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Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 HAIDA GRAMMAR BY REVEREND L HARRISON. I Section II., 1895. [123] Tranb. K. 8. a VII. — Haida Grammar. tiy Kevekeni) C. Harrison. (Read May 2.5, 1H»2.) Edited by Alex. F. Chamberlain, Ph.D. Prefatory Note (by Editor.) Those who have occasion to use this Grammar of the Haida Language, may refer with advantage to the notes on this language published by Dr- Franz Boas, in his report to the committee of the British Associatioli for the Advancement of Science in 1888,' especially as regards the phonology of Haida speech, and to the Eeport on the Haidas, by Dr. G. M. Dawson, published by the Geological Survey of Canada in 1878.'^ A Haida vocabu- lary has also been published by Dr. Boas in the Proceedings of the Ameri- can Philosophical Society, 1891, pp. 183-193. Historical and Kthnoorapiiical Introduction. Queen Charlotte Islands. These islands lie in the Pacific Ocean, between fifty-one and fifty^five degi-ees of north latitude, adjacent to the northwest coast of America. North Island is the name of the most northerly land, and Cape Soint James is the name of the most southerly point. The islands are about 150 miles in length from north to south. Graham Island is the largest. This island is in some places 60 miles wide. The Queen Charlotte Islands Avere discovered, in the year 1774, by Juan Perez, and were then named Cabo de St. Margarita. In the year 1786, La Perouse, the celebrated French navigator, came to the islands and coasted along the west side of the group. The j^resent name of the islands was given by Captain Dixon, when he anchored at Clarke Bay, in July, 1787. Captain Dixon was in command of the "Queen Charlotte;" a vessel of 200 tons burden, and was at the time exploring the west coast on behalf of a London fur company. Ho then named the islands after George the Third's '^ueen. In the same year Captain Douglas visited the islands and anchored at Diidans. Captain Marchand, of the French exploring vessel " Solide," also anchored in front of Edenshaw's village, near North Island. He came to the islands iu 1791, and accurately recorded some explorations 1 British Assoc, for the Advancement of Science, Newcastle-upon-Tyne Meeting, 1889. Report on the Northwestern Tribes of Canada, pp. 5-97. * Geological Survey of Canada- Report on Queen Charlotte Islands, 1878. Mont- real, 1880, pp. 177-189. 1S4 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA that ho mndo on the west coast. He also studied the native character, and in his account he remarks that " he never saw them armed or dis- trustful. He followed them into their family circle and found them good husbands and good fathers ; he lived several days, as it were, in intimacy with them ; he studied them as much as it is possible to do when peoi)le explain themselves only by signs ; and everything he relates of their manners, their customs, and theii- character, announces a hospitable, mild, intelligent, laborious and intelligent people, endowed with great good sense, to whom the useful arts are not unknown, who join to these even the agreeable ones, and may be said to have already made consider- able advances toward civilization." Dixon on the contrary, charges them with cannibalism, and describes them as dirty, thievish, impudent and murderous people. I believe the Indians on these islands are the finest and liercest i*ace on the coast. They were once a very powerful nation and the terror of all the surrounding tribes. A hundred j-ears ago they numbered tout six thousand. Whei-e are they now ? The ^I/ian^s, or tall, carved columns, and the quaint old legends connected with them, are still in existence; but the people, they are gone! The boxes in which they buried their dead, fixing them on two large posts, are decaying and fast disappearing, and mummitied remains are all that is left of the ancient, skilful and fierce Ilaidas. • Why have they so decreased ? One reason is, that years ago, whole families were swept away b}' that dreadful epidemic, small-pox. There was then no one to care for them in their sickness, or to speak to them of the Saviour of the world when they were dying. Another reason of their disappearance is that high wages and promise of constant work are held out to them by parties in Victoria, New Westminster and elsewhere, 80 that they leave their native homes either to die in a few short years by the miserable life they lead, mainly ilue to the evils of the spirit traffic or return home ruined both in body and soul. Haida Tribes. There were formerly thirty-nine Haida villages, but now there ai-e only five, situated at Masset, Skidegate, Gold Harbour, Houkan and Cassan. The latter two are on the American side. The thirty-nine tribes formerly were the 1. l>u Hdade, who lived in a village called Tian llnige, east of Nesto. 2. Tas Lennas, who lived in Ti llnige, near Sisk. 3. Kais Hdadi, who lived at Dadans, near North Island. 4. Shugwau Lennis, who liveil at Kung, near Virago Sound. 5. KvTKjwau Lennas, of Nedan, in Virago Sound. 6. Chichkitone, who lived at a village below Yen. 7. Stling Lennas, of Yen. [lIABUISOS] IIAIDA UKAMMAR 18B 8. Kit (Ins, who lived at tlu* wi'Ht vml of .\f asset, 9. Sahdjilywunalth Lennas, who lived in the centre of Massot. 10. Kidnosili, who lived at a village near Nfidan. 11. Skidoukou, who lived in the village now called Masset. 12. Ou yuliu llnigf, who lived on the east side of Masset. 13. Kwun Lennas, who lived at Hose Spit. U. ShaijwUdtoni, who lived near Yagwun River. 15. Lthyhdiuii Kliwi, who lived at the Little Mountain. 1«. Mkwun Kiiwe, who lived on the north side of Rose Sp't. 17. Mvifas Hands, who lived at the extreme end of Rose Spit. 18. Ltliait Lennas, of Jilh'ait, a point of land near Skidegate. 19. Lthaf/Ud, who lived at Skidegate. 20. Ttaiya Hfiade, who lived at old (Jold llarboni-. 21. Kh'inn JLlnde, who lived at new (Jold lIarlM)ur. 22. Kumn Hdade, who lived at Skidanst village. Kidanst was the name of the chief of the Kwan tlaad?, and when the whites tirst camo to his village they named it after Kidanst, the chief, but pronounced it Skidanst, which name it still retains. 23. Skidegate Hnade. The chief of the people living at Lthagild was called Skidegate when the whit(;s tirst arrived, therefore they named the village after him, and his people are^now called Siddegates. 24. Tanii fldade, who lived near the village of Tlu. 26. Ang'it HaadS. who lived on the east side of Skidanst. 26. SahdijungusUl, who lived at Masset. 27. Kouas, who lived near ^usta, at North Island. 28. Shongalth Lennas, of Edenshaw's village, near Xorth Island. 29. Kust'i Hdade. This is a Poit Wrangel word, and applied to the ])eople who formerly lived at Hdenshaw's village. This jjlace is now called Kustu.. 30. Stasias, who lived at Yen with the Stling Lennas. 31. Kaisvmn Hdade, who lived at old Gold Harbour. 32. K.eo Hdade, who lived at Kigani. 33. Tlinkwan Hdade, who lived at a village back of Kigani. 34. Ka.isan Hdade, of Oukwuns Eiver, Houkan, near Ca])o Horn. • S.i. Takwtl Lennas, who lived near Miagvvun Point. 36. Shdkwan Hdade, who lived near Houkan. 37. Kwaih:ntlas Hdade, who lived near Shakw^an. 38. Houkan Hdade, of Tlinkwan, near Kwaizasu. 39. Kuusli Hdade, who lived at Kwaizasu. The most northerly village is that of the Ta$ Lennas at Ti Iluigg, near Sisk ; the most southerly one is that of the AngU Hdade, who live on the east side of Skidanst. 126 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA Thoro aro doahtloHs many innccuracios in the present grnmmur, aH it is a fiixt attorai)t to ivduco the language to writing. I hoMo, however, there may be womethiiig in it that will afford pleaHure and b • of interest both to the student and the j)hilo|ogist. The ])rineipal object in writing this gramnmr is to afford assistance to ray successors in mission work amongst the Ilaidas, and to those who may desire to gain a knowledge of the language in order to benefit these Indians both temporally and spiritually. Personal Names. Bi^fore Christianity was introduced amongst the JIaidas, a single name was sufficient for each ])ei'son, and all such names were taken from nature. Now the Christian name is regarded with honour, and is the only one by which some desire to bo known. 1 have, however, retained their old Haidu names as the surnames, and have only given each person one Christian name. The names taken from nature, art, etc., ai*e such as : Cbishalgas, Duan, Edinso, Giatlinsi Gushonjingwas, Ailkingdn, i^hunxila, Kintanget, Kwit', Nakadzut, Quaiirastins, Ski, " Bkoual, Stlakingau, Stlantanget, Yetlth-yuans, Darkness. So, or Let it he so. A witerfall. Standing. A long speech. Like us. Easily, Quickly. A rudder. Dust. A fox. A fleecy cloud. A louse. A shellfish like the clam- A musical instrument playea hy hand. Soapy, Slippery. A large river. , Tribal Names. Names of tribes were also taken from natural objects, and "Bome are as follows : Stasias. — This tribe was so numerous and powerful that they were compared to "maggots on a rotten carcass," and accordingly named Stasias, as they were supposed to be as numerous as the maggots, and to be found everywhere. Shongalth Lennas. — Shonga is the name of a large diver which makes a great noise Avhen eating. Edenshaw's people were very numerous formerly, and they also '* made a great noise when feasting," hence thoy were called Shongalth Lennas. [harri^ox] IIAIDA GRAiMMAR lfl7 KianOaill in i\w immo of Kougay'H tribo. KiCin is the name of a species of codfish, which have a projuctioii in the chin, and as Momo wore said to bo like the codfish about the chin, they wore accordin]k'ly called fCidnoail'i, or " codfish jn'oplt.'." Skidoukou is the name of Laig's trilx'. The moaning of this word is " men who could lay eggs and hatch ti-oublc." They were the ringleaders in all wickedness, and caused more trouble than any other tribe, and thus were given this name as a term of reproach. They arc also calletl SlgS Lennas. Nhigas Haadi.—1\\i» trii)e wa^ very dirty, and too idle to build decent houses to live in, hence their name of "the dirty and houseless people." i>hdgxci Kitone.—Shiigwi, " Up ; " Kitone, " Eagle." The ))eople of this tribe were called " the men who live on high as the eagle," because they lived in the uppermost village up Masset Inlet. Koms.—Tho men of this tribe were of small stature, and as herring spawn is the sm dicst spawn found near the islands, they were in con- tempt called " the herring spawn people." Tana Hdade.—Tho people of this tribe were very fond of bathing in the sea, and were called "the people who live under si^lt water. Tana is the Haida name for the long green grass which grows under salt water. Ti;ttM8 OF Relationship. Relationship is shown by the use of distinct words for the masculine and feminine genders. Chinna, Aung, Kage, Kit, Kit itiingas. Maeculink. Orandfather. Father, Uncle. Child. Son. Kit Ulinga kwaias, Eldest son. Kit Ttlinga tuanas, Youngest son. Itlinga hutsu, Male infant. Kwunna, father-in-law. Tlal, Husband. Kittlal, Son-in-law. Swauna, Brother-in-law. Kwal kit itiingas, Eidest brother's nephew. Tiaan kit itlin(;aa, Youngest brother's " Di althnungkiiwas, Cousin. Daa, Brother. Aung kaail, Stepfather. (This Hatkasil, St'pfather. iThis Ou kasil, - Stepmother. (This Femininb. Nani, Oraudmother. Ou, Mother. Skan, Aunt. Kit, Child. Gwudjana, Daughter. Kit chada kwaias, Eldest daughter. ia.\t chada tuanas, Youngest daughter. Cbada hutsu, Juniin, CbS, Kitcha, Swauna, Kwai gwudjana, Tuan gwudjana, Female infant. Mother-in-law. Wife. Daugh ti^-in-law. Sister-in-law. Eldest brother's niece. Youngest brother's niece. word is used by boys only.) word is used bv girls only.) word is used both by girls and boys). .V'. 128 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA When brothers are referring to brothers they use the words Dl kwai or Dl titan (my eldest or my youi.gest brother). Sisters also use the same words when referring io other sisters. Itlagida, Chief , gentleman. Itilkitzida, Female chief, lady Kitzadalung itlansidas, Male servants. Kilzadalung chaadas, Female servants. Itlinga, Man. Chada, Woman. Itlansida, Men. Chaada, Women. January, Tan kungas, February, Lthkitiiin kungas, March, Yhltkfias kungas. April, Whitgaas, May, Tahelle kungas, June, Hanskaila kungas, July, Hanalung kungas, Augwt, Chin kungas, September, Kishalsh kungas, October, Kalk kungas', November, ChfiG kungas, December, Kwiouge, Names of the Months of the Year. ' . ■■ ■' > ■ . '.i ;, The " bear moon." The " goose moon." '. '.. " Laughing geese moon." " Foreign geese moon." v ^ The " time that flowers blossom." The " berries be^^in to ripen tliis month." Tlie " berries a>-e quite Hpe this month." " Salmon moo-i." " Dog salmon moon." " Ice moon." J The " bears begin to burrow in the ground \ this month." " Very cold moon." December is sometimes called bj the old Haidas Gwougiangas kungas, i.e., the weather is too cold to sit do' n when they wish t.c ''eliove them- selves, and consequently they are compelled to stand up t'" do it. I. PHONOLOGY. ; A. Vowels. ■ . The Haida language has the following vowel sounds ; Klads-ka, Strong. Het-li-sta, Lumber. Tlln-o-we, Milk. Ot-gwau, Last. Tum-an-lth-king, Take care. Kwo-ya^dung, Love. Klelth, Five. DI, Me. K6-gi-na, Book. Ku-we, Soad. In addition to these ten vowels, there are also f ve " imperfect " ones, and every letter which has no proper vowel of its own has an "imperfect" one, either expr?S8ed or understood, and is thus marked : A as ir I Fat. E " Pen. I " Pin. " Not. U " Nut. A « Father. E " They. I " Machine. " Note. U " Tune. A as in Abroad. LthAalth or Lth'alth, Black. E " Open. S6-het-lu or Shet-lu, Red huckleberry. I " Italy. Stl, Sickness. " Collection, T6-kwun-tlo, Matches. U " ? LthCl-iin-ilth or Lth'un -ilth. Three. [habrison] HAIDA GRAMMAR 129 The other vowel sounds arc t ,.,1 *,■ :ir', Ai as in Aisle. Kw«ii-a-lung, Elders. Au " Cause. Aung, Father Oi " Toil. Kwoi-tum-bla, Tmne. Ott " Motise. Tou, B. Consonants. Fond. The consonantfl are d, g, h,j, k, ch, k, kh (Greek x, Gorman ch), I, m, n, s, t, w, y, 2 ; in borrowed words, p, b. The letter B is very ditficult for the Haidas to pronounce. If they wish to say "6ig," they invariably say "/)ig." * . ■" ■ The Indians are unable to pronounce F and V correctly. When they wish to say Fictoria, i;inegar, /lute, /lour, /ound." they distinctly pronounce " Victoria, fcinegar, jolute, jolour and ^ound." The lettei-s B, F, P, Q, R and V are usetl only when any English word beginning with one of the above letters is inserted in the JIaidu language. Thus bt t^erge, France tlige, Princegas, Queengas. Vineyar and rabbitge. The old people always pi-onounce the letter B as .L. Thus they say " fabbit, fiver, iice, /um, fifle," for " rabbit, river, rice, rum and rifle."' The young people who attend school are correct in the pronunciation of our English words commencing with K. The letter iT is of frequent occurrence in the Ilaida language, yet when reading the English class books they frequently pi'onounce ^as 6f, and thus they say " yelp " for " Aelp," ■' yeep '' for " Aeep," and " g'\nd " for " Jfcind." When K and Kh are underlined thus K, Kh, they corre.spond to the deej) guttural x i" ^^^ Greek language, or to the th of the German. TI. SYLLABIFICATION. ETC. When two vowels come together they are divided into two syllables, unless they form a diphthong. Da-ung-a, wickedness; Tla-ou-tla-lg. creator ; Lth-ha-a-da, people. Generally the syllable begins with a consonant, and it is advisable, as far as the pronunciation will allow, to always begin with a consonant, as: Lth-ken-kwas-tan,/roy ; Lth-kwuns-nung-ki-shou ho-to. handkerchief- box. The letter G either begins or ends the syllable. When it follows N it must always be pronounced with that letter, and not with the follow- ing syllable, as : Ging-gang-an, worthless. Whenever the G has a stroke above it, it begins a syllable, as Tung a 1th killagung, I thank you; Dalungie, yours ; Talung kwundungun, we heard. Prefixes and affixes are generally divided from the root, as : Sha- nung-itlagidas. Shd and nung are the prefixes of itlagiaas — "the chier Sec. II, 1805. 