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1 2 3

. i

THE

SOULANGES CANAL WORKS

CANADA

By C. R. COUTLEE.

Auoeiatid Manbw, Oaaatton Boelatr at CItU ■ii»1ii «t i .
AwtoUBt iBglcMr, BoulansM Oual W-wfea.

(&«prlot*d from BngliieerioB N«wi at April 18 sad Jnlr 11, IML)
MBW YORK.

uea.

^fll

PART I.

B*twt«B Pmcott and Montreal the freight traf-
fle <rf til* Bt lAwrence River la, on aeoouat of
rapldt, forced to take to eanala. Fourteen-foot
navlsatlon haa been secured, and boats of this
draft can paaa from Lake Superior to tide water.
The floolansoi Canal ia the link In this chain of
•hip oan>ila, that replacea the old Beauhamoia
Canal, wltieh was 9-ft. draft only. The location,
deeltn of leeka unf. superintendence of construc-
tion *•- ■ Of a entirely In the hands of Mr.
Thor ' Past-President of the Canadian

8oci« Bnglneen. His 20 years' ex-

pert -itflneer of the Welland Canal,

cou; dies of forelsn practice, have led

to th- ..n of sc i:<i entirely new features, and

the canal m an exari le of matured practice in hy- '
drauUe enRlneertnr of this class.

PIAK, PROPIIjB and CR,088-8ECTI0N.

The Boulaages Canal, about 14 miles In lenjrth,
couples Lake St. L«uls, the expansion of the St.
lAwrence above Lachine, with L«ke St. Prancla.
the expansion below Cornwall. Lake St. Francis
la frenerally 82.6 ft. higher than Lake St. Louts,
and this Is surmounted by nve locks, the llrst
three havln» the exceptionally high lift of 23.6 ft.,
the fourth a lift of 12 ft, and the head, or suard.
lock, a lift of about 2 ft. The location on the
north side of the St. Lawrence was decided upon
as reqc'rlnff less curvature, fewer locks, and be-
cause quicksand was In evidence on the south
shot*. In addlthw. the enlarglnv of the old canal
would have led to many difficulties and unfore-
seen expense. Fram the seneral plan. Fig. 1, It
win be wen that there are only two curves. The
longer ortends for 60* on a radius of 14,800 ft
(about 24'). and was necesslUted by the great
bend In the river Itself. The shorter extends
through ie°, on a radius of 12.800 ft. (about 27').
Both are so easy that for purposes oi navigation
the canal may be considered a stnright line.

The supply of water was, of course, inexhausti-
ble; therefore only Its admission into the canal
was to be considered The cross-seotton of .'the
canal prism. Fig. 2, j 100 ft. width at bottMn,
with 2 to 1 slopes throughout In rock or earth and
16 ft of water at extreme low water. The area
of prism at mean low water Is about 2.400 sq. ft,
or say four tlmea the submerged transverse area
of the typical vessel for Ita navigation. This sec*
tlor of canal Is nowhere diminished, but on the
contrary a larger area Is given at bridges.

The adrniasibla current was flxed at about 1
mile per hour, or say as high as 100 ft per mlBUta
The canal bottom. Fig. S, haa a fall of (Kl ft per
mile, and the current serves to change the water
and slightly aids the seaward traffic. The banks
along the summit level are high enough to admit
of the eanal surface being raised to the highest
water level of Lake St. Franeis, and still be 8 ft.
atMve water. This would give a depth of 20.6 ft
in the canal priam.

GUARD LOCK.

A guard lock. Fig. 4, is kioated near where the
axis of the canal Intersects the original shore Una.
This protects the entire artifleial channel to the
east from an Influx of Lake Bt Francis: (1) were
the summit level banks to break at any point, or
(2) were It refluired to run the level dry for repair
work. It also prevents the piling of the lake water
into the eleven- mile summit level by westerly
winds, whereby the banks might be overrun.
Guard gates would not suffice, aa, were the lake
water to pile agalnet them, it would be Impowibl*
to open them and admit vessels until the storm
felL

To feed the canal a supply race. Fig. 4, la pro-
vlded to the south of the guard lock. Across the
head of this Is a weir consisting of a masonry
wall pierced at the bottom by four arched open-
ings 9 ft wide and 10 ft. high. These openings
are throttled by submerged "Stoney" valves,
which are exclusively used throughout the canal.

Splay walls extend above and below the gnrd
lock to guide vessels in and out. Above the upper
splay walls are two parallel piers 20O ft apart
and extending 1,600 ft. Into the lake, which gtva
mooring accommodation to boats awaiting lock-
age.

Canala leading from rivers at the head of a
rapid, are alway* subject to a current setttag
stcrosa tbelr entrancee To obviate tnis mean* en-
tering land higher ui) and Increasing the cost of
construction an4 land damages. So long, how-
ever, aa the entrance 1» amply wide and deep
enough to allow of boaU swinging well In to-
ward shore, the cross set of the current becomes
a small matter even to tows.

SUMMIT USYSL.

The summit level has tU top bank ekrvatloB at
101 (above sea), or the same hel^t aa the oopbig

wmmmmm

of tiM gnard lo«k. Bjr thia mMM It to Mmnd
that th* top e( feoaka wlU alwajra bo wtU abovo
tha UdMat watar at tho aiitraBea, which baa booa
rooordad aa 167.5 abova aaa. Thla laval !a oTor
Vf^ mllaa In lan«th, or 76% of the whol* canal,
whlob can bo nartgated without atop of aar kind
whatav .. A dopth of 20 ft. can bo had If daalrod
at hi«b watar, itvlnv nearly 8,000 aq. ft. trana-
v»t«o aroa and 176 ft. width at tho watar Una.
Thla, of oouroo, maana apoedjr and safe navigation
for largo boata.

The bank protection conalata of a notch cut
along the 2 to 1 «ide riopea and aoUdly rofllled
with broken atone of vatloui ilaea, aa Indicated
by Fig. 2. The face la flnlahed with m a c ada m
rammed to a 2 to 1 ilope, and the top line la An-
Uhed with a rough coping, Ini. thick and 1 fl.
wide, laid In 2V^ft. . lengths. This cope te 8 ft
at>ove the working level, and the baae of the lin-
ing Is 5 ft vertically bdotv water turface. Ther*
are no large boulders to become dlsplac3d and
carry several others with them; but the- 2-ln.
metal and fine grit torm a knit slope, and repairs
are easily made by dumping broken stone where
required.

Bod Is laid upon a slope above tho coping anl
for a width of B ft. along the top of bank. Along
the n<jrth bank, which Is 50 ft. wide, a macad-
amised public road Is provided. Between this road
and the edge of the canal Is the pole line, bearing
the power and light wires. All the poles are oaint-
ed white, and every fourth one carriea a AOOO-a p.
closed arc light. Along the north side trees are
being planted, and the appearance of this artifi-
cial river is both finished and pleating.

CULVERTP.

Thrje amall rivers are passed underneath this
upper reach by means of culverts, the Dellsle, the
Rouge and the Grease.

