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Tous lee sutres axemplairss orlginaux sont filmte en commenpant par la premiere page qui comporte une empreinte d'Impreeaion ou d'illuatration at en terminant par la darnlAre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un dee svmboles sulvants apparaitra sur la damlAre image de cheque microfiche, seion le caa: fe symbols — »>signifie "A SUIVRE ', le symbols V signifle "FIN". Lee cartee, planches, tableeux, etc., peuvent dtra film^e i dee taux de rMuction diffirents. Lorsque le document eet trop grand pour dtre raproduit en un seul cliche, il est film« d partir de I'angie supArisur gauche, de gauche k droite. et de haut en bee. en prenant le nombre d'images n^essaire. Lea diagrammes sulvants illuatrent la m^thode. 1 2 3 4 5 6 >.^ IKa,^ >».>i « ..juX ^ I* ^*•xl•{l ^ ^-- J. '\ ^ * AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. r JOHN CABOT AND THE STODY OF SOURCES. BT GJIOEGE PARKER WINSHIP, A. M. (From the Aimnal B«port of the Amerioan Hlatorio»l Assoeiation for 1807, pages 81M1.) WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1898. ' 7ri:'^*>,' *''',"•■ '"*-V'7'; » 'S",!^" AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. JOHN CABOT AND THK STUDY OF SOURCES. BY GEORGE PAKKEIJ WFNSITIP, A. M. (KnuM fl,.. Animal Report of fl,.. Am..ri,an HiHioriml Association f,.r 18i.7, pages 35-41.) WASHINGTOX: OOVERXMKNT PRINTIN•-. e a-hives and record ollices, search was made m manus.^npt etter b..oks, ivy purse and other account books, files of court and munic- pal records, and similar sources of historical int..rmat on F om these have been recovered a good many relerences to Ihe two Cabotsin Italy, England, and Spain l^^r he mo nirt these give little m.)re than a uame and a date, but this s enougb to establish the whereabouts of the Cabots at specihc JOHN CAUUT AND THE STUDY OF SOURCES. 39 1>« riods, !iii. Before the discovery of this manu- script no mention of tho existence of John Cabot after the departure of the expedition in the spring of U1)S had been known. Hence it had been inferred by nearly every writer upon the Cabots that the father died before that expedition returned, so that all the glory of that voyage descended upon his son. If John C-abot was alive iu England in 14!M), a considerable portion of all that has been written about the (Jabots loses its value as a statement of truth, but its value is correspondingly increased to the student of how history is made. iMr. Biddle found the explanation of the printed accounts iu the 'nanuscrii»t sour(;es, lie was also the lirst to interpret t hese sources of Cabotian history; to erect inferential structures out of the presumptions whicdi might be drawn from these sources. As it seems to nie, the most important piution of the whole body of Cabot literature is that which reveals the mental proc- esses by which the eulogists aiul the detractors of Sebastian Cabot have reached their conclusions. Almost equally inter- esting are the arguments and the secondary infeiences by which every writer who has trusted to the professed authori- ties has been diawn deeper and deei)er into the toils which await the writer of historical essays and historical addresses. Kamusio in Venice printed his recollections of what he had once heard at a house-party in Verona, where a chance acquaintance told of a conversation with Sebastian Cal)ot many years before iu Seville. Kamusio's narration does not 40 AMERICAN HISTOKICAL ASSOCIATION. mention John Cabot; hence, argues one authority, Sebastian was guilty of unfilial falseliood. Henry VIl gave John Cabot a charter in Jklarch, 1490, and seventeen months later John Cabot returned to London. Bristol ships traded to leeland, and theretbre, says an Oxford investigator, Cabot spent the winter of 141)0-97 in Iceland. Somewhere it is stated that the Cabot landfall was -,0° north latitude. Hence a right reverend bishop declares his belief that Cabot first saw the soil of North Amer- ica at Cai)e St. John, across which runs the line of 50° north, according to the i)ertected instruments of 1897. And much more of the same sort of aigument from the honest essays of men, each of whom fairly deserves the serious respect and consideration of fellow-students— nuich more of eciual iu- terest to us who believe that an historian ought, lirst of all, to possess common sei.se and some appreciation of how men and women are likely to act and think. I want to plead for the study of the Cabot question, not by you, college teachers, whose historical training and developed instincts miglit be so much more usefully employed, but by the scores of young men and women who come to you, anxious to study history, lilled with enthusiasm for the subject and confldent of their graduated ability to understand what older men and women have done avA are doing. I Avish that every would be. historian could begin his ])rofessional training by preparing for an examination on what has been known and what might be known about John and Sebastian Cabot. The history written afterwards would be marked less often than now by blind quotation from the "Sources," and le^s by illog- ical conclusions maintained by baseless iufereuces aud unwar- ranted assumptions. T NOTES. The Ainericau History Leaflet No. IX, Now York, Lovell, May 1893, (10 cents), contains an English translation of the important sourct'S of ill formation regariling the Calwt voyage of 1197. These were reprinted, edited hy I'rofessor Chauning of Harvard, from the llakhivt Society vol- nme. "The Jonrnal of Columhns and Documents relating to the Voyages of John Cab.'.t .md Caspar Cortereal." edited by Sir Clements Markhaui, Eon- don 181KJ. The narratives and documents printed by llakluyt in 15!li» arc reprinted in Old South Leaflet No. 37, Huston, Old South Church, 1895 (5 cents), with a note by the editor, Mr. Edwin D. Mead. l\)r the student of the methods of histori