9. ISO ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA above," i.e.. God ; Dl kwutunge lagnng, Tlie prefix rfi, also the affix Idjung, in divided fi-om the root, and kwutungS remains — kwutunge, heart ; dl, my ; lagung, good; i.e., I am happy. Compound words ai-e also divided into syllables, as : kwut-ung-e-stis, sorrow. When two consonants come together between two vowels they be- long to different syllables, as : Ket-sit-le, constable ; Het-li-sta, lumber ; Hat-gat -shou, i/i/miojf^. )- , - r III. AETICLBS. , " The indefinite article \smnuj, as: nungitlinga. aman ; nung hahutsu, a boy. It is used only in reference to individuals. The adjective su-aunshimg is used in reference to places and things as : No ti swaunshung, , , A house. Lanna ii swaunshung, ^ A toivn. '• ' Staskoga ska swaunshung, A shoe. The definite article amiiig is used in the singular number and refers to individuals only, as : Anung chada, . ' " ' Tliewoman. Anung hahutsu, The boy. Anung itlinga, The man. The definite articles Ith and ga — ge are used in the plural and refer to individuals only : Lth haada, The men. Ga dfiungas ge, The mcked. Lth chaada, The women. Ga las ge, The good. Lth hahudila, The children. Ga kutungaa ge, The wise. A (kin) isis is used in reference to things only. , A kin isis lagung, The things are good. A koglna isis lagung, The books are good. A kodels isis kladskagung, 2'he coals are strong. Sometimes d lth isis is used as the definite article in reference to individuals. A lth hiaJe isis daungang, The men are wicked 2. lth hahudila isis konung yuangung, Tfie children art very foolish. A lth haada isis wautliwan stigung, All the women are ill. IV. NOUNS. A. Number. The noun has two numbers, the singular and plural. The singular and plural forms are not always distinct, and must be determined always by the verb. In pronouns the distributions of singular and plural are accurately shown. Lthkittun. tush, stlik'u and eftit are singular in form, and either singular or plural in application, and the verb only must be the guide. [hahrison] HAIDA GRAMMAR 131 1. Some nouns have a distinct foi'm for the singular and another for the plural. Itlinga, I Man. Itlansidas, - ^ Men. Hahutsu, Boy. Hahudila, > Boy». Hihutsu, Infant. Hlhudilai Infants. Chada, Woman. Chaada, Women . Kwutsuwau, Hill. Kwouwange, HUh. Shalang, Hymn. Saalungai, Hymnt. Kwai, Aung, Chaa, Ou, ' . Kitzad, Chti, Hanlth yuans, Kuwe tumzu, Jing, Some also havo a different termination, as : Elder brother. Kwaialung, FatJier. ^ungaluDg. Sister. Chasalung, Mother. Oualung, Servant. Kitzadalung, Wife. Chaalung, Flood. Hanlth yuandas, Road. Kuwe tumdalast Long. Jinda, Elder brothers. Fatfiers. Sisters. Mothers. Servants, Wives. Floods. Roads. Long. 3. Plurals are also formed from singulars by the suffix — ih-ag. Ketsitle, Kwolthtale, Tougfinle, Lthfiangwile, Haelthtale, Skadadale, Constable. Tliief. Gardener. Workman. Fighter. Teacher. K Gisitle-ilung, Kwolthtale-ilung, Touganle-ilung, Lth aang w i le-ilung, Haelthtale-ilung, Skadadale-ilung, 4. The plural is also formed by prefixes and suffixes. Nung ga nungtl itasisu, Nung daungas, Hetgwaulana, Nung Itlagidas, Nung yetas, Nung kilthkadungas, Ga gahatijan ge, Ga daungas ge, Ga hetgwaulanagas ge, Ga itlagidas ge, Ga yetas ge, Ga kilthkadungas ge, Constables. Thieves. Gardeners. Workmen. Fighters. Teachers. Disciples. Wicked men. Devils. Chiefs. Believers. Liars. Disciple. An evil man. Devil. Chiff. A believer. A liar. 6. The plural is formed by adding -e, as : Askaskit, Hours. Askaskite, Hours. Sbantlane, Day. Shantlane, Days. Kung, Month. Kunge, Months. Tad, Year. Tade, Years. 6. Many singular nouns admit of no plural form, as : Tagwia, Power. Lage, Goodness. Dala, SUver. Kwutungestis, Grief. Giatlinge, News. Kasotouho, Gumstick. Kwutunge kladeka. Brave. Dela, Rain. Kwutungetlakwida, Trouble. B. Case. In Haida nouns the case endings are two, the nominative and geni- tive, which express, however, three relations, those of the nominative, 132 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA accusative, and genitive. The nominative and accusative are the subject and object of the sentence, and the genitive denotes poascssion. The nominative or subjective case, is used when the noun or pronoun refers to the source or author of an act, as : Sha .stata dclgugung, it rains from heaven. Sha is the nominative and denotes the source from which the rain comes. John adshi auithkaaungv/g tlaoutlaiang, John made this chair ; John is the non.inative. Tane saats yuangung, the bear is very wild; Tane is the nominative in the sentence. - ;, ' The accusative or objective case marlcs the object of a verb distinctly, as : Tlaou stlik'u tigun, I killed the land otter. ^ Kasotouho 11 kwolthtagun, He stole the lamp. Wou koglna di ou dl gaistagun, My mother gave me that book. We thus see that stlik'u (land otter), li&sotouho (lamp), and kofflna (book) are the objects referred to distinctly by the verbs, and are in the accusative case. Gi6 is used to denote the genitive of possession, as : " God is the owner of the book," " Lucy is the owner of the hat," " The nest belongs to the raven:" Shalana gie kogina, Ood's book. , , . Lucy git' tatjingt', Lucy's hat. Yetlth gif Ithtelge, - ' ' Raven's nest. In pronouns we have three cases, as : Laha, He. Ltlia, They. Laou, Him. Ltliagiou, Theirs. Lagiou, , His. Watallias, Them. The adjectives and participles, as in English, have no case endings. C. Gendep, Gender is the distinction of nouns v ith regard to sex. The adjectives, participles, and verbs do not denote gander. Gender is expressed : L By jjrefixes, as : Lth oahudila, Children. Lth cbaada hudlla, Girls. Lib bahudila, Children. Itlansida budila, Boys. Haldunga, Slave. Lth cliada haldunga, A female slave. Ga Itbaangwilas ge, Workers. Lth chaada IthaangwiL age, Workwomen. Ga daungas ge, The vncked. Itlanhida daungas, Wicked men. Itan innas, Young people. Nung chada itan innas. A young woman. 2. By suffixes. Tfin, Bear. Tan chada, A female bear. Tan, Bear. Tan itlinga, A male bear. Skou, Poultry. Skou chada, Hen. Kitzadalung, Servants. Kitzadalung chaadaai, Female servants. Ettit, Bird. Ettit itlinga, The male bird. Lthkittua, Ooote. Ltbkittun itlinga, A gander. [Harrison] IIAIDA GRAMMAR 133 3. By the use of a distinct word, as Chas, Skun, Ou, Juniin, ■ * Niini, ' \ Gwudjan, The girl, when addi'essing her calls him Aumj : Di aung di an kwutunge lagung, Di hat daung yuangung, Aung unga a 1th kaiitshang, Hat unga telga 1th kingung, Sister, Dfia, Brother. Aunt. Kfige, , , - Uncle. Mother. Aung, Father. Muthcr-in-law. Kwunnfi, Father-in-law Qrandmother. Chinna, , . ; Grandfather. Daunhter, Kit, Son. "ather, calls him Hat, and the boy My father is pleased mth me. My father is very wicked. I will go unto my father. I hate my father. • D. Classes of Nouns. Nouns are names of places, pei-sons, and things, as Places. Persons. Things. JtThina, Gold Harbour. James. Kwal. Tobacco. Nekwun, Rose Spit. Cowhoe. Tatjinge, Hat. Kaisgwaia, North Island. Weha. Stlik'u, Land otter Killasu, Fort Simpson. Thomas. Tush, Cat. Uttiwas, Masset. Haias. Takioun, Carpet. Tlaihtt, Skidegate. William. Shibili, Flour. Nouns are also classified as proper, common, and abstract. Proper Nouns. Proper nouns designate individual places, pei-sons, and things, as : Victoria tlige, Victoria; .John, Peter; Shibili, Flour; Hinho, Turnip; Sku-shit, Potato; Kasotouho, Lamp; Swauna, Brother-in-law ; Stlaidi- gwAU, Mosquito ; Skw\i\, Porpoise; Skuntlou, ^4. j^/ane. Common Nouns. When we speak of all the things of the same kind we use always the common noun, as : TIb, Rorkbound coast. Lth hilada, Men. Kwaune, Farseal Tane, Bears. Tlaihu, TJiread. Gioung, Cotton. Ketsitleilung, Constables. Hai'u, Halibut. Nouns of quality are also used to show the number, measui-e, and weight of anything, as : Kodets cbi stung, Two coats. Shibili kaskastatla swaunshung, One pound of flour, Gioung daskaskit swaunshung. One yard of cotton. Skushlt kktn sis stung, Two sacks of potatoes. Kasotouho kwidouwe ska staushung, Four measures of " coal oU." Kutiijou tia swaunshung, One axe. 184 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA Tagwia, Kutunga, Kinglelth, Abstract Nouns. Strength. Kw'">tal, Wiidom. Daunga, Spring. KwutungOtlakwlda, El. Dfrivation of Nouns. Death. Wickedness. Trouble. 1. A few of the Haida nouns are formed from verbs, as : Tlaou kwidung, i meamre. Kwidoule, A measurer. TIaou ketsitang, 1 prelect. Ketoitle, Protector. Tlaou tlinalungung, I cook. Tlinaluuglr", Cook. Tlaou skadang, I learn. Skadale, Scholar. Tlaou akadadang, I teach. Skadadiile, Teacher Tlaou giasougung, Ipay. Giaaougunungale, Collector of money. Tlaou Itha guk guBbugung , 1 preach. Ltha guk guahsule, Preaclier. Tlaou waddang, IkU. Waddale, Storekeeper. Tlaou kwolthtang, I steal. Kwolthtale, Thief. Tuman 1th kingung, I take care of. Tuman nung kings, Steward. Tlige 1th kwidung, I survey. Tilga kwidoule. Surveyor. 2. Wo have also nouns formed from other nouns by the suffix -ti. Tougan, Garden. Touganle, Gardener. Kontluwe, BoaL Kontluwele, . ■ Boatman. Lthaangwil, Work. Lthaangwile , Workman, Kutiljou, Axe. Ku til joule, Axeman. Katkinganu, Bell. Katkinganle, Bdlringer . Dala. Money. Dalale, Banker. Ne, House. Nele, Householder. 3. Also nouns are formed from other nouns by the suffix -ne. Singelthkanggusbou, Prayer. Singelthk anggiishoune , Church. Nang, Play. Nangne, Play-house, theatre. Koglna, Book. Koginane, lAbrary. Tlinalung, Cook. Tlinalungne, Kitch.m. Kiutan, Horse. Kiutanne, Statu. Katsou, Song. Kataoune, Music hall. 4. Place nouns are formed by the affix alltzan, as : Tlaou tidang, liieep. • Tlaou zing unga kokopitung, I gnash. Tlaou iching, lam. TaluDg naangung, We dwell. Zanowe talung skinanung ang, We cut u>ood. Talnng istiedang, We go. TlTtzan Ithatldas, Sleeping-place. Tlltzan Iba zing unga kukopitaa, Where there is gnashing. Tlltzan 1th isis, Whetr 1 am. Tlitzan talung naans, Our d' Ming pi ace. Tlltzan zanowe talung sbinanunguns, WTiere we chop wood. Tlitsan talung istiedas, Where vie go, i.e. our destination. [harhison] HAIDA GRAMMAR 138 5. We have a)so nouns formed from omitting the last syllable of the verb, as : verbs by prefixing nung and Tlaou kwoyadung, Tlaoii baelthtang, Tlaou kwolthtang, Tlaou tumankingung, Tlaou kagung, Di stigung, Hove. Jftght- Itieai. I take care of. I walk. 1 am ill. Nung kwoyudaSi Nung haeltbtas, Nung kwolthtaa, Nung tumaakings, Nung kiis, Nung 8ti8, A lover. A fightef. A thief. A caretaker. A eVilker. A sick person. 6. If in the plural, the word ga is verb, as : Talun istaife ng, - Weivalk. Talung tlitang, " '• We kill. Talung yetang, We believe. Talung krUungagung, We write. Talung kwoyadung, We love. Itil daungang, We are wicked. ftil lagung, We are good. prefixed and (je affixed to the 6a istals ge, Ga tlitas ge, Ga yetas ge, Ga kalungas ge, Ga kwoyudas ge. Ga diiungas ge, Ga Ifus ge, The walkers. The murderers. The believers. The scribes. The lover. Tfie vAcked. The good. T. Nouns are alsc formed by the prefix Itha, and the omission of the last syllable of the verb. Only used in the plural. Talung telgakingung. We hate. Telga Itha kings, TUe enemies. Dalung istlagung. You come. Ltha istlils ge, }'^]t^'^Zted Lthakwutungekladskagung, They are brave. Lthakwuntungekladska*, The brave. Dalung haagagung. Ye are weak. Ltha haagas, The weak. Ltha stigung. They are ill. Lthastie, The sick. ftil tagwiagung. We are strong. Ltha tagwifia, The strong. V. PRONOUNS. A. Personal Pronouns. 1. Personal Nominative Pronouns. Tlaou, Laou, Talung, Ltha, JLaou is also used for the thini person plural if only a few persons or things are referred to, and the difference is shown by the verb. I/aou is also common for both the masculine and feminine genders thii-d person singular. J. Dahou, Thou. He, she. Ou It. We. Dalung, Ye They. Di, La, Dalung, 2. Personal Objective Pronouns. Me. Daha, Thee. Him. itil, Us. Ye. Wataltas, Them 186 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA I'ossfissive Pronouns. My, Dung, . DI My, Dung, ; Your. II, V / His,her»,it». Itil, Ours, Dalung, Yours, Ltha, Theirs. II is also used for the third person plural if only a few persons or things are referred to, and the difference between the third person aingular and II. the third pei-Hon plural is shown by the verb. 3. Jtcjiexive Possessive Pronouns. _ My own. Kiaiiin, Lagiou, Dalungiou, Your own. Giang, Dungiou, - Itilgiou, Our own. Lthagiou, Their ovn. Lagiou is also used for the third pereon plural if only a few persons Mine. His oum,her own. Your own. are referred to. 4. Definite Possessive Pronouns. Di na, Mine. Danga, Yoitrs. Langa, His, hers. ' Itlanga, Us. Oalanga, -■ I ■ ■' Yours, Lthanga, 5. Objective Pronouns. Their. Di-a, "■_-. • To me. Daha, Thee. Laha, " ' ' ^ Him. jv Itla, Us. Dalungti, ■ J ■.; Ye, Uhaa, B. Relative Pronouns. Them. Kistho, Who. (Singular.) Kitildou, Who. (Plur Atlanis, This one. (Not visible.) Ashge, Time. Althsge, These. (Not visible.) Washge, Those. Kinaso, Which Adsbi, This. Wadshi, That. Hinu, As, thus. Tliku, What, C. as. Demonstrative Pronouns. Anis, This. Refers to persons only • Wunis, That. U (1 II Adaltas, These. U II l( Wadaltas, Those. l( i Ou kin isis, These. Refers to things only Wou kin isis, Those. 11 II ii Ougus, These. II 1 II "Wougus, Those. II II II Ashge, These. II II II Washge, Those. II .1 II Tliku, What, as. Hinu, As. thus. Kingan, Same as. Waikingan, The same. Kwatkingan, Selfsame. Refers to things only. [HARRISON*] IS HAIDA GRAMMAR D. Interhooative Pronouns. 187 (Hlogular.) Kistho. Wkof Mushu, WfMtf Kishgaiu, Which f (Plural.) Klatagioi, Whonef (Singular.) Kislu, Hew many, how f Kasin tatjinged gu dung istatlang? Kislu tluwt' danga giagagung ? Kitildou, Who t Kinasu, Which f Kasino, How, what f Kitildagiou, Wlwfet (Plural.) (Singular.) (Plural.) What hat do you want t How big it your canoe f E. Ueklexive Pronouns. The reflexive pronoun is formed by adding ayung to the personal pronoun, um : Tlaou agung, / myKlf. Dahou agung, Yourself. Laouagnng, Himself. Agung talung, Ourselves. Agung daliing, Yourselves. Agung laou or ugung Itha. Tliemselves. •' ■ F. Eeciprocal Pronouns. Gwuda taking (kwoyudung), We love one another. Gwuda dalung (kwdyadung), Ye " " " Gwuda Itha (kwnya Jung), Thfy " " " Ct. Indekincte and Distributive Pronouns. Ki nhfin, Lth wautliwan hanu, Tlinashan, Kuoi tlinashan, Kalat, Adda, Kinasu, Ailshi isken waigen kalat ishin, Tliku kfilungasi han, Tliku kalunge edsi lian, Swaunshung, Ga kalat, Ga adda. Examples of Possess Kiagin u iching, Dangioulching, Lagiou Iching, Itilgiou Tubing, Dalungiou iching, Lthagiou iching, Kiagin ne u iching, TatjingG ith ungaista, Dungiou kodetse lagung, Lagiou kogina daungang, Itilgiou kum langung, Dalungiou statilthdouwe kigagung, Lthagiou staskoga kladskagung. Any. Each one. Either. Neither. Other. Other. Which of two. Both one and the other. Of any lort. Of any size. One. Others. Others. ive Pronouns. It is mine- It is yours. It is his. It is our9. It is yours. It is theirs. It is my hcmse. Get your hat. Your coat is good. His book is bad. Ours is no good . Your stockings are worn out. Their boots are strong. 