DELISLE.— The Dellsle la the largest. Its flood
flow sometimes nearing 300,000 cu. ft. per minute.
Its channel was diverted slightly by straighteaing
a bend and a rock foundation thus secured. In
fact, all three streams were diverted somewhat,
allowing the flow to continue aninten uptcdly in
the old channel during construction. Fig. 5
shows the details of the culvert construction. The
foundation pit was .'>0 ft. wide, excavated in lime-
stone rock. In this, four parallel lines of cast-
iron pipe were laid. Each ring of the pipe waa 10
ft. in diameter, •') ft. in length and 1 in. thick,
atrengtnened by three fllleta. They were laid plain
butt lolnts, and then the whole pit was filled with
concrete, which waa carried up 2 ft. over the irsa
The rings provide against a bursting up-pressure,
which would occur if the river were in flood and
the canal were emptied for repair work. H. R.
Ives & Co., of Montreal, Quebec, made the cast-
ings in a most creditable mann-^r.

ROUGE.— The Rouge Is passed under the prism
In a similar manner to the Dellsle, but only two
lines of lO-tt diameter pipe are used. Tlie foun-

HHiilii

imtUm WM on bouM«r m«t«rt*l uadarlyln* Mm*
SO ft of bliM etey.

ORBASB.— Only MM Uii« of 10>ft pip* wm >••
qaind tor tha Oraoao fUvar culvert; the found*-
tlon WM on pUm. An ncddant oceurrod durinc
ooMtrnetlon. JTlg. shows tMa pips In piaoo nnd
partly covsrsd with the concrst* lllllnc. Ths wntor,
with which th* pit was flilsd for protsotlon
ngminat froot, burst out nnd Its hsovy lc« eovsrins
settled down on top of the east-Iron tube, which
had only boon half oonoreted. Many rlncs wer-t
broken, but they wem repaired In place with an-
gle Irons and bolts.

DRAW BRIDOBS.
Four bridces cross the summit level, all of slnil-
lar deslcn. There la no pivot pier in uildchinnel,
but Instead the pivot Is placed In tin* with the
south bank, and the w! Me width of the bottom
100 ft.. Is free .'or navlsatlon. A bo\t pantng
along th* prtsK reiembles a movable dam and
piles the water -tt any restricted part of the chan-
nel. The currents thus created tend to swinit ves-

way OO ft. wUis on bottom, with S to 1 slopM. U
Is throttl*d t - two Ian* "atonoy" slalosa. SO ft.
X 22 ft., whieh hoiat up Into a stsel supwMmotVM
rcaemblla* a doable gantry. The guard g»t« It-
self la 46 ft wld*-th* wMth of a loek-aa4 om.
BtoU of tW3 h^low v»itMt abtttmeau witli splay
walls above and betow. Pig. 9. A pair «t gat*
exaetly similar to look gat** r*volv* In th* ^qaoln*
and ekM* against nilUr sill*. Th* splay walla
above and below are of oonoret*, and ar* mad* tO
ft. wide to form a roadway on th* south lUtow
Through th***, arches of 15-ft. spaa ar* p(«rG*d
to pass th* f*ed water Into the raceway and out
of It A foundation platform was first mad* of
eonerote 12 ft wide and 2 ft. deep, and upon this
the arche* were built The** slabs and that un-
der the guard gate and sluice rest directly on hard
blue clay, and have given no trouble.

LOCK NO. 4.

Between guard gate and look th* ordinary s*o-

tlon of canal prism Is r««umed for about 800 ft

Bplay walls, as usual, are placed above and below

Fia 2. TRANSVERSE SECTION OF CANAL PRISM; SOULANQES CANAL WORKS, CANADA.

s*Is across the canal. To avoid this the primi
area Is increased at the bridges by excavating
In rear of the pivot piers (r*^ 7). One arm of the
bridge spans this side basi' and the other spans
the canal proper. Practically all the bridge ma-
sonry Is concrete, only the copings ttA pari. pets
being of stone. All Ironwork li palntt with white
lead, and the graceful superstructures, contrast-
Iny with the green banks and adjacent woods,
Rive quite a picturesque effect. On top of each
bridge a red lantern Is placed exactly on the cen-
ter linn of the canal, showing both up and down,
as a danger stgral, when the Uraw Is closed
against navigation.

POWIUt-HOUSB.

The canal power-house Is situated about the
middle of the summit level, advantage being
taken of the crossing of the Grease River to vs*
It as a tall race. Tbe power-bouse la com')lned
with a waste weir and will be described further on
under electrical Installationi. Some 720 HP. Is
generated for lighting and for operating {.-ates
and valves.

OUARD OATEB FOR LOCK NO. 4

The summit level ends with a guard gate and
lift lock. Ths guard gates are 1,000 ft abo''*
the lock, Fig. 8, and are never opened 'untP .i
lock gates are closed. To the south Is a feev. lace-

.'he lock to lead In vessels. A raceway to the
south. Fig. 8, passes the feed water to the reaches
bek>w. It Is 27 ft wide on the bottom, with 2 to
1 slope* giving a transverse area at working level
of 1,100 sq. ft. A regulatin-T weIr plaaed acroas
the end of the raceway In line with the foot of the
lock, governs the feed to the reaches below. This
a'Mr Is a concrete dam faced with cut stone and
pierced by two submerged arches, '/.•hlch are
clofied by "Stoney" valve* ft. wide and 7 ft
high. Fig. ?0. The face of the wall Is buttreaaid
and four blind arches widen th* top snfllolontly
to give a 10-ft. roadway. Below this w*lr th*
water Is turned into the canal bgaln through th*
arches of the raceway bridge.

The lock Itself is of concrete construction, only
the face of the chamber sbove the iow^ir reach wa-
ter level being of cut stone. The low<!r sill la *
elevation 125 (above sea) and the upper is ut
137. On top of the slUs 15 ft. of water in pro-
vided for 14-ft navigation, so the lower reach
working water level Is (125 -I- 15) Bl. 140 and the
upper (137 + 16) Bl. 152. This would be a lift of
12 ft, but usually the summit level will b« worked
at El. 154 or 156. making the lift 14 or 16 it Fo^
the foundation of Lhts lock 1,1<X) ^rtck -^Im piles
were driven 40 to 45 ft into blue clay at 4-ft
center* under each lock wall and across the up*
per and lower enda The top* vtere cut oft and

H 1 1 «

•aib«dd«A in eonc-rct*. whleh wu runinad about
tiMfn. B«twMn Ui« wslla Of kwk 8oor la a floif
mt* steb 380 a lew sad 4SM (t wM« and fla>
lahad to aa lavwt M Ina. thiek alone th* emtw
BaA 8 (t at tha atdwi. Tb* npp«r and o( tbia
floor flta acalaat tba drela of tba braaat wail and
tba lowar and to flatobad witb a Itna of out atona
blocka. Tba lowwr mttar alU to earrlad on ptlaa; It
eonalaU of a oiaaa of ooncrata astandinc S ft. ba-
low tba floor, whiob forma botb an aaebor block
for holdlns down tba •Ilia and a out oft aiatnat
leakaia. Two I-baama ara laid diraetly undar
aaeb alll and through tbam paaa aaran bolta, IH
Ina. in diameter and T ft lonv, tba wbola balng
burled In the maia of concrete. Tba anda of tba
anchor bolta ara threaded and paaa vertically
tbrougb t*-a 18 x IS-ln. oak allla, which are held
down by larca nuta and waabara. The upper roU
ter alll la carried on a circular breaat wall ax-
tendtnr ceroaa between tba lock walla and to an-
chored down In the aama manner aa the lower
one.

