 part to the works at their bridge on the river St. Charles. 
 
 The adion, on our left and rear, was not fo fevere. The 
 houfes, into which the Light Infantry were thrown, were well 
 defended, being fupported by Col. Hoioey who taking poft with 
 two companies behind a fmall copfe, and frequently fallying upon 
 the flanks of the enemy during the attack, drove them often into 
 heaps, againft the front of which body I advanced Platoons of 
 jimherji'^ regiment, which totally prevented the right wing from 
 executing their firft intention. Before this, one of the Royal 
 American battalions had been detached topreferve our communi- 
 cation with our boats, and the other being fent to occupy the 
 ground which Brigadier Murray's movement had left open, I re- 
 mained with AmherJI's to fupport this difpofition, and to keep 
 the enemy's right, and a body of their favages, which waited 
 ftill more towards our rear, oppofite the pofts of our Light In- 
 fantry, waiting for an opportunity to fall upon our rear. 
 
 This, Sir, was the fituation of things, when I was told, in the 
 
 .- aftion, 
 
iy59. The History of the War. 217 
 
 againft the inclinations of a wife and cautious commander. 
 A theatre of more than five leagues was to be filled, and 
 opeiations of that extent to be carried on in the eye of the 
 
 fuperior 
 
 a£lion, that I commanded: I immediate])^ repaired to the centre, 
 and finding the purfuit had put part of the troops in diforder, I 
 formed them as foon as poffible. Scarce was this efFefted, when 
 M. de Bougain'vi ity with his corps from Cape Rouge of 2000 men, 
 appeared in our rear. I advanced two pieces of artillery, and 
 two battalions towards him ; upon which he retired. You will 
 not, I flatter myfelf, blame me for not quitting fuch advantageous 
 ground, and riiking the fate of fo deciiive a day, by feeUng a 
 freflj enemy, pofted perhaps in the very kind of ground he could 
 wilh for, viz. woods and fwamps. 
 
 We took a great number of French officers upon the field of 
 battle, and one piece of cannon. Their iofs is computed to be 
 about 1 500 men, which fell chiefly upon their regulars. 
 
 I have been employed, from the day of aftion to that of the 
 capitulation, in redoubting our camp beyond infult, in making a 
 road up the prt *ipice for our cannon, in getting up the artillery,, 
 preparing the batteries, and cutting off their communication with 
 the country. The 17th, at noon, before we had any battery 
 ereded, or could have any for two or three days, a flag of truce 
 came out with propofals of capitulation, which I fent back again 
 to the town, allowing them four hours to capitulate, or no farther 
 treaty. The Admiral had, at this time, brought up his large 
 ihips as intending to attack the town. The French OfRcer returned 
 at night with terms of Capitulation, which, with the Admiral, 
 were coi^ndered, agreed to, and figned at eight in the morning, 
 the 18th inftant. The terms we granted, will I flatter myfelf, 
 be approved of by his Majefty, coniidering the enemy aiTemblinz 
 in our rear, and what is far more formidable, the very wet ana 
 cold feafon, which threatened our troops with ficknefs, and the 
 fleet with fome accident ; it had made our road fo bad, we could 
 not bring up a gun for fome time ; add to this, the advantage of 
 entering the town, with the walls in a defeniible date, and the 
 being able to put a garrifon there ftrong enough to prevent all 
 furprize. Thefe, I hope, will be deemed fufficient coniiderations 
 for granting them the terms I have the honour to tranfmit to you. 
 The inhabitants of the country came in to us fafl:, bringing in 
 their arms, and taking the oaths of fidelity, until a general peace 
 determines their fituation. 
 
 I have the honour to Inclofe herewith a lift of the killed and 
 wounded ; a lift of the prifoners as perfect as I have yet been able 
 
 E e to 
 
 it ^H:-t:-. 
 
 
 
 111 if P^'^* 
 
 
 
 'fill 
 
 HI 
 
 1- ; • 
 
 ^|:^f!;'li!#! 
 
2i8 ^he History of the War. i^rg 
 
 fuperior army, by lefs than 7000 men. In this conteft with 
 fo many difficulties, one may fay with nature itfclf, the ge- 
 nius of the commander fliewed itfelf fuperior to every thine 
 
 Ali 
 
 to get it ; and a h'fl: of the artillery and Acres in the town as well as 
 thofe fallen into our hands at Beauport in confequence of the vic- 
 tory. By deferters we learn, that the enemy are re-aiFembling 
 what troops they can, behind the Cape Rouge -, chat M. de Levy is 
 come down from the Montreal fide to command them j fome fay, 
 he has brought two battalions with him ; if fo, this blow has 
 already affifted General Amherft. By other deferters, we learn, 
 that M. de Bougainville^ with 800 men, and provifions, was on 
 his march to fling himfelf into the town the 1 8th, the very morn- 
 ing it capitulated, on which day we had not compleated the in- 
 veiliture of the place, as they had broke their bridge of boats, and 
 had detachments in very ftrong works on tbi: other fide the river 
 St. Charles. 
 
 I (hould not do juftice to the Admiral!, and the naval fervice, 
 if I negledted this occaaon of acknowledging how much we are 
 indebted for our fuccefs to the conilant aififtance and fupport re* 
 ceivcd from them, and the perfect harmony and correfpondence, 
 which has prevailed throughout all our operations, in the uncom- 
 mon difficulties, which the nature of this country, in particular, 
 prefents to military operations of a great extent, and which no 
 army can itfelf foleiy fupply ; the immenfe labour in artillery, 
 (lores and provifions ; the long watchings and attendance in boats ; 
 the drp'ving up our artillery by the feamen even in the heal of 
 action i it is my duty, fliort as my command has been, to ac- 
 knowledge, for that time, how great a fhar.3 the navy has had 
 in this fuccefsful campaign. 
 
 I have the honour to be, &c. 
 GEO. TOWNSHEND. 
 
 Vice Admiral Saunders's Letter to the Right Honourable Mr 
 
 Secretary Pitt. 
 SIR, 
 
 I Have the greateft pleafure in acquainting you that the town and 
 citadel oi iiluebcc furrendered on the 18th inftant, and linclofe 
 you a copy of the articles of capitulation. The army took pof- 
 felfion of the gates on the land fide the fame evening, and fent 
 faft-guards into the town to preferve order, and to prevent any 
 thing from being deftroyed ; and Capt. Pallijer^ with a body of 
 fcainen, landed in the lower town, and did the fame. The next 
 day our army marched in, and near a thoufand French officers, 
 ■ ' •! - . (bldiers 
 
il^g. The History of the War. ^tp 
 
 All the difpodtions to that daring but judicious attempt, 
 near Sillery, which at laft drew Montcalm from his en- 
 trenchments, were fo many mafter pieces in the art of war. 
 
 But 
 
 ibldiers and feameH) were embarked on board fome Englijb catts, 
 who ihali foon proceed for France^ agreeable to the capitulation. 
 
 I had the honour to write to you the 5th Inft. by the Rodney 
 cotter. The troops, mentioned in that letter, imbarked on board 
 the (hips and vefTels above the town, in the night of the 6th inft. 
 and at four in the morning of the 13th began to land on the 
 north fhore, about a mile and a half above the town. General 
 Montcalm with his whole army, left their camp at Beauport^ and 
 marched to meet him. A little before ten both armies were form- 
 ed, and the enemy began the attack. Our troops received their 
 lire, and refcrved their own, advancing till they were fo near 
 as to run in upon them, and pufli them with their bayonets ; 
 by which, in a very little time, the French gave way, and fled 
 to the town in tV.e utmoft diforder, and with great lofs ; for 
 our troops purfued them quite to the walls, and killed many of 
 them upon the glacis, and in the ditch j and if the town had 
 been further oflF the whole French army muft have been deftroyed. 
 About 250 French prifoners were taken that day, among wnom 
 are ten captains, and fix fubaltern officers, all of whom will go 
 in the great fliips to England. 
 
 I am forry to acquaint you, that General fV^lfe was killed in 
 the adion ; and General Monckton (hot through the body ; but 
 he is now fuppofed to be out of danger. General Montcalm^ 
 and the three next French officers in command, were killed ; 
 but I mufi- ^efer you to General Tovtnjhend (who writes by this 
 opportunity / for the particulars of this a£tion, the (late of the 
 garrifon, and the nieafures he is taking for keeping pofTeffion 
 of it. I am now beginning to fend on fhore the flores they 
 will want, and provinons for five thoufand men ; of which I 
 can furnifh them with a fufficient quantity. 
 
 The night of their landing. Admiral Holmes^ with the fhips 
 and troops, was about three leagues above the intended landing 
 place : General Wolfe^ with about half his troops, fet otF in 
 boats, and dropped down with the tide, and were by that means, 
 lefs liable to be difcovered by the French centinels, ported all 
 along the coaft. The fhips followed them about three quarters 
 of an hour afterwards, and got to the landing-place juft in the 
 time that had been concerted, to cover their landing ; and confi- 
 dering the darknefs of the night, and the rapidity of the current, 
 this was a very critical operation and very property and fuccefs- 
 
 E c 2 fully 
 
i)(Bl 
 
 PI 
 
 220 the History of the War. 1755. 
 
 But it p certain, that thefe things, notwithftanding the ex- 
 traordinary abihties of the general, could never have been 
 compafled, had not the marine co-operated with an unani. 
 mity, diUgence, and (kill, which never could have taken 
 place, but from that perfe6l love to their country, that ani- 
 mated all thofe that were concerned in this expedition. 
 Here was no murmuring nor difcontent, nor abfurd jealou- 
 fy i no mean competition between the land and fea-fervice ; 
 but the mod zealous endeavours to fecond each others ef- 
 forts, and the mod generous inclinations on each fide, to 
 give a due praife to their mutual fervices. 
 
 When the news of this decifive action arrived in England, 
 vre all remember, though it is very difficult to defcribe, the 
 various and mixed emotions with which every one was af- 
 fefted. But two days before this came, was received the 
 exprefs which General Wolfe had fent off after the affair 
 of Montmorenci. When the general doubted, the public 
 thought they had reafon to defpair. But whilft this gloom 
 was frelh and in the midft of the general defpondency, a 
 fecond exprefs arrives, and brings all at once an account of 
 
 '. ,.!":■: w>; ' ' 1 . ; - • . ■ '• • the 
 
 fully concluded , When General Wolfe ^ and the troops with him, 
 had landed, the difficulty of gaining the top of the hill is fcarce 
 credible : it was very fteep in its afcent, and high, and no path 
 where two could eo a-breaft : but they were obliged to pull them- 
 felves up by the Itumps and boughb of trees, that covered the 
 declivity. 
 
 Immediately after our vidory over their troops, I fent up all 
 the boats in the fleet with artillery, and ammunition ; and on 
 the 17 th went up with the men of war in a difpoiition to attack 
 the lower town, as foon as General 7'oai;«/?'f «</ (hould be ready to 
 attack the upper i but in the evening they fent out to the carnp 
 and offered terms of capitulation. 
 
 I have the farther pleafure of acquainting you, that during 
 this tedious campaign there has continued a perfect good un- 
 derftanding between the army and the navy. I have received 
 great affillance from Admirals Z>i<rf// and Holmes, and from all the 
 captains : Indeed every body has exerted themfclves in the execu- 
 tion of their duty : even the tranfports have willingly allilled me 
 with boats and people on the landing the troops, and many other 
 fervices. 
 
 I have the honour to be, &c. 
 
 CHARLES SAUNDL: I 
 
»759. 
 
 »g the ex- 
 clave been 
 an unanU 
 ave taken 
 , that ani- 
 fpedition. 
 rd jealou- 
 a-fervice ; 
 others ef- 
 li fide, to 
 
 England, 
 cribe, the 
 le was af- 
 :eived the 
 the affair 
 he public 
 his gloom 
 idency, a 
 iccount of 
 the 
 
 3 with him, 
 ill is fcarce 
 nd no path 
 pull them- 
 :overed the 
 
 Tent up all 
 n ; and on 
 ti to attack 
 be ready to 
 ) the carnp 
 
 hat during 
 good un- 
 fe received 
 Toin all the 
 the cxecu- 
 aUiiled me 
 many other 
 
 ;, &c. 
 
 1 < 
 
 rm 
 
 if' 
 
 (rl' > 
 
 t i « 
 
 I |l 
 
 if 
 
 .!i 
 
 hi\ 
 
 .i ^. 
 
 i 4 > 
 
 n 
 
 .' II 
 
 i^ ^'■ 
 
 n 
 
 ir^ 
 
 i^ '* 
 
 ! 'f 
 
 k.t 
 
 1.1 
 
 I I 
 
 Wm 
 
1759' ^^^ ^^^ 
 the victory, the takii 
 ral Wolfe. The efFt 
 fuch a dejeftion, and 
 v^hich attended the 
 was very fingular ai 
 triumph, that manif< 
 honour to the memoi 
 jiity of the nation. 
 
 A little circumftan 
 ferves to be recorded 
 and a juf*^nefs of th 
 that is ra.'.ly met wi 
 The mother of Gei 
 for pity by great a 
 pierced her mind wi 
 perienced the dutifu 
 whilft the world adr 
 a few months (he ha 
 fon, her only child, 
 (he lived unanimoui 
 firings, or any othei 
 houfe, left they Ih 
 infult over her gri 
 whoever knows th 
 fmall facrifice on t 
 
 The nation, whi( 
 pafs unrewarded, pi 
 living and of the c 
 motion for this pur] 
 the force of eloqut 
 fcrvices in their pr 
 was voted for the d( 
 the living Generals 
 honours, the thank 
 tatives. 
 
 It is not knowr 
 French difpofcd of 
 battle of Quebec. 
 Montreal and Troi 
 fequence which th 
 pi ive them of fubfi 
 (iuccd to make to 
 winter, the countr 
 
1759' ^^^ History of the War. 221 
 
 the viAoryi the taking of Quebec, and the death of Gene- 
 ral Wolfe. The efFe^ of fo joyful news, imn^ediately on 
 fuch a dejcftion, and then the mixture of grief and pity, 
 which attended the public congratulations and applaufes, 
 was very fingular and afFefting. The fort of mourning 
 triumph, that manifefted itfelf on that oc :dlon, did equ^ 
 honour to the memory of the General, and to the huma- 
 nity of the nation. 
 
 A little circumilance was talked of at that time, and it de- 
 ferves to be recorded, as it (hews a firmnefs of fentiment, 
 and a juf-nefs of thinking, in the lower kind of people, 
 that is ra.'.ly met with even amongft perfons of education. 
 The mother of General Wolfe was an objeft marked out 
 for pity by great and peculiar diftrefs ; the public wound 
 pierced her mind with a particular afili£kion, who had ex- 
 perienced the dutiful fon, the amiable domeftic chara£tei\ 
 whilil the world admired the accoirplifhed officer, v, tthin 
 a few months (he had loft her hufband ; ihe now loft this 
 fon, her only child. The populace of the village where 
 ihe lived unanimoufty agreed to admit no illuminations or 
 firings, or any other fign of rejoycing whatfoever near her 
 houfe, left they ftiould feem by an ill-timed triumph, to 
 infult over her grief. There was a juftnefs in this, and 
 whoever knows the people, knows that they made no 
 fmall facriHce on this occafton. 
 
 The nation, which never fuffers any public fervice to 
 pafs unrewarded, proceeded to honour the merits of the 
 living and of the dead. The minifter himfelf made the 
 motion for this purpofe in the houfe of commons, and all 
 the force of eloquence was difplayed in fetting off thefe 
 fervices in their proper light. A magnificent monument 
 was voted for the deceafed General in Weftminfter Abbey; 
 the living Generals and Admirals received the greateft of 
 honours, the thanks of their country, by their reprefen- 
 tatives. 
 
 It is not known with certainly in what manner the 
 French difpofcd of the remainder of their army after the 
 battle of Quebec. It is probable that they retired towards 
 Montreal and Trois Rivieres, the only places of any con- 
 fequence which they had left in Canada. In order to de- 
 prive them of fubfiftence in any attempt they might be in- 
 duced to make towards the recovery of Quebec in the 
 winter, the country along the river was laid wafte fdr a 
 
 very 
 
 I 
 
 ^ 
 
222 Tie History of the War. lyr^ 
 
 very confidcrablc extent. A meafure, which for the fake 
 of humanity, we could have wilhed not to have been found 
 necelfary. 
 
 Whilft the operations were thus fuccefsfuUy carried on 
 in the river St. Laurence, General Amherft was not want- 
 ing in his endeavours on the fide of Lake Champlain. 
 Though the retreat of the French from Crown Point and 
 Ticonderoga had left him entire'iv mafter of Lake George, 
 he found that u:e command of LaKe Champlain was ftil| 
 an objeft of fome difficulty. iVIr. Bourlemaque, who com- 
 manded in that part, had retired to the Ifle de Noix, at the 
 bottom of the lake, where he had three thoufand five 
 hundred men ftrongly entrenched ; he had likewife four 
 ftout armed floops, by which he could eafily defeat any 
 attempts by boats. 
 
 General Amherft found it neccffary to attain a naval fu- 
 periority upon the Champlain, before he could hope to pu(h 
 his operations any further ; but this was a work of fo much 
 time, that it made it abfolutely impoiTible to attain the 
 great end of the campaign, the communication with Ge- 
 neral Wolfe, who was left in the manner we have feen to 
 the exertion of his fingle ftrength. The naval preparations 
 were not perfeftly accompliflied before the loth of Ofto- 
 ber. They confifted of a great radeau, eighty four feet in 
 length, and twenty in breadth, which carried fix twenty- 
 four pounders ; the rcfl: confifted of a brigantinc and a 
 (loop. 
 
 Covered by thefe the army was embarked in boats in a 
 mort excellent difpofition, and proceeded a confi- 
 Od. II. dcrable way up the lake ; but as the feafon was 
 far advanced, and the weather growing cold and 
 tempeftuous, he judged it highly dangerous to venture his 
 troops much upon the water in open batteaux ; for the 
 waves run as high on this lake as at fea in an hard gale of 
 wind. Befides, he could not hope at this advanced feafon 
 to aft at fuch a diftance as the Iflede Noix with any effecl; 
 he therefore wifely poftponed his operations on that fide to 
 another year, and contented himfelf for the prefent with 
 the efforts of his little marine, which exerted itfelf with 
 great aftivity ; they blocked up two of the enemies ftrong- 
 eft velTels in a bay, but the French abandoned 
 Oft. 15. them in the night, and funk them in a deep wa- 
 ter, the crews making their efcape ; thefe they 
 
 were 
 
i«59. 7'beHisroKY of the W A VL. 223 
 
 were in hopes to weigh up. The French appearing no 
 where to oppofe them, the armed floops returned 
 to Crown Point foon after the troops, which were Oft. 21. 
 (Jifpofed in winter quarters. 
 
 The memorable and vigorous campaign of 1759, which 
 made full amends for the inactivity of the former, was thus 
 happily clofed. By the taking of Niagara, Ticonderago, 
 and above all, Quebec, the French, in the little remairing 
 part of Canada, are inverted upon every fide. The troops 
 which they have under Mr. Levy at Montreal, and thofe 
 under Mr. Bourlemaque at Ifle de Noix, can neither be 
 recruited with men, nor properly fupplied with military 
 (lores, all communication with France being cut off. So 
 that in the opening of the next campaign, if they are aN 
 tacked with vigour from the fide of Quebec, whilft Gene- 
 ral Amherft advances with his body by Lake Champlain, of 
 which he has now the entire dominion, the refiflance will 
 be no more than fufficient to give reputation to the con- 
 quell } and it will depend more upon our own fentiments 
 of convenience what part of North America we (hall leave 
 to France, than to any efibrts they may make in that part 
 of the world ; happy if our European fyftem (hould fo 
 far concur, as to leave us free to conclude a peace in 
 America upon its own merits. 
 
 CHAP. VIII. 
 
 Princi Henry' t march into Saxony. General Febla defeated. 
 King of Pruffta enters Saxony. Prujfians defeated at 
 Maxen. Again defeated at Meiffen. M. Daun occupies 
 the camp at Pima. Munjier furrendert to the allies. 
 Hereditary Prince of Brunfwick defeats the Duke of 
 Wurtemburg at Fulda. March of the Hereditary Prince 
 cf Brunfwick to Saxony. 
 
 WE took notice, in the preceeding part of our narra- 
 tive, of that movement of the King of Pruflia, by 
 which he got between the Rufllans and Great Glogau, and 
 thereby baffled their defign upon that important place. This 
 movement, at once daring, prudent and necelTary, hindered 
 the Ruflians from taking winter quarters in his dominions ; 
 but at the fame time it unavoidably cut off all communica- 
 tion with the army of Prince Henry 
 
 That 
 
 Mi 
 
 '^M'^s^ 
 
'■^59- 
 
 P 
 
 ;'* 
 
 224 Tbf History of ibe War. 
 
 That Prince, feeing that he could not fecond the opera- 
 dons of the King, his brotiier, on the fide of Silefia, con- 
 trived another expedient of co-operating with him, which 
 was immediately to direct his march towards Saxony. 
 There was no objeft, the pofleflTion of which was more 
 interefting ; on that account it was very proper ; but this 
 march anfwered alfo another end ; for it drew the attention 
 of M. Daun to the fide of Saxony, and difabled him 
 from aflifting the defigns of the Ruffians againft Glogau, 
 cither with his whole army, or with any confiderable de- 
 tachment from it. The whole country of Lufatia, through 
 which this projefted march lay, was in a manner overfpread 
 with the enemy. M. Daun, with the main army of the 
 Auftrians, lay at a place called Sorau, oppofite to the prince's 
 camp. Five bodies of Ruffians occupied as many advanta- 
 geous pofts between the Bober and the Neifs. General 
 Laudohn pofTefied the whole country along the Spree, with 
 feveral Auftrian corps. To get round M. Daun, it was 
 neceflary to make a vaft circuit, and to march between 
 the Auftrian and Ruffian armies for more than fixty Englifh 
 miles. 
 
 Before the prince entered upon this arduous deiign, by 
 feverai bold movements he obliged M. Daun to retreat 
 from Sorau to Gorlitz, and from Gorlitz as far as Bautzen, 
 keeping himfelf as much as poffible between the prince and 
 Saxony. ,But his Royal Highnefs, having perceived the 
 direction in which M. Daun was moving, made a com- 
 pafs to the northward of the Auftrians, into the Lower 
 Lufatia, pafled the Neifs at Rothenburg, and marching 
 
 with the\ utmoft expedition arrived at Hoyers 
 Sept. 25. Werda in two days from his leaving his pofts near 
 
 Zittau. This rapid march brought them quite 
 unexpected upon a body of five or fix thoufand Auftrian 
 irregulars, commanded by General Vehla, who were fitu- 
 ated in all fecurity behind the town. They were routed 
 with no fniali flaughtvr. Having diflo^iged this corps, the 
 prince's army had leifure to repofe themfelves after fuch a 
 fatiguing march, for two days ; and then continued their 
 
 progrefs towards the Elbe, which river they 
 06t. 2. crofted at Torgau, having received notice that 
 
 M. Daun had crofted it before them near Drefden. 
 Thus was the grand theatre of the war once more trans- 
 ferred into Saxony, and that miferable countrvj continually 
 
 har rafted, 
 
q^g. The History of the War. 225 
 
 IjiarraflTed, continually toffed from hand to hand, the fport 
 of violence and fortune, fuffered equal diftreffes from its 
 I deliverers and its enemies. 
 
 The Pruflian army, from the beginning of this war, has 
 
 I iieen particularly diftinguiflied for its marches ; and there 
 
 is certainly nothing in all the various operations of war, 
 
 which more particularly diftinguifhes good troops, and able 
 
 I and fpirited leaders. But this march of prince Henry over 
 
 fuch a traft of country, almoft every where occupied by 
 
 the enemy, in fo Ihort a time, and with fo little lofs, is 
 
 perhaps one of the mod extraordmary, and the beft con- 
 
 I dufted, of the marches, that have been made by the Pruf- 
 
 I fian, or any other army. 
 
 This fortunate ftroke, together with the retreat of the 
 Ruflians, afforded fome hope, that notwithftanding his re- 
 ! pted difafters, the King of Pruflla might ftill conclude 
 the campaign to his advantage. The detachments under 
 finck and Wunfch had no fooner entered Mifnia, than 
 ihey attained a fuperiority over the united armies of Au- 
 llria and the Empire ; all the places which in fo fliort a 
 time they had feized, in as fhort a time were reduced to 
 ihe obedience of th ■;'.»" former matters. Wunfch had en- 
 gaged their army, and defeated one of its wings. This 
 vidory gave them the poffeflion of every thing to the gates 
 of Drefden, the only town which remained to the enemy 
 of all thofe they had taken. They found themfelves unable 
 to prevent prince Henry from pafling the Elbe ; they found 
 themfelves unable to prevent General Hulfen from coming 
 to his relief with a confiderablc detachment ; Jiey found 
 themfelves unable to prevent the King from 
 joining himfelf to thofe ; when, after obliging the Nov. 12. 
 Ruffians to evacuate Silefia, he marched to their 
 relief, leaving General Itzenplitz, with a part of his army, 
 to keep the Ruffians from availing themfelves of his abfencc. 
 On this the army of the empire retired. M. Daun fell 
 back towards Drefden. All the King of Pruffia*s polls 
 were left unmolefted, and after all his loffes, and all his ne- 
 ceffary detachments, he ftill faw himfelf at the head of a 
 gallant army of fixty thoufand men, in high fpirits, and 
 ready to execute the moft defperate of his orders, notwith- 
 ftanding the advanced feafon, and the great extremity of 
 the cold. 
 
 aL 
 
 F f 
 
 It 
 
2z6 
 
 7'be History of the War. 
 
 *?59. 
 
 It is true, that M. Daun was fuperior to him in num. 
 bers, and yet more fo in fituation. He could at any time 
 take pofleflion of the famous camp at Pirna, where he 
 coiild not be attacked with any profpeiJ: of fuccefs ; but 
 then the freezing of the Elbe, the fnow on the mountain^ 
 which divide Bohemia fr6m Saxony, and the continual mo. 
 leftations which might be expefted from the Prufllan par. 
 ties, made this fituation as dangerous, in fome refpe£ts, 35 
 it was defirable in others. 
 
 It was the opinion of many, that thele advantages on 
 the fide of the Kirtg of Pruflla, well purfued without aim. 
 iftg at more> would in a fhort time infallibly have oWigeti 
 M. Daun to relinquifh his ftrong poll:, and to retire into 
 Bb^hemia, abandoning EXrefden, and with it all the fruih 
 of his viiElorious campaign. But the King, poffeffed by 
 ah idea of the ill fituation of the Auftrians, thought thai 
 advantages of greater moment, and more decifive, might 
 be drawn from it. He knew, that the paffes into Bohemij 
 were fo difficult, that by fome pofts properly chofen and 
 ftrorjgly guarded, the fubfiftence of the Auftrians might bt 
 made impra^icable, alid even their retreat rendered fo 
 d^rfficult, that M. Da!un would find himfelf compelled to 
 fight at a difad vantage, and to put to the hazard of the 
 field, all that his caution and prudence had been fo long 
 and fo painfully procuring. 
 
 Upon this plan the King, having obliged M. Daun to 
 retreat as far as Plauen, advanced himfelf as far as Keffel. 
 dorf ; and ordered General Finck, with a ftrong corps, to 
 turn the Auftrians, and feize the defiles of Maxen and Ot. 
 tendorf, through which alone it feem^ poflible for the 
 Autftrian's to commiinieate with Bohemia. This was fo 
 fuccefsfully executied, that there appeSired no doubt that 
 the King had efFe£tu<illy fecured one i>f his principal ob- 
 ]e&.i, and had placed Daiin between two fires. 
 
 Whilft the Pruflians ctijoyed this fecurity, M. Daun, 
 who was aware of thtsir defign, had fo occupied all the 
 eminertces about this rough and dangerous place, and all 
 the paffes into it, thai the Pruffians were hardly attacked, 
 When their defeat feenied inevitable. It is probable that 
 they had got too far into thefe defiles, and had hOt taken 
 proper meafures to fecur'e a retreat, or any fort of com- 
 munication with the grand army. They became too late 
 finfibic of their fituation, and they made, for a whole day, 
 
 tiiel 
 
,i59. ^^* History of the War. 227 
 
 ;he mod intrepid e6Forts to difengage themfelves from it ; 
 but they were foiled in every attempt, with confiderable 
 iJc of men, and of the moft part of their artillery. 
 
 ^ight put a flop to the engagement ; the Auftrians em- 
 id it efFeflually, to entangle the PrufTians, by guarding 
 with double ftrength and vigilance, every avenue through 
 which it was pofTible for them to efcape. So 
 that when the morning appeared, they faw the Nov. 26. 
 [lills covered upon every fide with great bodies 
 of their enemies, and every defile prefented a wall of 
 biyonets, through which it was impoflible to penetrate. 
 Thus galled with the loffes of the preceding day, in which 
 it is faid they had exhaufted almofi: all their ammunition, 
 Itripped of the greateft part of their cannon, furrounded by 
 the enemy on all quarters, no refource, no profpeft of re- 
 lief appearing, the army loft all hope, and all fpirit. To 
 make any efforts in this condition, General Finck thought 
 would only be iO throw away unprofitably the lives of many 
 brave men, which might be referved fcr a more hopeful 
 occafion ; he therefore, notwithftanding the known rigour 
 of his mafter, the apparent ihame of the thing, and the 
 thoufand circumftances of embarraflment that muft have 
 I arifen to a man of honour at fuch a jun6ture, came to a 
 refolution of furrendering the whole army prifoners of waf. 
 [Nineteen battalions and thirty-five fquadrons, compofing 
 near twenty thoufand men by the Auftrian account, above 
 twelve by the Pruflian confefllon, fixty-four pieces of 
 cannon, many ftandards and colours were taken on this 
 I occafion. 
 
 It was unqueftlonably the greateft blow which the Pruf- 
 Ifians had felt from the beginning of the war ; confidering 
 the critical time, the numbers taken, and the lofs of repu- 
 I tation, which arofe from the manner in which they were 
 taken. It is no wonder, that fuch an extraordinary advan- 
 tage, thus cheaply obtained, fhould greatly have elevated 
 the friends of the houfe of Auftria. They had put the 
 cheat upon the PruiTians, they had caught their enemy in 
 the very trap which they had laid, as they thought, with 
 fuch addrefs for them. They had now received a full in- 
 demnification for the capture of the Saxon army, which 
 had furrendercd in much the fame manner, and very 
 near this place, in the year 1756. 
 
 F f a The 
 
228 'The History of the War. i^/jg 
 
 The King of Pruflia had not time to recover from this 
 
 ftroke, under which he was yet daggering, when he receiv. 
 
 ed another blow, and a fevere one. General Durceke was 
 
 ported at the right of the Elbe, oppofite to Meif. 
 
 Dec. 4. fen ; but on the approach of a large body of Au- 
 
 flrians, they prepared to retreat over the river 
 
 into that place into which they thought their retreat fecure- 
 
 but having been obliged by an hard froft to withdraw their 
 
 bridge of boats, a thaw fupervening, when they attempted 
 
 to lay a bridge of pontoons, fo many great fragments of ice 
 
 floated in the river, that they found it imprafticable ; thev 
 
 were therefore under the necefllty of pafling over their 
 
 army in boats. Whilft they ftruggled with thefe difficul- 
 
 ties, their rear guard was attacked by the Auftrians with 
 
 great fury, and all the men that compofed it, together with 
 
 the General, were killed or made prifoners. The lofs of I 
 
 the Pruflians on this occafion is faid to have been three 
 
 thoufand killed and taken ; and this fecond furprize brought 
 
 a newdifcredit, as well as a great detriment to the Pruflianl 
 
 arms. 
 
 M. Daun was not fo carried away with this flood of fuc- 
 cefs, as to depart in the lead degree from his ufual cauti- 
 ous management. Two advantages were now obtained, i 
 which, with a very few efforts, might be improved, to the! 
 entire dcftruftion of the King of PruiTia. At lead, many I 
 Generals would have thought fo ; but M. Daun thought' 
 that the fame conduct, which, with no rifque, and with I 
 little lofs, had reduced the King fo low> was the mod likely, 
 if purfued, to bring on his entire ruin. He refolved to give 
 that monarch no fort of chance to recover his fortune; 
 Daun, after the two great victories of the Ruffians his 
 allies, after the two great victories he had himfclf newiy 
 obtained, retired behind Drefden ; and as if he had been 
 beaten, as often as 'c was victorious, he took reiiige in 
 the impregnable camp at Pirna, having fo difpofed matters 
 that the King of Pruflia, now too weak to fend out any 
 great detachments, could not prevent his communication 
 with Bohemia. 
 
 Whihl the King of Pruffia carried on his unfuccefsfu 
 campaign in Saxony, through all the rigours of the fcvcrclil 
 winter for many years felt in Europe ; the army of the 
 hts kept the field with better fortune. It is true, things I 
 had been fo difpofed by the obdinatc refidancc of Munrtcr, 
 
 and 
 
1759- ^^^ History of the War. 229 
 
 and the reinforcements which arrived in the French army, 
 that Prince Ferdinand did not find himfelf in a condition 
 to force them to a decifive a6lion ; and therefore the fitu- 
 ation of the two armies had continued much the fame for 
 a confiderable time. At length Munller, after a feries of 
 operations, fometimes a fiege, fometimes a bloc- 
 kade, now broken off, and now refumed, at laft Nov. 20. 
 furrendered, and the garrifon capitulated for their 
 liberty. 
 
 Not long after this, the Hereditary Prince of Brunfwick, 
 all whofe enterprifes are diftinguifhed with a peculiar eclat 
 and fplendor, that mark them for his own, performed a fer- 
 vice that curbed the French, even more than the lofs of 
 Munfter. Prince Charles of Bevern was alfo engaged in 
 this defign. 
 
 The Duke of Wurtemburg had r^inewed his treaty of 
 fubfidy with France, and having recruited and augmented 
 his troops, he lay at Fulda, a great way to the right of the 
 French army. The Hereditary Prince formed a defign to 
 attack him at that diftance. 
 
 On the 28th of November, taking a fmall, but well 
 chofen corps of horfe and foot, and difengaging them from 
 their baggage, he arrived in two days at Fulda, where the 
 Wurtemburgers enjoyed themfelves in full fecurity. Kfeu 
 de joye had been ordered for that day ; the troops were all 
 in their beft cloaths ; the Duke had invited all the ladies in 
 the town to his table, and to' a ball, which he intended to 
 have given that very day ; but the Hereditary Prince dif- 
 concerted their meafures, both of war and diverfion. A 
 large party of the Wurtemburg troops were ported in a 
 plain before the town. The Hereditary Prince fell upon 
 them unawares in their front and flank, and drove them 
 into the town, into which he clofely purfued them. Here 
 they made fome appearance of maintaining their ground 
 for fome minutes, but they were foon driven out on the 
 other fide, and hotly purfued by the Prince of Brunfwick ; 
 without the town they were met by Prince Charles of Be- 
 vern, who had made a compafs about the place, and at- 
 tacked them vigoroufly as foon as they had got out of it. 
 Four battalions made fome refinance, and were all cut to 
 pieces or made prifoners ; the reft, \v\\.\\ the Duke himfelf 
 covered by the refiftance of thefe battalions, made a fhift 
 to cfcape. Above a thoufand prifoners were made on this 
 
 occ afion. 
 
ajo ^he History of the War. 1759. 
 
 occafion ; and the Prince returned to the camp of the allies, 
 after having effeflually difabled this corps from performing 
 any thing confiderable ; and this aftion was of the greateft 
 confequence, as, by the difpofition of that corps at Fulda, 
 there was an appearance as if the French meant to form ^ 
 communication with the army of the Empire, for the 
 mutual extenfion and fecurity of their winter quarters. 
 
 This entcrprife was only the prelude to another, which 
 promifed to be much more extenfive in its confequences. 
 'Ihe feafon was now grown too fevere to fufFer the allies 
 to pufh any further the advantages they had obtained over 
 the French ; at the fame iime it difabled the French from 
 attempting any thing confiderable againft them. Befides 
 thefe advantages of the feafon, by poflefTing Munfter, the 
 allies were no longer obliged to keep fo large a body of men 
 in Weftplialia. Thtfe were the confiderations which fuf- 
 fered Prince Ferdinand to turn his eyes to the diftrefled 
 flate of the King of PrufTia's affairs. After the two great 
 blows which that monarch had fuffered, there was no hope 
 of diflodging M. Daun with his fingle force ; and he was 
 utterly unable to avail himfclf as heretofore, of the rigour 
 of the feafon, to flrikc a dccifive blow. Prince Ferdinand, 
 dillant as he was from his diflrelTed ally, and fo near to an 
 enemy fupcrior in numbers, did not hefitate to fend him 
 fuctours, to enable him, if poffible, to make a final effort. 
 He detached thereiore 1 2,000 of his befl men, and placed 
 them under the command of the Hereditary Prince, with 
 whofe vigour and diligence he was perfectly acquainted, 
 and under whom he knew the foldiers would endure any 
 ^o haidfliij) with chcarfulnefs. They marched from 
 
 KorfdorfF, and in the depth of the late fever?: 
 feafon, without lofing a man by ficknefs or defertlon, in 
 fifteen days, n:archcd near three hundred miles, and join- 
 ed tlie King of Pru(f:a at Freybourg. 
 
 This juntlion I'aifcd for a while the fpirits and hopes of 
 the Prufilan army, but, in cffe61:, it did more honour to 
 the abilities of the Hereditary Prince, than fcrvice to the 
 King. The feafon which fought equajly againfl all fide., 
 the inacccffiblc camp at Pirna, and the caution of M. Daun, 
 rendered it impoffihle tor the King, notwithilanding this re- 
 inforcement, to make any attempt. So that after fevcral 
 movements in hopes of bringing the Aviflrians to an en- 
 gagement, he was obliged at length to dcfifl, and to fuffcr 
 . ,..„. the 
 
1-759- ^^-^^ History of the War. 231 
 
 the (battered remains of his army to repofe in winter quar- 
 ters, after the fruitlefs fatigues of fo long, fo laborious, and 
 fo bloody a campaign. 
 
 The king of Pruflia did not derive the benefits that 
 were expefted from this detachment ; the French had no 
 fooner notice of it, than they attempted to avail them- 
 felves of the weaknefs it caufed in the allied army. The 
 Duke of Broglio was now at the head of the French troops ; 
 be had lately returned from Verfailles, having ruined th<t 
 character of M. de Contadcs, eftabiiflied his own, remov- 
 ed his rival, and, in fpight of feniority, had acquired the 
 marfhal's ftaff, and the command of the army. He thought 
 he had now an opportunity for an aftion of eclat to diftin- 
 guifh his entrance into command. He attempted to attack 
 
 Prince Ferdinand by furprife. But finding hint 
 Dec. 24. perfedly prepared, andall his ports well guarded> 
 
 he thought it moft prudent to retire to his form- 
 er quarters ; and with this abortive attempt clofed the ope- 
 rations of the German campaign, from whence France had 
 entertained fuch fanguine hopes ; leaving to Prince Ferdi- 
 nand the glory of taking Munfter in the prefence of one of 
 their armies, and of fecuring his own ports againft all their 
 efforts, after he had, from an inferior number, detached 
 12,000 men three hundred miles from his camp. 
 
 \ 
 
 CHAP. IX. 
 
 The preparatiotif at Vannes and Breji. The Englijh fl^^ct 
 driven fr'>m their Jiation. The a^ion near Belleijl^. 
 French fleet defeated. War in the Eafl Indies in I7«;8. 
 French fleet under M. d'^Acbe twice beaten. M. de Lally 
 takes Fort St. David^ff and repulfed at Tanjour. Lay 
 ftege to Madrafs. Obliged to raife the ftege. Conclufhn 
 of the annals of I 759. 
 
 THE fe verity of the winter could not put a ftop to the ^ 
 operations of the land armies; it had no more effeO 
 upon the operations at fca, which went on with vigour, in 
 fpight of the inclement, y of the feafon. The invafion 
 proje£ted by France, which the engagement off Cape 
 Lagos had retarded, was by no means laid afide. 
 
 The preparations for a naval equipment in the har- 
 bour of Breft, and for tranfporting a body of forces from 
 
 V^anncs 
 
%ZZ 
 
 'The History of the War. ly^^ 
 
 Vannes, went on continually. The winter did not delay 
 thefe preparations, bectrnfe it was hoped that in that feafon, 
 the Britlfh fleet might be obliged to take refuge in their 
 own harbours; and thus might afford an opportunity for 
 the French fleet to come out unoppofed, and to execute the 
 objeft of their deftination before the Britifli navy could be 
 in readinefs to encounter them. 
 
 In fafl:, they were not wholly difappointed in their ex- 
 pectations. A violent florm forced Sir Edward Hawke to 
 quit his flation off Breft. He came with his whole fleet to 
 anchor in Torbay. 
 
 The French fleet availed itfelf of his abfence to 
 Nov. 14. put to fea. The whole Englifh nation was 
 
 alarmed ; but it was an alarm which produced 
 no hurry or difturbance, but vigorous, cool, and fettled 
 methods for defence. 
 
 And now the event of the whole war was put to the iffue ; 
 for upon the good or ill fuccefs of this flroke every thing 
 
 depended. Admiral Hawke loft not a moments 
 Nov. 14. time to put again to fea, and to feek the French 
 
 fleet. Beth fquadrons put to fea on the famt 
 day ; Sir Edward Hawke from Torbay, M. de Conflans 
 from Breft. There was a difference of but one fliip of the 
 line in their forces. 
 
 It is impoffible here to pafs over the gallant behaviour of 
 one of our Admirals, as it helps to mark the genius and fpi- 
 rit of this happy time, and as this is one of the fineft inftan- 
 ces of it. Admiral Saunders came into port from his Qiie- 
 bee expedition immedi.itely after Hawke had failed. After 
 fuch a long voyage and fo fcvcre a campaign, unbroken by 
 fraiguc, and ftill Infatiatcd with glory, he determined im- 
 mediately to fet fail again, and partal'c the honour and 
 danger of the coming engagement. For this purpofe no 
 time was to be loft, and he had no orders. But he thouglu 
 the exigencies of his country fufficient orders; and he 
 knew that at this time the letter of military difcipline would 
 never be fet againft its fpirit. He thercf{;re fet fail without 
 waiting for orders with ten fhips ; but fortune did not fav- 
 our the gcncrofuy of his intentions, and he did not join the 
 Britifli fleet time enough for the engagement. 
 
 As Sir Edward Hawke concluded that the firft rendez- 
 vous of the enemy's fleet would be at Quiberon, he dired- 
 cA his couric with all diligence for that bay. But here 
 
S^EdW^HaWKE Adniir^ofdieWInte 
 
 V ' '•'■1 i' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' >lf!i 
 
 
' 
 
 1759' 
 
 again forti 
 for a ftron 
 glifli fleet 
 became m 
 (hore. A 
 the enemy 
 Belleiile ai 
 Hawke 
 wifhed for 
 reach. Bi 
 would hav 
 haps any < 
 public fafe 
 will appeal 
 (hoals, arK 
 means well 
 
 •-*Jv^ ■ ■ lefs than 1 
 
 high. In 
 llrong fqua 
 which the) 
 lies only ar 
 neft (hips ii 
 navy, and 
 officers in 
 felf. Hec 
 to chafe, i 
 of the fleet 
 M. Con 
 and fight i 
 fome time 
 giving the ^ 
 too late, h< 
 time he Ih 
 iher. 
 
 At half 
 fury. In 
 line, one f 
 his fliip to 
 he laid aloi 
 French na^ 
 remonftrat 
 Ilawke an 
 " monllra 
 
1759- ^^^ Hi's TORY of the Wa r. 233 
 
 again fortune for a while feemed to declare for the French ; 
 for a ftrong wind blown in an.eafterly point, drove the En- 
 fflilh fleet a great way to the weftward ; but at length it 
 became more favourable, and bore them in diredly to the 
 ihore. About eight o'clock the headmoft fhips discovered 
 the enemy bearmg to the northward, between the ifland of 
 Belleille and the main land of France. 
 
 Hawke faw at laft what he had fo long, and fo ardently 
 wiflied for, (though hitherto in vain) the enemy in his 
 reach. But yet there were fuch difficulties in his way, as 
 would have checked a very cautious commander, or per- 
 haps any commander in circumftances Icfs critical to the 
 public fafety. On the flighted infpeftion of the chart it 
 will appear, that all this fea is fown thick with fands and 
 (hoals, and fliallows and rocks ; our pilots were by no 
 means well acquainted with it ; and the wind blew little 
 lefs than a violent ftorm, and the waves ran mountain 
 high. In thefe circumftances they were to attack a very 
 ftrong fquadron of the enemy on their own coaft, with 
 which they were perfe6lly acquainted. All thefe difficul- 
 iies only animated the Englifli Admiral. In one of the fi- 
 ned fliips in the world, commanding the flower of the Britifti 
 navy, and feconded by fome of the moft tried and braveft 
 officers in the feryice ; and above all not dubious of him- 
 felf. He ordered the ftiips neareft the enemy immediately 
 10 chafe, and, by engaging them, to give time for the reft 
 of the fleet to come up. 
 
 M. Conflans had two choices, either to fly, or to ftand 
 and fight it out. But he followed neither perfe6lly ; for 
 fome time he appeared as if he meant to fight ; but after 
 giving theBritilh fhips time to come near him, when it was 
 too late, he crouded all the fail he could carry; at the fame 
 time he fliewed an attention to keep all his fquadron toge- 
 ther. 
 
 At half an hour after two, the a^ion bcf^an with great 
 fury. In two hours the enemy had loft three fliips of the 
 line, one ftruck, two were funk outright. Hawke ordered 
 his fliip to referve her fire, to pafs by all the others, and to 
 he laid along fide of the Soleil Royal, the beft fliip in the 
 French navy, and commanded byM. de Conflans ; the mafter 
 remonftrated on the almoft inevitable danger of the coaft^. 
 Hawke anfwered, " You have done your duty in this re- 
 " monllrance ; now obey my orders, and lay me along 
 
 G g " fide 
 
234 ^^^ History of the War. i^rg 
 
 ** fide the French admiral." A French fhip of 70 guns 
 generoufly put himfelf between them ; Hawke was obliged 
 to beftow here the fire he had referved for a greater occa- 
 fion, and at one broadfide funk her to the bottom. The 
 headmoft of the EngHfti fhips fired on the enemy as they 
 came up to them, ^ind then pafied on to others, leaving 
 thofe behind to improve their fuccefs, and deftroy or take 
 them ; and by this method they had got up quite to the 
 van of the enemy, and would have totally deflroyed their 
 fleet, had not night interpofed to fave them. Before night 
 came on, the enemy's fleet was much difperfed j but in the 
 eagernefs of the purfuit, two of the Englifli (hips unfortu- 
 nately run upon a fand, called the Four, and were loft. 
 The enemy fled in to their own coaft. Seven ihips of the 
 line threw overboard all their guns, and efcaped into the 
 River Villaine ; about as many more got out to fea, and 
 made for other ports. 
 
 Nothing could be conceived more dreadful than the night 
 which fucceeded this aftion. A violent ftorm blew all night 
 long. It was a pitchy darknefs ; a dangerous coaft fur- 
 rounded them on almoft all fides. A continual firing of 
 diftrefs guns was heard, without knowing whether they 
 came from friend or enemy; and on account of the badnels 
 of the coaft and the darknefs of the night, our people were 
 equally unable to venture to their afliftance. 
 
 When morning came on, they found the French Admi- 
 ral had run his (hip, and another called the Heros, on ftiore ; 
 the firft was fet on fire by the enemy, the other by our 
 feamen. Thus concluded this remarkable 2idiion(c)i in 
 
 which 
 
 Sir Edzvard Haivke's Letter to Mr. C/evlanJ, Secretary to the 
 
 Admiralty. 
 
 Royal George^ off Penris Pointy Nov. 24. 
 
 6' / /?, 
 
 IN my letter of the 17th, bye:cprefs, I defired you would ac- 
 quaint their lordfhips with my havine received intelligence of 
 18 ml of the line and three frigntes of the Brejl fquadron, being 
 difcovered about 24 leagues to the N. W. of Belleijle, fteering to 
 the eaftward ; all the prifoners however agree, that on the day 
 
 * Rocks fo calle 
 
 we 
 
ifj^g. The History of the War. 235 
 
 which the French had four capital Ihips deftroyed, one ta- 
 ken, and the whole of their formidable navy, in which con- 
 fifted the laft hope of their marine, (hattered, difarmed, 
 and difperfed. The long threatened invafron which was 
 
 to 
 
 we chafed them, their fquadron confifted, according to the ac- 
 companying lift, of four (hips of 80, fix of 74, three of 70, 
 eight of 64. one frigate of 36, one of 34, and one of 16 guns, 
 with a fmall veflel to looic out. They failed from Brejl the 24th 
 inft. the fame day I failed from Torbay. 
 
 Concluding that their firft rendezvous would be ^iberorty the 
 inftant I received the intelligence, I diredted my courfe thither 
 with a preft fail. Ar the firil wind blowing hard, at S. by E. and 
 S. drove us confiderably to the weftward. But on the i8th and 
 19th, though variable, it proved more favourable. In the mean 
 time, having been joined by the Maidjhne and Coventry frigates, 
 \ direfted their commanders to keep a head of the fquadron : one 
 on the (larboard and the other on the larboard bow. At half paft 
 eight o'clock in the morning of the 20th, BelleiJIe, by our reckon- 
 ing, bearing E. by N. one fourth N. the Maidjlone made the 
 fignal for feeing a fleet, I immediately fpread abroad the fignal fc* 
 aline abreaft, in order to draw all the (hips of the fquadron up 
 with me. I had before fent the Magnanime a-head, to makie 
 the land. At three fourths pad: nine (he made fignal for an ene- 
 my. Obferving, on my difcorering them, thaf they made off, I 
 tiirew out the ugnal, for the feven (hips neareil them to chafe, 
 and draw into a line of battle a-head of me, and endeavour to 
 ftop them till the reft of the fquadron (hould come up, who were 
 alfo to form as they chafed, that no time niight be ioft in the pur- 
 fuit. That morning there were in chafe the Rochejier^ Chat' 
 ham, Portland, Falkland, Minerva, Vengeance and Venus^ all 
 which joined me about eleven o'clock ; and, in the evening, the 
 Saphire from ^iberon bay. All the day we had very fre(h gales, 
 at N. W. and W. N. W, with heavy fqualls. 
 
 M. Conjians continued going olF under fuch fail as his fquadron 
 could carry, and at the fame time keep together, while we 
 crowded after them with every fail our (hips could bear. At half 
 pall two, P. M. the (ire beginning a-head, I made the fignal for 
 engaging. We were then to the fouthward of Belleijle, and the 
 Fiencb admiral headmoft, foon after led round the Cardinals* , 
 while his rear was in aftion. About four o'clock the Formidable 
 Aruck, and a little after, the Thefee and Superb were funk. About 
 
 * Rocks (b called. 
 
 G g 2 
 
 five 
 

 236 The History of the War. 175^. 
 
 to repair their lofles in every part of the world, was dijTi- 
 pated, and the credit of their arms broken along with their 
 forces. The behaviour of the EngUfh captains and feamen, 
 
 on 
 
 
 five the Heros ftruck, and came to an anchor, but it blowing hard, 
 no boat could be fent on board her. Night was now -come, and 
 being on a part of the coaft, among iflaiids and (hoals, of which 
 we were totally ignorant, without a pilot, as was the greateft 
 part of the fquadron, and blowing hard on a lee ihore, I made 
 the fignal to anchor, and c^me to in fifteen fathom water, the 
 ifland of Dumer bearing E. by N. between t v ^ ano three miles, 
 the Cardinai- W. half S. and the flee ' "^ of Crozie S. E. as ve 
 found next morning. 
 
 In the night we heard many guns of » "'•efj l j-c^, but blow- 
 ing hard, want of knowledge of the coaft, and • aether they 
 were fired I v a friend or an enemy, prevented all means of re- 
 lief 
 
 By day-break of the 21ft, we difcovered one of our fhips dif- 
 mafted afhore on the Four^, the French Heros alfo, and the.SWw/ 
 Royal, which under cover of the night had anchored among us, 
 cut and run afhore to the weftward of Crozie. On the latter's 
 moving, I made the EJJex^s fignai to flip and purfue her, but ilie 
 unfortunately got upon the Four, and both (he and the Refolutm 
 are irrecoverably loft, notwithftanding we font them all theaflift- 
 ance that the weather would permit. About four fcore of the 
 Refolution'% company, in fpite of the ftrongeft remonftrances of 
 their captain, made rafts, and, with feveral Fr^-wt^ prifoners be- 
 longing to the Formidable y put off", and I am afraid, drove out to 
 fea . All the EJfex's are faved (with as many of the ftores as pof- 
 fible) except one lieutenant and a boat's crew, who were drove 
 on the French fliore, and have not been heard of: the remains of 
 both (hips have been fet on fire. We found the Dorfetjhire, Re- 
 'venge, and Defiance, in the night of the zoih put out to fea; as 
 I hope the Siviftfure did, for flie is ftill mifiing. Tiie Dorfetjliiri 
 and Defiance returned next day, and the latter faw the Revenue 
 without. Thus, what lofs we have fuftained has been ov/ing to 
 the weather not the enemy, feven or eight of whole line of battle 
 fliips got to fea, I believe, the night of the adion. 
 
 Asfoon as it was broad day-light in the morning of the sift, I 
 difcovered {'even or eight of the enemy's line of battle lliips at 
 •anchor, between Point Penris, and the river Fillaine ; on v/liich 
 1 made the fignal to weigh, in order to work up and attack them; 
 but it blowcd fo hard from the N. W. that inftcad of daring to 
 cuft the fquadron loofe, 1 was obliged to ftrike top-gallant mall?. 
 
 § A Sand I3ank- Moll 
 
,.759- ^f^^ History of the War. 237 
 
 on the contrary, added as much to the glory of the Britifh 
 arms, as to the fafety of their country. Perhaps there ne- 
 ver was a naval engat^ement of fuch extent, in which no 
 
 captain 
 
 Mod of thofe fliips appeared to be a-ground at low water : but on 
 the flood, by lightening them, and the advantage of the wind un- 
 der the land, all except two got that night into the river Fil- 
 Inine. ^ "^ 
 
 The weather being moderate on the zzd, I fent the Portland^ 
 Chatham, and Vengeance to deftroy the Soleil Royal and Heros. 
 The French^ on the approach of our fliips, fet the firfl; on fire, and 
 foon after the latter met the fame fate from our people. In the 
 mean time I got under way, and worked up within Penris Pointy 
 as well for the fake of its being a fafer road, as to deftroy, if 
 poffible, the two fliips of the enemy which ftill lay without th.» 
 yUlaine ; but before the fliips I fent a-head for that pnrpofe 
 could get near them, being quite light, and with the tide of flood, 
 they got in. 
 
 All the 23d we were employed in reconnoitring the entrance of 
 that river, which is very narrow, and only twelve feet water on 
 the bar, at low water. We difcovered at leaft; feven, if not 
 eight, line of battle fliips about half a mile within, quite light, 
 and two large frigates moored acrofs, to defend the mouth of the 
 river ; only the frigates appeared to have guns in. 
 
 By evening I had twelve long boats fitted as fire-fliips, ready to 
 attemptburning them, under convoy of the Saphire and Co'ventry ; 
 but the weather being bad, and the wind contrary, obliged me to 
 defer it, till at leaft the latter fliould be favourable : if they can, 
 by any means be deftroyed, it (hall be done. 
 
 In attacking a flying enemy, it was impolTible in the fpace of a 
 fliort winter's day, that all our fliips fliould be able to get into ac- 
 tion, or all thofe of the enemy brought to it. The commanders 
 and companies of fuch as did come up with the rear of the Frsnchy 
 on the 20th, behaved with the greateft intrepidity, and gave the 
 ftrongcft proof of a true Britijh fpirit. In the fame manner I am 
 fatistied, would thofe have acquitted themfelves, whofe bad go- 
 ing fliips, 01 the diftance rhey were nt in the morning, prevented 
 from getting up. Our lols by the enciny is not confiderable ; for 
 in the fliips which are now with me, I find only one lieutenant, 
 and 39 Teamen and marines killed, and about 202 wounded. 
 When I confider the feafon of the year, the hard gales of wind 
 on the day of adion, a flying enemy, the fliortnefs of the day, 
 a'ld the coart we are on, I can boldly aflirm, that all thiat pofli- 
 bly could be done, has been done. As to the lofs we have fuf- 
 
 tained. 
 
238 The History of the War. 17^^, 
 
 captain was accufed, nor even In any degree fufpefted of 
 mifbehaviour or cowardice ; in which thofe who engaged 
 and thofe who did not, gave proofs that they were equally 
 ardent in the fervice of their country. 
 
 Thofe 
 
 tained, let it be placed to the neceflity I was under of tuning all 
 rifles to break this (Irong force of the enemy : had we had but two 
 hours more day-light, the whole had been totally deftroyed or 
 taken, for we were almoH: up with their van when night overtook 
 us. 
 
 Yefterday came in here the Pallas, Fortune floop, and the Pro- 
 ferpine fire-fliip. On the i6th I had difpatched the Fortune to 
 ^tbecy with direftions to captain Duffy to keep directly on his 
 guard. In his way thither he fell in with the Pbebe, a French fri- 
 gate of 40 guns, under jury-mafts, and fought her fevcral hours. 
 During the engagement lieutenant Stuart, 2d of the Ramilies, 
 whom I had appointed to command her, was unfortunately killed ; 
 the furviving officers, on confulting together, refolved tq leave 
 her, as (he proved too ftrong for them, I have detached captain 
 Toung to ^iberon bay with Hve fliips, and am making up a flying 
 fquadron to fcour the coaft to the ifle of .^ix, and if practicable, 
 to attempt any of the enemy's fliips that may be there. 
 
 / am J Sir, l^c. 
 
 EDWARD HAWKE. 
 
 L I ST of Ships 'with Sir Edzvard Hatuke, Nov. 20, 1759. 
 
 Ships. 
 
 Royal George, 
 
 Union, 
 
 Duke, 
 
 Nauiur, 
 
 Mars, 
 
 Warfpight, 
 
 Hercules, 
 
 Torbay, 
 
 Magnanime, 
 
 Refolution, 
 
 Hero, 
 
 Guns. Men. 
 
 lOO 
 
 90 
 90 
 
 74 
 74 
 
 74 
 
 74 
 74 
 74 
 74 
 
 880 
 
 90 770 
 
 750 
 780 
 600 
 600 
 600 
 700 
 700 
 600 
 600 
 
 Commanders. 
 
 Sir Edward Hawke, 
 
 Capt. Campbell. 
 
 Sir Charles Hardy, 
 
 Capt. Evans. 
 
 Capt. Graves. 
 
 Capt. Buckle. 
 
 J. Young, Efqj Commodore. 
 
 Sir John Bentley. 
 
 Capt. Fortefcue. 
 
 Hon. Capt. Keppel. 
 
 Right Hon. Lord Howe. 
 
 Capt. Speke. 
 
 Hon. Capt. Edgcumbe. 
 
 Swiftfure, 
 
1759' The History of the W A K, 239 
 
 Thofe who think fuch matters deferving of their notice, 
 have obferved, that this decifive naval engagement, the 
 furrender of the Pruflian troops at Maxen, and the taking 
 of Munfter, happened on the fame day, the 20th of No- 
 vember. 
 
 This 
 
 Ships. 
 
 Swiftfure, 
 
 Dorfetfliire, 
 
 Burford, 
 
 Chichefter, 
 
 Temple, 
 
 Revenge, 
 
 Eflex, 
 
 Kingfton, 
 
 Intrepid, 
 
 Montague, 
 
 Dunkirk, 
 
 Defiance, 
 
 The following Frigates joined Sir Edward Hawke between Ujbant 
 
 and Belleijle. 
 
 uns. 
 
 Men. 
 
 Commanders. 
 
 70 
 
 520 
 
 Sir Thomas Stanhope 
 
 70 
 
 520 
 
 Capt. Denis. 
 
 70 
 
 520 
 
 Capt. Gambler. 
 
 70 
 
 520 
 
 Capt Willet. 
 
 70 
 
 520 
 
 Capt. Waft. Shirley. 
 
 64 
 
 480 
 
 Capt. Storr. 
 
 64 
 
 480 
 
 Capt. O'Brien. 
 
 60 
 
 400 
 
 Capt. Shirley. 
 
 60 
 
 420 
 
 Capt. Maplefden. 
 
 60 
 
 420 
 
 Capt. Rowley. 
 
 60 
 
 420 
 
 Capt. Dieby. 
 
 60 
 
 420 
 
 Capt. Baird. 
 
 Rochefter, 
 
 Portland, 
 
 Falkland, 
 
 Chatham, 
 
 Minerva, 
 
 Venus, 
 
 Vengeance, 
 
 Coventry, 
 
 Maid (lone, 
 
 Saphire, 
 
 50 
 50 
 50 
 SO 
 3» 
 36 
 28 
 28 
 28 
 32 
 
 350 Capt. 
 
 350 Capt. 
 
 350 Capt. 
 
 350 Capt. 
 
 220 Capt. 
 
 240 Capt. 
 
 200 Capt. 
 
 aoo Capt. 
 
 200 Capt. 
 
 220 Capt. 
 
 Duff. 
 
 Arbuthnot. 
 
 Drake. 
 
 Lockhart. 
 
 Hood. 
 
 Harrifon. 
 
 Nightingale. 
 
 Burfleni. 
 
 Diggs. 
 
 Strachan. 
 
 LIST of the French Squadron which came out of Brejly Novem- 
 ber 14, 1759. 
 
 1200 M. Conflans, Admiral. 
 
 f M. Beaufremont, Vice-Ad- 
 '°°°i miral. 
 
 r M. de St. Andre du Verger, 
 
 Le Soleil Royal, 
 
 80 
 
 Le Tonnant, 
 
 80 
 
 Le Formidable, 
 
 80 
 
 toco 
 
 Rear-Admiral. 
 
 Le Orient, 
 
240 ^''-'^' History of the War. i^fg 
 
 This was the conclufion of the French affairs in Europe. 
 The iflue of the campaign in America had not been more 
 favourable to them. Although the events in the Eaft Indies 
 belong properly to the laft year, yet, as the accounts did 
 not arrive until this, and that the actions there were of 
 great importance, and equally fortunate on our fide, it is 
 proper that we fliould take fome notice of them here. 
 
 The 
 
 Ships. 
 
 Le Orient, 
 
 L'lntrepide, 
 
 Le Glorieux, 
 
 Le Thefee, 
 
 L'Heros, 
 
 Le Robufte, 
 
 Le Magnifique, 
 
 Le Jufte, 
 
 Le Super be, 
 
 Le Dauphin, 
 
 Le Dragon, 
 
 Le Northumberland, 64 
 
 Guns. Men. Commanders, 
 
 lb 
 
 n 
 
 t# 
 74 
 74 
 
 74 
 
 74 
 70 
 
 Le Sphinx, 
 Le Solitaire, 
 Le Brilliant, 
 L'Eveille, 
 Le Bizarre, •'» 
 L'lnflexible, > 
 L'Hebe, 
 La Veftale, 
 L' Aigrette, 
 Le Calypfo, 
 Le Prince Noir, a 
 look out. 
 
 64 
 «4 
 64 
 64 
 
 M 
 
 1^ 
 
 1000 
 81 
 
 8i 
 
 81 
 
 81 
 
 81 
 
 81 
 
 800 
 
 800 
 
 800 
 
 750 
 
 750 
 
 750 
 
 750 
 
 750 
 
 750 
 
 750 
 
 3< 
 16 
 
 fmall veflel to 
 
 { 
 
 M. Guebriant, Chef d'Efca- 
 dre. 
 
 The above (hips were all in company when the aflion began, 
 except the Hebe frigate. • 
 
 Admiral Saunders was not prefent at the engagement, which 
 he fought with fo much honour, as he did not join Admiral 
 Hanvke until fome time after. 
 
 General Toivnjbend came from the fleet with the exprefs, the 
 fate of the enemy being determined ; he refufed to be put on 
 ihore when the Admiral declared his intentions of feeking the ene- 
 my, but went with him as a volunteer. 
 
 i 
 
1759- ^bf History of the War. 241 
 
 The Englifti had by no means that fuperiority over the 
 French in the Eaft Indies, which they had in America. It 
 was here the French Teemed to have made thofe efforts, by 
 which they hoped in fome degree to ballance their loffes in 
 other parts. They had a very ftrong fquadron under M. 
 d'Ache in thofe feas. M. de Lally, an officer of credit, and 
 of greater rank than had ufually been fent on that fervice, 
 commanded a body of 2000 Europeans, a great army, in 
 a country where the name of an European is itfeif a ftrength. 
 In the beginning, their fuccefs feemed proportioned to 
 their forces ; they took the fort and tity of St. David's. 
 But in a very fliort time the ill ftar of France, which in no 
 part of the world fet well on their affairs, began to influ- 
 ence them here. M. d*Ache, in two naval engagements, 
 was worfted, and prevented from co-operating with the 
 land forces for the reft of the campaign. And had the fpirit 
 and conduft of Admiral Pococke been as well feconded by 
 fome of his captains, as it was by others, there is great 
 reafon to believe, that the French naval power had been as 
 effedually deftroyed in thofe feas, as it has been in thofe of 
 Europe. 
 
 Notwithftanding thefe checks, it was neceffary that M. 
 Lally fhould a£t. But it was not only the difgrace of the 
 French fleet, but an extreme want of money which delayed 
 his operations. A Prince of the country, the King of Tan- 
 jour, appeared the only refource which was open. To 
 this prince he applied for a confiderable fum of money, 
 which being refolutely refufed, he carried the war into his 
 dominions, and laid fiege to his capital city. But after lying 
 feveral days before it, and after having even made a prac- 
 ticable breach, the (kill of fome Engliih gunners, the want 
 of provifions and ammunition, and the diforders which 
 reigned in his army, obliged him to return without the 
 money, and with the mortification of being beaten from a 
 place, only fortified after the Indian manner. 
 
 This failure in their pecuniary expedations, and their 
 repulfe from an Indian town, were bad encouragements to 
 the undertaking of an enterprize againft an Eur pean ene- 
 mj, and a fortification in fome degree regular, bat having 
 feized upon a Dutch veffel, as it is thought much with its 
 own confent, which contained a large treafure, they fet 
 out at length to befiege Madrafs. But here their fuccefs 
 
 H h waf 
 
242 ^^ History of the War. \j^g 
 
 was no better than at Tanjour, tho' their ftrength was 
 greater, and iheir efforts much more obftinate. 
 
 Colonel Draper and Major Brereton defended the place 
 with the utmofl fkill and bravery. Mr. Pigot likewife with 
 equal generofity and prudence, feconded their endeavours, 
 by the fupplies of ftores and ammunition, which were ad- 
 mirably diftributed, and co-operated with the military with 
 a firmnefs and intrepidity, by which he obtained an honour 
 equal to any in the defence of the place. Whilft the town 
 was defended with great fpirit within ; parties were conti- 
 nually fent out, which fo infefted the roads through which 
 the enemy's convoys were to pafs, that their army in the 
 trenches were infinitely weakened by the detachments 
 which they were obliged to fend out. After a fiege of more 
 than two months, they were obliged to abandon their en. 
 terprize, and by that means renounce for ever all thofe fan- 
 guine hopes, which they had entertained from the forces 
 in this part of the world. The Rnglifh, on the contrary, 
 went on from fuccefs to fucccfs. Whilft they defeated the 
 French on the Eaftcrn coaft of the great peninfula of India, 
 on the Weftern they took the great and opulent city ot 
 Surat from the powers of the country, with very little lofs. 
 
 General Lally left Madrafs in the utmoft tranfports ot 
 rage and defpair, which a man of honour and ability in hi» 
 profedion can feel, who is ill feconded by his troops, ne- 
 glebed by thofe who ought to fupport him, and cheated hy 
 the villainy of contraftors, and of all thofe who turn war 
 into a low traffick (a. J His letter is a (trong and very ftriking 
 
 pidure 
 
 Uf 
 
 (a) Gen. Lolly's Letter to M. tie Lyrit, dated Madrafs ^ the i \th 
 
 of February, 1759. 
 
 A Good blow might be ftruck here : There ts a fliip in the 
 roa(J, of 2C guns, laden with all the riches of Madraft, 
 which it is faid will remain there till the 2o:h. The Expediim 
 ia juft arrived, but M. Gorlin is not a man to attack her : for (he 
 has made him run away once before. The Brijlol on the other 
 hand did but jud make her .ippcarance before St. Thomas ; and 
 on the vague report of thirteen Ihips coming from Porto Novo, 
 flic took fneht ; and after landing the provifions with which (he 
 was laden, flie would not (lay long enough even to take on board 
 twclv^ of her own guns, which (he had lent us for the fiege. 
 
 If 
 
1759- ^^^ History of the War. 243 
 
 pifture of thefe agitations ; and certainly it is worthy of 
 remark, that every where there (hould appear fomething 
 niore unaccountably wrong and weak in the management 
 of the French, than has been in the condud of that or 
 almoft any other nation at any time. It feems to argue an 
 
 eHential 
 
 If I was the judge of the point of honour of the company's 
 officers, i wouhi break him like glafs, as well as fome others of 
 fbem. 
 
 The FiJet/e, or Hurlem^ or even the aforefald Briftol^ with the 
 twelve 2;uns reftored to her, would be fufHcient to make them- 
 felves mafters of the Englijb fhip, if they could manage fo as to 
 get to the windward of her in the night. Maugendie and 'Tremii' 
 Htr are faid to be good men ; and were they employed only to 
 tranfport 200 wounded men, that we have here, tneir fervice 
 would be of importance. 
 
 Wc remain flill in the fame pofaion : the breach made thefe 
 Hfteen days ; all the time within Bfteen toifes of the wall of the 
 place, and never holding up our heads to look at it. 
 
 I reckon we (hall at our arrival at Pondkberry endeavour to 
 le(»rn fome other trade, for this of war requires too much patience. 
 
 Of 1 500 Cipayes which attend our army, I reckon near 800 are 
 employed upon the road to Pondicherry, laden with fugar, pepper, 
 and other goods ; and as for the Cauiis they are all employed for 
 the fame purpole, from the firft day we came here. 
 
 1 am taking my meafures from this day to fet fire to the B/ack 
 7own, and to blow up the powder mills. 
 
 You will never imagine, that $0 French deferters, and 100 
 Swifs, are aftually (lopping the progrefs of 2000 men of the 
 King's and Company's troops, which are ftill here exitHng, not- 
 withftanding the exaggerated accounts that every one makes here, 
 according to his own fancy, of the (laughter that has been of 
 them J and you will be ftill more furpri/ed, if I tell you, that, 
 were it not for the two combats and four battles we fuftained, and 
 for the batteries which failed, or to fpeak more properly, which 
 were unfkilfuUy made, we (hould not have loft 50 men, from the 
 commencement of the fiege to this day. 
 
 I have wrote to M. deLanbe, that if he perlifts In not coming 
 here, let who will raile money upon the Paleagers for me, I will 
 not do it : And I renounce (as I informed you a month ago I 
 would do) meddling direftly or indiredlly with any thing what- 
 ever, that may have relation to your adminiftratlon, whether 
 civil or military. For I bad rather go, and command the Caffrtt 
 of Mndagafcafy than remain in this Stdom ; which it is impoflible 
 
 H h A but 
 
 W' 
 
 
 55i;imN:ir'*«^'*5'^'' 
 
 ^mm 
 
244 ^^^ History of the War. i*^^q 
 
 cfTential and radical fault in fonie fuperior part of their 
 government, more eafily indeed vifible in its confequences 
 than difcoverable in its caufe. 
 
 In Europe they received offers of peace from the Kings 
 of Great Britain and Pruflia. But as they did not expcft 
 from their fituation, "cry advantageous or honourable 
 terms, they refolvcd to a£l, in one inftance, the Roman 
 part, and flill hold out, determined to hazard the laft ex- 
 tremities ; perhaps, hoping fomething favourable from the 
 fortune of their allies, fmcc their own had deferted them • 
 and refolving to contract their plan, and to make one ftrong 
 effort in one part, rather than unprofitably to wade their 
 ftrength upon fcveral inferior objefts. This effort could 
 be made with any profpefl of fuccefs only in Germany, (a) 
 
 But 
 
 but the fire of the Englijb muft deftroy, fooner or later, even 
 though that from Heaven fhould not. 
 
 / ha've the honour to he, Cjff . t^c. 
 Signed, L A L L Y. 
 
 P. S. I think it neccffary to apprize you, that, as M. dt 
 Soupire has Tefufed to take upon him the command of this army, 
 which I have oflered to him, and which he is impowered to ac- 
 cept, by having received from the court a duplicate of my com- 
 mlHion, you muft of neccifity, together with the council, take 
 it upon you. For my pa- ^ I undertake only to bring it back 
 either to Arcotte or Sniirajle. Send therefore your orders, or 
 come yourfelf to commanci it j for I rtiall quit it upon my arri- 
 val there. 
 
 (a) The Due de Belleijle's Letter to Marfhal Contades, dated 
 rerfai/lesy July 23, 1759. 
 
 J'Ai toujours pcur queFifcher 
 ne foil parti trop tard : II eft 
 cepcndant hicn important, ct 
 bien cft'cntiel que nous pui/Kons 
 tircr lie grolfcs lontributions. )e 
 ne vois dc rcHourccs pour nos 
 Depcnfcs les plus urgentes, et 
 pourKsrcparatmnsdcs Troupe^, 
 que dans I'Argtntque nous pour- 
 
 rous 
 
 I AM ftill afraid that Fifchcr 
 fet out too late : It is, how- 
 ever, very important, and very 
 effential that we fhould raile 
 large contributions. I fee no 
 other refource for our nioft ur- 
 gent expcnccs, and for refitting 
 the troops, but in the money 
 we may draw from the enemy's 
 
 country j 
 
,-^p. I'ke History of the War. 245 
 
 gut the fuppUes neceffary for this great charge were 
 difficult to a nation, whofe trade was wholly deftroyed. 
 On this occafion they did not fcruple to break in upon 
 
 the 
 
 rons avoir du Pais enemy ; d'ou 
 ilfaudraegalement titer des lub- 
 fiftancesde toutes Efpeces, inde- 
 pendamment de I'Argent, c'eft 
 a dire des Foins, dec Failles, des 
 Avoinespourl'Hyver, desBleds, 
 des Beftiaux, des Chevaux, et 
 meme des Hommes pour recru- 
 ter toutes nos Troupes Etran- 
 geres. La Guerre ne doit pas 
 ctre prolong^e, et peut-6tre fau- 
 drat-il, fuivant les Evenemens 
 qui arriveront d'ici a la Fin de 
 Septembre, faire un veritable 
 Defert en avant de la Ligne des 
 Quartiers, oue Ton jugera i. pro- 
 pos de tenir pendant THyver, 
 afin que TEnnemi fe trouve dans 
 une Impoflibilitd reelle d'en 
 pouvoir aprocher en nous re- 
 i'ervant de la Subfiilance feule- 
 inent fur la Route qui pourra 
 nous convenir de prendre dans 
 le milieu de I'Hyver, pour cul- 
 buter ou enlevert nous monies 
 les Quartiers des Ennemis. C'eft 
 pour pouvoir remplir cet Ob- 
 jet, que je fais travailler fans 
 Ralache a tout ce qu'il faut pour 
 que toutes vos "^rroupes, fans 
 Kxccption, foient bien nabilldcs, 
 bicn armtes, bien equipdes, ct 
 bien rcpar^cs, en tout Point, 
 avant la Fin de Novembre, avec 
 des Tcntes neuves, pourque ft 
 celaconvient aux Affaires Poli- 
 tiques ou Militaires du Roy, 
 vous puililez aircinblcr Ic tout 
 oil partie de votre Aini<?e pour 
 ajjir ottVnfivcment ct avcc Vi- 
 
 jiucr, 
 
 country j from whence we muft 
 likewife procure fubiiftence of 
 all kinds, (independently of the 
 money) that is to fay, hay, ftraw, 
 oats, for the winter, bread, corn, 
 cattle, horfes, and even men to 
 recruit our foreign troops. The 
 war muft not be prolonged, and 
 perhaps it may be neceflary, ac- 
 cording to the events which may 
 happen between this time and 
 the end of September ^ to make 
 a down right defert before the 
 line of the quarters, which it 
 may be thought proper to keep 
 during the winter, in order that 
 the enemy may be under a real 
 impoflibihty of approaching us : 
 at the fame time referving for 
 ourfelves a bare fubfiftence on 
 the route, which may be the 
 m ift convenient for us to take 
 in the middle of winter to beat 
 up, or feize upon the enemy's 
 quarters. That this objeft may 
 be fultilled, I caufe the greateft 
 alliduity to be ufed in prepnring 
 what is neceflary for havmg all 
 your troops, without exception, 
 well cloathed, well armed, well 
 equipped, and well refitted in 
 every refpeft, before the end of 
 No'vetnber, with new tents, in 
 order that, if it (hall l^eadvifea- 
 blc for the king's political and 
 military afl^airs, you niay be able 
 to aflemblc the whole, or part 
 of your army, to a£t offenfively, 
 and with vi^ur, from the be- 
 ginning of January^ and that 
 
 you 
 
 
 ■Rr pxi-mr 
 
 mm'- 
 
246 7he History of the War. i^^^ 
 
 the public faith, and to find fupplies for one year in an 
 expedient, that ftruck at the fources of all future credit. 
 They (topped the payment on nir ny public bills and funds* 
 The King th cv in h:R own plf^re into the public ftoclc 
 as an exarr.p'?, ^n1 z requell that others ftiould contri- 
 bute in the \\vuk manner from their private fortune, to the 
 neceflities ot the (late j tho' fcveral of the nobility, and 
 many churches and convents fent in their plate, there wai 
 yet a general backwardnefs to give into this method of fup. 
 ply, and to truft the public with fo confiderable part of their 
 fubftance at the inftant when they faw it fo notorioufly 
 break its faith in other particulars. 
 
 However, 
 
 guer, des le commencement de 
 Janvier, et que vous ayez la 
 Satisfa6lion de montrer a nos 
 Ennemis, et d toute I'Europe, 
 
 Jiue les Francois fcavent agir et 
 aire la Guerre en routes Saiibns, 
 quand ils ont un general tel que 
 vous, et un Minidre Miiitaire 
 qui fcait prevoir et fe concerter 
 avec le General. 
 
 Vous fentez, Monf. le Mare- 
 chal, que ce que je vous dis 
 peut devenir non fculment utile 
 et honorable, mais peut-etre 
 nieme neceflaire rclativement a 
 ce que vous fcavez, et dont jc- 
 vous pnrierai encore dans uia 
 Lettre particulicre. 
 
 (Signd) M. Duc.de 
 
 you may have the fatisfaflion to 
 (hew our enemies, and all Eu- 
 rope, that the French know how 
 to a£t and carry on war, in all 
 feafons, when they have fuch a 
 general as you are, and a mi- 
 nifter of the department of war, 
 that can forefee and concert 
 matters with the general. 
 
 You muft be fenfible. Sir, that 
 what T fay to you may become 
 not only ufeiul and honourable, 
 but perhaps even ncce(rary with 
 refpeft to what you know, and 
 of which I (hall fay mure in my 
 private letters. 
 
 Belleine. 
 
 * The French court ftopt payment of the following pub- 
 lic debts, viz. i. The three kinds of rents created on the polls, 
 a. Thofc conftituicd upon the chert of redemption. 3. The 
 coupons of bills on the fame chert. 4. Thofe of the two royal 
 lotteries. 5. The reiiiiburfcmenr of bills drawn to bearer on the 
 fame chert. 6. The bills of the two royal lotteries. 7. The 
 rents created on the two fols per pound of the tenth penny. 8. 
 The rtimburiemcnt of the capitals of rents. 9. The paymentj 
 of bills difchargcr'' ,v in nine years, under the name of annuities. 
 10 Tlioii? of the nov. aflions on rhe benefit of the farms. 11. 
 AM the bills drnwn by the colonies upon the government, amount- 
 ing to 1,333,000]. 
 
 
1759' ^^' History cf the V7aR. 247 
 
 Howevtr, thtfe re<'jnrccs, fuch as i'\?y a*-? will enable 
 them to keep ♦I-e v a- on 'Oct. Ti;cy lurn their whole at- 
 tention to Germi^n*/, where they have very greatly aug- 
 niented their -my, ;ind placed it under a general, from 
 whom thty have fume l.opes, after their repeated difap- 
 pointments, and the frequent changes they have made. 
 They propofe alfo another army under the prince de Sou- 
 bife ; if they can compafs this latter proje6t, as it is believ- 
 ed they may, the fyftem ot Germany is dill in very immi- 
 nent danger. For notv/ithftanding the tried goodnefs of 
 our troops, and the afii'iirablc commander at the hei d of 
 them, it it certain, even with any reinforcements we may 
 be able to fend, we (hall find it very difficult to contend 
 with two armies, fuppofing thai we (hall have no other 
 than French armies to contend with, and that the King of 
 Pruflia ihould be able, as he has hitherto been, to find 
 employment for the many, the powerful, and the implaca- 
 ble enemies that furrouna him. 
 
 It is certain he is much reduced ; and that his refources 
 are nearly exhaufted. Thefe are fafts which cannot be 
 concealea ; and yet <bme glimmering of hopes may be ftill 
 perceived, when v/i* confider the admirable talents for war 
 and government, vhich that monarch polfeflTes; and when 
 we confider c\ en the events of the laft (to him) unfortunate 
 campaign ; where after having fuffered four capital defeats, 
 and having obtained no one confiderable advantage, he has 
 yet continued ir? ionie fort fuperior in the field ; the enemy 
 has not been able to make the leaft impreffion upon his do- 
 minions ; and he has, at laft, more than divided Saxony 
 with them; the city of Drefden is all that they poflTefs in 
 that country, and the acquifition of which has been the only 
 friut of four campaigns, and four vi£\ories in one campaign, 
 and the efforts of the united forces of Auftiia, Ruflia, and 
 the Empire, to fay nothing of France and Sweden. 
 
 As for Great Britain, flie has only to fear from her con- 
 nexions. In no one year fince (he was a nation, has (he 
 been favoured with fo many fiicccfles, both by fca and land, 
 and 111 every quarter of the globe ; nor have her officers, 
 both by fea and land, ever done more honour to their coun- 
 try, by their (kill and braver). And \vith regard to the in- 
 ternal adminiftration, it fumces to f.iy, J:hat whilft France 
 became bankrupt, without delay or murnuiring tliere have 
 been more than fix millions borrowed in »j»g'und at a ver\ 
 
 caly 
 
 
 , ;Iamr^^^HBHfl 
 
 ^HB 
 
 
 ^^^^^^I^HB 
 
 B'.iiB 
 
 li'i 
 
 '^^^^^^1 
 
 ''^^^^^H 
 
 iii: 
 
 1 
 
 
 ?^iU 
 
 M 
 
 
 '"m 
 
 P^^^^H 
 
 1 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 W-v 
 
 
 m 
 
248 T'/frtf History of the War. ly^g 
 
 eafy rate ; and that the intereil on this immenfe fum has 
 been made good by a fingle tax upon malt, which will 
 fcarce be felt by the people. By this the refources of 
 England may be imagined ; efpeciaiiy if we conflder, that 
 highly as we are taxed for the neceflary charges of the war* 
 we have not been prevented from great and expenfive vo- 
 luntary exertions of public fpirit and beneficence. The 
 cities of London and Weftminfter, and after their example 
 other towns, made a large fubfcription for enliding ibldiers. 
 Subfcriptions were alfo carried on to a great amount, for 
 cloathing the enemies prifoners, abandoned through the 
 neglect or poverty of their fovereign ; and for adminifter- 
 ing to the relief of the families of thofe who had fallen in 
 the battles of Quebec and Minden. Thus a£luated by the 
 warmed patriotifm, which far from extinguifliing, feemed 
 to kindle a beneficence towards our enemies in their diftrefs. 
 The condition of F^urope, which all people thought 
 would have been decided in this campaign, is nearly as du- 
 bious as ever ; and the difficulties which oppofe themfelves 
 to a peace are rather augmented than diminifhed. Here 
 then we clofe the fcene, and conclude the events of the 
 prefcnt year ; in the next we hope, notwithftanding appear- 
 ances, after fo many fcenes of horror, to have the more 
 pleafing talk of relatmg the ftep^ tiken to a general peace, 
 on terms as particularly advaiU.rgeous to our own country, 
 as the mixed intcreils of Kurope, nnd the various fortunes 
 of the powers embarked in the fame; caufe, nill admit. 
 
 r n i> 
 
 ;. /- ■ 
 
 >.. i 
 
[ 245 ] 
 
 t: 
 
 r.« 
 
 THE 
 
 ANNUAL register: 
 
 O R 
 
 HISTORY 
 
 O F T H E 
 
 WAR. 
 
 For the YEAR 1760. 
 
 C H A P. I. 
 
 Xotbing (leiided in the war. State of tbe feveral powers 
 concerned. Great Britain and Pruffia propofe an ac- 
 commodation. Difficulties in concluding a peace. The 
 condition and hopes of France. Demands on the King of 
 Prujfia. Treaty faid to be between Rujpa and Aufiria. 
 
 IF nil the wars which have harrafled Europe for more 
 than a century had not proved it, the events of the 
 laft campaigns muft have latisfied every thinking man, 
 that vlftorics do not decide the fate of nations. Four 
 mod bloody, and to all appearance mod ruinous defeats, 
 which he fuffered in that year, had defpoiled the King of 
 Priiflia of no more than a ftngle town. After thefe accumu- 
 lated blows he ftill found himfelf in a condition to make 
 conci his winter-quarters; to cover his dominions ; and to 
 Hmpt the favour of fortune in another campaign. 
 
 1 i To 
 
2^o The History of the War. 1^5^ 
 
 To carry our attention a little further back ; ^vuo could 
 have imagined, that when the French had compelled the 
 Hanoverian troops to lay down their arms, when they had 
 thruft them into a defencelefs corner, had bound them down 
 with the yoke of a ftri£t and fevere capitulation, and had 
 pofleffed themfelves of every place which could boaft the 
 ihialleft iliare of Itrength in the king's German dominions 
 that in a few months they fhould find themfelves compelled 
 to fly before their captives ; and after having fuffered a 
 coniiderable defeat, Ihould be pufhed back almoft on their 
 own territories. 
 
 On the other hand, it might have been fuppofed that 
 the efFefts of thefe advantages under the management of a 
 very great commander, who was bcfides largely reinforced, 
 could have been fruftrated only by the lofs of fome great 
 battle. But the fa£l was otherwifc. The Hanoverians, 
 without any adverfe ftroke in that campaip;*^, were obliged 
 to repafs the Rhine and the Lippe ; and fince that time, 
 fortune having decided nothing by the events of five years 
 war, has given to Prince Ferdinand the poflefllon of a great 
 part of Weftphalia in the manner of a conquered country; 
 and yet fees him abandoning Hefle, and with difficulty co- 
 
 veriii^ the borders of Hanover. 
 
 In fhort, the viftory of Crevelt could not enable the 
 Duke of Brunfvvick to defend the Rhine. The battle of 
 Bergen did not give M. Broglio an enirance into Hanover, 
 The great victory of Minden did not drive the French 
 from the Maine. We have feen armies, after complete 
 viftory, obliged to ad as if they had been defeated ; and 
 after a defeat, taking an oP'onfive part with fuccefs, and 
 reaping all the fruits of victory. 
 
 i'hefe refleftions are iHll more ftrongly enforced by the 
 fortune of the King of Pruflla. Covered with the laurels 
 of Loworttz, Prague, Rofbach and Lifla, when he began 
 after fo many compleat triumphs, to purfiie his advantages, 
 and to improve fuccefs into conqueft, tiie fcene was fud- 
 denly altered. As foon as he attcmj^ted to penetrate with 
 effect into the enemies country, without having fu(7ered 
 any very fignal blow, without any coufiderable milhkc 
 committed upon his fide, Fortune, who hath as it were at- 
 tached herfelf to the defenfive, immediately forfook him. 
 He was not able to take a fingle place. And thofc advanta- 
 ges which at other times and fituations, would have laid 
 
 t,;( 
 
/ 
 
 1760. The History of the War. 251 
 
 the foundation of lading empire, have in his cafe only 
 nrotrafted a fevere deilii y, which fome think in the end 
 inevitable ; but which as many, as great, and as entire 
 victories fince obtained over his forces, have not been yet 
 able to bring upon him. 
 
 The ballance of power, the pride of modern policy, and 
 originally invented to prefcrve the general peacc"^s well as 
 freedom of Europe, has openly preferved its liberty. It 
 has been the original of innumerable and fruitlefs wars. 
 That political torture by which powers are to be enlarged 
 or abridged, according to a ftandard, perhaps not very ac- 
 curately imagined, ever has been, and it is to be feared 
 will always continue a caufe of infinite contention and 
 Hoodfhed. The foreign ambaffadors conftantly refiding 
 mall courts, the negotiations inceflantly carrying on, l^read 
 both confederacies and quarrels fo wide, that whenever 
 hoftilities commence, the theatre of war is always of a pro- 
 digious extent. All parties in thofe difFufive operations, 
 have of neceflity their ftrong and weak fides. What they 
 gain in one part is loll in another -, and in conclufion, their 
 affairs become fo ballanced, that all the powers concerned 
 are certain to lofe a great deal ; the mo/l fortunate acquire 
 little ; and what they do acquire is never in any reafonable 
 proportion to charge and lofs. 
 
 Frequent experience of this might prove one of the 
 (Ironged grounds for a lading peace in Europe. Bu*^ that 
 fpirit of intrigue, which is the political diflemper of the 
 time, that anxious forefight which forms the chara^er of 
 ail the prefent courts, prevent the falutary efFeds which 
 might refult from this experience. Thefe modern treaties 
 of peace, the fruits not of moderation but neceflity; thofe 
 eni':;agemcnts contrafted when all the parties are wea- 
 ried and none fatisfied, where none can properly be called 
 conquerors or conquered, where after having fought in 
 vain to compel, they are content to over-reach, teem in the 
 very moment they are formed, and from the very aft of 
 forming them, with the feeds of new difTentions, more 
 implacable animofities, and more cruel wars. For if to for- 
 ward the work of peace, any member in rhefe alliances 
 Ihould acquire a ceflion of any importance in its favour, 
 this afterwards becomes a ground for another alliar'.''e, and 
 lor new intrigues to deprive them of their acquifition. To 
 itttle the ptace of Germany, Silclia was yielded in i 745 
 
 I i 2 to 
 
 ',-«?;,,, 
 
*k 252 The History of the W\R. i'76o. 
 
 to die King of Pruflia, and that ceflion gave occafion for 
 the war of 1756. 
 
 The kings of Great Britain and Pruflia chofe the mo- 
 ment of fuccefs, to propofe an accommodation ; and they 
 defired that the oppofite powers (hould concur with them 
 in nominating fome place for a congrefs. Some fpoke of 
 Leipfic, a« a means of indemnification to that unfortunate 
 city ; the States General would have given a town of theirs; 
 King Staniflaus offered Nancy, his capital : but the •■imeof 
 peace was not yet come. The two kings made a difplay of 
 moderation ; and they had reafon to think that if their pro- 
 pofals fhould be accepted (which probably they did not then 
 expefl) they muft naturally take the lead in that negotiation, 
 and mufl: give the whole a turn to their advantage. But 
 the adverfe alliance unanimoufly rejc6tcd their efforts, and 
 the refufal of fome of its members was couched in terms 
 fufficiently haughty. 
 
 I'o fpeak impartially, they could not at that time have 
 accepted propofitions for peace. France had fuffercd in 
 every quarter : in her prefent condition fhe could fcarcely 
 look for every favourable terms. As they had now aban- 
 doned in defpair all attemps by fea, and confequently all 
 efforts in North America and both the Indies, all their 
 hopes were centered in Germany. Hitherto their fortune 
 in that country had not been very encouraging. But ftill, 
 in that country lay their beft and indeed their only profped. 
 The strength and perfeverance of the two cmprelTcs the 
 wailed condition of the King of Pruffia, the enormous ex- 
 pence of the German war to England, which muff gradually 
 exhauft the refources of her credit, and with them the pa- 
 tience of an inconftant people, had infpired with no ftnall 
 hope. All thefe confiderations confirmed their rcfolution 
 of hearkening to no terms, until bv acquiring fuperioritv, 
 or at leaft an equality, they might be alVured of procuring 
 fuch as were not very difadvantageous or humiliating. 
 
 The emprefs queen upon her part had a moral certainty, 
 that fhe could not procure, by a treaty propofed at fuch a 
 junfture, thofe objc6ts for which flie had begun, and with 
 fuch fleadinefs in every fortune had carried on the war. In 
 reality, her circumftances then were, and they Hill continue, 
 very intricate and embarralTcd. It was neceffary that lite 
 fhould have allies of great power; but if they have done 
 her great fcrvices, they have formed high pretenfions; in- 
 deed 
 
1760. 1'he History of the War. 253 
 
 (ieed To high, that if fhe and her allies cannot abfolutely pre- 
 fcribe the terms of peace, it is impofl'ible that they fliould 
 ill be in any degree fati^fied. 
 
 Her fituation in this refpeft has pufhed ad internecioiiem^ 
 the war between her and the King of Pruflla. Even the 
 cefllon of all Silefia in her favour, cannot procure a peace 
 tor that monarch. The Ruflians will never let loofe their 
 hold of the ducal Pruffia ; a country conquered by their own 
 arms, a poflefllon which rendered the King mod formida- 
 ble to them, and whicii i^ their fole indemnification for 
 what they have expended in 2: war entered into for other 
 views than thofe of glory, or even of revenge. It has been 
 confidently aflcrted, that the emprefs queen of Hungary 
 bns adually guarantied the pofTeiTion of that country to its 
 conqncrors. This is indeed a very extraordinary ftep, and 
 thefaft is not fufficiently authenticated. But the report is 
 not altogether improbable. We may be fure that if fuch 
 a guarantee has been made, it has been entered into upon 
 fomc reciprocal engagement of equal force, and for an ob- 
 ject equally important. 
 
 Nothing but the laft defperate ncccfllty, nothing in fhort 
 i)ut being conquered in the moft abfolute fenfe, will ever 
 induce the King of FrulTia to fubmit to both thefe ceflions. 
 By fuch a fubmiflloi!, befidc being dcfpoiled of that con- 
 queft, which is the great glory of his reign, and conftitutcs 
 the firmeft fupport of his revenue, he will fee his heredi- 
 tary dominions curtailed of another province from whence he 
 derives his royal title, and what makes it of infinitely great- 
 er importance in his eyes, the befi: commercial part of his 
 territories, and that onlv part of his territories, by which 
 he could have hoped to become in any degree a maritime 
 power. 
 
 But though it were poflible that his Pruflian Majcrty 
 could be brought to fubmit to thefe humiliating terms, a 
 great deal dill lemains to be adjufted. There are other de- 
 mand?, which though not fo high in their nature, nor fo 
 Ihonpiv enforced, are notwithftanding confiderable, and 
 cannoi, with any decency be totally neglefted. What is 
 the nature of the bargain between the Emprefs and the Se- 
 nate of Sweden, has not yet been made publick. Be it 
 whnt it will, this is probably the leall perplexing part of the 
 whole. 
 
 But fome indemnification for the Kirg of Poland, on 
 -■-i _ whofe 
 
 
 mm 
 
 
 

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 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 |S0 
 
 Hi 
 
 |2£ |25 
 2.0 
 
 lit 
 
 IM 
 
 m 
 
 
 1-25 1.4 III 1.6 
 
 
 < 6" 
 
 ► 
 
 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 Corporation 
 
 23 WIST MAIN STRKT 
 
 WIBSTIR, NY. MSSO 
 
 (716) 172-4903 
 
 
■ A^ 
 
254 ^^^^ History of the War. iy6o. 
 
 whofe dominions the greateft calamities of the war have 
 l:^llen, fecms abfolutely necefTary ; and on what principle 
 can Auflria ever expeft an ally, if fhe fhould fecure all the 
 benefits of the pacification to herfelf, and leave to her con- 
 federates nothing but the fufFerings of a war in which they 
 were involved purely in her quarrel ? 
 
 This variety of demands, all to be fatisfied out of the do- 
 minions of a fingle Prince, mufl neccflarily perplex the 
 work of peace with almofl: infurmountable difficulties. It 
 ought not indeed to be concealed, that there are circum- 
 ftances which feem to lead to fome folution of this embar- 
 raflment. But if they are attentively concerned, they will, 
 I believe, be rather found to increafe it. 
 
 Great Britain has had remarkable fuccefs againft France 
 at fea, in America, and in the Indies On the continent of 
 Europe, her fortune is even at this day, tolerably ballanced : 
 the two weak parts, therefore, in the oppofite alliances, (I 
 fpeak only with regard to the events of the prefent war) are 
 France and PrufTia. As therefore France will expeft fome 
 cefTions from Great Britain, it is reafonable that they fhould 
 be bought by fome moderation of the rigorou> terms which 
 otherwife would have been impofed on Pruflla. 
 
 All the facrifices to peace mufl: be made out of the ad- 
 vantage acquired by Auftria and Great Britain. But when 
 Great Britain fhall have confented to fome concefTions, to 
 forward this great work, what return can the Emprefs 
 Qiieen make, but an abatement of her demands upon Sile- 
 fia ? That is, by giving up that grand, favourite, and in- 
 deed to her fole objeft, for which fhe has brought upon 
 herfelf an heavy war, difgufl:ed her an'-icnt and natUial al- 
 lies, and purchafed the aid of her natural enemy, at the 
 pricf of places which the befl blood of Europe has been fo 
 often filed to prefcrve in her family. To all who confidcr 
 the chara6\er of that court, it will appear very plainly that 
 flie will hazard almoil any thing, and even rifque thofe con- 
 fcqucnccs to wliich her imprudent alliance with France has 
 cxpof (1 h.er, rather than accept a peace which mufl deprive 
 her ot her hopes of Silefia. 
 
 When thcfe things are weighed, it will not appear won- 
 derful that there have been fo few ferious overtures for 
 pc-irc: and that the longer the war continues, the greater 
 difHcultici. fccm to oppofe themfelves to any conclufion 
 
 of it- 
 
 The 
 
1760, The History of the War. 255 
 
 The only hope that remains of any happy conclufion, is 
 that fome of the great members of the alliance, wearied and 
 exhaufled, will at length fly off, and thereby throw the reft: 
 into fuch confufion, that a peace will be fuddenly huddled 
 up; and all difficulties not removed, but forgotten, by not 
 allowing time to weigh and fl:udy what may be gained or 
 loll. This m..il produce a fyfl:em of pacification, the na- 
 ture of which it is impoffible to forefee ; becaufe it cannot 
 be faid upon which fide this defection will begin ; but prin- 
 cipally becaufe the war ftill continues, in the event of which, 
 infpight of all that can be conjefitured from the ftrcngth and 
 preient condition of the powers concerned, fortune will 
 have fo large a fhare. But we may predict without rafhnefs, 
 that the firfl: overtures will be between Great Britain and 
 France : for they never think of peace in Germany. 
 
 CHAP. II. 
 
 State of the Engliflj garr'tfon at ^tebec. Deftgns of Monf. 
 Levi. Preparations for a fieg?. French army marches 
 from Montreal. Their flrength. Battle ^ Sillery. 
 Gen, Murray defeated, ^lebec befteged. The Englijh 
 fleet under Lord Cohillr arrives. French veffel.' deflroy- 
 ed, Levi raifes the fie ge. 
 
 THIS was the pofture of Europe at the clofe of the 
 campaign of 1759. And all thoughts of peace being 
 entirely removed, the war wap profecuted in this part of 
 the world with the utmoft vigour as foon as the feafon per- 
 mitted them to recommence operations. 
 
 Rut in America, the feverity of winter was not able whol- 
 ly to interrupt the progrefs of the war. Canada had been 
 luppofcd conquered, by the taking of Quebec. Indeed 
 without the pofleflion of that place, it had been impofllble 
 to reduce that country ; but ftill a great deal remained to 
 compleat the advantage to which the taking of Quebec had 
 only given an opening. The French troops alter their de- 
 feat, had retired into the heart of their country. And the 
 Eni^lifli navy having provided the town fufficiently with 
 military ftores and provifions, fct fail, fearing leit they 
 fhould be overtaken by the froft:. 'Ten battalions, two 
 companies of the artillerv, one of American wood-rangers, 
 in all about 7000 men, formed the garril'on which was Itft 
 
 ^>ij^j 
 
 
 ii <• >, 
 
 
 
 It 
 
 'MB% 
 
 \\ 
 
 W 
 
 
256 I'he History of the War. i^^q 
 
 in Quebec to command Canada during the winter, and to 
 lacilitate the entire redu<5Vion of that province in theenfuin? 
 campaign. They were under the orders of General 
 Murrav. 
 
 As the river St. Laurence is commonly (hut up by Ice 
 for the greater part of the winter, all communication with 
 Europe was cut off. The conquering army was therefore 
 fubjefl to be inverted in Quebec. The French command- 
 er, M, Levi, was fcnfible of this advantage ; and he faw 
 that it was the only refource by which he could have any 
 chance of prefcrving Canada. He accordingly prepared to 
 make ufe of this laft, and only opportunity ; and he was not 
 without fome profpeft of fuccefs. 
 
 He knew that the fortifications of Quebec were weak 
 and incomplete, without any kind of outwork ; that the 
 town was almoft a general ruin, fmce the late fiege ; and 
 that the Englifh garrifon had been much enfeebled, and 
 greatly reduced in their numbers by the fcurvy. He 
 knew alfo, that by (ome misfortune, no provifion had been 
 made to prevent his attaining a fuperiority on the river ; as 
 no veflels had been left, on a fuppofition, that they could 
 not be ufeful in winter. 
 
 The winter had pafled in fkirmifhes always terminating 
 in favour of the Englifh, by which they enlarged the fpherc 
 of their fubfiflence. M. Levi had indeed propofed, during 
 the rigour of the feafon, to attempt the place by a coup dc 
 main ; and had made preparations for that purpofe. But 
 the activity of the garrifon was fuch ; and all the outpofts 
 fo well fecured, that he thought it more prudent to abandon 
 that defign, and to poilipone his operations, to the opening 
 of the fpring, when a regular ficge might be formed. 
 
 The forces which ftill remained in Canada, were not un- 
 equal to the attempt. Ten biUtalions of regular troops, 
 amounting to near 5000 men ; 6000 of experienced militia 
 of Canada ; about 300 favagcs. This was the force which 
 M. Levi had colle6lcd at Montreal, and with which he 
 took the field on the 17th of April, 1760. 
 
 His provifions, ammunition, and heavy baggage, fell 
 down the river St. Laurence, under the convoy of fix fri- 
 gates from 44 to 26 guns. By this fquadron, which there 
 was nothing to oppofc, he acquired the uuvlifputcd com- 
 mand of the river, a point of the greateft importance to 
 
 the 
 
 were, confcfTec 
 
iy6o. The History of the War. 257 
 
 the whole defign. In ten days march, the French army 
 arrived at the heights of Abraham three miles from Quebec. 
 When Gen. Murray perceived the approach of the ene- 
 my, he had two parts to take, either to keep within the 
 town, and confiding in his troops, which though weak as 
 in army, were ftrong as a garrifon, to fuftain the fiege to 
 the utmoft extremity; or to march out, and by trying the 
 fortune of the field, to avoid the tedious hardfhips of a 
 fiege, in a place which feemed to him fcarcely tenable. 
 
 He refolved on the latter part. But when he came to 
 review his ■ ability for this undertaking, he could poflibly 
 draw into the fiisld no more than 3000 men. However he 
 was not frighted by the enemy's great fuperiority. He de- 
 termined to engage ; and he grounded his refolution on the 
 following reafons. 
 
 Firft, that his army, notwithftanding its inferiority, was 
 in the habit of beating the enemy. That they had a fine 
 train of field artillery ; that to fliut themfelves up at once 
 within the walls, was putting all upon the fingle chance of 
 holding out for a confiderable time a wretched fortification; 
 a chance which an aftion in the field could hardly alter, at 
 the '"ime time that it gave an additional one, and perhaps a 
 better ; and in fine, that if the event was not profperous, he 
 might, after holding out to the laft extremity, retreat, with 
 what fhould remain of the garrifon, to the ifle of Orleans or 
 Coudres, and there wait for reinforcements. 
 
 It is not eafy to comprehend the prudence of engaging in 
 the open field, an army four tir " fuperior ; efpecially when 
 the weaker army had it in their power to keep upon the de- 
 fenfive in a ftrong poll ; and Quebec may well be confider- 
 cd at leafl: as a ftrong retrenchment. It is as hard to under- 
 lland how the chance of iiolding out a fortrefs, (liould not 
 be leflened after a defeat of the troops, which compofe the 
 garrifon, who mud neceflarily fuffer by fuch an event, both 
 in numbers and in fpirit ; it is equally difficult to conceive 
 how the remains of that garrifon, which {hould be driven 
 from Quebec, could have fafely retreated to the ifle of Or- 
 leans or Coudres, or have remained in either of thofe places, 
 with any tolerable fecurity, whilfl: the enemy were, as they 
 were, confcfTedly mafters of the river. Thefe are matters 
 not fo eafily comprehended by thofe who are at a diftance 
 from the fcene of aftion ; there circumftances may have 
 given thefe reafons their due weight ; and they had the 
 
 K k greater 
 
 
 
 If 
 
258 ^he History of I be War. i-^^q 
 
 greater influence from the chara6ler of the general ; a man 
 of the mod ardent and intrepid courage, paiTicnately defi^ 
 reus of glory, and emulous of the reputation Wolfe had ac- 
 quired. He knew that a bold and fuccefsful llroke, and 
 well purfued, might fo difable the enemy, who were in no 
 likelihood of receiving fpeedy or confiderable fuccours from 
 France, that the way to conqueft would lie plain and open 
 before him ; and he might exped the honour of the total 
 rcdu(flion of Canada, before the arrival of the refl: of the 
 king's forces to his afliflance. 
 
 Thus depending on fortune, on the tried goodnefs of his 
 troops, and his own courage to animate them, he marched 
 out oi' the city, and defcended from the heights of Abra- 
 ham with the army mentioned above, and twenty field-pie- 
 ces. The right and left of the enemy's van poflefled thcm- 
 felves of fomc fmall woody eminences j the nain army 
 niarched by the road of St. Foix ; and formed themfelve* 
 under the fhelter of the woods. Whilft the body of the 
 enemies army was yet unformed, the Englilh troops attack- 
 ed their van, both on the right and left, with the ut- 
 inoft impetuofity, and drove them from the eminences, 
 though they were well maintained ; the advanced ports ol" 
 tiie French centre gave way, without a blow, and fell back 
 upon their main army. .-i; t.:/\- .•:■ ■ 
 
 Hitherto the fortune of the field was favourable to the 
 Englifli ; but now the advantages they had obtained brought 
 them full on the main army of the French, which formed 
 in columns, and advanced with great rapidity to fupport 
 their broken vanguard. The fire became very hot, and flop- 
 ped the progrefs of our troops ; whiUl thofe of the enemy 
 having fupported their centre, wheeled round the flanks of 
 the Britifh army to the left and right, andfonned a femi- 
 circle, which threatened to clofe upon our rear. Proper 
 movements were made to protect the flanks, but it was 
 evident the army was in the greatefl: danger, not only of a 
 deteat, but of feeing itfelf furrounded, and its retreat to 
 Quebec in tirely intercepted. Near one thoufand men, fol- 
 diei-s and officers, (a third of the army), had been by this 
 time killed and wounded. Nothing could be now thought 
 of but as fpeedy a retreat as poflible ; and in this there 
 were difficulties, which nothing but the bravery of the fol- 
 diery and the flcill and fpirit of the ofl'icers could overcome 
 Tliey gained Quebec with little lofs in the purfuit ; but 
 '-•'■' the) 
 
,760. The History of the War. %S9 
 
 they were obliged to leave their cannon, which they could 
 not bring off, or. account of the wreaths of fnow, which 
 even in this advanced feafon, and in the temperate latitude 
 of 47, ftill lay upon the ground. The French loll at leaft 
 2000 in the action. 
 
 V/hen the account of this victory arrived in Europe, the 
 French were for a while infinitely elated. The blow was 
 fenfily felt in England. Our fanguine hopes were at once 
 funk. If Quebec was loft, it was evident that the greateft 
 difficulties muft have arifen to our affairs in America ; and 
 the reduQiion of Canada muft become the work of more 
 than one campaign. Nobody imagined that the town could 
 hold out long after fuch a defeat ; and the fleet fent from 
 Europe to reinforce the place was then at a great diftance. 
 
 Neverthelefs all things were prepared at Quebec for a vi- 
 gorous defence. The late check he had received, only 
 roufed the governor to more ftrenuous efforts. He knew 
 that the lofs of the place would be attributed to the teme- 
 rity of his councils ; he was fenfible that in proportion to 
 the honours paid by the public to thofe who had conquered 
 Quebec, would their indignat:..n fall upon thofe by whom 
 it fhould happen to be loft ; and that in general nothing 
 makes a worfe figure, than a raihnefs which is not fortu- 
 nate. Thefe thoughts were perpetual ftings to a mind like 
 his, paffionately defirous of glory ; and that very difpofiti- 
 on which led him to fight unfuccefsfully with a weak army, 
 gave him aiStivity and fuccefs in the defence of a weak forti- 
 fication. 
 
 The French, whofe whole hope of fuccefs depended on 
 perfecting their work before a Britifli fquadron could ar- 
 rive, loft not a moment's time to improve their vi£tory. 
 They opened trenches before the town the very night of 
 the battle. But it was the i ith of May before they could 
 bring two batteries to play upon the fortifications. They 
 were greatly de'^rient in this refpeft. Their accounts 
 fay, they had no more than twelve pieces of iron artillery, 
 which carried twelve pound balls. The Englifli train, was 
 without comparifon, fuperior. Before the French had 
 opened their batteries, 132 pieces of cannon were placed 
 n the ramparts. The fire of the bcficgers was therefore 
 always flack, interrupted, and of little effect. 
 
 Notwithftanding ihe weaknefs of the enemies fire, liie 
 Superiority of the Englifli artillery, and the refohition of 
 
 K k 2' the 
 
 ' "• 'IP 
 
 1 ' if. 
 
 . ' ! ii) ;-' H \w 
 
26o The History of the War. i-j^q 
 
 governor and garrifon, the relief of the place depended en- 
 tirely on the early arrival of the Britifh fleet, which wai 
 looked out for every hour with the mofl: anxious expedati- 
 on. Had any French fhips of force come before the Kn- 
 glifh, it was the general opinion that the place muft inevi- 
 tably have fallen into their hands. 
 
 On the 9th of May, to the great joy of the garrifon 
 an Englifh frigate anchored in the bafon and brought them 
 an account that the Britifh fquadron commanded by Lord 
 Colville, was then in the river. On the 15th, a fhin of 
 the line and a frigate arrived ; the next morning the two 
 frigates were fent to attack the French fquadron above the 
 town. They executed their commifTion fo well, that in a 
 moment all the French veflels of whatever kind were dif- 
 perfed, and the greareft part deftroyed or taken. 
 
 M. Levi, who had the mortification to behold from the 
 eminences this aftion, which at one (troke put an end to 
 all the hopes he had conceived from his late vi6iory, was 
 perfuaded that thefe frigates by the boldnefs of their man- 
 ner, muft have been the vanguard of a confiderable rein- 
 forcement ; and that too clofe at hand : he therefore raifed 
 the fiege in the utmoft hurry and precipitation, leaving be- 
 hind all his artillery, and a great part of his ammunition 
 and baggage, although Lord Collville, with the r"(\. of the 
 fquadron, did not arrive at Quebec until two days afterftfj, 
 
 Thus 
 
 Thus was fortui 
 incer, the moft < 
 
 (a) The Hon. James Murray s Letter to Mr. Secretary Pitt, dated, 
 ^tebec. May 2$, 1760. 
 
 ^" SIR, ^1 -^ ^ . ^ - 
 
 y. ■>.■',> ' ■ . . 
 
 HAVING acquainted General ^w^fr/?, three weeks ago, that 
 ^ebec was befiegtd, by an army of i 5,000 men, I think 
 it neceflliry, to do myfelf the honour of addreffing diredtly to you, 
 the more agreeable news of the fiege being raifed, left, by your 
 receiving the former intelligence, before the latter, fome incon- 
 venience might arife to his Majefty's fervice. 
 
 By the journal of my proceedings, fince I have had ihe com- 
 mand here, which I have the honour to tranfmit to you, you will 
 perceive the fuperiority we have maintained over the '^ncuiy, du- 
 ring the winter, and that all Lower Canada, from the Point Au 
 Tremble, was reduced, and had taken the oath of fidelity to the 
 
 King, 
 
^4o. ^he History of the War. 261 
 
 Thus was fortunately prefcrvcd from the moft imminent 
 iljngtT, the moft confiderable place vvc hatl taken in the 
 vsar; and that which gave us the mofi: decifive advantage. 
 
 The 
 
 iiing. You wili, no doubt, be pleafed to obferve, that the ene- 
 my's attempts upon our polls, and ours upon theirs, all tended 
 [othe honour of his Majefty's arms, they were always baffled, and 
 Vie were conftantly lucky. 
 
 I wilh I could fay as much within the walls ; the cxceflive cold- 
 nefsof the climate, andconftant livinorupon fait provifions, with- 
 out any vegetables, introduced the ifcurvy amon^; the troops, 
 which, getting the bettei' of every precaution of the olHcer, and 
 every remedy of the furgeou, became as univerfal as it was invete- 
 late, infomuch, that, before the end of April, '. 000 were dead, 
 and above 20or of what remained, totally unfit for fervlce. 
 
 In this fituation, I received certain intelligence, that the Che- 
 valier ile Le'vis was aflembling Ms army, which had been cantoned 
 in the neighbourhood of Montreal ; that he had complcatcd his 
 eight battalions, and forty companies of the Troupes de Colonic, 
 from the choice of the Montrealijis ; had formed thefe forty 
 companies into four battalions ; and was determined to beliege 
 us, the moment that St. Laurence was open, of which he was en- 
 tirely mafter, by means of four King's frigates, and other craft, 
 proper for this extraordinary river. 
 
 As 1 had the honour to acquaint you formerly, that ^ehec 
 could be looked upon in no other light, than that of a ftrong can- 
 tonment, and that any works I ftiould add to it, would be in that 
 Itile, my plan of defence was, to take the earliell opportunity of 
 entrenching myfelfupon the heights oi Abraham^ which entirely 
 command the ramparts of the place at the diftance of 8co yards, 
 and might have been defended by our numbers againfl: a large 
 army. B it the Chevalier de Le^vis did not give me time to take 
 the advantage of this fituation ; the 23d, 24th and 25th oi Aprils 
 I attempted to execute the projefted lines, for which a provifion 
 of fafcines, and of every necefTary material, had been made, but 
 found it impradticable, as the earth was ftill covered w fnow 
 in many places, and every where impregnably bovnd up uy the 
 frofl. 
 
 The night of the 26th, I was informed, the enemy had land- 
 ''d, at Point Au Tremble^ 10,000 men, and 500 barbarians. The 
 poft we had taken at the cmbout^^ure of the nver Caprouge (the 
 moft conve lient place for difembarking their artillery and (lores, 
 and for fecuring their retreat) obliged them to land where they 
 did, 20 miles higher up. ; -.j • , ■ 
 
 -.. „ The 
 
 
 
 r,«';: "tx^ 
 
 , t ■ '' j V 
 
 
 
 IT,:,, 
 
!z6z 
 
 The HistorV of the War. iy(j\^ 
 
 The triumph of tlie French, and the anxiety of England 
 were hut fhort. The account of the fiege, and the raifinr 
 
 it, followed clofe on the heels of each other. 
 
 And there 
 Was 
 
 The 27th, having broke down all the bridges over the Caprowe^ 
 and fecured the landing places at SiUerj, and the Foulon, I march- i 
 ed with the grenadiers, piquets, y^mher/Vs regiment, and two ' 
 field pieces, and took poll fo advantageoufiy, as to fruftrate the 
 fchemes they had laid of cutting off our potts. They had be»un 
 to form from the defile they were obliged to pafs, but thought 
 proper to retreat, on reconnoitring our pofition ; and about four 
 this afternoon we marched back to town, having withdrawn all 
 our pofts, with the lofs of two men only, though they did every 
 thing in their power to harrafs the rear. 
 
 The enemy was greatly fuperior in number, it is true i but 
 when I confidered that our little army was in the habit of beatino 
 that enemy, and had a very fine train of field artillery ; that flat- 
 ting ourlelves up at once within the walls, was putting all upon 
 the fingle chance of holding out for a confiderable time, a wretch- 
 ed fortification ; a chance which an aflion in the field could hard- 
 ly alter, at the fame time it gave an additional one, perhaps abet- 
 ter, I refolved to give them battle ; and if the event was not 
 profperous, to hold out to the laft extremity, and then to retreat 
 to the ifle of Orleans, or Coudres, with what was left of thegar- 
 rifon, to v/ait for reinforcements. 
 
 This night the neceflary orders were given, and half an hour 
 after fix next morning, we marched with all the force I could 
 mufter, viz. three thoufand men, and formed the army on the 
 heights, in the following order ; Amherji'sy Anjlrufherh, 2d bat- 
 talion of Royal Americans, and IVehh^s, compofed the right Bri- 
 gadj, commanded by Col. Burton: Kennedy s Lafcelles's, High- 
 lantlers, and Toivnjhfnd's, the left brigade, commanded by Col. 
 Frafer : Otivays, and the third battalion oi' Royal Americans, were 
 the corps de refer ve. Major Dallingh corps of light infantry co- 
 vered the right flank, and Capt. Hazzenis company of rangers, 
 with JOG volunteers, under the command of Capt. Donald Mac- 
 donuld, a brave and experienced officer, covered the left. The 
 battalions had each two field n'.eces. 
 
 While the line was forming, I reconnoitred the enemy, and 
 perceived their van had taken poflefi'ion of the rifing grounds, 
 three quarters of a mile in our front, but that their army was up- 
 on thtMuarch, in one col'imn, as far as I could fee. I thought 
 this the lucky moment, and moved with the utmoft order to attack 
 them, before they had formed. We foon beat them from the 
 
 heights 
 
 1]60. 
 