188 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA NoTB. — Uni/d inny Ik- usi'd only when tho Hubjovft is doing iHomething to or with hiH own gootin or iviutionH und it hoH the full posHonsive ibrce. Aung unga a Ith kautshang, Kfitiljou althgwi unga Ith iata, Kit unga Ith kwnyudung, Tliga unga gwi Itha stilgun, N(> gwi unga 1th stilgung, Kwutungi> unga 1th kladskads, / will go unlo my faUier, Bring your own axe. Hove my chxld. They returned to their own, country. I return home, e.g. to my aivn house. Strengtlien your hearts. General Examples. Kistho Idling ? Tlaou iching, Gushgu dung istang? Kwul gu dung du us? Kistho dung iching ? Tlaou James irhing, Kinasu ga dung istatlung? Kishgaiu ga il istatlang 7 Nung kalat M p,& 1th ista, Kum nung kalat 1th daangung, Itil kinganu il edung, Lth haada titcL daungang, Who is it f It is I. What are you doing f Have yon any tobacco f Who are you t I am James. Which {of two) do you want f Which (of many) does he want t Oive me tlie oilier. 1 liave no other. He is like un. Some of the people are wicked. vr. ADjK(rrivEs. An adjective denotes a quality appended to the noun without stating definitely that the quality belongs to it. The position of the adjective in a sentence is always after the noun. Nung itlinga la. A man good. Kogina fttaia. Paper ilAtn. Staskoga kladaka. Book strong. Tatjinge houtla Hat new. Kogina dannga. Book bad. (iioung s'het. Cotton red. In very many languages this agreement is shown by the termination. bat it is not so in the Haida. The adjectives in this language chiefly terminate with a. and most of the nouns have the same ending, and thup, in a slight degree, the adjectives may be said to be of the same genf'.er, number, and case as the nouns. Adjectives are classified as definitive, qualitative and quantitative. 1. Definitive adjectives denote a thing from its class, 'tnd thus the indefinite and definite articles are also called adjectives : ^ung itlinga, A man. Adsbi koglnai This book. Lagiou skatlangwe, His cup. Dalungiou aiulthkaaungwe, Four seeds. Itilgiou staskoga, Our boots. Anung itlingas, Wou lapatoe isis, Dungiou kasotouho, Ltbagiou kiutane. AnuDg chadaa The man. That sfieep. Your lamp. Tlieir horses. The woman. [lIAKRieoN] HAIDA GRAMMAR 189 2. Qualitative adjectivoM denote the quality of the nouns, as: Nung itlinga kutuagas, Kwutungi' skela. A man wise. Nung chadazuejing. A woman tall. Kodets giinga. Coat thick. Heart unclean, 8hant1an dilunga. Day bad, Statiltlidou la yuan. Stockingt good very. 3. When wo wish to distinguish anything according to its number either definitely, indetinitoly, or distributivoly, we use the quantitative adjective, as : LthOada klalth, ten men. This denotes the definite number. Ksdets gu hutsu, a few roat.'<. This denotes the indefinite number. Dalung wautliwan, all of you. This is used distributively. Examples. Nung chada daunga. Takioun la. A woman had, Koglna kutungas. Book wite. Hangi skela. Face dirty. Chada, takioun, koglna. Carpet good. Kilkladska. Voice xtrong. Kwutunge skwnna. Heart clean. kil, hanyi and kwutunge are nouns, and d&unga. Id, kutungas, kladska, skela, and skwuna are adjectives denot- ing the quality or importance of each noun. r ' Examples. Laca nung hahutsu duunga iching. He a boy wicked tK Itil 1th haada kutungas kum kin daunga istic da kwudungangung. We the men wise not thing wicked do to wish. Talung gushou ginggangau eds kwoyadagungung. We talk worthless are loving. Thus nung hahutsu daunga, Ith haOda kutungas, and gUshou ging- gangau eds ai*e used to denote the quality of the pronouns laou, Itil and talung. 4. Comparison. There are three usual degrees of comparison, the positive, the com- parative and the superlative. A. COMPAEATIVE DEGEBB. The comparative is formed by adding edtmg to the stem or root. POBITIVB. Dauaga, Bad, La, Oood. Jing, Far. Jingelgung, LcOe. Houla, Sweet. Hougut, Bitter. COMPABATIVB. Daunga edung, La edung, Jinga edung, Jingelth edung, Houla edu.ig, Hougut edung, Worse. Better. Farther. Later. Sweeter. More hitter. 140 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2. The comparative i'* soinetimow forinod by prcHxin^ icauhamja&f \o tlu! positivn (lo^n-o. uh : . POBITIVE. COMPAHATCVB. Hutsn, Small, Watiliangaat i liuton. Klian^ta, ' Tiny. Waulianttaat i khanga. Sutsu, Little. Wauhangast i sfitau. 8. Tlu> cnmpiirntivo is uIko formed by the prefix irautelffu. Kwan, Many. Wauteliin kwan, More. Duunga, Near. Wautelgii dunnga, Nearer. Yuan, JHg, Great. Wantelgu yuan, Greater, Bigger. Kwunan, Much. Wautelgn kwan yuan, More. Lagung, Good. Wautelgn lagung. Better. Wautelgu waigen houshen wautelga, More ojid more, 4. Kinij&n is (sometimes added to the positive degi-ee iind makes the comparative, iis : , . Positive. CoMPARAxiva ' Ilet, Low, lli't kingiin. Lower. Hi-nung, Lov: Hi'nung kingan, Lower. Sbfi, High. Sbfi kingan, Higher. Kiakgust, Outride- Kiakgust kingan, Outer. Otgwau, La»t. Otgwau kingan. Lant. 5. The irregular comparatives are : Positive. Kla, Old. Kia, Out. Gu butau, Kwunna, Few, First. Ostla, Fore Itan kingan. Fore. B. SUI 1. The super iatative is root, as : Positive). Kia, Old Kill, Out. Gu butsui Few. Het, Lou'. Henung, Sba, Sinung, Yuan, Low. High. High. Great Daunga, La, Bad. Good. Jinga, Wadsbgwau, Jingelguug, tar. Far. Late. COMFARATIVK Klasitli, Older, Kiakgust kingan, Outer, Utter. Gu Bfitau, Fewer. Lag list, Next, Giist, Former. Refers to jsfroon* only. Awoltb, Former. Refers to tke iiortl, or, J.aou diiiinga I sitlthtigung, He is ihe worst. TliigH jliiga ii il kaiitan, He has gone into a far counlry. Dung jiiigt'lth sitlthtigung, Yott, are the latest or last. ly- he ' Sui'KHI-ATlVa ',(;,;, Kiaaitlignng, kidilangada, ; Kiakgustagwi, Outermost, Ostlie, Gh sitlthllgung, Ilet agwi, . Henung agwi, • ^ 8ha agwi, • ■ -^ , ' , ■ . Sinung agwi, . ' ;. Wautelgu agwi yuan, Daunga sitlthllgung, ■;:;'-';">■: J Lu sitlthllgung, Jinga sitlthllgung or Jingelth sitlthllgung, Otgwau agwi, Yakwultan, Katlthuzu, Tlagln, Wauhangast agwi suga, wauhangastagwi hutsu, Wauhangast agwi sutsu, Wautelgu agwi kwan, V/autelgu agwi kwan yuan, AVautelgu agwi duunga, Ostla refers to persons only, also its com degrees. Itan kingan, awolth., and tlagln refer to time Eldest. Utmost. Fewest. Lowest. Highest, Highest, Highest, Greatest, •- Worst, Best, Latest. The very lust. Nearest. Foremost. Foremost. Most. Most. Most, Nearest. parative and suijerlativo ; only. 6. Indef[nite Numerals. Wautliwan, All, Ltha wautliwan hanu, Each. Kwan, Many, Kinhtln, Any. Kwailelthldung, Enough, Idang, Enough. Titch, 507716. Tlinashan, Either. Chikun. Several. Gwudilaud, Divers. Suhulsus, I'-w. Stungan, Both. Itli, Certain. Staidung, Enough. The above ai"e called adjectives and are applied only to quantity and numbers, as : Lth haada wautliwan, All people. Stungan daungang, Both are wicked. 142 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA Lth haada gwudila ed stigun^, Ltba wautliwan lianu dl ga lth ista, Lth haada kwan 1th kingiing, Kin gn hutsus swatinan liigung, Lth huadaitll skunzalung yuanguDg, Tlinashan gu dung istatlatig, Kodets titch swaunan kladskfigung, Divers people are ill. Give me each one. I see many people. Only a few things are good. Certain people are very lazy. Do you ward either oj them. A few coats only are strong. 6. Definite Numerals. CARDINALS. CARDINALS. Swaunshung, One. Lthuunilth, »x. Stung, Two. Chigwan, Seven. Lth'ur.ilth, Three. Stanshaii'iii, Eight Stanshung, Four. Klalthswuiisingu, Nine. Klelth, tire. Klaalth. Ten. The numbers above ten are formed by adtling one. two. three, &c. the numeral ten as : to Klalth wok swaunshung, Eleven, Klalth wok stunj: Twelve. Klallh wok Ith'unilth, Thirteen. Klalth wok stanshung, Fourteen. Klalth wok klelth, Fifteen. Klalth woU lthuunilth, Sixteen. Klalth wok chigwau, Seventeen, Klalth wok atanshanga, Eighteen. Klfilih wok klalthswansingu, Nineteen. Kliilo stung, Twenty. Sometimes lagicau suuiunshunij is used for '■ Twenty." The numbers above twenty are formed by adding one. two, three, &c , to twenty, as : Lagwau swaunshung wok swaunshung, Lagwau swaunshung wok stung, Lagwau swaunshung wok Ith'unilth, Lagwau swaunshung wok stanshung, '^ Lagwau swaunshung wok klelth, &c., Klale Ith'unilth, Klale Ith'unilth wok swaunshung, Klale Ith'unilth wok stung, etc,, Lagwau stung, Lagwau stung wok swaunshung, Lagwau stung wok stung, &c., Klale klelth, Klale klelth wok swaunshung, Klale Llelth wok stung, &c,, Lagwau Ith'unilth, Lagwau Ith'unilth wok swaunshung, Lagwau Ith'unilth wok slung, «&c., Klale chigwau. Klale chigwau wok swaunshung, Klale chigwau wok stung, &c., Lagwau stanshung, Lagwau stanshung wok swaunshung, Lagwau stanshung wok stung, &c.. Tiventy-one, Twenty-two. Twenty-three. Twenty-four. Twenty-five, etc. Thirty. Thirty-one. Thirty-two, etc. Forty. Forty-one. Forty-two, etc. Fifty. Fifty-one. Fifty-two, etc. Sixty. Sixty-one. Sixty-two. Seventy. Seventy-one. Seventy-two, etc. Eighty. Eighty-one. Eighly-tuo, etc. [harribon] HAIDA GRAMMAR 143 Klale kldlthewansingu, KlaU' klrilthsw-ansingu wok swaunshung, Kliile klfilthawansingu wok stung, &c., Lagwau klelth, Lagwau klolth wok swauushung, Lagwau klelth wok stung, Lagwau klelth wok klfilth, Lagwau Ithuunilth, Lagwau Ithuunilth wok klfilth, Lagwau chigwau, Lagwau chigwau wok klalth, Lagwau stanshanga, Lagwau stanshanga wok kliiltb, Lagwau kliilthswansingu, Lagwau klnlthswansingu wok klalth, Lagwau klalth, Lagwau klalth wok lagwau klelth, Lagwau klale stung, Lagwau klale stung wok lagwau klelth, Lagwau klale Ith'unilth, Lagwau klale Ith'unilth wok lagwau klelth, Lagwau klule stanshung, Lagwau kliile stanshung wok lagwau klelth, Ninety. Ninety-one. Ninety-two, etc. One hundred. One hundred and one. One hundred and two. One hundred and ten. One hundred and twenty. One hundred and thirty. One hundred and forty. One hundred and fifty. One hundred and sixty. One hundred and seventy. One hundred and eighty. One hundred and ninety. Two hundred. Three hundred. ^ Four hundred. Five hundred. - •.. tiix hundred. Seven hundred. ' Eight hundred. 2 ine hundred. One thouaand. , Lagwau klale klelth, .-. If more than a thousand is required to be expressed the Indians generally say hujwau klale kwan. i.e. "more than can be counted," as they are so numerous. • ' •• 7. Numeral Prefixes. Each numeral has a prefix or middle word. This prefix varies according to the noun with which it is connected, and distinguishes the articles referred to as square, thick, round, etc. In point of fact it is used to denote the quality of the noun to which it is attached. 1. K'\ is used to denote "anything round," as : Dala *i swaunshung, r ' ; One dollar. Watchge M stung, « . ,^ Two witches. Shibili huga Ai Ith'unilth, ; Three loaves of In eaid. Kasotouho A;i swaunshung. One lamp. Gilk Ai klfclth, One biscuit. Sa refers to "hymns, whips," etc. !v • Shalang sa swaunshung, One hymn. Staskoga dunsuavve sa swaunshung, One bootlace. Kiiwe sa stanshung. Four roads, Saalungai sa klelth, Five hymns. Kiutan skidangwe sa klalth. Ten whips. Goudjou or gudjou sa klelth. Five drums. 3. Ti i-efors to " houses, brushes, and waves." Ne ti stung, Tuio houses, Tlakioudal ti klelth. Five brushes. Lu ti stanshnng, Four waves, . IB" 144 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA . 4. Saasgud refers to " time " only Minute saasgud, One minute. Askaskit saasgud, Sin saasaud, One day. Sundiga saagud, Kung saaagud, One month. Tada saasgud, 5. Saaskwan rcfew to •• laud, luinbev,' &e. Tligo stung saaakwan, Two pieces of land. Ilnige saaskwan, One village. Zu saaskwan, • One piece of cedar. Heilista saaskwan, \ One piece of lumber. KwulungG saaskwan, One whole heart. Kwai saaskwan, .. One entire rope. (J. Tliiskwan refers to " the body, clothes," &c. Tlu tliskwan, Kin giandas tliskwan, Chin glinanda tliskwan, Ettit tliskwan, 7. Ta refers to " ropes "' only. Kwai ta stung, Kwai ta klallh, Kwai ta chigwau, 8. Chi refers to "the hands, feet," &c. One body. One suit of clothes. One salmon. One bird. Two ropes. Ten r> pes. Seven ropes. Two tiands. Five feet. Three devilfish. One nose. Four vests. Eight sacks of flour. One hour. One week. One year. Stle chi stung, Stai chi klelth. ■..- ', ^ Nu chi Ith'finiith, V - ' Kwun chi swaunshung, Skwustou clii stanshung, '*' Shibili gwaulu clii stansiianga, 9. Ska refei-s to " the eye, eggs, boots," &t'. Hangi ska swaunshung. One eye. Staskoga skii stung, C hiku ska Ith'uniltli, Three guns. Kbou ska stanshung, Kalunge ska klelth, Fire pencils. Stlin ska Ithuunilth, 10. Gu refers to " hats, buttons," &c. Tatjing gu chigwau, • Seven hats. Gulang gu stan^hanga, Eight buttons. Haiu gu klalthswansingu. Nine halibut. ■ Cida gnu alfdth, Ten mothers of halibut. Dila hinawo gu Ith'unilth, Three half dollars. Chin yilla gu stung. Two dry salmon, 11. Tu I'efers to " spoons and fans." Yhitou tu klalth. Ten fans. Stlagwal tu klale stung, 12. A refei-s to " villages, plates," &c. Kelthka a stung, Two plates, Lnnna a klelth, Five vtllagea. Kuwe a Ith'unilth, Three doors. Basket gc- a chigwau, Seven baskets. Hetlista a stanshanga. Eight pieces of lumber. Headla a klalth, Tin buckelr. T^vo boots. Four eggs. Six needles. t ... ... " Twenty spoon t. [habbison] HAIDA GRAMMAR 143 i 1 13. Sis refers to " boxes, shirts, &c. Hot sis swaunshung, One box. Kodets sis stung, Two coats. Sistlang sis Ith'unilth, Three pans. Kodets katli sis stanshiing, Four shirts. Hankwute sis klelth, Mve kettles. Zanddan sis Ithuunilth, Six stoves. 14. Tla refers to " breeches, stockings," &c. Kwune tla chigwau, Tladinijinge tla stanshanga, Statilthdou tla klalthswansingu, Yatz tlincanda tla kidlth, Kutiljo' stung, Kwul t. Clth, 15, Lth'ka refers to " beds, tables," &c. Seven pair of breeches. Eight pictures. Nine stockings. Ten pieces of iron. Two axes. Five plugs of tobacco. Four beds. Seven tables. Ten pieces of fire wood. One chair. Two forks. Six candlesticks. as : Tidan lth'ka ptanshung, Tablege lth'ka chigwau, Zanoe lth'ka klalth, Aulthkaaungwe lth'ka swaunshung, Gatou lth'ka stung, Kasotouho kiiasi ):h'ka Ithuunilth, 16. A few irregular prefixes and adjectives are ; Tokwuntlo ku klelth, Mve matches. Stai kiskwan, ' One hand Ne tiskwan, One home. ' Churchnige tiskwan, Whole church. Schoolnige tiskwan, Whole school Tlikalthdou kasku. Whole steel. Stle chiskwan, One hand- Kalk kiskwan, One bottle. 17. There are also a few in-egular comparative and superlative degrees Kwaun Kwaunglaila, Kwaun hutsu, Kwaun sutsu, Kwaun tlakona, Ou iskona ? TIT gu yesgaga ? Tilliltlagaga? Furseal, Medium size furseal. Small furseal. Smallest furseal. Large furseal. Is it larger f j Is it bigger f Is he bigger f Hot, Hot siskona, Hot saisilla, Hot hutsu, Hot sutsu, Box. Large box. Medium size box. Small box. Smallest box. Examples of Adjectives. Nung itlinga la il Iching, Anung chadas kutunga gung, Nung itlinga la yuan dung iching, Adshi kodets olthilth gung, Ltha telgu il lagung, Di telgu il Iching, He is a good man. The unmaa is wise. You are a very good man. This coal is green. He is better than th'y. He is stronger than. Sec. 1 1., 1895. 