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For the Use of the Schools of the Christian Srothers. 3, rue deTWJ?^??'^ Qufebec 4, Q^®- X NEW YORK D. & J. SADLIER & Co., 31 BARCLAIT STREET. Boston; 128 Federal Street; Montreal: corner of Notre Dame AND St. Francis Xavier Streets. ' Enterod according to Act of Congrc s in the year IWS, by D. & J. SADLIER & CO., ju tlie Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States, for the Soutlieru Dictrict of New York. The Ca has been Christian '. a basis, i contents t In the ori voted to 1 plied by i The presei the use of places, wit It may 1 fully revisi in France pains havi compendiu MoNTREAl Stereotyped by Vincent Dill. Jr., No. 29 Beekmau Street. N. Y. INTRODUCTION by the SouUieru The Cathechism of Geography now presented to the public, has been compiled expijessly for the use of the schools of the Christian Brothers. Taking Pinnock's excellent Catechism for a basis, it has here been enlarged, fully one half, and its contents transposed so as to adapt it to American schools. — In the original Catechism, there is but a very small space de- voted to the United States, and this deficiency is here sup- plied by a compilation from the best American geographies. The present edition is also augmented by useful problems on the use of the globes, together with a vocabulary of names of places, with their proper pronunciation. It may be well to observe that the entire work has been care- fully revised and modernized. All the recent political changes in France and other countries, have been duly noted, and no pains have been spared tc make this Catechism a complete compendium of Geography. Montreal, April, 1863. M. A. S. ■%. \ ■ 11 An. Q. A. Q. < A. Poles Q. : A. cumfe tbrouj Q. ] A. Q. : ^. which axis, ' Q. ^. diurnj Q. A. mer, . Q. il. A CATECHISM OF GEOGRAPHY. CHAPTER I. DEFINITIONS. Question. What is Geography ? Answer. A description of the earth. Q. What is the earth 1 A. The world, or rather the globe, on which we live. Q. Of what shape is the earth % A. Nearly round like an orange ; being flattened at the Poles. Q. How largo is the earth 1 A. It is more than twenty-four thousand miles in cir- cumference, or round it, and eight thousand in diameter, or through it. Q. How far is it from the sun ? A. Ninety-five millions of miles. Q. Does the earth move % A. Yes ; it has two motions ; the one round the sun, which it performs yearly ; and the other round its own axis, which it performs daily. Q. What are these motions called "? A. The first is called its annual motion, and the last its diurnal. Q. What is caused by the annual motion '? A. The change and variety of the seasons. Spring, Sum- mer, Autumn, and Winter. Q. What is caused by the diurnal motion % A. The succession of day and night. * CATECHfSM OF Q. What is tho earth's axis ^ from nort^rj'""' ""'""'"« '"■"""Sh its c.ntre, Q. What are the Poles ? A. The extreme ends of the earth's axis. Q. How many poles are there ? A. Two, the North and South Poles. Q. What is tho distance between the Poles "* A. 180 degrees. Q. How many miles docs that make 1 hiVo^aSdtrworid'""''"''' '" """^--J ■""'-. ""-» ■•» Q. What is the size of the earth ? A. It is nearly twenty-five thousand miles in circumfeiL e^ce and eight thousand in diameter. circumfef. A rtl^^V'''' ""'^^ ^y.*^" circumference of the earth ? A. 1 he distance round it. Q. What do you mean by the diameter of the earth t A. 1 mean the distance across, or through the centre of it. A. CHAPTER II. OF THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH— LAND. Q. Of what does the earth consist '« A. It consists of land and water A aT T''^ ^^ *^® ^^'^^h's surface is land ^ ^. About one fourth. Q. What are the great divisions of the earth ? SufopJ LT. Af'- 't^ ^'^^^ ^"^ ^^^^* Portions, namely, n ^V . ' 4^™^' America, and Australia * ^* Q. What are the smaller divisions of the earth ^ ':^\^-^"i^'^^^^^ the earth was divided into •sia) has been adopted bv morlmn r^^ ^ ' ?^ ** " sometimes written, Austral. '» «r 1'^?* I ^cificMa^.Thth" & S are H.^'","'*' "?« numerous inland. Australasia and Polynesia. ^ ' ^"^^ classed under two names, viz : \ GEOGRAPHT. its Centre, , which is circumfef- earth ? hi ntre of it. namely, peninsu- ntaining ivided into a, Austral. >us islands Etmes, viz ; 1 Q. What ia an island ? A. An island is a smaller tract of land, entirely surround- ed by water, as Great Britain, Ireland, etc. Q. What is a sea ? A. A sea is a smaller collection of salt water than an ocean, as the Mediterranean, the Baltic, the Black Sea, etc. Q. What is a peninsula ? A. A peninsula is a tract of land, almost surrounded by water as the Morea, in Greece. Q. What is an isthmus ? A. An isthmus is a narrow neck of land, joining two continents, or a peninsula to a continent, as the Isthmus of Darien, the Isthmus of Suez, etc. Q. What is a promontory "? A. A promontory is a tract of l^nd stretching out into the sea, the end of which is called a cape, as the Cape of Good Hope, Cape Horn, etc. Q. What is a mountain ? A. A mountain is a vast elevation of land, as the Alps, the Andes, the Rocky Mountains. Smaller elevations are called hills, hillocks and downs. Q. What is a plain ' A. A flat or level tract of country. Q. What is a volcano 1 A. It is a mountain that sends forth fire and smoke from •*ts top, as Etna, Hecla, Vesuvius, etc. Q. What is a shore or coast 1 A. A shore or coast is the margin or edge of land bor- dering on the water. Q. What is a desert ? A. A desert is a barren tract of country, usually consist- ing of sand, as the Desert of Sahara. Q. What is a vale or valley "? A. The low ground between mountains or hills. Yery narrow spaces between mountains are called defiles or passes. ' WATER. Q. Of what does the water consist ? A. The water consists of oceans, seas, gulfs, bays, straits rivers, lakes, etc. ' Q. What is the ocean 1 A. The ocean is a vast collection of salt water which eo- 6 CATECHISM or compasses tlic eartli, aud is sululiviiled into the Pacific, At- lantic, Indian, Soutluirn, and Nortliern Oceans. Q. What is an arolilpolago] A. A tract of water abounding in small islands, as the Indian Arcliipelago, the Grecian Archipelago. Q. What is a gulf? A. A gulf or bay is a part of an ocean, sea, or lake ex- tending into the land, as the Gulf of Mexico, Gulf of St. Lawrence, Hudson's Bay, etc. A bay has generally a wider opening tlian a gulf. Q. What is a strait 1 A. A strait is a narrow passage which connects two bodies of water, as the Straits of Gibraltar, Behring's Straits, etc. Q. What is a channel ? A. A channel is a longer and broader passage than a strait, as the English Channel. When a channel is so shal- low that its depth can be measured or sounded with a lead and line, it is called a sound, as Long Island Sound. Q. What is a harbor or haven ? A, It is a small bay, almost surrounded by land, where ships may anchor in safety, as Halifax harbor, New York harbor. Q. What is a river 1 A. A River is a large stream of fresh water running through a country, as the St. Lawrence, the Mississippi, etc. Smaller streams are called rivulets or brooks. Q. What is a lake ? A. A lake is a collection of fresh water nearly, if not entirely, surrounded by land, as Lake Ontario, Lake Supe- rior, etc. Q. What is a canal 1 A. A canal is an artificial channel or a large ditch dug in the earth, and filled with water for the passage of boats, as the Lachine Canal, Welland Canal, Erie Canal, etc. i\^ GEOGRAPHY. ?acific, At- ids, as the 3r lake ex- rulf of St. enerally a nects two Behrinfr's ge than a is so shal- ith a lead nd. nd, where few York r running [ississippi, :s. rly, if not ake Supe- iitch dug of boats, , etc. CHArTER III. Of the EarWs liowndness. Q. Ifc is montioned in Chapter I. that tho earth is nearly round like an orange ; can you give any reason why it is so 1: A. Yes ; because no other figure than that of a sphere could produce the pleasing and regular succession of day. and night, and the variety of the seasons. Q. What names are applied to the earth ? A. The earth is sometimes called a sphere, sorretiraes