 ,as nothing nl 
 
 juaion ot Call 
 
 jrmiesj 
 
 who 
 
 ti-ights they hal 
 )t[i]Q: Dalling, 
 liiviour this da) 
 corps of gvenadil 
 of, to cover thel 
 vfPte wounded A 
 corps which wd 
 ind difperfed al 
 wing from takir 
 on the enemy's 1 
 [{gain the flan 
 thrown into difo 
 officers killed a; 
 during the adi 
 mdfuftainthe r 
 tempts to pene 
 grenadiers of ( 
 there, the left > 
 two redoubts, i 
 united efforts c 
 till at laft fairly 
 fuftained by th< 
 and Kennedy a 1 
 they were oblig 
 Q^Roufillon, V 
 The diforde 
 but the whole 
 ture upon a t 
 roughnefs of t 
 polfible to br 
 nailed up. 
 
 Our killed 
 Eeld : that of 
 men ; which 
 hour ivnd thrc 
 Here 1 thi 
 in general, a 
 troops. 
 
 On the ni 
 the town ; a 
 
;,6o. 57^^ History of the War. 263 
 
 ^as nothing now to cloud the profpe£l of the certain re- 
 duction of Canada, by the united efTorts of three Englifh 
 irmies, who by different routes were moving to at- 
 tack 
 
 heights they had pofTefled, the' they were well difputed ; and 
 )i[i]OiDalling^ who cannot be too much commended for his be- 
 haviour this day, and his fervices during the winter, forced their 
 corps of grenadiers from a houfe and windmill they had taken hold 
 of, to cover their left flank. Here he, and feveral of his officers 
 were wounded ; his men, however, purfued the fugitives to the 
 corps vi'hich were now formed to fuftain them. They halted, 
 and difperfed along the front of the right, which prevented that 
 wing from taking advantage of the firft imprelUon they had made 
 on the enemy's left. They had immediately orders given them to 
 regain the flank, but, in attempting this, they were charged, 
 thrown into diforder, retired to the rear, and from the number of 
 officers killed and wounded, could never again be brought up, 
 during the adion. Otivay's was inftantly ordered to advance, 
 and fuftain the right wing, which the enem^ in vain made two at- 
 tempts to penetrate. On thefe occafions, Capt. Ince, with the 
 grenadiers of Olivafs, were diftinguiflied. While this pafled 
 there, the left were not idle ; they had difpoflTefled the enemy of 
 two redoubts, and fuftained with unparallelled firmnefs the bold 
 united efforts of the enemy's regulars, Indians and Canadians^ 
 till at laft fairly fought down, and reduced to a handful ; though 
 fuftained by the 3d battalion oi Royal Americans from the referve, 
 and Kennedy \i from the centre, where we had nothing to fear, 
 they were obliged to yield to fuperior numbers, and a freih column 
 oiRou£il/on, which penetrated. 
 
 The diforder of the left was foon communicated to the right ; 
 but the whole retired in fuch a way, tliat the enemy did not ven- 
 ture upon a brilk purfuit. We left moft of our cannon, as the 
 roughnefs of the ground, and the wreaths of fnow, made it im- 
 poifible to bring them off; what could not be brought off were 
 nailed up. -' -j •' . ,. . -. 
 
 Our killed and wounded amounted to one third of thofe in the 
 field : that of the enemy, by their own confeflion, ex ^eds 2500 
 men ; which may be readily conceived, as the aiilion lafted an 
 hour and three quarters. : *. : 
 
 Here I think it my duty to exprefs my gratitude to the oificers 
 in general, and the latisfadion I had in the bravery of all the 
 troops. 
 
 On the night of the 28th, the enemy opened trenches againil 
 
 the town : and. 
 
 at the fame time, we fet to work within, to for- 
 tify 
 
 y. I. ' ^ 
 
 
 ,, -„„.„,, J '*v li, 
 
 ^ mmm 
 
 
264 '^f-'<^ History of the War. i^^q j 
 
 tack thofe parts of it which ftill remained to France. In 
 the mean time that haughty power was obhged to fit the 
 impotent fpe6tator ot the ruin of her colonics, without be 
 
 ins: 
 
 tify it, which we never had in our power to attempt fooncr, froni 
 the feverity of this climate during the winter, and the abfolutene- 
 celfity of executing works of more immediate importance lall au- 
 tunm, before the froll: fet in. I wanted the aififtance of Majof 
 Mackeller, the chief engineer, dangeroufly wounded in the aftion; 
 his zeal for, and knowledge in the fervice. is well known; but 
 the alacrity of the garrifon made up for every defeft. 
 
 My journal of the fiege, which accompanies this, fets forth in 
 full what was done ; and I flatter myfelf, the extraordinary per- 
 formances of the handful of brave men I had left, will pleafe his 
 Mnjerty, as much as they furprized us who were eye witnefTes to 
 them. 
 
 Great praife is due to Commodore Siunntott, and the Captains 
 Schomberg 2iX\d Dean ; I have not words to exprefs the readinefs, 
 vivacity, and ralour they (hewed in attacking and deftroying the 
 enemy's fquadron. Capt. Dean has loft his (hip ; but it was in a 
 good caufe, and he has done honour to his country. 
 
 The morning of the 27th of Mayy I had intended a ftrong for- 
 tie, to have penetrated into the enemy's camp, which, from the 
 information of the prifoners I had taken, and the concurrent ac- 
 count of the deferters, I conceived to be very pradlicablc. 
 
 For this purpofe, I had ordered the regiments of Amherjl, 
 Tonunjhendy Lafcellesy Anjiruther, o.nd Highlanders ^ with the 
 grenadiers and light infantry under arms, but was informed by 
 Lieut. M'Alpin, of my battalion (whom I fent out to amuie the 
 enemy with fniail fallies) that their trenches were abandoned. 
 
 I inllantly pulhed out at the head of thefe corps, not doubtins; 
 but we muft have overtaken and forced their rear, and had ample 
 revenge for the 28th of Afril ; but I was difappointed, for tliev 
 had croffed the river Caprouge, before we could come up with 
 them. However, we took feveral prifoners, and much baggage, 
 which would otherwife have efcaped. They left their camp ita.^d- 
 ing; all their baggage, ftores, magazines of provifions and am- 
 munition, 34 pieces of battering caiinon, four of which are brat? 
 12 pounders, 10 field pieces, 6 mortars, 4 petards, a large quan- 
 tity of fcaling ladders and entrenching tools beyond number ; and 
 have retired to their former afyluni, Jacques Cartier. From the 
 information of prifoners, deferters and fpies, provifions are very 
 fcarce : ammunition does not abound ; and thegreateft part of the 
 Canadians have deferted them. At prefent they do not exceed 
 
 15000 
 
ifSo. 
 
 The History of the War, 3^5 
 
 It was then flie 
 
 ing able to fend them the fmalleft fuccour. 
 found what it was to be inferior at fea. 
 
 We fliall refume the American affairs, when we have re- 
 viewed tliC fcenes that began about this time to open on the 
 theatre of Europe. * '^^ 
 
 CHAP. 
 
 '« 
 
 5000 men. The minute I am joined with that part of my garri- 
 jon, which was fent from hence laft autumn, I fhall endeavour to 
 co-operate with Mr. Amherjiy towards compleating the redudlion 
 of this country ; though, if rightly informed, he can Hrdly att 
 by the lakes before the month of 7^/y, of which I am the more 
 convinced, becaufe from the intelligence forwarded to him laft 
 hhruary, of the enemy's defigns, by Lieut. Montufor, he would 
 certainly have been upon them betore now, had it been at all 
 prafticable. 
 
 Major Maitlnnd^ the bearer of thefe difpatches, whohasafted 
 as Adjutant General this laft winter, is well acquainted with all 
 our tranfadions here ; he has a thorough knowledge of the coun- 
 try, and can give you the beft lights with regard to the meafures 
 farther to be taken, relative to his Majefty's views in Canada. 
 
 I cannot finifh this long letter, without obferving how much I 
 think myfelf obliged to the Lieut. Governor, Col. Burton ; his 
 aflivity and zeal were confpicuous during the whole courfe of this 
 winter's campaign, and I flatter myfelf, Sir, you will be pleafed 
 to lay his fervices before his Majefty. 
 
 P. S. Since I have wrote the above, a nation of Indians has fur- 
 rendered, and entered into an alliance with us. ., 
 
 .! .■.. ;, 
 
 / have the honour t<j he. 
 
 With great regard^ 
 
 SIR, yours, l^c. ' 'i'" 
 - ■ -^ ' • JAMES MURRAY. 
 
 Admiralty-Office, June 27, 1760. . • ' • 
 
 CAPTAIN Schomherg arrived this morning, with difpatches 
 from Lord Col'ville, and Commodore Sixianton, dated at ^te- 
 hee, the 24th of May, giving an account, that on the nth of 
 that month, the latter arrived at the Ifle of Bee, in the river of St. 
 Laurence, with the Vanguard and Diana, where he intended to 
 wait for fuch of his fqiladron as had feparated from him in his paf- 
 
 
 
 ^^^H||tijg|i 
 
 1 "'n 
 
 ^J^HHHH 
 
 Jfe-.^^ 
 
 ^Bl'' '.,*Mi! 
 
 'H^^l 
 
 ^^H'» Jill 
 
 
 ^B ii 'i ' Ih 
 
 
 H|; ' ^i 
 
 
 lii ' '' ml 
 
 
 . " \'- ' " '.'1 
 
 iM :hi. 
 
 I . <f 
 
 
 H 
 
 fage 
 
lis 
 
 li 
 
 266 
 
 T'/je History of ihe War. 
 C H A- P. III. 
 
 1760. 
 
 D'tjirefs of Saxony. M. BrogHo commands the main body of 
 the French army. St. Germain commands on the Rhine. 
 EngJiJh army reinforced. King ofPruffta''^ ^^jj^^' Thea- 
 tre of the ivar in the eafl of Germany. Fojitions of tJj^ 
 Jiuflrien and P ruffian armies. Battle of Landfhut. Pruf- 
 ftun army under Fouquet drfiroyed. 
 
 A 
 
 of 
 
 Winter remarkably fevere fucceeded the bloody cam- 
 paign of 1758. At Bareith in the night of the i6th 
 December, the cold w^s infupportable. Reaumur's 
 
 ther- 
 
 r ': 
 
 \it 
 
 ■t ^^ 
 
 fage from England i but having on the 14th, received advice 
 from Brig. (ren. Murray ^ that the enemy had befieged ^ehec, he 
 got under fail with the utmoft difpatch, and anchored above Point 
 Le'vi the 15 th in the evening, where he found iht Leojloffe^ one 
 of his fquadron, which arrived a few days before, and whofe com- 
 mander, Capt. Deane^ immediately came off to him with a melfage 
 from the General, earneftly Tecommending the fpeedy removal of 
 the French naval force above the town, confiding of two frigates, 
 two armed fhips, and many fmaller veffels ; in confequence of 
 which he ordered Capt. Schomberg of the Diana, and Capt. Deane 
 of the Leofioffe, to flip their cables early the next morning, and at- 
 tack the enemy j but they were no fooner in motion, than the ene- 
 my fled in the greateft hurry and diforder : the Pomona, one of 
 the frigates, was driven on ihore above Cape Diamond ; ihtAta- 
 hint a, the other frigate, run afiiore, and was burnt at Point A 
 Tremble, about ten leagues above the tow. and mofl: of the 
 other fliips and vefl'els were likewife driven afliore, or effectually 
 deft roved. 
 
 The night following, the enemy raifed the dc^'c of ^ebec ve- 
 ry precipitately, leaving their cannon, fmall arms, Itores, &c. be- 
 hind them. 
 
 The Leojloffe run upon fome unknown rocks, in purfuit of tlic 
 enemy, and was irrecoverably lofl:, but the officers and men were 
 f.ived. 
 
 Lord Cohille failed from Halifax with the fquadron under his 
 command, fhe 22d oi' j4pril, but did not arrive at ^ehec till the 
 18th of May ; having been much retarded in his paifagc by thick 
 fogs, great quantities of ice, and contrary winds. 
 
 . ,^ . [ Gazette Extraordinary, j 
 
,y6o. The History of the War. 267 
 
 thermometer was funk to 15, which is precifely the fame 
 lierree it fell to in 1 709. A year like this diftingiiifhed by 
 the intenfenefs of the cold, and the fury of war. Birds 
 (iropped dead in their flight. At Leipfic ten centinels were 
 frozen to death. An infeftious difeafe which began in the 
 armies, diffufed itfclf among the inha^ ints of Saxony, 
 and made a dreadful havock. A peftilei ual contagion ra-r 
 ged among the cattle. Famine was foon added to the reft 
 of their calamities ; and every mifery that can affli6t man- 
 kind, was poured out upon that unfortunate people with 
 the mofl: liberal meafure. There was no profpe£t of an al- 
 leviation of thefc diflrefies. On the contrary, the fuffer- 
 ings of the people only made their fovereigns more earned 
 for revenge ; and out of the general want a refource arofc 
 to their armies, who were the more readily recruited, be- 
 ciiife the fcanty pay and fubfiftence of a foldier, became an 
 objed of envy to the vi'retched peafantry in mofl of thefe 
 countries ; and death feemed more honourable and Icfs 
 certain by the fword, than by penury and difeafe. 
 
 France and England vied in their endeavours to augment 
 their forces in Germany. M. Broglio had now the com- 
 mand of the grand army, and the f^ole conduct of the 'ge- 
 neral plan of operations. He had early in this year, been 
 honoured with the flafF of a marfhal of France. And no- 
 thing was omitted to give luflre to his command, and to 
 furnifh him with every means of exerting his talents. His 
 corps was augmented to near 109,000 efl'e£tive men. Thir- 
 ty thoufand drawn out of their quarters in DufTeidorp, 
 Clevcs, Cologne and Wefel, and compleated by draughts 
 from France, formed a fcparate army on the Rhine, under 
 the Count de St. Germain. This difpofition was made 
 not only to divide the attention of the allied army, but to 
 prevent the ill confcquenccs of the mifunderflanding which 
 was known to fubfiil between this general and the Duke 
 de Broglio. The third army propofcd at the clofe of the 
 fcrcqoing campaign did not appear. 
 
 On the fide of England, the preparations were not lefs 
 confiderable in proportion to her ability for that kind of 
 war. Six regiments of foot commanded by Major Gene- 
 ral Griffin, were forthwitJi fent to reinforce the allied ar- 
 my. Elliot's regiment of light horfc foon followed them. 
 At the opening of this campaign, we had in Germany 
 twelve regiments of heavy, and one of lifchl horfe; and 
 
 LI .'. twelve 
 
 
 Iftiilii^^^^: 
 
 iiir'-iniili 
 
 ' t'. 1 1 
 
 
 
 
 WldlfilfclHl 
 

 a68 The History of the War. \']^o. 
 
 twelve regiments, with two Highland battalions of foot • 
 the whole amounted to near 22,000 men. In the courfe 
 of the fummer, they were further reinforced to near 25,000. 
 Such a number of Britifli troops, ferving in one army, had 
 not been feen on the continent, for two hundred years paft. 
 The allied army indeed fell fhortof the French in numbers- 
 but they exceeded it in the quality of the troops. Thofe 
 newly arrived from England were frefh but not undifciplin- 
 ed; the old were indeed harafled, but they had been ac- 
 cuftomed to viftory. 
 
 In the beginning of the year, the death of the 
 Jan. 31. Landgrave of Hefle Caflel had excited fome ap- 
 prehenfions ; the difpofitions of the fucceflbr were 
 uncertain ; and his withdrawing himfelf from the caufe of 
 the allies would have made a breach in their army, that it 
 would have proved almoft impofllble to Hop. But thefc 
 fears were foon diflipated. The new Landgrave among 
 the very firft a£ts of his ptvernment, gnve the ftrongell 
 proofs of his fteady adherf e to the fyftem of his father, 
 and even agreed to add com rably to the Heflian troops 
 in the pay of Great Britain ; fo that all things promifed as 
 favourably to the allies, as from that irremediable inferiori- 
 ty in numbers could have been expefted. 
 
 The king of Pruflla was under far greater difficulties ; 
 he had felt the heavieft blows, and was mod fcanted in the 
 means of healing them. 
 
 His loffes were not to be reckoned by the men killed and 
 prifoners, but by armies deftroyed or taken. Forty gene- 
 rals had died, or were flain in his fervice, fmce the iftof 
 O£lobcr 1756, exclufive of thofe who had been wounded, 
 difabled, or made prifoners. And this alone would have 
 been a lofs not to be repaired, if thefe murdering wars 
 which cut off fo many experienced officers, did not at the 
 fame time, form fo many more to fupplv their places. The 
 king had renewed his alliance on the former terms with 
 Great Britain. By his indefatigable induftry, no gaps were 
 feen in his armies. But they were no longer the fame 
 troops, and if the king of PrufHa had formerly the merit ot 
 ably commanding the mofl: excellent armies; he was now 
 to fill up the moil remarkable deficiency on the part of his 
 troops by his own heroifm ; and to undertake far more ar- 
 duous enterprises, than liis firft, with infinitely weaker in- 
 jGlrum.ents. His affairs xvore a bad afi">cct in the opening of 
 
 the 
 
qSo. 'The History of the War. 269 
 
 tjje former year. In this they fcemed ahogether dejpe- 
 
 rate. 
 
 The Ruffians had futTered ; but they were fufficiently 
 reinforced. The Swedes who had been generally obliged 
 to give ground in the winter, had in that of 1759 the ad- 
 vantage in feveral fmart (ls.irmifhes, and had even taken 
 prifoner the PrulTlan general Manteuffel. As to the Aiif- 
 trians, viftorious for a whole campaign alnioft without 
 fighting, their armies and magaz-ines v/ere full, their corps 
 compleat, their men frefh, vigorous, and full of refolution. 
 Several fkirmilhes of confequence had been fought during 
 the cefTation of the great operations : and they were gene- 
 rally to their advantage. 
 
 The King of Pruffia was fenfible, that in this, as in the 
 former campaigns, he fhould be attacked by four armies ; 
 and that his dominions would be inverted upon every fide. 
 As thefe operations were very extenfive and complicated, 
 to enable the reader to form an idea of the campaign, it 
 will not be amifs to fay fomething of the ground the king 
 had to defend, which is circumflanced in this manner. 
 
 To the north is Pomerania. This country is very open ; 
 nnd it is defended on that part on v/hich the S»vedes gene- 
 rally a6l, with but few, and thofc »nean fortifications, An- 
 clam, Demmein and Paflewalk. But then the Swediih 
 army is not numerous, and if they fliould attempt to pene- 
 trate far into the country, they mufl leave Stctin, in which 
 there is always a ftrong garrifon behind them to their left, 
 which would render their fubfiftence difhcuU, and their re- 
 treat in cafe of any misfortune, extremely ha/.ardous ; and 
 they have not fufficient ftrength to mafter this place by a 
 regular fiege. This has always proved a check to the pro- 
 grefs of that army, even when they have been otherwife 
 fiiccefsful. 
 
 This fame country to 'he eaflward of the Oder, is one 
 great objeCt of the Ruffian defigns. Its chief lT:repr;rh in 
 this quarter is the town of Colberg ; a place they have 
 frequently attempted, hut always without fuccefs. And 
 their failure, in this inftance, has been the main caufe why 
 they have never been able to take winter quai rers in the 
 King of Prullla's dominions, or even during the campaign, 
 10 make any confiderable imprelTion upon Pomerania. I'or 
 they can have no communication with their o'»\n country by 
 {ea, for want of this port. On their rear, lie; the exten- 
 five 
 
 ,>' / 
 
 pi 
 
 > I h I fir hL 
 i f < 
 
 ^ ] 
 - '' H if* 
 
 1 « 'M ' |i 'H I'"' 
 1 J . '' '1 1 IVif-;' 
 i I Ji ^ • ' I' 'i n 
 
I 
 
 270 The History of the War. ^5^ 
 
 five and inhofpitable dcfert of Waklow ; and tliis witli the 
 uncertain difpofition of the city of Dantzick, renders their 
 fupplies of provifion from Poland difficult and precarious 
 Neither is it pofllble in thefe circumftanccs, to unile their 
 forces with thofe of Sweden afting in the fame counirv. 
 The Oder flows between them ; which is fo commanded by 
 the city of Stetin, as to make all communication between 
 thefe armies in a great meafure impradicable. Infomuch 
 
 , that on tiie hde of Pomerania, the force of thefe two pow- 
 crs is compelled to a6l feparately, without concert, and 
 therefore weakly and ineffc^tuaily. 
 
 To the weftward, the King of FrulTia is fufficiently co- 
 vered by tl'ij city of Magdcbourg, the ftrongeft place in his 
 dominionr-, and in that part of Germany. Here are his 
 greatefl: maj^azines, and his principal founderies ; and this is 
 the repofitory of whatever he finds necefiary to place outcf 
 the reach of fudden infult. 
 
 To the fonthward he is obliged to defend Saxony and Si- 
 lefia. Both of i\\t{Q countries on their frontiers towards Bo- 
 hemia, rife into very rough, broken, and mountainous 
 grounds, abouniiing in advantageous pofl:s and flrong fituati- 
 ons. Lufatia lies between them ; a level fandy plain; (in- 
 terfperfed with pine-woods,) extending without any obfta- 
 cle to the very gates of Berlin. Through this country the 
 king's communication between Silefia and Saxony muft be 
 kept up, and therefore it has been from the beginning of 
 this war, the great fcene of thofe remarkable marches and 
 counter-marches, by Avhich his Prufllan majefty has acqui- 
 red fo great a reputation ; and alfo of thofe bold and fudden 
 attempts which have diftinguiihed fome of the generals of 
 the adverfe party. As an army cannot be advantageouGy 
 ported in this territory, it has not been ufual for a confide- 
 rablc body to remain there long ; and it is particularly un- 
 favourable to defcnfive operations. This country may be 
 confidered as the curtin, and the frontiers of Saxony and 
 Silefia as the baftions, that flank the fort of fortification, 
 which the king is to maintain. 
 
 No part of that monarch's territories are naturally more 
 dcfcncelefs than the eaflern \ at the fame time that it is at- 
 tacked bv the mofl: powerful of his enemies. A country al- 
 
 . together fandy and level, extends along both fides of the 
 Oder, from the northern frontier of Silefia, until it meets 
 Pomerania, a country of the fame kind. Theie is no rc- 
 
 fpcdablc 
 
i-jSo. ^he History of the War. 271 
 
 fpcftable fortification on this fide ; nnd the river Warta 
 that falls here into the Oder, makes the tranfport of nrvi- 
 vifions, and confequently the fubfiftcnce oF the armies that 
 adagainfl: him more eafy. 
 
 As to Silefia, it is covered on the Bohemian fide wiih 
 mountains, and it contains places of fuch ftrengtli as to be 
 al)Ove the neceflity of yielding to the firfl: army that appears 
 before them. Indeed it is to be remarked, that fuch a w~ 
 (Tree of ftrength fccms fufiicient for the kind of fervicc 
 which has diftinguiihed this war. Never was a warcffnch 
 a length and extent, in v/hich fewer ficges of confcqr.cnce 
 have been formed ; and the late fervice Avhich affords ['0 
 large a field for experience in every other fpecies of military 
 operations, affords very little matter of improvement in the 
 art of reducing or defending ftrong places. 
 
 The King of Pruffia's defign feems to have been to fave 
 himfelf as much as polTible to the end of the campaign ; 
 the only time when his fuccefs might be decifive, and his 
 ill-fortune not ruinous. He therefore formed a defenfive 
 plan. In purfuancc of this he withdrew his out-pods from 
 Freyberg, and drawing a chain of cantonments from the 
 forell of Tharandton his right to the Elbe, he took a moll 
 advantageous camp between that river and the Multa ; 
 ftrongly entrenching it where it had not been previoufly for- 
 tified by nature; and furnifhed it with fo numerous an ar- 
 tillery, that they reckoned in their front only 250 piece.) of 
 cannon. 
 
 In this fituation he covered the mofl: material parts of 
 Saxony, kept the attention of AI. Daun's army engaged, 
 and was enabled to fend out reinforcements to Prince Henry, 
 or elfewhere, as occafion fliould require, without expofing 
 one part whilfl: he defended another. 
 
 Whilft the King's army defended his conquefls in Mif- 
 nia, Prince Henry had aifembled an army about Frankfort 
 on the Oder, and took various pofitions about that place 
 and Croffen. In this pofition, he commanded three prin- 
 cipal communications, in fuch a manner as to proteft ar 
 once Silefia, the New Marche of Brandenburg, and the 
 avenues to Berlin; all which were threatened by fcveral bo- 
 dies of the enemy. General Fouquet had crLablillicd his 
 quarters near the county of Glatz, and whilft he covered 
 that fide of Silefia, he communicated with Prince Ilcnry, and 
 
 v»-a? 
 
 
 V 
 
 ;T' <^.: 
 
 mA f^^^ 
 
 \m 
 
; 
 
 27" ^^''* History nf tbc War. x'jf-i 
 
 V :is fo (lifporcil !is to fend to or receive fiiccours from hji,, ] 
 as eith< r pnrty JhouUI liapi-icn to ho | rcircd. 
 
 M. DrtuM, as loon as Ik- law iluu the Kinc; of PniHla I^l 
 fortifiv'd hinilVU in his poll, he too buried hiniCtli in cp. 
 treiu hnientj^, and kept the inofl attentive eye upon all hj^ 
 majelly's inoiituis. Whilll he confined hiinlelf in this po. 
 fitioM, in order to tic down the King of PrufTia, (-[tncnil 
 r.amioln, with a llionj^ hut lir;iit and dilincunihcrcil army 
 mo\'cd iVotw the canip he had orcnpieil durinj;* tlie "w inur in 
 lUiliemia, and prefentinj^ liiinfelf alternately on the fuK- of 
 I.ulavia, and on fl.e frontiers of Silefia, threatened fninr 
 titnes (o penetrate lo Herhn, fosiutinies hy a hold llroko to 
 elVo*;! aiunelion with the Rnllians, and attack Prince [fcnrv 
 (omelimes to fit liown heforc CJlat/., ochweidnit/,, or Hit|. 
 Iiri ; aiid thus the alarm was fpread upon every fulc, not 
 knowjtip; where the (lorm wonivl lall. 
 
 At lenk;*th he declared hitnlelf. Havinj^ hy fevcral feint:, 
 rerf'iaded general }'\niqnel that his Mitentions were ar.iinll 
 ."^chueidint/, that general marched thither a confulcrablc 
 hc(\\ of his troops, and left Glat/, uncovered. As fooii ;i<; 
 1 andojnt perceived this movcricnt, he on his fulc made 
 incthcr, and poirelTcd hlmfelf of 1 .andfluit ; and when W 
 had taken [>andiluit, he pretended a deiign of fecuring tliii; 
 poll hv leaving a fmall body of troops there. This feint 
 alio iuccecded, and drew general Touquet frorn Schwoid- 
 nit,'. hack again to Landfhut. lie drove t!ie Auilrians from 
 that place without ditlicuity ; but in the mean time Lira- 
 tiohn made hinifelf mailer of fevcral important palVes, In 
 which he was in fomc fort enabled to furiound the corps of 
 CuMcral Fouquet. 
 
 That commander finding hlmfelf in thofe dangerous rir- 
 cumllanees, had nothing left but to fortify his poll, lor- 
 merly made a vcrv (Irong one, with additional works ; 
 wliich ho did with fuch effefV, that it had more the refcm- 
 biance ofa regular fortification than an cntrcnchm jnt. How- 
 vxcVy the anr>v he commanded was far from numerous; and 
 h.c was obliged to weaken it llill farther by a detachment ot 
 2000 men, to preferve, if poflible, a communication with 
 Schvveidnit/,. 
 
 Laudolm longed to dillinguihi himfelf by fome capital 
 ilroke ; and he bad rsow bv a feriesof very artful movements 
 procured a m.oil favourable opportimify. Firfl;, therefore, 
 he lluu up with pjcat dexterity the pafies on every fide, and 
 
 rendered 
 
 1 ,760. ^/'' 
 
 tendered his ai'v 
 [,fgan an attack 
 ll,c dead of the 
 The fignal for 
 fired in the air. 
 uncommon fury, 
 lotion, that in tl 
 entrenchments w 
 enforced. The 
 inijlicd back fron 
 entrenchments. 
 llicir retreat rcgi 
 1,1 jTc at the deare 
 j w\\\ down by 
 I In two mortal vv 
 wilt of the armj 
 rn the field of b 
 On the fide of 
 The prifoncrs w 
 Fouquet i two r 
 offiecrs of the in 
 foldiers, 58 piec| 
 Never was a mo 
 iirmy, general, u 
 three hundred oi 
 The corps alone 
 on, together witl 
 engaged, with d 
 cxfeQ^ed cvciy 
 toft the Auftriar 
 
 I'he Aujlriiint f 
 mies. King <■ 
 cehcs M. D 
 Siege of Drt 
 Sirfc raifed. 
 of Prince IJe 
 
 THIS viao 
 was obta 
 dohn immediat 
 
^•j6o. ^he HtsToRY of the War. 273 
 
 ffnckrcd his atVciTary's retreat inipraf\ical)lc. Then he 
 tan an attack on the Prufllan entrenchments in , 
 ilic ilcad of tlic night in three diflVrent pkiccs. ^ '' 
 
 The lignal for t!ic alfauU was given by Four hawhitzers 
 fired in the air. The Auilrians ruflied to the attack with 
 uncommon Fury, and maintained it with Fo (leady a refo- 
 liition, that in thee ([uarters ot an hour the two flrongcrt 
 entrenchments were carried, and the line oF communicati- 
 on forced. Tlie Prufllans at day-l)rcak found thcmfelves 
 piillicd back From hill to hill, and line to line, to their laft 
 entrenchments. Their rcfiftance was all along brave, and 
 llicir retreat rcp;ular. The enemy purchaFed every advan- 
 t.ijTc at the dearcft rate; hut at laft prelFcd upon every fide, 
 worn down by a terrible flaughtcr, their general diFabled 
 In two mortal wounds, at eight in the morning the rem- 
 nint of the army threw down their armi;, and Furrendcred 
 rn the field of battle. 
 
 On the fide of the vanquiflied, the (lain were about 4000. 
 The prifoncrs were, one general of foot, namely general 
 Foiiquct ; two major generals ; two hundred and thirteen 
 officers oF the inferior ranks ; and upwards of 70(^0 private 
 loldicrs, 58 pieces of artillery, with a number of colours. 
 Never was a more entire and dccifive vidory. The whole 
 urmy, general, i.fficers, every thing was defl roved. Scarce 
 three hundred of the body intrenched by Landmut efcaped. 
 The corps alone which was to preferve the communicati- 
 on, together with Fome bodies oF cavalry who had not been 
 engaged, with difficulty got into Schwcidnit/., where they 
 cxpefl^ed every moment to be beficged. This advantage 
 toft the Auftrians above 12000 men killed and wounded. 
 
 
 
 'Mif 
 
 
 
 'M 
 
 
 V 
 
 ' i^ 3 
 
 Bfic^V' 
 
 it 
 
 • 1 iSlj 
 
 Hl 
 
 } I 
 
 r I"! i '- >" 1 
 
 
 CHAP. IV. ' ' 
 
 The Aujlriant hike Glatr.. Situation of the Prufptin ar- 
 mies. King of Pnijfia fnarcbes towards Silcfia and dc^ 
 ceivfs M. Daun. King of Prvfp.a returns to Saxony. 
 ISicge of Drefden. 'Town burned. Return of Daun, 
 Sierc raifed. Brcflau hefxegcd hy the AiiJIrians. March 
 of Prince Henry. Laudohn retreats. 
 
 THIS vi£kory was purfued with as much rapidity as it 
 was obtained with courage and addreFs. Baron Lau- 
 dohn immediately turned back from Landfliut, and fell 
 
 U m like 
 
^74 T'Z't' History o/ z/;^ War. lyg^ 
 
 like a ftorm upon Glatz. Glatz confifts uf two fortrcflc'; 
 the old and ♦^he new. The old was taken by ftorm ; the 
 rew furrendered at difcretion. Two thoufand brave men 
 and fome good works could not defend it againfl: the impe- 
 tuofity of the Auftrians. One hundred and one pieces of 
 brafs cannon were taken. Immenrc magazines of provifi. 
 on and military (lores piled up in this frontier place to fa- 
 vour in better times an irruption into Bohemia, fell into the 
 hands of the conqueror. F.very thing gave way. The 
 polTeflfion of Glatz laid all Silefia open, and the Auftrians 
 might turn their arms upon any fide without the leaft dan- 
 ger to the freedom of their retreat. Neither was there anV 
 fort of army to give the lead obftruflion. The King of 
 Pruffia held down by M. Daun, was in Saxony. Prince 
 Henry was alfo at a great diftance towards Cuftrin. If that 
 Prince attempted to move to the relief of Silefia, he laid 
 open Brandenburgh, and even Berlin itfelf to the irruptions 
 of th^'Rufllans. If he remained in his port, Silefia was in- 
 evitably loft. Even his fpeedieft march feemed by no means 
 a certain way to relieve it. The King v/as yet further dif- 
 tant ; and any motion of his threatened to (hake and un- 
 hinge the whole fch^me of his defence ; expofing at once 
 Saxony and Berlin. The lofs of his third army, fmall as 
 th^t army was, laid him under difficulties that fccmcd in- 
 fupcrable. 
 
 Favoured by thcfe circumftances, Laudohn had only to 
 ^hufe what direclion he fhould give his arms. Silcfa. as 
 has been obferved, lay open before him. He had threat- 
 ened Schwcidnitz; but he fiw that Breflau wa" a place of 
 greater confcquence, much riiore eafily reduced, and that 
 the ponefTion of it facilitated a junction with the Ruflians; 
 a point on which the ultimate improvement of his vidory 
 wholly depended. The place befides is of fo great extent, 
 and the works of fo little comparative ftrength, that he 
 had no ffnall hopes of maftering it before Prince Henry 
 could come, if he faould at all attempt to come to its re- 
 lief. 
 
 He therefore delayed no longer than the march of his 
 heavy artillery and the neceflju'y preparatives required, to 
 lay fiege to the capital of Silefia, of whofe fafety the inoft 
 f^nguine friends of his pruflian majefty began to defpair. 
 
 But. in the interval between the b.7ttl(? of Landfliut and 
 the commencement of thq fiege of Brcllau, the King of 
 
 Prullia 
 
1 76c, 
 
 wtreflb., 
 ^rm ; the 
 '■ave men 
 he impe- 
 pieces oF 
 Provifi. 
 cc to fa. 
 into the 
 y- The 
 Aiiftrians 
 eaft dan- 
 here an}- 
 King of 
 Prince 
 If that 
 > he laid 
 Tuptions 
 I was in- 
 10 means 
 therdif. 
 and un- 
 at once 
 fmall as 
 tncd in- 
 only (0 
 Icfia. 33 
 threat- 
 place of 
 md that 
 uflians; 
 vidory 
 extent, 
 that he 
 Henrv 
 Its re- 
 
 of his 
 •ed, to 
 e ;noll 
 3air. 
 ut and 
 ing of 
 ■^rufTia 
 
 ,760. T/je History of tbe War. 2^5 
 
 pruiTia *vas hot idle. His thoughts were continually em- 
 ployed to repair this difafter ; all ordinary .efources were 
 imprafticable or iheffeflual. His genius alone could enter 
 '•e lifts with his '!) fortune. Placing therefore his hopes 
 in himfclf, he aimed by a daring and unexpefitcd ftroke. to 
 draw even from fo fovere a misfortune forrie new and more 
 brilliant advantages. 
 
 In purfuance of the plan he had laid, he difpo- July 3. 
 fed all things for a march towards Silefia, and 
 had pafled the Elbe and penetrated through a woody coun- 
 iry without oppofition ; had the enemy been apprifed of 
 his march as early as he began it, it had been attended with 
 great and unfurmountable 4iffic 'tics. Marlhal Daun no 
 fooner had advice of his march, than he alfo immediately 
 moved with the utmofl: expedition at the head of his main 
 army towards Silefia, leaving the army of the Empire, and 
 a tjody undct General Lacy, to awe Saxony in his abfcnce. 
 The two armies continued their route through I/ufatia ; 
 that of the King of Prufila a little to the northward, that 
 of Marflial Daun to the fouthward ; both apparently pufh- 
 ing towards the fariie obje61:, and with equal eagcrnefs. But 
 as the ai^my of the marfhal had rather the fliorter cut to 
 make, and as he moved with f;tr greater and more unaf- 
 fefted diligence, he got very confiderably the ftart of the 
 King. 
 
 When his majefty was appriffd that M. Daun 
 had gained full two days march upon him ; that July 8. 
 he had aftually arrived at Gorlit7.,and was pufliing 
 by forced marches to Lauban ; his great purpofe was ob- 
 tained. Immediately he flruck into M. Daun's track, but 
 wheeled into the oppofite dirc61:icn, rcpalTcd the Spree rrear 
 Bautzen, and whilft every one imagined him on tlic fron- 
 tiers of Silefia, he fuddenly fprung up like a mint before 
 Drefden. Thearmy of tlieEm, "re retired. Lacy's corps was 
 obliged to fliift its fituation. The Pruflian generals Mulfcn 
 and Ziethen, who ha i pi'obably been prepared to ::cl in con- 
 cert with the King, joined hint bctore that place, 
 and knowing there was no mom for delay, l)egan July 13. 
 the ficgc with the utmofl: vigour. 
 
 Then was this moft unl'ortunatc city a th.ird time expo- 
 icd to the fury of war. The inhabitants iuffered in their 
 hahit,)tions for the v/calrncfs of the works; and there were 
 ainucs bolli without and within of fuch mutual and deter- 
 
 iVI m 3 mined 
 
 ,U{...|>';. Ill;' ' 
 
 K 
 
 
 ••••fi m 
 
Z'jB The History of the War. i^5q 
 
 mined rage, and fo carelefs of all things but their enmity 
 that they little fcrupled to ftrike at each other through 
 the bodies of the fuffering Saxons. All Europe had now 
 its eyes turned t ^e event of this mafterly manoeuvre ; and 
 certainly througl » whole courfc of this eventful war 
 nothing appeared more worthy of regard, nor at any time- 
 had there been exhibited a piece of generalfhip more cnni- 
 pleat, than the conduft of the King of Pruflla's march. 
 
 Since Drefden had fallen into the hands of the Auftrlans, 
 it had been ftrengthcned with the addition of feveral new 
 works. The burning of the fuburbs by the Prufllans, in 
 order to keep them out, became an advant'\ge to them 
 when they came to poflefs the town. In fhort, the place 
 was rendered in all refpef^s more defenfible than formerly. 
 It had alfo a very large garrifon under General Macguire, 
 an officer of courage and experience, who refolved to main- 
 tain it to the laft extremity : when he wis fummoned to 
 furrender, he made anfwer, " That it Wts impoflible the 
 king could have been apprifed with his being entrufted with 
 the command of that capital ; otherwife fo great a captain 
 as his majefty would not make fuch a propofal to an officer of 
 his ftanding : that he would defend hirnfelf to the laft man; 
 and wait whatever the king fhould think proper to attempt." 
 
 Both parties being therefore infpired with the utmoft 
 refolution, the one to attack, the other to defend, the fiege 
 was pufhed on by every method of force and addrefs ; there 
 was fcarce any intermiflion of aflaults, furprizes, coups de 
 mains, fallies, and all kind of afilions ufed on fuch occafions; 
 and all the mod vigorous in their way. In the mean time 
 three batteries of cannon and mortars played continually, 
 but with much greater damage to the buildings than effed 
 on the fortifications. 
 
 Marfhal Daun was in Silefia when he heard all at once 
 of the deceit put upon him by the King of Pruflla of his 
 return to Saxony, of the fiege, and the extreme danger of 
 Drefden. His return was as rapid as his march had been. 
 On the 19th he appeared within a league of Drefden. Kis 
 approach only caufed the PrufHans to redouble their efforts; 
 that day they had received reinforcements of heavy cannon 
 and mortars, and battered the place with nev/ fury. The 
 cathedral church, the new fquare, feveral principal ftrects, 
 fome palaces, the noble manufactory of porcelain, were all 
 entirely reduced to afhcs. 
 
 The 
 
 The fiege cl 
 
 H Daun had f 
 \^as in vain to 
 ing a whole ar 
 there was ano| 
 withdrew his 
 though there 
 in the neighbj 
 
 walls. 
 
 Thus endec 
 ing defer ved, 
 the want of ' 
 themeafure. 
 Silefia he gain 
 from the ener 
 hours and ev 
 had certainly 
 the pofleflion 
 finitely better 
 part of his te 
 would have th 
 tune. If he f 
 in their formd 
 tation by havi 
 As the Kin I 
 return of Mai 
 turn ; fo neitl 
 imputation it 
 He knew that 
 even to prefs 
 king Ihould 
 him, Laudoh 
 tages he coul 
 attacked by 
 would run t] 
 that of Land 
 vv naicvci 
 he on this o( 
 fiderable obf 
 ^nt Laud 
 rate defence 
 vves. He fi 
 to intlmidat 
 
1-160. 7*^ History of the War. 277 
 
 The fiege continued till the 11A. The night of the 2 1 ft, 
 M. Daun had thrown fixteen battalions into Drefdcn. It 
 was in vain to continue any longer the pretence of" befieg- 
 ing a whole army within the town, whilfl: at the fame time 
 there was another army to reinforce it without. The king 
 withdrew his forces without moleftation from the fuburbs, 
 though there were three confiderable armies of the enemy 
 in the neighbourhood, befides that which was within the 
 walls. 
 
 Thus ended, without the fuccefs fo mafterly a proceed- 
 ing deferved, the King of Pruflia's famous ftratagem. But 
 the want of fuccefs can detraO: nothing from the merit of 
 the meafure. By drawing Marlhal Daun from Saxony to 
 Silefia he gained the ufe of eight days, free of obllruclion 
 from the enemy's grand army ; eight days at a time when 
 hours and even moments were critical. In this time he 
 had certainly a chance at leaft of reducing Drefden ; and by 
 the poflefllon of that place he would have found himfelf in- 
 finitely better able to carry his arms to the defence of every 
 part of his territories for the prefent, and for the future 
 would have that great place of retreat in cafe of any misfor- 
 tune. If he failed in this attempt his affairs were precifely 
 in their former condition ; and he could not fufier in repu- 
 tation by having made it. 
 
 As the King of Pruffia could not be blamed for the fpe ^y 
 return of Marfhal Daun, and the confequences of that re- 
 turn ; fo neither in effect could the Marflial fufFer any juft 
 imputation in having been deceived by the king's march. 
 He knew that there were very plaufible motives to call, and 
 even to prefs him to move that way. He knew that if the 
 king fhould get into Silefia witliout any oppcfition from 
 him, Laudohn might not only be deprived of all the advan- 
 tages he could hope for from his late vi6tory, but by being 
 attacked by the united armies of the king and his brother, 
 would run the rifque of a defeat thu might fully revenge 
 that of l,andfhut. 
 
 Vv hat ever the merit 
 
 of 
 
 either of the commanders inigl-.t 
 he on this occafion, it is certain that Laudohn met no con- 
 fiderable obflruCtion. 
 
 v^'it Laudohn who faw all thing- prepared for an obfi:i- 
 nate defence, did not who'ly trufl to his military mana-n- 
 vres. He fent a letter to the governor Count 'T'aven7,ien, 
 to intiinidate him by the difplay of his flrcngth.. He fet 
 
 lor til, 
 
! 
 
 278 I'he History of the War. 1-5^ 
 
 forth, that his forces confined of 50 battalions and 80 fqua- 
 drons ; that the Ruffian army of 75,000 men were within 
 three days march ; that it was in vain for the governor to 
 expect fuccour from the King of Pruflia, who was then 
 at the ether fide of the Elbe, that it was flill more vain 
 to look for reUef from Prince Henry, who could fcarcc 
 hope to ftand his own ground againfl the grand army of 
 the Ruffians ; that in cafe of obflinacy he could expeft no 
 reafonable terms : and that thefe were the laft that fhould 
 be offered. Moreover he rem.inded hirti that the place 
 was a mercantile town, not a fortrefs ; and that he could 
 not defend it without contravening the lav/s of war. 
 
 Thefc rules, by which honour is reduced to a£l, not 
 by its own feelings, but according to intrinfical circum- 
 ftances ; rules by which they have attempted to determine 
 exa6lly and mechanically that niceft of all lines which dif- 
 criminates courage from raflinefs, form one of the ftron^eft 
 inftanccs of the great difference between the antient and 
 modern methods and ideas of war. In the antient times, 
 a brave commander would have anfwered this threatning 
 meffage in general terms of defiance. But Count Taven- 
 zien refpefted thefc imaginary laws. He took care to 
 prove that in defending the town, he did not infringe 
 them ; and fpoke as Laudohn had done in the character 
 of a military jurifconfult, as well as a foldicr ; he gave 
 for reply. That t! :■ town of Breflaw being furrounded 
 with works and wet ditches, was to be confidered as a 
 place of ftrength, and not fimply as a mercantile town. 
 That the Auftrians thcmfelves defended it as fuch in i75"', 
 after the battle of Lifia. That the king had command- 
 ed him to defend it to the lafl: extremity, tliat therefore 
 General Laudohn might fee it was not from humour he 
 had refufcd to liften to his fummons. That he was 
 not frighted with the General's threats to deflroy the town; 
 for he was not entrufted with the care of the houfes, but 
 the fortifications. 
 
 Laudohn had alfo fent in a memorial in the fame menac- 
 ing ftile, where he thought it might have a greater effed, 
 to the civil magiftrates, hoping that the ruin with which 
 the town was threatened, might induce them to join with 
 the inhabitants, to pcrfuade the governor to a fpetdy 
 furrender. 
 
 AH thefe menacing meafurcs fecmed to argue a fear in 
 
 Earon 
 
:6a 
 
 I'he History of the War. ' 279 
 
 Baron Laudohn, that the RufTians were not fo near as he 
 pretended, and that the town might pofllhly be rcHeved be- 
 tore their arrival. However he fhewcd them, at nine of the 
 very evening of the meffage, that his threats were not vain, 
 bv a terrible difcharge of mortars and red hot balls that 
 tell in an uninterrupted fliower upon the city until midnight. 
 During this fierce bombardment, that made a dreadful 
 havock. in the town, he attempted the out-works by aflault. 
 His Croats attacked the covered-way in many places at once, 
 with the ufual impetuofity of ihofe brave irregulars ; but 
 they were received and repulfed with a refolution equal to 
 their own, and with more fteadinefs. 
 
 The operation of this dreadful night having made no im- 
 prelTion on the inflexible determination of the governor, 
 Baron Laudohn had once more recourfe to negotiation. He 
 now changed his llile, and held out the moft flattering pro- 
 portions; offering to grant him what capitulations he Ihould ^ 
 think proper to alk, and even to leave himfelf to draw up 
 the articles. The governor replied that the firing the town 
 had made no change in his refolution ; that he would wait 
 with firmnefs for the enemy upon the ramparts ; but that 
 he could not help obferving, it was contrary to the laws of 
 arms to begin the fiege of a fortrefs, by ruining its inha- 
 bitants. The meffenger made anfwer, that the trenches 
 would be foon opened. The governor faid, it was what 
 he had long cxpe6led. . ... 
 
 The Auftrians, foiled in their hopes from treaty, conti- 
 nued to batter the town, and made feveral attacks upon 
 the out-works for three days fuccefllvely. They found every 
 port bravely defended ; the Rufllan army did not appear, 
 but they now began to perceive the approach of another 
 army lefs agreeable ; that of Prince Henry ; which having 
 marc hed with the utmoft diligence from Great Glogau, now 
 came fiift upon him ; and on the 5th of Auguft, reached 
 within a few miles of the town. 
 
 Laudohn did not think it expedient to put the advantage 
 he had gained, and thofe which he had yet to expect from 
 the management of time, to the iflue of a battle ; he there- 
 fore decamped and made his retreat in good order, but with 
 fiifficient quicknefs ; having procured from this enterprife 
 onl)' the v/retched (atisfa6i:ion of reducing a great part of 
 the city to a heap of rubbilh, and of having revenged upon 
 Brellaw feme part of the fufferings ot Drefden. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
 ■;nC*ii^':' 
 
 
 ' '.- 
 
 1 
 
a So 
 
 The History cf the War. 
 CHAP. V. 
 
 1760. 
 
 Catife of the jhvcnefs of the Allies and French. Advantages 
 en the fide of the Fremh. Difference between BrogHo and 
 St. Germain. Marburg and Dillcfiburg taken by the 
 French. Battle ofCorbaeh. Hereditary Prime wounded, 
 [■iurprize and defeat of Monfteur Glaubitz at Frmfdorf. 
 The Allies change their camp. Ailion at Warbourg. 
 
 TH K French and allied armies had been reinforced in 
 the manner we have already mentioned. But the 
 vigour of their operations did not altogether correfpond with 
 what might have been cxpe£ted from their flrength and 
 mutual animofity. The campaign, at lead in any effeftive 
 manner, opened late. A country vi^hich had been fo long 
 the theatre of fo ruinous a war, had been too much wafted 
 to make the fubfirt'^nce, and confequently the free motion 
 'if the armies eafy. The winter had been fevere and long; 
 and it was not until the green forage appeared plentifully 
 above ground, that thofe great bodies of cavalry, which 
 make fo large a part in our modern armies, were in a 
 condition to a£t. The fufferings of the Englifh horfe, 
 from a want of dry forage, during a great part of the 
 winter and the fpring had been extreme ; this obliged them 
 to fall much further back from the French cantonments; and 
 to moleft them lefs than they otherwifc would have done. It 
 was befides a lofs, that at the opening of the campaign, they 
 had fo extenfive a tra£t between them and Hanover; which 
 by an artful choice of polls might have been yielded ftep 
 by ftep, and the campaign fo managed and fpun out, that 
 the fcafon of adion mufl: have expired, before the French 
 couUl have reaped any decifivc advantage from their fu- 
 periority. 
 
 Although the French wore during the winter fupplicd 
 far better than the allies with all neceflarics by the com- 
 mand of the Maine, the Mofelle and the Rhine ; and that 
 the countries at their back had been much Icfs confumed 
 by the war ; yet the fame difliLultien embarraffed them as 
 foon as they thought of tsiking the field, and quitting their 
 advantageouK cantonments, therefore there was a flow- 
 nc'fs in the principal armies upon both parts, until the mid- 
 dle of fummer. 
 
 Not 
 
ijSo. ^>^^ History of t//e War. 281 
 
 Not however, but that fomething was attempted in this 
 interval, by lefTcr parties. On the lide of the Rhine, fome 
 .idions happened between the army of St. Germain, and 
 tjie corps of General Sporkcn, who was ported at Dulmen, 
 to obftrve the French in that quarter, Dulmen formed 
 lilt right flank of the chain of cantonments made by the 
 allittl army, which extended its left to the fouth-eaft fron- 
 tiers ol the country of Hefle, above an hundred and fifty 
 miles diftant. The Hereditary Prince who was on that 
 wine, exerted, as much as circumftances would permit, his 
 iijiiai activity and enterprize. He threw himfcif into the 
 (lillrict (tf Fulda ; he laid it under an heavy contribution, 
 and broke up feveral French corps that were ported there. 
 
 Thcfc actions decided nothing. The French army fu- 
 pcrior in numi)ers, and in fituation, advanced ; and the 
 ailic!), who feemed to have chofen the defcnfive, gradually 
 retired. In cfteft, if the French had purfued their original 
 plan, it would have proved almoft impofTiblc for the allied 
 .imy to maintain its ground. If St. Germain, port'eflcd of 
 Cleves, Wefel, and Durteldorp, had advanced on the fide 
 nt Munfter ; and M. Broglio moving forward through the 
 country of Hefl'e, had made a rtrong detachment to the 
 tailward of the Wefer, whilft with his main body he en- 
 paged the attention of Prince Ferdinand, the allies would 
 ihortly have found themfelves enclofed upon three fides ; 
 and nothing could have extricated them but a capital vic- 
 tory obtained under every difadvantage. t *f.- 
 
 The French army was fufficiently numerous for thefe 
 operations. But it was fufpe6led that the jealoufy which 
 liihfiiled between M. de St. Germain and the Duke of 
 Broglio prevented their being carried into execution. This 
 miliinderrtanding daily increafed. Infomuch, that M. 
 Broglio thought fit to order the corps of St. Germain to 
 unite itfelf with the grand army. The count, who could 
 not brook obedience to a younger officer, and one bcfides 
 with Avhom he was not on the bert terms, re- 
 tired from the fervice. He had only ferved be- July 23, 
 tore upon condition of commanding an army en- 
 tirely diftin£t, and under his own particular orders. This 
 (llfFcrence deprived France of one of its mort able generals, 
 and difconcerted one of its mort promifed fchemes of 
 operation. 
 
 Before this mifundcrftanding had produced thefe efFe£ls, 
 vi^ . ^ N n the 
 
 
 
 
iJi The HisTotiY of the "WAft. i^^q 
 
 the affairs of the French went on with all imaginable 
 profperity. The principal army not retarding itfelf, bv 
 confideration of the places of ftrength which the allies 
 poffeffed in their front, the caftles of Marburg and Dillen- 
 bourg, pulhed forward into the landgraviate of HefTe 
 leaving detachments to reduce thofe fortrefles. The firft 
 of which furrendered on the 30th of June, the latter held 
 out to the 1 6th of July ; but the garrifons of both furrender- 
 ed prifoners of war. 
 
 In the mean time whilft M. Broglio advanced 
 July 10. on the fide of Hefle; the corps of St. Germain 
 had penetrated through the dutchy of Weftphalia, 
 and the two armies joined near a place called Corbach. 
 The allied army had fallen back from the poil they occu- 
 pied at Fritzlar, and were retreating towards the river 
 Dymel. As yet they had received no advice of the dreaded 
 junftion of the French armies ; but as it was imagined that 
 the corps of St. Germain only moved that way, and the 
 Vanguard only of that corps could be arrived at Corbach, 
 which could not be eftimated at more than 10,000 foot, 
 and 17 fquadrons at the utmoft, the Hereditary Prince 
 formed a fcheme of attacking and driving them from that 
 poft. 
 
 When he had begun the attack, contrary to his expec- 
 tation he found the enemy already formed ; but it was now 
 impoflible to recede. The action grew every moment 
 more furiou'^ and bloody. The French ftood their ground 
 with firmnefs, and the main army being extremely near, 
 inftead of being wafted in the a6tion, they grew more nu- 
 merous by the reinforcements that were continually fent. 
 
 In this fituation it was neceffary that the Prince ihould 
 make as fpeedy a retreat as pofllble ; but the difficulty of 
 drawing out of the field in the middle of the day, before an 
 encrr.y quite frelh, and every inftant reinforced, may be 
 cafily imagined. To compleat this difficulty, fome bodies 
 of the German troops both horfe and foot fell into great 
 confufion. The enemy faw it at the firft glance, and to 
 increafe it to the utmoft diforder, pufhed forward upon 
 them with a numerous artillery and a large body of cavalry. 
 The allied army feemed to be in the way of inevitable ruin. 
 
 In this exigence the Hereditary Prince, as his laft re- 
 fource, pat himfelf at the head of a fquadron of Bland'i 
 and Howard's regiments of dragoons. By thefe the un- 
 common 
 
1760. The History of the War. 285 
 
 common heroifm of their young leader was per feSly fe^ 
 coiided. They charged the enemy with the utmoft fury, 
 flppped the career of their victorious horfe ; and enabled 
 the allied battalions to make an undifturbed retreat. 
 
 The Hereditary Prince was wounded in this action ; 
 about 900 men were killed, wounded, or prifoners, fifteen 
 pieces of cannon, the whole of the artillery, was left to the 
 enemy, but ftill in their circumftanccs to have avoided a 
 total defeat, was in fome fort viftory. The well- timed 
 impetuofity of the Hereditary Prince, and the fpirit of the 
 EngliL^- horfe, could not be too highly praifed. The Prince 
 retired to the main army of the allies, who had now poflef- 
 fcd themfelves of the ftrong poft of Saxenhaufen : whilft 
 the French continued oppofite to them in the no lefs ftrong 
 pofl of Corbach, which they had acquired by their viQiory 5 
 and here for fome time they watched each other. 
 
 The Hereditary Prince fuffered more by this check than 
 from the wounds he had received. His mind, forgetful of 
 his pain and weaknefs, only brooding over his defeat, feek- 
 ing out with anxiety an opportunity of revenging his lofs 
 by fome bold, fignal, and unexpefted ftroke againft the 
 enemy. It was not long before an opportunity prefented 
 itfelf. _ 
 
 Advice had been received, that among the detachments 
 which the French employed to reduce thofe fortrefles 
 which the allies had garrifoned on their retreat, there was 
 one very confiderable, formed of French and Saxon, under 
 Monf. Glaubitz, moving towards Ziegenhagen, a place of 
 importance in the landgraviate of Heffe. The Hereditary 
 Prince undertook to relieve it, and for that pur- 
 pofe feleded fix battalions of the German troops, 14 July, 
 two brigades of hunters, a regiment of huffars, 
 and Elliot's light dragoons. Although this laft corps was 
 but juft arrived, had been newly raifed, and had never fcea 
 any kind pf fervicc, the Prince was fo well pleafcd with 
 their countenance, that he chofe them preferably to all 
 others for this difficult enterprize, and the event proved that 
 he was not miftakcn. 
 
 Monf. Glaubitz, remained in the moft pcrfe£l fecurity ; 
 he was under no fort of apprehenfion of being molefted 
 by a detiichmcnt of an army at fixty miles diftance, undet 
 the lyc, and as it were, guard of a fuperior body which 
 , N n 2 dcmande4 
 
 %'P^^: 
 
 • t\\ 
 
 'h 1 ^'1 
 
 
 
1^84 'J'he History of the War. i-jgQ 
 
 demanded all its attention ; when on a fudden he 
 July 1 6. found himfelf attacked with the utmoft violence. 
 The Hereditary Prince hnving reconnoitred his 
 pofition, made a detour of two leagues through woods and 
 . mountains, fell upon his left, whilft the reft of his troops 
 climbed the mountains on the oppofite fide, and rufhed 
 with the fame fpirit upon the right, 
 
 Glaubitz had fcarce time to form his troops ; and they 
 were only formed to be immediately broken. They retired 
 with precipitation, leaving their camp and all it contained 
 to the enemy. The Prince had fo difpofed his cavalry as 
 to cut oflF the retreat of fome ; but the moft confiderable 
 part gained ground upon him. On this occafion he relied 
 entirely on Elliot's horfe, as it was altogether impoflible 
 for the infantry, already harafled by the aOiion, and a moft 
 fatiguing forced march of two days, to follow them. At 
 the head of this horfe he overtook the fugitives as they 
 came out of a wood, charged and broke therri five different 
 times, feparated a body of 500 from the reft, furrounded 
 them, and obliged them to throw down their arms. Hav- 
 ing routed this, with the like rapidity, he flew to another 
 body who had taken poft near a wood, furrounded them in 
 the fame manner ; fummoned and received them all prifo- 
 ners of war. A regiment of the enemy's huflfars was en- 
 tirely cut to pieces. Nothing was wanting to compleathis 
 vi£lory. Elliot's light horfe, proud to be led on by the 
 Prince himfelf, and worthy of that honour, had the greateft 
 fhare of the glory and fufferings of that day. So young ;i 
 corps had never fo eminently diftinguiftied itfelf. No more 
 than 79 of the allies were killed in this aCtion, but of thefc 
 71 were of this fmgle regiment. 
 
 The numbers of the enemy killed is not known, but for a 
 time the flaughter was terrible. General Glaubitz himfelf 
 was made prifoner, together with the Prince of Anhalt. 
 There were befides 177 officers, and 2482 private men. 
 A greater number oi prifoners could fcarceiy be expefted 
 from a vidory in a general engagement The trophies 
 were nine pair of colours and fix pieces of cannon In all 
 the Petite Guerre of this campaign, (and the campaii^n be- 
 tween the French and the allies was almoft wholly made up 
 of fuch,) this was by far the moft brilliant aOion ; and alone 
 might* have crtabliflicd the reputation of the Hereditary 
 Prince, if any thing had been wanting to cftabliih him tlw 
 
 fir A 
 
1760. "^f^^ History of the War. 285 
 
 firftman of his age, in that fpecies of war. He returned 
 (0 the camp of Saxenhaufen, without mdlcftation, having 
 revenged the affair of Corbach . 
 prince Ferdinand did not remain long after this aClion 
 in his camp at Saxenhaufen. By fo advanced a pofition, the 
 landgraviate, and even Hanover, lay too open to the enemies 
 incurftons. He therefore took his camp at a place called 
 Kalle, in a fituation nearer to Caffcl. On this M. Broglio 
 formed a plan, which the greatncfs of his army in fome 
 fort enabled him to execute. The Chevalier de Muy, who 
 commanded in the room of the Count St. Germain, was 
 ordered to crofs the Dymel at Statbergen, with his referve, 
 confifting of 35,000 men, in order to cut oflF the allies from 
 their communication with Weftphalia. Whilft the reft of 
 the French, dividing themfelves into two bodies, moved, 
 the main army under M. Broglio towards Duke Ferdinand's 
 camp at Kalle, the referve under Prince Xavier of Saxony 
 towards Caflel. 
 
 Thefe important movements obliged Prince Ferdinand to 
 fet himfelf alfo in motion ; and as he was not in a condition 
 to make detachments of fufficient ftrength, he eroded the 
 Dymel with his grand army, in order to fight the Chevalier 
 deMuy. 
 
 His Serene Highnefs formed his main body on ^ y , 
 the heights of Corbach, and moved towards the -^ J "' 
 enemy, who were advantageoufly ported near Warbourg ; 
 in the mean time the Hereditary Prince with two columns 
 wheeled round the enemies left, and began a vigorous at- 
 tack at once' upon that flank, and upon their rear. Tlic 
 French commander poured reinforcements on that (lunrter. 
 An hot engagement was there maintained with ecjual obfti- 
 nacy for near four hours. Whilft this comhat continued 
 with uncertain fortune on the left, Prince Ferdinand cauled 
 fome bodies to file off towards the Frencli bridges on the 
 Dymel to their right, by which he propofcd to attack alio 
 on that fide, and intercept them on their retreat ; at the 
 fame time the main of his armv advanced with the utmoll 
 expedition to charge the enemy in front. 
 
 The French now faw themfelves in the mofl imminent 
 danr;cr of being furroundcd. Already their leit, attacked 
 in flank and rear by the Flereditary Prince, began to give 
 »vay: his fire became every moment liiperior ; and the tar- 
 liell retreat was the fafcll. 
 
 A« 
 
 :f '1' 
 
 '4' 
 
286 ' I'be History of the War. ^g^ 
 
 As foon as Prince Ferdinand perceived the enemy to re- 
 tire, he faw it al^folutcly in vain to think of bringing his in- 
 fantry upon their front. The EngHfh cavalry alfo, upon 
 which he chiefly confided, was too diftant to give almoft 
 any hope that they could be made to aft. But the Engjtlh 
 cavalry out-did his expeftations, and indeed all former ex- 
 amples. They confidered themfelves as defrauded of their 
 ihare of the glory of Minden : and they panted for an oc- 
 cafion of fignali'Aing their courage ; and their commanders 
 Lord Granby and Moftyn, forwarded their ardour, know- 
 ing that great adions are commonly tranfgrefTions of ordi- 
 nary rules. 
 
 They came up five miles on a full trot, (the Gennan* 
 called it a gallop) without being blown, without the leaft 
 confufion or diforder, and attacked the enemies cavalry and 
 infantry f«veral times. The greateft part of the enemies 
 horfe fell back and did not (land the charge. The Engliih 
 artillery were brought up with the fame furprizing quick- 
 nefs, and employed with the fame powerful effect. Captain 
 Phillips had done more with artillery than had been thought 
 pofllble at Minden ; and he exceeded it at Warbourg. 
 The Englifh foot vied with the cavalry and artillery, and 
 made fuch earned efforts to come to action, that in drain- 
 ing their paffage through moraffy ground and in burning 
 weather, fever^l foldiers dropped down on their march. 
 But they were too late to engage, and probably in their 
 wafted condition it was well that it fo happened. 
 
 The French made a precipitate retreat towards Statberg; 
 feveral were drowned in pafTmg the Dymcl ; 1 500 were left 
 on the field of battle ; as many were made prifoners. Ten 
 pieces of cannon were taken ; but they confoled themfelves 
 in having loft no colours. The lofs of the allied army in 
 general has not been, that I can find, publifhed. That of 
 the Engliih in killed, wounded, and mirtlng, was 590, but 
 then the battle lay chiefly on them, and the killed included 
 in that number were but about \y:)(a). 
 
 (a) Prince Ferdinand of Brunfvjick's Letter to His Majefy, 
 particulariftng the Battle of IVarbourg. 
 
 I 
 
 SIR, H^arhourg, Aug. I. 
 
 Have the honour of acquainting your Maiefty with the defeat 
 of the referve under the Chevalier dsMuy j who having palled 
 
 the 
 
I'jSo. The History of the War. 287 
 
 So brilliant a fuccefs following clofc on the heels of the 
 former, raifed the reputation of the allied arms. As con- 
 fiderable an advantage might have well been expecled from 
 
 it; 
 
 the Dymel at StaSergen, exteilded his corps down the bdnks of 
 
 that river, in order to cut me off from Wejiphalia^ whilfl: M. de 
 
 Broglio was advancing with his main army towards my camp at 
 
 Kalle, and Prince Xa<vier with his refervc, on our left towards^ 
 
 Caffel. Hereupon I determined to leave General Kielmanfegge 
 
 yvith a body of troops at Cajjel for the protetlion of that city, and 
 
 to march myfelf with the army the night of the 30th, in order to 
 
 pafs the Dymel between Liebenmi and Dringelburg ; which was 
 
 happily executed. The Hereditary Prince whO( had pafled the 
 
 Dymel on the 29th, to go and reinforce General Sporcke (who was 
 
 pofted fmce the 28th between Liebenau and Corhcke) reconnoitred 
 
 the pofttion of the Chevalier de Muy, who from the 30th in the 
 
 morning was in polTeflion of a very advantageous camp between 
 
 Warbourg and Ochfendorff. It was agreed, that the Prince and 
 
 U-Sporcke ftiould turn the enemy's left, whiift I advanced with the 
 
 armyupo^i their front ; which was done with all poifible fuccefs; 
 
 the enemy being attacked almoft in the fame inftant by M. Sporcke 
 
 and the Hereditary Prince in flank and in rear. As the infantry 
 
 of the army could not march faft enough, to charge at the fame 
 
 time, I ordered my Lord Granby to advance with the cavalry of 
 
 the right. The Englijh artillery got up on a gnllop, and feconded 
 
 the attack in a furprizing manner. All the troops have done wcll» 
 
 and particularly the Englijh. The French cavalry, though very 
 
 numerous, retreated, a" foon as ours advanced to charge them, 
 
 excepting only three fquadrons*, that kept their ground, but 
 
 were foon broke. A part of the Englijh cavalry then fell upon 
 
 the enemy's infantry, which fufFered extremely ; and particularly 
 
 the regiment of Lockmann Sivifs. I ordered an attack to be made 
 
 on the town of IVarbourg by the Legion Britanniijue ; and the 
 
 enemy finding themfelves thus attacked upon their two flanks, in 
 
 front and rear, retired with the utmoft precipitation, and with 
 
 the lofs of many men, as well from the fue of our artillery, as 
 
 from 
 
 * [ A fquadron of French horfe when complete, is i6o men, 
 
 of dragoons i8o. 7'hls ferves to contirni what Colonel Slopar 
 
 faid on Lord G. 5's trial, That had the front of the cavalry moved 
 faft enough to have obliged the rej^iment he commanded to have 
 galloped, it was his opinion it would have come up fit for hufmefs, 
 and would have heat any three French fcjuadrons it could havt 
 met with] 
 
 hmm 
 
 w'fettf 
 
 * , 
 
288 The History of the War. 1^5^^ 
 
 it; but according to the ufual play of fortune in this war 
 the firfl: account that followed the defeat of fo large a par' 
 of the French army, was, that with a rapid and unrefifted 
 
 tide 
 
 from the attacks of the cavalry. Many were drowned in the 
 Dymel in attempting to ford it. The enemy's Jofs in men is very 
 confiderable : J cannot exadly afcertain it, but it is fuppofed, that 
 , they have left fifteen hundred men upon the field of battle ; and 
 the amount of the prifoners we have made, jrrobabiy exceeds that 
 number. We have taken ten pieces of cannon, with feme colours 
 The lofs on our fide is very moderate, and falls chiefly upon the 
 brave battalion of Max'well\ Englijb Grenadiers y which did won- 
 ders. Colonel Becktvith, who commanded the brigade, formed 
 oi Englijb Grenadiers and Scotch Highlanders, diftinguifhed him- 
 felf greatly, and has been wounded in the head. 
 
 My Lord Granby, with the Englijh cavalry, has contributed 
 extremely to the fuccefs of the day. I charge Capt. Faitcitt, his 
 Lordfliip's Aid-de-Camp, with this letter, to be delivered to ycf 
 Majefl;y, and to give your Majefly a more particular account of 
 the aftion from his own mouth, till I can have the honour of lay- 
 ing at your Majefty's feet a more extenfive and circumftantial re- 
 lation. 
 
 I am, ivith the mojl profound re fpe&y ' 
 
 Siry Tour Majeftfs mojl obedient couftn and fer'vanty 
 •>■••';.. I = .' Ferdinand Due de Brunfiuic ^ de Luneboure. 
 
 The Marquis of Granby s Letter to the Earl of Holdernejfe. 
 
 IT is with the greateft fatisfadlon, that I have the honour of 
 acquainting your Lord (hip of the fuccefs of the Hereditary 
 Prince yefterday morning. 
 
 General Sporcken's corps marched from the camp at Kalle Lie- 
 be nau, about four in the afternoon of the 29th ; the Hereditary 
 Prince followed, the fame evening, with a body of troops, among 
 which were two Englijb battalions of Grenadiers, the two of 
 Highlanders, and lour fquadrons of Dragoons, Cope's and 
 Connvay's. 
 
 The army was under arms all the day on the 30th ; and, 
 about eleven at. night, marched off in fix columns to Liebenau. 
 About five the next morning, the whole army afTembled, and 
 formed on the heights of Corbeke. The Hereditary Prince was, 
 at this time, marching in two columns, in order to turn the' 
 enemy's left flank ; which he did, by marching to Donhelbur^, 
 leaving Klein-Eder on his left, and forming in two lines, with his 
 
 . . : left 
 

 ^jSo. The History of the War. 
 
 tide of fuccefs, they had reduced Caflel, Fimbaeh, and 
 Ziegenhayn ; by which they became marters of the whole 
 landgraviate of Hede ; that they had puHied into the king's 
 
 territories, 
 
 left towards DoJJel^ and his right near Crimbecky oppoiite to the 
 left flank of the enemy, whole pofition was, with the left to the 
 liigh hill near OJfendarff, and their right to IVarbourg^ into wiiich 
 place they had flung lijcher^^ corps. The Herediiury Prince im- 
 mediately attacked the enemy's flank j and, after a very fliarp dif- 
 pute, obliged them to give way ; and, by a continual fire, kept 
 forcing them to fall back upon IVarhourg. The army was, at 
 this time, marching with the greatefl: diligence to attack the 
 enemy in front j but the infantry could not get up in time ; Ge- 
 neral iValdegra<ve, at the head of the Britijh, prefled their march 
 as much as poflible ; no troops could fliew more eagernefs to get 
 up, than they (hewed. Many of the men, from the heat of the 
 weather, and over-fl:raining themfelves to get on, through morafly 
 and very difficult ground, dropped down on their march. 
 
 General Mofiyn^ who was at the head of the Britifl) cavalry 
 that was formed on the right of our infantry, on the other fide f 
 1 large wood, upon receiving the Dukiz orders to come up with 
 the cavalry as fail as poflible, made fo much expedition, bringing 
 them up at a full trot, though the diftance was near five miles, 
 tbt the Britijh cavalry hid the happinefs to arrive in time, to 
 fare the glory of the day, having fuccefsfully charged, feveral 
 times both the enemy's cavalry and infantry. 
 
 I ihould do injuftice to the general officers, to every officer and 
 private man, of the cavalry, if I did not beg your lordfliip would 
 alTure his majefly, that nothing could exceed their gallant beha- 
 viour on that occafion. 
 
 Captain Phillips made fo much expedition with his cannon, as 
 to have an opportunity, by a fevere cannonade, to oblige thofe 
 who had paffed the Dymel, and were formed on the other fide, to 
 retire with the utmofl: precipitation. 
 
 I received his Serene Highnefs's orders yefterday in the evening, 
 to pafs the river after them, with 12 5r////2> battalions, and 10 
 fquadrons ; and am now encamped upon the heights of iniJa, 
 about four miles from Warbourg, on the heights of which their 
 grand army is encamped. 
 
 M. de May is now retiring from the heights of yolkmiffen, where 
 lie lay under arms lad night, towards Wnlfjhagen. I cannot give 
 your Lordfhip an account of the lofs on either fide. Capt. Faucitt, 
 "horn I fend oft* with this, (hall get all intelligence he can upon 
 'his head before he fcts off. 
 
 lam, Iffc. G R A N B Y. 
 '^ O o PS 
 
 ^,tJ*' 
 
 I'i, < \ ;'* I 
 
 ■f' 
 
 ir ' .i 
 
 jl: 
 
290 Tkc History of the War. j^^q 
 
 territories, feized upon Gottingen and Munden, and threa- 
 tened Hanover itielf. In fhort, alnr.oft tlie worft conft« 
 quences which could have arilcn from a defeat followed ai 
 
 viaory J 
 
 P. S. Saturday morning Cix o'clock. I have juft joined the 
 grand army with my detachment. 
 
 [ Capt. Faucitt arrived at Lone/on in the afternoon Auguji 8, and 
 according to a (hort account of this action publifhed in a gazette- 
 extraordinary in the afternoon of the 9th, M Muy'% corps was fup- 
 pofed to be upwards of 35,000 men ; the hereditary Prince's corps 
 when joined to that of Gen. Sporcke, confided of 24 battalions and 
 22 fquadrons. ] 
 
 Total lofs fuftained in the cavalry in killed, wounded and mif- 
 fing, 164. Total lofs fullained in the Grenadiers and Highlandtn] 
 in killed, wounded and miffing, 415. Bombardiers, gunners, and 
 matrolTes, killed, wounded and milfing, 1 1. Total 590. 
 
 His Serene Highnejs Prince Ferdinand's Orders after tht Batth. 
 
 Warbourg Camp, Friday, Aiiguji i, 1760.! 
 
 HIS Serene Highnejs again renews the compliments of thanks, i 
 that he gave in general terms yefterday to the generals, officers, 
 regiments, and corps, who were then engaged, and who, by their 
 valour and excellent conduft, gained fo complete a viftory over the 
 enemy ; and orders his thanks to be publickly given to Lord 
 Granby, under whofe orders the Britijh cavalry periformed pro- 
 digies of valour, which they could not fail of doing, having his 
 Lordfliip at their head, and the other general officers of the Britijh 
 cavalry, who by their examples (hewed the troops they led to the 
 charge, how much they afted with an aftonifliing cou"age, and a 
 prefence of mind not to be equalled. His Serene High.iejs is much 
 obliged to them, and gives infinite thanks as well to them, as to 
 all the officers in generrl, and in particular io the whole Briix^) 
 cavalry, and principally : o Lieutenant-Colonel Johnfon ofConnuays 
 regiment; the family ofLordGranby, in particular Capt. ^^ttf^«H, 
 arc hereby defired to receive the fame compliment of thanks, as 
 ther conftantly attended Lord Granhy in the different attacks of 
 th'j cavalry, and executed his Lordlhip's orders in the mofl: punc- 
 tual manner. 
 
 The corps of brave Grenadiers, who fo much contributed to 
 the glorious fuccefs of the day, receive by this the juft praife 
 due to them. His Serene Highnefs cannot enough acknowledge 
 how much efteciii and regard he has for them : He orders his beil 
 thanks to i^ieutgnant-Colonel Beckioith^ and Major Maxnuejl, ^i 
 ■ '" '- ■ ' -' '■' " alfo 
 
\ 
 
 4o. The History of the War. 291 
 
 Hclory ; and whilft in England we gave a loofe to our joy 
 Lnthe fuccefs of our arms, the French were taking the 
 Imoft important places of our allies. 
 
 The faft was that Prince Ferdinand muft have been fen- 
 „ble, that in quitting his camp at Kaile, and taking port to 
 the northward of the Dymel, he in a great i leafure laid 
 open Caflel and the whole territory of Hefle to the French ; 
 nay, that by this movement nothing was left to hinder their 
 entering the Hanoverian dominions on the right of the 
 Wel'cr. But notwithftanding thefe rifques, the flep he 
 
 O o 2 took 
 
 ilfo to the three Captains of the 5r/Vr/& artillery, Phillips^ M'Bainet 
 ijiiStei>ens, who fo well managed their artillery. All the re- 
 giments under the command of his Serene Highnefs the Hereditary 
 Prince, and Lieut. Geu. Spon^en, irom the Generals down to the 
 niivate men, are particularly thanked by his Serene Highnefs, 
 for the good conduct and courage with which they fought 
 Tffterday. 
 
 Major-General Bredenbeck, at the head of Cope^ regiment, who 
 fignalized himfelf lo much, is efpecially thanked, as is Colonel 
 HunJy of the Hejfxan artillery, by whofe care his artillery was fo 
 well managed. 
 
 Major Bulo'Wy with the Britijh Legion manoeuvred the whole 
 diyin the face of the enemy, and who did them infinite damage, 
 \i\%S)erene Highnefs returns him many thanks, and afl'ures him that 
 he fudll, on s.li occafions, retain a proper fenfe thereof. In fine, 
 his Serene Highnefs gives many thanks to thofe who accompanied 
 his perfon, as well as thofe of his fuite, particularly to the brave 
 Capt. Winfenrood, who is very much wounded ; Capt. Carpenter, 
 greatly contributed to the taking of feveral of the enemy's cannon ; 
 Count Z)rtM/mw, who was inftrumental in making prifoners a great 
 numbi.'r of Fifcher'^ corps; Capt. Sloper, Major of brigade Hor- 
 Jinh.rg ; and Capt. Matlortie ; who at all times executed with 
 alacrity and exaftnefs the orders they received from him. 
 
 His Serene Highnefs defires that on the firft occafion the army 
 will return thanks to the Almighty for the fuccefs of yefterday, 
 and flatters himfelf that by his alliftance and the bravery fliewed 
 yefterday, we fhall in the end overcome every obflacle that offers. 
 
 IVfirbourg Camp, Saturday, Augufi 2, i 760, 
 His Serene Highnefs orders that a particular compliment be 
 made to Lieutenant-Colonel Sloper, for his behaviour and bravery 
 in the affair of the 31ft of July : he likewife dcfires his thanks to 
 be given to Lieutenant-Colonel Clinton, adting as aid-de-can)p to 
 his Serene Highnefs the Hereditary Prince. 
 
 MM^ 
 
 
 iff ' -Sv 
 
 
 
292 7he History of the War. i-jg^ 
 
 took was prudent, and even neccdary. Had he fufFerH 
 the progrcls of the Chevalier de Muy, on the Dymel ; i^ad 
 he permitted him to ftrengthen his polls upon that river 
 his communication with Weftphali i had heen inevitably cut 
 ofF, and of courfe his fphcre of fubfiitcnce greatly ftreipl> 
 tened. It would have had a wor!";- cfTect. For he niuf^ 
 have entirely loft the command o the Wefer, without 
 which he could not have ftood his ground a moment; and 
 he would on that lofs have found himfclf compelled to re.ire 
 into the heart of Hanover, where he muit neceffarih he 
 ftreightencd in his winter cantonments, and where a blow 
 of any confequence mud he decifive againft him. 
 
 He therefore fought the battle of Warbourg though he 
 loft all HelTe by his viftory ; and he would not quit his pofts 
 on the Dymel, though he faw Gottingen and Munden in 
 the hands of the French. He was not to be frighted from 
 his fteady and well chofen plan, by vain rumours or threat- 
 ening appearances. He was by no means in a condition to 
 make large detachments ; it was therefore neceflary to fa- 
 crifice fomething ; and he made the fmalleft facrifice that 
 circumftances would admit. For he forefaw that the French 
 army v/hilft he kept his pofition on the Dymcl, could not 
 poflibly take up their quarters in Hanover, or even aft there 
 in any conftderable body, and for any corfiderable time, 
 without fubjefting themfelves to the fame or greater incon- 
 veniencies than thofe to which he would have been himfelf 
 liable, had he in defending Hefte fuffered them to occupy 
 thofe critical pofts on f:he Uyi'icl. He knew farther, that 
 it Avould prove extremely dangerous for them to hazard 
 themfelves beyond Gottingen ; and that it would be more 
 difficult for the Fren .h army to fnpport themfelves in that 
 advanced poft, than for him to annoy them there. 
 
 It is poilible that reafons fomewhat like the foregoing, 
 together with odiers probably far more cogent, might have 
 determined that great commander to this conduct. But 
 whilll: he fecured that middle communication and aded upon 
 the dcfenfive plan, the troops were not idle ; his detach- 
 ments a6led in many parts with fpirit and effefl:. But we 
 muft deier for a while the narrative of thefe actions, being 
 called from this part of the theatre to the eaftern parts of 
 Germany, where about this time fcenes of greater eclat 
 were opened. ^ • :, , . 
 
 . ,.. . , ^ -^^ ^ - y, CHAP- 
 
4o. 
 
 The History of the War. 
 . C H A P. VI. 
 
 ^93 
 
 Ivuhbn blocks up Schiveidnitz. Rujfians enter Silr/ra, 
 March of the King of Pruffia from Saxony to Lignitz. 
 Junction of the Aujirian armies in Silefta. The Ru[/ians 
 pr.fs the Oder. Plan of M. Daun. Laudohn defeated 
 iiccr Lignitz. Daun forms the blockade of Sch'^vridniiz. 
 Compelled to raife it. Adion between General Hul fen ar.d 
 the army of the Empire. Intercepted letter jrom the King 
 rf Fruffia to the Marquis of Ar gens. 
 
 FROM the time that the King of Pruffia found hinif<:lf 
 compelled to raife the fiege of Drefden, it was evident 
 that he could have no hopes of a6ling in Saxony to any 
 pod purpofe. The bufy part of the campaign came on faft. 
 Though Prince Henry had obliged Laudohn to retire from 
 Brefiaw; that general, able, and lately viftorious, was ftill 
 formidable ; he kept Neifle and Schweidnitz blocked up ; 
 and wanted to effcft a jun£llon with the Ruffians, by which 
 he propofed to give the final blow to the king's power in 
 LSilefia. The Ruffians had now actually arrived in the fron- 
 tier parts of that province, and wanted but a very few days 
 cafy march to compleat that fatal and long dreaded jun6tion. 
 At the fame time another body of RulTians had penetrated 
 into Pomerania ; laid all the defencelefs parts under con- 
 tribution ; and threatened the fiegc of -Colberg. The Swedifh 
 army, faid to confifl of 22,000 men, commenced alfo, the' 
 with lefs vigour, their operations. In all that country the 
 Kitig of Pruffia had not 5000 men to oppofe them. 
 
 In thefe circuniflances a plan of mere defence would have 
 proved altogether without efie6t. The King of Pruffia had 
 but two armies ; and it was neceffiiry that one of them, at 
 leatl, fhould make the mofl rapid and fudden movements to 
 oppufc fo many combinations. On the fide of Silefia the 
 danger fccmed more preifmg, and accordingly he 
 marched to its relief; advanced near two hundred July 30. 
 miles, and left Marfhal Daun, who had confider- 
 ably the flart, far behind him. This march would have 
 liten thought an artonifhing exploit in a partizan at the 
 head of a (mail and difencumbercd corps : but that a nume- 
 rous army clogged with its artillery, with above two thou- 
 land waggons, Ihould in that time traverfc fuch a fpace, 
 
 fhould 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 I Hi 
 
 ;l 
 
 
 ifiS'li 
 
294 '^^^^ History of the War. \>^^^ 
 
 fhould pafs the Elbe, the Spree, the Neiflfe, the Queifs, anj 
 the Bobcr, five confidcrable rivers; that they ihoiild effect 1 
 all this, with one army of the enemy on one fide of its 
 flanks, another behind, and with a third in its front (the 
 adual pofition of the Auftrians in Lufatia) was an a^^jon 
 rcfcrved for, and only to be expected from the Kina of I 
 Prufl'ia. The attempt itfelf could have been jiiftified onlv 
 by nccefllty ; and the neceility was urgent. The Ruffians 
 approached. M. Daun followed towards Silefia ; and the 
 king could hardly prom.ife himfclf fuccefs, but from a 
 match of fuch rapidity, as might enable him to try his for- 
 tune with General Laudohn, before the triple junftion he 
 apprehended had made his enemies irrefiftable. But not- 
 withftanding the hopes conceived from this march, before 
 the king could come to an action three bodies of Auflrians 
 had joined, Laudohn's, Daun's, andLacy's; and extending 
 themfelves along the Katiliach, a river which falls into the 
 Oder, occupied all the ground from Parchwitz to Coflcn- 
 tlau, a fpace of little lefs than thirty Ivnglifh miles. Rutin 
 this extent their ports were every where ftrong, and their 
 communications eafy. The king's camp was at Lignitz. 
 It was in vain that for fevcraldays he attempted, by various 
 devices, to detach one body of the enemy from the ret), or 
 to turn their Hanks and attack them at difadvantagc. The 
 nature of the ground or the (kill of the oppofite gcncrajj 
 always dilappointcd him. 
 
 At length M. Daun took himfclf the offenfive party. The 
 advantage of his fituation, and the fupcriority of his num- 
 bers, prevailed over his cautious nature to rifquc an attack. 
 It was therefore refolved, after the lituation of Li'gnit/ h;id 
 been well reconnoitred, all circumftances maturely weiphcii, 
 and the deiign communicated to the other generals, to at- 
 tempt the King of Pruflui in his camp, with the united 
 llriMigth of the three r.rmies. To enfure fuccefs beyond a 
 doubt, it was determined that this attempt fhould be made 
 by furpri/.e, and tb.crefore in the night. M. Daun remem- 
 bered the bad guard which had been kept by the PrulTians; 
 and the advantaue, which in the year 1758 he derived from 
 a night attack at the battle of f^ochkirchen. 
 
 In conltcjuencc of this plan the whole army, as foon as it 
 flTould begin to grow dark, was to march from their fevcral 
 polls to fuch fituations as were marked out for each corps; 
 they were to llrike their tents, but yet to keep up the fires 
 
 in 
 
ii^oo. Tbe History of the War. * 295 
 
 ,, their camps, and to have the drums beat the tattoo 
 |i;iilual. 
 
 Some time after Marfhal Daun had begun to move, to 
 
 [iiisalloniihmcnt the patroles he had fent out returned with 
 
 I [he account, that they had met no out-poih. As foon as 
 
 I jiv broke and the army had advanced, their apprehcnfious 
 
 ftcre confirmed. They were difappointed in their dcfign, 
 
 [here was no enemy in the camp ; but when they cart their 
 
 fvcj trom thence, they could perceive at a didance the 
 
 riling ot a thick fmokc, which left them no room to doubt 
 
 iJKit their fortune was t!ien on the point of decifion, by ;i 
 
 part of their forces only, and that the King and Baron 
 
 l.uidohn were at tliat moment hotly engaged ; Daun could 
 
 onlv look on and wait the event. 
 
 On the 13th of July the king was in his camp at Lignlt/, 
 ttlun he received advice that the Ruflian army of 24,000 
 men, under Count Cz,ernichcw, had thrown bridges over 
 the Oder, at a place called Auras, and that they were to 
 pals the river on that very day. He fufpeOed alfo, that 
 the enemy had formed the dcfign of a general attack. 
 Troops which have been a long time oppcfed to each other 
 can reciprocally gucfs at each other's defigns ; the method 
 ui'cil by the enemies generals grow familiar, and the Icafl 
 motion they make difclofes their defigns. 
 
 This is the account the Prullians gave of the means by 
 whicli they came to a knowledge of M. Daun's projects. 
 I he Auftrians attributed this difcovery, not to the Prulli.m 
 figarity, but to intelligence given by deferters. 
 
 Whatever the means were by which the King of PrufTM 
 hicamc fufpicious of this defign, it is certain, that he took 
 the moil early, the moll vigorous, and the moftefFe6live mea- 
 lurcs to defeat it. He was thoroughly fenfible of the danger 
 he run of being furroundf;d, if he continued in his port at 
 Ligniiz, ; out of that very defign, which was calculated for 
 his ruin, his genius drew a new means of fafety. He faw 
 at a i';l.uice, that the plan which the enemy had formed to 
 liirround him, at the fame time, necelfardy divided their 
 own ormics. And this divifion was the great objedrl he had 
 purfiicd fo long, and thro' fuch difcourag'ng difappoint- 
 mcnts. His only bufinefs was to prevent their reuniting in 
 a general attack upon his quarters. Therefore in the very 
 v-'venins', calculated for the attempt on his camp, he quitted 
 It witii as much privacy as the enemy had propofcd to attack 
 
 it. 
 
 1^1 
 
 ^sit^'^.s 
 
 ''lit' 
 
 
2C)6 The History of the War. lyg^^ 
 
 it, niarcheil and took an advantageous poft on the way 
 throi!L>;!i wliich I.audohn was to pafs. 
 
 And now the decifive hour approached, in which he was i 
 to put to the rifque as great a llake as had been plaved tcr' 
 iinee the Ix-ginnino; ot the war. No vulgar advantai'c 
 would fuffice in his fnnation, and that very fituation in fopu' 
 fort difablcd him from attaining a great one. After tonr 
 bloody canipaigns, and the viciifiLudes of a fuccefs In all it, 
 changes exhauiring, his old corps was nearly annihilat(:>: 
 Thoie who fuccecded to their places, had fcarcely fecn the 
 brilliant times of the king's fortune ; and they inheiin,) 
 neither the fevere difcipline, nor the undaunted fpirit of t!;,; 
 firfl: companions of his hopes ; they were new to fervid 
 yet difpirited with defeats. The king himfelf gave life to 
 the whole, he alone was to reflify a thoufand faults, and to 
 fupply a thoufand deficiencies. 
 
 The port which he chofe, was fuch, as whilft it llopped 
 the progrefs of Laudohn in front, if Daun fliould attempt 
 his rear, would from the nature of the ground lay him un- 
 der great difficulties. This rear he further flrengthencd 
 with feveral batteries. As foon as his army was drawn up, 
 he divided it, leaving his right on the ground, where it had 
 been formed to obferve Marflial Daun and to maintain that 
 pod ; whilfl: with his left he turned in order to fall iinon 
 the corps under L.audohn. No difpofitions could have been 
 made with a more perfetl fls.ill. 
 
 Mean time 1 «audohn was advancing fafl: to the fnare which 
 had been laid for him. Already he had palFed the Katf- 
 bach, and was moving towards Lignitz, full of the hope^ 
 of no fmall fliare in the jjiory of giving the final blow to 
 the King of PrulTia, and had advanced as far as the village 
 of PfafFendorf, when by three in the morning, the dav- 
 light began to dawn ; a thick fog that had covered all the 
 adjacent grounds fuddenly cleared up, and like the opening 
 of a great fcene difclofed at once the whole PrufTian army, 
 regularly embattled, advantageoufly ported, furniflicd with 
 a dreadful and well-placed artillery. 
 
 He was now come full upon his enemy. It 
 Aug. 15. was impofTible to recede; the furprlze he intend- 
 ed was turned upon himfelf. But this able gene- 
 ral, though furprifed, was not difordered. The befl diipo- 
 fitions were made that the time would admit ; a fliarp ami 
 cbflinate combat began; which continued without giving 
 
 way 
 
iy6o. The History of the War. 297 
 
 Lay on either fide, until fix. The King of Prufiia exerted 
 himfelf with incredible diligence to preferve an uniform 
 llrength in every part of his line, and hazarded his own fife 
 Liih a daring, which nothing but his fituation could excufe 
 from temerity. His cloaths were Ihot through in feveral 
 places, his horfe was killed under him. But all thefe trou- 
 bles and dangers were fully compenfated by the efforts of 
 liis troops, who maintained fo fteady a fire, and pufhed the 
 Auftrians with fo much ardour, that they at laft gave 
 sroiind, and retreated with precipitation, though not with- 
 out fomc order, towards the Katfbach. 
 
 The king purfued them to this river, and no further. 
 His advantage as it was gained by the moft vigorous fteps, 
 I'o bounds were fet to the ardour of improving it with 
 the moft guarded caution. He feared if he purfued his 
 fuccefs too far, it might disjoin the part of the army en- 
 pged from that which he had left to obferve M. Daun ; 
 and perhaps give that general an opportunity of taking a 
 levere revenge on the right, for the fucceflcs of the left. 
 Notwithftanding this referve of the king, (a referve, the 
 want of which was formerly the only failing in his mi- 
 litary character, but which his misfortunes had now per- 
 fectly taught him,) notwithftanding, I fay he did not pufti 
 his good fortune againft Baron Laudohn to the utmoft, 
 the victory was compleat, glorious, and adorned with all 
 the trophies. By their own confefllon, the Auftrians loft 
 upwards of 6000 men, killed, wounded and prifoners. 
 The Pruflians made it afmount, and not without proba- 
 bility to 10,000. Among the prifoners, were two gene- 
 rals, and 84 officers ; 82 pieces of cannon and 7^3 pair of 
 colours were taken. On the fide of the conquerors, five 
 hundred were killed, and 1200 wounded. 
 
 With regard to Silefia, the victory near Lignitz produced 
 iome moft immediate, and moft ufeful effefts. Although 
 M. Daun, not difpirited with his late mifadventure, and 
 only foUicitous to repair his lofs, had detached a ftrong corps 
 under Prince Lowenftein, and Gen. Beck to ftrengthen the 
 RulTians and encourage them to advance. Count Czerni- 
 chew was fo intimidated with the late defeat of the Auftri- 
 ans, that he rcpalTed the Oder by the fame bridges on which 
 he had lately crofled it. 
 
 Thus one great end of the King of PrulTia's march was 
 obtained. lie prevented the dreaded jun6) ion of thofe two 
 
 P p powers. 
 
 
 •V'i 
 
 n' «n 
 
298 ^he History of the War. ^-^^^q 
 
 powers. In the other part of his defign, he did not fo 
 perfectly fucceed. M. Daun fince the afition of Pfaffendorf 
 could indeed make no progrefs in Silcfia ; but on the other 
 hand, the king was not able entirely to drive him out of 
 that province. The Auftrians even after their defeat, far 
 fupcrior to the king, had been befides largely reinforced. 
 The emprefs exerted all her power, to remove the ill effect 
 this late check might have had on the reputation of herarms- 
 at the fame time that fhe augmented her troops, fhe com- 
 forted and encouraged Baron Laudohn, and by a very gene- 
 rous and gracious letter let him fee, that (lie was not a fover- 
 eign, in whofe mind a late misfortune cancels the memory of 
 part fervices. In the praifcs which this letter beftowed on 
 Laudohn, feveral were of opinion, was couched an indireft 
 ccnfure on the condiift of Count Daun, the (lownefs ot 
 whofe temper fo ill agreed with the ardour of her ambition, 
 and with thefe great hopes, u*hich the number of hef 
 forces, and the llrength of her alliance had encouraged 
 her to entertain. 
 
 The king after this vi6tory joined his brother Prince 
 Henry at Newmarcke. One part of that Prince's army 
 under General Goltze had parted the Oder to obferve the 
 Ruffians, who fince the repafling that river, feemed to direft 
 their motions northward. The king being ftrengthened by 
 this jun6lion, and having his communication with Bredaw 
 clear, marched againft Daun, who had begun to form the 
 blockade of Schweidnitz, fell upon a corps under General 
 Beck ; made two battalions of Croats prifoners, difperfed 
 feveral fquadrons, and by this lively affair obliged the enemy's 
 grand army to raife the blockade, and by a precipitate re- 
 treat, to take refuge in the mountains of Landfhut. 
 
 Whilil his majefly was thus exerting the moit heroic ef- 
 forts in defence of Silefia ; Gen. Hulfen, who commanded 
 for him in Saxony, feconded his endeavours in that quarter 
 with uncommon bravery and fucccfs. The army of die 
 empire had formed a delign of cutting him off from Tor- 
 gau. To fruftrate their intentions, that general quitted his 
 camp at Meiffcn, and marched to Strehla. The enemy 
 divided into two bodies ; one attacked an advanced poll: 
 ilbout a cannon lliot from his camp upon every fide, with 
 
 -' the greateft fury from day break to fix in the 
 
 Aug. 20. morning, whilfl another corps was fo placed as 
 .. i .^ to keep his camp in awe, and to prevent his 
 
 attempting 
 
,-760. The History of the War. 299 
 
 attempting any thing for the relief of the advanced port. 
 Gen. Hulfen faw that unlefs he could fpeedily do fomething 
 for its fuccour, that body muft inevitably perifh. He there- 
 fore in this exigency, gave orders to his cavalry to make a 
 circuit round an height ; and to charge if poffible the ene- 
 Piies Fink. This order was executed with the utmoft 
 promptitude and fpirit. The Iniperialifts were charged on 
 their flanks ; their battalions and horfe were thrown upon 
 one another in confufion, and 41 officers and 1200 men 
 were made prifoners. The lofs of the Pruflians was incon- 
 fiderable. Gen. Hulfen by this advantage, was enabled to 
 encamp under Torgau, while he retreated through an ap- 
 prehenfion, as the grand army of the Imperialifts was com- 
 ing up, that he might be cut off from his commu.ncation 
 with the Elbe. This retreat made the Auilrians magnify 
 the affair into a vi6tory on their fide ; but the circumftances 
 render the Pruffian account much more probable. 
 
 Fortune feemed once more to '?ave fmiled, after a long 
 interval of gloom on the King of Fruflia's affairs ; and the 
 reputation of his arms began to revive. But the viSories 
 he obtained, though glorious, were decifive of little more 
 than the field upon which they were fought. They were 
 far from having lowered the power of the enemy to an 
 equality with his. And the movements he made to gain 
 thofe advantages, and to protefl one part of his dominions 
 neceffarily expofed the reft. The enemy was able to de- 
 tach without end ; and whilft bodies of RuiTians traverfed 
 the-IjiOWer ISilefia, feveral corps of Auftrians fcoured Lufa- 
 tia; and thus together they broke off all regular commu- 
 nication between the king's army and his hereditary domi- 
 nions, and of courfe between him and his general Hulfen, 
 who with very unequal forces was flruggling to fecure 
 Saxony ; a country in which there are towns indeed forti- 
 fied ; but fortified for the greater part in fuch a manner, 
 as to be little more than fnares for increafing the number 
 of prifoners, by betraying defcncelefs garrifons into the 
 hands of an enemy fuperior in the field. 
 
 In this fituation, the king is faid to have wrote a letter 
 to the celebrated (i) Marq. d'Argens, very pathetick, and 
 very defcriptivc of his condition, and of his frame of mind 
 under thofe prcffures. This letter is faid to have been in- 
 
 P p 2 tcrcepted 
 
 (i) Author of the Jew'fli Spy, &c. and now refident at Berlin. 
 
 It."'*' f, 
 
 
 
 
Hi 
 
 i 
 
 'I . 
 
 ooo 
 
 The History of the War. lyg^ 
 
 tercepted by a Ruffian detachment, a induftrioufly fpread 
 about :n order to dif-fpirit his friends. On that account fome 
 have fufpc6led its authenticity. But the letter is furely 
 highly confonant to hiscircumllances, and fufficiently agree- 
 able to his general manner of writing: fo that we do not 
 think ourfelves difpenfed with inferting it in this place. 
 ** Formerly, my dear marquis, the affair of the 15th of 
 Auguft would have decided a campaign. At prefcnt that 
 aftion is no more than a fcratch ; a great battle muil 
 determine our fate. We fhall have one, according to all 
 appearances, very foon, and then, it the event is favour- 
 " able to us, we may rejoice. It required many flratagems 
 and much addrefs to bring things to this pafs. Don't 
 talk to me of danger ; the laft adion coll me only a fuit 
 of cloaths and a horfe. This is buying vidory very 
 cheap. 
 
 ** I have not had the letter which you mention. We 
 are in a manner blocked up, in regard to correfpondence, 
 by the Ruffians on one fide the Oder, and by the Au- 
 " ftrians on the other. A fmall Ikirmifh was neceflary to 
 ** clear the way for Cocceii (2) ; I hope that he will deli- 
 " ver you my letter ; I never was, in the courfe of my 
 ** life, in a more embarraffing fituation than in this cam- 
 ** paign. Believe me, nothing lefs than a miracle is ftill 
 *' necefiarv to extricate me from the difficulties that I fore- 
 " fee. I ihall certainly do my duty when occafion offers, 
 ** but, my dear marquis, always remember that I pretend 
 " not to command fortune, and that I am obliged, in my 
 ** projects, to leave too much to chance, for want of be- 
 ** ing able to form any more folid. I have the labours of 
 a Hercules to undergo, at a time of life when my ftrength 
 fails me, my infirmities increafe, and, to fpeak the truth, 
 when hope, the only confolation of the unhappy, begins 
 to defert me. You are not fufficiently acquainted with 
 ** the circumllances of aflPairs to have a clear idea of all the 
 *' dangers which threaten the ftate ; I know, but conceal 
 them ; I keep all my fears to myfelf, and only commu- 
 nicate to the public my hopes, or the little good news 
 
 " that 
 
 it 
 
 n 
 
 €C 
 (( 
 (( 
 
 It 
 it 
 
 ft 
 
 €t 
 ft 
 tt 
 
 «( 
 it 
 
 (2) The aid-dc-camp, who was charged with this letter, and 
 who came to England with the news of the above mentioned 
 aftion : In our papers, it is tranflated Stoge Coach, from the fmi!- 
 litude, probably, of the word Cochcr, 
 
s letter, and 
 re nientioiH'd 
 rom the liaii- 
 
 Borii ^4 Jan 11 a I'Y 1*711 i% 
 
 pP 
 
 I 
 
 ^'-■ 
 
 'l'4 
 
 
 < t/nTjFTurJ 
 
^ ^ ,'.) 
 
 
 ,^6o. 'I'^f Hi 
 
 « that I can acquaint 
 If ditate fucceeds, th 
 •' enough to exprefs 
 « ter ourfelves, for f 
 (' dejeft us too mucF 
 
 «« I lead here the 1 
 « to think of about 
 « devote to Uteratur 
 « of the conful, the 1 
 « I know not if I f 
 « mined, in cafe it ; 
 « days in retiremer 
 « friend (hip. 
 
 « When our corr 
 « oblige me by writi 
 « we (hall have our 
 " law were deftroye 
 « envy us every thii 
 « breathe. They r 
 « if it is fafe, it will 
 
 " Well, my dear 
 « with France ? Y< 
 " you imagined. 1 
 " ry, to pleafe the ( 
 « that Prince Ferdi 
 " 7£al. The office 
 « diers, will be mat 
 « ders will fufFer nc 
 
 " Thefe are the 
 " I was in a writinj 
 " left I (hould tire y 
 " my dearejl marqu 
 
 * To authenticate 
 this letter was fliown 
 And 2. That the coj 
 a friend at Magdebur 
 
1760. ^he History of the War. 301 
 
 « that I can acquaint them with. If the blow that I me- 
 <( ditate fucceeds, then, my dear marquis, it will be time 
 " enough to exprefs our joy : but till then, let us not flat- 
 « ter ourfelves, for fear fome unexpected bad news (hould 
 « dejeft us too much. 
 
 «« I lead here the life of a military monk. I have much 
 « to think of about my affairs, and the reft of my time I 
 (' devote to literature, which is my confolation, as it was 
 « of the conful, the father of his country and of eloquence. 
 <* I know not if I Ihall furvive this war, but I am deter- 
 « mined, in cafe it Ihould happen, to pafs the reft of my 
 « days in retirement, in the bofom of philofophy and 
 « friendfhip. 
 
 «' When our correfpondence fliall be more open, you'll 
 « oblige me by writing more frequently. I know not where 
 « we ft^iall have our winter-quarters. My houfes at Bref- 
 « law were deftroyed by the bombardment. Our enemies 
 « envy us every thing, even day-Ught and the air that we 
 « breathe. They muft however leave us fome place, and 
 « if it is fafe, it will be a treat to receive you there. 
 
 " Well, my dear marquis, what is become of the peace 
 " with France ? Your nation, you fee, is more blind, than 
 " you imagined. Thofe fools lofe Canada, and Pondicher- 
 " ry, to pleafe the Queen and the Czarina. Heaven grant 
 « that Prince Ferdinand may well reward them for their 
 " zeal. The officers, innocent of thefe evils, and the fol- 
 « diers, will be made the victims, and the illuftrious ofFen- 
 " ders will fufFer nothing. 
 
 " Thefe are the fubjeds which offer themfelves to me. 
 « I was in a writing vein, but I fee that I muft conclude, 
 " left I ftiould tire you and negleft my own bufinefs. Adieu, 
 " my dearejl marquis. 1 embrace you^ ^f." * 
 
 * To authenticate the above it may be proper to add i . That 
 this letter was Ihown at Bath and London by M. Cocceii himlelf. 
 And 2. That the copy here printed was fent to the tranflator by 
 a friend at Magdeburg belonging to the court. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
 mm 
 
 i IfV t 1 
 
 
 hi "^^ . V 
 
S02 
 
 l> 
 
 The History of the War. 
 CHAP. VII. 
 
 1760 
 
 
 *^1 
 
 Situation of the French and Englifj armies. Hereditar'A 
 Frircc jurprifes a body of French in Ziercnherg. GeneraA 
 Bulo-v takes Marpurg. Defeated by Mou(ieur StainvilleA 
 General IVangenheim p'jj/es and is obliged to repafs thA 
 IVcJer. French retire Jrom Mulhaufen to Cajfel. Here-] 
 ditary Prince marches to the Rhiney pajfes that rivcr\ 
 Cleves taken. V/efcl beftcged. Englijh expedition. M. 
 Caflries forms an army on the Rhine. Battle of Campen. 
 Jellies defeated. Hereditary Prince repojfes the Rhine, 
 Siege of IVcfel raifed. Death and eulogiinn of Geor^r the 
 II. AccefJlon of George III. and his rcjolution of fvpp'j^t- 
 iiig his allies. 
 
 WE leave the King of PrufTia to thefe thoughts, in or- 
 der to return to the armies on the Wefer. Prince 
 Fcrilinand was not miftaken, in imagining that Gottingen 
 would prove the utmoft bound of the French progrefs into 
 Hanover. After they had fecured that place with a ftrpng 
 garrifon, the grand army of ?vl. Broglio moved towards.the 
 rcferve which had been defeated, and pitched his camp at 
 Dicrenbcrg, a place within a fmall diftance of the allies, 
 who ever fnice the battle continued to occupy Warbourg, 
 the Dymcl running between the two armies. In this fitu- 
 ation they continued for about a month. 
 
 The Hereditary Prince, who was ever in motion, and 
 continually hovering now on one fide, nov/ on the other of 
 t!ie French camp, in one of his excurfions had perceived 
 that the French, according to their ufual negligence, were 
 'not very exa6l in their out-pofts and patrols. He had alfo 
 received intelligence, that they had thrown a corps of.horfe 
 and .foot, confifting of fomething more than two thoufand 
 iiieh, into the town of Zicrenberg, a place furrounded 
 ,wiih fome damaged walls. 
 
 ■ From thefe lights, he refolved upon the furprize of this 
 body, and accordingly made his difpofitions for this bold 
 attempt, in the manner following ; firfl, he ordered a body 
 of his light troops to turn the town of Zierenberg, and to 
 take poll between it and Darienberg, in order to intercept 
 any that I'hould attempt paiUng to the camp of the enemy. 
 Next he poft'.d at proper dillances eight fquadrons of dra- 
 goons, 
 
I'he WiSTOKW of the ^ \VL. 30? 
 
 Ijoons, two battalions of grenadiers, and one regiment of 
 loot, on the road between his own camp and the place 
 nhich was to be attacked, with a view to cover his retreat, 
 in cafe he fhould be rcpulffd and purfued. With the reft 
 [olhis foot, confifting for the greater part of Englifli, he 
 marched with the utmoft caution and diligence towards the 
 town. ' I 
 
 When they had arrived within two miles, they Sept 5. 
 divided into three bodies, which took three difFer- 
 ent routs, by wTiich the place was compleatly furrounded. 
 At eight in the evening, they fet out from Warbourg, and 
 came before this place at two the following morning. Not- 
 ttithftanding the precautions taken, the trampling of the 
 troops over the gardens gave the alarm to a guard of the 
 enemies dragoons, who imr lediately began to fire. Strid: 
 orders had been given to proceed with as little alarm as 
 poilible, and to referve their fire ; and fuch was the delibe- 
 rate courage, fuch the perfecl d'fcipline of the Englilh gre- 
 nadiers, that they fuftained this fire, pufhed on with bayo- 
 nets, drove back the enemiv'.s piquets, killed the guard at 
 the gate, and entered the town along with the fugitives, 
 without the leafl: noife, hurry, or confufion. Never was 
 furprize more compleat. ' . . 
 
 The column of the Englifh grenadiers having forced the 
 gate, advanced regularly with their bayonets fixed, and 
 without firing a mufquet, by the two ftreets that led to the 
 church-yard, (which being the only open part of the town, 
 ferved the French as a place of arms,) killing or taking a 
 great number of thofe who ran from the houfes towards 
 this rendezvous ; and thus they advanced with the greateft 
 order and the moft profound filence, until they reached the 
 church-yard. The night was fo dark that they formed by 
 the fide of the French, who for a \ hile took them to be 
 their own picquets that had affembled ; but they were foon 
 undeceived ; a fierce encounter with bayonets enfued, iii' 
 which the French were quickly obliged to give way. 
 
 Two regiments of the enemif 5 dragoons endeavoured to* 
 fly to the gate that led to their camp ; but they found it oc- 
 cupied by 400 grenadiers, who drove them back with their 
 bayonets ; forced from hence, they fled to another gate ; 
 there they were repulfed with a {harp fire of fmall arms. 
 Then they were compelled lo feparate ; and flying at ran- 
 dom as fortune and the night dire^ed, made their efcape 
 . '.I- at 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 ^„, 
 
 
 7 - 
 
 
si 
 
 304 I'he History of the War. ^%q\ 
 
 at the fcvcral breaches of the wall. The prince was mafJ 
 tcr of the place in about an hour ; but the nearnefs of thcl 
 French camp and the approach of day prevented as lonp al 
 continuance in the place as he wifhcd for reaping the full 
 fruits of his vi<5lory ; therefore about three o'clock he be- 
 gan his retreat, carrying off" two pieces of cannon, 36 off. 
 cers, and between tour and 500 private men. The ilaiigh! 
 tcr of the enemy was conliderable. The prince reacht^d hi J 
 tamp without the lead moleffation in his retreat. 
 
 If we confider the difficulty oi this attempt, very few 1 
 have been bolder; if we examine the difpofitions, noncj 
 could be conduded with greater wifdom ; if we attend to 
 the behaviour of the troops, we ihall no where find an ex- 
 ample of more exaft obedience, difcipline and couraire. 
 To attack fo large a body of the enemy, fo ftrongly ported 
 within afmall league of their grand camp, to march fo far in 
 that critical lituation, and in a very dark night, to divide intu 
 fo many parts, yet to a£t witii fo much order and fo entire 
 a concert, was certainly an exploit of the very firff rank • 
 and though not of any great impo-tance in its confequences, 
 is fo admirable in its condud anu execution, that it well 
 deferves to be told at the length we have given it. This 
 added greatly to the reputation of the Britifli foldiers as 
 troops, and no lefs to their honour as men, by the huma- 
 nity they fliewed to their prifoncrs, and the generous fcn- 
 timents of the common fort with regard to moncv; ;,'■ 
 there were feveral noble inftances that night of their refu 
 fing to take any thing from their prifcners, who had offer 
 ed them their purfes. They loft but ten men. 
 
 From this time the operations of the two armies, whiih 
 for a time feemed to languifh, were renewed with freih vi- 
 gour. Prince Ferdinand perceived, that whiUl the Frenth 
 communication with the Rhine and with Frankfort on the 
 Maine continued open, it muft prove to little purpofe to 
 attempt any thing either for the relief of Gottingen or Gt- 
 fel. Their progrefs indeed into Hanover had been check- 
 ed ; but whilft ever they continued in fo advanced a pofiti- 
 on, it was evidently impoflible to prevent their making ve- 
 ry ruinous inroads into that country. To force them to a 
 battle againft their inclination, would be difficult, and the 
 attempt itfelf dangerous. There remained but one method. 
 which was to make frequent and ftrong detachments into 
 the fouthern parts of Hefl'e and Wetteravia, and thus ren- 
 der 
 
l,^6o. Th( History of the War. 307 
 
 Lr precarious the French communication with the Rhine 
 U Maine, from whence they drew the greateft part of 
 Itteir fupplies of all kinds. 
 
 With this intention, he detached general BjIow at the 
 l^d of a flrong corps, who puihed forward towards Mar- 
 Inire, fiirpri'/.ed the town, deftroyed the French ovens, 
 Ifith feveral hundred waggons ot flour, and carried off a 
 Itonfidcrable quantity of cloathing and military ftores. In 
 lie mean time, his light troops fcoured the country in fuch 
 jjmanner as for a while anfwered the great end or the ex- 
 iKdition in breaking the French communication with 
 JFrankfort. Proceeding on this plan he made a further 
 (iBOvement towards Frankenau, which, at length, necefli- 
 hted the French general Stainville, who commanded in 
 ife parts, to quit his pofition, and endeavour to flop the 
 Iffogrefs of this detachment. He came up with 
 jtlieir rear as they were pafling the river Orche, Sept. 13, 
 hod falling upon them at this difadvantage with 
 Ifuperior numbers and great fury, he entirely routed the 
 jrear; and took fome men and a very great number of 
 liiorfes. 
 
 It was to be apprehenc' d that he might have purfued this 
 ladvantage, to the entire ruin of M. Bulow's detachment \ 
 lit the Hereditary Prince by a forced march of five German 
 niles had not arrived time enough to fupport him. On the 
 Iprince's arrival M. Stainville fell back, and took pofleiTion 
 Iota ftrong port in which it was in vain to attack him. 
 
 VVhilft thefe meafures were taking with mixed fuccefs 
 Ifordifquieting the French, and interrupting their commu- 
 Inication to the fouthward of their quarters, like movements 
 jwere made to the northward, to oblige tliC • , if polrble, 
 jto relinquifh their hold on Gottingen. But General "Wan- 
 penheim, who with that defign had crofled the Wefer, 
 land in the beginning had proceeded with no fmall expefta- 
 Itions; but at length he received a fevere check, 
 Iwhich forced him to repafs the river with fome Sept. 19, 
 Iprecipitation. However thefe frequent detach- 
 jments anfwered fo well the end of haraiTmg the French, 
 jthat on the 20th they retired from Immenhaufen, and fell 
 jbacic upon Caflel where they began to entrench themfelves. 
 jPrince Ferdinand followed them clofe ; and the better to 
 lobferve their motions, fixed his quarters as near as he could 
 |lo thofe of enemy. 
 
 
 i , 3 ' i i 
 
 i J ' 'f " fJP 
 
3o8 7*/;? History 0/ z/;^ War. i-jg^i 
 
 But whilft the grand armies thus watched each other! 
 the eyes of Europe were drawn to a different quarter bv 
 a movement equally aftonifhing for its rapidity and myfteJ 
 rious for its defign. The Hereditary Prince of Brunfwickj 
 whom we have fccn but a few days before in the furtheil 
 part of Hefle, fuddenly appeared on the frontiers of the 
 United Provinces, with an army of twenty battalions and. 
 ten fquadrons. One detachment of his troops which had! 
 proceeded on the fide of Dufllldorp, pafTes the Rhincl 
 ^bove Roeroot ; another which had marched throuehl 
 Munfter, pafles it nearly about the fame time, but a greatl 
 diftance below, at Rhees ; thefe two detachments move tol 
 meet each other, and as they proceed, feize all the French! 
 ports along the Rhine ; the enemy's guards are every where! 
 taken or abandon their redoubts. This puts into their! 
 poflefTion a number of boats, by which they are enabledl 
 to tranfport all the reft of the troops which are intended to! 
 aft upon the left of the Rhine. Then they proceed with-! 
 out delay or oppofition dire8:ly to Cleves ; the 
 0£l. 3. garrifon takes refuge in the caftle, which is vigo- 
 roufly attacked, and in three days furrenders 5001 
 men prifoners of war. Whilft this was performed by one! 
 body, another had laid fieg° to Wefel, and battered tiic 
 place with fo much fury, that the reduction of it appeared 
 certain; and with it the entire poflefliQn of the Lower' 
 Rhine almoft from DufTeldorp to Cleves. 
 
 The fecrecy, and itie rapidity of the march, together] 
 with the vigour of the fubfcquent operations, were fuch as 
 might be expected from the charafter of the Hereditary I 
 Prince; but on what deftgn this rapid march was made, 
 and thefe vigorous fteps taken a that particular time, gave 
 room for a great de"il of reafoning. During a good part ot 
 the fummer, very great preparations had been made in 
 England for a conjunct expedition ; a powerful fleet was in 
 readinefs ; and they had embarked a large train of field 
 and battering artillery, a confidcrable body of foot, and a 
 regiment of light horfe. 
 
 As this armament was fuppofed in readinefs to fail about 
 the time of the Hereditary Prince's march to the Rhine, 
 conje6lure united thefe two defigns together, and fuppofed 
 the fleet at Portfmouth and the army in Weftphalia, were 
 to a6lon the fame plan. On this fuppofition it was judged 
 that the ftorm would probably fall on the Auftrian Nether- 
 
^jSo. The History of the War. 305 
 
 lands ; and that Oftend, which the Emprefs fo unpolitical- 
 Ivforherfelf, and fo ungraiefully to herformer friends, had 
 ffiven into the hands of France, would be the firft obje^ 
 ofthofe forces which were to unite from fuch a diftance. 
 
 This defign of the expedition from Portfmouth has, we 
 underftand, been formally difavowed. Whether in ftrift- 
 nefs, not being a principal in the war, with her imperial 
 majefty, England ought to have made fuch an attempt, 
 though Oftend was defended by a French garrifon, we 
 jliall not take upon us to determine ; but without the 
 aid of fuch confiderations, it is evident there were fuffi- 
 cient obje£llons to it from the fide of. mere prudence. 
 Almoft infuperable difficulties occurred in fuch a fcheme ; 
 and it would fcarcely appear to fnofl: men advifeable to add 
 aFlemifti to our German war. 
 