The braaat wall to a maaa of concrete faced with
heavy cut atona aahlar. It aervaa to take the ram
of aacandlns boata, tbua pravantinc their bowa
puahlnr open the miter of the upper satea from
tba lower *lda— a frequent jouice of »oci;!ent. In
front of the breaat wall to another croaa wall,
which reveta the end of the upper i-ea/^h. It forma
with the breaat wall a bay. 30 ft. acroaa. and
the full width of the lock, 46 ft. From thli head
well the longitudinal wall culverta are fed In flll-
1B( '.be lock Tba culverta are ft. / ft. with
arched roof and are provided at each end with
"Btoney" valvea. These allow the water io flow
Into or out of tba lock chamber, with whleh tba
culvert to connected by 30-ln. pipes, ten on each
sidb.

Tba method of construction was to lay the whole
ooncrata foundation slab under the walla and
across tba enda. The floor of the head well, the
floora of the culverta and the lower miter ?lll ara
aU on tba aame level (El. 125). Upon this tba
molda for face and rear of walls and for sides of
culverta were tet up. The concrete waa mixed
by band along the aldea of the pit and wheeled In
until the spring Una of the culvert arch waa
reached. A treatla bad then been comoleted
through the lock chamlier and two traveling dei--
rieka erected upon It. These swung In the con-
crete witb akipv. The poata of the treatla aerved
to bold tba chamber face molds, which were 14
ft high. Abov> thto height the lock wall waa
ashlar, the flrst course projecting 2 ins. and be-
Ing rounded to form a rubbing courae.

REACH BEIiOW LOCK NO. 4.
Below iXMsk No. 4, a reach aimilar to the
mit level extenda for nearly 2Mi miles. ! a
mile below the lock there to a road bridge Ilka
thoae on tba summit level. It to founleJ on hard
hlue clay and baa given no trouble from tettle-
iL All swing bridgts are at right angles to

IlJMJJT.j J.

mtimvs*

3 ' iiimitS %\

■(fWiSMril

• fMOt

-|DOdK

- pot^

^Jw*« i

■ poOtlQ

■ jooM

■g"m^

til* Um of OftMl. TIM BorU buk. m on tli* FloodlBC Um donpad atajr wllfe • wj uiiS< r Jmm

■uauBit tovM, It 60 ft. wl4« to lUlow i-pao* for •

mMsdam ro»d to rvplact th* old rlvvr ro«d cut

off bjr tiM Mai. The Muth bMtk !• IB f wid* tt

•a •lovatlon of S ft tbov* w» ' I«Ttl </lth 2 to

1 ■lopoa.

BIMONBTTB BMBANXMBNT.

TIM ehUf tc-<tvrt of tbia l«v«l U Ita eroMtn* of
a ravlB* about BUO ft. Ion* and 40 ft. ilaop b«<
low the "tow-path'' tltvatlon. Tb« oanal la car*
.riod aeroaa by an •mbankntnt oontalntni 900,000
cu. ydf., built of elay azaavatad from tha prinn.
Tha full oroM-aaetion la malntalnady via. : 100 ft
bottom width and 2 to 1 alopaa. Tha axtarlor
alopca art alao 2 to 1, maklni the baaa of bank
aaarlr BOO ft. acroea. Vndtr thia All a 8C-ln. oaat>
Iron plpa paaaaa a imall craak. Tha raaeh anda
at tha CaaoadM Lock*. Tha watar aurfaioa la oon-
aUntly kept at elevation 140, slvln« 16 ft. of
water, or 2 ft under veaaela drawinc 14 ft

KARTH WORK.

The tower entrance of tha canal la cut Into a
tonfue of land eaparatlng the Ottawa River T -im
the St. Lawrence River. Thla point la of .
dam sanditone, but ■milt for buUdlnc ma» ; ,
thouth It waa muct . ed for concrete. For a dla<
tance up of 1,000 ft It la denuded, then It le loat
to alcht under a BO-ft. olar bluff. The Potidam
contlnuea fairly level for About eleven mllea weat
whan It overlaid by ealdferoua rock. From tha
lanaral profile. Fir. 8, It will be leen that the
clay Burfaea riaea abruptly at Caaoadea, then very
gradually for about Ave mllea, after which it
contlnuea at a general level only allghtly above
the aurface of Lake Bt Francli. The lower half
of the canal la In hard brov-n clay overlying a
compact blue clay. The next quarter la in a toft
blue clay with only, a scant covering of aandy
brown clay. The upper quarter la In boulder.
Over 200,000 eu. yds. of rock were excavated at
the upper end and nearly 100,000 cu. yda. at the
lower. Besldea thla there was over 7,000,000 cu.
yds. of earth excavation of all kinds, varying
from soft blue clay to qulckaand, wet gravel and
hard pan.

Oenerally the surface brown clay waa removed
by wheel scraper, and the front parts of tha banka
made up of It. The bottom waa excavated by
•team shovels and cars (Fig. 11). Three-yard
cars of 8-ft. gage hauled by ten-ton looomotlves
on 80 to B6-lb. rails were extensively used.

Standard gage plant waa used on the Onder-
donk sections five miles In length. Sixteen mllea
of track were employed and the main line along
the canal bank connecting with the Grand Trunk
Ry. carried all the materials and supplies to
Look 4.

Earth from tha steam excavators is often In
larga lumpa which oannot be cut up and com-
pacted Into banks aa tite output ia too rapid.

waa temnd to ba a

tfela dUBeolty. A daauuid for dis^ >«

ratua would bo doub* ba mm by tha ahoval

ttfaotfran,

Tha rook asoavatton waa dona In the ardlaary
manner by ataam drUltag and derrick hawdllug.
All tha rook at Caaeadaa haa beau uaad up lor
concrete, ato., ■ i other torga amountk have baaa
employed for .^nk lining along tha eaaaL

Tha atone aide aktpa preteetlon amouata to
IBB.OOO cu. yda; It waa ganerally duatpad'Into
the notch from carta, but acwia haa bean trana*
ported by scows, since opening tha eanal, aud da«
posited from gang p'jutks,

CRIBWORK.

The only extenalve uaa of timber waa In sub*
merged cribwck foundations for tha ujtper and
*ower entranc 'en Thla waa all made "eloae-
vork," of 13 -In. timber, moatly hemlock.
The nrlba are ft wide and about 10 ft In
heigh, with t«.j rows of longitudlnala, and croae-
>ia* <>vcr> ft. They were generally built In lOO-
ft. Unatt)«, floated to plaea and fUled with atone
or V. io> rs from tha exoavatlon. Along the face
a plat.o' m of 12 X 12-ln. timber waa laid Juat ba>
low water and a concrete dock wall built upon it
The wall and crib foundation waa heavily backed
with stone filling. Caat-lron mooring poata are
employed throughout. They are cylinders 10 Ins.
In diameter and 1 In. thick set in cubes of concrete
B ft deep, from which they prelect 10 Ins. Be-
fore settlpg each post Is rammed full of concrete.