10 146 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA Dung telgu il zui jingung, Adshi wautelgu Ifi sitlthllgung, Adshi wauhangast agwi Odung, Laou dfiunga sitlthllgimg, Anung hiihutsu kutunga sitlthllgung, Itil kwutUDgC'sti yuan gung, Tada saasgud di stiguii, ^ Ne ti swaunahung 1th daang, Gudjou sa kli'lth 1th dakgun, Dalfi ki stung dung ga 1th istashang Sistlang sis kli-lth ga di istatlang, Kwaun glaiila di ga 1th ista, He if better than you. This in the best. This is the least. He is the worst. This is the wisest plan. We are veri/ sorry. I iva» sick one day. I have four horses. I bought five drums. 1 shall give you two dollars. 1 want five kettles- Give me the medium sized furseal. VII. ADVEEBS. 1. Adrerbs of Time. Itan, Then. Wrata, Now. Awolth, Formerly. Silid, After. Wadla, Afterwards. Kwai amzawan, Presently. Houitang, Immediately. Ttanan, Soon. Elthki, Already. *,; Kwunast, Before. Aiata, To-day. Adfitlth, Yesterday Adatlthstlo, To-morrow. Tllsthian, Betimes. Tlaglu, Ago. Gust, Next. Examples. Dung 1th kingases silid 1th kaiitshang, Weata di sti yuangung, Awolth dl daungang di tlou weata lagung, Di talthtlat tlagang itan dung ta 1th tliitsang, Houitang 1th ka, waigen wadla di dung kingasang, Adatlth la 1th kinguni, aiata tlou kum lil 1th kingaogun, adatlthstlo houshen la 1th kingasang, Itanan 1th Ithaangwilashang, Tlaglu agwi Jesus itil hagunan kwdtalang, Laou kfitliigang kwunast dl kwutunge lagang, Kwai amzawan kin dung ga 1th istashang, Tllstluan il tagwiagUDgung, I shall go after I see yotu 1 am nmii very ill. Formerly I was wicked, but now 1 am good. Help me first, then 1 tvill assist you. Go immediately, and you mil see me after- wards . I sare him yesterday, but I have not seen him to-day. To-morrow I shall see him again. I shall soon go to work. Jesus died for our sins a long time ago. I was happy before he came. 1 will give it to you presently. Betimes he is strong. Edgu, Always, Tlaa, Long. 2. Duration of Time. Swaunung, Ever. Kum tliku, Never. Hanskit, Continually. Houan, Awhile. [HARRISON] IIAIDA GRAMMAR Examples. 147 Waikingfin il eilgfi gung, Laoii hininga awaunung shang, Kum tlikn fidlun il katea tlingu kang gaangung, DT kwdsan hanskitung, Houfin singelthkang talung gftshnguu- dang, Tlmi il atigiin, U^> He is alwaiis the same. He will live for ever. He can never come here. I am coughing continually. While we pray. He lias been a long time ill. 3. Repetition of Time. Gli, Often. Giakut, Sometimes. Lthwoiagll, Afresh. Kinhutia, Seldom. Houahen, Again Gungung, Generally. HoutlaglT, Anew Sinstia, Mostly. Examples. Victoria tlige a 1th kaiit gii gung, Tlaigu tligi' a 1th kaiit hutlang, Houahen dung kange da di kwudun- gung, Giakut di kwutungo daungang, La 1th kingii gungung, Kodeta houtlagll gung, il aaai lthwoiagll gun, DI stia sinatla gITgung, / often go to Victoria. I seldom go to Skidegale, [ wish to see you again. Sometimes my heart is wicked. I generally see him. The coat is always new. His cheek has broken out afresh. I am mostly unwell. 4. Adverbs of Place Q'est in a place). Waudlun, There. Sha, Above. Kiaguat, Without. Adlun, Here. Het, Below. NaguBt, Within. Tliidan, Everywhere. A, In. Kum tliidan, Nowhere. Kwunast, Before. Kia, Out. Ilantia, In front of. VVaua, Yonder. Gla, Behind. Examples. Hantla il kouwang, Waudlun il gi an gung, Shii ataha il katlatfdang, A'um tliidan kang gaangung, Adlun il kouwang, Het gu il iching, Di nagiiat kin daunga iching, Lth hsiada tliidan Iching, Kiaguat il giana lth kingung, itil gla il iching, He sits in front of me. He is standing there . He came from above. It is nmvhere. He sits here. He is below. There is wickedness within me. The people are everywliere. I see him standing without. He is behind tw. 148 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA DI kwnnast il kfiguiig, He jvalkt be/ore me. Adshii ne a i 1 Iching, He is in this house. Kifi 1th is, Oo out. Wauu il IchiDK, Yonder he is. • • 5. Motion to or from a Place. 1 3tt „ To. WadshgH'i Avmy. Adshistiiha, Hence. M, Into. Althgwik, Hither. Wadsiiistaha, Thence. Ga. Unto. Washt, Q:r. sti-ihfi, Forth. Oudlun Thtlher. Sikgang, Upward. Iletgang, Dotmward. Jinga, Far. Duultlikang, Sidewards. Addulthkang, Around. Althla, Wide. Aanan, Kunungwik, Near. Oteltiikang, Forward. Backwards. Waddanige iiu il kugung, Wadshgwi il kaiitang, Stiiha il iehin, Kodetse washt 1th istang, Cburchnige ai il katsagun, Adslii dung ga 1th istang, Adshistuba di lasang, Wadshistuha il katliisang, Althgwik 1th is, Oudlun gu is, Sikgang il katlang, Hetgang il kats jagung, Tlaou addulthkang kingung, Tlaou otelthkang kagung, Laouduulthkang kagung, Talung kunungwik istalgung, Laou tliga jinga gu il Iching^ Di kwulth aaniin il kouwang, Hetgwauge kCiwe althla gung, Examples. He walks to the store. He goes away. He has gone forth. I take off my coat He has come into the church. I bequeath this unto you. Hence I shall be good. " From thence lie will come." Come hither. {Oo) thither. He climbs upviards. He goes with his head downwards. Hook around. I walk backwards. He liKilks sidewards. We walk forward. He is in a far country. He sits near to me. The gates of lull are uide. i- \ '. 6. Adverbs of Quality Denotimj Manner. Hin, Thus. KwutungO kladskas, Boldly. Kladska, Strongly. IIu, So Kutangtlidzudi, Wisely. l.agung, Well. Kwunan, Firmly. Houltang, Quickly. Examples. Hin 1th shuguug, Kwutnngo kladska alth il hfu'lthtagun, Kaiito da di kwudangO kladska gung, Laou lagung, Laou kutangtlidzudang, Houltang 1th itil tatliit, Kwunan il gidsgildagun. Thus I say. Boldly he fought. I strongly desire to go. He is well. Hi acts wisely. Help us quickly. He held it firmly. fc(;«!i [HARRISON] HA IDA GRAMMAR ' !■: <• 'm 1. Adverbs of DcAjree. Yuan, Very. Talgung, Nearly. Sitlthllgiing, Quite. Telgu, More. Yenkien. Exceedingly. Wautelgu agwi, Most. Helotal, Scarcely. Kwudungalthan, Altogether. vVauhangaat ed, The less. Wautelgaed, The more. Gushfig, Almost. Tlan swaunan, Only. Telgu agwi las, Eminently. Examples. Laou la yuan gung, Laou lagelth talgung, Guehfig di il tiaskagun, Skiishit hi-lotal gung, Tlan Shalfma swaunan tagwiiigung, Laou tagwia sitlthligung, Adlun kwudungalthan talung iching, Wautelgu Itil il kwoyfidung, Shalfma wautelgu agwi Ifignng, Wautelga ed di ga il istagun, Wauhangast ga ed la ga il istagun, Yenkien dl kintlingfigung, Laou Itha telgu agwi tagung, He is very good. H" is nearly well. He almost killed me. There are scarcely any potatoes. The Lord only is mighty. He is quite strong again. We are allogtther here. He loves us more. The Lord is most holy. . .' He gave me the more. He gave him the less. I am exceedingly rich. He is eminently worthy. ■ /; 8. Adverbs of Quantity Denoting Measure. Klingan, Little. Idnng, Enough. Kwun, Much. Titch, Somewhat. Tatilzu, Partly. .::,,_', ■ ■. * . E.vamiJles Kwun tlakwida di ga il istagun, Klingan di Ifigelgung, Stti idung, II tItch tagwiagung. Lth haada tatilzu ostan, Laou lagelth daiadung, Hinawe dl ga il istagun, Daiadung, Hinawe, Entirely. Half. He gave me much trouble. I am a little better. . ; It is enough. He is somewhat better. The people are partly gone. He is entirely well. He gave me half. 9. Adverbs Denoting Number. , Sa swaunshunglu, Once. V' Waugud IthMnilth, Threefold. VVaugud stung, Twofold. Otgwau, Finally. Wadla, Secondly. Otgwau agwi, Lastly. Tlagang, Firstly. Stungung, Tunce. Ang, Ahu oh eh, Yes. Surely. 10. Adverbs of Mood. A. Affirm/ TiON. Yensle, Truly. Kwaulthangan, Certainly, 180 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA Examples. Paul gu dung kangfi ? Did you see Paul ? Yengte il kwutungt' unga stilthtang, Kwaulthangan dung shugung, Su tada yuan us? Is livery cold f Daliou gu kaiit us ? Are you going f Ang, Yes Trviy he rej>ents. You certainly said so. Eh Oh, Surely the cold is great. Oh, lam surely going. B. Negation. Kiibano, No. Kum, Kum tliku klingt' kftng gaangung, Not. Chikiang, By no means. Not at all. \^ IS* \ t > E.caviples. James gu dung kiingu ? Did you see James f Kfihauo, No- Kum adshi islie an dl tagwifigung, I am not able to do this. Kalitie ii di chikiang, I can by no means go. Kum tliku il ktiut klinge kfing gakngung, He is not able to go. C. Adverbs Denotino Doubt and Probability. Althlingung, Possibly. Aiakum, Improbably. Aia, Probably. Hangung, Likely. Asingung, Perchance, Perhaps. Bishop 1th kingasfi althlingnng, Aiat gu zanOtluwC' kfitla us ? Klgfini haade tlu istlfi asingung, James Killasu is baugung, Examples. I may possibly see the Bishop. iVill the steamer come to-day f Aia, Probably. Perchance the Kegani people may come. James is likely to be in Fort Simpson. 11. Interrogative Adverbs : Gushu hagunan. Wherefore. Kashintlou, Why. Kishindo, When. Tllstluan, When. Kitlano, Where. Examples. Kashintlou kum la dung kingang udjang ? Kishindo Victoria tlige staha dalung istlitgun ? Gush hagunan cha unga dung dungun ? Why did you not see him f Kitlano gu talung istiedasang ? Wlien did you come from Victoria f Wherefore or why did you put axrny your wife, i.e., why are you divorced or separated f Where shall we go f 12. Adverbs Which Imply Best in a Place. Hetit, Under. Het, Down. Sik, Up. Ijku, On. Telga, Over. Kalthgiid, Through. [Harbison] HAIDA GRAMMAR ISl Exami)les. Hik il katlaiang, Koglne tablegi- inku Iching, SkatlangwC kwultlikadazi telga 1th kfilfmn, TablegO hetit Itba tlfiadanSung, Kit unga swaunshungs lut ga il istaiang, Ne kalthgud il kouungung, He went up. The book is on tfie table. I threw the cup over the fence. They sit under the table. He sent down hi» son. He vianders through the house. Yin. PREPOSITIONS. A| In. Giiu or Gwau, At. Kingan, Aa (sometimes contracted to A), To. Kalthgwid, Tnku, On. Washt, Of. Alth, Aanan, Near. Shfi, Among. Iletit, Tla, Behind. Hagunan, On account of. Kalthknan, Instead of. Aada, According to. Ga, Unto. Throughout. Stahfi, From. With. An, For. Under. Kwunast, Before. Adang, Except. Between. Examples e, lour I or Ne a 1th ista, London aa 1th kaiitsliang, Kigani haadO la yuan gung Masset tlige gwau, Tliku il shus kingun 1th wau'^ung, Sa daunfras gu stahu 1th itil kaginda, Adahi dung ga 1th istashang, Aulthkaaungwe inku 1th kasotouho ista, James isken John ishin aada il kou- wang, Dung alth dl kwutunge lagung, Di an dung Ithaangwilagungung, La kwulth aflnan dung Iching, Lth haada shu il giangung, Jesus Christ kalthgwid itil Shaluna, Aulthkaaungwe hetit hai Iching, Di kwunast il isgii gung, Dalung tla lth kashang, Jesus Itil hagunan kwotalang, Shanungetlagidas Iiil alth is adang kum Itil tagwia tlingan gung, DI kalthkaan il haelthtang. Put it in tJie house. I shall go to London. The Kegani people are very good at Masset. 1 act according to his instructions. Deliver v^ from evil persons, I shall give this to or unto you. Put the lamp on the chair. He sits between James and J'^hn. I am pleased with you. You are working for me. You are near him. . ,• , v He stands among tlie people. Through Jems Christ our Lord. There is a dog under the seat. He is always before me. , . ^V '■ I shall walk behind you. ' , •■ . Jesus on our account {or for our sake) died. Except God be udth us we are powerless. He fights instead of me (or in my place.) own. Waigen, Althla, IX. CONJUNCTIONS. 1. Copulatives. And. Tlistluan, When. Skeu, If. Because- Isken, And. Ishin, Also. Itau, Wou, Then, That. »^ Al t«| ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA Examples. James isken John iahin kwutkingfinu wlung, Tllstluan kin wautliwan dung elihkl- dastlo althkwi 1th is, Dl daluDg kwoyadasken kingwoguns tuman di na 1th kingo, Lfi 1th kwoyfido Itil il kwoyuda tlfigan- gtini althia, Shigili waigen skiishlt dung gi. 1th ietiigun, La an 1th Ithaangwil tlagang itan dung ga il giasouasang, Kitlano wou kogina dung ga istilguni Iching? James and John are alike. You can come when you have finiahed everything. If ye love, me, keep my commandmentt. Love, him because he first tared us, [gave you bread and potatoes. ]Vorkfor him first, then he unit pay you. Where is the book that I gave youf i''. 2. Disjimctives Tlou, But. Houshen, Again. Ishin, Also. Skenan, Although. Tlau swaunan, Only. Adang, Except. Wunisgwau, Or. Anisgwau, Either. James kutungiigung dl tlou kum kutun- gungung, Itil daunga skenan shanungetlagidas Itn kwoyadung, Tlan Peter swaunan tagwifigung, Houshen dung 1th kingasang, Kin la la ga Itb ista kwangun kogina las ishin, Kum houshen adiun 1th katlangshang 1th kaiite dung gwiilasken, Shanunsietlegidas adang kum Ttil swaun tagwiangung, Examjdes. James is wise hut I am not wise. Although we are wicked, yet Qod loves us. Peter only is strong. I shall see you again. I gave him many good things and a good book also. I won't come here again if you wUl let me go. No one is strong except Ood. Andnid or Aclmdid ! Ani. O. Ola ! Ed yhd or Hid Hid ! Ka! , Olang ! Maik! Oland ! ChU kwan yuan / X. INTERJECTIONS. Oh dear ! Used only when suffering intensely. Splendid ! How beautiful ! How pretty I Denote surprise at the great quantity. An expression of disgust. Stop it ! Dill ! For shame, Fie ! (Used by females only.) Fie. Shame! (Used by males only). Eyhd. Shame! Come, Come I KwaiMng ! Lo ! Kwoking ! Behold I Oh ! how many. [hahrison] IIAIDA GRAMMAR 183 Hii delgu yuamjung ! Kvngfi I H\\ Yha\ U! Hou« t ICo! Oh ! how it rains or Oli 1 the big rain ! Oh! how dirty! Refors to the body only. Oil ! how dirty ! Refers to clothes only. An expreHsion of disappointment when anything does not tarn out as expected. 0! Es pression of d alik^lit. An expression jf disgust. Xr. VHRBS. ^ Verbs agree with tht^r Hiibjoot both in number and pereon, and If two or more subjects are conneeted by • and " the verb is in the plural. If one pronoun is attirniativ(* and the other the negative, the verb agrees with the affirmative pronoun. 1. Voice. . Tf we consider an action on the one hand as expressing what any- thing does, or on tlie other iiand as expressing wliat is done to it, we indicate these differences by the Active an The simple assertion that an actionJs done, has been, or will be done is put in the indicative moo(K Thus this mood simply affirms or denies, as : Tlaou haelthtang, Kum 1th kaiitangshang, Tlaou skadadang, Kum laou kdtliyildungangun, . Talung nllgung, Talung kwoyadung, I fight. I will not go. I teach. He was not angry. We drink. We love. . B. Subjunctive Mood. If uncertainty or dependence on something else is expressed we use the Subjunctive Mood. Verbs in this mood are preceded by a conjunction such as : in order that, that, if, &c. They are also preceded or followed by another verb not in the subjunctive. 1BA ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA Examples JeHua kwotulaDij itil 11 kiiifimlit'an, I>i ta dung Mfitatlo dunK ta Ith tluta^antr, Knm dulling yetunstio dalung ^riashang, Dung kil kingun Ith waugung di kagunt'an TIaou kaiitatlo, II kil 1th yetiean, Jem^ died in order that he may mve u». If i/ou hiip me T will help you. If you do not believe, you will lie. lout. I obey youin order that I may he saved. If I go. That I may believe him. C. Conditional Mood. TluH ira|)lieH the poHsibility of an action uiidcr u certain condition cxproHHcd by anotlier viM'b in the tiubjunctivo. Examples. 