 But we think it poflible to give fome reafondblc account 
 of the expedition of the Hereditary Prince, independent of 
 anyconneflion with the Britilh armament. For a confide- 
 rable time the French had feenoed refolved to refume their 
 former plan of an army on the ^ '^Wer RJuirc \ fi.'ch morions 
 were made as ftrongly indicate<if tnat this defign would fliort- 
 Iv be put in execution ; """'H the allied army had eVcry 
 thing to fear from it. For h^ the French were chlecked 
 from proceeding to the compltat conqueft of the eleftorate 
 by the allied army on the Dyn'el, if this army fhould itfelf 
 be fo checked, by one of the enehiy advancing from the 
 Lower Rhine, there would be then nothing to hinder M. 
 Broglio from fending forward fo ftrong a referve as might 
 finally reduce Hanover. In theffe circumftances nothing 
 but a very decifive viftory could pofllbly fave the allied ar- 
 my, thus fuirounded and deprived of its fubfiftence, from 
 pcrifliing in the moft miferable, or furrendering in the moft 
 (hameful manner. 
 
 There was one ftep only which might with certainty pre- 
 vent this defign, and even in fome meafure turn it upon 
 the enemy ; the taking Cleves and Wefel into the hands of 
 the allies. T'his would not only defeat the fcheme of the 
 French for afling on the Lower Rhine, but greatly em- 
 harrafs their operations in every other quarter. Even the 
 attempt, though it fhouUl not be attempted with fuccefs, 
 would necclliirily draw the attention of the French that 
 way, and thus fave Hanover at tfctirt for one campaign. 
 This alone had been a fufficicnt reafoh for the rhnrch. But 
 
 Q^q 2 had 
 
 I 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 
 
 'm \ V 
 
3o6 'fhe History of the War. 1-76^1 
 
 had the Britifti armament at the fame time been intendedl 
 for fome part of the coaft of France, or had England poli.j 
 tically kept up fuch a rumour, when (he had in reality al 
 more remote objeft for her armament ; in either of thefe 
 cafes it would undoubtedly have co-operated with the He 
 reditary Prince's defigns, by detaining a greater body of| 
 the French troops at home to defend their own coafts. 
 
 We do not pretend to penetrate into ail the motives.] 
 But it is evident, that in the German enterprife every thinf 
 depended on the celerity of the operations. The fiegeof 
 Wefel was carried on with great vigour, by that part of 
 the princes's army which was on the right of the Rhine 
 whilft the prince covered it on the left. But before the 
 enemy could diflurb him, nature declared againfl his fuc- 
 cefs by the fall of immenfe rains, which fwelled the Rhine 
 and Lippe to fuch a degree as greatly interrupted the pro- 
 grefs of the (lege, having rendered the roads of Weftpha- 
 lia impaflfpblG, and therefore prevented the arrival of thcfe 
 reinforcements which w:ere intended to pu(h the fiege with 
 the greater eflfed Thdfi iBjiins alfo made it very difficuh 
 for the prince to preferve 'i^ communication with the be- 
 Wgers, which however he m<ide a (hift to keep open by 
 jne bridge above and another below the town. 
 
 In the mean time, the French with all the expedition 
 they could ufe, had colleftej an army under M. de Caftries 
 of thirty battalions and thirty-eight (quadrons, partly from 
 the great army in HelTe, partly from the Low Countries. 
 This body advanced as far as Rheinberg, and after a ftrenu- 
 ous refiftance drove out a detachment of the allies which 
 had been pofted there. From thence they marched by 
 their left, and encamped behind the convent of Campen. 
 The Hereditary Prince now faw at the fame time the fea- 
 fon and a fuperior army atiing againft him ; to fight this 
 e;;iemy, fully prepared to receive him, with the troops 
 which he could fpare from the fiege, might be a defperate 
 attempt. To break up the fiege would have of itfelf an- 
 fwered the intention of the enemies march. There was no 
 medium but a furprize ; which was refolvcd, and all the 
 difpofitions for it made with the judgment by which the 
 great prince who commanded is diftingui(hed upon fuch dif- 
 ficult occafions. This attempt became the more neceflary, 
 and the lefs time was to be loft in making it, as intelligence 
 had been refejved th^t thf; French army was ihortly to be 
 
 r^ augmented 
 
i)6o. ^he History of the War. ^'II 
 
 augmented by powerful reinforcements. The prince be- 
 gan his march at ten in the evening. 
 
 To reach the enemies camp, it was neceflary to diflodge 
 Fifcher's corps of irregulars, who had occupied the con- 
 vent of Campen in their front. This produced 
 Ibme fhot, and this (hot alarmed the whole Oft. i6. 
 French army, which immediately got under arms 
 and ported themfelves in a wood. The allied troops pufhed 
 forward, twice repulfed the French, and with the mod 
 noble perfeverance reiterated their attacks on the wood, 
 and kept up a terrible and well fuppUed fire for fixteen 
 hours without intermiflion, that is from five in the morn- 
 ing to the fame evening at nine. There have been few ex- 
 amples of fo obftinate a combat. But at length finding 
 night approach, the troops haraffed, their ammunition 
 [pent, and all hopes vain of diflodging a fuperior enemy 
 troni an advantageous poft, the Hereditary Prince having 
 had an horfe killed under him, and being himfelf wound- 
 ed, was with regret compelled to retire. Eleven hundred 
 and feventy of the allies were killed and wounded in this 
 bloody aftion ; about 500 were made prifoners. The lofs 
 of the French was far greater ; but they had the field. 
 
 On this occafion, the Englifti nation regretted the lofs 
 of one of its moft fhining ornaments in the death of Lord 
 Downe, who whilft his grateful fovereign was deftining him 
 to higher honours, received a mortal wound in this battle. 
 He was a perfon of free and pleafureable life ; but of an ex- 
 cellent underftanding, amiable manners, and the moft in- 
 trepid courage. In the beginning of this war he had a 
 confiderable (hare in roufing a martial fpirit amongft the 
 young people of rank in England, and having long fhewed 
 them by a gallant example how to fight, he at laft by a 
 melancholy one, fhewed them how to die for their country. 
 
 As the Britifli troops had been the greateft fufFerers in 
 this as well as in moft other aftions of the campaign, great 
 muimurs were raifed againft the commander of the allied 
 army, as if upon all occafions, even the moft trivial, he 
 had wantonly expofed the lives of the Britifh, in order to 
 preferve thofe of the German foldiery. Some carried this 
 complaint to a ridiculous length. But could it with reafon 
 have been expeQed, that where 25,000 Englifti had ferved 
 for a whole campaign, were engaged in five ftiarp encoun- 
 Urs (fome of them a fort of pitched battles) in all which 
 
 they 
 
 
 
 
 ff"!' 
 
 
312 The History of the War. i^^q 
 
 they acquired the whole glory, that they fhoiild lofe a fmaller 
 niimher than 265 killed and 870 wounded, which is the 
 whole of their lofs in all the encounters of this campaign } 
 It is true, the life of a man is a facred thing, and of value to 
 his country. But in fome circumftances it is ridiculous for 
 a nation to think of fparing even a greater effufion of blood 
 to acquire reputation to their arms, and experience to the 
 troops and the officers. The Rnglifh defired the poll of 
 honour with equal fpirit and wifdom, they were entitled to 
 it, they had it, and they purchafcd it more cheaply, than 
 on the whole might have been expected. Neither was 
 their blood lavifhed on every r. vial occafton, as had been 
 falfly fuggeflcd. The only aflairs in which they fufFered 
 any thing worth notice, were thofe of Warbourg and 
 Campcn ; both aftions of the highefl confequence. 
 
 Atter the difappointment and lofs the Hereditary Prince 
 had fuflfered in the late engagement, he was fenfible that a 
 fitge could no longer be carried on with any profped of 
 fuccefs, in fight of an army fo much fuperior ; the Rhine 
 every day fwelled more and more, and his communication 
 with the troops before Wefel became every hour more dif- 
 ficult. Befides, as the whole country was by this time 
 overflowed, his men muft have been expofed to the great- 
 eft hardfhips and the moft fatal diftempers. Thefe confi- 
 derations determined him to repafs the Rhine v/ithout delay. 
 Notwithftanding the extreme nearnefs of the French army, 
 the late rpulfe the Prince had met, and the great fwell of 
 the waters, fuch was the imprefTion he had left on the 
 enemy, and the excellence of his difpofitions, that tliey did 
 not even attempt to diftrefs his rear ; and he pafled the 
 Rhine without the leafl: moleflation, not only under the eye, 
 but as it were within the grafp of a fuperior French army. 
 
 From this the operations of the armies became gradually 
 more languid ; for as nothing decifivc happened on either 
 fide during the whole campaign, it was impofTible to think at 
 this advanced feafon of undertaking any very fignal enterprife. 
 As if by common confent they began to move towards 
 winter quarters. So that whatever happened after this 
 was not connefted v^^ith the general plan of the campaign; 
 and were the fudden afts of dcjtached parties, who attemp- 
 ted fome advantages of furpr'ife. Of thefe we ftiall take 
 fume notice before we conclude, but we pafs them by at 
 prefcnt j the attention of all men being at this time more 
 \-»' ... engaged 
 
 for the fate r " the 
 
ii6o. ^he History of the War. 309 
 
 jngaged by an event of the greatefl importance, and which 
 many were of opinion would make no fmall change in the 
 nature of the war, and above all in the general fyftem of 
 pacification. This was the death of George II. king of 
 Great Britain. 
 
 }Iq. died fuddenly in his palace at Kenfington in the 77th 
 year of his age and 33d of his reign. The immediate caiife 
 of his death was the rupture of the fubftance of the right 
 ventricle of his heart, by which the circulation was flop- 
 ped in an inftant. This was preceded by no fort of appa- 
 rent ilinefs. His majefty enjoyed an uncommon degree of 
 health and ftrength for that age ; but it was believed that 
 he had fuffered, by expofing himfelf too much to the cold, 
 in reviewing fome troops that were to be embarked for the 
 expedition. He had been extremely foUicitous about the 
 fortune of this expedition. He had been no lefs anxious 
 for the fate r'' the c^nterprife under the Hereditary Prince, 
 an account of the ill fuccefs of which he had received, tho' 
 it was not at that time made public. This was believed to 
 have touched him deeply, and to have been one of the 
 caufes of a death fo affliO:ing to all his people. 
 
 When future hiftorians come to fpeak of his late majefty, 
 they will find both in his fortune and his virtue, abundant 
 matter for jull and unfufpefted panegyric. None of his 
 predeceflTors in the throne of England lived to fo great an 
 age ; few of them enjoyed fo long a reign. And this long 
 courfe was diftinguiflied by circumftances of peculiar feli- 
 city, whether we confider him in the public or the private 
 character. His fubjefls, allowing for one Ihort and as it 
 were momentary cloud, enjoyed perpetual peace at home, 
 aad abroad on many occafions acquired great glory. There 
 was to the laft a confiderable increafe in their agriculture, 
 their commerce, and their manufactures, which were daily 
 improving under the internal tranquillity they enjoyed, and 
 the wife regulations that were made in every feffion of his 
 parliaments. By a wonderful happinefs, he left thefe im- 
 provements no way checked, but rather forwarded, in one 
 of the moft general and wafleful wars that has raged in 
 the world for many centuries. 
 
 He lived entirely to extinguifh party and the fplrit of 
 party in his kingdoms ; it was not till the clofe of his reign, 
 that his family might have been confidercd as firmly and 
 immoveably feated on the throne ; but, ho, having baffled 
 
 all 
 
 
 1l 
 
 
 i;'ll;fi- •:ifes^»,: li 1^^ 
 
^ 
 
 310 The History of the War. i-^gQ 
 
 all the private machinations of his enemies policy, fub, 
 dued at length the utmoft effort of their force : and thoueh 
 on that menacing occafion, he experienced in the fulleft 
 meafurc the afFe^ion of his people, yet the completion of 
 this great fervice to his family, he owed folely to the capa- 
 city and bravery of his own fon. 
 
 He lived with his queen in that kind of harmony and 
 confidence, that is fcen between the beft fuited couples in 
 private life. He had a numerous iffue, in which he had 
 great caufe of fatisfaftion, and very little of difquict, but 
 what was the almoft neceflary confequence of a life pro- 
 trafled to a late period. He furvived feven of his children. 
 He had the fatisfaftion to fee in his fucceflbr, what is very- 
 rare, the moft affeftionate obedience, the moft dutiful ac- 
 quiefcence in his will ; and what is no lefs rare, contrary 
 to the fortune of moft old kings, he never poflTefled more 
 pcrfeftly the love of his fubjeds than in the laft years of 
 his life. And he died at the very point of time when the 
 terror of his arms, the power of his kingdoms and the wif. 
 dom of his government, were all raifed to almoft as high 
 a pitch as they could poflibly arrive at ; they were indeed 
 At that height of profperity and glory, as never had been 
 exceeded in the reign of the moft fortunate of his prede- 
 ceflbrs. 
 
 His parts were not lively or brilliant ; but the whole of 
 his conduft demonftrates that he had a judgment both fo- 
 lid and comprehenfive. He underftood the interefts of the 
 other fovereigns of Europe : and was particularly (killed 
 in all the receffes of that political labyrinth, the fyftem of 
 Germany ; of the liberties of which he was through his 
 whole life a moft zealous aifertor. In the year 1741, he 
 took up arms, and even rifqued his own perfon, when by 
 the proje£ted difmemberment of the houfe of Auftria, they 
 were in danger of falhng a faerifice to a French fa6tion. 
 He afterwards refifted wi»:h equal firmnefs that very houfe 
 of Auftria, which he had expofed his life to defend, when 
 the liberties of the empire were threatened from that 
 quarter. 
 
 The acquifitions of his father, were by him confirmed, 
 improved and enlarged. He was enabled by his oeconomy 
 always to keep up a confiderable body of troops in Hano- 
 ver i by which means, when the war broke out, there was 
 4 difcipUned force ready to oppofe the common enemy ; 
 
 and 
 
|iy6o. The HrsToRY of the War. 313 
 
 [jnd we do not hazard any thing in afferting, that if it had 
 
 t been for the prudent forefight of that meafure, the 
 lirmy which has fince been formed, and the great things 
 fhich have fince been done, could never have had exift- 
 (Hce. So that if we only examine what he has done in 
 Germany, when we refleft what enemies fecret and de- 
 clared he had at different times to manage and to Bght in 
 that country, he muft in every fair judgment be allowed 
 the greateft prince of his family. 
 
 He was in his temper fudden and violent ; but this, tho' 
 it influenced his behaviour, made no imprefllon on his 
 conduft, which was always fufficiently deliberate and at- 
 tentive to his own interefts and thofe of his fubjefts. 
 
 He was plain and direft in his intentions ; true to his 
 word ; fteady in his favour and protedion to his fervants, 
 and never changed them willingly ; this appeared clearly 
 in thofe who ferved more immediately on his perfon, 
 whom he fcarce ever removed ; but they grew old along 
 with him, or died in their places. But having been in a 
 fort compelled by a violent fadion, to relinquifh a minifter 
 for whom he had great aflFeftion, and in whom he repofed 
 an unlimited confidence, it afterwards became a matter of 
 more indifference to him by whom he was ferved in the 
 aiFairs of his government. 
 
 He wa*? merciful in his difpofition, but not to fuch a de- 
 gree as in any fort to encourage" offences againfl his go- 
 vernment. On the fupprefTion of the rebellion in 1 746, 
 he behaved without any remarkable difplay either of feve- 
 rity or clemency. Many were pardoned, many puniflied ; 
 and this, perhaps, is the mod: proper conduft on fuch oc- 
 cafions, where offended majefly requires vifkims, juftice 
 examples, and humanity pardons. But though the law in 
 many inflances had its free courfe, the exceffes commit- 
 ted in the rage of war, were by him neither commanded 
 nor approved. After that rebellion had been fupprcfTed, 
 he retained no bitter remembrance of it, either to the 
 country in which it unfortunately began, or even to many 
 of the perfons who were aftually concerned in it. 
 
 As he came into England in a riper age, and of confe- 
 qiience never had been able to attain a perfect knowledge 
 of the force and beauties of our language, he never fhewed 
 a fufficient regard to the Englifh literature, which in his 
 reign did not flouriih : and this muft be confidered as the 
 
 R r greateft. 
 
1 
 
 114. ^^^ History of the War. 1-760.1 
 
 greeted, or rather the only blemish that lay upon his go.! 
 vcrnment. I 
 
 He has been ccnrurcd, as a little too attentive to money; 
 and perhaps in iome minute things this cenfure was not! 
 wholly without Toundation. But there are two confidera-l 
 tions which greatly enervate this objctlion to his chara6\er.] 
 Firft, that this difpofition never ihcwed itfelf in one ra- 
 pacious a6i; and 2dly, that it never influenced his con-l 
 du6l on any important occafion. For it is now well known 
 that he fliewcd no improper parfMnony, when this war! 
 broke out. In fa6l:, he expended fo much on that occa- 
 fion, that on his deceale, his private wealth was found toj 
 be far inferior to what had commonly been imagined. 
 
 Though it is true, that during his whole Ufe, he had I 
 (hewn a remarkable afte£lion to his Hanoverian fubjcfts, 
 yet the laft att of it demonftrated that they were far 
 from engrofllng the whole of his regard; and that in 
 reality his German polTefllons held no other place in his 
 confideration than what their relative importance to the 
 reft of his dominions naturally claimed. For when that 
 truly feverc trial came, in which the intercfts of England 
 and Hanover were fcparated, when a war began for an ob- 
 jeft wholly foreign to that country, a war in which Hano-I 
 ver muft lufFcr much, and could hope no advantage, even 
 there his majcfty did not hefitate a moment to expofe his 
 German dominions to almoil inevitable ruin, rather than 
 make or even propofe the fmalleft abatement from theim- 
 menfity of th« Englifh rights in America. A condu6i that 
 more than wipes off every fufpicion of an improper par- 
 tiality ; and which furely ought never to be mentioned 
 without the highell gratitude to the memory of that mag- 
 uaniraous monarch. 
 
 If the authors of thefe fheets were equal to fuch a ilc- 1 
 fign, it would perhaps be impoflible to exhibit a more 
 pleafing pi6lure than that which might be formed from a 
 juil view of his late majefty's condutl, to thefe two fo 
 diflfcrcntly conftituted parts of his dominions. His virtue! 
 was proved by two of the greateft trials to which the na- 
 ture of man is liable; the trull of abfolute and unbounded] 
 power ; and the mod exalted ftation limited by the ftrid- 
 eftlaws. For thefe two fo very different fituations, veryi 
 different and almoft oppofite tempers and talents have becn| 
 p.iways thought neceffary. But that king had a mind per- 
 
 fcdlyl 
 
 ,760. The H 
 
 (fftly adapted to both 
 liberties of his people i 
 »as fatisficd to make 
 ind his will freely fu 
 Hunover like an indu 
 lentiments of a paternj 
 fupplied the want of la 
 left to his illuflrious 
 I whicii he not only pn 
 fpcfts to exceed ; and 
 ,n his virtues, as they 
 their own ; and they i 
 has, nor can have any 
 in birth as well as inclii 
 As foon as his pre 
 throne, and had met 
 mod public and folem 
 hopes of his allies, an^ 
 CCS of his refolution t 
 plan, and with the for 
 liamcnt no ways chang 
 it with the fame liben 
 there was no apparent 
 alliance, in the difpofil 
 nation, or in the gcner 
 pafs again to the tranf 
 it unneceflary to apoloj 
 diverted from the cour 
 by an e"ent of fiich me 
 tain and to all Europe. 
 
 Ruffians and AiiJIrians 
 ffn retreats from Sa, 
 city capitulates. Be\ 
 dercd. Enemy retir 
 pillaged it. 
 
 TH K King of Pn 
 the 6th chapter, 
 narch*8 apprehenfions ; 
 lowed proved that I he 
 
(760. The History of the War. 315 
 
 Iffftly adapted to both ; for whilft in England he kept the 
 liberties of his people inviolate, and like a wife magiflrate, 
 kas fatisfied to make his authority co-operate with law, 
 jnd his will freely fubfervient to the wifdoni of ages, in 
 H»nover like an indulgent father, afting only from the 
 lentiments of a paternal heart, his afFcftlon and his equity 
 iippiied the want of law and conditution. He has indeed 
 left to his illuftrious fucceffor, an admirable example ; 
 n'hicii he not only promifes to follow, but in many re- 
 fpctts to exceed ; and his fubje6l8 take the greater interefl: 
 m his virtues, as they look upon them as more peculiarly 
 tlicir own ; and they now boaft of a prince, who neither 
 has, nor can have any partialitjr but the beil, and who is 
 in birth as well as inclination Britifh. 
 
 As foon as his prcfent majefty came to the 
 throne, and had met his parliament, he in the 18 Nov. 
 mod public and folemn manner confirmed the 
 hopes of his allies, and gave the moft undoubted Lflufan- 
 ccsof his refolution to continue the war on the former 
 plan, and with the former vigour ; and he found his par- 
 liament no ways changed in their refolution of fupporting 
 it with the fame liberality and fpirit. Infomuch that as 
 there was no apparent change either in the fyftem of the 
 alliance, in the difpofition of the king, or in that of the 
 nation, or in the general plan of the war, we have only to 
 ,pa(s again to the tranfa^tions of the continent, thinking 
 it unneceflary to apologize to our readers for having been 
 diverted from the courfe of the narrative for a fliort time, 
 by an e"ent of fiich melancholy importance to Great Bri- 
 tain and to all Europe. 
 
 CHAP. VIII. 
 
 Ruffians and Avjfrians enter Brandenburg. General Hul- 
 fen retreats from Saxony to Berlin. Evacuates it. The 
 city capitulates. Berlin defcrihed. King* s palaces plun- 
 dered. Enemy retires out of Brandenburg after having 
 pillaged it. 
 
 TH ¥. King of PrufllaVs letter, with which we clofed 
 the 6th chapter, exhibited a true pithirc of that mo- 
 narch's apprehenfions ; the events which immediately fol- 
 lowe4 proved that ihcTe apprehenfions were but too well 
 
 R r 2 grounded. 
 
 u\ 
 
>\ 
 
 316 The History of the War. i^^^ 
 
 groundcii I'he viOory near Lignit/,, indeerl, gave fomc 
 relief to Silcfia ^ but whilll the enemy had fo many ami f„ 
 numerous armies in ihe ficM, even (hamc indcpcnilcnt ol 
 their intcrcll c)tr...ird from them fomc (Iroke of conlc- 
 qucncc. 
 
 The late manor :» cs had ncccfTarily drawn the kinp df 
 PrulTia into the fouthcrn parls of Silefia, and confcinicnilv 
 to a great dirtance from Brandenburg, with which country 
 his communication was much interrupted, or rather wholly 
 cut off. The Uufllan army, which after it had repaired 
 the Oder at Auras, began to move out of Silcfi.i, pulhcil 
 forward a powerful detachment under Count C/,ernicluw 
 towards the March of Brandenburg. A body of koqo 
 Aufliians under the GeneralN I .acy and Brentano iVoni 
 the army of Count Daun, and the whole united corps ot 
 Aurtrians and Imperndills which aiVcd in Saxony, began 
 their march in concert with the Ruffians, and propofcd to 
 unite at the gates of Berhn. Thcfe armies amounted to 
 forty thoufand men. 
 
 . General Hulfen, who was altogether too weak to on- 
 pofe the Impcrialifts in Mifnia, fell back upon Berlin, 
 General Werner who had lately been fent into Pomeranii, 
 returned with incredible fpced and joined the troops umlcr 
 Hulfen ; but when they viewed their combined ftrength, 
 they found it cor.flrtcd of no more than 15 or 16000 men, 
 a force far too weak to oppofc to thofc powerful armies 
 that were marching againfl ihein. Wholly unable to pro- 
 tcd a place of fuch immcnfe extent, and fuch impcrfcft 
 fortification, they faw that to attempt a defence, would 
 be only to involve the trooi)s in the inevitable fate that 
 waited tlic city, without being able to add any thing effec- 
 tual to its fccurity; therefore after having defended i( 
 againfl the advanced guard of the Rufiians under Tottlc- 
 ben, who attacked the gates and bombarded the town, 
 when they f^ und the grand armies advancing; they made 
 their retreat ; leaving only three weak battalions in the 
 place, to enable it to make fome fort of capitulation with 
 the enemy. 
 
 Berlin is compofed of five towns, which have ftretchcd 
 to each other and grown into one vaft city upon the banks 
 of the river Spree. It has been augmented to this gran- 
 deur, by having long been the refidence of the elefiors ol 
 Brandenburg and kings of Pruflla, who as they have en- 
 
 ,760. 'I'i'e y 
 
 largcd their dominio 
 liiivc all contributed I 
 niticcntc of this the 
 on io noble and navi 
 citing on one fide v 
 princely work of hci 
 into the I'^lbe, has a( 
 jcncc ; but that whii 
 the reception of the '. 
 always been a niofl i 
 alio been to thofc pr 
 any piu t ol German 
 Ills plan, and impart 
 lub prcdeccfTors, lin 
 whom he has cncoui 
 magnificent church 
 he has brought the 1 
 nioting the grandcii 
 caufcs Berlin is becc 
 ill Europe; vafl in it; 
 and magnificent beyi 
 buildings, and the r 
 new town. It had 
 tary arrangements ir 
 prcfcnt king the fea 
 refort of ingenious 
 Iroin every quarter 
 
 Such is Berlin, w 
 grcateft part of its 
 a mighty army of A 
 lifts, anirnated by re 
 lligatcd by avarice, 
 conftcrnation of th 
 were acquainted w 
 the enemy, and wit 
 they knew that the 
 then" fcverities, wi 
 
 In thcfe difpofit 
 preached. The g 
 late. With refpei 
 were made prifone 
 bitants, where thi 
 more tolerable th; 
 
 g 
 
,-6o. ^-^'^ History of the War. 317 
 
 Ijrgcd their tlominions by inluMitaiuc. Force, or policy, 
 |,;ivc all contributed lonicthing to the grandeur and niajr- 
 niticcntc ol this their capital. The fitnation of the town 
 on lo noble ami navii!;able a river as the Spree, coiTununi- 
 titing on one Hdc with the Oder, by a canal (the niort 
 princely work of her rovereip;ns) and on the other falling 
 into the l{,lbe, has added not a little to its extent and opu- 
 lence ; but that whii h has contributed moll of all, has been 
 ilic reception of the French refugees, to which this city has 
 iilways been a nioft aflured and favourable alyhim, as it ha» 
 ;ilfo been to ihofe protcftants who have been perfecuted in 
 any part of Germany ; and the prefent king by enlarging 
 liis plan, and imparting an extent of toleration unknown to 
 hii, predeccfTors, has alfo introduced Roman Catholics, 
 whom he has encoinaged by fuffering them to build a moll 
 niagniHcent church in the heart of Berlin. Hy this means 
 he has brought the moft oppofitc factions to concur in pr(»- 
 moling the grandeur of his royal refidence. From thefc 
 uufcs Berlin is become one of the moff connderable cities 
 in Europe ; vaft in its extent ; confiderable in its commerce ; 
 and magnificent beyond moft others in its public and private 
 hiiildings, and the regular diftribution of the ftreets in the 
 new town. It had long been the feat of the grcatcfl mili- 
 tary arrangements in the world ; and it was made by the 
 prefent king the feat of arts and fciences, and the place of 
 refort of ingenious men, in every fcience, in every art, and 
 From every quarter. 
 
 Such is Berlin, which at this time being deferted by the 
 grcatcft part of its garrifon, was abandoned to the mercy of 
 a mighty army of Auilrians, RulTians, Saxons and Imperia- 
 lifts, animated by revenge; exafperated by injuries ; and in- 
 ftigated by avarice. Nothing could exceed the terror and 
 confternation of the inhabitants on this occafion. They 
 were acquainted with the favage chara£ler of one part of 
 the enemy, and with the violent animofity of the reft ; and 
 they knew that they did not want pretences for colouring 
 their feverities, with the appearance of a juft retaliation. 
 
 In thefe difpofitions of the inhabitants, the enemy ap- 
 proached. The garrifon immediately propofed to capitu- 
 late. With refpeil I them, the terms were fhort ; they 
 were made prifoners <ji war. But with regard to the inha- 
 bitants, where the great danger lay, the conditions were 
 more tolerable than they expeded j they were promifed 
 
 the 
 
 
 mn^' -'^M 
 
 ^^m 
 
3i8 I'hc History of the War. ^gg 
 
 the free cxercife of their religion ; and an immunity from 
 violence to their goods and perfons. It was alfo agreed that 
 the Ruffian irregulars (hould not enter the town ; and that 
 the king's palace Ihould be inviolable. Thefe on the whole 
 were favourable terms ; and they were were granted prjn, 
 cipally on the mediation of the foreign minifters refiditig in 
 Berlin, who interpofed their good offices with great zeal 
 and humanity. The difficulty was, how to fccure the ob- 
 fervance of them. 
 
 Thefe conditions being made, the army of the 
 9th 0£t. allied powers entered the town ; totally dcftroyed 
 the magazines, arfenals, and founderies, feized 
 an immenfe quantity of military (lores, and a number of 
 cannon and arms ; called firft: for an immenfe payment of 
 800,000 guilders, and then laid on a contribution of 
 1,900,000 German crowns: not fatisfied with this, man- 
 irregularities were committed by the foldiery ; but on the 
 whole, though fome (hocking anions were committed, a 
 far more exa6t difcipline was obferved than from fuch troops 
 could have been expected upon fuch an occafion, where 
 there was every incentive which could work upon the licence 
 of a conquering army. Their officers no doubt with great 
 difficulty preferved even that degree of order. 
 
 But though their behaviour was tolerable, with regard to 
 the private inhabitants, there was fomething (hocking and 
 ungenerous in their treatment of the king's palaces. The 
 apartments of the royal cartle of Charlottenburgh were 
 entirely plundered, the precious furniture fpoiled, the pic- 
 tures defaced, without even fparing the antique ftatues 
 collcQied by Cardinal Polignac, which had been purchafed 
 by the houfe of Brandenburg. The caftle of Schonhoufen, 
 belonging to the queen, and thofe of Fredericksfeld, belong- 
 ing to the margrave Charles, were alfo plundered. 
 
 1 he palace of Potfdam, the famous Sans-fouci, had a 
 better fate ; Prince Efterhafi commanded there ; it was pre- 
 ferved from the fmalleft violation. The Prince on viewing 
 the palate only afkcd which pifture of the king refembled 
 him moft, and being informed, defired that he might have 
 leave to take it, together with two German flutes which the 
 king ufcd, to keep them, he faid, in memory of his majefty". 
 This was a fort of taking very different from pillage. 
 
 They ftaid in the city four days, but hearing that the 
 king, apprehenfive of this ftroke, was moving to the relief 
 
 of 
 
 ,760. T^he H 
 
 of his capital, they qi 
 |,jving wafted the wl 
 j,.d driven away all t 
 retreated by different 
 people ftill trembling 
 tain of their fafety. 
 
 We do by no mea 
 
 jes which the PruffiJ 
 
 ^nd their ;.llies, in t 
 
 not have been in gt 
 
 cafes abfolutely feign 
 
 peft the exaft veracl 
 
 have been publiflied 
 
 quently a fort of flat 
 
 content to deftroy es 
 
 verfaries reputation, 
 
 other as monfters eq 
 
 Indeed if we were t( 
 
 kind that have appe: 
 
 parties have by thei] 
 
 upon human nature 
 
 country of Branden 
 
 cafion than the city 
 
 always moft furious 
 
 no conditions. 
 
 hiperialijii make th 
 ville enters Halbe 
 dobn befieges Cofe 
 into Saxony. B 
 The towns in Mi^ 
 Swedes driven ba 
 
 THE King of I 
 moft cruel ei 
 country was wafted 
 laces : but this wa; 
 When Gen. Hulfei 
 remained no Pruffi 
 rial army on their 
 and with little opp( 
 
aii 
 
 ,,5o. ^}->e History of the War. 319 
 
 othis capital, they quitted it on the 13th of Odoher ; and 
 laving wafted the whole country round for a vafl: extent, 
 aiid driven away all the cattle and horfes they could find, 
 fetreated by different routs out of Brandenburg, leaving the 
 people ftill trembling under the alarm, and hardly )et cer- 
 tain of their fafety. 
 
 We do by no means undertake to authenticate the rava- 
 ges which the PrufTian accounts charged upon the Auftrians 
 and their ;. Hies, in this incurfion ; nor whether they may 
 not have been in general much exaggerated, or in feme 
 cafes abfolutely feigned. We have abundant reafon to fuf- 
 peft the exaft veracity of many pieces of that nature which 
 have been publiflied on all fides; and which are hut too fre- 
 quently a fort of ftate libels, where the powers at war, not 
 content to deftroy each other in the field, purfue their ad- 
 verfaries reputation, and endeavour mutually to paint each 
 other as monfters equally devoid of juftice and compaiTion. 
 Indeed if we were to give credit to all the writings of this 
 kind that have appeared, it were hard to fay which of the 
 parties have by their conduct brought the grcateft difgrace 
 upon human nature. It is, however, certain, that the 
 country of Brandenburg fuffered more feverely on this oc- 
 cafion than the city of Berlin. An ill difciplined army is 
 always moft furious in its retreat, and the country had made 
 no conditions. 
 
 
 :ij 
 
 C H A p. IX. 
 
 hperialijls make themjelves majlers of Piilfnia. M. Slain^ 
 vilie enters Halberjiadt. Ruffians beftege Colberg. Latt- 
 dobn befteges Cofel. King of Pruffta and M. Daun march 
 into Saxony. Battle of Torgau. M. Daun wounded. 
 The towns in Mifnia retaken. Siege of Colberg raifed. 
 Swedes driven back. 
 
 THE King of Pruflia at laft faw his capital taken by his 
 moft cruel enemies, and put to ranfom ; his native 
 country was wafted ; they took up their quarters in his pa- 
 laces : but this was far from the whole of his misfortunes. 
 When Gen. Hulfen marched to cover Brandenburg, there 
 remained no Pruflian army in Saxony. So that the Impe- 
 rial army on their return from Berlin, within a fhort time, 
 and with L'ttle oppofition, made themfclves marters of Leip- 
 
 fick, 
 
 
320 The History of the War. 1^5^ | 
 
 fick, Torgau, MeifTen, and at laft of Wittemberg; in which 
 
 city they took the grand magazine of the Prul- 
 
 15 OSt. lians immenfely ftored. The king was now 
 
 totally driven out of Saxony, in which he had no 
 
 longer a finglc place. 
 
 M. Stainville with a detachment of Broglio's army, as 
 foon as \Vanj;cnheim had been obliged to repafs the Wefcr 
 (as we have l^clated in the feventh chapter) pufhed into the 
 King of PrufTia's dominions on that fide, and laid the city 
 and dutchy of Halberftadt under contribution. In the eaft- 
 ern Pomerania, the Ruffians had invefled Colberg both by 
 land and fea, and preffed that city with a clofe and unremit- 
 ted fiege. The king could fcarcely hope to relieve it. In 
 the weftern Pomerania, the Swedes urged forward with un- 
 common vigour, hoping to partake in the plunder of Ber- 
 lin ; and they advanced with fuccefs. In Silefia, the kine 
 had no fooner began his march to the northward, than 
 Baron Laudohn profited of his abfence to rufii again into 
 that country, and to invert the ftrongand important fortrefs 
 of Cofel. Whilft the king's dominions were thus attacked 
 in fo many parts, he was himfelf attended every ftep of his 
 march by the fuperior army of Count Daun, who moved 
 along with him and watched him with the moft attentive 
 vigilance. His condition feemed extremely to refemble that 
 to which he had been reduced in the autumn immediately 
 preceding the battle of Rofbach. In Silefia, his condition 
 was at that time worfe; but he was then in the polTeiFion 
 of Saxony, of which in this campaign he was wholly de- 
 prived. 
 
 Saxonv was, however, ftill his great objefl, and knowing 
 that the enemy had evacuated Brandenburg on his approach, 
 he left that country on his right, and continued his march 
 to the Elbe, which he pafs'd on the 25th of Odober. M. 
 Daun pafled it the fame day. The two champions were to 
 engage once more for the fo often contended pri/.e ; but 
 now every difadvantagc was on the fide of the King of 
 PruflTia, who had no longer any place of ftrength in that 
 country, and all the magazines he had amafled were in the 
 hands of the enemy. But being joined by his generals 
 Huifcn and P. Eugene of Wirtemberg, with the; corps un- 
 der their command, he advanced up the Elbe, whilft M. 
 Daun fell back to cover Leipfic and Torgau ; but finding; 
 the Pruffians diredcd their march towards the Elbe, he 
 
 encamped 
 
,760. Ihe History of the War. 321 
 
 encamped within reach of Torgau, one part of his army 
 extending to the Elbe, by which he was covered on that 
 (ide, and whilft he was protefted on every other quarter by 
 ponds, hills, and woods, it was impoffible to chufe a more 
 advantageous fituation, in which above 80,000 men were 
 pofted with every precaution that could be taken by a weak 
 army in the moft unlucky pofition. 
 
 The King of Pruflia was extremely fenfible of the 
 ilrength, the advantageous pofture, and the precautions of 
 M. Daun ; he could have no hope of drawing that wary 
 commander from his pott ; and yet he faw a necefllty of 
 fighting him even there. The winter was now far advanc- 
 ed. His troops were extremely harrafTed by fuch long and 
 rapid marches : and he had no place for their winter-quar- 
 ters but his own country, already wafted by the enemies 
 incurflons ; and here ftreightened for fubfiftence, cut off 
 from all power of recruiting, he was to expeft to be attack- 
 ed, as it were, in a narrow corner by the combined force 
 of fo many powerful and exafperated enemies. 
 
 In thefe circumftances he was refolved to come to a bat- 
 tle. He caufed his army to be informed that he was to lead 
 them to a moft defperate attempt, that his affairs required 
 it, and that he was determined ' . conquer or die in the ex- 
 peded engagement. They unanimoufly anfwered, that 
 they would die along with him. 
 
 Animated by this declaration he began his 
 march ; but having taken a refolution as daring 3d Nov. 
 as could be dilated by defpair, he made all the 
 difpofitions with as much (kill and care as could be fuggeft- 
 ed by the moft guarded prudence. He divided his army 
 into three columns ; General Hulfen with one was to take 
 port in a wood that lay on the left of the Auftrian army, 
 and had orders not Kp move until he found the reft of the 
 Pruflians engaged. General Ziethen was to charge on the 
 right ; the great attack in front was to be made by the king 
 in perfon. The king had difpofed his force in fuch a man- 
 ner, that either his right or left muft take the enemy in 
 rear and clofe them in, fo as to difable them from under- 
 taking any thing againft the part where he intended to effe& 
 his principal attack. This was the king's difpofition. 
 
 M. Daun as foon as he perceived that the King of Pruftia 
 was ferious in his refolution of fighting, to prevent confu- 
 lion, fent all his baggage over the Elbe, acrofs which he 
 
 S f threw 
 
 fc^i.if'U. 
 
 VI 
 
322 'The History of the War. i^^q 
 
 threw three bridges to be ready in cafe a retreat ftiould be 
 found neceffary. At the fame time he caufed Torgau to be 
 evacuated. And then extending his firft line to a village 
 called Zinne on the left, he ftretched it to another called 
 Grofwitz on the right ; fupporting the right of his fecond 
 line, upon the Elbe. 
 
 In this difpofition he was found when about two o'clock 
 in the afternoon, the King began his attg-.k, and was receiv- 
 ed with the fire of two hundred pieces of cannon, which 
 were difpofed along tiie Auftrian front. Three times the 
 Pruflians were led on ; they perfevered in their attacks 
 with uncommon refolution, but were every time repulfed 
 and broken with a mod terrible flaughter. The king at 
 length ordered a frefh body of his cavalry to advance, which 
 at firft compelled the Auftnans to give way ; but as frefh 
 reinforcements were continually poured on that part, this 
 cavalry was in its turn obliged to fall back, and the battle 
 ftill remained at leaft dubious, or rather inclined againft the 
 King of Pruflia, whofe troops, as they had made aftcnifhing 
 efforts, fo they fuffered beyond all defcription. But whilft 
 the Pruflians fuftained themfelves in that quarter with fuch 
 extreme difficulty, General Ziethen, with the right wing 
 took the enemy in the rear, repulfed them and poflefled 
 himfelf of fome eminences which commanded the whole 
 Auftrian army. Encouraged by this fuccefs the Pruflian 
 infantry once more advanced, maftered feveral of the 
 enemy's intrenchments, and made way for a new attack of 
 their cavalry, which broke in with irrefiftibU impetuofity 
 upon the Auftrians, and threw feveral bodies of them into 
 irreparable diforder. It was now about nine o'clock, the 
 two armies were involved in a pitchy darknefs ; yet the fire 
 continued without intermiflion, and the battalions with a 
 blind rage difcharged at each other without diftinguilhing 
 friend or foe. 
 
 M. Daun did every thing in the difpofition and the aftion, 
 that became his high character. But he was obliged to 
 yield to the miraculous fortune of the King of Pruflia. He 
 received a dangerous wound on the thigh, and was carried 
 from the field, which probably difheartened the troops, and 
 baftened the defeat. The command then fell on the Count 
 O'Donnel, who finding a great part of his troops in difor- 
 der, the night advanced, and the enemy poflefled of emi- 
 nences which commanded his camp, and of which it was 
 
1760. ^i^^ History o//;&^ War. 323 
 
 vain to think of difpofleiTing them, ordered a retreat, which 
 was conduced in this darknefs and acrofs the Elbe with 
 wonderful order ; none were loft in pafling the bridges, and 
 far the greater part of their artillery was preferved. The 
 pruflians remained mafters of this well-fought and bloody 
 field. The darknefs hindered them from molefting the 
 enemies retreat or improving their viftcry, which they 
 bought at the expence of ten thoufand killed and wounded, 
 and about three thoufand prifoners. But even with this lofs, 
 the advantage was well purchafed : it wjis a neceflary and a 
 glorious viftory. It re-eftablilhed the reputation of their 
 arms ; it fecured their winter-quarters ; and gave them 
 again the poffeffion of a great part of Saxony. 
 
 Probably of all the King of Pruflia's battles, this was the 
 moft important ; and it was that in the conduQ: of which 
 he ihewed the greateft (kill, intrepidity, and perfeverance. 
 His troops behaved with a firmnefs which would have done 
 honour to thofe which he formerly led into Bohemia. In 
 this aflion where they were to furmount every obftacle and 
 encounter every difficulty and danger in order to attack fo 
 great and excellent an army as the Auftrian, under fuch an 
 accompliflied commander as M. Daun, their number did 
 not exceed fifty thoufand men. 
 
 The Icfs of the Auftrians was very great ; the number 
 killed and wounded is not indeed accurately known. Pro- 
 bably it did not much, if at all exceed the lofs on the fide 
 of the viftorious army ; but the prifoners were far more 
 numerous, two hundred and fixteen officers of the Auftri- 
 ans were taken, among whom were four generals, together 
 with eight thoufand of the common fort. The king in this 
 battle, in which he every moment expofed his life to the 
 greateft dangers, received a flight contufion in his breaft by 
 a mufket ftiot. 
 
 The Auftrians difputed the vidory in the Gazettes. But 
 the King of Pruflla reaped all the fruits of it ; he recovered 
 all Sakony except Drefden ; it had been the extremity of 
 rafhnefs to have commenced the fiege of that place in the 
 depth of winter, and in the fight of an army ftrongly pofted, 
 and which though it had been beaten continued after its de- 
 feat, more numerous than his own. His troops had alrea- 
 dy fuftaincd fatigues almoft beyond human ftrength \ and 
 the moft prudent part now left was to permi them to en- 
 joy a little repofe; and in the interval of adion to prepare, 
 
 S f 3 'by 
 
 
 
 
 ill'^P 
 
324 ^^^ History of the War. i^^ 
 
 by employing the means his vidory had put into his hands 
 for the arduous work of the enfuing campaign. 
 
 Indeed the face of the Prufllan affairs had been prodi- 
 gioufly changed fince the day in which their enemies had 
 entered Berlin. It was obferved that the taking of that city 
 had been before this ominous to the Auftrian caufe : and 
 that General Haddick's expedition againft it in 1757, had 
 been followed by the viiStories of Rofbach and Liffa, as this 
 irruption was by that of Torgau. There was fome differ- 
 ence between the former vi£lories and the latter. But the 
 PrufTians drew motives of confolation and hope from riiofe 
 coincidences. There was alfo fomething folid in the advan- 
 tages they had acquired. After the King of PruiTia's march 
 had delivered Berlin, General Werner marched into Pome- 
 rania ; and on his approach, together with that of Winter, 
 the Rufllans raifed the flege of Colberg, (which they had 
 kept fo long blocked up by fea and land) and then retired 
 into Poland, not having been able to efFeft in Pomerania by 
 the operations of the whole year, more than the deveflation 
 of the open country. Then Werner having freed the 
 Eaftern, flew to the relief of the Weftern Pomerania, where 
 the fuccefs was as rapid, and more brilliant. He defeated 
 a body of Swedes which was ported near PaflTewalk, com- 
 pelled them to retire with the lofs of a thoufand men, in 
 killed and prifoners ; and purfuinghis advantage with fpint, 
 the Swedes were at length compelled to evacuate the Pruf- 
 fian Pomerania, and to fall back upon Stralfund. 
 
 AH the armies of the Rufllans at length quitted the king's 
 territories. General Laudohn abruptly uifed the blockade of 
 Cofel ; and afterwards abandoning Landfhut, he retired into 
 the Auflrian Silefia, and left all the PrufTian part in quiet. 
 M. Daun after the battle of Torgau, feeing the King of 
 Pruffia attempt nothing againft DrefdePi, placed one part of 
 his army in that city, and cantoned the reft in thofe ftrong 
 ports which lie to the fouth and weft of it, by which he 
 commanded the Elbe and kept open his communication with 
 Bohemia. The army of the empire retired into Franconia, 
 and placed its head quarters at Bamberg. 
 
 The King of Prurtla omitted nothing to re-ertablifti his 
 affairs ; and the recovery of Saxony gave him great oppor- 
 tunities for that purpofe. We may judge of the importance 
 of that pofTefTion by the refources he was able to draw from 
 it. He demanded of the circle of Leipfick for the contribu- 
 tions 
 
1,760. ^he History of the War. ^z^ 
 
 (ions of the enfuing year, two millions of crowns, exdufive 
 Lfthe ordinary revenue, together with a vaft quantity of 
 fjrage and provifion. From all the other parts of Mifnia 
 I yhich he held he exafted in the fame proportion. He 
 (ompelled them alfo to fupply a vaft number of recruits : 
 jiis demand was twenty thoufand ; and though it be certain 
 that they could not fupply fo many, yet he was enabled by 
 the recruits furniftied by Saxony alone, entirely to fill up 
 the breaches which the battle of Torgau had made in his 
 battalions. He drew alfo vaft refourctjs from the dutchy of 
 Mecklenburgh, which he taxed at fome millions of crowns, 
 an immenfe auantity of provifion, and a great number of 
 recruits. Thefe he infiftcd either on receiving immediately, 
 or that the duke (hould enter his troops into the Prufiian 
 fervice. It is faid that his majefty then made fome fort of 
 treaty or compofition with the duke, whofe condition has 
 been from the beginning of the war, the worft that can be 
 imagined. For his fituation is fur^ , juft behind the Pruflian 
 dominions, and out of all poflibility of communication with 
 the grand armies of his allies, that he cannot be benefited by 
 any advantages which they acquire ; on the contrary, he 
 fuffers almoft equally, whether the King of Pruffia be vic- 
 torious or defeated ; and his dominions muft furnifh the 
 means of improving the king's viftories, and repairing his 
 lolfes. If the King of PrufTia has made a treaty with this 
 Prince, there is nc doubt that it is almoft wholly in his 
 majefty's favour, and that he has taken care that he (hall 
 not draw much lefs profit from the Duke of Mecklenburgh 
 as an ally, than he had derived from him as an enemy. 
 
 In (hort, with regard to extent of pofleflion, the King 
 of Pruffia is ntiuch in the fame fituation in which he was 
 left at the clofing the foregoing campaign ; but in all other 
 refpecls his condition is infinitely preferable. He had then 
 indeed the fame pofTefflons in Saxony ; but he clofed that 
 campaign with the lofs of two battles, deftruCtive in them- 
 reives, and difgraceful in their circumftances .* he clofed 
 this by a moft beneficial and moft glorious victory, by which 
 the reputation of his arms, greatly tarniftied, was reftored 
 to its former brightnefs, and which in its confequences has 
 given him as fair a profpe£t of fuccefs as he can have, whilft 
 the alliance againft him is not in the leaft degree^weakened 
 by the falling off of the moft inconfiderable member, or 
 the abatement of the fmalleft degree of their animofity, 
 
 CHAP. 
 
 m 
 
 m. im. 
 
 \ \ 
 
 !•!■.': 
 
 ■w:'■^<> 
 
 ■ rt 
 
326 
 
 'The History of the War. lyg^ 
 
 CHAP. X. 
 
 The Allies ralfe the ftege of Gottingen. Winter quarterl 
 and fujferings of the Britijh troops. Popular debates k 
 England concerning the German war. 
 
 THE allied army in Weftphalia after their failure on 
 the lower Rhine, turned their attention to the eaft, 
 ward of the Wefer, and made a vigorous attempt uponl 
 Gottingen, which from the 22d of November, until thel 
 12th of the following month, they kept blockaded. Butl 
 the French made a brave defence, and having taken a ftrongl 
 poll: of the allies in a fally,Jhey compelled them to raife thel 
 blockade. They were before heartily weary of it, havind 
 fuffered incredible hardfliips, both in this and all the other 
 fervices of the campaign, in which they had fo often tra- 1 
 verfed that great traft of country which lies between the! 
 Maine, the Wefer, and the Rhine : and though the winter I 
 continued very temperate and open, fuch unufual rains 
 had fiiUen, that the waters were every where out, and the 
 roads fo damaged, that their provifions could fcarcely arrive, 
 or their communication be preferved. 
 
 At length therefore, they fubmitted to go into winter 
 quarters, leaving the French in pofieflTion of Heffe, and the 
 whole country eaftward of the Wefer to the frontiers of 
 the eledorate : by which they communicated with the 
 Auftrians and Impcrialifts, and prevented the fuccours with 
 which the King of Pruffia, after the battle of Torgaii, had 
 intended to reinforce the allied army. The Englifh troops 
 were cantoned for the winter, in the biftiopric of Fader- 
 born ; and Lord Granby eftablifhed his head quarters in 
 the city of that name. But thefe quarters proved a very 
 indifferent place of repofe for the Britilh troops, worn out 
 with the fatigues of fo laborious a campaign, partly from 
 the natural penury of the country ; and partly from the 
 vafl numbers to be fupported, at a time when the fphereof 
 their fubfiftence was extremely ftreightened ; and evcH that 
 narrow fphere exhaufted by having been four years the feat 
 of war. This fcarcity was increafed by the difficulty of the 
 roads, and probably in fome degree by the avarice of con- 
 traftors, pver whom, feveral were of opinion, as ftrict a 
 watch had not been kep!;, as is at all times neceffary for that 
 fort of people. 
 
 But 
 
Uo. ^be History of the War. 327 
 
 But whatever were the caufes of this fcarcity ; it was bit- 
 Lrly felt by the troops, and was accompanied by difeafes 
 Ifhich thinned them extremely. This raifed a general dif- 
 Iptent in the army, which was fpeedily communicated to 
 Jmland, where the people during the preceding year, not 
 Lving been ftruck with thofe brilliant advantages which 
 ginguifh an ofFenfive campaign, did not confine their com- 
 Iplaints to the conduct of the war, but began to fall into an 
 (ilinoft general diflike of the very fyftem upon which it 
 JKis purfued. 
 
 Much of the old difpute between the naval and continen- 
 Italfchemes was renewed ; and enforced with many addi-« 
 tional topics. The alliances of the war in Germany were 
 leverely criticifed. " We are purfuing, faid they, a fyftem, 
 [by which we muft certainly lofe all the advantages which 
 we acquired for the fhort time we followed one that was 
 more national, and fuitable to our circumftances ; a fyftem 
 i of all others the moft abfurd ; a fyftem in which defeats are 
 attended with their ufual fatal effects, and in which even 
 viftory itfelf cannot fave us from ruin. We will not enter, 
 faid they, into that long and vainly agitated queftion. Whe- 
 ther we ought to take any part in the differences which 
 may arife between the powers on the rontinent ? This 
 difquifition is foreign to the prefent purpofe ; and it is be- 
 fides of too vague and general a nature to admit any precife 
 determination ; but this undoubtedly may be afferted, that 
 we can never, confiftently with common prudence, engage 
 in a continental war againft France, without a concurrence 
 in our favour of the other powers on the continent. This 
 was the continental fcheme of the great King William ; and 
 this prl:.ciple the foundation of the grand alliance which he 
 projected, and at the head of which, in defence of the li- 
 berties of Europe, he made the moft auguft appearance to 
 which human nature can be raifed. It was on this princi- 
 ple, that in conjunction with half Europe, we carried on 
 the war with fo much honour and fuccefs againft France, 
 under the Duke of Marlborough- But to engage in a con- 
 tinental war with that power, not only unafllfted but oppof- 
 ed by the grcateft part of thofe ftates with whom we were 
 then combined, is an attempt never to be juftified by any 
 comparative calculation of the populoufnefs, the revenues, 
 or the general ftrength of the two nations. -It is a def- 
 perate ftiugglc, which muft finally end in our ruin. 
 
 . But 
 
 i 
 
 H 
 
 I 
 
 f 
 
 1-' 
 
 fi 
 
 
 t, 
 
 fe 
 
 • 1 
 

 3z8 The History of the War. lyg^ 
 
 But what is the fcene which we have chofon for thi 
 flruggle ? We have chofen Germany; the very pot of a] 
 others which the French, if they had thv-lr choice, v.oull 
 have pointed out to us. By making Germany the theatrl 
 of war, they fee that country warted and dcrtroyed, thl 
 ftrength of which has always proved the greateft bulwarl 
 againft their overbearing ambition. They fee the fwxrdl 
 of the Germans, from one end to the other of that va(t -xtl 
 populous country, turned againfl each other ; and they fej 
 with joy the EngUih, whofe intereft it is to fave them a] 
 much as poflible, co-operating with her blood and trea] 
 • furesj to compleat the difunion, and confcquently thedeJ 
 folation of Germany. In a war in that country France laJ 
 many advantages : flie fupports her armies in a great dcere^ 
 '>y pillaging tho "e whom in every refpefl it is her intereft to 
 \:-: ken. She i> not very remote from her own trontierJ 
 from whence fhe is eafdy provided, eafily recruited ; and by 
 means of which a great part of the public money is expend- 
 ed in the country where it is raifed. Is (he unfuccefsful ?| 
 fhe is brought thereby but the nearer to her frontiers, fup- 
 ports her troops with ftill the greater facility, and exhauftsl 
 rtill lefs the natural wealth of her people. Even fuppofel 
 the French army driven into France ; even then thefe ad- 
 vantages on her fide are increafed; and very obvious cir- 
 cumilances render it impofTiblc for the allied army to puflil 
 their fuccels on the German frontiers of France to any de- 
 cifive confequence. 
 
 But to the Englifh, every thing is unfavourable in fuchl 
 a war; their greateft fucceffes will only carry them to 
 greater diftance from their refources, and every ftep of 
 their progrefs muft make the tranfport of provifion, artiller)-, 
 ammunition, and the infinite impediments of a large armv 
 more difficult, and in the end altogether impraflicable. This [ 
 is not fpeculation ; the events which followed the b.itile of 
 Crevelt have proved it. Prince Ferdinand, viftoriou'! ;n 
 that aftion, was obliged, rather from the difficult/ of fub- 
 fifting, than the fuperiofity of the enemy, to repafs the 
 Rhine, and to bring back to Germany that war with which 
 he threatened France. It is thus, that upon this plan, vic- 
 tory itfelf cannot fave us, and that all our fuccflles furvconly 
 to accumulate new diftreffes, new difficulties, new charges. 
 Whilft France, who has only contracted her expences by 
 the lofs of her navy, encourages us to enter deeper and 
 
 deeper 
 
Ij^So. 72»tf History <?///&<? War. 329 
 
 deeper into the inextricable toils of a German war, in which 
 le wade our ftrcngth only to entangle ourfehes further. 
 She holds the firings, and can never be tired out at this 
 pme. From all this arifes an expence unknown even in 
 thought to our forefathers, and which the fingle revenue of 
 England is by no means able to bear. The allies, if they 
 deferve the name, fupply not the fmalleil part of it. The 
 Hanoverians and HefTians contribute to our fervice only by 
 Uabling us to protract dill longer our eflforts in a fyflem, in 
 vhich nothing can fo efFe£tually ferve us as being defeated 
 I IS early as pofllbie. 
 
 As to the King of Pruflia, what we pay to that monarchy 
 I may rather be confidered as tribute than fubfidy ; fmce we 
 receive nothing in return : and that far from being able to 
 afford any relief to our armies, he is fcarcely in a condition 
 I to fupport himfelf. So that this alliance is worfe than the 
 tormer, as it is an heavy charge compenfated not onlv with 
 DO real, but even with no apparent or (hewy ad- nt^'Gje. 
 Indeed, he is an ally the lafl: in the world we ought 10 1 ve 
 chofen> on account of his long connefkion with i, ir woi-ft 
 enemies, the mean and the hoftle fentiments he has always 
 entertained towards us, the injuries he has done us, nd the 
 general lightnefs of his faith with regard to his farmer allies. 
 We regard him, it is true, as the protcftor of th Proteftant 
 religion ; but how lightly he thinks of all religion his writ> 
 ings tedify ; and what mifchiefs he has done the Protedant 
 caufe in particular, this war will be a lading memorial. 
 When he entered Saxony, a Protedant country, he found 
 that religion no ways moleded in thofe places, where it had 
 been eftabliflied or tolerated by the treaty of Wedphalia. 
 Even in the Popifli dominions the perfecution began to lofe 
 Ibmething of its edge, when he under the name of its pro- 
 tcdor, brought upon it as great a calamity as its mod deter- 
 mined enemies could have widied ; by dividing the reform- 
 ed dates of the empire, and fetting Protedants to cut the 
 throats of Protedants, whild all the Popidi powers have 
 been forced into a drift confederacy. 
 
 Had we kept ourfelves clear of this ruinous fydem ( and 
 inilead of engaging France on her drong fide, attacked and 
 vanquidied her colonies, one after another, we might with- 
 out exhauding our own drength have gradually waded away 
 the principal refources of her trade, and whild we continued 
 this method, have as little reafon to grow tired of a war 
 
 T I (the 
 
 riaii^!, 
 
 iL^m's^'- 
 
 ' '■■' 'Ma J*^. V 'ftv 
 
 P''i 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 in 
 
 tmv\ 
 
 
 ifii 
 
 
330 ^he History of the War. 1^5^ 
 
 (the whole funds of which would be fpent at home) aj 
 France has to grow weary in the prefent manner of carryJ 
 ing it on. If the powers on the continent were left with-| 
 out our interpofition to do their own bufinefs, they would 
 probably better underftand and better defend their own 
 rights. At worft let France enter, let them conquer, let 
 them pofiefs Hanover ; there is no mifchief they can do that 
 country greater than it fuffers by the prefent war ; and we 
 not exhaufting ourfelves by a fruitlefs defence, fhould in the 
 end by the entire pofleflion of the French colonies, be able 
 befides the fccurity of our own juft claims, to reftore the 
 Hanoverian dominions to their lawful fovereign, and even 
 to procure fome indemnification for what they might have 
 fuffered in our quarrel." 
 
 This is pretty nearly the fubilance of what was urged 
 againfl: the German fyftem ; and the argument was con- 
 duced with great management and addrefs, and interfperfcd 
 with a number of topics well calculated to fpread difcontent, 
 and to place in an odious light every ftep taken in thofe al- 
 liances and in that war. Many, however, ftrongly adhered 
 to that method, and they anfwered' " That the beft rea- 
 fons on the other fide were more fpecious than folid ; and 
 that the chief writings againft our German connexions were 
 declamations rather than arguments. That the complaint 
 of the expence of this war was in fome meafure juft ; but 
 if the advantage was in any degree equivalent, the expence 
 was incurred to good purpofe. That France by engaging 
 fo heartily as fhe has done in the German war, has drawn 
 away fo much of her attention and her revenue from her 
 navy,' that it enabled us to give fuch a blow to her maritime 
 llrength, as poflibly fhe may never be able to recover. Her 
 engagement in the German war, has likewife drawn her 
 from the defence of her colonies, by which means we have 
 conquered fome of the moft confidcrable ihe poffefled. It 
 has withdrawn her from the protedion of her trade, by 
 which it is entirely deftroyed, whilft that of England has 
 never in the profoundeft peace been in fo flourifliing a con- 
 dition. So that by embarking in this German war, France 
 has fuffered herfelf to be undone, fo far as regards her par- 
 ticular and immediate quarrel with England. But has ihe 
 had in Germany fuch fuccefles as will counterballance this 
 lofs ? Far from it. At this moment fhe is infinitely lefs ad- 
 vanced than fhe was the year llje entered Germany, after 
 
 " •'. ' having 
 
liSo. TJbe History of ibeWAK. 531 
 
 Lying fpent fuch immenfe fums of money, and loft by the 
 Iford, by difeafe, and by defertion, at leaft 100,000 of her 
 
 On the other hand, the accoimt ftands thus with regard 
 (oEngland ; deeply embarked as (he has been in this Ger- 
 pan war, in her particular quarrel with France, fhe has 
 leen carried along with an almoft uninterrupted tide of fuc- 
 tefs. She has taken many of the French colonies ; fhe has 
 jtftroyed their navy and their trade, and having infulted 
 llu enemies coafts, has ruined an harbour which might one 
 (by prove very obnoxious to us. Then how ftands the ac- 
 count in Germany ? The French have been there frequent- 
 ly defeated: Hanover has been recovered and protefted : 
 The King of PrufTia has been preferved fo long at leaft 
 from the rage of his enemies, and in general the liberty of 
 Germany has been hitherto fecured. So that if we have 
 incurred a great expence, we have done by it infinitely 
 more than France has done at an expence much greater 
 than ours. For the advocates who declaim againft the 
 King of Pruflia, feem to have forgot that the charge of 
 the French army muft exceed ours, as the number of their 
 troops to be paid, exceeds the difference between French 
 and Englifli pay. Thofe on the Englifli eftablifliment in 
 Germany, have at no time exceeded 25,000, and the reft 
 of the confederates ferve very nearly on the fame terms with 
 the French. Not to mention thefubfidies fo greatly fupe- 
 rior to ours, which that power pays to ftates from whom 
 Ihehas not a fingle regiment to augment her armies. Thus, 
 although by our victories, France is relieved from the 
 charge of her navy, and that of the defence of fome of 
 her moft confiderable colonics, the German war alone has 
 hrought her finances to a diftrefs of which the whole world 
 has been witnefs. And nothing Icfs could have happened; 
 the expence however contracted was ftill enormous ; and 
 the refource of every war, trade, was almoft wholly de- 
 ftroycd. In EngUmd, the expence was alfo undoubtedly 
 great : but then, the old trade ftill remained to fupply it, 
 and new cliannels were opened. Had we lain by and tame- 
 ly beheld Germany in part poffeffed, and the reft compel- 
 led to receive laws from France, the war there would loon 
 have been brought to an end ; and France, ftrcngthened by 
 vittory, by conqueft and alliance, would have the whole 
 tWce and whole revenue of her mighty monarchy free to 
 '^ againtl us alone. T t 2 They 
 
 1: •; 
 
332 ^he History of the War. i^gg 
 
 They argued further, that common raiLh obliged us to 
 an adherence to our engagements both with Hanover and 
 Prulua : and that the pleaded incapacity to aflift thein arl- 
 fing froir. the greatnefs of the charge could not excufe us • 
 becaufe ♦^he -ncapacity was not real ; and if the expence 
 v/as inco I ;cnient, we ought to have looked to that v/hen 
 wc .or" acted our cna igements. That it was not true 
 that we received no advantage: from our alliance with the 
 King of Pruflia ; for if it be once udmitted, that we en- 
 tered with any reafon into the German war (which they 
 fuppofed proved) then the King of Pruflia has been very 
 materially ferviceable to us ; becaufe it was his vtcir.ry at 
 Rofbach, and the reinforcement from his troops, which 
 has enabled us to do all that has fince been atchieveo. In 
 the like manner, if the fupport of the proteHant religion 
 be any part of our care, that religion muft fuffer eminent- 
 ly by the ruin of the King of Pruflfia ; for though the wri- 
 tings attributed to his Pruflian majefty be fuch, as if really 
 his, refleft on account of their impiety great difgrace on 
 his character as a man, yet as a king, in his public and po- 
 litical capacity, he is the natural proteftor of the proteftant 
 religion in Germany ; and it will always be his intereft to 
 defend it. 
 
 We Ihall not prefume to determine, which party has the 
 right fide of this queftion ; it was once undoubtedly a quef- 
 tion very fit to be difcufled with great care ; but having 
 chofen our party, it is at prefent little more than a matter 
 of political (peculation. 
 
 CHAP. XII. 
 
 7'burot fails from Dunkirk. Putt into Gottenburg and 
 Bergen. Puts into the IjJe of Hay. He takes Carrick- 
 fergus. Sails from tbence. He is killedy and bis whole 
 fquadron taken. War in America. General Amberji 
 goes down the river St. Laurence. General Murray 
 marches from i^uebec. Montreal furrenders. Cherokee 
 war. Affairs of the Eajl-Indies. Lally defeated by 
 Coote. 
 
 BEfore we rcfume the account of the war in America, 
 it will be ncceflary to take fome notice of the attempt 
 of the celebrated Thurot. It happened much earlier in the 
 
 year, 
 
 ,760. 7V;<f V 
 
 ttar, than the even 
 
 Jvoid breaking the t 
 
 Jermany, we have 
 
 The reader will 
 
 for invading thefe i 
 
 appeared to us in tl- 
 
 fmall fquadron was 
 
 Thurot, the deftinj 
 
 imagined to have b( 
 
 peared, that this li( 
 
 verfion on the nort 
 
 under Monfieur de 
 
 fome of the fouthei 
 
 in which the latter 
 
 has already been 1 
 
 year. It remains n 
 
 which Thurot was 
 
 His fquadron, c 
 
 which were 1270 
 
 Dunkirk on the < 
 
 blocked up until tli 
 
 favour of an hazy r 
 
 Gottenburg in Swc 
 
 made to Bergen ii 
 
 were reduced by 1 
 
 fo fuffered by ftorr 
 
 of the moft conrid< 
 
 not until the 5 th c 
 
 direftly for their p 
 
 tune purfued ther 
 
 three months they 
 
 wefterniflesof Sec 
 
 nient landing near 
 
 fered every poflibl 
 
 diflieartned. Ano 
 
 them, of which th 
 
 ing three were ex 
 
 d extremely by i 
 
 ^ t into the ifle of 
 
 took in fome catt 
 
 libei ally paid for b; 
 
 ed, and who beha 
 
 and humanity. 
 
i)6o. 
 
 The History of the War. 
 
 year, than the events which we have juft related. But to 
 jvoid breaking the thread of the more important events ia 
 Jermany, we have referved it for this place. 
 
 The reader will remember, that in the French fcheme 
 for invading thefe iflands, (which was defcribed as it then 
 appeared to us in the 4th chapter of the annals of 1 759,) a 
 fmall fquadron was prepared at Dunkirk, under Monfieur 
 Thurot, the deftination of which moft people at that time 
 imagined to have been for Scotland. But, it has fince ap- 
 peared, that this little fquadron was intended to make a di- 
 vcrfion on the north coaft of Ireland, whilft the grand fleet 
 under Monfieur de Conflans, made the principal defcent in 
 fome of the fouthern parts of that kingdom. The manner 
 in which the latter and principal part of this projed failed, 
 has already been related among the tranfaftions of that 
 year. It remains now to give fome account of the part in 
 which Thurot was concerned. 
 
 His fquadron, confifting of five frigates, on board of 
 which were 1270 land foldiers, failed from the port of 
 Dunkirk on the 5th of Oftober 1759. They had been 
 blocked up until that time by an Englifh fleet ; but under 
 favour of an hazy night, they put out to fea, and arrived at 
 Gottenburg in Sweden ten days after. From thence they 
 made to Bergen in Norway. In thefe voyages, the men 
 were reduced by ficknefs, and the veffels themfelves had 
 fo fuffered by ftorms, that they were obliged to fend one 
 of the moft confiderable of them back to France. It v/as 
 not until the 5th of December, that they were able to fail 
 direftly for their place of deftination. But their old ill for- 
 tune purfued them with frefli difappointments. For near 
 three months they beat backward and forward amongft the 
 wefterniflesof Scotland, having in vain attempted a conve- 
 nient landing near Derry In this tedious interval they fuf- 
 fered every poflible hardinip. Their men were thinned and 
 diftieartned. Another of their fhips was feparated from 
 them, of which they never heard more. The now remain- 
 ing three were extremely fhattered, and their crews fufFer- 
 d extremely by famine. This obliged them to 
 i t into the ifle of Hay ; where they refitted and Feb. 16. 
 took in fome cattle and provifions, which were 
 libeially paid for by the generous adventurer who command- 
 ed, and who behaved in all refpcds with his ul'ual courtefy 
 and humanity. 
 
 Here 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
334 ^^^^ History fif the War. lyg^i 
 
 Here they heard for the firft time of the defeat of ConJ 
 flans's fquadron. This was a circumftance of great dif- 
 couragcmcnt. But as Thurot could not be fure that this! 
 intelligence was not given to deceive him ; he perfifted in 
 his refolution to fail for Ireland. Indeed ^.e had fcarcely 
 any other choice ; for he was fo poorly vi£tualled, that he ' 
 could not hope without fome rcfrelhment, to get bacl^ to 
 France. And he was further urged on by his love of glory ! 
 no fmall fharc of which he was certain to add to his cha- 
 rafter, if he could ftrike a blow of never fo little impor- 
 tance on the coaft of Ireland : For by this he might make 
 fome appearance of having revenged the many infults 
 which had been offered to the coalt of France. 
 
 Full of thefe ideas, he arrived before the town of Car- 
 rlckfergus on the 28th of February ; and landed his troops, 
 now reduced to about 600 men, the day following. They 
 were augmented by draughts from his fcamen to near 1000. 
 Thefe he formed on the beach, and moved to the attack of 
 the town. Carrickfcrgus is furrounded by an old wall ruin- 
 ous in many places. Colonel Jennings commanded about 
 four companies in the town, moftly of new raifedmen, ex- 
 tremely ill provided vvith ammunition, and no way prepa- 
 red for this attack, which they had not the leaft reafon 
 to expert. However, they fliut the gates, fent off the 
 French prifoncrs to Bclfaft, and took all the meafures their 
 circumftances would admit. The enemy advanced and 
 attacked the gates. There was no cannon ; but the gales 
 were defended with effecEl by mufquet fliot, until the am- 
 munition was fpent. Then the garrifon retired into the 
 caille, which having a breach in the wall near 50 feet in 
 extent, was no ways tenable. They therefore furrendered 
 prifoners of war with terms of fafcty for the town. 
 
 Thurot as foon as he was mailer of Carrickfcrgus, ilTu- 
 cd orders to Belfaft to fend him a quantity of wine and pro- 
 vifions ; he made the fame tlemand to the magiftrates of 
 Carrickfcrgus, which they having imprudently refufed fo 
 comply with, the town was plundered. Thurot havini; 
 viftualled, and gained as much reputation by this a£tion as 
 could be exposed from a fleet which was no more than a 
 fort of wreck of the grand cntcrprife, lot fail for France. 
 But he had not left the bay of Carrickfcrgus many hours, 
 when near the coall of the Ifle of Man, he perceived three 
 fail that bore down upon him. Thefe were three F.ngliih 
 
 frigates 
 
,n5o. 'I'he History of the W a r. 535 
 
 Lgates which happened to be in the harbour of Kinfale, 
 Ivhen Thurot made his defcent; the duke of Bedford, lord 
 itcnant, difpatched orders to the commander of the fri- 
 es to go in queft of the French armament. The Englifli 
 I filiates were one of 36 guns commanded by Capt. ElUott ; 
 [jn'dtwo of 32. 
 Such was their diligence and fuccefs, that they overtook 
 Thurot*s fquadron before they could get out of the Irifhfea. 
 They were exa6\ly three frigates to three. The French 
 diips were much the larger, and their men much more nu- 
 merous ; but both Ihips and men were in a bad condition. 
 Alharp and clofe engagement began. None of the French 
 could poflibly efcape, and they muft take or be taken. 
 Thurot did all that could be expefted from the intrepidity 
 of his charafter ; he fought his fliip until flie had her hold 
 almoft filled with water, and her decks covered with dead 
 bodiec. At length he was killed. The crew of his fhip, 
 and by her example thofe of the other two, difpiritcd by 
 this blow, and prefled with uncommon alacrity by the fig- 
 ral bravery of Capt. Elliott, and thofe who commanded un- 
 der him, flruck, and were carried into Ra.Jay Bay in the 
 lile of Man. Even this inconfiderable aftion added to the 
 glory of the Englifh arms. None had been better conduc- 
 ed, or, fought with greater refolution. This fole infult on 
 our coafts was feverely punilhed ; and not a velTel concern- 
 ed in it efcaped. The public indeed lamented tiie death ol 
 tiit brave Thurot, who even whilft he commanded a priva- 
 teer, fought lefs for plunder than honour ; whofe behavi- 
 our was on all occafions full of humanity and generofity ; 
 and whofe undaunted courage raided him to rank, and me- 
 rited diflinOiion. Mis death fecured the glory he always 
 fought : be did not live to be brought a prifoner into V.n- 
 gland ; or to hear in France thofe malignant criticifms, 
 which fo often attend unfortunate bravery. Thin was the 
 fate of the laft remaining branch of that grand armament, 
 which had fo long been the hope of France, the alarm of 
 England, and the object of general attention to all Eu- 
 rope (aj. 
 
 In 
 
 f'lj Capt. FJIioti's Account of hi> Enj^at^ement ivith Motif. 'Thurot. 
 in It Letter to ^is Qnne the Puke of Hffifoni. 
 
 
 
 /La! Ill, 
 
 Til 
 
 if . 
 
^^6 The History of the War. i^go. 
 
 In America, the French had no great reafon to boaft of 
 their fuccefs. The a6lion of Sillery only gained them, by 
 an immenfe efFufion of their blood, a victory which was 
 
 attended 
 
 MoluSy in Ratnfay Bay^ Feh. 29, 1 760. 
 My Lordf 
 
 I Had the honour to write to you on the 26th inft. oif Dublin^ 
 but very incorrectly and in great hade, as I that minute had in- 
 formation from the hfhermen, that the enemy were then at Car- 
 richfergusy I made all the difpatch poflible to attack them there 
 and got otF the entrance of the harbour that evening, but the wind 
 being contrary and blowing very hard I could not get in. 
 
 On the 28th, at four in the morning, we got fight of them un- 
 der fail, and gave chace ; about nine I got up along fide their 
 Commodore, and, in a few minutes after, the engagement be- 
 came general, and continued very brifkly for an hour and a half 
 when they all three (Iruck their colours. 
 
 They proved to be the Marjbal Belleijle^ of 44 guns and 545 
 men, M. Thurot^ commander, who is killed ; the La Blonde, of 
 32 guns and 400 men, and the Terpftchore^ of 26 guns and 300 
 men (including the troops in this number). I put in here to relit 
 the fhips who are all greatly difabled in their mails and rigging; 
 the Marjbal Bellei£e in particular, who loft her bowfprit, mizen- 
 maft, and main-yard in the action, and it is with much difficulty 
 we keep her from finking. 
 
 I have acquainted my Lords Commiflloners of the Admiralty 
 with the particulars by exprefs, and I purpofe returning to fome 
 port in Englatiii as foon as the (hips can poffibly be repaired. Sub- 
 joined is a lift of the killed and wounded. 
 
 i ' 
 
 1 
 
 
 / 
 
 Am, 
 
 My LorJt 
 
 
 
 111'. 1 • 
 
 •^1^ 1 . . <' . 
 
 
 Tour Graced 
 
 p 
 
 
 i .^ 
 
 MoJI bumhle 
 
 , and mojl obedient SerK^ant, 
 
 
 
 
 
 JOHN ELLIOTT 
 
 In 
 
 his Majefty' 
 yEolus, 
 Pallas, 
 kiihiant, 
 
 s Ships, 
 
 
 Killed. 
 4 
 
 Wounded. 
 
 »5 
 
 5 
 11 
 
 
 
 .IK.— 
 
 — — 
 
 3* 
 
,y6a The History of the War.' 537 
 
 littended with no advantageous confequences. Vaudreuil, 
 the governor of Canada, after Levy had been compelled 
 10 raife the (lege of Quebec, fixed his head-quarters at 
 Montreal, to make if pofTible a lad fland in that place ; 
 for which purpofe he carried in all his pofts ; and here he 
 colieded the w4iole regular force that remained in Canada. 
 [ At the fame time he fought to keep up the fpirits of the peo- 
 ple by various rumours and devices, which he praftifed on 
 their credulity. But Monfieur VaudreuiPs greateft hope, 
 ] was not in his artifices, nor his force, but in the fituation 
 of Canada, which is much harder to be entered, than 
 I when the enemy has entered it, to be conquered. On the 
 iide where the mod conAderable part of the Britiih force 
 was to a£k. it is covered with vaft impenetrable woods, 
 morafles, and mountains ; the only tolerable entrance for an 
 irmy, is by the river St. Laurence ; and the navigation of 
 this river is rendered extremely difficult and hazardous by 
 the number of (hallows, rifts and falls, that lie between 
 the difcharge of Ontario and the ifle of Montreal. Vau- 
 dreuil was in expectation, that the preparations necefTary 
 for conducing an army through fuch a long and difficult 
 way, would neceflarily confume fo much of the fummer, 
 as not to leave fufficient time for the operations abfoUitely 
 necefTary to reduce the remainder of Canada. He did not 
 [apprehend much danger from the garrifon of Quebec, 
 which had been weakened by its defeat in the fprin^. Thefe 
 coflfiderations gave him fome confidence that he might pro- 
 tract the war (omewhat longer, and another year might 
 poiTibl]^ give fortune an opportunity to take fome turn in his 
 favour.' 
 
 But Mr Amherft, whofe calm and fteady refolution no 
 Jifficulties could overcome, was taking the mod effedual 
 meafures to !efeat his expectations. His plan was difpofcd 
 in this manner. Brig. Gen. Murray had orders to advance 
 towards Montreal, on his fide, with all the troops which 
 could be fpared from the garrifon of Quebec. Colonel 
 Haviland failed from Crown Point, and took poflefllon of 
 the Ifle au Noix, which had been abandoned by the enemy 
 on the 28th of Augult, and from thence had orders to pro- 
 ceed dircftly to the city of Montreal. His own army, 
 confiding of about 10,000 men, he propofed to tranfport 
 by the way of Lake Ontario into the river St. Laurence. 
 Thus he propofed entirely to furround the lad place of im- 
 
 U u portance 
 
 . -y^' 
 
 
 ■ i ■■■# 
 
 if 
 
238 ^he HisrotiY of *h \VKk» t;tyjj 
 
 portance which the enemy poffeff^J, and by the motir, 
 the three armies, in three fach ^.ti^A-^m r- u*s, to render itl 
 impolfible for them to form an efR aual o^spofition to any of 
 his corps. 
 
 Having laid tins general pliii, he left Shenefta-I 
 June 21. dy on the frontiers of New York, and pafTed up 
 the Mohawks river and down that of the Oneidas 
 to Ofwego, where he arrived on the 9th of July. 'v\^J 
 army he had collefted there, confided of about 10,000 
 men, regulars and provincials. SirWmTohnfon brought 
 1000 favages of the Iroquois or five na ions ; the greateft 
 number of that race of men which was ever feen in arms in I 
 the caufe of England. 
 
 It was a matter of, the greateft difficulty to tranfportfol 
 numerous an army, the whole of its artillery, its ammuni- 
 tion, and all its provifion, over the expanfe of that vaft I 
 lake in open boats and gallies ; it required the greateft cau- 
 tion and the exa6teft order, left they fhould fall foul upon 
 cne another, left they ftiould be driven out too far to gain 
 the land on the firft threatning of a ftorm, or left they fhould •, 
 come too near the (hore. But -^l! the difpofitions were 
 made in the moft admirable method, and with that regula- 
 rity of military arrangement, which makes fo confiderable 
 a part of the charafter of that able commander. So that 
 the whole army embarked on the lothof Auguft. Ade-i 
 tachment had been fent fome day;- before to clear the paf- 
 fage of the river St. Laurence of wiiy ubftruftion, and to find i 
 the beft pafTage for the velTels. j 
 
 On the 27th he had entered that river, taken pqlTefTion 
 of Swega^c' '" and made all difpofitions for the attack of 
 L'Ifle Ro}\i!v, a fort lower down in the river which com- 
 manded it, and by this command is the moft important poll, 
 and as it were the key of Canada. The troops and boats 
 were fo difpofed, that the ifle was compleatly mvefted, and 
 the garrifon was left ho means of efcape. The batteries 
 A <9.c: ^^''^ *^^" raifed and opened, and after two days 
 
 "* ^* ftiarp firing, the fort furrendered. 
 
 This being a poft of importance both to command LAc 
 Ontario and to cover our frontier, the general fpent fomc 
 days here in order to repair the fort, and at the fame tiix 
 to fit out his veflTels, and to prepare all things for pafTinghis 
 troops down the river, the moft dangerous part of which 
 he was now to encounter, as all the rapids lie between this 
 
 place 
 
niotir,. , 
 <i T^iiiltT it] 
 
 1 to any oil 
 
 Shenefta- 
 
 • pafled up 
 e OneidasJ 
 "ly- The 
 ^t 10,000 
 •n brought 
 \e greateft 
 in arms in 
 
 ranfport fo 
 5 ammuni- 
 f thatvafti 
 eateft cau- 
 foul upon 
 far to gain ' 
 hey (hould 
 tions were 1 
 lat reguia- 
 snfiderable | 
 
 • So that 
 ift. Ade- 
 ir the paf- 
 andtofind 
 
 I pqfleflion 
 E attack of 
 hich com- 
 Ttant port, 
 and boats 
 ^eflied, and 
 e batteries 
 " two dayj 
 
 land L?kc 
 )ent feme 
 fame tiirie 
 paflinghis 
 of which 
 :ween this 
 place 
 
 
 --'"H:-^"^- 
 
 .LmK.'y 
 
 ,:'>^d''*&^ 
 
 ,^+.-.4v1 
 
 
 :i 
 
 m 
 
 I 
 
 •If, I 
 
 fc^--'j^^ 
 
■-/^/hK/ZiCi^tr /ffn(ftk.%wn an^(A>rfy^ 
 
y^-^-KWiJik..^ 
 
 v>^^f»-i^S«^ 
 
 «;s — > *■** ^ 
 
 ^Ofcr-;^^ 
 
 ^-^;^.?<>i 
 
 ''^ ^- ■ --'>. 
 
 
. J'i>1>'tl*'t''ff ■Jlli 
 
 \o?ij {jf\_ /^Titre^i/ m (janod/a 
 
 1760. Ti 
 
 place and Montn 
 near 90 men were 
 and a great numb 
 from fo large an c 
 be regarded as ver 
 ous, fatiguing a 
 inonths and fevent 
 tady, the Englifh 
 of Montreal, the 
 riod of their labou 
 
 They were imn 
 difpofitions were r 
 kntly was this pi 
 that Gen. Murray 
 Col. Haviland witl 
 lowing. 
 
 Montreal (b) v 
 building, traffick, a 
 the lakes and Qyel 
 trade; but the fori 
 inconfiderable ; fo 
 thing made the ta 
 cept that here was 
 part of the provii 
 However, by the < 
 
 (h) An Explanation 
 
 \. The river St. I 
 
 a. St. Peter's river 
 3. A bridge over 
 river. 
 
 4- M. de la Gallic 
 
 5 The general h 
 
 6. A dry ditch en 
 
 the town, except tl 
 
 wards the river j i 
 
 eight feet deep. 
 
 7 The glacis. 
 
 8. The imall gat( 
 
 9. Market -gate. 
 »f> St Mary's ga 
 
1760. The History «/ the War. 339 
 
 place and Montreal ; but notwithftanding all precautions, 
 near 90 men were drowned in pailing thefe dangerous falls, 
 and a great number of veflels broke to pieces. This lofs 
 from fo large an embarkation, in fuch circumflances, is to 
 be regarded as very inconfiderable. At length, after a tedi<!> 
 ous, fatiguing and dangerous voyage of two 
 i^onths and feventeen days Hnce they left Senec- Sept. 5. 
 taidy, the Englifh faw to their great joy, the ide 
 of Moutreal, the objed of their ardent wiihes> and the pe- 
 riod of their labours. 
 
 They were immediately landed in the beft order ; and all 
 difpofitions were made for attacking the place. So excel- 
 |<!ntly was this plan concerted, and fo faithfully executed, 
 that Gen. Murray landed from Quebec that very day ; and 
 Col.Haviland with his army from Ide auNoix the day fol-* 
 lowing. 
 
 Montreal (b) is the fecond place in Canada for extent, 
 building, traffick, and flrength. Its middle fituation between 
 the takes and QyebeC) hath made it the flaple of the Indian 
 trade; but the fortifications before this war were mean and 
 inconfiderable ; fomething has been fince added } but nor 
 thing made the taking of it an enterprife of difficulty, ex- 
 cept that here was coUe£ted the whole regular, and no fmall 
 part of the provincial force which remained in Canada. 
 However, by the difpofitions which at once brought againfi: 
 
 them 
 
 \rl 
 
 wm\ 
 
 (h) An Explanation of the Referrences ti the Perfpe&ive Vieio of 
 
 Montreal. 
 
 f . The river St. Laurence, 
 a. St. Peter's river. 
 
 3. A bridge over St. Peter's 
 river. 
 
 4. M. de la Calliere's houfe. 
 
 5. The general hofpitai. 
 
 0. A dry ditch encompafling 
 the town, except that part to- 
 wards the river ; it is about 
 tight feet deep. 
 
 7 The glacis. 
 
 8. The unall gate. 
 
 9. Market -gate. 
 
 10. Sl Mary's gate. 
 
 1 1 . Water-gate. 
 
 12. The fally-port, 
 
 13. The Recollets convent. 
 
 14. The parifli-church. 
 
 I J. The nunnery-hofpital. 
 
 16. The Jefuits church and 
 fcminary. 
 
 17. The palace of M. Vau- 
 dreuil, Governor-general of Ca- 
 nada. 
 
 18. M. de Longueyil's houfc. 
 
 19. The citadel, 
 ao. The wharf. 
 
 
 
 ■m^ 
 
340 ^be History of the War. 1-760 i 
 
 them three armies, the greateft part of the flower of the 
 Britifh troops in America, Monf. Vaudreuil faw himfeifl 
 entirely enclofed ; he defpaired of defending the place ; andf 
 therefore furrendered the garrifon of Montreal as • prifoJ 
 iiers of war, and the inhabitants of his government as fub- 
 jeds to the King of Great Britain on the 8th of September | 
 1760 
 
 And thus, in the fixth year of the war, and after the moft I 
 fevere ftruggles, was the vaft couiitry of Canada reduced 
 to the King's obedience. In this fimc fix battles had been 
 fought, the fortune of which was equally divided ; in three 
 the French had been vidorious ; in three the Engliih. 
 The firft of thofe in which the French had the better, waj 
 fought in the meadows near Fort du Quefne, where Gen. 
 Braddock was killed; the other at Ticonderoga, where 
 Gen. Abercrombie commanded ; the third at Sillery, where 
 Gen. Murray was repulfed. The viftories of the EnglilhJ 
 Were, ift. that near Crown Point, where Gen. Johnfon 
 commanded, and Dieikau was made prifoner ; the 2d near 
 Niagara, where Gen. Johnfon alfo commanded ; and the 3d 
 and principal near Quebec, where Wolfe gained the vifto- 1 
 ry and loft his life. From the Englifli two forts had been 
 taken, Ofwego and Fort W illiam-Henry. The Englifli on I 
 their fide took three cities ; Louifbourg, Quebec, and 
 Montreal ; and five principal forts, which commanded as 
 many important communications, Beaufcjour, Niagara, 
 Frontenac, Ticonderoga, Crown Point, and Ille-Royale j 
 bcfides fome others of inferior confideration. 
 
 Taking the whole war in America into one view, Canada I 
 had been defended with bravery and condufl fufficient to 
 crown the Generals Wolfe and Amherft, and the Admirals 
 Bofcawen and Saunders, who finally reduced it, with the I 
 greateft glory. And vvrithout queftion, the condud of| 
 Gen. Amherft in his laft expedition, by which he obliged 
 Montreal to furrender without a blow^ and finally conquer- 
 ed Canada without cfFufion of blood, defcrves every ho- 
 nour and evciy recom pence a grateful people can beftow. 
 The humanity with which he bejiaved to the conquered 
 both French and Indians, though tlie one had perpetrated, 
 
 ♦ They were not in ftridlnefs prifoners j but fent to France j 
 upon condition not to fervc during the war. 
 
17^0. ^be History of the War. 341 
 
 ind the other at lead connived at the moft horrid cruelties 
 on the Englilh prifoners, adds a high luftre to his conqued. 
 {fis troops fet not one houfe on fire, not one habitation 
 was plundered, not one man was killed (except in the at- 
 tack of Ifle-Royal). None was more diftingulfhed in this 
 refped than Sir William Johnfon ; he led into Canada an 
 anny of 1000 of the fierceft and moft cruel favages which 
 are bred in America, without doing the lead damage to 
 the country* or offering the flighted injury to the perfons 
 of the inhabitants. To eflfeft this he was obliged to exert 
 the mod unwearied endeavours, and the whole of thofe un- 
 common talents which give him fuch power over the minds 
 of all forts of men. The great vidories by which he has 
 advanced the intered of the nation, have done him lefs ho* 
 oour than this condud, by which he has fo greatly advanc- 
 ed its charader for humanity and moderation. It were to 
 be wiflied that the fame might be faid of the army, which 
 marched from Quebec } who finding that the inhabitants in 
 fome parts were out in arms, were under a neceHlty of fet- 
 ting fire to the villages ; the tendsrnefs of Gen. Murray's 
 nature revolted when the giving fuch orders became a ne« 
 ceflary part of his dnty. In the courfe of this 
 fummer. Lord Byron with three of his majedy's July 9. 
 fliips dedroyed a fettlement of French, where 
 none had ever been fufpe^ed, in the Bay de Chaleurs. 
 There he alfo took three frigates ; and about 20 fail of vcf- 
 fels which contained a reinforcement of troops and military 
 (lores for the relief of Montreal ; but when they had re- 
 ceived intelligence that Lord Colville's fleet had got into 
 the river before them, and of courfe entirely commanded 
 it, they difembarked in this place to attempt, if poflible, a 
 way to their principal army by land. But they were difco- 
 vered ; the whole armament was taken ; and the whole de- 
 fign difconcerted. 
 
 Before we take our leave of the American affairs of this 
 year, we ought to make fome mention of a war with the 
 lavage Indians, wh* 'h broke out on the back fettlemenls of 
 our fouthern colonies. The Cherokees, one of the mod 
 numerous and powerful nations of thefc barbarians, had in 
 the beginning, and during the greateft part of the progrefs 
 of the War, appeared to be heartily cngag-ed in our intcreds ; 
 at their defire a fort had been built in their country called 
 Fort Loudon> from the then commander in chief of the 
 
 Britiih 
 
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 WEBSTIR.N.Y. MSIO 
 
 (716) S72-4903 
 
343 '^^^ History of the War. \"]^^, 
 
 Britiih force? in America. Some parties of them had ap- 
 peared in our favour on the laft expedition againft Fort du 
 Quefne. But it is thought that on that occafion they re- 
 ceived fome infults, and had been treated in general with a 
 negle6l which made the deepefl impreflion on the minds ot 
 fo vindiftive a people. Thefe difcontents were fomented 
 by the French, who hoped to caufe a diverfion of a part of 
 our forces in this quarter. At length they commenced hol- 
 tilitiesin their ufual manner, by cruel ravages and murders 
 on the frontier of their neighbouring provinces. And there 
 was very great reafon to apprehend that the fame artifices 
 of the enemy, and the fame opinion of ill ufage, would 
 draw the neighbouring and powerful nation of the Creeks 
 into the like meafures. 
 
 Mr. Lyttleton, who was then governor of Carolina, 
 having in vain endeavoured to pacify them, took 
 
 Oft. the refolution of marching with all the force, re- 
 
 1759. gular and provincial, which he could raife, into 
 the Cherokee country. This army in all did not 
 exceed 11 00 men, but it was conduced with fuch fpirit 
 and difpatch by Governor Lyttleton, that in a very fhort 
 time, he marched 300 miles through a vaft defert which 
 lies between the Indian caflle of Keeowee and Charles- 
 town. He was advanced into their country before theyhad 
 made preparations to receive him. They faw their towns 
 in cafe of obftinacy on the point of being delivered to fire 
 and fword. They therefore defired a conference, in which 
 they acknowledged themfelves to blame ; and confented to 
 fuch a treaty of peace as the governor was pleafed 
 Dec. 26. to diftate. They gave up the perfons guilty of 
 the moft flagrant murders, and put into his hands 
 twe it '-two hoftages, as a lecurity for their adherence to 
 the treaty. 
 
 The governor had all imaginable reafon to be fatisfied 
 with the effect his expedition had produced \ and having 
 as every body believed effeftually chaftifed the former info- 
 lencc of the enemy, and fecured the future tranquillity of 
 the fouthcrn nrovinces, he returned to Charles-town. But 
 thcfe perfidious barbarians, equally regardlefs of their faith, 
 and of the fiifety of their countrymen, whofc lives were 
 pledged for ihcir fidelity, broke out as foon as the army 
 was removed, into their former ravages; blocked up Fori 
 Loudon, which fiands in the middle of their country, and 
 
 made 
 
1^60. ^'he History of the War. ^4j 
 
 made fome attempts on Fort Edward, which lies nearer to 
 the fettlements. Their total want of (kill in carrying on 
 fieges prevented them from any hope of maftering thefe 
 places, otherwife than by treachery or famine. They fail- 
 ed in the firft inftance ; and the laft required time. 
 
 The imminent danger of two Englifh gafrifons, and that 
 whole traft of our colonies, being made known to General 
 Amherft, he detached Colonel Montgomery to their aflift- 
 ance, with a regiment of Highlanders, a battalion of the 
 Royal Americans, a body of grenadiers, and the provincial 
 troops. He marched into the enemies country. He made 
 war upon the Indians after their own manner. No other 
 would have been efFeflual. He burned Eftatoe the capi al 
 of the Lower Cherokees, confifting of 200 houfes, an Indian 
 town of the very firft magnitude ; and then proceeded to 
 the fame execution on all the towns and villages of that di- 
 (Irift of the Cherokees, which were numerous, populous, 
 and wealthy. The inhabitants generally fled on the ap- 
 oroach of our troops ; fome however were burned in their 
 houfes, and fome women and children were made prifon- 
 ers. 
 
 This univerfal deftru£lion of the lower fettlements being 
 compleated. Col. Montgomery paffed on to the 
 middle Cherokees: but as the army marched June 2 7. 
 through a dangerous ground, favourable to the 
 Indian method of fighting, they were fuddenly attacked 
 upon all fides by this favage enemy, with the greatqft tury, 
 and with the ufual horrible fcreams and outcries. The 
 troops were fo well difpofed with a view of this kind of war, 
 that they ftood the charge with firmnefs ; they were not 
 intimidated with the covered fire, or the fcreams of the fa- 
 vages. The fight was long and well maintained on both 
 fides. But at length the Indians fled. A neighbouring 
 town (one of the moft confiderable) was entered that night. 
 The enemy made fome attempt to moleft them ; but to lit- 
 tle purpofe. The Englifti loft in this a£tion 20 killed, and 
 about 80 wounded. The Cherokees had near 40 killed. 
 The number of the wounded is not known. 
 
 Though Col. Montgomery was victorious on this occafi- 
 on ; yet it was neceflary to retreat on account of his woundf 
 ed, for whom he had no place of fafety. For it he Ihould 
 attempt to proceed, he had to apprehend frequent flcir-» 
 milhes as he advanced, and the number of wounded tof^e- 
 
 ther 
 
 
 h-- 
 
344 ^^<^ HrstoRY of the War* i^^q 
 
 ther with the difficulty of his march, would be hourly jn- 
 creafed. This retreat was certainly neceflTary. But when 
 Col. Montgomery had arrived at Fort St. George, he dif. 
 covered part of his orders, which threw the whole country 
 into confternation ; which was, that when he had cbajiifti 
 the enemy, he was to return to New- York with the troopg 
 under his command, and rejoin the grand army. Thcfe 
 orders without delay he obeyed ; not however with fuch 
 rigour, but that the earnefl entreaties of the province pre- 
 vailed on him to leave about four hundred men for their 
 proteflion. 
 
 Carolina and the neighbouring colonies were again cxpofed 
 to the fury of a favage enemy, not fo much weakened as 
 exafperated by their late fufferings ; the fate of the garrifon 
 of Fort Loucfon was but too certain. For feveral months 
 they had ftiffered a clofe blockade ; at length feeing no 
 hope of relief their provifions being totally con- 
 Aug. 7. fumed and the enemy (hewing fome pacific dif- 
 pofitions, they were induced to furrcnder upon 
 honourable conditions. 
 
 But the enemy, equally regardlefs of faith and humani- 
 ty, fell upon them in their march, butchered all the offi- 
 cers but one, killed feveral of the private foldiers, and car- 
 ried the reft into an horrible captivity. Thefe outrages on 
 the fouthern colonies threw fome damp on the joy which 
 was felt over the Englifh America, on the entire conqueft 
 of Canada. 
 
 In Europe the fortune of the campaign was nearly bal- 
 
 lanced. In America, except this inconfiderable favage war, 
 
 it was entirely triumphant. In the Eaft-Indies alfo we 
 
 gained glory and new advantages. After the raifing the 
 
 fiege of Fort St. George, in February 1759, the 
 
 April 16, Engliih army took the field under Major Brere* 
 
 1 759. ton, an^ poflefled themfelves of the important 
 
 town aiid fort of Conjiveram. About the fan:: 
 
 time the city of Mafulipatam was ftoiiaed and taken by 
 
 Major Ford. By thefe ftrokes the French trade on the coaft 
 
 «f Coromandel was confined to Pondicherry and a few in- 
 
 confiderable places. And the traffick 01 the whole fhore for 
 
 an extent of 800 miles of a populous and manufa£turins 
 
 country, was entirely in the hands of the Englifh company. 
 
 This coaft joins to the rich province of Bengal } out of 
 
 which 
 
ilSo. ^he History of the War. 345 
 
 which alfo tlie French were entirely driven by the heroic 
 anions of Col. Clive. 
 
 Encouraged by thefe fuccefles, a body of about 1200 
 men, Europeans and Seapoys, undei" tlie command of Ma- 
 jor Brereton, advanced further, and attempted to diflodge 
 an army of French and their confederate Indians, encamp- 
 ed under the cannon of a fort of that country cori- 
 llruftion. Theacquifitionof that place had been 
 a valuable advantage. But here our army was Sept. 
 obliged to retire, with a lofs of 'between 3 and 
 ^00 killed and wounded. 
 
 Gen. Lally animated with this and fome {lighter advanta- 
 ges, threatened the fiege of Trichenopoly, and the French 
 affairs feemed again to revive. But it was only a momenta- 
 ry gleam. To check his progrefs. Col. Cootc at the head 
 of the greateft body he could draw together on that coaft, 
 inverted Wandewalh, took the place in three days, 
 and made the garrifon prifoners of war. From Nov. 30. 
 thence he pafled with rapidity to Carongoly ; the 
 liege of which town he prefled with fuch diligence, that in 
 four days from the opening his batteries, he obli- y. 
 ged the garrifon to march out. 
 
 This progrefs alarmed Gen. Lally ; he called large de- 
 tachments in from every fide ; and knowing the importance 
 of Wandewafh, made all his efforts to recover it. He 
 pulhed forward the fiege with the utmoft vigour ; hoping to 
 take the town before Col. Coote could arrive to its relief. 
 But the Colonel marched with equal diligence and 
 arrived about the time when the French had July 22, 
 made a prafticable breach. His army cuiififted 
 
 I of 1700 Europeans, and about 3000 black troops. Lally's 
 amounted to 2200 Europeans, and between 9 and 10,000 
 
 [blacks. The engagement was long and obftinate ; but at 
 length, the French gave way. It was a total rout; they 
 
 abandoned their camp, their cannon, and all the imple- 
 ments of the fiege. They left 1 000 killed and wounded on 
 
 the field of battle. Among the prifonei s were Brig. Gen. 
 
 Bufly; the Chevalier Godeville, quarter-mafter general; 
 
 [Lieut. Col. Murphy, and eleven inferior officers, who 
 
 were all wounded. Lally fled with his broken troop? in 
 
 Ncfpair to Pondicherry, 
 Of the Englilh in this action near 200 were killed and 
 
 I wounded ; in particular the death of the gallant Major Bre- 
 
 X X reton 
 
 
 ii 
 
 
 ■w-m 
 
 
 >■ .-^i 
 
 fciii-^i! 
 
 
 i. I 
 
 a' 
 
 
346 
 
 'The History of the War, 
 
 1760. 
 
 reton was much regretted. Of the blacks about 70 were 
 wounded and flain. 
 
 Except the battle of Palfly, followed by the revolution 
 in Bengal, this adion was the moft confiderable in its con- 
 fequences, of any in which our troops had ever been enga- 
 ged in India. This was fought in part againft European! 
 troops headed by an able General. The difpofitions for the 
 battle, and the conduct of Col. Coote in the engagement 
 merit every honour. 
 
 This vi61:ory was purfucd with a fpirit equal to that by! 
 which it was won. Chittiput was taken in a few days after-! 
 and the army allowing itfelf no repofe, marched direQIyj 
 from thence to Arcot, the capital of this immenfe province.! 
 TKfefiege was opened on the 5th of February, and thefortl 
 furrendered on the loth ; near 300 Europeans were maclel 
 prifoners of war (e). 
 
 A- 
 
 (e) Colonel Eyre Coolers Letter to Mr. Secretary Pitt, dated, Amtl 
 l^illagey I ^th of February f 1760. 
 SIR, 
 
 I Have the honour to acquaint you of the fituation of our afFalrjj 
 on thzcovA oiCoromandel fince my arrival, and of our happyj 
 fuccefles. Soon after I arrived, the governok and council of />/«- 
 dras being informed, that Gen. Lally had fent a detachment of 
 his army to the fouthward, and that that party had taken 5jr/«-j 
 ham, and threatned Trichenopoly with a fiege, it was thought ad- 
 vifeable, that I (hould take the field with the army, and by tktl 
 means endeavour to draw the enemy from the fouthward. Ac-F 
 cordingly, on the 2<^\:\ioi November , 1759, I took the field, and,! 
 on the 27th, invefted Won^i'vaJJj, and erefted batteries ; and! 
 having made a breach by the 30th, took the place and made thel 
 garrlfon (which confifted of five fubaltern officers, 63 private! 
 men, and 800 feapoys,) piifoners of war : There were in tliel 
 garrifon 49 pieces of cannon, and a great quantity of ammunition,] 
 December the 3d, I invefted Carangoly. On the 6th, I opened a| 
 two gun battery, and on the 7th another, and began to carry on 
 the approachej. On the loth, being near the creft of the G/rta;j 
 and having difmounted all their guns but four, Col. O'Kennel^X 
 who commanded, fent out a flag of truce, and, on the accountj 
 of his gallant defence, I granted him the following terms : That! 
 the Europeans (hould have leave to march out with their ariusj 
 two rounds per man, drums beating, and fix days provifionsij 
 The Seapoys to be difarmed, and turned about their bufinef:;.' 
 
 Til 
 
 1750. The Hi 
 
 At fea Admiral Poi 
 
 lot Col. Coote with \ 
 
 pidity. Again he en, 
 
 N'Ache, a brave cor 
 
 degree fupported the 
 
 The garrifon confifted 
 Ljw/?)''f> and nine guns, 
 was arrived at Arcot i\ 
 I and a large black army, 
 was to join him, and tl 
 their march towards A 
 crofs the Palla, and en 
 the Palla between us. 
 time joined the enemy, 
 want of provifions, as 
 2-th, Lieut. Gen. Lally 
 January the 9th, the < 
 (Jen. Lally marched wit 
 moved with our army a! 
 ferve their motions, anc 
 I received a letter fror 
 that 500 of the enemy'; 
 enter^'d the town ; and 
 I Im. .hree miles diftan 
 motion, and endeavour 
 wliich was very weak 
 rived there the 13 th 
 place, their army move 
 the Palla with all the 
 \kr, about fourteen m 
 M. Lally had invefted, 
 went with all the cava 
 from the commaiiding 
 made ; I therefore de 
 morning. According 
 me at Irimboroiisrh, ni 
 kn poll with the cava 
 I fix o'clock in the nion 
 out the day before \'ox 
 vanced guard of horf^ 
 I each other ; .<pon whi 
 commanded liie cava 
 was fupported by five 
 
 
hjSo. Tie History of tbe War. 34^ 
 
 At fea Admiral Pocock feconded the extraordinary efforts 
 I of Col. Coote with his own ufual fkill and intre- 
 pidity. Again he engaged the fleet of Monfjeur Sept. 4, 
 liJ'Ache, a brave commander, who has in feme 1759. 
 cgree fupported the declining reputation of the 
 
 French 
 
 The garrifon confifted of 100 Europeans , (officers included) 500 
 ^ffl^s^j, and nine guns. Having intelligence that Biig. Gen. Bujjy 
 was arrived at Arcot from the northward, with 300 Europeans^ 
 I and a large black army, and that the army, which lay at Chittiput^ 
 was to join him, and that the force from the fouthward were on 
 their march towards Arcot ^ I therefore thought it advifeable to 
 crots the Palla, and encamp the army oppofite the Arcot y having 
 uitPalla between us. Three thoufand Moratta horfe about this 
 time joined the enemy, which put me to the greateft diftrefs for 
 want of provifions, as they plundered all the country. On the 
 2;th, Lieut. Gen, Lally arrived at Arcot , and took the comiliand. 
 January the 9th, the enemy were all in motion On the loth. 
 Gen. Lally marched with all his army towards lVoncIii>aJhy and I 
 moved with our army along the bank of the river, in order to ob- 
 ferve their motions, and cover our own counj /. On the 12th, 
 1 received a letter from the commanding officer at Conjenjeram^ 
 that 500 of the enemy's Europeans^ and a large body of horfe, had 
 entei\'d the town; and that the rell of their army iay at "Jango- 
 Inm. iiiree ijiiles diftance from it : I therefore put the army in 
 inoiion, and endeavoured, by a forced march, to fave that place, 
 which was very weak (but of confequence to us) and happily ar- 
 rived there the 13th before day-light. The enemy quitted the 
 I place, their army moved towards IVondi'vaJh. The i 5 th I croffed 
 the Palla with all the army, and on the i yth arrived at Outrema- 
 Ikr, about fourteen miles {'xoin IVonJi'valhy which place I found 
 M. Lally had invefted, and began to raife batteries. The 21ft, I 
 went with all the cavalry to reconnoitre, having received a letter 
 from the commariding officer of the garrlfon, that a breach was 
 I made ; I therefore determined to engage the enemy the next 
 morning. Accordingly, I feit orders back to the army to join 
 me at Irimboroiisrh, nine miles irom IVomlii^nJlj, where 1 had ta- 
 ken poll with the cavalry. On the 22d, the army marched, at 
 fix o'clock in the morning, agreeable to the orders T had given 
 out the day before lor that purpofe. About 7 o'clock, our ad- 
 vanced gunrd of horfe, and that of the enemy, began to fire at 
 each other ; .ipon which I ordered Captain Uaron de Vajferoty who 
 commanded the cavalry, to form them in order of battle ; he 
 was fupported by five compunies of Seapoyi ; an*!, at the fame 
 
 X X 2 time. 
 
 Iv 
 
 
 mi' 
 
 P». fit: •{.% ;■■,'■ 
 
 
 >, > 
 
 
 il Oili 
 
348 ^he History of the War. i-yg^ 
 
 French marine; but though fuperior in the number of hi- 1 
 fhips, and more than in that proportion fuperior in guns and 
 men, he was obliged after upwards of two hours fevereand 
 
 bloody! 
 
 time, I ordered up two pieces of cannon, and -advancing myfelf 
 with two companies of Seapoys, obliged the enemy to retire to! 
 their main bodyof horfe, which con'ii^edoi zoo Europeans, and! 
 3000 Morattasy on their left. Upon the whole of our cavalry'sj 
 advancing, that of the enemy retired in pretty good order, till I 
 our cannon began to play, which was extremely well ferved, and! 
 obliged them to retire precipitately. I then ordered the major 
 of brigade to the army, which was about three quarters ofaniilej 
 in the rear, with orders for them to form the line of battle, but! 
 not to advance till I had joined them. Soon ufter, having taken 
 pofTeflion of a tank, which the enemy's cavalry had occupied, I 
 returned to the line, which by that time was formed according to) 
 my orders. After reviewing the whole, and finding the men in! 
 great fpirit, and eager to engage, I ordered the army to mo 
 forward. 
 
 About nine o'clock we arrived at the poft we had driven the I 
 enemy from, which was about two miles from their camp, and! 
 halted in their view, near half an hour ; during which time, I - 
 went very near to them, and reconnoitred their fituation. Upon 
 finding they were ftrongly polled, and our flanks expofed to the' 
 enemy's cavalry, which was vaftly fuperior to ours, I ordered 
 the army to march by the right, in order to gain the advantage of I 
 a hill three miles from us, and about two miles from Wondivafh- 
 fort ; and the horfe, wMch was then in the front, to wheel tcthe 
 right and left, and form behind thefecond line, in order to make 
 the rear-guard, and cover the baggage. By this motion, I co- 
 vered my right flank with the hill, and had fome vill?.ges in my 
 rear, where I then ordered the baggage to. This obliged the 
 enemy to alter their difpofition. During all this time we cannona 
 ded each other, and fl<irmifh<^d with their advanced polls, and 
 Morntta horfe: The latter difappeared about 1 1 o'clock. 1 he 
 enemy, after making their fetond difpofition, moved towards us 
 about the dillance of three quarters of a nn"le, under cover of a 
 bank. The cannonading then began to be fniart on both (idis i 
 and upon feeing the enemy coming briikly up, I ordered the army 
 to march forward. At \?. o'clock the enemy's European cavalry 
 puflied with a great deal of refolution, in order to force our left, 
 and come round upon our rear, hnmcdip.tely I ordered I'p foiiie 
 companies of Senpoys, and two pieces of cannon, which were to 
 fuftain our cavalry, who had been ordered to oppofe them. Up- 
 
 on 
 
[,h6o. ^Ijs History of the War. 349 
 
 bloody confliQ: to give way before Admiral Pocock, and to 
 
 take Iheltcr under the forts of Pondicherry. During thit 
 
 I engagement eight of the Englifh ihips flood the fire of the 
 
 whole 
 
 jn the cannon and Seapoys flanking them, they broke. The ca- 
 valry then had orders to charge, who drove them a mile from our 
 left, upon the rear of their own army. We continued all this 
 while advancing towards each other, the enemy's flank being ve- 
 tvwell covered by a tank. It was one o'clock when we arrived 
 within reach of mufquetry, whew a fhot from us ftriking one of 
 their tumbrils, it blew up. I then immediately ordered Major 
 Jrfrf/0,7 to wheel Col. Draperh regiment to the left, and charge 
 their left flank, which was executed with great c.der, and much 
 honour to that corps. Seeing that regiment likely to fuffer from a 
 body of black troops, together with their marines, who were un- 
 der cover, and fired very brilkly upon them ; and, at the fame 
 time, finding they had reinforced their left with a piquet from 
 ifl//y's regiment, 1 ordered the grenadier company of Drape. 's 
 which was on the right of the fecond line, to fupport their own 
 regiment ; and having likewife two pieces of cannon playing upon 
 the enemy's flank, compleated the rout of that wing, who aban- 
 doned their cannon, and fell upon their own center, which was 
 by this time, together with their right, clofely engaged with our 
 left. I then ordered up Major Monfon, with the rell of the fe- 
 cond line, and placed him fo as to be able to fupport any part of 
 our line, at the fame time flanking the enemy. About two o'clock 
 their whole army gave way, and ran towards th^ir own camp ; but 
 finding we purfued them, quitted it, and left us intire mailers of 
 the field, together with all their cannon, except three fmall pieces, 
 which they carried off. The number of cannon taken is as follows : 
 One 32, one 24, three 20, two 18, one 14, two 3, and two 2- 
 pounders, iron. Three 6, four 4, one 3, and two 2-pound- 
 ers, brafs. In f 11 22 pieces. Round fhot 3204. Grape 
 no, befides tumbrils, and all other implements belonging to the 
 train. The prifoners we have taken are Brig. Gen. BuJ/y, le che- 
 valier Gode'ville^ quarter-mafler general. Of La/Iy's regiment, 
 Lieut. Col. Murphy, two Captains, two Lieutenants. Of the 
 Lorrain regiment, one Captain, one Lieutenant. Of the //'^jV?« 
 battalions, two Lieutenants, two Enfigns. Of the Marines, le 
 chevalier de Pocte, knight of Midta, who is fmce dead of hii 
 wounds. All the above gentlemen were wounded, but M. BuJJy, 
 and an enfign of \.\\q Indian battalion. The Frfw^ reckon they 
 had 800 killed and v oundcd, 200 of which we buried in the field. 
 We have taken above 2co wounded piifoners, befides 40 not 
 
 wounded. 
 
 P-\M i"'| 
 
 • 
 
 
 
35^^ 7'if't? History of the War. 1^5^ 
 
 whole French fleet, which confifted of 16 fail. The fhjp, 
 were greatly Ih.ittcred j 560 of our fquadron were killed 
 and wounded j and on the fide of the French the lofs was 
 
 not 
 
 wounded. Our lofs is as follows: Of col. /)r«^fr's reoiinent 
 enfign Collins killed, and 17 private men. Wounded, major 
 Brereton, and lieut. Broivn (fince dead of their wounds) capt. 
 Knuttal, enfigns Halfpenny, Thompfon, and Horier, and 66 pri- 
 vate. Of my regiment, killed, cnfxgn Sluur:, and 13 private. 
 Wounded, lieuts. Frafer and TyJ, enhgn Heron, and 36 private. 
 The honourable company's troops, killed, enfign E'vans, and i8 
 private. Wounded, cornet Kufwy and 29 private. Among our 
 black troops, about 70 killed and wounded. The enemy's army, 
 commanded by Lieut. Gen. Lally, confifted of 2200 Europeam, 
 including artillery and cavalry; 300 cofferics, and between 9 and 
 1 0,000 black troops. Twenty pieces of cannon in the field, and 
 five in their batteries againft the fort, where they blew up a large 
 magazine of powder upon their retreat. Our army amounted to 
 1700 Europeans, including artillery and cavalry; 3500 black 
 troops J 14 pieces of cannon, and one howitz. The enemy col- 
 lefted themielves under the walk of C/jtttiput, about 18 miles 
 from the field of battle, and the next day marched to Gingey. 
 Our cavalry being greatly fatigued, put it out of my power to 
 purfue the enemy as far as 1 could have wiflied. During the 
 whole engagement, and ever fince I have had the honour of com- 
 manding the army, the officers and men have Ihewn the greateft 
 fpirit ; nor can I fay too much for the behaviour of the ar- 
 ti'iery. 
 
 The next day, I fent out a detachment of cavalry, to harafs 
 the enemy. January 26. Finding that Gen. Lally had retired 
 with his broken troops to Pondicherry, I fent capt. de Vafferot, 
 with 1 000 horfe, and 300 Seapoys, towards Pondicherry, to de- 
 ftroy the French country, and marched the army to befiege Chhti- 
 put J and on the 28th at night, eredted a two-gun battery, and 
 got in one 2 \. and one 20 pounder, and played upon them from an 
 8-inch howitz. The next day, after making a breach, Le Che- 
 valier de Tilly, with his garrifon furrendered prifoners of war. 
 Thegarrifon confifted of four officers, 54 private, and ^00 Sea- 
 poys, with 73 Europeans wounded in the hofpital. I found in the 
 fort 9 guns, and a good quantity of ammunition. Having intelli- 
 gence of a party of the enemy going from Arcot to Gingey, I fent 
 capt. Smith with a detachment to intercept them. On the 30th, 
 marched the army towards /^rto/, the capital of the province,in or- 
 . . . . ' . dcr 
 
[^6o. TVa" History of the War. 351 
 
 |„ot Icfs than 1000. Admiral Pocock immediately got him- 
 (■ again in a fighting condition., and braved the French 
 
 [fleet before Pondicherry, who lay under their cannon, and 
 fctufed a new engagement. 
 
 Ithas been obfcrved that hiftory can hardly produce an 
 inflance of twofquadrons fighting three pitched battles, un- 
 
 [ilerthe fame commanders, in 18 months, without the lofs 
 of a fhip on either fide. After this engagement Admiral 
 Coinill^ arrived on the coaft of Coromandel and joined Po- 
 cock, by which we attained fo decided a fuperiority in 
 Urcngth, as we had before in courage and ability, that the 
 French no longer appeared in thofe feas. Moft of their 
 lliips went off, as it was thought, to Mauritius. Then the 
 French affairs went rapidly to ruin. On the 5th of April 
 the important fortrefs of Caracal furrendered to the fea and 
 land forces under Admiral Cornifh and Major Monkton. 
 Bv file taking of this and two other places of lefi'er confi- 
 derafion, the French were actually reduced to the fingle 
 
 port 
 
 !i 
 
 
 .•'i-lkii 
 
 <<>l. " 
 
 dertobefiege it. This day capt. Smithjolned me, having taken the 
 party I had fent him after, which confided of 10 Europeans, 50 
 iieapoys^ and two brafs 8 pounders ; and foon after he took a 
 captain of the Lorrain regiment, and three French commif- 
 faries. 
 