For each coniract a bulk sum waa bid for un-
watering, which included pumping, making and
removing dams, and removing lea and snow.

SLIDES.

The greatest dlflleulty encountered In con-
struction waa the slipping of the clay aldea of the
can along about two miles of the stunmit level.
Most trouble was experienced at the St. Emman-
uel road croaalng. Here an Inch 'od could ba eaa-
ily pushed down 80 ft tbroui^ blue clay fetehlug
up on rock or hard material.

The canal Is In 28-ft. cutting and for the north
abutment of the road bridge, piles were driven
down 40 ft more below the bottom. A oonorota
foundation slab, level with eanal bottom, waa
laid upon theaa pUea about tha beginning of No-
vember. A few days later 800 ft In length of tha
north slope slid out over tha foundation and half
way across the cut Next seaaon thla slip waa
excavp'ed, and the north abutmentr-a concrete
monoll.n of 1,200 cu. yda.— waa built upon the
foundation, which had not been Injured. Between
this abutment and tha face of the old slip, about
100 ft. In width, aU tba blue otey waa excavated
to oanal bottom aii4^a apaoa retUIed with dry
brown elay laid up m layers by wheel aerapers.

Toward the end of Oetobar, 1807, however, an-
other sudden slip occurred at the aamo place com-

Mtf—

"nan»v*rM S«etton C-D-t-T.

^ 1

4»<i

I-J.

i^-WM

tt«l>» *«■ Calvtrt.

Fltt 6. DETAILS OF CULVERT FOR DELI8LE RIVER; 80ULANQE8 CANAL WORKS, CANADA.

plaUIy fllUnc tba canal acaln- Fir. 12 shows the
appearance ot this alMe. The abutment was
fwead out 80 ft. Into the prism and canted over,
beadlnc the foundation piles like whips. It was
not eren eracked, Jiowever, and had to be blasted
out pleoe by piece.

For over a mile this north canal slope has Anal-
ly been flattened from a 2 to 1 slope to a 4 to 1
with a heavy stone toe.

The blue clay deposit constitutes a "mere bleue"
or saturated clay lake, through which the canal,
during construction, formed a deep drainage ditch.
The snbwater plane gradually sloped down to the
canal bottom, draining in under the slope until

than lower down the canal where the brown elay
covering is thicker and nearly Impervloas.

8URVET WORK.
In establishing the center line, posts 10 Ina. in
diameter and 20 ft. high were set at the intersec-
tion points of tangents and also along tangents at
about three-mile intervals. A transit was inter-
polated between these poles and during ten years
it has never been necessary to keep reference hubs.
The long curves of large radius required all cal-
culations to be actually worked out as the dif-
ference between a 100-ft. chord and the curved aro
became noticeable, and the tables could not be

FIG. 6. VIEW OF SINGLE-PIPE CULVERT FOR GREASE RIVER DURING C0N8TRUCT0N;
80ULANGE8 CANAL WORKS, CANADA.

its friction was destroyed and the mass slid for-
ward, settling down along vertical cleavage planeb
as it moved. The whole matter was aided by the
fact that the blue clay beds, 3 Ins. thick, seem to
have dried after deposit and cracked like a mud
beach. These vertical cracks allow the water to
percolate down and create hydrostatic pressure.
The surface covering being sandy along this sec-
Bon aHtrwed storm water to enter more readily

applied. The upper curve, three miles in length,
was divided into halves and tangent poles set at
the intersection of the tangents for each half.

For field work steel band chains and 1-ln. gab
pipe pickets were used. A 500-ft. chain did not
prove itself of much value.

The ground surface for 300 ft. on each side of
canal center line was accurately cross-sectioned,
some 20,000 readings being taken, This work was

StMtljr bMtuiad by the um of two rods for Mioh
Uma. TiM right oC mr vmriM In width, but la
■narsilr 20O ft on Mteh side of tht center line of
▲bout 960 Mrea were taken Altogether,
fhmu bou^t for waating ground.

were plotted on a natural

Fig. 7. View Showing Typical Highway Swing
Bridge Crouing Canal; Soulanges Caiial Worics,
Canada.

•cale of 10 ft. to an Inch and bound In booka, con-
tract by contract. On the right-hand page was
plotted the north half of two cross-eectlona and
on the left the south halves, the middle of the
book being the center line. This generous spac-
ing, though bulky, haa proved to be very con-
veient for progreae, estlmatea, etc.

Borings were taken every ten cbalna wipi a 2-ln.
auger attached to gaa pipe. Numeroua teat pita
were alao dug, aome being 40 ft. In depth. Gen-
erally B to 10 ft of hard brown aurface clay waa
found to overlie blue clay varying from tbe con-
•lateney of tough cheeae to aoft butter.

The preliminary hydrographlc survey at the
lower entrance waa made by a fan of aoundlng

For cloae aoundlnga a Uae of boarda 4 iaa. wide
and hinged together In 10-ft. lengths waa floated
into the line and aoundlnga made along it from a
boat Blight breesea deranged thta h>ng float ao
it was only useful in calm water. Skeleton rafts.
200 ft long and 25 ft wide, were also used, the
aoundlng man walking along the timbers which
are flshed together with plank maA spikes and
well croaa-braced.

Bounding through the toe at Caacadea waa im-
praettcable owing to anchor ice and "fraslL" This
is caused by the agitated water pouring through
the Caacadea Raplda being unable to orystallae
through cooled far below 0*. C. In an instant oC
rest, however, articular cryatala are auddenly
formed. Theae drift down and accumulate in
atiU water beneath the aurface ice, forming im-
mense masaea resembling wet wool and event-
ually packing the river full to the bottom. Sub-
merged bergs, aeveral aquare milea in area, are
thus formed, which choke the flow, and the water
stands at vartoua levela In iaolatcd poola. Dttter-
encea of 2 ft in level were noted in holes cut only
SO ft. apart, so no aoundlnga could be done under
auch conditions. "Frasil" c? "cinder" ice mixed
with large cake ice haa been obaerved 80 ft in
depth. Iiong linea of aoundlnga were generally
made by atretching ateel wire with a cork float
every 20 ft betwe«i nitu anchored in exact posi-
tions.

The transit work included traverses of roads
and the shore Ulne of the St. lAwrence between
the head and foot of the canaL All these were
tied on to the center line forming closed traverses
of about three miles in extent: the results have
been very good. There waa alao a large trian-
gulation of the vicinity.

The leveling has be«i very extensive as lines

FIO. 8. DIAGRAM PIJkN OF LOCK NO. 4 AND GUARD GATE; SOULANGES CANAL WORKS,

CANADA.

Unas radiating from a flxed point ashore and ex-
tending two or three milsa out A boat with aex-
tant observer, sounding m«n and recorder aboard,
waa rowed out keeping in range with the flxed
hub and a movable back flag. Each aoundlng was
flxed by measuring the angle between the range
aft and a dlaUnt known aide point. To plot, a
line, parallel to the range line, :a drawn through
the distant aide atation, and from this the sex-
tant angles are laid off to intersect the range.

were run to Kingston, to Rouse's Point and to
Montreal, thus connecting with sea level at New
Tork and at Quebec. The results proved won-
derfully correct, though no attempt at precise lev-
eling was made, a A there Is the satisfaction of
having elevations, which convey smne meaning
and may be compared with distant points and re-
ferred to In descriptions and reports. A photo-
graphic record haa been kept of all the conatrue-
Uon.