'Ilaou kwoyiidahangung, I may love. Dung kaiitaken Uh kaiitt'an, / may go if you go. Di alth dung kwutunge IfiMahangung, You may be happy with me. Di kwotalatlo dung kwutungeati althlingung, Perhaps you will t>e should I die. Tlaou kaiitatlo dung iahin kaiitaaahangung, // fgo you may also go. h. Imperative Mood. If the aHwrtion is in the form of a command we nse the Imperative Mood. Kaiitla, D! tla 1th isbalo, Althkwi 1th kfi, Examples. Qo. latalthu, Take it. Follow me. Hanata 1th shu, Confess. Come here. Sing Ifi a. 1th killa, Thank him. E. CoNJUNCTivB Mood. The pure conjunctive is rendered in English with auxiliary verbs for signs ; generally would, should or might. The (.'onjunctive Mood has wo general uses : Pure, or not subordinate to another verb. 2 Subordinate to another verb. The conjunctive is called j)ure when it is in the predication of a prin- cipal sentence. The Conjunctive Mood has sometimes a subjunctive in subordination to it. 1 have divided the Conjunctive Mood into two parts : 1. Pure Conjunctive Mood. 2. Conditional Conjunctive Mood. Dung 1th kwoyadie Ifiglni, I should have loved you. Dung atiatio dung 1th kwoyadutlingagun, If youwere good, I would love you. Dung Btiatlo dung ta 1th tlaedean, If you were ill, I might assist you. [iiarribonJ IIAIDA CJRA^.IMAR 188 V. Wo hiivc also n rausative Form equalling in force the Ifiphil in the Hehniw language : TIaou kwoyridfihalgung, J cause to love. "'. Tlaou istudhalgiing, 1 came In go. TIaou tlitif'halgung, i cause to hill. a. Tlmro Im a Oornmandativo Form in tlio Ilaida languago, hut it is not frequently used : Tlaou kil kwriyadung, Tlaou kil tluadang, Tlaou kil kaMtang, I command to love. J command to sit down, I command to go. H. The Intentional Form Hignifios what the H|)oaker intends to do uh : Tlaou kaiitungkauang, Tlaou kwoyadriniigkasang, Tlaou hfu'lthtaungkafiang, J am about to go. J am about to love. I am about tojight. I There is also another t'orm which is used to denote a wish or desire : Di stigC' da kwudungung, Tlaou kauge da kwudungung, Tlaou kwoyadie du kwudungung, / wish to be ill. I desire to see. I wish to love. J. Participles. Besides the four moods we have in Ilaida three participles. The participles describe both what is imperfect and what is coni)/. -^e. The three forms are the present, the perfect, and the present progressive. Present. u Lthaangwilas, Working. Perfect. Lthaangwilgini, Having worked. Kwuduns, Wishing. Kwoyadas, Loving. Telgakings, Hating. Kings, Seeing, HaelLhtas, Fighting, Kwudungini, Having wished Kwoyadagini, Having loved. Telgakinglni, Having hated. Kingini, Having seen. HfiC'lthtaglni, Having fought Prbsbnt Progressive. LthaangwiJgigini, Kwudunglgini, Kwoyadagigini, v Telgakinglglni, Kinglgini, Htielthtaglgini, Having been working. Hamng been wishing. Having been loving. Having been hating. Having been seeing. Having been fighting. 3. Tenses. Tense is from the Latin tempus and signifies time. If we take into consideration the time in which an action is performed and express it, we // 186 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA Tenses mark an action as being must employ what are called " Tenses." eithfir Present, Past or Future, as : Tlaou kwoyiTdnng, Tlaou kw65'adaguni, Tlaou kwoyadasang, We have also two Historic Tenses which ai*e used only when relating something that was not done in the presence of the audience. 1 love. I loved. 1 will love. Examples Kin tliskwudas il istfigangang hagunan 11 kwutungistigang, Jesus itil hagunan kwotalang, ilil il kwtlyadagangang, Adshi tlige dfiungangatig, Ltha il kangang, Herod ltha hahudila tlitagangans, He was sorry Jar the icrong he had done, Jems died for us. He had loved us. This world had been vncked. He saw tJiem. Herod killed the children. 4. Number and Person. There are two numbers in every tense and mood ; they are called the singular and the plural. Each number has three persons ; the first is the person who sjieaks ; the second is the person spoken to, and the third is the person spoken of. The subjects of verbs are always nouns and pronouns. They form separate words and always precede the verb. 5. ConjiKjat ion of Verbs. A. CONJCQATIUN OV THE Auxiliary Verb Indicative Mood. Present Tense. Tlaou Iching, I am. Dahou iching, Tho" rr\ Laou Telling, He it. Talung iching, We are. Dalung iching, ■: Ye are. Ltha iching. They are. If a few : Laou iswang, ' .^r^ : '' They are. Past Tense, Tlaou idjang. I was. Dahou idjang, Thou wast. Laou idjang, He was. Talung idjang, We were. Dalung idjang, \ Ye were. Ltha idjang, They u«rft If under ten : Laou iaouwang, They were. -To BE. /,. /•/ »g fig ne. ed rst the ins rb. [habbison] If under ten Tlaou isisang, Dahou isisang, Laou isisang, Talung iaisang, Dalung isisang, Ltha isisang, ; Laou isiwausang, IIAIDA GRAMMAR Future Tense. I shall be. Thou mil he. He will be. We shall he. Ye shall be. They shall be. They shall be. Imperative Mood. ^8, Be thou. Laou isadzing, Let him be. Isso, Be ye. Ltha isadzing, Let them be. Conjunctiva Mood. Present Tense. I may be. Thou mayst be. He may be. We may be. Ye may be. 7 hey may be. They may be. Tlaou ishangung, Dahou ishangung, Laou ishangung, Tahing ishangung, Dalung ishangung, Ltha ishaigung, If under ten: Laou isouhangung, Optative Mood. Present Tense. Tlaou istlingagung, / might be. Dahou istlingagung, Tliou mightest be. Laou istlingagung. He might be. Talung istlingagung, We might be. Dalung istlingagung, Ye might be. Ltha istlingagung, They might be. If under ten: Laou istlingagung, They might be. Future Tense. Tlaou isungkashang, • Dahou isungkashang, V Laou isungkashang, Talung isungkashan, Dalung isungkashang, Ltha isungkashang, If under,ten: Laou isungkawaushang. / might be. Tltou mighest be. He might be. We might he. Ye might be. Tliey might be. They might be. 187 about to be. Present Tense, Future Tense, Infinitive Mood. Isge, Isungkasasge, To be. To be abotU to be. 168 \1' Si ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA Participles. \ Present Tense, Isas, Bcivg. Future Tense, Isungkasas, Ahoul to he Note. — Before the vogular verbs are commenced it is necessary to learn the auxiliary verb, as parts of it are used in the conjugation of all the other verbs. B. The principal tenses of the regular verbs may be thus arranged : Present Past Future. TIaou kwoyadung, TIaou kwoyfidagungung, I TIaou kwoyfidagini, [ TIaou kwoyadaungkasang, f TIaou kwoyadaguni, ^ ! TIaou kwoyfidaglgini, TIaou kwoyadagigunjiwan, L TIaou kwoyfidaungkagiglni. f TIaou kwoyfidasang. ■{ J TIaou kwoyadatjungf'ang. I love. I am lovin;i. I have loved. I am about to love. I loved. 1 VKis loving. I had loved. I ivas about to love. 1 shall love. I shall be loving. I shall have loved. I shall have been loving. TIaou kwoyfidangsang. i. TIaou kwoyadagiungkaaang. The present tense is use ^ ' II, He. Ltha, They. II is sometimes used for the third person plural, if only a. iaw persons, places, or articles be referred to, and the difFei-ence between the third person singular and the third person plural is shown by the termination of the verb for the third person plural. [HARRISON] HAIDA GRAMMAR 1S9 We thus see that Ith, dung, and il ai-e interchangeable with tlaout dahou and laou, and either may correctly and at any time be used. C. Conjugation of a Keoulak Verb. Conjugation I.—Kwoi/ada, To love. Indicative Mood. Present Tense. I love. nd lou ion or nts ised •son the ions, bird ,tion TIaoii kwoyfiduDg, Dahou " Laou " Talung Dalung " Ltha Laou kwoyiidawang, Thou lovest. He loves. We love. Ye lore. They love. They love. TJaou kwoyadagungung, Dahou Laou " Talung DaluDg " Ltha Laou kwoyfidagungung, Present Imperfect Tense. Tlaou kwoyfidaguni, Dahou Laou Talung Dalung " Ltha Laou kwoyadwoguni, Past Tense. I am Thou art He is We'are Ye are They are They are 1 loved. Thou lovedesL He loved. We loved. Ye loved. They loved. They loved. Past Imperfect Tense. Tlaou kwoyfidaglglni, Inxis Dahou " Tlwu ivast LS'OU " He was Talung " We were Dalung Ye were Ltha '• They were Laou They were Perfect Tense. Tlaou kwoyadagini, I have Dahou " Thou hast Laou " He has Talung We have Dalung " Ye have Ltha Laou kwoyiidwogini, They have They have I I loving. ^ loving. loved. if & * 160 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA Perfect Progressive. Tlaou kwoyadagun, I have Dahou Laou Talung Dalung Thou hast He has We have Ye have Ltha Laou kwoyadwogun, They have They '"'W Pluperject Tense. Tlaou kwoyadaglgungwau, Dahou Laou " Talung , '• Dalung - ^* Ltha " Laou kwoyadwoglgungwftu, I had Thou hadst He had We had Ye luxd They had They had Pluperfect Progressive Tense. It Tlaou kwoyadagigungung, Laou Dahou Talung Dalung Ltha Laou kwoyadwogigungung, Future Tense Tlaou kwoyadasang, Dahou Laou 'Jalung Dalung " , Ltha Laou kwoyadawasang, I had He hod Thou hadst We had Ye had They had They had I shall Thou vnlt He will We shall Ye uill They vnll They mil Future Imperfect Tense. Tlaou kwoyadagun^sang, Dahou '• ,. Laou *■ Talung " ^ ' :^ ^ Dalung " Ltha Laou kwoyadagungwasaug, Future Perfect. Tlaou kwoyadangsang, 1 '^i"" J shall Thou wilt He will We shall Ye will They will They will Dahou Laou Talung Dalung Ltha Laou Thou wilt He vnll We shall Ye will They will They will *• bem loving. loved. ■ been loving. love. be loving. } liave loved. [hakrison] HAIDA GRAMMAR 161 Future Perfect Protjresme TIaon kwAyfidagJjiungsKnf.', I xhuU Th(m tvilt He rvill We nhall Ye ivil! They irill They uill Dahnu (> Laou u Talung Dalung (1 Ltha Laou ki kV'oyr dagljiungwHsang hace been lomng. i Intkxtkjnal Fok.m. Present Tense. Tlaou kwoy J)ahou fidaungkusang, I am Thou art Laou Talung Balung Ltha Laou kwoyf 4* If ti daungkavvasang, He is We are Ye are They are They are Imperfect Tense. Tlaou kvvoyt Dahou Idatalgung, I am Thou art Laou Talung Dalung n il He IS We are Ye are Ltha Laou kwoyadawotalgung, They are They are \ about to love. .going, or I about to love. .S*-f-' Past lense. Tlaou kwoyfidaungkagiglni, /««,s Dahou -Laou " Talung " Dalung " Ltha " Laou kwdyadouungkaglgini, Thou wast He u;as We were Ye teere They ivere Tiny were -:#;, • about to love. Future Pense Tlaou kwuyadaglungkasang, Dahou •' Laou " : -r Talung Dalung " Ltha " Laou kwoyadaglungkawasang, Sec, IL, 1895 / shall Thou wilt He irill We shall Ye will he about to love. They will They will 11 162 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA Imperative Mood. Present 'Tense. Tlaon kwoyfidadzinf;, Let me lore. Kwoyfidaltha, Lore thou. Laou kwovadadzing, Let him lore. TalunK kwoyfidadziiitr, I,et w lore. Kwoyfidulthu, Lore ye. Ltha kwoyfidadzing, Let them lore. Laou kwoyadwoadzinjj, Let tJiem lore. Present Proc/ressire Tense. Tlaou kwoyfidajiladzing, Kwoyfidagiltha, Laou kwdyadagiadziiiLf, TaluDg kwoyudagiadzing, KwoyridagTultlia, Ltlia kwoyfidayladzinfr, Laou kwoyfidwogladzing, Let me Let ihou Let him Let u..\TIVE KoRM. Present Tense. Tlann kil kwoyfitlun^r, 1 command Dahou <( Tlioii rornmau'lest Laon f( Ue commands Taluni? II We command. Dahing li Ye command Ltha II They command Laoii It kwoyfidawan^, They command Past Tense. Tlaon kil kwoyadaguni, I commanded Pahou 41 It Tiiou commandcdst Laou <( <( He commanded Tahuig il " We commanded Dalung a (( Ye commanded Ltha (( " They commanded Laou f( kwoyadwoguni, They commanded ) Future Tense. TIaou kil kwoymirisanjr, i-fhall Dahou (t .1 Thou will Laou (i II He will Taiung n II We shall Dalung II i( Ye will Ltha (1 II They vAU Laou « kwoyariawaeang, They vill to lore. \- to love. I command ' love. to Desidehativk Fokm. Present Tense. Tlaou kwoyadie da kwudungung, I wish DtihoH II it II Thou wished Laou 11 it i. He imhes Taiung 11 (( ti We wif /( Dalung II n II Ye vdulL Ltha II t( II They winh '/ Laou II iHt Laou kwriyridaylyiingwasrstlo, If they will Future Perfect Tense. Tlaou kw '')yridagunga8('8tlo, If 1 Khali l>ahou !• If thou will Laon II If he will Talung 11 If we »hall Dalung It If ye will Ltha 11 If they uill Laou kw '>yridaguni;wa8c'Btlo, If they will Future Perfect Progressive Tense Tlaou kw "yadagungungasi'stlo, lfliI)A Past and Future Tenses. Tliioii kwriyridahaHinSiiiig, / moii Drtlioii " Thou mm/ri I,ai)H " //' inny Tailing " HV mity Dalnng " IV nm;/ Ltha " Tli>:y may Liion kwnyndawriliiisinSiin):, Tiny inny • love. Past and Future Progressice Tmses, Tiaou kwoyfidagiiiasingiing, Dahoii " Lftou Talung ' Dalung " Ltha Laou kwoyridougiliaHingung, / via 1 1 'I III III mayft JJe rmty We may Ye may 'They may Thqi may lie ahiays ioving. Perfect Tense. Tlanii kwoyfidi iSan^ahan S'lng, / may Dahou u Thou mayst Laou Tailing Dalung Ltha M II • ■< (1 \ He may ; Wf may Ye may They may • have loved Laou kwoyfidongangahangnng, They may J Perfect Progressive Tense. Tlaou kw('>yridaiahantth(.u " •• 'I'hou nhunhht I^aou " " He should Tixhw^ " '• WtKhould '>'^''1"Ik' " " Yr Khould L''t'" " " Thill slumld '-«"" " loiiSnn. Thrii Hhmdd I liove been lovivg. OONDITKtNAL CONJUNCTIVE Moui), 'd. Present Tense. Tlaou kwoyndatiingagung, Dalioii *' -^ Laou " Tahin<,' " l>alung " Ltlia Laou kwuyridatlinnouguug, / would Thou ivoiddM He nould We would Yf. wotUd Then ^I'ould They would }■ Ion; Present Progremve Tense. Tlaou kwr)yridatlin<:ri<5ui)<5unjr, I woidd Dahou it Thou wotddst Laou •1 He vovld Talung tt We would Dalnng tt Ye would Ltha i< They would- Laou kw T' idatliiit:woj;nngung, Thi y would I be loving. 170 EOYAL SOCIEIV OF CANADA Trrperfect Tense. Tlaou kwoyfidiran, Dahou Laou " 'v.'^ Talung " Dalung " Ltha Laou kw^yfidawOan, / might Thou mighM He might We might ^ Ft' might They might They might Perfect Tense. Tlaou kwoyridatlinsifiglni, I would Dahou " Tliou wouldst Laou " , He would Talung " ' \ We would Dalung •' Ye would Ltha " They would Laou kwoyfidatlingwoglni, They would Perfect Progressive lense. Tlaou kwdyfidatlingagun, I would Dahou " Thou wouldst Laou " He would Talung '' We would Dalung " Ye would Ltha " ' 'fhey would Laou kwoyfidatlingwogun, They would Present, Present progressive, Perfect, Perfect progressive, Present, Present progressive, Perfect, Infinitive Mood, Kwdyfidie, Kwdyadagige, KwoyRdagune, Kwoyfidagigune, Participles. Kwdyadas, KwdyadagTSIni, Kwoyadaguni, } love. have loved. have been loving. To love. To be loving To have loved. To have been loving. Loving. Having been loving. Having loved. ; D. Passive Voice. Note. — The passive voice is very rarely vised in the Haida language. Conjugation II. Indicative Mood. Present Tense. DI kwoyadiagung, Dung II Itil Dalung " Ltha lam. Thou art He in We are Ye are They are ► loved. [haeeison] IIAIDA GRAMMAR 171 Present Imperfect Tense. ,.■.. Di kwoyadinr Dung " II Itil Dalung " Ltha ungung lam Thou art . ' He is We are Ye are . ■ - ;-:^, • "> They are ■ being loved. 'if- Past Tense. f'}0 : Di kwdj Dung II Itil Dalung Ltha ' fid i fig « n it uni, I iras Thou ivast , He vua We irere ■ , • Ye were They irere Past Imperfect Tense. }■ loved. i Di kwoy Dung 11 Itil Dalung Ltha ad i fig t He Iins * ' We have le hdve They have more than once been loved Pluperfect Tense. Di kwoya Dung 11 Itil Dalung Ltha dingi"' II (1 (1 II i< ;ungwau, I have Thou hadst He had We had Ye had They had been loved. 172 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA Pluperfect Pi ogress ioe Tense. IJi kwoy 'idirigTgungiiiig, J hud Dung >< Thou hniht 11 ii He hud Itil (1 ]Vc had Dalung u Ye had Ltha u Tlicii lidd Future Tern e. DI kwoyi" uliilsang, I Khali Dunjx It Thou mil 11 ^^ Be will Ttil >1 We shall DaluDg t( Ye iviU Ltha l( Then "'ill hem loved y more than once. J- /)(' loved. Future Perfect Tense. la kwoyfidifigungsaDg, I shall Dung " IViou will II " He will Ttil " ■ Wenhnll Daliing " Ye will Ltha " Tlwy shall }■ liare been loved. Future Ferfrct Pro'jressive. 1)1 kwdyfidiaglgungsang, I .