 On the 1^0^ Fehniary, 1 fet out from the army ^ov Arcot^ 
 leaving orders with major Monfon to throw a few fliells into 7im- 
 mrj, and to fummon the garrifon. February 2. The army 
 marched and encamped within two miles ofArcot. Major Monfon 
 reported to me this day, that the garrifon of Timmery had furren- 
 dered prifoners of war. There were in it, fix guns, one ferjear.t, 
 20 Europeans, and 60 Seapoys. February 5. I opened the batteries 
 againft the fort ofArcot, 'viz. One of five i8-pounders, and ano- 
 ther of two 18 and one 24-pounders. On the 6th, began to car- 
 ry on approaches to the fouth well and weft towers of the fort ; 
 and having by the loth, got within 60 yards of the creft 
 of the glacis, the garrifon furrendered prifoners of war. It 
 confifted of three captains, eight fubalterns, 236 private, an -^ be- 
 tween 2 and 300 Heapoys. There were in it, four mortars, 22 
 pieces of cannon, and a great quantity of all kinds of military 
 ftores. We had, during the fiege, feven non-cnniminioned and 
 private, killed ; and cnfign Mac Mahon, who adcd as engineer, 
 and 16 wounded. 
 
 ' &% 
 
 
g^z Tie History of ibff War. i^^q 
 
 port of Pondicherry ; which was when thefe accounts car.ie I 
 away, clofely blocked up by land and fea. The ftrongcft j 
 hopes are conceived that this capital of the French India 
 power and commerce will (hortly be brought into our pof. 
 fefllon ; and with thefe pleafing hopes we conclude the hif- 
 tory of the war of 1 760. 
 
 Ill 
 
 THE 
 
.» t 
 
 [ 353 ] 
 
 y. 
 
 THE .. - , 
 
 [annual register: 
 
 ... OR 
 
 HISTORY 
 
 O F T H E 
 
 W-^t:^A^'"- R. ^^■' 
 
 For the YEAR 1761. 
 
 C H A P. I. 
 
 freliminary remarks. Treaty propofed and entered into by 
 the belligerent powers. Mr. Stanley fent to Parisy and 
 Mr. Bttjf'y to London. French machinations in Spain. 
 Difficulties in the negotiation. Dejign of the campaign in 
 Hejfe, and of the expedition to Belle i fie. 
 
 AFTER a general war of five years, carried on with 
 the greateft efFufion of blood, and the moll ex- 
 traordinary expence ever khown to attend a war of 
 that continuance, it was hoped that, if the animofity of the 
 belligerent powers was not abated, at leaft a great part of 
 tiie fuel of difcord had been confumed ; and that the time 
 was arrived for^giving peace to Europe. Some propofitions 
 for that purpofe had been made in the clofe of the year 
 1759. Thofe, who rather wifhed for peace, than very 
 
 Y y atten- 
 
 •^r|i»'i 
 
 
 
 
 
 — if , 
 
 " I 
 
t i 
 
 354 ^/^^ History 0/ //^^ War. 1*761, 
 
 attentively confidered the probability cf efFefting it, feem- 
 ed to think it might then have been expefted. But whilfl 
 the public was flattered with thefe hopes, the fituation of 
 affairs would not fufFer us to believe that they had any folid 
 foundation. We accordingly ventured to point out the dif- 
 ficulties which then obftru6tcd any fcheme for peace •. 
 And as thefe difficulties were fuch, is did not attend that 
 particular conjunfture only, but muft fubfifl: as long as the 
 fortune of war continued in the fame train, we were from 
 the beginning apprehenfive that the new negotiation which 
 we have fince feen opened, and for fome time carried on 
 with fuch pleafing appearances, might in the ilTue be at- 
 tended with no better fuccefs. . ^ n , ' 
 
 There are indeed but two fituations In which peace can 
 be very rationally expected. The firft fituation is that of 
 equality ; and this is, either where nothing is gained on any 
 fide ; fo that when ever mutual wearinefs, ,and unprofita- 
 ble hoflilities have calmed the ardor of the warring powers, 
 no intricate points intervene to fruftrate the firft pacific 
 difpofition ; or it may be where the lofles are fo equal, that 
 exchanges may eafily be made, or the parties may reft mu- 
 tually fatisfied with their advantage over each other. 
 
 The fecond fituation is that of necejpty ; where one of 
 the parties is fo entirely broken and reduced, as to fubmit 
 to receive conditions on the footing of conqueft, and to 
 purchafe repofe by humiliating and enfeebling conceflions. 
 A peace upon this latter bafis is always the grand popular 
 object. In every war we flatter ourfelves with the hope of 
 it, againft an experience almoft uniform. In faft, it is to 
 the laft degree difficult to reduce any of the prjat powers of 
 Europe to this difgraceful neceffity. For to » Juce any one 
 of them to this ftate of fubmiffion, you muft, in a manner, 
 redi. '■'J all of them to it. The war, if it continues, draws 
 (late after ftate into its vortex, until all Europe is involved. 
 A fort oi ballance is then produced, and the peace of con- 
 queft becomes imprad:icable. 
 
 It would prove of the uimoft moment to the tranquillity 
 of mankind that this point was fufficicntly regarded, and 
 that they would willingly adopt that fyftem of equality, to 
 which foonei or later, with more or fewer ftrupgles, they 
 are fo often compelled to fubmit. When, feldom, a treaty 
 
 * See Hiftory of the War 1 760, Chap. I. p. 249. 
 
i^jBi. The History of the War. ^s^^ 
 
 is concluded on other terms, as the King of Pruflia has 
 found by fevere experience, and as we obferved on a form- 
 er occafion, is only a lliort celfation, and not a perfeft 
 peace. But it muft be acknowledged that this fituation, 
 the moft coincident with tbcir true intereft, at the fame 
 time the moll; contradiftory to the paffions and prejudices 
 of nations. It appears hard to lofe upon every fide every 
 objeft of the war. A peace on this foundation will be cen- 
 fured, but it is the bcft, on the fame principle that the 
 jhortefl follies are the bell ; and that no injured pride is 
 left to brood over a future war. Contrary to the opinion 
 of the warm patriots on all fides, we therefore imagined 
 that the year feventeen hundred and fifty-eight, in the clofe 
 of the third campaign, was the happy moment for negocia- 
 tion. At this time, however, no proportions had been 
 made. The propofitions of feventeen hundred and fifty- 
 nine were but flightly regarded, and obvioufly could end in 
 nothing. But in the beginning of the year, of which we 
 are now going to treat, the fcene of negotiation was opened 
 with far greater folemnity and parade ; and as it was car- 
 ried on with great diligence, it neceflariiy makes a principal 
 part of the hiftory of this year. It is indeed fomewhat for- 
 tunate both for the writers and the readers of thefe events 
 that this treaty has intervened. The narrative otherwife 
 had proved extremely barren and unentertaining. For 
 though the animofity of the belligerent powers was not, as 
 we obferved, abated, their efforts, however, had confidc- 
 rably flackened, and their operations began gradually to de- 
 generate into the Peti^eguerre. Thofe vaft events that 
 aftonifh the mind, or hold it in a plcafing filfpence ; thofc 
 important battles and fiegcs ; thofe rapid and well-condu(5l- 
 cd marches, and thofe lively cntcrpri/,es which diflinguifli 
 the former years, except in a very few inftances, fcarce 
 make any part of the hiftory before us. But though the 
 operations of the field had fallen into a (late of languor, 
 the cabinet became full of bufinefs, and negotiation flou- 
 rifhed. In this fituation candour obliges us to acquaint our 
 rea.'ers that we are fiill more liable to miftakes, than when 
 we attempt to dcfcribe the tranra6^ions of the campaign. 
 It very frequently happens, that the accounts of the military 
 operations come authenticated from the hands of thofe great 
 fencrals who have condufltd thenij and v/hen we have air 
 lowed for the partiality of the account, there is nothing to 
 
 \ Y 2 be 
 
 ': i?'^ 
 
 
 \A^ 
 
 f\ ^ 
 
 'I 
 
 ! • .L 
 
 
 Hi 
 
 J 
 
356 fhe History of the War. i-^gj 
 
 detraQ:ed from them for want of fufficient information 
 Even \v the cafe of partiality, we are often able to correct 
 the mifreprefentation or over-charge of one of the parties I 
 by that of the other. Thefe things are done in the eye of 
 the world But the motives either to peace or war, and 
 the fteps taken in a negotiation, are all behind the curtain. 
 They do not appear for a long time, and fomefimes they 
 never appear completely. There is however, an advantage 
 in the prefent conjunfture. For one of the powers at war 
 in order to juftify to its fubjeQs and to the world, its part 
 in the continuance of a war fo fatal to both, has publiflied 
 an account of the late negotiation ; artful indeed, and pro- 
 bably in fome refpe8:s unfair ; but containing at the fame 
 time many valuable and illuftrating pieces, the authenticity 
 of which is not difputed. The point in fuch cafes to be 
 dreaded is not the publication of falfe pieces, but the con- 
 cealment of feveral that are real and important. The 
 public information is probably rather incompleat, than un- 
 true. We wait with impatif :e for that fuil and authen- 
 tic narrative of fo important a ^otiation, which undoubt- 
 edly our court propofes to publ.m. We have delayed the 
 fetting out our work the longer, in hopes of its appearance, 
 by which we might have been able to perfefl and correct 
 our account of this tranfaflion. The account of the Spa- 
 nifh negotiation has appeared late, but we have not failed 
 to make ufe of it. At prefent we engage in our work, un- 
 der thofe difficulties, which it is juft the reader (hould 
 know and allgw for. In the fucceeding year we (hall 
 take care to profit of whatever further lights may be im- 
 parted. 
 
 Very early in this year 1761, the courts of Petcr{burgh, 
 ^'ienna, France, Sweden and Poland, agreed feverally and 
 jointly to offer propofals towards renewing that negotiation 
 for peace, which had abruptly been broken off in the dofe 
 of the year 1759. France was the principal and firll: mo- 
 ver ; for as it was her ambition which had made the war 
 fo general, and her revenue which in a great meafure fup- 
 ported it ; the former being new humbled by a feries of 
 unfortunate ei^enls, and the latter reduced by mod enor- 
 mous expcnces, Ihe began at length to relent, and appa- 
 rentfy to defire peace in earnefl:. The other members of 
 the grand alliance could not decently, nor fafely oppofe 
 thefe difpofitions of France. The court of Sweden in par- 
 ticular 
 
li]^ 
 
 ,5i, ^he History of the War. 357 
 
 Lular was given to underftand, that the cxhaufted cond'r 
 Ln of France was the true motive of her moderation; 
 jtiiatinfaft, fhe was not able any longer to iurnifli the ftipu- 
 Ibted fuhfidies, nor to adhere to the letter of her engage- 
 IneDts with her allies. Thefe circumrtances, which Ihe 
 lias neither able, nor feemed difpofed to conceal, formed 
 ihefureft guaranty of her fmcerity. 
 The five parties to the war on that fide, made as many 
 Ijedarations, which were figned at Paris on the 25th of 
 March, and delivered at London on the 31(1 of the fame 
 honth. The counter declaration of Great Britain and 
 Ifruflia appeared on the 3d of April. Augfburg, as the fitu- 
 ation moft commodious for the powers at war, was appoint- 
 ledfor the congrefs. 
 
 Lord Egremont, Lord Stormont ambaffador in Poland, 
 I and general Yorke our ambaffador in Holland, were nomi- 
 nated as the Englifh plenipotentiaries. On the part of 
 France, the count de Chcifeul was appointed. Augllnirg 
 now became the centre of attention to all Europe, and each 
 I court prepared every thing towards this important meeting 
 which it could furnifh cf fplendor for the difplay of its dig- 
 nity, and of ability for the fupport of its intcreft. The 
 public converfation was for a while diverted from fcenes of 
 horror, bloodflied, and pillage ; and every mind was em- 
 [ ployed more agreeably on the public fcene of magnificence» 
 and the private game of policy, which was to cnfue. 
 
 In the firft place, it was unanimoufly agreed, in order 
 that a negotiation, in itfelf fufficiently intricate, fliould be 
 the lefs embarraffed, to admit to the treaty none but the 
 parties principally concerned, together with thtir allies. 
 
 Although this exclufion of the neutral intercds tended 
 greatly to difembarrefs and fimplify the ncjiotiation, yet 
 fiich was the variety of feparate and indcpcr^icnt matters, 
 [which ftill remained to be difcuffcd, that it became advifc- 
 Lible to make a further feparation, if they hoped to treat 
 upon them with any tolerable eafe, or with any prt;fpc;Cl of 
 coming to a fpeedy decifion. 
 
 For this purpofe it was neccffary to bring back the mo- 
 tives to the war to their firft principles ; ard to dlfengage 
 thofe feveral interefts which originally, and in their own 
 na:ure had no conne8.!on, from that mafs, in which muta- 
 ■.I injuries and a common animofity had blended and con- 
 |toiuidcd them. This propofiticn came firll from France, 
 ' and 
 
 
 H>ii ; 
 
 ', , •.' , 
 
 
 
 i;,'t- rv' 
 
 
353 The History of the War. ,^5^ 
 
 and It was an early and happy omen of her inclination tc 
 peace. 
 
 The war, which was truly and originally German, evi, 
 dently had but a fingle, though this a very difficult objed I 
 
 to determine the fate of the King of Pruflia. So 
 
 nianyj 
 
 powers were concerned in this determination, and their 
 views of aggrandifement, indemnification, and revenge, fo J 
 various and difficult to be reconciled, that this alone fcem- 
 ed matter enough for a feparate and very arduous negotia- 
 tion. In effetl all the powers of the north were concerned 1 
 in it. For this rcafon, the other great objeft of the gene- 
 ral war, tlie limits of America, which by that ftrange chain 
 of hoftile connections, v/hich even unites the various inde- 
 pendent quarrels and enmities of Europe, had been mixed' 
 with the German difputes, was again fet upon its proper! 
 and peculiar bafis; and whilft the truly German interefts 
 were handled at Augfburg, it was propofed to treat on this 
 head feparately In l,ondon and in Paris. For this purpofc, 
 minifters were nuitually fent from thofe courts ; Mr. Stan- 
 ley on the part of England; and Mr. Bufly on that ofj 
 France. 
 
 This propofition was alfo exceedingly prudent ; for there 
 is no doubt that if thefe potentates could fettle their claims 
 to their mutual fatisfadion, and fliould carry toAugfl)ur'T 
 the fame candour and good faith, and the fame fincere de- 
 fire of peace, their influence mull neceffarily tend to infpire 
 principles of moderation into the red, and mufl contribute 
 largely to acccleraie the great work of pacification. • 
 
 Things were tins fet upon the befl: footing poflible, and 
 the ncgo; ration feemcd to be in the happieft train that could 
 be wifhed. But unfortunately the plan and difpofition of 
 the treaty were much more eafily adjufted, than the matter 
 and the iu bflance. It was very obvious, that France if ihc 
 was Willing'- even to pretend to a defire of peace, could fcarcc 
 avoid making conceflions, which to her were fulficiently 
 mortifying. The moment her proper quarrel came to be 
 fepr.ratcd from the general canfe, fhe had every difadvan- 
 tagc in the negotiation, becaufe fhe had fufFered every dil'- 
 after in rlio v.ar. On the fide of Germany indeed fhe had 
 a£ted With fuccefs ; but even there the advantages (he had 
 acquired v/crc flill precarious, as the chance of war wasftill 
 open : no propofition for a cefTation of arms having been 
 admitted. As fhe knew therefore, that great facrifices 
 
 mi slit 
 
 new war ; and whilfl 
 
1,-^1. 7'he History of the War. -^^^^ 
 
 jmight be expefted from her, fhe did not fo finally reft her - 
 
 opes upon the negotiation, as not to look out for another 
 Ifcfource ; and this rendered on her part the whole proceed- 
 ing lefs efFedive and lefs fincere. 
 
 The refource Ihe fought was in Spain, who fhe hoped 
 Icould not look with indifference on the humiliation of the 
 principal branch of the lioufe of Bourbon. Hitherto in- 
 deed the king of Spain had obferved a tolerable exaft neu- 
 trality in his conduft, and in his declarations had fpared no 
 expreflions of good will and friendfliip to our court. He 
 feemed to be wholly intent on the internal oeconomy of 
 liis dominions, on the improvement of their long neglected 
 jiolicc, on the advancement of their commerce, and the re- 
 gulation of the finances. But notwithftanding thefe do- 
 meftic attentions, the French miniftry did not defpair of 
 drawing his regards abroad. They thought that the oifiers 
 which France in her prefent circumftances would find her- 
 lelf obliged to make, muft extremely alarm all good Spani- 
 ards, who could not fee without the moft ferious apprehen- 
 I (ions,theFrench power wholly annihilated in America. By this ' 
 event, their colonies, though fo much fuperior to all others 
 m opulence and extent, muft in a manner lie at the mercy 
 ef England : no power being in any fort able to afford them 
 alfiftance, or to hold the ballance between them and the • 
 power of Fngland. At this time indeed, the French court 
 had not abfolutely fucceeded in her defigns at Madrid : but 
 Die was in hopes, that every ftep fhe took in the treaty, 
 and every concefTion fhe fhould make, would prove a frefli 
 incentive to the jealoufies and apprehenfions of Spain. 
 Thus in ciTe61: all the motions which France feeminiriy 
 made towards peace were in reality fo many fteps towards a 
 new war ; and whilft at London, (he bicathed nothing hut 
 moderation, and the moft earneft defire of putting a period to 
 the calamities of Europe, at Madrid fhe was taking the moft 
 vigorous meafures for fpreading them further, and continu- 
 ing them longer. 
 
 On the fide of Fngland, though there was far move 
 good faith in the pubhc procedure, there were alio, it muft 
 be admitted, many circumftances which co-operafcd to re- 
 tard the p^ce.. The £rrcat and almoft unparallelkd fucceiV 
 which attended our anns in this war, had raifed a propwti- 
 onable cxpeQifltion, and infpired very high thoughts into 
 the minds of the people, They thought it unrealon.iblt.' to 
 
 ir.iikc 
 
 ,^m i if" 
 
 
560 The History of the War. i-gj 
 
 make almofl any conceffions to a nation whofe am!>ition and 
 violence they had always found to correfpond with its powerl 
 and whom they now confidered as lying at their mercvj 
 That this was the time lor reducing France, which if \vj 
 let pafs, we could never hope again to recover. In thefd 
 fentimcnts it muft have fared ill with that adminiftrationi 
 w ho fhould make a facrifice of any of thofe objects on whichl 
 the ]veople had fet their hearts. 
 
 On the other hand it could not have efcaped them, that! 
 tho fituation of affairs in Germany, however they might be 
 artificially feparated in the difculTion, muft neceflarily have, 
 7.\\ influence on the final determination of the treaty. They! 
 faw, that after a fevere ftruggle of five years, the affairs of 
 cur neareft allies were only not ruined. To fay nothing of 
 the condition of the King of Pruflia, the whole country ofj 
 HclTe was in the aftual poflefnon of France ; they Hkewifej 
 held the county of Hanau ; and by their occupation of Got- 
 tingcn , the Hanoverian territory lay opsn to their arms. If! 
 . this qunrrel fliould be confidered as a caufe not ftridly En- 
 glifli (though the French in their memorials contended it| 
 tvas), yet certainly the Heffians, wtA principally the Hano- 
 Terians, were allies of fo near a connection, and had donel 
 and fuffered fo much in the common cr.ufe, that itmuftj 
 have appeared {hocking to all Europe, if foiely attentive to 
 our own peculiar advantages, we Ihould patch up a peace I 
 without any provifion in their favour : and it was veryevi-l 
 dent, that this provifion could not be made in the fituation 
 in which the laft campaign had left them, unlefsour govern- 
 ment purchafed it at a price that would be very grudgingly 
 paid by the Fnglifli fubjefts. ";' -^ ' 
 
 The miniftry, perplexed between the natural expectati- 
 ons of their country, and the reafonableexpeftations of their 
 allies, muft have found it not a little difficult to know what 
 party they ought to take. In order to reconcile, as much 
 as poflible, thefe contradictory defires, the only folution 
 which could be found was to pufh the war with the utmoft 
 vigour ; and in the mean time not to hurry the negotiation; 
 in hopes that during its progrefs things might take fuch a 
 turn, as to enable them to purchafe peace for their allies 
 out of the acquifitions they fliould have made after the com- 
 mencement of the treaty, and without being obHged to have 
 recourfe to their cnnquefts, previous to that sera. On this 
 footing they p'-'.pofcd to fatisfy the demands of the public 
 
 faith, 
 
,h6i. the History of the Waii. 361 
 
 Ljth, and at the fame time to preferve the reputation which 
 Ljs fo neceffary to their affairs at home. Accordingly the 
 Llie of Brunfwick was to profecute with the utmofl vigour, 
 operations which he had begun in the depth of winter ; 
 jindan expedition, the obje£t of which was then fecret, was 
 Lepared with equal diUgence in England. 
 I In thefe equivocal difpofitions, and in this odd mixture of 
 Mile and pacific meafures, began the year 1761, a year 
 Ijiore remarkzble, perhaps, than any of thofe we have hi- 
 jinerto defcribed, for events which will be radically decifive 
 lotthe future profperity or mifery of Europe, but lefs, for 
 jthofe matters by which the imagination of the reader is 
 Irommonly affe£ted. Having in this chapter laid down, as 
 Ifar as we can conje6lure, the political motives for the un- 
 jcommon effort which was made in Germany, in ournext 
 Ichapter we (hall give an account of the military plan of this 
 [elFort, the execution and the fuccefs of it. 
 
 n 
 
 CHAP. II. • 
 
 umci Ferdinand' s plan. Allies enter into Hejfe and Thu' 
 ringia. French retire. Hereditary prince repulfed at 
 Fritzlar. Fritzlar taken. Several magazines taken. 
 Blockade of Marpurg and Ziegenbayn. Siege of Cajfel. 
 Battle of Langenfaltze. Broglio reinforced from the 
 Lower Rhine. Hereditary prince defeated at Stangerode. 
 Siege of Caffel, i^c. rai/ed. Allies retire behind the 
 Dymel. ' ' • ' 
 
 V/ Jt 
 
 ti ?>■•• 
 
 AT the clofe of the laft campaign, the French had the 
 entire and undifturbed poffeffion of the whole territory 
 lofHeffe: a country tolerably provided, and which contains 
 Imany tenable places. Some of llliefe they had ftrengtbened 
 Iwith additional works ; and they had amaffed immenfe ma- 
 gazines in the moft convenient fituations. This was their 
 Icondition in the front of their winter cantonments. On 
 their left they had driven the allies from the Lower Rhine, 
 where they kept a confiderable body of troops, which 
 llreightened our quarters, and checked our efforts on that 
 fide. On their right they pofleffed the town of Gottingen, 
 in which they had placed a very ftrbng garrifon ; and thus 
 ihey (hut us up on this quarter alfo, whilft the king's German 
 Jomininions lay entirely open to their enterprizes. 
 
 Z z If 
 
 '■ ■» if'e 
 
 I 1 
 
 Ml fiitt If I jAi'i if^' 
 
 si||iA hf. 
 
^6z 57.V History of the War. i^gj 
 
 If we confider the fituation of the French armies, the\ 
 will pr'wfent us wth the idea of an immenfe crefcent, vht 
 two advanced points of which were at Gottingen and Wefel 
 and the body extended in Heffe : fo that being perfeftk 
 well provided with magazines, and mafter of all the propei 
 communications, neceflary for their current fubfifteiKel 
 with ftrong places in their rear, and in both their flanks ■ 
 in the next campaign they had only to advance their feveral 
 pofts in a manner to enclofe the allied army, which, withouJ 
 fome fignal fuccefs (from their number*' and fituation, hard^ 
 ly to be expefted) would find itfelt entirely incapable oi 
 making any ftand againft them. 
 
 Prince Ferdinand was very fenfible of thefe inconvenien- 
 ci^s of his fituation, and of the advantages the enemy had 
 over hini. It was extremely difficult to fettle a plan for ac- 
 tion. ; but no a£tion could be attended with much worfd 
 confequences, than inaSivity in a bad condition. Ho knew! 
 from experience, that the French were ill qualified for win- 
 ter operations in Germany, and that his own foldiers, befidesl 
 their fuperior hardinefs, and their being inured to the ri- 
 gour of the climate, could fufFer but little more from field 
 fervice, cfpecially if attended with fuccefs, than they muftj 
 endure from the badnefs of their winter quarters. It is true! 
 that there was fomething difcouraging in the attack of a veryj 
 fuperior body of the enemy, poflefred of every advantage! 
 againft him: but it was clear, that this fuperiority, anij 
 thefe advantages would not leflen as the fummer approach-j 
 cd. It was clear, that every ftep the enemy gained on him,| 
 would render his defence weaker and his refour ts more! 
 fpanty ; and that if the enemy found themfelves in a conditi-j 
 on to cqmmence this campaign where they had concluded 
 the laft, and that nothing fliould hinder their proceeding in 
 ^le eaflieft feafon, he couW never reafonably hope to pro- 
 trafil the war to another year. For to fpeak the truth, this! 
 was the utmoft, which in his circumftances he could pro- 
 mife himfelffrom the moll; judicious fcheme of coijdiid. 
 
 Having therefore refolved to a£t, he loft no time to ad j 
 with vigour. He appointed three places of rendezvous on i 
 the Dymel, the Rhine, and in Saverland. His armyaflem-l 
 bled on the pth of February, without fufl'ering the eneny 
 to have any previous notice of their intentions. The next 
 4^^ the troops halted^ ^nd the duke communicated to his 
 
 '' j» : , ^ generals 
 
I,j6i. y^^ History <//^/? "War. 36^ 
 
 Ifenerals the aifpofition he had made for the motions of the 
 fhole. 
 
 The centre was led by his ferene highnefs in pcrfon ; it 
 Lnetratcd dire6lly into ILfle, and marchinf; by Zierenberg 
 lind Durenberg, made its way towards Caflel. The right 
 lind left of the army were each at a very confiderable dif- 
 Itmce from this body ; but they were fo difpofed as fully to 
 Ico-cperate in the general plan of operation, which was ve- 
 in extenfive. The hereditary prince commanded on the 
 Inght: he marched by Stadbergen for Mengeringhaufen ; 
 lind leaving the country of Htfle to the Eaflward, as the 
 hlarm was to be as fudden, and as Madely diffufed as pofll- 
 
 e, he puihed forward with, the utmo.L expedition into the 
 lleart of the French quarters. General Sporcken com- 
 manded a corps at a greater diftance to the left, and pene- 
 trated into Thuringia, by Dudcrftadt and Heiligenftadt. 
 JThedefign of this movement was to break the communi- 
 jcation ot the French with the army of th?^ Empire, to open 
 one for ourfelves with the PrufTians, and to cut off all inter- 
 courfe between the gn:nd army of the enemy, and their gar- 
 |ri!on at Gottingen. 
 
 By this fudden, extenfive, and vigorous attack, the 
 I French were thrown into the utmoft conflernation : they 
 retreated, or rather fled upon every fide. It could fcarcely 
 kave been imagined, that this was the fame army which 
 nadbutjufl clofed the campaign '''th fo much fuccefs. 
 Such has been the fport of fortune in this war, even beyond 
 former examples of her caprice, that the inftances are 
 Inumerous of inferior and beaten armies, without any appa- 
 rent change in their circumllances, driving the conquerors 
 before them. So remarkable was the revolution of fortune 
 at this time, that it is highly credible if the French had had 
 their quarters in an open country, their army had been to- 
 tally deftroyed : but happily for them, they had very fuffi- 
 cient means of fecuring their retreat. For as the allies ad- 
 vanced, they were obliged to leave Caflel and Gottingen at 
 their backs ; into the former of which the enemy had 
 thrown a garrifon equal to a moderate army ; and in the 
 latter they had 7 or 8000 men. Beyond thefe again were 
 Fritzlar, Ziegenhayn, and Marpurg, places of a tolerable 
 Nesree of ftrength and well garrifoncd, befides fome other 
 I inferior pofts. ... 
 
 Z z a ' The 
 
 if - ' 'hi 
 
 if! ♦•-'r 4-1 
 
 
 
 •" 
 
 
3^4 
 
 ^he History of the War. 
 
 >76i.| 
 
 The hereditary prince, whofe party was the mod advanc- 
 cd, ftruck the firft blow, by an attempt to furprize Fritz- 
 lar. He had received advice that it was not prepared to re- 
 ceive him. He ac ''ingly took only a few battalions and 
 no cannon, in hop f being able to carry that place „, 
 once. But unfortunately he was deceived in his intellicence 
 The garrifon was prepared and refolute, and thouf^h th 
 hereditary prince attacked it with his ufual fpirit, he wa 
 obliged for that time to oefift, and to draw off with no iril 
 confiderable lofs. 
 
 About this time, Marpurg was attempted in the famel 
 manner, and with no better fuccefs. Gen. Breidenback aal 
 Hanoverian officer, of great bravery, experience and repu-i 
 tation, who commanded there, loft his life in the attack 
 Thefe two fevere checks at the entrance into a£lion,did not 
 however difcourage either the parties that fuffered them orj 
 the reft of the army. They advanced as expeditioufly,and 
 with more caution. Cannon and mortars were brought be- 
 fore Fritzlar, which, after a defence that was rather made 
 for the credit of the commander, than from any 
 Feb. 15. hope of faving the place, furrendered on honour- 
 able terms. A large magazine was found here. 
 The marquis cf Granby was employed, with fuccefs, in 
 reducing the forts and caftles in this neighbourhood. The 
 allied army refolutely advanced, and as they advanced, the 
 French continually retired, abandoning poft after port, and 
 fell back almoft to the Maine. They fired their magazines 
 as they retreated ; but the allies purfued with fo much ra- 
 pidity, that they faved five capital ftores ; one of which con- 
 tained no lefs than 80,000 facks of meal, 50,000 facfc of 
 oats, and a million of rations of hay, a very fmall partofj 
 which had been deftroyed. Thefe were acquifitions of the 
 utmoft advantage, as they wonderfully facilitated the pro- 
 grefs of the army ; which, as it advanced, ftill found its 
 fubfiftence ; provifion was alfo thereby made for the caval- 
 ry, which otherwife, it could never have been fupplied with 
 in fuch a feafon, and at fuch a vaft diftance from our origi- 
 nal quarters. 
 
 Notwithftanding this fuccefs in front, it was not here the 
 grand objeft of our operations lay. Caflel was to be redu- 
 ced. The French had in that town a garrifon of 1 7 batta- 
 lions, befides fome other corps, under the command of the 
 count dc Broglio; and there was no doubt, that he would 
 
 defend 
 
.-6i. 'The History of the War. 7,6$ 
 
 defend the place to the utmoft. The fortifications of Cafld 
 [jremoftly in the old manner; they confift of very high, 
 but ftrong walls. Some works indeed hiul been newly ad- 
 d^d ; but the great hope of the enemy was in the llrength 
 of the garrifon and the rigour of the feafon. The fiegc of 
 this place was not to be delayed ; however it was nccelVarj 
 prcvioufly to clear all the adjacent country of the enemy, 
 and to cut off the communication of the garrifon with their 
 grand army. 
 
 Therefore when marfhal Broglio had been driven quite 
 out of Heffe, and had retreated towards Frankfort, prince 
 Ferdinand ceafed to advance ; and having ordered two bo- 
 dies tc the blockade of Marpurg and Ziegenhayn, which 
 Hill obftinately held out, he formed that part of the army 
 which was with him into a chain of cantonments, making a 
 front towards the enemy which extended from the river 
 Lahn to the river Ohm, and from the Ohm to the Fulda; 
 thus he propofed to watch the motions of Marfhal Broglio*s 
 army, to cover the fiege of Caffel, and the blockades of 
 the two fortreffes juft mentioned. The fiege of Caffel was 
 carried on by the count of Lippe Schaumburg, afovereign 
 prince of the empire, reputed one of the ableft engineers in 
 Europe. His management of the artillery at Thornhaufcn 
 was a principal caufc in the acquifition of that great viftory; 
 and it was not doubted that his abilities would be exert' ^ 
 as effectively at Caffel. Trenches were opened on the fi'it 
 of March. All eyes were now dire6ted to this point ; for 
 on the fuccefs of this ftroke depended the whole fortune of 
 the campaign. It was very apparent that if Caffel and its 
 garrifon fhould fall into the hands of the allies, Gottingen 
 and the inferior places muft inevitably fall along with it ; 
 and this misfortune would be more than equivalent to the 
 lofs of a great battle. 
 
 Whilil the war was thus carried on in Heffe, M. Sporck- 
 en who commanded the detachment to the left, on the fide 
 of Saxony, advanced with an intrepidity equal to the reft ; 
 he was fcon joined by a corps of Pruffians, and the united 
 army loft no time to clear the Werra and the Unftrut of the 
 bodies of French and Saxons which occupied the moft im- 
 portant pofts upon thefe rivers. As thefe bodies were ad- 
 vantageoufly pofted, and could be fupported on one fide by 
 the garrifon of Gottingen, and on tiie other, as they pro- 
 mifed themfelvcs, by the army of the Empire, they main- 
 tained 
 
 
 ^>It? :,:t. ■:■ I 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 I - 
 
 
I 
 
 366 fbe l\\ s TOR V of the War. , ^^ ^ 
 
 tainc.l ilu-ii j^iomui; and this foon hrouclit nJ 
 Feb. 14, a iharp aOhon. The allies atfaikcH a larirc hndJ 
 rtjivMHiancniilly poOcd af J .nnf.cnlali/.c upon ihrl 
 I'nllnU ; ihc cvt nt was cMiiircly ravoiuahlr. 'rhitc whoul 
 baltalions of Savons uhit niailo prifoncrs hy ihc PnifH,in, • 
 M. tic vSpoivkcM look hv.) balliHion,?. 'I'lic enemy's joi 
 was lon.pnteil at five thouhtui men ; feveral pieces ol 
 can.um xyerc alio taken, an,l a lar.ro ma,i;a,,ine was nbr,,, 
 tloneil. rins Mow was well lollowe.l ; 'one hody ol 1|„ 
 combmeJ army pnlluHl to l-.ilena. h and fiofha, wl„||I 
 ant)ilur hy toieed marehes got loiward to I' ulda ; tin 
 I'lcneh ^ravc way on their rif^ht; and the army of i|„, 
 empire on the left; the latter lell hack lo Hand'crR, to- 
 tallx ahandonmr, a very larji^c tra^l of conntry. 
 
 lliihcrto the alVairs ol the allies proceeded almoft in .in 
 iininturnpted ctnirle of prolperitv. If was inilecd a dr)Trrp 
 ol proipenty alto-ether allonilliimr, and which as at fnlHt 
 co.ild karccly have hcen expeHed, Co there was no rcafon to 
 imagine it would have anv loni; continuance. For the allies 
 on tlulidcot Saxony, m here M. Sporcken a6ted, in pro- 
 portion as their adivitv and luceels carried them lorwanl 
 Icit the countries on their rear more and more uncoveid' 
 and cxpoicd, without anv or with a vcrv inlnmcienl defcnco' 
 io the attciupis ol the powerlul fyirrifon of Goitingcn. TIk* 
 count de \'aux. who commanded that carrilnn, 'is a very 
 ahlr and entcrpri,'inK oHioer. And he no looner perceive/, 
 that the allies were whollv intent upon driving their enemies 
 from the Wcrra and I'nilrut, and on pulliiniv the advantages 
 they had actpiired to the utmoll, than he marched out oF 
 Goitingcn with a llrong detachineni , attacked and routed an 
 Hanoverian convov, tell upon the town of Duderrtadt with 
 the utmoll violence ; and though he failed in his firft at- 
 tempt, he repeated it with fo much fpirit, that at length ho 
 carried that town, and afterwards fome of the mort conll- 
 derablc places near it. By thcfe fuccefles he prevented ^f. 
 dc SiH)rckei^'s corps from returning hv the way they had ad- 
 vanced, and indeed abfolutely difqualified them froin aftin^ 
 feperately trom their main army; to which foon after thcl? 
 events, they were obliged to join themfelvcs. This junc- 
 tion now^ became necelTary on another account. 
 
 Marft.al Broglio towards the clofe of the laft campairn 
 ha J hcen obliged, by the enterprifes of the hereditary 
 Prince, lo detach from his army in Hefle a large body to 
 
 the 
 
 rcfilU-d by a p.iit ot 
 
ihc Lower Rhine. lie now found it equally proper to re« 
 
 (jll tills body together with further rciiihirtenients, in order 
 
 ID rtiaintain his ground in the tounlry northward of the 
 
 hlaine, where he was i lofely preircil hy the allies, and 
 
 Lluth he mull he compelled fiiameiiilly to relincpiifh, if 
 
 DlTicI was not relieved in time. Scnfihle of this, with 
 
 Llwtcver tliflii ully, he called In his moll difhint ports, cm- 
 
 lUicd hi'i army, infpirtd them with new fpirits, and made 
 
 ilicin capable, hy a more exai' t order in their dilcipline and 
 
 hprcil lupcriorily in their numbers, of attempting fome- 
 
 I tiling toiiiulcrablc. 
 
 On llie other hand, the hopes of the allies depended on 
 
 lihc cflcd ot their liiil imprcflion ; they were obliged to 
 
 ittonipt too many objcMs at the lame time, and thefc too 
 
 irduciis lor the number of which their army confided. For 
 
 was nc( elVary that they fliould keep one army, and that 
 (10 fmall one, employed on the fiege of Calfel ; another 
 w;isoccu|^icd in the blockade of '//i^^'jenhayn ; a third was 
 employed to the eaflward of the Fulda ; and flill a fourth 
 \w ncccfTary to cover anil AiH.iin all thefc varitms opera- 
 tions, and to oppolc itfcll to the attempts of marflial Hrog- 
 lio. It was but loo plain, that when the whole of the 
 French lorcc was ccllccled in one point, it could never be 
 refilled by a put only of the allieil army ; if they Hiould 
 attempt to draw away any of the feparalc corps from the 
 crtical fervice upon which it was employed, the entire pur- 
 pole of their labours was given up. In a word, Prince 
 Ferdinand had three ibong ports of the enciny on his rear, 
 ami their j',rand army now perfettly united on his front, and 
 Ills (ituation, which was far from advanta|:^cous, obliged him 
 to call in M. Sporcken's body which had cfl'efted its pur- 
 pafe and could bcrt be fpared. However tlie Prince kept 
 iiis pofition as long as pofllblc; and the fiegc was carried 
 oil with as much vigour as a winter operation, and the fpi- 
 ntecl defence of a great garrifon ably commanded, would 
 admit. 
 
 But marflial Broglio, as foon as he had collc^^ed his army, 
 advanced without delay. He caufed the troops under the 
 hereditary prince to be attacked near the village of Stange- 
 rode, in the neighbourhood of Grunberg, where he was ad- 
 vanced in from of the before-mentioned line of the allied 
 rmy. The attack was made by the enemies dragoons, the 
 ^ciy iidl fliock of which broke the whole foot, confirting of 
 ..•..: . nine 
 
 't 
 
 ', ,-■; 
 
 1^ 
 
 -■■' i 
 
36S T/jelhsTOliY of l/jeWhR. lygj 
 
 nine rct;imcnts, Hanoverians, Heflians, and Brunfwickcrs 
 The French on this occafion made two thoufand prilbners 
 and iiofTefTcd themfelvcs of fevcral trophies of vi£tory ; feJ 
 were killed or wounded on cither fide. 
 
 After this blow the alhed army could no longer think of 
 makinjj; head againfl: the French, or of maintaining their 
 fjrour.d in Hcfie. They broke up the blockade of Ziegcn- 
 lia) n ; and loon after raifeil the fiege of Caflel, after twentv- 
 feven days open trenches. They evacuated the whole coun- 
 try of HelVe, retired behind the Dymel, and falling back 
 nearly to the cjiuutcrs they polTclTed before this undertakin[(. 
 
 Thus ended an expeilition which was carried on againO 
 many difficulties, with much fpirit, and which at firft excit- 
 ed great hopes. It failed indeed in fomc of its obje6ls; but 
 it produced its effeft in the total of the operations of the 
 year. The French, by the de{lru6\ion or feizure of fo many 
 of their principal maga/Zmes, were for a long time difablcd 
 from taking any adv.intage of their fuccefTes in the preced- 
 ing campaign, or from their late victory. It was not until 
 the feafon was a good deal advanced that they were in a 
 condition to aft. This cefTation was not dearly bought 
 even by the lofs we fuftained at Stangerodc, and the ex- 
 treme hardfhips the troops had endured during the whole 
 fervice ; for circumftanced as both armies were at their 
 quitting the field, without this feafonable check it is proba- 
 ble we lliould have at this day no footing in Germany. Both 
 arnncs as it were by confent lay quiet in their winter quar- 
 ters. During their inaftion, the negotiation at London and 
 Paris, whofe commencement we have related in the firft 
 chapter, was purfued without interruption. 
 
 CHAP. III. . ' I X 
 
 ^ihe tie^otlation continued. Propo/ition o/uti poflldetls. Dc' 
 hate concerning the periods. Relleijle dcjcribed. En^lijb 
 rcpuljed at Locbtnaria bay. Tbey make good their land- 
 ing. Palais hefieged. Town abandoned. Citadel ca- 
 pitulates. 
 
 IT mufl be obfcrved, that after the judicious fcparatlom 
 which had been made of the interefts of the feveral pow- 
 ers at war, there Hill remained a fufficient fund of intricacy 
 and altercation in each particular difcpfTion. In order there- 
 fore 
 
 'f//j ; than which. 
 
|,y6i. T/jf History of ilft War. ^6g 
 
 fore to make the way to peace as fmoolli as poffible, it uas 
 refolved previoufly^lo eftablifh fome certain and fimple points 
 that might ferve to dire£t and keep fteady the whole nego- 
 liation. Thefe points were but two ; indeed they were fo 
 infeperably connected with each other, that they feemed 
 rather members of the lame propofition than feparate arti- 
 cles. The firft was, tbat the two crowns Jhould remain in 
 Ipjfc^fon of what they have 'conquered one from the other. 
 Xhe fecond imported that, the fttuation in which theyjholl 
 \hnd at certain periods^ Jhall be the pofition to ferve as a 
 \hfii fcf ^be treaty which may be negotiated between the 
 I'jiio powers. 
 
 As France was known to have had the worft in the war, 
 lipropofition of Jiatu quo, coming from her, muft have ap- 
 peared an inftance of moderation, ahogcther furprizing to 
 lourniinifters. It is certain, that had peace been concluded 
 I a: that inftant, and upon the fole foundation of this article, 
 England would then have poflefled all the conquefts flie had 
 made, every one of which was in a very high degree advan- 
 tageous to her commerce and her power, and none of which 
 could be confidered as a fubjefl of future difcuflion. On 
 ! the other hand, France continuing in pofTeflion of the places 
 (he had conquered, would have acquired no advantage that 
 I could at all countervail the expence of keeping them ; at 
 the fame time that Ihe would be expofed to endlefs alter- 
 I cations, and would afford matter of the higheA jealoufy, in- 
 [ilignation, and difcontent, even to her neareft allies. This 
 bafis being therefore fettled, although it was evident, that 
 the treaty could not reft upon this bafis folely. England 
 [had certainly a great fuperiority m the negotiation, and 
 might rationally expeft (when they ftiould come to talk of 
 relFitutions) to purchafe the evacuation of the French con- 
 liiucfts in Germany, at a much fmaller price than their ap- 
 parent magnitude might feem to demand. However thefe 
 were ftill a matter of fo much anxiety, and the nature of 
 the precife ftipulations were ftill fo uncertain, that the ne- 
 [gotiation, though it proceeded with ftrong appearance of a 
 defirt for peace, met with very frequent checks and delays. 
 Both parties were indeed unanimous in the article of uti 
 pjUdetis ; than which, it muft be admitted, there could not be 
 abetter ground to treat upon. But as the war ftiU conti- 
 nued, and whilft it continued might make a daily alteration 
 [in the fortune of the contracting powers, it was ncceflary 
 
 A a a to 
 
 
 
 p 
 
 P;:- 
 
 !; 
 
 rrr ;. • 
 
 i; f 
 
 ,3, . . 
 
 ' i ■ 
 
 3'r"v; 
 
 
370 The History of the War. ' i^y^j 
 
 to fix upon fome epochas to which this pofleflbry article 
 fhould refer. 
 
 The French on this head propofed, that the fttuation in 
 which they jh all Ji and on the firft of September in the year 
 1 761 in the Eaji Indies, on the firft of July in the fame year 
 in the Wejl-Indies and in Africa, and on the firft of May 
 following in Europe, jbould be the pofttion, which JJjould 
 ferve as a bafts to the treaty which may be negotiated be- 
 tween the two powers. They added further, that as thefe 
 epochas might feem too near or too diftant for the intereft 
 of Great Britain, they were extremely willing to enter into 
 a negotiation upon thatobjed. 
 
 The Englifh miniftry received this propofition with kfs 
 fatisfa£tion than its apparent fairnefs deferved. They en- 
 tirely rejefted the French epochas; and declared that they 
 could not admit, without prejudice to themfelves, any other 
 epochas than thofe which have reference to the day of fuyn- 
 ing the treaty of peace. Had this refolution been ftridly 
 adhered to, it was evident that the negociation was that mo- 
 ment at an end. For though what was aflerted in the 
 French memorial in reply to th'xs dechrAt'ion, (that the hufts 
 of the propofttion of uti poflidetis was neceffarily conneBei 
 with the particular epochas propofed) is by no means to be 
 admitted ; it is on the other hand not eafy to deny the va- 
 lidity of th€ir fubfequent affertion, " that If not thefe, at 
 leaft/ow^ certain periods during the war ought to be fixed; 
 and that the uti pojfidetis could not reafonably have reference 
 only to the time of figning the treaty of peace." For if the 
 contrary principle was once admitted, it would become 
 difficult to know, or even with probability to guefs, at the 
 nature or the value of the pofleflions which by fuch an ar- 
 ticle (hould be mutually given away. And if thefe difficul- 
 ties occurred in the fimplicity of a pofleflbry article, they 
 muft be increafed tenfold upon every other, and muft come 
 to fuch an height as to preclude all poflibility of negotiation 
 on things of fo intricate a nature as exchanges and equiva- 
 lents. The French in their memorial infifled fo ftrongly 
 on the propriety of eftablifliing thefe periods, that they 
 threatened to recal the whole propofition if they were not 
 agreed to. 
 
 It muft doubtlefs appear at firft view furpri/,ing to fee 
 France, whofe a<!:^ual fituation was very indifferent, con- 
 tending for a near period, and England, v/hofe affairs were 
 
 ,^5i. TheWv, 
 
 I at that time apparentl 
 the uti pojpdetis to oni 
 in that particular neit 
 Jition. They a<£l:ed ' 
 Fjiglifti, on th€ 25 th 
 made, were carrying 
 llrong places in Hefle 
 I country to oppofe thei 
 from the flovs progrel 
 ty of marfhal Broglio 
 iWtly obliged to ab 
 that France muft be 
 her former conquefts 
 May, the period whic 
 were fully apprized < 
 of France to offer and 
 efpecially as the fate 
 was then depending, 
 conceived no mean he 
 on of its importance i 
 
 The fleet employe 
 head on the 29th of ] 
 Belleifle was the obje 
 
 Bellenl"., the largef 
 to the French king, i 
 cumference. 
 
 The ifland original! 
 but has been fince yic 
 little city, called Le 
 lages, and about 500( 
 
 The town of Palais 
 ing to the duke de Be 
 now converted mto a 
 fortification, fronting 
 work, and h provided 
 counterfcarp, and the 
 terior fortifications, 
 part of the town by ; 
 is a bridge of commt 
 town ; and which is 
 its own fortifications, 
 minal harbours in thi 
 every one of which la I 
 
1,761. TbeHiSTOKY of tbe War. ' 371 
 
 I at that time apparently in a profperous fituation, poftponing 
 the uti pojpdetis to one more remote. But the truth is, that 
 in that particular neither party confulted their prefent con- 
 dition. They aQ:ed wholly on forefight. For though the 
 Engliih, on the 25th of March, when this propofition was 
 made, were carrying on the fiege of Caffel, and the other 
 ftrong places in Hefle, and the enemy had no army in that 
 country tooppofe them, it was notwithftanding evident that 
 from the flow progrefs of thofe fieges, and from the alacri- 
 ty of marfhal Broglio in collecting his troops, they mufl: be 
 ijiortly obliged to abandon the enterprize ; it was evident 
 that France muft be reinflated in the abfolute poflefTion of 
 her former conquefts long before the epocha of the fir ft of 
 May, the period which they fixed for Europe. Both courts 
 were fully apprized of this. It was therefore the intereft 
 of France to offer and of England to rejeO: this near period ; 
 efpecialty as the fate of the deflgn on the coaft of France 
 was then depending, and our adminiftration feemcd to have 
 (onceived no mean hopes of its fuccefs, and no fmall opini- 
 on of its importance in the negotiation. 
 
 The fleet employed in this expedition failed from Spit- 
 head on the 29th of March, and it was foon difcovered that 
 Belleifle was the objeft. 
 
 Bellenlp, the largeft of all the European iflands belonging 
 to the French king, is between 12 and 13 leagues in cir- 
 cumference. ' ' rr. :■')'■ 'I. 
 
 The ifland originally belonged to the earl of Cornouaille, 
 but has been fmce yielded to the king: it contains only one 
 little city, called Le Palais, three country towns, 103 vil- 
 lages, and about 5000 inhabitants. 
 
 The town of Palais takes its name from a calUe, belong* 
 ing to the duke de Belleifle, in its neighbourhood, which '\i 
 now converted into a citadel, which is a regular and rtrong 
 iortification, fronting the Tea, compofed principally of horn- 
 work, and is provided with two dry ditches, the one next the 
 counterfcarp, and the other fo contrived as to fecurc the in- 
 terior fortifications. This citadel is divided from the Ir.irgt ft 
 part of the town by an inlet of the fea, over which the <> 
 is a bridge of communication; from the other part "f ti.t* 
 town ; and which is moft inhabited, it is only divided -y 
 its own fortifications, and a glacis. There are thr'^-e r •* 
 minal harbours in this ifland, Palais, Sauzon and G'^Kilfaui j 
 every one of which labours under fome capital defet\, either 
 
 A a a 2 in 
 
 '.Kiai 
 
 
 
 i? 
 
372 77;^ History of the War. i^^^ 
 
 in being expofed, fhallow, or dangero"? at the entrance! 
 The only branch of trade carried on here is the curinH 
 pile hart's. j 
 
 From this ftatc of the ifland, poor in itfelf, capaSle ofl 
 little improvement, and fo ill circumftanced in point of HaNl 
 hours, a fort of a difli <e to the expedition began to ariiej 
 Several did not fee cf what confiderable fervice fiich a con-! 
 quefl: could be of to England in J-ime of peace, or of what} 
 prejudice <o the enemy in time of war. They forefaw that 
 it could not be taken without confiderable lofs, or kept 
 without confiderable expcnce ; and on the whole they apJ 
 piehended that when exchanges came to be made, France 
 would lay no great ftrcfs upon it. On the other hand it was I 
 urged, that though the harbours were bad, yet fmall priva- 
 teers might iffue from thence, greatly to the molcftaiionofj 
 the French coalling trade; and that the fleet of England 
 might ride between it and the continent in a well proteded 
 road. They imagined the pofleffion of this ifland, if not' 
 of great detriment to the intereft of France, would be a' 
 grievous wonrd to her pride ; and that thofe circumftances i 
 which had formerly induced her to expend money on the! 
 fortifications there, and on the apprehenfion of an invafion 
 to fill them with a powerful garrifon, would like wife per- 
 fuade her to fet a value on the place when it came to be 
 cftimated irl the treaty. '•> a ' . m 
 
 Whilfl: they reafoned in this manner in England, the 
 fleet under the command of commodore Keppel, and the 
 land forces under general Hodgfon, arrived before Belleifle 
 on the yth of April, and on the 8th agreed to attempt a 
 landing on the fouth-eaft of the ifland in a fandy hay near 
 "Lochmaria point. Hore the enemy were in pofteflion of a 
 little fort ; they had moreover entrenched themfelves on 
 •n hill exceflively ftecp, and the foot of which was ftiaptd 
 away. The attempt was made in three places with giciit 
 refolution : a few grenadiers got on fhore, and foi med them- 
 felves ; but as they were not fupported, they were for the 
 greater part made prifoners. The rcll of the army, after 
 feveral very brave and repeated efforts, being wholly unable 
 to force the enemies lines, or make good their landing, were 
 obliged to retire with lofs; what added to the difafl:cT was, 
 that feveral of the flat bottomed veflels were dcftroyed or 
 damaged in an hard gale which followed on our retiring 
 from itie Ihore. This made the profpedt of any future at- 
 ,.. tempt 
 
\q6i. The History of the War. 37^ 
 
 tempt more unpleafing even than the firft. In this attack 
 Lcloft in killed, wounded and prifoners, near five hundred 
 men. '. •; Vs / 
 
 Neither commanders nor foldiers were however difpirit- 
 (dby this mortifying repulfe. They refolved, if poflible, 
 not to return without effeft, and then determined diligently 
 tofearch the whole coaft, in order to find a place more fa- 
 vourable for another attack. The view indeed was not en- 
 I couraging. The ifland is naturally a fortification ; and 
 what nature had left undone to make it fuch, had been 
 amply fupplied by art. 
 
 It was a long time after this firfl failure before the wea- 
 ther would give our commanders an opportunity of a fecond 
 trial ; however they perfifted with the utmofl fteadinefs, 
 and found at length a convenient fituation. Not that it 
 was a part of the coaft lef:j ftrong than the reft ; on the 
 contrary, they built their principal hopes on the excefllve 
 (leepnefs and difficulty of the rocks, which had rendered 
 the enemy rather lefs attentive on this quarter. This ar- 
 duous attempt was made at a bold rocky fhore, jiear the 
 above-mentioned point of Lochmaria. Befides the princi- 
 pal attack, two feints were made at the fame time to diftrafl 
 the enemy, whilft the men of war diredted their fire with 
 great judgment and effect on the hills. Thefe manceuvrcs 
 gave brigadier general Lambert with an handful of men, 
 an opportunity of climbing up a very fteep rock, without 
 moieftation. This little body having thus profperoufly 
 gained the top of the hill, formed themfelves in 
 good order, and without delay. They were im- Aprir25, 
 mediately attacked by three hundred of the 
 French, but they maintained their advantage with refo- 
 lution until the whole corps of brigadier Lambert, v^hich 
 now had afcended in the fame manner, arrived to their 
 afliftance, and repulfed the enemy (^jj. 
 
 ••;:> ■'" .. „ ' ■ ; ' . :., . . The 
 
 (a) Letters from Major Gen. Hodgfon, and the Hon Commodore 
 Keppel, to the Secretaries of State y relati've to their expedition 
 againji the Ifland of Belleide. 
 
 g J n ( 0« hoard the Valiant ^ off 
 
 ' X Belhifle, April 12, 1761. 
 
 I Have the honour to acquaint you, that his Majefty's fleet under 
 the command of Com. Keppel, and the tranfports with his 
 
 Majefty's 
 
 IfS 
 
 
 •S ! ' 
 
 t *lfl 
 
 
 
 
374 '^^^^ History of the War, i^^jj 
 
 The landing of all the forces was made good in a (hortl 
 time after. The lofs in this daring and fuccefsful at- 
 tempt, was inconfuicrable. In one or two places the ene-l 
 
 Mnjerty's forces on board, came to an anchor in this road on 
 linfdny^ the yth inll. about twelve o'clock. Soon after their ar-' 
 rival, 1 went with the Coaiinodore to take a view of the coaft • 
 and we agreed at our return, that the port of St. yittdto appeared 
 to us fo be the bell place to make a dcfcent ; and it was fettlid 
 that Sir Thomas Sianhof>e, with fomc 6f his Majefty's (hips, and 
 the tranfports, with Stuart's and Grays battalions and niarincson 
 board, (liould make a feint at Satizoii, nt the fuiie time that we' 
 made a real attack at St. /hu/ro Then it was too late in the day 
 to do more than give the necelfary ordern for the troops dellined 
 to luul lirrt, to be ready to embaik early in the morning in the 
 flat-bottomed boats, that I whrht attempt a landing as foon as the 
 iliips had filenced a four gun battery, which commanded the ea- 
 trancc of the bay. This was foon done by the Achillesy afrer (he 
 took her jtatioii. No time was then loll to go in with the boats, 
 witli the grenadiers, and the regiments ordered for this fervice. 
 But when we entered the bay, ive found the enemy fo Ihongly in- 
 trenched on each fide of the hill, which was exceffively fteep, and 
 the foot of it fcrnped away, that it was impolhble to get up to 
 the l)reafi:w()rk Afier feveral unfuccefsful eiiorts, leeing it was 
 impradirablc to force the enemy from their lines, I thought itad- 
 viJablc to dcTill. niaj. Gen. (.rnxvf'jrd v^nd Brig. Cnrleton exerted 
 themfclvea as mt,ich as poiiible on the occafion : the hitter is 
 wo\jnded in the thigh, but in a g>^od way of doing well. The 
 lofs we ftitiered in our retreat was very inconfiderable, as thq fire 
 of the fliips covered it. The weather has been (o bad ever fince 
 the 8th, that 1 have not been able to get returns from the fe- 
 veral corps, fo I cannot afcertain our lofs ; but 1 believe there are 
 near i^oo killed, wounded, and prifoners. I ihall defirc Mr. 
 Keppd to go along with me to reconnoitre the ifland once 
 nwre, and if we can drfcovor any part M'hereon an attempt can 
 be made with the lead probahflity of fucccfs, we ihall make a Ic- 
 cond trial. I cannot help obferviiig to you, that the whole i(l- 
 and is a fortification ; and that the little nature had left undone 
 to make it fuch, has been amply fupplied by art; the enemy 
 Jiaving been at work upon it ever (ince Sir EdivarJ Haiuhe ap- 
 peared before it lail winter. 
 
 I have the honour to inform you, the greatcft harmony has 
 fubfifted between the two fcrvicc.« ; and I fliould not do juftice to 
 the commander and oflicers of his Majefty's fleet, if I did not at 
 
 the 
 
,j6i. The History of the War. 375 
 
 imy feemecl difpofcd to make fome Hand ; but the body of 
 _^it liorfe, v\lii<h wa-^ embarked in this expedition, foon 
 lilrovc them to ti»w town, r.id laid all puite open to the in- 
 
 trenchments 
 
 M'sK 
 
 lihe fame time inform you, that ihey have aHifted me to the utiuoft 
 of my wilhes in carrying on the operations, purfuant to his Ma- 
 jefty's inllrudions. 
 
 i . •. I hfinfe the honour to he, i^c. .' 
 
 . SHEDHOLM HODGSON. 
 
 SI R, 
 
 f Faliant^ in the ^reat road of 
 X Belleijle^ April 13, 1761. 
 
 I Had the honour of writing to you the 29i:h of March, when 
 I left i^pithead. It was from that time to the 6th inft. before 
 the wind came to the weftward, to enable the fleet to fleer ia 
 withthe coafl o^France\ and that evening I detached fix frigates, 
 in hopes they migiit in the ni^ht get fo ftationed, as to cut off 
 the enemy's communication with the main land. The next morn- 
 intr the fleet pafled the fouth end oi Belleijle, clofe along the fliore; 
 and at one of the bays by Point Lomaria, the General and myfelf 
 thought a defcent might be tried : but as the wind was foutherly, 
 it covi'd not pofiibly be attcniptcd at that time. At twelve 
 o'cluck the whole fleet anchored in the great road ; when imme- 
 (liatclv I went with Gen Hodgfon to the northern part of the ifl- 
 and, to be as well informed of the ftvcngth of the enemy's works 
 there as the linie would admit ; and while we were upon this ne- 
 celiiary fervice, the fliips of war in the road were preparing the 
 fiat boats for the reception of the troops j but by the time we 
 got back, it was too late in the day to make any trial. 
 
 The 8th, the wind north-ealteriy, the boars being ready for 
 the reception of the troops, the fignal was made very early in the 
 mornii'g for them to aflemble at the rendezvous j and three fl^ips, 
 svlih lo'o bomb-veflcls, were ordered to proceed round the point 
 Q\ Lomaria, at the S. E. part of the ifland, and attack the fort 
 and other works in the Sandy Bay round the before-mcn:ioncd 
 point, the place the General and myfelf had agreed to have 
 attacked. 
 
 Capt. Barrir.^ton, in the Achilles, got placed firfl:, and foon 
 filencxid the fire from the fort and from the fliore ; and then, as 
 lie was diretled, made the fignal of his having done'fo ; when 
 the troops in the boats were puflied to the landing, with great 
 briiknefs and fpirited behaviour, at three difl^crent places near to 
 each other^ by Capt. Barton, whom I ordered to command the 
 
 boats. 
 
 
 
 -^Y- 
 
 
 
376 ^'be History of the War. j^gj 
 
 trenchments before it. The great difficulty now confift^ 
 ed in bringing forward the cannon, which were firft to be 
 dragged up the rocks, and afterwards, for two leagues 
 
 alont 
 
 boars. But the difficulty of getting footing, and the enemy be- 
 ing ftrongly intrenched on the heights, and in the little fort, the! 
 troops foon met with fuch a repulfe, that it became neceflary, as 
 well as prudent, to defift from the attempt (or the prel'ent, and 
 retire with the flat boats j in which they were well covered by 
 the (hips and bombs. 
 
 One of the flat boats landed fixty of Erjkims grenadiers, who| 
 got up a very difficult place to the top of the hills ; where they 
 formed with great (kill ; but were fo immediately routed by a 
 much more numerous body of the enemy, that all attempts to 
 fuccpur them was inetFeftual, any further than the boats bringintr 
 from the rocks about twenty of them. 
 
 While all this was tranfading, Sir Thomas Stanhope, with four 
 fljips of war, the battalions ofGr/iys and Stuart's, with 500 ma- 
 rines in tranfports, were oppofite Sauzon, at the northern part of 
 the ifland. Thefe troops were imbarked in the boats, if poffible 
 to divert the enemy from the principal object. 
 
 A gale of wind coming on very quick after the retiring from 
 the (bore, has occalioned fo much damage among the tranfports, 
 by the lofs of anchors and flat boats, that it takes up a very 
 confiderable time to put things in a way to attempt what further 
 may be thought pradlicable. The lofs of flat boats in the gale 
 is twenty-two, which will render the force of landing much inl'e- 
 rior to what it was firft attempted with. 
 
 While the repairing and adjufting of thefe defedts are in hand, 
 I hope fome fpot may be agreed upon, where we may be more 
 fuccefsful in the attempt, than we were on the 8th j but if not fo, 
 I hope his Majelty will beheve I have had nothing more at heart 
 than the exerting the force intrufted to me, in a manner moil 
 conducive to the honour of his arms. 
 
 / ha<ve the honour to he, l^c. 
 A. KEPPEL. 
 
 S I R, 
 
 { 
 
 BeUeiJJe, four o'clock in the 
 morning, April 23, 1761. 
 
 AS I have jull had a note from Com. Ktpple, to inform me, 
 that a frigate will fall this day for England, 1 have only 
 time to acquaint you, that his Majefty's troops under my com- 
 spand landed yefterday at five. TIjc ejiemy's attention fo 
 
 T diiiiacted 
 
 liJiv/ iiio *J 
 
y6i. ^he History of the War. 377 
 
 Ijlong a very rugged and broken road. This neceflfarily took 
 Igp lome time. However the fiegc was commenced vriih 
 Ijigour : and the garrifon, commanded by the chevalier de 
 
 K'(_ii»^ 
 
 St. Croix, 
 
 llftrafted with Ouf attempts of landing at different places, 
 Ifliere there was the leaft appearance of our being able to fucceed, 
 llbtit gave Brig Lambert ^n opportunity of climbing upa rock with 
 Itcorps I had left with hiiti for that purpofe, if pradicabie. 1 he 
 liilficulty of mounting had made the enemy leali attentive to that 
 lurt. J?MWf/frj4's grenadiers, with their captain, Paterfon^ got up 
 Ikfore they faw what was intended. They immediately marched 
 libody of 300 men to attack him. The grenadiers maintained 
 Ueir ground till the reft of Brig. Lambert\ got up. We took 
 lilireebrafs field-pieces, and fome wounded prifoners. It is im- 
 polTible for me fufficiently to commend Mr. Lambert's conduct 
 bd gallant behaviour on the occafiort ; and take the liberty to beg 
 youvvill permit me to requeftyou will recommend him to the King, 
 IS an officer deferving his Majefty's favour. Capt. Paterfon has 
 his arm. I believe our lofs is not above thirty killed. I am 
 lifraid you wilt not be able to read this fcrawl, as I write it in the 
 I ield, the troops being pn their march, 
 
 ; '' Kit// ]m> ujiij^isc: ru.'liTiir'] 3fii Lam, l^c 
 
 S. HODGSON, i I 
 
 SI R, 
 
 ni! bDtJi'h^T •-.wi-j'' 
 
 :■' 6.7! '10 j^n 
 
 f J ' 
 
 r Valiant, in the Great Road of 
 X Belleijle, April 23, 1761. 
 
 I Had the honour to fend you a letter by the ASaeon frigate, in 
 which I gave you but little hopes. Since which time the 
 General and I having confidered, that by attempting a place 
 where the mounting the rocks was juft poiTible, and where the 
 enemy were no otherwife prepared, from the impracticable ap- 
 pearance it had to them, thian by a corps of troops to annoy 
 the boats in the attempt, that it carried fome degree of hopes 
 with it; and by making a difpoGtion for the attack of their 
 intrenched bays, and at Sauzon at the fame time, which the ar- 
 tival of the tranfports with the light horfe enabled me to do, 
 we might polhbly gain a footing ; 1 have now the greateft plea- 
 fure in acquainting you, that his Majefty's troops have made 
 good a landing on the rocks near Point Lamaria ; and cannot 
 luflic'ently commend the fpirit and good behaviour of the troops 
 in the attempt, and the judgment with which Sir Thomas Stan-< 
 Upe, and the reft of the captains of the king's (hips, diredted 
 ihe lire upon the hills 
 
 ^ B b b Capt, 
 
 ' ■' • 
 
 " ,) 
 
 
 
378 'the History of the War. i-^^j i 
 
 St. Croix, a brave and experienced officer, threatened on! 
 their Iwie a long arkl obftinate defence. Nothing in fa^t I 
 was deficient on either part. The eueniy made fome fallies • 
 one of them with confiderable efFe6V. Major Gen. Craw- 
 ford was made prifoner on this occafion. But our troops! 
 were only animated by thefe checks. A furious attack was 
 made upon the enemies lines which covered the town, and 
 they were carried without much lofs ; principally by the 
 nncomrapn intrepiiiity of a company pf marines which ha^jj 
 been but newly raifed. Noa£lion of greait^rfpirit and 
 lantry had been perforn^ed during the whoie war. 
 
 The town was now entirely abandoned, and the defence! 
 confined to the citadel. It was obvious, that as our fleet 
 prevented all communication with the continent, and there- 
 by cut off all hopes of relief, the place mufl: neceffarilybe 
 reduced ; but the chevalier de St. Croix was refolved to pro- 
 vide for his own honour, when he could not for »he pre- 
 fcrvation of the place entrufted to him, and, fince he coulijl 
 not maintain it, to fell it as dear as j^olTible. Accordingly! 
 thene was bo mention of yielding, until the yth of June, 
 when there was no longer the ijigjiteft profpeft of fuccour, i 
 and the place was by no means faf«Jy tenable. Then he I 
 capitulated, and the garrifon marched out with the honours | 
 of war. 
 
 Thus was the ifland of Belleifle reduced under the F.n- 
 glifti government, after a defence of two months. In this 
 expedition we had about eighteen hundred men killed and 
 wounded. The lofs moft regretted was, that of Sir Wiljianj 
 Peere Williams, a young gentleman of great tal .ijtsandex. 
 nqi^atipus, and who.hadmade a diftinguiilied ^gure in par- 
 liament. He had hut newly entered into <he fervice. He 
 was fhot in the njghv, by having carek'fsly approached too 
 near a centinel of tb,, eneiny. He was the third perfon of | 
 family whom in this war, the love of enterprize had brought 
 try an honourable death in thefe expeditions to the coaft of ] 
 France. 
 
 tever 
 
 Capt. B^yrfVfrton having been employed in many of the ope- 
 rations of this fcr\ice, I have Tent him home with this letter: 
 and beg, Sir, to refer you to him for tiie particulars, , 
 
 • - . , .T '. ' / fj^i^c the honour to he, I'fc. 
 
 ■ , ,. A. KEPPEL 
 
 i>j6i. The 
 
 Whatever differer 
 ftrtained concerning 
 price which was pai< 
 great and fmccre. " 
 cers employed in th 
 joft applaufe, who w 
 gled with, and had 
 who had the fpirit, : 
 renew an attack unde 
 isthofe by which the 
 London addrcfled th 
 generally expe6ted ( 
 mud influence the ni 
 ever were of opinioi 
 French, and irritate t 
 their misfortunes hac 
 midft of a treaty ma 
 Old France, and as il 
 ly court. However 
 not ftriftly juftifiab 
 treaty proceeded, to 
 mour as before. 
 
 .>:J)Oi|} t. 
 
 England and France j 
 chat propofed by Er 
 je^s of the nef^otiat 
 to Europe, yf/ia, A^ 
 concerning Spain, 
 F.glijh anfiver to 
 
 IT mull be obferve 
 and Verfailles tre; 
 means propofed, 'tha 
 a fepr^rate peace. It 
 ment for the remo 
 prevent the peace of 
 ted with the general 
 as the treaty advance 
 of any terms, which 
 fomething obligator 
 beft be only void ani 
 
,y6i. ^he History of the War. 579 
 
 Whatever diflFereirce of opinion might have been en- 
 tertained concerning the value of this conqueft, or the 
 price which was paid for it, the rejoicing in London was 
 great and fincere. The general and the land and fea offi- 
 cers employed in the expedition were the fubjeft of very 
 jaft applaufe, who with fo noble a perfeverance had ftrug- 
 jled with, and had overcome fnch great difficulties, and 
 who had the fpirit, after fuch a difafter on their outfet, to 
 renew an attack under circumftances nearly as unfavourable 
 jsthofe by which they had been at firft foiled. The city of 
 London addrelTed the King on the occafion. And it was 
 generally expected that this new proof of our fuperlority 
 mud influence the negotiation in our favour. Some how- 
 ever were of opinion, that it would rather exafperate the 
 French, and irritate their pride to renew thefe efforts which 
 their misfortunes had (lackened when they faw us in the 
 midft of a treaty making attempts, and carrying places in 
 Old France, and as it were, in the prefence of that haugh- 
 ty court. However as th^re was nothing done that was 
 not ftriftly juftifiable, no complaint was made, and the 
 treaty proceeded, to all appearance with as much good hu- 
 mour as before. 
 
 CHAP. IV. 
 
 tta 
 
 %ji j.-f ^- 1 
 
 England and France Jgree to treat of a feparate peace. EpO' 
 cbas propofed hy England. Court of Vienna agrees. Ob- 
 jeHs of the negotiation. Propofalt of France ivitb regard 
 to Europe, yf/ia, Africa, and America. French memorial 
 concerning Spain. Indignation of the Englifb minijier. 
 F :gliJJj anfwer to the French memorial. 
 
 IT muft be obferved, that though the courts of London 
 and Verfailles treated feparately, it was hitherto by no 
 means propofed, that this feparate difcuilion fliould lead to 
 a fep?.rate pi^ace. It was no more than a previous arrange- 
 ment for the removal of thofe difficulties, which might 
 prevent the peace of France with England from being uni- 
 ted with the general peace of Europe. But in proportion 
 as the treaty advanced, it became obvious, that the fettling 
 of any terms, which had no reference to the fignature of 
 fornething obligatory between the two crowns, could at 
 bed be only void and illufory, and might in the end even 
 
 B b b 2 prove 
 
 . If ! k 
 
 •| ' ■ I 
 
 fTv 
 
 \' \i 
 
 \.i^ 
 
 ?»-' . 
 
380 The History of the WaiTJ i^gj 
 
 prove the foiv ce of dangerous and captious altercations 
 The Enghfh minifter therefore, before he would agree to! 
 that definitively upon any point, and particularly upon the 
 epochas, infirtcd upon two preliminary conditions. 
 
 Firft, that every thing, which {hould be happily adjuftedl 
 between the two crowns in relation to their pajticular war 
 fhall be made obligatory, final, and cpnclufive, indepen- 
 dent of the fate of the negotiation of Augfburg. 
 
 Secondly, that the definitive treaty of peace between 
 Great Britain and France, or preliminary articles to that! 
 end, fhall be figned and ratified between the date of that 
 memorial and the fird of the following Auguft. 
 
 If thefe conditions were accepted, then Ingland on her 
 part confented to name determinate epochas, to which the 
 «//■ ^o^J^/// fliould refer ; the firft of July for F-urope; the 
 firft of September for Africa and America ; and the firft 
 of November for the Eaft Indies. The French miniilry 
 without contefting the epochas themfclves, complained of I 
 the conditions ; of the firft, becaufe they faid it departed 
 from the letter and fpirit of the memorial of the 26th of 
 March, which was the foundation of the whole treaty ; of 
 the fecond, on account of the extreme fhortnefs of the 
 time allotted for the difcuiTion of fome difficult and momen- 
 tous points ; and the adjuftment of matters which regarded 
 a war extended over the four quarters of the [^lobc ; for the 
 memorial which contained thofe conditions, was dated on 
 the 17th, and was not received at Paris until the end of 
 June, fo that little more than a month was left to obtain 
 the confent of the court of Vienna to a feparate treaty, to 
 fettle the terms or this treaty, and finally, to ratify it. 
 
 If a very uncommon good underftanding had not fubfift- 
 cd between her imperial majefty and the king of France, 
 it muft have been very difficult to have received this con- 
 fent. But in faft it was immediately received, and upon 
 one very fhort and apparently reafonable condition, " That 
 nothing might be ftipulated to the prejudice of the hoiife 
 of Auftria." But when this condition came to be explain- 
 ed, as we ftiall fee prefently, it was fo far from facilitating, 
 that it created new obftacles to the peace. However, this 
 acquiefcence of the princ:ipal of her allies, enabled France 
 to accept of the firft condition without referve ; and to the 
 laft fhe verbally^ though not in the clearcft terms, agreed 
 
 alfb. ^.^ ^ ,.:; ;..;^ ,, :-.!. :-.; -.c i: 
 
 . ' ' ' '^ ■"" " r Vi'c; M ~ Things 
 
I,n6i. 'The History of the War. 381 
 
 Things feemed for the prefeni in the bcfl: fituation, 
 which in this ftage ot" the treaty could be expe6ted. The 
 Ijafis of the negotiation was folidly eftabliftied. "f he article 
 ^tipojftdetisy fince the taking Bclieifle, wasa matter of lefs 
 difficulty, and the epochas were in general fettled in fuch 
 1 manner, as to coincide with the defigns and defires of both 
 narties. The treaty was confined to the two powers, and 
 it was to be perfe6tly definitive as to them. A time for 
 concluding it, was alfo in a great meafure fettled ; a cir- 
 cumflance, which if it did rot admit fufficient leifure for 
 accurate difcufl'ion, cut oft' however the opportunities of 
 chicane, and feemed to be the mod fuitable to a candid 
 proceeding, and a fincere defire of peace. 
 
 The foundation being thus laid, the fuperftrufture was 
 tiie next confideration. This fuperftrufture confifted in 
 the adjuftment of thofe compenfations which were to he 
 made for the reciprocal conquefts (and here the difficulty 
 lay) of the two powers ; a punftilio of honour might have 
 intervened at the very firft fetting out, extremely pernici- 
 ous to the falutary work in hand; from which party the 
 firft propofition fhould proceed? But in this refpeft France 
 gave way, and that conceflion afforded no inconfiderablc 
 proof of her pacific intentions. 
 
 We muft apprize the reader that we do not mean to 
 enter exaQly into the whole detail of this negotiation, nor 
 undertake precifely to defcribe all the turns that were taken 
 in it. This, we imagine, would prove a tedious and un- 
 acceptable performance. We fhall attach ourfelVes to the 
 capital obje6ts which were contended for in this game of 
 policy : We fhall endeavour to point out the matters which 
 firft obftrucled, and then finally broke off the treaty ; and 
 we fhall reil on thefe things in fuch a manner, asfeems to 
 us fitteft for marking out the true fpirit of the negotiating 
 powers. Our own obfervations (hall be very fparingly 
 interpofed. We are hifforians, and not advocates. 
 
 The uti pofjidetis being fettled as the bafis of the treaty, 
 nothing could reafonably be claimed by either party, that 
 was not to be counterpoifed by fome equivalent from the 
 other; and confcqucntly it was neccffary to adjuftand va- 
 lue their feveral pod'effions, pretenfions and demands. 
 There were fix principal objeQ:s in this negotiation. Firft, 
 the limits of the two crowns in North America. Secondly, 
 the conL^aefts of Great Britain in the VV^eft-Indies, -(toge- 
 ther 
 
 V^fWi 
 
 r. % ^ 
 
 ' .f; 
 
382 The History of the War. 1^5, 
 
 thcM- with the Neutral Iflands there.) Thirdly, our con 
 qucfts in Africa and in India. Fourthly, the adjuftmentof J 
 the particular aiiair between the F.nglifh and French in 
 Germany. Fifthly, the conduct which the two crowns 
 were to hold with rcr.Mrd t(> their refpefitivc allies in Ger- 
 many. And laftly, the reftltution of the captures made bv 
 England, previous to the declaration of war. 
 
 On the firfl: of thefe articles, France propofed to cede 
 and guaranty all Canada to I'ngland j llipulating only that 
 the free and publick excrcifcs of the Roman Catholick rcli- 
 ipion fhould he permitted under the Fnglifh government 
 and that thofe of the old French colonilb who chofe tore- 
 tire might have leave to tranfport thcmfelves from thence 
 and take away or difpofe of their elTetts. In compenfation 
 for this, they required a confirmation of the privilege of 
 what fifhing they enjoyed on the coart of Newfoundland, 
 under the treaty of Utrecht ; and that this fifhery might 
 be carried on with advantage, they likewife required the 
 rertitution of the ifle of Cape Breton, excluding themfelves 
 in return from ereding on that ifland any kind of fortifica- 
 tion whatfocvcr. 
 
 The affairs in the Weft-Indies, which make the fecond 
 capital objefl, they propofed to fettle in this manner. 
 They offered to exchange Minorca for Guadaloupe and 
 Marigalante ; and as to the four Neutral Iflands, they in- 
 fifted that two of them, Dominica and St. Vincent, were 
 held by their natural inhabitants the Carribees, under the 
 protection of F'rance, and that thev ought ftill to remain in 
 the fame condition. "With regard to the two others, they 
 propofed to make a fair divifion ; that St. Lucia fliould re- 
 main to France, and that England fhould enter into pofTef- 
 fion of Tobago. On this head it is fuflficient to obferve, 
 that in the opinion of fomc people, our miniftry did not, 
 in this treaty, fet the juft value on the acquifition they had 
 made ; when they looked upon Canada as the great and 
 leading obje<5t, and only confidered Guadaloupe and Mari- 
 galante in a fecondary and fubordinate light. This is a 
 queftion of difficulty, and has been much agitated. Tliole 
 who dread a frefli American war from the ambition of 
 France, and were rtruck with the idea of extended empire, 
 preferred the former conqueft ; thofe who folely confider- 
 ed our intereft as a commercial people, were generally in 
 favour of the latter, 
 r ' On 
 
I'jSr. T/je History of the War, 38^ 
 
 On the fide of Africa, France fatis6cd herfelf with de- 
 Landing either tht- fettlement at Senegal, or the ifle of 
 JGorce: for which (together with the redoration of Belle- 
 lie) they confented to evacuate Gottingen, HelFe and Ha- 
 nau, and to draw off their army to the Maine and the 
 Rhine This was certainly a full equivalent. But with 
 regard to the Eaft-Indies, they had no tolerable equivalent 
 ti) offer. They expatiated much in their memorial upon 
 the difadvantages which mull arife to the companies of the 
 two nations, from their entertaining views of conquell, fo 
 contrary to the true fpirit, and the real intereft of thefc 
 trading eflabli{hments ; and they concluded by propofing 
 the treaty, formerly fettled between the fieurs Codcheau 
 and Saunders, as a bafis for the re-eftabliftimcnt of peace 
 inAfia. It muft be remarked, thai this treaty had been 
 concluded at a time when the affairs of France in the Faff 
 Indies made a figure very different from their prcfent fitu- 
 ation; and therefore it feemed unfair to make this treaty a 
 ilandard under circnmAances altogether inapplicable. 
 
 The war, which has been fo long, with fo much blood- 
 Ihed and fo fruitlefsly carried on in WeftphaUa, the French 
 llrenuoufly contended, was from the time of (what they 
 called) the breach of the capitulation of Clofter-Seven, a 
 war purely Englifli ; and therefore that their conqueft* in 
 that part of Germany, formed a proper compenfation for 
 the Englifli conquefts in the other quarters of the world. 
 Our miniflers did not attempt formally to refute this affer- 
 tion ; they rather feemed to admit it ; and they agreed ac- 
 cordingly to receive the evacuation of thefe places as an 
 equivalent for ceflions to be made on the footing we have 
 already menticuied. On this point there was little difB- 
 
 Clllty. .'■''' ilit\H ''.J:-fjr<M-;' ". ; » . 
 
 1 he intricate and knotty part was on what we have ffa- 
 ted as the fifth object ; the conduct of the two crowns with 
 regard to their allies. Here was a real, a capital difficulty. 
 From the beginning of the negotiation, England had de- 
 clared that they would inviolably preferve their faith to the 
 King of Pruffia, and would a£l ftrenuoufly in his fupport. 
 This picqued the French miniflers ; who, in their turn, 
 thought themfelves bound to make a declaration equally 
 ftroiig in favour of the emprefs ; and they had, moreover, 
 recently conditioned with the court of Vienna, to admit 
 nothing in the treaty to her difadvantage j words of great 
 /\[in I ; latitude. 
 
 * -I, 
 
 ^•■i-*- 
 
 
384 'The History of the War. i^^a 
 
 latitude. However, in this difTicnlty, they found out 
 folution, which it mull be confelVed, had a very fair anc 
 captivating appearance. They propofed that both armiei 
 in Germany iliould obfervc an exad neutrahty ; and ihouk 
 be reciprocally bound to afFord no fort of aflirtance, nor to] 
 give no fort of offence to the alhes of either of the parties] 
 And they propofed further, that. as armies in this ftate of 
 inert neutrahty muft be a dead and ufelefs expencc to thel 
 power who maintains them, the French king, troni tlicf 
 time his Britannic majefly recalled the Enghfh forces from] 
 Germany, would caufe double tiie number of French for- 
 ces from the armies of the Upper and Lower Rhine to re- 
 turn into France; and that no French troops fliould remain i 
 in Germany but in proportion to thofe Avhich the kins: of 
 England ftiould keep in his pay. It might certainly" be j 
 urged in confirmation of the propriety of this offer, that in 
 reality thefe armies, whilff they continued in a6lion, though 
 they worried each other abundantly, afforded no kind of af- 
 fiffance to their allies, and therefore, when they came mu- 
 tually to entertain pacific fentiments concerning their own 
 particular quarrel, and were to give an example of modera- 
 tion to the refl: of liirope, there, feemed to be no reafon 
 why they fhould make efforts in favour of any ally which 
 they had not made, or been able to nlake in the hotted 
 time of hoflility. 
 
 The lafl: article had its difficulties alfo. The French 
 infilled, as a point from which they were refolved never 
 to recede, upon the rtllitulion of the captures made belore 
 the declaration of war. This demand, they were of opini- 
 on, was grounded on the cleareff principles of the law of 
 nations, and the moll expreis iLpulation of treaties. With- 
 out entering into thefe various arguments with which this 
 pofition might be maintained and attacked,- it appeared to 
 many that the honour of both nations was a 1 moll ecjually 
 concerned, the one to claim, th ; other as refolutdy to re- 
 t'ufe this reftitution. > 
 
 On the whole, thefe propofals, which the French fent 
 to London in a memorial ol the 15th of July, formed, tho' 
 in fome rcfpe«iils undoubtedly exceptionable, a very agree- 
 able plan for a treaty of peace. A better could not have 
 been cxpedled in the firfl: proje61 of an enemy, and it might 
 be hoped, that a negotiation thus favourably begun, couKI 
 not fail of adjufting eafily* whatever appeared wrong, or 
 •'J^t-f':'.: fupplying 
 
iy5i. Tbtf History of the War* 385 
 
 applying whatever was defedive in this firfl draught of 
 I the propofitions. But fatally for the repofe of mankind, in 
 the very inftant that this fair propofal was made, at the ve- 
 ry moment when thefe ftrong demonftrations were given, 
 jan aft was done which blew up at one explofion, the whole 
 
 fjs of the treaty that had been long and carefully laying, 
 Ifcattered the materials which had been fo induftrioufly col- 
 ' levied, and fo cautioufly arranged, and inftead of extin- 
 guifhing, fpread the flames of war more widely, and made 
 them rage with new fury. From this time forward all the 
 iranfafiion was full of animofity, refentment and miftruft. 
 The reader has been apprized of the meafures which 
 France had been invariably purfuing at the court of Ma- 
 drid, and the arguments fhe employed to infufe a jealoufy 
 into that court. Hitherto however, there was no appear- 
 ance that thefe meafures had any eflfefl ; but to the infinite 
 liirprixe and indignation of the Britifh minifter, together 
 with the memorial which contained the above recited pro- 
 jiofitions, Mr. Bulfy, the French agent, delivered a private 
 memorial, fignifying, that in order to eftablifh the peace 
 upon folid foundations, not to be fhakcn by the contefled 
 interefts of a third power, the king of Spain might be in- 
 vited to accede to guaranty the treaty, and that to prevent 
 the differences which fubfifted between Great Eritain and 
 this monarchy from being a means of producing a frefli war 
 in Europe, with the confent and communication of his Ca- 
 tholic majefty, he propofes, that in this negotiation, the 
 three points which had been difputed between the crowns 
 of England and Spain, might be finally fettled. Firft, the 
 reflitution of fome captures made upon the Spanifh flag. 
 Secondly, the privilege of the Spanifli nation to fifli on the 
 banks ol Newfoundland. Thirdly, the demolition of the 
 Englifli fettlements made on the Spanifli territories in the 
 bay of Honduras. 
 
 It may be eafily imagined, from the character of the 
 then fecretary of ftate, in what manner he received thefe 
 propofals : he rejedcd with the utmoft fcorn, the oflFer of 
 negotiating, through an enemy humbled, and almofl: at his 
 teet, the difputes of his nation, with a power aflually in 
 friendfliip with us. He called upon the Spanifh minifter to 
 difavow the propofitions, which had been faid to be made 
 with the knowledge of his court. He returned as wholly 
 inadmifllble this offenfive memorial, declaring, that it would 
 
 C c c be 
 
 Www 
 
 ■■I 
 
 ili^-f"'*' 
 
386 ne History of the War. I'jSi.l 
 
 be looked upon as an affront to the dignity of his mafter 
 and incompatible with the fincerity of the negotiation, to 
 make any further mention of fuch a circumftance. 
 
 And now he prepared, without delay, an anfwer to the 
 principal memorial, in a ftile rather dictated by the circum- 
 llances which accompanied that paper, and which fuffici- 
 cntly indicated the defigns of France, than what the pro- 
 pofitions themfelves ftriftly deferred. Indeed, as he had 
 by this time conceived an incurable fufpicion of the fince- 
 rity of France in the whole proceeding, it would not have 
 been prudent to have made thofe advances, which on a 
 fuppofition of good faith and pacific intentions, might pofli- 
 bly have been advifeable ; for though both powers had over 
 and over declared, that their refpe6tive pr^ofitions, if the 
 treaty (hould by any accident be broken off, would be con- 
 fidered as retracted or never made ; yet it is certain, that 
 things once fettled and agreed to, unavoidably flamp their 
 own imprefTion upon any future negotiation, relative to the 
 fame fubjeft. « 
 
 Mr. Pitt's anfwer, which is dated on the 29th of July, 
 agrees to the reflitution of Guadaloupe, Marigalante and 
 Belleifle, on the compenfations propofed by France. It 
 agrees alfo to receive Canada, but without any new limits 
 or any exception whatfoever ; and it adds to the French 
 offer of all Canada, " its appurtenances." It admits the 
 propofal of the partition of the Neutral Iflands. It rejetts 
 the French demand of Cape Breton, or of any other ifland 
 in the gulph or river of St. Lawrence ; or of any power of 
 fifhing in that river, in that gulpb> or on thofe coafls ; and 
 it allows the privilege of fifhing on the banks of Newfound- 
 land, only on confideration of the demolition of Dunkirk. 
 But the propofed reflitution either of Senegal or Goree, is 
 utterly refufed. The German neutrality is rejeded with 
 difdain ; and it is declared that Great Britain is unalterably 
 refolved to fupport the king of Pruffia with efficacy and 
 good faith. In addition to the offer made to evacuate HefTe, 
 ^c. it is infided that the French fhall make a general eva- 
 cuation of all her conquefts in Weftphalia, and all its coun- 
 tries, including its conquefh from the king of Pruffia on 
 the Rhine, though France had before declared, that they 
 were conquered for the queen of Hungary, that they were 
 aftually governed in her name, and that fhe could not, con- 
 fiflently with good faith, agree to deliver them to the king 
 
 of 
 
r6l. 
 
 yi^^f History of the War. 
 
 387 
 
 I of Pruflia. The treaty between Saunders and Godcheau 
 was not admitted as a proper bafis for a treaty relative to 
 the Eaft Indies. But it was agreed, that the two compa- 
 nies (hould negotiate concerning their refpeftive interefts, 
 ssthe king of Great Britain could not difpofe of the rights 
 of the Englifli Eaft India company without their content. 
 As to the reftitution of the captures before the war, this 
 was moft pofitively refufed. 
 
 In this period we leave the negotiation to follow the mo- 
 tions of the armies in Germany. It is certain, that the dif- 
 pofitions of the two courts grew daily more unfavourable : 
 their confidence in each other, and their mutual good-will 
 wore away ; and it was to be feared, that this negotiation, 
 if it broke off in an unfatisfaflory manner, muft leave im- 
 prefTions on the minds of the two nations of fuch a nature, 
 t% might caufe them to wifti they had never engaged 
 
 IQ It. 
 
 r.." 
 
 • HiM 
 
 ^ C H A P. V. 
 
 Motiottf of the French and allied armies. General Sporcken 
 attacked. French pafs the Dymel. Skirmijbes, Fojiti- 
 on of prince Ferdinand, fum^ion of Broglio and Sou- 
 hife. Battle of Kirch Denkern. French defeated. French 
 threaten Hanover. Prince Henry of Brunfwich killed. 
 Taking of Dorjl^n. Various movements of the armies. 
 DePru^ion of Schartsfelts-cajlle. Prince Xavier of Sax- 
 ony takes Wolfenhuttley and invejls Brunfwick. Detach^ 
 ments from prince Soubife take and abandon Embden. 
 Attempt on Bremen. Sufferings of Lower JVeJlphalia. 
 
 ALthough the great purpofe of the early and ftrcnuous 
 effort made by the allies was not fully anfwered, it 
 neverthelefs produced, as we have before obferved, a very 
 confiderable and ufeful efTeO:. The deftru6tion of the 
 French magazines retarded their operations in fuch a man- 
 ner, that the greateft part of the month of June wa« fpent 
 before their armies found themfelves in a condition to aft. 
 But as foon as they had taken proper meafures for their fub- 
 fiftence, the prince of Soubife caufcd his troops to pafs the 
 Rhine, and to advance on the fide of Munfter, not far 
 from which city the hereditary prince of Brunfwick wa» 
 pofled to oppofe him. Marftial Broglio aflcmbled the for- 
 
 C C C 3 CCS 
 
 I I*], 'H 
 
 ■f 'I 
 
 (;,:■ 
 
 • ■■»■ !!,>'" 
 
 
I76I. 
 
 388 T'he History of the Wav(, 
 
 ces under his command at Cafiel, and -»vcd tow&rds thei 
 Dymel, in order to effeft a junfticn with the bodyunderl 
 the prince of Soubife. They made no doubt that their con- 
 joining ftrength would foon attain a decided fuperiority overl 
 the allies, who had ended their late enterprize with a lofd 
 which was confidcrable, and which in their circumftances I 
 they could not well bear, nor eaftly fupply. 
 Thefe hopes were fupported by the fuccefsof their firft en^l 
 counter. General Sporcken with a ftrong detachment hadl 
 been pofted in an advantageous fituation on the Dymel, and! 
 in the front of the allied army. On the approach of Mar-I 
 Ihal Broglio, he attempted to retire with all that expedition 
 which his inferiority made neceflary. But the) 
 June 29. French came upon him with fuch rapidity, that} 
 they overtook and attacked his rear, which was| 
 inftantly route*,! ; they took 800 prifoners, 19 pieces of can- 
 non, 400 horfes, and upwards of 1 70 waggons. The fame! 
 day they pafled the Dymel ; and whilfl: prince Ferdinand,] 
 difcouraged by this check, fell back to the Lippe, 
 July 2. they made themfelves mailers of Warburg, Prin- 
 glcburg, and Paderborn. 
 The allies, however, foon recovered their fpirits ; and! 
 the main body of their army being well fecured, they fentj 
 out feveral detachments. Their fmall bodies were conduc- 
 ed by General Luckner, and other able partisans, who un- 
 dertook fcwral bold and very diftant enterprizcs, attack.dj 
 the enemy where they were Icaft upon their guard, routed 
 their convoys, deftroyed feveral of tlieir magazines, carri- ! 
 ages and horfes, and carried off their prey even from the I 
 gates of Caflel. Thefe lively aflions feemed a prelude to 
 fome more important and decifive attempt. 
 ■ - The French became fcnfiblc that a ftrokc of fome im- 1 
 portance was expected from the greatnefs of their force, 
 and that it was not for the credit of their arms onlv, but 
 for their fecurity from the minute, but continual and galling] 
 attempts of parties from the allied army. .,.« 
 
 For fome time prince Ferdinand had been pofted to the | 
 fouth of the Lippc, between Ham and Lipftadt. This po- 1 
 fition he took, in all probability, becaufe M. Broglio had, 
 by occupying the places on the Dymel, got between hihi j 
 and Hanover. Therefore he judged it expedient for him 
 in his turn to get between the prince dc Soubife and the 
 jRhinc. In this fituation, if the enemy attempted any 
 
 . . , , move-.! 
 
 t-' 1 ' * 
 
i6i. 
 
 The History of the War. 
 
 3^9 
 
 lovcment towards the king's dominions, he was ready to 
 (Jireftly on the places they occupied by that river, 
 [jiich, in the prefent circumftances, were full as impor- 
 Lto them as the Hanoverian territory was to us. Thus 
 Ulft he feemed to retire from that territory, and in a 
 Lnner to abandon it, he in reality provided with the great- 
 ,effed for its fecurity. 
 
 Marflial Broglio, when he had refolved on the attack of 
 jilie allied army, united his troops to thofc of the prince de 
 (Soubife, at a place called Soeft, between Lipftadt and Ham. 
 |Onthe other hand, as foon as the general of the allies was 
 jjpprized of their intention he polled his army in a very 
 jfrong and advantageous manner. 
 The river Aefk runs for a confiderable way, almofl paral- 
 :1 to the Lippe, from which it is not diftant in fome pla- 
 ices, much more than half a mile. The high road fr<im 
 Lipfladt to Ham pafles between thcfe rivers; and it was of 
 theutmoft moment to prince Ferdinand to fecure that im- 
 Jjiortant communication, by which alone he could hope an 
 jdvantageous retreat, or in any degree propofe to command 
 the adjacent country. With a view therefore to protc6t 
 communication, he eftabliflied his left wing on the 
 !lilhmus between the rivers. The left extremity of that 
 wing under General Wutgenau, leaning to the Lippe, by 
 which it was perfeftly fecured, as the right was fupported 
 by the village of Kirch Denkern, fituated immediately on 
 the Aeft. The marquis of Granby commanded in that 
 wing, with the afliftance of lieutenant general Howard and 
 the prince of Anhalt, who were ported towards the above- 
 mentioned village. 
 
 At that village, another river called the Saltzbach, fmall, 
 but very deep, joins the Aefl: almoft in a right angle. Be- 
 hind; this river on a confiderable eminence was placed the 
 centre, commanded by general Conway ; and on the con- 
 tinuation of tlie fame eminence, the right wing, under the 
 hereditary prince, ftrctched out towards the village of 
 Werle, and it was well defended on the flank by rugged, 
 Iniihy, and almoft inipra^icab) i ground. Nothing could 
 be more advantageous than this difpofition of the army, by 
 which the whole centre and right wing were covered in 
 front by a river, and the left fupported by rivers on both 
 its flanks. In the left indeed, was the ftrength and flower 
 ol the army j the count of Lippe had placed alfo in this 
 
 wing, 
 
 W 
 
 1 f I 
 
 .ri I 
 
 ■ W fi 
 
 
 
 
 /i; 
 
390 T'/'e? HisTOR\ o/ /Z»<r War. 1^5, 
 
 wing, the greateft part of the artillery, as he knew that ii 
 defended the moft important fituation, was the mod expo] 
 fed in front, and confequently would be the object of thi 
 enemy's moft confiderable efforts. 
 
 He was no^ miftaken in his conjefture. On the 1 5th i 
 July, in the evening, a very furious attack was made oil 
 lord Granby's pofts, which was fuftained for a long tim« 
 with all the intrepidity and firmnefs, which Britifli troop] 
 always exert, and which that gallant officer knou^ 
 fo well how to infpire. The difpofition we have juft mtn-i 
 tioned, was not then compleated ; fo that they had th? 
 whole torrent of that impetuofity, which diftinguilhes the 
 French in their firft attacks, to refift for fomc hours, untij 
 Wutgenau, according to the plan originally projected, ar- 
 rived to their afliftance, and then with efforts united andl 
 redoubled in a long and obftinate combat, which continiiedl 
 until it was quite dark, they repulfcd the French, and drovej 
 them into the woods. '" ' 
 
 By the next morning, the difpofition of thcal- 
 July 16. lies was perfe6ted ; and it was evident that the I 
 French, far from being difmayed by their misfor- 
 tune, were preparing for a more general and better fuftain- 
 ed attack than the former. M. Broglio commanded againftl 
 our left, which, as on the preceding day, was the princi- 
 pal obje^ of the enemy. The prince de Soubife led their I 
 centre and their left. The engagement began at three in 
 the morning, and it was a fevere and continued fire for 
 upwards of five hours, before the leaft effeft could be per- 
 ceived on either fide. The weight of the attack this day 
 !ayonWutgenau*s corps, which iupported it with a degree 
 of bravery, that rivaled the ftand which had been lately 
 made by the Britifli forces. But about nine, the prince 
 difcovered that the enemy were preparing to ere£l batte- 
 ries on an eminence, in the front of the Marquis of Gran- 
 by's camp, which he had not been able to enclofe within 
 his lines. Senfible of the preffing neceffity there was of pre- 
 venting the enemy from feixing on an eminence, from 
 whence they might cruelly gall his army, he called in a re- 
 ferve, which had been placed at the other fide of the Lippe 
 under general Sporcken. Strengthened by this fupply, and 
 encouraged by the irrefolution which now began to appear 
 in the motions of the enemy, he commanded the troops 
 which were neareft at hand to advance upon them. 
 
 Thi? 
 
 l]6l- 
 
 rbeUis 
 
 This movement was 
 
 ■jito diforder, and retii 
 lie and left, which had 
 Kier a long and effe£tui 
 ltd covered their retrea 
 Lnce, and the clofenel 
 lleiges, they marched < 
 Ld but a little way. 
 L: the regiment of F 
 Ifith its cannon and co 
 Ijle battalion of Max> 
 liounded, and prifoners 
 l|,es had about 300 ki 
 irifoners This aftion 
 |,-6i (a), in Weftphal 
 
 [i) Prince Ferdinand's L 
 thy datedy Kir 
 
 I Have the honour to 
 fignal advantage, wh 
 I pined. It is impoffibU 
 liiis glorious day. The 
 Lailhed merit, and who 1 
 I cefs of this day, will gw 
 1 have the honour to re( 
 
 \m. 
 
 FERDINANI 
 
 What folloiJi-s is the . 
 
 ON the I 5 th of Jui 
 the front of Lord 
 the heights of Kirch D 
 nients ofCorni-vallis, K 
 to fupport the pofts. I 
 and fmall arms, till nii 
 iirprelfion having been 
 left. 
 
 In the morning of t 
 nading began again ver 
 nine, when the enemy 
 rene highnefs the Dub 
 
j6i. TbeHisroKY of tbgW AK. 391 
 
 This movement was decifive, the enemy gave way, fell 
 Liodiforder, and retired with precipitation. Their cen- 
 tre and left, which had not been able to pafs the Saltzbach, 
 
 er a long and efFeftual cannonade, retired with the reft, 
 U covered their retreat ; fo that favoured by this circum- 
 jjnce, and the clofsinefs of the country, which was full of 
 Es, they marched off intolerable order, and were pur- 
 fed but a little way. However, their lofs was confidera- 
 
 : the regiment of Rouge, confifting of four battalions^ 
 [lith its cannon and colours, was entirely taken by the fin- 
 {le battalion of Maxwell. Their whole lofs in killed, 
 iounded, and prifoners, has been eftimated at 5000. The 
 Jlies had about 300 killed, 1000 wounded, and about 200 
 wiloners This aftion was the climax of the campaign of 
 i;6i (ajy in Weftphalia; it did the greatelt honour to the 
 
 'vifdoni 
 
 (}) Prince Ferdinand's Letter to his Majejlyfrotn the Field of Bat' 
 thy datedy Kirch Denckerny July i6, 1 76 1. 
 
 IHave the honour to congratulate your majefty upon a very 
 lignal advantage, whigjn your niajeily's arms have this day 
 I rained. It is inipofllble for me to fet down every particular of 
 this glorious day. The bearer of this, an officer of very diftin- 
 giiilhed merit, and who has greatly contributed to the happy fuc- 
 cefsof this day, will give your niajelly an exadl account of it. 
 I have the honour to recommend him to your majefty's royal fa- 
 tour. 
 
 FERDINAND, Duke of Brunfivick and Lunebourg. 
 
 What follonii-s is the Account gi^ven hy Major PFedderbourn. 
 
 ON the I 5th of July the French attacked the light troops ia 
 the front of Lord Granby's corps, which was encamped on 
 the heights of Kirch Denckern. His Lordfliip ordered the regi- 
 ments of Cornivallisy Keith, Campbell, and Marjherg, to the left 
 tofupport the pofts. There was an uninterrupted fire of cannon 
 and fmall arms, till nine at night, when it ceafed, wirhout any 
 iiporclfion having been made by the enemy upon Lord Granby's 
 ieit. 
 
 In the morning of the i6th, about three o'clock the canno- 
 nading began again very brilkly on both fides, and continued till 
 nine, when the enemy gave way in great diforder. His moft fe- 
 rene highnefs the Duke, then ordered the corps of the prince of 
 
 Anbaity 
 
 :» hi 
 
 's7 
 
 
 1 J 'R •''II.' !■ 
 
 \, \ 
 
 III 
 
 Ji! '■ . 
 
 I' 
 
 i \ 
 
 
 |t,ff;4- 
 
ogz T/pe History of the Wak. j-igj 
 
 vifdom of the accompli fhcd commander in the dlfpofitior 
 and to the bravery of the troops in the combat ; but it wa. 
 far from decifive. Notwithftanding the lofs the Frencl 
 fuffered, they were ftill much fuperior, in their number! 
 On this misfortune the old ill underftanding between Soil 
 bife and Broglio broke out with frefh animofity. Narrative! 
 memorials, and replies, conceived with great bitternef] 
 were mutually remitted from both marflials to their couri 
 Marfhal Broglio alledged, that his misfortune was owing; tl 
 the prince de Soubife's delay, who did not begin the attacl 
 till it was too late for him to continue it ; the prince A 
 Soubife, on the other hand, fuggefted, that Broglio hcz} 
 his attack earlier than the time that had been fixed, 
 hopes of forcing the allies without Soubife's afliftance ; and 
 when he found that point lo(l, obliged Soubife to retreat] 
 that he might not have the honour of recovering it. 
 
 The allies after this battle kept their ground for feme 
 time, whillT: the French retreated. It is impoflible regular^ 
 ly to account for all the unexpe£l:ed turns which have hap-j 
 pened, perhaps, more in this campaign, than in any of the 
 former. It is enough to knov/ that the original luperiori- 
 ty of the French, together with their opportunity of con- 
 tinual reinforcement, may very tolerably explain the reafonl 
 
 Anhalty Lord Granhy and JVutgenaUy to attack them on their] 
 retreat ; which they did with fo much vigour that the enemy ne- 
 ver attempted to form before them, but threw down their arm:] 
 and ran off in the utmoll diforder. 
 
 When major fVedderbourn came away, there were fix colours 
 already taken, eleven or twelve pieces of cannon ; many officers, 
 araongft whom the Comte de Rouge, and great part of the regi- 
 ments of De Rouge, Dauphin, and Provence, to the amount of 
 3000 men. 
 
 After having purfued them about a league, the duke ordered 
 the troops to form upon the heights of Kirch Denckern. The he- 
 reditary prince was ftill driving the enemy on their left. Prifon- 
 crs and cannon, were coming in every moment. 
 
 It was faid, that the Marfhal due de Broglio commanded on the 
 right of the French army, oppofite to the prince of Anhalt, Lord 
 Granhy, and Lieutenant General IVutgenau, where his ferenc 
 highnefs was in perfon. 
 
 Major Wedderhotirn adds, that this great vlftory was obtained, 
 with fcarce any lofs on the part of the allied army. 
 
 \l}) T^ranJJation of Prim 
 
Iij6i. 7he History of the War. 7,^'^ 
 
 Qt the advantages which they fo often obtained after very 
 [onfiderable defeats. This is a point which it is neceflary 
 jilie reader fhouid continually keep in his mind during the 
 Lhole narration of this Itrange war. After their late lofs 
 hnd retreiit, the French foon advanced again. The party 
 liinder the prince de Soubife pafled the Lippe^ and made 
 dilpofitions for the fiege of Munfter, whilft marHial Bro- 
 Llio's army turned off on the other fide, croffed the Wefer, 
 Ijfld threatened to fall in upon Hanover. 
 
 This divifion of the enemy compelled prince Ferdinand, 
 
 lihough little in a condition for it, to divide his army alfo. 
 
 iThe hereditary prince ported himfelf to cover Munfter ; 
 
 whilft prince Ferdinand continued in the country towards 
 
 |ihe Wefer, to obferve the motions of marfhal Broglio. 
 
 Whilft thcfe various portions were mutually taken, as 
 |the armies were continually moving near each other, a 
 jomber of very ftiarp (kirmiflies enfued. Marftial Broglio 
 uutioufly avoided a battle whenever he faw that the duke 
 ofBrunfwick, by calling together his troops, had prepared 
 for, and was deiirousof it ; fo that there was no way left, 
 hut if pofllble, to check his motions, and wear down his 
 force, by reiterated lefler a£kionsf^/ Thefe aftions were 
 > almoft 
 
 W Tranjlation of Prince Ferdinand's Letter to the Marquis of 
 
 Granby. 
 
 " My Lord, 
 
 Convent at Buhren^ Augufi 6, 1761. 
 
 Think it my duty to acquaint your lordHiip how much I ad~ 
 mire the valiant and brave conduS 01 lord George Lenox ^ with 
 le piquets, and of major W^«(^, with his battalion of grenadiers 
 rellerday, in the attack of the poft and village o^ Wejien. I beg 
 vour lordlliip will be pleafed to fignify to them my moft grateful 
 jcknowledgments, and that thefe t'"o gentlemen would do the 
 fame to the brave troops who were led on by commanders of fuch 
 dillinguiflied valour. 
 
 / have the honour to hy 
 
 " ■ fFith the moji ferfedl reffeBy 
 
 \ ' '' My Lordf ^c. 
 
 P d d Coj>y 
 
 ."'^ H 
 
 4i 4\^'^i^'> 
 
394 ^^ History of the War. j-^gj 
 
 ainioft always to the advantage of our troops. In one of, 
 them liowevcr, the young prince Henry of Brunfwick was 
 mortally wounded ; and the whole army faw 
 July 20. with regret, the difappointment of fuch great 
 hopes as were formed from the rifing gallantry 
 of a prince, who fo nobly fupported the martial fpirit o " his 
 family, and had fallen whillT: he was emulating the heroic 
 aftions of his brother the hereditary prince and his uncle 
 Ferdinand. 
 
 On the fide of Wcflphalia, the prince dc Soubifc pcrfe- 
 vercd, notwithftandingfomc checks, in his defign of laying 
 ficge to Munfter; there avus great rcafon to apprehend that 
 he might fucceed in that entcrprize, ?.s it was always in 
 marflial Broglio's power, by taking fome fteps on the fide 
 of Hanover, to make it neceirary to draw away the great- 
 eft part of the force deftined to the fuccour of IVtunfter. He 
 therefore began to make the previous arrangements at Dor- 
 flen. The hereditary prince, who knew that he was con- 
 tinually liable to be called off, took the firft op- 
 Aug. 30. portunity of attacking this place. A battalion of 
 French troops formed its garrifon, and made a 
 brave defence, but it was aflaulted with fo much refoliition 
 and perfeverance, that they were obliged to furrender pri- 
 foners of war. The prince totally deftroyed the ovtns 
 
 which 
 
 majcfty's, and the du 
 
 Copy of the Marquis ofGranby's Letter to Major IValJh, command- 
 itig the firjl Battalion of Britif}j Grenadiers. 
 
 Camp at Haarny Augufi 7, 1761. 
 
 i< 
 
 S I R, 
 
 YOU will perceive, by the copy of the letter I have the plea- 
 fure to enclofe to you, how much his Serene Highnefs ad- 
 mired your behaviour, and that of the firft battalion of grenadiers 
 under your command, at the attack of the poft and village of 
 iVefien, on the 5 th. 
 
 ** You will, therefore, according to his Serene Highnefs's de- 
 fire, teftify to the troops his extreme approbation of their dillin 
 guiihed bravery and firmnefs, and Hkewife my thanks in the ftroiig- 
 ell manner. 
 
 / rt«, ^ith the greatefl regardy Siry ifc. 
 
 ;'] 
 
 G R A N B y. 
 
i-jSi. Tie History of tbeW A K. ^g^ 
 
 which were eftabliflied here, and by this means not only 
 frullnited their dcfign of bcfieging Munftcr, but compelled 
 them for a time, to retire from the Lippe. 
 
 As to prince Ferdinand, he faw clearly, that the inten- 
 tions of marfhal Broglio were to make himfeif mafter of his 
 majefty's, and the duke of Brunfwick's territories. To at- 
 tempt to follow him, and to beat him from thence, would 
 only be irrecoverably to transfer the feat of war into thofe 
 countries, and wholly to abandon Weftphalia to the enemy. 
 Diverfion therefore, and not direct oppofition, became his • 
 objeft. He refolvcd, that as often as he perceived marfhal 
 Broglio making any progrefs on the fufpeftcd quarter, he 
 Ihould throw himfelf as far into Hefle as the enemy had ad- 
 vanced towards Hanover, and by (lopping their fubfiftence, 
 oblige them to quit their enterprixe. This plan at firft 
 fucccedcd to his wifhes, and drew back marfhal Broglio 
 into Hefl'c, upon whofe approach prince Ferdinand retired 
 to his old quarters at Paderborn, and ready for a 
 new movement as foon as Broglio fliould return 0&.. 19. 
 to the execution of his former defign. 
 
 Accordingly he ^jon returned to the Wcfer. Then the 
 hereditary prince, who had by this time re-joined the grand 
 army, advanced into HelTe, and puftied to the fartheft ex- 
 tremities of that country, even as far as Fritzlar ; but tho* 
 he fucceeded fo far in his attempts as to deftroy all the lef- 
 ftr magazines which he found in the open country ; yet as 
 all the fortrefles were in the hands of the enemy, as the 
 garrifons had been newly reinforced and the grand maga- 
 zines were well fecured in thofe places, he kept his ground 
 in his advanced pofition. j. m ..f^, „,.. 
 
 It was on this occafion principally that prince Ferdinand 
 found the difadyantage of not being able to form vwo ar- 
 mies, which might a£t feparately. For on one hand, mar- 
 Ihal Broglio, when he had perfectly fecured his poft: in 
 Hefle, took a fituation in which he watched all' the motions 
 of prince Ferdinand, and kept himreif in readinefs to fall 
 back into Hefle, or to advance into Hanover, as might beft 
 rgree with his defigns. From hence he fent out fome pow- 
 crtiil detachments which aded with great effect. One of 
 thefe detachments entered the Harts Forefl (the remains 
 of the great Hercynian, fo famous among the antients) and 
 bcfieged the ftrong caftle of Schartsfelts, which they took 
 and demolifhed. Then they laid the whole trad of country 
 
 D d d 2 und.r 
 
 J 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 
 ^m 
 
 1 
 
 r4- 
 
 1. 
 
 t 
 
50 I'he History of the War. 1^5, 
 
 under fcverc contribution. Another, and ftill more powrrfu 
 detachment under prince Xavier of Saxony appeared })f 
 
 fore WoUcnbiittcl, a confulerahle city, nndl 
 Oft. 5. ftrongly fituatcd, as it is wholly furronndid hyl 
 • ' the Ocker. But the French, as they knew \\yA 
 
 the town is moftly built of wood, commenced their npcraJ 
 tions with a very fierce bombardment. This had fm h ani 
 cfFe6^, that the rcfiftance of the place was not proportionrd 
 to its ftrength ; in five days it fiirrendered, and was rulm^l, 
 like the reft, to a grievous contribution. 
 
 Fluflied with this fucccfs, the French followed their] 
 blow, and advanced, keeping ftill the courfe of the Ockcr, 
 to Brunfwick ; and began alfo to invert that city. The! 
 reigning prince, unable to proteft his fubjccts, or to fcciirc 
 his perfon in his dominions, fled to Hamburgh, where he I 
 met the landgrave of HefTe, whom the rage of w.ir hnil ini 
 \he fame manner driven from his territories. This free ci- 
 ly now became a place of general refuge, and enriched jt- 
 felf by the calamities, as it had in bettCt- time", done hy the' 
 profperity of Germany. It was lately computed, that the 
 ftrangers there had mcreafed to 40,000, amongfl whom 
 they could reckon two foverci^n princes, and fevcral other 
 pcrfons of the firft diftintlion. 
 
 This rapid and unrefirtcd progrcfs of the French to the 
 caftward of the Wcfcr, was tothehighcft degree ahuininp;. 
 Prince Ferdinand with ail the expedition in his power, de- 
 tached the hereditary prince to the relief of Brunlwick. 
 Tliis meafure fortunately faved that very important place. 
 This aflivc commander compelled the enemy not only to 
 raife the fiegc of Brunfwick, but i abandon WoUcnbuttel, 
 and to make a precipitate retreat with the lofs of fonic ol 
 their cannon, and upwards of lono men. 
 
 Whilft Broglio's detachments proceeded thus in diftref- 
 fing the country to the caftward of the Wefer, the prince 
 of Soubife, who by the removal of the here»lit:iry prime ot 
 Brunfwick to another quarter, faw no longer any thing ca- 
 pable of oppofing him, fprcad his army by detachments 
 over all VVeftphalia, and ravaged it in the moft cruel man- 
 ner. They took Ofnabrug ; and bocaufe the contrihutions 
 were not immediately paid, they gave up the place to he 
 pillagedby their troops, who rifled the mifcrable iidiahitants 
 without mercy. Another body pufhed as far as iMuhden. 
 This important town was immediately furrendcre<l by the 
 ■' . , , .. . gam ion 
 
 ,]6l. "The \ 
 
 Lrrifon (two Fng) 
 I the timid inhabi 
 I treatment : notwitb 
 Lliofafy a furrcnd( 
 try of I'.aft-Frieflan 
 Ln. But their ex( 
 that the boors wtTf 
 inch arms as a fmh 
 Lpprenors o\\\ of tb 
 /\ more confidcr;! 
 Condc, laid ficge 
 fms, of fome con 
 fome maga/.mes. 
 ami the garrifon ol 
 of war. 
 
 1 he city of Brci 
 
 '(his was a plate o 
 
 allies having amalVt 
 
 great and trading to 
 
 Wefer; and the p( 
 
 have given to the I' 
 
 which the allies der 
 
 had loft Bremen, t 
 
 and lock».(l up in a 1 
 
 ny, fiirrounded by 1 
 
 fourcc. Fortunate 
 
 brave as thofc of V 
 
 rated by the exam 
 
 had fccn on every I 
 
 garrifon, inftcad o 
 
 plate. The Frcn 
 
 and a ftrong reinio 
 
 cure that very im| 
 
 the fnture. 
 
 Whilft the two 
 the country held b 
 rage of war fprcad 
 kept that central j 
 hattle of Kirch \ 
 tould terrify or all 
 quarters at Buhne 
 wards ll.immelcn. 
 courfe of the \Vcf< 
 
i|6i. I'I'c KiSTORY nf the War. ^97 
 
 LrriTon (two F,n[];lifh companies of invniuls) at tlic dcfirc 
 nt the timid inhahitint'?, and the promilc of a favonribic 
 lircatmrnt : notwiflifJiintline; rliis capitidation, and the merit 
 (ilioeafy a rurrcndcr, the town, as well as the wh(»Ie coun- 
 try of I' aft-Fiielland, was laid under a ruinous confribnfi- 
 on. But their exorbitances f^rcw to fiich an extremity, 
 that the hoors were at Ungth (ompelled to rife, and with 
 inch arms as a ftiddcn rage fupplied ihem, to drive tliefe 
 oppreflors otit of their country. 
 
 A more confidcrahle corps commanded hy the prince de 
 Comic, laid ficge to Meppen, a place on the 
 fms, of fome confcqnencc, and whore we h;id 06t. ij. 
 fnme maga'Aines. In three da) s it was reduced, 
 and the garrilbn of five liundred men were made prifoncrs 
 of war. 
 
 1 he city of Bremen was defended hy a weak garrifon. 
 This was a |dace of far ["jrcater moment than Mepjien, the 
 allies having amalVed lluir immcnfe magay/mes, as it was a 
 prcntand trading town, advantageoudy fituattd on the river 
 VVefcr; and the pofTefVutn of this place mnrt undoubtedly 
 have given to the I'tcnrh the command of that river, thro' 
 which the allies derived all their fubfillencc. If the I'.nglifh 
 had loft Bremen, they muft have fcen themfelves inverted 
 and locked up in a barren country, in the jieart of Germa- 
 ny, furroundcd by their enemies, and dcprivetl of every rc- 
 foiirce. Fortunately the inhabitants of this city proved as 
 brave as thole of I'.mbden were timid. They were exafpe- 
 rated by the example of the French rigour, which they 
 had feen on every (ideof them. They therefore joined the 
 garrifon, inftead of dilcouraging them in the defence of the 
 place. The French were obliged to retire precipitately ; 
 and a (Irong reinforcement was thrown into Bremen, to fe- 
 cure that very important city from the like enterpri'Aes for 
 the future. 
 
