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Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la derniAre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbole -^ signifie "A SUIVRE", le symhole V signifie "FIN ". Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent 4tre film^s d des taux de reduction diff6rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seul ciichi, il est film6 it partir de Tangle supArieur gauche, de gauche d droite. et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n^cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mithode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 ■ 4 ff 6 s SAILING DIRECTIONS FOR THE SOUTH-EAST COAST OF NOVA SCOTIA ASD BAY OF FUNDY. COMIMI-ED FR03I VARIOUS ADMIRALTY 8URVBYB. BY Staff Commander G. F. McDOUGALL, R.N. FUBUSHED BT ORDER OF TUB LORDS COMMISSIONERS OF THE ADMIBALTY ; LONDON: PRINTED i-OR THE IIYDROGRAPHIC OFFICE, ADMiU.iJLTY AND SOLD BY J. D. rOTTER, Agent for Admiralty Charts, 31, POULTRY, AND 11, KING STREET, TOWER HILL. 1867. 17698. Price Four Shillings. iff V-3i^t7'^U ■'mff ADVERTISEMENT. This work contains Sailing Directions for the South-east Coast of Nova Scotia and Bay of Fundy, and includes a description of Sable Island, as well as the out-lying Banks of Newfoundland and Nova Scotia. The directions have been principally compiled from the remarks and Surveys of Rear Admiral H. W. Bayfield, and Captains P. F. Shorfcland and J. Orlebar, R N., between the years 1853-65. G. H. R. Hydrographic Office, Admiralty, London, October 1867. a2 * i ^ 1 i 1 i ■ \ ■ • ■' i ■ • 1 ■ ' ■■■■■ 1-1 .';': CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. NEWFOUNDLAND AND NOVA SCOTIA BANKS : — CURRENTS, ICE, &0. SABLE ISLAND. Page General Observations. Climate ------ 1-3 Great Bank of Newfoundland. Virgin rocks. Green bank. Bank of St Pierre 3-4 Nova Scotia Banks. Banquearean, Misaine, Canso, and Artimon banks 4-5 Middle Ground, Sambro, Le Have, Roseway, and Brown banks. Birds ; fish; currents; ice ------ - 5-11 Sable island; productions, establishment, anchorage, and directions - 11-14 Currents ; tides ; fogs ; winds, and Barometer - - - - 14-15 Caution --------- 15-16 CHAPTER II. NOVA SCOTIA: — SOUTH-EAST COAST; CAPE CANSO TO HOLLINS BAY. The Coast from Cape Canso to Indian bay. Cranberry island light and fog trumpet. Cape Canso. Andrew island . - - - 17-18 Grime, Bass, Middle, Inner Bass, and Kelp rocks ; caution - - 18-20 Ship channel ; Dangers on eastern side. Stanley shoals. Nickerson, David, Washball, and Pink rocks ----- 20-21 Dangers on western side. Patch and Boom rocks. Cape Breaker. Roaring Bull, Keeper, Kirby, and Black rocks. Gannet ledges • 21-22 Andrew passage. Dover bay. Gannet shoal. Dover island. Port Home. Dover and Snorting rocks. Avery shoal ; directions - - - 22-24 Wine, Crane, and Raspberry cores. White head island light - - 24 Whitehaven. East Bull. South-west Bull. Black, Shag, Rocky, Inner and Outer GuU ledges. Bald rock. Three-top island. Tides ; durections 25-28 Torbay. Shag and Gull rocks. Torbay ledges ; directions • - 28-29 Little harbour. New harbour Cove. Green, Goo6e, and Harbour islands. Brandy ledge. Split and White rocks. Frying-pan reef. Pan rock. Ragged ledge. Dutch and Burke shoalB .... .30-31 CONTENTS. CHAPTER III. NOVA SCOTIA :— SOUTH EAST COAST; HOLLINS RAY TO SPRY HARBOUR. Indian Hay. Walter island. Walter and Rude shoals - - - Caj)e iJt. Mary. Wedj^e islet. Sand Shoal. St. Mary river - Jegogan harbour. Tobacco island. Shag ledge, Liscomb island. Crook and Mackerel shoals. Channel rock ----- Liscomb and Little Liscomb harbours. Hawbolt rock. Sand, Black Prince, and Liscomb shoals. East breaker. Lump and Saddle rocks Mury-J^ -eph harbom-. Gull and Seal ledges. Smith rock. Thrumcap fslet. l3iiy of islands .---.-- Nicumcigum inlet. White islands. Bowen ledge. Horse-shoe and David shoals. Lockwood rock. Nicomtan Bay - . - Halibut islands. Bus-:oon reefs. Bird islands. Newtonquoddy. Beaver island and light. Beaver harbour - . - . - Maclcod cove. Salmon river. William, Middle, and Balcolm shoals. Murinont and Harbour rocks. Sutherland, Rocky, and Hardwood islands .-...--. Sheet harbour. Pumpkin island. Eastern Shogroost. Geddes shoal. Logan and Monroe rocks. Western Shagroost, Macdonald rock and sho:iIs --.--.--- Yankee Jack. Taylor goose. Mushaboon and Pyche shoals. Hurd cove ---.---.- Mushaboon harbour. The Gates. Spry, Tomlees, and Taylor bays. Redman, Herring, Maloney, and Neverfail shoals. Mad Moll reef. Rocky patches. Ram rock ------ Page 40-41 41-42 42-44 44-46 4(5-48 48-4!) 49-61 41-62 53-55 55-67 68-60 CHAPTER IV. NOVA SCOTIA :- -SOUTH EAST COAST; SPRY HARBOUR TO SHUT-IN ISLAND. Pcpc harbour. Horse, Schooner, and Black rocks. Pope rock and shoals. Tangier harbour. Shoal buy - - - . Ship harbour. Bear rock. Owl Head bay. False passage. Egg island light. Pyche, Grizzle, and Bald rocks. Flint ledge - - - Barse rock. Hurley shoal. Jedore head and harbour. Jedore and Arnold rocks. Oid man> Mehanny, Gull, Macdonald, and Hopkin rocks - - - - - - -. Jedne ledges. South-west ledges. Bull rock and shoal. Brig rock and shoal. Innei", outer, and east Pollocks - - Fishing grounds. Clam bay. Musquidoboit inlet and shoal. Harbour islet. Perpisawick shoal and inlet. Pat, Codray, and Round shoals - Chissetcook inlet. .Shut-iaislandw Three Fathoms harbour Cl-64 66-69 70-72 72-7S 74-76 77 .CONTENTS. Ttt O SPRY Page . 40-41 . 41-42 •ook • 42-44 luck jL'ks 44-46 leap - 46-4d tind - 48-4!) aver _ 4!)-6l oals. k'ood - 41-62 loal. and . 53-55 ill I'd - 55-57 ays. reef. 58-60 ) SHUT-IN and •;■ ' • 61-64 and - 66-69 and kin - 70-72 ock - 72-73 our 1 - 74-76 - n CHAPTER V NOTA SCOTIA : — SOUTH-EAST COAST ; SHUT-IN ISLAND TO MARS HEAD. Page 78-81 81-82 82-84 86-80 89-90 90-92 Shut«in ithoals. Porter and Lawrenceton lakes. Cule harbour. Halifax harbour and lights. Macnab island . > - • • Thrumcap islet and shoal. Lighthouse bank. Ives Knoll. Herring cove. York redoubt. Pleasant point .... Rock head, Portuguese and Neverfail shoals. Litchfield and Mars rocks. Middle ground. Pleasant shoal. North-vest Arm. Reed rock. Belle- isle and Leopard Spits ..-.-. Dockyard shoal. Dartmouth. Bedford basin. Navy island anchorage. Directions for Halifax harbour ; caution - . . . Catch harbour. Bell rock. Sambro island light, and fog trumpet. Sambro ledges. S.W. breaker. The Sisters. Ede rock. Hennesy and Outer banks. Shoal and Barse grounds. .... Sambro harbour. Pennant bay and harbour. Turner Bay CHAPTER VI. NOVA SCOTIA :— SOXJTH-EAST COAST } MARS HEAD TO MAHONE BAY Grampus rock. Back bay. Dollar rock. Prospect harbour. Betty island. S.E., S.W., and Devereux shoals. AYhite horse and Heron * rocks. Kittee Wittee shoal --...- 94-96 Shag bay and breakers. Gull shoal. Frying-pan rock. Black rock. Cabbage garden shoals. Round rock. Middle ground - - 97-99 Blind bay. Port Dover. St. Margaret bay. Halibut and Middle point rocks. Crawford ledge. Shut-in island. Luke anchorage. Little Thrum island. Wedge island .... - 99-102 hingdove shoal. French Village harbour. Davy and Ambrose rocks. Harboiu spit. Head harbovur. Croucher island. Strawberry island shoal. Marsh Gutter rock. Sand Cove shoal ... 102-104 Ingram river. Croucher shoal. Hubbard cove. Slaunwhite ledge. Green point shoal. Mill cove. Green island. South rock. North- east shoal ........ 105-106 East Ironbound island light. Seal ledge. Island. N.W. Cove. Charley rock, bay - . - Cross island light. Hounds ledge. Big Flat island. South shoal. Bull rock, and Middle shoals. Star island ledges. ;: ahoal ------.-- 109-111 Gravel island shoala. S.W. Horse Shoe ledge. Mahone Duck island. Middle ledge. Great Tnncook island. West Little Tancook island. S.E. 106-109 vm CONTENTS, Refuse island. East, S.E., and Pouth shoals. Mason spit. Coachman ledj(e. N.K. Coachman. Middle, Quaker, Birch, Lynch, and Blandford shoals, niandford head. Mountain, Spectacle, and Graves shoJs. Snake and Lonjif spits Lohster claws. Sheep led^c Clay island s))it rock. Garret cove. Chester harhour. channels . - - - Martin River anchorope. Mahone harbour, shoai. Gull ledges. Middle patch. Bockman shoal. Covey ledge, Trappcan and iMiJ.P'v shoals. Princes inlet. Ilecknian anchorage Fogs - , • • Pag. 111-113 Rig flsh shoal, Chester Directions by Tancook Ilobson nose. Haddock iia-U7 - il7-ll» CHAPTER VII. NOVA SCOTIA :- -SOUTH-EAST COAST; MAHONE BAY TO BACCARO POINT. I Lunenburg bay and lighthouse. East point rock. Ovens point rocks. Sculpin shoals. Outer and Inner Middle rocks. Shingles. Long shoal. Moreau point rock. Rose bay. West Ironbound island lighthouse - 120-122 Le Have river. Shag rock. Ironbound breaker. Black, Cape, and French rocks. Mosher ledge. Cocknwee shoal. Oxner and Bull rocks. Directions for Le Have river - _ . . 122-126 Bantam shoal. Indian island. Green bay. Green point and Half-way rocks. Green ledge. Port Metway and lighthouse. South-west breaker. Stono horse. Rugged rock .... 126-127 Stony ridge. Middle island rock. Middle ledge. Nautilus rock. CoiBn island lighthouse. Liverpool lighthouse and bay. Fort point ledge. Port Mouton. White point rock. Brazil rucks. Mouton island spit 127-131 Spectacle island and rock. Devastation shoal. South and Middle rocks. Jacket island. Bull rock. Little Hope islet light. Little Hope shoal. Ports Jolie and Ebert. Ebert rocks. Green island. Sable river 131-134 Bantam and Black rocks. Ram island. Farm ledge. Rugged island harbour. Gull rock light. Whale rock. Trinidad rock. Eastern Bull and Black point rock. South ledge. Long shoal. Bull rock. Chain ledges. Middle ground _ - - . . 134-137 Green harbour. Jordan river. Green island. Blue Gull island. ITie Sisters, McXutt island. Jig rock. Cape Roseway lights. Shelburne harbour. Bell, Straptub, and Middle rocks. Adamant shoal. Hart point and Hera rocks - - - - - - - 138-140 Negro harboiu' and island. Grey and Budget rocks. The Salvages. Triangle rocks. Port Latour. Baccaro light. Baocaro outer ledge South ledge. Stone horse. North ledge. Cuckold rock. Shot pouch. ; Bantam and Biazil rocks . . . « . ^ 140-144 M 00NT£KT8. ) BACCARO CHAPTER VIII. NOVA SCOTIA :— SOUTH-WEST COAC"' ; BACCARO POINT TO YARMOUTH. Page General remarks; fogs; smokes; tides; pilots. Barrington Bay. Cape Sable island and light - - ... 145-147 Columbia rock. Horse race, S.W. ledge. Seal island and light. Purdy and Blonde rocks. Elbow and Zetland shoals. Devils limb. Limb limb 147-149 Mud islands. Black ledge. Mud island shoal. SolJ'er ledge. Stod- dart cove. Shag harbour. Cockerwit passage - - - 149-161 St. John ledge. Pubnico harbour. Twin islands. Abbot harbour. White head island. Gull island. .Tones' anchorage. Big fish island lights, Tusket river 1.52-155 Bald Tusket island. Schooner and EUenwood passages, their dangers and directions .-..-.. 156-159 Gannet rock and adjacent dangers. Jebogne river. Yarmouth light, sound, and harbour. Lurcher shoal . . - . . 159-163 CHAPTER IX. BAY OF FUNDY :— SOUTH-EAST COAST; YARMOUTH TO THE BASIN OF MINES. Trinity ledge. St. Mary bay and shoal. Bvyer island, light, and dangers. Grand passage and Westport .... 166-167 Peter island lights. Petit passage. Boar head light - - . 167-169 West sandy cove. Digby gut. St. Croix bay. Marshall cove lights. Port George. Margaretville lights. Morden or French cross - 1/0-173 Black rock light. Scotsman bay. Isle Haute. Capes Split, Chignecto, and D*Ore. Advocate bay and harbour - - - . 173-176 Cape Spencer. Spencer island. Basin of Mines. Horton light. Avon river dangers. Burncoat head light - - - - - 176-178 Cape Sharp. West bay. Partridge island. Parsboro' light. Frazer head. The Brothers. Five islands. Brick kiln island and ledges. Economy point; tides; directions ----- 179-181 CHAPTER X. BAY OF FUNDY:— NORTH COAST; GRAND MANAN ISLAND AND DANGERS TO l'ETANG HARBOUR. General remarks. Grand Manan island. Swallow-Tail light. Seal cove. Grand harboiu:. Gull cove ------ 182-184 Big Duck island. Long island bay. Flag and Whale coves. Dark harbour. Bradford cove. Grand Manan bank ♦ - - 184-185 17698. b : S^^'P»^;r^ 'tfS^, « CONTSNTS, Machlas Seal island, lights, and adjacent danf^ers. Murr ledges. Gannet rock, light, and adjacent dangers . . - Old Proprietor. Foul ground and other dangers. The Wolves Wolf rock. Little river light. Quoddy head and light. Passama' quoddy bay. Campobello island and light - - - Head harbour. De Lute harbour. Friar bay. White horse, CascO; Pope, Indian, and Deer islands . . - - Port St. Andrew and light. Navy island. River St. Croix. Chamcook harbour. Hard^Vx1od and Hospital islands . • ■ L'Etang harbour and dangers, Bliss island ; directions. Back, Black and Deadman bays -.-.-- Page 186-188 188-191 192-194 194-195 196-199 199-203 W m m CHAPTER XI. BAY OF FUNDY :— NORTH COASl , L'eTANG HARBOUR THROUGH CHIGNECTO CHANNEL TO THE HEAD OF NAVIGATION. Beaver harbour. Maces bay. Seeley cove. Point Lepreau light. Red head. Mink bay and island ---.-- 204-205 Lepreau bay and ledges. Dipper, Little Dipper, Chance, Little Chance, Musquash, and Little Musquash harbours . - - - 205-208 Split rock. St. John harbour. Partridge island light. Beacon Ught. Cape Spencer. Black rock -.-.-- 208-211 Mc\>.^ Red, and Rogers heads. Quaco light and Shoal. Quaco ledge. Pounds and Tuft points. St. Martin and Matthew's heads. Salis- bury bay and shoal ------- 212-214 Cape Enragd light. Chignecto channel. Grindstone island, light, and shoal. Shepody river -.--.. 214-215 Apple river light. Cape Marangouin. River Petit Coudiac. Maran- gouin shoal aiid flats. River Memramcook. Cumberland basin • 216-220 edges. Page 186-188 - 188-191 sama~ - 192-194 Dasco, ncook 194-195 196-199 Slack, - 199-203 f, THBOUGH iTION. Red lance, light. ledge. Salis- t, and [aran- 204-2U5 205-208 208-211 212-214 214-215 216-220 I A:. tn THIS WOKX TBB BBASlHOS A»S ▲&& MAONBTtO, MABKBB A8 TBVB. BSSTASrCBS 60 TO A BSPM8SBB »r 8BA MIKBS OV BBOBBB or &ATXTUBB. A eASftB'fl unroTB la ASsmcBB to bb b«va& to XOO VATBOM8. TBS sonrsnrosABB bbbvobb to xow watbb or oBsarABT BPBnrO TXBB8. TBS B&aVATSOM'S ABB ABOVB KIOH WATBB OBDnrABV svBnra tibbs. SAILING DIRECTIONS FOR THR SOUTH-EAST COAST OF NOVA SCOTIA AND BAY OF FUNDY. SOUTH-EAST COAST OF NOVA SCOTIA. CHAPTER I. NEWFOUNDLAND AND NOVA SCOTIA BANKS :— CURRENTS, ICE, &c.— SABLE ISLAND. Virgin rocks VABM.TION IN 1867. - 30° 45' W. I Sablo island 22° 20' W. OBirBBAK OB8BKVATZOHS. — Nova Scotia, a province of British North America, is an extensive peninsula varying in breadth from 50 to 100 miles, and connected with the continent by an isthmus only 8 miles in width, having the Bay of Fnndy on the one side, and Northumberland strait on the other. It lies between lat. 43° and 46° N., and long. 61° and 67° W. ; and is bounded on the north by Northumberland strait which separates it from Prince Edward island ; north-east by the Gut of Canso, lying between it and Breton island (now acounty of Nova Scotia) ; south and south-east by the Atlantic ocean ; west by the Bay of Fundy, and north-west by New Brunswick. Nova Scotia was first discovered by John Cabot in 1497, and was colonized by the Ij'rench in 1598 ; it was taken by the English in 1627, when a grant was made of it by James I. to Sir W. Alexander. In 1632 the colony was restored to France, but at the peace of Utrecht, in 1714, was again ceded to England. After the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, in 1748, a settlement of disbanded troops was formed under the auspices of Lord Halifax, from whom the capital city of the province dei'ives its name. The seaboard of the south-east coast, between Cape Canao to the north- east and Cape Sable to the south-west, is no less than 230 miles in a straight line ; the general trend being about E. by N., and W. by S. Throughout the whole extent of this rocky coast are numerous indenta- 17698. . A 1 2 NOVA SCOTIA, SOUTH-EAST COAST. [CUAF. I. tions, varying in size and utility ; from the narrow creek in which boats seek wheiter to noble harbours, of which Halifax is at once the largest, most accessible, and safest. The coast is also fringed by numerous islands and sunken dangjrs which, by breaking the sea, tend to facilitate the progress and promote the safety of the local coasting trade ; but to ensure its successful prose- cution, local knowledge of the coast and it.s dangers is indispensable ; the more so as the fogs, — of a density seldom experienced elsewhere — are very pi-evalent during the greater part of the year. The soils of Nova Scotia are various along the south shore ; the granite forms the basis, extending in many i)hin s 20 miles into the interior. This region ie the least fertile, and being that which strangers first see is apt to create an unfavourable impression ; but there are elsewhere extensive alluvial tracts, producing the most abundant crops. The forests also abound in good timber; the ash, beech, birch, maple, oak, pine, and Spruce being the most common trees indigenous to the country. The interior of the peninsula is intersected by numerous rivers, lakes, and streams, which beautify and enrich the country ; it is also agreeably diversified by forest lands and grassy plains. The surface, though un- (.alating, is not mountainous, the highest elevation being a little over 800 feet above the level of the sea. A tract of rugged hilly country, varying in Ijreadth from 20 to 60 miles, with an avei-age height of about 500 feet, ranges along the shores of the Atlantic. There are several remarkable caverns, and grottoes along the shores of Nova Scotia, one of Avhich at St. Peter point on the Bay of Fundy coast, displays a spacious hall, the roof of which is fretted with stalactites. The census of the population of Nova Scotia taken in 1861 shows that the province contained 330,857 inhabitants, including 5,927 coloured people. In 1865 the value of exports amounted to 1,766,138/. ; and that of imports to 2,876,332/. In the following pages will be found the latest information respecting the approaches to, as well as the appearanc of, the south-east coast of Nova Scotia, though it must be borne in mind that peculiar and distinctive features, are not easily recognizable in the usual misty weather from dis- tances Avhich, in consequence of numerous outlying dangers, it would be prudent for a vessel uncertain of her position to be kept from the laud. The numerous lighthouses, however, now erected along the coast afford great assistance to a stranger in ascertaining his position when first making the land. Vessels approaching Sambro island lighthouse in a fog, and firing a gun, will be answered from the island, where a party of ai'tillery and a heavy gun are stationed for the purpose. 0&XlM(ATB.-^The city of Halifax, capital of Nova Scotia, ocoupies a [OHAF, I. CHAP. 1.] CLIMATE. — GREAT BANK OF NEWFOUNDLAND. 3 t in which boats ouce the largest, Hunkeu dangers DBS and promote successful prose- lispen sable ; the elsewhere — are ore ; the granite e interior. This I first see is apt vhere extensive riie forests also [jine, and Spruce us rivers, lakes, is also agreeably ice, though un- a little over 800 ountry, varying about 500 feet, ig the shores of )f Fuudy coast, talactites. 861 shows that 5,927 coloured 138Z. ; and that ition respecting h-east coast of and distinctive sather from dis- irs, it would be ora the laud, the coast afford en first making i fog, and firing artillery and a )tia, ocoupieB a central position on the Atlantic seaboard of the province, and though somewhat more than 5° south of the southern point of Great Britain, its climatic fiuctuations are greater and moi-o sovoi-e than anything expe- rienced in the British isles; for like other portions of the North American continent sudden changes of temperature sometimes occur, amounting to as much as 60° (Fahr.) in twenty-four hours. The extremes of temperature during the year vary from 6° to 8° (Fahr.) below zero, to 80° above it ) the average of the coldest month being about 20°., and that of the hottest about 70°. The severity of winter seldom sets in until the close of December ; frost generally con- tinues from Christmas to April, being followed by a spring of short duration. The cold weather is usually dry, and the summer heat regular and temperate ; the h,:'*^'..mn is however the most enjoyable season. The comparatively mild climate enjoyed by Nova Scotia seems to be attributable in some degree to +he influence of the Gulf stream, which prevents the harbours of the Atlantic from being frozen during the winter like those on the northern shore of the province. ORBAT BASTK Of xrEvrrovxrsziAxrs. — In crossing the North Atlantic ocean to any port in Nova Scotia or the Bay of F'undy, vessels generally traverse the Great bank of Newfoundland. This Ijank extends 294 miles Noi'th and South, from the parallel of 47° 43' to 43° N., and 240 miles East and West, between the meridians of 48° and 54° W. It ha« been surveyed by the French, and the only known danger on this bank are the Virj,in rocks, surveyed by Mr. Rose, master, R.N., in the year 1829.