^hall Dung " Thou vilt II " He will ftil " . MV,9/m« Dalung " '. Ye will Ltha " ' • Thru will have been !- loved more than once. - • ■ Intentional Fohm. \ ' Present Tense. Di kwoyadiftungkasaiig, lam Dung " Thou art II " ///' M Ttil " IIV are Dalung " Ye are Ltha " They are Imperfect Tense. y about to be loved. Dl kwuyadiil talgnng, J nm Dung " II Thou art 11 ■1 He is ■ going to be Itil 1* My are loved. Dalung " II Ye are ■ Ltha " ti They are [HARRISON] TIAIDA GRAMMAR n ?.d. re nee. e red. e ved. Past Tense. Di kwoy udiilnngk ^gigini, / uvs Dmig it Thou wast ]1 tt He uas Itil a We were Dalung U Ye were Ltha *' They were Future Tense. Dl kwdyj idiaglung kasang, 1 shall Dung (• Thou wilt 11 it He will Itil kl We shall Dalung 1 ^ 1 " Ye tnll Ltha 'f Theij will iMPER.iTrvE Mood. Premit Tense. Agwan Ith (IT kwdyrMada, Lrt m,: Agwan 1 th d 11 ng k wr.y r.dad a, Be thou Agwanlihilkwr.yadada, Lethirn. Aiiwan 1th itil kwuyndada, Lrl us Agwan 1th dalung kwoyfidada, Be ye Agwan ith ltha kwoyndada, Let \lie,n Present Progressire Tense. Agwan 1th di kwdyfulagida. La me Agwan 1th dung kwdyndagida, Be thou Agwan 1th 11 kwdyfidaglda, Let ht„> Agwan 1th Itil kwdyfidagida, . Let us Agwan 1th dalung kwdyfidaglda, Be ye Agwan 1th ltha kwdyf.daglda, Let them DI kwdyadiastlo, Dung '' 11 Jtil Dalung " Ltha Subjunctive 3Iooi). Present Tense. . If ( If thou If he If we If ye If thy Present Imperfect. Di kwdyridirigungatlo, jj / If thou If he ' If we If ye If they Dung II Itil Dalung Ltha ■ ■ 173 1 j^ ahout to be loved. ^ he about to he loved. f- he loved. be continu- ally loved. ^be loved. I J i_ be continu- ally loved. 174 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA Past Tense. DT kwoyadifigunstlo, Dung " II liil Dahing " Ltha " / ' Jf I were If thou wast If he were If we were If ye tvere If they were Past Imperfect Tense. Di kwoyridiaglgauastlo, If I icerc Dung " If thou vert II " , If he were Itil " If we were Dalung " If ye were lAha. H Jf ijify y;gre . Perfect Tense. Drkwoyadifigigastlo, Dung II " ftil Dalung " Ltlm " If I have If thdu lut.ol If he ha.H If w' hait If he had If ire had If ye had If they had ■loved. . continU' r ally loved. }■ been loved. bee) ■ (Oh illy ioved. J ■ been loved. Pluperfect Progressive Tense. DT kwoyadiaglganasltlo, Dung II Itil Dalung " Ltha If I had Jf (hnn hinUl If he had If tee had. If ye had If they had been ■ continually loved. 'Wm vd. !ly red. [HARRISON] lly ived. ■^ HAIDA GRAMMAR Future Tense. Dl kwoyfidiusestlo, Dung " II Itil Dalnnji " Ltha " If I !>h(lU Jf thou wilt If he will If we shall If ye mil If they will Future Progressive Tenne. Dl kwoyridifiirigungsustlo, If I shall j;""« '; If thou wilt Itil '• ' ^'"''f\, ,, , Jj we shall Jf ye mil Ltha If that mil Future Perfect Tense. De kwoyfidiilgungasrstlo, If I shall ° If thou wilt r.. If he will ^ , Jf we shall Dalung " rf , .,, ** Jf yt mil Jf they will Future Perfect Progressive Tense. Dl k% (lyadiugunguiigasGstlo, Jf J shall Dung ■ *' ^ II Itil Dalung Ltha f.!^ If thou wilt If he will ^ If wc »hall If ye will If they vAll Potential Mood. ■ ' Present Tense. Dl kwoyadinhanguny, . ": Jmay Thou mayst lie man \V( may Ye may They may Present Progressive Tense. Dung, ]\ Itil Dalung Ltha DT kwoyiidiagnnghangung, Dung " 11 Uil Dalung " Ltha I may Thou mayst He may We may ie may They may 175 he loved. he continually '■ loved. > have been lored. have been ■ continually loved. or can be loved. or can be continually loved. 176 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA Past and Future Tenses. DT kwoyriclifiliasinjiun^', I nuiy Dung " Thou mayst II " fir man Ttil " WcniKi/ D^iliinj; " IV may Ltha " Thri/ mmj ■ be loviil. m. w Past and Future Progressive Tenses. DT kwoyfidia'^Ihasinjinnt;, / may Dung " Tkournuyfit II " H( may Itil " We may DaluDg " )'/■ may Ltlia " . Tliry may Perfect Tense. DT kwoyfidiagangalianSuiitr, f may Dung " Thou mayst II " He may Tdl " H'c may Dalung •' Vcmay Ltha " They may Perfect Pro(jressire Tense. DT kwoyadiilgigangaliangung, J may Dung " Thou niayitt II " IJe may Itil " We may Dalung " Ye may Ltha " ■ Theji may , he continwilly loved. hare been f loved. have been '\. conlinwdly loved. IS'i Pure Conjunctive Mood. Present Tense. DT kwoyudia lagung, / should Dung " " Thoushouldst 11 « 'r"\ '. •- ■;. ..'■' . Imperfect Tense. Kum 1th krdungatalfingung, " dung " " il " 1 am Thou art He is " talung " dalung '• Itha II (1 il We are Ye are They are " il kalungatalwfingung, They are I not about i to ivrite. . not going to write. [HARRISON] HAIDA GRAMMAR 181 'RM. ' ' Past Tense. Kum 1th krdangfingang, I did tt « dung il If (< l< talung dalung Itha tt 1 iot iiriting. not ivrile. vrite. Past Progressive Tense. Kum 1th kfilungiganrmgastlo, If I were \ ■..■■> II « II K "■■ 'I 184 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA Pluperfect Tense. Kum 1th kfilunp ifingasltlo, If I had " dung : ' ten. dung il talung dalunt; Itha " il krilungiinSang\vrini,'8r'Stlo, If they will Potential Mood. Present Tense. Kum 1th kalimgfinhangung,, I may Thou maysl He mail We may Ye may They may They may dung 11 talung " dalung " Itha " 11 kfiluiigwrinhani^ung, Present Progressive Tense. Kum 1th kfilunjiunganhangung, 1 may dung il talung " dalung " Itha " il kalungungwanhangung, Thou mayst He mcty We may Ye may They may They may Past and Future Tenses. Kum 1th krdunganhasingung, " dung " " il " talung " " dalung " Itha " il krdungwanhasingung, I may Thou mayst He may We may Ye may They may They may Past and Future Progressive 'Tenses. Kum 1th krdungmngha3ingung, I may dung , , II Thou maysl il II He may talung If We may dalung " .■ ■' ;, ■ Ye may Itha « They may il ki'dunglwanghasingung, They may 18S , not have been writing. / : , f''!^' j. or can not write. .or can 7iot be uriling. not write. not be writing. 166 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA Perfect Tense. Kum 1th krilungfingangahangung, I may " dung " 27tou may»t " il " He may " talung " We mny " daUmg " Ye may " Itha " Tlieymay " il kfilungwangangahangung, They may not have written. Perfect Progressive Tense. Kum 1th kalungfingahangung, / may " dung " Thou mayd « il " He may " talung " We may " dalung " Ye may " Itha " They may " il kiJlungwangahangung, They may not leave been ivriting. Pure Conjunctive Mood. Present Tense. Kum 1th kfilunge langung, I should " dung " t; Thou shovidst " i) " <( He fhovid " talung " « We should ■ not write. " dalung " (1 Ye should " Itha t( They should " il langwang, They should Present Progressive Tense. Kum 1th kalunge la^ungangung, I should " dung " Thou shouldst " 11 He should " talung " We tlvould not be ivriting. " dalung " Ye should " Itha " They should " il " lagungungwang. They should j ' Perfect Tense. Kum 1th kfilungt langini, I should " dung " Iood. Present Tense. DI stigung, I im Dung Thou art n He is Itil " We are Dalung " Ye are Ltha They are 11 stiwang, \ They are Present Progressive Tense, Dl stigungung. lam Dung " Thou art 11 He is ftll We are Dalung Ye are Ltha They are 11 stigungwang. They are m. ■ being ill. [haerison] HAIDA GRAMMAR 189 Past Tense. DT stiguni, I was Dung Thou wast 11 II He was Itil tt We were Dalung 11 Yc were Ltha (1 They were 11 stiw UlU, They were Uu. Past Progressive Tense. ,11 Dl stigigTni, Dung " 11 Itil Dalung " Ltha " 11 stiglwlni, I was Thou wast He vms We were Ye were They were They were being i Perfect Ten se. DT stigTni, J have "j Dung " Thou hast 11 Itil Dalung " Ltha '« 11 stiwTni He has We have Ye have They have They have been ill * Perfect Progressive Tense. DT stigun, Dung " II ftil Dalung " Ltha II stiwun, / have Thou hast He has We have Ye have They fuive They have . been more than once ill. Pluperfect Tens DTstigigungwau, Dung " II Itil Dalung " Ltha " II stigiwungwau, I had : ^:; Thou hadst He had We had Ye had They had They had been ill. 190 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA. Pluperfect Progressive Tense. m lit U;\ m A. 4 Intkntional Form. Present Tense. Di stiungkasang, Dong II • " V llil Dalung " Ltha II BtiungkawiiBang, Jam Thou art He is We are Ye are They are They are Di stigigungung, [had Dung Thou hadst 11 " He had itil We had been more than once ill Dalung '' Ye had Ltha They had 11 stigigungwang, Ihey had Future Tense. ■ Di stiaeang, 1 xhall Dung " Thou wilt 11 He mil itil We shall be ill. Dalung " Ye will Ltha " They will II atiwuiaug They will Future Perfect Tense. Di stiguugsang, I than Dung " Tfiou mil ■ 11 He will itil We shall ■ have been ill. Dalung " Yi- will Ltha " They will 11 atigungwusang, They mil Future Perfect Progressive Tense. Di stigigungsang, I shall Dung Thou unit 11 He will have been itil We shall more than Dalung " Ye will once ill Ltha They will 11 stigigungwaaang, They will . J /:•,-. If, •about to be iU. iM ■H % , "!■ .'. ■ ■'■, ■' [HARRISON] HAIDA GRAM. MAR Imperfect Tense, 191 Di stigulthtalguntr, lam Dung " Thou art II He is Itil Dalung " ' We are Vt are going to be ill Ltha They are ■ ,- -5;' 11 stigulthtalwang, They are ■ ' Past Tense. DI stiungkaglglai, J was ^ Dung •• Thou ivast 11 He was Itil Dalung " We were Ye ivere about to be ill. Ltha Theij were 11 stiungkaglwini, They were Future Tense. DI stiglungkasang, 1 .ihall >_ Dung " Thou wilt 11 " He will Itil " We shall . he about to Dalung " Ye will he ill. Ltha They will ,,' ' ■ 11 stiglungkawrtsarg, They will V'; . Imperativk Mood. -,■■'" '■ Present Tense. y- \ ,\ Agwan 1th dl stida, Let me t ■ •• " dung Be thou - « «< ii Let him '■*• .''."■■ " Itil Let us be ill. " daluni? " Be ye " ltha Let them . ' ,:•;:■#' ' " " il Btldwang, Let them ,•,-;'.. '^■^- Present Progressive Tense. Agwan 1th di stiglda, Let me " dung Be thou " il Let him " itil Let us be continually " dalung • Be ye ill. " ltha Let them " " il stiilidwang, Let them ■■i\ Ids ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA FoHM I)KN(n'iN() A Wish or Desire. Present Tense. DI stigi' da kwuduDfiung, / winh Dunt; !• l< '< Thou whhest 11 1( tt 11 He wisheH Itil t< H 1. We wIkH DaluDg U It •1 Ye wish Ltlia 11 li 11 They wish II II l( kwiidungiing, Theii msh Past Tense. Di stige (U kwudiingnn, I wished Dung 11 11 (1 Thou wishedst 11 <( 11 it lie vished Itil (< u 11 We wished Dalung If ll 11 Ye wished Ltha 11 .1 11 They wished 11 11 11 kwudungwun, They wished )• to be ill. ■ to be ill. \h it 1^ Di Dnng II Itil Dalung Ltha II Future Tense stigo da kwudungsang, Di stistlo, Dung II Itil Dalung " Ltha 11 stiwastlo, I shall Thou mlt He will We shall Ye will They will They will Subjunctive Mood. Present Tense. If I If thou If he If we If ye If they ; If they Present Progressive Tense stigungstlo, Di Dung II Itil Dalung Ltha II stigungwastio, . wish to be ill. I be ill. If I If thou If he If we If ye If they If they J be continuallu ill. [iiarhison] HAIDA GkAMMAU 193 Dl sti-innstlo, Dung " II ftil Bailing " Ltha " V II Htiwunsilo, Past Tense. If I were If thou werl If he were If we were If ye were If they were If they were ^ ill. Dl Diiuji 11 itil Dalung Ltha Piist Progressive Tense. stipTganastlo, Jf j,j^.tre If thou wert If he were If we were If ye mre If they were II stigiwanasilo, I continually ill. If they v.'ere II. Perfect Tense. I)'] Stiglgaotlo, Dung II itil Dalung " Ltha " II stiglwastlo, If I have ^ If thou hust If he has Jf we have If ye have If they have If they have Perfect Progressire Tense. DT stijianastlo, If 1 have ^ung " if thou hast I' " If he has ^*'' " If we have ^aJ»»g " if ye have Lil'a " ]f ij^gy j,are II stiwanastlo, //' they have ^ been ill. been [ continually ill(f ■::\' - ^ vi, Pluperfect Tense. ;< Di stiglgasltlo, If I had Dung " : i Jf thou hadst 11 «'•■■"-■'"■.-:■',::'::.;■-" If he had itil " '";;^,',' ■'"•"""-' If we had Dalung " If ye had Ltha If they had 11 sti'^TwaBitlo, Jf they had Sec. IL, 1895. 13 . been ill. 104 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA Pluperfect Progres&ive Tense. DI Btigiyanasitlo, Dunn " II Itil Dalung " LUia 11 8tii;iwana«Ulo, If 1 had If thou hadst If he had If we had If ye had IJ they had If they had been conlinvally ill. Future Tense. DI stisi'stlo, Dung II Itil Dalung " Uha II stivvasrstlo, If I ^kall If thou vilt If he will If we shall If ye will If t',-ey iinll If they will Future Progressive Tense. DI stigigungsi Dung 11 •stlo, If I Khali If thou wilt If he will itil (1 If we shall Dalung Ltha If ye will If they will 11 8titI;iwun8i'8tlo, If they uill !- be ill. be continua'ly Ul. \4' Future Perfect Tenae. DI stigungsC'stlo, If J ^'lo^^ If thou wilt If he will If we shall If ye uill If tfwy will If they will Dung II itil Dalung " Ltha II stigungwasOstlo, Future Perfect Progressive Tense. DI 8tigungunga8t'8tlo, Dung II " itil " V Dalung " Ltha " 11 8tigungungwri8G8tlo, If I shall If thou uilt If he will If we shall If ye will If they uill If they will have been ill. have been con- tinually ill. I [HARBISON] I'istilmnjinng, J)uni{ " II ftil Dalting " Ltha " II 8til)an>;wang, HAIDA GRAMMAR Potential MdoD. Present Tense. 1 man Thou mayal He may ir«; may Ye may Thnj may They may 195 or can be ill. Present Progressioe Tense. pi Htigiinghangung, j may Thou mayst He may We may Ye may They may Dutig II Itil r>alniig Ltha II stigunglmngwang, Tiiey may or can lie con- tinually ill. My iU. Past and Future Tenses. DTstiliasingung,. y^„^ ^""S " ~ Thou mayst II " rr He mau ^ , lie may Da ung " ■ V ^ le may They may l.tha II stiliasingwang, They may Past and Future Progressive Tenses. DI stigThasingunir, / may Thou mayst He may We may Ye may They may Dung II itil Dalung Ltha 11 stigihasingwang, T/iey may be. ill. be continually HI. con- ill. Perfect Tense. DI stigangahangung, Dung " II itil « Dalung " Ltha " II stigangahangwang, I may Thou mayst He may We may Ye may They may They may have been ill. l»A 196 BOYAL SOCIKTY OF CANADA Perfect Proyressive. Di BtiJjiSttiigahaiiiiung, [may Dung II Thou mai/Kt 11 II lie vvKj not have been fui II We may continually Dalnng IC Ye may ill. J.tha fl They may 11 stigigangahangwang, Tfiey may Pure Conjunctive Mood? Present Tense. Di stige lugung, I should Dung i> ii Thou shouldtt 11 II i> He should itil II 11 ]Ve should ^ be ill. Da lung n " Ye should Ltha II ■< They should 11 " louwang, They should Present Progressive Tense. Di Stige lagungUDg, 1 should Dung >i II Thou shouldst Tl II 11 He should itil •1 •• We should becoiHintiall, ill. Dalung K " Ye should Ltha II II Tliey should U " liigungwang, They should. • - Perfect Tense. , DI stige luglni, I should '. ' 1 ■ i Dung II •■ Thou shouldst 11 (1 11 lie should Itil II II ' We sh)Uld \- have been ill. Dalnng II /I Ye should 1 Ltha ,1 II They should il " lawini They should "■'■' Perfect Progressive Tense Di stige lagnn, Dung " 11 I sfionld Thou shouldst lie should itil We should Dalnng " Ltha 11 " lougun, Ye should Tliey should They should "^ have been con- tinually ill. [BAKHiaON] rcn hi HAIDA UKAMMAK CoNDITInNAL CONJUNfTIVE .Uni.K. Present Tense. Di stltlingaijung, Dung " II itil Dalnng " Ltlia " II stitlingfiwang, / would Thou mmlcht He would We would Ye would Theij would They would be ill. ally Present Progressive Tense. DI stitlingajiiinaung, I would JJ"»« ]| Thou wovldst i '' He would "" " We would ^»'"nK " Ye would ^''la " They would II stTtlingngungwang, They would Di atigian Dung " U ftil Dalung " Ltha II sliwean, Imperfect Tense. I might Thou mi()hte»l He might We might Ye might They might They might be continually Ul. be m. . Ul. Di stltlingfiglai, Dung " II " tm " Dalung " Ltha " II stitlingwogini, Perfect Tense. I would Thou wouiht He ivoutd We would Ye ivovld They would They ivouid have been ill. I coil' ill. Perfect Progressive Tense. Di stitlingagun, Dung '• :-J ' II " ./•'':.:.:■.