 Whilft the two French armies in this manner ravaged all 
 the country held by the allies, prince Ferdinand, who faw the 
 rageof war fpread all around him, with his ufual firmnefs, 
 kept that central pofition which lie had taken foon after the 
 Imttle of Kirch l>>enkern ; no movements of the cncmv 
 could terrify or allure him from it. He had fettled his head 
 quarters at Buhne, and his army extended from thence to- 
 wards ll.immelcn. )*orted in this manner, he fecured the 
 fOiirfeof the \Vcfer,by preventing the enemy from making 
 
 l. • themfelves 
 
 
 \i 
 
 »• 'A J 
 
 ^1 
 
 * -it 
 
 -.' ""irn-'ilii 
 
 m 
 
 
 f 4i 
 
 » , 
 
 Ssi 
 
 1 * , 
 
 
398 The History of the War. ,^5^1 
 
 themfelves mafters eilhef of Hammelen orMinden; he lav 
 in the beft fituation in which it was pofllble to place a fin 
 gle army, that was to aft againft two ; and knowjne that 
 he could not follow their movements with the body of his 
 army, without hazarding the king's eleftoral dominions I 
 and indeed every objeft of the war, he contented himfelfl 
 with fending out fuch detachments as he could Ipare, fuc-l 
 ceflively to the relief of the places which were attacked. He 
 faw that the winter approached, which had always been ai 
 circumftance favourable to him ; and it was evident that 
 whilfl; he continued with his main body immoveably fixed as 
 it was, and his detachments 2 6live on every fide, it was im- ! 
 poflible for the enemy to keep any of thofe places, they had 
 leized in their incurfions. ; -- v ■ 
 
 ,i> Tf^ 
 
 ■ '.v.\ '\:\ 
 
 CHAP. VI. 
 
 Condition of the King of PruJJla. His inaclion. Motions of\ 
 the Ruffians and Laudohn. BreJJau cannonaded. Tottle- 
 ben removed. Colberg befteged. Ruffian magazines in 
 Poland defrayed. JVar transferred to Pomerania. Kin? 
 of Prvffia quits his frong camp. Schweidnitz t alien hy a 
 coup de main. General Platen repulfed. General Knob- 
 lock made prifouer at Trcptoiv. Prince Wurtenburg re- 
 treats. Colberg .aken. Rujfians winter in Pomerania. 
 
 UNTIL this year the operations of the Pruflian armies 
 took the lead in interelT: and importance before ail the 
 other events of the war. The firmnefs and activity of their 
 iliuftrious monarch, the number and animofity of his ene- 
 mies, the blows that he gave, and thofe that he fuflPcred, 
 his diftrefllng and terrible falls, his amazing and almoll 
 miraculous recoveries, kept all eyes fixed on his motions, as 
 the great centre of public attention. Undoubtedly nothing 
 that has ever been a6ted on the fcene of human affairs, at- 
 tracted the minds of men to it with greater juftice; none 
 perhaps afl'orded at once more entertainment to the imagi- 
 nation, and furnifhcd more copious materials for political 
 and military inftruftion ; and probably, therefore, this part 
 of all our modern hiftoiy, will be the moft carefully ftiidicti 
 by poflcrity, when it comes to be properly known, and wor- 
 thily written. 
 
 To judge of the Importance of this branch of the general 
 t . war, 
 
j,^6i- ^he History of the War. 399 
 
 liar, it will be proper to recoUefl that, befides a number of 
 heges which were profecuted, together with innumerable 
 Ijnd bloody (kirmifhes, no lefs than nineteen pitched battles, 
 Ijr capital actions, have been fought on his part fmce the 
 Iclofe of the year 1 756, when the king of Pruffia firft feiztd 
 upon Saxony, and made an irruption into Bohemia. In 
 [eleven of thefe battles, the King or his generals were de- 
 feated. He was vi6torious only in eight. Ten of them 
 Lere fought under his own command ; and feven out of the 
 eight victories which were gained, were obtained by him- 
 felf in perfon ; of the eleven defeats, he was prefent only 
 [at three. 
 
 From thefe circumftances fome judgment may be formed 
 lot the aftive and enterpriz-ing chara6ter of this monarch, 
 and of the amazing refource he had prepared, or formed, 
 or feized, and in fome inftances, one may fay, almofl: creat- 
 ed. We have obferved that the laft campaign had ended 
 more to his advantage than the one preceding had done; 
 for thofe two great viflories of Lignitz and Torgau, with 
 which he then ended his operations, had not only refcued 
 his affairs in Silefia and Saxony from impending deftruftion, 
 but had enlarged his field for recruiting, and prepared him, 
 to all appearance, for more early and vigorous aftion, than 
 could have been expeOied in mod of the preceding cam- 
 paigns. But every one was furprized to obferve, that this 
 year he had totally altered the fyftem of his conduft. An 
 inaftivity and langour was difiiifcd over all his proceedings. 
 He fcemed to have adopted the caution and flownefs which 
 h?d been fo long oppofed to his vivacity by M. Daun. The 
 fummer was almofl: wholly fpent, and the King of Pruflla 
 had fcarcely been mentioned. 
 
 It was not fufpefted that the propofed negotiation at 
 Augfburg could have had much, if any influence upon his 
 method of proceeding. No particular propofals had been 
 made concerning his afi'airs, nor indeed any other marks of 
 a pacific difpofition towards him (hewn, except what were 
 contained in thofe general declarations, which a regard to 
 common decency had exac):ed. It muft have added to the 
 anxiety of his fituation, that Great Britain and France were 
 at that time engaged in a feparate treaty, in which the latter 
 power was in a condition to make fo many flattering oflFcrs 
 in relation to Germany, that he might well have dreaded 
 the withdrawing of that afllflance which had hitherto been 
 
 his 
 
 
 N 
 
 
 iJ 
 
 
 ■■a\h 
 
 V:' 
 
400 The History of the War. i^g, 
 
 his great fupport againft all attacks, and his final refourct 
 in all his diftrefles. Perhaps he was well aflured, that the 
 faith of Great Britain was proof againft every offer, however 
 alluring ; in faO: it proved to be fo ; for in rejeding the 
 German neutrality, which the French propofed in the late 
 negotiation, our country afforded as convincing a proof of 
 an unfliaken public faith, as nny people had ever given to 
 their allies. 
 
 However, whilft this point remained in any degree of 
 fufpence, it would have appeared natural, that the King; of 
 Pruflia ftiould make fome uncommon exertions to confirm 
 the faith of his allies, as well as o put himfelf upon a more 
 refpeflable footing at the enfui. r congrefs. It is, notwith- 
 ftanding certain, that he contented himfelf with ading 
 wholly upon the defenfive ; a condu6t, which perhaps hL 
 circumftances had rendered abfolutely unavoidable. Prince 
 Henry commanded an army in Saxony, which intrenched 
 itfelf ftrongly under Leipfic. M. Daun continued near 
 Drefden ; and thefe two armies did no more than watch 
 each other during the campaign. The King was alfo in- 
 trenched in a very ftrong pofition in Upper Siicfia, not far 
 from Schweidnit/, whilfl the fortreires in the lower part of 
 that country were filled with fuch garrifons, as put them 
 out of the reach of any fudden infult. 
 
 This pofition was pointed out by the motions and appa. 
 rent defigns of his enemies. The Ruflian army was this 
 year, as well as in the former, divided into two llrong bo- 
 dies ; one of wiiich, led by "^J^Utleben, direi^^ted its march 
 towards Pomerania : and the other under M. Butterlin, en- 
 tered into the Upper Silefia, advancing towards Brcdali. 
 Baron Laudohn entered that province in the part oppofite 
 to them, and rhty propofed to unite their armies, in order 
 to attack the King, or to take Breflau or Schweidnit/. in his 
 jM'efcncc. The remarkable drought in the beginning of the 
 feafon, which hail greatly lowered the Odor, facilitated their 
 jun<ftion. The Rulllans fpread themfelves over all the cpon 
 
 country of Silefia ; and exa£\cd heavy contrilni- 
 Ang. I. tions. A body of them appeared before Brcllaii, 
 
 and bei.>,iin to cannonade the town from fevcn bat- 
 teries. Laudohn ext:rted the whole of his Ikill to draw i!ic 
 King from his poll, and to engage him in a diladvantagcoib 
 action. Somcviines he advi^ncecl, as if he meant to join the 
 Kiiilian^ : IbiiK-times his motions indicated adefign on Sch- 
 weidnit/.; 
 
 Leidnitz; thefe atte 
 
 1 feint as if he propo 
 hopes that he might 
 
 j detach and divide hi 
 
 moveable in his port 
 
 Whilft thefe vario 
 
 leffeft, on the fide of 
 RulTians advanced w 
 
 [ it was expected that 
 with greater effeft fii 
 
 I appointment of genei 
 tleben had been ionj 
 
 I convicted, of a feci 
 Pruflia. The fituat 
 light with every iort 
 of fortune, w'-rhour 
 allegiance, w&s a fit 
 riary ftratagems. He 
 of the fame kind whi 
 dohn. Every circum 
 
 , of corruption lefs fucc 
 Colberg, regularly 
 campaign, fince the R 
 kingdom of Pruffia, w: 
 determined force thar 
 forty fail of all kinds, 
 general Romanzowfo 
 hand, the place threa 
 efforts. This city w 
 greater ftrength than 
 every attempt of th 
 any weaknefs lay, ta 
 fenfible of its import 
 ner it was necelTary 
 omitted no opportuni 
 Prince of WurtenbUi 
 cannon of the town, > 
 men. ' 
 
 The King of Pru 
 danger of this momei 
 to the north, from t 
 and, as it were, chai 
 lance. Though La 
 
,y6i. ^he History of the War." 401 
 
 fteidnitz ; thcfe attempts failing, he turned off and made a 
 feint as if he propofed to fall upon the Lower Silcfia, in 
 hopes that he might at leaft oblige the King of PruiTia to 
 detach and divide his forces ; but the King continued im- 
 moveable in his port. 
 
 vVhilft thefe various movements were making with little 
 eifeft, on the fide of Silefia, the other grand divifion of the 
 RulTians advanced without oppofition into Pomerania ; and 
 jt was expelled that their proceedings would be attended 
 with greater effeft fince the. removal of Tottlcben, and the 
 appointment of general Romanzow to the command. Tot- 
 tlcben had been long fufpefled, and, it is faid, at length 
 convicted, of a fecrijt correfpondence with the King of 
 Priiflia. The fuuation of this. Monarch obliged him to 
 tight with every Kirt of weapon ; and Tottleben, a foldier 
 ot fortune, w-rhour any national attachment or particular 
 allegiance, w&s a fit object for the King of Pruflia's pecu- 
 niary ftratagems. He did not fucceed fo well in the attempts 
 of the fame kind which he is faid to have made upon Lau- 
 dohn. Every circumftance concurred to render the method 
 of corruption lefs fuccefsful in that quarter. 
 
 Colberg, regularly befieged, or clofely ftreightened every 
 campaign, fince the Ruifians made themfelves mafters of the 
 kingdom of PrufTia, was how aflaulted with greater and more 
 determined force than ever. A ftrong fleet, confiding of 
 forty fail of all kinds, blockaded it by fea, whilft the army of 
 general Romanzow formed the fiege by land. On the other 
 bnd, the place threatened a defence worthy of its former 
 efforts. This city was from the beginning of the war of 
 greater ftrength than it had commonly been reprefented ; 
 every attempt of the Ruffians, by demonftrating where 
 any weaknefs lay, taught the Prufilans, who were fully 
 fenfible of its innportance, in what part and in what man- 
 ner it was neceffary to add to its works ; and they had 
 omitted no opportunity. In addition to this defence, the 
 Prince of Wurtenbilrg was ftrongly intrenched under the 
 cannon of the town, with a body of fix or feven tlioufand 
 men. ' "■■vi^a f'" " 3^ 
 
 The King of Pruflia was extremely alarmed at the 
 danger of this momentous port, the key of his dominions 
 to the north, from the relief of which he was removed, 
 ^nd, as it were, chained down, at fuch an immenfe dif- 
 t:)iue. Though Laudohn and Butturlin found abundant 
 
 F< e e employment 
 
 k • 
 
 ' V 
 
402 ^he History of the War. i^gj 
 
 ( mploymcnt for his forces, he refolved to fend a confideN 
 able detachment under general Platen to the afliftance oi 
 Colberg. The fertility of his genius propofed two endJ 
 from this fingle expedient. He ordered Platen to direO: his 
 march through PoUnd, ar'i to deftroy the Ruffian maeal 
 lines, which had been amafled on the frontiers of that kineJ 
 dom, and from which their army in Silefia drew its whole 
 fubfiftence. This fervice, might, he hoped, be performed 
 without any confiderable interruption to the progrefs of th( 
 detachment towards Colberg. The event was entireiv 
 anfwerable to his wiflies. General Platen ruined three 
 principal magazines of the enemy. He attacked a greatj 
 convoy of their waggons ; deftroyed 500, and burned oii 
 difperfed the provifions they carried. Four thoufand mer 
 who protected this convoy, were, for the greater part, killed 
 or made prifoners. General Platen, after this ufeful and 
 brilliant exploit, purfued his march with the utmod diligence 
 to Pomerania. 
 
 Intelligence of this blow was no fooner received by the 
 Ruflians in Silefia, than they were ftruck with the utmoftl 
 confteination. They had lately effefted one o( 
 Aug. 25. their purpofes by their junftion with the Auftri- 
 but this ftroke compelled them at once 
 
 ans 
 
 fever this union, fo lately and with fuch difficulty compalTedJ 
 to drop all their defigns upon Breflau, to repafs the Oder,! 
 and to retire without delay into Poland, left their remainingj 
 magazines (hould ftiare the fame fate with the three above-l 
 mentioned, and their futuie fubfiftence be thereby rendered! 
 wholly precarious. 
 
 So unfortunately circumftanced were the affairs of the| 
 King of Pruflla, that his wifeft fchemes and happieft fuc- 
 cefles could hardly anfwer any other end than to vary thel 
 fcene of his diftrefs. The ftorm which had been diverted! 
 from Silefia by general Platen's expedition, was only remov- 
 ed from thence to be difcharged with irrefiftible fury on! 
 Colberg. The Ruflians, when they faw that the meafuresl 
 the king had taken, rendered the completion of both theirl 
 defigns impraflicable, refolved at all adventures to fecurcl 
 one of them. Colberg was the objeft of their choice, not! 
 only as the place furtheft from fuccour but as the pofltilFionj 
 of it would be an advantage fitteft for anfwering thofe endsl 
 which were more nearly and properly Rufiian. M. Buttur-I 
 lin, therefore, as foon as he had eftablilhed his convoys, di<j 
 
 reded 
 
i)6i. The History of the War. 403 
 
 Lftcd his courfe towards Pomerania, and being mafter of 
 
 Un^perg, he fent detachments from thence, that cruelly 
 
 wailed all the adjoining Marche of Brandenburg, without 
 
 jtthe fame time diverting himfelf by thefe ravages from his 
 
 1 main intention. 
 
 A force of Ruffians was by this time aflembled in Pome- 
 [rania, to -which it was impoffible for the king of Pruflla to 
 flopofe any thing that was in any degree able to contend 
 with them in the field; of courfe he could not promife 
 himfelf that immediate raifmg the fiege could be the effeft 
 of thefe fuccours. All he could do was to fend another de- 
 tachment to that part, under general Knoblock; and hoped 
 that by the union of thefe feveral fmall corps, and by their 
 intercepting or at lead diftrefling the Ruffian convoys of 
 provifion, the place might be enabled to hold out, until the 
 ffvere fetting in of winter fhould render the operations of a 
 fiege irnprafticable. 
 
 He was providing in this manner, and ftudying new me- 
 I thods for the relief of Colberg, to the danger of which place 
 Ms whole attention was drawn, when an event happened 
 juft by him, and, as it were, under his eye, almoft as dif- 
 trefling as the taking of Colberg would have proved, and fo 
 much the more diftreffing, as it was entirely unexpected. 
 
 On the retreat of the Ruffians under Butturlin, the king 
 of Pruffia imagined himfelf at liberty. He found a want of 
 provifions in his ftrong camp near Schweidnitz, and to be 
 the more eafily fupplied, he approached nearer to the Oder, 
 He was fo little in fear of the enemy, that on making this 
 movement he drafted 4000 men from the garrifon of Sch- 
 weidnitz : he thought that the preparations necefiVry to a 
 fiege would give him fufficient notice, and fufficient leifure 
 to provide for the fafety of that important place, from which 
 after all, he had removed but to a very fmall diftance. Lau- 
 dohn, who through the whole campaign had watched the, 
 king with a moft: diligent and penetrating affiduity, and 
 hitherto had found no part open and unguarded; thought in 
 this inftant he perceived an advantage. It was indeed an 
 advantage which would never have appeared as fuch, but 
 to a general as rcfolutc as fagacious. He refolved to at- 
 tempt this ftrong place, by a coup de main. On the ift of 
 OAobcr at three in ihe morning, the adault began. An 
 attack was made at the fame time on all the four outworks, 
 which the tioops, ordered on this important enterprise ap- 
 
 E e e 2 proached 
 
 IP'' **,i^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 m 
 
 Ml' 
 
 
 ■m 
 
 ^^m. 
 
404 'JT^e History of the War. lyg, 
 
 preached with fo much precaution, that they were not per- 
 ceived by the garrifon. They fcaled all the four at the fame 
 time; and the troops which defended them had fcarcetime 
 to fire a few cannon fhot. On the fide of the affailants | 
 not a gun was difcharged : but in one of thofe out-works i 
 the fire of the fmall arms fet fire to a powder magazine 
 which blew up, and on this occafion about 300 of the Au- 
 ftrians, and about the fame number of the Pruffians were I 
 killed. As foon as the out-works were carried, they pre- 
 pared to afiault the body of the place, which they entered I 
 by burfting open the gates, and at day-break they found 
 themfelves mafters of the town, after firing a few (hot. 
 Five battalions, making about 3000 men, and lieutenant- 
 general Zaftrow, governor of the fortrefs, were made prj- 
 foners. The conquerors found here a great number of can- 
 non, and a large magazine of meal. Their lofs in the whole, 
 of this bold and fortunate undertaking amounted, by their' 
 accounts, to no more than 600 men. 
 
 In a manner fo unexpected, and confidering the nature of 
 the fortifications, fo unprecedented, Schweidnitz fell for a 
 fecond time in this war into the hands of the Auftrians; 
 and that city, which in the year 1758 hadcoft the Pruflians 
 a blockade of fome months, and a fiege of thirteen days 
 open trenches to recover it, was again lofl in a few hours, 
 and with a very inconfiderable damage to thole who under- 
 took this daring enterprize. 
 
 The king of Pruflia felt this grievous blow \o the quick. 
 By their pofTeiTion of Schweidnitz he faw the Auftrians en- 
 .abledto winter in Silefia; he faw that whilft they held this 
 place, he co^ld pofTibly make no motion for the relief of any 
 other part of his dominions, without expofing Breflau, and 
 along with it the whole of Upper Silefia, to a certain and 
 irrecoverable conquefl. In the firft agitations produced bv 
 fo extraordinary and afFe£ting a difafter, he was difpofed to 
 attribute this misfortune to the treachery of the governor, 
 but he was too generous to harbour fuch a fufpicion, for 
 any time, againft an officer who had hitherto fcrvcd him 
 with fidelity, and who might have been furpri/.ed with ;in 
 attack of fo uncommon a nature, and which the king him- 
 felf had as little fufpefted as the governor. Me immediate- 
 ly recovered his temper, aud faid with a fmilc, " It is afa- 
 ** tal blow; we muft endeavour to remedy it." He wrote 
 . .1:0 general Zaftrow, who commanded there, " We m\ 
 
 <( 
 
 no« 
 
,^6i. ^he History of the War. 405 
 
 « now fay, what Francis I. of France wrote to his mother 
 
 I" after the battle of Pavia, JVe have loji all except our bo- 
 
 y ttour. As I cannot comprehend what hath *happened to 
 
 " you, I fhall fufpend my judgment ; the thing is very 
 
 « extraordinary." 
 
 Schweidnitz was loft fuddenly ; but Colberg made a moft 
 [obilinate and noble defence. At length, however, the gar- 
 rifon began to be forely diilrefled for provifions. General 
 platen quitted the intrenchments, which he had maintained 
 inconjunftion with the prince of Wurtenburg, in order to 
 cover the reinfol-cements, which the numerous and ftrong 
 I detachments of the Ruffians, who overfpread the whole 
 country, had hitherto kept at a diftance. But he had the 
 misfortune to meet an infinitely fuperior body of the ene- 
 my, to be beaten, and to lofe part of his convoy ; and it 
 was with difficulty he efcaped with the remainder to 
 Stettin. . 
 
 The other (general Knoblock) had eftablifhed himfelf at 
 Treptow, which was to ferve as a refting place for the con- 
 voys ; but as general Platen had been repulfed, in the man- 
 ner we have juft feen, Romanzow advanced with a large 
 force to Treptow. Knoblock, hopelefs of affiftance in a 
 town which had fcarcely any walls, and invefted by a body 
 fo vaftly fuperior, yet made a vigorous and gallant defence 
 for five days; he was at length compelled to furrender him- 
 felf and his bodv of about 2000 men prifoners of war. 
 
 Thefe fucceflive difaftcrs were occafioned by the necef- 
 fity there was for revifitualling Colberg, coft what it 
 V >uld, for that end, of difperfing the Pruflian troops in the 
 face of a Ruffian army of 50,000 men. Tlie reviclualling 
 in thefe circumftances could not be effected without a fin- 
 gular piece of good fortune ; and, in order to get into the 
 way of this good fortune, every rifque was to be run. 
 
 Thefe advantages over Platen and Knoblock raifed the 
 fpirits of the Ruflians, and enabled them to contend with 
 the extreme rigour of the feafon in that northern latitude; 
 they pufhed the fiege with redoubled efforts. All hope of 
 a fiipply from the land was abfolutely at an end ; and though 
 the Ruffian fleet Jiad been by a violent ftorm driven off the 
 (oaft, the fuccour from the fea was too precarious to be 
 depended on. In this dcfnerate fituation the prince of Wur- 
 tenburg became apprehenfive, Icll: his armv, which had 
 been unable to relieve the town, in- delaying any longer 
 
 under 
 
 II 1^ 
 
 
 w 
 
 n. 
 
4o6 ^he History of the War. lyg,. 
 
 under its walls would only fliare its fate, and that famine 
 might alfo oblige him to farrender. He therefore refolved 
 whilft his men re' "led their vigour, to break through a 
 part of the Ruflian rny, and to leave Colberg to make the 
 bed terms its circumitances would admit. This defign he 
 accompUftied happily, and with little or no lofs. 
 
 And now Colberg, hopelefs of all relief, the 
 Dec. i6th. garrifon exiiaufted, provifion low, the fortifica- 
 tions in many places battered to pieces, after a 
 long fiege of near fix months, furrendered to the Ruflians. 
 The governor and the garrifon were made prifoners of war. 
 This place was defended by the gallant Heydcy who to 
 this time had maintained it fuccefsfully againft all the efforts 
 of the Ruflians during the war ; and as he was diftinguifhed 
 by the king his mafter, for his merit in the fuccefsful de- 
 fence of it, he had likewife as full afiurances of his favours 
 after having on the late occaficr. condufled himfelf with 
 his former bravery, though it was not with the former good 
 fortune. 
 
 The lofs of two fuch places as Schweidnitz and Colberg, 
 at the two extremities of his dominions, was decifive 
 againft the king of Pruflia. It was now impoflible for him 
 to make any movement by which the enemy could not pro- 
 fit to his almoft certain deftruftion. To form fieges, with 
 an army like his, inferior in the field, w^as impoflible. The 
 Ruffians, by poflefllng Colberg, pofleffed every thing. They 
 were matters of the Baltic ; and they now acquired a port, 
 by which their armies could be well provided, without the 
 neceflityof tedious, uncertain, and expenfive convoys from 
 Poland. The road lay almoft open into the heart of Bran- 
 denburg. Stetin alone ftood in their way ; but it was ob- 
 vious that nothing but the advanced feafon could fave Stetin 
 from the fate of Colberg. The RuflTians, now for the 
 firft time, took up their winter quarters in Pomerania. 
 
 It is remarkable, that this whole year pafled without a 
 regular battle between the king of Pruflia and any of his 
 enemies, yet none of the moft unfortunate of his campaigns 
 had been fo ruinous to him. He had fuff^ered four terrible 
 defeats, wi'hout having ballanced them with a fingle ad- 
 vantage of confequence in the campaign of 1759. Yet in 
 thrTe circurnftances it is almoft incredible how little he 
 really loll. He was able to take the field again theenfuing 
 year in a very rcfpctlable manner, and to m.akc head 
 
 againfl 
 
qSi. 7hr History of ibe War. 407 
 
 againft his enemies. In that year he loft a whole army 
 near Landfhut ; ftill he was far from being broken. Af- 
 terwards in that fame campaign, he gave his enemies two 
 fignal defeats, and ended his operations advantageoufly, and 
 with great glory. But in the year, of which wc now write, 
 without fufFering any confiderable blow in the field, without 
 any ftriking efforts on any fide, his power has gradually 
 crumbled away. The moft calamitous defeats could n^ 
 fmk him lower. And in the fituation in which he ftood 
 after the taking of Colberg, we may fafel'y fay, that there 
 was fcarcely a polTibility that he could be preferved from 
 deftruftion by any thing that lay within the reach of human 
 endeavours. ■ , : . , ,. „, = . 
 
 CHAP. VII. ' ,; ' 
 
 The negotiation refumcd. French concejftons. Difference 
 concerning the German alliance. Difference concerning 
 the captures antecedent to the declaration of war. Treaty 
 breaks off. Meffteurs Stanley and Buffy recalled. 
 
 AFTER having been fo long detained on the theatre 
 of war, it is time we fhould return to take a view of 
 the negotiation for putting an end to the miferies it occa- 
 fioned. In reality the view, even of this fcene, was very 
 gloomy and unpromifing. The confidence and good hu- 
 mour of the two courts being fubverted, all that followed 
 was rather an altercation than a treaty. It is true, that pa- 
 pers pafled backward and forward ; and the pretenfions of 
 each party, the points they agreed to cede, and thofe which 
 they weredetermined to adhere to, grew more diftin6t and 
 explicit. But all ihat cordiality was vaniflied, which is fo 
 neceflary towards fmoothing and clearing a road, which a 
 long hoftility had broken up, and fo many intricate topics 
 had contributed to embarrafs. 
 
 Without involving ourfelves in the detail of the feveral 
 memorials which were delivered in and without referring 
 numerically to the fcve I articles, it will be fufficient that 
 we briefly ftate thofe pomts which were, or feemed to he, 
 in a fair way of adjuflment between England and France; 
 and afterwards thofe on which it fhould appear that the ne- 
 negotiation broke off. 
 
 After fome difcuffions concerning its proper limits, it was 
 
 agreed. 
 
 \ • %^: IT, 
 
 'sif; 
 
 m'U: 
 
/'4<^8 The History of the War. iy5, 
 
 agreed, that all Canada fhould be ceded to the Englilh. 
 This ceffion comprehended, on one fide, all the iflandi and 
 / countries adjoining to the gulph of St. Lawrence. On the 
 other, it took in all the great lakes, and the whole courfeof 
 the Ohio, to its difcharge into the Miflifippi. A territory 
 lufRcient tor the bafis of a great empire. 
 
 In drawing this line of divifton, another queftion arofe 
 concerning the bounds of Louifiana, and the (late of the 
 intermediate Indian nation between the lakes and the Mif- 
 fifippi, who inhabit, or are rather fcattered over an immenle 
 country, that lies along the back of our colonies all the way 
 from Penfylvania to Georgia. It was therefore very proper 
 that fomcthing definitive fhould be fettled on this article, 
 as it might othervvife eafily be made productive of a new 
 •war. I'.ngland propofed that all thofe nations fhould cci- 
 tinue, a3 fhc contended they had heretofore been, under the 
 protection of Great Britain, without faying any thing pre- 
 cife as to the dominion of the foil. 
 
 France controverted this propofition ; (he on her part 
 propofed to divide thefe nations ; that thofe to the north- 
 ward of the line drawn to afcertain the limits of Canada 
 fhould be independent, under the protedion of England, but 
 that thofe, which were to the fouthward, (hould enjoy the 
 liime independence, under the protection of France. No- 
 thing was perfectly fettled in relation to this point ; but it 
 does not feem as if there could have been any material dif- 
 agreement upon it had the other matters in debate been ad- 
 jufted to their mutual fatisfaCtion. 
 
 The African conteft feemed to have been attended with 
 flill lefs difficulty. The French confented to give up both 
 Senegal and Goree, provided Anamaboo and Acra were 
 guarantied to them. 
 
 The momentous queftion of the fifliery was iikewife de- 
 termined. The French gave up their claim to Cape Bre- 
 ton and St. John's, and were fatisfied to receive the little 
 ifland of St. Pierre on the coaft of Newfoundland ; but even 
 this they were to receive on conditions fufficiently humih- 
 ating. They were to ereCt no fort pf fortification, nor to 
 keep up any military ertablifhment there. An Englifh com- 
 miflary was to refide on the ifiand, in order to fee that thefe 
 ftipulations were adhered to. As to the reft, the French 
 were to have the fame privileges on the coaft of Newfound- 
 land, checked \vith the fame reftriCtions, which before the 
 
 war 
 
:6l. 
 
 The History of the War. 
 
 409 
 
 ax they had enjoyed under the 15th article of the treaty of 
 lUtrecht. In conformity to another article of that treaty, 
 
 ifld in compenfation for the privilege of the filhery, they 
 Iconfented that Dunkirk fhould be demolifhed. 
 Concerning the iflands of Guadaloupe, Marigalante, Mi- 
 
 Fiorca, 
 
 and Belleifle, 
 
 as 
 
 no great controverfy had fubfifted 
 ironi the beginning. It had all along been agreed, that 
 ihdeconf uefts Ihould be reciprocally reftored. Neither did 
 ihe French fcruple to adopt our propofal concerning the 
 affairs of the Eaft Indies, nor to make fatisfaftory declara- 
 ;;ons concerning Ollend and Nicuport. 
 
 So many delicate and interefting points were fettled, that 
 itdoes not at firft appear what it was that could have re- 
 tarded the peace. A difcufTion of the feparate interefts of 
 two powers only, that arc in earned to agree, may be fet- 
 tled without any very confiderable difficulty. The hard 
 and almoft inextricable part of the knot, is that wherein the 
 crois concerns and intcrefts of allies intervene. There were 
 two points upon which, if we may form a judgment from 
 appearances, this negotiation unfortunately broke off. The 
 ilrll was upon the manner in which England and France 
 might be at Uberty to alTift their refpedtive allies ; and on 
 tiic reftitution of Wefel, Guddres, and fuch other places 
 
 the French had conquered from his Pruflian majefty. 
 
 On the firft member of this principal point, the repeated 
 propofals of France for a neutrality in Germany had been 
 uniformly and pofitively rejefted by our adminiftration. 
 They were considered as fo many attacks upon national 
 integrity. This fcheme, therefore, not being admitted, 
 they would or could come to no agreement, and fcarely 
 to an intelligible explanation either of the mode or the 
 quantity of the aiTiftance which they fhould be at li- 
 berty mutually to impart to their German allies, or of 
 the place in which fuch fuccours fhould be employed. As 
 to Wefel and Gueldres, the French obftinately refufed to 
 reftore thofe places. They declared that fuch a ceflion 
 would be dired^ly againft the faith by which they were bound 
 to the emprefs queen of Hungary, for whom they infifted 
 that thefe places had been conquered, and in whofe name 
 alone they were governed, though they had been reduced 
 by the French arms, and were at that monient held by 
 French garrifons. . ,- *. - 
 
 A'-, to the fccond point, namely, the reftitutlon of cap- 
 
 F f I turcs 
 
 in 
 
 
 \i~n 
 
 *-■ 
 
 
 
410 Tl'e}r{isroKY of the'WAH. i^^j 
 
 tures made previous to the declaration of war, the negoti- 
 ating powers were equally pofitive, the one to demand, thel 
 other to refufe it. The Englifli argued that this claim hadl 
 no fort of foundation in the law of nations, neither was iti 
 grounded on any particular convention. That the right of 
 all hoftile operations refults, not from a formal declaration 
 of wax but from the hoftilities which the aggreflbr has firftl 
 oflfered; that the contrary of this propofition is at leaft ex-l 
 tremely conteftible; and fince it can by no means be ciearlyj 
 eftablilhed, it follows that the detainment of thofe captures! 
 muft be confidered, on the fide of England, as part of the! 
 uti poffidetis, originally propofed as the bafis of this treaty.! 
 
 France, on the other hand, feemed as fully convinced ofl 
 the juftice of her pretenfions, and (he deemed the arguments! 
 with which fhe fupported them to be fo unanfwerable, that| 
 flie offered to fubmitthem to thejufHce of the Englifli tri- 
 bunals. They urged that this claim of reftitution was] 
 founded on the law of nations, and upon particular conven- 
 tion ; by the 19th article of the peace of Utrecht; and by 
 the fecond article of the treaty of commerce ; and that this 
 was ftrengthened by the third article of the treaty of Aix- 
 la-Chapelle, which renews and confirms thofe articles in the] 
 ■preceding treaties. 
 
 By thefe articles a prote6\ion is allowed to the refpeftive | 
 fubje£ts who may have ihips in the ports of either of thel 
 powers, becaufe having no opportunity of knowing that a 
 rupture is fallen out, they failed under a fecurity of peace, | 
 and under the faith of treaties. By a parity of reafoning, I 
 the fhips not a£tually in thdfe ports ought to enjoy the fame 
 fecurity ; elfe, as they are included in the fame parity of cir- 
 cumftances, it would follow, contrary to the principals of 
 "humanity and right reafon, that the fovereigns had provided 
 for the prefervation of one part of their fubjefts from the 
 miferies of a fudden rupture, to which they expofe the reft. 
 *f he particitlar conventions of thefe treaties, they faid, had 
 their foundation in general equity and the law of nations; 
 iince, as it is impradicable for belligerent ftates to agree 
 amongft themfelves which is the agrelTor, it is proper thai 
 the fubjefts (hould receive previous notice of the rupture, 
 in ordfer'that they may be able diflinflly to know when they 
 are. Or are not in fecurity, or when they may, or may not 
 rely on the treaties which fubfifl: between their fovereigns, 
 
 Thefe topics were as ufual, bandied to and fro with great 
 
 heat 
 
,^6i. TheHisTORY of the War. 411 
 
 Ijieat and little efFe6k ; and as in fuch difcufllons the arguments 
 Lnboth Hdes are plaufible, and there can be no authorifed 
 judge, the weight of the feveral pretenfions commonly de- 
 pends I'pon the power of the parties to enforce them. On 
 iliefe twc points, therefore, the renunciation of German 
 illiances, and the reftitution of captures, the negotiation 
 Iromthe beginning was at a (land ; and on thefe at length 
 |to all appearance, it finally broke off. 
 
 Not but we are fully fatisfied that the difagreement even 
 Ion thefe points might have been only the oftenfible caufe of 
 the rupture. The true caufe of the breach feems to have 
 ibtcn the unfeafonablc interpofition of the Spanifh claims. 
 For could France he fuppofcd in good earned to defire 
 peace, that is, to deAre fuch a reafonable peace, as her 
 circumftances might demand, when Ihe officioufly min- 
 gled with our particular debate, the affairs of a foreign 
 I and neutral power, which had not the fmalleft connexion 
 with thofe that were at this time properly under delibera- 
 tion? It was ridiculous to urge, that this was done from a 
 prudent forefight, and to prevent a future war, which thefe 
 (iifputes might pofilbly occafion. The bufinefs was to put 
 in end to the war which then aehially fubfifted ; and no- 
 thing could be farther from afllfting this defign than to in- 
 creale the fubjefts of debate. France muft be fenfible of 
 the weight of this argum.ent, who herfelf propofed in the 
 very beginning of this treaty, as means almoft neceflary for 
 carrying it on with eiteft, that their particular difpute ihould 
 be leparated from thofe of their German allies, with which 
 it certainly had a more natural connexion than with thofe 
 that fubfifted between England and Spain .; as all the former 
 parties werethen engaged direftly orindirctlly in the war, to 
 which Spain had then no manner of relation. 
 
 The Englifh miniftry finding the French immoveable on 
 the two capital points above mentioned, and having no opi- 
 nion of the fincerity of their procedure, fcnt dircclions to 
 Mr. Stanley to return to F^ngland, and to de- 
 fire tliat Mr. Huffy fhould on the part of his 20th Sept. 
 court, receive the fame orders. An cmuI was thus 
 put to fills negotiation, (from which Europe h.id conceived 
 Inch fanguinc hopes of the alleviation of its miferies) after 
 it had continued near fix months. So far indeed was it from 
 producing the happy efre6As that were propofed from it, fo 
 far was it from appeafing the animofilics of the powers ori- 
 
 F f f 3 ginall/ 
 
 r ! ' !*■ 
 
412 7';&<r History o///&^ War. j^g, 
 
 ginally engaged, or from cxtinguilhing the old war, thi, 
 ^hc parties feparated with intentions more hoftile, and onl 
 nions more adverfe than ever ; and the war was foon fpreal 
 to a much greater extent by the taking in of a new partJ 
 and may poffibly fpread, ftill more widely, by laying opcl 
 new fources of contention which may gradually draw 
 other powers, and finally involve even part of Europe. 
 was alfo a means of producing changes in England, whic] 
 at a time of lefs tranquillity, and in circumftances of let 
 internal ftrength, might have been productive of the mol 
 fatal confequences. But thefe matters are referved for th| 
 fubjeCi: of the enfuing chapter. 
 
 The leading negotiation in London and Paris being thi 
 broken off, that which was propofed at Augfburg neve 
 took place. 
 
 C H A P. VIII. 
 
 ConduiJ of Spain during the negotiation. SpaniJ)) mtniflrr^X 
 memorial. Treaty bettveen France and Spain. Differl 
 ence in the Englijh minijiry. Mr. Pitt reftgns. Mr. Fit A 
 letter. Difpute concerning the rejignation. Addrejfei 
 Parliament meets. The German war continued. 
 
 AS nothingcould have been more unprecedented, fono-j 
 thing was more alarming than the proceeding of the 
 court of Spain in the negoti.ition. It was altogether cxtra-j 
 ordinary to fee a propofal for accommodating difputcs thad 
 fubfifted between friends, coming thro* the channel of ar 
 enemy. It was extremely fingular to fee points of fuel 
 confequence formally communicated and propofed for de-j 
 liberation by a French agent, commiflloned only to nego-j 
 tiate a particular and di(lin6l bufinefs, when the Spaniardj 
 had an ambalTador refiding in London, from whom no for 
 of intimation had been previoufly received of fuch adefign.j 
 That propofal not only marked out a want of finccritvl 
 on the part of France, but it manifcfted To ftrange and ir- 
 regular a partiality on the part of Spain, that it would very 
 little have become the dignity of the king of Great Britain,! 
 or his attention to the fafety of his fubjeds, to let it pafJ 
 without a full and fatisfaOiory explanation. Accordinglyl 
 the Spanifh ambafl'ador was called upon to difavow this ir-j 
 regular procedure; but he returned a verbal, and foonalterj 
 was authorifed by his court to return a written anfwcr, in 
 
 .- i i which 
 
|,^6i. Tbe History of tbi' W\R. 413 
 
 Lhich he openly avowed and juftificd the ftep taken by the 
 French agent, as entirely agreeable to the lentiments of his 
 Lafter. He declared that the kings of Franco and Spnin 
 were united not only by tics of blood, but by a mutual in- 
 tereft. He applauded the humanity and greatncfs of mind 
 which hismoft Chriftian majedy demonftrated in the pro- 
 pofition that was complained of. Me infifted much on the 
 iincere dcfire of peace, the only motive which influenced 
 the condu^of the two monarchs ; and he added, haughtily, 
 that if his mafter had been governed by any other princi- 
 ples, '* His Catholic majefty giving full fcope to his great 
 « nefs, would have fpoken from himfelf, and as became 
 « his dignity." 
 
 It appeared evidently from the whole of this paper, that 
 the court of Spain was regularly, as a fort of party, ap- 
 prifed of every ftep that was taken in the negotiation; that 
 her judgment was appealed to upon every point, and her 
 authority called in aid to force the acceptance of the terms 
 which were offered by France ; in a word, that there was 
 a perfeft union of affe£kions, interefts, and councils between 
 thefe two courts ; and the minifter of the former, fo far 
 from denying or palliating this conduct, feemcd to glory 
 in it. 
 
 Mr. Pitt who then took the lead in the miniftry, was 
 fully fatisfied the intentions of Spain were by no means 
 equivocal, and that this partiality, which they ilrong- 
 ly avowed not only by declarations, but by fafts, would 
 drive them into all the meafures of France. That a 
 war on that account was abfolutely inevitable ; and 
 if, for the prefent moment, the Spaniards rather delayed 
 their declaration of war, than laid afide their hortile inten- 
 tions, it was in Order to ft'^ike the blow at their own time, 
 and with the greater effedi ; that therefore their reafous for 
 delaying to a6l were the very motives, which ought to in- 
 duce us to a»5t with the utmoil fpeed, and utmoft vigour. 
 That we ought to confider the evafions of that court as a 
 refulal of fatisfaflion, and that refufal, as a declaration of 
 war. T hat we ought from prudence as well as from 
 fjiirit to fecureourfelves the firft blow ; and to be pratlic^illy 
 convinced, that the early and effcftive meafures, which had 
 fo large a lliare in reducing France to this dependence upon 
 'pain, would alfo be the fitlert for deterring or difabiing 
 Spain from afTording any prote61ion to France. 'Jhat, to 
 
 carry 
 
 I] 
 
 ;i 
 
 , I h 
 
 !»'»"•»: 
 
 mm 
 
 if ''! '-• 
 
414 Tb<^ History qf t/jd War. ^JSi.\ 
 
 carry on this war with vigour, it was only neccflary to con- 
 tiniic our prcfcnt cfForts ; no new armament would be nc-l 
 cefTary; and that if any war could provide its own rcfourccs 
 it muft be a war with Spain. That their fiota had not yet 
 arrived, and that the takingof it, would at once difablc theirs 
 and llrengthcn our hands. This procedure fofiiited to the 
 dignity of the nation, and the infults it had received, M'ould' 
 bf a k'lTon to Spain, and to every other power, how thcyj 
 fhouid prtTume to dictate in our affairs, and to intermeddle i 
 with a menacing mediation, and anofficicmfnefs as infuljoiis 
 as it was audacious. 'I'hat he would allow our enemies 
 whether iVcrct or declared, no time to think and recoiled 
 themfelves. 
 
 Thefe fentiments, fo agreeable to the rcfohite and cn- 
 terprifmgcharader of this miniftcr, appeared fhockina; to 
 almoft all the rell of his collcgucs. They admitted that we 
 ought not to be terrified from the aflcrtions of our juft de- 
 mands, by the menaces of any power. They owned that 
 Spain had taken a very extraordinary and very unjuftifiabic 
 ftep; but thatwcour;ht to admit and even to wifh for, An 
 explanation ; this court upon a fober yet fpirited remon- 
 llrance, might recall that rafh propolition into which they 
 had been perhaps unwarily feduccd by the artifices ot 
 France ; that to fhun war upon a juft occafion was ccw.ird- 
 ice, but to provoke or court it was madnefs. And, if to 
 court a war was not in general a very wife meafurc, to de- 
 fire it with Spain, if poflTibly it could be avoided, was to 
 overturn the moft fudamental principles of the policy of 
 both nations. That this defire of adding war to war, and 
 enemy to enemy, whilft we had our hands already as full as 
 they could hold, and whilft all our faculties were ftrained to 
 the utmoft pitch, was ill to calculate the national ftrenpth 
 of our country, which, however great, had its limits, ami 
 was not able to contend with all the world ; that whilll we 
 were calling for new enemies, no mention was made of new 
 allies, nor indeed of any ncwrefource whatfocver. 'I'o plimc': 
 into fuch meafurcs, in the manner propofed, and upon 
 no better grounds, could not fail to fcandali/,c and alarm all 
 Kurope ; and we could poflibly derive no advantage from 
 thij precipitate conduct, which would not be more than 
 counter-balanced by the jealoufy and icrror it would necd- 
 farily create in every nation near us. As to the fei/ure ol 
 the Hota, it was not to be reckoned upon, as at the very 
 
 . t'mc 
 
 lijnic of that deliberati 
 |,is harbour ; and perha 
 Le might perform a 
 l^jtions, and as little a 
 III Spain, blind to her 
 louncils, Ihould give 
 Idefigns of that court, 
 liisfaftion, it woidd be 
 Lhenall the neighbou 
 I tinted that wc afted 
 ind when every think 
 that he was not burr 
 Ljr, from an idea of 
 table neccflity ; and tl 
 upon the utmoft fuppo 
 jdminiftration that d 
 hreaded to wade it wa 
 minifter warmed by tl 
 « was the time for hi 
 « that if this opporti 
 « recovered ; and if ! 
 « he was refolved thj 
 « in that cor.ncil. I- 
 •' king for their fuo[ 
 " minillry by the voi 
 " dered himfelf as a( 
 " he would no longer 
 » refponfiblc for mc; 
 " guide." 
 
 The noble lord, w 
 years have added the 
 ing the vigour and fir 
 bold a minifter as ev< 
 made him this reply : 
 •' to leave us, nor c 
 " would othcrwifc 1' 
 " him ; but, if he 1 
 " vifing his majeft) 
 " war, to what purj 
 " When he talks o 
 " talks the language 
 " gets, that at this 
 " king, However, 
 
qSu TbeHisTuKV of the War. 415 
 
 Itiijic of that deliberation it might be expected to be fafc in 
 ,1$ harbour; and perhaps if we could fuccced in feixing it, 
 re might perform a fcrvice not very agreeable to neutral 
 |;,jtions, and as little advantageous to our own commerce. 
 It Spain, blind to her true intcrefts, and mifled by French 
 Icouncils, ftiould give in a more decifivc manner into the 
 Jcfigns of that court, and obftinately refufe a reafonable fa- 
 lisfiidion, it would be then the true time to declare war, 
 Lftien all the neighbouring and impartial powers were con- 
 vinced that we afled with as much temper as rcfolution, 
 md when every thinking man at home fhould be fatisficd 
 that he was not hurried into the haz^irds and expenccs of 
 Lir, from an idea of chimerical heroifm, but from inevi- 
 tible nccefllty ; and that in fuch a cafe we might depend 
 upon the utmod fupport which the nation could give to an 
 jdminiftration that depended upon its ftrength, and yet 
 dreaded to wafte it wantonly, or tv, employ it unjuftly. The 
 minifter warmed by this oppofition, declared that, " This 
 « was the time for humbling the whole Houfe of Bourbon; 
 « that if this opportunity was let flip, it might never be 
 " recovered; and if he could not prevail in this indancc, 
 " he was refolved that this was the laft time he would fit 
 " in that cor.ncil. He thanked the minifters of the late 
 " king for their fuoport ; faid he was himfelf called to the 
 " miniflry by the voice of the people, to whom he confi- 
 " dered himfelf as accountable for his conduct ; and that 
 " he would no longer remain in a fituation which made him 
 " rcfponfiblc for mcafures he was no longer allowed to 
 « guide." 
 
 The noble lord, who prefidcd in this council, to whom 
 years have added the wifdom of experience, without abat- 
 ing the vigour and fire of youth; and who was himfelf as 
 boldaminifter as ever direQed the affairs of this nation, 
 made him this reply : " I find the gentleman is determined 
 ** to leave us, nor can I fay I am forry for it, fincc he 
 " would otherwife have certainly compelled us to leave 
 " him ; but, if he be refolved to afl'umc the right of ad- 
 " vifing his majefty, and dircfling the operations of the 
 " war, to what purpofcs are we called to this counril ? 
 '* When he talks of being refponfible to the people, he 
 " talks the language of the houfe of commons, and for- 
 " gets, that at this board, he is only refjwnfible to the 
 " king, However, though he may pollibly have convinced 
 
 *• ImiilcU 
 
 
 m-'? 
 
 »i^! 
 
 •f. 
 
 ?«■♦/-; 
 
 '.S.J 
 
 i. ii^i^' ^ '■ 
 
 !S'31|:!. v I i 
 
 1>\. W'<^ 
 
 
 
 |r- , . :i 
 
« 
 
 416 The WiSTOKY of the W kYL. lygj 
 
 ** himfelf of his infallibility, ilill it remains that we fliould 
 be equally convinced before we can refign our underftand- 
 ing t,i hisdiredion, or join with him in the meafure he 
 propofes.'Y^^ 
 
 On the diviilon, the minifter himfelf, and a noble lord 
 clofcly connefted with him, were the only voices in favour 
 of the immediate declaration of war ; the reft of the board 
 were iinanimoiilly aG;ainft it. 
 
 The reader will obferve that together Avith thofc matters, 
 which have been publifhed, relative to this very important 
 deliberation, with fome appearance of authenticity, wc 
 have added fuch arguments as have l>ecn agitated among 
 the people ; a liberty neceffary to place the matter in its 
 full light. 
 
 Mr. Pitt and lord Temple, adhering to their firft opinion, 
 and having delivered their reafons in writing, refigned their 
 employments. This refignation feemed equal to a revolu- 
 tion In the ftatc. An univerfal alarm was fpread ; a tliou- 
 fan i rumours flew abroad, and the firft fuggeftions were, 
 that this great minifter, endeavouring to avail himfelf by his 
 firmncfs in negotiation of the advantages he had acquired 
 
 , -/ , ■•' r r ' by 
 
 (ti) This fpecch has been ilnce difcovered to be one ainongft 
 the number of contrivances that were formed and publiflied by 
 the oppofite party to prejudice Mr. Pitt in the eyes of the public ; 
 for after Mr, A'// and lord Temple h^d taken their leaves at the 
 fhinj ^x\\S lad council fumnioned to deliberate on the conduft of 
 Spain, the late earl Crani'tlle, then lord prefident of the council, 
 rofeup to fpeak, exprellinga very high opinion of Mr. Pitt\m(- 
 doin, penetration, abilities, honour and integrity, and in a very 
 particular, and emphatical manner, fpoke of the innumerable and 
 almoll infurniountable difficulties, which Mr. Pitt and lord Temple 
 had to llruggle with ; thefe, he faid, were the fentiments he then 
 <ieliv«^rtd,and in jullice to himfelf, feveral times declared, that the 
 Ipecch fent abroad, (as fpoke by him on that occafion) was no 
 rjther tiian a vile forgery, calculated to ferve a purpofe as bafe as 
 it was ungrateful. It may not be improper to detect another in- 
 llance of their bafe condutt, propagated with no lefs avidity ; that 
 Mr. Pitt in his heart was not an emcmy to penfions, ** witncfs his 
 *' letter to a i)o!)!c duke folliciting his grace's intereft, with his 
 " late majefty for a j^cnfion :" By the noble duke is meant the 
 diikc of Neivtn/llcy who, on all occafions publicly declared, he 
 never had received any fuch letter. 
 
 .. .»> Rei'ifiv of Lord Bute's Jilminif^intiriit 
 
,j6i. ^he History of the War. 417 
 
 Ibyhis vigour in war, was oppofed by the whole council* 
 
 Ifho were refolved to have a peace at any rate, and that 
 
 jthis oppofition had driven him to refign the feals. But the 
 irue caufe of the refignation very foon came out;, and on 
 
 Jihis point a violent conflift cnfued, in which the popular 
 caufe was wotfe fuftained, and the minifterial better, (that' 
 is, with greater effeS) than is ufual in fuch difcuflions. 
 
 ISome circumftances contributed not a little to this fuccefs. 
 When Mr. Pitt refigned the feals, the great perfon to 
 
 I whom they were delivered received them with eafe and 
 lirmnefs, without requefting that he fliould refume his of- 
 fice. His majefty exprefled his concern for the lofs of fo 
 able a fervant; and to (hew the favourable fenfe he enter- 
 tained of his fervices, he made him a moft gracious and un- 
 limited offer of any rewarc'.s in the power of the crown to 
 beftow. His majefty at the fame time exprefled himfelf 
 not only fatisfied with the opinion of the majority of his 
 council, but declared he would have found himfelf under 
 thegreateft difficulty how to have afted, had that council 
 concurred as fully in fupporting the meafure propofed by 
 
 I Mr. Pitt, as they had done in rejefting it. A fentiment 
 (in the light in which his majefty confidered this meafure) 
 
 [grounded upon the firmeft principles of integrity and ho- 
 
 Incur, and which muft raife the higheft veneration for his 
 royal character not only among his own fubjefts, but 
 
 I amongft all nations, when they fee a power which has fo 
 little to fear from any human effort, fo very fearful of the 
 leaft infringement of the ftrideft and moft critical rules of 
 
 Ijuftice. 
 Mr. Pitt was fenfibly touched with the grandeur and 
 
 [ condefcenfion of this proceeding. * I confefs, Sir, I had 
 but too much reafon to expeft your majefty's difpleafure. 
 1 did not come prepared for this exceeding goodnefs. Par- 
 
 [ don me. Sir, — it overpowers, it opprefTcs me.' He burft 
 into tears. 
 
 We are far from an attempt to add any colouring to fo 
 exquifitely afFefting a pifture. We are indeed far from be- 
 ing able to dojuftice to perhaps one of the moft pathetic 
 and elevated fcenes which could poflibly be difplaycd, the 
 parting of fuch a prince, and fuch a minifter. 
 
 The next day a penfion of three thoufand pounds a year 
 was fettled on Mr. Pitt for three lives, and at the fame time 
 a title was conferred upon his lady and her iflue ; a pcnfion 
 
 G g g the 
 
 III: tr.:"^ 
 
4l8 72'^ History 5/ z/;^ War. jh5j 
 
 the bed bcftowed, and a nobility the mod honourably ac- 
 quired, and moft truly merited. Immediately the GaAettel 
 gave notice to the public of all thefe tranfaQions. The re- 
 fignation made the firft article ; the honours and revardsi 
 the nexf ; and they were followed by a letter from our am-l 
 baflador in Spain, containing an account of the favourablel 
 and pacific language of that court, and of the ftrong aflu-l 
 ranees they gave of a defire to accommodate all differences in! 
 an amicable manner. 
 - It mud be owned that this manoeuvre was very fkilfully 
 executed. For it at once gave the people to underftandl 
 the true motive to the refignation; the infufficiencyof thatl 
 motive, and t.ie gracioufncfs of the king notwithflandingj 
 t^e abrupt departure of his minifter. If after this the late] 
 i vViiifter (hould chufe to enter into oppofition, he muft go 
 into it loaded and opprefled with the imputation of thei 
 blacked ingratitude : if on the other hand he diould retire 
 from bufinefs, or fhould concur in fupport of that adminif- 
 tration which he had left, becaufe he difapprovcd itsmea-j 
 fures, his acquiefcence would be attributed by the multltude 
 to a bargain for his forfaking the public, and that the title] 
 and the penfion wei c the confiderations. 
 
 Thefe were the barriers that were oppofed againft that 
 torrent of popular rage, which it was apprehended would ; 
 proceed from this refignation. And the truth is, they an- 
 fwered their end perfe6tly : This torrent for fome time was 
 beaten back, almod diverted into an oppofite courfe ; and 
 when afterwards it returned to thofe objef^s, againd which 
 it v/as originally direfted, and wb.ere it was mod dreaded, 
 it was no longer that impetuous and irrefidible tide, which 
 in the year 1757 had borne down every thing before it ; it 
 was weakened, divided, and ineffeftive. 
 
 On this occafion the clamours and inferior members of * 
 each party went lengths, which undoubtedly were neither 
 authorifed nor approved by their leaders. The friends ot 
 Mr. Pitt raifed the mod violent clamours for difplacing a 
 minider, whofe meafures had raifed the nation from the 
 mod abje£t date, to the highed pinacle of glory. They 
 faid, that " he was in fa£t difplaced, when he was com- 
 •* pelled to refign, by not being fuffered to carry into ex- 
 ** ecution thofe meafures which he knew to be neceflary to 
 " the honour and fafety of his country. That the check 
 '* which this minider had received, would mod unfeafon- 
 
 « ably 
 
 " Englidi minider tli 
 " fition ; he has had 
 
i6i. 
 
 The History of the War. 
 
 419 
 
 « ably revive the drooping hopes of France, funk by the 
 « vigour of our military operations, and the firmnefs of 
 « our councils under his adminiftration, and would fliew 
 « Spain with what impunity (he might infult the honour of 
 « the Britifh crown, and violate the property of its fub- 
 « jc8s. They reckoned up the difgraces which the nati- 
 " on had fufFered before Mr. Pitt had entered into the 
 |« management of affairs, and the viftoriesand conquefls 
 |« which were the fruit of his councils." 
 
 Inconfequenceof thefe reafonings, addrefles, refolutions 
 I ind inftruftions were fet on foot in the great corporations ; 
 and it was believed that the example would be followed, as 
 on a former occafion of the fame kind, by all the other ci- 
 ties and boroughs of the kingdom. But the progrefs of 
 this meafure, though commenced with much alacrity, was 
 flow and languid; a few only of the corporaf^' is entered 
 into it, and fome even of thefe few in a manne: le warm 
 [than was expeQ:ed. A ftrenuous defence was nad.; on the 
 part of the remaining miniftry. 
 
 " Was it ever heard, faid they, that a fov "reign has 
 I" been cenfured for liftening to the whole body of his 
 " council, in preference to the particular o lions of a fin- 
 " gle man ? On the contrary, this uncontrouled fway of 
 " a fingle minifter has been often thought dangerous, and 
 " was always odious in our free conftitution ; and is the 
 " more juftly to be difliked, as perhaps inconfiftent with 
 " the true fpirit, either of abfolute monarchy, or of limi- 
 " ted government. Let the merit of this minifter be what 
 I" it will, (hall his mafter therefore be forced tc receive 
 " him upon any terms ? Muft his prince, to gratify his 
 i" ambitious yiews, orifyou pleafe, his virtuous intentions, 
 " dlfmifs his whole council, and annihilate his prerogative 
 " as a king, his reafon and judgment as a man ? Was it 
 " ever heard before, that a counfellor has profefied with- 
 " out any referve or any maik, that becaufe he could not 
 " guide in government, he would not co-operate ? This 
 " has unqueftionably been the true motive for the conduct 
 " of many minifters, but never was the avowed motive 
 " until this occafion. Mr. Pitt has had the freed: fcope for 
 " the exertion of his genius; he was, perhaps, the only 
 " Englifli minifter that never met with the flighlcft oppo- 
 " iltion ; he has had tiic trcafures and the forces of the na- 
 " tion at his moft ^bfolute command ; let him, in his turn, 
 
 G g g 2 /' da 
 
 ill 
 
 
 m 
 
 til 
 
 M«'?^ 
 
 % 
 
 ': t: 'tfl 
 
 
 
 j>A/i'<dM 
 
 
 r^i 
 
 
 ii 
 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 1 
 
 
 \ , 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 
 ", i 
 
 '''. \ 
 
 •F 
 
 - 1 
 
 1 
 
 •J< 
 
 
 ■i -^ij 
 
420 "The History of the War. i-^g^ 
 
 *' do that juftice that has been done to him ; let him, 11 
 " the favours of the crown conftitutc no obligation, be 
 *« bound at lead by the rules of equity ; and if he will 
 ** not partake in the conduO: of the prefent mod intricat( 
 *' and difficult bufincfs of adminiftration, let him not rcn- 
 " der it dill more intricate and more difficult by his oppoJ 
 ** fition ; and let him not ftudy to find a juftification of 
 ** his meafures, from the ill fuccefs of ihofe whom he has 
 " left, when that ill fuccefs will be owing to his own devi- 
 
 ces 
 
 Thus far the points fcem to have been urged with proJ 
 priety and weight. A torrent, however, of low and illibe- 
 ral abufe was alfo powered out on this occafion (a). Hisi 
 
 wliolel 
 
 (a) A Letter from the Right Hon. Mr. Pitt, to a Perfon of Emi 
 
 nence in the city. 
 
 Dear Sir, 
 
 Lomhn, Cooler 17. 
 
 FINDING, to my great furprlze, that the caufe and manner 1 
 of my refigning the feals, is grofly mifreprefented in the city, 
 as well as that the mod gracious and (pontaneous marks of his nia- 
 jefty's approbation of my fcrvices, which marks followed my re- 
 fignation, have been infanioufly traduced as a bargain for my for- 
 . faking the public, I am under a neceflity of declaring the truth 
 of both thefe fafts, in a manner which I am fure no gentleman 
 will contradidt ; a difference of opinion with regard to meafures 
 to be taken againfl Spain^ of the higheft importance to the honour 
 of the crown, and to the mod efTential national interefts, (and this 
 founded on what Spain had already done, not on what that court 
 may farther intend to do) was the caufe of my refigning the feals. 
 Lord Temple and I fubmitted in writing, and figned by us, our 
 mod humble fentiments to his majeily, which being over-ruled by 
 the united opinion of all the red of the king's fervants, I refigncd 
 the feals on Monday the 5 th of this month, in order not to remain 
 refponfible for meafures, which I was no longer allowed to guide. 
 Mod gracious public marks of his majefty's approbation of my 
 fervices followed my refignation : They are unmerited and unfoii- 
 cited i and I (hall ever be proud to have received them from the 
 bed of fovereigns. 
 
 I will now only add, my dear Sir, that I have explained thefe 
 matters only for the honour of truth, not in any view to court re- 
 turn of confidence from anv man, who with a credulity, as weak as 
 
 it 
 
'». ; > 
 
 jS^di^^^Jiy:^^^^^^' 
 
 ,1?" 
 
 ■ i ; ■■' 
 
 m 
 
-■A- 
 
 4:' J 
 
 ]6i 
 
 Ifhole life, public an 
 Bttnoft malignity, to fi 
 The fuccefles of his 
 ^ults were monftrouf 
 honours fo juftly con 
 [by every trick of wit 
 into matter of degradi 
 Without prefuminf 
 which (however une 
 without entering into 
 we have always (hi 
 impartiality, that nc 
 Mr. Pitt, to be the m 
 or better qualified to 
 utmoft limits. Ther 
 and even a vaftnefs, % 
 every mind, and 
 made to appear reaf 
 reft, he was never v 
 
 His power, as it w 
 ercifed in an ordinary 
 tary, and withlefs co 
 and in parliament w 
 the befi: fupported m 
 try by the voice of tl 
 held it with that app 
 time,adminifl;ration i 
 der him Great Brita 
 in which fhe ever wj 
 greater fplendour, ai 
 enjoyed at the head c 
 this ifland feemed to 
 
 Ir 'he conduct of 
 
 1 
 
 xs^>s^. 
 
 it Is injurious, has tho\ 
 on, from one who fen 
 and who juftly feverei 
 little follcitous about t 
 rous : Accept my fine 
 frieniifliip, and believe 
 
21 
 
 Ugi. ^be History of the War. 4 
 
 Uhole life, public and private, was fcrutinixecl with the 
 
 lutmoft malignity, to furnifh matter of calumny againll him. 
 
 Xhe fuccefles of his adminiftration were depreciated ; his 
 
 faults were monftroufly exaggerated, and the rewards and 
 
 honours fo juftly conferred on him by his fovcrcign, were 
 
 by every trick of wit, lidicule, and buflfoonery, converted 
 
 [into natter of degradation and difgracc. 
 
 Without prefuming to take any part in a controverfy, 
 [which (however unequally) divided the royal council, or 
 without entering into the fentiments of any taction, which 
 we have always fliunned, we may affirm with truth and 
 impartiality, that no man was ever better fitted than 
 Mr. Pitt, to be the minifter in a great and powerful nation, 
 or better qualified to carry that power and greatnefs to their 
 utmoft limits. There was in all his defigns a magnitude, 
 and even a vaftnefs, which was not eafily comprehended by 
 every mind, and which nothing but fuccefs could have 
 made to appear reafonable. If he was fometimes incor- 
 reft, he was never vulgar. 
 
 His power, as it was not acquired, fo neither was it cx- 
 ercifed in an orduiary manner. With very little parliamen- 
 ury, and with lefs court influence, he fvvayed both at court 
 and in parliament with an authority unknown before, to 
 the befi: fupported minifters. He was called to the m.inif- 
 try by the voice of the people ; and what is more rare, he 
 held it with that approbation ; and under him for the firft 
 time, adminiftration and popularity were fcen united. Un- 
 der him Great Britain carried on the moft important war 
 in which ftie ever was engaged, alone and unaiTifted, with 
 greater fplendour, and with more fuccefs than flie had ever 
 enjoyed at the head of the moft powerful alliances. Alone 
 this ifland feemed to ballance the reft of Europe. 
 
 Ir 'he conduQ: of the war he never fullered the enemy to 
 
 breailie. 
 
 'h 
 
 :f'..-. 
 
 M' 
 
 <|l i 
 
 M*t 
 
 i^' 
 
 it 13 injurious, has thought fit haftily to v/irhdraw Ms good opini- 
 on, from one who ferved his country with fideliry and fucccf's ; 
 and who juftly reveres the upright and candid judgment of it ; 
 little folicitous about the cenfures of the (Capricious an t un;>;(«nc- 
 rous : Accept my fincereft acknowledgments for all your kind 
 friendfhip, and believe me ever with truth and efteeni, 
 
 My (leaf Sir, your fdithftil fricudy l^ 
 
 
 '^■' - 
 
 
 -.1 
 
 
422 The History of the War. i^^j 
 
 breathe, but overwhelmed them with re-iterated blows, and! 
 kept up- the alarm in every quarter. If one of his expedi-j 
 tions was not fo well calculated or fo fucc^fsfully executed 
 amends were made by another, and by a third. The fpj, 
 rit of the nation once roufed, was not fuffered for a mo- 
 nicnt to fubfide ; and the French, dazzled, as it were,, by! 
 the multitude and celerity of his enterprizes, feemed to I 
 have lofl all power of refiflance. In fhort, he revived the 
 military genius of our people ; he fupporlcd our allies ; he 
 extended our trade;. he raif'idour reputation ; he augment- 
 ed our dominions ; and on his departure from adminiftratj- 
 on, left the nation in no other danger than that which ever 
 muft attend exorbitant power, and the temptation which 
 may be, to the invidious exertion of it. Happy it had been 
 for him, for his fovercign, and his country, if a temper 
 lefs auftere, and a difpofition more pradicable, more com- 
 pliant, and conciliating, had been joined to his other great 
 virtues. The want of thefc qualities difabled him from act- 
 ing any otherwife than alone : it prevented our enjoyinf 
 the joint fruit of the wifdom of many able men, who might 
 mutually have tempered, and mutually forwarded each 
 other ; and finally, which was not the meaneft lof^, it de- 
 prived us of his own immediate fervices. 
 
 Thofe who cenfurcd his political conduct the moll fc- 
 verely, could raife but few exceptions to it ; none of thcni 
 fmgly and perhaps, the whole united, of no great weight 
 againfl a perfon long engaged in fo great a fcene of adion. 
 
 Whether the part, which under his adminirtration wc 
 rather continued to acl than newly took, with regard to the 
 affairs of Germany, be for the real intcrefl; of Great Bri* 
 tain, is a quertion of the utmofl difficulty, ^ind which per- 
 haps will never admit a fatisfa^lory folution. 'To condinin 
 him on this head we mud be fure of this folution. li Ins 
 been obferved in favour of that contcfted mcafurc, that 
 France demonllrated, through the whcle progrcfs ol tl.c 
 late treaty, the mofl; earned dciire, that wc fhould abandon 
 the German conneflion ; no triHing argument, that our 
 enemy did not iookupon it to be extremely prejudicial to our 
 intercrts. If he has carried on that war at a vart expcnec, 
 a prodigious ftand has been made againfl the entire power 
 of France ; had lefs been expended, the whole cxpcncc 
 might have been loft. How far this part of his conduO was 
 agreeable to li Is former declarations, is a dikufllon \vliich 
 
 cat] 
 
 he had once faj 
 
 • • 
 
|ii6i. 77^^ History of the War. 423 
 
 can avail but little. He found the nation fengaged in thefe 
 
 Lfliairs; it was more eafy to pi:(h them forward, tlian to 
 
 (Xtricate himfdf from them ; as he proceeded, he difco- 
 
 vered by experience the advantages of that plan of adion, 
 
 lind his opinion was changed. 
 
 But even admitting, that, to attain the ends of oppofiti- 
 lon, he had once fallen upon popular topics, which even 
 then he knew were not tenable, it can form but a very fmall 
 blemifli in a public charaQ:er, however wrong it may be by 
 application to the flriQ: rules of morality. Ill would it fare 
 with ftatcfmen if this fort of confiftency were to be expe6t- 
 i c(l from the mod confiftent of them. " 
 
 With regard to the penfion and title, it is a fhame that 
 any defence (hould be neceflary. What eye cannoi diftin- 
 gdifli, at the firfl: glance, the difference between this and 
 ihe exceptionable cafe of titles and penfions ? What Briton, 
 uifh the fmalleft fenfeof honour and gratitude, but mull 
 blufli for hib country, if fuch a man retired unrewarded 
 from the public fervice, let the motives ^j that retirement 
 be what they would ? It was not pofllble that his fovcreign 
 could let his eminent fervices pafs unrequited ; the fum that 
 was given was undoubtedly inadequate to his merits ; and 
 thequantum was rather regulated by the moderation of the 
 great mind that received it, than by the liberality of that 
 which beftowed it. 
 
 The conduct of Mr. Pitt when the parliament met, in 
 wiiich he made his own juftification, without impeaching 
 the condu6t of any of his coUeapjues, or taking one meafure 
 that might fecm to arife from difguft or oppofition, has fet 
 a fca I u pon h i s c h a r a £t e r. 
 
 Lord JLgrcmoni was appointed to fucceed him as Secreta- 
 ry for the fouthern department. 
 
 C H A P. IX. 
 
 H 
 
 Difpute with Spiiin. Reprffentation of the eari of Drifol. 
 Difpoptioti cf the court of Madrid. Treaty hetiveen 
 France and Spain. England dcftres a communication. 
 Court of Spain refu/cs. The minljlers mutually with- 
 draw. A rupture. 
 
 T 
 
 HE unfortunate intervention of Spain in the late nc- 
 gotialioii, raifcd fo many diHiculiics, and created fo 
 
 nuKJi 
 
 r . 
 
 ^' 
 
 I 
 
 rl 
 
 
424 ^^'^. History of the War. i^5j j 
 
 mucli mlfchief both abroad and at home, that it becomes 
 an aira in this hiftory, and it is neceflary we fliould purfue 
 that obied from tlie point at which we left it, to its final 
 and fatal determination. 
 
 The anlwer which had been received from the Spani(h 
 mlniller in London was far from being fatisfactory to our 
 court. Orders were immediately given to the earl of Brif- 
 tol, our ambaifador in Spain, to remonftrate with eneriry 
 and firmncfs on fo extraordinary a proceeding ; to adhere 
 to the negative put upon the Spanifh pretentions to fifh ^ 
 Newfoundland ; to reft the article of difputed captures, on 
 the juftice of our tribunals ; to continue the former profef- 
 fions of our dcfire of an amicable adjuftment of the log- 
 wood difpute ; and of our willingnefs to caufe the fettle- 
 ments on the coaft of Honduras to be evacuated, as foon 
 as ever his Caiholick majefty fhould fuggeft a method for 
 our enjoyment of that traffic to which we had a right by 
 treaty, and which was further confirmed to us by repeated 
 nromifes from that court. 
 
 At the fame time that the earl of Briftol was authorifcd 
 to proceed with that fpirit, which the offended dignity of 
 our court required, and to bring Spain to a categorical and 
 fatisfa£tory declaration, concerning her final intentions ; 
 yet if he perceived on her part any intention to difavow or 
 even to explain away thisoffenfive tranfa£tion, he -was rea- 
 dily to accept it, and to afford to that court as handfomea 
 retreat as poffible. The letter which conveyed thefe in- 
 ftrudtions was written by Mr. Pitt, and dated on the 28th of 
 July, a few days after the fatal memorial had been delivered 
 by Mr. Buffy. 
 
 The earl of Briftol pun£\ually obeyed thofe orders. He 
 found General Wall, the Spanifh minifter, much in cold 
 blood, and in very equivocal difpofitions. Me heard with 
 great patience the proper and energetic reprefentation that 
 had been very ably made by the earl of Briftol. He ap- 
 plauded the king of Great Britain's magnanimity in not 
 fuffering France as a tribunal, to be appealed to in hisdif- 
 putes with Spain ; and declared, that in the propofition 
 which had been made with theconfentof his court, things 
 were not confidered in that light; alked whether it could 
 be imagined in England, that the Catholick king was fcck- 
 ing to provoke us in our prefent moft flouriftiing and mort 
 exalted fitualion, and after fuch afeiies of profperous events 
 
 as 
 
j,i6i. 'J'he History of the War. 425 
 
 L no fingle nation had ever met with ? He valued, and 
 Ireclprocally returned, our frequent profefllons of fricndfliip 
 jffld our defire of amicable adjuftment. But thefe favoura- 
 
 jle demonftrations were accompanied with fome circum- 
 Ijances, that had a very menacing appearance. For, in 
 like firft place, he declared, that at that time the utmoft 
 Ijirmony fubfifted between the courts of France and Spain ; 
 
 t in confequence of their perfe6t agreement, there was a 
 lnutuai unreferved communication of every ftep taken in 
 Itlieir feveral negotiations with England ; that France had 
 [even offered to aflifi: Spain, in cafe the difcufHons fhe had 
 Ifith us fhould grow into a rupture ; and that this offer was 
 Iconfidered in a friendly light. Such an intimate union of 
 |> third power with one of the parties at war, forebodes no 
 bng duration to its friendlhip, or even 10 its neutrality 
 ivith the other. If Spain juftified the proceedings of France, 
 land owned herfelf concerned in them, it was but one, and 
 iiiat a fliort, ftep, to a junction with her. 
 
 As to the three matters in difpute, the Spanifh minifter 
 jrefolutcly adhered to them all ; and as to the lafl: (that of 
 ihe logwood) he obferved, that Great Britain had offered 
 them nothing, but what they had longlince been tired of, 
 treaty and negotiation; that this matter had been already 
 tally difcuffed ; and that on this head Spain had given tho 
 Uoll convincing proofs of her defire to be on the bed terms 
 with England ; for in the beginning of this war, before 
 Fngland had grown terrible by her fucceffes, when their 
 ■\merican governors had endeavoured to diflodge the En- 
 l^lifhfrom fome new eftablifhments on the coaft of Hondu- 
 ras, they had, at the complaint of our court, in order to 
 takeaway all caufe of miftruft, ordered the governors to 
 (lefift from "o juftifiablc an enterprize. That on the offer 
 of England on this occafion to fettle matters in an amicable 
 manner, they chearfuUy agreed to that method. But that 
 fix years had elapfed without their receiving the leaftfatisfac- 
 tion. Ihey even alledged that the Enghfh encroachments 
 lonthcir ccafts in that time increafed. 
 
 In tiiis manner the Spaniards vindicated the form and the 
 matter of their proceeding: they fliewcd no fort of difpofi- 
 tion to relax from their claims ; but at the fame time they 
 no longer infilled on blending together the feveral difcuffi- 
 ons ; and they profeffed in general, though not in very warm 
 terms, a defire of continuing in amity with us. With re- 
 
 H h h gard 
 
 
426 
 
 7he H I s TOH Y of tijc War. 
 
 1 ■•■ Li ■ 
 
 gartl to the matter in difpute, the W'ncni'.ons of be-.'; , o\v»j 
 ers rtood in this pofture thioiiiriy ut this whole difcuf on • 
 except that they were urged vith ^nore o\ lefs afperitv, ac- 
 cording to the flufluatinf^ dilpofition o.'the court of Spain 
 which feemed to reft upon no fure and fettled principles. 
 There were probably twofa^ions in her councils, who as 
 they alternately prevailed, changed the language and counte- 
 nance of the Spanifh minifter. However, for fome time the 
 afpeft of things conlinvied on the whole to be rather la- 
 vourable ; and even ?n exprcfs declar livin was at lenpth 
 made, that Spain had been, at no time, more intent on 
 cultivating a good correfpondencc with us. But dill the 
 French intereft fdcntly gained ground at Madrid ; the con- 
 fidental communications of that court with Spain ; her at- 1 
 fefted moderation in the treaty ; the dangerous grcatncfsot 
 England : the common intereft of the houfe of Bourbon 
 every part of which muft fuffcr,both in its dignity and fafc- 
 ty, by allowing the principal of its branches to be pruned 
 to thequick: thefe points were urged with continual foilici- 
 tation; and they afliuredthe Spaniards that even the figninp- 
 an alliance between the fovereign.^ oi the two nations, would 
 intimidate England, already exhauited by the war, and ap- 
 prehsnfive of lofing the valuable commerce ftie carried ou 
 with Spain. 
 
 Thefe arguments and fuggcflions at length prevailed, 
 and a treaty was figned betwcra tlie two courts, the pur- 
 pofe of which was to prcferve from oppreflion, and to 
 maintain the intereils of the houl'c of Bourbon. This al- 
 liance V ? of a nature the more dangerous, as it turned up- 
 on family .> t national intereft, and becaufc not ftating ex- 
 actly its uj)iefts, it might bemade juft of what extent they 
 pleafed. VVe make no mention of any other treaty than 
 this, of itfelf fufficicntly alarming, becaufe whatever ful- 
 picions may be entertained, there is no certainty that any 
 other has been concluded between thofe powers. 
 
 France had obtained in this treaty almoft all that (lie 
 aimed at ; by it ihc entered into the clofcft conne6Uon with 
 Spain; this connection did not indeed feem direOly «ifnc- 
 ceflTity to conclude a breach with England ; it led lo it how- 
 ever, almoft inevitably. At firft the whole tranfaOion vns 
 kept a profound fecrct ; the inferiority of the murine of 
 Spain, and the prccarioufnefs of their fupplies from Amciici, 
 in cafe they came to a prcfcnt rupture with England, obli;,'tii 
 
 tlicni *^ 
 
 \)6l. TbeH 
 
 them to this tempor 
 treaty fliould not tr:" 
 olF; and Spnin, \vh 
 exhibited thofe oc( 
 which we have juft 
 loil all hopes of coi 
 ilie had wifhed, ai 
 thp intervention ot i 
 great induftry a re| 
 dare agiinft Great 1 
 concluded among th 
 England found th 
 confidently made, a 
 ' iher without founda 
 I henfions, orders wer 
 moiierate terms, bui 
 munication of this ti 
 tzined any thing tc 
 before thefe orders c 
 ttlf receiveo intcllig 
 which the FVench r 
 that fource. He th 
 of defiring fatisfafki 
 cunccrning it. 
 
 Upon this applica 
 change in the coui 
 that minifter, .is in* 
 fufpicions that were 
 now fafely arrived \\ 
 had made a confidcr 
 minions ; the fucce! 
 ing ; the reafons to 
 longer ex ifted. Th 
 ments which thev h 
 inc; a direQ. anfwe 
 plaint, not only of t 
 irom us, but of tJie 
 i'Vancc ; that it wa^ 
 not to fiiffer a neii^i; 
 any longer to rim tl 
 were prefcribed t>v 
 'ntoxi'.ated witli <>i 
 v'"^'jiic3 had elued 
 
 i'ff®^;: 
 
i^i)6i. The Hi s-t OR Y of I be War. 427 
 
 them to this temponiry referve. Fnn^r tcck car; ihat thi«- 
 treaty fhouki not trinfj/u'; until ihc negotiation wq'- bir en 
 off; and SprJn, wh'lft ihe was under tlicfe apjrehenfions, 
 exhibited tliofe cccafional proofs of a pacific difpofition, 
 which we h^ve jiifl. now ft en. But as foon as France had 
 loft all hopes of concluding.the negotiation in the manner 
 ihe had wifhed, and had failed in the ufe flie made of 
 ihp intervention of the claims of Spain, fhe circulated with 
 great induftry a report, that Spain would immediately de- 
 clare againft Grtat Br »<<in, in ronfequenceof a treaty lately 
 concluded among the TJourbon courts. 
 
 Kngland found that thofe boafts of the French were too 
 confidently made, and too generally believed, to be altoge- 
 ther without foundation. In confequcnce of thefe appre- 
 henfions, orders were fent to Spain, to demand in the moft 
 itioeierate terms, but in a manner not to be evaded, a com- 
 munication of this treaty, or at lead a difavowal that it con- 
 t2ined any thing to the prejudice of Great Britain. But 
 before thefe orders could reach Spain, lord Briftol had him- 
 I'clt receivea intelligence of the treaty, and of the hopes, 
 which the French made no fecret of their deriving from 
 that fource. He therefore thought himfelf under a neccfllty 
 of dcfiring fatisfa6tion from the Spanifli fccrctary of ftatc 
 concerning it. 
 
 Upon this application there appeared on a (vdden fuch a 
 change in the countenance, language, and fentiments of 
 that minifter, as indicated but ton fully the juftnefs of the 
 fufpicions that were entertained. 'J'he Spanifh flota was 
 now fafely arrived with a very rich cargo; the French arms 
 had made a confiderabic progrefs in the king's cle6loral do- 
 minions ; the fuccefs of the Imperial arms was no Icfs ifrik- 
 ing; the reafons for their former fhew of moderation no 
 longer ex i (led. '['hey therefore gave a loofe to ; hole move- 
 ments which thev had hitherto concealed. M. Wall, cvad- 
 inj5 a dire6\ anfwer, entered inio a long and bitter com- 
 pUint, not only of the treatment which Spain had received 
 irom us, but of the hsuglitinefs of our late proccc'dingn with 
 i'Vancc ; that it was time for ihcm to open their eyes^ and 
 not to fuffcr a neigliluxir, an aliv, a relation, and a friend,- 
 any longer to run tiu riNuie of receiving fuch rigid laws a« 
 were prefcribed bv an inftiiting conqueror ; ihat we were 
 'ntoxi' ated with o»ir fiKcelies ; and a continued ferics of 
 V '^oilca had eUtcd u'. fo far, as kj inalw us r<li rt the rea- 
 
 il h li 1 iuii;d)lq 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 k 'I 
 
 ^■■:^:iJ'ii: 
 
428 ^he History of the War. 1761.I 
 
 Ibnable concefllons offered by France. This refufal made itl 
 evident, that our defigii in ruining the French power, was! 
 the more calily to crulh Spain ; that we propofed entirely! 
 to chafe the French from all their colonies in America, to! 
 have the eafier talk in fei/.ing on the Spanifh dominions inl 
 thofe parts, thereby to fatisfy, to the utmofl: our ambition I 
 and to gratify our boundlefs thirft of conqueft ; theretorel 
 he would himfelf be the man to advife the king of Spain,! 
 that fince his dominions were to be overwhelmed, at Itaftj 
 that they (hould be fci/.cd with arms in his fubje£ts hand,! 
 and not to continue the paflive vidim he had hitherto ap- 
 peared in the eyes of the world. 
 
 The Englifh ambaffador, though aftoniftied at fo cxtraor-j 
 dinary a change of ftilc, replied with coolnefs to the invec- 
 tives, and with firmnefs to the menaces of the Spanifli mi- 
 nifter; he obviated the objections which had been made,] 
 and fupported our pretenfions; after anfwcring in the belli 
 manner to what M. Wall had urged, he returned to his 
 firft demand, an explanation concerning the treaty : as often 
 as a direct anfwer was evaded, the fame qucftion wasa";ainl 
 put ; and at length the only reply was, that the king of 
 Spain had thought proper to renew bis family compa^ ; and 
 then Mr. "Wall, as if he had gone farther than he was an- 1 
 thorifed, fuddcnly turned the difcourfe, and no farther latif- 
 fa6tion could be obtained. 
 
 1 his revolution in the appearances of things in Spain, 
 was ton intercfting not to be immediately communicated. 
 Our miniftry faw evidently, that the moderation they had 
 hitherto diAilayed, might be attributed to fear, and that the 
 language of the court of Spain would permit no doubt ot 
 their hoftile intentions. Orders were therefore given to 
 the earl of Briftol, conformable to the dignity of the nation, 
 and the juftice of our claim. He was ordered to renew his 
 iiiftances concerning the treaty ; to demand an explanation 
 with ;i proper firmnefs, but without the niixture of any 
 thing which might irritate ; and to Hgnify, that a peremp- 
 tory refufil to communicate the treaty, or to difavow an 
 intention to take part with our enemies, would be confuicr- 
 .ed as an aggreflionon the part of Spain, and an abfolutcdc- 
 claiation of wnr. 
 
 Things were now brought to a fingle ami prccife point. 
 The demand was made in the terms of the order. Thc;i 
 it was I hat the pride of Spain entiiely threw off the remain- 
 
 il.i 
 

 1761. 7'he History of tfje War. 429 
 
 (ler of that maik, which her policy had perfuaded her to 
 
 aflTume; the fecretary, M. Wall, replied/** That 
 
 " the fpirit of haughtincfs and of difcord, which Dec. 10. 
 
 " dictated this inconfulerable ftcp, and which for 
 
 « the misfortune of mankind flill reigns fo much in the 
 
 " Britifli government, is what has made the declaration of 
 
 « war, and attacked the king's dignity ; and that the Earl 
 
 " of Briftol might return when and in what manner was 
 
 "convenient to him." 
 
 The Ea*-! of Briftol parted from Madrid the 1 7th of De- 
 cember ; and thus was brought on a rupture which has 
 prodigioufly extended the operations, and confequently the 
 miferies of war, and threatens to prote<5t them to a v-.-ry 
 long duration. Europe unfortunately found herfeirpUniged 
 into the gulph of a new war, at the time fhe hoped to 
 emerge from the old one, and by the very means which 
 were ufed to draw her out ot It. A point of lionour alone 
 feemed to have been the laft and imnud'aic caufe of the 
 breach ; but whoever has diligently attended to iJie Spanifli 
 affairs from the memorial prcfented by Bufly to liic nnal 
 aiifvver delivered by Wall, will fee that the motives were, 
 however ill underftood, of a much more ferious and impor- 
 tant nature. 
 
 As the two powers had now come to extremities, and the 
 Englifti ambaftador had departed from Madrid, the Spanilh 
 minifter alfo quitted London ; but before his dcjarturc he 
 left a paper, in the nature of a manifefto, of very little im- 
 portance in point of argument, but filled with inv(<5livc<;, 
 charging the war on the haughtinefs of the late EMglifh 
 minifter, and on the Utile refpcfl with which his court had 
 been treated, both during the adminiftration cf that mii^iflvT, 
 and fuice his refignation. That liad the purport of the 
 treaty been defircd in a manner Icf^ oftenfivc to the dignity 
 of his mafter, it might as eaf^ly have been obiaini-d, as it 
 could have been juftified ; for the treaty, which was believ- 
 ed to have been figned on the 15th of Auj ft, contained 
 only a reciprocal guaranty of the dominions of the feveial 
 branches of the houfeof Bourbon, but with this particular 
 ic'ftriQion, that it fliould only extend to the dominions 
 which fliall remain to France after the prefent war. 
 
 It muft be remarked that, this paper, whilft it pretcndi 
 to let forth the purport of a treaty dated the i 5th of Au^';uft, 
 iiocs not deny the e\iftence or any other treaty, wliicli 
 
 »night 
 
 ■*M 
 
 r» 
 
 
 
430 "Tbi' History of the. War. i^g^ 
 
 might morq ofFcnfivcly concern the intcrcft of Great Britain. 
 It \v:is howcvi-r anlvvcrtil in every ariiile with the iiimoll 
 motleration, perlpituity and force, in a memorial of lord 
 Epremont. Here we tlofe the Spanilh tranfadion ; as tlij^ 
 is the \\ hole of what helongs properly to the year we treat 
 of. All that remains for ii.s to do, is to touch upon the at- 
 fairs of the I'ail Indies and America. 
 
 C H A P. X. 
 
 AFTKR the defeat of the French near Wandewnfli, 
 the taking of the city of Arcot, and the redu6\ion ol 
 the fortrclVes of Chittcput and Carrical, Fondicherry was 
 the only fpace of confequencc which remained to our ene- 
 mies in India. This town, heautifully huilt, ftronply forti- 
 fied, and four lea|>;ues in circuit, feemed rather the capital 
 of a kingdom, than a trading crtahlifhment. It is fituaicd 
 on the coall of Malabar, about forty miles from our Icttlc- 
 ment at Madrafs, which in the days of its profpcrity it ri- 
 valled, if not exceeded in trade, opulence and fplendor; ami 
 it ftill remained the depofitory of whatever wealth was jctr 
 to the French, after the reverfc of their fortune in war. 
 
 As foon as the fortrefles adjacent to this important place 
 had been reduced, and the inland country brought perkftiv 
 to our intcrcrts by the total expidfion of the I'rcnch, the 
 blockade of I'ondiciierry was commenced by the land forces 
 under colonel Coote, and the marine under admiral Stevens. 
 A regular fiegc was at that time impradicable on account 
 of the periodical rains, which were daily expeded ; nntl 
 even under more favourable circumflances it would have 
 proved a talk of intinite dii"Hcultv to attempt anv army that 
 could be fupported in India, the taking of a place fo llrongly 
 fortified, defended by a good garrifon, and by an ofHcer able 
 and refolute, and whofe pride and obftinacy, fo prejudicial 
 on all other occasions, would have made him, as in effed 
 they did make him, perfcvcre to the very laft moment, in 
 
 the 
 
 of January i 761, 01 
 
n6i- Ti^^ History of the War. 431 
 
 the defence of the lall (lake, which the French had left in 
 
 Imlu. 
 
 The blockade being therefore chofcn as the moH: eligible 
 for the time, was conliniud with the bed difpofitions, and 
 llic mod extraordinary patience on both fides, for lull fcven 
 months. In this lime the garrifon and inhabitants fuffered 
 forcly by famine. Col. Coote, in order to augment their 
 (iiftrefs, eic6led batteries at a diftance, not with a view of 
 mining the walls, but to harrafs the enemy by an encrcafe 
 ot garrifon duty. 
 
 At length when the ucathcr appeared fettled, four hatlc- 
 rits were raifcd at fonie diilance to enfilade the llrects of 
 Pondicherry, whilft others were advanced nearer in order 
 to play upon tlie works. Thefe operations, though the ficgc 
 Mb not yet formally undertaken, commenced on the j.:;ih 
 ol November, i 760, but as the I afonof the rains and winds 
 was not yet quite over, much was fufiered from ftorms, 
 wliich ruined the batteries and approaches. They were 
 however always repaired with the utmofl: alacrity and fpecd, 
 and the fiege fuiFered no intermiffion. So that the befieged, 
 wIk) eagerly expelled the arrival of their fleet to their reliet, 
 were reduced to the moft extreme diftrefs. They lived on 
 tamely, elephants, dogs, and cats. The extreme fcarcity 
 and dcarnefs even of this wretched provifion, increafed their 
 mifery. Sixteen roupies (half crowns) had been paid for 
 ihc flefli of a dog. 
 
 In the nidfl: of this diflrefs their hopes were fuddenly re- 
 vived, and thofe of the befiegers, notwithflanding the pro- 
 grcfs they had made, almoft totally depr 'ffcd. On the firfl 
 ol" January 1761, one of thofe terrible ftorms, fo frequent 
 in the Indian fea, and fo ruinous, drove the F.nglifli fquadron 
 from before Pondicherry. Two fliips of the line were 
 wrecked, and their crews, with the exception of two or 
 three men, entirely perifhed. Two others of the fame clafs 
 were driven afliore, and beat to pieces. The men fortu- 
 nately efcaped. The real damage which our fleet fuftained 
 on this occafion, together with the idea of a far greater^ 
 fuggefted by their own defires, and juftiHcd by the violence 
 of the fl:orm, elevated to the higheft pitrh the fpirits of the 
 Riurifon, funk by difeafe, famine, fatigue, and an uninter- 
 rupted train of advcrfe fortune. General Lally feeing the 
 
 port clear, lent an cxprefs without delay to the French 
 assent in the neighbouring neutral fettlemenls, that this wa» 
 
 tho 
 
 ■i 
 
432 The History of tbe War. lygj. 
 
 the time to tlirov/ in fuccours ; he feemed fanguine and full 
 oF vigour. The letter, which was intercepted, is printed 
 belcw (a)i as it may tend to furnilli fome idea of the cha- 
 racVer of this fingular man. 
 
 But admiral Stevens, and thofe who commanded under 
 him, exerting themfelves with unparalleled diligence and ce- 
 lerity, appeared again before Ponilichcrr\ in lefs than four 
 days after the ftorm, with eleven fhips of the line and one 
 frigate, and the blockade was as complcat as ever. No fuc- 
 cours had been th.rov/n in, and admiral Stevens in order to 
 prevent the ill impicillon which the late difafter might have 
 occafioned, fent a mefTage to the neighbouring Dutcli and 
 Danifh fettlvments, of the good condition and ftrength of 
 the remainder or his fleet, and aflured them he would make 
 pri'/.c of fuch veiTe's as he found iniringing the neutrality by 
 attempting to fuppiv the enemy. 
 
 Notwithftanding this mortifying difappointment, M. 
 Laii) made no propofal to furrender. The fiege was carried 
 on with redoubled alacrity ; and at length a large batterv 
 being advaiced within four hundred and fifty yards of the 
 rampart, a breach being efletted, and not more than one 
 
 day's 
 
 Iterms : and in confei 
 
 (a) Tranjlation of an intercepted letter from getter u I Lally, to M. 
 Raymond, the French re/u/ent at Puliicat, ilateJ Pondicherry, 
 //)^ 2</ o/' January 1761. 
 
 Mr. R \ YM ON D, 
 
 /"TT^ H E Eftc^lijb rciiiadron is no more, Sir j out of the twelve 
 \ fhips they lia.l in our road, feven are loft, crews and all; 
 the four others ciilinafted ; and it appears there is no more than 
 one frigate tha l.as efcaped ; therefore don't lofe an inllant to 
 fend us chelingoes upon chelingoes loaded with rice ; the Dutch 
 have rothing to I'ear now ; helides (a. cording to the law of na- 
 tions) they are only to fend us no provifions themfelves, and wc 
 *re no more blocked up by fea. 
 
 The faving of Pondicherry has been in your power once alrea- 
 dy ) if you mils the pvefenc opportunity, it will be entirely youi 
 fault J do not fori^ot alfo fome fniall chelingoes : offer great re- 
 wards : I expett fiventeen tlioulan \ Monittoes wirhin thefe four 
 days. In fliort, rifiaie all, attempt ml, force all, and fend us fome 
 lice, fhould it be but half a garfeata time. 
 
 Signed, LALLY. 
 
» ^ - 
 
 i)di. The HiSTOJLY of thWhK^ 453 
 
 \hfs provlHon of any kind remaming, a fignal wa$ made for 
 Itceflation of arms ; the principal of the Jefuits, together 
 Ivith two Civilians came out, and offered terms of capi- 
 jtulation. The governor preferving all his haughtinefs^ 
 Ifhich neither his errors nor misfortunes could in 
 Ithc lead abate, declined to offer any terms ; he Jan. 15. 
 Iltnt out a paper full of invedives againfl the En- 
 bliih, for the breach of treaties relative to India ; he alledgefl 
 Ithat thofe breaches difqualified him from propofmg any 
 Iterms ; and in confequence he rather fufFered our troops to 
 lake poffeflion of the place, than formally furrcnder it. A3 
 [the governor refufed to capitulate, the propofal of the in- 
 habitants was little regarded, and the city of Pondicherry^ 
 with a garrifon of about fourteen hundred European fol- 
 Liers, a vafl quantity of military flores, and great riches ^ 
 was given up at difcretion to our vi^orious arms. 
 
 Nothing can be faid too highly of the copduft, perfevc- 
 Innce, and unanimity of the land and fea fervices during a 
 tedious fiege and blockade of eight months, in a cUmate (o 
 unfavourable to all military operations. Colonel Coote gave 
 the final blow to the French power in India; he was now 
 indifputed mafter of the rich coaft of Corornandel ; the 
 French power wa? wholly extirpated; the neutral nations 
 were contemptible ; the princes of the country confidered 
 us with an aweful regard, and nothing but a little French 
 fettlement on the coafl: of Malabar, called Mahie, (and 
 I which was foon after reduced) oppoled our commanding the 
 vhole trade of that vaft peninfula of India from the Gange? 
 I to the. Indies, the mod extenfivc and profitable fphere of 
 I commerce in the world. 
 
 VVhilft every thing was giving way to our .arms in the 
 fouthcrn parts of this peninfula, the affairs of France, which 
 I in Bengal had been to all appearance totally fuppreffed, rofc 
 up again for a moment from a quarter, and in a manner, 
 which was little expefted. After the taking of Chandena- 
 gore by admiral Wat. n in the year 1757, Mr. Law, (ne- 
 phew to that Law who had made himfelf fo well known by 
 the Miflifippi icheme) put himfelf at the head of a party of 
 French fugitives, which war, augmented from time to time 
 to about two hundred men. With this fmall party he 
 ihrew himfelf into the heart of the country, and joining 
 himfelf fometimes to one, fometimes to another of the na- 
 tive princes, as his interefl led him •, he rendered himfelf 
 
 I i i confidcrable 
 
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 '^ 
 
434 ^heHisroRY of the Wavl. i^g^ 
 
 confiderable by feveral flriking fervices, and fupported the 
 credit of his little corps with a very high reputation. 
 
 The Great Mogul having fome time (ince been depofedj 
 by an irpuption of the Marrattas, and dying foon after, one 
 of his fons, Sha Zaddah, aflumed the title, and was fup- 
 ported by fome of the provinces of that extenfive and dif-l 
 united empire ; he wa« oppofed by others ; and though he| 
 was at the head of a royal army of his native fubjeasj 
 fuch is the ftate of the military in that part of the world,! 
 that he confidered an handful of European fugitives, as anl 
 acquifition of the greateft importance, and fuch as might! 
 turn the ballance againft any weight of Indians, which] 
 might be thrown into the oppofite fcale. In fad, it was to 
 Mr. Law he attributed the reduction of feveral confiderable I 
 provinces to his obedience. 
 
 Elated with thefe fuccefles, Law perfuaded him to turn! 
 his arms againft Bengal, which had not acknowledged hirti;! 
 it was a rich and flourilhing country, and the pofleflion ofl 
 it, would undoubtedly contribute more than all the reft tof 
 fet him on the throne of the Moguls. Here, unfortunately! 
 for him the evil genius of Law impelled him to encounter 
 again with thofe arms, by which the intereft of his country 
 had been before ruined in this part of the world, and which 
 indeed were thofe only, from which he had a great deal to 
 fear. Sha Zaddah entered the kingdom of Bengal at the 
 head of an army of 80,000 Indians and fomething more 
 than 200 French. 
 
 The French fupport was more prejudicial to his title in] 
 the eyes of the Englifti, than any other objection, and as 
 they were now become the arbiters of crowns in the Eaft, 
 they joined the Nabob of Bengal to oppofe his progrefs. 
 \bout 20,000 blacks fupported by 500 Englifh foldiers, 
 termed the army againft him. A major (major Carnac) 
 commanded that body, which engaged, and totally routed 
 an army of fourfcore thoufand men, commanded by the 
 Mogul in perfon. That prince was taken prifoner ; Mr. 
 Law was alfo taken, and the party of French adventurers 
 difperfed for ever. It is not yet known with certainty, in 
 what manner they mean to difpofe of their captive monarch. 
 It was fome heightening to the fatisfa6lion of this great! 
 event, that it happened on the fame day in which the French 
 agreed to the furrender of Pondicherry. 
 /V li^tk before this, Jaffier Ali Cawn, the Nabob who, 
 
 I 
 
 m 
 
,y5i. TJ^e History of the Wavl. 435 
 
 |ini757> had been placed in that dignity by general Clive* 
 jotwithftanding the terrifying example of his predeceflbr, 
 tv his weaknefs and mifgovernment, drew on himfelf the 
 li'atred of his fubjefls, and loft the proteflion of the Englifli. 
 But as his ambition was the feeblett of his paflions, he con- 
 sented quietly to quit the throne. The revolution was ef- 
 fefted without bloodfhed, his fon-ift-Uw was appointed in 
 Hsrooni; and as the whole tranfaftlon was with the cOn- 
 fent and co-operation of the Englifli governor Vanfittart, 
 the old privileges of the company were confirmed, and new 
 iiere acquired: the Englifli in Bengal were become neceflary 
 to the government of that country, and every change, pro- 
 [duced fomething to their advantage. \ -.. -^ 
 
 It is certain, that the period of this war in the Eaft In- 
 ed, has been marked by as many ftriking events, uncom- 
 Imon circumftances, and Angular reverfes of fortune, as any 
 that have happened from the time of our knowledge of this 
 part of the world. t V 
 
 It can hardly be faid, that this feries of profperity was 
 I interrupted by the fuccefsful atteinpts of the count d*Eftaign. 
 This lively adventurer, with the command of no more than 
 two ordinary frigates, had in Oftober 1759, taken and de- 
 I ftroyed the Englifli fettlement of Bender-Abafli, on the Per- 
 il gulph ; he then ftruck over to the ifland of Sumatra^ 
 where we carry on our moft conHderable commerce in pep- 
 per ; and before the end of the following April, reduced 
 I Bencoolen, the principal fettlement, ^nd all the reft of our 
 forts and fad:ories on that ifland, which made a defence al> 
 together as unworthy of the reft of our conduct in India, as 
 that of the count d*Eftaign was fuperior to the efforts of his 
 countrymen in that quarter. This bold adventurer, how- 
 ever, could not derive fo much honour from the vigour of 
 his enterprize, as difgrace from having made them againft 
 the moft facred law of arms : if what is faid is true, that he 
 was at the very time a prifoner upon parole. 
 
 In America the ifland of Dominica, one of thofeiflands 
 I called Neutral, but which the French had fortified and fet- 
 tled, w^s redi^ced by a fmall armament under lord Rollo 
 land Sir James Douglas. North America was perfe^lly 
 quieted by a p^ace with the Cherokees. Colonel Grant 
 reduced them to this neceflity, by penetrating with great 
 [Courage and perfeverance into their country* anddeftroying 
 fifteen of their towns, and almoft their whole harveft. 
 
 I i i a THE 
 
 '' ii 
 
 h ;| 
 
^■\^J 
 
 [436] 
 
 •H- 
 
 .',', t 
 
 ( J 
 
 : M.r-.- ;■ "'' •;■; THE ■ 
 
 ANNUAL REGISTER 
 
 
 -^ 1- 
 
 H I S T O R 
 
 : .< O F T H E ^ V - ' 
 
 W A R. 
 
 
 For the YEAR 1762. 
 
 ."•)•;•- r.- 
 
 •1- ■'•, ■■ '■■■• CHAP. i. •'\'-^"^^ ■•• - 
 
 State of Europe in the hej^inning of this yeat, Illjlaie oj 
 the Britijb alliance. Condition of the northern powersh 
 War reaches to the foutbern. Family compa^, Somi 
 articles from [it. Obfervations upon them. Confequen: 
 cei of this treaty to Europe. War declared againji Spaln\ 
 State of Spain and Great Britain at the beginning oftbi 
 war between them* Advantages and difadvantages Qf\ 
 tacbftde* 
 
 THE clofe of the year 1 761 k.lt the affairs of all Eu- 
 rope, both military and political, in the moft in-j 
 terefting fituation^ in which they have flood, at] 
 perhaps any period of our modern hiftofy. The endea- 
 vours which had been made to bring about peace amongfl 
 the belligerent powers, ferved only to increife their anl-j 
 
 mofitj'. 
 
 .>fi\4- • ,» I J hJ '^ ■ 
 
 lit j.-w 
 
 .r-V.vr -,; 
 
 .' 
 
I* 'pi 
 
 jy62. ^^^ History of the War* 437 
 
 mofity. And at the fame time they brought into light and 
 exertion, thofe latent motives and difpofitions to war, which 
 I had long lurked in other powers under the veil of a neutrali- 
 ty ; and had only been kept down fometimes by irrefoluti- 
 on of temper in perfons, and fometimes by want of fyftcm 
 in politics. Thefe inefFeftuai endeavours for peace produ- 
 ced alfo many occafions of quarrel and debate, that were 
 abfolutely new. 
 
 •To the north there was no appearance of relenting in any 
 one of th'e powers engaged. It was not to be expefted, 
 that the confederacy, which had held together fo long, and 
 under fuch difficulties and difappointments, fhould now 
 break to pieces, juft at the moment when the dates which 
 compofed it feemed in a condition to reap the mature fruits 
 of their unanimity and perfeverance. The king of Pruflia 
 was not in {\ (late either to allure or to intimidate. Great 
 Britain could not increafe his fubfidy, nor reinforce his ar- 
 mies. The allied army in Weilphalia played a defenfive, 
 and, on the whole of the campaign, a lofing game ; and 
 there was no body fo fanguine as to think that Great Bri- 
 tain could increafe her ftrength in Germany, where (he 
 paid already 100,000 men, and expended five millions an- 
 nually. 
 
 Althoigh nothing feems more certain in a general view 
 of the political fyftem, than that the king of Pruflia is not 
 the natural and neceflary ally of this nation ; yet his fortune 
 neither was, fmce the beginning of the war, nor is it now, 
 a matter of indifference to us. 
 
 The late Mr. Shippen was of opinion, that the power of 
 France was become an object of ; ''ch lefs terror fince the 
 growth of the power of Ruflla. but he never imagined it 
 foflible, that all the great continental powers pf Europe 
 Ihould ever be united with France ; and that they (hould 
 confpire to load her fcale inHitad of balancing it. He never 
 could fofefee, what has actually happened in this war, that 
 this very power of Ruffia could co-operate with France, 
 and even with Sweden ; and, what is full as extraordinary, 
 that both thefe latter could co-operate with Auftria to de- 
 ftroy in efFeft the fyftem, which had been eftablifiied by 
 the treaty of Weftphalia ; that fyftem, which it had been 
 the great drift of policy, and the great objeQ: of war to 
 t>oth France and Sweden in the laft century to eftablifti and 
 
 
 f'!f 
 
 
 ■n.4 
 
 
 ^P i 
 
 i f- \ 
 
 .n( 
 
438 T/je History of t be War. lygjj. 
 
 to confirm, and to the houfe of Auftria conftantly to op- 
 pofe. The deftniftion of the king of Pruflia feemed to in- 
 clude the deftruclion of the treaty of Weftphalia ; becaufe 
 he is the only power in the empire capable of aflcrting the 
 independency of its members, and fupporting the declining 
 credit of the Proteftant caufe. 
 
 The total ruin of Saixony, with fuch circumftances of 
 unpardonable cruelty by that prince himfelf, and the ex- 
 haufted ftate of all the other Proteftant membws of tHe 
 empire, have narrowed that interefl: more and more to the 
 fingle objeft of Pruflia. As this interefl: was firfl: formed 
 in the empire, fo its condition there cannot fail of having 
 the mofl: fenfible influence on all the potentates of the fame 
 communion. Even in this light, England had an interefl: 
 that the king of Pruflia fhould not be entirely cruflied by 
 the prevalence of a combination compofed in fo extraordi- 
 nary a manner, that its fuccefs mufl: neceflarily produce a 
 total revolution in the fyfl:em of Europe, and draw on a 
 feries of confequences, which;, though it is impoflible to 
 particularize, mufl: have undoubtedly been of the mofl im- 
 portant and alarming nature. 
 
 But there was an intereft yet nearer to us, the fate of 
 our own army in Germany, which could not furvive the 
 deftru6lion of the king of Pruflia for an hour. Thefe cir- 
 cumftances rendered the profpeft of the campaign in Ger- 
 many very gloomy ; as there was no fort of ground to fup- 
 pofe that this prince, upon whofe fate fo many important 
 interefts immediately depended, could hold out to the mid- 
 dle of fummer. Befides, Denmark fhewed no favourable 
 difpofitions towards us ; and Holland difcovered evident 
 marks of coldnefs, if not of abfolute alienation. Such was 
 the difpofition of the powers in the north. 
 
 The fouthern powers of Europe, whofe total inconnec- 
 tion with the caufes, and whofe great remotenefs from the 
 feat of war might appear fufficient to enfure their tranquil- 
 lity, began to enter into aftion with a fpirit equal to that of 
 any of the parties, who had from the beginning afted, as 
 principals ^ new fewel was heaped upon the fire of conten- 
 tion, which had wafted fo many nations, jufl: as it feemed 
 to be on the point of expiring. ./ j,' .1 .«,';„;.„.,^ 
 
 That alliance between the bVanches of tlie' houfe of 
 Bourbon, of which we have ff oken lafl: year, and which is 
 fo well known by the name of the Family Compuft, is one 
 
 of 
 
17^2. 'TheViisTOKY of the W hv.. 439 
 
 of the moil extraordinary tranfa£tions of this, or, perhaps* 
 of any time. It has already produced feme efFe£ls anfwer- 
 able to its defign ; it may produce others ftill more impor- 
 tant ; and on the whole muft be coniidered as an event of 
 the moft extenfive, lafting, and alarming influence. 
 
 The treaty of Vienna in 1756, between France and 
 Auftria, has certainly contributed not a little to give that 
 new turn to affairs, by which almofl all the dhcourfes, 
 that have hitherto been written on the interefts of princes, 
 are rendered erroneous, and of little ufe in future fpecula- 
 tions. That treaty, however, though it feems entirely to 
 have disjointed the antient fyftem of alliance by which 
 France was formerly counterpoifed, may, poflibly, not be 
 fo much a lafting change, as a temporary and excentric de- 
 viation from the fphere in which the houfe of Auftria had 
 formerly moved, and into which it feems fo fuitable to her 
 natural and permanent intereft to return. The Bourbon 
 compact is of a different nature ; and it feems to have at 
 length produced that entire union between the French and 
 Spanifli monarchies, which was fo much dreaded on the 
 death of Charles II. and which it was the great purpofe of 
 the treaty of partition, and the w?*- of the grand alliance 
 to prevent. We have feen it take place in our days, cotn- 
 paratively with very little notice ; fo much greater is our 
 prefent ftrength ; or fo much greater was the apprehenfi- 
 on in thofe days, than the danger of the actual event in the 
 prefent. 
 
 It was a bold pufh in France to attempt, and an uncorii- 
 mon fuccefs to procure, towards the clofe of an unfortu- 
 nate and difgraceful war, an alliance of this kind. France 
 could not have expeded from the moft fortunate iffue of her 
 affairs, an advantage fo great as that which flie derived 
 from her uncommon diftrefTes. It is fome time fince the 
 jealoufy of her power has began to abate. But in fa£t her 
 fecurity, and probably too her power, will be greatly in- 
 creafed by this very circumftance. Inftead of forming fuch 
 an objeft as alarmed mankind, and againft which all Fai- 
 rope ufed to unite, flie is herfelf become the centre of an 
 alliance, which extends from the northern to the fouthern 
 extremity of Europe ; and fhe was, in this war, actually 
 united with RuiTia, Sweden, Auftria, the Empire, Spain, 
 andl«japles; to fay nothing of Denmark, with which fl\e 
 had alfo fome connections. 
 
 With 
 
 I Ma > 
 
 riiiiti 
 
 f :!'■ 
 
 i, .: ,. 
 
 I* , I ' 
 
 ■*■) 
 
 ''■■; 
 
440 7^6^ History <?//;&(? War. lyg^, 
 
 • With other nations, however, her ties are comparative- 
 ly flight : but the engagements of the Bourbon compaft 
 form rather an aft of incorporation than an alliance. It 
 contains flipulations hitherto unheard of in any treaty. By 
 the 23d and 24th articles, the fubjefts of the fevcral branch- 
 es of the houfe of Bourbon are admitted to a mutual natu- 
 ralization, and to a participation of fuch privileges and im- 
 munities, as if they were natural born fubjeftsof thecoun- 
 • tries of their refpe£tive fovereigns. The direft trade to 
 America forms the only exception to this eomprehenfive 
 community of interefts. The tenor of this article is of in- 
 finite confequence to the general trading intereft of F'urope; 
 all the ftates of which, by the 2$th article of the fame al- 
 liance, are excluded from any profpe£t of obtaining fimilar 
 advantages. 
 
 This forms a civil union in almoll the fcriflefl: fenfe; the 
 political union is eyen more perfect. By the ift and 16th 
 articles, the two monarchs of France and Spain agree to 
 look upon every power as their enemy, which becomes an 
 enemy of the other ; that a war declared againfc either, 
 fhall be regarded as perfonal by the other ; and that, when 
 they happen to be both engaged in a war againft the fame 
 enemy or enemies, they will wage it jointly with their 
 whole forces; and that their military operations fliall pro- 
 ceed by common confent, and with a perfeft agreement. 
 
 By the 26th article, they agree reciprocally to difclcni 
 to each other their alliances and negotiations. 
 
 "By the 1 7th and 18th, they formally engage not to make, 
 or even to liften, to any propofal of peace from thpir com- 
 mon enemies, but by mutual confent ; being refolved, in 
 time of peace as well as in time of war, each mutually to con- 
 Jider the interejh of the allied crown af its own ; to cotnpen- 
 fate their feveral lojfes and advantages, and to afl as if the 
 two monarchies formed only one and the fame power. The 
 king of the Sicilies, and the infant duke of Parma are com- 
 prehended in this treaty. 
 
 Here is the model of the moft perfeft confederacy. 
 There is but one reftriftion to the extent of this fcheme ; 
 but this particular reftriftion is a key to the whole treaty ; 
 as it fhews, in the moft fatisfaftory manner, againft what 
 obje£t it was principally dire£led. For by the 8th article il 
 is provided, that Spain fhall not be bound to fuccour France, 
 when Ihe is engaged in a war in confequence of her engage- 
 ment? 
 
 that their coi 
 
|j^62. ^he History of the War. 441 
 
 Lents by the treaty of Weftphalia, or other alliances with 
 the princes and ftates of Germany and the north, unlcfs 
 (me maritime power takes part in ihoje ivars, or France 
 
 j'be attacked by land in her own country. This exception 
 of the maritime powers indicates fufficiently that the ten- 
 dency of this article is' to affeft England, and ferves to pi "mt 
 out clearly, though obliquely, to the other powers of Eu- 
 rope, that their conneflion with England is thd great cir- 
 
 Icumftance which is to provoke the enmity of Spain. *' ■ 
 It (hould feem that this treaty alone, when once its true 
 
 [nature came to be difcovered, if no other caufe exifted, 
 would have been fufficient to jullify Great Britain in a de- 
 
 [claration of war againft a monarchy, which had united it- 
 f in fo intimate a manner with her enemy, that it was 
 
 [rendered impoflible to diftinguifh the one from the other. 
 
 hn this point, however, prudence was to interpofe, and 
 circumftances to direct. It was not, therefore, untill eve- 
 ry attempt to bring Spain to 1 clear declaration of pacific 
 intentions had been tried without fuccefs, in the manner 
 we have already feen, that war was actually declared again!]: 
 Eer. This declaration was made, on our part, in London, 
 the 2d of January of the prefent year. 
 Since Great Britain was a kingdom, Ihe never was in 
 
 Ifuch a doubtful and dangerous fituation; for at this time 
 Ihe was engaged, direftly or indirectly, in a war, not only 
 with all the great continental powers, but, what is more 
 material, with the mod confiderable part of the maritime 
 llrength of Europe. According to the ordinary computa- 
 tions, the navy or Spain confifted of more than 100 men 
 of war ; and though the French navy was greatly reduced, 
 it became of condderation when added to the Spanifli. 
 Great efforts were made to render it refpeflable. Several 
 communities in France engaged to fit out men of war at 
 their own expeiice; and in general that whole people felt, 
 after having been funk under a long defpondency, a momen- 
 tary glow of hope and animation from this alliance, fo pow- 
 erful in its real ftrength, and in its principles fo flattering 
 to the national vanity. The gloiy of their royal houfe was, 
 on this Qccafion, united with the fafety of their country. 
 
 1 They were reinforced by the moft cordial amity of a power 
 untouched in its refources of men, money, and ftores ; 
 whilft Great Britain was exhaufted of men by her many 
 ^ -- , K k k ...i - ... . .,. . viftories, 
 
 V, > 
 
 :;:>it \ 
 
 :»',.■■ 
 
^w-' 
 
 442 The History of the War. i^^^ 1 
 
 vi8:ories, and her refources were finking under a debt of 
 more than one hundred millions. 
 
 Befides, a rude fhock had been lately given to the fyfteml 
 of the Englifh miniftry, which might be fuppofed, in fomel 
 degree, likely toaffcft public credit. The part which Mr.! 
 Pitt might finally take, and the confequences which mightl 
 refult trom his a6tions, were extremely undetermined • norl 
 was it at all clear, what degree of harmony and real confi-| 
 dence continued amongft the feveral parts of the fubfiftinf 
 adminiftration. All thcfe confiderations could not fiiil of 
 inl'piring France with great confidence. 
 
 Great Britain, under thefe circumftances, had, however I 
 fome things in her favour. The hope of plunder whithj 
 aKvays attends a Spanifh war, difpofed the minds of many] 
 towards the prefent ; and was fure to call forth a very vigo- 
 rous exertion both of public and private ftrength. Thisi 
 circumftance alfo infured the fupplies. 
 
 With regard to the adminiftration, their delay in enter-j 
 ing into this Spanifh war, contrary to the ideas of Mr. Pitr,| 
 his refignation in confequence of this delay ; the neceflityj 
 which fo foon after appeared, of engaging in hoftilities,! 
 and which, to the bulk of the people, feemed to juftify thel 
 ientiments of that minifter, together with a recolledion of] 
 the fingular fpirit with which the French war had been car- 
 ried on, mufl neceflarily have excited them to the moftj 
 ftrenuous efforts, and to every aft of laudable emulation.) 
 There was a necefllty of (hewing, that the fpirit of the na- 
 "tion, and the wifdom of its councils, were not confined to| 
 a fingle man ; and it was fhewn effeftually. 
 
 We had alfo, to ballance the great ftrength derived from] 
 the extraordinary combination of our enemies, that uni- 
 form tenor of fuccefs on our fide, which made our people] 
 believe themfelves invincible. This was not an unground- 
 ed prefumption, oradream ofenthufiafm ; their juft opini- 
 on of fuperior courage, together with the folid experience! 
 derived from fuch a variety of fervices, and fo many fharp 
 conflifts by fea and land, all combined to make our forcesj 
 feem, and be, almoft irrefiftible. 
 