a spherical body, and sometimes a globular body ; but whether we use the terms globular, spheroid, sphere, or spherical, it is always to be understood as a globe ; that is a circular body, which these terms signify. Q. How is the earth represented by geographers ? A. By an artificial globe, on which the various parts of the surface of the earth are delineated. If a map of the world be accurately drawn on any round body or globe, the surface of that globe will represent the surface of the earth. Q. What proofs have we that the earth is splierical ? A. From viewing distant objects ; for instance, a ship going out to sea gradually disappears to a spectator upon land, and the last part of the ship visible is the top of the mast ; on the contrary, if a ship be advancing towards him, the top of the mast comes first into sight, then the sails, and afterwards the hull, which could not be the case if the earth were not spherical. On a plain surface, the largest abjects arc seen at the greatest distance. Q. What other proof have we ? A. From an eclipse of the moon : for the shadow of the earth falling upon the moon is always circular; which could not be unless the earth was globular. Q. These are proofs, certainly, that the earth must be a globe ; but is it not a great mystery how tho earth is situated relative to the heavenly bodies, what supports it, and as it is peopled on all sides, why its inhabitants do not fall from their impending situations'? A. The earth is situated in open space, resting upon no- thing, but supported by gravitation, which draws all ter- I 8 CATKCHISM OP restrial bodies towards its centre • and m«. i to a great magnet rolled in fi?in4^f sted ^o '"'^^^^^^^ there is no danger of r-iilfn - fvll^ ' consequently :aore than from^anj other ° ^'^ '"' '^^' ^^ ^^^ ^^rth Q. What is meant bj gravitation ? i ( CHAPTER ly. H'' Is the measure"^ en f; nf o r«,M^ au •^. .Vo, very dffleCt fo^ fh. r^ r?" "" ^"^'^ '^"^'''Y ' than the IndiL and 'hH W ^"? '''' """^ '^ ""«=h 4 Spanish than tte'cerman &c " '^^^ '^'^P'^^'^^ i the «. Whit is''a'i^^3ia„''ISr'^ »'" Ko-^an lesser mile. Q. ma?i.T;i,',tV;SL%'>""'™ of - English „i,, ^' Ihon? fl ^^""^'.^ ^^^^«^' ^«d Dutch mile ^ H- ^v hat IS a German mile "^ ^'^'n^^i^ii. t W^'m!?Sw%' h" n^";*' ^"S'i^h miles. vilMMnnirnnMMmK: »»»«iWBnwJlUBlrfc1 compared sequently the earth liss have, ivitj. ferent country "^ Jch less 3h J the feet, or ile. 1 mile. GEOGRAPHY. 9 CHAPTER V. Of the Circles of the Glnlt. Q. What names are given to those lines or circles \^hich sur- round the globe ? A. The principal circles which surround the globe are the equator, ecliptic, the tropics, the polar circles, and the meridians. Q. What is the Equator ? A. The Equator* is an imaginary great circle, runninir east and west round the globe, at an equal distance from each pole. Q. Why is it so called ^ A. Because, when the sun is on this circle, the days and nights are eqaal in all parts of the earth. Q. Of what use is the Equator ? ^ A. All parts of the earth, with respect to their situa- tions, are either to the north or south side of the Equator • and the distance of places called their latitude, is counted from it towards the north or south pole. Q. How far ie the Equator distant from the Poles < A. Ninety degrees, or about 6, 250 miles from either pole. H- VVhat are the tropics 1 A. Two smaller circles called Cancer and Capricorn The tropic of Cancer is 23i degrees north of the Rquator and the tropic of Capricorn 23i south of the Equator Q. What are the polar circles ? A. Twc smaller circles, called Arctic and Antarctic: the arctic or north pole circle, is G6i degrees from the Equator and the antarctic or south polar circle is the same distance south of the Equator. The polar circles are also 23^ degrees from the poles. Q. What are the Meridians ? A. All lines drawn from one pole to the other are called -neridians. When the sun comes to the meridian of a place, it is then noon, or mid-day at that place, for everv place has a meridian. The meridian or line drawn from north to south, over Greenwich and Washington, is called the tow! ^*^"'^*°'^ " sometimes called the EquinocM line, and sometimes only / i Ml 5 . ft' 10 CATECHISM OF the lirst meridian, and the longitude of places is reckftied from it either east or west. Q. What is meant by the horizon 1 A. There are two horizons ; one called the sensibli or visible, and the other the rational horizon. The sensible horizon is the boundary of our sight, being that circle where the sky and earth seem to meet. The rational ^ori- Eon cuts the earth into two equal parts, and is parallM to the sensible horizon. Q. Vs^hat are the poles of the horizon called 1 I A. The Zenith and Nadir ; the Zenith point is that part directly over head ; and the Nadir is that point opposite to it, under our feet. Q. What are the four cardinal points of the horizon called 1 A. North, east, south, and west. Q. How is a circle divided 1 A. All circles are divided into 360 parts, called degrees. The half, or Semicircle, is 180 degrees ; the quarter or quadrant, is 90 degrees. Q. How is a degree divided ? A. A degree is divided into 60 minutes, and every min- ute into 60 seconds. Q. How many kinds of circles are there ? A. Two, the great and the small circles. Q. What is a great circle ? A. A great circle is that which divides the earth into two equal parts. Q. What is a small circle 7 A. A small circle divides the earth into two unequal parts. Q. What is the admensurement of a degree in a great circle? A. A degree in a great circle contains 60 geographical or 69i statute miles, but the admeasurement of a small arcle varies according to its distance from the equator. Q. What is a mile called in geography ^ A. A minute. Q. How many degrees make an hour of time 1 A. Fifteen. 1' I ! reckiiied jensibljf or le sensible hat circle ionaLjl^ori- )arall>:»i to that part t opposite son called 1 i degrees, quarter or jvery mm- -€ GEOGRAPHY. u larth into ) unequal mt circle? ►graphical f a small ator. r CHAPTER YI. Of Latitude and Longitude. Q. How are places upon the earth distingu 4- By their situations, which are asce Altitude and longitude. ^ Q. What is meant by the latitude of a plj A. Its distance north or south of the I on the north side of the equator, it is saY latitide; if on the south side, in souti places on the equator, have no latitude begins there. ' Q. What is the greatest latitude a place can have '^ A. [Ninety degrees, and there are only two places that nave so much, which are the poles. Q. What are the parallels of latitude ? A. Parallels of latitude are lines drawn at an equal dis- tance IVom the equator. Q. How is the latitude of a place found 1 .•iw, ^^^i°" ^ »^^^^ ^^ ^^ ^"^^"^^ **y turning the globe round till tiie place comes under the brass meridian by which the globe IS suspended, which shows the distance from the ^•T^^'^J-. ?^^ "Pon a map, the latitude is found at the side; It It mcrease upwards, it is north: if downwards it IS south. ' ' Q. What is meant by longitude ? A. Longitude is the distance of a place from the first me- ridian, either east or west. If it be on the east side, it is east longitude ; and on the west side, it is west longitude «. What IS the greatest longtitude a place can have ? A. One hundred and eighty degrees, which is one half of the circumference of the globe. All places under the first be^^in "' ^° longitude, it being there that longitude tu(^'?^^^ °^^ ^^'^ distinguish between east and west longi- A. If the numbers increase towards the right hand it te east longitude, but if they increase towards the left haid. It IS west longitude. ' 12 CATECHISM OP Q How is longitude found ? A. Upon a globe it is found at the equator, but upon a map at the top and bottom.