* The form of the bank is irregular, but it reaches iis most eastern limit in the parallel of the Virgin rocks. South of this it trends to the south- west, and decreases in depth, so that in the parallel of 44° N. there is on^'^ a depth of 22 fathoms, sand. In the parallel of 43° N. and meridian of 50" W. the bank falls into deep water, and its 60-fathom edge trends to the north-west. The Great bank is separated from Ballard bank near Cape Race by a channel abort, 20 miles wide, having from 80 to 100 fathoms, mud ; but the north-western limit of the Great bank has not yet been correctly defined. Virgrln Rooks, about 4 cables in length and 1| cables broad, lie S. 51° E., 90 miles from Cape Race, and have on their shoalest part 4|- fathoms ; their position on the Great bank being in lat. 46° 26' 30" N., and long. 50° 51' 30" W. The bank, with from 28 to 30 fathoms water, jn which tlie rocks are * See Admiralty chart, North America, tlast coast, St. John's, Newfoundland, to Hali&t, ^th the ottttir banks, No. 2,666. A 2 NOVA SCOTIA, SOUTU-EAST COAST. [chap. I. » !! situatcil extends 4^ miles in an E. by N. direction, its broadest part beinj* about 2^ miles. Around the 4^-fftthom patch there are from 5 to 6 fathoms water, increasing quickly to 7 and 9 fathoms ; but in heavy weather the whole of this rocky ground breaks dangerously. The current generally sets over these rocks about one mila per hour, W.S.W. In crossing the (Ireat bank it is best to avoid the parnllcl on which the Virgin rocks arc situated, as another shoal Avith 21 feet water, called .Tesse Ryder rock, but not yet examined, has been reported 50 miles East (true) from the Virgin rocks. OREBlv BAWic is in reality the western extremity of the Great bank, being only partially separated from it by a gully of deep water, in about long. 54° W., having over 60 fathoms, mud. The western . Jmit of this bank is in long. 55° W., and its southern margin in lat. 45° 10' N. In no part is there less water than 34 fathoms, sand ; and the peculiarity of its western limit nearly coinciding with the meridian of 55° W. makes it of service in verifying the longitude ; for the deep gully between it and St. Pierre bank is 14 miles wide, with from 70 to 90 fathoms, mud. SANK ST. PXBSitB has its eastern limit nearly on the meridian of 55° 22' W., and attains its southern boundary in lat. 45° I^ ,, long. 56° W. The bank then trends about N. by W. ^ W. for 120 miles to its western margin in lat. 46° 40' N., long. 57° 25' W. The soundings on this bank are often under 30 fathoms, the ordinary bottom being sand and broken shells. xrovA SCOTIA BAMTKS. — Although our acquaintance with the nature and extent of the principal banks Avhich mark the approaches to Nova Scotia cannot yet be deemed perfect, our knowledge of their limits and depth of water has been greatly increased during late years. Much useful information respecting the outer banks was diffused by the French charts in 1858 ; the surveys of Le Have and Roseway banks by Captain Short- land, R.N., in 1859 were satisfactory in every respect; and, later still, the off-shore soundings by Captain Orlebar, R.N., in 1864 are valuable addi- tions to our hitherto scanty knowledge of the inequalities of the various banks which He off the much-exposed and dangerous coast of Nova Scotia. Of these banks the principal in extent and most important in position are the Banquereau and Sable banks, the former being the easternmost of what may be correctly designated the Nova Scotia banks. BAXTQUBBBAV BAWS, with from 15 to 60 fathoms, is an extensive plateau of sand, gravel, and shells, and is distinguished from contiguous banks by numerous flat sea-eggs without prickles which are found on the bottom. It takes its rise about lat. 44^° N., long 57;^* W., and from [CUAF. I. OBAF. I.] GREEN BANK. — MIDDLE GROUND. mdest part boinpj ire from 5 to 6 I ; but in heavy y. The current V.S.W. cl on which the iter, called Jesse lilcs East (true) the Great bank, water, in about nd its southern ban 34 fathoms, iding with the gitude ; for the , with from 70 he meridian of 1., long. 56° W. to its western IS, the ordinary with the nature oaches to Nova lieir limits and . Much useful French charts liaptain Short- , later still, the valuable addi- of the various if Nova Scotia, n position are Jasternmost of s an extensive om contiguous 3 found on the W., and from thence extending in a westerly (true) direction 120 nilloa to the meridian of 60° W. " This bank is separated from Bank St. Pierre by a deep guliy 50 miles wide, having from 200 to 300 fathoms, muddy bottom ; and fVou» the north-east bar of Sable island by another gully of deep water 12 niilos across its narrowest part and 140 fiitlionis deep. On referring to the chart it will bo seen that its shoiilcHt part, with 1.5 fathoms, in lat. 44° 35' N. and long. 57° 54' W., is the apex of ii ridge (having less than 30 fathoms) upwards of 40 miles in length in a N.E. and S.W. direction ; and that relatively Avitli the dangers off Sable island it is not only a safe offing for vessels intending to pass to the northward of the last-named danger, but by keeping, if possiljle, in the same parallel, the long and continuous line of comparatively shoal water, would enable a vessel under ordinary circumstances, to feel her way with some degree of confidence until she has passed to the westward of the meridian of Sable island. MlBAZirii and OA3VBO BAWXS. — Misainc bank lies to the northward of Banquereau bank, between Ihc latter and Scalari island, and between its north-west edga, with 60 fathoms, and a similar depth on the outer edge of a bank extending from the shores of Cape Breton island, there is a deep gully 20 miles wide, with from 70 to 150 fathoms. The least water yet found on this bank is 36 fathoms, the general depth being more than 40 fathoms, with a bottom of stones and broken shells. The outline of the bank is very irregular ; its eastern limit is in lat. 45° 25' N., long. 58° 10' W., and its western extremity is connected with Canso bank by the 60-fathom line. The least Avater on Canso bank is 33 fathoms, sandy bottom ; the bank is separated from the north end of Middle ground by a space of deep water with 112 fathoms, and from the bank extending from Cape Canso by a narrow deep-water channel with 84 fathoms. ARTZMON* BAirx, situated at the east end of the deep-water gully separating Misaine bank from Banquereau, is of small extent, the least Avater Ijeing 36 fathoms, over a bottom of stoncf?, with slur fi.sli and ,sea eggs. MXOB&B OROViTB, about 30 miles to the northward of the west end of Sable island, has been reported to have as little as 10 fathoms, although 15 fathoms was the least water obtained on examination. The bank is about 35 miles in length N.W. and S.E., with depths varying from 15 to 30 fathoms, and is separated fi'om the west end of Banquereau bank by a narrow gully 3 uiiles across, with 83 fathoms. Its inner end extends to within 35 mile;< of Cape Canso, tJie distance between being occupied prin- cipally by a submaiine valley, having in one locality a depth of 122 fathoms. M 6 NOVA SCOTIA, SOUTU-EAST COAST, [onKv, I, If in fon;py wcivtlicr, Houmliiips Hlionltl ho ntruck within tlio 30-fathom line, thoy Avill impart confidence in making tlin eoaHt of Nova -Scotia, as tlio midtllo of the bank in in al)out the samo parallel as the entrance of Halifax harbour. SAMBSO BAxrx is about 12 miles in length, within the 60 fathom line, !ind lien S.S.E. 36 miles from the .same depth south of Sambro ledges. This bank is Hurrounded by deep water, but there arc other detached patches of less than 60 fathoms in the neiglil)ourhood whose liriiita are not yet accurately defined. 3bB HAVB BAxrx. — The norlh-eastern shoal plateau of this bank with from 45 to oO fathoms, sand and stones, is 32 miles in length N. by E. ^ E., and S. by 'V.l W., by l.'j miles broad ; the north end being about E. by S. ^ S., nefu-ly 60 miles from IJaccaro jminl. Another 50- fathom bank exists to the westward (true) of the south end of the above, from which it is only separated by a shallow gully with 53 fathoms. The 60-fathom boundary of the Le Have bank is Avell defined all round, and includes within its limits Brown bank, described hereafter. ttoattvrJLY BAKTK. — The shoalest part of this bank Avith from 31 to 40 fathoms, stones and peWbles, is about 1 1 miles in length, and its centre is on the same parallel as Cape Sable lighthouse and the north end of Le Have bank. Between the 60-fathom lines of Lc Have and Roseway , banks there is a deep channel with from 70 to 100 fathoms ; whilst inshore, Roseway bank is connected by a narrow neck, with the 60 fathom-line of the bank extending along the coast. BilO'VXi' B4.v;¥(, within the 50 fathom line, is 55 miles in length, with an average breadth of 15 miles. It lies to the westward of, but contiguous to Le Have bank, and with it forms an almost continuous bank, following the line of coast off Cape Sable at the distance of 50 miles off shore. Near the western extremity of Brown bank is a sandy rise about 10 miles long north and south (true), with from 24 to 30 fathoms, the centre of which lies about 50 miles S.W. of Cape Sable. Outside the 50-fathom line of Brown bank there is a deep-water channel 25 miles wide, sep:u'ating it from the 60-fathom lino at the north- eastern extremity of George shoal, off the Massachusetts coast. Inside Brown bank there is a narrow deep-water channel with above 60 fatllbms, dividing it from the same depth on the edge of the shore bank, which follows — about 30 miles off — the line of coast from Cape Sable to as far as Bryer island, abreast of which the deep water approaches within 5 miles of the shore. There are many inequalities on the main shore bank, off the south-west coast of Nova Scotia which it would be useless to describe in detail in 8T, CHAP. I.] 8AMBB0 BANK. — OrERENTS. hill tlio 30.fBthom :)f' Nova • Scotia, as as tlie entrance of lin the 60 fathom south of Samhro t there arc other rhbourhood whose eau of tin's bank ? miles ill length 1 ; (lie north end lint. Another 50- ^11(1 of the above, as fathoni!^. well defined all bod hereafter. witli from 31 to h, and its centre the north end of ive and Roseway ; whilst inshore, JO fathom-line of in length, with ", but contiguous bank, foUowinc off shore. iy rise about JO oms, the centre 5 a deep-water 10 at the north- »ast. I with above GO 'le shore bank, ajie Sable to as laches within 5 the south-west e in detail in these directions, inasmuch as they are clearly delineated on the Admiralty chart, by studying which the navigator will have a comprc^hensive idea, notonly of the positions of, and depths upon tho various small patches, but also of the relative positions of the larger bank.'' BZ1I9B. — -Tho approach to the banks is generally evidenced by an increasing number of sea Towl around the vessel. r.agdowiis, a species of gull, heavy of flight, are seen all across the Atlantic, but on the banks they become very numerous, as well as divers and other sea fowl. TZBR. — All the banks off Newfoundlniid and Nova Scotia abound in cod and other fish, and during the summer season a large fleet of fishing vessels are found at anchor upon them. The ordinary track of the mail steamers is left open, but north and south of this unoccupied track numerous American, French, and colonial vessels are employed in tho cod fishery, especially on the Great bank of Newfoundland, Bank of St. Pierre, Banquereau and Green banks, and Middle ground. Although 300 years have passed away since these banks were first frequented by fishermen from the west of England and St. Maloes, and that hundreds of vessels have been annmilly freighted from their prolific stores, the cod and other fish shew no sensible diminution. During the last few years the shore supply of fish has been reported to be on the decrease, but on the banks, Avhore about 400 vessels are em- ployed, fish ai'e found in abundance. ovRRSlirTS. — Of the great currents in this part of the ocean, it is gene- rally admitted that the Gulf stream, after passing along the coast of the United States, is deflected to the eastward between the parallels of 35° and 40° N., and continuing on in about an P^.N.E. direction (true) passes south of the tail of the Great bank of Newfoundland during the winter months, but extends over the south end of the bank during the summer season. From a combination of causes, such as prevailing, or lately prevailing winds, and the preponderance of polar or tropical waters, the Gulf stream has been found to have an oscillatory motion, so that it would be impossible to assign any definite limits to the margins of this great ocean river. The velocity of the Gulf stream across the south end of the Great Newfoundland bank is very variable, but at times am.ounts to more than a knot an hour in an E.N.E. direction (true). One result of this influx of warm %vater into a cold atmosphere is the production of the dense fogs so frequently experienced on the banks, and which materially em- barrass and retard navigation. Although the current between the Grand bank and Newfoundland commonly sets to the W.S.W,, sometimes at a rate of nearly one mile per hour, it is not always so; and near the shore, in moderate weather. 8 NOVA SCOTIA, SOUTU-EAST COAST. [CHAr. X. it even chaiigCH with tho wind. At these times during the floo N., indicates the certainty of a cm-rent ordinarily setting to tho south- west, at the rate of nearly half a mile per hour. Arctic, or Xabrador Current. — In addition to the warm waters of the Gulf stream is the cold ice-bearing current from the Arctic seas, which passes to tho southward, along tho coast of Labrador, at rates varying from 10 to 36 miles per day. Abreast of Labrador this cold current appears to extend as for to the eastward as the meridian of 40° W., from thence in its course to tho south- ward it is met by tho northern edge of the Gulf stream, tho position being nearly always distinguishable by the rips caused by the interlacing of the waters of tho two currents. A branch of the Arctic current flows through the Straits of Belleisle into the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and again enters the Atlantic in o south- easterly direction between Breton island and Newfoundland. Vessels l)ound for the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and wishing to make the land of Cape Breton, should, if the weather be foggy, shape a course so as to pass a few miles north of Scatari island, and most frequently after pass- ing the me; idian of Flint island the fog will clear. The south-west wind, which is accompanied by a dense fog at Scatari, becomes clear and fine during its passage over the warm land. When approaching the entrance of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, the cur- vent generally sets to the southward, on the Cape Breton side of the strait but on the Newfoundland shore it has frequently been found setting to the uorthwai'd about one knot per hour. ST. [CIUP. I. OBAr. I.] CURRENTS. — ICE. the floo«l it luna to being the stronger, lembered that the dour in the offing is Sroatly by tlio pre- tljc oHBtorn Hide of J, ond out on their nda, and near the mm of ebb runs , the latter some- iug bin Hurvey of Ih to be very irre- ige nil round tlio contrary direction rent is about half I 2 miles an hour, to the latitude of iug to the south- rm waters of the .retic seas, which at rates varying end as far to the rse to the south- am, the position the interlacing Mts of Belleisle mtic in a south- d. ing to make the } a course so as 'ntly after pass- uth-west wind, clear and fine rence, the eur- de of the strait und setting to To the eastward of Breton inland it intcrminglos with the main brancii of the same current, which, after skirting the east coast of Newfoundland, turns to the westward around Cape Race, and from thence passing along the South-east coast of Nova Scotia, continues on to the southward along the American shore to Florida, preserving in a marked ,roe its distinctive character as a cold current inside the warm waters of the Gulf stream. Along the South-east coast of Nova Scotia, the off'-shore current generally sots to the south-west at an average rate of rather more than halfamilean hour, but both direction and strength are much influenced by the wind. After a continuous westerly blow, the current will run to the eastward about half a knot per hour ; and after a prevalence of easterly winds, the usual south-westerly current is accelerated to more than a knot an hour ; in either case the set will tend to increase the vessel's distance from the shore. Between Ram island and Cape Sable, within 8 miles of the shore, the current is governed by the Bay of B^jndy tidal stream, the flood setting to the westward and the ebb to the eastward. The formation of the extensive banks of Newfoundland and Nova Scotia is probably to be attributed ''■ the meeting of the above diverse currents ; for the loose delta of the numerous rivers falling into the Gulf of Mexico, and borne along in suspension by the force of the Gulf stream, as well as the earthy matter which icebergs are ever bringing from the north, are alike deposited within the comparatively limited space where the two streams come into collision. During the survey, in 1829, of the Virgin rocks, about 90 miles S. E. ^ E. of Cape Race, this current was found sotting to the W.S.W. at the rate of one mile per hour. ZOB. — One of the most fruitful sources of danger to which vessels are exposed in crossing the Atlantic are the immense masses of ice, in the form of bergs, and extensive fields of solid compact ice which are released at the breaking up of winter in the Arctic regions, and diifted down by he Labrador current across the direct and much frequented route between the principal ports of Western Europe and North America. In this route ice is more likely to be encountered from April to August, both months inclusive, although icebergs have been seen during all seasons of the year north of the parallel of 43° N., but not often so far south after August. These icebergs are frequently several hundred feet high, and of vast extent ; they have occasionally been seen as low as lat. 39° N., and in positions to attain which the Gulf stream must have been crossed. Such phenomena have been attributed to the warm waters of the Gulf stream overrunning the cold Arctic current ; whilst the latter, retaining its I I : 1 10 NOVA SCOTIA, SOUTH-EAST COAST. [oiui>, I. prop[r(?HH iukI dirocfion hh n Hubmarim' curnMit, transportH the dooply- immorsod ioc inland." into and acroHH the (lull' stroRm. On tliiH Huhjoot. an ubio autliority Iuih remarked, "No impulsion hut that (d' a vaHt current, setting in a Hontli-westerly din'otion, and pHHHinj^ bnneatli the Oulf Htream, enuld have carried th('r of St. John Newfoundland icoberi^s have been fallen In Avith as far east as the meridian of 40° W., beinf? the onstorn marf?in of the co'd Arctic current already doscribed. F'lM-ther south, between the parallels of 40° and 4')° N., they have Iteen seen as far east as 39° W. From lat. 38° 40' N., and lonf?. 47° 30' W.— which under ordinary circumstances may l)e deemed the most southei-ly jmsition in which to expect icolterps — their probable boundary line to tlx; westward would bo in nearly a straight line towards Halifax, to as far as long. 61° W. Instances of an exceptional nature ar^- on record of icebergs having been seen bordering on the parallel of 40° N., within 60 miles W.N.W. of the Island of Corvo ; and of another having been passed in lat. 36° 10' N. and long. 39° 0' W. Tec fields have been fallen in with in the latitude of Cape Race, on the meridian of 45° W., and also in hit. 42° N. and long. 50* W. Vessels bound for the Clulf of St. Lawrence or Halifax, either endeavour to make Cape Race by passing north of the Virgin rocks, or in order to avoid the ice, cross the banks on the parallel of 44° N., hauling up on their proper course when past long. 55° W.. as heavy ice is seldom seen to the westward of that meridian. Under ordinai'y circumstances the ice does not reach so far south as Cape Race before April, so that sailing vessels leaving England in March have often entered the Gulf of St. Lawrence without being impeded by ice. When in the supposed vicinity of ice a good look out is essen- tially necessary, for even during a fog, or the darkest night, the position of an iceberg may be ascertained by a peculiar whitening of the fog — known as ice-blink — which ft-equently renders them visible at some distance. Generally on approaching ice there is a marked diminution in the ♦ Mr. W. a Redfleld. IT. [oiui>. I. OKAV. I.] ICE.- SABLK ISLANP. 11 |)0itH tho dpoply- *fo impulsion but r-tioii, and piiHwinj^ ^m l)0(li(«s to thoir •rent, in ii ropion 10 miloH."* luic of (hose ico rttcr in>, of Avliioh water ; in other tlie wntrr, tho iirfiioo of tli(> son. Iiavo been fnilcn 'aHtorn innrjyin of th, botwoen tho ^t ns 39° W. under ordinary ion in wliich to itward wouhl bo ?. 61° W. iccborgH haviii/T ) miles W.N.W. in Int. 36° 10' N. 1 tho latitude of 2° N. and long. Halifax, iMtber rgin rocks, or in 44° N., hauling y ice is seldom so far south as gland in March being impeded ^ out is essen- t, the position ig of the fog — siblc at some inution in tho tempernturo of the air and son, cHpecially of tho latter. Tho indioiitionn of the thormomoter Hhould thoreforo never bo neglected, though it niunt not bo aHflumod to b(« an infallible guide. VeBsolH Hhould, if p()HHii)le, always pa^s tct windward of iceborgs, to avoid tho loose ice floating to leeward. No rule, however, can be l.iid down to onsuro safe navigation, ns tho position of tho iee differs ho nuieh in ditlereiit seuyons ; but nuudi will depend on tho vigibnuM', eaulion and skill of llie navigatot when crossing the dangoouH ico-bearing portion of the North Atlantic oeean. ■ABZili XBXiAiVB is formed of two nearly parallel rireakers ; the whole length of this bar, from the grassy sand-hills to the depth of 10 fathoms, being 14 miles. Its direction is N.E. by E. -i E. for the first 7 miles, beyond which it curves gradually, till it terminates to E.S.E. The ri.!pe of sand, with a depth of from 10 to 13 fathoms on it, and with often a heavy cross sea, continues for 10 miles farther to the E.S.E., and then ends abruptly; the depth increasing, in a distance of 3 miles farther in the same direction, to 170 fathoms, in the channel between Sable island and Banquereau bank. Sable island and its submerged bars form a crescent, concave towards the north, and extend over more than 50 miles of sea. Vessels should be careful not to be caught within this crescent in a strong gale from the northward, when the accelerated ebb tide, setting directly towards and over the bars, would render her situation extremely dangerous. Both the bars are extremely steep on the north side, the east bar especially so, having 30 fathoms water close to it. To the southward, on the contrary, the water deepens gradually for many miles, and renders it difficult to account for the great number of shipwrecks on that side 'iri K li u NOVA SCOTIA, SOUTH*BAST COAST. [chap. I. of the Island and its bars, unless they ure to bo attributed to the neglect of the lead. The average iiuniber of ascertained Avrecks on t'lo inland for some years l)ast has been about two annually, but there is often sad evidence of additional losses on the bars, especially after a long continuance of foggy weathei-, for pieces of recently wrecked vessels and their cargoes, together with the drowned bodies of their crews, are frequently drifted on shore. Wrecks on the bars are of course far more dangerous to life than those that take place on the island, and it is important in such cases to know on •which bar the vessel is, and the consequent direction in which to seek for safety on the island. This information, when the island is hidden by fog or the darkness of night, must be sought by observinfr the direc- tion of the line of breakers, which on the East bar is between N.E. by E. and East until near its outer extremity, whilst on the West bar it is N.W. * N. AxrCHORAOS. — Off the north side of Sable island, excepting near the east end, Avhere the deep water approaches too near the shore, there is good anchorage in from 5 to 10 fathoms, and from one to two miles off shore. The bottom is fine sand, and holds well, but the sea is so heavy, excejiting with off-shore winds, that a vessel should weigh imme- diately on the first indications of a wind from the sea. DZRBCTXOM'S. — In approaching the anchorage off" Sable island from the northward at night or in thick Aveather, the lead should be kept constantly going ; and after passing the Middle ground, distant about 25 miles to the northward of the island, great caution should bo used, and the vessel should be certain of her position ; for the east end of the island and the East bar are very steep on that side. Vessels seldom anchor oiF the south side of the island, because of the prevailing heavy swell from the southward ; but they may safely ap- proach by the lead on that side, taking care not to become becalmed in the heavy swell, and in the strong and uncertain tides and currents near the bars. The lauding is in general inpracticable on the south side, excepting after a long continuance of northerly winds ; and on the north side boats can land only during southerly winds and fine weather ; but there are surf boats at the estaljlishment, which can land when ordinary boats would swamp. CVRRBKTS. — The irregular currents are said to be one of the principal causes of the frequent wrecks on Sable island. Although our acquaintance with their strength and direction cannot yet bo deemed complete, it has been ascertained that a branch of the Labrador current, after passing iJ m T. [chap. I. ClUP. I.l ANCHORAGE. — CAUTION. 