 Spain, on the other hand, had, in the very conftituiionl 
 of her power, an effential defeft, which expo fed her on 
 this, as upon all other occafions. Her refources, though 
 very great, are not within herfelf ; and confequently arc 
 not always at her command, being fubjeft not only to be 
 
 intercepted 
 
11^52. 'The HrsTORY of the War. * 443 
 
 intercepted by the operations of the v/ar, but to be de- 
 llroyed or loft by the cafualty ,f long voyae;es ; and, in 
 every event, are liable to delay and difappomtmcnt,-"' • - 
 
 ' C H A P. II. ' V ^ 
 
 mrlugal threatened. Melancholy jlate of that kingdom. 
 Arrogant propoftion of the Frenth and Spanijb miniflcrs 
 to the court of Lijhon. Anfwer of that court. Several 
 memorials. Refclution of the king of Portugal. French 
 and Spanijh minijiers depart. War declared by thofe 
 powers againjl Portugal. 
 
 SUCH was our fituation, both at home and abroad, at 
 the breaking out of this new war Something extraor- 
 Idinarywas to be expefled from the confederacy of the 
 houfe of Bourbon. It was not, however, altogether cer- 
 tain where the ftorm, that was gaihering, would fall. 
 There were apprehenfions for the peace of Italy ; Holland 
 had fome caufe of dread ; and menaces were ufed in that 
 quarter. But Portugal feemed to be moft Ci iangered, on 
 'account of her clofe and natural connexion with Great 
 Britain, her internal weaknefs, the antierv^ claims of the 
 Catholick king, and the opportunity of invafion ; that 
 kingdom being on all fides, except to the fea, in a manner 
 inclofed by Spain. 
 
 Public conjecture was not miftaken in fixing upon Por- 
 tugal. No mention was made, indeed, of the Spanifh pre- 
 tenfions to that crown ; but a refolution was taken not only 
 to oblige her to renounce all friendlhip, but to violate her 
 neutrality with, Great Britain. 
 
 No attempt was ever defigned with lefs appearance of 
 juftice ; no proportion was ever made with more arrogance 
 and defpotifm to an independent fovereign ; and no fcheme 
 feemed, according to every human appearance, fo certain 
 of fuccefs. '-'" ' f""' '•* ■' "■ 
 
 The kingdom of Portugal, on the recovery of her li- 
 berty; which happened in the year 1640, found herfelf 
 dripped of the ^reateft part of thofvi acquifitions, in both 
 Indies, which had been the principal fources of her power, 
 and the great monuments of the capacity of her former 
 kings and commanders. During the interval of her fub- 
 jedion, new commercial powers had rifen, fome on tlic 
 
 K k k 2 riiir; « 
 
 -i*! 
 
 M 
 
 ;.,j«.p 
 
 '■■' J' I fM 
 
 'I 
 
444 * ^^^ History of the War. j^g^i 
 
 ruins of her fortune, and others upon different but not Icfsl 
 fubftantial foundations. Though the Brazils were recover- 
 ed, and Goa and fome other places in India remained ftiH 
 to Portugal, her maritime power, and the Ihare of trade 
 on which it depended, were not recoverable. Contrary 
 the fate of other nations, who have fhaken off a foreign do- 
 minion, Ihe did not owe her liberty to great abilities i 
 Whilfl: the United Provinces were firft freed, and after-l 
 •wards aggrandized, by the capacity of the princes of 
 Orange, and whilft Pruffia, from an inconfiderable and de- 
 pendent principality, grew into a formidable monarchy byl 
 the genius of her fovereigns, Portugal continued to Ian- 1 
 guifli in a (late of mediocrity. Without any fymptoms of 
 danger to her exiftence, (he fuffered a gradual decay of herl 
 power and confideration. The chara6ter of her govern- 
 ment was narrow and bigoted, and the whole fyftcm of herl 
 commerce prepofterous. If, on the one hand, a long peace I 
 added to the refources of her revenue, it, on the other 
 abfolutcly annihilated her military ; and no country in fhe 
 world had an army fo incomplete in numbers, fo ill furniih- 
 ed with arms, fo deficient in difcipline, and fo wholly un- 
 provided of able and experienced officers. 
 
 In this condition Ihe fuffered a fatal blow from the earth- 
 quake in 1 756. The wealthy and flourifhing city of Lifbon 
 was laid level with the ground ; near 30,000 of the inhabi- 
 tants were buried in the ruins ; and thofe who remained, 
 with the court itfelf, were reduced to the utmofl diilrefs 
 and mifery. 
 
 As if this earthquake, which overturned their capital, 
 had alfo fhaken and diftrafted the frame of the^r government, 
 and the temper of their minds, the moll: dreadful diftempers 
 broke out in the ftate. A feries of horrid crimes, and of 
 cruel punifliments, fucceeded to this calamity. Themoft 
 noble and wealthy family of Portugal, having engaged it- 
 felf in a facriiegious attempt on the life of their fovereign, 
 was cut off at once, with little diftin£tion of fex or age, by 
 a bloody and dreadful exertion of juftice. Many others, 
 who were accufed or fufpefted, fuffered death, or exile, 
 or imprifonment. Amongft thefe, and from the fame cau- 
 fes, one of the mod confiderable religious orders for wealth, 
 influence, and policy, was ffripped of its poffeffions, and 
 intirely driven out of the country. 
 
 Ail thefe circumflances left this unhap y kingdom in the 
 
 utnioft 
 
,762. 7V^^ History of the War. 445 
 
 utmoft weaknefs and confufion. All thofe, and they were 
 npt a few, who were attached by connection of blood or 
 intereft to the nobles that had fuffered, or by religious pre- 
 judice to the Jefuits who had been expelled, ccuiJ never 
 be cordially relied upon by the crown, ajul were probably 
 as little inclinec!, to any extraordinary i:fic,;is in tavour cf a 
 government, which their refentinents mufl iiave repr>.rent- 
 ed to them as no better than a bloody tyranny. 
 
 The Bourbon confederacy had fonie ground to fuppofe 
 that Portugal, in this fituation, would not have courage to 
 withftand their menaces, and much lefs ability for any long 
 time to refift their efforts. The Spanifh army ovcrfprcad 
 the frontiers of Portugal ; the commerce of corn between 
 the two kmgdoms was prohibited, and every thing tlirc^t- 
 ened a fudden invafion. In the midfl: of thefe 
 hoftile preparations, the French and Spanifh mi- Mar. 6. 
 nifters prefented a joint memorial to the court of 
 Liibon which was followed by feveral others. The pur- 
 port of thefe memorials was to perfuade his mod faithful 
 majefty to enter into the aUiance, and co-operate in the 
 meafures of the 'v:c. crowns, againil: Great Britain. 
 
 It was not eafy to hnd very convincing arguments to in- 
 duce Portugal to adopt fo extraordinary a change of fyiliem. 
 The united crowns, in a memorial which v/as figned by 
 the ambafladors of both, infiftcd largely on the tyranny 
 which Great Britain exerted upon all powers, cfpccirdly the 
 maritime, and upon Portugal among the reft ; on the par- 
 ticular infiilt which had been offered to iicr jurifdiction, by 
 Bofcawen's attack on de la Clue's fquadron in a Portuguefe 
 harbour ; on that affinity, by which the two monarchs of 
 Spain and Portugal are as clofely conneflcd by the tics of 
 blood, as all powers are by a common intereit, to oppofe 
 the ambitious defigns of the Englifii. 
 
 Whatever thefe arguments were deficient in reafon, was 
 made up by a flrong infinuation of force. The memorial 
 concluded with a declaration, that,asfoon as his mofl; faith- 
 ful majefty had taken his refblution, which they doul;ted 
 not would prove favourable, their army was ready to enter 
 Portugal, and to garrifon the principal ports of that king- 
 dom, in order to prevent the dangers to which they might 
 be expofed from the attempts of the Engliili. 
 
 The tv/o minifters added to this extraordinary memori- 
 al, that they were ordered by their courts to demand a ca- 
 tegorical 
 
 
 
44-6 
 
 T*/'^ IhsTORV of the War. 
 
 i76d 
 
 tcRorical anfwcr in four days ; and that any delay, beyont 
 that lime, Ihuuld be cdiiridered as a negative. 
 
 The fituation oF Portugal was at this time certainly wor-^ 
 thy of compalTion. If, contrary to her known interclls ^ 
 contrary to her antient conneditions, and to the faith of 
 treaties, llic fhould engage in this offenfive alliance fhe 
 nuifl cxped to fee her territories and her colonu s exnofed 
 to the fonnidaole navies of I'^ngland. This however dan- 
 gerous condelcenfion was not to fccure her, by jier own 
 a<i:\, fhc would have put herfelf, bound hand and foot, in, 
 to the power of the Hourbon alliance ; and having receiv- 
 ed foreign garrifons into all her places of flrengtli, would 
 have reduced Ik i ielf to the condition of a province to Spain. 
 On the other hand, if llie adhered to her faith, and at- 
 tempted to maintain her independency, an army of fixty 
 thoufand men was ready to enter her territories, which 
 co\itained no place ' f real ftrcngth, and which had not 
 twenty thoufand troops, and thofe ill armed, and woifc 
 Ciifciplined, to defend it. 
 
 in this emcigency, the firmnefs of the king of l\)rtiigal 
 was eminent, and fnch as mull tlcliver his name to polUii- 
 ty with the moll dillinguifhed advantage. He refolvcd (Ica- 
 diiy to adhere to his antient and natural alliance, and to 
 brave all dan!;crs and difiicullics, that he might prcfcrvi; 
 his fidelity inviolable ; following that generous maxim of 
 king John of France, that if good faith were to he hanilh- 
 ed from all other parts of the world, it ought to be found 
 in the breail of fovereigns. 
 
 Vlis anfwcr to this infulting propofition was humble and 
 moderate, but firm : he obfcrved, that the ties, which 
 cc|uall\ united him to Great Britain and the two crowns, 
 rendered him as proper a mediator to then ill, as they 
 made it improper for him to declare himfelf an enemy to 
 any of them ; that his alliance with F''ngland was antient, 
 and iiicreforc could give no oflcnce at this CG.ijiin6hirc ; 
 tiiat it was purely defenfive, and therefore innocent in all its 
 circumltances ; that the late fulTcrings of Portugal ilifablcd 
 h.er (in cafe flie were willing) from taking part in an oilcn- 
 fivc war, into the c;daniities of which, neither the love liis 
 laithful majellv bore to his fubjci-L^ ar. a father, nor the du- 
 IV by which he v.as bound to them as a king, could fuller 
 him to plunge them. l''inally, lie reminded the catholic 
 kuig of ins pacific difpofitions, by which, on former octi- 
 
 fions, 
 
 <»t 
 
,y62. ^he History of the War. 447 
 
 Ifions, he !iad yielded fo much, to prcferve peace between 
 
 lilie two kingdoms. 
 This realonable and moderate anrwcr drew on replies, 
 
 Lhich more and more difclofed the true character a?id Ipi- 
 fjt of the Bourbon confederacy. They denied that the al- 
 liance with En{!;!and was purely defennve, or inlirely inno- 
 ctnt i and for this unheard-of reafon, that the delcnrivc al- 
 liance is converted into an ofTcnfive one, fro? .he fttuation 
 
 Uf tbt Portugncfc dotniniotiSt and from the nature of the 
 
 \tn^lijb power: the ICnglifh fquadron, faid they, cannot 
 keep the fea in all fcafons, nor crui/.e on tlie principal coafts 
 
 I for cutting off* tiie I'Vcnch and Spanish navigation, without 
 
 ihc ports and the afllflance of Portugal; that thefe ifland- 
 
 Jers could not inhilt all maritime Kuropc, if all the riches of 
 
 4 Portugal did not pafs into their hands; thut therefore Por- 
 iiigal furniflies them with the means to make war; and 
 their alliance with the court of Great Britain 'is oflen- 
 five. 
 
 Certainly, the ftuotion of a country was never before 
 given as a reafon, however it might have fcrved as a fecrct 
 motive, for declaring war againfl it. Nor was it before 
 heard, tint the common advantages of trade, derived from 
 a neutral nation, could be deemed an a6l of hoftility. Thcle 
 were rather infults than arguments. And the whole pro- 
 ceedings of the united crowns were in the fame llrain ; they 
 undertook to judge for Portugal of the pretended yoke which 
 was impofed upon her by Ivngland, and which flie could 
 not herftif difcover ; to refent irijurics for her, for which 
 ihe had received and accept d latisfa^tion ; and, ;i5 if this 
 had not been indignity fufficient, tliev infultingly inform 
 the king of Portugal, that be ought to />r plaJ 0/ the nccejji- 
 ty whi< h they laid upon him to make vje of hii rctfovi in 
 order to take the road oj bif Flory^ nnd the common intereft. 
 This nccelfity was the immediate inarch of their army to 
 take pofleflion of his dominions. 
 
 So extraordinary a treatment neither intimidated the king 
 from the tirmnefs of his refolution, nor provoked him to 
 cluuige from the moderation of his language. H*' main- 
 tained, that the treaties of league and commerce, which 
 fubfifled between Portugal and Great Britain, are fuch n» 
 the law of God, of nature, and of nations, have always 
 fieemed innocent. He intreated their mod chrillian and 
 catholic majertics to open tl.eir cyci; to the cr)ing injujlicc 
 
 of 
 
 4'« 
 
 ? ' ' 
 
 \ ' 
 
 %i 
 
44^ ^hii History of the War. il6z\ 
 
 of purfuing agalnft Portugal, the war kindled againft Great 
 Britain: he dtfircd them to confider, that they were giving 
 an example, which would produce the deftrudion of man- 
 kind ; that there was an end of the public fafety, if neutral 
 nations were to be attacked, becaufe they have defenfne' 
 treaties with the belligerent powers ; that a maxim fo dc- 
 ilruclive would occafion defolation in all Europe, the mo- 
 ment a war was kindled between any two dates ; that, there- 
 fore, if their troops fliould enter his dominions, he would 
 in defence of his neutrality, endeavour to repulfe them with 
 all his forces, and thofe of his allies ; and he concluded with 
 this magnanimous declaration, that // would affe^ him kfs^ 
 though reduced to the lajl extremityy of which the Great 
 fudge is the fole arbiter y to let the lajl tHe of his palace 
 fall, an4 to fee his faithful fnhje^s fpill the lajl drop of 
 their blood, than to facrifce, together with the honour of 
 his crowh, all that Portugal holds mojl dear ; and to fub~ 
 mit, by fucb extraordinary means, to become an unheard-of 
 example to all pacific powers, ^vho will no longer be able to 
 enjoy the benefit of neutrality whenever a varjhall be 
 kindled between other powers 'th which the former are 
 connected by defevfve treaties. /hen this final refolution 
 i' ' was thus fpiritedly declared, paflports were de- 
 April 27. manded for the ambafladors of the two crowns, 
 who immediately departed; and, in a little time 
 after, France and Spain jointly declared war againft Portu- 
 gal. 
 
 We have dwelt fome time upon this tranfafllon : we 
 hope the reader will not think the narrative drawn into a 
 blameable length. The fubjeft is interefting, the proce- 
 dure uncommon, and the example alarming. This war 
 againft Portugal was the firft fruit of the Bourbon compad: 
 they fhewed very early to the world, what it was to expefl: 
 frum the maturity of this league; when they were fo ele- 
 vated by the fuperiority they imagined they had attained, 
 even in forming it, that they thought themfelves difpenfed 
 from thofe decorums, and plaufible appearances, which the 
 moft ambitious princes commonly make ufc of, in the exe- 
 cution of their moft ambitious defi^^ns. If they had invad- 
 ed Portugal without any declaration, at all, it might, per- 
 haps, be confidercd as a piece of convenient injuftice, which 
 they left the previous neceflity, and fubfequent fuccefs of 
 their affairs, to juftify as they could ; but fo many memo- 
 rial 
 
|,y62. ^he History of the War. 449 
 
 rials and reafonings on the fubje£t, (hew that this oppreflion 
 Las deliberate, and that they had not been driven to it by a 
 
 fudden emergency, but that it became a regular and avowed 
 
 part of their political fyflem. 
 
 Having laid open the manner in which the fouthern part 
 |of Europe fo furprifingly became engaged in this war, it is 
 
 now our bufinefs to relate in what manner fome of the 
 
 northern parts were as furprifingly extricated out of it. 
 
 CHAP. III. 
 
 ^eatb of the emprefs Elizabeth of Rufpa. Her cbara^er. 
 State of the power of Rujpa on her deceafe. Her nepheiLy 
 Peter III. fucceeds. Intire change offyjiem. Peace with 
 Prujpa. Peace between Pruffta and Sweden. Prufpan 
 conquejls refiored. The czar enters into an alliance with 
 the king of Pruffta. War with Denmark threatened. Its 
 caufe. Extorted loan from Hamburgh. Campaign be- 
 tween Prujpans and Aujiriam opens. Pruffians obtain 
 advantages in Saxony and Silefta. Sudden revolution in 
 Rufta. i - > 
 
 WE have feen, in the clofe of the laft year, that, by the 
 taking of Colberg, on one hand, and Schvveidnilz, 
 on the other, the king of Pruflia's dominions were entirely 
 
 I at the mercy of his enemies : his forces were worn away, 
 and even his efforts had gradually declined: a complete 
 
 hiftory, tho' this was an event not at all probable, could not 
 fave him. The RufTians, by wintering in Pomerania, and 
 by the poffeflion of Colberg, which infured them fupplies 
 by a fafe and expeditious channel, were in a condition to 
 commence their operations m.uch earlier than ufual, as well 
 as to fuftain them with more fpirit and uniformity. No 
 refource of policy could be tried with the lead expe6:ation 
 offuccefs. After fuch a rcfiftance for five years, of which 
 the world never furnilhed. another example, the king of 
 Pruflla had nothing left but fuch a conduct as might clofe 
 the fcene with glory, fince there was fo little appearance of 
 
 pis concluding the war with fafety. 
 In the midfl: of thefe gloomy appearances, his inveterrte 
 
 land inflexible enemy, the emprefs of Ruflia, 
 
 died, in the fixty-third year of her age, and the Jan. 2. 
 
 twenty-fecond of her reign. 
 
 L 1 I TM. 
 
450 The History of the WaR. n62 i 
 
 This princefs was fecond daughter to Peter the Great 
 and a defcendant not altogether unworthy of that illuftrious 
 founder of the Rufllan empire. From being little better 
 t' an a prifoner, fhe became in a moment a defpotic fover- 
 e gn. At the acceflion of this princefs, the Ruffian power 
 fo newly created, fecmcd to be in danger of a decline, from 
 the many revolutions to which the empire had been fubjeft • 
 and the inftitutions of Peter the Great, by which that ex- 
 tenfive part of the world was drawn out of barbarifm, be- 
 gan perceivably to decay, until her acceflion to the throne i 
 when the former was put out of all queftion by the vigour 
 of her government, and the latter cheriflied and promoted 
 by the encouragement which fhe gave to every valuable art' 
 and fcience. The academy at Peterfburg is at prefent one! 
 of the mod flourifhing in Europe, and has already enriched J 
 the learned world with confiderable difcoveries. 
 
 In fafk, file governed the RufTian empire with morej 
 lenity than any of her predecefTors ; and, perhaps, carried i 
 this amiable difpofition to an impolitic accefs. She regu- i 
 lated and increafed her finances ; kept alive, and even in- 
 creafed, the difciphne of her armies ; and in all her tranl- 
 aftions with foreign flates, and in the various faces which! 
 her politics affumed, fhe always fupported the dignity and 
 importance of her country at the highefl point. For her 
 private pleafures, indeed, fhe has been much cenfured ; but 
 as they were merely pleafures, and of fuch a nature that fen- 
 timent had little fhare in them, they had httle influence on] 
 her public conduft, which was always manly and firm. 
 
 The part fhe took in this war, though it might in fomci 
 meafure have been didated by relentment, was at the fame 
 time the refult of the foundeil policy. No power, but that 
 of the king of PrufTia, was capable of checking hers. He 
 was, not only from his flrength and character, but from the 
 fituation of his dominions, the only prince in Europe from 
 whom it could be materially her interefl to make conquefts.j 
 By the retention of PruflTia, and by the dominion which in 
 another name, fhe held over the dutchy of Courland, flie 
 pofTefTed a very great fhare of the Baltic coaft, and thereby! 
 poifefled the means of becoming a maritime power of the 
 firfl: order. With thefe advantages, fhe might eafily com- 
 plete all that had been wanting, towards eflablifliingan un- 
 controulalile power over Poland. By the fame means fliel 
 might entirely ovec-awc Denmark and Sweden ; and aifo, 
 
1^62. The History of the W AK, - 451 
 
 by her vicinity, fhe would be enabled to interpofe in the 
 concerns of Germany, with much more authority than fhc 
 had hitherto poflefied ; although her intervention had 
 always been of confequence. 
 
 In reality, the houfe of Auftria feemed to make far greater 
 facrifices of her intereft to her refentment than Ruflia did, 
 with whom thofe two principals went hand in hand, and 
 Ifiipported each other. For nothing is more evident, than 
 that Ruflia would fet up for a defender of the liberties of 
 Germany, if %ver fhe got any footing in its neighbourhood ; 
 that fhe would animate the powers there to alVert a greater 
 degree of independence than they do at prefent ; that fhe 
 would render, by her machinations, the empire in the Au- 
 jlrian family very precarious ; and might even find means of 
 fetting fome feeble prince on the imperial throne, in order 
 to embroil the whole Germanic body, and to keep it in en- 
 tire dependence upon RufTia. On the whole, if the projefls 
 of Aufiria had fucceeded in their full extent, fhe would have 
 very foon found in RufTia a more powerful reflraint than 
 ever fhe had either in France or Sweden, even in the great- 
 eft heights of their power and credit in Germany. She 
 would, indeed, have ruined the king of PrufTia ; but ftie 
 would have purchafed his ruin with her own independency. 
 
 Thefc were the profpcQ;s that lay before all political rea- 
 foners at the time of the death of the emprefs Elizabeth. 
 Charles Peter Ulric, of the houfe of Holflein, who had 
 been created grand duke of Ruffia, and appointed heir ap- 
 parent to that vafl empire by the late czarina, fucceeded, 
 under the name of Peter III. None but thofe who were 
 intimately acquainted with the character and difpofition of 
 the new czar, could have any rcafon to imagine that he 
 would abandon the fyflem of his predecelTor, which was 
 certainly founded on the true intercjl of ihe country he go- 
 verned. The king of Pruflia himfelf feemed for fonie time 
 to have entertained no great hopes from this change. The 
 czar had, however, fometimes difcovered marks of cflccm 
 for die character of this monarch. He had the black eagle, 
 of which order the king of Pruflia is grand niaflcr. l^ut the 
 king of Pruflia could place very little confidence in this : 
 however, with that air of pleafantry, whicli never enlirely 
 forfook him in all his misi'nrlanc^, he laid in a letter to Mr. 
 Mitchel, the Britifli miniiler at the Rnirum court, " Is not 
 this a very extraordinary knight, to feed 80,000 men al my 
 ' I. I I 2 cxpcnce j 
 
 ^' f i: t| f 
 
 M>: I i .^:- 
 
 1*2 - i'i 
 
 ''^' *■&■■■ ■'■lSi»i|- ^ 
 
 M 
 
 
452 'I'f-'c History of the War. jng^ 
 
 expencc ? He is the only one of my knights that takes thai- 
 liberty. If every knight of the garter did the fame, your 
 England ^^England though it is) would be devoured by them 
 I beg you would endeavour to make m}> knight more trac- 
 table, and tell him it is againft the inftitutes of the order 
 for a knight to eat up his grand maftcr." 
 
 Tlie eyes of all Europe were now fixed upon the fleps 
 which the czar might take. With regard to the govern- 
 ment of his country, nothing could be more popuLir and 
 aufpicious than his firfl: meafures. The earlieft ufe he made 
 of his abfolute power, v/as, to fet the Ruflian nobility and 
 gentry free, and to put them on the fame footing wuh thole 
 of their rank in the other more moderate govern merts of 
 Europe. Almofl: all the exiles were iecailed to court, and 
 amongffc the reft the unfortunate count Biron, who, from a 
 fovereign prince, had been reduced to the moft wretched 
 condition, in the moil wretched country on the globe. He 
 had been many years a peafant of Siberia, and may very 
 probably once more become a fovereign prince. It is jn 
 ihofe defpotic governments we fee the mo{t ftrikingexcelTes 
 and difmal reverfes of fortune ; in which one day a perfon 
 is raifed to fomething almofl: abov^. man, and the next i 
 
 perhaps in a moment degraded to the lowed ftation cf hu- 
 manity. 
 
 The new emperor proceeded in his refornjation to aboliih 
 feme fevere and tyrannical jurifdi6lions, and intending the 
 fame benign difpofition to all degrees of his fubje£ls, he 
 leflened the tax upon fait, to ihe very great and univerfal 
 relief of the poor. 
 
 Thefe beginnings gave the moft favourable imprefllons of 
 hir> domeftic government. But Europe was principally con- 
 cerned in his foreign politics. It was not long before his 
 d'fpofiticns to peace became apparent. What aftonifhed 
 the world, was the high rate at which he valued this bleiling. 
 In a memorial, which he caufed to be deliversd on the 230 
 of February, to the minifters of the allied courts, he declar- 
 ed, that, /// order to the eflablijhment ofpeaccy be was ready 
 to facrifu r all the conquejis made by the arms of Ruffta in this 
 "Mary in hopes that the allied courts will on their parts equally 
 prefer the refioraticn of peace and tranquillity, to the advan- 
 tages which they might expi^ from the continuance of tbr 
 war, hut which they cannot obtain but by a continuance of 
 the effufion of human blood. 
 
 ... The 
 
,j62. 'J'he History of the War. 453 
 
 The aMles praifed the ilifintcreftedncrs, fpirit, ami huma- 
 nity of this declaration ; but rccommcmled to his attention 
 the fidelity to treaties, which conllitutcs a no \tk valuable 
 part of the royal charafler, and a no iefs confiderablo branch 
 of the duty of a monarch to his fubjefts. They fhcwed a 
 difpofition to imitate his defire for peace, but by no means 
 to follow his example in purchafing it by a ccilion uinll the 
 advantages, which they liad acquired, or hoped to acquire 
 by the war. 
 
 The czar having thus far complied with decency, and 
 being of h r/harader little fitted to wait the ilow procedure 
 rf a joint negotiation, gave way to his ardent defires for . 
 peace, and to the fcntiments of that extravagant admiration, 
 tthich he had conceived for the king of Pruflia. A fufpen- 
 fion of hoftilities was concluded between them on the i6ih 
 cf March ; and it was followed rot long after by 
 a treaty of peace and alliance. Nothing was May 5. 
 ftipulatcd by the czar in favour of his former con- 
 feclei ates, whom he entirely abandoned. He even agreed to 
 join his troops to thofe of the king of PiuiTia to a6l againft 
 them. In a little time a Ruffian army vvas feen in conjunc- 
 tion with one of PrufTia, to drive out of Silefia thofe Auftri- 
 ans, who had been a few months before brought into tliat 
 province by the Ruffian arms. j 
 
 This vvas a miraculous revolution. Fortune, who had fo 
 long abandoned the king of Pruifia to his genius, after ha- 
 ving pcrfecuted him for near five years, and overpowered 
 him with the whole weight o\ her anger, at length made 
 amends by a fudden turn, and did for him at one ftrokc the 
 only thing, by which he could pofiibly be favcd. 
 
 Sweden, who fince (he has recovered her liberty has loll: 
 her political importance, and for a long time acled entirely 
 under the dirertion of RuiTian councils, foUcwtd on this, 
 as on all other occafions, the example of the court of Pr-terf- 
 burgh, and figned a treaty of peace with the king of Prufua 
 on the 22d of May. 
 
 In order to account for whatever was not: the rcfult of 
 mere perfona! charucler in this extraordinary revolution of 
 politics in Rufiia, it will be neccirary to remind the render, 
 that the czar Peter the third was duke of I lolilcin ; and that 
 the dukes of Holllein had prctcnlions to the dutch.v of S'.f- 
 wick. Thcfe pretenfions wore rompronVifid by a treatv in 
 J 732. Bui as (he rtflion made bv the hoiifc of lluhkir, i-i 
 
 this 
 
 ''it » ■■ V 
 
 t ''S:. ' 
 
 h V : 
 
 ■y.„ • 
 
 'if**}''" 
 
 ; If*' 
 
454 
 
 -The History of the War. 
 
 1762. 
 
 this treaty was the efFeft of necefllty, it had been alwav 1 
 apprehended that flic would make ufc of the firlt lafe onpor 
 tunity of rcclaimiiv^ her antient rights. The czar feifedl 
 cagerl) on the great one, which the polTefllon of the wHoIp 
 Ruffian power afforded him, and he refolved to enter into 
 an immediate war tor this objeft, to which his predilefiion 
 for his native country gave in his eyes a far greater impor . 
 tunce than to all the conquefts of his predeceflbr. As Ion? 
 as this war with the king of Pruflia fubfifted, it was inipofft- 
 bie that his defign.^ againft Denmark could be profecuted 
 with any hope of fuccefs. Wholly indifTerent therefore to 
 all others, and paffionately fond of this obje£l, as foon as 
 he came to the throne, without any difpute or negotiation 
 he offered the king of Pruffia in his great diftrefs every 
 thing he could have hoped from a feries of vi6lories, and 
 whilfl: he joined his arms to thofe of that monasch in 
 Silefia, he caufed an army to march towards Holftein. 
 
 Thus the peace with Ruflia, far from conducing to the 
 general peace of Europe, did very little more than change 
 the face of the war. It brought in new fubjeds of difpute, 
 and new parties, and by threatning Denmark, left not a fni- 
 gle power in the north in a flate of affured tranquillity. 
 
 The king of Denmark, though threatened by io formida- 
 ble a power engaged in purfuit of a favourite obje6i:, was 
 not terrified into any mean conceffions. He recruited his 
 army, repaired his fortifications, and prepared for his defence, 
 with temper and magnanimity. As money iiiufl be much 
 wanting for the fervices of fo important a war, as his coun- 
 try could furnifh no great fupplies, and the borrowings in 
 every part of Europe, together with the fudden inva^ m of 
 his dominions, could enable him to form no fanguine hopes 
 of public credit, he turned his eyes towards the city of Ham- 
 burgh, which had enriched itfelf by its induftry and neu- 
 trality during the whole war, and bv the number of wealthy 
 perfons who had fled there for reiugc from the calamities, 
 which all the neighbouring countries had fuffered. 
 
 His Danifh majcfly had always kept alive a claim of 
 fovereignty over that city, which (however founded) he 
 exercifcd whenever he found himfelf able. He thouglit 
 the prefent one of thofe conjun6lurcs. Therefore without 
 
 any previous notice he appears with a ftrong army 
 Tune 18. before Hamburg, fci7.cs the fuburbs, threatens 
 
 the city with an immediate fiegc, if they did not 
 -■•'■• immcdiatdv 
 
 favour, who had 
 fliul Daun's army 
 
Hy52. ^h^ History of the W\r. 455 
 
 jmmediately fubmit to a loan of 1,000,000 of rixdollara. 
 
 Jxhemagiftrat';s of this trading city, little prepared for, or 
 
 *3CCuftomed :o war, having no ally at hand, and wlio would 
 
 ; be equally endangered by the ftrength of any ahy able to 
 
 proteQ: them, prudently fubmitted, and furnilhed the king' 
 
 Iwith fuch a fupply as h's affairs required. 
 
 The king of Pruflia lofl: no time to profit of this great 
 and unexpected revolution in his favour. The neutrality 
 of the RulTians fiill left the Auftrians much fuperior to him. 
 Their^alliance brought him to an equality. Two Auftrian 
 armies in Silefia and one in Saxony, were prepared to a 6^, 
 and it was not clear which fide would begin to a£l on the 
 offenilve: the Auftrian armies threatened Glogau and Brel- 
 law with a fiege, and the king oi Pruflia's threatened Sch- 
 tt'cidnitz. 
 
 The a^ive chara6ter of the kmg of Pruflia, and the 
 caution of marfhal Daun, foon determined the part which 
 the feveral armies were to take, and the fpirii of 
 the feveral operations. Very early in the cam- May 12. 
 paign prince Henry made a vigorous pufh on the 
 imperial ports towards the frontiers of Saxony. The fm- 
 perialifts were oblig'jd to evacuate Dippolfwalda with fome 
 lofs in k'lled. About four thoufand men were taken prifo- 
 ners ; 365 waggons were alfo taken, and feveral military 
 trophies. 
 
 By this fignal advantage, all the part of Saxony, poffefled 
 by the Pruitians, was effeflually fecured ; and any attempt 
 which might hereafter be though^ proper for the recovery 
 of Drefden, was much facilitated. Although the Auftrians, 
 fcnfible of the confequence of this lofs, and largely reinforc- 
 ed from the armies in Silefia, attempted to recover thefe 
 polls by feveral lively eflcrts, they were rcpulfed with no 
 fmall flaughter on both fides; and prince Henry remained 
 fo much mailer of Saxony, that it was necefiary to keep 
 a large army from the war in Silefia, to prevent if pofll- 
 ble his making irruptions into the .cry heart of Bohemia. 
 
 His Prufllan majedy derived advantages from lliecondut^ 
 of his brother, which he did not neglecl to improve. It 
 wciS not until the latter end of June that he was joined by his 
 new Rnfhan allies. As foon as this junclion was formed, he 
 rcfolvcd to make a tryal of what thcfe men could do in his 
 favour, who had aclcd fo flrenloqliy againfi liim. Mar- 
 ftial Daun's nrir.v occupied foveral IItoih:,, but detached emi- 
 
 neiicics. 
 
 'w, 
 
 
 if 
 
 
 
V 
 
 i* 
 
 456 TOe History of //jc \V A K. i^gj.! 
 
 ncncics, which cnaolcd him to communicate with and pro- 
 tect SchwcidnitA from all attempts of the enemy. I 
 Jul) 21. The king of Pruflia undertook to diflodge hinil 
 from thofc ndv agcous ports. In fome of his at- 
 tempts he fuccecded, in o s he was baffled with fome lofs. 
 
 This was no regular l<. .e ; but the king of Pruflia 
 though he did not fuccecd immediately in his attack, yet by 
 his judicious manoeuvres he attained all the advantages he 
 propofr^ from his cnterprife. For marfhal Daun, apprc- 
 hcnfive from the motions of his army, that the king of 
 Pruflui intended to fci/,c upon his principal maga/.ine, and 
 even to cut off his communication with Bohemia, abandon- 
 ed thofe important pods which he had hitherto maintained 
 with fucctfs, fell back to the extremities of Silefia, and left 
 SchweidnitA entirely uncovered. 
 
 The king of Pruflia immediately prepared to invert that 
 city wh'lft dtiTerent detachments of Prufllans, fome on the 
 fide of Saxony, others on the fide of Silefia, penetrated deep 
 into Bohemia, laid many parts of the country under contri- 
 bution, and fprcad an univerfal alarm. It was about five 
 years fince tliey had been driven from thence by the vi£to- 
 rious arms of marfhal Uaun, who now found himfelf unable 
 to pro^efi that kingdoni from their ravages. A confiderable 
 body of Rurtiun irregulars alfo made an irruption into Bo- 
 hemia, and began there to retaliate on the Aurtrians thofe 
 excelfcs, which they had thernfelvcs fo often before com- 
 mitted on the Prufnan dominions. , 
 
 Whilft the king of Pruffia was thus playing with fpirit 
 the great game which fortune had put into his hands, he 
 was all at once threatened with a fudden reverfe, by ano- 
 ther revolution in Ruflla, which bore all the appearance of 
 being as unfavourable to him, as the former had been be- 
 yond all hopes beneficial. The variable political climate of 
 Ruflla, under whofe influence all his fortune decayed or 
 flourillied, was covered with a fudden cloud by the dcpo- 
 fitiofi'TToUowed clofc by the death, of his fart friend, and 
 faithful ally, the czar of Mufcovy. 
 
 C H A P. 
 
1762. 
 
 The History of the War. 
 C H A P. IV. 
 
 457 
 
 iVl T J 
 
 \CduftS of the revolution in Ruffia. Czar irritates the clergy 
 and foldicry. Differences with the czarina. Confpiracy 
 againj] him. Czar depofed ly the fenate. Attempts- an 
 (fcape. His imprifonment and death. The czarina de- 
 clared cmprefs. Her politic condutH. Ingratiates berfelf 
 •with the people. 
 
 FROM the moment of the late czar's acceflion to the 
 throne of the RulTia's, fomething extraordinary was ex- 
 jpcfted. His difpofition fecmed to lead him to make ahera- 
 tions in every thing, and having fet before himfelf two great 
 { examples, that of the king of Pruflia and of his predeceflfor 
 Peter I. it was expefled that this vaft empire was going 
 I once more, almod within the life of a man, to aflume a new 
 face ; a circumftance which could not fail of having a feri- 
 ous influence on the affairs of Europe. Peter III. made 
 more new regulations in RufTia in a few weeks, than wife 
 and cautious princes undertake in a long reign. It was to 
 be feared that his anions were rather guided by a ralh and 
 irregular turn of mind, and the fpirit oj innovation, than by 
 any regular and well digefted plan, for the ijnprovement of 
 his extenfive dominions. 
 
 His firfl: aftions on coming to the throne, it is true, were 
 laudable, and fcemed well calculated to acquire him the af- 
 Icftions of his people. But if in fome inftances he confulted 
 their interefts, in many he fhocked their prejudices ; and he 
 loft thereby that opinion, which is on all occafions necefl"ary, 
 but is particularly fo for carrying fuch uncommon defigns 
 as liis into execution. 
 
 The power of the czars, though abfolqte and uncontrou- 
 lable in its excrcife, is extremely weak in its foundation. 
 There is not perhaps in Europe a government which de- 
 pends fo much on the good will and affe6lion of thofe that 
 are governed ; and which requires a greater degree of vigi- 
 lance and a fteadier hand. The regular f acceflion which 
 has been fo often broken, and the great change of manners, 
 which in kfs than a century has been introduced, have left 
 in Ruflia a weaknefs amidft all the appearance of ftrengthj 
 and a great facility to fudden c nd dangerous revolutions. 
 
 Peter III. paid little attention to thofe difficulties, which 
 
 M m m to 
 
 % 
 
 
 4 . 
 
 I nil I''! c(- » 
 
4.5^ T^'f? History r?/ //^r War. i^q^ 
 
 to him were the greater, as he was a foreigner born. They 
 were augmented by the fuperior and invidious regard he 
 Teemed to pay to foreign interefts, and foreign perfons. The 
 preference he fo manifeftly gave to the uncertain hope of 
 inconfiderablc conquell in HollUin over the folid and valu- 
 able pofleflions which the fortune of his prcdeceflbr had kfi 
 him, muft have difgufted all the politicians of his country. 
 His intimate connexion with, and boundlefs admiration of 
 that prince, with whom Ruflia had been fo lately, and fo 
 long, in a ftate of the moil violent hoAilitjr, could not add 
 to the opinion of his prudence. They did not think he 
 fufficiently confulted his dignity, in folliciting with great 
 anxiety a command in the Prufllan fervice. When he re- 
 ceived it, he drcfled himfelf in the Pruffian uniform, made 
 a grand feftival, and difplaycd all the marks of an immode- 
 rate and puerile fatisfa6tion. He puflied his extravagance 
 in this point fo far, that he made preparations in this im- 
 mature ftate of his government to quit Ruflia, and to go 
 into Germany for the fake of an interview with that great 
 monarch, whofe genius, principles and fortune he fo greatly 
 admired. 
 
 Although this proceeding was, almofl: in every rcfpe6f, 
 extremely impolitic, it did not threaten fo dangerous confe- 
 quences as the other fteps, which he took about the fame 
 time. Nothing requires fo much judgment, and fo nice a 
 hand, as to cfFeft a change in the fettled eftabliihments of 
 any country. Above all, there muft befomething favour- 
 able in the conjunfkure ; or fomething fo uncommon and 
 over-ruling in the genius of the conduftor of thofe changes, 
 as will render him fuperior to all difficulties. This latter 
 was the cafe of Peter I. who had indeed very little favour- 
 able in the conjun<5tiMe ; but he did every thing by his ca- 
 pacity, courage, and perfcverance. The foldiery and the 
 ecclefiaftics are the great fupports of all abfolute rule, and 
 they are certainly the lart bodies, upon which a prince of 
 this kind would chufe to exert any invidious aQ: of autho- 
 rity. But the czar was indifcreet enough, very early in his 
 reign, highly to provoke both thefe bodies ; the foldiery, 
 by the manifeft preference he gave to his Holftein guards, 
 and to all officers of that nation ; and by the change he 
 made in favour of the Prufllan uniform to the exclufion of 
 that, in which the Rufllans believed they had fo often aflert- 
 cd the honour of their country, and gained many fignal ad- 
 vantages 
 
1762. Tyf?^ History ////;f War. 459 
 
 vantages over the troops, diftinguiihed by thofe regimentals 
 which were now preferred. 
 
 Thefe trifles had very important confequences. But what 
 he did in matters of rehgion wns ftill more danr;eroiis. This 
 prince had been educated a Luthern ; and though he con- 
 t'ormcd to the Greek church, in order to qualify himfelf for 
 the fucceflTicn, he never fliewed much refpeft to that mode 
 of religion, to the rites and doftrines of which his fubjefts 
 had been always extremely attached. He feized upon the 
 revenues of the clergy, whether monks or feculars, whether 
 birtiops or inferiors, and for compenfation aMowed them fome 
 mean penfions, in fuch a proportion as his fancy fuggefted. 
 His capricious order that the clergy fhould be no longer dif- 
 tinguifhed by beards, was in itfelf of lefs moment, but it 
 was hardly lefs ofFenfive. He made alfo fome regulations 
 concerning the images and pictures in their churches, which 
 gave them reafon to apprehend his intention of accomplifh- 
 ing a total change in the religion of the empire, and intro- 
 ducing Lutheranifm. 
 
 Whilft he was taking thefe meafures to alienate the minds 
 of his people in general, and efpecially of thofe bodies, with 
 whom it was the moft his intereft to be well, he had not 
 the good fortune to live in union with his own family. He 
 had long flighted his confort, a princefs of the houfe of 
 Anhalt Zerbft, a woman of a malculine underftanding, and 
 bywhofe councils he might have profited. He lived in a 
 very public manner with the countefs of WoronzofF, niece 
 to the chancellor of that name, and feemed devoted to her 
 with fo ftrong a paffion, that it was apprehended he had 
 fome thoughts of throwing his emprefs into a monaftery, 
 and raifirtg this lady to tiie throned all the Ruffias. What 
 feemed to confirm this opinion, was his omitting formally 
 to declare his fon the grand duke Paul Pctrowitx the fuc- 
 celTor. This omilTion in a country where the fuccefllon is 
 eflabliflied and regular, would have been of no confequence ; 
 the pun£tual obfervance of fuch a ceremony would rather 
 have betrayed fome doubt of the title. But the nature of 
 this government, as well as pofitive conflitutions, had made 
 it neceflfary in RulTia, and the omiiTion was certainly alarming. 
 
 That unfortunate prince, having in this manner affronted 
 his army, irritated his clergv, ofiended his nobility, and 
 alienated his own family, without having left himfelf any 
 firm ground of authority, in perfcnal eflcem or national 
 
 M m m 2 I'rejudicc, 
 
 V 
 
 ;: 'f 
 
 ^1 !' 
 
 r 
 
 i ^; 
 
 f ; 
 
 
460 7'/'^ History o/zi?^ War. i-^Sz. 
 
 piejudice, proceeded with his iifual precipitation to new- 
 changes. In the mean time a moft dangerous confpiracy was 
 forming againft him. The cruel punifliments inflifted in 
 Ruflia on ftate criminals, have only an efFe6l to harden the 
 minds of men already fierce and obdurate, and feldom deter 
 them from the mod; defperate undertakings. Rofamou(T<i 
 Hetman or chief of the Coflacks, a perfon of importance hy 
 that command, Panin, governor of the grand duke Paul 
 marflial Butterlin, the chamberlain Teplow, the attorney 
 general Glebow, baron Orlow major of the guards, and 
 many otl>ers of the great officers and firfl: nobility of the 
 Empire, engaged in a confpiracy to dethrone the czar, 
 who was now univerfally hated ; and, what was more fatal 
 to him, univerfally defpifed. 
 
 They aflured themfelves that their adicns could not be 
 difagreeable to the emprefs; whofe conduct had always been 
 the very reverfe of that of her confort. This princefs find- 
 ing that the afFeftions if her hu{hand were irrecoverably 
 alienated, endeavoured to fet up a feparate and indepen- 
 dent intereft in her own favour, and for aflerting the rights 
 of her fon. She therefore afliduoufly cultivated the affec- 
 tions of the Ruflian nation, and paid a refpeft to their man- 
 ners and religion, in the fame degree that her hufband 
 fcemed to contemn them. 
 
 . So ill was the czar ferVed, that this confpiracy was grown 
 general, without his receiving the leaft notice of it, and 
 
 he remained in perfect: fecurity, whilft the icnatc 
 June a8. and the clergy were afTernbled to pafs the fentence 
 
 of his depofition. At this time the emprefs and lie 
 were both abfent from the capital at different country feats. 
 The emprefs, as foon as flie found that the defign was declar- 
 ed, got on horfe-back, and with all poflihle fpeed arrived at 
 Peterfburg. She immediately harangued the guards, who 
 chearfully and unanimoufly declared in her tavour, and pro- 
 claimed her emprefs of Ruffia independently of her hulband. 
 She then addrefled herfelf to the clergy, and the chief of the 
 nobility, who applauded her refolution ; and all orders im- 
 mediately took the oath of allegiance to her as fole emprefs. 
 She was no fooner acknowledged in this manner, than, 
 without lofing a moment's time, (he marched from Peterf- 
 burg towards the emperor at the head of a body of troops. 
 This prince was indulging himfelf in indolent amnfc- 
 mcnts, and lulled in tlie moft profound fecurity at a hoiHV 
 
 iliforder, which k 
 
 of 
 
IqSz. ' The History of the War. 461 
 
 of pleafure, called Oraniebaum on the fca Ihore, when a 
 foldier brought him an account that his kingdom was taken 
 away from him. 
 
 Aftonifhed, and wholly unprepared for this event, he was 
 
 Ifome time fenfelefs, and entirely at a lofs what part to take. 
 
 When he was rouzed from this trance by the approaching 
 
 [danger, his firft fuggeftion was to defend the place with his 
 
 [Holftein guards; but tho' fatisficd of their attachment, he 
 
 doubted their ftrength, and he knew it was in vain to hope 
 
 for any effort in his favour from the Ruflians. 
 
 Nothing then remained but flight, bv which he might 
 efcape to HolHein, and wait fome favourable turn of fortune. 
 This late lord of powerful fleets and armies embarked in 
 a fmall veflel, and with a few attendants, rowed towards 
 Cronfl:adt ; but he had not proceeded very far, when he 
 was informed that this fortrefs was in the hands of his ene- 
 mies, and that every avenue for efcape was fhut againfl: him. 
 Dejected and defponding he returned to Oraniebaum. Af- 
 ter fome fliort and tumultuous deliberation, he refolved to 
 abandon all thoughts of defence, and to throw himfelf on 
 the companion of the emprefs. 
 
 On her march fhe met his meflengers, who brought let- 
 ters containing a renunciation of the empire, and ftipulating 
 no other terms than leave to return to Holfliein, and the 
 fatisfaftion of taking with him, as the companion of his re- 
 treat, the countefs of Woronzoff and one fmgie friend. 
 
 Reafons of fl:ate could not permit the emprefs to confent 
 to the firft of thofe terms, and the lail: could not be very 
 flattering to her. His terms were rejcftcd ; and he was re- 
 quired to fign an unconditional refignation of his crown, ac- 
 cording to a form that was prepared for him. Not fatisfied 
 with depriving him of his crown, it was thought fit to make 
 him the murderer of his own reputation ; and tliis unfortu- 
 nate prince, moved with the vain hope of life, figned a paper 
 declaring his conviction of his inability to govern the empire, 
 either as a fovereign, or in any other capacity, and h.is fcnfe 
 of tlie diftrefs, in which his continuing :U the head of aflV.irs 
 would inevitably involve it. After h^ had figned this abdi- 
 cation, he gave up his fword, and was condu»5\cd 
 toprifon, where in a fliort time, but according to July 6. 
 v.'iiiu had been univerfiilly expefled, he d-.ed. TIic 
 'liforder, which killed him, was calkd an hemorrhoiiial 
 tholic. 
 
 M. Thus 
 
 !" ! :!i> 
 
 m 
 
 n 
 
 Wmt r 
 
 m 
 
 I, '.V 
 
 'tV 
 
 It 
 
 ■!; 
 
462 The Hi^TnKY cf the W AK. jyg^] 
 
 Thus was a revolution of fuch immenfe importance effefti 
 ed in a fmgle day, and without fhedding a fingle drop o| 
 blood. The unfortunate emperor enjoyed the power oj 
 which he had made fo imprudent and unpoHtic an ufe, nc 
 longer than fix months. His wife, without any hereditary 
 title, is fovereign miftrefs of the Ruffian empire ; and the! 
 moft abfolute power on earth, is now held by an eleQivel 
 monarch. 
 
 Immediately on this revolution a number of manifej(loes| 
 appeared, in which the conduct of the late czar was fe- 
 verely condemned, the weaknefs of his perfonal character I 
 €xpofed, and defigns of the blackeft kind, even that of miir-j 
 dering his confort, attributed to him. Thofe manifeftoes 
 at the fame time were filled with the ftrongeft declarations! 
 ofafi'e£tion from the emprefsto the fubjefts of Ruflia, of re- 
 gard to their interefls, and of attachment to their religion ; 
 and they are all filled with fuch unaffeded and fervent drains ! 
 of piety, as muft needs prove extremely edifying to thofe 
 who are acquainted with the fentiments of pure religion, 
 by which great princes are generally animated on occafions! 
 of this nature. 
 
 Nothing could be more able than the conduft of the em- 
 prefs, fince her acceffion to the throne. In almoft all re- 
 fpc£ts it was the very reverfe of that of her hufband. She 
 difmified all foreigners from her confidence and fervice ; 
 file fent away the Holftein guards, and chofe Ruffian, whofe 
 antient uniform was revived with luftre, the emprefs her- 
 felf frequently condefcending to appear in it. The clergy 
 were rcilored to their poifeflions, and their beards. She 
 conferred alj, the great ports of the empire on nati\e Rufli- 
 ans, and entirely threw herfelf on the afFeftions of that peo- 
 ple to whom Ihe owed her elevation. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
1762. 
 
 72'^ History of the War. 
 CHAP. V. 
 
 463 
 
 We^ of the revolution in Ruff a on the king of Prujfia*s af- 
 fairs. Situation of the new emprefs. She adopts a neu- 
 trality. Ruffian conquefs rejlored. Rujpans quit the 
 ^rujftan camp. King of Prufpa draws marjhal Daun 
 from Buckerfdorff. Schweidnitz hefteged. Marfjal Lau- 
 dohn attacks the prince of Bevern. Is repulfed. Difpo- 
 fttion of the French and allied armies. Broglio removed. 
 Battle of Gruoenflein. French defeated. Lord Granhy 
 drives the French from Homhourg. Prince Xavier of Sax- 
 ony defeated. Gottingen evacuated. French army called 
 from the Lower Rhine. ^ ^ , . 
 
 THIS great change in the government of Ruflia, It was 
 univerfally feared, would be followed by a total 
 change of fyftem with regard to foreign affairs. The peace 
 and alliance with the king of Pruflla were very unpopular 
 meafures in Mufcovy. It was not probable that the clofe 
 and intimate connexion which had fubfifted between the 
 I king of Pruflia and the late czar, could greatly recommend 
 him to the fucceflbr. And as it was imagined that this re- 
 volution muft have been in a great degree owing to the 
 machinations of thofe courts, whom the czar had irritated 
 by withdrawing: from their alliance, there was the greater 
 rcafon to apprehend that the power, which was now fet up, 
 would be exerted in their favour. 
 
 There were alfo great advantages on the fide of Ruflia, 
 if the emprefs ftiould not hold the peace concluded by her 
 late hufband to be binding on her, as none of the conquefts 
 were at this time evacuated. Every thing feemed to con- 
 fpire towards plunging the king of Pruflia into the abyfs of 
 his former diftrefles, after he had emerged from them, on- 
 ly for fuch a time, and in fuch a manner, as to make them 
 more bitter and infupportable. 
 
 Fortunately, however, for this wonderful man, the em- 
 prefs, who had come to the Ruflian throne in the extraor- 
 dinary manner that we have feen, could not look upon her- 
 lelf as fufficie.itly fecure to unHertake again a war of fo much 
 importance as that which had been julT: concluded. It was 
 neceflary, for fome time at leaft, that Ihe ihould confine 
 her attention folely to her own fafety. Therefore it was 
 
 expedient 
 
 i. '.r ' ■. it/ 
 
464 T/je History of d?e War. 1^5^ 
 
 expedient to cullc£l, witliin itfc'.f, all the force of the eni-1 
 pire, in oivicr to oppofe it to the defigns of the many mal, 
 contents, with vhich that empire always abounds, and 
 who, though not attached to the intereft of the late czar 
 and little inclined to revenge his fate, would find now both 
 inducement and opportunity for raifing troubles and at- 
 tempting new changes. Very plaufible pretences for fuch 
 attempts exiftcd fiom the time of Peter the Great; who 
 whilft h.e improved and firengthened his kingdom, left 
 in it, ai the iame time, the feeds of civil wars and rc\o- 
 lutions. 
 
 Thefe confiderations, whatever her defires might be 
 induced tliC czarina to continue fo much of the fyftem of 
 her prcdeceffor, as coincided with her fituation. She there- 
 lore declared to the king of PrufTia's minifters, " that flie 
 vvHs refelved to oljferve inviolably, in all points, the perpe- 
 tual peace concluded under the preceding reign, that never- 
 thelefs fiiC had thought proi>er to bring back to RufTia, by 
 the ncartil roadb, all her trocps in Siiefia, Prufiia, and Po- 
 merania." 
 
 It was not the critical fituation alone of the czarina 
 which produced tiiis moderation ; the prudent behaviour 
 of his Pruflian majefty, during the time of his connefticn 
 with the late czar, had a confiderable fliare in reconciling 
 the mind of this emprefs to him, and of perpetuating fome- 
 thing like the fame friendfliip, with interefts fo very differ- 
 ent. The Raflian fenate, flaming with refentment againft 
 this monarch, and againft their late fovereign ; and the 
 emprefs, full of fufpicion that the condu£l of tlie latter 
 might have been influeaced by the councils of the former, 
 fearched eageily amongft the papers of the late emperor 
 for elucidation or proofs of this point. They found indeed 
 many letters from the king of l^rulTia ; but in a ftrain abfo- 
 lutely different from what they apprehended. The king of 
 Pruflia had, as far as prudence would admit, kept a referve 
 anddiftance in regard to the rafli advances of this uchappy 
 ally. Too experienced to be carried away by his inccnfi- 
 derate impetuofity, he gave hiin much lakitary, though 
 fruitlefs, advice; he counfelled him to undertake noihing 
 againft the emprefs his confort ; to defift from the war 
 w^ith Denmark; to attempt no changes in the religion and 
 fundamental laws of the country ; and not to think of com- 
 
 inn; into Cermanv. 
 
 On 
 
i>j6z. 'The History of the War. 465 
 
 On hearing thefe letters read, the emprefs is faid to have 
 j burft into tears of gratitude, and made in confequence the 
 ftrongeft declarations in favour of this prince. They were 
 not without effefl. Orders had been given with relation 
 to Pruflla, which threatened a renewal of hoftilities. They 
 were foon fufpended. The army of the RuflTians was in- 
 deed feparated from that of Pruflia ; but all the important 
 places, which the Ruillans .had, with fo much bloodfhed, 
 and through fo many difficulties acquired, and which gave 
 them the command of every thing tlfe that remained to the 
 kins, were faithfully reftored. 
 
 This change from a UnOt alliance to a cold neutrality, 
 though it made no fmall difference in the Prufllan affairs, 
 yet, all things confidered, muff be regarded as an efcape, 
 and as a deliverance almofl as wonderful as his former. 
 However, this circumftance could not fail of infpiring fome 
 degree of confidence into his enemies, which the king of 
 PrufTia endeavoured above all things to prevent. ' 
 
 On the 2 1 ft of July, the orders arrived at the allied 
 camp from Peterfburg, for the Ruffians to feparate them- 
 felves from his army, and return without delay to their own 
 country. The king, without being confounded by this 
 fudden order, and inftead of flackening his efforts on ac- 
 count of this defertion, refolved to fall with vigour, and 
 without delay, upon marftial Daun, and to attack him be- 
 tore the news of this change could reach him. Since he 
 could no longer profit by the arms of the Ruffians, he en- 
 deavoured to profit at leaft by their appearance in his camp. 
 The very next day therefore he attacked the Auftrian army, 
 whofe right wing occupied the heights of Buckerfdorff; 
 drove them from that eminence, and from fome villages 
 where they were advantageoufly ported. The fuccefs was 
 not owing only to ihe fpirit of the aftual attack, but to &n 
 apprehenfion of the Auftrians, that the whole united army 
 ofthePruffians and Mufcovites was on the point of engag- 
 ing them. The king of Pruffia made an ufe of thofe allies, 
 in the moment they deferted him. 
 
 This lively attack was made with a lofs ojily of three 
 hundred men on the fide of the Pruffians ; the number of 
 the Auftrians killed is not known. The p.'ifoners amount-' 
 I'll to one thoufand ; and fourteen pieces of cannon were 
 taken. It was indeed no more than an affair of pofts ; but 
 its confequences were important ; for the communicatioii 
 
 N n n of 
 
 
466 The History of the War. 1^5^ 
 
 of the Imperlalifts with Schweidnitz was now entirely an 
 finally cut off ; they could not attempt any thing confide 
 rable for the relief of that place. Prince Henry held then 
 in continual alarm for Bohemia, and a great part of ihei 
 attention, and no fmall part of their forces were kept con 
 tinually engaged upon that fide. 
 
 The king of Pruffia having thus puftied back marflial! 
 Daun, inverted Schweidnitz, and laid fiege to that impor 
 tant fortrefs before his face. This was the fourth time 
 which that place had been befieged fince the beginning o 
 this war ; and this circumftance alone might fuffice to ihew 
 the many and extraordinary changes of fortune which dif- 
 tinguilhed thefe campaigns. We apprehend no inftance 
 has happened before of any place like this of real ftrength 
 being fo often fuccefllvely taken and retaken in the courfe of! 
 a fingle war. 
 
 As Schweidnitz is the key of Silefia, and, though not 
 quite a regular place, is notwithftanding well fituated and 
 well fortified ; as the garrifon amounted to nine thoufand 
 men, commanded by a good officer, and affifted by a verv 
 experienced engineer, and as two great armies of the ene- 
 my obferved all his motions, it was neceffary to m.ake the 
 difpofitions for the fiege with uncommon care. His infant- 
 ry were encamped on the heights behind Schweidnitz. His 
 cavalry formed a chain in the plains of Keintzerdorf, to be 
 nearer the camp of the prince of Wirtemberg, which was 
 fituated fo as to prevent any enterprize from the county of 
 Glatz, The prince of Bevern commanded a ftrong corps, 
 which pofted itfelf advantageoufly near Cofel. One under 
 general Werner did the fame at Noiffa. 
 
 By thefe difpofitions the Pruflian convoys were protect- 
 ed, the principal places in Silefia guarded, the fiege of Sch- 
 weidniz covered, and an eafy communication preferved be- 
 tween all the detached corps enaployed in thefe fevc al fer- 
 vices. rn.lr;:,vt ,.i; . 
 
 The effects of this wife difpofition were foon felt. Mar- 
 flial Daun, defpairing to fucceed againft the army, which, 
 under the king in perfon, covered the fiege of Schweidnitz, 
 endeavoured to break this chain, and by that means diftrefs 
 the Pruflians who were carrying on the fiege. Laudohn 
 was therefore detached, with a very fuperior force, to at- 
 tack the prince of Bevern, and to drive him from the ad- 
 vantageous poft he occupied. This attack was made with 
 
 all 
 
|iy62. The History of the War. 467 
 
 all the celerity and refolution, which diftinguifh the opera- 
 tions of this brave officer. But the prince, mindful of the 
 (jifgrace he had formerly fufFered in this province, oppofed 
 liini with fuch conftancy and perfeverancc, that the king of 
 I pruflia had time to come to his relief. The Auftrians were 
 then put between two fires, routed, and purfued with a ter- 
 |rible daughter. 
 
 This attempt being defeated, the king of Pruflia met 
 with no difturbance in his preparations for the fiege, and the 
 [trenches were opened on the night of the 8th of July. ' " 
 
 Whilft the king of Pruflia was making this advantageous 
 I ufe of his fortune, the armies of the French and the allies 
 iti Wefl:phalia were not inactive. Among the commanders 
 of the former a great difunion had long prevailed. The 
 marfhals de Broglio and de Soubife had mutually accufed 
 each other; the Camp and the court were for fome time 
 I entirely diflrafled with the cabals of the partizans of thefc 
 j officers. The refult was not favourable to marflial Broglio. 
 In him the French court was obliged to recal, and in fome 
 meafure to difgrace, on? of the very beft of their officers. 
 A fufpicion, and that not weakly founded, prevailed againft 
 this general, that unable to bear a competitor in fame, or 
 an aflbciate in cornmand, he had often, in order to difgrace 
 thofe with whom he was to a£t, negle6led to improve his 
 favourable opportunities ; and that in fome inftances, by his 
 conduct, he had purpofely occafioned fome failures, and 
 even defeats. This was a fault which no great qualities in 
 an officer could compenfate. He was therefore removed 
 from his command, and the conduct of the army lef^ to the 
 prince de Soubife, who was infinitely beloved by the fol- 
 diers for his generous and benevolent difpofition ; and mar- 
 ihal d'Etrees, who has peen fo often mentioned in thv' courfe 
 of this hifl:ory, was {\iTociated with him. 
 
 The plan of the campaign, on the part of the French, 
 did not differ much from that which had been formerly 
 purfued. They had, as before, two armies ; this under the 
 prince de Soubife and marflial d'Etrees on the Wefer, and 
 another under the prince de Conde on the Lower Rhine. 
 
 The difpofition of the allies was alfo but little varied. The 
 hereditary prince was pofi:ed in the bifhoprick of Munfler, 
 to watch the latter of thefe armies; and prince Ferdinand in 
 perfon, with the body of the army, lay behind the Dymel 
 to make head againft the former. So little had t]ie French 
 
 , ,., . ., . • N n n 2 profitcvt 
 
 '.jp'i 
 
 IVliSi' ■ '.5 u 
 
 iliii'l"'' "^ 
 * "S '•■■ f 
 
 ni's? 
 
 
468 The HisroKY of the War. ,^5^ 
 
 profited by their fuperior numbers, and fuperior refources ! 
 in this continental war, and fo little decifive nfe had they 
 made even of fome advantages in the field, that this cam- 
 paign commenced very nearly in the fame place, and they 
 contended for pretty much the fame objeds, which they 
 had ftruggled for in the two preceding years. 
 
 So fuperior was the genius of prince Ferdinand, that un- 
 der many difadvantages he was the firfl: to commence offen- 
 five operations. The flroke he ftruck on this occafion would 
 fuffice alone to rank him with the firft commanders of his 
 age. His abilities throughout the war have never fhone 
 out with more luftre than in this campaign, which conclu- 
 ded it. 
 
 The French army was moft advantageoufly pofted, both 
 for command of the country, and for ftrength, near a place 
 called Graebenftein, in the frontiers of Hefle ; their center 
 occupied an advantageous eminence ; their left wing was 
 almofl inaccefllble by feveral deep ravines, and their right 
 ^yas covered by the village of Graebenftein, by feveral ri- 
 vulets, and. a ftrong detached body under one of their beft 
 officers, monfieur de Caftries. 
 
 In this fituation they imagined they had nothing to fear 
 from the attempts of prince Ferdinand, whofe army, be- 
 lide's the inferiority of its numbers, was feparated in fuch a 
 manner, and in fuch diftant places, that they judged it im- 
 pofllble it could unite in any attack upon their camp. But 
 whilil they enjoyed themfelves in full fecurity, the ftorm 
 was preparing to fall upon them from all quarters. 
 
 A confiderable corps of the allied army, under general 
 Luckner, was pofted to the eaftvvard of the Wefer, near 
 Eimbecke, on the Leine. He lay there to obferve prince 
 Xavier of Saxony, who was encamped between the Werra 
 and Gottingen. • But if he watched the prince, the prince 
 alfo watched him. When, therefore, he had orders to 
 quit this poft, that he might co-operate in the grand defign, 
 he left a fmall party of his corps in his ftation, by which he 
 deceived the prince of Saxony; and marching in the night 
 with the utmoft fpeed, he crofted the Wefer, turned the 
 right of the French army, and, without being difcovered, 
 placed himfelf upon their rear. General Sporcken at the 
 fame time placed himfelf fo as to attack the fame wing in 
 flank. Prince Ferdins^nd crofted the Dymel, in order to 
 
 t t n t ,«',t ■ 
 
 ,i .'iiiif.,.. 
 
 toll 
 
 ;.^.*.- 
 
*■ 
 
 [1-762. ^he History of the War. 469 
 
 fall upon their center. The attack on the enemy's left was 
 commanded by lord Granby. 
 
 Thefe preparations were made with fo much judgment, 
 I celerity, and good order, that the French had not pcrceiv- 
 1 ed the approach of the allies, when they found 
 themfelves attacked with infinite impetuofity in June 24. 
 front, flank, and rear. The battle was fcarcely 
 begun, when they thought of nothing but flight. The 
 corps under monfieur de Caflries had time to retreat in to- 
 lerable order, and without any great lofs. But it did not 
 fare fo well with their center, and their left, which were 
 oppofed by the calm refolution of prince Ferdinand, and the 
 generous courage of Granby. ; 
 
 As the French placed all their hopes rather in retreat 
 than combat, an entire rout mufl have enfued, if monfieur 
 Stainville, who commanded on the left, had not thrown 
 himfelf with the flower of the French infantry into a wood, 
 which enabled him, at the expence of the befl: part of it, 
 to cover the retreat of the army. Here this brave and ac- 
 complifhed officer made a refolute fl:and, and for a long time 
 fuftained the whole weight of the allies. His corps was a 
 devoted facrifice. All bat two battalions were cut to pieces 
 or made prifoners. The other bodies, covered by this re- 
 folute manoeuvre, made a (t.ift to flielter themfelves under 
 the cannon of Caffel, or precipitately efcaped to the other 
 fide of the Fulda. 
 
 Thus did the French army, by the virtue of monfieur 
 de Stainville, efcape a total defeat; but the confequences 
 of the a6lion were not recovered during the whole cam- 
 paign. They loft much credit both in point of refolution 
 and generalfhip. Their infantry, in this engagement, con- 
 fifted of one hundred battalions, when that of the allies was 
 compofed but of fixty. The common men made prifoners 
 by the allies on thisoccafion were two thoufand feven hun- 
 dred and fifty, and no lefs than one hundred and fixty-two 
 officers were taken. The Englifli loft but a few men killed, 
 and no officer of rank but lieutenant-colonel Townfhend (a)^ 
 
 who 
 
 (a) This col. TotonJhend'WTL^ fecond fon to the Hon, Thomas 
 foivripjend, Efq ; He had diilinguilhed hinifelf on feveral occa- 
 fions. At Guadeloupe he was puflied overboard in the landing of 
 the troops, but his black faved his life by jumping after him. In 
 the laft campaign in Germany, he was Ihot through the arm, and 
 in this engagement he loft his life, feeking the poll of honour that 
 his duty did not require. 
 
 iSf I In 
 
 >' ^'V »' 
 
 >«■' f-hil 
 
470 I'he History of the War. 1^52! 
 
 who fell with great glory to himfelf, and to the regret of 
 the whole army. 
 
 Every thing in the conduft of prince Ferdinand appears! 
 the effe£l of a well-digefted plan ; and one great aftionl 
 compleated always helps todifclofe a feriesof bold, mafterj 
 ly, and conne6led defigns. 
 
 As foon as the enemy was diflodged from their ftrong port 1 
 ufe was made of this advantage (whilfl: the French, under 
 the hurry and confufion of their late misfortune,, were un- 
 able to provide againft unexpe<?led accidents) to pufli for- 
 ward a body of the Englifh under lord Granby and lord Fre- 
 derick Cavendifli. The French could fcarcely imagine, 
 that, whilfl: they were in pofleflion of fo ftrong a place as 
 CalTel, and commanded an army fo fuperior in numbers to 
 the allies, that, whilft prince Ferdinand braved them in 
 front, they fhould find one of his detachments upwards of 
 thirty miles behind them. In this emergency, monfieurde 
 Rochambeau perceiving their motions, haftily collected 
 fome brigades of infantry and cavalry at Horn- 
 July 6. bourg, to prevent, if pofTible, the communicati- 
 on of the grand army with Francfort from being 
 cut off. But they were charged with fo much vigour by 
 the two EngUfli commanders, that, though they defended 
 themfelves with fpirit for fome time, they were in the if- 
 fue difperfed with confiderable lofs. They were obliged to 
 evacuate that tra£t of country. Fritzlar, Feltzberg, and 
 Lohr ; and almoft all the important ports in the fouth part 
 or Hefle were occupied by the allies. The communicati- 
 on with Francfort, from whence the French drew their 
 whole fubfiftence, was abfolutely intercepted. 
 
 To the north of Hefle alfo the allies were not lefs active, 
 nor lefs fuccefsful : they obliged prince Xavier, v/ith his 
 vSaxon detachments, to abandon his advanced port on the 
 L^eine, and unite himfelf to the grand army. They got 
 between him and Gottingen, by which the French garrifon 
 there was left without fupport. This garrifon, feeing its 
 communication interrupted, blew up a part of the fortifica- 
 tions, and attempted a retreat; but finding no avenue 
 open, they were obliged to return in oonfufion. Defpair- 
 ing of their ability to hold this important place, they thought 
 themfelves happy, virhen at length, with much 
 Aug. 16. management and difficulty, they were a.l?le to eva- 
 cuate it without oppofition. ," . ' ' ' 
 ■ ' ' Prince 
 
U-jbz. 'The History of the War. 471 
 
 Prince Xavier, after having, as we faid before, quitted 
 [his advanced fituation at Morungen in the territories of Ha- 
 nover, united himfelf to the right of the principal army, 
 which was ported to the eaftward of the P'ulda, not far from 
 the place where that river forms an angle in its junftion 
 kith theWerra. In this angle ftands the tovvhof M nden, 
 a fortified place, in which the French had a garrifon. Full 
 of confidence from this fituation, they were under no ap- 
 prehenfions : but the generals Zaftrow, Gilfac, 
 and Waldhaufen, pafled the Fulda in their fight, July 23. 
 and under a heavy fire of their cannon. The 
 corps of the two former officers poflefled themfelves of a 
 wood on the enemy's right flank. General Waldhaufen, 
 in the mean time, had feized the village of Bonnevert, 
 which enabled him to keep the garrifon of Munden in 
 check, and gave him alfo an opportunity, whenever the 
 occafion required it, of falling on the enemy's rear. 
 
 The bold palVage of the Fulda, and the judgment of the 
 fubfequent difpofitions, infured the viQ:ory. Prince Xavier, 
 for a good while, defended himfelf with an obftinate refolu- 
 tion ; but finding his flank gained, he began to give way. 
 In this inftant Waldhaufen, who had hitherto only watch- 
 ed the ifllie of the engagement, threw in his horfe upon 
 their rear, and compleated the defeat. 
 
 General Stainville, who occupied a ftrong intrenched 
 camp in the neighbourhood, feeing the l^rty of the prince 
 of Saxony in danger of being totally cut to pieces, quitted 
 his intrenchments with his whole army of ten thoufand 
 men, and haftened to their relief. Prmce Frederick of 
 Rrimfwick, attentive to this movement, with great quick- 
 nefs feized this critical opportunity, entered their camp the 
 moment they had left it, and entirely deftroyed all their 
 works, j.i this a£lion iioo of the enemy were made pri- 
 ibiiers. ■■ ,• 
 
 The French finding their communication deftroyed, 
 their army furrounded and harraflfed on every fide, and 
 without intermifllon, were neither able to advance with a 
 profpeft of fuccefs, or to retreat with any hope of fafety. 
 in this diflirefs they had nothing left but to call their army 
 from the Lower Rhine to their afi'iftance. No time was to 
 belofl:. Exprefs after exprefs was fent to haften them. In 
 confequence of thefe difpatches, the prince of Conde ad- 
 vanced by forced marches ; the hereditary prince ftuck 
 
 clofe 
 
 •:t .■, 
 
 
472 The History of the War. 1^5^! 
 
 clofc to him, and kept himfelf in rcadinefs to fall upon hisl 
 corps, when a favourable opportunity fhouU' offer. 
 
 In the mean time prince Ferdinand prcffed upon Soubife's 
 army. Advantagcoully as they were fituated, he offered! 
 them battle for a whole day. Rather than rifque an en- 
 gagement they decamped in the night, and quitted, with- 
 out an allien, thoic advantageous grounds called the heights ' 
 of Mulfmgen, vvliere they could not be attempted withoufi 
 the greateft difT.cnhy and ha/.ard ; and the quitting of which 
 gave prir.cc lerdinund the mod important advantages over 
 them. 
 
 Never were military operations puflied with more viva- 
 city, whilfl: the negotiation for peace was in great forward- 
 ness. The two great contending courts had opened confe- 
 rences, whilfl their armies were cutting one another in pie- 
 ces : but prince Ferdinand, on that account, rather flrain- 
 ed than flachcned his efforts. He knew that the negotiati- 
 on for peace is always much forwarded by the operations of 
 the campaign, and that a fuccefsful a6tion often hallensthe 
 decifion of a contefled article. Perhaps too he was willing 
 to fhew in England, that the necefTity of making peace 
 ought not to be attributed to the circumflances of that part 
 of the war which had been committed to his care. People 
 imagined they could difcern fomething like coldneis to- 
 wards tliis great commander in the new Britifh miniflry; 
 and that he, on h\^ fide, feerned rather to favour that party 
 in England which was for prolonging the war. 
 
 C H A P. VI. ' / 
 
 War in Portiigol. Plan of the campaign. Mirand, Erag- 
 mrza, a fid Chaiies taken. Almeida befteged and taken. 
 Count of La Lippe arrives in Portugal. Utirprize ofVa- 
 lantia d"* Alcantara, by general Burgoyne. Affair of Villa 
 Velhf,. Spaniards retire. 
 
 THE events of the war in Germany, though its objeft 
 was not more interefling than that in Portugal, feem 
 to rank far before the actions, of the latter in dignity and 
 importance. They naturally occ.:py the firfl place, and 
 juflify a more minute detail in an hiflory of military opera- 
 tions. It is in Germany that the great efforts of all the 
 greut powers in Europe were made from the beginning. 
 
 Here 
 
iy62. T^he History of the War. 473 
 
 Here the moft confiderable armies were maintained ; here 
 the great battles were fought ; and on this theatre the great 
 commanders gave a full fcope to their genius. Germany 
 feems, as it were, the natural foil of hoflility ; but Portu- 
 Lali which had long languifhed in a tranquil obfcurity, could 
 fcarce furnifh out a faint image of war. 
 
 Of the ftate of the military in that country we have fpo- 
 |[en in a preceding chapter. The marine was not on a 
 much more refpedable footing. About fix or feven ftiips 
 of the line, and a very few frigates, compofed all the naval 
 force of Portugal that was fit for fervice; of that Portugal 
 which had formerly been one of the firft maritime powers 
 in Europe. The fortifications in that kingdom had been 
 jifo long neglected, and fcarce any of them were in a con- 
 dition to fuftain a regular fiege. 
 
 Portugal, however, poffefled fome advantages ; but they 
 were only fuch as fhe derived from her weaknefs. The ex- 
 treme barrennefs and poverty of the country, made it very 
 difficult for an army, either of friends or enemies, to fub- 
 lift in it. The badnefs of the roads, and the frequency and 
 lleepnefs of the mountams, which occupy the greateil part 
 of that kingdom, made it no lefs difficult to advance with 
 rapid marches, and to improve the advantages of the cam- 
 paign with proper expedition. The nature of the country 
 alfo rendered it not unfit for that fpecies of defence, which 
 the bed force it had was bed qualified to make ; that is, in 
 the way of an irregular war, by its armed peafantry; for the 
 defiles in many places are of fuch a nature, as to be capa- 
 ble of being maintained by a fmall and undifciplined body, 
 againft very numerous and very regular forces. And the 
 Portuguefe, from the higheft to the loweft, were animated 
 with fuch a fincere and inveterate hatred to the Spanifh 
 
 I name, and were filled with fo much terror at the profpe£t 
 of falling a fecond time under the government of that nati- 
 
 |on, that great hopes were entertained of their exerting 
 themfelves to the utmoft on this cccafion, and of their rou- 
 
 Ifing that natural courage in which the Portuguefe are not 
 
 Ncficient. 
 
 Thefe advantages, however, did by no means balance 
 the dangers to which that kingdom was expofed, from the 
 
 I joint hoflility of France and Spain. All the hope of Por- 
 
 ' tugal was centered in England, for whofe fake, and ir whofe 
 
 [ quarrel ftie had been drawn into this unequal contefl. The 
 
 O o o greater 
 
 
 I 
 
 ikHi N 
 
474 ^^^ History of the War. 1762. 
 
 greater the weaknefs of Portugal was, the more confpicu- 
 ous were the magnan?'Tiity and refources of Great Britain I 
 who made, in the clofe of fo expenfive and ruinous a war I 
 fuch aftonifhing efforts, and who was in a condition by her 
 ftrength to prop up, at lead for a time, fo very feeble a fyf- 
 tem. She fent to Portugal, officers, troops, artillery, arms, 
 military ftores, provifions, and money, every thing which 
 could enable the Portuguefe to exert their natural ftrength, 
 and every thing which could fupply that ftrength where it 
 was deficient. ^ I 
 
 When the Bourbon courts made war againft Portugal,! 
 the declared objeft was to prevent Great Britain from the! 
 military and commercial ufe of the ports of that kingdom.! 
 As it was impoillble to attain this obje£t by naval operati- 
 ons, they attempted it by military ones, and aimed their 
 principal endeavours at the two great ports, to which the! 
 Englifli principally refort. Oporto and Liibon. The pofi 
 feflion of thefe two obj efts would probably have finifliedl 
 the war in their favour ; the pofleflion of either of themj 
 would have given them the moft decifive advantages in itj 
 With this view three inroads were to be made, one tc 
 the north, another was propofed more to the fouth, whilft^ 
 the third was made in the middle provinces, in order to"^ 
 fuftain thefe two bodies, and preferve the communicatior 
 between them. The reader muft confider this, as what ap- 
 pears from their defigns, and from the fteps they took to 
 execute them, to have been their general plan ; not that 
 it was ever perfectly executed in all its parts, or at the fame 
 time. 
 
 The firft body which commenced hoftilities was com-j 
 
 manded by the marquis de Sarria. This army entered into 
 
 the north-eaft angle of Portugal, and marched towardj 
 
 Miranda. This town, though in no good ftate of defenceJ 
 
 might have delayed them in their progrefs; but a powdeif 
 
 magazine having blown up by accident, the fortification! 
 
 were ruined, and the Spaniards, before they had 
 
 May 9. raifed their firft battery, marched into the towr 
 
 by the breaches in the wall. 
 
 Animated by this eafy and fortunate fuccefs, they proj 
 
 ceeded to Braganza, a confiderable city, from whence tlij 
 
 royal family of Portugal derived its ducal titles. This towfl 
 
 made no greater defence than Miranda. Fron 
 
 May 15. thence a detachment marched to Moncorvoj 
 
 which was furrendered in the like manner ; ani| 
 
 ever 
 
1762. The History of the War. 475 
 
 every thing was cleared before them to the banks of the 
 Douro. A party under count O'Reilly made a 
 forced march of fourteen leagues, in two days. May 24. 
 to the city of Chaves, which was immediately 
 evacuated. By thefe fucceffes they became mafters of al- 
 moft the whole of the extenfive province of Tralos Montes, 
 and their progrefs fpread a general alarm. Oporto was al- 
 moft given up as loft; and the admiralty of England prepa- 
 red transports to carry off the effefts of the Britifh faftory. 
 However, the body which had traverfed this province with- 
 out refiftance, attempting to crofs the Douro, had its pro- 
 grefs checked on that fide. The peafants, animated- and 
 guided by fome Englifli officers, and feizing a difficult pafs* 
 repulfed and drove them back to Torre de Moncorvo. They 
 are faid to have been guilty of fome cruelties to the Spaniln. 
 prifoners who fell into their hands. Thefe cruelties were 
 afterwards feverely retaliated upon them. Thefe people, 
 on both fides naturally ferocious, had not been fufficiently 
 inured to war, to moderate its fury, and reduce it under 
 laws ; they hated mutually, and they gave a full fcope to 
 their hatred : they did not fee each other as foldiers, but a$ 
 enemies. 
 
 The fecond body of the Spaniards, which we have men- 
 tioned as the conne^ive link between the two others, en- 
 tered into the province of Beira, at the villages called Val 
 de Mula and Val de Coelha. They were joined by ftrong 
 detachments, amounting to almoft the whole army in Tra- 
 los Montes, and immediately laid fiege to Almeida, which, 
 though in no good order, was the ftrongeft and beft provi- 
 ded place upon the frontiers of Portugal. Befides, it was 
 of the greateft importance from its middle fituation, as the 
 pofleflion of it would greatly facilitate the operations upon 
 every fide, and would efpecialiy tend to forward an attempt 
 uponLiibon, which was the capital objeft, towards which, 
 at this time, all the endeavours of the Spaniards feem to have 
 been directed. 
 
 Almeida was defended with fufficient refolution ; but its 
 fate was forefeen as foon as it was attempted, there being 
 no means of affording relief to any of the places 
 befieged. It furrendered, liowever, upon terms Aug. 25. 
 honourable to the garrifon. • ...... ..u, 
 
 The Spaniards, having made themfelves mailers of this 
 place, overfpread the whole territory of Cartel Branco, a 
 
 O o o 2 principal 
 
 i ' x 
 
 
 "'' 1* ,1 Vm-r 
 
476 ^be History of the War. i^^^ 
 
 principal diftriO: of the province of Beira, making their way 
 to the fouthward, until they approached the banks of the 
 Tigus. During the whole of their progrefs, and indeed 
 during the whole campaign, the allied troops of Great Bri- 
 tain and Portugal had nothing that could be called a body 
 of an army in the field, and they could not think of oppofing 
 the enemy in a pitched battle. All that could be done 
 was by the defence of pafles, by (kirmifti, and by fur- 
 prize. 
 
 By this time the count of la Lippe Buckeburg had arri- 
 ved in Portugal. Lord Tyrawly, who had been fent, at 
 che defire of the court of Li(bon, thither before the break- 
 ing out of the war, being difgufted by the behaviour of ! 
 fome perfons at court, and much difappointed in his expeft- 
 ations of the exertion they had promifed to make of their 
 own force, and even of the ufe they had made of the fuc- 
 cours from England, had been recalled very early in the 
 campaign, and probably not contrary to his own incli- 
 nation. 
 
 It is impoflible to exprefs the joy which filled the whole 
 nation at the arrival of fo celebrated an officer as the count 
 la Lippe to their afliftance. More unanimity was now ex- 
 expeded, as the count had nothing to complain of, and 
 came an entire ftranger to all the fubje£ls of debate, which 
 had hitherto exifted between the Britifti general and the 
 court of Liibon. . ' 
 
 That army, which we have mentioned as the third corps 
 deftined for the invafion of Portugal, affembled on the 
 frontiers of Eftremadura, with an intention of penetrating 
 into the province of Alentejo. Had this third body been 
 joined to the others already in Portugal, it would probably 
 hav& formed fuch an aimy as might, in fpight of any ob- 
 ftruftion, have forced its way to Liibon: had it aQed fe- 
 parately, it might have greatly diftrafted the defence, fo as 
 to enable fome other body to penetrate to that city. It was 
 neceflary to prevent, if poflible, their envrance into Portu- 
 gal; fmce their mere entrance would have been almoft 
 equal, in its confequences, to a viftory on their fide. 
 
 The count la Lippe, therefore, formed a defign of at- 
 tacking an advanced body of the Spaniards, which lay on 
 their frontiers, in a town called Valentia «le Alcantara, as 
 he heard that they had here amajled contiderable maga- 
 
 zines. 
 
1762. ^he History of the War. 477 
 
 zines. The condu^ of this important enterprize was com- 
 mitted to brigadier general Burgoyne. 
 
 This gallant and able officer, though at a diftance of five 
 days march, and in fpight of all the difappointments andob- 
 ftruftions to which fervices of this kind are fo liable, when 
 they cannot be executed immediately; yet effedt- 
 ed a complete furprize on the town of Valentia Aug. 27. 
 de Alcantara ; took the general, who was to have 
 commanded in the intended invafion, one colonel, two 
 captains, and feventeen fubaltern officers. One of the 
 beft regiments in the Spanifti fervice was intirely de- 
 ftroyed. 
 
 Although they were difappointed in their expectations of 
 finding magazines in this place, the efFeft of this well-con- 
 dufted enterprize was not loft. The taking of this general 
 was probably the caufe which prevented the Spaniards from 
 entering into the province of Alentejo. This feemed to 
 have been for fome time the deftination not only of that 
 particular body, but alfo the great objeft of the Spanifli 
 army, which had hitherto aQied in Beira. The former of 
 thefe provinces is a plain, open, fertile country, where their 
 cavalry, in which confifted the chief of their army, and in 
 which lay their moft marked fuperiority, might have a6led, 
 and a£ted decifively ; whereas the latter was a rough moun- 
 tainous region, in which the horfe were fubfifted with dif- 
 ficulty, and could be of little fervice. To prevent, there- 
 fore, the entry of the Bourbon army from any quarter, into 
 Alentejo, feemed to be the great and fingle objefi: of the 
 campaign on our fide. General Burgoyne, by his expedi- 
 tion into the Spanilh territories, had already prevented it on 
 one part ; and the vigilance and activity of the fame officer 
 had no fmall ihare in preventing it alio on the other. 
 
 That part of the Bourbon army, which adled in the ter- 
 ritory of Cartel Branco, had made themfelves matt- 
 ers of feveral important pafles, which they obliged fome 
 bodies of the Portuguefe to abandon. They attacked the 
 rear of the combined army, which was pafling the river 
 Alveito, with the appearance of a retreat; but, in reality, 
 with a view to draw them infenfibly into the mountainous 
 trafts: here they were repul fed with lofs; but ftill they 
 continued maftiers of the country; :ind nothing remained 
 but the paffage of the Tagus, to enable them to take up 
 their quarters in Alentejo. 
 
 . Burgoyne, 
 
 mm 
 
 
 l*i.ii' 
 
478 The History of the War. ly^^. 
 
 Burgoyne, who was pofted with an intention to obftruft 
 them in their paflage, lay in the neighbourhood, and with- 
 in view of a detached camp, compofed of a confiderable 
 body of the enemy's cavalry, which lay near a village cal- 
 led Villa Velha. As he obferved that the enemy kept no 
 very foldierly guard in this poft, and were uncovered both 
 on their rear and their flanks, he conceived a defign of fai- 
 ling on them by furpriz^. He confided the execution of 
 this dcfign to colonel Lee, who turned their camp, 
 Oft. 6. fell upon their rear in the night, made a confide- 
 rable flaughter, difperfed the whole party, deftroy- 
 ed their magazines, and returned with fcarce any lofs. 
 Burgoyne, in the mean time, fupported him by a feint at- 
 tack in another quarter, which prevented the enemy's be- 
 ing relieved from the adjacent ports. 
 
 This advantage, being obtained in a critical moment, was 
 attended with important confequences. The feafon was now 
 far advanced ; immenfe rains fell at this time ; the roads 
 were deftroyed ; the country became impracticable ; and the 
 Spaniards, having feized no advanced pofts in which they 
 could maintain themfelves during the winter, and being ef- 
 pecially unprovided with magazines for the fupport of their 
 horfe, every where fell back to the frontiers of Spain, where 
 their fupplies were at hand, and where they were not liable 
 to be harrafled by the efforts of the combined nrmy. 
 
 In this manner Portugal was faved, at lead for that cam- 
 paign, by the wife condu6l of count la Lippe, and thedif- 
 tinguifhed valour of the Englifh commanders and foldiery : 
 all that was wanting towards their deliverance was accom- 
 flifhed by the fuccefs of the Englifli army in more diftant 
 'quari:ers, and by the peace, in which fo valuable and fo ex- 
 pofed an ally was not neglected. There never was probab- 
 ly fo heavy a ftorm of national calamity, ready to fall upon 
 an unprovided people, fo happily averted, or fo fpeedily 
 blown over. Every thing, at the beginning of this cam- 
 paign, bore the mofl: louring and ominous ajpe£t to the af- 
 fairs of Great Britain. As it advanced, the flcy continual- 
 ly cleared up ; and the fortune of no nation, towards the 
 clofe of it, was enlivened with a more brilliant and more 
 unclouded profperit^'. We fhall now proceed in the relati- 
 on of thofe fuccefles, and of the progrefs of the Englifli 
 arms in other parts of the world, where nev;r fcenes of dan- 
 cer and honour were now opened to them. '" • 
 ; . - CHAP. 
 
1762. I'he History of the War. 
 
 CHAP. VII. 
 
 479 
 
 Expedition againji Martinico. Forces fent thither. Troops 
 land at Cos Navire'. Nature of the country. Attack of 
 the pojis near Fort Royal. Fcrt Royal furrendered. St. 
 Pierre and the whole ijland capitulate. St. Lucie, Gre- 
 nades, and St. Vincent taken. Preparations for lAMr 
 againfl the Spanifj Wefi Indies, 
 
 Towards the clofe of the laft Year, it was determined 
 to refume the fcheme of operations in the Weft In- 
 dies ; where nothing had been attempted fince the year 
 1759. Diftrefled as the French trade to their iflands had 
 been, it ftill continued a refource to that nation. 0». the 
 other hand, nothing could poflibly furnilh us with places 
 of more importance, either to retain, or to exchange upon 
 a peace, than our fuccefs in this part of the world. Ano- 
 ther confideration had probably no fniall fftare in direfting 
 our arms towards that quarter. F,om the time that the 
 difpofitions of Spain had become equivocal, it was necef- 
 fary to take fuch fteps, as would put us in a refpeftable fi- 
 tuation, in cafe a war with that kingdom fhould become 
 unavoidable. It was therefore very proper to have a ftrong 
 armament in the Weft Indies, that fide on which Spain is 
 moft vulnerable, and in which every wound affefts a part 
 of the quickeft fenfibility. Accordingly the force which 
 was fent into the Weft Indies on this occafion was very 
 great ; and, if we take the naval and military together, it was 
 fuch an armament as had never been before feen in that 
 part of the world. It was certainly very right to leave as lit- 
 tle to hazard as poftible; and when, in the moft frugal me- 
 thod of proceeding, a great many men muft have been 
 employed, and a great deal of money fpent, it would have 
 been an unpardonable error, from a confideration of almoft 
 any faving, to have left any thing imperfect; efpecially at 
 a time, when the efFeft of every operation became almoft 
 hourly, more and more critical and decifive. 
 
 Every thing which had been an obje£t of war in North 
 America, was by this time completely acquired. It was 
 therefore eafy to draw a very confiderable part of the 
 army from thence. Eleven battalions were drawn from 
 New York; u draught was alfo made from the garrifon of 
 
 Belleifle 
 
 I 
 
 t 
 
 *| : 5, 
 
 :»* ,, 
 
 %\w 
 
480 The History of the War. \*]^z. 
 
 Belleifle. Thefe were reinforced by fome trc s which 
 had been fcattered among the Leeward Ifla.i^c ; fo that 
 the whole land armament did not fall very fhcrt of twelve 
 thoufand men. General Monckton, who had acquired fo 
 much reputation in North AmericSf, and had received a 
 very grievous wound at the taking of Quebec, command- 
 ed the land forces in this expedition. The marine was 
 under rear-admiral Rodney. 
 
 The failure in 1759 did not difcourage our adminiftra- 
 tion from making Martinico the obje6l of another attempt. 
 The Englilh fleet, after having rendezvouzed at Barba- 
 does, came before thisifland on the 7 th of January, 1762. 
 The troops landed at a creek called Cas Navire without 
 the lofs of a man ; the fleet having been difpofed fo pro- 
 perly, and having direded their fire with fuch effeO:, that 
 the enemy was obliged in a (hort time to abandon the bat- 
 teries they had erefted to defend this inlet. 
 
 When the landing was effected, the diflSculties were far 
 from being at an end. It is true, that neither the number 
 nor the quality of the enemy's regular troops in the ifland 
 were very formidable. But the militia was numerous, well 
 armed, and not unqualified for fervice in the only kind of 
 war, wh'ch could be carried on in their country. Befides, 
 the whole country was a natural fortification, from the 
 number of ravines with rivulets between them, which lay 
 from diftance to diftance. Wherever thefe grounds were 
 prafticable, the French had ported guards, and erefted 
 batteries. It is eafy from hence to difcern what obftruc- 
 tions the progrefs of an army was liable to, particularly 
 with regard to its artillery. Thefe obftruflions were no 
 where greater than in the neighbourhood of the place, 
 againft which the firft regular attack was propofed. 
 
 This cown and citadel is overlooked and commanded by 
 two very confiderable eminences, called Morne Tortenfan 
 and Morne Gamier. Whilfl: the enemy kept poflfeflion of 
 thefe eminences, it was impofllble to attack the town ; 
 if they loft them, it would prove impofllble to defend it. 
 Suitable to the importance of thofe f:tuations were the 
 meafures taken to render them impregnable. They were 
 protected, like the other high grounds in this ifland, with 
 very deep ravines; and this great natural ftrength was im- 
 proved by every contrivance of art. The Morne Tortenfon 
 was firfl: to be attacked. To favour this operation, a 
 
 body 
 
Th e Hoii''?^ 
 
 RobT Mo nck t ox 
 
 m 
 
 [■K is 
 
 
 
 ml 
 
 
 mf 
 
 
 .'\^ 
 
 ■\'i:. 
 
^ 
 
 •^, 
 
 » \ 
 
 'A 
 
 i"s 
 
 mm 
 
 1762. Ti 
 
 body of regular t 
 vance on the righ 
 inorder to take the 
 A thoufand failors 
 the Ihore to aflift 
 a corps, of light i 
 round the enemy's 
 made by the Britif 
 under the fire of 
 the oppofite fide v 
 cannon having bee 
 feamen. 
 
 The difpofitions 
 ving been made \vi 
 commander, it vva 
 tion by the foldier 
 ter. With irrefifta 
 fuccefllvely carriec 
 until our troops, s 
 of the whole Mori 
 into the town, to 
 purfued. Others 1 
 which was as ftron: 
 fon,and overlooke 
 proceeded with fi 
 done, without the 
 troops being much 
 rior fituation. 
 
 It was three da 
 made for driving t 
 difpofitions were : 
 cended from the 1 
 the EngUfh in thei 
 diately repuHed : a 
 rying them forwai 
 into an attack, pafi 
 fcaied the hill, feiz 
 on the fummit of 
 troops efcaped into 
 felves in the count 
 
 All the fituation; 
 del were now fecu 
 longer than until t 
 
1762. The History of the 'WhB.. 481 
 
 body of regular troops and marines were ordered to ad- 
 vance on the right along the fea-fide,. towards the town, 
 inorder to take the redoubts which lay in the lower groi nds. 
 A thoufand failors in flat-bottomed !>v)ats, rowj;d ck.fe to 
 the fhore to aflift them. On the left, towards the country, 
 a corps, of light infai;try, properly fupported, was to get 
 round the enemy's left; whilfl: the attack in the centre was 
 made by the Britifh grenadiers and the body ot the army, 
 under the fire of batteries, which had been erefttd on 
 the oppofite fide with great labour and perfeverance ; the 
 cannon having been dragged upwards of three miles by the 
 feamen. 
 
 The difpofitions for the attack of this difficult pod: ha- 
 ving been made with fo much judgment on the part of the • 
 commander, it was executed with equal fpirit and refolu- 
 tion by the foldiery. The attack fucceeded in every v^ car- 
 ter. With irrefifl:able impetuofity the enemy's works were 
 fuccefllvely carried. They were driven from prft to poft; 
 until our troops, after a fharp ftrugglc, remained mafters 
 of the whole Morne; fome of the enemy fled precipitately 
 into the town, to the very entrance of which they were 
 purfued. Others faved themfelves on the Morne Gamier, 
 which was as fl:rong, and much higher than Morne Torten- 
 fon, and overlooked and commanded it. Thus far had they 
 proceeded with fuccefs; but nothing decifive could be 
 done, without the pofleflTion of the other eminence, our 
 troops being much moleflied by the enemy from that fupe- 
 rior fituation. 
 
 It was three days before proper difpofitions could be 
 made for driving them from this ground. Whilfl: thefe 
 difpofitions were making, the enemy's whole force def- 
 cended from the hill, fallied out of the town, and attacked 
 the Englifh in their advanced pofl:s ; but they were imme- 
 diately repuHed : and the ardour of the Britifii troops hur- 
 rying them forward, they improved a defenfive advantage 
 into an attack, paflfed the ravines, mingled with the enemy, 
 fcaled the hill, feized the batteries, and pofl:ed themfelves 
 on the fummit of Morne Gamier. The French regular 
 troops efcaped into the town. The militia difperfed them- 
 felves in the country. 
 
 All the fituations which commanded the town and cita- 
 del v/ere now fecured ; and the enemy waited no 
 longer than until the batteries againft them were 
 
 P p p com- 
 
 Feb. 4. 
 
 
 (fV- 
 
 ■',*.■• 
 
 S f 
 
 '-,J 
 
 
482 7'1'e History of t/jeW^ An. i^f^^ 
 
 completed to capitulate, and to furrcnder this important 
 place, the fccontl in the ifland. fa) 
 
 The capital of the illand, St. Pierre, dill remained to be 
 
 reduced : 
 
 (a J General Monchon's Lettet-y to the Right Hon. the Earl of Egre- 
 
 . mont. 
 
 Head-Barters in the IJlandof Martinico. Jan. 20, 1762. 
 
 My Lordy 
 
 I HAVE the honour to acquaint your lordfliip, that we left 
 Barbadoes the 5th inHant, anchored in St. Anne's bay in this 
 illand the 7th, the fliips of war having fdenced fome batteries 
 which the enemy had ereded there, and where I was in hopes to 
 have been able to have landed on the weftern fide of the bay, and 
 to have crofled over to Port Royal bay ; but the difficulties that 
 would have attended our being fupplied with provifions and itores, 
 added to the fcarcity of frefli water in that part, made me defill. 
 I then thought that if I could get pofTeflion of Pidgeon IJIanJ, 
 a fecure anchorage might be had for the fleet and tranfports in 
 Port Royal harbour. For this purpofe, I detached two brigades of 
 the army, under the command of brigadiers Ha'viland znA Grant ^ 
 to Ance Darlet, where they landed, and marched to the ground 
 oppofite to the ifland j but finding the road impafl*able for cannon, 
 which were neceiTary for the reduction of that ifland, 1 judged it 
 belt for his majefty's fervice, to proceed (having previoufly recon- 
 noitred the fhore) and land near the Cafe des Na-vires ; which we 
 effected on the i6th, without any moleftation, the fhips of war 
 having filenced the batteries above us. I had forgot, my lord, 
 to mention, that with the above command, were the light infan- 
 try under lieutenant colonel Scott, who were advaiiiced the night 
 the command remained there, and were attacked in the night by 
 three companies of grenadiers, fome free-booters, negroes and 
 mulattoes, which the enemy had pafl*ed over from Fort Royal; but 
 they were fo warmly received, that they retreated precipitately, 
 leaving fome dead ; and a ferjeant and three of their grenadiers 
 taken prifoners, without any lofs on our fide. 
 
 We are now encamped upon the heights, above Cafe des Na- 
 viresy ; and I was in hopes, before this time, to have given your 
 lordlhip more fatisfadory accounts of our operations. But the 
 ravines or guliys we have to pafs, are of fuch depth and difficulty 
 of accefs, and that in the face of many batteries and redoubts, 
 with the whole country, as well mulattoes and negroes, as inha- 
 bitants in arms, and without being able to procure any material 
 
 in- 
 
1762. y/;^ History o///&^ War. 48^ 
 
 reduced: this is alio a place of no contemptible ftrength ; 
 and it was apprehended that the refiftance here m(ght be 
 confiderable, if the ftrength of the garrifon in any degree 
 
 cor- 
 
 intciligence, that I do not think it prudent to expofe his n.ajefty's 
 troops until I can eredt batteries to cover them, which we are at 
 work upon with the utmoft expedition. 
 
 However, my lord, I have the pleafure to acquaint you, that 
 the troops continue healtny, although they have been ncceflarily 
 expofed to laying on their arms, and are in the higheft fpirits : and 
 I don't in the leall doubt, but that I fhall be able to execute this 
 principal objedl of his majefty's commands, of which I Ihall give 
 your lordfhip the earlieft notice. 
 
 It gives me great pleafure to icquaint your lordlhip, how 
 much I am indebted to admiral Rodney y for the affiftance received 
 from the fleet under his command: the'utmofl: harmony has fub- 
 fiiled hitherto, and I am perfuaded will continue to do fo. 
 
 This will be delivered to your loid/hip by captain IValftnghamy 
 who takes home the admiral's difpafches. 
 
 / hwve the honour to be, i^c. 
 
 ROBERT MONCKTON. 
 
 Admiral Rodney's Letter to Mr. Clez-eland. 
 
 Cafe Nanjire Bay, Marti nico, "Jan. 19, '762. 
 
 SIR, 
 
 IDefire you will acquaint their lordfliips, that I arrived at Bar- 
 badoes on the 22d of November, having parted company with 
 the fquadron under my command in a hard gale of wind, a few 
 days after we left the channel. 
 
 The Foudroyant, Modejie and Bafilijk, joined me the 27th, 
 the Nottingham and Thunder the i ft of December, and the Fan- 
 I'Mrd, with the remainder of the fquadron, on the 9th. The 
 lemeraire, and Adtson, with the troops from Belleijle, arrived the 
 14th of December, and major general Mo ckton, v/ith the forces 
 from North America, on the 24th ; and having remained a few 
 days to water the (hips, refrefli the men, and make necelTarydif- 
 pofitions for our enterprize, we arrived off Martinico the 7th of 
 "January ; and on the 8th we all anchored in St. Anne's bay ; the 
 iliips I had appointed (under Sir Jame:> Douglas) having filenced 
 the forts of that coaft ; in performing of which, we had the 
 misfortune to lofe the Raifonable, as aic was leading in for one^ 
 
 I;'. 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 I 
 
 p 
 
 p p 3 
 
 of 
 
 
484 77?/? History ^///^^ War. 1762.1 
 
 torrefponded with that of the fortifications, and with thr 
 natural advantages of the country. Our troops therefore! 
 
 •■ ■ . -■ \vire 
 
 of the enemy's batteries, owin;2; to the pilot's being ignorant of ;i 
 little reef oi roclco, which tooK her up. We have laved all hcrj 
 people, all her ibores, ona 1 hope foon to get all her guns. 
 
 Having by thu motion or' tlic fleet and army, taken pofleilloni 
 of an excellent harbour, and fecured a landin ; on the WLatlnr-l 
 moft part of the illand, which mi^ht be made tenable at ;in) 
 time, as likewile thereby greatly alarming the enemy. 
 
 At general Monckton's rcqueft, I difpatched commodore 6'zt;,7«-l 
 ton, v/iih a fquadron of fhips, and two brigades, to the bnvof 
 Petite Ance, in order to take poll there. Captain Her<vey of tlioj 
 Dragon having lilenced the battery of the Grand Ance, landed hi 
 marinec and Teamen, who attacked it alfo from the fliore, and taokl 
 polleilion of the fort; and, on the 14th, I followed with tho! 
 v/hole fleet and army, after deflroying the enemy's batteries at I 
 iit.Ai:re's, bay, when (having reconnoitred the coaft with the s;e-j 
 neral) we cdme to a refolution, to make an attempt between F'jiiu 
 Negroe Pnd the Cas de Pilotte, which I ordere*.' to be attacked on j 
 the 1 6th ; and having very fuccefsfully, and with little lois liienccd 
 the; batteries, 1 laiuied general Monckton with the greatefl: part of j 
 his force*-, by fun-lei ; and the whole army was on fhorc a little \ 
 afteidav iight next morning, without the lofs of a man (the boats 
 being commanded by commodore Snvanton in the centre, capt. 
 ahuiJhti/n ow the right wing, and capt. Her'vey on the left) with 
 fuch neccffaries as they were moft immediately in want of, and 
 had all the Ihips and tranfports anchored as nmch in fafety, as 
 this joall will admit. 
 
 I alio landed two battalions of marines, confiftingof 450 men 
 each. 
 
 The army are now carrying on their approaches to the heights 
 of Mount Grenie and Mount Tortenfon, which the enemy have 
 made as llrong as art can do, and from whence the general pro- 
 pofes to lav fiege to Port Royal. 
 
 \ have the happinefs to add, that the army and navy continue 
 in perfedl: health j and carry on the fervice with the greatefl fpiiit 
 and harmony. 
 
 General Monckton's fecond Letter to the Earl of Egremont. 
 
 Fort Royal in Martinico, Feb. 9, 1 762. 
 
 I 
 
 My Lordy 
 
 Had the honour of writing to your lordfliip the 20th of 'Janu- 
 ary , when I acquainted you that I i rterided to attach the ene- 
 my 
 
1762. "The History of the War. 485 
 
 were ftill under fome anxiety for the final fucccfs of their 
 work, and feareil, if not dilappointmcnt, at Icaft delay. 
 But the redu6lion of Fort Royul had fo greatly abated the 
 
 enemy's 
 
 \\\yf in the ftrong ports they occupied on the oppofite heights, and 
 itie Morne Tuitettjnn, leading to ton Royal, as loon as I had erect- 
 ed batteries (which were thought necelFary) to aflirt us in the 
 palling a very deep and wide ravine*, or gully, which feparated 
 us from thcni. 
 
 My difpofition for the attack being made on the 24th of Ja' 
 nuuiy, at break of day the troops advanced under a briflt fire of 
 our batteries. The grenadiers under brigadier Grant, firll: falling 
 in with the enemy's advanced ports, began the attack : brigadier 
 Rufane on the right, with his brigade, and the marines, was to 
 advance and attack the redoubts along the coart; 1000 feamen 
 in the flat-bottomed boats, rowed us as he advanced: Lord Rol/o's 
 brigade fupported the grenadiers : Brigadier M'^aljb with his bri- 
 gade, (fupporting the light infantry under lieutenant colonel Scott) 
 to attack the left of a plantation, and to endeavour to get round 
 the enemy. The light infantry effected their attempt, and while 
 the grenadiers were driving the enemy from port to port, they 
 got upon their left, which h; ped to complete the event of the 
 day. The enemy's works were now fuccefllvely attacked with the 
 moft irrefiftible impetuofity, fo that at nine o'clock we were in 
 the entire poiTeflion of all their works, and the ftrong ground of 
 Morne Tartenforiy confifting of many redoubts mounted with can- 
 non, and advantage'ouHy fituated to aiTirt the natural rtrength of 
 the country. The enemy retired in the greateft confufion, to the 
 town of Fort Royal, and to Morne Gamier (a rtill higher hill than 
 the Morne Tartenfon, and feparated from it by a deep ravine, co- 
 vered with a very thick brufh, and a rivulet ai zhf^. bottom) from 
 whence they thought they were never to be diflodgea, both froia 
 
 . ,, -, . iti 
 
 * A large holloiu made hetiueen tivo hills, occa [toned by a Jud~ 
 den current of luater, ivhich is <very frequent and rapid at the 
 time of the Equinox. It is of a confiderahle depth, and not 
 Icfs dtJJJcidt to get into, than to afcend, as it is tufted nuith 
 trees, brulh-ivood on every fide, and in many places co'uered o'ver. 
 Theje the French lined luith infantry ; hut our forces, refolute, and 
 determined to carry the butteries on the other ftde, let each other 
 d'jivn, fir ft flinging their mufkets ; luhen they got to the other fidey 
 clambered up as faji as pojjible, formed, and carried all before them, 
 lome lusre let donvn precipitately, by the banks gi'uing tvay, but 
 theyfoon recovered themfel'ves and joined their corps. 
 
 
 I i:. 
 
 ?• *. 
 
486 T*/'** History ^/ //v War. i'jfypj 
 
 enemy's confulcncc, lli.il the militia ilefpaired oF miikiinr 
 any elledual tielenee. 'The |>l;inter.s alfo, lulii itoii:-. lor ihcii 
 fori lines, were ai"iMelK'nlJve ol hivisig their elhues iiiinul 
 
 I'V 
 
 its niitural (lreii<^';th. aiul the works ami batteries they h;ul on It 
 The IpiiiC of the grcimdieis in this attack was Inch, that tome ol 
 them e\en piirlueti the eneiny to ihe hriJge t)!" the town, ;iml 
 bioui;ht utl piiloners I'loju theneo. 
 
 VV Ivile this was doino; on this liiie, hrii'^ulier //.;t/A/«,/ wiih Iiis 
 hriijade, two hatialioos of ///(;/>A//;,/i7«, a"il a eorps ol' liolu in- 
 lantiy (which 1 had loiineil fiom the I'eveial regiments amlj^ivcn 
 the eoimnaiul olto mnjor l.vl.niil) hadonlei.s (liom the rcpoitnl 
 pradicahihiy of the palfajije) to crofs the ravine a p;()oil deal to 
 the leir, ami attack a body of tlie enemy who were polled on 
 feveial heiuhis oppolite to hint, and to (ry to jret into their Icl't, 
 and h" that means tlivide their l")ice. Vet, lihhoiijdt tiuy Ik'i',;i'i 
 their niari h at two o'clock ir the mr)iiiin{^ fiieh was the dilli- 
 cnlty oi' accei'n, 1 hough I am lonviMtcd every means were tried, 
 l^iai it wa.s late before they cllViU'd it. 
 
 When I louitd that the enemy were ^'.ivinR wav on all fidcs', I 
 ' ordereil lieutenant colonel .SVo//'s li;;ht inlantiy, brigadier //'/////»'■; 
 biigade, ami a ilivilion of the iMenadic-s, to a planiaiion OKneio 
 the left, where brivfadier ILrjilanil was to Ivive come ilown. 
 they ilrove oli lome of the enemy polled there; and tiie jii'jit in- 
 fantry pollelleil themlelv s of a very advantageous poll oppolite 
 
 to ;*/ 
 
 ^nrti(- (i,/i/;ii-f 
 
 To I 
 
 iilipoit ,liem, 
 
 I oril 
 
 ered l)rigai|ie 
 
 /A; 
 
 loa 
 
 /rtm/i. eorps (whiclr now hidpillld) to their right : the divil 
 of ^';renndn,rs under briivuiier draiif, and It'itljt'w bii<nde, kept 
 poli'elH(».j ot' t!ie upper plantation, and eommunicated with ILivi- 
 J(j?i(I's corps. The maiines, which 1 ha*! <al<en from hrigiuliir 
 Riifniw, I polletl to cover rhe roul beiwei.the two plantation:;. 
 On tlie i<;tli, we beivan to i;re(^l batterieion Mnnie "Iiirfnilhi, 
 n5»^ain(l the cirrnlel of' l''ii f l\^y,il, l)ui were much annoyed on that, 
 
 aii'l tlic lollowmi.' ii,i\ , bv the enemv I tout ivl'imf (niiniit 
 
 (. 
 
 V 
 
 lilt! 
 
 iiijr tli.U it was ab!olui> Iv mieiravv to attack this phue to (he leii, 
 where the corps of llfjit inlantrv, and brigadier //</f;/<v/;.7's hii- 
 jaule were polled, I determined immediately to ere(l batteries 
 no,ainll thele of the enemv which annoyed u;i, aiul wiiieh mi,dit 
 ullo (Over our palfageol iheraxine. 
 
 On the i7ih, abo»it four o'clock In the eveninp;, the enemv, 
 umler cover of their batteries, nml with the gieatell partof iheii 
 i'orci'. hail the ti'iiierify ro attack the two corps of li;>,hl inr.mliv, 
 anil biigadier /A/T/A///f/'s bri^>;ade, in the polls ihev occupied 
 
 but 
 
 were received wiih fuch Ueiidiiiefa, that iljey vvcie inmieili 
 
 lately repulled ; and I 
 pilfed the lavine wii 
 I poll there, being rei 
 ilic ilivilion of greii.i 
 iicly <ui the att.H'k ha 
 now come on ; but m 
 lidit intanliv, and In 
 w.iivls the enemy '.s rei 
 poll'ellion of, the eiiei 
 loners) having abando 
 ami citadel, and the 
 ii'dlj/', i>r/%ut and / 
 the li}>,ht infantry : f< 
 tioops were \\\ pollel 
 liit'ly commanded th 
 jjljrht, that they left 
 with a ipiantity o\' an 
 mortar were turned a 
 Having }>,aim'tl thi: 
 hil fo much annoyec 
 Moine 'rortvnffin, c< 
 tars, vvc opened thvi 
 was too great, and 
 not imue than 4cni yi 
 Idiimj of the town, I 
 hoth ihefe pl.ices, th 
 cilier convevance ol 1 
 with his light infanii 
 The enemy percei 
 to themfelves, on tli 
 iiKule i in confcipici 
 livcred up to his maj 
 nine o'clock next mo 
 1)1" the capitulation 
 marines, luilitia, an^ 
 were killed and won 
 kept us much longei 
 10 have made two o 
 liine. 
 in the fc vend utt: 
 
 ulelv 
 
17^2. 
 
 T'hc History nf the W a r . 
 
 487 
 
 bv .1 war ^oo \o\\\\ loniimuil, or pcilmps ol lofing all l>y 
 |i:ilHiij', tiic t»pi>()r(iiiuiy (il a r.U'oniaMo cupitiilalion. I11- 
 iliiiiu cil \)) lliclc niDtivcs, aiul illlhcaruncii hy the train of 
 
 inis- 
 
 ■,iic 
 
 ly ri'iuiirci! ; mill fiirh was the aivioui ol' ilu- troops, tiiat tlicy 
 liili'i'il tilt' riiviiif wiili ilic riu'iny, Ivi/ftl liu-ir hiiitL-iics, uiui look 
 |ii)tl ihcif, l)i-ii>^\ rciiiloicHil hv hriinulii-r ll'nljh's In i^^mif, aiiii 
 ilic liivilioa ol jficiiavliiis iiiuIit in i(;ailiiM (it.int, who imiiicili- 
 iiifly «)ii iIk" att.K k hail mart, lu'ti to luppoi t tlniii. Nij^lit wai 
 I now come on ; hut iiiiijor /.»•/.///</ moving on t«) the iolt with his 
 j^lit inl'anliv, :ukI ruuliii;*, no oppolition, iOMliniu'U hi-i rout to- 
 waivls the (. iicmy'.s icdouhl f, which he loon c iino up to, anil took 
 poiri'llion ot, the enemy (except a lew }>,ienat|icrs, who were pri- 
 ioiu'i.s) having ahamloned them, 'i'hcii (loops ictireil iiitotho town 
 aiui citadel, and the militia iliiperleil in the country. IhiirailierH 
 [//■/////', (I'r/ftit and ILiviLiiiil, inimediauly moveil up to lupport 
 ilio li>>Jit infantry : to that at nine o'clock ai night hii majeily'.i 
 troops were in poUellion ol thi.s very llrong poll, which cn- 
 liicly conunanded the citadel. So precipitate was the cnemy'8 
 llijdit, that they Icl't a mortar lo;\deil, and M or 9 guns unl'pikeil, 
 with a ipinntity of nnununition anil provilions. 'i'hc cannon aiul 
 mortar were turned againll the citadel in the morning. 
 
 Having }',ninetl this advanta;.',i'ous poll, liom which the enemy 
 I'-'il To much atuioyed us, and having completed two hatierieK on 
 Mnrnr 'rordn/'on, condlling of loui teen giins anvl thr.e mor- 
 mr.s, wc openeil th-MU on the \oi\\ ; hut lindin;.', that the dillancc 
 wa.s too j', rear, and having now Mm )i<: (.'<//■//< /'///i' in our power, 
 not more than 4(»(> yartis dillanl liom the lorl, as well as the pol- 
 li'llion ol' the town, 1 immciliately relolwd to cred batteries at 
 l)i)th thel'e places, tin- luoner to rctin e the citailel ; hut for the 
 t.ilier convevance of our cannon hy water, I ordered major J.d.niJ, 
 wid\ his light inl'anirv, to take poll on tlu- livi'r Moti/ifur. 
 
 'Iheetiemv perceivini.>, oiu' deligns, and lor realonH hell kiu)Wii 
 
 iluinlelves, on the cvcninj.^ ot' the jd inllar.t, heat the cha 
 
 10 
 
 in;n 
 
 le ; in conleipience ol" which, the ^nite of the litailel was de- 
 livered up ti) his majelly'H tioops the evening of the ^ih, and at 
 nine o'clock next morninfi; the j^arrilon marcheil out, on the terini 
 of the capitulation. It conlilled ol'ahout Kno men, grenailiers, 
 nmrines, un"litia, and iVee-hooters. Ahout 1 1^0 ol" the garrilon 
 were killed ami wounded in the liege The enemy might have 
 ktpt us nnich longer, as it wouhl have heen ahl'olulely necell'ury 
 10 have made two or three breaches, which mull have taken fomc 
 
 titne. 
 
 In thefevoral attacks, I nm credibly inronucd, thai ihc enemy 
 
 
 r~ 
 
 1?' . 
 
 t\h.\ 
 
488 TV:?^ History o/ ^//f War. 1762. 
 
 misfortunes which had attended the French arm£ here and 
 in all other parts of the world, they refolved to hold out 
 
 no 
 
 had not lefs than 1000 men killed, woumled, and taken prifoners; 
 an\ong the latter, feveral of their principal officers of the militia 
 taken the 24th. Our iofs your Jordfhip will fee by the return. 
 You have alfo, my lord, a return of the artillery and ilores taken 
 from the enemy on the 24th and 27th of January ; and in the 
 citadel at its furrendcr on the qth inftant. 
 
 I cannot find words, my lord, to render that ample juftice due 
 to the true valour and perfevering ardour of his majeity's troops, 
 which I have the honour to command. The difficulties they had 
 to encounter in the attack of an enemy, pofleiTed of every ad- 
 vantage that art or nature could give them, were great. Their 
 perfevcrance, in furmounting thefe obttacles, furniffies a noble 
 example of BritiJIj fpirit. 
 