* Q. How do nations generally reckon longitude ? A. Each from the capital of their own country. We of the United States, reckon from Washington; the English, from Greenwich near London; the French, from Paris; and the Spaniards from Madrid. I CHAPTER YII. Of Maps. Q. What is a map ? A. A representation of a part, or of the whole of the earth's surface. Q. How are maps usually drawn ? A. The top of the map is the north, the bottom is the south, the right hand is the east, and the left hand is the west. Q. What do you mean by north, south, east and west ? A. I mean the four cardinal points of the compass. Q. Wiiat is a compass ? A. An instrument used by navigators at sea to point out the!" course. Q. How does it point out their course '^ A. The needle of the compass always points to the north. Q. In what direction are the north and south ? A. The north is towards the north pole, and the south towards the south pole. Q. In what direction are the east and west ? A. The east is that point where the sun rises, and the west, where it sets. Q. How are rivers represented on maps ? ^ •A. They are represented by black lines winding accord- ing to their course. {n'r.Tilf ^f-K"*®^" ^l longitude are not equal, like those of latitude, but diminish 15 ?o?? 5 ^°"^* *^® meridians incline towards the poles. Hence, in «0 degree* ^,«I«l" .®'^* ^^^""^^ °^ longitude is but half the quaiiUty of a degree upon the equator, and so on in proportion for the rest )ut upon a y. We of le English, Paris; and GEOGRAPHY. 18 Q. How are mountains shown 1 A. They are shown by lines which form a shade in the direction in which they extend. Q. How are the boundaries of countries marked ? A. They are marked by dotted lines. CHAPTER YIIT. lole of the torn is the and is the ^est? ipass. a to point ts to the the south !S, and the ig accord- 0/ the Zones. Q. What are the Zones ? A. Divisions of the earth's surface made by the tropics and polar circles. Q. What is the meaning of the word zone ? A. It means a belt or girdle. Q. How many zones are there ? A. There are five zones, namely, one torrid, two tempe- rate, and two frigid or frozen zones. Q. Where is the torrid zone, and why is it so called*? A. The torrid zone includes all that part of the earth which is situated between the tropics, and is denominated torrid, or burning, because of the great and continued heat of the sun, under whose course it lies. Q. What are the temperate zones, and why are they so called ? A. The temperate zones include all those parts of the earth which are situated between the tropics and polar cir- cles ; within the two extremes of heat and cold, which ren- ders the air more temperate, on which account these parts are much more improved. Q. Where are the frigid zones situated, and why are they so denominated ? A. They are situated between the polar circles, extend- ing round each pole, and are called frigid or frozen, from the rays of the sun falling so very obliquel/ "n those parts, which renders them excessively cold. , but diminish in 60 degreM ;ree upon the u CATECHISM OP \ i CHAPTER IX. Political divisions of the World. Q. What are the political divisions of the world ? A. They are chiefly empires, kingdoms and republii . Q. What is an empire ? A. An empire consists of several countries or s&fttei united under one sovereign, who is usually styled an Em- peror. Q. Which are the principal empires ? A. Great Britain, Russia, Austria and France. Em- pires are sometimes composed of kingdoms or provinces immediately joining each other, such as Austria ; others are formed of territories situated in different parts of the earth, as the British Empire. Q. What is a kingdom ? A. A country governed by a king or queen, as Prussia, Spain, Sweden. Q. What is a republic ? A. A republic is a country which is governed by rulers chosen by the people, as the United States. Q. What is a principality 1 A. A country governed by a prince. Q. What is a province ? A. A country governed by a delegate, as Canada, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick. M if CHAPTER X. Of the Races of Men. Q. What are the various races of mankind ? A. There are five : The European or Caucassian, the Asiatic or Mongolian, the American, the Malay, and the African or Negro. Q. How may they be classed as to their color ? A. Into the white, yellow, red, brown and black races. GEOGRAPHY. 15 3UblM . or s&atei d an Em- ace. Em- provinces & ; others .rts of the ,s Prussia, by rulers Q. What are the natiDns of the European or white race ? A. All the nations of Europe, Western Asia, the North of Africa, and all the white inhabitants of America. Q. What nations are included in the Asiatic, or yellow race? A. All the nations of Eastern Asia, with the exception f the Malays. Q. What other nations are of this race ? A. The Fins and /Laplanders of Europe, and the Esqui maux of America. Q. What people form the copper-colored or red race ? A. The American Indians. Q. What nations belong to the Malay or brown race ? A. The inhabitants of Malacca and Malaysia, with those of Polynesia and New Zealand. Q. What portion of the earth is inhabited by the African or black race I A. The whole of Western, Central and Southern Africa. Q. What is the population of the entire world I A. About nine hundred millions. CHAPTER XI. ida, NoTa 3sian, the , and the jk races. Of Religion and Governmmt. Q. What are the principal systems of relif^ion ? A. The Christian, the Jewish, the Mahometan and the Pagan. Q. Who are Christians ? A. All those who believe in Christ as the Saviour of mankind. Q. How are Christians divided "? A. Into the Catholic Church, the Greek Church, and the various Protestant Sects. Q. What is the number of each % A. The Catholics are about two hundred millions, those of the Greek Church about sixtv-fiye millions the Pro- testant Sects number about fifty-millions ; the Jews five millions ; the Mahometans one hundred and twenty Mil- lions, and all the rest are Pagans. 16 CATECHISM OF Q. What is government "? A. The power by which the laws of a country are made and executed. Q. What are the different kinda of government ? A. They are three in number : Monarchy, Aristocracy, and Democracy. Q. What is monarchy ? A. That form of government in T^ihich an emperor or king rules during his life. Q. What is an aristocracy ? A. A government where the power is vested in a few persons called nobles. Q. What is a democracy 1 A. A free government in which the people choose their own rulers for stated periods of time. CHAPTER XIT. i I H AMERICA. Q. What is America ? A. America or the New World, as it is often called, is a great continent comprising nearly all the land in the Western Hemisphere. Q. How is America bounded I A. It is bounded north by the Northern Ocean ; west by the Pacific Ocean ; south by the Southern Ocean, and east by the Atlantic Ocean. Q. How is it divided ? A. Into North and South America. Q. What are the principal divisions of North and South America ? A. North America comprehends Russian America, Bri- tish America, the United States, Mexico, Central America, or Guatimala, and the West Indies. South America com- prehends Columbia, Guiana, Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Par- aguay, La Plata or Buenos Ayres, Uruguay, Chili and Patagonia, Q. What are its chief mountains ? A. In North America : the Rocky Mountains, the Al- n GEOGRAPHY. n y are made ristocracy, jmperor or I in a few [loose their leghany Mountains, the White Mountains, and the Green Mountains In South America : the Andes or Cordilleras. y. What are its chief lakes ? A. Lakes Superior, Huron, Michigan, Erie, Ontario. Champlain, Winnipeg, and Slave Lake. Q What are its chief bays and gulfs '* r "fp ^.""^^'l ''''^ Hudson's Bay, the Gulf of Mexico, the rT ?xL ' -Lawrence, and the Gulf of CaUfornia. Q. What are its principal rivers "? A. The Mississippi, the Missouri, the St. Lawrence, the Ottawa, the St. John's (New Brunswick,) the Ohio the Hudson, and the Columbia, in North America; the Ama- ^°?/ tlje La Plata, and the Orinoco in South America. t^. Who discovered America? A. Columbus, a Genoese, in 1492. I called, is md in the ean ; west )cean, and and South erica, Bri- America, erica com- iivia, Par- Chili and s, the Al- 'M CHAPTER XIIL OP NORTH AMERICA Q. How is North America bounded ? ^u"^-;.