•.■■■■•■ Itil " ;;. .; Dalung " ltha " II stitlingwogun, I would Thou wouldH He would We ivoitld Ye would They would They would . have been con- tinually ill. 198 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA Infinitive Mood. Present, Present Progressive, Perfect, Perfeft Progressive, Stige, SligigC', Stiguno, Si giguno, Participlks. III. Being ill. Having been ill. Having been continualli/ ill Present, Present Progressive, Perfect, Stis, Stigiglni, Stiguni, Being ill. Being conlimuillii ill. Having been ill. G. Conjugation ok an Irkeoular Verb. Irregulav verbs are those which form the plural from a stem changed from their true stem by the addition of various letters oi- syllables. Sometimes the plural form is entirely different from the singular. 1 have selected the verb kdf/e. "to walk" as an example. This in the plural form changes to utaUje. I shall only conjugate the active voi^-e, iis the passive of all verbs is seldom used amongst the Haidas. Conjugation V. Indicative Mood. Tlaou kagung, Dahou " Laou " Taiung istalgung, Dalung " Ltha Laou iatalwang, Present Tense. I walk. Thou walkes He tmlks. We walk. Ye walk. They walk. They walk. Present Progressive Tense. Tlaou kagungung, 1 am Dahou " Thou art Laou " He «•' Taiung istalgunguDg, We are Dalung " ye are Ltha " ^f>^y «»•« Laou istalgungwang They are Tlaou kaguni, Dahou " Laou Taiung istalguni, Dalung " Ltha Laoa istalwuni. Past Tense. ^ walked. Thou walkedst. He walkec . We walked. . Ye walked. Tliey walked. They walked. walking. H [harrisonJ (7/. les. ive ral [he « HAIDA Gf ^IMAR Past Progressi ;e Tense. Tlaou kfiglglni, I was Dahou Thou waft Laou " He was Talung istalgigini We were Dalung " Ye were Ltlia " They ivere Laou istalwogig ini, Tfieij were Perfect Tense. Tlaou kfigini, I have Dahou Thou hast Laou " He has Talung'istalgini, We have Dalung " Ye have Ltha Tlwy have Laou istalwogini » They have 199 - walking. ■ walked. Perfect Progressive Teme. Tlaou kagun, j ha„e ^ahou " xhou hast TaluDg istalgun, ly^ ^^ve I^alung " Ye have ^th'i " They have Laou istalougun, They have '^heen walking. Pluperfect Tense. Tlaou kaglgungwau, j had I'aliou •' xhou hadst Jf oil " He had Talung istalglgungwau, We had I^al""K " Ye had L"^'* " They had Laou istalwoglgungwau, They had ivaiked. Pluperfect Progressive Tense. Tlaou kfigigungung, j had I^a^iou " . Thou hadst Laou "^ jfg /,„^ Talung istalglgungung, We had I^*I»nK " Ye had Ltli«^ " Tfuyhad Laou istalwogigungung, Tlwy had ■ been walking , 200 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA Future Tense. Tlaou kasang, I shall Dahou » Thvu uill Laou He will Talung istalasang, We shall Daluug Ye will Ltha They will Laou istalwfisang, They will walk. [• Wi Future Bnpcrfcrt Tense. Tlaou kfiSungsang, Dahou Laou Talung istalgungsang, Dalung Ltha Laou istalgungwfisang / shall -1 Tfiou wilt He mil We shall Ye u-ill They will Tliey will be ivalking. Future P> rfeet Tense. Tlaou kilgungungaang, Dahou Laou Talung istalgungangsang, Dalung Ltha Laou istalgungwangsang, I shall 1 Thou will He will We shall Ye uill They uill They will -have walked. Future Perfect Proijressive Tense. Tlaou kfigigungsang, Dahou Laou Talung istalgigungsang, Dalung Ltha Laou istalglgungwAsang, I shall Thou wilt He uill We shall Ye will Tliey uill They will J . Iiave been w'.dking. Intentional Fokm. Present Tense. Tlaou kfiungkasang, Dahou Laou Talung istalungkasang, Dalung Ltha Laou istalouungkasang, I am Thou art He is We are Ye are They are They are ■ about to vjalk v^ [haerison] HAIDA GRAMMAR 201 Imperfect Tense. Tlaoii katalgung, I am Dahou Thou art Laou " He is Talung istaltalgung, We are Dalung " Ye are Ltha Theij are Laou istaltalwang, They are Past Tense. Tlaou kaungkagigini, I was Dahou Thou wast Laou He was Talung istahingkaglgini, We ivere Dalung '• Ye were Ltha They were Laou istaluDgkaglwIni, They were Future Tense. Tlaou kfigTungkasang, I shall Dahou Thou wilt Laou " He will TaluDg istalglungkasang, We shall Dalung " Ye will Ltha '(hep will Laou istalgiungkawasang, They vnll ■ going to walk. about to walk. he about to walk. Imperative Mood. Tlaou kfiadzing, Kfialtha, Laou kfiadzing, Talung istaldzing, Istali'.lthfi, Ltha istaldzing, Laou istalwudzing, Let me nv.lk. Walk thou. Lu him walk. Let us walk. Walk ye. Let them wak Ltl them walk. Present Progressive Tense. Tlaou kagladzing, Let me Kaglaltha, LH thou Laou kagladzing, let him Talung isia', adzing, Let us Istalglultha. Lttye Ltha istalgiadzing, Lti them Laou istalwogiadzing, Let the be walking. f 202 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA Past Tense. Tlaon kagang, Dalion '■ Laou " Tallin^ istfilang, Dalung Ltlia Laou istalouang, / iralkf(L Thou viaUcdM, He walked. We walked. Ye walked. They vnlkcd. Theij iralked. Tlaon kfiganganf.', Dalion Laou " Talung istalgangang, Dalnng " Ltha Pluperfect Tense. I had Thou hndfl He had We had Ye had Then hud Laou istalwagangang, They had walked. Form Denoting a Wi»h or Desire. Present Tense. Tlaou kagt' da kwndungung, / ivhh Dahou " " " Thou imhfKt Laou " " He wslies Talung istalgf' da " We wish Dalung " " " Ye wi.ih Ltha " " " They wish Laou " " kwudnngwang, They wi^h Past Tenst 3 Tlaou kagi' da kwudnngnni, 7 wished. Dahou " " Thou uishedsf Laou " " He uished Talung istalge da " We wished Dalnng " " " Ye wished Ltha " " " They vnshed Laou " " kwudnngwuni, They wished Future Tense. Tlaou kagi' da kwndnngsang, I shall Dahou " " '' u wilt Laou " " " He will Talung iatalgO da " We shall Dalung " " " Ye will Ltha " " " They will y to walk. ■ to walk. Laou " kwudungwasang, They will ■ wish to walk. [uahhison] HAIDA GRAMMAR Subjunctive Mook. 203 Present Tense. Tlaou kfistlo, If I walk. Dahou .'* If thou walkeitt. Laon (1 IJ he walk. Tailing istalstio, Jf we walk. l>alun;^' (( If ye walk. Llha it If Ihei/ walk. Laou istalwilstlo, If they walk. Fresmt Progressi >e Tense. Tlaou kiljiSungstlo, If I be Dahou It If thou art Laon it If fie be Talung istalgungstlo, If we are Dalunji; Til (( If ye are Ltha i( If they are Laou istalgungwfistlo, Past Tense If tlwy are Tlaou ktlgangstlo, If I walked. Dahou 1 it If thou walkedst Laou tt If he walked. Talung istfilangstlo, If we walked. Dalung r i.1 4i Jf ye walked. Ltha t( If they walked. Laou istalouangstlo, If they walked. I walking. Past Progressive Tense. Tlaou kilgiganastlo, If I were ^'^•'O" ' " Ifthouwert I^*^™ " If hr were Talung istalgiganastlo, If ive were ^^'"«g " If ye were If they ivcre istalglwanastlo, // Uiey were Ltha Laou \ walking. •i !. ' V Perfect Tense. Tlaou kfiglgastlo, Dahou Laou " Talung istalglgastlo, Dalung " Ltha " Laou iBtalglwaatlo, If I have If thou hast If he has If we hare If ye have If they have If they have ■ walk A. 204 ■i 3 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA Perfect Progressive Tense. Tlaou kngaiiasltlo, Daliou '• Laon " Taliuij; isttilj^anasTllo, Dalung Ltha Laon istalsjtanvvasltlo, If I knve Jf Ihnu had If he has If we have If ye have If they have Ij Iheij have Pluperfect Tense. Tlaou kriy;T{!;a8Ttlo, iJahou Laou Tailing isialt-'iSasitlo, Dalnng Ltha Laou istalgiwilBitlo, If I had If lliou hadst If he had If we had If ye had If they had If they had Plvperfect Progressive Tense. Tlaou kfiglgunKastlo, If I had Dahou " If thou hadst Laou " If he had Taking istalglgungastlo, If we had l>alung " if ye had Ltha " If Ihey had Laou istalgigungwristlo, If they had Future Tense Tlaou kasi'Stlo, Dahou Laou Talung istalsc'Stlo, Dalung Ltha Laou istalwfisestlo, Tlaou kfigigungsrstlo, Dahou " Laou Talung istalgigungsr'stlo, Dalung Ltha Laou iBtalglgungwrisCfltlo, been walking. ivalked. ■ been walking. 7 If I shall If thou wilt If he vnll If we shall ^ walk. If ye urill If they vill * IfthyvAll ; Tense. f If I shall If thou ivilt , ■■", _ If he will ■ ■ ^^ ■■-, '■% -' If we shall ■ be walking. ---^ - ;' If ye will If they vill V , If they ivill / / [UARRI80N] HAIDA GRAMiVIAK Future Perfect Tense. Tlaou kagiinirasr'stlo, Jf I /ihall Dahou " // thou inlt I^aou " If he will Tailing istalgiingasifltlo, Jf we shall I^alnng " If ye will Ltlia '< If the,, irill Laou istalgnngwiisosflo, If they will 208 - have walked. Future Perfect Proaressive Tense. Tlaou kaguiignngast'stlo, Dalion " Laou " Talung istalgungungasistlo, I'alung " Ltha Laou istalgungungwfisrstlo Jf J .'haU If thou unit If he will If ye nhall If ye ivill If tliey will If they will have been ■walking. ToTENTiAL Moon. Present Tense. Tlaou kaliangung, Imay Dahou " Thou mnyst Laou " He mail Talung istalliangiing, II V may Dalung " Ye may Ltha They may l^aou istaiouhai giing, They may }- or ran im/k. Present Progressive Tense. Tlaou kagunghangung, Dahou " Laou " I may Thou mayst He may Talung istalgunghangung, Bailing " We may Ye may or can be iralking. Ltha " Laou istalougunghangung, They may They may * • Past and Future Tenses. Tlaou kahasingnng, Dahou " Laou " Talung istalliasingung, Dalung " Ltha " " Laou iatalonhasingung, < I may Thou maygt He may We may Ye may They may They may . ualL 206 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA ■ Past and Future Progressive Tenses. Tlaoii kugihasinjjmig, Dahon " l.aou Talun^ i8tal>i;ilui8inSnnK, Dalunar " Ltlia Laou iataljiIouhasinSung I mai/ Thou mayH He mail We may Ye mnij TItej/ niai/ They /«((// • fie continually iialking. Perfect Tense. Tla'.u kuijangalianjiniij;, / vutij Daliou " Thou rrnnjM Laou •' He may Tailing iHtiilirMiiL'alianyiing, HV muy Daliing " Ye mai/ Llliu " They mail Laoii istalongangahaniinng, Tliei/ viay ■ hare nalked. Perfect Progressive Tense. I may Thou mapH He maij We may Ye may Thetj may They may TIaou kagigangaliangung, Dahou '■ Laou Tahing istalglgangahangung, Dalung Ltha Laou istalglougangahangung, hare been walking. Pure Conjunctive Mood. Present Tense. Tlaou kagi- Ifigung, Dahou Laou Talung istalge " Dalung " Ltha Laou " louwang, Thov nhouldst He should We nhould Ye nhould They nhould Thev nhould |- walk. qs M Present Progressive Tense. Tlaou kilgO lagungung, Dahou Laou " '' Talung istalge " Dalung " Ltha Laou " lagungwang, / should Thou shouldsl He should We should Ye should They ,<(houid They shoidd be walking. [ HAKKisoN] irAlDA (iUA.M.MAU Perfect Tense. Tlaou kfigc- InpTiii, I Khunld ^ahoii " '• Thou .liouhht L'lou " " Ihi-lmdd Tailing ibtalgo " \y, .,/,„„;,/ l^alung " " Y^xhoM ^'^'"i " " Tl„y should Laou " lono;Ini, They should 207 have walked. Tlaou Dahdu Laou " Tailing istalgi DttlUDg " Ltha " Laou Perfect Progressive Tense. kagt' lagiin, I should Than shnnldst He xhonld We should. Ye should The;/ should lougiin, The;/ shoidd '. have been ' walking. Conditional Conjunctive Mood. Present Tense. Tlaou kritliiigfigun^, /would Dahou ■ 1 Thou wouldst Laou ( t He icould. Tailing istaltlingfigunjr, IVe would Dalung *( Ye would Ltha (1 They would Laou istaltlingougung, Th( y imidd Present Proi/reisive Tense. Tlaou kritlingfigungung, I would Dahou << Thou wouldst Laou ti He would. Tailing istaltlingagungung, H'e would Dalung ii Ye would Ltha it They would Laou istaltlingwrigungung, Thty would Imperfect Tense. Tlaou kfiguan, I might Dahou it Thou mighlst Laou t< He might Taking istalgean, We might Dalung II Ye might Ltha e* Tliey might -~ Laou is^alouL'an, They might ■■' • walk. I he tm Iking. ■ UK'lk. 208 ROYAL SOUIKTY OF CANADA I Perfect Tense. Tlaou kritlint,'uiinn, Dahou Laon Talnri^ istahlingfigiiii, l>alung Ltha Laou iwtaliling«(')gTni, / vould 'Jhou wovldM Hf would We irould If irnuld They would Tlii-y irould have imlkrd. Tlaou kfilliiiirrignii, Dahou Lkou " Taluii^' islaltlinjirijiun, Dalniif; Ltlia l.aou istaltlingrtngun, Perfect Progressive 'Jetise. 1 would Tliou uvtddst He irnuld We would Ye inndd They would They would I have been \ u-itlkiiig. Infinitive Mood, Present, Present Progressive, Perfect, Perfect Progressive, SiNCCl.AU. Kflgigt", Kfijiiini', Krig;Igune, Pl.lHAL. Istalgi', Istalglge, Istalgum', IstalglguuG, To indk. To be walking. 'To iuivr walked. To /(tiri been wulkitig. Participles. SlN(iri,AR. Pl.LKAL. Present, Present Progressive, Perfect, Kii9, KSglglnT, Kfignui, Istalas, lataljiigiui, Istaignni, ]yalki)ig. Having been walking Having iralked. H. Examples of Principal Tenses of the most Important Verbs. Tlaou (li'mgung, Tlaou (iangsani itlagidt'ihangung, DI Itlagidastio, lam I shall be I may be If tie 9 Tlaou kagindung, Tlaou kagindasang, Tlaou kagindahangung, Tlaou kagiudastlo, I 1 shall I may Ifl , ^-v;;, -. ., . 10 . ■ Tlaou kaiitang, Tlaou kaiitsang, ," . Tlaou kaiithangung, ^ Tlaou kaiitstlo, 1 I shall I may If I Sec. JL, 1895. 14 ■ carry. speak. J- had. 1 }■ drink. take. 1 I (- chief. I J save. ■go. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1^128 ■ 50 "^* 2.5 12.2 2.0 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 M 6" — ► V] > ->>"' ^ A /^ '^y '/ Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) B73-4S03 t^ f h \ -^ 210 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 11 Tlaou katlugung, I Tlftou katlfiasang, I shall Tlaou kfitluhaDgung, I may Tlaou kfitlustlo, M ' M Tlaou kiang, J Tlaou kifisang, I slwll Tlaou kiahangung, 1 may Tlaou kiastlo, 13 Ifl' Tlaou kilthkadungung, 1 Tlaou kilthkadungsang, I shall Tlaou kilthkadunghangung, I may TIuou kilthkadungstloi 14 If{ Tlaou kingung, I Tlaou kingasang, I shall Tlaou kinghangung, I may Tlaou kingstlo, 15 JSl DT kintlingugung, lam DI kintlingaaang, I shall he. Di kintlingahangungi 1 may he DI kintliiigastlo, 16 Iflbe Tlaou klsalgung, I Tlaou kisalshang, I shall Tlaou kisalhangung, I may Tlaou kisa'allo, n Ifl Tlaou kouwang, I Tlaou kouwasang. I shall Tlaou kouwaiiangung, I may Tlaou kouwastlo, 18 Ifl Tlaou kwdiundang, 1 Tlaou kwaiundtltang, I fhall Tlaou kwaiundahangung, I may Tleou kwaiundasllo, Ifl ■ anse. i Jind. -. m^ i^ ■ rich. fast. yiu. ■ count. I HARRISON] ■i;. *^'i HA IDA GRAMMAR IJJ 1 Tlaou kwolthtang, Tlaou kwollhtfisang, Tlaou kwolthtnhangung, 'i'laou kwolthtastlo, IshaU I may I/I ; , 20-21 Tlaou kwudungung, Tlaou kwudungaang, Tlaou kwu 29 ■.•:''^;./;\ ., ' Tlaou saougung, - I shall t ' . ' Tlaou saouasang, Tlaou saouhangung, I may pay- s Tlaou saoustlo, , - VI J 30 , ^ » Tlaou shugung, I ' .: Tlaou shuasang, 1 shall Tlaou shiihangung, Jmuy say. Tlaou shustlo, If I » ' ^ '/-'^■' '■'':: 31 '''\, ■■•'.'■■ Tlaou skadadang, I shall ^ Tlaou skadadilsang, ■ tiacli. Tlaou skadadahangung, I may . Tlaou skadadastlo, VI g-:\ '•^^■"-■■-^ ,32 Tlaou tagung, I ''--^ 'V-^/r.'.^ Tlaou tilasang, Ilhlll , ^m^\,i-'-^ Tlaou tfihangung, I may Tlaou tastlo, VI . 33 DI tagwifigung, lam DI tagwii'isang, I shall be D! tagwiahangung, I may be * iirong. DI tagwiastlo, If I be 34 Tlaou tatlfiedupg, I Tlaou tatlatasang, I shall • hdp. Tlaou tatlaedhangung, I may Tlaou tatlt'itstlo, VI , 3ft Tlaou tatli Jzang, / Tlaou tatlidafiahang, I shall Tlaou tatlidzahangung, I may ■SOU', • Tlaou tatlidzastlo, » Ifl ■ - [HARRISON] HAIDA GRAMMAR 213 36 Tlaou ttang, Tlaou tlai-ang, Tlaou tlfiliangung, Tlaou tistlo / Ithall I may If I 37 ■■ ,, • .:.