 The brigadiers Ha'viland, Grajit, Rufane^ Lord /?o//o, and 
 lVtI/h,9.nd all the officers in general, deferve the highell applaul'e 
 for their animated and foldierlike conduct. 
 
 The grenadiers of the army, in three divifions, headed by the 
 lieutenant colonels Fletcher, MaJJy and Vaughan, and the light 
 infantry and rangers, in three boilies, conuiianded by lieutenant 
 colonel Scott, major Leland, and captain Kennedy, particularly di- 
 ftinguifhed themfelves, the warinell part of the lervice having 
 fallen to their lot. 
 
 M. la Tourhe, the governor general, after leaving a garrifon in 
 Fort Royal, retired with the remains of his grenadier;;, and is now, 
 as I am informed, at St. I'ierre. We have not as yet had the lead 
 correfpondence together, nor has he fo much as fent to enquire 
 after his killed,, wounded, and prifoner.s. 
 
 Immediately upon the fort furrendering, the admiral and I re- 
 ceived a deputation from moil of the (juarters of the ifland, de- 
 llri;i<>- likewife to capitulate, M. Ln Touche liavino- refufed them to 
 enter into any terms. On the 7th niltant we agreed upon the ca- 
 pitulations, to which we have every day fome of the other quar- 
 ters ot the ifland acceding. St. Pierre, and the neighbouring quar- 
 ters, are the only ones which hold out, owing tp the prelence of 
 of M. La Touche \ but fliould they not coiuc in, in a day or two, 
 which I am told I may exptdt every hour, [ pur pole moving that 
 way, and tlo not the kail doubt but that 1 fliall fuon reduce 
 them to reafon. 
 
 On the 7th inflant, Vidgeon Ijlaml, one of the defences of this 
 harbour, furrendered by fumnions on the fame terms of the citadel, 
 (cannon excepted.) 
 
 ' Your 
 
 Rear Admiral h 
 
1762. ^he History of the W\r. 48^ 
 
 no longer; and general Monckton, juft as he was 
 ready to cmhark Tor the redu<5lion of St. Pierre, Feb. 12. 
 was fortunately prevented by the arrival of depu- 
 ties 
 
 Your lordlliip may look upon the capitulation for the ifland as 
 fixed, the admiral and myfelf being refolved not to make the lead 
 alteration. The other quarters muft accede to it. 
 
 We hope both the capitulations will receive his majefty's ap- 
 probation, as it has been ourearneft ftudy to obtain, on our part, 
 every advantage to the nation, that could accrue from the con- 
 queftof this ifland. 
 
 The day after th affair of the 27th, learning from one of my 
 
 j parties that M. Nadau Detruily late the French governor of the 
 
 the ifland of Guadnloupe^ was at a houfe about two leagues from 
 
 my quarters, I thought it necefl*ary to fend, and bring him in, 
 
 I and he is now with me a prifoner. I purpofe fending him to 
 
 hance by fome opportunity that may offer hereafter. The French 
 
 troops are all aboard, and will loon fail for France according to 
 
 I the capitulation. 
 
 I have given orders for the repair of the citadel, and for every 
 
 Ineceflary work. The inhabitants, who had all quitted their 
 
 I houfes, and retired to the heights, are now returning to them ; 
 
 andasfoon as I have fixed the inhabitants '»f St. Pierre^ I fliall 
 
 purfue the other parts of his majefty's inftruftions, 
 
 I niuft repeat to your Iprdfliipthe harmony that fubfifls betwecji 
 the fleet and army, and the cordial afliflance we have received 
 from admiral Rodney, in every part of the operations where his 
 aid could be ufeful. 
 
 This will be delivered to your lordfliip by major Gates, one of 
 my aid-de-carnps, who will inform your lofdfliip of any particu- 
 lars you may defire to know. I muft beg leave to recommend him 
 to his majefty's favour, a? a very defetving officer, and who has 
 DOW ferved upwards of twelve years in America with much 
 cref^it. 
 
 / hai'e the honour to be, ^V. 
 
 R. MONCKTON. 
 
 f I 
 
 H 
 
 {• i 
 
 Rear Admiral Rodney^ sjecond Letter to Mr. CJevland. 
 
 Fort Royal Bay, Martinico, February \o, lySz. 
 
 SINCE my letter of the 19th of January, fi nt exprefs by 
 captnin lf^aljifj^ha,m, acquainting their lordfhiijs with my 
 atrival and landing the army at Cafe Navire ; I have the honour 
 
 CLq q t» 
 
 w 
 
490 ^he History of the War. 1*^52 
 
 ties, who came to capitulate for the furrender of that place 
 and of the whole ifland. . 
 
 The furrender of Martinico, which was the feat of the! 
 
 fuperioi 
 
 to congratulate them on the furrender of the mod important ci- 
 tadel of Fort Royaiy and Pidgeon Ifland ; which has given hiJ 
 majefty's forces pofleflion of the nobleft and beft harbour in thefei 
 parts of the Weft Indies. 
 
 The almofl infurmountable difficulties the troops had to ftrug-l 
 gle with, and the furprifing ftrength of ^he coimtry, improved byl 
 all that art could add, will be beft expl' n ed by general Monckton^ 
 But this I muft fay, in juftice to thofe I have the honour to com- 
 mand, that the intrepidity and gallant behaviour of the officers! 
 and troops employed on this expedition, could be equalled onlyl 
 by the eager and chearful aftivity of the officers and feamen ; whoj 
 contributed every thing in their power towards the redu6tion of 
 the place, and made no difficulties in tranfporting numbers of 
 the heaviefl mortars and Ihips cannon, up the (leepefl mountains,! 
 s»t a very confiderable diftance from the fea, and acrofs the enemy'j 
 line of Hre. 
 
 I have the pleafure to acquaint their Iord(hips, that we have! 
 taken, in this port, fourteen of the enemy's beft privateers; and| 
 many more, which are in the other ports of the ifland, will be im- 
 mediately delivered into my hands, agreeable to the capitulation! 
 of the inhabitants: and for all further particulars, I muft referl 
 their lordfhips to captain Darby ^ who is cha(ged with thefe dif-i 
 patches. 
 
 It gives me the fmcereft fatisfaftion, that I can afTure their! 
 lordfhips, the moft perfeft harmony has fubfifted between thenav/| 
 and army, each vying (in the moft friendly manner) which fhouldj 
 ferve his majefty and their country beft. 
 
 General Monckion's third Letter; dated^ St. Peter's^ Martinico,\ 
 
 February 27, 1762. 
 
 My Lord, 
 
 I Had the honour of writing to your Lordfliip the 9th inft. from! 
 Fort Royaly which went by my Aid-de-Camp, Major Grt^f;,! 
 who failed from thence in his Majefty's fhip Nightingale^ onthcj 
 loth inft. a duplicate of that letter I now inclofe. 
 
 Juft when I was about to embark for the redudion of St. Pr/;r's, I 
 two deputies arrived at Fort Royal on the 1 2th inft. offering terms 
 of capitulation for the whole ifland, on the part of M.i>/^/i^rj 
 Delatouche, the Governor-General on the 13th. They received 
 
 the 
 
1762, ^he History of the War." 491 
 
 fuperior government, the principal mart of trade, and the 
 
 j centre of all the French force in the Caribbees, naturally 
 
 drew on the furrender of all the dependent iilands. Gra* 
 
 nada. 
 
 the Admiral's and my anfwers, to their propofals, which they car- 
 
 I [ied to St. Peter'% ; and on the 1 4th returned with the capitulation 
 
 I ligned. In confequence of which, I left Fort Royal on the 1 5th, 
 with the grenadiers of the army, and the 2d brigade; and on the 
 following day tock poffeffion of this large and opulent town, with 
 
 i all the pods in the neighbourhood. The enemy marched out about 
 
 1 320 grenadiers, who are embarked, and will fail immediately for 
 
 Vhance. M. Le VaJJor Delatvuche^ the Governor-General, M. 
 
 \huilley Lieutenant Governor., and the ftafF will fhortly fol- 
 
 llow. 
 Inclofed I fend y^r Lcrdfhip a copy of the capitulation for the 
 
 I illand, which we h^aably hone will meet with his Majefty's ap- 
 probation. Commodore Snvanton is now off the Grenades with a 
 fquadron of men of war ; and 1 propofe fending immediately Brig. 
 Gen. lValfi!> with the 5th brigade, and the corps of light infantry 
 
 I under Lieut. Col. 5fo//,inorder to reduce that'and the other iflands. 
 I have undoubted intelligence, that the number of white men in 
 
 I the Grenades do not exceed 500 ; and in the other iflands not quite 
 
 I fo many. 
 
 I fhould have proceeded upon this fervice myfelf, had I not 
 thought it of more confequence, for his Majefty's fervice, my 
 remaining here at this critical time, when, by what we can learn, 
 a rupture with Sfain may be daily expected ; and here I am alfo 
 
 ! It hand to fettle many material affairs relative to the fecurity of 
 this conqueft. 
 
 Indeed, I have good reafon to believe, that Brig. fTnl/h will 
 meet with very little obftruftion in his operations. However, 
 Ihould he not immediately fucceed, I (hall move that way with a 
 
 [larger force, and make no doubt to compel them to a fpeedy fur- 
 lender. 
 
 It was not my intention to have fent home an exprefs until I 
 could have informed your Lordfliipof the reduction of the other 
 
 [iOands mentioned in his Majefty's inftrudlions. But as 
 
 this ifland is now completely reduced to his Majefty's obedience, I 
 was apprehenfive that a delay, in.fignifying this interefting event, 
 might be attended with fome bad confequences at this critical 
 juncture. I therefore fend this by my Aid-de-Camp, Captain 
 Ricaut, who can inform your Lordfliip of any particulars you may 
 defire to know ; and I beg leave to recommend him to your Lord- 
 fliip's countenance, as a very deferving and good officer. 
 
 Q^q q Z A« 
 
492 T*/;*? History o/ //^^ War. j-^g^j 
 
 nada, a fertile ifland, and poflefled of fome good harbours, 
 was given up without oppofition. St. Lucia, and St. Vin- 
 cent> the right to which had fo long been objefts of con- 
 tention! 
 
 As it was neceflary for his Majefty's fervice, immediately to fill 
 fome civil employments here, I have, accordingly, appointed 
 proper perfons to aft until his Majefty's pleafuie be known. 
 
 Your Lordlhip has, herewith, a return of the artillery, and 
 warlike (lores, found in the town, the Reduity and the other di-j 
 ferent ports. 
 
 / hwue the honour to he ^c. 
 
 ' ROB. MONCKTON. 
 
 Admiral Rodney's third Letter ^ da ted ^ St. Pierre's Road, Marlitiico,] 
 
 February 28, 1762. 
 
 SINCE my difpatches (if the loth inftant, by Capt. Darby, ac- 
 quainting their Lord fliips with the furrender of i^or/ /Joy,// I 
 and the capitulation of thij greateft part of the inhabitants, I ha\ej 
 the additional pleafure to congratulate their Lordfliips on the con- 
 qaeft of the whole ifland of Martinico ; M. Delatouche having | 
 thought proper to fend his brother on board the Marlborough, I 
 with articles of capitulation, jufl in time to fave the town of St. 
 Pierre from deftruftion j a copy of which capitulation I have the 
 honour to inclofe. 
 
 As this great ifland is now entirely fubjefted to his Majefty's 
 obedience, I can only repeat, in this pubh'c manner, my entire 
 appiobation of the conduft of all the officers and feamen of that 
 part of his Majefty's fleet, which I have the honour to command, 
 all having exerted themfelves in their proper ftations, with an or- 
 der and refolution becoming Britifli feamen. 
 
 Immediately on the furrender of St. Pierre's, I difpatched Com- 
 modore Sivanten, with a fquadron of his Majefty's fliips co join 
 thofe already before the ifland of Granada, and block up that 
 port as clofe as poflible : The iflands of St. Fincent and St. Lucia 
 arc Hkewife very clofely blockaded ; and I make not the leall 
 doubt, but that all the Caribhee iflands will, in a very fliort time, 
 be fubjeded to his Majefty, 
 
 On the 4th inftant, Capt. Ourry, of his Majefty's fliip the 
 Adteon, cruizing off Tobago, fell in with and took a large Spanijh 
 regiiter fliip, laden with cannon, powder, fmall arms, and ordi- 
 nance ftorcs, bound to Laquirn. 
 
 ... - , ,. AJmiral 
 
 Admiral Rodney's fc 
 
1762. 'J'he History 0/ 7^^? War. "^ 493 
 
 tention between the two nations, followed its example. The 
 EngUfli were now the fole and undiflurbeu poircfTois of all 
 the Caribbees, and held that chain of innumerable iflands 
 which forms an immenfe bow, extending from the eaflern 
 point of Hifpaniola almofl to the continent of South Ame- 
 rica. And though fome of thefe illands are barren, none 
 of them very large, and not many of them well inhabited, 
 they boaft mc/e trade than falls to the lot of many refpe6t- 
 able kingdoms. 
 
 The time, in which Martinico was reduced, was a cir- 
 cumftance of almofl: as much confequence as the redu6lion 
 itfelf ; for the war againfl Spain having been declared in the 
 beginning of the year, it became advifeable to flrike early 
 fuch an effeftive blow againfl: that nation as might incline 
 them to a fpeedy peace, or might influence the fortune 
 of the whole war, if, contrary to our wi flies, the war 
 fliould continue. It was, on this plan, neceflTary to employ' 
 a very great force, and, of courfe, to call away a very co.n- 
 fiderable part of that which had been employed at Mar- 
 tinico, whilfl: the feafon permitted them to a£t. 
 
 When the Britifli adminiftration determined to trans- 
 fer the war into the Spanifli Wefl: Indies, with great 
 judgment they fixed their eyes at once upon the capital 
 oh]tdi(a)'. and refolved to commence their operations 
 
 ■ . . i where 
 
 i 
 
 I" 
 
 mm 
 
 
 XA 
 
 Admiral Rodney s fourth Letter ^ dated, St. PkrrtsRoad, Martin -cj^ 
 
 March i, 1762. 
 
 I 
 
 Have this moment received an exprefs from Captain Hert'ry, 
 that the ifland of St. Lucia is furrcndered at difcietion. 
 
 (a) As the merit of proje&ing this expedition has hccn <variouJly 
 related, the follonuing particulars may not be improperly qimen here. 
 
 Admiral KnonvUs on his return fromjamaica in \ 7 56, tooh an 
 
 ipportunity of<vifttinjr the Ha=uiinna, andinfpediug its fortifications^ 
 of ivhich he made plans , and other material ohfcr-vations ; tbe'c at 
 the requcfl of the duke of Cumberland, ivire laid before hi;n for his 
 itjfpcflion, ivho knouoing the merit of the admiral as an engineery 
 confulted him on the mojl probable means of putting them into executi- 
 on J thefe his royal highnefs formed into a regular plan for execu- 
 tion, tvhich hefent to the minijfry, ivbo held them under conft dera- 
 tion for fom<: time} ho'we'ver^ this plan tvas dij approved of by lord 
 
 Anfony 
 
494 ^^^ History of the War. \^^z. 
 
 where others of lefs ability would have chofen to conclude 
 them. In an attack upon fubordinate places, the conqueft 
 would not have been much more certain ; when obtained 
 it would be far from decifive ; and a failure would have 
 been fatal, as it would include a lofs of reputation. The 
 failure of a>i armament in a fubordinate attack is a bad pre- 
 parative for a greater attempt. The plan, therefore, of the 
 war of 1 740 in the Spanifli Indies, in which we began 
 with Porto Bello, and fo proceeded to Carthagena, &c. 
 was mean, becaufe the fuccefs in one of thefe attempts 
 did nothing towards infuring fuccefs in the other; and if 
 we had fucceedcd in both attempts, our advantage would 
 have had but little influence on a third. But the plain of 
 the war, juft now concluded, was great and jurt:; becaufe 
 we began with the Havannah, in which the whole trade 
 and navigation of the Spaniih Weft Indies center, and 
 without which it cannot be carried on. If we fhould ac- 
 quiefce in this conqueft, this conqueft alone would ahnoft 
 have finiftied the war ; becaufe it wouid have utterly in-, 
 terccpted the enemy's refources. If we chofe to' purfue our 
 advantage, it expofed the whole Spanifh America. 
 
 Anfotiy tbenfirjl lord of the Admiralty, ivho formed another, tjohich 
 nvas carried into execution ; hut as his royal highnefs hud lery 
 early interefied himfelf in the expedition^ the appointing of a com- 
 mander of the land force 'was left to him^ ivhich naturally fell on 
 the earl of Albemarle ^ ivhom he had in a manner tutored from 
 his earlieji years. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
l7^2. 
 
 'The History of the War. 
 
 CHAP. VHI. 
 
 495 
 
 Commanders in the expedition againji the Havannab. Fleet 
 faih from Portfmoutb. Pajfage through the old freights 
 of Bahama. Town and harbour of the Havannah defcribed. 
 Troops land, Difpofttion of the troops. Siege of Fort Mo- 
 ro. Captain Harvey cannonades the Moro. Englijb batte- 
 ry fired. Dijirefs of the Englijb forces. Succvurs arrive 
 from North America. Afally. The fort formed. Ope- 
 rations againf the town. The Havannah furrenders. Ad- 
 vantages of this acquifttion, 
 
 IT being determined to commence with this enterprize, 
 fuch commanders were to be chofen, as could be fafely 
 intruded with the conduct of an undertaking fo weighty, 
 and on the fuccefs of which fo much depended. Lord Al- 
 bemarle, the friend and difciple of the duke of Cumberland, 
 commanded the land forces. Admiral Pococke, who having 
 contributed by his valour towards that fovereignty which 
 his country had ob<;ained in the Elaft Indies, was now chofen 
 to extend its empire and its honour in the Weft. 
 
 They failed from Portfmouth on the 5th of March, the 
 day on which the Grenades were furrendered. A fleet had 
 failed from Martinico under the command of that fpirited 
 and intelligent officer, Sir James Douglas, in order to rein- 
 force them. The fquadrons verv happily met, without de- 
 lay or difperfion, at Cape Nichola, the north-weil point of 
 Hifpaniola, on the 27th of May. After this junction, the 
 armament amounted to nineteen Ihips of the line ; eighteen 
 fmall veflels of war ; and near one hundred and fifty tran- 
 fports, which conveyed about ten thoufand land forces. A 
 fapply of four thoufand had been ordered from New York, 
 and was expe6J:ed to join them very near as early as they 
 could be fuppofed able to commence their operations. 
 
 There were two choices before the admiral for hiscourfe 
 to the Havannah. The firft and moft obvious was the com- 
 mon way, to keep to the fouth of Cuba, and fall into the 
 track of the galleons. But this, though by much the fafeft, 
 would prove by far the moft tedious paflage ; and delays, 
 above all things, were to be avoided, as the fuccefs of the 
 whole enterprize would probably depend upon its being in 
 forwardnw'fs before the hurricane feafon came on. He there- 
 fore 
 
 
 •', ! 
 
 ^ 
 
 H • 
 
 
 \W 
 
49^ y^^'^ History of the War. \^^^ 
 
 fore rcTolvctI to run along the northern (hore of that ifland, 
 piirfiiing hi:; cargcr from call: to wcfl: through a narrow paf- 
 fagc, not lefs than fevcn hund-'cd miles in length, called the 
 old freights of Bahama. 
 
 This palTage, through almo. vhc whole of Its extent, is 
 bounded on the right and left by the moft dangerous fands 
 and flioals, which render the navigation fo hazardous, that 
 it has ufually been avoided by finglc and fmall vefTcls. 
 There was no pilot in the fleet whofe experience could be 
 depended on to condu6t them fafely through it. The ad- 
 miral, however, determined on this paflage ; and being pro- 
 vided with a good chart of lord Anfon's, he rcfolved to truft 
 to his own fagacity, conduct, and vigilance, to carry fafely 
 through thofe ftreights a fleet of near two hundred fail. So 
 bold an attempt had never been made ; but every precaution 
 was taken to guard this boldnefs from the imputation of te- 
 merity. A velTel was fcnt to reconnoitre the paflage, and, 
 when returned, was ordered to take the- lead ; fome frigates 
 followed ; floops and boats were ftationed on the right and 
 left on the fhallows, with v^ell adapted fignals both for the 
 day and the night. The fleet moved in feven divifions. 
 And being favoured with pleafant weather, and fecured by 
 the admirable difpofition* which were made, they, without 
 the fmalleft Icfs or interruption, got clear thro' this perilous 
 paflage on the 5th of June, having entered it on the 27th 
 cf IVlay. 
 
 The Havannah, the objeft of their long voyage, and of 
 fo many anxious hopes and fears, was now before them. 
 This place is not denominated the capital of Cuba ; St. T'l^Oj 
 fituatcd at the fouth-caft part of the ifland, has that title: 
 but the Havannah, though the fecond in rank, is the firfl in 
 wealth, fizc, and importance. The harbour, upon which it 
 {lands, is, in every refpeft, one of the befl: in the Weft In- 
 dies, and perhaps in the world. It is entered by a narrow 
 paflTage, upwards of half a mile in length, which afterwards 
 expands into a large bafon, forming three culde facs\ (a) 
 and is fufficient, in extent and depth, to contain a thoufand 
 fall of the largefl: fliips, having almoft throughout fix fathom 
 water, and being perfectly covered from every wind. In 
 this bay the rich fleets from the fcveral parts of the Spanifli 
 
 -T- V ,.....:,; ,, . , . , Well 
 
 (a) Deep Bays. 
 
11)62. '^le History of the War. 457 
 
 jWeft Indies, called the Galleons and the Flota, afTemble, 
 jtefore they finally fet out on their voyage for Europe. 
 
 I'his circumftance has rendered the Havannah one of 
 Jihe mod opulent, flourifhing, and populous cities in this 
 *j)art of the world^ Great care was taken to fortify and fe- 
 |[ure a place, which, by being the center of fo rich a com- 
 jsierce, would naturally become the faireft mark for the at- 
 lempts of an enemy. The narrow entrance into this har- 
 jbour is fecured on one fide by a very flrong fort, called the 
 |\Ioro, (C) built upon a projecting point of land : on the 
 
 other, it is defended by a fort called the Puntal, (D) which 
 lioins the town. The town itfejf, which is fituated to the 
 
 neftward of the entrance of the harbour, and oppofite to 
 line Mo ro fort, is furrounded by a good rampart, (A A) 
 Ifianked with baftions, and covered with a ditch. 
 The Sparuards, who had been for fome time preparing 
 
 ir war, had formed a confiderable navy in the Weft Indies : 
 Itliis fleet, (q) which was near twenty fail, moftly of the line. 
 Iky at tliis time in the bafonof the Havannah ; but they had 
 Lt, when our armament appeared before the port, received, 
 lit feems, any authentic account from their court concerning 
 lihe commencement of hoftilities between the two nations. 
 
 Whether the Spaniards were rendered inaftive by the 
 Iffant of inftruclions, whether all their fhips were not in 
 [lighting condition, o,r whatever elfe was the caufe, this 
 
 ' ;t lay quiet in the harbour. If fome of the above rea- 
 Ifons did not oppofe, it may be very rationally fuppofed, 
 jihat their beft part would have been to come out, and fight 
 lour fquadron. They were not very far from an equality ; 
 land though the iflue of a battle might have proved unfa- 
 Irourable to them, yet a battle tolerably maintained would 
 Ihave much difabled our armament, and perhaps have been 
 la means of preventing the fuccefs of the whole enterprize, 
 iThe lofs of their fleet in this way might poflTibly have faved 
 Itheclty ; but, the city, once taken, nothing could poflibly 
 Ifave the fleet. It is true, they much trufted, and not wholly 
 jwithout reafon, to the ftrength of the place, and to thofe 
 laftonifliing diflSculties which attend any military operation, 
 
 that is drawn out to length in t' 3 unhealthy climate. In 
 
 other refpefts, they were very far from being deficient in 
 
 proper meafures for their defence. They made a ftrong 
 jhoom (p) acrofs the mouth of the harbour ; and alraoft the 
 
 R r r only 
 
 '. -'ni 
 
49^ fhe History of the War. 1762. 1 
 
 only ufe they made of their (hipping, in the defence of the] 
 place, was to fink three of them (n) hehind this bocm. 
 
 When all things were in readinefs for landing, the admi 
 ral, with a great part of the fleet, bore away to the weft-j 
 ward, (s) in order to draw the enemy's attention from thel 
 true objeO:, and made a feint, as if he intended to land un-j 
 on that fide"; while commodore Keppel and captain Har-| 
 vey, commanding a detachment of the fquadron, approach- 
 ed the fliore to the eaftward (t) of the harbour^ 
 June 7. and efFe6:ed a landing there in the utmofl: order,! 
 _ , ' ' without any oppofition, having previoufly filencedj 
 a rniall fort, (F) which might have given fome diftur- 
 bance. 
 
 The principal body of the army was deftined to a61: uponl 
 this fide. It was divided into two corps ; one of which wasj 
 advanced a confiderable way in the country, towards thel 
 fouth-eafl: of the harbour, in order to cover the fiege, andl 
 to fecure our parties employed in watering and procuringl 
 provifions. This corps was commanded by general Elliot. 
 The other was immediately occupied in the attack on Fort I 
 Moro, (w) to the redu£lion of which the efforts of the En- 
 glifli were principally dire6ted, as the Moro commandedj 
 the town, and the entrance of the harbour. This attackj 
 was conduced by general Keppel. To make a diverfion inl 
 favour of this grand operation, a detachment, under colonel] 
 How, was encamped to the weftward of the town. This! 
 body cut off the communication between the town and thel 
 country, and kept the enemy's attention divided. Such was! 
 the difpofition, and it was impofllble to make a better, ofj 
 the land forces during the whole fiege. (a) 
 
 Thei 
 
 (a) Explanation of the Plan of the fiege of the Havannah,| 
 drawn by an officer on the fpot, Auguji 1 5, 1762. 
 
 A A Extent of the nuall. ^ ' 
 
 B T^he Land Gate. 
 
 C Moor Cajile. r'; vsM' 
 
 D Puntal Fort. ■•'ifi ii.i . 
 
 E The Fort, orGo'verner^s Hou/e. 
 
 F Fort Cojimar. . . ,,, 
 
 G Fort Chorera. 
 
 H The Cajile of Bocanoa. 
 
 References /oMfPLAN. 
 a IV he re his majejiy^s troops fit f.\ 
 
 landed^ June 7, 1762. 
 b The march of the army inime-\ 
 
 diately after landing. 
 C His majejiys fljip Dragon\ 
 
 againji Cojimar. 
 d Where the army j\rfl encamfei I 
 
 e Whert\ 
 
The 
 
 'LAN. 
 
 psjirjl] 
 
 Dragoni 
 
 """'"« """:'■'"""""" Z«m 
 
 V 
 
 'Mf ' 
 
 '^■. . 
 
 ■l 
 
■7^W- 
 
 mat 
 
 APlan of the SiEGBbftlie Havana 
 
 DrawRla»)ran OFPICEK. .l^^^Augufl 176*4 
 
 Ar^^ 
 
1762. The I 
 
 The hardfhips ^ 
 rying on the fiege 
 the earth was evei 
 difficulty they cov 
 There was. no fpr 
 to bring water fro 
 fcanty was this fu[ 
 courfe to water frt 
 were to be cut thrc 
 dragged for a vaft 
 dropped down de? 
 fuch was the rerd 
 perfefl unanimity 
 fea fervices, that i 
 a moment the op( 
 and well defended 
 difficulties, raifed s 
 which this fort fta 
 deeper into the hi 
 molefting our appr 
 
 The enemy's fi 
 long time pretty n 
 with great viva'^it 
 tort communicated 
 
 * 
 
 e IVhere the cannon 
 
 •were landed. 
 f The batteries again 
 g 7he Dragon, Camt 
 
 Marlborough, agai 
 
 ro. 
 h The bombs againjl 
 i His mnjejlys jhi^ 
 
 ogainjl Chorera foi 
 k The batteries on th 
 
 ogainjl the Punt a I 
 1 The batteries on the 
 
 hill. 
 m The hotrtzers again 
 
 ping. 
 n The Neptune of yc 
 
 64, and Europa oj 
 
1762. T'i'^ History o///;^ War. 499 
 
 The hardftiips which the Englifharmy fuftained, in car- 
 rying on the fiege of the Moro, are almoft inexpreflible : 
 the earth was every where fo thin, that it was with great 
 difficulty they could cover themfelves in their approaches. 
 There was. no fpring or river near them ; it was ncceflary 
 to bring water from a great diftance ; and fo precarious and 
 fcanty was this fupply, that they were obliged to have re- 
 courfe to water from the (hips. Roads for communication 
 were to be cut through thick woods ; the artillery was to be 
 dragged for a vaft way over a rough rocky fhore. Several 
 dropped down dead with heat, thirft, and fatigue. But 
 fuch was the refolution of our people, fuch the happy and 
 perfe6l unanimity which fuMifled between the land and the 
 fea fervices, that no difficulties, no hardfliips, flackened for 
 a moment the operations againft this important, ftrong, 
 and well defended place. Batteries were, in fpite of all 
 difficulties, raifed againil the Moro, and along the hill upon 
 which this fort (lands, in order to drive the enemy's rtiips 
 deeper into the harbour, and thus to prevent them from 
 molefting our approaches. 
 
 The enemy's fire, and that of the befiegers, was for a 
 long time pretty near on an equality, and it was kept up 
 with great viva'^ity on both fides. The Spaniards in the 
 tort communicated with the town, from which they were 
 
 R r r 2 recruited 
 
 '■}'■' '' 
 
 '.t 1 I- ' .1 
 
 e Where the cannon and ftores 
 
 'were landed. 
 f The batteries againft the Moro. 
 g The Dragon^ Cambridge, and 
 
 Marlborough, againft the Mo- 
 ro. 
 h The bombs againft the Puntal. 
 i His majeftys jhip Belleifte 
 
 offainft Chorera fort, 
 k The batteries on the nueft-ftde 
 
 againft the Puntal. 
 i The batteries on the Ca'vannes 
 
 hill. 
 Ill The hoetzers againft theftjifi- 
 
 ping. 
 a The Neptune of 70, /Ifta of 
 
 64, and Europa of 60 guns^ 
 
 funk at the entrance vf the 
 
 harbour. 
 o One Company* s Ihip over fet . 
 p' The chain and bomb. 
 q The 8 panift} Admiral and fleet. 
 X Tiuofhips on the flocks. 
 s Sir George Pocock, ivith the 
 
 men of ivar and tranjports . 
 t Commodore Kef pel, -with the 
 
 men ofnuar and tyanfports. 
 u Camp at the nvater-milli. 
 w The befleging camps. 
 X Fortified boufes. 
 y Hend ijuarfurs. 
 7. A merchant fl)ip ftrutk ivith 
 
 lightning, •njhich blew up. 
 
 
 y ■ 
 
500 The History of the War. lyg^ 
 
 recruited and fupplied ; they did not rely foleh 
 June 29. on their works ; they made a fally with fufficientl 
 refolulion, and a confiderable force, hut with lit-1 
 tie fuccefs. They were obliged to retire, with a lofs of| 
 two or three hundred men left dead on the fpot. 
 
 Whilfl: thefe works were thus vigoroufly pufhed oni 
 fhore, the navy, not contented with the great affiftancc' 
 which they had before lent to every part of the land fervice, j 
 refolved to try fomething further, and which was more di- 
 reftly within their own province, towards the reduciion of 
 the Moro. Accordingly, the day the batteries on (here 
 were opened, three of their grcatefl: fhips, (g) the Dragon, 
 the Cambridge, and the Marlborough, under the conduft 
 
 of capt. Harvey, laid their broadfides againfl: the! 
 July I. fort, and began a terrible fire, which was returned 
 
 with great obflinacy. This firing, one of the warm- 
 eft ever fcen, continued for feven hours without interni;f-i 
 fion. But in this cannonade the Moro, which was fituated 
 upon a very high and fteep rock, had great advantages over 
 the fhips, and was proof againft all their efforts. Befides, 
 the fire from the oppofite fort of Puntal, and the batteries 
 of the town, galled them extremely. (Infomuch that, in or- 
 der to fave the fliips from abfolute deftrn6tion, they were 
 obliged at length, tho' unwilling, to bring them all off. 
 Even this retreat was not effeftcd without difficulty, as the 
 fhips were very much fliattered in this long and unequal 
 conteft. They had one hundred and fifty men killed and 
 wounded ; and one of the captains, captain Gooftrey of the 
 Marlborough, a brave and experienced officer, was aifo 
 killed. The captains Harvey and Burnett gained, with bet- 
 ter fortune, an equal honour, by thfeir firm and intrepid be- 
 haviour throughout the whole operation. 
 
 This bold attempt, though it had very little cffc^l upon 
 the works on that fide cf the fort which the ffiips attacked, 
 was neverthelefs of confiderable fervice. The enemy's at- 
 tention being diverted to that fide, the other was a good 
 deal negle6ted : our fire was poured in the mean time with 
 redoubled fury from the batteries; it became much fiiperi- 
 or to that of the enemy, and did no fmall damage to their 
 works. But the moment the Sp.iniards were rcleafed from 
 their attention to our men of war, "^thcy returned again to 
 the eaftward face of the fort : their defence was revived 
 with as <nuch vigour as before j on both fides a ccMillant un- 
 remitted 
 
1762. The History of the War. 501 
 
 remitted fire wa's kept up, with a fierce emulation, for fevc- 
 ral days. It now became evident, that the redu6tion of 
 this fortrefs was to be a work of time. Never, from the 
 beginning of the war, had the Knglifli valour been fo well 
 matched. Here was at length an adverfary worthy of our 
 arms, and our whole military Ikill and fpirit was put to the 
 fevercft trial. 
 
 In the midft of this fliarp and doubtful contention, the 
 capital battery againft the fort unfortunately took 
 fire ; and being chiefly conftruftcd of timber and July 3. 
 fafcines dried by the intenfe heats and continual 
 cannonade, the flames foon got a-head, and became too 
 powerful for oppofition. The battery w^.g almoft wholly 
 confumed. The labour of fix hundred men, for fcven- 
 teen days, was dcftroyed in a moment '; and all was to be- 
 gin anew. 
 
 This was a mortifying firoke. It was felt the more fcr- 
 verely, becaufe the other hardfliip. of the ficf^e were be- 
 come by this time almoll infupportahlc. 7'hc ficknefs, 
 fomething of which the troops h:id brought with them from 
 Martinico, and which increakd infinitely in this unwhote- 
 fome country and rigorous fcrvicc, h;id reduced the army 
 to half its number, at the fimc lime that it doubled the fa- 
 tigue of thofe few who ftill prcicrved fome remains of 
 ftrength. I'lve thoufiind foldicrs were at one time down 
 in various difiempers ; no lels than three thoufand of the 
 feamen were in the fame miferal^le condition. A total want 
 of good provifions cxafperated the difcafe, and retarded the 
 recovery. The deficiency of water was of all their grievan- 
 ces the greateft, and extremely aggravated all the refl of 
 their fufferlngs. The procuring from a diftante this v. retch- 
 ed fupply, fo unequal to their wants, exhaullcd all their 
 force. Befides, as the feafon atlvanced, the prol'pect ol fuc- 
 ceeding grew fainter. The hearts of the nioil fanguine 
 funk within them, uhilfi they beheld this gallant army 
 wafilngaway by difeafcs ; and they could not avoid trem- 
 bling for that noble fleet, v. hicii had rid fo long on an open 
 fliore,aiid which inuft. to all a]>pearance, be expofed to in- 
 evitable ruin, if the hurricane fealbn Ihould come on before 
 the reduction of the place. A tliouland languilhing and 
 impatient looks were cad out for the reintorcemcnt from 
 N(.rth y\merica. None howk-ver as yul .ippcue-d ; and t!ie 
 exhaul.k'd army wjis left to its own enJcavouis. Many fell 
 
 initf 
 
 >;i 
 
 H 
 
 i 
 
am* 
 
 502 ^f-><: History of the War. 1^6^ 
 
 into dcfpair, and died, overcome with fatigue, anguilh 
 difappointment. 
 
 But in the midd of thefe cruel delays and diftrefTes, the 
 ftcadinefs of the commanders infufed life and a6tivity into 
 their troops, and roufed them to incredible exertions. The 
 rich pri/.e, which was before them; the fhame of returnin'^ 
 home baffled ; and even the flrenuous refinance which was 
 made by the enemy ; all thefe motives called loudly on their 
 intcrcft, their honour, and their pride, and obliged them to 
 the exertion of every nerve. Nobody could imagine that 
 it was this reduced and flender army, by which thefe afto- 
 nifliing efforts were made, and this extenfive fphere of duty 
 fo perfectly filled. New batteries arofc in the place of the 
 
 old ; the fire foon became equal, and then fupe- 
 July 20. rior to that of the enemy. They by degrees fi- 
 
 Icnced the cannon of the fort, beat to pieces all the 
 upper works, and made at lcnn;th a lodgment in the covered 
 way. Their hopes were now become more lively. Sonic 
 ^ . days before tliey had gained this grand advantage, 
 
 July 1 2. jjjg Jamaica fleet appeared in its paflage to Europe, 
 with fevcral conveniencies for the ficge. Not many days 
 ^ . p after this they received a confiderable part of the 
 J" y ^ • New York reinforcement. Some of the tranfporfs 
 in their pa'^age thro' the oil Bahama Strciglus were loil, 
 but the men were {\\itd< on the adjacent iflands. 
 
 Thefe favourable events infufed double life into their ope- 
 rations, in this advanced ftate of the fiege ; but a new and 
 grand difficulty appeared, jufl: at the feeming accomplifh- 
 ment of their work. An imrnenfe ditch yawned before 
 them, for the greater part cut in the folid rock, eighty feet 
 deep, and forty feet wide. To fill it up by any means appeared 
 impoflible. Difficult as the work of mining was in thofe cir- 
 cumftancesjit wasthe only expedient. It might have been an 
 impracticable one, if fortunately a thin ridge of rock had not 
 been left, in order to cover the ditch towards the fca. On this 
 , . narrow ridge, the miners wholly uncovered, but 
 
 July 20. ^^j^j^ ^^,j.y jj^.^|^ j^^|-^^ pafled the ditch, and foon 
 
 buried themfelves in the wall. 
 
 It now became vifible to the governor of the Ilavannah, 
 that the fort mufl: be fpee>lily reduced if left to its own 
 ftrength. At all events fomething mud be done in this ex- 
 igence 
 
1762. The History of the War. 503 
 
 igence for its immediate relief. Accordingly be- 
 fore break of day a body of twelve hurdred men, July 22. 
 moftlycompofedof the country militia, Mulattoes 
 and Negroes, were tranfported acrofs the harbour, climbed 
 the hills, and made three attacks upon our pofts. But the 
 ordinary guards, though furprifed, defended themfelves fo 
 refolutely, that the Spaniards made little impreflion, and 
 were not able to ruin any part of the approaches. The 
 ports attacked were fpeedily reinforced, and the enemy, 
 who were little better than a diforderly rabble, and not con- 
 dudilcd by proper officers, fell into terror and confufion. 
 They were driven precipitately down the hill with great 
 flaughter ; fome gained their boats, others were drowned, 
 and they loft in this well imagined, but ill executed fally, 
 upwards of four hundred men. 
 
 This was thelaft effort for the relief of the Moro ; which, 
 abandoned as it was by the city, and while an enemy was 
 undermining its walls, held out with a fullen refolution, 
 and made no fort of propofal to capitulate. The 
 mines at length didthei*- bufmefs. A part of the July 30. 
 wall was blown up, and fell into the ditch; leaving 
 a breach, which tho' very narrow and difficult, the general 
 and engineer judged practicable. The En^lifh troops, who 
 were commanded on this moft dangerous of all fcrvices, re- 
 joiced that it was to be the end of labours much more 
 grievous to them. They mounted the breach, entered the 
 fort, and formed themfelves with fo much celerity, and 
 with fuch a fpiritcd coolncfs of refolution, that the enemy, 
 who were drawn up to receive them, and who might have 
 made the aflault an affair of p^reat bloodlhed, aftoniftied at 
 their countenance, fled on all hands. About four hundred 
 were (laughtered on the fpot, or ran to the water where 
 they periftied. Four hundred more threw down their arms, 
 and obtained quarter. The fecond in comm:uid, the mar- 
 quis de Gonfales, fell whilft he was makinr; brave, but in- 
 effeftual efforts to animate and rally his people. Don Lewis 
 de Velafco, the governor, who had hitherto defended the 
 fort with fuch obftinate bravery, feemed relolved in this 
 extremity to fhare the fame fate with it. He collc6lcd an 
 hundred men in an entrenchment he had made round his 
 colours. But feeing that all his cDmpanions were fled from 
 him, or flaughtered about I'.im, dildaining to retire «>r call 
 for quarter, he received a mortal wounri, and fell, offering 
 
 
 i'f 
 
 vi ^^K 
 
 ■i 
 
504 The Hi^TOKY of the Wkk. 1^52. 
 
 his fword to his conquerors. The Engiifh wept with pity 
 and admiration over that untortnnate valour, which had oc- 
 calioned them To many toilfome hours, and coft them fo 
 many Uves. 
 
 Thus the Moro came into our pofleflion after a' vigorous 
 ilruggle, forty-four days from the time the firfl operations 
 had been begun ugainlt it. No time was loll to profit of 
 this great advantage, notwithflanding that the ficknefs ilill 
 raged hke a peftilencc, and that many new and great works 
 were to be undertaken. Not only the fire of the fort was 
 turned againfl rhe town, but a Hne of batteries (1) was erect- 
 ed along the hill of the Cavannos, on the extremity of which 
 the fort fl^rnds. By thefe batteries, which mounted three 
 and '"^rty pieces of cannon, and twelve mortars, almoft the 
 whc ' . ..'(I 1 fide of the cit ^ was commanded from one end 
 to th.. i^htv. '^reparations for an attack were alfo made, 
 and batteries c; ■ .3ted to the wellward of the town, which on 
 
 that fide had hitherto been only w?4tched. Some 
 Aug. 2. time before a part of the fecond.divifion of the 
 
 troops from North America had Tirrived. A part 
 had been taken by a fquadron of French men of war ; but 
 thofe who efcaped, came very feafonably, and were of fig- 
 nal fervice. 
 
 When thofe preparations were perfefkly ready 
 Aug. 10. to takeefFed, lord Albemarle by a mefTage repre- 
 
 fented to the governor the irrefiftible force of the 
 attack, which he was ready to make upon the town, but 
 which, in order to avoid unneceflary effufion of blood, he 
 was willing to fufpend, that the Spaniards might have lei- 
 fure to capitulate. The governor in a refolute, but civil 
 manner returned, that he would defend the place committed 
 to him to the laft extremity, and began inftantly to fire. 
 
 To convince the governor that the menaces employed 
 were not an empty boaft, lord Albemarle the very next 
 morning ordered a general fire from the batteries, which 
 was poured from all fides, with fuch continued and irrefifti- 
 ble fury, that in fix hours almofl: all the enemy's guns were 
 fdenced. To the inexpreflible joy of the fleet and army, 
 flags of truce appeared from every quarter of the town. A 
 capitulation enfued, in which the eftablifhed religion, the 
 former laws, and private property were fecured to the inha- 
 bitants. 'I'he garrifcn, which was reduced to about feven 
 hundred men had the honours of war, and were to be con- 
 veyed 
 
1762. TJbe History of the Wak. 505 
 
 veyed to Spain. A diftri61. of an hundred anc! eighty miles 
 weftward of the Havannah was yielded niong with theiown. 
 The Spaniards flruggled a long time to lave the men of war; 
 but this wat; a ciii)Ital point, and uliolly imdmiflibltw rh< y 
 ulibmadc fom*" attempts to have the harbour declared neu- 
 tral during the war ; but this was no lef'' efTential to the 
 completencfs of ihe conrjiieft, and was fteadily refufed. 
 After two days altercation, tliev gave up thefe points, and 
 the B'nglifh troops were put in poirefTi in of the Havannah 
 on the 14th of Auguft, when they had been before it two 
 months and eight days. 
 
 Although we have not purfued in exa£l order all the de- 
 tail of the more minute operations of this memorable fiege, 
 we have dwelt on it a longer time, than we have on our 
 plan generally allowed to fuch tranfa£tions ; becaufe it was, 
 without queuion, in itfelf the mod confiderable, and in its 
 confequences the mod d.icifive conqueft we have made fmce 
 the beginning of the war ; and becaufe in no operation - :re 
 the courage, fteadinefs, and perfeverance of the Bti:ifi^ 
 troops, gnd the conduft of their leaders more confpi' lous 
 The acqnifition of this place unitedMn itfelf all the advan- 
 tages which can be acquired in war. It was a military ad- 
 vantage of the higheft clafs ; it was equal to the greateft 
 naval viftory, by its efFe6l on the enemy's marine and in 
 the plunder it equaled the produce of a national fubfidy. 
 Nine fail of the enemy's (hips of the line, fome of the fineft 
 veflfels in the world, were taken, with four frigates. Three 
 of their capital (hips liad been, as already mentioned,, funk 
 by themfelves at the beginning of the fiege ; two more were 
 in forwardnefs oti the (locks, and thefe were deftroyed by 
 the Englifli. The enemy, on this occafion, loft a whole 
 fleet. In ready money, in the tobacco collcfted at the H'^- 
 vannah on account of the king of Spain, and m other valu* 
 able merchandizes, the plunder did pot perhaps fall fliort oi' 
 three millions fterling^tf^. 
 
 . , I If ,;.,,. Spain 
 
 (a) Letter from the Earl of Albemarle to the Earl of Egreinontj 
 iiated head quarters near the Havannah ^ Augufl ai, 1762. 
 
 I 
 
 My Lord, 
 HAVE the honour of informing your Lordfliip, that the town 
 of the Havannah^ with all its dependencies, and the men of war 
 
 S f f io 
 
 {i 
 
 ! , 
 
5o6 '77r History of the War. \")^^. 
 
 •Spain now began very fenlibly to feel the inconveniencies 
 and miltrics Ihe had voluntarily drawn on herfelf, by enter- 
 ing into a war lo fatal to her. No fooncr had the nows of 
 / ' , •• • thu 
 
 1762. 7^ 
 
 this important ci 
 dcjctlion appcart 
 towering hopes th 
 
 in the harbour, furrcndered to his majefty's arms by capitulation 
 on the 1 3th inilaiit. 
 
 Inclofcd is a copy of the capitulation, various returns, and tke 
 chief engineer's continuation of the journal of the fiege ot the 
 Mora fort, which was taken by ftoriu on the 30th of lait month, 
 fo much to the honour und credit of his majcily's troops, and to 
 major general Kt-ppcl^ who connnanded the attack, that I flioiild 
 do them injuftice if i diil not mention them in a particular man- 
 ner to your lordfhip. Our mines were fprung about one o'clock, 
 and a breach maiie jull pratticnbie for a file of men in front. The 
 enemy was drawn up on the top of it, in force, with a feeming de- 
 toruunation to liefend it : The attack was fo vigorous and impetu- 
 ous, that the enemy was inltantaneoully drove from the breach, 
 and his majeUy's llandard planted upon the bailion. 
 
 I did not lend u particular exprcls with this good nev^s to your 
 lordfliip, becaufe I Haittred myfelf, that what has happened would 
 foon be the confcquence of our fucccfs at Fort Moro. 
 , On the 1 1 th in the morning, by a fignal from the fort, we 
 opened our batteries again!!: the town, and Punta fort: The gun; 
 'and mortars were i"o well fcrved by the artillery and failors, and 
 their cffed fo great, that in lefs than fix hours all the guns in the 
 fort and north ballion were fdenced. The governor hung out the 
 white flag, and heat a parley ; und at the fame time fent out an 
 otticer to propofe a celfation of arms for twenty-four hours in order 
 to prepare the articles of capitulation. 
 
 I fent on board the Namur to the Admiral, to inform him of 
 the governor's propofals. 
 
 Sir George Focock immediately came to my quarters, and we 
 
 .agreed to a fufpenfion of hollilities to the 13th at twelve o'clock. 
 
 I lummoned the governor on the loth. His anfwer was very 
 
 civil and proper ; at the fame time faid he would defend his town 
 
 to the laft extremity. 
 
 The difHculties the otVicersand foldiers have met with, and the 
 fatigues they have fo chearfully and refolutcly gone through (ince 
 the army tirll huuled on this illand, arc not to bedefcribed. They 
 deferve from me tlie greatell commendations ; and I nuift intreat 
 your lordlhip to take the lirfl: opportunity of informing his majefty 
 how mucli i think niylelf obliged to lieut. general Elliot^ and the 
 reft of the general oriicerg under my command ; to every officer 
 and folUier in the anuy i and to the uiHcers and failors of his ma- 
 
 jcfty's fleet, for the 2 
 the fervice, and for 
 Happy we fliall all 
 majefty's approbatii 
 
 Sir George Pocock 
 felves in a nioft p 
 that there never v 
 hardjony anil /cal 
 fiiccefs of it. 
 
 Calptaln Nugent, 
 "of delivering you r 
 pftTticulars you arc 
 attive.and prefent 
 iTip 'landing of the 
 letbifniiiend him to 
 (istk-He!? with hfm th 
 
 Colonel Carleton 
 the army, had th( 
 Jut^y 'm\Qn the'eiii 
 >Vay of doing well. 
 
 i think it but jul 
 Camp, to fay, that 
 thought it would b 
 jktyi^.hj one of his 
 
 .•i liaslxj' .iHt>-j t. 
 
 • iriT.o lij'tt8''-r'5 Ij!:s 
 
 letter from Sir Ge( 
 River, near 
 
 SIR, 
 
 ! i 
 
 IDedre you wfl 
 greateft pleafui 
 of his majefty's am 
 dependencies. 
 
 The Moro fort ' 
 afttr a fi^g* of tv 
 iX)ft iibove a thoufi 
 
1762. The History of the W\R. 507 
 
 this important capture reached Madrit!, than an nnivcrfal 
 dcjetiion appeared in every countenance, and the hifi;h- 
 towering hopes they had foniTcd at the l)eginuing ot the war 
 
 . ; /a. <i;i "Ji*: : jtT > • entirely 
 
 jcfty's fleet, for thiff zealous manner with which they have carried on 
 the lervice, and for the great afhilancc I have received from them. 
 Happy we fhall all think ourftlves, If our conduQ meets with his 
 niajeliy's approhation. 
 
 Sir George Pocoik and commodore Keppel have exerted thcm- 
 feives fn a mofl; particular manner : And I may venture to (ay, 
 that there never was a joint undertaking carried on with more 
 hiiriiiony and zeal on both htles, which greatly contributed to the 
 fuccefs of it. 
 
 Ca;ptaln Nugent, one of my Aid-dc-Camps, who has the honour 
 "of delivering you my dilpatckes, can inform your lordfliip of any 
 plirticulars you arc pleafed to learn from him. He has Ijcen very 
 attive, and prefent at every material affair that has happened fmce 
 ihpiaiiding of the troopS;. I luuft beg through your lordfliip to 
 tetbirnrtienu him to his maJQlly ai a very deftrving young man. He 
 cai"HcS with him the Spanijf) enflgn taken at the Mora. 
 
 Colonel Carletotiy who has afted as brigadier fmce lord Rrjilo left 
 the army, had the misftirtuni of being woijnded on the zz^\ of 
 "^11!^, ^tmcn the enemy made a fortie : rje is at prcfcnt in a fair 
 \Vay of doing well. 
 
 1 think it but juftice to major Fuller, who is my cider Ald-de- 
 Canip, to fay, that I fhould have fent him to Fr^/f/ml, if I had not 
 thought it v;ould be more agreeable to his majclly to receive the 
 iewihr one of his own femnts. 
 . , . . ■ ■> i. - 1 •' <"", ccc. ,; 
 
 ,3na .nqi.^:i e-j;» ^e li^nl muu^-n, f»\ ;' AL R E M A R I.E. * 
 Mtiri') \\i\i^Aybiia Tttmnoz* . <>!*i >»*» f'^i^ ' 
 
 letter fi am Sir George Pocock, to Mr. Clevland, iluteJ oif Cliocca 
 ' kiver, near the Havannah, the x^th 0/ Augull, 1762.}- ^f. 
 
 SI R, 
 
 ii.i 
 
 IDefire you wfll acquaint their Lordflilps, that it is witli the 
 greateft pleafure I now congratulate thcui on the great t'ucccii 
 of his majefty's arms, in the reduction of the llavaniiali with all iti 
 dependencies. 
 
 The Moro fort was taken by ftorm on the 30th of \a\\ month, 
 afttr a fu-ge of twenty-nine t'ays j during vvMdh time the enemy 
 bll above a thoufand men, and a brave o-faer ia Don Leivis <le 
 
 S f f 2 tyalnjiu, 
 
 11' 
 
 ' t !♦: 
 
 '.I,!,. 
 
 :i 
 
 ■ .t 
 
 ' 'f ... i 
 
/;o8 7'hf Hi &TOVLY of the Wa^. 1762. 
 
 cntirel" vaniflied: Tlic prodigious advantagfs they had vain- 
 ly e pefted to flow from t\\i: fanuly compnfly were now ren- 
 dered abortive, and grief and defpair were the melancholy 
 offspring ot injuftice and raftinefs. 
 
 Falafco, captain of one of their men of war, and governor In the 
 Moro^ mortally wounded in defending the colours fword in hand 
 in the ftorm : And, on the nth inftant, the^overnor of the Hn- 
 <vannah defired to capitulate for the town, which was granted, the 
 articles agreed to, and figned, (a copy of which I indole) and we 
 were put m pofTefllon of the Punta and land gate the i4ih. With 
 this great and important acquifition to his majclly, have alfo 
 fallen twelve men of war of the line, as per lift, three of which 
 were funk, with a company's fhip, in the entrance of the harbour j 
 nine are fit for fea, and two on the flocks j a blow that I hope 
 will prove the more capital to the enemy, as they receive it fo 
 early in the war ; and, I may venture to fay, will leave all their 
 fett'emcnts, In this part of the world, expofed to any attempts that 
 may be thought proper to be made on them. But however trivial, 
 with the pofleflion of the Havannah y \t may appear, yet I cannot 
 help mentioning the difcovery anjd poflefling of the harbour of 
 Mariel, about feven leagues to the leeward of this, and which we 
 had made ourfelves mafters of, though the enemy had endeavour- 
 ed to ruin it by (inking fliips in the entrance : and we had lately 
 fenr near one hundred tranfports with fome men of war there, for 
 fecuriry again ll the feafoh, ^n which we are already advanced. 
 ■ ' It will be as needlefs, as almoft impoOlble, for me to exprefs or 
 defcribe that; pjrfedl harmony that has uninterruptedly fubfifted 
 betsveeii the fject and army, from our firft fetting out. Indeed it 
 is doing injuftice to -both, to mention them as two corps, fince 
 each hao endeavoured, with the moft conftant and chearful emu- 
 lation, to render it but one ; uniting in the fame principles of ho- 
 nour and glory for their King and Country's (ervice. I am glad, 
 on this occafion, to do juftice to the diftingulfli'ed merit of Com- 
 modore Keppel, who executed the fervice, under his direfticn, on 
 the Cox<.mar fide, with the greateft Ipirit, activity and diligence ; 
 and I muft repeat that the zeal of his majefty's fea officers rnd fea- 
 men exerted in carrying on the fervices allotted to them, is highly 
 to be commended. 
 
 I fliall uDw beg leave to refer their Lordfhips to captain Hari'ey 
 for all further particulars, who I fend with this letter, and who 
 has approved hiuifelf a brave and deferving ofBcer in this expedi- 
 tion; 
 
 t 
 
1762- 
 
 fhe History of the War. 
 
 509 
 
 Grea^ Bnt:.m. on the contrary, hs pn'diPt in tb » enjny- 
 mcnr rf vir.o'^y, as l,ra\c '.n p^ai'-'o^it, (ectncc! r**} !■. clitcd 
 writh her good tortuiic, as to make h^i indu'gv in thv i!:\"!-. 
 
 tiiiUS 
 
 ^tion; therefore ^hink inyfelf Dbliged to defire theii .lor.i.'Kii, \ ill 
 ; recommend him to his niajefly. 
 
 ,, • j>4 Tour moji obedient humllc /.r^T'int^ 
 '''^^' G. POeO^K. 
 
 
 K i^Z./^ ofthejbips of 'war that loere in the harbour of the Havannah, 
 % under the command of the Marquis del Real Tranfporte, commo- 
 dore and commander in chief of all his Catholic Majejiys Jhips in 
 AmerlcA,andfurrenderedivith the city the 1 2th of Augud, 1762. 
 
 \^: ^;, ':: ^p.; Guns. 
 
 ! _ , Guns. 
 
 Tigre '— ^ '— 70 
 
 ♦Europa — — — 60 
 
 Reyna — — — 70 
 
 Conqueftado — — — 60 
 
 Soverano — — — 70 
 
 fSanGenaro — — — 60 
 
 [nfante — — — 70 
 
 fSan Antonio — — — 60 
 
 •Neptuno — — 70 , 
 
 Frigates. 
 
 Aquilon — — •— 70 
 
 tVinganaza — — — 24 
 
 ♦Afia — . — — 64 
 
 §Thetis — — — 24 
 
 America — — —60 
 
 jMarte — — — — 18 
 
 ♦ Sunk at the en >.ince of the harbour, f Neiv fbips. X Taken 
 \\ff the Defiance. § By the Alamain. 
 
 N. .8. There are two (hips of war on the (locks, and feveral 
 I merchants fhips in the harbour. 
 
 \Letter from Sir George Pocock tp Mr. Clevland, dtr^ed off 
 Chorera /?;«r;fr, the 16/^ of Aug. 1762, inclofed in the fore- 
 going of the \()th. * 
 
 ON the 28th ofjuly the Intrepi.'le armed, with 1 1 fail of tran- 
 fports, with troops from Nenv fork. They failed from 
 Itheuce the 1 1 th of fune : The CheJIerfeU and four tranfports ruo 
 on Cayo Comfite, the entrance of the Btibnma Streij^his on the 
 \Cnha fide, the 24. h of July, an hour before day light, and wi.re 
 ilrandoc^, but loft no feamen or foldiers. The Jntrepide met the 
 Vkkhmmd the day .ifter, who was looking out for the convoy. 
 Capt. Klphinflon returned with the three tranfports which were 
 cleared, in order to bring away the feamen and troops who were 
 I on Ihore j and, to make all poffible difpatch, I fent away the Ech^,, 
 
 Cygnet, 
 
 
 r' 
 
 i 
 
 
 w/\ 
 
 ''i 
 
5IO '//je HisTonv of t/je War. 1762, 
 
 rious lap of indolence, but determined by fbe profecution o\\ 
 the war in the fame able and vigorous manner, to compil 
 her enemies to lue tor that peace tiiey iiad, when oH'cred, 
 haughtily reliiftd. 
 
 To cfi'cCi i'o great, fo dcfirable a work, it was thoiipjit 
 the reduOion ol the Philippine Iflands wo»dd not a liitlo 
 contrd)ute ; that enterpri/.e was theretore lormed, and en- 
 trulU d to tlie execution ol two great men, who had on many 
 ocralions before, fignali/cd thcmfclves in the fervicc of then 
 country, antl approved themfolves ecpial to the greatcit 
 things: thefo were General Drajwr, and Admiral (.\)rni(b. 
 'f'hc troops allotted for the fervicc, wcc the 791b le^inicnf, 
 and a company of the royal artillery, 30 of the artillrpy 
 iurniflicd by the gentlemen uf Madrais, 600 .teapoys, a tom- 
 
 Cycrnet, and Thuptrler bomb, to meet ihcRichmntnl, and to tnkc tlip 
 men out of her ; and udt jd CKptain Elphtnjion to take the ('yf^nct 
 with him, and proteedup the Streights to meet the fccond divifiun 
 of tranfports. 
 
 The 2d inflant, tlie Erho and bomb returned with the fcrond 
 divifion, confifling of eleven liiil of tranfport.s, which failed froju 
 Nenv 7'ork the 30th of June- The Richmnml, Uzaril, lin/etfir'^c, 
 Cyjrticf, and Porcn/>infuooj^t arrived the RtTi, bringing with them 
 all the fcamen and foldicrs from the fhips that were wrecked. 
 Captain Pftnks informed me, that, on the zifFof Ju/y^ at tlirpc 
 o'clock in the afternoon, being near the palFage bciwccn Mayu 
 Gununn, and the A'orfb Oiicos, he difcovcred two French (h\p$ bi 
 the line, three frigates, and fix fail of brrgantlne rtnd Hoops ; that 
 the men of war rind fiii^ntcs gave chnce to tho convoy ; and th.ir 
 five of the tranlports were taken with 350 regulars of Jftjfmthtr'n 
 Tcginicnt, and i |;o provincial troops on boanl of them. AH thv jc^. 
 of the troops arrived and landed in pcrfert hejijih. 
 
 I have thought it neceffary fo order the Suif<rr/iit}J u\(\ nm-rt xn 
 be fitted as flags of truce, taking out theii Tower tier of guijH in 
 order to arcommodate the late Sf>atitf> commodore, the j^uvcrniv 
 of the /fai'finna/.', the viceroyof Peru, and the }j;ov(:rnoj of r.Vj;//'/? - 
 gena^Xo OU Spain, and then return to Enf^IiinJ. TianfporK aie 
 getting ready for the S/>(?nf/h fohlicrs and Hiilor.";, agrocahio to tho 
 capitulation, which I hope we flr.dl be abl'" to'dilj^acch in a few 
 ilays. 
 
 f have not been able to collet an account of the Idl'eJ and 
 wounded feunien belonging t.) the diihrrnt fliips fuirf^.thc hcgiii- 
 ninr of the ficgc, who were employed at th: batteries on Hiotc, 
 but it (liall go by tl.e firll opportunity. 
 
 naluin, it was 
 
1762. TT'f History^/ //;<; War. 511 
 
 pany of Caflfrecs, one of Topa/es, and one of Pioneers ; to 
 which were added, the precarious afTillancc of two compa- 
 nies of Frenchmen, enhlled in their fervice, with fomc hiin- 
 <!rei.'s of unarmed l/afcars, for the ufe of the engineers, and 
 park of artillery. This little fupply of men was farther re- 
 inforced with a fine hattaiion of 550 ftamen and 270 g(x«l 
 marines; fo that the whole force amounted to 2;<)0 men, 
 who, with the necefiary flores, were eml)arked on hoaril of 
 hen W g ^^^ majefty'i, fquadron, and two India fhips employed as 
 iranfports. 
 
 As it may appear furpri/ing fo important a concpu. Il fliould 
 be attempted with fo fmall a forte, when a grcah r miuht 
 i)c employed, it may not he amifs to obferve, that if more 
 were drawn tron» the coalls the lettlements woulil he in dan- 
 t'cr ; and thcrctore, it may he thought ailvifal)li', rither lo 
 .it tempt with a lew l)i.ive men, a place that was unprepared 
 (is imagined) for fuch a vifil, than l.y employing a r!;rcater 
 torte to fid)jcit our own colonies to hodile attctnpls, and, 
 jierhaps, to give the enemy time to he aware of 4.ur defigns. 
 On the firll of Ai!p-Ji(l the ft)rces fet fad, the Sealiorfc, 
 Capt. Grant, having hicn previoully difpatc hed through the 
 freights of Malacca, to the entrance of the China fea, to 
 ftop all velVels that mij.ht he hounil to Manila, or fent from 
 any of the neighbouring feltlement"J to give the S|>aniards 
 intelligence of the dcfign. On the 2n\ of the following 
 month they ani horeil in Manila hay, and fouiul tluit tluir 
 viiit was unexpciJleil, and the eni'my unpnpircvl. To in- 
 creale as much as pollihie their <ird)le confulion and conller- 
 nation, it was deu rmined to lole no time in tlu- attack of the 
 port of Cavite, as at fn(^ determineil, hut proceed dire^tlv 
 to the grand ohje^), the city of Manila, the ^jcneral and 
 admital rightly judgiii's:, that their coiuiueft of that impor- 
 tant place would of cour'e oc^al'ion and draw after it the lall 
 of Cavite, 
 
 in confequince of this rcfohuion, a finnmons 
 was fcnt lo the governor to iurrcndtr the town, Sept. 24. 
 jjiit it had no elVetl on him ; wherefore the admi- 
 ral anil Ibme other i)rincipal officers exair.inLi! the coafl, in 
 order to fix upon a proper Ipot for landing the troop>, ar- 
 tdlery, and ftores. About two i^ilcstothe liuilh of Manila 
 a convenient place was found. Atcorvlingly all the Ix.ats 
 were prepared, and the frigates fent in very near the fliore, 
 lo cover the dcfccnt. 1 hcfc lailcr kept up a very briJk 
 
 fire 
 
 f ', I 
 
 1 i -j'A 
 .if 
 
 i ' 
 
 ■• 1 J 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 I P 
 
 y 
 
 ^1 
 
512 TJbe History of the Wa^, 1^62 j 
 
 fire to the right and left, to^ protcft the flanks, and Hifpcrfc! 
 the enemy who Avereaffembled in ^reat numbers, !>oth horfel 
 and foot, to oppofe a defcent. Ir had the defired eflcd.j 
 The Spaniards retired, and left a clear coaft ; but a violent 
 furf arifmg, many boats were da(hed to pieces, the arms and 
 ammunition much damaged, but provldevtially, no lives 
 were loft. The troops then formed upo?) iIh beach, march- 
 ed, and took poflfcflion of the Malatta, fixed their out-polts,| 
 and paflcd the whole night under arms. The Spaniards in 
 the mean time, were employed in burning of their fuburbs.i 
 The next day a fort, na.ied the Polvcrifta, 
 Sept. 25. which the enemy had abandoned was feized,! 
 which proved a moll excellent place of arms for 
 covering the landing of the (lores, and lecuring a commu- 
 nication with the fquadron. Colonel Monfon, who had 
 been detached by the general with 200 men to view the 
 roads and approaches to Manila, occupied the Hermita 
 church, which was large and commodious, and about 900 
 yards from the city. Orders were then fcnt to major Moore 
 to march up with the 79th regiment, to fecure and maintain 
 that port, which was performed with great a6livity and good 
 conduct. Foflefllon was then taken of St. Jago's church, 
 near the fea, it being looked on as a place of infinite impor- 
 tance towards the carrying on their operations. 
 
 On the 26th, the admiral fent on (hore the battalions of 
 feamen under the command of the captains Collins, of the 
 Weymouth, Pitchford of the America, and George Ourry 
 from the Panther. The reft of the company's troops of all 
 forts were likewife landed, and put under cover. The Spa- 
 niards advanced out of the garrifon, under the command at 
 the chevalier Fayct, with 400 men, and two (itld pieces, and 
 from a church ?,bout 200 yards to the right of St. Jago s 
 church, began a cannonade upon the right flank of the 
 troops ported there. Some feapoys, under cnfign Carry, 
 were fent to (kirmifti with them, fupported by three picqu( i.s 
 of the 79th regiment, and 100 feanKn, all unlcr tiie com- 
 mand of colonel Monfon, who foon drove the enemy back 
 into the town. 
 
 The fuperior flcill and bravery of the Fnglifti troops were 
 fo evident from this aiVair, that it occalioped a fecond fum- , 
 monn n> the t7;overnor, bur H) no purpofc ^ the anfwer wab 
 much Jiioic fpinicd iK.ui tlieir condu<5l !»ad been. The 
 church from whence the Spani.;ids had been driven, colonel 
 
 Monfon 
 
1762. The History of the War. 513 
 
 Monfon had orders to keep poirelTion of, if he found it tena- 
 ble, from the top of which a pcrfcfk view was had of the 
 enemy's works. Tlie front they were obHged to attack, 
 was defended by the baflions of St. Diego and St. Andrew, 
 with orillons and retired flanks ; a ravehn which covered 
 the royal gate, a wci- ditch, covered way, and glacis ; but all 
 thefe works were out of repair, except the baflions, which 
 were in excellent order, and lined with a great number of 
 fine brafs cannon. It became abfolutely neceffary to found 
 the ditch, and which might have proved a very perilous en- 
 terprise, had the iSpaniards been careful in porting centrics 
 on the covered way, but their omiflion and negligence made 
 it the more eafy. It was therefore undertaken and effected 
 by a fmall party of the 79th regiment under captain Fletcher, 
 with the lofs only of three men. 
 
 The city of Manila being of great extent, and the num- 
 ber of men employed to reduce it very fmall, it became 
 impolTible to invert it on every rtde ; two fides therefore 
 were conrtantiy open to the enemy to introduce fupplies of 
 men and provifjons, and carry out their cffe6ts. The gar- 
 rifon confirted of 800 men of the royal regiment under the 
 command of the marcpiis of Villa Mediana, brigadier gene- 
 ral, which was farther reinforced by a body of 10,000 In- 
 dians. It is evident from hence, that the disadvantages un- 
 der whic h the F.nglifh forces laboured could not be remedied, 
 nor could there be any reafonahle ground for fuccefs, but in 
 the prudence and wifdom of the general, and the matchlefs 
 intrepidity of the troops. 
 
 The city continued thus inverted, and was cannonaded 
 both by the batteries ere8ed, and the frigates, which were 
 brought up till the 2d of O^lober, when a battery for twen- 
 tv-four pounders was completed, and i mortar battery for 
 the heavy rtiells of tin and twelve inc hes, which made a 
 Euud parallel, and communicati(»n fioin the church to the 
 gun battery, and crtablirtied a fpacious place of arms on the 
 left of it, near the fea. Thefe were greatly facilitated by 
 the roaring of the waves, it being very tempeftuous we.ither, 
 and which prevented the Spaniards from hearing the noife 
 of the workmen, who }T;uc no fort of interruption, but 
 kerned to tiurt enlirelv to the elements. In the mean time, 
 the gcwernor, who was an arthbirtiop, gave out, that an 
 Anirel from the I.ord was gone forth to dertroy tb^ F.nglifh, 
 i kc the hort of Senacherih. In the afl<;rnooii the teamen, 
 
 T t t with 
 
 
 '.(4} 
 
 '■ 
 
 fi 
 
 ^H 
 
514 ^^^ History of the Wajr:. \']^i, 
 
 with great aftivity r?,nd indefa igable I ibcur haa 
 Oft. 2. brought up and mounted all the gunp "^n wh- bat- 
 
 tery, which were mafked. 
 A fally was made the 4th by 1000 of the Wianj, ,vho 
 attacked the cantonment of the Teamen ; but ' v)oi> tiic aK-^jni 
 colonel Monfon and captain Fletcher, with the pin:juet$, 
 being difpatched to their afliftance, the enemy was repulfed, 
 and forced to fly, with the lofs of 300 men. Had the (kill 
 and weapons of thefe Indians, who are a wild and barbaroui 
 people from the province of Pampanga, been equal to ineir 
 (Irength and ferocity, the difperfion of them might nc*^ have 
 been fo eafy ; for though armed chiefly with bows, x rows, 
 and lances, they advanced up to the very muzzles of their 
 enemy's pieces? repeated their afl^aults, and died like wild 
 beafts, gnawing the bayonets. In this flcirmifli, captain 
 Porter, a brave and experienced Tea orficer wasflain. Scarce 
 were the Indians thus routed, when another body of them, 
 with part of the Spanifli garrifon, attacked the church, and 
 forced the feapoys from their polt in it, neareft the town, 
 took poflefllon of the top, from whence they killed and 
 wounded several of the Engliih, v-'ho were entirely expofed 
 to ail their v/eapons. Notwithftanding their diT.. .^vanuge- 
 ous fituation, the F.uropean foldiers maintained ^heir port 
 behind the church with great patience and tirmaefs, and at 
 laft diflodgtf^ the enemy, with the lofs of captain Strahan, of 
 the 79th regiment, and 40 private men wounded or killed. 
 The Spaniards left 70 dead behind them in isid about the 
 church. This was their lad ettbrt. All their Indians, ex- 
 cepting 1800, difcouraged by the lofs, returned l>onie, and 
 the fire of the befiegcrs continuing with unremitted fury, the 
 next day k breach ap( f . i\.d practicable, and it was thought 
 ^hf; Sp!\niards, fenfiblt heir danger, would think of giv- 
 ing up the town: but fhey wereobllinate without bravery, 
 or any generous refoluticn of defentiing the breach. 
 
 The next day, at four in the morning, in confequeiice of 
 
 a refolution formed the preceding night, the 
 Aug. 6. troops filed off from their quarters in fmall bodies 
 
 to give the lefs fufpicion to the eremy, with an in- 
 tention of ftormmg the town, and by deirrecs, alfembled at 
 St. jAgo's church, obferving the utmoft fiUncc, and conceal- 
 ing themfelves in the place of arms, and parallel between 
 (he church and the battery, while in the mean i\mt a briflc 
 ifire was kept up upon the* works, and thofc places where the 
 
 encm/ 
 
 17^2. 7 
 
 ei * rj! ,- might be 
 t^"?'/ ot Spaniard 
 baftion of St. Ar 
 that were throw 
 mediate advanta 
 difchargc of arti 
 the aflault, undi 
 upon the town, 
 lieutenant Rufle 
 grenadiers of t 
 pioneers and oth 
 and make lodgn- 
 too ftrongly intr 
 ed. Col, Monf 
 grand divifions o 
 ed next, fuftain 
 and thecompan] 
 ed the breach wi 
 the Spaniards \ 
 was given, exce 
 ries of the lofiv 
 In the guard h 
 niards and India 
 the fword ; an 
 300 men were 
 river, which w 
 principal officer 
 furrender as pri 
 g;ood pofture of 
 and the reft of 
 foners of war c 
 the affeftions 
 ners, were difir 
 The joy on l^ 
 ed by the lofs o 
 arrow near the 
 lamented for h 
 wounded, and n 
 eJ. In confeq 
 the port of Ca 
 dependent on 
 jefty, and the 
 prcfervatJon 
 
 o 
 
 1] 
 
 IV » 
 
 liey 
 of 
 
1762. The HisTo^v of the War. 51^ 
 
 ti\*'.my Hiight be lodged or intrenched. Af day break a large 
 t<'<^/ or Spaniards was difcearncd, forming thcrrfelves on the 
 baflion of St. Andrew, but uffin the explofion uf fonic Inel'^ 
 that were thrown amor-^ thein, thcj' went off. Taking im- 
 mediate advantage of this, and by the fignal ci a general 
 difcharge of artillery and mortars, the troops ruftied on to 
 the affault, under cover of a thick fmoke thai: blew directly 
 upon the town. Sixty volunteers of different corps under 
 lieutenant Ruffe! of the 79th led the way, fupported by the 
 grenadiers of that regiment. The engineers, with the 
 pioneers and other workmen, to clear and enlarge the breach, 
 and make lodgments, in ca'c Jie enemy (houlJ have been 
 too ftrongly intrenched in the gorge of the baftion, follow- 
 ed. Col. Monfon and major More were at the head of two 
 grand divifions of the 79th ; the battalion of feamen advanc- 
 ed next, mftained by the other two divifions of the 79th ; 
 and the company's troops clofed the rear. They all mount- 
 ed the breach with amazing fpirit and rapidity, and difperfed 
 the Spaniards with the greateft facility. Little refiftance 
 was given, except at the Royal gate, and from the galle- 
 ries of the lofiy houffs which furrounded the grand fquare. 
 In the guard houfe over the Royal gate, 100 of the Spa- 
 niards and Indians who would not furrender, were put to 
 the fword ; and according tc the enemy's own account, 
 300 men were drowned in attempting to elcape over the 
 river, which was very deep and rapid. The governor and 
 principal officers retired to the citadel, and were glad to 
 furrender as prifoners at difcretion, as that place was in no 
 good pofture of defence ; the marquis of Villa Mediana, 
 and the reft of the Spanifh officers, were admitted as pri- 
 foners of war on their paroles of honour, and to conciliate 
 the affe6\!ons of ^hc natives, all the Indians taken prifo- 
 ners, were difmiffed in fafcty. • 
 
 The joy on tjiking this important place was greatly cloud- 
 ed by the lofs of major IVtore, who being transfixed with an 
 arrow near the R'>y?J gate, died immediately, univcvfally 
 lamented for hifi good qualities. A few oflfici'.rs only were 
 wounded, and no more than 3c private men killed or wound- 
 ej. In confequencc of the terms given to the Spaniardi, 
 the port of Cavite, and the clt.idcl, with the iflands and forts 
 dependent on Manili, were given up to bin Britannic ma- 
 jefty, and they were to pay four millions of dollars for the 
 prcfeivatJon of the town and their effcds. 
 
 T t t a Such 
 
 
 ■!! 
 
 *m- * 
 
 
 
 ^r^^l'k::^\''i^ 
 
 ^ilv:-^ 
 
 ,>' '"'- .'»■ 
 
5i6 77v Hi&TORY 0/ //^<r War. 1-763, 
 
 Such lucrative conquefts as the Havannah and the Philip- 
 pine Iflaiids, had never before been made (a). But thele 
 immenlc captures though they inriched individuals, contri- 
 buted nothing tlirc6ily to the public fervice. However, 
 
 they 
 
 (it J Bri^tiii'.'r Gen. Draper's letter to the Earl of Egicinont, 
 //rt/f</ Manila, November z, 1762. 
 
 My Lord, ;' " ', ' ' 
 
 I DO inyklf the honour of fencUng lieur. col. Scotty Inte ndjutanr- 
 gencKil, to inform your I.ordfhip of the liiccels of his MajcOy's 
 arms in the concjuclt of lUfini/n, the fuinnder of the port of CVi- 
 I'ite, and the ccHion of the Fhilippim illaiids. 
 
 On tiic 6th ot Oi'lohir we took the capital by flor-.n, after 12 
 days operation, whith iue det:ulc«1 in my lournal. Our !ols upon 
 this occafion would have been tiifling, but for the de.tih of major 
 Mere, a valiant i^ood officer ; and it h with particular fatisfadUon 
 I can alTure youi Lorcifliip, that the firm bravery and perfcveiance 
 of the troops, could only be equalled by their humanity after vic- 
 tory. Out of refpeft and deference to Atlmiral Cornijh, wc waited 
 till he came on iTiore, and beinj^ delirous to favc fo fuic a ci'y 
 from de(lru(!'tion, we jointly dittated the annexed conditions to the 
 governor general (the Archbifliop) and the chief magillrates, who 
 molt readilv embraced them 
 
 Confidering their nitical fituation, and vaft opulence, the terms 
 were as icafonable liir theni as beneHcial to us. Wc allow the 
 luilia couipany a thinl pait of the ranfuui, the whole of which 
 amounts to a million fterling ; and, according to my inllrudioiis, 
 1 have this d.t) delivered up Mani/n, one ot' the richell cities and 
 iilartls in this part of the wuild, with the port of Cttvitfy to /;..:i;- 
 fon Drake, Efq; and the other i;t"ntlcmen appointed to recei\ e them 
 on behalf of the company, with all the arti lery, ammunition, and 
 wailike lUu.s lound t'leiein, aoreeribje to the inclofc*! inveiitc.iiiv 
 
 i have atvpointed major FtU o\' the 7yih rej'jment to be com- 
 niandant of (he garrifon. which mull confill of all the troops 
 brought from Mntlnijs, as the great extent of the place, its very 
 n!!uii ioiis iuhul)itant^, and unfettled country, with the importaiue 
 oi liv Cuiiti, demand at leall, thl^ tone for an ell'eclual lecuiiiy. 
 
 'TIk feafon of the year, and condition ot" the fvjuadion, ohiige 
 U& to o'<*fer the taking poflVilion of the fuboidinale places ceded to 
 tlte crown, until tlu- fhips have, had a lu'Hcienl rrpair ; anil I liav;- 
 the plcafuK to amuaint your l.oidlhip, thai thi large ipiantiiy ot" 
 n-vul Oorcs taken in the mya! maga/incs at Cavift, fupply nioll 
 
 cxcellciir 
 
 l.uidfhip's s'oodn^ 
 
1762. T^he History of the War. 517 
 
 they might he laid to contrihutc fomctliinp; 10 it indirectly ; 
 by incrcariiig the (lock ol rhc raiiun, and fupplyinii; that 
 prodigious ihaiii oltrtarurc, which lor fcvcT;;! year, had heen 
 
 jiiad* 
 
 excellent materials for this purpofc, in which the Admiral is inde- 
 fatigable, whofe zeal \\n his majelly'.s fcrvice, great cordiality, and 
 conltant attention to us during the whole coiirle of the expedi- 
 tion, and fatiguing progrcis of the ficge, arc beyond all praife. 
 The other officers of the fleet exerted themfelves to the utnioft 
 upon every occaflon. As a Iniall acknowleilgment of our many 
 obligations to Mr. Ktfnj't^nfelt, the Admiral's captain, 1 begged his 
 acceptance of the government of the citadel and port of (.'ai'ife, 
 till it was given up to the company ; his prudent and excellent rc- 
 j>ulations there were oi infmite utility to the public fervice. 
 
 The captains Collins, Piichflrd, and Ceorj^e Ourry, who com- 
 manded the battalion of feamcn, behaved with great fpirit and con- 
 duct, and capt. 'Jocetyn, who was entruflcd with the care of the 
 difembarkations, gave us all the afliflance that could be wifhcd or 
 expedted from a diligent good ofhcer. The marine ofliccra and 
 corps were of great fervice, and the feamcn afloniflifd us with 
 moll extraordinary proofs of activity and valour, particularly thofe 
 who allifted at our batteries. 
 
 The reduction o^ Manila has been fo much owing to the con- 
 fummate (kill and braveiy of Col. Monfon, that I 'car my faint rc- 
 prcP-'ntntioiis cannot do niliice to his merit; and \ moll hinnbly 
 beg leave, throu;.',h your l.nulfhip, to rctoinuKiul him to hir Ma- 
 jcliy, together Vvitii the following oilicers, \iz. Lieut. Col. Siottj 
 fv'lnjor Unr/er, vvIiO commanded f)Ur ailillcry; i<^:\\sX. Fletcher^ 
 Major of Hrigadc} the en^iineers, Claptriin-s-S'/r'/'/v^/ow, and Cofs/ord^ 
 anil L'nfign Hm ivn il -, the (. iiptaiiis Morn t and Ptmhlny aido-derarnp, 
 who have ail ackd in ilicir feverfd dcpui tmcnid with extraoidinary 
 mciit, and greatly facilitated my good fortune. Rr.th the royal 
 and the company's a:ti!leiy, with their oilier troops, behaved very 
 well. In the lall place, may I prelmne to point out the Cervices 
 of the 79t.h regimen', wliicli, lr(,m \'.v: goc-d condufl of their for- 
 mer and prefeiit lielil-oHkerH, hf.? the peculiar merit of having fuft 
 ftoppetl the piogrtfs of the Ftnuh in Inrliay and not a little con- 
 tributed to tin- huppini-fs and de'M'fion of that war under Col. Coote, 
 and has lince e\t» ndtd the t-'Jory of his Majcllv's arms to th' it- 
 moft verge o\' .Ifin. Twtnty-thrrc officers, wiih upward.s of 800 
 men h:ive fallen in the caufe oi theii countrv, luice the rer.iment 
 left Eni'l.iitJ . \uiiilv rs of the fuivivors are wounded. Your 
 L.oidlldps uuodni;ls eiJ^ouf"-ges mt to mention tlicia as objofta of 
 
 ( uu)puiliou 
 
 
5i8 fhe History of the War. j^gj 
 
 made from this kingdom for foreien fubfidies, and for the 
 maintenance of armies abroad. Ifit had not been for fuch 
 pecuniary fupplies, with which the uncommon fuccefles of 
 
 this 
 
 compainon and protedlion. Captain Fletcher has nine colours to 
 lay at his Majefty's feet. 
 
 / batje the honour to be, t^c. 
 
 WILLIAM DRAPER 
 Brigadier Genrral, and Commander in Chief. 
 
 Letter from yic$-A(lmiraJ Cornifh, to Mr. Clevland, dated in the 
 Bay of Manila, the ^xfi of Oftober, 1762. 
 
 IT is with the* greateft pleafure I have the honour to acquaint 
 their l^rdftiips with the fuccefs of his majefty's arms in the re- 
 dudion of the city of Manila, which was taken by ftorm on the 
 morning of the 9th inftant. In my letters of the 23d and 31ft of 
 July, I acquainted their lordfliips with my proceedings to that 
 time } after which I ufcd every pofllble means at Madrafs for dif- 
 patch ; the decline of the S. W. monfoon making it of the utmoft 
 importance. To promote this end, I compleated the Elizaheth, 
 Grafton, Lenox, IVeymouth and ylr^o, with fuch of the troops, and 
 military ftorcs, as they were to take on board, and on the 29th 'irnt 
 them away under the command of Commodore Tiddeman, to pro- 
 ceed to Malacca, with a view that they might compleat their wa- 
 ter there by the time I ftiould arrive with the remainder of the 
 fquadron. 
 
 Having accompHftied the embarkation of every thing defigned 
 for the expedition, with a difpatch much beyond my expedlations, 
 as we had from the whole time of my being there a violent furf to 
 contend with, I failed the firll of Augtift with the (hips undermen- 
 tioned, viz. A'or/o/^, Panther, America^ Seaford, South-Sea Cajlle 
 ftore (hips, Admiral Steven's ftore-fhip, OJterly Company's (hip, 
 leaving the Falmouth, at the rcqueft of the prefident and council, 
 to convoy the Effex India (hip, who was not ready to fail, having 
 the treafiire to take on board for the China cargoes, and to bring 
 to Manila fuch of the company's fcrvants, as were to be put in 
 po(re(lion of that government, if the expedition fucceeded. 
 
 The 19th, I arrived at M<a///if /I, andwasdifappointed in not find- 
 ing Mr. Viddeman there, who did not join me till the 2ii1:, having 
 met with long calms : the difficulty of watering the fquadron at this 
 place made it the 27th before I could leave the road. 
 
 On the 2d oi September I arrived qffPulo Timean, and was join- 
 ed 
 
1762. The History of the War. 519 
 
 this war were attended, it never could have been maintain- 
 ed in the extent to which it was carried, notwithdanding 
 the increafe of trade, which has been uniformly progrefllvc 
 
 for 
 
 ed by captain Grants in the Seahorfe, whom I had detached, upon 
 my Brll arrival at Maiirafs, to cruize between this ifland and the 
 ftraits of <^/flca/0rf , to (lop any veifels he might fufpefl going to 
 Manila. 
 
 On the 19th I made the coad of Luconiay but was drove off 
 again by a Ilrong N. E. wind, which feparated fome of the fqua- 
 dron. The zzd the gale broke up, and the wind Shifting to the 
 S. W, the 23d we recovered the land again ; the next day entered 
 the bay of Manila^ and in the clofe of the evening anchored off the 
 port of Cu'vilt with the whole fquadron, except the South-Sea 
 CaJlUy and Admiral Stevens ^ the Falmouth and Ejjifx having joined 
 me off the coad. In the night I fent the mailers to found about 
 the fortifications of Cni'i/r, and, by their report found that it might 
 be attacked by (hips. 
 
 The 25th in the morning, the wind not being favourable to at- 
 tack the CaH^ite, I took two of the frigates, and with general 
 Draper, and fome other officers, reconnoitred the (hore about Ma- 
 nilay and obferved fome churches and other buildings to (land near 
 the works on the fouth-fide of the town, particularly towards the 
 S, W. ba(}ion. We had lome defign of attacking Canjite firft, to 
 have had the conveniency of that port for the (hipping, but cond- 
 dered that though the attack (hould be attended with all the fuccefs 
 we could hope, yet it would caufe a delay at lead of two days be- 
 fore we could land at Manila, which time would afford opportunity 
 to the enemy to demolilh thofe buildings near their works, and to 
 prepare many obdacles to our landing, and perhaps recover from 
 that condernation our unexpc6ted arrival had thrown them 1 1 ; and 
 further, Manila being the capital, if that fell, Cai/ite w mid in 
 conCequence. 
 
 From thefe confiderations, I joined in opinion with the general to 
 take advantage of circumllances, fo favourable for a defcent, and 
 land the troops with all difpatch, and endeavour to get polTefTion 
 of fome pods near their works, which, if etfeded, would greatly 
 facilitate the reduction of the city. 
 
 In confequence of thefe rcfolutions, I immediately made the 
 fignal on board the Seahor/e for the fquadron to join mi;, and for the 
 troops to prepare to land. About feven in the evening :he 79th re- 
 giment, with the marines in the boats, under the direfUon of the 
 captains Parker, Kempenfelt, and Brereton, puihed for the (hore ( 
 tnd under the (ire of the three frigates, eiFe£tcd the landine at a 
 
 church 
 
 li 
 
 .( 
 
5?.o I'he History ojtbe War. 1^62. 
 
 for the lail three years. It has in a loofe way been com- 
 puted, that the lucccfs of our arms in the Kaft Indies, indc- 
 dcpcndcntly of the great increafc of valuable merchandi/e, 
 
 (which 
 
 chur( h culled the Momtt/i, about a mile ami half from the walli. 
 We hud no oppofition tVoni the enemy, but fouie difficulty from 
 the furf, which ran high, and bilged all the long boats, but hap- 
 pily lolt no ui'ju. 
 
 The next morning the general took an advanced port aboi.: zoo 
 yards from the glacis, and there, under cover of a blind, intenda? 
 his battery agaiiill the face of the S. W. balb'on. The number of 
 troops being fmall, I landed a battalion of feamen, confilting of 
 about 7C0 men, under t!ie command of the Captains Collins, 
 Pitch ford, and George Ourry. 
 
 The 25th I ilifpatched three armed boats after a galley, coming 
 up the bay to Manila ; they came up with her, refolutely boarded 
 her, and took her, notwithllanding (he kept up a fmart fue with 
 patteraroes and nmflicts ; fl:e mounted two carriage and fevcnteen 
 brafs fwivcl guns, and '^r* t-ighty men. By letters luunil in her, 
 we difcovered flie war. dil'patclicil from the galleon A7. Fhilippina, 
 from Jcapitlco, and whom flie I' id left the lOth oi' S:/<hm/fer, at 
 Cajayas^an, betv.een the EithociiJira and Cape Spirilu Santa. Up- 
 on this difcovery, I came to a rclnhuion to (end the Panther and 
 Ar^o in qucil of her, but It wai tise 4rh of Odober before the wea- 
 ther permitted ili^ir failing. 
 
 The 28th oi' Si'f>r>'>'ibey the General acqinioted me, that he was 
 begiiming to work on the battery, and that it ibme rtiips could get 
 near enough to throw flh t on :he works of the town oppofite to it. 
 It might take ofFlome of the enemy's fire and attention, and there 
 by facilitate its conilruCtion. In confcquence of this, I ordered 
 C oumiodore 'Titlutiuun, vurh the Eliznbeih and Falmouth, towaiil 
 tiic town, a^ near as :he depth ol' water would permit, and to plice 
 the fhips in liich a pofition a"; woiiLl I. 1 aniwer the purpofc in- 
 tended, which was accordingly done the next day, and tlicir tiie 
 had a very good i tfe6l. 
 
 On the lOth, the South-Sea Cajile arriyed with ftores, wImcH 
 were much wanted, particularly the entrenching tool.s, lor w;uit 
 of which the armv had been fo j^reatlv dilliefleil, that I was ol)lio- 
 cd to employ all the forge.H in makin fp ies, pickaxes, &c. fur 
 them. I'he full of Odoher it bega.i to blow frelh, and in the 
 niij,ht increafe«l to a hard gale, which drove the South-Sea Ca/l/e 
 nfhore near the Pu/verijla, a little to the I'outhward ofourcanif). 
 'i hi:< accident, however, had fome confidernble advaiilagesattend- 
 in;5 it, a^ r'le titiiuiiun Ihe lay in made her cannon a protcdionlbr 
 
 the 
 
1762. ^be History of the War. 521 
 
 (which ufed to be formerly the fole produce and advantage 
 of the Eail India commerce,) has brought into England dur- 
 ing the wafj near fix millions in treafure and jewels. 
 
 The 
 
 the rear of our camp : it was likewife the means that all her mili- 
 tary (lores were got on board with fafety and difpatch, and the 
 army fupplied with the proviiions (he had on board, both of which 
 were articles they flood in immediate need of, and which could 
 not have been fupplied by bocts, as it continued blowing weather 
 I for feveral days after, and the Turf breaking very high on the beach. 
 This gale was from the W. S. W. direClly on the (hore, which 
 gave me much concern for the fafety of the fquadron, particularly 
 I tor the Elizabeth and Falmouth^ who were only in four fathom wa- 
 ter, and, as I have been flnce informed, ftruck ; but the bottom 
 being mud, and foft to a confiderable depth, they received no 
 I damage. On the 4th in the morning, the General opened the 
 j battery, which was fo well managed, and feconded by the (hips 
 before the town that in four hours the defences were taken off, and 
 jthe next day in the evening the breach was made practicable. 
 
 On the 6th, at day-light in the morning, the general's regiment, 
 Iwith the fea battalion, mounted the breach, made the attack, and 
 foon got pofTeiTionof all the baflions, which completed the con- 
 quefl. I immediately went on fhore, and with the General, had a 
 meeting with the Spanifh Governor, and fome of the principal 
 officers, when a capitulation was agreed on, that the town and 
 port of Cavite, with the iflands and forts dependent on Manila, 
 Ihould be given up to his Britannic Majefly, and that they fhould 
 ! pay four millions of dollars for the prefervation of the town and 
 i their effedls, (a copy of which capitulation I have enclofed.) 
 
 On the loth, I fent Captain Kempenfe'.t in the Norfolk^ with the 
 ^taford and Seahorfe^ to take poffeflion of Cn'vite, agreeable to the 
 jcapitulation ; by this acquiiition we are in poffeffion of a very large 
 quantity of naval flores ; and befide the advantage of almoft every 
 [convenience for refitting a fquadron, the people are fupplied with 
 jfrelh meat and vegetables in great plenty. 
 
 The fiege, though fhort, was attended with many difHculties ami 
 
 [great fatigue, in which both the officers and men exerted themfelves 
 
 |vyith the utmofl chearfulnefs. We had conftantly frefh gales, a lee 
 
 [Ihore, and confequently a high furf to conter .; with, which made it 
 
 always difficult, frequently hazardous, and foinetiines impoffible to 
 
 I land with boats. The rains fell very heavy, and our little army 
 
 [Were furrounded and harralTed by numerous bodies of Indians, 
 
 U'bo, though undifciplined, and armed only with lances, bows and 
 
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 ^'^ 
 & 
 
^ZZ the History of the War. i^^z. 
 
 The capture of the Spanifti regifter (hip, the 
 May 21. Hermione, which happened foon after the com- 
 mencement of the war with Spain, and juft as fhe 
 ivas on the point of entering one of the ports of Old Spain, 
 
 and 
 
 arrows, yet by a daring refolution and contempt of death, they be- 
 came not only troublefome but formidable. I have the fatisfaftion 
 of acquainting their lordfhips, that throughout the whole expedi- 
 tion, the moft perfect harmony and unanimity have fubdfted between 
 his Majefty's land and Tea forces. 
 
 You will receive with this, an account of the number of officers 
 and^ men, both feamen and marines, that were landed from the 
 fquadron, as likewife of the killed and wounded in each corps. It 
 is with concern, I acquaint their lordftips with the iofs of com- 
 modore TidJeman, who, in attempting to enter the river in his 
 barge, the morning after the reduction of Manila^ was drowned 
 with five of his people, by which unhappy accident, his Majefty 
 has loft a brave and experienced officer. 
 
 Captain Kempenfelt^ by whom I fend this (and will prefent to 
 you for thuir lordmips a plan of the town of Maniluy and the port 
 of Cavite) has been of the greateft afliftance to me during the 
 courfe of this enterprize ; he is very capable of furnifhing their 
 lordfhips with many particulars necefTary for their information ; and 
 his great merit makes it my duty to recommend him as a very 
 able and good officer. 
 
 I am, &c. 
 
 S. CORNISH. 
 
 tttUr from Vice-Admiral Cornifh to Mr. Clevland, dated in the 
 Bay of Manila, Nov. lO, 176*. 
 
 IN my letter of the 3 1 ft of OSohery I acquainted you of my hav- 
 ing fent Captain Parker with the Panther and Argo^ in queft 
 of the galleon St. Philippinay from Acapulco, bound to Manila. 
 
 The 7th inftant Captain King in the Argo, returned with a letter 
 from Captain Parker ^ acquainting me, that, in confequence of my 
 orders, having the 30th of Odoier got the length of the ifland 
 Capuly near the entrance into the Enwocadera^ m purfuit of the 
 St; Philippina^ where the Argo had come to an anchor (and which 
 lie intended to do for that night) juft as the day clofed faw a fail, 
 and ftanding to the northward ; at eight in the evening he got fight 
 of the chace, about two leagues to leeward, but unluckily by the 
 rapidity of a counter current, to what the chace was in, drove 
 
 among 
 
1762. The History of tbe War. 523 
 
 and that of the Santifllmo Trinidad, a Manila (hip, muft be 
 added to thefe refources. The firft of thefe was worth lit- 
 tle lefs than a million flerling, and the other at lead three 
 millions of dollars. The taking of thefe (hips is not altoge- 
 ther unworthy a place in hiftory ; becaufe it had no fmall 
 influence on the affairs of the Bourbon alliance, and conft- 
 
 derably 
 
 among the Narrango's in the utmoil danger of being loft, and 
 obliged to anchor ; the frigate having efcaped the danger, got up 
 with the chace, and engaged her near two hours ; but was fo 
 roughly handled, that Capt. King was obliged to bring too to re- 
 pair his damages. By this time the current flackened, which en- 
 abled Capt. Parker to get under fail with the chace in fight : 
 about nine the next morning he came up with her, and after oat- 
 tering her two hours within half mufket fhot, fhe ftruck. The 
 enemy made but little refiftance, trufting to the immenfe thicknefs 
 of the fides of their ihip, which the Panther's (hot was not able to 
 penetrate, except her upper works. Capt. Parker was no lefs dif- 
 appointed than furprized, when the general came on board, to 
 find, that inftead of the Saint Philippinay he had engaged and 
 taken the SantiJJimo trinadady who departed from Manila the firft 
 o'i Auguft for Acapulcoy and had got three hundred league* to the 
 eaftward of the Embocadero ; but meeting with a hard gale of 
 wind, was difmafted and put back to refit. She had eight hundre4 
 men on board, and pierced for fixty guns, but when Capt. King 
 engaged her, had only fix mounted, and but thirteen when taken : 
 (he draws thirty-three feet water, and is a much larger fliip than 
 the Panther. I cannot afcertain the value of the cargo, but there 
 is to the amount of one million and a half of dollars regiftered, 
 and (he is reputed to be worth three millions. 
 
 Capt. King left the Panther with her prize at anchor about 
 three leagues fouth of the CorrigedoiVy at the mouth of this bay ; 
 and as I have fent a reinforcement of men with launches and warps, 
 I hope very foon to have her in fafety. I am, &c. 
 
 /_ . S. CORNISH. 
 
 Qfficers killed and wounded, &c. belonging to the Norfolk^ Lieut. 
 Peter Porter y and Mr, White y furgeon's fecond mate, killed. • f 
 UnoXy Thotnas Spearing, fecond lieutenant of marines, wounded. 
 
 Total officers, feamen and marines landed, 1017. Killed, 17. 
 Wounded, 17. ' 
 
 N. B. The furgeons, armourers, and other artificers, arc not 
 included in the above account. 
 
 }Jorfolky off Cn<vitay S. CORNISH. 
 
 Od. 31, 176*. U u u a 
 
 
 . ' ii 
 
 !^ 
 
 
524 7*-^^ History o//^<r War. 1762. 
 
 dcrably funk thofe refources of money, which were the 
 principal objcfts to France, when fhe formed that famous 
 treaty. All thefe advantages were without any confiderable 
 allay on the fide of Great Britain ; they would have ferved 
 to ballance any pofllble fuccefs, which the enemy might have 
 had in Portugal. But their fuccefs in that quarter, where 
 they had entertained the mofl: fanguine hopes, was by no 
 means confiderable, and very far from tending to any thing 
 decifive. Thefe confiderations helped to difpofe the Bour- 
 bon courts to peace, almoft as foon as they had jointly en- 
 tered into the war ; and F-urope, after having been deceived 
 in the hopes of tranquillity, which were entertained from 
 the late negotiation, and plunged apparently deeper than 
 ever into war, was in reality approaching fad to peace, and 
 the public repofe was preparing, when it feemed to be at the 
 grcateft dillance. , - ,, ,.;, 
 
 "M r\X rtnvv 
 
 CHAP. IX. 
 
 ,1 i'V-'y 
 
 Propofdls for peace. State of the minifiry and parties. 
 Dukes of Bedford and Nivernois employed in the negotia- 
 tion. Newfoundland taken and retaken. War in Ger- 
 many. Hereditary Prince defeated at lobannijherg. French 
 repulfed. Ca[fel invefied. Remarkable cannonade at 
 Bucker Muhl. French take Amonebourg. Caffel furren- 
 dered to the allies. PVar in IVeflphalia concluded. 
 
 WHEN France had found experimentally, that the 
 prefent at leafl: was not the favourable time for 
 drawing from her alliance all thofe advantages with which 
 Ihc flattered herfelf, Ihe inclined in good earned to peace. 
 The fincerity of her procedure in the former negotiation 
 might be juftlyqueftioned; becaufc flic had prepared an af- 
 ter game in cafe of its breaking off. And flic fo much re- 
 lied on it, that it is very pofllble the negotiation itfelf was 
 but a feint made to cover and to prepare tliat projcft. But 
 finding that Great Britain was neither intimidated by the 
 threats of that formidable alliance, nor at all likely to be re- 
 duced by the exertion of its forces ; fhe came in good ear- 
 nefl: into thefe pacific fentiments> which formerly fhe had 
 only counterfeited. The flow progrefs of the Bourbon troops 
 in Portugal, the retrograde motion of the French army in 
 
 Germany, 
 
 Germany, the tr 
 and the imminen 
 nah, all confpirc( 
 of the Bourbon n 
 
 On the fide of 
 peace becam.e n 
 iefs intoxicated 
 come familiar to 
 marks of public 
 were become mi 
 at the beginning 
 Befides the natio 
 trade had been g 
 example favoura 
 we have feen, v 
 of money, great : 
 pences. The fu 
 furnifli the waft( 
 miniflied, and tl 
 difficulty, and at 
 war, when every 
 felvrs in carrying 
 our hands to anf 
 peftations ; and 
 nations greatly v 
 the difiiculty on 
 fhould retain. 1 
 choice of acquifi 
 ciples, a great de 
 to every fentime 
 
 All thefe were 
 things operated ; 
 the Britifh minil 
 put an end to it. 
 
 The whole co 
 Mr. Pitt, in his 
 war againft Spa 
 lent, and they d 
 retired from pul 
 more freely, ani 
 them. But he ' 
 that the remain 
 principles fo ver 
 no means likely 
 

 1762. The History of ihf W An. 525 
 
 Germany, the taking of Martinico and its dependencies, 
 and the imminent danger in which they beheld the Havan- 
 rah, all confpircd to humble the pride, and dafh the hopes 
 of the Bourbon alliance. 
 
 On the fide of Great Britain likcwife, the difpofitions to 
 peace became much more cordial. No people were ever 
 lefs intoxicated with their iuccefl'cs. Viflories were be- 
 come familiar to us, and made but little impreflion. The 
 marks of public joy on the moll confiderable conquefls, 
 were become much flighter and colder, than were fliewed 
 at the beginning of th** war, upon very trivial advantages. 
 Befidcs the nation had occafion for peace. Though her 
 trade had been greatly augmented, a circumflance without 
 example favourable, and though many of her conquefts, as 
 we have feen, were very far from unlucrative, her fupplies 
 of money, great as they were, did not keep pace with herex- 
 pences. The fupply of men too, which was neceflary to 
 furnifli the wafle of fo extenfive a war, became fcnfibly di- 
 minifhed, and the troops were not recruited but with fome 
 difficulty, and at a heavy charge. It was time to clofe the 
 war, when every end, we could rationally propofe to our- 
 felvrs in carrying it on, was anfwered ; we had enough in 
 our hands to anfwer all our demands, and almoft all our ex- 
 peftations ; and as it is grown into a fort of maxim, that 
 nations greatly victorious, muft cede fomething on a peace, 
 the difficulty on our fide was only what, and how much we 
 (hould retain. Not that there was a doubt, but whatever 
 choice of acquifition could be "^de upon any rational prin- 
 ciples, a great deal would ftill remain to give the fullefl: fcopc 
 to every fentiment of equity and moderation. 
 
 All thefe were fufficient inducements to peace. But other 
 things operated as caufes. An alteration in the fyftcm of 
 the Britifli miniftry had begun this war ; another alteration 
 put an end to it. 
 
 The whole council had been almoft unanimous to oppofc 
 Mr. Pitt, in his fcheme for precipitating the declaration of 
 war againft Spain. They thought his principles too vio- 
 lent, and they did not perfectly like his perfon. When he 
 retired from public bufinefs, it feemed as if they breathed 
 more freely, and had got rid of a burthen that opprefled 
 them. But he was not long removed, when it appeared 
 that the remaining part of the fyftem, was framed upon 
 principles fo very difcordant in themfelves, that it was by 
 no means likely to fland. The 
 
526 ^^he History of the War. 1762. 
 
 The duke of Newcaftle, firft lord of the treafury, by hiai 
 early zeal in favour of the proteftant fuccefllon. by the libe- 
 ral and politic ufe he had made of a great fortune, by the ob- 
 ligations which in a courfc of many years, and in a fuccefTi- 
 on of great employments, he was enabled to confer on feme 
 of the moft confiderabic people in the kingdom, had attach- 
 ed a great number to his fortunes, and formed anintereftin 
 the parliament and the nation, which it was extremely dif- 
 ficult to overturn, or even to fhake. He came to be confi- 
 dered as the head of the whigs ; and he was in reality well 
 qualified in many refpefts for the chief of a party, from his 
 unbounded liberality, from his affability, magnificence, and 
 perfonal difintereftcdnefs. Even the defe&s and faults, which 
 might have appeared in his charafler, were rather of fervice 
 to him, as they often tended to foften refentments,and help- 
 ed to give that great power, of which he was poffefled, an 
 appearance lels formidable. 
 
 During a great part of the late king's reign, his family 
 hi d direflcd all things without controul. On the acceflion 
 of his prefent majefty, his fituation feemed more doubtful. 
 But in a little time he appeared outwardly as well eftabliflied 
 as ever, not only in his former high employments, but in 
 that fhare of influence which is commonly fuppofed to at- 
 tend it. There was, however, very little reality in this fpe- 
 cious appearance ; for he did not poflefs the royal confi- 
 dence, upon which all the eflential of power depends. Nei- 
 ther his age, nor his fituation in the former reign, had al- 
 lowed him the opportunity of cultivating an intereft with the 
 prefent king. Another noble perfon (a) had been in an em- 
 ployment near hi.s perfon ; and having formed his mind with 
 much attention and fuccefs to thofe virtues which adorn his 
 ftation, deferved and obtained a very uncommon Iharc of 
 his confidence. 
 
 This nobleman was firft groom of the ftole : afterwards, 
 takiing a more open (hare in the conduct of affairs, he accept- 
 ed the feal? as fecretary of ftate. On the removal of Mr. 
 Pitt, who preferved a fort of union in the adminiftration by 
 their common dread of him, the only competition was be- 
 tween the duke of Newcaftle and lord Bute. The former 
 could not well endure that decay of influence, which, on a 
 thoufand occafions, he mufl have fenfibly felt, and which 
 
 tl)C 
 
 (a) The Earl of Bute. 
 
1762. ThehhsroKY of the War. 527 
 
 the great rank he held muft have rendered only more pain- 
 ful. Lord Bute, on the other hand, could not bear to ice 
 the treafury board, which, under whatever limitations, was 
 attended with fomuch power, in the hands of his rival. It 
 is indeed a department, the entire condufl of which is abfo- 
 lutely eflential to the perfon who has any pretenfions to be 
 it the head of the Britiih adminiftration. 
 
 Thefe principles foon produced their natural effeO:. In 
 a Ihort time the duke of Newcaftle thought him- 
 felf obliged to refign, and lord Bute became firft May 26. 
 commiflloner of the treafury. This refignation 
 was followed by that of others of great confideration for 
 their rank and influence. No one was furprifed at the ferment 
 which enfued ; in which perfonai refentment, party violence, 
 and national, or rather local prejudices, were all united, to 
 throw every thing into confufion. 
 
 In this condition of parties, a number of thofe called 
 Whigs, who had loft their places, being highly irritated at 
 the late changes, iind even many of thofe who ftill continu- 
 ed in employments, being fuppofed attached to the intereft 
 of the duke of Newcaftle, and th refore not to be depended 
 on by the new adminiilration, it became necefTary to have 
 recourfe to thofe called Tories, or country gentlemen. 
 
 From the beginning of this reign it had been profefled, 
 v'ith the general applaufe of all good men, to abolilh thofe 
 odious party diflin£tions, and to extend the royal favour and 
 prote&ion equally to all his majefty's fubjefls. The per- 
 fons called Tories had, befides, been before a£tive in fup- 
 port of fome of thofe, who now clamoured at the very mea- 
 sures which they had themfelves, more than once, adopt- 
 ed. However, occafion was taken from thence to endea- 
 vour at the revival of this almoft exploded diftin6lion. There 
 were great heats, which were blown into a combuftion by 
 every art, and every inftrument of party, that had ever 
 proved effeftual m^on fimilar occafions. 
 
 Whilft the nation was thus diftraOied, the condu£l of a 
 war became difficult ; its continuance unfafe ; and its fup- 
 plies uncertain. If the adminiftration failed, their failure 
 would be conftrued into incapacity ; if they fucceeded, their 
 fuccefs would be converted into an argument for fuch terms 
 of peace, as it would be impoflible for them to procure. 
 Above all, the antient and known conne6tion between the 
 chiefs of the moneyed intereft and the principal perfons in 
 '- - the 
 
 rfi/i*' 
 
 i" i i 
 
 
 w^\ li 
 
528 ^heUistoKY of theV^hiSL. 17^3, 
 
 the oppofition, muft have been a lubjedl of great anxiety to 
 the adminiftration. 
 
 Thefe caufes co-operated to render the intentiotis of the 
 Britifh miniftry towards peace altogether cordhl and fin- 
 cere ; and they thought themfelves abundantly juftified in 
 their wiflies for it at this juncture, both from the fuccefles 
 and the burthens of the nation ; from the flourifhing (late 
 of fome of their allies, and the doubtful ftate of others ; 
 and in general, from thofe arguments of humanity, which 
 made it high time that Europe fliould enjoy fome interval 
 of repofe. 
 
 Both courts thus concurring in the fame point, all diffi- 
 culties were fpeedily fmoothed. It is faid, that the firft over- 
 tures were made under the mediation of his Sardinian ma- 
 jefty. As foon as terms were propofed, in order to give a 
 pledge to each other of their mutual fmcerity, it was agfeed 
 that this treaty fhould not be negotiated, as the former 
 had been, by fubordinate perfons ; but that the two courts 
 ihould reciprocally fend to London and Verfaillcs a perfon 
 of the firft confequence and diftim^lion in either kingdom. 
 Accordingly the duke of Bedford was fent to negotiate on 
 the part of England, and the duke de Nivernois on that of 
 France ; the great outlines of the treaty were very foon ex- 
 plained and adjufted. The detail of fome articles lookup 
 more time. 
 
 During this mixed Interval of war and treaty, the French 
 obtained a temporary advantage ; but which neither fuf- 
 pended nor influenced the negotiation. It was the laft of- 
 fenfive effort, which they made ; and though this enter- 
 prize was attended with a temporary fuccefs in the execu- 
 tion, it was In the defign not fupcrior to any of thofe that 
 had failed. Monfieur de Ternay, with a fquadron of four 
 men of war and a bomb ketch, and M. d' Haulbnville, with 
 a proportionable number of land forces, arrived the 24th of 
 June at the bay of Bulls in Newfoundland, and finding the 
 ifland little prepared to refill: them, took without difficulty, 
 the forts of St. John, Trmity, and Carbonear, deftroyed the 
 two lafl, and likewife the ftages and implements of the fifh- 
 ery, to a confiderable value. The immenfe extent of our 
 military operations, rendered it little wonderful or blame- 
 able, that this particular part was found weak. 
 
 The French pre fumed by far too much on the fupine- 
 nefs of the nation, when they hoped fuch an advantage 
 
 could 
 
1762. ^he History of the War. 529 
 
 could have any great efFe£l on the negotiation. In fa£i, as 
 foon as the news arrived in England, a force was fitted out 
 to retake thofe places. But fuch was the vigilance and rea- 
 dinefs of general Amherft, our commander in America, 
 that it fuperfeded the neceflity of this armament. He de- 
 tached colonel Amherft with a body of forces, and Lord 
 Colville with a fmall, but fufficient fquadron, to recover 
 this valuable ifland. The land forces attacked fome detach- 
 ments of the French, advantageoufly ported in the neigh- 
 bourhood of St. John's, an<i prepared to attack St. John's 
 itfelf, with fo much vigour and afliivity, that M. d'Haufon- 
 ville, who had remained there as governor, thought pro- 
 per to deliver up that place, and furrendered him- 
 fe!f an<l garrifon prifoners of war (a), before Sept. i8. 
 . ■ , ' \ * lord 
 
 ■y 
 
 i 
 
 
 (a) Colonel Amherft'' s Letter to the Earl of Egremonty datedy St. 
 John's, Nexifoundlandf Sept. 20, 1762. 
 
 .. - , ■, •■ •■ •■ .,- i 
 
 My Lordy 
 
 According to the orders I received from Sir Jeffery Amherji 
 at Neiu Torky of which your Lordihip have been informed, 
 I proceeded from Netv Tork to Halifax with the tranfports, to 
 taice up there the troops deftined for the expedition. I goc 
 into the harbour the 26th of Augufi ; and finding Ld. Colville 
 had failed, determined to embark the troops there, and at Louif- 
 bourgy as expeditioufly as poflible, and proceed after his Lordfliip. 
 
 The men of war being failed, who were to have taken part of 
 the troops on boaid, I was obliged to take up (hipping to the 
 amount of 400 tons. 
 
 I had every ;hing embarked, ready to fail the 29th, but con- 
 trary winds It ^pt us in the harbour till the i ft of September, when 
 we got out, and arrived at Louifhourg on the 5th. The next day 
 the troops were embarked, and we failed out of the harbour the 
 7th in the morning, 
 
 I had the good fortune to join Lord Cohille's fleet ori the 1 1 th, 
 a few leagues to the fouthward of St. John's j and by the intelli- 
 gence his Lordfliip had received, I was obliged to change my re- 
 folution of landing the troops at Kitty ntty, a narrow entrance, 
 clofe ro the harbour of St. John's, the enemy having entirely flop- 
 ped up the palfa^e, by finking ihallops in the channel. 
 
 From the bed information I could get, it appeared that Torhay, 
 about three leagues to the northward of St. John's, was the place 
 to land the troops at, within .hatdiftrid. .^.„^ , ,^ ir^ int.- 
 
 X X X " ' V "." Lord 
 
 
530 7*/;? History o/ //j^ War.'- j^g^. 
 
 lord Colville could arrive from the place where the troops 
 
 had been landed, toco-operate with them. M. de Ternay 
 
 tfcaped with the fleet, partly by having gained a confidcra- 
 
 -- ■' ble 
 
 Lord Colnjille fent the Syren man of war into Torhay with the 
 tranfports ; and it was late at night on the 12th, before they all 
 came to an anchor. Capt. Douglas of his Majefly's fliip Syren, 
 went with me to view the Bay, and we found a very good Beach 
 to land on. It blew hard in the night, and one of the tranfports, 
 with the Provincial Light Infantry corps on board, was driven 
 out to fea, 
 
 I landed the troops early the next morning, at the bottom of 
 the Bay, from whence a path led to St. John's : a party of the 
 enemy fired fome fliots at the boats as they rowed in. The Light 
 Infantry of the Regulars landed firft, gave the enemy one fire, 
 and drove them towards St. John's. The battalions landed, and 
 we marched on. The path for four miles very narrow, through 
 a thick wood, and over very bad ground. 
 
 Capt. McDonnell's Light Infantry corps in front came up with 
 fome of the party we drove from the Landing Place : They had 
 concealed themfelves in the wood, fired upon us, and wounded 
 three men. A part of M'Donnell's corps rufhed in upon them, 
 took thiee prifoners, and drove the reft off. 
 
 The country opened afterwards, and we marched to the left 
 of Kitty Fifty : It was neceflary to take poffeffion of this pafs, to 
 open a communication for the landing of artillery and ftores, it be- 
 ing impradticable to get them up the way we came. 
 
 As foon as our right was clofe to Kitty Vitty river, the enemy 
 fired upon us from a hill on the oppofite fide. I fent a party up a 
 rock, which commanded the paffage over, and under cover of 
 their fire, the Light Infantry companies of the Royal and Mont- 
 gomery z, fupported by the grenadiers of the Royal, paffed, drove 
 the enemy up the hill, and purfued them on that fide towards St. 
 'John's, : when I perceived a body of the enemy coming to their 
 fupport,, I immediately ordered over Major Sutherland, with 
 the remainder of the firft battalion, upon which they thought 
 proper to retreat j and we had juft time, before dark, to take 
 poft. 
 
 Capt. Mackenzie, v/ho commanded Montgomery's Light Infan- 
 try, was dangeroufly wounded. We took ten prifoners ; the troops 
 lay this night on their armv-. 
 
 The next morning, the 14th, we opened the channel, where 
 the enemy had funk the fhallops: they had a breaft-work which 
 cgmmanded the entrance, and a battery not quite finifhed. 
 
 Lieut. 
 
1762. T'y&i? History o///;? War. 531 
 
 ble diftance, before tl y were difcovcred, by means of a 
 thick, fog ; and partly becaufe lord Colvillc, after their hav- 
 ing been difcovered, did not apprehend that they really 
 were the enemy's fhips. 
 
 It 
 
 \', 
 
 is, to 
 
 enemy 
 up a 
 ver of 
 Mont- 
 drove 
 rds St. 
 their 
 with 
 lought 
 take 
 
 Infan- 
 troops 
 
 where 
 which 
 
 Lieut. 
 
 Lieut. Col. Tul/ikin, who had met with an accident by a fall, 
 and was left on board, joined me this day ; and Capt. Fergttfon 
 commanding the artillery, brought round fonie light artillery and 
 ftores from T'orbay in the fhallops. 
 
 The enemy had pofreffion of two very high and fteep hills, one 
 in the front of our advanced pofts, and the other nearer to St. 
 John Sy which two hills appeared to command the whole ground 
 from Kitty Fitty to St. John's. It was neceflary that we (hould 
 proceed on this fide, to fecure effeftualiy the landing at the Kitty 
 Vitty^ from the firft hill the enemy fired upon our pofts. 
 