^^]^ bounded north by the Frozen Ocean ; west by the Pacific Ocean ; south by the Pacific Ocean, the Isth- mus of Darien and the Gulf of Mexico : east by the Atlantic Ocean. "^ Q. What is North America ? A. It is the largest division of the Western Continent. (ci. liow far does it extend ? ^. It extends from the Isthmus of Darien northward to the Arctic Ocean, 4,800 miles, and from east to west, in Its widest part 3,200 miles. Q. What does it contain 'i A. It contains the largest lakes in the world : Lakes buperior, Huron and Michigan, the most extensive bodies of fresh water in the world. The Mississippi, reckoning trom the source of the Missouri, is the largest river, but the bt. Lawrence discharges the greatest body of water Q. What two great chains of mountains are oi the" western coast of North America ? A. The Rocky Mountains and the Me ' an Cordilleras. ( 18 CATECHISM OP n ft - 11 Q. What great chain in tho east of North America ? A. The Aileghauies. Q. What is the central part of North America ? A. It is a vast plain, or level region, extending from the Gulf of Mexico to the Arctic Ocean. Q. What are the political divisions of North America "? A. The political divisions of North America are : the United States in the centra ; British, Russian, and Danish America in the North ; and Mexico and Guatimala in the south ; eastward of the two last lie the West Indies, all the islands of which, except Hayti, belong to different European powers. CHAPTER XIV. Q. How are the United States bounded ? A. They are bounded north by British America ; west by the Pacific Ocean and Mexico ; south by the Gulf of Mexico ; and east by the Atlantic Ocean. Q. What is the population of the United States ? A. About twenty-four millions, of whom three millions are slaves. Q. What is the capital city of the United States 1 A. Washington. Q. How are the United States divided 1 A. They are divided into the Northern, Middle, South- ern and Western States. Q. Which are the Northern States ? A. They are Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massa- chusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut. Q. Which are the Middle States ? A. They are New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Delaware. Q. Which are the Southern States 1 J. They are Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisi- ana, Texas, and the District of Columbia. Q. Which are the Western States'? ^ A. They are Ohio, Indiana, Illinois. Missouri. Kentucky, lennessee, Arkansas, Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa and Call, forma GEOGRAPHY'. 19 a 5 from the rica"? are : the Qd Danish lala in the Indies, all > different ica ; west 5 Gulf of e millions le, South- t, Massa- ersey and la, South ►i, Louisi- [entucky. and Call* Q. What territories belong to the United States ? A. Ore^ron, Utah, Minesota, Missouri, the Indian Ter- ritory, and New Mexico. Q. What is the government of the United States *» A It IS a Federal Republic ; each state is in many re- spects independent, and has a government of its own Q. What IS committed to the general government "* A The defence of the Union, the coining of money, the regulation of commerce and all other concerns affectino- the whole nation. ° Q. Of what does the executive government consist '» mofh consists Of the President, Vice-President; and the members of the Cabinet. Q. What is Congress ? A. Congress is the great national legislature: it consists of two distinct branches, the Senate and the House of Representatives. Q. What are the productions of the United States '' fi \,'h Eastern States are noted for their manufactures- the Middle for commerce; the Southern for cotton, rice ba?co ' *^' ^^'*'''' ^'"' ^°''°' ""^^^^ ^^^ *^ Q. What minerals are found in the United States '^ A. Gold, iron copper and lead, exist in various parts. and coal, salt and lime, abound in others Unit'ed sLts r' ^°" ^"^ '''^' ""'^^ ''^^'^ *^ *^^ '^^^^'°^^^ «^ *^« con"!* ^'^ ^^\^^oads of the United States are eleven thou- Band miles m length, and are estimated to have cost three hundred and forty eight millions of dollars. H' What is said of the canals 1 sixiiundrYd ^Xs."'"^'*'""'' "" '='*''" "' ''''"' *'^°"=''"^ Q. Have the United States any established church '^ A J\o ; religion is left to the voluntary choice of the people each one being free to choose his own. A ^i^I^ *.^'*. P".°°^Pal rivers of the United States 1 T?il; .?" ^^/^s^s^^m the Missouri, the Arkansas, the Red River, the Ohio, the Hudson, the Delaware, and the Pnn- neciicut. ' " — Q. What two lakes Uo wholly within the United States ' A. Lakes Michigan and Champlain. / 20 CATECniSU OF ^i ^lY^^^^""^ ^^^^®3 ^'0 ono half in tho United States, and one half in Upper Canada 1 A. Lakes Superior, Erie, Huron and Ontario. Q. VVhat canal connects tho Hudson River with Xake Erie ^ A. The Erie Canal. Q. What canal connects the Hudson River with Lake Cham- plain f A. The Champlain Canal. Q. What are tho six largest cities in the United States I A. Is ew York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Boston. New Orleans and Cincinnati. Q. What are the principal islands of the United States ? A. Rhode Island, Long Island and Nantucket. CHAPTER XV. Of the Eastern, or New England States. Q. What are the six Eastern States ? u^' J^^.L'^^^ ^J^'"^' ^^"^ Hampshire, Vermont, Massa- chusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. Q. For what are the Eastern States distinguished '^ A. They are distinguished for their commerce and manu- actures, and for the intelligence, and industry of their in- habitants. The climate is subject to great extremes of heat and cold, but is generally healthy. The soil varies trom the richest to the most sterile. Sta^esT^""* *^^ ^^°^^^ ^^ mountains are in the New England A. The White Mountains in New Hampshire, and th Green Mountains in Vermont. Q. Which is the largest river in New England ^ A. The Connecticut. A. The St. JchrT. Q. Which is tb;^ I rVhest mountain in New England? ^. Mount T^'csiiagion, one of the White Mountains. BW riampshire. Its height is 6,234 feet " "" IS' Q. \ A. Q. \ A. ] Q. V A. 1 Q. \\ A. a John's. Q. W New ij, A. 1 Q. W ^. J\/ Lake. Q. W Q. Fo ^. F( beauty c Q. Wl ^. Tl Q. Wl ^. Th Q. Wh ^. Mc and Pot! Q. Fror ^. Fr( from nort Q. Wh{ ^. Ma toes ; hoi I Q. Wha i /I mi -n. xnr Q. Wha ^. Cau GEOGRAPHY. atos, and e Erie ? :e Cham- •n, New 21 ;es? Massjv- l manu- heir in- mes of varies 5^ngland nd tho Bruna- ntains- MAINE. Q. What are the chief towns of Maine ^ WW "'^V,^'^'*!^"^' ^^»^«^ '^nd Bath. Q. What are the principal productions of Maine i • wZ'-'J''^'' 'rl' P^^^ «"d grain. ' id. What 18 Its population ^ e wiLVZ'iL'' "• "^ eiRMj-tLrce thousand. John's ^'""'"''""'' ""^ ^''""''^'^o'. *"« St. Croix, and St. New SlicH '"°'' '" '""^ ""■"" »f Maine, and flows into -4. The St. John's. Q. What are the principal lakes in Maine i ^ A Moose Head Lake, Chosimcock Lake, and Grand NEW HAltPSRIBE. Q. What are the ohief towns of New Hampshire ' A. Co.vcoRD, Portsmouth, Dover and Hanover A Fortf " N-jw Hampshire distinguiSed ? ' (^. VV hat 18 its population ? o • wi!'!^ ^""^''^ ^"^ e'ffb<:een thousand Q. What are its principal rfvers ? ' ^. The Connecticut, the Piscataqua, and the Cocheco. VERMONT. Q. What are the principal towns in Vermont ' and'^pS"""^' ^"^^^°°^^"' ^--"^tSn; Middlebur,. Vprnn^^i!* ^n' ^'^'"^"^ ^«"^« its name ? , from nlTtotua"' ""'""'"^^ "^^^^ ™ *^-"gb it Q. What are the chief productions of Vermont t J Q. ' WhTfs its populat1o'„\'='P ""= ""^^"^ '" S'-*'" "-■nbers. " o ■ ivl!'"f '"""''■ed and fourteen thousand 22 CATECHISM OF Q. Whi'^li are the principal risers 1 A. The Counecticut, the IVlissisquoi, Lamoile and Onion Q. What is tho principal ' ite "? A. Lake Memphramagog. Q. What large lake lies between Vermont and New York 1 A. Lake Champlaiu. MASSACHUSETTS. Q. What are the chief towns of Massachusetts 1 A. Boston, Salem, Worcester, Lowell, Springfield and kail River. Q. What is to he remarked of Massachusetts ? A. It is the oldest and most important of the Eastern siiittes. Q. For what is Massachusetts distinguished ? A. It is distinguished for its agriculture, manufactures and commerce ; also, for the number of its literary insti- tutions. Q. What is its population ? A. Nine hundred and ninety-five thousand. It is the most thickly settled of the New England states. Q. What two mountains are in the western part of Massa- chusetts 1 A. Saddle Mountain and Bald Peak. Q. Which are the principal rivers of Massachusetts? A. The Connecticut and the Merrimac. Q. What islands belong to Massachusetts I A. Nantucket a ad Martha's Vineyard. KHCLE LSLAND. Q. What are the principal towns of Rhode Island ? A. Providence, Newport, Bristol, South Kingston and East Greenwich.