16 lI to the neglect of ind for some ycnrrt 1 siul ovidence of tinuttuee of foggy • cargoes, together drifted on shore. ife than those that cases to know on in which to seek 3 island is hidden servinjr the direc- itweeu N.E. by E. le West bar it is 1, excepting near • the shore, there one to two miles jut the sea is so )uld weigh imme- 5able island from d should be kept , distant about 25 )uld bo used, and ) east end of the id, because of the y may safely ap- come becalmed in and curi-ents near th side, excepting le north side boats but there are surf nary boats would 10 of the principal our acquaintance 1 complete, it has jnt, after passing Ji along the aastcrn coast of Newfoundland, is frequently deflected to the westward, i)robably l)y the Great bank, and that it is often joined by another branch of the same current, which, having cniered tho Gulf of St. Lawrence through the Strait of IJelleisle, is frequently found running out to the soutlnvard, between Nowibundland and Breton island. Tliose currents are rendered inconstant and irregular both in strength and direction, by local and distant winds ; but the general tendency is well known to be to the westward, for vessels find no diflficulty in beating to windward in that direction, anywhere to the northward of the Florida Gulf stream ; and hence it is, that many of the vessels wrecked on Sable island, were supposed to have been well to the eastward of its position when they ran on shore. TISfiS. — It is high water, full and change, on the north side of Sable island at 7h. 30m., and on the south side about an hour earlier ; springs rise about 4 feet. The tidal streams are much influenced by the wind. The ebb sets to the southward on and over the bars, often at the rate of H or 2 knots ; the flood at a much less rate in the contrary direction. FOGS, vrzurDS, ana baromcbtsr. — Fogs are prevalent all the year round, but during the spring and summer months, dense fogs or rain almost always accompany all winds fi-om the sea, from E.N.E., round by south, to W.S.W. In winter the rain is frequently replaced by snow. During the autumnal and winter months winds from between North and West become more frequent, and, being off the land, are always accompanied with clear weather. Strong gales of wind do not often occur in May, June, or July ; but after the middle of August they are often of great strength, and It then becomes essential to attend carefully to the indications of the barometer. Strong Avinds from East, round by South, to W.S.W., are always accompanied by a falling barometer ; when, therefore, these winds begin to abate, and the barometer at the same time ceases to fail, tt change of wind, more or less sudden, to the opposite direction may be expected, with a rising baroniete" and fine weather ; if it be Avinter, the change will probably be accompanied by intense frost, coating the vessel, sails, and rigging with ice. Again, a high barometer, stationary or beginning to fall, indicates that a S.E. or S.W. wind, with accompanying rain and fog, is not far distant ; and if, at the same time, there be a bank of clouds rising above the north-western horizon, the indication is certain. CAVTZOxr.^-It is essential to the safety of vessels to attend to these in- dications, for to the neglect of such precautions, more especially of the deep-sea lead, no less than to the fogs and irregular currents the frequent 16 NOVA-SCOTIA, SOUTH-EAST COAST. [chap. I. shipwrecks on Sable island and the south-east coast of Nova Scotia are attributable. All this portion of the sea, from the eastern limit of the Bank of New- foundland, past Capo Race to Halifax, as well as to Portland, Boston, or other harbours of the coast of the United States, is within soundings, and therefore during foggy weather, or when in doubt respecting the ship's position, frequent soundings are absolutely necessary. Another important point to which due attention should be paid is, that in coming from the eastward the variation of the compass rapidly decreases, and, if not allowed for, might easily run a vessel into danger. !OAST. [chap. I. ?t of Noya Scotia are t of the Bank of New- Portland, Boston, or vilhln soundings, and respecting the ship's t should be paid is, that pass rapidly decreases, ) danger. 17 •*l^ Whitehaven CHAPTER II. NOVA SCOTIA :— SOUTH-EAST COAST. CAPE CANSO TO IIOLLINS BAY. Variation in 18C7. CapeCanso - - - 23°25'W. - 23° "20' \V. I Country Harbour - - 22° 25' W. The COAST. — From Cape Canso to Torbay, a distance of 18 miles, metamorphic gneiss is the prevailing rock. It forms barren hills along the northern shore of Torbay ; and Whitehaven, White head, and White point derive their names from its more or less white appearance. From Torbay to Indian bay, a distance of about 20 miles, the shore ia formed of metamorphic rocks, principally clay and micaceous slates, in nearly vertical strata. On these rest the unstratified drift clay and boulders forming the reddish cliffs which appear occasionally, but not extensively, on this part of the coast. The country near the sea has in general a deso- late appearance, in some parts thinly wooded with dwarf spruce trees, in others, which are called the barrens, it is quite bare, or only covered with peat and bushes.* A few miles inland, as may be seen in most of the harbours, the drift hills become covered occasionally with hard wood, birch, beech, and maple, and arc more or lcr:s susceptible of cultivation. The hills seldom exceed the height of 200 feet above the sea, and near the coast are in general much lower. The Soundings are deep and irregular everywhere along this part of the coast, and vessels running along it, or approaching it during dark nig' ts or the prevailing fogs, should not go into a less depth than 40 fathoms water. The Tidal Streams are weak and irregular, but there is generally — though not continuously — a current setting along the coast to the west- ward, sometimes exceeding the rate of one knot per hour ; hence veasels seldom experience any difficulty in beating to the Avestward. * ^ee Admiralty Charts: Canso Harbour, No. 2,163, scale, m = 4 inches; GrceD Island to Cape Canso, No. 2,517 ; and Liscomb Island to Green Island, No. 2,519 • scales, m = l\ inches. 17698. B 18 NOVA SCOTIA, SOUTH-EAST COAST. [chap. u. '41 osAXramiRT xsXiAxrB kzobt. — Cranberry island, low and rocky, a quarter of a mile in length, and divided into several parts at high water, may in reality be described as the north-eustern extremity of Nova Scotia, with a nearer approach to accuracy than Capo Canso, which is only an insignificant islet a long mile to the south-west. Near the north end of Cranberry island stands the lighthouse of wood, octagonal in shape, 60 feet high, and painted with red and Avhite horizontal stripes, from which is exhibited two ^xed white vertical lights 35 feet apart. The upper light, 75 feet above high water, should be seen in clear weather from a distance of 15 miles ; the lower, being an inferior light 40 foot high, only from a distance ol'9 miles. They bear N.E. ^ N. 1:|^ miles from Cape Canso ; but dangers on either side reduce the breadth of the clear channel to half a mile. Tos Trumpet. — A Dobell's fog trumpet is established 100 yards south of the lighthouse ; each blast will be of ^ve seconds duration, with intervals of twenty seconds, and in clear weather it should be heard from 6 to 10 miles oiF. CAPB CAWSO is a low rocky islet 15 feet high, less than a quarter of a mile in extent, and connected at low water with Andrew island, by a sandy neck about one cable in breadth. Detached from the islet at high water, and at the distance of little more than a cable in a S.E. by S. direction, is the Cape rock, 8 feet high. At l^ miles to the north-west is Glasgow head, a remarkable red clay cliff 50 feet above the sea ; and at an equal distance beyond in the same direction lie the town and harbour of Canso. From Cape Canso to Guysborough, a distance of 25 miles in a westerly direction, the south coast of Chedabucto bay is composed of primary rocks, partially covered with drift sand, clay, and boulders. This drift occa- sionally appears in high, red-looking cliffs on the shore, and when cleared of stones it furnishes a tolerably productive soil ; but the climate is not favourable to agriculture, and the large fishing population obtain littlo beyond a l3W vegetables and food for their cattle. Drift ice in the month of May, and in June the prevailing easterly winds, bringing fog from a cold sea, check vegetation until past mid- summer, and seldom allow of settled warm weather before July. But fishing, not farming, is here the great business of life, as it has been ever since the first settlement in this country. Codfish, herrings, and mackerel swarm along these shores, and the latter especially are taken in incredible numbers, both in the spring and fall of the year, by the numerous scaooners occupied in this important pursuit. AKDXtEW zsiiAXSTB, about If miles in length and 1^ miles in breadth, is separated from the mainland of the peninsula of Nova Scotia by a deep AST. [oni.F, u. CHAP.n.J CRANBEERY ISLAND LIGHT. — CAUTION. 19 od, low and rocky, a parts at high water, mity of Nova Scotia, so, which ia only an lighthouse of wood, and white horizontal rtical lights 35 feet lould be seen in clear ng an inferior light arN.E.^N.l:^ miles e the breadth of the bed 100 yards south ^nds duration, with hould be heard from ss than a quarter of Andrew island, by a )m the islet at high able in a S.E. by S. remarkable red clay beyond in the same miles in a westerly sed of primary rocks, This drift occa- 5, and when cleared t the climate is not )ulation obtain little prevailing easterly ion until past mid- before July. But i, as it has been ever •rings, and mackerel ! taken in incredible , by the numerous 1^ miles in breadth, va Scotia by a deep narrow channel about one eighth of a mile broad. The island is low, its greatest elevation, 35 feet, being at the south end j it is also boggy and barren, with stunted spruce over its surface. On all sides, excepting tho west, the island is surrounded by a fringe of dangerous shoals, to be hereafter described. Orlme and Bass Rooks are the outermost of the off-lying dangers, known as the Canso ledges, which render the approach to the Ship channel between Cranberry island and Cape Canso extremely dangerous to strangers, and more especially so as the locality is celebrated for fogs. Grimo rock, which has 12 feet least water, is only marked by breakers when the sea is heavy; it is surrounded by various patches with from 3 to 5 fathoms, the outermost rocky patch, with 4^ fathoms, being a quarter of a mile to the eastward. From Grime rock the lighthouse on Cranberry island bears W. by S. \ S., distant 2^ miles ; it also lies with the steeple of the Roman Catholic church at Canso, the southern extremity of Grassy island, the northern end of Petit-pas, and Park ledge all in one. The Bass rock, with only 6 feet water, breaks frequently, and lies S.W. 3| cables from Grime rock. From it Cranberry island lighthouse bears W. by S., distant 2^ miles ; and the steeple of the Roman Catholic church at Ciiuso, and southern extremity of Petit-pas appear in line. nxiadle, Inner Bass, and Kelp Hocks lie within the Grime and Bass rocks, to the westward. Of these the Middle rock, Avith only 4 feet water, as well as the Inner Bass, awash at low water, can almost always be seen ; but the Kelp rock, with 12 feet least water, only breaks during a heavy sea. Middle rock lies W.N.W. one mile from Bass rock, and from it the lighthouse on Cranberry island bears S.W. by W. \ W., l-/^^ miles ; and the Roman Catholic church at Canso, seen over Petit-pas, is open a little to the southward of Park ledge. The breakers on this rock, as well as on the Inner Bass, which lies 3^ cables to the N.N.W,, often serve as a guide to fishing and coasting vessels, which prefer passing close to those rocks to going outside all the edges ; but this should on no account be attempted by large ships or by strangers ; for although the passage between the Middle and Bass rocks is a mile wide, the existence of the Sand shoal and White rock, with 5 and 4 fathoms respectively, as well as another nameless patch of the same depth as the latter, render it unsafe in the heavy swell which so frequently prevails. CAVTXOXJ. — It is essentially necessary, when approaching Cape Canso from seaward, that great caution be exercised, in consequence of the numerous detached shoals and rocks which lie at some considerable dis- tance from the land ; and that at all times, but more especially during foggy weather, the constant use of the lead should be deemed indispensable. B 2 20 NOVA SCOTIA, SOUTH-EAST COAST. [cil.iP, II. Should the approach to these dangers be from the northward, it must bo borne in mind that the off-lying ledges lie only 4 cablca within the edge of the 30-fathom bank ; if from the southward and eastward, go into no less than 25 fathoms, until the soundings indicate that the vessel is off tho bank to the northward ; and, lastly, in clear weather do not haul to tho westward into Chedabucto bay until the high land of Black point opens to tho northward of Derabio island, bearing W.N.W. BAWOms off ttae Bntrance of SBI# CBAMrWBXi. — As a detailed account of the various out-lying dangers off Capo Canso, as well as those leading to Canso harbour, will be found in vol. 2 of the St. Lawrence Pilot, it is not deemed necessary to repeat in this work any observations on dangers in this locality, save those affecting the coast navigation from Cranberry island to the southward. The following description of objects and dangers on either side of the entrance of Shi[i channel into Canso harbour, in tho order in which they would bo passed by a vessel running in from sea, will sufficiently explain the Admiralty chart, without Avhich, or the aid of experienced local know- ledge, no one should attempt a navigation so hazardous. SASTESN' BIBS, Stanley Sboals. — These dangers consist of four small rocky patches u quarter of a mile apart. The least water, 4 fathoms, is on the northern and western patches, whose positions are sometimes shown by breakers. The northern patch lies with the northern of tho Black rocks on with the north point of Glasgow head, and Crow islet, half its apparent breadth, open east of Cranberry island. From the western patch, the eastern end of Crow islet is just shut in behind the eastern extreme of Cranberry island, and the highest lart of Glasgow head, just over tho Tiorth end of the southern group of Black rocks. The v.estern extremes of Derabie and Cranberry islands in one, and bearing N. by W. ^ W., lead in between these shoals and the Capo Breaker. irickerson and Bavid Rocks. — From the Nickerson rock, which is detached, with 4 fathoms least water, Cranbcuy island lighthouse bears N.W. ^ W. 1^ miles. This rock is less in the way of navigation than the Stanley shoals, from which it is distant about half a mile in a N.N.E. ^ E. direction. The same remark applies to David rock, with 13 feet water, half a mile nearer to the lighthouse, which bears from it N.W. ^ N. three- quarters of a mile. Washbaii siouk, a rocky patch, which dries at low water, lies W.S.W. 2 cables from David rock, and S.S.E. | E. 7 cables from tho lighthouse j it forms the extremity or toe of a rocky shoal extending from Cranberry island, and occupies a mid-position between the lighthouse, and the Stanley I AST. [CII.VP. II. aiAP. II.] ENTRANCE OF SHIP CHANNEL. 21 northward, it must bo C3 within the edge of twnrd, go into no legg the vessel is off tho ' do not haul to tho Black point opens to mOt. — As n detailed mso, as well as those of the St. Lawrence ork any observations :oast navigation from on either side of tho order in which they 11 sufficiently explain lerienced local know- us. s consist of four small water, 4 fathoms, is are sometimes shown Black rocks on with t, half its apparent e western patch, the e eastern extreme of head, just over the islands in one, and ihoals and the Cape irson rock, which is and lighthouse bears f navigation than the iiilc in a N.N.E. ^ E. :, with 13 feet water, nitN.W, iN.three- r water, lies W.S.W. from tho lighthouse ; ding from Cranberry ouse, and the Stanley shoals. As this danger can almost always be seen, it is of great service in guiding vessels. These two last-named rocks lie so near the edge of the Cranberry island bank, as to leave no safe passage between thcni. Pink Rook, with only 4 feet water, lies half a mile to the southward of Cranberry island lighthouse ; but from it a shoulder, with 3 (allioms water, extends 1^ cables W. by N. From this rocky shoulder, which forms tho extreme southern edge of the Cranberry island bank, the lighthouse bears N.N.E. half a mile. Flag hill, and the south-west extremity of the beach of Fort point in line, bearing N.W. ^ N., lead just clear to the southward of this danger ; but as tho beach cannot always be made out, Flag hill should be kept about half a point open to the south-west of Fort point, until the bearing of the lighthouse shows that tho rock is passed. ^VESTSRir SIDE. — Patch and Boom Socks. — Approaching from tho southward, the entrance of the Ship channel between Cape Canso and Cranberry island is a mile wide. The outermost danger on this side is Patch rock, with 5 fathoms water, but on which the sea is said to break occasionally; it bears from Cape Canso S.S.E. ^ E., IJ miles. Within tho Patch — to tho westward, nearly three-quarters of a mile- is Boom rock, with 12 feet water, bearing S. ^ E., IJ- miles from Cape Canso ; and E.S.E. 11 miles from the south point of Andrew island. It obtained a melancholy celebrity during the progress of the Admiralty survey, by the loss of a schooner on it with all hands. The south-western extreme of Dover island, open to the southward of White point W. -^ S. leads clear to the southward of both these rocks. Cape Breaker and Stoarlngr Bull Rock. — The Cape Breaker, with 2§ fathoms water, bears from Cape Canso S.E.byE. one mile distant. Ctow and Cranberry islands touching, bearing N. by W., will clear it to tho eastward a cable's length. As it can only be seen when there is a heavy sea, this rock is extremely dangerous, and would be still more so were it not that the lioaring Bull, 4 cables to the westward, almost always shows, and therefore assists in indicating the position of its treacherous neighbour. The Roaring Bull has only 2 feet water, and bears from Capo Canso S.E. ^ S., two-thirds of a mile. Keeper and Kirby Bocks, with 4 and 2^ fathoms water, aro distant half a mile and one mile respectively, about N.W. by N. from the Cape Breaker ; Kirby rock bears from Cape Canso E.N.E., and is distant 3 cables. The steeple of tho Roman Catholic church at Canso, open to the north-east of Glasgow head, bearing N.W. ^ N., leads just clear to the north-cast of Cape Breaker, and Keeper and Kirby rocks.' Black Hocks, lie N.N.W. a long half mile from Kirby rock, the passage into Glasgow harbour being between them. They consist of two masses of trap rock about 5 feet high, and can therefore always be seen; iSjl; NOVA SCOTIA, SOUTH-EAST COAST. [otup. n. as the shoal water extends from them only a cal)le'H length to the ooflt- ward, they are of groat service in pointing out the western aide of the channel. Oannet &edffe«. — The outermost of these ledges, with only 3 and 4 feet water on them, extend S.E. by E. nearly a mile from Gannet point the south extremity of Andrew island ; nnd foul ground, with 6 and 9, fathoms over it, runs out fully a mile farther to the south-east. The south- west extremity of Dover island kept open to the southward of White point, bearing W. ^ S., leads half a mile to the southward of these ledges, as well as the dangerous Boom rock with 12 feet water, and from which Gannot point bears W.N.W. 1-^ miles. AWBRHvr PASSAOB, between Andrew island and the mainland, and leading to Glasgow and Canso harbours, is too intricate for a written description to avail. It is frequented occasionally by fishing vessels and small coasters, but even with the aid of a chart, local knowledge is indispensable for the safe guidance of even a small vessel. BOVBR 8AT is 2^ milcs wide at the entrance, from Dover head east- ward to White point, and 4 milcs deep to the N.N.W. ; but although so extensive, it affords no shelter for ships, being filled towords its head with islets and rocks above and under water, among which only small craft and boats could find their way. Louse harbour, on its western shore, one mile within Dover head, has within it depth and spacc^suflRcient for large vessels; but its entrance, to the north of Louse island, with 3| fathoms water, is only about 30 fathoms wide. Little Dover Run is a very narrow channel between Wliite island — forming the eastern side of the bay — and the main- land ; its narrowest part being only about 30 yards wide, with 3 fathoms water. It leads in among the islets at the head of the bay, and is frequented in the season by fishing vessels.* The dangers at the mouth of Dover bay are, a rock with 3 feet water on it, from which Dover head bears N.N.E. |^ E. a third of a mile ; Blackman shoal, with 4 fathoms Avatcr, from which Dover head bears N.W. by W. three-quarters of a mile; Bay shoal, with 5 fathoms water, lying nearly half-way between Dover head and White point, and breaking only after heavy gales ; Home shoal, with 3 fath ims water, lying nearly mid-way between Louse head and White island ; and Lumsden shoal, with 2^ fathoms water, from which White point bears S.E. by E. distant 6J cables. The White point ledges extend 5^ cables to the southward of White point ; and White rock, with 5 fathoms water, Avhicli breaks after heavy * See Admiralty Chart, Cape Canso to Dover Head, No. 2,518, scale, m «= 4 inches. VLJ!. iST. [oiuF. n. OIUP. II.] ANDREW PASSAGE. — PORT UOWE. 28 length to the oast- western side of the with only 3 nnd I from Gnnnet point und, with 6 and 9, h-enst. The south- oiithwnrd of White :nrd of thcHC ledges, ter, and from which 1 the mainland, and icate for a written ' fishing vessels and local knowledge is 3el. n Dover head east- ; but although so wards its head with nly small craft and tern shore, one mile snt for large vessels; I falhoms water, is QTy narrow channel bay — and the main- ide, with 3 fathoms if the bay, and is . rock Avith 3 feet a third of a mile ; Dover head bears h 5 fathoms water, loint, and breaking vater, lying nearly d Lumsden shoal, S.E. by E. distant uthward of White )rcaks after heavy scale, m SI 4 inches. gales, lies nearly half a mile farther off, with the point ])earing N. by W. distant one mile. Oannet Shoal, consisting of several detached patches, having on one spot as little as 9 feet water, lies East one mile from White point. There are other rocks to the northward of it off Madeline point, and at the entrance of Little Dover run, for which the Admirally chart is necessary to ensure the safe guidance of a vessel in such intricate places. The soundings arc alike deep and irregular near these dangers, so that the lead will afford little or no warning at night or in thick weather; but in the daytime Cnmberry island lighthouse, kept open to the eastward of the trees on Cape Canso, N.E. ^ N., will lead to the eastward of Gannet shoal, the White point ledges, and White rock. SOVBR XB&A»rs, upwards of a mile in extent east and west, and along half mile broad at its western end, forms a salient point of the coast between Dover bay and the indentation of Port Howe. It has an elevation of 95 feet, and is separated from the mainland by a narrow but navigable channel, with 14 feet water, known as Dover pas- sage, which is frequented by fishermen and small coasting vessels ; but as in the narrowest part the passage is only 30 fathoms across, it is evidently not adapted for either large vessels or strangers. POST HOVTB. — The bay known as Port Howe, to the westward of Dover island, is small, and dangerous to approach on account of numerous shoals. The entrance lies between Howe point to the eastward and Black rock, 1 feet high, off Fluid jwint on the western shore ; the distance across being a good third of a mile, but the navigable channel is narrowed by shoal ground to little more than 1^ cables. Within the entrance the shores are mostly steep-to, and there is sufficient depth of water for the largest ships ; but in the parts not exposed to the southerly swell, there is barely room for a vessel to swing at singl-^ an jhor. The best anchorage is in the mouth of the western arm, care being taken to avoid a sunken rock with only 8 feet water, lying rather more than a cable S. by E. J E. from the point which separates the western and northern arms. There is also secure anchorage within Port island and in :Ji the mouth of Dover passage, but in both places it would bo necessary to moor. As on some occasions this place might prove useful as a harbour of refuge, it would be advisable for scivmeu frequenting this coast, to make themselves familiar with the marks for clearing the following dangers :— Dover Shoals and Bnortingr Rocks. — The Dover shoals, with 4 fathoms on them, lie on the eastern side of the entrance of the channel, S. f E. 5^ cables from Snorting rocks, which never cover. These latter are nearly joined at low water to the south-Avest extremity of Dover island. Sunken rocks, with various depths on them, extend W. by S. a quarter 24 NOVA SCOTIA, SOUTH-EAST COAST. [CUAP. II, i of a milo from Snorting rocks, nnil together with similur rocks lying 2 cables ofl'IIowo point, must be left to the cuHtwnrd in running in. Tho cntrnnco botwcon these last-nnnied rooks and IJIiick rock and reef off Fluid point is, ns l)cforo observed, only about 1-^ cables -wide. Avery Staoal, with 3.