PART II.

THB CABCADBB LOCKB.

The thre* CurxOM locka, Flc 18, an eaeh SSVi
ft Utt. With their attendant ayeUm of baalna
and reachea, they occupy about 4,000 ft in length,
the total deacent made belnc 70% ft at low water.
They are all in direct line, and between eaeh the
fuU prism of the canal, with 2 to 1 earth alope
■idee is reanmed. The reach between the upper-
most lock and the middle one la 1,600 ft. In length,
and that between the middle and lower entrance
lock is 1.000 ft Ions. Alongrtde these looks and
reaches, but sufflclently aeparated from them to
prevent currents, are raceways ahd basins to feed
the lower levels.

Each lockage requires about 308,000 co. ft of
water, which, if drawn from the short canal

CommanleatloB is secured throughoat the sys-
tem by three lines of roada, or tow-paths, IS ft
wide eaeh: one along the north of toeks and
reachea and on* along the south of r^eawmys and
«.7ouad the baalna. A central path, with arek
bridges, to allow of feed water oommuolcatlon.
divides tt * reaohes from the raoewaya. Ovar thaae
patha carta can pass with machinery or svppUes
for repairs. The tow-paths are really ontr ser-
vice roads, as all towing la dona by tugs. Caat-
Iron mooring poats are provided along them at
about 100-ft intervale.

Splay waUs below and above each lock secure
the safe entry of boats. These are tangent to tbe
lock wings and flare out at an ani^e of about SB*
to the canal center line. Stone steps below eaeh

FIQ. 9. VIEW OF QUARD GATE ABUTMENT, SHOWING GATE ANCHOR BOX AND OPERATING
BAR; SOULANGE8 CANAL WORKS, CANADA.

reaches only, would lower them sufflclently to
strand boats. To avoid this the surface Is in-
creased by side basins. The middle lock haa a
draft area of about 676,000 sq. ft, and the en-
trance lock has nearly 680,000 sq. ft, over which
their respective "draw-ofCa" are distributed. As the
full lift of the entrance lock (23% ft) is only at-
tained at extremely low stages of the lake, its
expenditure of water is generally less than the
others. The side ponds are connected by regu-
lating culverts, which can be made to operate au-
tottatleally, and through these any loss in the
lower reachea Is quickly rectified.

lock secure the rapid handling of hawsers from
the lower to the upper level. In fact, easy aooeaa
to all parts of the system is provided.

The topography is peculiarly well suited to this
bold design of high lift locks. The first, or fool
lock (liOCk 1) Is located Just where the rook,
Potsdam sandstone, caches the greatest height
in the Beanhamols anticlinal, and dips sharpir
Into the Ottawa. To the west the rook surface,
though irregular, continues on a general level
slightly above the canal bottom, aa tar as the
second lock (Lock 2). Here It rises suAeleatly
to place this structure In from 2 to IS ft of rook

t:» rock »t thl. polBt. Mrr*. to «?»»", "^"^
■oUdly In BO tt of ImpwfTloiMt •wrth. Up to th«
iMtt loA (l«cli •) tho rMwh la » cUy t t oror w
It. la dmtH. tho bottom bote* tomh biuo cl»y.
UKk 9 WM ftom 2 to 12 ft. abore the lock wr-
tMO, 00 podMtala ot concreto woro buUt and tlia
look walla tooadaA upon tiMm.

t,C>CK CONSTRUCTION.

▲U tbTM of tha Caaoadaa tocto ara lotmdad upon
rook. Tha ptu wara aseavated and tha looaa atcfla
pUad at ona alda for um In maklnr oonerata. Tka
Inaenlarltlaa of tha bottoma of tha pita wara
eoneratad np to floor laval. and upon thla tha aide
walla wart be««B. Fl». n ahowa tha general
itnictural detaUe of I-ock No. 8. whloh wUl alao
■erva to UluatraU tha almUar conatruoUon of
loeka Noa. 1 and 2.

Tha aide walla of «ach look ara SBB f t In lensth.

raaU upon a pirot caattac and It la held by a
gttdgaon and oollar at tha tw. Tha gatao mitor
acainat each other and oloaa acalnat a<lla of U-la.
X 18-ln, oak. which are held down bT bolta bvrlad
in a mans of conorate, aa daacrtbtd tor iMk No. 4.

Tha ! er mtaa Fl«. IB. of ttwn three locka are
OTor 4i t. hich and 28 ft. wide, tha dear width
of tha loc* baln« 48 ft Tha todlnaUon of the
miter allla In plan la 2 normal to and 1 alons
tha center Une of lock. The gatea ara of "buUt-
«p" oonatraeUon, the bottom bare bain* 84 Ina.
tbrongh. The timber. Dooclaa ««■. oa.aa from
Vaneouyer. The lar« xtaa weigh TO tona.

Through each lock w»U there la a longitudinal
tuvnal 8 ft. wide and 8 tc high, with arched roof,
baring a total area of 87 aq. ft Theaa tunnela con-
nect with the lock chamber through 20 openings,
10 each aide. «ach 80 Ina. In diameter, thair oe(it-
bined area being about 98 aq. ft The upper and
lower enda of tha tunnela ara oloaad by "Btoney

Fia

VIEW SHOWING MASONRY OF REOULATINQ WEIR AND RAC'-WAY BRIDGE AT L«CK NO. 4;
SOULANQE8 CANAL WORKS, CAN/ JA.

41V6 ft high, and 22 ft. wliie at the baaa. flnlah-
ing with » vopint 8 ft wide. Acioaa the npper
end a oroaa wall Z3H ft high (tha lift of tho look)
acta aa a revetment for the uppftr end of tha pit
A breaat wall, also 28H ft high, upon wUci. are
tho miter allla for the upper gatea. exten<ts acioaa
about 60 ft. below the revetment wall, forming
with It a h«ad bay. from which the waU culverU
ara filled. AU wall- are bnUt with piumb tacea.
and the backa ar* u stepa. The full height of
tha face la of bUk..-hammered aahlar, which la
backed with concreta Vertical reoeaasa. 4 ft
deep and 28% ft long, are made In tha jide walla
to allow of tha gates opening back fluah with the
genoal line ot chamber walL Bach gate toma
In a hollow quoin cut out of tha atone; Ita haal

alulcea 6 ft wl.^ and 6 ft high, •which are oper-
ated by chalna and < ounterwelghta through verti-
cal wella In the maaonry. 8 X 4 f t, extending from
floor to coping. Theae valvea, llHe the lock gatea,
have been aubjected to 88Vi-ft head, and are con-
atantly operated under 23V^ft head.

To flll the look the lower valvea ara oloaad and
the upper onea opened, which operation ooouptaa
about 1 min., tha lock being full 8 mine, after-
warda. like email locomotive tuga, which loae no
lima In entering the locka. are paaaad through In
7 mina. The filling by leU at the floor level pro-
duoea no commotion, ao veaaela do not aurga about
The valvea being at floor level, are alao eaally got
at for Mpalra. and the fllUng aystem requlrea no
:ipeclal toundationa nor oonatrucUon. bat tha long-

FIQ. 11. TYPICAL VIEW OF EXCAVATION IN EARTH; 80ULANQE8 CANAL WORKS, CANADA.