* Q. What have you to say of llhode Island ? A. Rhode Island is the smallest state in the Union, and is distinguished for its flourishing manufactures and exten- eive commerce. Q. What is its population? A. One hundred and fort^-eight thousand. * The legislature of Rhode Island meets altornatolj in these five cities, but the two first, are regarded as the capitals of the State. Q. Wl A. Th in this sti Q. Wh A. Rl Q. Wh A. m Bridgepo Q. Wh A, Co carriages, Q. Whj A. Thi Q. Whi A. Th( , Q. Wh£ A. Lor Tfhich it ii Q. Whic A. The; Delaware. Q. For V A. The: perity and merce and railroads. mild and I Q. What A. IroUj ffiost impor Q. Whic] A. The Susquehani 4m 5# GEOGRAPHY. 23 md Onion w York 1 ^field and e Eastern Qufactures rary insii- It is the of Massa- fcs? Q. What is the principal river ? In i' '^?! Pa^tucket or Blackstone River, which is partiv *fi«, state and partly in Massachusetts ' (i. n^hat two islands belong to this Bh, .e '^ A. Rhode Island and Block Island. CONNECTICUT. Q. What are the principal towns of Connecticut ^ ^. Hartford New Haven, New London, Stonin«-ton. Bridgeport and Norwich. uuiu^duu, Q. VVhat are the chief productions of Connecticut i carfiages eTc. '"^ ''''"''' ^''^'' P'^^^' ^""^^"^^ ^1°^^^* Q. What is its population 1 n' wu?"l^ liundred and seventy-one thousand. A wu^^^^ ^^ principal rivers of Connecticut? o ivK f 1 ''"'^*i'^''f'v**'^ Housatonic and the Thames. . Q. \\ hat large island lies south of Connecticut '^ _^. Long Island, which gives its name to the Sound, by Tfhich It IS separated from Connocticut. ^ CHAPTER XYI. O/ the Middle States. Q. Which are the Middle States * Defawarf """" ^^'"^ ^"'^' Pennsylvania, New Jersey and 1 Q. For what are these states distinguished '^ ,ston and v^y'^:::^^^^:!^!^^^^:^ Sads" if™"""?' T 'V'"'' extensive cSaTd md exten. q. Wh„t .^o the principal minerals found in theae states ? Bol'in.w'A"''?"'' f'"'' '""''"""' '^'"1 ■^"We, but the ^' Thl w ^ P-.u"'';'^" ''"'"^ «f ">« Middle States t Sufquebanna"''''"' ""^ "'^'''"'"^' *''^ ^'^''"y"^'" ""-^ the Ive cities, but "S 24 CATECHISM OF Q. Which are the principal mountains ? A. The Alleghany Mountains, the Blue Mountains, the Catskill Mountains, and the Adirondack Mountains. NEW YORK. Q. What are the chief cities of the State of New York ? A. Albany, New York, Troy, TJtica, Syracuse, Roch ster and Buffalo. Q. What rank does New York hold amongst the other states . A. It holds the first rank. Its territory is vast, and ex tremely fertile; and its cities, towns and villages are re- markalDle for their rapid growth. Q. What are the productions of New York ? A. Wheat, corn, rye, maple sugar, butter and cheese. Q. What have you to say of the commerce and manufac- tures of New York '? A. The commerce and shipping are on a vast scale, and the manufactures are in a most flourishing condition. Q. What are the chief minerals ? A. Iron, lead, gypsum and limestone. There are also valuable salt springs, in various places, and at Ballston and Saratoga there are famous medicinal springs. Q. What remarkable falls are situated partly in the state of New York and partly in Canada West '? A. Niagara Falls, the most stupendous cataract in the world. Q. What is the population of the State of New York 1 A. Three millions and ninety-eight thousand. Q. What is the population of the city of New York ? A. Its population in 1850, was five hundred and fifteen thousand five hundred and seven. Q. What are the principle rivers of New York ? A. The Hudson, the Mohawk, the Genesee, the Oswego and the Black Biver. Q. What are the principal Lakes 1 A. Oneida, Cayuga, Seneca and Lake George. Q. What are the principal mountains T A. Mount Marcy, the Adirondack, and the Catskill Mountains. Q. What Islands belong to the State of New York I A. Long Island and Staten Island. Q. W] A. H Q. Wl A. C( of fruits wealth ( and lime Q. W] A. T\ Q. W] A. Tl and the Q. W] A. Tl rel Ridg Q. WI A. Li Q. Wl A. Ti New Bri Q. For A. Fc the floui cotton a Q. Wl A. Tl: Q. Wl A. Fc and fifty Q. Wl A. D( Q. Wl A. W paper an o. Wl X Ni Q. Wl A. Tl GEOGRAPHY. 25 ntains, the ins. York? ise, Roch ther states . st, and ex jes are re- d cheese. L manufac- scale, and ion. 3 are also lis ton and he state of ict in the 3rk? :k? md fifteen le Oswego Catskill PENNSYLVANIA. Q. What are the chief cities of Pennsylvania ? A. Harrisburg, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh and Lancaster. Q. What are the principal productions of Pennsylvania ? A, Corn, wheat and other grains, with the various kinds of fruits common in this part of America. The mineral wealth of this state is very great, comprising coal, iron, and lime. There are also numerous salt springs. Q. What is the population of Pennsylvania ? A. Two millions three hundred and twelve thousand. Q. Which are its principal rivers ? A. The Alleghany, the Susquehanna, the Monongahela, and the Schuylkill. Q. What are the principal mountains in Pennsylvania? A. The Alleghany Mountains, the Blue Mountains, Lau- rel Ridge and Chesnut Ridge. Q. What lake forms the north-west boundary of this state '* A. Lake Erie. NEW JERSEY. Q. What are the chief towns of New Jersey ? A. Trenton, Jersey, Newark, Paterson, Princeton and New Brunswick. Q. For what is New Jersey remarkable ? A. For the excellence and abundance of its fruits and the flourishing condition of its manufactories, comprising cotton and woollen goods, iron, glass, leather, etc. Q. Which are its principal rivers ? A. The Passaic, the Raritan and Maurice River. Q. What is the population of New Jersey ? A. Four hundred and eighty-nine thousand five hundred and fifty-five. DELAWARE. Q. Which are the chief towns of Delaware ? A. Dover, Wilmington and Lewis. I Q. What are its chief productions 1 A. Wheat, Indian corn, flour, cotton and woollen goods, paper and gunpowder. Q.. What is its population ? A, Ninety-one thousand, five hundred and thirty five. Q. Which is its principal river *? A. The Delaware. 'M 26 CATECHISM OF CHAPTER XVII. Of the Southern States. Q. Which are the Southern States ? A, The Southern States are : Maryland, Virginia North Carohna South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mig- sissippi, Louisiana, Texas, and the District of Columbia Q. For what are the Southern States remarkable '^ A. For their vast extent of territory and their nume- rous plantations of cotton, sugar, rice and tobacco, which are chiefly cultivated by negro slaves. The climate, in the eastern and southern parts, is warm and unhealthy • in the interior, it is mild and salubrious. ' S' mu'*'^?.^® *^® principle rivers of the Southern States ^ A Ihe Mississippi, the Arkansas, the Red River the Alabama, James River and the Potomac. Q. Which of these States border on the Atlantic '^ A. Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina Georgia and Florida. ' Q. Which of them lie on the Gulf of Mexico '^ A. Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana and Texas. MARYLAND. Q. What are the chief towns of Maryland ? n\^u^^^^^^^' Baltimore, Cumberland and Frederick (4. What are the chief productions of Maryland '^ A. Tobacco, flour, iron and coal : of the two former it exports immense quantities. Q. What is its population ? n- ,5[yeji«»dred and eighty-three thousand. H- Which are its principal rivers ? n' wu^ Potomac, Severn and Patapsco. State r ""'^""^^'^^ ^^*6° \ ^^^^^^^nds from the Alleghany Mountains to the Pacific Ocean, and from the Red River to the Great Q. For what are these states distinguished ? A. For their agreeable climate, their rich and fruitful 8011, their noble rivers, and the unexampled rapiditv of tance ^' '"^ population, wealth and political impor- Q. What are their chief productions ? A. Gold, lead, iron, copper, coal, salt and lime; also cotton and tobacco; wheat, Indian corn, hemp, oats, bar- ley, cattle, hogs and horses. ^' ' Q. Which are the principal rivers ? wi' T.