} fathoms water, lies nearly a mile to tho south- ward of Whale island, and three-quarters of a mile from tho south-east extremity of jVIillstonc island — in one with tho lighthouse on White Head island — and bearing W. by N. ^ N. Dover head open to tho southward of Snorting rocks bearing E.N.K. leads clear to tho southward of this shoal, which is in tho way of vessels running along tho coast ; and the same marks lead also to tho southward of tho Vacho andWhalo shoals, carrying 10 and 20 feet water, and lying 4 cables and 1^ miles respectively farther inshore to tho E.N.E. The Whalo rocks — which dry at low water and arc farther inshore — and Whale shoal lio on tho western side of the chauucl loading to Port Howe. BntBCTZOXra. — The marks for running into Port IIowo are the Black rock, already mentioned, in ono with tho remarkable Sugar loaf hill, 180 feet high, about a milo inland from tho entrance of Kyak brook at tho head of the harbour. Being outside the sho. , > bring the above mai'ks in one, bearing N. J W., and run towards them until the south extremities of Whale and Millstone islands arc nearly in one, bearing W.S.W.; then alter course so as to pass a cable's length to the eastward of the Black rock. If proceeding to tho anchorage at the mouth of the western arm, endea- vour to preserve a mid-channel course between Port island and tho Avestei'a shore, anchoring in about 8 fathoms, mud, with the west end of Snorting rocks just seen open of the point west of Port island, and borrowing on the southern shore in order to avoid the sunken rock off the point which divides the Arms. If the anchorage within Port island be preferred, pass round the north-west end of the island at the distance of a cable — to avoid tho reef off it — and anchor Avithin it, in 4h fathoms, mud. vrXKti, CRAZTS, and RASPBSRZiv cov&s are small intricate inden- tations between Port Howe and Whitehaven, abounding in sunken rocka and difficult of access. They are adapted for small craft and boats, but without good local knowledge of the neighbourhood and its numerous dangers, the approaches to these places are perilous in the extreme. -WEZTE HEAB zsitANB X.ICHT. — White Head island, 6 cables long and 120 feet high, derives its name from the whitish granite rock of which it is composed, and forms a salient feature off the point of land east of White- haven, its inner or northern end being about one-third of a milo from tho main shore. The interior of the island is wooded with dwarf spruce trees, but the lighthouse on its south-west point stands on the bare rock, and is a fiquare woodeu building pointed white, from which at an elevation ot ■ )AST. [ciur. n. CBAr. II.] DIRECTIONS. — WHITEHAVEN. 26 similiir rocks lying in running in. Tho ck rock and reef off CH wide, n mile to tho soutli- from the south-t-ast lousc on Wliite Ileutl pn to tho Houthwurd ho southward of thia coast ; and the same halo shoals, carrying respectivt'iy farther •y at low Avater and •u side of the chauucl Howe are the Black Sugar loaf hill, 180 Kyak brook at tho tho above marks in south extremities of fW.S.W.; then alter f the Black rock, western arm, endea- land and the western pst end of Snortiiijr !, and borrowing on :)ff the point which d be preferred, pass 3f a cable — to avoid Lid. lall intricate inden- ng in sunken rocka •aft and boats, but and its numeroua the extreme, land, 6 cables long mite rock of which land east of White- :>{ a mile from tho Iwarf spruce trees, ! bare rock, and is kt an elevation oi W feet nltovo high water, la exhiliitcd a rvrohing white light, which Htta!:ifl its greatest brilliancy every 20 seconds, and in clear weather should bo visible from a distanco of 11 miles. DirBZTBHAVBir is n secur*; harbour, witli sufficient space and depth of water for a fleet of the largest ships ; but, like most of the indentations on this coast, the entrances, three in number, are so narrow and indirect, and the sunken rocks so numerous, that no large vessel coultl safely attempt them at night or in the dense fogs that so frequently prevail.* The shores of the harbour have a barren and desolate appearance, tho woods having Ijcen extensively burnt oil" 'ho granite hills, especially on the eastern side. On tho western shore there are hills of the drift boulder clay, affording pasture for the cattle of tho fishermen, who reside princi- pally in Doliver and Marshall coves, but whoso houses will also bo seen at intervals all the way to the head of tho North-west arm, distant 7 miles from the entrance of the haven. Baat Bull, one of the outer dangers of tho eastern entrance to Whitehaven, is a small detached rock, having only 6 feet water, and lies with the lighthouse bearing N.W. distant G cables. Half way between it and White Head island, is Seulpin rock, dry at low water ; and midway between it and Millstone island, there is a rocky shoal carrying 3;^^ fathoraa water. The entrance to the eastern passage into Whitehaven harbour ia between this shoal and Millstone island. Bouth-weit Bull, with 5 feet water, lies with tho lighthouse bearing N.E. distant 6^ cables. Rocky ground, with 4 fathoms water, extends from it 4 cables to the N.W. by W., and there arc rocky patches with 5 fathoms between it and White Head island. Dover head open to the soutlnvnrd of Millstone island, bearing E. by N., leads to the southward of both the East and S.W. Bull rocks. Black Kedgre dries at low water. Its western extremity, from which the lighthouse bears E. | S. rather more than one mile. Is cleared by keeping Doliver and Fisherman islands touching, and bearing !•,'. by E. ^ E-, ■whilst Bald rock and Flying point in one, bearing N.N.W. -^ W., will lead to the south-west of it, and S.W. Bull rock. Sbagr and Rocky Kedgres arc nearer the lighthouse, and never cover; and the Gammon islets, small and of bare granite, will be seen to the northward of them. The southern passage into Whitehaven harbour is to the eastward of all these, including the S.W. Bull, and between them and White Head island. Inner and Outer Cull KedgreB and Bald Rook extend nearly a mile to • * See Admiralty Plan ofWluteliaYcn with views, No. 2,560 j scale, nj = 4 inches. f NOVA SCOTIA, SOUTH-EAST COAST. [chap. n. the southward from Deming island, which, being united to the mainland at low water, forms the western point of entrance to Whitehaven. These ledges and rocks are all above water, but there are reefs between and around them ; that most in the way being a rock with 6 feet water on the east end of the shoal tongue extending from Bald rock, and lying S.S.E. ^ E. 1^ cables from the Outer Gull lodge ; Net rock (joined by a reef to the south-east extremity of Three-top island) and Spry point in one, bearing N.E. by E. I E., leads clear to the soutli-east of it. The western passage into Whitehaven harbour between the 6 feet rock and Black ledge is half a mile wide. There is little or no w vi-ning by the lead in anproaching any of these dangers from seaward, the depth exceeding 20 fathoms a little moretlmn a quarter of a mile from them. TBRBE-TOP xs&AKTB may be easily recognized by the three remarkable hills, 50 or 60 feet high, from which its name is derived. The channels to the north-west of it, on either side of Doliver island, are so narrow and full of rocks, as to be only lit for small craft and boats. The Ship channel to the eastward of it, is 2 cables wide at entrance between Net rock and I'urtle reef, which runs out from Spry point. A short distance within the entrance, and nearly abreast the middle of Three-top island, there is a rock with 3^ fathoms water, which reduces the breadth of the channel between it and the island to 1^ cables. The marks that lead to the south-west of this rock are, the ends of Gammon islets and White Head island very slightly overlapping, and bearing S. by E. | E. ; these marks also clear the shoals farther in off Doliver island and Deming point, on the western side of the harbour. TIDES. — It is high water, full and change, in Marshall cove, White- haven harbour, at 8h. Om. ; springs rise 6 feet, and neaps 4 feet. The rate of the tidal streams in the entrance seldom exceeds half a knot, unless it be the ebb stream when accelerated by heavy rains, or the melting of the snow in spring. SXRSCTZOxrs: — The Eastern Passagre into Whitehaven is rendered so intricate and dangerous by Middle rock, with only 6 feet water, and other shoals, that it should never be attempted in a large ship, unless in case of necessity. Between the Middle rock and Paddy ledge the passage is only half a cable wide. To run in, bring the summit of the northern- most hill on Three-top island in line with Dogfish point, bearing N.W. ^ W., and run towards them, passing a cable's length to the southward of Mill- stone island. To jiass between Middle rock and Paddy ledge, open out the hill a little to the northward of the point, and when abreast the reef off Mink islands steer sufiiciently to the northward to clear the sunken rock which lies N. by E. 60 fathoms from the small islet on the opposite side of the channel. OAST. [chap. n. mited to the mainland Whitehaven. These ire reefs between and th 6 feet water on the :, and lying S.S.E.^E. ined by a reef to the point in one, bearing fcween the 6 feet rock 5 or no w vi-ning by the d, the depth exceeding them. r the three remarkable rived. The channels id, are so narrow and s. The Ship channel etween Net rock and t distance within the ee-top island, there the breadth of the 3 marks that lead to Hon islets and White S. by E. I E. ; these island and Deming arshali cove, White- I neaps 4 feet. The Is half a knot, unless fe, or the melting of ehaven is rendered ly 6 feet water, and arge ship, unless in ly ledge the passage lit of the northern- bearing N.W. 4 W. southward of Mill- ledge, open out the ibreast the reef off ar the sunken rock II the opposite side CHAP. H.] THREE-TOP ISLAND. — DIRECTIONS. 27 Round Dogfish point to the westward at the distance of a cable, until i t and Millstone island are touching S.E. | E., and steer N.W. ^ W. passing to the southward of Turtle rock and reef ; and when White Head island lighthouse is just open east of Gammon islets, keep these objects astern and run in N.N.W. -^ W. until tlie north end of Three-top island is nearly abenm. Then alter course to North, taking care to keep White Head island open to the eastward of the Gammon islets, in order to clear the shoals off Doliver island and Deming point on the western shore ; niul the light- house open to the westward of Spry point, to clear Yankee island reef on the eastern shore- Having passed this reef, the anchorage becomes good, in from 7 to 10 fathoms, mud, immediately within it, and also off the fish stages and houses on the western shore, although some swell comes in with the strong southerly winds. Small vessels anchor in Yankee cove, into which 3^ fathoms can be carried through a very narrow channel. The best passage for a large vessel desirous of proceeding farther in, to the more completely shelt- .-ed parts of the harbour, is to the eastward of Fisherman island, where there is a clear channel, one cable wide, and carrying a depth of 8 fathoms. xeip Shoal, with only 3 feet water, lies directly in the way of vessels passing to the westAvard of Fishei . lan island. The marks for running through the channel (only half a cabla wide) between it and the island, are the western extremities of Pilot point and of Yankee islet in line, bearing S. \ E. There is also a passage to the westward of Kelp shoal, between it and the shoal which extends 1^ cables off shore to the southward of Marshall cove ; but the marks for running though it, namely, the western sides of M- nroe rock, Three-top island, and Shag ledge iji one, and bearing South, might not easily be distinguished by a stranger. Having passed through either of these channels, anchorage may be chosen either in Marshall cove or farther up the harbour, Avher.j the only detached danger in the way, until the vessel arrives at the entrance of the Arms, is a shoal, with 3^ fathoms water, lying a quarter of a mile N.W. by W. from White islands, and which is cleared to the westward by the line of Fisherman island and Pilot point touching, and bearing S. by W. \ W. The Southern Passage into Whitehaven is only one cable wide. To run in to the eastward of the S.W. Bvxll, steer between N. by E. and N.N.E. for the western side of White Head island, Avhich pass at a distance not exceeding one cable ; open out Millstone island until it is touching Dogfish point, bearing S.E. | E. ; keep those marks astern and pass to the south^vard of Turtle reck and reef off Spry point. When the lighthouse comes just open to tho eastward of Gammon islets, bearing S.S.E. ^ E., 'jteer in N.N.W. ^ W. and proceed as before directed. 28 NOVA SCOTIA, SOUTH-SAST COAST. [CUAP. II. mrestern Passagre. — To run into Whitehaven harbour in a steamer, or with a fair -wind through the western passage and Ship channel, attention must be paid to the marks already given for clearing the rock olf the Outer Gull ledge on the one side, and the Bull rocks and Black ledge on the other. It is seldom that the Black ledge or the breakers on it cannot be seen, and it may then be passed at any distance between one and 4 cables; but to run in nearly midway between it and the I'ock off the Outer Gull ledge, bring Net rock to bear N.E., and steer so as to pass round to the eastward and northward of it at the distance of one cable. Open the lighthouse a little to the eastward of Gammon islets, bearing S.S.E. i E., and steer in N.N.W. ^ W. until the north end of Three-top island is nearly abeam, after which proceed according to previous directions. TORBAV is of great extent, being nearly 9 miles long and 4 miles deep. At its eastern end a very narrow isthmus, or " haul-over " for boats, separates it from Whitehaven. On its northern shore, Molasses harbour, Cole harbour, and Charlo harbour afford secure anchorage for small vessels in from 2 to 3 fathoms water, but the approach to them all is more or less difficult, and would require the aid of a native pilot. On the shores of Molasses harbour is a settlement of Acadians, and on an elevation 110 feet above the sea, on the western side of the entrance, stands their chapel, a largo wooden building without a steeple. There are settle- ments also at Cole and Charlo harbours, as well as on the banks of Larry river at the west end of the bay ; and there are chapels on the eastern side of the two last-named places, but they are small wooden buildings, undis- tinguishable from others in the vicinity. At these settlements the drift boulder clay is cultivated sufficiently to afford pasture for cattle ; in rear of them the barren granite hills rise to the height of 360 feet above the sea. The principal entrance into Torbay is between Berry head and the small group of Sugar islands, of clayslate not exceeding 30 feet in height, which stretch across the eastern half of the bay ; there is hero a clear channel three-quarters of a mile wide, with from 8 to 12 fathoms water. The anchorage within this entrance, off Webber cove, near the western end of the bay, is easy of access and secure, in 6 fathoms, sand and mud ; the only danger much in the way being Webber shoal, with 12 feet water, which lies from 3 to 6 cables from the shore, off the north side of the peninsula, of which Berry head is the eastern extremity. Its northern end is cleared by the southern extremities of Topstono ledge (off the westernmost of the Sugar islands) and Green ledge in one, bearing E.S.E.; small vessels only should attempt to pass to the southward of it. To the northward of Webber shoal the passage is not less than half a mile wide between it and either Charlo shoal or Lai'ry reef, which, lie to the N.E. and N.W. of it respectively. OAST. [ClUP. XI. ir in a steamer, or with lannel, attention must ock off the Outer Gull k ledge on the other, it cannot be seen, and d 4 cables; but to run ter Gull ledge, bring to the eastward and immon islets, bearing th end of Three- top previous directions, ng and 4 miles deep, laul-over " for boats, •e, Molasses harbour, mchorage for small each to them all is lative pilot. ' Acadians, and on an the entrance, stands . There are settle- banks of Larry river the eastern side of en buildings, undis- iettlemonts the drift for cattle ; in rear •0 feet above the sea, 'erry head and the ig 30 feet in height, ere is here a clear > 12 fathoms water, e, near the western ms, sand and mud ; ihoal, with 12 feet ore, off the north ern extremity, mi ties of Topstonc Jreen ledge in one, ss to the southward ;e is not less than Larry reef, which CUAF. II.] TORBAl , — DIRECTIONS. 29 SAxrOBSB off TOSIBAT. — Berry head, the western point of Torbay, is a low rocky point at the eastern extremity of a peninsula, nowliero exceeding 80 feet in height, and which is united to the mainland by a beach and range of sand hills. Shallow water extends off this peninsula a third of a mile to the southward, and off Berry head there is a reef, as well as detached rocks, with varying depths on them, the outermost lying 4 cables to the eastward of the head ; these must all be left to the west- ward in running into the bay. Sbagr Sock, rises 2 feet above ordinary high water, and lies E. by S. ^ S., 2^ miles from Berry head, and half a mile from the nearest shore. Shallow water extends 4 cables S.E. of the rock, and between it and the shore, half a mile distant, there are several rocks which dry at half- tide. Cull Rook, small and detached, with about 12 feet water, is the greatest danger on the western side of the entrance ; it lies S.W. | W., nearly one mile from Berry head, and East 1^ miles from Shag rock. The Shag in line Avith New Harbour head, W. f N., leads 2 cables to the southward of Gull rock. Torbay Xedgres, lying on the eastern side of the entrance, are still more dangerous. French rock, the farthest out, with only 10 feet water, lies Avith Topstone ledge off the western extremity of the Sugar islands, N. by E. 1^ miles ; Berry head, N.W. by W. i W. 1^ miles ; and the Bull rock, with 4 feet Avatcr, Avhich usually breaks. East tAvo-thirds of a mile. The other ledges lie between these and the islands, Avith deep Avater between them, but so scattered as to leave no safe passage for ships. Shag rock and New Harbour head in one, bearing W. f N., leads 3 cables to the southAvard of all these ledges. Hog island touching Lcblanc point, bearing N.E. by E., leads to the eastward of the Bull rock ; and Cole Harbour head open to the Avestward of Topstone ledge, N.N.E. ^ E., leads to the Avestward of French rock and the ledges next to the nortliAvard of it, but does not clear Brig rock, the Avesternmost of the ledgep, Avith 9 feet Avater, and from Avhich Topstone ledge bears N.E. by N. 3 cables' lengths. The soundings are so irregular around these ledges, and the depth so great (15 fathoms close to them), that the lead scarcely affords any assistance. szascTaoirs. — With a fair Avind into Torbay, run in Avith the AA'estern extreme of the islet, next east of Topstone ledge, touching Mars head, and bearing N.E. ^ E., or Avith the eastern point at the entrance of Cole harbour open to the AvestAvard of Topstone ledge — the apparent breadth of the latter — N.N.E, ^ E., Avhichever course the wind may render pre- ferable ; and Avhcn Berry head and the points to the westward of it come in line, bearing W. ^ S., alter course immediataly to N.N.W., and I 30 NOVA, SCOTIA, SOUTH-EAST COAST. [chap. II. so continue until the southern extremities of Topstone and Green ledges come in one, bearing E.S.E. ; then steer W.N.W., keeping those marks on astern, until Flat point and Berry head are one, bearing South ; and then West to the anchorage, in 6 fathoms, mud, off Webber cove, which should bear between S.W. and S.W. by W., and be distant from half to three- quarters of a mile. SbiTTXiB HAHBOVR, a small shallow indentation in the coast next west of Berry head, and N.W. by W. one mile from Shag rock, is only adapted to admit boats at high water. Half a mile from its entrance, in a S.S.E direction, is Net rock, with about 3 fathoms water, and S.S.W. 2^ miles distant is a, patch — with 6 fathoms water — ^known as Tuffin bank, on which the sea is said to break occasionally after very heavy gales. Mrsvr HASBOUR COVE, 5 miles to the westward of Berry head, is not a harbour, but merely a shallow bay open to the S.S.E., and affording no safe anchorage to shipping. From Shoal point on its western shore a rocky spit runs out three quarters of a mile to the S.S.E. At the head of the cove is the entrance of St. Catherine river, only one foot deep at low water, and dangerous to boats when there is any sea running. For the first 5 miles the river flows through a narrow inlet, which boats can ascend to its head ; the stream then becomes rapid and unnavigable for 4 miles farther, to the large lake from whence it flows. OBEEN', GOOSB, and HARBOUR ZSKAITSS form a group lying N.W. by N. and S.E. by S., 4 miles in extent. Green island, the smallest and most off-lying, lies W.S.W., nearly 4 miles from New Hai'bour head. The inner of the three Harbour islands closely approaches the main land, near Isaac harbour, the low-water features being separated by a deep water channel only 2 cables across. These islands are formed of drift boulder clay, resting on highly inclined clayslate rock, and are wooded with small spruce trees. They are low, the highest hill on Goose island, the middle and largest of the three, not exceeding the height of 80 feet above the sea. The numerous off-lying dangers in this locality forbid the coast being approached, during dark nights or fogs, nearer than the depth of 30 fathoms, and the constant use of the lead should be deemed indispensable, for by it alone can the position of the ship be ascertained. Brandy Kedgre, the easternmost of the dangers off Green island, is a rocky shoal three quarters of a mile in length, parallel to the coast, and one-third of a mile broad. Near the centre of the ledge is a spot which only covers at high water, and from it New Harbttur head bears N. by E. 1§ miles, the channel between being clear, with from 7 to 15 fathoms. Split Rook, small, and awash at low- water springs, lies neajr the southern OAST. [chap. n. cuAP. II.] UTTLE HAHBOTJB. — CODDLE HARBOUR. 