-'-v Tlaou tlaoutlang, Tlaou tlaoutlasang, Tlsou tlaoutlahangung, Tlaou tlaoutlastlo, I shall \ Imay 38 '" . ' Tlaou tumankingung, * Tlaou tumanklngasang, '" Tlaou tumankinghangung, Tlaou tumankingstio, I shall I mail Ifl' 39 , Tlaou yetang, Tlaou yetasang, . '- Tlaou yetahangung, Tlaou yetastlo, 1 shall Imay ' ' 40 i canoe. I break. I crack. I crack ivith teeth. I crack an egg. J lie down. '- I sit on the ground. I wade in the sea. 1 choose. I run to carry news, I stand. J stop. I fall into. I embrace. I load. I send. I kill. I cry. I fall down. J am poor. J sit. J lift up on my knees. i.ny. I swim. I hide myself. I lie down. I kneel. I fall into. I die. I am blown about. • '^i ■: : [harkisox] HAIDA GRAMMAR 216 First Person Plural. .is Talung istieiUng, Talung tlidzudung, Talung istalgung, :, Talung giatlindachadungung, . Talung hudjangung, Talung Aihuatang, . ., Talung issagung, Talung istalthagung, * Talung istalyaang, Talung giadiigung, '. Talung iatzang, : ' Talung kaslang, Talung Ahudjaugung, i '; Talung naangung, ' . • . Talung nllgung, Talung ostang, V Talung tlahudjangung, Talung tahudjangung, Talung ta^-/iouhudjangung, j; Talung tislang, Tal'ing tikungawangung, Talung chan ga istalgung, Talung kingstang, Talung gihH.lA;/iu8laug, Talung tiazugiangung, Talung tlazugifigung, Talung houwitzang, Talung tlahatiching, Talung halistalgung, Talung kil istiedang, Talung tiitang, Talung sahaigung, Talung hunwigung, Talung isantislang, Talung tluadang, Talung hastalthang, Talung ungfidalgung, Talung gungungwangung, Talung autung tahalthtlang, Talung gluanslang, Talung kwulungkatsing alth kaouslang, Itil houwitzang, Itil kwotaltlikang, Itil hiit . . zulangung, We go. Ve bind up wounds. We walk. We spread *he news. We run about.^ We run. We go ovlnde. We climb. We walk straight.. We pour out. We enter. We sleep. We run together. We dwell. We drink. We depart by canoe. We break. We crack. We crack an egg. We lie dotvn. We sit on the ground. We wade in the sea. We choose. We run to carry news. We stand. We stop. We fell into. We embrace. We lead. We send. We kill. We cry. We fall down. We are poor. We sit. We lift up on our knees. We, fly, Wc swim. We liide ourselves. We lie down. We kneel We fall into. We die. We are blown about. 2ier ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA J. VERBS CLASSIFIED BY MEANING. 1. Transitive Verbs. La Ith kwoySdung, / love him. La il skwuntlang. He kisses him. Lu il kwoyadung, He loves him. Tlaou u tagung, J eat iL La 1th kingung, I see him. Laou u tagung. He eats it. La il kingung, He sees him. La alth 1th nagung, I live with him. La telga 1th kingung, f hate him. Lil alth il nagung, He lives with him. La telga il kingung, He hates him. La 1th kwudungUDg, I listen to him. La 1th skwuntlang, 1 kiss him. La il kwudungung, He listens to him. 2. IntRAN 8ITIVE Verbs. Tlaou gushfigung, I speak. Di yuangung. lam great. Laou gushugung, He speaks. Laou yuangung, He is great. Tlaou kwulthilthgung, I meditate. Tlaou kagwalang, I go out. Laou kwulthilthgung, He meditates. Laou kagwalang, He goes ouL Dl kwutungeatigung, I am sad. Tlaou tidang, I lie down. Laoti kwutungi'stigung, He is sad. Laou tidang. He lies down. Tlaou tlidalthtang, Ifall. Dl stigung, J am sick. Laou tlidalthtang, He falls. Laou stigung, He is sick. 3. Verbal Propositions. Tlaou dunglidung, Tlaou kaaiyougung, Tlaou tluyougung, Tlaou wegidzugung, Tlaou chiyougung, Tlaou dunghastung, Tlaou dungitldung, Tlaou dunglthkidalgung, Tlaou dungwaununglligung, Tlaou dungchaougelgung, Tlaou gialagung, Tlaou BiB^ung, Tlaou skulthgaudung, Tlaou chiidung, Tlaou wunchigungung, Tlaou ziskidung, Tlaou wu nagung, Tlaou sitzf tligungung, Tlaou siskaiidung, Tlaou chiagung, Tlaou chiku skalgungung, Tlaou dutladelgung, Tlaou dugung, 1. 2. / hoist flog as a sail. I " boots as a sail. I " trousers as a sail. 1 " an ordinary sail. I " coat as a sail. I haul out. I " canoe. I (1 logs. J II a net. I unga gwustlang, Tlaou kodets unga katsang, Tlaou kodets kutli unga ch'stlang, Tlaou ::siuohing, Tlaou staskoga unga hastlang, Tlaou staskoga unga istlang, Tlaou collar unga istlang, Tlaou /(t'l oskiltlinftgung, / put on both of my stockingg. 1 I I I I I I I 1 X one of my stoclcingn. my dreM, my hat. coat. thirt. a coal. hoth of my boot». one of my hools. my colltir. somf thing ; ound on my neck. 10 Tlaou hangjana;wo Akatiswaugung, Tlaou hangjangwf" ckingwaugung, Tlaou hangjangwti riiustawaugung, Tlaou hangjangwi- ekaguUhagung, Tlaou hangjangwi' gwi katlang, Tlaou ne staha gluldalguns, I jump through a window. Hook " " Ipour " " Igo " " 1 climb " I fall from a houne. NoTB.— The word hangjangwf may or may not be used. a A 1th hatlang, A dl gluwaiang, A di hupidgang, Tlaou sha stahii hupidtalgung, Tlaou shi'i stiihu iikatistalgung, Tlaou sha stiihn kaalgung, Dl sha staha gluwidalgung, Sik 1th akouitlang, Sik 1th katlang, 8Tk 1th istang, 'Sik 1th kutiUhtlang, 12 Tjump into (water). I fall " 11 I drop " « I drop from o height I jump " II Igo >i I fall " 11 I jump up. Igo " Iput " 1 throw " Lth tlitwulgung, We lth giastlang, Washt lth istang, Staha lth istang, 13 Iput it in (a box) Ipour it in. I take it out of (refers to things only). / take it out of (refers to persons only). [HARRISON] HAIDA GRAMMAR 219 Shiilt Ith kfigung, Bhult 1th kinjiiing, Hhult Itli saalguDir, Sliuit 1th ilikwudungung, Addu 1th klyunft, Addii Ith aidiing, Adda 1th yhitgwangung, Addu 1th g nung, Addu 1th tligungwatigung, u 15 I walk among Hook It I hide If Ifeel II Iwalk round. 1 run ti iflu II I paddle " / tiuim II Examples. ' Sel hotC' ai Itha istagun, They put it (the body) in the coffin. Wauht dl iatada, Lei me pull it out. Laou kfitlagang waigen Itil shu il nagang, He came and dwelt among w/t. Dalung shuit kum kin alth kaginsh kang gaangung, There if no salvation among you. Kais adJu talung tlu kagun, We hair been round the iiland by canoe. (4.) Verbs of Contact (In/cu). Wau inku iching, Inku iching, Slhini' inku 1th kataang, Tablegi- inku gioungwi- Iching, Kelthka douwe inku iching, On it. On it. 1 nail on to. The sail i« on the table. On a stielf. " A good heart." " A calm heart." " An evil heart" " A sick heart." (5.) Verbs of Feeling (Kwutunge) Di kwutunge lagung, 1 am happy, lit. Di kwutungu glaiang, I have peace, lit. Di kwutunge daungang, I am unliappy, lit. Di kwutunge stigung, I am sorry, lit. Di kwutunge tlakwidistlang, lam troubled. Di kwutunge tlikagulagung, 1 rejoice. Di kwu'iinge sahailthlang, I mourn. (6.) Verbs of Gradation. Waug aijung kasklt denotes that the action is in progress and in- complete. Di inaatlage waug agung kaskitung, Kiagin dala souge " ' Tlaou kage " " Tlaou kaoungunge " " Laou ginunge " " Laou kage " '' Jine koustie " " Singe kwaunale waug agang tahuskitu^g, Singe jingale waug agung tahuskituug. I increase in years. My money decreaus. lam still going to. I am still walking along. He is paddling along. He contiiiues his journey. The sun is getting warmer. The days are getting shorter. The days are gelling longer. 220 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 1 (7.) Verbs of Location. (each, I talk on the beach. J am angry on the bea^h. (d.) With Tlugwau, On board a Vessel. Tliigwau 1th kouwang, I sit on board a vessel. Tlugwau Ith kattang, J sleep on board a vessel. Tlugwau 1th haelthtang, 1 fight on board a vessel. Tlugwau 1th gusbugung, i talk on board a vessel. Tlugwau di katllyildungung, J am angry on l>oard a vessel. Skuouda, Skatis, Skatlthinda, Skatlthindang, Annu, Itliagung, Skatlangwe a, Anything round, as a Ball. On the floor. On a dish. On a shelf On a table. Things generally. In the house. On the table. In crockery. Anything long, as Anna skilgutwang, Anna akaoudang, Anna iaiwang, Anna istlindang, Kouwe inku, Gatadine inku, Skatlang ai, Anna keiaiougung, Anna aaaiongung, Kia kigiougung. a Stick or Gun. Standing indoors. Lying indoors. Hanging up indoors. . On a table indoors. On the floor. On the table. In a cup. Hanging up indoort. Ttnvxire hanging up indoors. Hanging up out of doors. [Harrison] HAIDA GRAMMAR 221 Examples. Kitlano kiagtn skuskfidzouwO icbing 7 Tpblegt' inku skatlthindang., Kl. »no kiagiD chiku ichinti:? Anna isiwang, Kitlano kiagin taskgo iching? Kia skaoudang, Kitlano chini- iching? Kouwi' inku iching, Kitlano hane ictiing? Bkatlangwt- ai iching, Kitlano giouiigw<' iching ? Kia kigiougung. (8.) Verb to K('i;/U7i^/ kwudiuKj. Hutlif. da di kwudungung, i dmre to drink. Hutlu- da di kwudungun. . ; I desired to drink. Kahig." da di kwudungung, I denre to sleep. LthaangwillGdadikwudungung, 1 desire to work. Kwoyadit- da dl kwudungung. . I destre to lore. St.:; ^ da di kwudungung, • ; j desire to be sick. L ve da di kwudungung, i desire to be good. (17.) Verbs that have their Noun formed fr^.m the root of the Verb with le or leilmu/ affixed. Tlaou tuman kingung, Tunian kingle, Tlaou lamatoG ketsitang, Lamatoe icelsitle, Tlaou Ithfiangwilang, Lthiiangwille, Tlaou kwolthtang, Kwolthtale, Tlaou skadaiig, Skadale, Tliiou tlitang, Tlitalr;, 1 takecare. A curetakir, J shepherd. A shepherd. I work. A workman. I steal. A thief. 1 learn. A scholar. I kill. A murderer. (18.) These Nouns with the Verb ''to >" affixed are thus oonjuoated. Diu tnman kingle gagung, Jam a caretaker. Diu lamafoe ketsitle gagung, Jam a sh^iherd Dm Ithaangwille gagung, j am a workman. Dm thtle gagung, / „^ „ ,nurderer. Dm kwolthtale gagung, / „;„ „ thief. Dm Bkadiile gagung, i am a schola ■ . 224 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 1 (19.) Adjectival Verbs. — (tkj find gu7if/.) Tadang, It w cold. Kinang, It is warm. Lthdiingagung, Jt is deep. Althlang, Jtisuide. S'heltdnng, //, is red. Delugung, It rains. Touagung, Itsnowi'. Tatjiigung, It blows. Takalgung, It freezes. (20.) Naming Verbs. Keya affixed to a noun is a verb meaning to name or call, as : John hinu il keyang, He is calhdJohn. Killat hfiade bin Itlia keyang, They are called Zimshians. Nungetlagidas iiinii Tl ki-yang, He is called a chief. Jesus hinu il kevang, His name is Jesus. Kasino adehi dung keyang ? What do i/ou call this f Kasino il keyang ? What is his name? Additional Examples of Verbs. ' First Person Singular. — Tlaou, Lth, Bi Tlaon kwoyadung, TIaou Ithaangwilung, I)i kwutfxnge lagun, Dung an dl katliyildungung, Di gu dung kwoyada us ? La lth kinguni, Dung telga lth kingung. Hove. ■! jv< A''-'--' T work. J was happy. I am angry with you. Do you lore me f I saw him. I hate you. Second Person Singular. — Bun;/, Bahou, Tumj. DI toui dung iching, Tung a lth killagung, Dahou gu is ? Gush ga dung istatlans;? Dahou dl an kwutungo la us? You are my friend. I thank yon. Is it you ? What do you want f Are you pleased with me f Third Person Singular. — Zoou, II. Laou kwotaltalgung, He ix nearly dead. Hin lii il shfitaiang, He said unto Ai.r*. II kwutungCstigung, He is sorry. La ga il istaguni, He gave it la him. Laou dung telau dfiungang, He is worse than you. Laou Itha telgu kutungfigung, He isunser than they. First Person Plural. — Tahing, Itil. Talung istiedasang, We shall go. Itil kwntungo tlakwidisllthagung, We are in trouble. La. talung kingasanp, We shall see him. Dung kanguanu talung istlagun, We came to see you, Itil wautliwan giigung, We are all lost. fill sti odzugung, We are all sick. -Sit ■M ^ I HARRISON] HAIDA GRAMMAR 226 Second Person Plural. — Ihdumj. Dalung konungung, You urefoolith, Dalung tagwiagang, You are strong. Kingwoguns r> dalung tlahadedung, You break the comtnandmentt, Dalung itil an kfitliyildungung, You are angry with ut. Di telga dalung king hangung, You rmnj hate me, DI kwntunge dalung kil stigungang. You are making me wrry. Third Person Plural. Adlun il iatlfiougung, \ Adlun Itba istltlgung, Di ti^wiastlo di Itha kingasang, Laou itil an kwutunge louwang Lii il kil kaiitouang, Laou daunga yuan ougung, < -Ltha, II or Laou, if a few. They come here {a few). ■ ' They come fiere. TJiey will see me irtien I am strong. They are pleased with tw (a few). They Kent him aimy (a few). They are very wicked {a few). Examples of the Tenses. I tee. Tlaou kingung, Dung 1th kwoyadaguni, y" Ltha an dung Ithaangwiliishang, Dung kange da di kwudung hangung, Tlaou kaiit ungkashang, Dung stistlo yhil dung ga 1th istashang, Ketait ni' ai talung idjani, Jesus a singeltlikang Ith gushu, La telga 1th kint; gigungun, Zanoa tluwe katlagungung, - , Kum kin ga dung istatlangsang, Kashintlou lidlnn dung iching? La dung kwoyadasestlo laou tasang, Tuman 1th adshi king, Adatlth la talung kinguni, II kangi" da gu dung kwuyung us ? La an di kiltliyildungini, II Btis hagunan itil kwutungestigung, Laou kfitlatiilang Itil il kagindiean, Lth haada wautliwan hagunan il kwotalang, GaProphotgasgelthhaadakinskadadagangang, The Pro})hets had taxight, or used to teach, the people. Gush gu dung istatlang ? . ■■ Wltat do you want f Sugar dakge da di kwudungung, I wish to buy sugar. Kutla, dung an di kwutungestigung, Oo, f am vexed nith you. Kum dung kaiitfiUHken kiak dung lth istashang, // you don't go I shall put you out. On huadt- an dl kwutungi- lagung, I am pleased with the Haidas. Tan isken kwaun ishin dalung tlitie da di kwudungung, I wish you to kill heart and fursecU. Haelthtie gu dung kwudung us ? Do you wish to fight t Kiutane dalung kwolthtastlo ketait ne ai dalung If you steal horses you ioUl go to isisang, prison. ^ IL, 1895. 15 I loved you. . , You will vmrk for them. I may wish to see you. I am about to go. . ' I will give you medicine when you are ill. We were in prison. Pray to Jesus. I have been hating him. The steamer is coming. You will not want anything. Why (ire you here. If you love him he will he good. Take cure of this. We saw him yesterday. Do you msh to see him f I hare been angry tirith him. We are sorry that lis is sick. He came dotvn that he might save us He died for all mankind. 226 ROYAL s6CTEtY Ot' CANADA ;/'i:lIJIJIMI J' I Tlii ta ga dung da U8 ? ;i!) I'l Kahano ; kum tlu la 1th daangunR Hnn<^ gu kwan us ? u' i\i, »i> L Ang, kwangung, ■ 4'v>-n\ mo{ Bible an gu dalung unshit us ?> Tliku JcsuB ahouan gu dalung yetfi us? Dung kit gu sti us? Zano« di an eu dung istfl us ? Kasino dung odung aiata ? \ .)\\\\ ^ \drtlth8tlo gu talung istiedsu usl^ Tou di ga dung ista us ? \ Askaskit kisliigung ? Askaskit swaunahung wpk hinawe agung, Lagie ne a 1th kaiil, , „,v,\ x., ,^ vi ,,v'v Kitlano dalungiC- tluwe Idling? ^, Itilgie no kladskagung, Adshi gu dalung istatla ? Ashge yenkienn lagung, Tliku kalungi' edsi han gu dalung istatlang Gwu talung kwoyadzing, Agung 1th aaalgung, Kumwadehi kingiinu edangung, Staskoga daliinga kladskagung, h -,■(! ? uf'A ) nr,\ ii liiiU/'' i iiitjl IKllhA I if) olimt'unjfii KI hr/fA lit; (iti iKmA ^ ' ' Have you got a good canoe t No, I have not got a .good cQ,\ioe, . ] ,.; i Are there many ktr^l //-i.i ;,i!iilj:(l Yea^fmrty. .;i'!i;i. -, uurininmi'/l Do you underOand the BUtkf,, ,,|^,( | Do you believe w^^at^Je/^Jlf^i4^^.,i ,(f . Ityour child «ctf:,j, jKnt,,,,;! id Will you get me firewood f Hovj are you to-day f | SiiaU. we go to-morrow f W'ul you give me food What time i« it f It is half-past one. Go to A'« house. Where are your canoes 7 , . , ^ . f , )0!!""*' I hide myself. '■'■ -""'' '!« 'i'"'' It is noi like thatl '" f-J> '5nM yiiii* I your boots, OT the ?«>■'« for iJoii^'Mifii strong. ""*' ,ilirti>i ^JiImJ IK vli i Bl)/1 ,; ii ■; ('If '_(iu;(iUi'j'^iji« fi. ^^fi*'*), . i»"Mii;'i"j utjiJ »f.tf Hjjfol Till , ■ l!)i>t Owfrlj noiinX ; I i :'(iti(» (.'4 n'fA (iir/H ■Til,! luflhi': friliuiilKHH oil- : '?.i 7i\iy/fA mtnf) ilJ ,r;iiiJ id -Alt: lill nun\tt1' (.''•MM."*! T^tinfi;! TA illltnijA '!» uu, kU "jjrir;)! 11 ,iir.,!;iiilliU'/ifl(':.t (i) CIB nil ■■\rnf4 lii? rfr'firr^iiil Mii;^ II ,! ' ' lr.ri;|]ivj{ tiotii] ■n i;i) 111, '»n 111,./* uluiitl iliJ A i.(>j:rirl ildV.Hi-'itofi]' ii'{ ni) .iji :( :i i,i,t!;'i-;i 'iin:i; u},; djjni > '/;( if> «t>.-^,;I ,;;i(ti;~'r:( 'yiuiUl'l/A '>b III: ~thnt-i\ »< ' ill fif' ■ilJii ■ . :■'.?' A t( l-ii Hi;'!'