^^ ^lis^^^^sippi, Missouri, Oliio, Tennessee, Illinois, Wjibash and Kentucky. ' Q. What moimtains in the Western States and Territories i A. ihe Kocky Mountains, Sierra Nevada, Coast Moun^ tains, and Blue Mountains. 32 CATECHISM OF Q, Whnt are the principal lakes ?• , .,tt. v A. Lake Michigan, Great Salt Lake, aud Winebago Lake. ARKANSAS. Q. What are the chief towns of Arkansas ? A. Little Rock, Van Buren, .Fort Smith, Batesville, Helena and Napoleon. Q. For what is Arkansas remarkable 1 A. For the great fertility of its soil, the variety of its productions, and for the number of its navigable rivers. Its principal productions are cotton, corn, tobacco, iron ore and coal, which are found in abundance. Q. What is its population 1 A. Two hundred and nine thousand, six hundred and forty. Q. Which are its principal rivers ? A. The Arkansas, Red River, White River, Wachita, St. Francis, Big Black River, Little Red River and Cache River, Q. What mountains in Arkansas ? A. The Black Hills, and Waoliita Hills. KENTUCKY. Q. Name the chief towns of Kentucky. A. Frankfort, Louisville, Maysville, Covington, New- port and Bardstown. Q. For what is Kentucky remarkable, and what are its pro- ductions ? A. It is remarkable for the fertility of its soil, the mild- ness of its climate, and for the diversified character of its surface. Its principal productions are tobacco, hemp, wheat, corn, rye, barley, etc. Apples, pears, peaches, plums and cherries are abundant. Q. What is its population f A. Nine hundred and eighty-two thousand, four hundred ftnd five. Q. Which are its principal rivers? A. The Tennessee, Cumberland, Kentucky, Green River, and Licking River. Q. What mountains in Kentucky 1 A. The Cumberland Mountains, and Mount Pleasant. GEOGRAPHY. 33 Q. What great natural curiosity in Kentucky 1 A. The Mammoth Cave. TENNESSEE. Q. What are the chief towns of Tennessee ? A. Nashville, Memphis, Knoxville, Franklin and Co- hirabia. Q. What have you to say of Tennessee ? A. Tennessee is one of the most healthful, pleasant and interesting of the United States. It is famous for its va- ried and beautiful scenery, and for its navigable rivers. The climate is mild and salubrious, and the soil is gene- rally fertile. Q. What are the productions of Tennessee ? A. Cotton, tobacco, corn, wheat and hemp. The princi- pal minerals are iron, coal, copperas, alum, nitre and lead. Q. What is its population ? A. One million, two thousand, six hundred and twenty. Q. Which are its principal rivers ? A. The Tennessee, Cumberland, Holston, Clinch, Pow- ell's and French Broad rivers. Q. What are the principal mountains ? A. The Cumberland Mountains, Stone Mountain, and Great Smoky Mountain. ofiio. Q. Which are the chief towns of Ohio ? A. Columbus, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Sandusky, Toledo, Dayton, Miami, Zanesville, Marietta and Portsmouth. Q. For what is Ohio distinguished 1 A. For the rapid growth of its population, the extent of its territory, the richness of its soil, and the mildness of its climate. ^ Q. What are its main productions I A. Wheat, corn, rye, oats, cheese, buckwheat and to- bacco ; horses, cattle and hogs are also raised in great numbers. Iron and coal are abundant. Q. What is its population "? A. One million nine hundred and eighty thousand four hundred n^^d eight. Q. Which are its chief rivers ? A. The Ohio, Maumee, Sandusky, Miami, Sciota, Cu- yahoga and Muskingum. I 84 CATECHISM ur CHAPTER XX. The Western States, continiud. \ INDIANA. Q. Name the chief towns of Indiana. A. Indianapolis, Madison, New Albany, Jcflfersonville, Vincennes, Fort Wayne, Michigan City and Vevay. Q. For what is Indiana remarkable 'i A. It is the smallest of the Western States, and is re- markable for its rich prairies, navigable rivers, and for the mildness of its climate. Q. What are its chief productions 1 A. Corn, wheat, rye, oats and barley; also tobacco, pork, wool, etc. Its principal minerals are coal, iron and salt. Q. What is the population of Indiana 1 A. Nine hundred and eighty-eight thousand four hun- dred and sixteen. Q. Which are its principal rivers ? A. The Wabash, Maumee, Salamanie, Mississineway and White rivers. Q. What large lake in the north-west part of Indiana ? A. Lake Michigan. ILLINOIS. Q. What are the principal towns of Illinois '? A. Springfield, Chicago, Galena, Alton, Quincy, Peo- ria and Waukegan. Q. For what is Illinois distinguished '? A. Illinois is one of the largest and most fertile states in the Union, and is remarkable for its vast prairies. Agri- culture is the principal pursuit of its inhabitants. Q. What are its chief productions 1 A. Corn, wheat and tobacco ; cattle, horses and pwine. The chief minerals are lead and coal. At Galena are the richest lead mines in the world. Q. What is the population of Illinois ? A. Eight hundred and fifty-one thousand four hundred and seventy. Q. W A. T Sangani Q. W J. L copper-r salubrit Q. W' A. \\ ^ chief m Q. W A. T dred ani Q. W A. i\ Saoinav Q. VV A. L Q. W A. M Green 1 Q. W A. It extent < Boil, its populati . Q. W ^ A. \ and lea( Q. W A. T ninety-c Q. W A. T and Roi 1! GEOGRAPHY. tft ersonville, ay. xnd is re- nd for the tobacco, ;oal, iron four hun- eway aud na"? ncy, Peo- ple slates es. Agri- Qd pwiiie. la are the hundred Q. Which are its principal rivers 1 A. The Illinois, Koek River, Mackinaw, Kaskaskia, Saoganion, Little Wabash and Spoon River. Q. What lake forms part of its north-eastern boundary 1 J. Lake Michigan. MICHIGAN. Q. Name the principal towns in JMichigan. A. Lansing, Detroit, Ann Arbor, Jackson, Marshall Monroe and Grand Rapids. Q. For what is Michigan chiefly rcinarkiiblo ? A. For its fcreat commercial advantages, its valuable copper-mines, the uncommon fertility of its soil, aud the salubrity of its climate. Q. What are its principal productions *? A. Wheat, corn, oats, rye, apples, grapes, etc. Its chief minerals are iron and copper. Q. What is its population "? A. Three hundred and ninety-seven thousand six hun- dred nnd lifty-four. Q. What are its chief rivers'? A. Mnskegon, Grand River, Kalamazoo, St. Joseph's, Saginaw and Menonionee. Q. What great lake between Wisconsin and Michigan 1 A. Lake Michigan. WISCONSIN. Q. What are the chief towns of Wisconsin 1 A. Madison, Milwaukee, Racine, Kenosha, Sheboygan, Green Bay, Prairie du Chien and Janesville. Q. What have you to remark of Wisconsin ? A. It is a large and newly-settled state; has a great extent of lake coast, aud is noted fox the fertility of its Boil, its great mineral wealth, aud the rapid increase of its population. Q. What are its chief productions *? A. Wheat and corn are its agricultural productions, and lead, iron and copper are found in great quantities. Q. What is its population ? A. Three hundred and five thousand one hundred and ninety-one. Q. Which are the chief rivers of Wisconsin 1 A. The Wisconsin, Chippeway, Fox Hirer, Black River and Rock River. a6 CATECHISM OF Q. What lake in the n'^th-east of Wisconsin ' A. Winebago Lake. CHAPTER XXI. The Western States, continued. IOWA. Q. Name the chief towns of Iowa ? A. Iowa City, Burlington, Dubuque, Fort Madison, Davenport and Keokuk. Q. For what is Iowa remarkable, and what are its produo- tioG*^ . A. For its .immense prairies interspersed with timber hmd; the great fertility of its soil; its chief productions are corn, wheat, rye and oats; its principal minerals are lead, coal and iron. Q. What is its population ? A. One hundred and ninety-two thousand two hundred and fourteen. Q. Which are the principal rivers of Iowa? A The Iowa, Des Moines, Little Sioux River and Cedar [liver. MISSOURI. Q. What are the chief towns of Missouri ? A. Jefferson City, St. Louis, St. Charles, Booneville, Lexington, Hannibal, Columbia and St. Genevieve. Q. What have you to say of Missouri '? A. Missouri is th^ most populous state west of the Mis- sissippi. It is remarkable for the variety of its minerals, and the richness of its soil. Its principal productions are corn, wheat, tobacco and hemp. Horses, cattle, mules and hogs are raised in great numbers. Q. What is its population T A. Six hundred and eighty-two thousand and forty- three. Q. Name its principal rivers. A The Missouri, Platte River, the Charitan, Grand River, the Osage, Salt River and White River (2. Wh A. Si- and Vail Q. For A. Fc amazing and the i grow in and catt Q. WI A. Th Sacrame Q. Wl A. Th Shaste. GEOGRAPHY. 