 On the I 5th, juft before day-break, I ordered Capt. McDon- 
 nell's corps of Light Infantry, and the Provincial Light Infantry» 
 fupported by our advanced pofts, to march to furprife the enemy 
 on this hill. Capt. M'Donneli paiTed th Ir fentrics and advanced 
 guards, and was firft difcovered by their main body on the hill, 
 as he came climbing up the rocks near the fummit, which he 
 gained, receiving the enemy's fire. He threw in his fire, and the 
 enemy gave way. 
 
 Capt. M'Donneli was wounded j Lieut. Schuyler of his compa- 
 ny killed, with three or four men, and eighteen wounded. 
 
 The enemy had three companies of grenadiers and two picqucts 
 at this poft, commanded by Lieut. Col. Belcombey fecond in com- 
 mand, who was wounded ; a Captain of Grenadiers wounded 
 and taken prifoner ; his Lieut, killed, feveral men killed and 
 wounded, and 13 taken prifonera. :..,j^, i,k,''['o:.. 1 itr; . 
 
 The enemy had one mortar here, with which they threw fome 
 ibells at us in the night; a fix-pounder not mounted, and two 
 wall pieces. 
 
 This hill, with one adjoining, commands the harbour. 
 
 The 1 6th, we advanced to the hill nearer St. "John's, which 
 the enemy had quitted. Twenty-nine Ihallops came in to day 
 with artillery and ftores, provifion and camp equipage from Tor- 
 bay, which we unloaded. I moved the remainder of the troops 
 forward, leaving a poft to guard the pafs of Kitty Fitty, on the 
 other fide. Laft night the enemy's fleet got out of the harbour. 
 This night we lay on our arms. 
 
 The 17th, a mortar battery wascompleated, and a battery be- 
 gun for four 24-pounders, and two 12-pounders, about 500 yards 
 
 X X X z from 
 
 f 1" , 
 
53Z 97;^ History o//;^<? War. 1762. 
 
 It was in Germany that the greateft efforts were made. 
 
 Even after the negotiations had been confiderably advanced, 
 
 the military operations were in that country no way flack- 
 
 . . encd. 
 
 I 
 I 
 
 
 1762. f 
 
 cned. The bo 
 being (Ireightei 
 comparable jud 
 
 from the fort, made the road from the landing for the artillery, 
 and at night opened the mortar battery, with one eight inch mor- 
 tar, and feven cohorns, and fix royals. The enemy fired pretty 
 briflcly from the fort, and threw (ome Ihells. 
 
 The 1 8th, in the morning, I received a letter from Count r/f 
 Haujfoti'vii/e, of which Idomyfelf the honour to inclofe to your 
 Lordfliip a copy, as alfo of my anfwer ; with copies of other let- 
 ters that paiTed, and of the capitulation. 
 
 As Lord Colville, at this time, was fome diftance off the conft, 
 •nd the wind not permitting his Lordfhip to ftand in, to honour 
 me with his concurrence in the terms to be given to the garrifon, { 
 thought no time fhould be loft in fo advanced a feafon, and there- 
 fore took upon me to determine it, hoping to meet with his Lord- 
 fliip's approbation ; and he has given me the greateil pleafure, by 
 entirely approving of every thing I have done. 
 
 I muft beg leave to fay, my Lord, that every afllftance we 
 could poHibly defire from the fleet, has been given us. Lord 
 Col'ville upon the fliort notice he had of our joining him, having 
 laboured to get together all the fhallops he could, and with which 
 we were fo amply fupplied, was a meafure of eflential fervice; 
 and without which our operations muft have been confiderably re- 
 tarded. 
 
 The indefatigable labour and perfevering ardour of the troops 
 I have the honour to command, fo neceffary towards compleating 
 the conqueft, before the bad feafon fet in, did indeed exceed 
 what I could have expedled. Lieut. Col. Tullikitt feconded me in 
 every thing as I could wifli. 
 
 Capt. M'Donnell, of Col, Frazer's regiment, having Sir Jeffe- 
 ry AmherjV^ leave to go to England^ was to have delivered this 
 to your Lordfliip j but his leg is broken by the wound he receiv- 
 ed ; which keeps him here. May I humbly prefuine, my Lord, 
 to recommend this gentleman to your Lordfliip's protedlicn, as a 
 real, brave and good officer. 
 
 Lord Col'ville intends fending his Majefty's fliip Syren immedi- 
 ately to England. I fend Capt. Campbell ^ of the 2 2d regiment, 
 with thefe difpatches, who will inform your Lordfliip of any par- 
 ticulars you may defire to know. 
 
 I domyfelf the honour to tranfmit to your Lordfliip fuch returns 
 
 
 as 
 
 as I can poflibly 
 troops and garrif 
 
 ,1 . Tour 
 
 Capt. Campheh 
 were hoifted on t 
 
 Lord Col'ville's L 
 J 
 
 S I R, 
 
 I Had the hono 
 until the i8th 
 tin for England i 
 majefty's fliips th 
 and the King Geo 
 Bay. On the 251 
 her clofe to the h 
 teer, taken by th 
 was manned wit 
 Vaijfeau. 
 
 The enemy hi 
 John^s, men, wc 
 provifions to carr 
 . and a fchooner, 
 Irijhmen that wer 
 marines of the fq 
 the ifle of Boys. 
 the bay of Bulls, 
 and enter on boai 
 I ftaid in that ba 
 that remained tl 
 and 'tis poflible t 
 cominor. 
 
 Mr. Garland ^ 
 
\ 
 
 1762. I'he History of the War. 533 
 
 cned. The body under themarfhals d'Kflrecs and Souhifc, 
 being flreightened, in the manner we have feen, by the in- 
 comparable judgment of prince Ferdinand's meafiires, had 
 
 been 
 
 as I can poflibly get in time, to fhew the true ftatc o( i\\{: French 
 troops and gar ri Ton here. 
 
 1 anty luith the mojl profound rcfpeii , my Lord ^ 
 
 Tour Lordjhifs tnoji humble, and moji obedient Servant, 
 
 :i-' :~ fr„ -' • >.. WILLIAM AMH2RST. 
 
 Capt, Campbell has brought with hiin the French colours which 
 were hoilled on the fort of St. John's. 
 
 Lord Cohille's Letter to Mr. Cle'vland, dated, St. John's^ New 
 foundland, September 20, 1 762. 
 
 SIR, ^ ■ . ' .:: v.. A. ■::;:;•, _ 
 
 I Had the honour of fending you an account of my proceed ingt 
 until the i8th of Aitguji, by a vefTei which failed from Placen- 
 tia for England at that time ; and on the 22d I failed with hia 
 niajefty's Ihips the Northumberland, Antelope, Go/port, and Syren, 
 and the King George, belonging to the province of Majfachufetf^ 
 Bay. On the 25th; we chafed a fchooner off St, Johns and took 
 her clofe to the harbour's mouth. She had been an Englijh priva- 
 teer, taken by the enemy, had eight carriage guns mounted, and 
 was manned with thirty Frenchmen, commanded by an enfign dt 
 Vaiffeau. 
 
 The enemy had fent away great part of the inhabitants of St. 
 John's, men, women, and children, by giving them veffels and 
 provifions to carry them where they pleafed ; two of thefe, a floop 
 . and a fchooner, we met with on the coaft, and took twenty-three 
 Irijhmen that were fingle men out of them, to replace in part the 
 marines of tlie fquadron that were left in garrifon at Placentia and 
 the ifle of Boys. Thefe Irijhmen faid, that if I would go into 
 the bay of Bulls, numbers of their countrymen would refort to me 
 and enter on board the fquadron ; but during two days which 
 I ftaid in that bay, not a man joined me. The few inhabitants 
 that remained there, quietly followed their bufinefs of fifliing, 
 and 'tis poflible the enemy prevented any others at St. John's from 
 coming. 
 
 Mr. Garland and Mr. Davis, two of the principal inhabitants of 
 ■•'iwn. ■ Harbour 
 
 I 
 
 % 
 
 \ \ tl 
 
534 '^^"^ History of the War. ' I'jGz 
 
 bcin obli}';cil l<> call that under the prince; of Comic from 
 tlu- 1 .owir Rhine to ihcir afllftance. In order to compltie 
 their junOion with this corps, the grand army uncovered 
 
 Ciirel. 
 
 Harbour Grace and Cmhonetn^ \n Conception Bey yha\h\g acquaint- 
 ed nie thiit a iiuniber otineii in their neighbourhood were willin<>- 
 to ferve in the fquadron duiing the prefent exigency, 1 fent the 
 armed Ichooner lor them, and the returned with fifty men, which 
 t have diftribiitrd among the fliips. And the fame gentlemen re- 
 prefentlng, that the enemy fometimes fends fmall parties by land 
 to For 1 14 i^ III Cot' e, which have threatened to moleft them in flml- 
 lops fi (Mu that place, defired, in behalf of thcmfelves ami all their 
 nvii'Jibours.that fhe fchooner might be Rationed \nConcef>tion Ihiy, 
 lor their proteftion and defence, which requeft I complied with 
 
 The illuul of Car/'onera, in (Conception Bay^ has had no other 
 ganifon (ot many years but a fi'W old men of the artillery, td 
 take care of the guns and ordnance llotes 1 lad fome of the in- 
 habitants of the adjaccjit coall taken poll here, they might eafily 
 have defended it again ll any force, except one narrow landing 
 place, and no fafe road in the neighbourhood for great ihips ; but 
 the enemy landed in boats, and deftroyed the whole without re- 
 fillance. And the ille of Bny^, near Ferrylnmi, would probably 
 have Ihared the fame fate, had it not been poifefled in due lime 
 by the ^.Vyrfw's marines. 
 
 In frequently palling the harbour's mouth of St. Johnf,^ we 
 could plainly fee that the fort, which fronts the entrance, was 
 fortifyed all rouml with new works ; and that a redoubt, or feme- 
 thing like one, was railed at the little harbour of Kitty yitty. 
 The old battery at the South-fide of the harbour's mouth was re- 
 paired with additional works, and a new one eretlcd on the fame 
 iide nearer the entrance. All thefe were to be ff en from the fea ; 
 and I could not learn that the enemy intendeu any thing more 
 than the finifliing thefe works. 
 
 *)n the Hth o[ September I received, by a floop exprefs fron'. 
 Ufitijiix, letters from Sir Jeffery Amherfl at Ne<w T'ork, acquaint- 
 ing me, that he had come to a refolution to fend a body of troops, 
 in order todillodge the enemy as foon as polfible from St. JoMs -, 
 and that Lieut. Col. Jmberjl was toconuuand thefe troops, The 
 fame conveyance brought me letters from Col. y^wAfr//, acquaint- 
 ing u>e with his arrival at Halifax on the 26th of ////pm//, his 
 departure from thence on the ill oi' September, and witli his in- 
 tention to call at Loui/hoiir^ for the troops there, and then proceed 
 round Cape Race, to join me on this coaft. Upon receipt of thefe 
 letters, 1 fent the floop which brought them to lookout for Col. 
 
 Amher(l 
 
s^ry 
 
 J762. T'/jtf History of th' War. 
 
 Caflel, tjuitted the banks of the Fultla, and tell I'ai k to ;i 
 confulerable dirtance. The hereditary prince of llrnnfwlck, 
 who had attcniled this corps all along, thought at length a 
 
 fair 
 
 .4mherji and the tranfports off ('tipe Race ; and in order to join 
 them the fooner, to concert nieafn es for the enfuing operations, 
 before the enemy could have notice of their arrival, 1 dropped 
 down with the I'quadron to Cape Broy/t ; but Mr. 6/7/, of St. 
 John's, who had been fent out of the town in a cartel fchooncr 
 two dnya before, fending oli' advice from Fenyland, that he was 
 fure the enemy intended to fail in a very little time, 1 returned 
 with the fcjuadron to our lliUion otf St. JJ'n'i'. 
 
 On the iith we were joined by Col. //w/^«t//, ^\i\\ the troops 
 in ten tranfport velfels ; and I propoftd Totlmy as the proptrcil 
 place to land at: It is to the northward of ut. Jo/.'na, about fevou 
 miles by land, and the roads pretty good, but the bay is not reck- 
 oned fafe anchorage, being open to tlie eafterly wintls, whicii u(u- 
 ally begin to prevail at this fcnfon. By one of the tranfpoit;; from 
 Meav York, I received a duplicate, the original not yet come to 
 hand, of their Lordlliip's order of the 7th of Juncy diretting me 
 to repair niyfelf, or fend a fulHcicnt I'orce to enable C';»pt. (Jruves 
 of the Antelope^ to defeat the defigns of the fipiadron commanded 
 by M. r/f Tertwy. 
 
 On the 1 2th we proceeded to Tnrhny. \ fent Capt. Dotifflns in 
 the Syren to anchor with the tranlports, accompanied by the bnnts 
 of the fcpiadrou, uml a nund)er of lliallops, or fdhingboat;;, which 
 I had colleftcd from difierent parts ibr the kinp's fervice. With 
 the reil of the fliips I returned to my (lation clofe to Si. Johji'% 
 harbour. Next morning Col. .7////'r>y/ landed with the troop:; i)i 
 the head of the bay, having only four men wounded from ii dil- 
 tant bulh-liriiit^ of the enemy, f le uuirched direftly to Kitty P i//j, 
 and made hinilelf mailer ol' that important poll in tlic eveniig, 
 without having a man kiileii, and only two or three Wviunded. 
 Every thing belonging to the army was carried fiom 'I'jr/uty to 
 Kitty yitty in fliallop.s, efcorted by boats from the fcjuadron. And 
 this fervice was conducted with tliiigence ami care, by Mr. Diif^' 
 diiley my firll I .ieiitenant, Captain Doufi^lta having joined the 
 fquadron again. The enemy's fleet was to have f\iled the morn- 
 injT I paffeil tlie harbour with the tranfports ; and 300 men only 
 were to be left in St. John'w for (he winter ; but, upon feeing us, 
 they Iniuled their grenadiers again. 
 
 'I'he I 5th it blew flrong from \\. to E. S. E. witli thick rainv 
 weather. In the evening the wind fliifted to the wellwatd, light 
 breezes, and thick fog. At fix nt.xt morning, it b^ing calm, with 
 
 A great 
 
 1 i 
 
 i\ 
 
 m\ 
 
^^6 ^he History of the War. 1752, 
 
 fair opportunity had occurred of ftriking a decifive 
 
 Aug. 30. blow againft it. With this aid he attacked, with 
 his ufual vivacity, that part of the French army, 
 
 which 
 
 ft great fwell, we faw from the maft-head, but could bring thera 
 down no lower than half way the topmaft fhrouds, four fail, bear- 
 ing S, S. E. diftant feven leagues ; the mouth of St. Johri% har- 
 bour at the fame time bore W. four leagues. We loft fight of 
 them about feven, though very clear j and fome time after, a 
 fmall breeze fpringing up in the S. W. quarter, I ftood in tov\?ards 
 Torbay, in order to cover the Ihallops that might be going from 
 thence to Kitty Fitty. 
 
 In the afternoon I received a note from Col. Atnherjly acquaint- 
 ing me that the French fleet got out laft night. Thus, after being 
 blocked up in St. Johti's harbour for three weeks by a fquadron of 
 equal number, but fmailer fhips, with fewer guns and men, did 
 yi.Ternay make his efcape in he night by a Ihameful flight. I 
 beg leave to obferve, th»t n' a man in the fquadron imagined 
 the four fail, when we faw tLi were the enemy ; and the pi- 
 lots were of opinion, that the muft have had the wind much 
 llronger than with us, to overcome thewefterly fwell in the har- 
 bour's mouth. I fent the King George round Cape Race, as far 
 as trepajfy^ to bring me intelligence if the enemy fliould fteer to- 
 wards Placentia ; and I diredled Capt. Douglas of the Syren to get 
 the tranfports moved from Torbay^ as a very unfafe road to the 
 bay of Bulls f 
 
 A bomb battery was opened againft the fort, in the night of the 
 1 7th, and next day it capitulated, before any other battery begaa 
 to play. 
 
 The fquadron got into the harbour yefterday morning ; and in 
 rhe evening I received their Lordfliips order of the 3d of Augufi^ 
 fent me by Capt. Pallifer of the Shreuojluryy who, with the Su- 
 ferbey Bedford y and Miners ay had juft arrived on the coaft. I 
 have directed Capt. Pallifery with the other fliips, to come into 
 the harbour, as foon as a convenient opportunity offers for fo 
 doing. 
 
 We have about eight hundred prifoners, grenadiers, picquets, 
 and fome marines, being a very fine body of men, and nearly equal 
 in number to the regulars of our army. I am now preparing tranf- 
 ports to carry them to Breji. 
 
 The enemy did not intend to leave fo great a part of their force 
 here ; their grenadiers were ready for embarking, but M. de Ter- 
 ttay feemed determined at all events to grafp an opportunity, 
 which, if once loft, might never be regained j therefore, in the 
 
 utmoft 
 
762- 
 
 The History of the War. 
 
 537 
 
 which was ported at a place called the heights of Johan- 
 nifberg, near the banks of the Wetter. At firft his fuccefs 
 was anfwerable to his own expectations, and the courage 
 
 of 
 
 utmoft coufufion, he left behind his grenadiers, anchors, and 
 turned his boats adrift when they had towed him out. The fog 
 was fo thick that Lieut. Col. Tullikin, who was ported on an 
 eminence in the narroweft part of the harbour's mouth, could hear 
 their noife, but could not difcern any of their fliips. The fog 
 even altered the direction ofthe found, which feemed to come from 
 another part of the harbour, whilft they muft have been directly 
 under him. 
 
 There is a confiderable quantity of provifions and other goods at 
 this place, collected and tumbled piomifcuoufly into different 
 ftorehoufes by the enemy. Many of the hijh fervants have alfo 
 been robbing and plundering their mafters. To afcertain proper- 
 ty, in order to make reftitution as far as can be, and to reflore re- 
 gularity to a country, fo long diftradted by being in the enemy's 
 poflefllon, will be the particular care of governor Gro^i'es, who, 
 in my opinion, is well qualified for fuch an office ; and as he will 
 j ftay here, he will be able, in a great meafure, to reftore the affairs 
 j of this country. 
 
 Capt. Douglas ofthe Syren has behaved with fpiritand aftivity, 
 
 land exerted every talent of a good officer during this expedition ; 
 
 and (without adding any more officers to the corps) I am happy in 
 
 the opportunity of fending him to wait on their lordfhips. ^ 
 
 if he folloiving Letters ha'ving fomctbing in them i'e>y particular y 
 •wejhallfubjoin them here, leaving our ReaJers to make fuch ob- 
 fernjations as may occur. . . » , 
 
 , s I R, , .: - 
 
 I Now being under fome doubt of Sr. John's and Plarentia \n 
 Neivfoundlatit/ this rummer, as the fijuadron from 5r(/7is fail- 
 Itd, I read in the news-papers whithei cnn they go but to AVw- 
 Ifound/anJ, and as a loyal fubjeft to his niaiefty, and a great friend 
 lio trade, In which I have fuffcred much by being too enterprlzlng ; 
 lido therefore mod humbly offer my thoughts for the good of my 
 Iking and country ; that is, I really think from my heart that fald 
 lEreJf fquadfon is gone to Neivfour.dlafif/, many of our NeivfounJ- 
 \md fhips being taken the lall year. The common enemy nuill 
 iknow theflender force of our Neivfounliland convoy in thofe parts ; 
 land, was a fmall fquadron of his majefty's fliips to go foon to 
 Vleiufoundland, and return again after examining into the fafety 
 I Y y y of 
 
 i\ 
 
 f 
 
 m k 
 
 i 
 11 
 
.■rA' 
 
 538 The 'HisroKY of the War. 1762. 
 
 of his troops. He drove the enemy intirely from the high 
 grounds into the plain ; but whilft he purfued his advantage, 
 the body he attacked was reinforced by the main army. 
 The aftion, which began fo favourable for the allies, ended 
 
 i in a defeat. They loft above three thoufand men in killed, 
 wounded, and prifoners. The hereditary prince, who had, 
 through the whole aftion, made the moft powerful efforts,' 
 and expofed himfelf to the grenteft dangers, received a 
 wound from a mufket-ball in his hip-bone, from which his 
 
 ■ life was a long time doubtful, and his recovery lingering 
 and tedious. Whilft his life continued in danger, the con- I 
 cern was unufual, and common to botn armies ; both taking 
 an intereft in the prefervation of a prince, as much endear- 
 ed by his humanity, as admired for his valour and military 
 genius. "* 
 
 A vi6tory of the greateft importance could not have more 
 fully difplayed the fuperiority of prince Ferdinand's capaci- 
 ty, in the conduct of a war, than his meafures after this de- 
 feat. The French were not fuflfered to derive the fmalleft | 
 
 , v advan- 
 
 of that valuable ifland and trade, may likely fave many of his ma- 
 jefty's fubje£ts from ruin, and prevent the common enemy a foot- 
 ing in the Neivfoundland fifhery. 
 
 * You will pleafe to communicate thefe my thoughts to theirj 
 lordfhips, which, I humbly think with fubminion, is worthy at 
 this time of their confideration. 
 
 * I have, by long experience, fomejudgment in fea affairs; aa 
 alfo a willingnefs to ferve my king and country, thefe will pleat 
 an excufe in my behalf to their lordfhips for this trouble. 
 
 To John Cle'vltindy Efq; 
 
 / fl«, ^c 
 
 '' i . , - Anfwtr. 
 
 I ^ ':■ Admiralty-Office y June n/A, 1762. 
 
 SIR, 
 
 * T Have received and communicated to my lords commifllonerj 
 
 J[ of the admirahy your letter of the 8th inftant, with refpetj 
 
 to the apprehenfion you are under, that the Brejl fleet is gone fol 
 
 IJrwfQundland, 
 
 Tour very humble Servant ^ 
 
 J. CLEVLAND. 
 
1762. ^he History of the War. 5^9 
 
 advantage from their viftory ; nor did the allies lofe a foot 
 of ground. The communication with Caflel was ftill at the 
 mercy of the allies. The French, in their retreat, had 
 thrown a garrifon of ten thoufand men into that place ; and 
 the prince made immediate and vigorous preparations to 
 befiege it. 
 
 When the prince had adjufted his army to cover the 
 fiege, the French took advantage of his movement for that 
 purpofe, to repafs the Lahne near Gieffen, and advanced 
 towards Marpurg. But as they advanced, the prince drew 
 his army from the fiege, and made fuch difpofitions as ena- 
 bled him to fall at once upon their flank and rear, 
 drove them from all their pofls, and obliged them Sept. ^6. 
 once more to fly with precipitation behind the 
 Lahne. 
 
 After this fuccefsful affair, the body of the army refumed 
 their preparations for the fiege of Caflel, which was now be- 
 come the grand obje£t of the campaign ; and the great pur- 
 pofe of the endeavours of both armies was, of the one to 
 open the communication with Caffel, of the other to cut 
 it off. 
 
 A number of ikirmiflies happened in thefe movements. 
 The mofl: remarkable among them was the af- 
 fair of Bucker Muhl, not fo much for the confe- Sept. 30. 
 quences, which were not extraordinary, but for 
 the uncommon fteadinefs of the two parties engaged. It 
 was a pofl: of fome moment, the forcing of which would fa- 
 cilitate to the French the reduflion of Amonebourg, a 
 fmall fortrefs, but of importance, as it commanded a pafs 
 which led into the country which they propofed to enter. 
 This poll was nothing more than a bridge over the Ohme, 
 defended by a flight redoubt on one fide, and by a mill on 
 the other. The allies had no cover, except the redoubt ; 
 nor the French, except the mill. The engagement began 
 at firfl: between two fmall bodies, and an artillery proporti- 
 onably fmall ; but as the afition warmed, the artillery was 
 gradually augmented, until it amounted to about five and 
 twenty heavy cannon on each fide. The allies had originally 
 but one hundred men in this pofl: ; but before the bufinefs 
 ended, feventeen complete battalions were engaged, who 
 fucceffively relieved each other, after each detachment had 
 made fixty difcharges. The artillery fired at a diftance of 
 three hundred paces, and the mufquetryat thirty. Befides, 
 
 Y y y 2 /the 
 
 
 / 
 
540 ^'he History of the War. 1762. 
 
 the allied troops, as they pafled to and from the redoub' , 
 were, for a length of four hundred paces, expofed to all the 
 enemy's cannon loaded with grape fhot. 
 
 The fituation of the French was nearly the fame. /^ 
 dreadful fire was fupportcd between thefc refolute bodies, 
 without a moment's intermifllon, or the leafl: flackening on 
 one fide or the other, for near fifteen hours, from the dawn 
 of day to dark night. Neither fide gave way ; and this moft 
 bloody conteft for a moft trifling obje£t in the end left the 
 allies in the poflefllon of their redoubt, and the French of 
 their mill. The whole compafs of military hiftory furnilhti, 
 no inftance of fo obftinate a difpute. The allies loft fix hun- 
 dred men in killed and wounded ; towards the clofe of the 
 the day, the dead bodies ferved to raife a parapet for the 
 redoubt, in the place of that which had been beat to pieces 
 by the cannonade. 
 
 The French are thought to have fuffered more in this 
 aftion than the allies. However, though they did not fuc- 
 cccd i ' their attack upon the bridge, they battered at the 
 fame time the caftle of Amonebourg with fo much fury, that 
 in a ftiort time they effefted a breach, and obliged the gar- 
 rifon to furrender. By this advantage they gained a good 
 deal of ground, and even got on the rear of the allied army. 
 But with this advantage, coniiderable as it was, they were 
 able to do nothing decifive : they were able neither to raife, 
 nor materially to difturb the fiege of Caflel, which went on 
 without interruption ; nor were they able to throw the leaft 
 relief into this place, where their garrifon already began to 
 fuff^er for want of provifions. 
 
 This capital of an unfortunate principality, which has fo 
 often been taken and retaken during the courfe of this war, 
 defpairing of relief, at length furrendered to the 
 Nov. I. vi6torious arms of the allies, after a fiege of fif- 
 teen days open trendies. The garrifon made an 
 honourable capitulation. And now prince Ferdinand might 
 confider himfelf as mafter of Hefle, no place of ftrength in 
 that country remaining in the enemy's hands, except Zie- 
 genhayn. Advanced as the feafon was, the prince prepared 
 to lay fiege to that fortrefs ; and as he was now able to draw 
 down his whole army into that (;Marter, there was no quef- 
 tion but he would have made himfelf mafter of the place 
 
 without 
 
 'tu) 
 
\ 
 
 1762. ^h(! History of the War. 541 
 
 without :\\y difficulty. But the figuingof the pre- 
 liminaries of peace, at this lime notified in the Nov. 15. 
 two armies, put an happy concUifion to i\ll miUta- 
 ry operatif'ns. ■ -' ■■, 
 
 Thcfe preliminaries had very little to do towards com- 
 pleting the relief of our allies; except that they fct the Teal 
 on their good fortune, and prevented their being expofed 
 any longer to the chances of war. I'his campaijrn, though 
 it was not diftinguilhed by any great decifive vi*5tory, was 
 not the lefs honourable to the commander or the troops. A 
 conneQied feries of judicious anil fpiritcd operations produced 
 all the effects, which could be propofed from a Tingle and 
 brilliant ftroke. At this period, the French, after having 
 for fix years exerted almoll the whole undivided rtrength of 
 their monarchy upon this fingle objett, were, ij, the end, 
 very little more advanced than they were the d.iy they firfl: 
 fet their foot in Germany. The poflelTion of three or four 
 poor unmiportant places was all they had purchalcd by ma- 
 n) millions of treafure expended, and poflibly near two hun- 
 dred thoufand lives thrown away. 
 
 The whole body of the allies acquired great and jufi; glo- 
 ry in this war ; but "he Knglifh had all along the port of ho- 
 nour, and obtained the iiigheft reputation. As to their com- 
 mander, the duke of Brunfwick, having begun his operati- 
 ons almofl: without an army, having continued the war with 
 an army always inferior in numbers, having experienced 
 every variety ot fortune, his capacity and his firmnefs carri- 
 ed him with credit througli all v and enabled him to con- 
 clude the war with a triumphant fuperiority. He may now 
 enjoy, in the honourable repofc which his exploits have 
 purchafed for himfclf and his country, the befl of rewards, 
 the confcioufnefs of public fervicc. Poflerity will confider 
 him as the Deliverer of Germany. 
 
 The Englifli troops, after fo many fatigues and dangers, 
 at length enjoyed the profpefl: of a fpeedy return to their 
 country ; but a general damp was cafl: fuddenly on their 
 joy by the illnefs of lord Granby ; who was attacked bv a 
 very dangerous and long continued fcver.(^^j It is impoiTi- 
 
 (a) The Marquis of Granby's Letter of Thanks to the Britijh Forces 
 ?■« Germany, ^rt/e^ Munder, Jan. 1, 1763. 
 
 (( 
 
 LORD Granby hoped to have had it in his power to have 
 feen and taken his leave of the troops, before their einbar- 
 
 m r 1 
 
 1 'i ' 
 
 :' ii ■ 
 
 m 
 
 kation 
 
542 The History of the War. 1763. 
 
 ble to exprefb the concern of the whole army daring this 
 anxious interval, cr the joy which enlivened every breaft 
 on his recovery. No commander had ever been more dif- 
 tinguifhed for an cnterprinng and generous courage ; and 
 rone half fo rnucii for an unlimited benevolence. The fick 
 and wounded foldier, the officer whofe income was unequal 
 to his rank or his necefllties, in him found a never failing 
 and never burthenfome refource. Whatever could be done 
 to animate the foldiery, to make them chearful in the fer- 
 vice, to alleviate the hardfhips of war, was exerted beyond 
 "what could be thought pofTible in the limits of a private for- 
 tune ; and the fatisfaftion of the giver went always be- 
 yond the aftual benefit, bccaufe, in his greateft liberality, 
 it was evident that he wilhed to do a thoufand times more. 
 By his whole conduct he infpired foreigners with a favoura- 
 ble idea of the Englifh nobility. His character is, indeed, 
 fuch as we arc apt, in romantic ideas, fondly to conceive of 
 our old Englilli barons. It is with pleafure we attempt, 
 
 ^ however 
 
 kation for England j but a fevere illnefs having detained him at 
 Warburg, and his prefent Hate of health obliging him to take an- 
 other route, he could not leave this country without this public 
 teftimony of his entire approbation of their conduct fince he has 
 had the honour of commanding them, 
 
 •* Thefe fentiments nrturally call for his utmoft acknov/ledg- 
 ments ; he therefore retiuns his warmeft thanks to the generals, 
 officers, and private men, compofmg the whole Britifh corps, for 
 the bravery, zeal, difcipline, and good conduft he has cnftantly 
 experienced from every individual ; and his moft particular and 
 perfonal thanks are due to them for their ready obedience, upon 
 all occafions to fuch orders as his ftation obliged him to give. 
 
 " His befl endeavours have always been direfted to their good, 
 by every means in his power ; and he has the fatisfaftion to think 
 he has fome reafon to flatter himfelfof their being convinced, if 
 not of the efficacy, at lealt of the fincerity of his intentions, if he 
 may judge by the noble return their behaviour has made him; a 
 behaviour, that while it fills him with gratitude, has endeared them 
 to their King and country, and has covered them with ploiy and 
 honour. 
 
 " Highly fenfible of their merit, he fliall continue, while he lives, 
 to look upon it as much his duty, as it will for ever be his inclina- 
 tions, to give them every poilible proof of his afFedion and efteem ; 
 which he fliould be happy to make as apparent as their valour has 
 been, and will be confpicuous and exemplary to after-ages." 
 
1762. ''The History of the War. 543 
 
 howe*. er feebly, to do juftice to the merit of thofe men, 
 living or dead, who, in this memorable var, have contri- 
 buted to raife this country to a pitch of glory, in v/hich it 
 has not been exceeded by any other in antient or modern 
 times. Future hiftory will pay them a reward more ade^ 
 quate to their merits. 
 
 CHAP. X. 
 
 Siege and fiirrender of Schtveidnilz. IVar transferred to 
 Saxony. Aufrions defeated at Freyherg. Prujfians ra- 
 vage the Empire. Preliminaries of peace between Great 
 Britain and Frnnce. Dlfpu^'>s concerning them. Mr. Fox 
 comes Into admlnljlratlon. i rdhnliuirlcs approved by par- 
 liament. Peace of Hubcrtjbourg between At'Jlrlu and 
 Pruffa. Conclvfton. 
 
 "XT 7" HI L S T the courts of London and Verfallle^ were 
 VV maki.ng fo confiderable u progrefs tov/ards peace, 
 thofe of Vienna and Berlin feemcd to remit nothing of their 
 antient animofity. The king of Pruflia, deprived of the af- 
 fillance, but at the fame time freed from the hoftiHties of 
 the Ruffians, direfted his whole force and attention towards 
 the fingle object of driving the Auftriansout of Silefia. 
 
 Prince Henry, who commanded in Saxony, coijtented 
 himfelf with aQ;ing upon the defenfive. The king in per- 
 fon carried on the fiege of Scnweidnit/,, almofl: in the pre- 
 fence of marihal Daun, who fcarce made any attempt to re- 
 Ueve it. But whatever deficiency there might have been 
 in the fpirit of the grand army of the Auflrians, it was am- 
 ply compenfated by the obftinate bravery of the garrifon, 
 which refifted all the attacks of the Prullians for near two 
 months from the opening of the trenches. It is faid that 
 the attack was conduced, a 'd the defence made, by two en- 
 gineers, who had written on the fubject of the Attack and 
 Defence of Places ; and they were now practically engaged 
 to prove the fuperiority of their feveral fyftems. 
 
 However this may be, Schweidnitz coft the king of Pruf- 
 fia a great deal of time, many laborious efforts, and a num- 
 ber of men. The brave garrifon, to the number 
 of eight thoufand men, were at length obliged to 061. 9. 
 furrender prifoners of war. Their ill fortune pur- 
 fued them every whert. A great pari of this body of gal- 
 
 > . lant 
 
 W 
 
544 ^^^'' I^'i STORY of I he War. 1^62. 
 
 lant prifoncis were drowned nr the mouth of the Oder, on 
 their pnlfigc to their intended confinement at Koniglbcrg : 
 only nine men of the w' ole nitmher efcaped. 
 
 TheKinL';()r PrnfTi.. "ow mullcr of Schwcidnit/,, and 
 confef|iientlyof Silefia, » d his attention to Saxony, where 
 be confiderahly reinion cd his brotlier's army, and made 
 preparations wlTuh indicated a dcfign of laying fiege to 
 Drcfdcn. 
 
 Tn Saxony alfo the Audrians began fo exert thcmfelvcs 
 with I'Tcat ipirit ; and made fome progrefs under the gene- 
 rals Sl«Mberg and lladdick. 'I'Jiey ol.Uained confiderable 
 advantages, in fevcral encounters, over the army of prince 
 Henry ; and even puHicd them back to Freyberg ; the pof- 
 fefllon of which place they prepared to difputc with the 
 Prufl'ians. 
 
 But here fortune, which has feldom proved long confliant 
 to their arms, entirely forfook them. The united 
 00. 29. ai my of Impcrlalifls and Auflrians was attacked by 
 prituc I trnry, (who took advantage of the abfencc 
 of general lladdick,) in the neighbourhood of Freyberg, and 
 totally routed. Great numbers were flain. The Pruifians 
 took near fix tboufa;^l j)rifoner.s, among whom were about 
 fwo hundred and fo.ry oflicevs of all ranks, thirty pieces of 
 cannon, and fcveral [tandnrds. The victory was complete, 
 and, as far as regarded the event of the campaign, decifjvc. 
 - The y\uflrians attributed this defeat to the treachery of 
 one of their fupcrioi" ofTiccrs, who v.-as foon after taken in- 
 to cullodv. ])ut v/iiiKl- they were inquiring into the caiife 
 of their difallcr, and preparing to piiniih the author ot it, 
 the Pruffians were puihing the advantages which their vic- 
 tory afTorded them with all imaginable alacrity. And this 
 they were enabled to do with the greatefF efFccI, by means 
 of a partial cclTationof hoflilities, which the Auftrians were 
 fo imprudent as to conclude with the king of PrufTia for 
 Silefui and the cIcfAoral Saxony only, without forcfecing the 
 danger, or providing for the fafety, either of their own im- 
 mediate dominions, or of thofe members of the Empire, 
 which were tlic mod: attached to their interefts, and which 
 were now expofed to the attempts of a bold, rapacious, 
 and exafperated enemy. 
 
 One body of the Prufllan army broke into Bohemia, 
 pnflicd on almolT: to the gates of Prague, and dcftroyed a 
 capital magaAine. Another fell upon the fame country on 
 
 another 
 
1762. 
 
 y/^^ History of the War. 
 
 545 
 
 another quarter, and laid the town of Egra almofl in afhes, 
 by a bombardment and a cannonade of red hot bullets. 
 Some extended themfelves all over Saxony ; others pene- 
 trated into the furthed parts of Franconia, and even as 
 far as Suaoia, ravaging the country, exa6ting the moft ex- 
 orbitant contributions, and fpreading difmay and confu- 
 fion upon every fide. The diet of the Empire fitting at 
 Katifbon did not think themfelves in fafety ; but were be- 
 ginning to fly and preparing to remove their records. 
 
 The free city of Nuremberg, fo famous for the inge- 
 nious induftry, and pacific difpofition of its inhabitants, 
 fuffered themofl by this invafion; having been obliged to 
 pay contribution to the amount of two hundred thoufand 
 pounds of our money. It has been fuppofed, that in this 
 expedition the Pruffians raifed a fum equal to the annual 
 fubfidy, which had formerly been paid by Great Britain to 
 their Sovereign. Many of the dates found themfelves ob- 
 liged to fign a neutrality, in order to fave their territories 
 from further ravages. 
 
 And now a great part of the Empire being already in- 
 cluded in the peace between Great Britain and France, 
 and the reftv tied down by this neutrality, entirely dif- 
 abled by the late defeat, or exhauftcd by the fubfequent in- 
 curfions, were no longer in a condition to furnifli an army 
 under the imperial name and authority. After the whole 
 liance had been thus gradually diffolved, the affair was, at 
 length, left to be decided as it was begun, by the fingle arms of 
 Auftria and Pruflla ; fo that there was great reafon to hope, 
 I as the war in Germany had fuccccdcd immediately to the 
 ■ rupture between Great Britain and France, the peace be- 
 tween thefe powers would alfo lead to the fpcady pacifica- 
 tion of the Empire. 
 
 The preliminaries had been figned by the Britifh and 
 French minifters at Fountainbleau, on the third of No- 
 vember, and it is neceflary for the completion of our defign, 
 that we fhould here give fome accourt of the definitive 
 treaty which was built upon them. 
 
 The reader will rccolle£t, that, in the negotiation of 
 1 76 1 , it was laid down as a principal by the two courts, that 
 their refpeftive propofitions, in cafe the treaty fliould by 
 any accident be broken oft, were to be confidered as re- 
 tra6ted or never made. At that time we remarked, that 
 thefe propofitions would probably have their inlluence, not- 
 
 Z X L with- 
 
54^ Tbg HisroKY of the 'Wak. ij6z. 
 
 withftancling this provifion ; becaufe, as we then obferved, 
 things once fettled and agreed to, unavoidably ftamp their 
 own impreffion upon any future negotiation relative to the 
 fame fubjeQ:. It happened very nearly, as was then fore- 
 feen ; for, as far as we can judge, the negotiation did not 
 fet out upon any new or peculiar principle of its own, but 
 feemed to affume as a bafis thofe points, which were near- 
 eft to an adjuftment in the preceding treaty ; and to com- 
 mence where that tranfaftion concluded. 
 
 The fpiritof the two negotiations, fo far as regarded the 
 peculiar intereft of Great Britain, feems to have been per- 
 feftly fimilar. There was fcarcely any other difference, 
 than that Great Britain, in confequence of her fucccfles 
 fince that time, acquired more than Ihe then demanded ; 
 but ftill the general idea, on which (he acquired, was near- 
 ly or altogether the fame. But with regard to fome of our 
 allies, the principle was greatly varied ; and we imagine 
 that this change was fafficiently juftified by the alteration, 
 which happened in the affairs of Germany, during the in- 
 terval between the two treaties. Thofe who condu6ted the 
 negotiation in 1761, were fteady in rejecting every propo- 
 fition, in which they were not left at liberty to aid the 
 king of Pruffia, with the whole force of Great Britain; 
 thofe, who concluded the peace in 1762, paid lefs attention 
 to the interefts, though they did not wholly negle£t the 
 fafety of that monarch. At the beginning of the year, and 
 before they had entered into this negotiation, they refufed 
 to renew that article of the annual treaty, by which our 
 court had engaged to conclude no peace without the king 
 of Pruffia ; though at the fame time they declared themfelves 
 willing to affift him with the ufual fubfidy. He on his part re- 
 fufed thefubfidy unconnected with that article. Some cold- 
 nefs grew between the two courts from this time forward. 
 
 The adjuftment of affairs in the Empire, feemed to form 
 no material impediment to the progrefs of the treaty. 
 Both parties readily agreed to withdraw themfelves totally 
 from the German war. They thought, and rightly, that 
 nothing could tend fo much to give peace to their refpe6live 
 allies, as mutually to withdraw their affiftance from them ; 
 and to ftop that current of Englifh and French money, 
 which, as long as it ran into Germany,would be fure to 
 feed a perpetual war in that country. 
 
 Circumftanced as affairs then were, this condu£l on our 
 
 . nde 
 
17^2. The History of the War. 547 
 
 fide was as defenfible as the conduft which we held in 
 1 761. At that time the affairs of the king of Pruflla were 
 at the loweft ebb j he was overpowered by the whole weight 
 of Auftria, of Sweden, of the Empire, and of Ruffia, as 
 determined as ever, in her enmity, and then fuccefsful ; to 
 fay nothing of France. Neither generofity, nor perhaps 
 found policy, ought to have permitted us to defert him in 
 that (ituation. But when the laft treaty was made, the con- 
 dition of his affairs was abfolutely reverfed. He had got 
 rid of the mod powerful, and one of the moft implacable 
 of his enemies. He had concluded a peace with Sweden. 
 The treaty itfelf freed him from all apprehenfions of France. 
 He had then none to contend with, but a nominal army of 
 the Empire, and one of Auftria, which, though fomething 
 more than nominal, was wholly unable to oppofe his pro- 
 grefs. His fituation, from being pitiable, was become formi- 
 dable. It was good policy to prevent the ballance of Ger- 
 many from being overturned to uis prejudice. It would have 
 been the worft in the world to overturn it in his favour. 
 
 Thefe principles fufficiently explain and jollify the dif- 
 ferent conduft of this nation, at thefe two periods, towards 
 the king of Pruflla. The demand of the evacuation of 
 Wefel, Qeves, and Gueldres, which had been made ia 
 the firft negotiation, was then juftly excepted to, becaufe 
 we refufed to put an end to the German war. In this laft 
 the French agreed to it, and with reafon, becaufe we agreed 
 in common with them to be neutral in the difputes of the 
 Empire. And on thefe principles, the peace of Germany, 
 fo far as it depended on Great Britain and France, was re- 
 ftored. The reft of Europe was pacified by the ftipulation 
 for the evacuation of Portugal. This was, indeed, with 
 regard to the contrafting courts, the primary objeft. 
 
 What remained after the concerns of the allies were 
 provided for, was the adjuftment of what related to the fet- 
 tlements and commerce of Great Britain and the Bourbon 
 courts. The difficulty, which prevented this adjuftment 
 in the preceding negotiation, was the intervention of the 
 claims of Spain. The attempt of the Bourbon powers to 
 intermix and confound their affairs in the preceding nego- 
 tiation, had a ftiare in making the war more general ; on 
 this occafion it had a contrary effeft. As the whole was 
 negotiated together, it facilitated the peace, by affording 
 eafier methods of adjufting the fyftem of compenfation, and 
 
 Z z z 2 fur- 
 
 r*' 
 
548 y/?^ History o/ /yf/^ War; 1762. 
 
 furnifhing more largely to the general fund of equivalents. 
 
 The great objeft, and the original caufe of the war, had 
 been the fettlement of limits in America. This was therefore 
 the firft obje£t to be attended to in the treaty. And it mufl 
 be obferved, that this point was much more accurately, as 
 well as beneficially, fettled, than it promifed to be in the 
 negotiation of the foregoing year. For the French, not 
 having afcertained the bounds between their own feveral 
 poffeffions with greater exa^lnefs, than they had thofe be- 
 tween their poflelTions and ours, it was not clear in ceding 
 Canada, how much they ceded to us. Difputes might 
 have arifen, and did indeed immediately arife upon this 
 fubjeft. Befides, the weftern limits of our fouthern conti- 
 nental colonies, were not mentioned. And thofe limits 
 were extremely obfcure and fubje6i to many difcuflions. 
 Such difcuflions contained in them the feeds of a new war. 
 In the laft treaty it was agreed, that a line drawn along the 
 the middle of the river Miflifippi, from its fource to the ri- 
 ver Iberville, (a fmall but navigable branch of the MifTifip- 
 pi,) and thence along the. middle of this river, and the lakes 
 of Maurepas and Pontchartrain, (which lakes communicate 
 with both rivers) to the fea, Ihould be the bounds of the 
 two nations in North America. 
 
 Nothing could be more diftinO: than this boundary. It 
 gave us, in addition to what was properly Canada, a very 
 large traft of territory, which the French ufed to include 
 under the name of Louifiana ; to which our claims were 
 never clearly afcertained, and much lefs eftabliflied by any 
 pofleflion. The French have had for a long time forts and 
 fettlcments in that country ; whereas the Englifh never had 
 either the one or the other ; and this is a confideration of 
 no fmall moment in a conteft concerning'rights in a country 
 fuch as America. 
 
 What added alfo to the rounding of our territories, and 
 cutting off the occafions of limitary difputes, was the cef- 
 fion of Florida on the part of Spain. This country indeed 
 makes no great figure in the commercial world j and cannot 
 be therefore put in competition with the other conqueils. 
 But from the fituationof itsharoburs of Penfacola and Mo- 
 bile, it affords fome advantages in time of peace, and very 
 confiderable ones in time of war; by connecting our fu- 
 ture fettlements on the Miflifippi with thofe upon the At- 
 lantic ocean, and by enabling us greatly to diflrefs, if not 
 
 , . , -- wholly 
 
762. 
 
 7V^^ History of the War. 
 
 549 
 
 wholly to tleftroy the trade of the Spaniards in cafe of a 
 rupture with them. The navigation of the Mifllfippi was 
 made common to both nations. 
 
 By the treaty of Utrecht, which fettled our northern 
 limits, and by this treaty which afcertained thofe to the 
 weft, our poffeffions in America are as well defined, as the 
 nature of fuch a country can pofllbly admit. They com- 
 prehend in their extent the foundation of a vaft empire; 
 they have many advantages of foil and climate ; and many 
 of intercourfe and communication, by the number of noble 
 lakes and navigable rivers, with which that part of the 
 world abounds. Thefe circumftances afford, though a di- 
 ftant, a fair profpeft of commerce to Great Britain, when 
 this immenfe country comes to be fully peopled, and pro- 
 perly cultivated. Some advantages alfo we derive from this 
 poffefllon, that are not only confiderable but immediate ; 
 among the principal of which muft be reckoned, the mono- 
 poly of the furr and peltry trade of North America, much 
 the greateft trade of that kind in the world, and which \% 
 now, we may fay, entirely in our hands. Befides the pof- 
 fefllon of Canada enlarged the fphere of our fifliery, and 
 took from the French an opportunity of trade, which fhe 
 might employ greatly to our detriment. 
 
 Such are the advantages fairly, and without any exagge- 
 ration, for which we are indebted to this part of the treatVt 
 in which the interefts of Great Britain were well weighed 
 and folidly provided for. . . u n:.'. : i 
 
 The next point we Ihall confider, is the arrangement 
 made concerning the Newfoundland filhery. This was a 
 point of infinite importance, and a fubjeQ: of much con- 
 troverfy. In a commercial view it is certainly of great 
 eftimation. But it has been confidered as even more ma- 
 terial in a political light. Every body knows that thefe ex- 
 tenfive fifheries are the life of many maritime places, which 
 would otherwife be of no fort of value ; that they are the 
 great nurferies of feamen, and confequently the great re- 
 fources of the marine. Scarce any obje£t could be of more 
 importance to two nations, who contended for a fuperiority 
 in naval power. 
 
 The more clearly therefore it was the intereft of Great 
 Britain, to acquire theexclufive exercife of this fifliery, the 
 more ftrongly and evidently it became the intereft of F ranee 
 to oppofe themfelves to fuch a pretenfion. Not only a large 
 part of her foreign trade depended on this fifliery, but a 
 
 great 
 
 fi 
 
 i' ■!* 
 
 ?i 
 
550 The HisTOK'v of the WKti. .17^2. 
 
 great part of her domeftic fupply. Befides every hope of 
 the (Ircngth and almoll of the exiftence of a naval power, 
 mufl vanifh with the ceflion of this fifhery. 
 
 The Englilh adminiftration probably faw, that France 
 would rather run all the hazards of war, than totally relin- 
 quifli this obje6:. Since therefore they defpaired of driving 
 the French entirely from the filhery, they endeavoured as 
 much as poflible to diminifh its value to them. In this ref- 
 pe6l they followed the plan of the former negotiation, ex- 
 cept that fome improvements were added. 
 
 In the firft place, that article of the treaty of Utrecht 
 was cdablifhed, by which the French were admitted to 
 6fh, and to dry their fifli, on the north-eaft and north-weft 
 parts of Newfoundland, from Cape Bonavifta to Point Eiche, 
 and excluded from the reft of this ifland. They were alfo 
 permitted to fifh within the Gulph of St. Lawrence, but 
 with this limitation, that they fhall not approach within 
 three leagues of any of the coafts belonging to England. 
 
 This precaution was taken, not only with a view of 
 abridging the French fifliery of dry cod, but principally in 
 order to prevent their landing, and on that pretence forming 
 fettlements on thofe extenfive defarts, which furround the 
 Gulph of St. Lawrence. Otherwife this privilege might 
 become a means of exciting new controverfies between the 
 two nations. 
 
 In compenfation for the ceftion of the ifles of Cape 
 Breton and St. John to England, we agreed to furrender to 
 France the fmall illands of St. Pierre and Miouelon, fitu- 
 ated to the fouth of Newfoundland. The ceflion of the 
 two former illands was, unqueftionably, more than an equi- 
 valent for the two latter, though the latter are by no means 
 either incommodioufly fituatedor ill circumftanced for car- 
 rying on the fiftiery. The French ftipulated to ereft no 
 fortifications on thefe iftands, nor to keep more than fifty 
 i'oldiers to enforce the police. In this inftance the plan of 
 the former negotiation was purfued. The ideas of a refi- 
 dent commiflary, and the occafional vifitation by a (hip of 
 war were omitted ; as regulations, which were in truth more 
 humiliating to France, than in any refpe«5l advantageous to 
 our intereft. 
 
 This fifliery was, as it had been at the treaty of Utrecht, 
 divided between France and England, but with lefs equali- 
 ty on this than on that occafion. The French are not 
 
 n^ v: .^ e .? aii ■ ^ wholly 
 
17^^. 
 
 ^he History of the War. 
 
 551 
 
 wholly deprived of their fhare ; but this fhare is confider- 
 ably impaired. Their lofs of Cape Breton does not appear 
 to be fully fupplied by St. Pierre and Miquelon. The con- 
 fiderable and growing fijfhery, which the French had fettled 
 at Gafp6 is taken away without hope of recovery. On the 
 whole, we are thus circumftanced ; wc have advantages in 
 this fifhery, which we may certainly improve to a great fu- 
 periority ; but we have ftill a rival, which makes it necef- 
 fary to exert ourfelves with unremitting induftry in order to 
 fecure it. 
 
 With regard to Spain, fhe entirely J(?/?/?^</ from the right 
 (he claimed of fifliing on thefe coafts. A more fatisfaflory 
 expreflion could have been wiflied; if it had been of great 
 importance, in what terms a right was renounced, which 
 for a long time had never been exercifed. 
 
 When the affairs of the Weft Indies came to be fettled, 
 though they caufed great difference of opinion among the 
 public, they do not feem to have raifed any great difficulty 
 in the negotiation. We had here made great conquefts, 
 and here alfo we made great conceflions. We ceded the 
 Havannah, with a confidcrable part of the ifland of Cuba; 
 the iflands of Martinico ; Guadeloupe ; Mariegalante; De- 
 Tirade ; and Santa Lucia, We retained in our hands the 
 iflands of Tobago, Dominica, St. Vincent, and the Gre- 
 nades. To the three former, of which, (as well as to Santa 
 Lucia, which we furrendered) we had an old claim. The 
 laft only was a new acquifition ; and the three others are at 
 prefent of fmall value. 
 
 Many cenfured with great vehemence and afperity this 
 part of the treaty. •They infifted that in this treaty we had 
 loft fight of that great fundamental principal, that France 
 is chiefly, if not folely, to be dreaded by us in the light 
 of a maritime and commercial power. That therefore 
 we had, by reftoring to her all her valuable W^eft India if- 
 lands, and by our conceftions in the Newfoundland fifliery, 
 left in her hands the means of recovering her prodigioua 
 lofles, and of becoming once more formidable to us at fea. 
 That the fifhery trained up an innumerable multitude of 
 young feamen ; and that the Weft India trade employed 
 them when they were trained. That France iiad long fince 
 gained a decided fuperiority over us in this lucrative branch 
 of commerce, and fupplied almoft all Europe with the rich' 
 commodities, which are produced only in that part of the 
 
 world 
 
 n 
 
$52 7'be History of tbf W AK. ■ - 1762. 
 
 world. By this commerce, faid they, flie enriched her 
 merchants, and augmented her finances ; whilft from a 
 want of fugar land, which has been long known and fevere* 
 ly felt by England, we at once loft the foreign trade, and 
 fufFered all the inconveniencies of a monopoly at home. 
 
 That, at the clofe of fo tiTxpenfive a war, we might very 
 reafonably demand fomething towards our indemnification, 
 as well as towards our fecurity. It is evident faid they, 
 that our conquefts in North America, however, they may 
 provide for the one, are altogether inadequate to the other 
 cf thefe ends. The ftate of the exifting trade of thefe con- 
 quefts is extremely low ; the fpeculations of their future 
 are precarious, and the profpeft, at the very beft, very re- 
 mote. We ftand in need of fupplies, which will have an 
 efFeO:, certain, fpeedy, and confiderable. The retaining 
 both, or even one of the confiderable French iflands, Mar- 
 tinico, or Guadeloupe, will, and nothing elfe can elfefluaily 
 anfwer tJiis triple purpofe. The advantage is immediate. 
 It is a matter not of conjefture but of account. The trade 
 with thefe conquefts is of the moft lucrative nature, and of 
 the moft confiderable extent ; the number of fhips employed 
 by it are a great refource to our maritime power; the mo- 
 nopoly at home is correfled, and the foreign trade is reco- 
 vered. And, what is of equal weight, all that we gain on this 
 fyftem, is made fourfold to us by the lofs which enfues to 
 France. But'our conquefts in North America, however ad- 
 vantageous they may prove to us, in the idea of fecurity, 
 (for in that refpecl alone they are of any moment) are of 
 very little detriment to the commerce of France. On the 
 Weft Indian fcheme of acquiHtion, our'gain and her lofs go 
 hand in hand. 
 
 They infifted upon the obvious connexion of this trade, 
 with that of our colonies in North America, and with our 
 commerce_to the coaft of Africa. The African trade, faid 
 they, will be augmented, by the demand for flaves. That 
 of North America will all center in ourfelves. V^hereas if 
 the iflands are all reftored, a great part of the benefit of 
 the northern colony trade muft redound, as it has hitherto 
 done, to thofe who were lately our enemies, and will always 
 be our rivals. 
 
 They obferved, that there was nothing extravagant or 
 "overbearing in this demand. That though we iTiould re- 
 tain cither Martinlco or Guadeloupe, or even both thefe 
 
 iflands 
 
 1762. 7 
 
 iflands, our coni 
 dant matter lefl 
 the reft. To f 
 fifliery ; on the 
 from all which 
 had been entirel 
 fhare of which 1 
 further concefllc 
 faw no neceflity] 
 rica be fomewh; 
 thing to our con 
 ty, as we fliall i 
 whenever a war 
 whofe refources 
 Such are conci 
 principal heads « 
 upon this fide of 
 beft writers on ti 
 That the orig 
 our colonies upor 
 thefe colonies wc 
 danger, the imm* 
 fued to Great Bri 
 were, from the 1 
 ers of the world, 
 our beft, but ou 
 ty of the return 
 that while Franc 
 from whence flie 
 ver enjoy any re 
 cure from being 
 which we have a 
 pily emerged. T 
 in America, or t 
 limits pofllble, is 
 can obtain j and 
 fions. ; 
 
 They infifted t 
 plan, included in 
 ving us, more 
 from the neceflTit 
 giving us an oppc 
 ering our debt. 
 
I'jSz. 
 
 T^e History of i/je War. 
 
 B53 
 
 iflands, our conquefts were fuch, that there was ftill abun- 
 dant matter left to difplay our moderation in the ceflion of 
 the reft. To fay nothing of our many conceflions in the 
 fiftiery ; on the coaft of Africa ; and in the Eaft Indies ; 
 from all which great provinces of commerce the French 
 had been entirely driven this war, and to a confiderable 
 Ihare of which they were reftored by the treaty. But if 
 further conceflions muft be made (for which however they 
 faw no neceflity) let the prodigious demand in North Ame- 
 rica be fomewhat contra6ted ; by this method we lofe no- 
 thing to our commerce ; and we do not hazard our fecuri- 
 ty, as we ihall ftill be infinitely fuperior in ftrength ; and 
 whenever a war breaks out, that power will be moft fecure, 
 whofe refources are moft confiderable. - . 
 
 Such are concifely, and, we flatter ourfelves, fairly, the 
 principal heads of argument, brought by the beft writers 
 upon this fide of the queftion ; they were replied to by the 
 beft writers on the other, upon the following principals. 
 
 That the original obje6: of the war was the fecurity of 
 our colonies upon the continent ; that the danger to which 
 thefe colonies were exppfed, and, in confequence of that 
 danger, the immenfe wafte of blood and treafure which en- 
 fued to Great Britain, together with the calamities, which 
 were, from the fame fource, derived upon the four quart- 
 ers of the world, left no fort of doubt that it was not only 
 our beft, but our only policy, to guard againft all poflibili- 
 ty of the return of fuch evils. Experience has fhown us, 
 that while France poflefies any fingle place in America, 
 from whence fhe may moleft our fettlcments, they can ne- 
 ver enjoy any repofe, and of courfe that we are never fe- 
 cure from being plunged again into thofe calamities, from 
 which we have at length, and with fo much difficulty, hap- 
 pily emerged. To remove France from our neighbourhood 
 in America, or to contra6t her power within the narrowcft 
 limits poflible, is therefore the moft capital advantage we 
 can obtain ; and is worth purchafing by almoft any concef- 
 fions. 
 
 They infifted that the abfolute fecurity derived from this 
 plan, included in itfelf an indemnification. Firft; by fav- 
 ving us, more efi^e£lually than any other method could, 
 from the neceflity of another war, and confequently by 
 giving us an opportunity of incrcafing our trade, and low- 
 ering our debt. Secondly; by permitting our colonies on 
 
 A a a a . the 
 
 ■'1^ 
 •'\i 
 
 ' :i« 
 
i. 
 
 J54 The History of the War. 1762. 
 
 the continent to extend themfelves without danger or mo* 
 leftation. They fhewed the great increafe of oppulatioa 
 in thofe colonies within a few years. They Ihewed that 
 their trade with the mother country had uniformly in- 
 creafed with this, population. That being now freed 
 from the moleftation of enemies, and the emulation of 
 rivals, unlimited in their pofTelTions, and fafe in their 
 perfons, our American planters would, by the very 
 courfc of their natural propagation in a very Ihort time, 
 furnifli out a demand of our manufadlures, as large as 
 all the working hands of Great Britain could poflibly fupply. 
 That there was therefore no reafon to dread that want of 
 trade, which their adverfaries infinuated, fince North Ame- 
 rica alone would fupply the deficiencies of our trade in eve- 
 ry other part of the world. 
 
 They expatiated on the great variety of climates, which 
 that country contained, and the vaft refources which would 
 thence arife to commerce. That the value of our conquefts 
 thereby ought not to be eftimated by the prefent produce, 
 but by their probable increafe. Neither ought the value 
 of any country to be folely tried on its commercial advanta- 
 ges ; that extent of territory and a number of fubje^ts, arc 
 matters of as much confideration to a (late attentive to the 
 fources of real grandeur, as the mere advantages of traffic; 
 that fuch ideas are rather fuitable to a limited and petty 
 cbmmonwealth, like JloUand, than to a great, powerful 
 and warlike nation. That on thefe principles, having made 
 very large demands in North America, it was neceffary to 
 relax in other parts. That France would never be brought 
 to any confiderable cellion in the Weft Indies ; but that 
 her power and increafe there could never become formida- 
 ble, becaufe the exiftence of her fettlements depended up- 
 on ours in North America, (lie not being any longer left a 
 place from whence they can be fupplied with provifions ; 
 that in lofmg fomething of the fugar trade, we loft very lit- 
 tle elf0han a luxury ; as to the other produce of the Weft 
 Indies, it might be in a great meafure, and in part already 
 was fupplied by our po(reirions on the continent, which dai- 
 ly increafed not only in the quantity but in the kind of its 
 produce. 
 
 We do not pretend to pafs any judgment on thc-merits 
 of the feveral fides of this queftion, which is certainly a ve- 
 ry difficult one. We relate opinions, as well as fa^s, hif- 
 toricjiUy. i . . _ The 
 
1762. !^he History of the War. 555 
 
 The only point, which remained to be adjufted in the 
 "Weft Indies, was the logwood trade. Spain confented not 
 to difturb the Engiifh in their occupation of cutting log- 
 wood in the bay of I'onduras, and to permit them to occu- 
 py fuch buildings as may be neceffary for them in this occu- 
 pation. Great Britain, on her fide, ftipulated to deftroy 
 the fortifications which had been ereO^ed on that bay *. 
 
 By this article" the Englifli acquired a folid right in this 
 long contefted trade ; out feemed, at the fame time, to lofe 
 ^11 the means of protefting it. It is, however, difficult to 
 point out a better method of adjufting a claim of fuch a pe- 
 culiar nature. The right we claimed was not a right to the 
 territory, nor directly to the produce; but only a privilege 
 of cutting and taking away this wood by indulgence. To 
 have infifted on the right of erefting fortifications, would 
 have been making the ftrongefl. claim to an abfolute, dire6b 
 and exclufive dominion over the territory itfelf; a point, to 
 which I do not find that our moft extenfive claims have 
 ever been carried. - .^ .,.<:. .: 
 
 In Africa, Goree was reftored to France, and Senegal 
 remained to Great Britain f . This regulation feems to 
 have divided the trade on this river, and the adjacent coafl:, 
 between the two nations. The Engiifh, as they are now 
 circumftanced on that part, feem to be the mofl: advanta- 
 geoufly fituated for the trade in time of peace; and the 
 French tor carrying away the whole of it in time of war. 
 
 With regard to the Eaft Indies, all the French faflories 
 and fettlements are reftored to that nation in every part 
 of India % • Although this muft be regarded as a very 
 great concellion, it docs not however afford all thofe 
 advantages to France, which might be imagined at the 
 firft view. Firft, becaufc the fortifications erected at 
 fuch a vaft expence in all thofe fettlements have been 
 totally deftroyed ; and it cannot be expefted, in the pre- 
 fent fituation of the French company, that they can, in 
 the courfe of many years, if at all, be rell:orP(i(J|o their 
 former flate, in Bengal, (including, by an explanation an- 
 nexed to the definitive treaty, the kingdom of Orixa,) they 
 have engaged to ereft no kind of fortification, nor to keep 
 any number of foldiers whatfocver. Secondly, they have 
 agreed to acknowledge the prcfent reigning fubas of Ben- 
 gal, Decan, and the Carnatick, as the lawful fovereigns of 
 
 A a a a 2 thefe 
 
 * Def. tr. art. xvii. t Def. tr. art. x. X Def. tr. Srt. xi. 
 
55^ The Hi sroKV of the War. 1762. 
 
 thefe countries. Thefe princes are the greatefl on the pen- 
 infula of India: they are in our intereft, and moft of them 
 owe either the acquifition, or depend for the prefervation 
 of their power upon our arms ; by which means our com- 
 pany is become, in effect, arbiter of the commerce and po- 
 litics of that great and opulent coaft, extending from the 
 Ganges to Cape Ccmorin ; and in a great degree alfo of 
 the other, from the fame cape to the mouth of the Indus. 
 Thirdly, during the courfe of our fucceffes, the traders 
 and the manufacturers have removed from the French to 
 our fettlements, where they will have at lead an equal 
 market, and a fuperior proteftion ; and it will be difficult, 
 if not impoflible, to bring them back. 
 
 Minorca and Belleifle were to be reftorcd to their former 
 pofTenbrs II. The fortifications and harbour of Dunkirk 
 were to be demolifhed agreeable to the ftipulations of former 
 treaties §. 
 
 This is the general outline of the late treaty. The par- 
 ticulars given here will ferve to point out the fpirit and the 
 general efFeft of that tranfaflion, which has been the fub- 
 je6t of fo much heat and controverfy ; and which nothing 
 but adulation will aflTcrt to be free from defcft, nor nny 
 thing but faction can deny to be produ6tive of many very 
 great and elTential advantages to this kingdom. 
 
 This treaty, while it remained in agitation, formed a 
 great crifis, not only in the affairs of the nation, but in the 
 fortune of the new minillry. Towards the latter end of 
 the fummer, Mr. Fox was called in, and engaged in their 
 fupport. Though he continued in his old place of payniaf- 
 ter, he undertook to conduct the affairs of government in 
 the houfe of commons. Mr. Grenville, whofe employ- 
 ment would natunilly have engaged him in that tafk, re- 
 figned the feals of fecretary of fliate, and was appointed 
 firft lord of the admiralty. The great experience and known 
 
 Earliamentary abilities of Mr. Fox, feemed to give new 
 fe to the affairs of the adminiftration. A more vigorous 
 and determined condu6l: was from that time adopted. Ma- 
 ny of thofe, who were not perfectly attached to the new 
 fyllem, were immediately removed from their employ- 
 ments ; and meafurcs were taken to clear every department 
 of every friend of the Duke of Ncwcaftle. 
 
 The fpirit of thefe proceedings feemed to augment th.it 
 
 of 
 !) Def. tr. art. viii- and xii. § Dcf. tr, art. xiih 
 
1762. .- ^be History of the War. ^^*j 
 
 of the oppofition. It was apprehended, that the prelimina- 
 ries would undergo a rigorous fcrutiny, and might poflibly 
 incur a heavy cenfure from parliament. The terms of peace 
 were criticiled without mercy. They were declared to be 
 inglorious, inadequate, and infecure; unequal to the great 
 fucceffes of the war, and below the iuft expectations of the 
 jiation; that cur commerce was negletted, and our alliea ' 
 abandoned. Public expeftation was however entirely dif- 
 eppointed. The preliminaries were approved, without any 
 qualification, by both houfes ; by the lords with- 
 out a divifion ; by the commons with a very dif- Dec. 9. • 
 proportioned majority. 
 
 Many caufes concurred to produce this moderate difpofi- 
 tion. Firft, a very great number, which included almofl: 
 all the Tories, were engaged in the fupport of the adminif- 
 tralion. The then chiefs of the oppofition were not well 
 agreed among themfelves. Mr. Pitt who was confidered as 
 a party in himfelf, had not joined with the duke of Newcaf- 
 tle, nor feemed difpofed to a6t with any particuL body. 
 The fame general plan of peace, which many now in the 
 oppofition had formerly approved, had been adopted in thefe 
 prehminaries, and evidently improved. It is true, it had 
 been obje6led, that our additional fucceffes, fmce that time, 
 gave us ground to expeft better terms ; but it was anfwer- 
 ed, that our national burthens, and the extent of the war, 
 had increafcd in, at leaft, an equal proportion ; and that 
 peace was become neceflary to the nation. 
 
 Thefe arguments, whatever weight they might have In 
 themfelves, were ftrong againft thefe, upon whom they 
 were rather retorted, than for the firft time levelled, being 
 altogether agreeable to the fyftem which many now in op- 
 pofition had always purfued, and to the fentimcnts many of 
 them had publicly avowed, and perhaps ftill fecrctly re- 
 tained. On the whole, it was evident, that, when the 
 queftion came on, the difcontented party was found not ve- 
 ry well united, and abfolutely unprovided of any regular 
 fchemc of oppofition. However, though bafHed en this 
 occafion, it has fim e begun to revive and to unite ; and 
 though peace is happily reftored with foreign powers, our 
 domefiic quiet is ftill far from being fccurely eftablilhed. 
 
 With regard to the powers in Germany, the peace be- 
 tween England and France, and the fapviriorily of the king 
 of Pruflla at the clofe of the campaign, infpired, at length, 
 
 • "^ though 
 
 ■ %.■■- 
 
 
558 
 
 ^he History of the War. 
 
 1762. 
 
 though unwillingly, a difpofition to peace. Conferences 
 were opened at Hubertflburg, and a treaty concluded be- 
 tween his Pruflian majefty and the emprefs queen. As af» 
 fairs in this treaty were fpeedily adjufted, fo they may be 
 very concifely related. The fubftance of it was no more 
 -than that a mutual reftitution and oblivion fhould take 
 place, and each party fit down at the end of the war in the 
 fame fituation in which they began it. Thus the king of 
 Pruffia, after having for fix yeafs contended againft the ef- 
 forts of almoft all the great powers of Europe, by whofe 
 enmity he could be afFefted, having ftood proof againrt the 
 moft terrible blows of fortune, enjoys at length the full re- 
 ward of his uncommon magnanimity. He retains his do- 
 minions in their utmoft extent; and having delivered his 
 country, by his incomparable talents for war, he now en- 
 joys leifure to recover it by his nolefs admirable talents for 
 government. Scarcely was the war concluded, when he 
 began to difplay his attention to domeftic policy, and hii 
 care for the happinefs of his people. He immediately dif- 
 tributed lands to his difbanded foldiery ; and gave them the 
 horfes of. his artillery to aid them in their cultivation. 
 
 Europe is now pacified; and fhe begins to refpire, after 
 a more general and a more bloody war than any the world 
 had experienced fince that which was concluded by the 
 peace of Weftphalia. As far as it is fafe to judge concern- 
 ing a fyftem which is fubjeft to fo great and unforefeen va- 
 riations, and fometimes from very flight caufes, this peace 
 promifes a confiderable duration. The king of Pruflia will 
 hardly again commit his affairs, fo miraculoufly retrieved 
 to the chances of war. He fees how dearly he has a ferond 
 time purchafed his conqueft of Silefia, and he will hardly 
 aim at new acquifitions. The emprefs, fince flie failed to 
 reduce Silefia, or even to lecover the fmalleft particle of 
 her loffes, with fuch an ex^ition of her own ftrength, and 
 with fuch an alliance as never was feen united before, and 
 with whi'jh fhe can never flatter herfelf again, muft be con- 
 vinced how vain it is to attempt any change in the prefent 
 fyftem of Gerrhany. 
 
 VVhilft Ruflia remained circumftanced as fhe fecms to be 
 at prefent, there is a very good profpetl for the tranquillity 
 of the North. 
 
 France has turned her thoughts to a much wanted oeco- 
 nomy, and the re-eftablifhment of her marine. She has 
 
 reduced 
 
1762. I'he History of the War. 559 
 
 reduced her land forces by above one half. England, with- 
 out leflening the ordinary eftablilhment of her navy, has 
 augmented her military, in confequence of the extent of 
 her conquefts. Both nations feem fenfible of the neceflity 
 of being prepared, and yet quiet. The Bourbon courts 
 are united, but weakened. The mutua, jeaioufy of the 
 nations, which have been lately at war, continues ; but 
 their fubjefls of difpute, and occafions of animofity, are 
 much leflened. This is as good a fituation as could rea- 
 fonably be expe£ted. 
 
 We have thus accompUflied our defign of la) ing before 
 the public a connected narrative of the events of the 
 late moil remarkable war, which we have purfued from 
 its commencement to its conclufion. We have o,mitted no 
 care to make it as perfect as the nature of fuch an imder- 
 taking would permit ; and we flatter ourfelves, that it will 
 be thought as impartial, and fatisfa£tory, as any work of the 
 kind extant. , 
 
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 fpire them 
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 fucceflbr, 
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 [ 247 ] 'I 
 
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 ..•!•- it ,'iH , ■ 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 SKfTf , ' .. 'I' 
 
 o(K)o5oc5ooj^x)5oo5q^^ 
 
 7he Dejinitive Treaty of Friendjhip and Peace bettxjeen his Britannick 
 Majefty^ the moji Chrijlian King, and the King of Spain. Concluded 
 at Parisy the \oth Day of February, 1763. To tubich, the King of 
 Portugal acceded on the fame Day. "• 
 
 In the Name of the Mofl Holy and Undivided Trinity, Father, Son, and 
 
 Holy Ghoji. So be it. 
 
 iliii-^ 
 
 BE it known to all thofe to 
 whom it (hall, or may, in any 
 manner, belong. 
 
 It has pleafed the mofl: High to 
 diffufe the fpirit of union and con- 
 cord among the Princes, whofe di- 
 viiions had fpread troubles in the 
 four parts of the world, and to in- 
 fpire them with the inclination to 
 caufe the comforts of peace to fuc- 
 ceed to the misfortunes of a long 
 and bloody war, which, having 
 arifen between England and France, 
 durl.ig the reign of the mod ferene 
 and mod potent Prince, George 
 the Second, by the Grace of God, 
 King of Great Britain of glorious 
 memory, continued under the reign 
 of the moft ferene and moft poteiit 
 Prince, George the Third, his 
 Aicceflbr, and, in its prog/efs, 
 communicated itfelf to Spain and 
 Portugal : Confequently, the moft 
 ferene and moft potent Piince, 
 George the Third, by the Grace 
 of God, Kin£ of Great Britain, 
 France, and Ireland, Duke of 
 Brunfwick and Lunenbourg, Archr 
 
 Treafurer, and Elector, of the 
 Holy Roman Empire j the moft 
 ferene and moft potent Prmce, 
 Lewis the Fifteenth, by the Grace 
 of God, moft Chriftian King ; and 
 the moft ferene and moft potent 
 Prince, Charles the Third, by the 
 Grace of God, King of Spain and 
 of the indies, after having laid the 
 foundations of peace in the preli- 
 minaries, figned at Fontainbleau 
 the 3d of November laft j and the 
 moft ferene and moft potent Prince, 
 Don Jofeph the Firft, by the Grace 
 of God, King of Portugal and of 
 the Algarves, after having acceded 
 thereto, determined to compleat, 
 without delay, this great and im- 
 portant work. For this purpofe, 
 the high contracting parties hare 
 named and appointed their refpeft- 
 ive Ambafl*ador3 Extraordinary and 
 Minifters Plenipotentiary, viz. bis 
 Sacred Majefty the King of Great 
 Britain, the moft Illuftrious and 
 moft Excellent Lord, John, Duke 
 and Earl of Bedford, Marquis of 
 Taviftock, &c, his Minifter of 
 L \ State, 
 
248 A P P E 
 
 State, Lieutenant General of his 
 Armies, Keeper of his Privy Seal, 
 Knight of the luoft Noble Order 
 of the Garter, and his AnibalTador 
 Extraordinary and Miniller Pleni- 
 potentiary to his Moft Chriftian 
 Majefty ; his Sacred Majefty .the 
 Moft Chriftian Kin^, the Moft 
 Illuftrious and Moft Excellent Lord 
 Caefar Gabriel de Choifeul, Duke 
 of Praflin, Peer of Fiance, Knight 
 of his Orders, Lieutenant Gene- 
 ral of his Armies, and of the Pro- 
 vince of Britanny, Counfellor in 
 aU his councils, and Minifter and 
 Secretary of State, and of his Com- 
 mands and Finances ; his Sacred 
 Majefty the Catholick King, the 
 moft Illuftrious and moft Excellent 
 Lord, Don Jerome Grimaldi, 
 Marquis de Grimaldi, Knight of 
 the moft Chr'ftian King's Orders, 
 Gentleman of his Catholick Ma- 
 jetty's Bed-chamber in employ- 
 ment, and his Ambaflador Ex- 
 traordinary to his moft Chriftian 
 Majefty ; his Sacred Majefty the 
 moft Faithful King, the moft Il- 
 luftrious and moft Excellent Lord, 
 MartindeMcllo and Caftro, Knight 
 Profefled of the Order of Chrift, 
 of his moft Faithful Majefty's 
 Council, and his Ambaflador and 
 Minifter Plenipotentiary to his 
 moft Chriftian Majefty : 
 
 Who, after having duly com- 
 municated to each other their full 
 powers, In good form, copies 
 whereof are tranfcribed at the end 
 of thfi prefent treaty of peace, 
 have agreed upon the articles, 
 the tenor of which is as follows. 
 
 Article I. There (hall be a 
 chriftian, univerfal, and perpetu- 
 al peace, as well by fea as by land, 
 and a fincere and conftant friend- 
 fhlp ftiall be re-cftablifhed between 
 their Britannlck, Moft Chriftian, 
 Catholick, and Moft Faithful Ma- 
 
 K D 
 
 X. 
 
 jeftics, and between their heirs and 
 fucceflbrs, kingdoms, dominions, 
 provinces, countries, fubjecls, and 
 valfals, of v/hat quality or condi- 
 tion foever they be, without ex- 
 ception of places, or ot peifons : 
 So that the high contracting par- 
 tics fliall give the greateft attenti- 
 on to maintain between thcmfclvcs 
 and their faid dominions and fub- 
 jetls, this reciprocal friciullhlpand 
 correfpondcnce, without permit- 
 ting, on either fule, any kind of 
 hoitillties, by fea or by land, to be 
 committed, from henceforth, for 
 any caufe, or under any pretence 
 whatfoever, and every thing fliall 
 be carefully avoided, which might, 
 hereafter, prejudice the union hap- 
 pily re-eftablilhed, applying them- 
 ielves, on the contrary, on every 
 occalion, to procure for each 
 other whatever may contribute to 
 their mutual glory, interefts, and 
 advantages, without giving any af- 
 fiftance or proteftion, diredlly or 
 Indiredlly, to thofe who would 
 caufe any prejudice to either of the 
 High Contrading Parties: there 
 fhall be a general oblivion of every 
 thing that may have been done or 
 committed before, or fince the 
 commencement of the war, which 
 is juft ended. 
 
 Art. II. The treaties of Weft- 
 phalia of 1648 ; thofe of Madrid 
 between the Crowns of Great Bri- 
 tain and Spain of 1 667, and 1670 ; 
 the treaties of peace of NImeguen 
 of 1678, and 1679; of Ryfwick 
 of 1697 ; thofe of Peace and of 
 Commerce of Utrecht of 1713 i 
 that of Baden of 17 14 ; the trea- 
 ty of the Triple Alliance of the 
 Hague of 1717, that of the Quad- 
 ruple Alliance of London of 1 7 1 8 ; 
 the treaty of Peace of Vienna of 
 1738 ; the Definitive Treaty of 
 Aix la Chapelle of 1 748 ; and that 
 
 of 
 
 of Madric 
 Great Brit 
 as well a 
 the Crowi 
 gal, of the 
 of the 6th 
 of the 12 
 and that of 
 between Fi 
 the Guarai 
 ferve as a 
 the Peace, 
 ty : and fo 
 all renewe 
 beft form, 
 ties in ge 
 between t 
 Parties bef 
 were inferl 
 fo that th( 
 ferved, fo 
 whole tenc 
 cuted on 
 points whi 
 ed from I 
 notwithftai 
 been ftipu 
 any of the 
 ties : and : 
 clare, that 
 privilege, I 
 to fublfft, < 
 above confi 
 have been f 
 the prefent 
 Art. III. 
 on all Odes 
 fea, and thi 
 or given d 
 this day, 1 
 out ran for 
 to be com 
 the exchan 
 the prefent 
 fpeftively 
 which (hall 
 fubfiftance 
 their prifoi 
 of the CO 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 249 
 
 of Madrid between the Crowns of have been detained, according to 
 
 Great Britain and Spain, of 1 7 50 ; the attefted receipts and eftitiiates, 
 
 as well as the Treaties between and other authentick vouchers 
 
 the Crowns of Spain and Portu- which (hall be furniflied on one 
 
 gal, of the 13th of February 1 668 J fide and the other: And fecuri- 
 
 ofthe6th of February 1715} and ties ftiall be reciprocally given for 
 
 of the 12th of February 1762; thepaynnentof the debts which the 
 
 and that of the 1 ith of April 1713, priioners fliall have contracted in 
 between France and Portugal, with 
 the Guarantees of Great Britain ; 
 ferve as a bafis and foundation to 
 the Peace, and the prefent Trea 
 
 all 
 
 bed form, as well as all the Trea- 
 ties in general, which fubfilled 
 between the High Contracting 
 Parties before the war, as if they 
 
 the countries, where they have 
 been detained, until their entire 
 liberty. And all the (hips of war 
 and merchant veflels, which (hall 
 and for this purpofe, they are have been taken, fince the explra- 
 renewed and confirmed in the tion of the terms agreed upon for 
 
 the ceflation of hoftilities by fea, 
 fhall be likewife reftored bona fide, 
 with all their crews, and cargoes : 
 And the execution of this article 
 
 were inferted here word for word, (hall be proceeded upon inimedi- 
 fo that they are to be exaftly ob- ately after the exchange of the ra- 
 ferved, for the future, in their tifications of this treaty, 
 whole tenor, and religioufly exe- Art. IV. His inoJl Chrillian 
 cuted on all fides, in all their Majcfty renounces all pretenf -^ns, 
 points which fliall not be derogat- which he has heretofore formed, or 
 ed from by the prefent Treaty, might form, to Nova Scotia, or 
 notwithllanding all that may have Acadia, in all its parts ; and Gua- 
 been (lipulated to the contrary by rancies the whole of it, and with 
 any of the High Contrading Par- all its dependencies, to the King of 
 ties : and all the faid Parties de- Great Britain : Moreover, his moft 
 clare, that they will not fufFer any Chriftian Majedy cedes, and gua- 
 privilege, favour, or indulgence, ranties to his faid Britonnick Ma- 
 te fublift, contrary to the Treaties jefty, in full right, Canada, with 
 above confirmed, except what (hall all its dependencies, as well as the 
 have been agreed and ftipulated by illand of Cape Breton, and all the 
 the prefent Treaty. other iflands, and coafts, in the 
 Art. III. All the prifoners made, gulph and river of St. Laurence, 
 on all fides, as well by land, as by and, in general, every thing that 
 fea, and the hoftages carried away, depends on the faid countries, 
 or given during the War, and to lands, idands, and coafts, with the 
 this day, (hall be reftored, with- fovereignty, property, pofi'edipn. 
 
 out ranfom, fix weeks, at Icaft, 
 to be computed from the day of 
 the exchange of the ratification of 
 the prefent treaty, each crown re- 
 fpedlively paying the advances, 
 which (hall have been made for the 
 (ubfiftance and maintenance of 
 their prifoners, by the Sovereign 
 of the country where they (hall 
 
 and all rights acquired by treaty 
 or otherwife, which the moft 
 Chriftian King, and the Crown of 
 France, have had, till now, over 
 the faid countries, iflands, lands., 
 places, coafts, and their inhabi- 
 tants, fo that the moft Chriftian 
 King cedes and makes over tlte 
 whole to the faid King, and to the 
 1, 1 i crown 
 
 'J.t 
 
 n 
 
 i.; 
 
a^o 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 crown of Great Britain, and that mouth and in the gulph of St. Lau- 
 in the moll <Mnple manner and rencc) : And his Britannick Ma- 
 form, without reftri^ion, and jeity confents to leave to the lub- 
 vrithout any liberty fo depart from jefts of the mod Chriftian King the 
 the faid ceUion and guaranty, un- liberty of (iHiing in tiv gulph of 
 
 der any pretence, or to difturb 
 Great Britain in the pofleHions 
 above-mentioned. HisBritaniMck 
 ^^Iajelly, on his fide, agrees to 
 
 St. Laurence, on condition that 
 the fubjeds of France do not ex- 
 ercife the faid iiihery, but at the 
 dillance of three leagues from all 
 grant the liberty of the Catholick the coafts belonging to Great Bri- 
 
 religion to the inhabitants of Ca 
 nada : he will, confequently, 
 give the mod precife and moft ef- 
 fedual orders, that his new Ro- 
 man Catholick fubjefls may pro- 
 
 tam, as well thofe of the conti- 
 nent, as thofe of the idands fitua- 
 ted in the faid gulph of St. Lau- 
 rence. And as to what relates to 
 the fiihery on the coafts of the 
 
 fefs the worihip of their religion, idand of Cape Breton out of the 
 
 according to the rites of the Ro- 
 mifli church, as far as the laws of 
 Great Britain permit. His Britan- 
 nick Majefty further agrees, that 
 the French inhabitants, or others 
 
 faid gulph, the fubje£ts of the 
 moft ChrilUan Kint; ihall not be 
 permitted to exercile ihe faid fifh- 
 ery, but at the diftance of fifteen 
 leagues from the coafts of the 
 
 who had been fubjefts of the moft idand of Cape Breton ; and the fiih- 
 Chriftian King in Canada, may re- ery on the coafts of Nova Scotia or 
 
 tire, with all fafety and freedom, 
 wherever they fhall think proper, 
 and may fell their eftates, provid- 
 ed it be to fubje£ts of his Britan- 
 nick Majefty, and bring away th^ir 
 cfFedts, as well as their perfons, 
 without being reftrained m their 
 emigration, under any pretence 
 whatfoever, except that of debts, 
 or of criminal profecutions : The 
 term, limited for this emigration, 
 (hall be fixed to the fpace of eigh- 
 
 Acadia, and every where elfe out 
 of the faid gulph, diall remain on 
 the foot of former treaties. 
 
 Art. VL The King of Great 
 Britain cedes the iflands of St. 
 Pierre and Miquelon, in fiiU right, 
 to his moft Chriftian Majefty, to 
 ferve as a ftielter to the French filh- 
 ermen : And his moft Chriftian 
 Majefty engages not to fortify the 
 faid idands ; to ere£t no buildings 
 upon them, but merely for the 
 
 teen months, to be computed from convenience of the fidiery ; and to 
 the day of the exchange of the ra- keep upon them a guard of fifty 
 
 tification of the prefent treaty 
 
 Art. V. The fubjedls of France 
 ihsdi have the liberty of fidiing and 
 drying on a part of the coafts of 
 the idand of Newfoundland, fuch 
 as it is fpecified in the Xlllth Ar- 
 ticle of the Treaty of Utrecht ; 
 which article is renewed and con- 
 firmed by the prefent treaty (ex- 
 cept what relates to the illand of 
 Cape Breton, as well as to the 
 other idands and coafts, in the 
 
 men only for the police. 
 
 Art. VII. In order to re-efta- 
 blifli peace on folid and durable 
 foundations, and to remove for 
 ever all fubjed of difpute with re- 
 gard to the limits of the Britifh and 
 French territories on the continent 
 of America ; it is agreed, that, tor 
 the future, the confines between 
 the dominions of his Britannick 
 Majefty, and thofe of his moft 
 Chiiftian Majefty, in that part of 
 
 the 
 
 the world 
 bly by a li 
 die of the 
 fource to 
 from then 
 the middl 
 lakes Mau 
 to the iea 
 the moft 
 full right 
 Britannick 
 port of th( 
 which he 
 pofTefs, on 
 Midifippi 
 Orleans, 
 it is fituate 
 France; p 
 tlon of tht 
 equp.ily fre 
 of Great 
 France, in 
 length, fr( 
 and expre 
 between tl 
 Orleans, ^ 
 that river, 
 both in an 
 is further f 
 fels belong 
 cither nati( 
 vifited, or 
 ment of an 
 ftipulation: 
 Article, in 
 tants of C 
 place, wit! 
 tants of th( 
 article. 
 
 Art. VI 
 Britain dia 
 idands of 
 Galante, 
 nico, and 
 fortreflcs 
 reftored ir 
 were in, v 
 ed by the 
 that his K 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 Si. Lau- 
 ick Ma- 
 the tub- 
 King the 
 gulph of 
 ion that 
 ) not ex- 
 It at the 
 from all 
 reat Bri- 
 le conti- 
 ids fitua> 
 St. Lau- 
 relates to 
 s of the 
 it of the 
 s of the 
 U not be 
 ! faid fifh- 
 of fifteen 
 ts of the 
 d the fiih- 
 Scotia or 
 e elfe out 
 emain on 
 
 |of Great 
 of St. 
 ull right, 
 ijefty, to 
 ench fi(h- 
 Chriftian 
 artify the 
 buildings 
 for the 
 ; and to 
 of fifty 
 
 re-efta- 
 durable 
 lOve for 
 with re- 
 itiHi and 
 :ontinent 
 that, for 
 between 
 itannick 
 lis mod: 
 t part of 
 the 
 
 
 the world, (hail be fixed irrevoca- 
 bly by a line drawn along the mid- 
 dle of the river Miflifippi, from its 
 fource to the river Iberville, and 
 from thence, by a line drawn along 
 the middle of this river, and the 
 lakes Maurepasand Pontchartrain, 
 to the lea ; and for this purpofe, 
 the mod Chriilian King cedes in 
 full right, and guaranties to his 
 Britannick Majefty, the river and 
 port of the Mobile, and every thing 
 which he pofleiTes, or ought to 
 poflefs, on the left fide of the river 
 MiHifippi, except the town of New 
 Orleans, and the ifiand in which 
 it isfttuated, which ihall remain to 
 France ; provided that '.he naviga- 
 tion of the river Millifippi fhall be 
 equRiiy free, as well to the fubjcCls 
 of Great Britain, as to thofe of 
 France, in its whole breadth and 
 length, from its fource to the fea, 
 and exprefsly that part which is 
 between the faid ifland of New 
 Orleans, and the right bank of 
 that river, as well as the paiTage 
 both in and out of its mouth : It 
 is further ftipulated, that the vef- 
 fels belonging to the fubjefts of 
 either nation, (hall not be (lopped, 
 vifited, or fubjefted to the pay- 
 ment of any duty whatfoever. The 
 ilipulations inferred in the IVth 
 Article, in favour of the inhabi- 
 tants of Canada, (hall alfo take 
 place, with regard to the inhabi- 
 tants of the countries ceded by this 
 article. 
 
 Art. VIII. The King of Great 
 Britain (hall reftore to France the 
 iflands of Guadaloupe, of Marie 
 Galante, of Defirade, of Marti- 
 nico, and of Bellcille ; and the 
 fortreiTes of thefe idands (hall be 
 reftorcd in the fame condition they 
 were in, when they were conquer- 
 ed by the Briti(h arms ; provided 
 that his Britannick Majelly's fub- 
 
 251 
 
 jefts, who (hall have fettled in the 
 I'aid idands, or thofe who (hall 
 have any commercial affairs to let- 
 tie there, or in any other places . 
 reftored to France by the prefen: 
 treaty, (hall have liberty to fell 
 their lands and their elbtes, to 
 fettle their affairs, to recover their 
 debts, and to bring away their ef- 
 fei\s, as well as their perfons, on 
 board velTcls, which they (hall be 
 permitted to fend to the faid 
 idands, and other places »v*ftored 
 as above, and which (hall ferve 
 for this ufe only, without being 
 reftrained on account of their reli- 
 gion, or under any other pretence 
 whatfoever, except that of debts, 
 or of criminal profecutions : And 
 for this purpofe, the term of eigh- 
 teen months is allowed to his Bri* 
 tann ck Majerty's fubjefts, to be 
 computed from the day of the ex- 
 change of the ratifications of the 
 prefent treaty : But, as the liber- 
 ty, granted to his Britannick Ma- 
 jefty's fubjefcs, to bring away their 
 perfons and their elfefts, in velTels 
 of their nation, may be liable to 
 abufes, if precautions were not ta- 
 ken to prevent them : It has been 
 exprefsly agreed between his Bri- 
 tannick Majefty and his moft 
 Chriftian Majefty, that the numb- 
 er of Englidi VelTels, which (hall 
 have leave to go to the faid idands . 
 and places reftored to France, (haU 
 be limited, as well as the number 
 of tons of each one ; that they 
 fhall iro in balhft ; (hall fet fa»l at 
 a fixed time j and (hall make one 
 voyage only, all the etfeds belong- 
 ing to the Englidi, being to be 
 embarked at the fame time. It 
 has been fi rther agreed, that his 
 moll Chriftian Majefty diall caufe 
 the neceflary palfports to be given 
 to the laid veiTels ; that, for the 
 greater fecuriry, it fliall be allow- 
 ed 
 
 
 i 
 
 h 
 
 << 
 
2<;2 A P P E 
 
 €k1 to place two French clerks, or 
 guards, in each of the faid vclPels, 
 which (hall be vifited in the land- 
 ing places, and ports of the laid 
 iflands, and places, rcftored to 
 France, and that the merchandize, 
 which (hall be I'oiind therein, fhali 
 be conlilcated. 
 
 Art. IX. The rroft Chriitian 
 King cedes and [guaranties to his 
 Hriranniclc Majclly, in full right, 
 the iflandb of Grenada, and of the 
 Grenadines, with the fame flipula- 
 tions in favour of the inhabitants of 
 this Colony, inferred in the IVth 
 Article for thofe of Canada : And 
 the partition of the illands, called. 
 Neutral, is agreed and fixed, fo 
 that thofe of St. X'incent, Domi- 
 nica, and Tobago, lliall remain, 
 in full right, to Great Britain, and 
 that that of St. Lucia Ihall be de- 
 livered to France, to enjoy the 
 fame lilcewife in full right ; and 
 the high contratling parties gua- 
 ranty the partition lo ilipulated. 
 
 Art. X. HisBritannick Majefty 
 (hall reftore to France the ifland of 
 Goree in the condition it was in 
 when conquered : And his mod 
 Chriftian Majefty cedes, in full 
 right, and guaranties to the King 
 of Great Britain the river Senegal, 
 with the forts and faftories of St. 
 Lewis, Podor, and Galam ; and 
 with all the rights and dependen- 
 cies of the faid river Senegal. 
 
 Art. XL In the Eaft Indies, 
 Great Britain fhall reftore to 
 France, in the condition they arc 
 now in, the different faflories, 
 which that crown poftefled, as w«ll 
 on the coaft of Coromandel and 
 Ori,xa, as on that of Malabar, as 
 alfo in Bengnl, at the beginning of 
 the year 1749. And his moft 
 Chriftian Majefty renounces all 
 pretenfions to the acquifition 
 which he had made on the coaft of 
 
 N D I X. 
 
 Coromandel and Orixa, fincc the 
 laid beginning of the year 1749. 
 His moft Chriftian Majefty (hall 
 reftore, on his fide, all that he 
 may have conouered from Great 
 Britain, in the Eaft Indies, during 
 the prefent war j and will exprefly 
 cauie Nattal and Tapanoully, in 
 the ifland of Sumatra, to be re- 
 ftorcd ; he engages further, not 
 to ereft fortifications, or to keep 
 troops in any part of the dominions 
 of the Subah of Bengal. And in 
 order to prefer ve future peace on 
 the coaft of Coromandel and Orixa, 
 the Engli(h and French (hr'l ac- 
 knowledge Mahonvt Ally Khan 
 for lawfiil Nabob of the Carnatick, 
 and Salabat Jing for lawful Subah 
 of the Decan ; and both parties 
 fliall renounce all demands and 
 pretenfions of fatisfadtion, with 
 which they might charge each 
 other, or their Indian allies, for 
 the depredations, or pillage, com- 
 mitted, on the one fide, or on the 
 other, during the war. 
 
 Art. XII. The ifland of N.lnor- 
 ca fliall be reftored to his Britan- 
 nick Majefty, as well as Fort St. 
 Philip, in the fame condition they 
 were in, when conquered by the 
 arms of the moft Chriftian King ; 
 and with the artillery which was 
 there, when the faid ifland and 
 the faid fort were taken. 
 
 Art. XIII. The town and port 
 of Dunkirk fliall be put into the 
 ftare fixed by the laft treaty of Aix 
 la Chapclle, and bv former trea- 
 ties The Cunette fliill be de- 
 (Voyed immediately after the ex- 
 change of the ratifications of the 
 prefent treaty, as well as the forts 
 and batteries which defend the en- 
 trance on the fide of the fea ; and 
 provifion fliall be made, at the 
 fame time, for the wholefomenels 
 oi' the air, and for the health of 
 
 the 
 
 ons contair 
 of theprelii 
 compleatec 
 nature of tl 
 with re?arc 
 be made b} 
 of the forti 
 Guelders, 
 belonging t 
 aswithrega 
 be made by 
 armies of tl 
 occupy in > 
 any, on the 
 per Rhine, 
 and to the 
 to the domi 
 fovereigns : 
 moft Chrift 
 proceed, b 
 difpatch th 
 the faid t 
 completion 
 before the 
 fooner if it 
 Britannick 
 jefties furtl 
 CO each otl 
 
 h 
 
the 
 
 APPENDIX. 253 
 
 inhabitants, by fonie other fuccours, of anykind, to their re- 
 
 means, to the fatisfaftion of the fpedive allies, who (hall continue 
 
 King of Great Britain. engaged in the war in Germany. 
 
 Art. XIV France (hall rcftore Art. XVI. The decilion of tiie 
 
 all the countries belonging to the prizes made, in time of peace, by 
 
 Eledlorate of Hanover, to the the fubjetls of Great Britain, on 
 
 Landgrave of Hefle, to the Duke the Spaniards, Ihall be referred to 
 
 of Brunfwick, and to the Count the courts of juftice of the Admi- 
 
 of la Lippe Buckebourg, which ralty of Great Britain, contorma- 
 
 are, or (hall be occupied by his biy to the rules ellabiiHttu among 
 
 mod Chrlftian Majetly's arms : all nations, fo that the validity of 
 
 The fortrelTcs of thefc different the faid prizes, between the BritiOi 
 
 countries (hall be rellored in the and Spanilh nations, (hall be decid- 
 
 fame condition they were in, whtn ed and judged, according to trea- 
 
 conr^uered by the French arms; ties, in the courts of juftice of the 
 
 and the pieces of artillery, which nation, who (hall have made the 
 
 (hall have been carried clfewhcre, capture. 
 
 (hall be replaced by the fame num- Art. XVII. His Eritannick Ma- 
 
 ber, of the fame bore, weight and jefty (hall caufe to be dcmolilhed 
 
 metal. all the fortification's which hisfub- 
 
 Art. XV. In cafe the (lipulati- jeds (hall have ereded in the bay 
 ons contained in the 13th article of Honduras, and other places of 
 of the preliminaries, (hould not be the territory of Spain in that part 
 compleated at the time of the (ig- of the world, four months af- 
 natureof the preftnt treaty, as well ter the ratification of the prefent 
 with regard to the evacuations to treaty; and his Catholick Majefty 
 be made by the armies of France (hall not permit hisBritannickMa- 
 of the fortrelfes of Cleves, Wefei, jefty's fubjcfts, or their workmen, 
 Guelders, and of all the countries to be difturbed, or molerted, undtr 
 belonging to the King of Prulfia, any pretence wliatfoever, in the 
 as with regard to the evacuations to faid places, in their occupation of 
 be made by the Briti(h and French cutting, loading, and carrying away 
 armies of the countries which they logwood : And for this purpofe, 
 occupy in Weftphalia, Lower Sax- they may build without hindrance, 
 any, on the Lower Rhine, the Up- and occupy without interruption, 
 per Rhine, and in all the empire, the houfes and magazines which 
 and to the retreat of the troops in- are necelTary for thcni, for thcii 
 to the dominions of their refpcftive families, and ^or their cti'ecls; a.ul 
 fovereigns: Theii Eritannick, and his Catholick Majer.; allure: to 
 moft Chriftian Majeftics promife to them, by this article, the full en- 
 proceed, bona fide, with all the joyment of thole advantages, and 
 difpatch the cafe will permit of, to powers, on the Spanifh coalb and 
 the faid evacuations, the entire territories, as above ilipniatcd, iii\- 
 completion whereof they ftipulate mediately after the ratilicadon vf 
 before the i 5th of Match next, or the prefent treaty. 
 fooner if it can be done : And their Art. XVIII. I lis Catholick ma- 
 Britannick and moft Chriftian Ma- jefty defifts, as well for himfelf, a» 
 jefties further engage anJ promife for his fucceffors, from all preten- 
 to each other, not to furni(h any fions, which he may have formed, 
 
 in 
 
 
 !3 
 
 r 
 
254 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 W 
 
 in favour of the Guipufcoans, and 
 other his fubje£ts, to the right of 
 fifliing in the neighbourhood of the 
 ifland of Newfoundland. 
 
 Art. XIX. The King of Great 
 Britain Hiall redore to Spain all the 
 territory which he has conquered 
 in the ifland of Cuba, with the 
 fortrefs of the Havanna ; and this 
 fortrefs, as well as all the other 
 fortreffes of the faid ifland, fliall be 
 reftored in the fame condition they 
 were in when conquered by his 
 Britannick Majefty's arms ; provid- 
 ed, that his Britannick Majefty's 
 fubjefts, who fliall have fettled in 
 the faid ifland, reilored to Spain by 
 the prefenr treaty, or tliofe who 
 fhall nave any conurtercial affairs to 
 fettle there, fliall have liberty to 
 fell their lands, and their eflates 
 to fettle their affairs, to recover 
 their debts, and to bring away their 
 effects, as well as their perfons, on 
 board vefl*els which they snail be 
 permitted to fend to the faid ifland 
 reftored as above, and which fliall 
 ferve for that ufe only, without 
 being reftrained on account of their 
 religion, or under any pretence 
 whaifocver, except that of debts, 
 or of criminal profecution ; and 
 for this purpofe, the term of eigh- 
 teen months is allowed to his Bri- 
 tannick Majefty's fubje^s, to be 
 computed from the day of the ex- 
 change of the ratification of the 
 prefent treaty : But as the liberty, 
 granted to his Britannick Majefty's 
 fubjefts, to bring away their per- 
 fons, and their effefts, in vefl*els of 
 their nation, may be liable to abu- 
 fcs, if precautions were not taken 
 to prevent them ; it has been ex- 
 prefly agreed, between his Britan- 
 nick Majefty and his Catholick 
 Majefty, that the number of Eng- 
 lifli vcflels, which fliall have leave 
 to 20 to the faid ifland reftored to 
 
 Spain, fliall be limited, as well as 
 the number of tons of each one j 
 liiat they fliali go in ballaft ; fliall 
 let fail at a fixed time; and fliall 
 make one voyage only j all the ef- 
 feds belonging to the Englifli be- 
 ing to be embarked at the fame 
 time : It has been further agreed, 
 that his Catholick Majefty fliall 
 caufe the neceflary paflports to be 
 given to the faid veflels ; that, for 
 the greater fecurity, it fhall be al- 
 lowed to place two Spanifli clerks, 
 or guards, in each of the faid vef- 
 fels, which fliall be viflted in the 
 landing-places, and ports of the 
 faid ifland reftored to Spain, and 
 that the merchandize, which fliall 
 be found therein, fliall beconfifca- 
 ted. 
 
 Art. XX. In confequence of the 
 reftitution ftipulated in the prece- 
 ding article, his Catholick Majefty 
 cedes and guaranties, in full right, 
 to his Britannick Majefty, Florida, 
 with Fort St. Auguftin, and the 
 Bay of Penfacola, as well as al> 
 that Spain poflefl^es on the conti- 
 nent of North America, to the 
 Eaft, or to the South ^^laft of the 
 river Miflifippi. And in general, 
 every thing that depends on the 
 faid countries and lands, with the 
 fovereignty, property, poflTeflion, 
 and all righii acquired by treaties 
 or othcrwife, which the Catholick 
 King, and the Crown of Spain, 
 have had, till now, over rhe faid 
 countries, lands, places, at.J their 
 inhabitants , To that the Catholick 
 King cede: and makes over the 
 whole to the faid King, and to the 
 Crown of Great Britain, and that 
 in the moft ample manner and 
 form. His Britannick Majefty 
 agrees, on his fide, to grant to the 
 inhabitants of the countries, above 
 ceded, the liberty of the Catholick 
 religion : He will confequently 
 
 give 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 569 
 
 give the niofl: exprefs and the nioft were in, and conformably to the 
 etildual orders, that his new preceding treaties v/hich fubfiiled 
 Roman Cathohck lubjeds may between the courts of France, 
 profefs the worfhip of their reh'gi- Spain and Portugal, before the pre- 
 en, according to the rites of the fen t war. 
 
 Roman Church, as far as the laws Art. XXII. All the papers, let- 
 
 of Great Hritain pernu't : His IJri- ters, documents, and archives, 
 
 tannicic Majelly further agrees, which were found in the countries, 
 
 that the Spanifh inhabitants, or territories, towns, and places, that 
 
 others, who had been fubjefts of are rellored, and thofe belonging 
 
 the Catliolick King, in the faid to the countries ceded, fhall be, 
 
 countries, may retire with all fafe- refpetSlively and bona fide, deliver- 
 
 ty and freedom, wherever they ed, or furnifhed at the fame time, 
 
 think proper; and may fell their if pollible, that polfellion is taken, 
 
 eftates, provided it be to his Bri- or, at iateft, four months after the 
 
 tannick Majelly's fubjcfts, and exchange ol the ratifications of the 
 
 bring away their etfeds, as well as prelent treaty, in whatever places 
 
 their perfons, without bcin^ re- the faid papers or documents may 
 
 flrained in their emigration, under be found. 
 
 any pretence whatloever, except Art. XXIII. All the countries 
 that of debts, or of criuu'nal pro- and territories, which may have 
 fecutlons: The term limited for been conquered, in whatfoever part 
 this emigration being fixed to the of the world, by the arms of their 
 fpace of eighteen months, to be Britannick and mofl: Faithful Ma- 
 computed from the day of the ex- jeftie.s, as well as by thofe of their 
 change of the ratilications of the moll Chriftian and Catholick Ma- 
 prefent treaty. It is moreover fli- jellies, which are not included in 
 pulated, that his Catholick Ma- the prefent treaty, cither umiL-r the 
 jefly fhall have power to caufe all title of cellions, or under the title 
 the effetls, that may belong to of reftitutlon?, fliall be retlored 
 him, to ! .' brought away, vvhe- without difficulty, and without re- 
 ther it be artillery, or other things, quiring any compenfatlon. 
 
 Art. XXI. The French and Spa- Art. XX1V^ As it is neceflary 
 
 nifh troops fliall evacuate all the to aihgn a fixed epoch for the relli- 
 
 tcrrltorie.s, lands, towns, places, tiitions, and the evacuations, to be 
 
 and callk's, of his mofl Faithful made by each of the high contra(5t- 
 
 Majc'.ly, in Fu rope, without anv ing parties: It is agreed, that the 
 
 refcrve, which Hiall have been Hriiilh and French troops Oiallcom- 
 
 conquerid by the armies of France plete, bei'orc the 1 5 th of March 
 
 and Sp'iin, and Ihall rellore them next, all that remain to be execu- 
 
 in the lame condition thev were in ted of the 12th and 13th articles 
 
 when conc|uered, with the lame of the preliminaries, figned the 3d 
 
 artillery and aimnunitlon, which day of November latl, with regard 
 
 were found tin re : And with re- to the evacuation to be made in 
 
 gard to the Portuguefe colonies In the empire, or ellewhere. The 
 
 America, Africa, 01 in the Fall illand of Belleille fhall be evacuat- 
 
 Indies H" any change fhall have ed fix weeks after the exchange of 
 
 happened there, all things Ihall be the ratifications of theprellnt trea- 
 
 rcllored on the fame footing they ty, or fooner if it can be done. 
 
 C c c c Guada- 
 
 
 
570 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Guadaloupe, Dofiradc, Marie Ga- conquered, fliall be reftored in the 
 lante, Martinico, and St. Lucia, fpacc of three months in the Weft 
 three months after the exchange Indies, and of fix months in the 
 of the ratifications of the pvetcnt Eaft Indies, after the exchange of 
 treaty, or fooner if it can be done, the ratifications of thcpre'ent trca- 
 Grcat Britain lliall likewife, at the ty, or fooner if it can be done. All 
 end of three months after the cv- the fortrclVes, the reltitution where- 
 change of the ratifications of the of is ftipulated above, Ihall be re- 
 prefent treaty, or fooner if it c::n llored with the artillery and am- 
 bc done, enter into polfelhon of munition, which were found there 
 the river and port of the Mobile, at the time of the conquett. In 
 and of ail that is to form the h'mits confequence whereof, the neccfla- 
 of the territory of Great Britain, ry orders Ihall be lent by each of 
 on the fide of the river Millifippi, the high v'-ontracling parties, with 
 as they are Ipccifud in the ytii ar- reciprocal pallpous for the fhips 
 tide, 'i'he ifland of Goree (hall that (hall carry them, immediately 
 be evacuated by Great Britain, af'jer the exchange of the ratihcati- 
 three months after the exchange of ons of the prelent treaty, 
 the ratifications of ihepiefent tica- Art. XV. His Britannick Ma- 
 ty ; and the iiland of Minorca, by jelly, as Elector of Brunfwick Lu- 
 France, at the (anie epoch, or nenbourg, as well for himt'elf, as 
 (ooner if it can be done : And ac- for his heirs and fuccedors, andall 
 cording to the conditions of the the dominions and poU'edlons of 
 6th article, France (hall likewife his (aid Majefty in (jermany, arc 
 enter into poffefllon of the ifland inclutled and guarantied by the 
 of St. Peter, and of Miqjeion, at prefent tr.eaty of peace, 
 the end of three months after the Art. XXVI. '1 heir f'acrcil Bri- 
 cxchangc of the ratifications of the tannick,moft Chriflinn, Catholick, 
 prefent treaty. The fadories in and mo!l: Faithful Majellie;;, pro- 
 the Eaft indies f.iall be reftored fix niife to obferve, fincertly and bona 
 nionths after the exchange of the fide, all the articles contained and 
 ratifications of the prefent treaty, fettled in the prefent treaty ; and 
 or fooner if it can be done. The they will not fuffer the fiune to be 
 fortrefs of the Havanna, with all infringed, diretSliy, or indirectly, 
 that has been conq'iTed in the by their refpc6live fubjeds ; and 
 ifland of Cuba, (hall be reflored the (aid high contratling; parties, 
 three months after the exchange of generally and reciprocally, gun- 
 the ratifications of :heprefent trea- ranty to each other all the llipula- 
 ty, or foopf'r if it can be done : tions of the prelent treaty. 
 And, at the f'ame time, Great Bri- Art. .XX\iI. The folenm rati- 
 tain (hall enter into poUellion of fications of the prefent treaty, ex- 
 the country ceded by Spain, ac- peiiited in good and iliie form, 
 cording to the 20th article. All (hall be exchanged in this citv ot 
 
 the places and countries of hi.^ moft 
 Faithful Majetly, in Europe flvall 
 be rellored. inunedjately after ihe 
 exchange of the ratifications ot the 
 
 Paris, between the hiirh contrad- 
 ing parties, in the Ipace of a 
 nionih, or fooner If poflible, to be 
 compute(i from the dav of the fig- 
 
 prcfent treatv ; and the Portugucfe nature of the prelent treaty. 
 colonies, which may have been In ssitntt;i whereof, we the un- 
 
 . derwritten, 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 -derwritten, their A mbafl'adors Ex- 
 traordinary, and Minifters Pleni- 
 potentiary, have figned with our 
 hand, in their name, and in virtue 
 of our full powers, the prefent 
 Definitive Treaty, and have cauf- 
 ed the leal of our anus to be put (L.S.) El IVIar(^ 
 thereto. ALDl. 
 
 571 
 
 Done at Paris the Tenth of Fe- 
 bruary, 1763. 
 
 (L.S.) BEDFORD, C. P. S. 
 (L.S.) CHOISEUL, Due dk 
 
 Prasi.in. 
 
 DL GRIM- 
 
 
 j1 
 
 { 
 
 SEPARATE ARTICLES. 
 
 I. Q^OME of the titles made ufe 
 1^ of by the conr:a(fliii;..f pow- 
 ers, either in the lull powei?, and 
 other aft,', during tiiecourfc of the 
 negotiation, or in the preamble of 
 the pretent treatr, not being gene- 
 rally acknowledged ; it has been 
 agreed, that no prejudice Tiall e/er 
 reluli theretioni to any ol the faid 
 coniratling parties, and that the 
 titles, taTcen oromif^ed, on either 
 fide, on occafion of the faid ne<jo- 
 tiation, and of the prefent treaty, 
 fliall not be cited, or quoted as a 
 precedent 
 
 U. It has been agreed and de- 
 termined, »liat the French lan- 
 guage, made ufe ot in all the copies 
 of the prefent treaty, ihall not be- 
 come an' example, which may be 
 alledged, or made a precedent of, 
 or prejudice, in any manner, any 
 of the contradin^ powers ; and 
 that thcvHiall conform thcmfelves, 
 for the future, to what has been 
 oblerved, and ought to be obterv- 
 cd, with regaid to, and on the part 
 of, powers who are uletl, and have 
 
 a right, to give and to receive co- 
 piei; of like tie.ititi in another Ian- 
 gunge than Fiench; the pvefent 
 treary having llill the lame force 
 and el"Tecl,as if rhenforefaid cullom 
 had been therein obferved. 
 
 in. Though the King of For- 
 t\\)r::\ ha- not fisn.-d the nrelent 
 definitive treaty, their Britai:niclc 
 moil: Chiillian, andCatholick Ma- 
 jeilics, acknov.'lerge, neverthelefs, 
 that his moft I;ii.!i!ul Majelly is 
 formally incliKicd therein as a con- 
 tr.itling p>^rty, and as if lie had 
 exnrefly figncd the faid treaty : 
 L'on'equenily, thiv' iJritninick, 
 moll Chriftian. ?;m| C.'aiholick Ma- 
 jellies rei'pc^^'vtiy and conjo'niiy, 
 promi' to his moll: Faithful Ma- 
 jelh', in the moii cxpref- r:r.d moll: 
 binding mam.er, the execution of 
 all and everv the claufe?;, contain- 
 ed in the faid treaty, on hij acl of 
 accellion. 
 
 ■ The prefent feparate artirles 
 Pi ill have the fame force as if' they 
 were inferred in the treaty. 
 
 Diilarrition of his mtji C.hri(\ian Mi>']ef}ys Plenipotentiary, zcill' Regard 
 to the Debts due to the Canadians. 
 
 T\\\\ King of Great Britain fhould be teciircJ, his innO: Chrif- 
 
 hu'Ingdeliied, thtit the pay- tian M;>ieily, entirely diipoilvl to 
 
 ment of the letters of exchange reiu'er tq every one tliat ju ilice 
 
 and hills, which h;ui been delivered which is legally ilue to tiiem, ha? 
 
 to the Canailians for tl;e necelFaries decinrcd, and i.'oeN ('eclire, that 
 
 furnilhed to the French troops, the f'i 1 bilK, ;md letter? oi ex- 
 
 C c c c 2 change, 
 
 w 
 
 w 
 
 il 
 
 I 
 
«;72 
 
 A P P R 
 
 change, fliall be punttually paiii, 
 agreeably to the h'quidation iiuule 
 in a convenient time, accordinjj to 
 rhc dirtanceof the places, and to 
 what fhall he pollihle ; taking care, 
 however, that the hills, and letters 
 ofexchangc, which the French fub- 
 ic<^lsniay haveat the time of this de- 
 claration, be not confounded with 
 the bills and letters of exchang-e, 
 which arc in the poflcllion of the 
 
 N D I X. 
 
 new fubjedts of the King of Great 
 Britain. 
 
 In witnefs whereof, we the un- 
 der-written Miniltcr of his moll 
 Chrillian Majelcy, duly authorized 
 for this purpofe, have figncd the 
 prefent declaration, and caufed the 
 leafof our arms to be put thereto. 
 
 Done at Paris the loth of Fe- 
 bruary, 1763. 
 (L.S.) CliOISFUL,DucdcPranin. 
 
 Derliirntion of his BritnnrAck Majejlys Amhaffatior Kxlraortlinary and 
 Plcnipotttitiary, 'with regard to the limits of Bengal in the Eaf- 
 Indics. 
 
 WE, the under-written Am- 
 halfador Extraordinary and 
 Plenipotentiary of the King of 
 Great Britain, in order to prevent 
 all fubjec^ of dilpute on account of 
 the limits of the dominions of the 
 Subah of Bengal, as well as of ihe 
 coaft of Coromandel and Orixa, 
 declare, in the name and by order 
 of his faid Brirannick Ma)eRy, that 
 the faid dominions of the Subah of 
 Bengal Ihall be reputed not to ex- 
 tend farther than Yanaon exclu- 
 fively, and that Yanaon ftiall be 
 confidcred as included in the North 
 pa; t of tlie coatl of Coromandel or 
 Orixa. 
 
 In witnefs whereof, $iC. 
 
 Done at Paris the 10th of Fe- 
 luuarv, 176^. 
 (L. S!) BEDFORD, c. p. s. 
 
 [His Britannick, moft '^hriftian, 
 and Catholick Majeftie lull pow- 
 ers to their refpeflive Minillers 
 Plenipotentiary, with the accelhon 
 of his mod Faithful Majefty, his 
 full power, and declaration of his 
 Minirter, (importing that no con- 
 fequence ftiall be drawn from the 
 alternative obl'ervcd on the parts of 
 the King of Great Britain, and the 
 moll: Chrillian King, with the moil 
 Faithful King, in the adof accef- 
 fion of the Court of Portugal) are 
 all the other papers that relate to 
 this iniportant tranfiflion ; but are 
 here omitted, as containing only 
 matters of mere form.] 
 
 F I N I S. 
 
of Great 
 
 e the 11 n- 
 his motl 
 Jthorizcil 
 gned the 
 luifcd the 
 t thereto, 
 h of Fc- 
 
 dePraflin. 
 
 •natj and 
 the Eaji- 
 
 ")hriftian, 
 
 lull pow- 
 
 Mlnillcrs 
 
 accellion 
 
 jefty, his 
 
 ion of his 
 
 t no con- 
 
 froni the 
 
 e parts of 
 
 and the 
 
 the moll 
 
 of accef- 
 
 gal) are 
 
 relate to 
 
 but are 
 
 lino; onlv 
 
 1