FIQ. 12. VIEW SHOWING EARTH SLIP ON SUMMIT LEVEL; S0ULAN6E8 CANAL WORKS,

CANADA.

mJiMa tvmMla tmd to wUm Um bsM oC tka

mXM WltbOUt iBOrMitBC tlM QOUetiM.

Ooasrtte la Uwitfjr nMd hw mad •larvlMM on
tk* oaskL Of !»no.«K) on. da of OMWomy, 100,000
on. y«a. wo of Uu< ttJrtorUd. Tko oMonUid purt of
oonoroto Is eoaoat. ond tua waa aU (nralabod '^y
tbo Dopartmont of BaUwaya * CaaaU, and not by
tho ooatraotora. Thna tbo blKboat grado oamonta
only !>*▼• !>•«> OM^ Md la suffletont quaaUty.
Tbo baU-doaoB brands eontraotod for boTO In-
variably mora tbaa fqlflllod tbo toots, wbleb woro
eontlnuottsly earrlod on at a laboratory npon tbo
work.

Tbo masonry work waa carriod on rapidly. 1(K-
000 en. yds. of eoneroto and faoo asbliw par montb
bolac laid dwiac part of tbe ysar. Mo bnUdln*
was dono at nlcbt: In faot, tbo nltbt waa nsodod
to brlns up suppUeo of oomont, st<!T<« and sand for
tbo noxt day's work. On tbo lock waiL- a oonrso
of asblar waa laid In full bods of 8 to 1 wortar,
approaeblnc %-ln. In tbleknoas. Tbo front of oaoh
vortical Joint was plasto'^ up for a eonplo of
iBCbos back beforo tbo adjolnln* atono was laid,
and tbon tbo rest of tbo Joint was dasbod full of

S ft ..boTo: tho boK •>oia« aBowod to dfop
down upon tta ooatonta. rmr Uttlo tamUas «M
rovUrod, bnt tbo oonorota «ma wtfl
of tbo asblar and aloiw <lw baak
aaoMa woro ol reogh !•!■. boavda
paatis and Bvpportod by paata and bfaaaa or as-
oborod Into tbo wau br t s U c r& ni. wira. Tbo paa*
Ola wwo of tbo sano bolgbt aa tbo t.-\si<.'pa a long
tbo baok of tbo wall, and wero naad oror and ovar

J., four-mast travolor would lay 100 eik yd» af
Mblar and baok It up wttb MO en. yda, at ooaetaU
and plaoo In tbio 100 en. yda. of dlsptaosn la a
ton-bbur day provMod tbo matortal was aupi^ted
fast onoucb. Maeblno amine of oonoroto waa
found to bo quidur, bottor and aiofo oooaonloal
of oomont Carta or teanrowa dumped tbo olMoln
a rtn» aroruid tba boppor, tbon aand waa qpcaad
over, and anally a barrol of osmon* for «M* cnMa
ymrd of broken atono.' Twenty men woro >.«i»t
busy sboToUnc tbo dry matortala over and <>vor
toward tbo boppir. Tbo mlaer did tbo rast and
tbo oonoroto dropped ln«.o ««OBoa and waa baulod
by lortmotlTos or borssb ts tbo lodL OataaemA-

Lantpt'*

3. DIAGRAM PLAN.

mortar firom tbe rear. Tbls gave strengtL enougb
to prevent tbe soft ooncreto baddng, wblob was
Immediately laid, from bursUng tbroniA tbe
Joints. After tbo concrete backing bad aet tbo
wbolo course was grouted.

MBiTHOD OF BUIIjDINa.

Oencrally a four-mast traveling derrick. Fig. 16,
mounted upon a strong trestle about bait tbe
belght of tbe lock walls was used In constructing
the lock. Beneath thU were the supply tracks,
one along each wall, and an outgoing empty track
along the center. The two leading booms of the
traveler laid the aehlar, and the two foUowing
booms lifted and deposited the concrete backing.
Between times large masses of rough rock, from
the ezcavatiou, were run in and let fall upon tbe
visoouB concrete.

Boxes, mounted on troUeys, were fllled under a
Cookbum concrete-mixer, which gave an almost
continuous stream. An abundance of water was
used in mixing and the walls were kept aa wet as
possible. The cubic-yard b<see were hoisted off
their ears, swung over tbe waU and tripped about

era wero used for biMkIng tba eonorata stoae^ and
when poaidblo tbe emsbera and oUzar won
worked In battsry sldo by side.

lATge qnanUtlea of oonereto wore abM nlsod by
band. Sand waa broniftt up In dnasp oara, parti-
tioned off to give proper proporttona, and the
ebarge w«a spread upon a platform In a Uyar
about 8 Ins. thick. Over tbls a barrel of ownont
was spread, and tbe whole thoroughly mizad dry
to an even purple color. Oenorally tbroo barrels
of sand to one barrel of cement wero tba propor-
ttona for tbe mortar. Water waa added to make
a llauld paate, and onto tbla 1 ou. yd. of broken
stone, fine and eoa:?sii aa It oame from tbo orasbor,
but thoroughly wetled, was dumped and spread.
It was then shoveled out Into tour beapa at tho
comers of tbe platform, then back to » baap ta
the middle, and lastly.lnto oars, barrows or carta
for oonveyanee to tbe walls. From 18 to 22 batehaa
of about 1 eu. yd. each wero mixed and loaded
by five or alx men In ten houra.

Generally, for both aablar and oonoroto, Inolnd-
ing grouting and a mortar flnlab on ax po sad faoaa.
tbo expenditure of moment waa one barrel to «

«Ma yard. For soMNto 1 h%tni t* "i""w» ■■
«J M. ft« UK • fewnki c( ■»« -> M M. fk. aad

• iMiHi «( brokM ■!•■• ■■ n^ «■• ft., wan aM<.
Onst MOMony wm aitoctad tor tka mm of «l»-
oftwi emr A oiMo ru« ib bIm. wktek

OMBMIt to tiM DapMtBMt Md Mad Ud

_ stoat to tho ooatraetor, aad wlUok haa-
J tlM work. Orard would bava tmttm ehaap-

tba ooaeraU. bnt It waa aot aaad.

Tbt aahlar la all bnah-hammorad llnMotona. aad
9t largo aiaa. ▼arytas from S ft to 1% ft. la
koickt aad oftaa 6 ft. datp aad 8 ft leas. Th«
ooatraotora aarly appraolatad that, aa roach baeka
woro anowad to projaet tato tha aoaarato baeWac.
tho largar tha araa tha aaora prolltahla waa tha
atoBO. Baadara raaalac 5 ft. haek lata tho wall
WON ra4«lT«d at 11-ft. latarvala. aad tha boad
waa atrieUy aot laaa thaa 12 laa. StrttdMra wart

batac yaid tar. Mapa aa

waelal priaaa, o< from IM ta «H par o«. y«.