3T CALIFORNIA. Q. What are the chief towns of California ? A. San Jose, San Francisco, Sacramento, Monterey and Vallejo. Q. For what is California noted ? A. For the vast quantities of gold found there, for the amazing increase of its population, the fertility of its soil and the mildness of its climate. Wheat and other grains grow in abundance where the soil can be watered. Horses and cattle are numerous. Q. What are the principal nvers ? A. Tl^e Colorado, the Rio Grande, San Joaquin and Sacramento. Q. What mountains in California ? A. The Sierra Nevada, the Coast Mountains and Mount Shaste. CHAPTER XXII. Of the Organized Territories. ] J i MINESOTA. Q. What towns in Minesota ? A. St. Paul's, Still-water and St. Anthony. Q. What have you to say of Minesota '? A. Minesota is a level, fertile and healthy territory, noted for its numerous rivers, lakes and prairies ; white pine lumber is extensively cut, and rafted down the Mississippi UTAH TERRITORY. Q. What is to be remarked of the Utah Territory ? A. It is principally settled by the Mormons. Its chief towns are Fillmore City and Salt Lake City. In the north- ern part is the Great Salt Lake, one hundred and eighty miles in circumference, and much Salter than the ocean. NEW MEXICO. Q. What have you to say of New Mexico ? A. New Mexico is situated wholly in the interior, on !■: 88 CATECHISM OF both sides of the Rio Grande. The soil is for the most part barren. The chief rivers are the Rio Grande, the Colorado and the Gila. The principal mountain is the Sierra Madre. OREGON. Q. What is to be said of the Oregon Territory ? A. It is the largest territory in the Union. Its chief cities are Salem, Astoria, Portland, Oregon City, and Fort Vancouver. The Indian population of this territory are said to be more numerous than the whites, and many of the tribes have been converted to Christianity by Catholic missionaries, one of the first of whom was Father De Smet. Its principal river is the Columbia, a large river falling into the Pacific. MISSOURI territory. Q. What is said of the Missouri Territory % ^. It is a wild and extensive region, inhabited only by Indians, with the exception of a few posts occupied by the American Fur Company and the United States troops. The chief Indian tribes are the Sioux, Pawnees, Crows and Blackfeet. THE INDIAN TERRITORY. Q. For what is the Indian Territory remarkable ? A. For being the retreat of most of the Indian tribes who have at various times emigrated from beyond the Mis- sissippi. The Choctaws, Creeks, Cherokees and Shaw- nees are the most improved of the emigrant tribes : these build houses for themselves, cultivate the land, and possess horses and cattle. Talequah is the principal town in the territory. CHAPTER XXIII. Of British America. Q. What is British America ? A, British America includes the iLudson's Bay Terri- tories, Canada,* New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, the Islands * The re-union of Upper and Lower Canada was proclairaed by tU« Governor oa February 10, 1841. GEOGRAPHY. 89 of Newfoundland, Cape Breton, Prince Edward's, and the Bernaudas, besides several smaller islands in the Gulf of 6t. Lawrence. Q. Describe the climate and soil 1 A. The climate is very severe for a great part of the year, but it is, nevertheless, healthy. The soil, in many places, is equal to any in the world, and, under proper cul- tivation, yields large crops of all kinds of grain, hay, po- tatoes, etc. The trade in wheat and flour, timber, furs, pot and pearl ashes, and the fisheries, makes these colonies very valuable. Q. How is British America bounded ? A. British America is bounded north by Baffin's Bay and the Arctic Ocean ; west by Russian America and the Pacific Ocean; south by the United States ; east by the Atlantic Ocean. Q. What is the population of British America % A. It is about two million eight hundred and sixteen thousand seven hundred and sixty. Q. What are the principal rivers and lakes in British Ame- rica'? A. The principal rivers are the St. Lawrence, Ottawa, Saguenay, Richelieu, St. Francis, St. Maurice, St. John's, Niagara, Coppermine, and Mackenzie. The principal lakes are Superior, Huron, Erie, Ontario, Athabasca, Great Slave Lake and the Lake of the Woods. Q. What is the length of British America "? A. From Cape Charles to the North Pacific, it is three thousand five hundred miles long. Q. What is its breadth '? A. From Barrow's Straits to the Missouri Territory, it is two thousand miles in breadth. Q. What are the names of the chief cities and towns in Canada '? A. Quebec, having a population of forty-two thousand and fifty-seven. Montreal, fifty-seven thousand five hun- dred and seventeen Three Rivers, Sorel, or William Henry, Dorchester or St. Johns, Sherbrooke, and Stan- stead, in Eastern Canada ; and Toronto, containing-^ thirty tliousand seven hundred and sixty-three inhabitants, Kings- ton twelve thousand, Hamilton, Brockville, Bytown, New 40 CATECHISM OP ma London, Niagara, Cobourg, Sandwich, and St. Catherine'a, in Western Canada. Q. What is the capital of Canada ? A. Quebec is the present capital. The Seat of Govern- ment is alternately for four years at Toronto and Quebec. It was removed to Quebec in October, 1851, to continue there till 1855. Q. How is Eastern, formerly Lower Canada, divided "? A. Into six Districts, viz : — Quebec, Montreal, Three Rivers, St. Francis, Gaspe, and Kamouraska, all of which are subdivided into the 36 Counties* of — 1. Yaudreuil, 2. Ottawa, 3. Lake of Two Mountains, 4. Montreal, 5. Terre- bonne, 6. Leinster, 1. Berthier, 8. St. Maurice, 9. Cham- plain, 10. Port Neuf, 11. Quebec, 12. Montmorency, 13. Saguenay, 14. Gaspe, 15. Bonaventure, 16. Rimouski, It. Kamouraska, 18. L'Islet, 19. Bellechasse, 20. Dorchester. 21. Megantic, 22. Lothbiniere, 23. Nicolet, 24. Yamaska, 25. Drummond, 26. Sherbrooke, 27. Staustead, 28. Missis- qoui, 29. Shefford, 30. St. Hyacinthe, 31. Rouville, 32. Richelieu, 33. Yercheres, 34. Charably, 35. Huntingdon, 36. Beauharnois. Q. What share has Eastern Canada of the Representation in the '•jj;"Tft'.' P ovincial Parliament 1 A. Each County returns one Member, which, with two Members from each of the cities of Quebec and Montreal, and one from each of the towns of Three Rivers and Sher- brooke, makes the number of Representatives to the Pro- vincial Parliament from Canada East amount to 42. Q. How is Western, formerly Upper Canada, divided \ A. Into the following Counties, viz : — C0UNTIK8. tOUNiy TOWNS. 1. Carleton, By town. 2. Essex and Lamb ton, Sandwich. 3. Frontenac, Lennox and Addington, Kingston. 4. Haldimand, Cayuga. 6. Hastings, Belleville. 6. Huron, Perth and Bruce, Goderich. T- Kent, Chatham, b. Lanark and Renfrew, Perth. ,ZJ}^^ Counties are divided into Seigniories and Townshins. The Parishef •ometimes contain but one Seigniory ; sometimes, on the contrary, a Parish it fcrmed of several Seigmoncs oi Townships, either entire or divided. GEOGRAPHY, 47 CODNTIKS, 9. Leeds and Granville, 10. Lincoln and Welland, 11. Middlesex and Elffin, 12. Norfolk, ^ 13. Northumberland and Durham. 