31 one and Green ledges eeping those marks on ring South ; and then )er cove, which should t from half to three- on in the coast next m Shag rock, is only i-om its entrance, in a s water, and S.S.W. nown as Tuffin bank, 'ery heavy gales. ard of Berry head, is S.S.E., and affording )n its western shore a S.E. At the head of one foot deep at low ja running. For the hich boats can ascend navigable for 4 miles form a group lying land, the smallest and Harbour head. The 3 the main land, near ted by a deep water med of drift boulder e wooded with small se island, the middle i of 80 feet above ►rbid the coast being depth of 30 fathoms, ndispensable, for by 'Green island, is a lei to the coast, and idge is a spot which ead bears N. by E. ' to 15 fathoms. 3S nea,r the southern end of a long rocky shoal, which, including two detached patches of 3^ and 5 fathoms water, extends a full mile to the N.N.W. of the rock. From the rock, which is dangerous at high water and with a smooth ;sea, Darby point, on the main land near Island harbour, appears just .open to the northward of Beach point (the north end of Goose island), bearing N.W. ^ W. ; the south extremity of Green island bears W. f S. 2^ miles; the part of Brandy ledge that dries E. by S. ^ S. IJ miles ; and the eastern side of New Harbour head, N.E. by E. 2 miles. "WliUe Rook, with 10 feet water, lies East, one mile from Green island ; ,a quarter of a mile further off on the same beai'ing there is a I'ock, with <4f fathoms water. There are other patches nearer the island, the toutherumost of which, with about 2 fathoms water, bears from its south .extreme E. ^ S. two-thirds of a mile. rryingr-pan, a small shingle reef 4 feet above high water, lies 2 cables off the north end of Green island. , Pan Stock, with only 3 feet watei", lies a third of a mile to the westward of the Fryiug-pan. Magrffed Kedgre extends nearly 1^ miles from the east end of Goose island in an E.S.E. direction, and from its outer extremity — which is seldom entirely covered — the whole extent of the reef is partially dry at low tides. There is no passage for ships between this ledge and Green island, or between Goose and Green islands, the whole space being studded with rocky patches with 10, 12, and 18 feet water on them, and which break heavily in bad weather. nutcb Sboal, with 8 feet water and of small extent, lies within Ragged ledge, and bears from the east end of Goose island E.N.E. nearly one mile. It is separated from the shallow water extending from the shore of that island, by a very narrow channel; and its northern edge is just cleared when Burke and Beach points (on Harbour and Groose islands respectively) are in line, VV.N.W., bearing in mind that the point of the northern beach of Harbour island must at the same time be well in sight to the aorthward of them both. Burke sboal, with 8 feet water, lies a quarter of a mile off the north-east point of Harbour island. From this shoal spot the high-water tangent of the northern point of Harbour island is just open of Burke point. The marks for clearing this danger to the northward are Red head (at the entrance of Isaac harbour) and Drum head in line. cosBiiE HARBOUR is situated within the island of the same name, and possesses secure anchorage for small vessels, in from 12 to 14 feet water. The principal entrance is from the eastward, but as the dangers are too numerous for any Avritten directions to avail, the place should on no account be attempted by a stranger. i 82 NOVA SCOTIA, SOUTH-EAST COAST. [CHAF. U. 8BAK COVB, a small indentation west of Coddle island, and immediately opposite Goose island, dries at low water, with the exception of a narrow channel only available for boats. iBKAxri> BARBOXnt llos between Harbour island and the main shore in a bay between two long shingle points oti the north side of Harbour island. Directly abreast, and a third of a mile distant, is Drum head, a small island, close to the main land, and connected with it at low water ; and next eastward from it is Darby point, both of which are used as leading marks. In the bay, within the lino uniting the shingle points of the island, there is only depth of Avater sufficient for small vessels, but the anchorage farther out, in 7 fathoms, mud bottom, although open to the E.S.E., is considered safe during the summer months. It is, however, not adapted for vessels larger than a sloop of war, the deep water being con- fined to a narrow and crooked channel. Pilots. — During the fishing season several families reside on Harbour island, as well as on the opposite mainland, from whence pilots may be obtained ; but they are not much in the habit of conducting vessels draw- ing more than 10 or 12 feet Avater. TIDES. — It is high Avater, full and change, in Island harbour at 7h. 40m,; springs rise 6| feet, and neaps oi feet. The flood stream comes from the eastward, and its rate is usually less than one knot, but it is much influenced by the Avinds. DZRSCTXOxrs : — .From ttae Eastward. — Coasting vessels usually take the inner route, especially late in the autumn, Avhen northerly and N.W. Avinds prevail, passing betAveen Brandy ledge and New Harbour head, and through the Sound, as the passage between Goose island and the mainland is called. Having passed Ncav Harbour head at the distance of half a mile, steering W.N.W., obser\-e that the marks for clearing the shoals off Coddle harbour, Coddle island, and Seal coa'C, are Darby point and Drum head in one, bearing W.N.W. ; therefore keep Drum head only just open, until abreast Beach point (Goose island) ; then bring Burke point to Dear W. by N., and bearing in mind the mark for clearing Burke phoal, steer so as to pass the point, and anchor in 7 fathoms, mud, just outside the line joining the tAvo shingle points of the harbour. It is best to moor in so narroAV a channel Avith one anchor well into the bay to the southAvard. The dangers to the soutliAvard of this route Avill be cleared to the north- Avard by keeping both the shingle points of Harbour island open to the northAvard of Beach point, bearing W.N.W., until the vessel is as far west as Coddle island ; then the course must be more to the northAvard to clear tlie shoal off Goose island, AA'hich contracts the channel betAveen it and Graham shoal, oflf Seal cove, to the breadth of 2 cables. The leading i, and immediately ption of a narrow id the main shore sida of Harbour , is Drum head, a it at low water ; lich are used as shingle points of vessels, but the Jgh open to the is, however, not t^ater being con- ide on Harbour 5 pilots may be J vessels draw- tid harbour at i stream comes knot, but it is iually take the ly and N.W. arbour head, and and the the distance clearing the Darby point m head only >ring Burke firing Burke ?, mud, just It is best ^ay to the the north- >pen to the 'J is as far •thward to t)etween it he leading CUAP. 11. j ISLAND HARBOUR.— ISAAC HARBOUR. 88 marks already given, namely, Drum head just open to the southward of Darby point, until Burke point bears W. by N., will be found the best guide for this narrow part of the channel. From ttae Soattaward, having a southerly or easterly wind, enter the channel between Harbour and Goose islands, steering N.N.E., and border- ing on the Goose island side of a mid-channol course, in order to avoid the reef off Saladin point and the Middle Ground. Having passed between the latter and the reef always visible olF Goose island, alter course to North, until Red and Drum heads come in one, then to N.W. ^ N., keeping them in one to clear Burke shoal ; and when Burke pohit, which is bold to the northward, bears W. by N., haul to the westward, and having passed the point, anchor as before directed. In approaching Island harbour from the westward, observe that a ridge of rocky ground, with irregular soundings, extends from Red head, on the eastern side of the entrance to Isaac harbour, to Harbour island, a distance of H miles. To avoid the shallow patches, in 12, 16, anr' 18 feet water upon this ridge, pass the north-west point of Harbour island at a distance of between 2 or 3 cables, steering N.E. by E. until Drum head and Darljy point come in one, bearing E.S.E. ; then keep to the eastward, and bring Burke point in one with the remarkable hill on Goose island, bearing S.E. by S. ; then run in upon these last-named marks to the anchorage. From tbe K.'W. — Being off Red head, bring Drum head and Beach point (the north extremity of Goose island) in one, and steer towards them S.E. ^ E., or as may be necessary to keep them in one, until Bui'ke point comes in line with the remarkable hill on Goose island bearing S.E. by S., wlen steer towards them and anchor as before directed. ISAAC BAXBOVR is the eastern and smaller of two narrow arms of the sea north-west of Harbour island, being separated from the western one (Country harbour) by Ragged point, opposite which, on the eastern side of the entrance, and at the distance of three-quarters of a mile, is Red head, a small peninsula with red clay cliffs, united to the mainland by shingle beaches, enclosing a shallow pond. Off the next little peninsula to the northward, Webb Y'iet runs ou| westward across the entrance to the distance of 2^ cables, leaving a passage with 7 fathoms water, but only two cables wide, betAveen it and Ragged rocks, which cover at high water, and run off a cable's length from the shore a quarter of a mile within Ragged point. These danj^ms, and some shallow water within the harbour off it western shore, render a pilot necessary to a stranger entering this beautiful little harbour, in which vessels may anchor securely in from 3^ to 4 fathoms, mud. 17698. c . '^1 84 NOVA SCOTIA, SOUTH-EAST COAST. [OHAf. II. Webb cove, in wliicli the fiyhing niid coasting veescls usually anchor, in 2 fathoms, mud, is on the eastern siilo, and just within the entrance. From it the harbour runs in a northerly direction for a distance of 3 miles, nowhere exceeding 4 cables in breadtt. ; at ita head is a rapid stream and saw mill. The shores on either side rise pradually to the summits of hills of drift clay and boulders, from 200 to 300 feet high, and aie cultivated to some extent by an industrious community, whose principal occupations appear to be coasting and the fisheries. Suppllea.— Fresh provisions in moderate quantity, and water, may be readily obtained in Isaac harbour. COVSTTRT HARBOVie, a long, deep, narraw indentation next west of Isaac harbour, is unequalled by any other on the coast east of Haliftix It may be easily recognized by the three islands, already described, on the eastern side of the channel leading to it and Isaac harbour, as well as by Country Harbour head, a bold and precipitous headland of clayslate in nearly vertical strata, 160 feet high, and which may be considered as the termiiuition of its western shore. Properly speaking, however, the actual entrance is abreast of Harbour point, 3 miles farther to the N.N.W., where the channel is 3 cables wide, with a depth of 1 1 fathoms.* From thence the harbour preserving a breadth from a third to half a mile, with a varying depth from 10 to 51 fathoms, is easily navigable as far as Stewart cove on the eastern shore, ott' which is an excellent land-locked anchorage, with from 4^ to 7 fathoms, mud, 4 miles from the entrance. Throughout this distance the only danger to be avoided is a rock, with 3 feet water, about half a cable oif shore near the southern point of Mount Misery peninsula. From Stewart cove the channel becomes narrow, but continues navigable for large vessels 2^ miles above it, and for small vessels to the entrance of the river at the head of the harbour, which is distant 7^ miles fi-om its entrance at Harbour point. Boats can ascend the river 2 miles, or to half a rai^B above the bridge, where the tide ends. The shores of this harbour are steep-to on either side ; the summits of the ridges being generally only a short distance from the shore, and increasing in elevation from 200 feet at the entrance to 470 feet near its head. The small population scattered along the shores have hitherto been principally occupied in lumbering and the fisheries ; they have con- sequently made but little progress in agriculture, although the cultivation of the drift clay, with which the clayslate rock is deeply covered, would probably prove remunerative. On the western shore, at two-thirds of a mile within the entrance, is * <$e« Admiralty Plan of Country harbour, No. 2,.547 ; scale, m = 3 inches. 3T. tOHAP. II. ols naually anchor, thin the entrance, distance of 3 miles II mpid stream and to the summits of eet high, and are , whose principal Qd water, may be Hon next west of t east of Halifax [lescribed, on the ui", as well as by 1 of clayslate in onsidered as the ^cver, the actual to the N.N.W., fathoms.* third to half a asily navigable is an excellent , 4 miles from io be avoided ti' the southern nues navigable he entrance of liles from its iJes, or to half e summits of e shore, and feet near its »ve hitherto ey have con- B cultivation '■ered, would oHAi-.n.] COUNTRY HARBOUR. — COUNTRY HARBOUR LEDGES. 36 Green jwint, of shuiglo, enclosing a huge pond; and three-quarters of a mile farther in, on the same side, is Mount Misery, a remarkable round peninsulated hill, 140 feet in height, and which forms the principal leading mark for clearing the dangers lying off the entrance to the harbour. Country Harbour head iiIho forms the north-eastern boundary of Fisher- man harbour (to ))e described hereafter), whose outer extremity, Cape Mocodome, terminntes in a low shingle beach, off which, nearly a cable's distance, is Cape rock, 4 feet high. dOinrXRV HARBOUR XiESOBB — Shoal Vlaoe, the most off-lying of the easternmost Country Harbour ledges, bears from Green island S. I E. 2^ miles. It is small and rocky, with 5 fathoms water, and breaks only when a heavy sea is running. Tomood Rook covers at high water, and lies 1^ miles N.W. by N. of Shoal place, and the same distance S.S.W. of Green island. When breaking, as it usually does, this danger serves to warn vessels of their approach to the Tomcod shoals, which are small reeky patches scattered around the rock in various directions, as will be seen on referring to the chart. Tomooa Sboals. — The northernmost of these patches, the Gull Nest of the fisherman, with 3 fathoms water, bears from Tomcod rock N. l)y E. ^ E. distant 4 cables, and from Green island S.S=W.^ W. three-quarters of a mile, with a clear passage between. But the westernmost of these patches, with 2^, 3^, and 4 fathoms water on them, are most in the -way of vessels bound to or from Country harbour. The marks that lead close to tlie westward of them are, Harbour island open to the westward of the low dry reef off Flying point (the south extremity of Goose island) bearing nothing to westward of N. i^ W. ; or the summit of Mount Misery in one with Harbour jwint, bearing N.N.W. ^ W. (Sec View). Middle Kedge, or South Easter of the fishermen, (so named in reference to Cape Mocodome, from which it bears S.S.E. ^ E. 3^ miles.) is a rock about a cable in length, which covers at half tide ; it is the apex of a rocky shoal about 4 cables long from N.W. to S.E., around which the soundings are too deep and irregular to afford much warning by the lead. When it breaks, as it always does — excepting when a high tide accom- panies an unusually smooth sea — there is no difficulty in passing on either side of the ledge ; the nearest danger to the westward being Taylor shoal, which bears from it W. by N. -g N. nearly 2 miles, it is only necessary when passing on that side to give the rock or breakers a berth of half a mile. To the eastward the passage between the Middle ledge and Tomcod shoals is 2^ miles wide, and the marks that clear it on that side, at the distance of 4 cables, are the western points of Goose island, in one bearing N. by E. | E. ; and these marks lead also over Jarvis bank, a 2 \ {t i :; i i ?| I>' llll 86 NOVA SCOTIA, SOUTH-EAST COAST. [OIUF. II. fislunp: {rroiiinl lyiii;,' n mile farther out, to the S.S.E., and on whieh the U'fist water found was J 4 fathoms. The marks for passing to tlie south- ward or outside of the Middle iedgo are, the Castor and Pollux in one, bearing N.W. by W., or the Polhix and IloUius head, N.W. ^ W. ; these marks also lead close inside or northward of the Taylor shonl. Pollux 3toolc, of small extent and 4 ieet high, lies S.S.W. 2^ miles from Cape Moeodome, and from it a reef extends 4 cables to the N.N.W. The eastern extremities of Cape IMocodome and Country irari»our head in one lead over the end of this reef ; therefore to pass elear to the west- Avard of it. Country Harbour liead must not be opened out farther than to bo only just seen in one with the bank or cliff off Cape Mocodome, and over the shingle beaches, whieli form its south-cast extremity. aingrly and Taylor Shoals.— liingly shoal, with 2^ fathoms water on it, lies East half a mile from Pollux rock. The Taylor shoal has 3 fathoms on it, and lies two-thirds of n mile fartlier to the southward, bearing S.E, ^ S. nearly one mile from the Pollux ; the two points on the eastern side of Goose island, in one bearing N.E. ^- E., lead to the eastward of this shoal, but those points are low, and cm seldom be distinguislied. Those two ehouls are all the more dangerous, inasmuch .is they break only during a heavy sea. Rose Shoal, the most formidaI)l«^ of the dangers oft' Fisherman harbonr, is a rocky ledge two-thirds of a mile long, N. ^ W. and 8. -k E., on which the least water is 6 feet ; it lies immediately off" the pitch of Cape Moeodonie, from which its outer or southern extremity bears S.S.E. ^ E., distant 1^ miles, and from Pollux rock N E. by E. ^ E., nearly 2 miles. The marks for clearing it to the southward are, Fleck point, on the northern side of HoUins bay, just open of Dickerton island^ N.W. by W. ; and for leading to the northward, Barachois head and Cape i-ock in one, W.N.W. The Bull is a small rock, which dries at low water, and bears S.E. S^ cables from Cape Mocodome, oft' which there are other rocks with 6 feet water, the outermost l>oaring E. ^ N. distant half a mile from the cape. These all lie on the rocky shoal, which extends two-thirds of a mile out from the cape, and are exceedingly dangerous at high water and with a smooth sea, when they are not marked by breakers. Black I.edgo,more than a mile in length in a north and south direction, lies directly off the mouth of Fisherman harbour. The central part of it is 2 feet above high water, and in several other parts it dries, or nearly so, at low water. From its southern extremity, which is steep-to with only 2 feet water, Cape Mocodome (in line with Hollins head) bears W. ^ N., and is distant rather more than one mile. The head kept open will lead clear to the southward «f it, and the summit of ster ciiAiMi.] POLLUX ROCK. — FISllEUMAX nAimOUR. ;i7 ikI oil which the ng (0 t)io Hoiith- 1 Pollux in one, ^y- i \V. ; these onl, ". -^ mill's from <> the N.N.W. I fill-hour liend fti" to the west- fiuther thun to klocodome, and ny wntor on it, ' fiirhonis on it, '•'■"p: S.K. ^ S. ixtcrn side of of fhis shofti, Those two mlj diirino- u inn hnrbour, f^- i E., on tell of Cape S-S.E.^E., rlj 2 miles, nt, on the W. by W. ; pe rock in bears S.E. oclis witli miio from >-thirds of g'l water direction, >art of it dries, or sieep-to Us head) iio head nmit of Mount Misery (in Country liarl>our) open of C'onnliy IIarl>onr licad, bearing N. by W. ^ W. clear its eastern side. TXBHa. — It is hifih water, full nnd ehang'') in Country harbour at 7h. 40m. ; springs rise 6^ feet, and nea])s 4^ i'vet. The streams are weak, seldom exceeding hall' a knot. sntSCTIoirs. — With a fair wind for Country harbour, having passed Middle ledge, eitlier by giving its breakers a suflieient berth, or by the aid of the given leading marks ; open tin; summit of Mount Misery only just to the eastward of Country Harbour head, bearing N. by W. ^ W. and run in with these marks on, until about midway between Rose shoal and the south point of Goose island, or until the latter is abenm ; then alter course to North, and when the summit of Mount Misery comes in one Avith Harbour point, steer N.N.W. ^ W. {src View), or so as to kc-ep the last- named marks on, until near the mouth of the hnrbour, Avliich enter in mid- channel. Anchor anywhere within it, as there are no detached dangers in the way, excepting the rock already mentioned, lying half a cMblc off the south-eastern point of Mount ]\Iisery peninsula. If intending to proceed to Stewart cove, keep well over towards the western shore, to avoid the mussel beds that lie oif the islet, and the points of small coves on the eastern shore. With a beating wind, the leading marks which have been given for clearing the dangers on either side of the channel will show when to tack. In the board toward? ilai-bour island stand no nearer than half a mile, to avoid the shoal water off its south-western shore ; and in standing in to the north-west of the island, tack whilst Flying point is well open to the south-west of it, to avoid the shoals between it and Isaac harbour. rxBRBRMAir BARBOVR is a bay nearly 2 miles wide at the entrance, between Cape Mocodomo and Country Harbour head. It is quite open to the south-east, so that the only part that can properly be called a h.arbour is a cove on its southern shore, formed by a long beach of shingle, and in which vessels may lie securely in fi'om 10 to 15 feet at low water, over a bottom of mud. Outside the cove the holding ground is good in from 4 to 7 fathoms, and as the sea is in some degree broken by the dangers off the mouth of the bay, large vessels w .,n good ground tackling might safely anchor there during the summer months. BXRECTXOXl'S. — To enter Fislu'inian harbour from the southward with a fair wind, and being v/ithin Pollux rock, observe that the marks Avhich just clear the rocks off Cape Moeodoine are, Holly point (on the western side of the entrance of Isaac harbour) in one with Country Harbonr head, bearing N. by K. ^ E. ; therefore, to pass between Bull rock and Rose shoal, run in upon those marks ; keeping Holly poii^t only a degree or two open H'i t m Jlji I'' !