Tba laaaral priot for aoMrata. wkatkar ia <
ia« a< look or la a waoM t kla aUa a t a r t a ,
IS. aay IMS par oa. yd^ aad tka barral 4rf
ooat oa aa avoract |3JMk

Tbt dtrrteka aaad apoa tho w«tk bad
TD-fi. auwU of Doaclaa tf? aad SS-tt.
tho aana tlariMr. Six wtra i«ya wtra
donbia btooka tor tha booai tan. aad i
alto for tha aula taU. f«v« with % te 1i>ia. atari
win. Thay wan all taralahad witk a it-tt. bori-
Boatal awlagla* olrela aad opantod by oao raa-
aar. Tha holat boiMra won aboat V HP., aad
tha eapaolty of tha darrloka aboat 10 toaa. To
avoid book bolaa. a taat ^'a, Uaad with a 1-ta.
taytr of load, waa aaad. aad cava graat aatiatao>
tlon.

Fia 15. VIEW OF LOWER 0ATE8; LOCK 2.

to bt at Itaat 2H ft datp into tha wall, but (tntr-
aQy thay an aaarly 4 ft. Hollow quolna an 6 x
ft, and rtctta quolna an of almilar cna of bad.
Largo blocfc-atonta, 6 x 6 ft and 8 ft thick, wan
plaoad under the gate plrota in a maaa of eon-
«nta, and the miter alUa an backed by blockt 3
ft in thickntaa. took eoplngi an uniformly 18
laa. thick, and 5 ft wida on top. with a 1 to 1
tnat batter. Some of theae an upwarda of ft
la length.

The price per cubic yard bid for aahlar waa from
914 to 118, and Included aU klnda of copea, quolna.
aroh atonea, etc.. only tbe net content nf atonea

Tba locka an an founded upon rook, but at
Lock Mo. 1 a tranaverae cnvaaa* waa anoonn-
tered. which eztendel 12 ft btlow tbe floor. Frwn
thia 8,000 cu. yda. of wet eUy gnvel won taca-
vattd and rtplaoed by coaente. The bottom 9t
thia ereriea waa 80 ft below tbe water anrfaea of
the Ottawa, ontatdo tho oatraaca dam. la tha
pit for Look Ma 8. tha rook dipped irregularly
below tbe floor, ao padeatala of ooaento w«a
made under each waU. 6,000 on. yda. of ooaereto
being uaed tor tba purpoaa. The pit waa BO ft
in depth, excavated largely in blof c-'ay. A aiip
occurred at the head, iriian It wfta pr opoa ad to

tanaA a, twiag brldg*. Th* BMUrtaU wm putly
mamntiU aa« tkw pitea wan ditm. BHwmm
tlMM tlM ■Hfptd auktOTtal WM rtplAMd bjr Ioom
•toM, OTOT wUoh a S-ft. ptottona of oonorata wm
Md ud U>« brldga bottt thanoB.

XBOULATINO ODLVBRn.
Mo OTtrflow watoa ur« lutd. bnt racnlatlii* e«l-
TtrU, Flf. IS, tlM dMlCB of J. L. AUlaoii, C. K.,
an naad laataad. Thara ara two of thaaa com-
maalcatiac batwoaa tha alda ponds and an ontftll
ona. Xaeli ona aonaiata of twin tunnala of coacfaU
laadinc tbrouch tha bottom of tlia ambankmant
and throttlad by "Btouay" slulcoa which operate

with aooBomr and aaaaaaa.. It .^

acalast tha faoa moid aboat lU iaa. tnm <t Md
hald baek tha atona la tha ooaorata auaa tlU mar-
tar waa tampad In front and tha iratlnc with-
draws.

■PLAT WALIA
Abova and balow aaeh lock aplajr walla ravat
tha aidaa untU tha 2 to 1 alopa la raaehad br thalr
apraadinc flara. Theaa ara Taiy maaaiva, and built
aa eoaerata monoUtha, only tha aopin* batnc of
atona. Thalr aaetlon waa datarmiaad by tha Bb-
glnaartnr Nawa rula: ■■8-7 halcht and odd laohaa
thrown In." Tha maan thlckneaa thus obtalaad

FIG. 1«. VIEW OF LOCK 3, DURING CONSTRUCTION.

npwarda throuih ihaf ta by the uaual chalna and
counterwelKhta.

Tha parallel tunnela ara e ft wlda and 7 ft high,
with an arched roof 2 ft thick, all formed aa a
concrete monolith. A smooth face finish was se-
cured by the use of tarred paper spread OTer the
molds, against which a 2-ln. layer of mortar waa
plastered. This gava a amooth finish, bnt the
Imprisoned air left "worm marks." Stove-pipe
iron gave a very smooth finish, and was much
used by tha writer in curved work.

For mortar facing a targa "rake," or grating, 4
ft long and 18 ins. high, formed of vertical Iron
rods, set 1 In. apart like teeth, in a flat bar, was

was mulUpUed by tha height and thla area dia-
tributed aa tha caaa aUowad. All walla have plumb
facea and their badoi formed In atapa, upon whloh,
aa far aa possible, loose stone flIUng was piled.
Tha base projected 1 ft front and rear, which al.
lowed of setting up mold poata and oorreoting
allnement of faee. The walla varied from 120 to
140 ft in length, ajaf were built without trana-
veraa bulkhaada, but vertical aUp JolaU ware made
where tha wall Joined tha lock wing. Theaa have
proved quite sufllcient for eontraetlon, even
though subjected to a range of from — SO* F. up
to 120* F. Walls of immense aise have davdopad
hair oraeka. but they ara of no eonaaquanca, whila

tlM MM 0t tnuMnraiM bwftlw<li to • biadraaM
tarlac euMto— tloB. and m oarUla d«to«t afUr-
wwia. avarr straoMn atMUto apen Ito owa bot-
tSHi. tewMTw, kU» Jriata havtac bMB tormad at
all JanaUoM, aad Um raaalta an moat aaUataetanr
attw arrara aoeMaatal taata.

Maiir "ptmaa" wara Ma« In all tka walla, loma
of "oBo-maa" alaa atoaa. wbora tba wall waa nar-
row or darrteka ooaM not bo bad. FomdaUon
ooBorata mada of 1 to 5 mortar and 10 parU
brokaa atono baa (tran good raoalta. No ImlU-
tlon of maaonrr ooaraln« waa parmittad. bat tba
larar martu wara obUtaratad by a tboroocb ooat-
l»( of eamaat wbltawaab.

In tba a^ajr walla I«-bolU ara amUaddad by
wblob bortnontal 9 x 18-la. oak fandara ara at-
taebad at about watar laraL

agala. aad aU tba rapain

waa t* crmrt

MACHniaKT.

At aaah look tbara ara four avbmariad "ItoMy"
alnloaa x e ft Tbay ara of tba wall-kaowa
•■•toBoy" ty pa a pteta ^ ataat fortlAad by I-
baiuna and aUdlac upon aaatt of llya rotlara at
aaabalda. Tba Talraa ara ban* by ebaiaa paaaia*
ovar poekat wbaala on a korlaoatal abaft wltb
eoBBtarwalcbto oa tba traa aada (lift M). Tba
abaf u ean ba artfrad altbar by baad or by tfaa-
trta motora. Tbaaa and tba lo'*^ 'ataa ara arvaocad
for eparatioB from a utrttA ^aaa attaatad at tba
mlddla of tba look ea tuo nortb rida.