■ i|- rt el -'h I ! Ill li iii:!! m S8 NOVA SCOTIA, NOII'IH-MAST COAST. [(.'ii.vi'. ir. until pjiHt Rose hIioiiI, wlicii tliu point may Ix' (ipciied more, in order to give the rocks ay, bearing from the beacon on Wedge island, E. by N. 6§ miles, is a small and remarkable peninsula, united to the main land by a long beach of stones and shingle, having on its eastern side a cliH' of reddish clay and boulders oO feet high. It is fast wasting by the action of the sea. i ■tf-n 40 CHA.PTER III. NOVA SCOTIA :— SOUTH-EAST COAST. HOLLINS BAY, TO SPRY HARBOUR. Variation in 1867. Liscomb Harbour - - 22° 15' W. Nicoiutau bay - - 22° 45' W. | Sheet Harbour - 21'40'W. Proceeding on to tlio westward, the chiu'ucter of the coawt botwen HolUiis bay and Pope harbour remains unchanged. Hills of the drift boulder clay resting on granite and clay-slate, and occasionally presenting red clift's to the action of the sea, still form the predominating feature. The country becomes less sterile as the distance from the shore increases, and is everywhere moro or less wooded, excepting the clearances around the houses.* nrsiAur bat is bounded on the east by HoUins head, already descri- bed, and on the west by Walter island; but ii is entirely open to the vS.S.E. and only affords some shelter from S.W. winds to fishing craft and .small coaster.: . The head of the bay receives the waters of a large fresh- water lake, from which it is only scpaiated by a narrow beach of sand. The hills forming the shores of the lake and bay afford good soil, and are care- fully cultivated by an intelligent population, whose church and school- house iiiark their care for the religious and moral training of their families. There are several shoals extending from the headlands forming the east .<-Me of this bay, but the most dangerous and extensive is the Nixonmate shoal, described in the last chapter. ^irAliTBS isXiAirs, lying one mile to the eastward of Cape St. Mary, is low and wooded, and at low water a beach of sand and stones nearly unites . to tiie mainland, near Wine licid, a high clay bank on the west side of! Indian bay. A reef of rocks extends to the distance of 2 cables u'oiH it'i enstern side, affording some shelter to an insecure anchoratTc in the co'e north of the island, sometimes used by coasters. * See Admiralty Chart, Nova Scotia; S.E. Coast, Pope Harbour to Liscomb Har- bour, No, 2,396 ; tcale, m a 1^ inches. CRAP, ni.] INDIAN BAY. — ST. MARY llIVEll. 11 ■wr^iter Shoal, with 3 fathoms water, lies Soutii throc-quartcrs of a mile from Walter island. A vessel will pass to the south-east of it by not opening Wedge islet south of Liscomb island. xade sboal is a rocky reef extending half a mile in an easterly direc- tion from Wine head, on the western side of ihe entrance to Indian bny. To clear it keep Fleming cliif, on the western side of the bay, open of Rude point. OAPB ST. MAAT, 137 feet high, is the headland immediately to the eastward of St. Mary river, and on its eastern side is Wine cove, affording neither shelter nor anchorage. mranOB zs&bt, about 1^ cables in extent, lies South 1^ miles from Barachois point, on the western side of the entrance to St. Mary's river. The islet is marked by a beacon, 100 feet above high water, which can be seen at the distance of 10 miles, and thus forms a most useful mark for the neighbouring harbours. The beacon is all the more essential, as the cojist being *"" notonous in character and uniformly low its features from a short distance are rot easily distinguishable. The islet is of clay, p. id towards tbj mainland rises abruptly to the height of 50 feet ; it is surrounded by rocky ledges, and those on its north and south sides extond cut to the distance of nearly half a mile. Between it and the mainland, the passage is obstructed by i-ocky ledges, but a depth of 20 feet may l)e carried through, by keeping the nort!;-west extreme of Walter island touching Cape St. Mary, bearing N.E. by ^ E.; but on no acccount should this channel be attempted 'ly a stranger. Sand Shoal, with 5 fathoms water on it, lies S. ly E. 1§ miles from Wedge islet, and only In-eaks nfter heavy gales. ST. MARY RIVBR, one of the largest rivers in Nova Scotia, falls into the bay between Cape St. Mary and Barachois point. The entrance is obstructed by a bar of sand nearly a quax ter of a mile broad, over which a depth of about 10 feet may l)e carried at ordinary low water, springs. The outer edge of the bar lies between Wharf point and Black head; its inner edge being a little below Shag reef, which runs off one-eighth of a mile from the western i)oint of McDiarmid cove. For th"^ first half mile above the bar the channel of the river is crooked and dangerous, running close to Shag reef and the oust bank of the river. Half a mile within the bar, and nearly in a central position betwci: the - shores of the river, is Ilorton islet, between Avhich and the eastern shore is the navigable channel. From the islet a long spit, which dries at low water, runs |)arallel with the eastern shore towards Shag reef, leaving a channel between l^ cables across. Nearly in the centre of the channel, a little below Horton ielet, is a ■' I ,■> I \ I i %i. \i 42 NOVA SCOTIA, SOUTH-EAST COAST. [chap. III. rock vath 6 feet water, and within tlie islet four-fifths of a cable distant is another rock witli 8 feet. Above these ucks the channel, about 50 yards wide, and carrying a depth of 1 5 feet, winds its way bet v, r n mud flats, and gradually decreases in depth and width, until i't the distance of 6^ miles fi-om the bar it divides into two b; anches, one of which ends in a swamp ; but the other, the main river makes an abrupt turn round a steep slate rock at right angles to its course, and is navigable nearly half a mile farther to the northwaid. At this point, the head of tie navigation, and on the east bank of the river, is situated the village of Sherbrooke, with .\ population of 800 persons. It has two clmrchcs, a school, court-house, and jail : its prin- cipal trade is in tircAvood, deiils, and ship-building ; and it employs a few schooners in the Labrador fisheries. Below Sherbrooke, on the east bank of the river, there are two other churches, one of which, 75 feet high, forms a prominent object, iind can be seen on approaching from the sea. After a continuance of southerly winds there is much swell in the bay, and the bar of this river is one mass, of breakers, making the entrance during Riiy time of tide very dangerous, if not impracticable : but in the summer months, during the prevalence of south-west winds, the water is smooth, the bay being much sheltered by the Wedge islet shoals. The shores of the bay sre rocky, and should not be approached Jiearer than 2 cables' lengilis. Black head and Birch point in line, bearing N. by W. ^ W., will Isad clear of the shoal ofi" Barachois point. Pilots. — The services of a pilot can be obtained fi-om McDiarmid cove, on the eastern side of the entrance to St. Mary river, by any vessel carrying the usual pilot signal. TXDBB. — It is high water, full and change, within the bar of St. Mary river at 8h. Om. ; ordinary sprii^^^s rise 6 feet, and neaps 4^ feet. sxRBCTXOXsrs. — In approaching St. Mary river from the eastward the first object generally recognized is the beacon on Wedge islet. With the wind and weather favourable, steer for this l)eacon on a W.N.W. or N.W. bearing, so aa to open out the entrance of the river. To enter the river safely, through the crooked channel, a pilot is requisite ; for not only does the bar, but the cross set of the tides upon Shag reef and Bridget shoal, render local knowledge absolutely necessary. Vessels frequenting this river moor head and stern, or are secured to the Avharves, as there is not sufficient width in the channel, with any scope of cable, to swing clear of the mud flats. During the summer months vessels occasionally anchor in 5 fathoms, sand, in the middle of the bay, between Barachois point and Cape St. Mary; but later in the season such anchorage is not recommended. VBaoOAir MAMMOvn — This deep inlet, next west of St. Mary maaammm CHAP, in.] JEGOGAN HARBOUR. — LISCOMB ISLAND. 13 liver, is not much frequented, and has but few settlers. Vosseis drawing 12 feet water may anchor near its head, secure from all Avindh ; but the narrow channel leading to it, on the north-east side of Rue island, is only half a cable wide, and should not be attempted without a pilot. Below this the anchorage is exposed to the ocean swell, and the approaches to it are much impeded by Shag and Tobacco ledges. Tobaooo Island, low and wooded, lies at the entrance to Jcgogau har- bour. A vessel will pass to the southward of the Tobacco ledges, extending S. by E. one mile from the south point of this island, l)y not opening Pye point north of Liscomb island bank, bearing N.W. by W. ^ W. Shagr Kedge is distinguished by a low dark rock, only o feet above high water, which lies E.S.E. distant 6 cables from Redman head, a steep wooded bluff 100 feet high, forming the western point of the harbour. There are several dangers off its west side, leaving a channel only 2 cables wide near Redman head. BZRBCTloxi'S. — A vessel intending to enter Jegogan harbour by the middle passage, between Tobacco island and Shag ledge, should bring the north-east side of Hemloe Island to touch Redman head, bcariug N.W. by N., and steer in upon this mark until Shag ledge is in line Avith Brig point (low and wooded, on the west side of Jegogan harbour), bearing N by W. ; then steer North so as to pass a cable's length to the eastward of Shag ledge, and continue on the same course to the anchorage. Good holding ground will be found abreast the houses on the west side of the harbour, between Brig point and Coote head. It should, how- ever, be borne in mind that a 13 feet rock lies N.N.E. 4 cables from Brig point ; but it will be cleared by keeping the middle of the small bare gravel islet, united at low water to Tobacco island, on with the wooded part of the north-east side of that island. KZSCOMB zsiiAXTB, upAvards of 2 miles long, and 150 feet high, is wooded, and lies between Redman head and Liscomb point to the south- west, and from its position tends ty shelter Liscomb and Little Liscomb harbours. Crook Shoals. — From Crook point, the east extreme of th ^ islands, the Crook shoals extend nearly a mile in a south-east direction. Wedge islet touching Wine head, N.E. ^ E., leads about lialf a mile to the south-east of the shoals. Mackerel Slioal, with only 2 feet water, extends West nearly 2 cables from Cranberry point, the west extreme of Liscomb isbnd ; it will be avoided by keeping the English church steeple in Little Liscomb harbour, just open of the trees on Hemloe island, bearing N. by W. Obannel Kock, lying S.E. 2^ miles from Crook point, has 3 fathoms water on it, and breaks when there is mach ewell. Smoke and Cranberry ,^ 4 ^' < ^ij li iM4 u NOVA SCOTIA, SOUTH-EAST COAST. [yuAP. in. points touching N.W. ^ W. leads to the westward; and the southern points of Barren and Goose islands leads to the southward. XiZTTKB KISCOMB BAABOlTit. — A narrow shallow passage separates Li.sconib and Heinloo islands ; the small channel between the hitter island and the mainland being known as Little Liscomb harl)0ur, the entrance to which lies to the north-east of Liscomb island, and has fair anchorage, but is only adapted for small craft. Tt may be entered safely by bringing Redman head touching the north-<»ast side of Hemloe island, N.W. by N. iiZSCOMB HABBOVB. — The entrance to this excellent and capacious harbour, Avhich is landlocked and tolerably smooth at all times, is between Liscomb island and Liscomb point. At l^ miles within the entrance, the harbour trends in a W.N.W. direction for 4 miles ; but at the distance of 2 miles the channel is considerably narrowed by rocky shoals, which run otf from the northern shore, after which it maintains a breadth of one cable up to its head, where it receives the waters of Liscomb river, a rapid shallow stream abounding in trout and salmon. On the north side of the harbour is a large cove, named Spanish Ship bay, but it is too much encumbered with rocks to render a description intelligible.* Supplies. — Good water can be obtained from a little brook on the south shore of [Liscomb harbour, and small supplies of fresh jirovisions and firewood may be purchased at moderate prices. A small population is scattered along the shores of Liscomb, Little Liscomb, and Jegogan harbours though numerically small, the people are industrious and inteUigent. The church with a steeple lately erected in Liscomb harbour forms a prominent object from the sea, and a useful landmark. BAWOSBS o«f the B*7TRAXrcE. — Although the rocky patches off the entrance of Liscomb harbour, are numerous, the danger from them is considerably diminished by the fact that they all lie nearly in the same direction, viz., South from Liscomb point. Hawboit Rook, the most outlying danger, has 4| fathoms Avator, and lies South nearly 4 miles from Liscomb point. It seldom breaks, but a vessel will pass to the southward of it, by keeping Gull ledge only touching the south-west side of Tuffin island. Sand Sboal, composed of rock and sand, with 9 feet Avater on it, lies South 3 miles from Liscomb point. Gull ledge touching the north side of Little White island,— which has a wooded hummock 50 feet hish. * See Admiralty Plan of Liscomb and Mary Joseph harbours, No. 2,769 ; scale, m 3 inches. Admiralty Charts : —Liscomb Island to Green Island, No. a,.*) 19 j scale m 1^ inches, aod Pope Harbour to Liscomb Harbour, No. 2,396 ; scale, m ■■= \\ inches. OHAF. HI.] LITTLE LISCOMB HARBOUR. — DIRECTIONS. 45 W. ^ N., leads to the southward of this danger, and between it and Hawbolt rock. Slack Prince Sboalf which uncovers at half- tide, and generally lircaks heavily, lies one mile within the Sand shoal, and 2 miles South of Liscomb point. Bast areaker and IJnmp Kook lie respectively N.N.E. Gh cables and North 9 cables from Black Prince shoal ; the former has 4 i'eet, and the latter 11 feet water on it. Uscomb Sboal extends S.E. by E. half a mile from Liscomi) point, nnd the least water on it is 16 feet. The church steeple, N. by W., will clear this danger. Xteadlner Marks. — The church steeple in Liscomb harbour, in line with Smoke and Liscomb points, nearly North, leads to the eastward of all these shoals excepting the N.E. breaker, which may be cleared by opening the steeple about midway between the points of entrance. A high barn on Hawbolt island touching the Thrumciip, W. by N. ^ N., will clear all these shoals on the north, and is a useful mark for vessels bound to Mary-Joseph harbour. Saddle ztook, '^n the east side of the channel leading to Liscomb harbour, with 5 fathoms water, bears S. ^ E. from Crook point, distnnt 2| miles. Gull ledge touching the north side of Little White island leads to the southward ; and the church steeple in Liscomb harbour just west of Cranberry head, will lead to the westward. TZnss. — It is high water, full and change, in Liscomb liarbour at 8h. Om. ; ordinary springs rise 6^ feet, and neaps 4^ feet. The streams are weak and irregular, being much atfected by the winds. DlllBCTXOii'S.— Approaching Liscomb harbour from the eastward with a fair wind, bring Smoke and Pye points in line N.W. by N. ; niu in upon this mark till abreast Mackarel shoal ; then steer N. by W. for the English church, and after passing Smoke point, which is steep-to, alter course to the westward, so as to pass about midway between Pye point and the southern shore : bring to in about 4^ fathoms, mud, with the east ends of Lang and Pye islands in lino, and Smoke and Cranberry points in one. Approaching the hai'bour from the westward, and being outside Hawbolt rock, bring the church well open of Liscomb point and stand in, so as to bring the former in line with the low ti'ees of Hemloe island, N. by W. These marks on will lead ch'ar of all danger until past Smoke point, when alter course, and anchor as before directed. With an off-shore wind, in standing to the westward, take care to tack immediately the church steeple appears open of Hemloe island, until within the Liscomb shoal ; and in standing to the eastward tack when Cranberry lU'l 'I il i ■ \. 5-- ir I i ■'•. 46 NOVA SCOTIA, SOUTH-EAST COAST. [ch>v. hi. iiiul Pyc points are in line until abreast Cranberry point, when the steeple must hi,' kept in line with the trees on Hemloe islnnd to clear the Mackarel shoal. Within this, both shores may be approached safely to a cable's length, and anchorage obtained as before. MARY-70SBPH HARSOVK, secure and well sheltered, has the advan- tage of entrances east and west ; but the channels are narrow, and should not be attempted without a pilot by any vessel drawing more than 9 feet. The inhabitants, scattered along the shores, principally rely on fishing for subsistence ; but cultivate the drift hills, and keep cattle. A church stands on high ground in Smith cove, east of the harbour, and may be seen from the sea. As any attempt to convey an intelligible description of the numerous off-lying dangers would prove useless, the navigator is referred to the Admiralty charts of the harbour and adjacent coasts. Supplies. — Water may be obtained in Lobster cove in small quantities ; and fresh provisions and fuel can be bought at reasonable prices from the inhabitants. Cull Kedgre, lying S.S.W. 1^ miles from the south part of Barren island, is composed of two bare ridges of slate 30 feet high, and separated only by a narrow gully just wide enough to afford shelter to a boat : close to the ledge the water is deep, but West rock, Avith only 2 feet ou it, makes the passage north of the ledge dangerous. Smitb Rock, of small extent, with 12 feet Avater, lies S.W. 6 cables' lengths from the Gull ledge. West Black ledge ou with the south end of Tuffin island, clears this danger on its southern side. Seal iteAges lie N.E. by E. 2 miles from the Gull ledge, and extend 1^ miles fi'om south-east point of Barren island. Between these ledges and Black Prince shoal is the channel, nearly a mile wide, leading into Mary-Joseph harbour, but which, ou account of the dangerous shoals on its eastern side, should not be attempted Avithout a pilot, unless the wind be fair and the weather clear. The mark for leading to the eastAvard of the Seal ledges is Gravel point, the north extreme of Liscomb island, open of Liscomb point, bearing N.N.E. ^ E. TBRUMCAP ZS&BT, not more than 15 feet high, and distinguished oy a small clump of trees, lies at the eastern entrance of Mary- Joseph har- bour. There are some patches of shoal Avater to the eastAvard of the islet, and ou its Avestern side is a dry rocky ledge, betAveen Avhich and Smith point is a channel one cable wide, but not much used or generally knoAvn. The more direct channel is south of the Thrumcap, and this is narroAved to one cable, at the distance of half a mile to the eastward of the islet, by a rock with only 10 feet water, ou the north end of Pan shoal ; to clear OHAP. III.] MARY-JOSEPH liAllBOUE. — DIRECTIONS. 47 it Turner point on Hawbolt islaud ehoulcl be kept, touching Smith point, W.N.W. DntBCTZOWB tar Eastern Sntrance to MARY-TOBBPH HASBOXm. — Being off Gull ledge with a leading wind, bring -he Gravel point of Liscomb island open of Liscomb point, N.N.E. ^ E., the mark for leading to the eastward of the Seal ledge, and run in on this course until the high barn on Hawbolt island shows north of Barren island ; then steer foi- the church steeple bearing N.W., and innnediately Turner point (on Hawbolt island) touches Smith jioint, alter course to W.N.W. By carefully keeping the latter marks on, proceed until False passage opens to the south-west ; then keep nearly a W. by N. course, so as to pass a cable's length fiom the Thrumcap and Smith point ; and then W.N.W. along the north side of the channel so as to avoid Turner shoal, with 9 feet water, on the left. The Middle ground on the right, a muddy flat with eelgrass, is cleared by keeping the Thrumcap just in sight over Smith point. Good and convenient auciiovage can be harl in 7 fathoms, mud, about halfway between Lobster and Turner points. BZABOTXOirs for 'Wentern Entrance. — Several dry ledges will be seen to the eastward of the White islands, between which and Goose and Barren islands there is a channel sometimes frequented by coasters, with suiRcieut water in it for vessels of the largest draught ; but it is difficult to navigate without local knowledge. There is another channel entering from sea, between Halibut and White islands, and as it leads into the harbour of Mary- JosepJi, directions will be given for its navigation. In approaching from sea with the usual south-westerly wind, bring the highest part of Tuffin island midway between Halibut and Camp islands, N.E. ^ N. ; proceed with these marks on until the southern Halibut island beai-s West, then bear up E.N.E. ; and when, as Tuffin island is approached, Brokenba^*!; island appears between the two northei-n Halibut islands, W. by N. ^ N., alter course and steer E. by S. ^ S. with these marks on astern. Running 3 miles on this course will bring the Hubbub rocks (dry at half tide, and always breaking) in line with east end of the bushes on Little White island ; then steer North with these marks astern, until the south- west point of Goose island shuts in Saimoneaux point, when alter course to N. by W. -I W., so as to pass 1^ cables to the westward of the French- man rock (dry at low water), and to clear which see that Harbour rock is just open east of the high grass field on Nicum point, N. f W. Continue on this course until Roi:?id island, in Mary-Joseph harbour, is nearly shut in behind Epe point ; then steer East upon this mark until Blackbill point 8hutB in the White islands, when keep in mid-channel, steering about E, by S. to leave Bound island a cable's length to the west- :^l ,v4 t4 « : i ! ! { 48 NOVA SCOTIA, SOUTH-EAST COAST. [chap. hi. ward. Having cleared this island haul in N. by E., and, ronndinj? Tumor point, secure anchorage may be had halfway between Tiu'ner and Lobster points in 7 fathoms. There aro other passages leading into this channel, but dire(!tions for them would be useless without local itnowledge ; and therefore only the more direct and least dangei'ous will be described. To pass bct\>een East and West Black ledges, which are bold-to, and separated by a clmnnel half a mile wide, bring the low and wooded west end of Goose island midway between th(^ Uvo ledges, N. by W. -^ W., and upon that course steer in ; when within the ledges steer N.N.W. ^ W., and, passing to the eastward of Hubtub rockt, enter the channel before described. If wishing to run between the White islands and Little White island, bring the west end of (lie latter in line with west end of Goose island to clear the shoal off the east end of the White islands, and steer in N. by E. ^ E. until the east end of the White islands bears West ; then alter course to N.N.W. , and having passed Little White island steer N.N.E., which will lead to the westward of Hubbub rocks, and into the channel before described. There is another channel between Little White island and West Black ledge, but it is too narrow and intricate to be of service, and will noi therefore be described. BAY of iSKAxrBS is the name eommoi'.ly given to the coas*- between Mary- Joseph and Beaver harbours. The isltinds off this part of the coast are very numerous, and the channels bctwc n tliem are so narrow, intri- cate, and beset with rocks that, although th^-ra is sufficient depth to admit schooners drawing 12 feet water, they are not easl'y described, atul their safe nnvigation requires an iniimate local knowledge, such as could ncvev be acquired from the best chart. Coasters use theia occasionally to avoid the heavy swell in. the offing : a few know the channel sufficiently well to run inside the islands, the wholr- distance between LIscomb and Sheet harbours ; whilst others are content to venture within a few of the most off-lying of th.i numerous islands v/ith wh'ch V.ilz part of the coast is studded. The Admiralty ciiart, on Avhieh it is believed every roek and shoal is correctly placed, will be useful to coasters, by enabling them, with the assistance of their local knowledge, to find their way v ith much greater security than heretofore. There is a channel passing close on the north side of Beaver, Brother, and Pumpkin islands, ivliich is often used ; but to navigate it safely care must be taken, when to the westward of Pumpkin island, to I:eep Beave,* island light'ioi.oe in the hollow between the wooded Bi-otuer islands, bearing E. by S. | S., so as to clear the Black Peg shoals. OBAP. in.] BAY OF ISLANDS. — WHITE ISLANDS. 49 WZOVMCIOVM zxr&iiT, an indentation next west of Mary-Joseph harbour, is the abode of a few families who earn a precarious livelihood by net and line fishing off the White islands, and the cultivation of small farms. A few small schooners frequent this inlet, and find within it snug anchorage ; but the proximity of the excellent harbour of Mary- Joseph makes it unnecessary to attempt a description of the crooked channel leading thereto. VTBlTll ZBKAWS8, which derive their name from cVifl'n of slate of highly-inclined strata, showing white to seaward, are wooded, and attain an elevation of 80 feet at their eastern extreme. They lie 9 miles to the eastward of Beaver island lighthouse, and are the outermost of a group of islands and rocks, lying oiF the point separating Nicumcigum inlet from Nicomtau bay. Between some of these islands are channels, and a few snug anchorages ; but they are far too intricate to be serviceable to any but the sniull schooners trading or fishing along these shores. Bowen Kedge is a bare flat slaty rock only 8 feet high, lying S.S.W. half a mile from the low west point of Camp island ; there is a navigable channel 3^ cables wide on its northern side. Borse Sboe Bboal, with 3 fathoms water on it, lies S.S.W. nearly 1^ miles from the centre of the larger White island. The west end of Halibut islands kept open west of Bowen ledge^ leads to the south-west. Savid Shoal, with 4 fathoms on it, lies North half a mile from the Horse Shoe shoal. Kookwood Sock, with 3 fathoms on it, lies with the highest part of Tuffin island seen over the east point of White island, N.W. by N., and is distant rather more than 2 miles from the latter. The whole of Tuffin island open east of White island will lead to the eiistward ; and the east ends of Tuffin and White islands in line, will clear the rock to the Avest- ward. NICOMTAU BAY, the outlet of Moser river, a small stream admitting schooners of Mght draught, is, in common with Newtonquoddy, further to the westward, the abode of a few industrious families, who cultivate small farms, and during the i^umnicr months frequent the Halibut and White islands for the purpo.se of fishing.* HAKIBtTT XSliAKDS, a cluster of islands a mile in extent and 3o feet high, lying to he north west of the White ialands, are situated on the eastern side of a channel of deep water, leading into an indifferent anehor- -* See Admiralty Chart of Nicomtau Bay and parts adjacent, No. 2,C73 ; scale, m » 3 inches. 17698. D I \i H. II 60 NOVA SCOTIA, SOUTH- BAST COAST. [cuAr. III. ago undor tin? siRilter of Brokcnlmck isliiml. They also raufk tho outitiiice into Nit'omtuu buy. aaMoon Reefli, tin ('xtoiiHivo cluster of hIiojiIs, lyin^ 2^ milttH to tho south- west of Ilalihut islunda, we conipoHed of hirge rounded stones, and nro pai'tially uncovered at low water. Tlicy generally break heavily ; but as at high water, springs, with tlui wind otf shore, their position is not easily reeognized, it will be well to take can! that Pumpkin island does not show open to northward of the Brother islands. This mark will lead half a niilo to the southward. BZRB zsiiAxrss, low and without trees, lio 2 miles to tho North-west, of tho Bassoon reefs. waVTTOirQVODBY, an inlet to the eastward oi' Beaver harbour, will admit schooners of small tonnage ; but is not much frequented, even by HDiall vessels, on account of the numerous rocky islets and shoals overlying its entrance. SZRBCTZOWS. — The anchorages under Brokenback island and in Nicomtau bay are not recommended, but they may, prove useful in caseH of emergency. Approaching the anchorage under Brokenback island I'rom the eastward or westward, do not pass to the northward of the line between tho Bassoon reefs and White islands, until Baptiste island (of red clay banks, 70 feet high, uud partly wooded) is seen east of Brokenback. When the highest part of Baptiste island is in line with tho east end of Brokenback island, N.W. by N. (which mark leads to the eastward of the Snapper shoal), steer on that line of bearing, and giving Brokenl)ack island a berth of less than a cable's length, anchor in 10 fathoms, sand, with the Bird islands open west of Brokenback island, and the northern Halibut island just open south of Gold island. To enter Nicomtau bay, steer in with Harbour rock (of slate, 30 feet high, and nearly bare of trees) in line with the high land on the eastern side of Moser river bearing N. ^ E. In passing to the west- ward of the Halibut islaiids be careful that the west end of Hartlin island is well open of Goose island, in order to clear the Salamander rock, with only a foot on it at low water. After clearing the Salamander, steer so as to pass a cable's length to the eastward of Harbour rock, and to the west- ward of the Bull rock, which uncovers at low water ; then steer in N.E., and choose a berth in 7 or 8 fathoms, mud, under Hartlin island. In clear weather Pumpkin island may be seen distinctly from the deck of a vessel when off the White islands ; and by keeping it just open north of Beaver island lighthouse, bearing W. by N., it will lead to the southward of all these shoals, If not made out, the White islands should not be approached nearer than 2 miles, a distance that can be easily maintained by occasional cross bearings, or by sextant angles. (' mAr.tn.l BEAVER ISLAND. — BEAVER IIARBOTTR. 51 SBAVii^ ZBLAWB XiXOBT.— lioiivor islnnd, 10 f(>i;t. hi^li, 18 partially covurud with scrubl>y trees, and itrt slate clitlrt hIiow wliito to soawartl. On its iiordi side, in moder.'itc weutlier, linidiiif; can lu> safely otlected at a small eove near tlit.' east end ; and in bad weather boats may be saved at high water by enteriuj^ tlie gully, which separates the two parts of the island.* The house, 35 I'eet high, on the roof of which tho lantern is placed, is painted white, with two black balls placed horizontally on tho gablo facing S.S.W. It stands on tho eastern end of Beaver island, and from an elevation 70 ieet above high water, is exhibited a revolving white light, which attains its greatest brilliancy every two mmutcs, and should be visible in clear weather from a distance of 12 miles. BBAVBlt HARBOUR. — Notwithstanding the numerous dangers which fringe the coast in the vicinity of this harbour, it is easy of access after Weaver island lighthouse has been identilied, in consequence of tho entrance channel being straight and deep, after passing 2 cables to the (eastward of Beaver island. Tlie position of this harljour is objectionable during heavy S.S.E. winds, but under all other circumstances it affords an excellent refuge. The Beaver harbour of the J^'ishcnnen is a small cove situated N.N.W. one mile from Beaver point. It atlbrds excellent shelter to small craft, being protected by a reef of stones, partly dry at low water, springs, and by v, spit of sand and shingle extending halfway across its entrance, within which small craft may lie secure from all winds. This little harbour may be entered by rounding the rBef on the lino of Quoddy hill, 184 feet high, and tho south point of Hardwood island iu one, until the hill of Beaver point comes in line with the stores at end of the spit, when steer iu upon this latter mark, bearing S. ^ E.. and rounding the spit, which is bold-to, anchor in in feet, over muddy bottom. Mcaoleod Cove also aitbrds excellent anchorage iu 21 feet over a muddy bottom, and is entered by a channel half a cable wide at the west end of Macleod island. The anchorage is on the north side of the island after rounding a spit of saud and mud extending N.N.W. u cable's length from the island. Salmon River falls into the east division of Beaver harbour, and at the bridge affords good fresh water. Supplies. — There are about 200 inhabitants along the shores of Beaver harbour, residing principally at the cove on its west side and at Salmou river. They have two day schools, and a resident minister of the Church of England, and make out a comfortable living ; some being engaged in * See Adxairalty Plan of Beaver Uarbonr, with View, No. 2,663 ; scale. » = 3 iQches. it 2 |.|'i| lii ' j i ] 1: 52 NOVA SCOTIA, SOUTH-BAST COAST. [CIIAI'. 111. the cottHting trude, others in flahing and the cultivation of small i'armH. Firewood and a limited supply of fresh provisions nmy bo {generally obtained at moderate [»rice.s. 'William ■taoal, with li fathoms water, and only hicakiiifj; occasionally, is the priiicipiil daii^rcr to bo avoided in approiiehiii}^ IJeavcr island li^'hthouso which l)ears frnni it N.N.W. distant 2 miles. It. will be cleared, when nearinj? it from the southward, by keeping the conical hill on Sutherland island open east of Beaver island ; the lighthouse on Beaver islimd in one with the hill, would lead dir ctly over tjie shoalest part. Marmot Xook, the outoiinost danger on the east side of tlie channel leading to Beaver harbour, is only awash at low water, springs, and lies BO much within the line of the Beaver islands, that with the prevalent south-west wimls it seldom breaks ; it will, however, be avoided by not opening Pumpkin island much to the northward of the Brother islands, until Harbour rock comes in line with the west end of Kocky island, bearing N.N.W. Middle Shoal, on the eastern side of the channel into Braver harbour, has 2^ fathoms water on it, and with the two neighbouring 4-fathom patches lying to the southward and westward, may he avoided by not opening Harbour rock to the westward of Rocky island. Sutherland Island, on the west side of the channel into Beaver harbour, is wooded, with clifTs of slate, and has on it a conical-shaped hill 107 feet high, sufficiently rcmarkai)le to make a goo mark for William shoal. Barbour Rook, of bare slate, 12 feet high, lies on the eastern side of the channel into Beaver harbour, and has shoal water extending a cable's length to the W.N.W. Sandy Islet has a red clay bank, 12 feet high, at its south end ; between it and Harbour rock the ground is broken and rocky. Aocky and Eardwood Islands lie on each side of the entrance to the Salmon river anchorage. The former has a rock, with only o feet water, lying 1;^- cables' lengths from its eastern end ; the latter is bold-to, and has red clay banks. Baloom Shoal, with only 10 feet water, lies in the middle of the passage between Rocky and Hardwood islands, and narrows the available channel into Salmon river anchorage to less than one cable. Harbour rock touching the west end of Sandy islet leads through the western channel, and touching the eastern end of the islet leads through the eastern channel ; but to reach this anchorage local knowledge is necessary. TIBBS.— It is high water, full and change, in Beaver harbour, at 7h. 40m. ; springs rise 6^ feet, and neaps 4^ feet. ciur. Ill] 111':AVI:11 UARBOUU. — SHEET IIAHBOUII. 5IJ BlxaOTZOWS. — In npprnnchinji iJeavcr harbour from the Houthviird by or (i miles iVoiu Mcavcr i. laml liriii^? I he li;jhlli(iii>(' to hoar N.N.VV. ^ W. and ntccr in N.N.W., ohscrvinf? Iliat in passinj? the east end of llcavcr and Horse ishinds, the dark-wooded Heaver point irt open to the eastward of Sntherhind ishind. After i)asrtinj» a ealiie's luufrth to the eastward of Sntherhind ishind and Heaver ]>oint, keep ihi ii;»ht- house in si^^ht astern, open to the eastward of Sntherhind ishind ; on tliis line, with tlie cross mark of Qnoddy hill in line witli the south end of liarwood island, fair anchora 3 inebr'^ CEAP. m.] PUMPKIN ISLAND. — WESTERN 6HAGR00ST. 55 extremity of the Western Sliiigroo.>-:t is in line with Fishery poini, and bears N.N.E. J E., distant ubout 2^ miles ; and the Shnet rock appears in the entrance of tlie harbour, between Western and Danberry islands, bearing North, and distant about 4j miles. The sea breaka over thia rocky slioal only after heavy gales. liogan Rock, with 3^ fathoms Avater, bears N. by W. ^ W. threc- quartei's of n mile from Geddes shoal. From this dangerous rock, which is seldom marked by a breaker, Yankee Jack (on the opposite side of the channel) bears W. by N. ^ N., the passage between them being nearly 1^ miles wide. Western Sbagroost, 6 feet above high water, can always be seen. A reef, partially dry, extends two-thirds of a mile from it in the direction of S.W. ^ W., and has only 4 feet on its south-west extremity. To the northward of the rock are several rocky 4-fathom patches, as well as the dangerous liabin shoal, the least water on vhicli, 2^ fathoms, bears from the Western Shagroost N.N.W. ^ W. l^ miles, and from Fishery point (nearly in line with the southern extremities of Hardwood and Mink islands^ S.W. by W. ^ W. H miles. Monroe Ro^«, with 12 feet water, lies with the Avestern points of Western Shagroost and Sheet rock in one, bearing N. by W. ^ W. ; the former being distant nearly a mile. Punijjkin and Horse islands touching, N.E. by E. I" E., lead a quarter of a mile south of this rock, and close to the southward of Geddes slioal. Macdonald Rock and Shoals. — Macdonald rock, diy at low water, bears from INlacdonald point S.W. ^ W. half a mile, and lies on the ex- tensive Macdonald shoals, the o'ltermost patch of which, with 12 feet water, bears from the point S.W. by W. | W. three-quarters of a mile. The mark, which just clears the western extremities of Macdonald and Babin shoals, as well as the reef elf the Western Shagroost, is Sheet rock, touching the east point of Western island, and Ifot^-ing N. ^ W. This mark leads between Macdonald shoals and u patch with 4§ fathoms water, and from the latter Sheet rock appears touching the western point of Danberry island, N. by E. 1 E., and is distant nearly a mile. There is also another rocky shoal, with 5 fathoms water, three-quarters of a mile W. by N. from Babin shoal, and which bears from Guilford island S.S.E. ^ E. nearly a mile. Both these shoals, which would be dangerous to large vessels in a heavy sea, will be cleared by attention to the directions Avhich follow. '.Tankee 7aok, a small rocky shoal with only 3 feet water, bears from Taylor liead S.S.E. | E. 2^ miles. At the distance of a quarter of a mile, W. by N. I N., there is another rock with 12 feet water. These are Qxceedingly dangerous at high water and in a smooth sea, when they are i ^ -ii pi - 18 :r 56 NOVA SCOTIA, SOUTH-EAST COAST. [ctiap. iu. not marked by breakers ; l)ut Taylor Goose rock which can always be seen, and from which the 12 feet rock bears S.E. 1 S. a third of a mile, serves as a beacon to avoid them. Nothing could be found to the southward of these shoals excepting several patches of 8 fathoms, the outermost of which is on the Pollock ground of the fishermen. Taylor Ooose. — This dangerous rock, awash at high water, bears from Taylor head S.S.E. ^ E,. l^ miles. Vessels may pass to the south-east of it at the distance of a cable, but in the opposite direction the shoal extends a quarter of a mile, and is just cleared to the westward by the east points of Guilford and Western islands in one, N.N.E. ^ E. MiMliabooB Slioai, a small rocky patch with 3 fathoms water, bears from Taylor head S.E. ^ E. 1^ miles. As the position of this rock is seldom shown by a t veaker, it is exceedingly dangerous ; and would be more so, but that its locality is in some measure pointed out by the Taylor Goose, which can always be seen, and from which Mushaboon bears N.E. I N. about three-quarters of a mile. Pyoh. Shoals. — The dangers on the western side of the entrance to Sheet harbour are rocky patches of 3^ and 4 fathoms oft' Taylor head, and also the more dangerous Pyche shoals, which are separated from Pyche island by a narrow channel leading to tlie entrance of Mushaboon harbour. The least water on these shoals is 17 feet, and their south-east point, distant about a mile from the island, is cleared by the east points of Guilford and Western islands in one, bearing N.N.E. | E. TinES. — It is high water, full and change, in Watering cove. Sheet harbour, at 8h. 6m. ; ordinary springs rise 6^ feet, and neaps 4^ feet ; but strong winds cause great irregularities, especially in the rise. The diurnal inequality is most distinctly shoAvu in the low waters, in this and all the harbours that have been surveyed on this coast, including Halifax. The ordinary rate of the tidal streams does not exceed half a knot; but it is said to be stronger after heavy rains or the melting of the winter's snow or after long continued southerly gales, whic'- have previously forced the water into the harbour. It is high water about a quarter of an hour earlier in the entrance of the harbour, where the rise is about 2 feet less. SZSBCTXOn'B for Bastem PasBage. — There are four passages for ships between the outer dangers off Sheet harbour, either of which may be taken, as the wind or other circumstances may render expedient. To pass to the eastward of Geddes shoal and Logan rock, and between them and the reef off" the Western Shagroost, run in with Western island just touching the west end of Sheet rock, bearing N. ^ W. These marks will also lead close to, but clear of, the Babiii and Macdonald shoals, and up to Sheet rock ; but as the soundinn's are more than usually irregular by this route, it will be preferable on ap- CHAP, in.] DIRECTIONS. — nUR I) COVE. 57 proaching Babin shoal, to haul over towards Guilford island on a N.W. line of hearing, until the west ends of Danberry island an.l Sheet rock are in line and bearing about N.N.E. ^ E. From this p«'sition (lu; passage is clear to the entrance of the harbour ; it being only neees. aiy to keep to the eastward of a line joining the eastern points of Guilford and Western islands, and to avoid a rock, which can always bo seen, half a cable's length off the west end of Sheet rock. In entering between Western and Danberry islands, give the former a berth of not less than a cable's length to avoid a rock with 4 feet water, half a cable off its east point, which, having passed, haul in to the northward and Avestward, until Macdonald point is shut in behind Western island, and anchor within it, in 6 or 7 fathoms, mud, not less than 1^ cables off shore. If a vessel bo bound up SI»eet harbour, the first danger to be avoided is the White rock, which dries at low water, and is distant 4^ cables from Danberry island, the west point of which touching Sheet rock, and bearing S. by W. ^ W., leads just clear to the westward of it. Sheet rock should therefore be kept open to the westward of Danberry island until past the rock ; then sheer over to the eastward, so as to bring the western points of Danberry island and Sheet rock in one, bearing S.S.W. ^ W., and steer N.N.E. ^ E., or so as to keep those marks on astern, until nearly abreast Slab point, on the western shore, 2 miles within the entrance. Then, as those marks barely clear Slab shoal, steer a little to the eastward until it is passed, observing that the passage between it and the reef, which extends 1^ cables from Salmon island, is only 2 cables wide. Having passed Slab shoal, keep over towards the western shore, rounding Olding point at a distance not exceeding 1^ cables to avoid the shoal off the shingle of Watt point, and anchor off Watering cove on the western shoi'e in 7 fathoms, mud, with the chapel at the head of the North-west Arm appearing nearly midway between Mitchell and Church points. The vessel will here be landlocked, and secure in all winds. For the navigation of the Arms the services of a pilot would be indis- pensable. HVBS COVB. — On the eastern side of Sheet harbour, at 1^ miles within the entrance, is the shingle Gull ledge, off Hurd cove, which last is the entrance of a narrow and intricate passage between Sober island and the mainland, through which a depth of 6 or 7 feet only can be carried at low water. Middle Passage. — To pass between Yankee Jack and i^ogan rock, which is the widest passage, run in with Sheet rock touching the western point of Danberry island, and bearing N. by E. ^ E., until the south-west point of Guilford island bears N.W. ^ N., when the southern point of ! ■■fv ;'■!