Tba look lataa ara eloaa« aad opoaad by a ataal
I-baam bartnc a rack attaabad to oaa aMa, lata

Plan.
FIQ..17. DETAILS OF ke.C'

CULVERT; LOCK 2.

ARCH BRnXJSfl.
Alons tba aontb slda of tba raaebaa arcb bridiea
ara plaoad tbroncb wblob tba alda ponda ooanact
wltb tba eanal propar (Wig. 14). Tbaaa arob
brtdcoa ara oonerata monoUtba In wblob a auoooa-
aton of arebad opanlnca IB ft apan and 8.7B ft riaa
ara laft Tba brtdiaa ara all 10 ft wlda aad bava
a Btona ooplns on eacb alda. A conorate platform
13 ft wlda and 2 ft tblck waa flrat laid, and upon
tbla tba Plata wara built Tbonsb many tounda-
tlona ara upon elay, tlmbar grlllacea bava not baan
naad at all. Craoka In oonerata alaba bave baan
rara aad of no oonaaquanoa. In plaoaa wbara It
waa Impraetloabla to kaap atructnrea flooded dur-
iBS winter tba totmdatlon slab with arcbaa upon It
waa raiaad bodUy 6 Ina., but aattlad baok to plaea

:i.ab a pinion maabaa. Tba point of attaObmant
of tba atrnt to tba 42-ft cataa la 18 ft traia the
bottom aad 14 ft from tba beat A obaaabar la
proTldad la tba look w^Ua Into wblob tba cato
arm raoadaa.

Vtor baadav tba look gataa a poatooa (Fl*. 18>,
80 ft aqoara and drawlns 10 ft. wltb a aquara
tower about 80 ft In balcbt and tba fun alaa of tba
bull to naad. A gate leaf to rataad from a floating
poaltlon to bang yartlcally agataiat oaa alda of tba
towar by wire cablaa paaalng over the top a- 1
wound around wlnobaa on aa«b alda. Tba gala u
tban floated Into lU raeeaa. gntly lowarad ont»
Ita beel pivot and tba top aeenred by a atad oollar
fitting over a gudgeon pin. R. * J. MUlar vera
tbe oontraetora.

BLBcnucAL wnALLAmon.
■wttwwi pnvtowlF. tiM pcmmt-himm to ta
■MmUm vtUi • WMM mlr AkoM lMtf<w«y

teWB tiM MHUMt ITMI. tiM OfMM RiVW, WhlOk

PHMB mtar Um oMMd M tkto potat batnc mm«
cfftUUfMa. A !»•«. k«i to Milly I

FIO. 11. View W PONTOON USED FOR
HANOINO LOCK QATE8.

Mid th« iirt* of th* oMiAl priam »dini .i of » Urc*
diaduuv* without ertktlnc an objtouonftbi* ear-
rtnt. bMddM wMeb. diaeliaritnc Into tho ■trMWt

•ni Btoetrie C«m who ptaoH Mr. RoAMtotor tai
than* of tk« MMtlea work.

POWBB-BOUnB.— A ■«» la tiM Mlltll buk.
aboHt ISO rt la iMwtk. to feami by a bwry wa-
ervta wall toaadad apoa pitoa (Vic !•>. Tka ad*-
dto third o( tkto to wtduMd oat lata tka aaaal lo
tona two vanlto for wkoal ekaaAara. Throa' arekad
epmlBcai eloaad bjr litoaair" alaleaa. ara plaoad
on aaeh atda of tba wkaal pita to form rtcatotlac
valVM for tka •ammlt lavaL la aaak wkaal ekam-
bar' ara toar Vlotor wkaato worklag oa oaa kotl-
aontal akaf t Botk skatto paaa tkroack tka oea-
erata daai la paekUw boata to tka gaaaratora. Tkt
dam fonaa oaa wall of tka powar-konaa, whidi !■
a kaadaona brl<di bolldlnc wttk aaadatoaa trta-
minca (fl*. 20).

Tbtra ara two, S-phaaa, M^eyeto gaaaratora of
264 K-w. aack, dlraot-oonaaotad to tka wkcal
•haiLi. wklck maka 226 ravolutlona par aUnata.
vanaratlas a p ri aaura of iJBOO volta oa tka Una.
Two txeltara of U K-W. aaek ara boltad dlraet to
tba wkaal akatu. Tka awltekboard to of awrbto;
tbara ara 2 saaaratora. 2 faadara wai 1 aseltar
panoto flttad wltk tka lataat oparatlav laatra-
mtnta.

DIBTRIBimON.— Tba pola Una balac on tba
oppoalt* ilda of tba canal, tba currant to oarrl«4
aeroaa In tour-ltad ataiorad eablea to a awltob
cabin on tba nortb bank, wbanca ona power and

FIG. 19. VIEW OF POWER HOUSE DAM FROM CANAL SIDE.

creatca no damaca olalma. Mr. A. M. Rlea. of Day-
ton, O., dcatsned tba bydranlie development, and
tba Royal Klactric Co., of Montreal, worked out
the electric power required aud it* application to
locka, brtdsea a.<d Ugblins. Tbe contract for tbe
work, kowever. waa aecured by tba Canadian Gen-

Ufht circuit la run up and one down the oanal.
Tbe polea are of Britiah Columbia red cedar,
dreaaed octafonal and painted with four coata of
white lead. They are apaced 120 ft apart, every
fourth pole carrying an endoaed arc lamp of 2,000
c. p. All polea are aet 6 ft into the ground, tbe

r » a ni Um lMi9*toals H ft. hi
iMgtk.

Oa tiM uppvr alraidt • wItm oI N». 6 B. A ■.
■oft roaa4 aopptr an wm«. mi4 m th« lowar 8
No. 4 wiraa m« t Xo. 1 Tbo Uao to protMted
hy n Wnrta UflitMlBc ArriMtort! ^m«4 whororor
iwwttOM or* mmAo with aii4«rvroaii4

tnuMt 9ton an nghtt aloat totk
■atloB to tkus u omt by alglit oi %r <
MOTOM.— At ovtrr leak four goto
volvo ■■ t e w am prorMtod. Mid on* at
war brM^ TImk to atoo a IB-HP. awl
eaaal npalr ahep^. Tk* Msk-tMMion
a •witeb eaMa at m^ took, whan two

kick*
fortk*

Fia 80. VIEW OF SOUTH FRONT OF POWER HOUSE.

at loeka or brldsM. Six mllea of armorad cable
ara amployed.

Than ara 280 tons-burBlnf , altaraatlnK-ancIoaad
arc lampa of 2,000 e. p. each. Every Usht U
•Nittlppad with a tranaformar of 1,000 Watta ca-
paeitr. Baaldao tha llihta. placed at 480 ft intar-
vato alon* the canal bark, all tba locka and an-

era of T,BOO Watta oapaotty aaok reduce tha praa-
aure from 2,600 to 280 Yolta. Thto current to led
direct to the late and valve mottmi by un£ar-
■round cablea controlled by the operating awltch-
board In each cabin, lb facilitate tha operation or
the canal a brldflnr Bell telephona ayatem con-
necta all the locka, brldcea and offloea.