■ DM 58 NOVA SCOTIA, SOUTH-EAST COAST. [chap. III. Salisbury island will have disappeared behind it ; then steer to the north- ward and wesiward, until the west ends of Danber-y island and Sheet rock are in line, in order to clear the 28 feet shoal .vliich the former marks lead ovei', and, passing to the westward of the Sheet rock, anchor as before directed- Passagre Sastwara of Taylor Goose. — If it be desired to pass to the cast- ward of the Taylor Gooso !ind Musliuljoon siioal, and between them and the Yankee Jack, run in with the eastern points of the Sheet rock and DanbeiTy island exactly in one, bearing N.N.E. § E. ; those marks will lead in clear of all danger to Sheet rock, which should bo passed on tho western side, after which proceed as before directed. "Western Passagre. — To rnn for Sheet harbour by the westernmost pas- sage, to tho westward of Taylor Goose and Mushaboon shoal, and between them and the Pyclie shoals, proceed as follows : — Being outside of ind to the westward of the Taylor Goose, bring Sheet rock to touch the east point of Danberry island, bearing N.E. ^ N., and run in with these marks on until Bol) bluff opens out north of Pyehe island, when the Pychc shoals will have been passed, and the vessel may be kept away a little to the eastward, so as to give a wider berth to the reefs off Guilford island, which the above marks only just clear. MVSHABOOU HARBOVR scarcely deserves to be ranked as a harbour, as it is exposed to the full force of S.S.E. winds. It affords indifferent shelter to vessels only on the eastern side near its head, where Gull rock and the shoals which nearly unite it to Mala^'ash island brcal'. off the sea. TUe Gates. — The dangers off Mushaboon harbour are common to it and to Sheet harbour, with which it communicates by a narrow and intricate passage, called the Gates, between Malagash and Gibbs islands. In the entrance of this passage thei-e is a small islet, and the channel, which is on its northern side, is not move than 40 fathoms wide, and 12 feet or 14 feet is all that can be carried through at low water, and that with diflftculty. DiRJBCTXOXrs. — As the harbours immediately adjoining Mushaboon to the east and west are so superior to it, vessels seldom require to enter this exposed anchorage ; but should any wish to do so, the safest course for a stranger to pursue will be to run in upon either of the leading marks for Sheet hai-bour until Bob bluff, well open north of Pyche island, bears N-W. by N. ; then steering for the bluff on this bearing will lead well to tlie eastward of the Pyche shoals, and vessels may run up the middle of the bay, steering N.N.W. -L W. for Yellow rock, the channel between the dangers on either side being half a mile Avide. On nearing Gull and Yellow rocks, she may either pass between tbcm, dlsirogarding tho rock between them in 4 fathoms at low water; or, paasiog oaip. HI.] MUSnABOON HARBOUll. — SPRY BAY. 69 ll', ofi to the westward of Yellow rock, may haul ovci- to the eastward towards Botelier island and uuchor oil .'t, and to the northward of Gull rock, in 6 fathoms, mud. SPXT BAT. — Taylor head is the outer extremity of a narrow peninsula, upwards of 3 miles in length, which divides Mushaboou and Spry har- bours ; it is destitute of trees, but being composed of large white rocks is distinguishable afar off. Spry harliour, situated at the north-west end of Spiy bay, is sufficiently commodious to accommodate . iarge fleet ; the anchorage, in 7 or 8 fathoms, mud, being quite secure in all winds. Tomlees Bay, at the north-cast angle of Spry bay, is open to the south- ward, and almost full of i-ocks, which, together with the islets otf its mouth, afford shelter to fishing schooners near its head, where there is a Avharf and store. Taylor Bay, on the western side of Tomlees head, is a shallow indenta- tion immediately north of Spry harbour ; it is not adapted for large ships, but affords secure anchorage for coasting and fishing vessels. Its shores are inhabited by an industrious and respectai)le population. S&edman Slioal. — The principal dangers to be avoided in approaching Spry hai'bour arc in and off the mouth of Spry bay ; the outermost being Redman shoal, from which Taylor head, the eastern point of the l)ay, bears N.E. ^ E. 1 j*(y miles ; the eastern sides of Leslie island and Tomlees head in one, bearing North; and Lawler point (which is an islet at high water) on the eastern side of Gerard island is just open to the eastward of Maloney rock, N. oy W. ^ W. The fishermen report the least Avater on this shoal to be 5 fathoms, nor could any less be found by the officers engaged in the Admiralty survey. ItXad Moll Keef, the ju'lncipal rianger on the eastern side of Spry bay, runs out W. by S. nearly a milt) from Taylor head. On it there are two patches of shingle, which are always above water ; and to the northward of it two rocky patches nearly dry at low water, the reef extending two- thirds of a mile in that direction, and reducing the breadth of the passage between it and Neverfail shoal to a third of a mile. Herring: and Maloney Shoals. — The dangers on the western side of Spry bay arc Herring and Maloney shoals. The latter, of considerable ex- tent, with 12 feet water, is by far the most in the way. Its bearing from Maloney rock, which is always above water, is S. by W. -^ W., • and dis' ance from half to two- thirds of a mile. The southern extremity of the dry s'.iingle on Mad Moll '"etf in one with Taylor head, bearing E. | K., leads a «|jarter of a mile to the souih.ward of these shoais • and Bald rock just open to the eastward of Maloney rock, N. § E., leads to the eastward. Severfail Shoal, with 17 feet water on it, lies E. \ S. a quai'tcr of a 'i } 60 NOVA SCOTIA, oOUTlL-EAST COAST. [CilAV. III. niilo from Maloney rock ; and I'lom it Tomlees head and Leslie island jippear louchiiig, N. ^ E. Hocky PatoheB.— There is a rocky patch, iv'ith 28 feet water, lyii;? North a third of a mile from Neverfail shoal, and another, with 5 fathoms, a quarter of a railc farther to the E.N.E. ; but there is seldom sufficient swell so far in the l)ay as to render these dangerous. aam Rook is the only other danger in the way on the western side of Spry bay. It dries at low water, and lies E. by S. ^ S. about 1^ cables' lengths from Lawler point, with the southern sides of Leslie and Green islands in one, bearing East, and with Bald rock (distant nearly half a mile from the Ram rock) appearing just open to the southward of thorn. There is a clear passage between Bald and Ram rocks.] DXRBCTX017B for Sastern Cbannel. — To run into Spry bay by the eastern and preferable channel proceed as follows : — Pass to the westward of Redman shoal and Mad Moll reef, and between the latter and the Neverfail shoal, by keeping the eastern side of Tomlees head only just shut in behind the high bank on the eastern side of Leslie island, bearing North a little easterly. Run in upon these marks until Maloney rock and Pope head come in one, bearing W. by S. ; then alter course to N. by W. ^ W., for the western oide of Tomlees head, and having passed between Bn.ld and Ram rocks, haul to the westward round the northern end of Gerard island, from which the shallow water does not extend beyond 1^ cables' lengths, and anchor in 7 or 8 fathoms, mud, with Taylor head shut in behind the north-east point of Gerard island, bearing S. E., and Dutchtown point S.W., and not nearer than 3 cables ; in order to be sufficiently far from a rocky shoal with 3 fathoms water, which is 1-| cables off shore, and bears from the south extremity of that point N.N.E. a quarter of a mile. This berth is recommended, but there is plenty of available room to the northward and westward ; the anchorage being quite secure as long as Mad Moll reef is not opened out to the eastward of Gerard island. Western Channel. — The western channel into Spry bay lies to the westward of Maloney shoal and Maloney rock, between them and Stoney island, and is only 1^ cables wide. The marks leading through it, are Bald rock and the eastern side of Tomlees head touching, N. by E. ^ E. 61 [fr:! m :'lfi CHAPTER IV. NOVA SCOTIA :— SOUTH-EAST COAST. SPRY IIARBOUK, TO SHUT-IN ISLAND. Vakiation in 1867 Pope Harbour Ship Harbour - - 21° 30' W. | - 2105'W. Jedore Harbour - - 20° 25' W. The (listiince between the western point of Spry bay and Sliut-in island is about 32 miles, in a westerly direction, the coast line being much broken by many indentations, and fringed with numerous islets, rocks, and sunken dangers. Between Jedore head and Shut-in island the features of the coast are very remarkable, each headland being a ])en in- sula, presenting a cliff of red clay to the continuous wasting action of the waves. These peninsulas are joined to the main land by beaches of rolled stones and shingle, and are more or less wooded, but none of them exceed the height of 140 feefc above the sea.* POVE BASBOVR has a depth of water sufficient for large ships, but it is only secure within Harbour island, where the space, with deep waler, being little more than a cable's length across, it would be necessary to moor. In the bay outside a heavy swell rolls in during southerly gales. A reference to the Admiralty chart will show that the dangers on the 6 stern side c'' the harbour are few, and easily avoided : — that the western side of Phceaix island is quite bold, and the chann«'l between it and the Pope shoals is a third of a mile wide, and has a depth of 12 fathoms in it. Also, that some part of the reef off Gerard head, aud of the Barrier reef can always be seen, and that the shallow .vater doet: not extend from the dry parts more than a cable's length. Lastly, observe, that the steeple of an Episcopal church, which stands on an elevation upwards of 100 feet high, — on the side of a grassy hill in rear of Bollong point, — can be seen from a distance of many miles out at sea, and that a Roman Catholic chapel stands low down near the water, on the western side of the point. * See Admiralty Chart : Nova Scotia, S.E. Coast, Shut-in-Island to Pope Harbour, No. 2,439 ; scale, m = H inches ; and Pope Head so Charles Island, including Pope aud Tangier Harbours, No. 2,855 ; scale, m = 4 inches. 62 NOVA SCOTIA, SOUTH-EAST COAST. fCIUP. IV. i.'i! Ui Supplies. — The shores of Pope and Spry harbours, as well as T.'iylor l)ay, are more thickly pe- . led thxi' jsu. ) on this oast ; the hills A' ilrift lay !Mi(l bouhle;-' ■)/. Uk v-;vn !: , (, a'll also on ine north side of Gerard island, l)ein<,' ciihivaled t«. .. n.nM:K rahle extent. There are extensive tracts of hardwood land lii tlv v ^ ir.itj. '"'rnishing timber for shipbuilding, and supplies of fresh provisions and wi^! j nay be readily obtained. Horse Rock. — Of the formidable dangers oif Poj)e harbour, the Horse rock, with only 4 feet water, lies the farthest out, and from it Pope rock (in line with the east end of Ironbound island) bears N.N.W. ^ W. H miles. Pope Sock and Shoals. — The Pope shoals, which arc exceedingly dan- gerous, extend more than half-way out from Pope rock towards the Horse rock, and the soundings ai'e rocky and irregular throughout the remaining distance. Pope rock is above water, and distant three-quarters of a mile from Ironbound island, but the passage between them is rendered impas- sable to strangers by sunken rocks, including Drunken Dick, Soup rock, &c., and so also is the passsige between the island and the main. Scboouer and Black Socks. — All these dangers must be left to the westward in running in, and so also must Schooner rock, with only 6 feet water, which lies a quarter of a mile out from the islets at the entrance of Shelter cove, in which the fishing schooners lie landlocked in 2 or 3 fathoms at .uw water. From Black rock, which lies a third of a mile farther in on ihe same or western side, and is always above water, the shallow water does not extend beyond a cable's length to the eastward, leaving a clear channel between it and the Barrier reef, a quarter of a mile Avide. TIDES. — It is high water in Pope harbour, full and change, at 7h. 40m. ; springs rise 6^ feet, and neaps 4^ feet ; but strong winds cause great irregularities. The tidal streams are weak and irregular. nxBiscTXOUs. — When bound to Pope harbour with a fair wind, refer to the chart and proceed as follows. When not less than 2^ miles ti.>m th(! outer islands, bring the Episcopal church steeple in line with Gerard head, bearing N. by W. ^ W., and these marks will lead in between Phoenix island and the Pope shoals. As soon as Pope and Taylor heads come in one, bearing E. ^ S., alter course to J>[.W. by N., and it will lead mid- way between the reef otf Gerard head and Schooner rock ; and when the two western points of Harbour island come in one, bearing N. by W.^W., (when they should also be in line with the Roman Catholic chapel, which is not easily distinguished,) alter course to N.N.W. ^ W., (for the head of the harbour, so as to pass midway between Harbour island and Grum point), until the channel through the harbour and to the northward of Gerard island begins to open. Then keep away to N.E. by N., or for the church steeple, until the CIUV. IT..1 TANGITR HARBOUR. - DIREf IONS. 63 points o' Long isliiud on the northern siile of the harbour come in one, beiiriiij,- E. | N., when vin i. with those marks on, luul anchor midwiiy between Bollong point and the north-cast point ol" llurbour islaiul, in 4^ I'atlioms, mud. Should the wind be from the eastward, the vessel may anchor outside on tlie last-named leading marks, and in 6| fathoms muddy bottom, and may cdtlier wait for a fair wind, or warj) into the harbour. Small cruft can pass from this harbour, eastward, through the narrow channel between Long and Gerard islands, into a I'ar more capacious and landlocked anchorage, but which is accessible to large vessels only from Spry biiy, through very narrow and intricate channels on either side of a shoal between Dutchtown point and Gerard island. TAiroZBR BARBOUR next west of Pope harbour, is separated frowi the liicter by a narrow peninsula about 2 miles long, in a S. by E. }j i . direction ; the western side of the channel is formed by the two Balteo and Tangier islands. As a harbour it is too open, and deficient in depth of water for large ships ; there are also numerous rocks, but it at!brds a secure anchorage for small vessels near its head, especially in Mason cove, which is ou the eastern side, and 2^ miles from the entrance. Supplies. — Around the head of Tangier harbour, and also on the point of the main land that separates it from Pope harbour, there are tracts of tolerably good pasture land, from which, together with fishing and coasting, the inhabitants derive a comfortable subsistence. BIRBCTIOMTS. — In approaching Tangier harbour, Porcupine hill should be kept well open to the westward of Ironbound island, N. by W. ^ W., to clear the Pope shoals ; and, ou the other hand. Porcupine point should be hidden behind Sandy Cove point, to clear the shallow water off Tangier island. These marks, however, might not be easily recognized by a stranger, who might safely do without them by proceeding as follows. In running for the anchorage, avoid the ledges off Ironbound island, by bringing Sandy Cove point to bear N.N.W., or pass the eastern point of Tangier island at a distance of about 2 cables' lengths ; or midway between it and Drunken Dick, which is almost always shown by a breaker. Having passed Sandy cove and Porcupine points at a distance of between 1^ and 2^ cables, and midway between Whaleback and Shag ledges (which dry at low water) and the eastern shore, haul round the western point of Hog island, and anchor within it in Mason cove, where the vessel will lie landlocked in 15 or 16 feet water, over a bottom of stiff mud. There are rocks, with only 16 or 17 feet water, so scattered about this harbour, that no written directions would enable a stranger to avoid them ; therefore, vessels of too great draught to pass over them with safety should not attf ^ •. to run iu. 1^ II >li' 64 NOVA SCOTIA, SOUTH-EAST COAST. [crap. it. BROAXi BAT, the next inlet west of Tnnjrior Imrbour, is siiUiciently uiclc i'ov lingo fillips to beat in and out of witli easo, and |)osM('sses a good di'ptli of water, and exfpllont ancliorage. The coasting HclioonorH anchor off Sliellnut cove in .3 or .'U fatlioins, mnd, with iIk' 'Slnvy island in one witii IJorglc l)liitl' (tiie iiorth-eaHt extremity of Charles islaml), bearing S. by K.; bnt the only secure anchorage for large ships is on the opposite or south-western side, near the liead of the bay, wh(;re the Middle ground, with CHAP. IV.] SHIP IIARBOru. — DANGERS ON EASTERN SIDE. 05 Hardwood irtlnnd scon tliroiif;li the Tickle, Itcaring W.S.W., and in 4^ liithoniH, over mud, as alrondy pnintod out. This «ncliora{»e is quite safe, althouf^h some swell may roll in duiinji; or after heavy south-east gales. The dangers on the western side of the Ijay, namely, tho ledges off Charles point, as well as Borgle shoal, which has IG feet water, may bo avoided by keeping tho remarkable and highest rod clay clitF, at tho head of tho bay open of Borgle bluff, bearing N.N.W. SKIP HARBOT. A is an indentation of considerable extent, being nearly 5 miles in length, though the narrows at the entrance are barely a quarter of a mile across. The approaches to the harbour are comparatively bold and steep, and lie between Charles and Nichol islands, of gneiss, and barren ; they are amongst tho largest on the coast, but in no part do they exceed nn elevation of 100 feet above tho sea.* The space between Nichol island on the western side, and the muin- land, is almost completely occupied by islands and shoals, which afford shelter to Day cove, where secure anchorage for small vessels may be obtained in less than 4 fathoms, in which position they will be out of tho swell that rolls in after heavy southerly gales. Tho western shore of Ship harbour is well settled, and so also is the eastern shore as far in as Salmon point ; for tho hills of drift sand and clay, which attain an elevation of more than 200 feet — though abounding in boulders — afford a sufficiency of hay "nd vegetables for the support of catlle and sheep. The north-eastern shore within Newcombe brook is barren, the hills being bare, and the extreme height 240 feet. Little river flows into the head of tho harbour at 5 miles from the entrance ; and near it, on the western side, a larger and rapid stream, on which there are mills discharges the Avaters of Ship Harbour lake. A Roman Catholic cliaijel stands on the western shore at 1;^^ within the enti-auce, anc^. an English Episcopal church a mile farther in on the same side. Supplies. — Ship harbour has been long settled; several of the principal families own schooners employed in the coasting trade, Avhich, together ■with lumbering and fishing, and the limited produce of their cattle and fields, furnish them with a comfortable subsistence. The best watering place is a rapid brook on the eastern shore, about half a mile within Salmon point. Supplies of fresh provisions may be obtained. BAXTGlSltS on Eastern Side oi Sntran^* . — Although very narrow, the entrance to Ship harbour is not ditficult with a fair wind ; within the harbour a fleet of the largest ships may be moored in security. The principal dangers on the eastern side of the entrance of Ship harbour, ai*e * See Admiralty Tlan of Ship Harbour, -with View, No. 2,624 j scale m — 3 inches. 17698. E rT^X ; i '4 ■ v^ •■'^J ^.. v^-- 66 NOVA SCOTIA, SOUTH-EAST COAST. [chap. IV. the lodges off Charlt's iHluml, the outerraoHt being Bull rock with only 4 feet water, ami wliich is often hIiowh by a breaker. It bears from Charles point (the south extremity of Charles island) S.E.^S., 6 cables, and, together with numerous other rocks above ond under water, will bo cleared to the southward by keeping Long point (the southern extremity of Nichol island) open south of Bear rock, bearing W. jf N. The mark that leads clear to the westward of these dangers, including the ledges farther in off the Western islands, is Passage island, just hidden behind Wolf point, bearing N.W. ^ W., and Ship rock seen over Bald island, and in one Avith Tucker point bearing N. by W. | W. Bear Sook, which is small, rises 4 feet above high water, ond is quite bold on the eastern side ; but a rt-ef, mostly dry at low water, extends from it 1^ cables to the westward. It lies nearly in the middle of the entrance between the islands, with a clear channel on either side, about 4^ cables broad. SAirOliRB on vrestem Side. — In approaching the harbour, the prin- cipal dangers lie outside the islands off its entrance. Friar island and Friar ledges lie on the western side, and off them Flat ledge always above water, from which the West Bull I'ock, with only a fathom water on it, bears W. by S. ^ S., a quarter of a mile, and the East Bull rock, with 4 fathoms on it, East, IJ cables' lengths. Egg ish.id lighthouse, seen over Bald rock, W. ^ S., leads nearly half a mile to the southward of these dangers. There is also the Middle ground with 4 fathoms water, bearing from Flat ledge E.N.E. 6 cables, and the more dangerous N.E. shoal, with 2^ fathoms water, bearing from the eastern end of Friar ledge N.E. by E. distant 4^ cables' lengths, and from Bear rock W. by S. three-quarters of a mile. These dangers lie to the southward of Nichol island, and vessels approaching the harbour should pass to the southward and eastward of them all. Farther in, the rocks and shallow water 'ff" the eastern side of Nichol island, including Pot rock with 4 fathoms on it, will be avoided, if Wolf point (the high north-eastern extremity of Nichol island) be not brought to bear to the northward of N.N.W. There are also several outlying dangers, which are equally in the way of vessels running along the coast, or approaching this harbour. These are. Little rock, with 4 fathoms, bearing from Flat ledge S.S.E. about 2 miles ; Broad breaker, with 4 fathoms, bearing from Charles point S. by E. easterly l^ miles ; Silver shoal, with 5 fathoms, lies from Charles point S.E. f S. 3| miles, and from the south-east point of Outer island, nearly South 2f miles. On all the above shoals the sea breaks occasionally after heavy gales. .TIBBB. — It is high water, full and change, in Ship harbour at 7h. 54m.; CHAP. IV.] SHIP IIAIlBOUll. — DIllKCTIONS. 67 ordiiinry Hprings iIho G^ foot, ivnd uonps 4^ foot; but winds ciiusc great iiTogularitioH both in the times and rise ; extraordinary HpriugH rising 7 feet, and ncnpH only 4 feet. The ordinary rate of the tidal streams does not exceed half n knot; but nfter heavy rains or the melting of winter snow, as well as after etrong south-easterly gales, that have drive u the water into the harboux", tbo ebbing stream is said to bo much stronger. SXRBCTZOirs : — Vrom the llaatward. — Approaclting Ship harbour from the eastward with a fair wind. Bull rock, and tho other ledges otf Charles island, will be avoided by keeping Long point open south of Bear rock, W. ^ N., until Passage isluiul disappears behind Wolf point, with the latter bearing N.W. ; then steer for Wolf point keeping Passage island shut la until past tho Western islands ; then, midway between Wolf point and Bald island, and thence for tho harbour's mouth. Having arrived abreast Passage island, haul to tho westward towards Day cove, until the house on Eisan point is in one with the north-east point of Caroline island, and seen over tho small shingle islet oft' Salmon point, and nearly touching tho clay cliff" of the latter, bearing N.N.W. ^ W. Keep these marks exactly on, and they will lead in past Black rock (which lies outside Black point on tho eastern side of the entrance), and O'Brien reef, which lies half a mile further in, and also on tho eastern side of the narrow channel. After passing between O'Brien reef and Beach point, of shingle (where the channel, between the 3 fathoms line, is only 70 fathoms wide), haul in more to tho westward, . d anchor midway between Salmon point and the western shore in 7 fath-^ms, or anywhere between Salmon point and Whale island in 4, 5, or '5 fathoms; tho bottom being of mud and the shelter complete. Caroline island lies over on the western side of the harbour, a mile within Beach point, and may be easily recognized by a round wooded hill, 190 feet high, near its north-east point. If the wind should bo unfavourable for running in, anchor outside in Day cove, either midway betAveen Passage island and Day point in 4^ ftithoms, mud ; or further in to the westward, in any depth from 4 to 2i fathoms, according to the size of the vessel. In the first named berth the Western islands arc just shut in behind the eastern point of Passage island, bearing S.E. by E., and the vessel Avill only be exposed to the swell rolling round the latter after a south-easterly gale ; further in there is little or no swell. With a boating wind the passage to the eastward of Boar rock is pre- ferable for a stranger, for the rock is steep-to on that side, and the leading marks towards the ledges off Charles island, including the Western islands may be used with ( onfidencc. E 2 I' • 'I I' ■% 68 NOVA SCOTIA, SOUTH-EAST COAST. [chap. IV. t' ■ ' • ! An inspection of the chart will show that shoals commerce immediately within Salmon point on the one side, and Whale island on the other ; and that the channel becomes exceedingly intricate after passing Caroline island and the opposite Mussel island, 2 miles within the entrance. If the ^•ory narrow channel between Garret ledge and the White rocks were buoyed, 21 feet at low water could be carried through into the clear part of the harbour within Eisan point, Avhere the depth is 9 fathoms with space sufficient for a large fleet to lie in safety. From the Westward. — In approaching Ship harbour from the westw