14. Oxford, * 15. Peterborough and Victoria, 16. Proscott and Russell, 17. Prince Edward, 18. Simcoe, 19. Stormont, Dundas, and Glengary, 20. Wellington, Waterloo and Grey, 21. Wentworth, Halton and Brant, 22. York, Oitario and Peel, COUNTY TOWrff. Brockville. Niagara. London. Simcoe. Cobourg. Woodstock. Peterborough. L'Orignal. Picton. Barrie. Cornwall. Guelph. Hamilton. Toronto. . Q- '-'OW many members are returned to the United Provin- cial Parliament by the Counties of Western Canada '« A Lennox and Addington united, send one member to Parliament ; Huron, Perth and Bruce, one ; Kent and Lambton, one ; Lanark and Renfrew, one ; Middlesex and E gin, one ; Peterborough and Victoria, one ; Wellington, Wiiterloo and Grey, one ; Wentworth and Brant, one • York, two; and the remaining twenty-three counties one member each, making in all thirty-three members returned by the Counties. liamen™^^ °^^^^^ ^° Western Canada return members to Par- A. The City of Toronto sends two members ; Kingston Cornwall, Brockville, Hamilton, Niagara, Bytown and London send one each making forty-two members from Western Canada, the same as from Eastern Canada. Q. How are the British American Provinces governed '^ A. They have each a Governor, who is appointed by the Sovereign of England, and represents Her Majesty in the tolony to which he is sent— a Legislative Council ai> pointed by the Sovereign, and a House of AsseiiiblV elected by the people. Before any laws can be binding they must be passed by the Legislative Council and the House of Assembly, and receive the assent of the Gov- ernor in the name of the Sovereign. Q. When was Canada first settled, and by what people '» A. It was first settled in 1608 by the French, who con- i; ''> M. 42 CATECHISM OP tinued to possess it until 1759, when Great Bntam ac quired it by conquest, and has ever since retained it Q. Wliat proportion of the inhabitants of Eastern Canada are of French descent 1 c t • u A More than three-fourths : the remainder are of Irish, Scotch and English descent. Four-fifths of the loHbitants are Catholics. . , . , « Q What is the population of the United province l : vuada ? A. One million five hundred and seventy-one tnousand eight hundred and ninety. CHAPTER XXIY. NEW BRUNSWICK. Q What are the chief towns of New Brunswick % A. Fredericton, St. John's and St. Andrew's. Q. What have you to say of New Brunswick I A New Brunswick was, until 1784, a part of JNova Scotia. The climate, like that of Canada, is subject to extremes of heat and cold, but is generally healthy. Its principal exports are lumber and fish : ship-building is car- ried on to some extent. Q. Which are its principal rivers 1 A. The St. John's, St. Croix and Mirimichi. Q. What bay bounds New Brunswick on the south ? A. Fundy Bay. Q. What is its population "i , ^ i t ^ i A. Two hundred and eleven thousand four hundred and seventy-three. NOVA SCOTIA. Q. Name the chief towns of Nova Scotia. A. Halifax, Lunenburgh, Liverpool, Yarmouth, Pictou and Annapolis. Q. What have you to remark of Nova Scotia ? A. Nova Scotia was originally settled by the French, who o-ave it the name of VAcadk, but was conquered by Great Britain in 1763, and then received its present name. It has a cold and humid, but healthy climate. Q. What are the chief productions of Nova Scotia 1 A. Fish, lumber, coal, gypsum, etc. GEOGRAPHY. 43 Q. What large island politically attached to Nova Scotia is separated from it by the Gut or Strait of Canso I A. Cape Breton Island. Q. What is to be remarked of Cape Breton Island ? A. The Island of Cape Breton is one hundred and ten miles in length, and from thirty to eighty in breadth, and is divided by an arm of the sea into two nearly equal por- tions. Arechat and Sidney are its largest towns. Q. What is the population of Nova Scotia and Cape Breton Island ? A. Three hundred thousand. Q. What is Prince Edward's Island ? A. It is a large, rich and level island in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, having a population of fifty-seven thousand, and an area of two thousand one hundred and fifty square miles. Its capital is Charlotte Town, situated at the head of a navigable bay. Q. What are the principal towns of Newfoundland % A. St. John's, Harbor Grace and Placentia. Q. What have you to say of this island^ A. It is a large, cold and barren island, situated at the mouth of the Gulf of St. Lawrence ; its cod-fisheries are the most valuable in the world, and give employment to the greatest part of its population. Q. What is the population of Newfoundland 1 A. One hundred thousand. Q. What are the Bermuda Islands "? A. They consist of about four hundred small islands, most of which are barren and uninhabited : there are only eight of any importance. The climate is exceedingly mild and salubrious. Georgetown, on St. George's Isle is the principal town. Q. What is New Britian, and for what is it remarkable ? A. New Britain comprises all that part of British Ame- rica which lies north of Canada and the United States. Ttie only trade in this region is in furs, wholly carried on by the Hudson Bay Company. i 44 CATECHISM OF RUSSIAN AMERICA. Q. What is Russian America ? A. Russian America comprises the extreme north-west- ern regions of America, and is separated from Asia by Behring's Straits. Q. How is Russian America bounded ? A. It is bounded north by the IS'ortheru Ocean; west and south by the North Pacific, and east by the British possessions. Q. What is to be said of Russian America ? A. This remote region is, in general, dreary and unpro- ductive. It is inhabited by about one thousand whites, and some scattered tribes of native Indians. The country yields valuable furs, and the fisheries of the whale, sea- otter, and other animals are very important. Q. What is the population 1 A. Sixty-one thousand, DANISH AMERICA. Q. Of what does Danish America consist ? A. It consists of Greenland and Iceland. The former is generally supposed to be a large island, but its northern extremity has not yet been explored. Iceland is a barren and mountainous island, chiefiy remarkable for its hot springs. Q. What is the population of Danish America ? A. Eighty thousand. 11 CHAPTER XXV. Of Mexico. Q. What are the chief ports of Mexico ? A. Acapulco, in the Pacific, Vera Cruz, Matamoras and Tampico, in the Gulf of Mexico. Q. What are the soil and climate ? A. The climate in general is pure and salubrious, and - --'d is extremely fertile. Mexico is its capital. How is Mexico bounded ? North by the United States j west by the Gulf of i.1. _ GEOG lAPHY. 45 California and the Pacific Ocean ; South by the Pacific Ocean and Central America ; east by the Gulf of Mexico and the United States. Q. W hat have you to say of Mexico ? A Mexico lies chiefly between the Pacific Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico ; it is famous for its early civilization and for its rich silver mines. The Catholic is the estab- hshed religion. Texas, New Mexico and Upper California have recently been detached from it and annexed to the United States. Q. What is its population ? A. Six millions six hundred and sixty-five thousand and ninety-six. Q. What is Yucatan ? A. It is a peninsula lying between the Bay of Cam- peachy and the Caribbean Sea. It was one of the States of Mexico, but in 1845, the people declared themselves independent. Merida is the Capital, Sisal, Campeachy and Lyguna, are the other principal towns. CHAPTER XXYI. Of Central America. Q. How is Central America bounded ? A. Central America is bounded north by Mexico and the Bay of Honduras ; west and south by the Pacific Ocean ; east by New Grenada and the Caribbean Sea Q. What is Central America 1 A. Central America, formerly Guatimala, was a province of Mexico, till 1823, when it became an independent re- public. It was afterwards divided into five states, namely, Guatimala, San Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica. In 1851, the three former states organized a new government under the title of the National Representation of Central America. Q. What is its total population ? A. Two millions one hundred and forty-six thousand. Q. What kind of country is it ? A. The climate, on the high lands, is temperate and ((• ■ ;f rr;,! 46 CATECHISM OF agreeable, but on the low plains it is exceedingly hot. The soil is very fertile. The principal exports are indigo, ban- ilia, cochineal, cocoa, and maliogauy. Tlie chief towns are St. Salvador and Kew Guatimala, San Miguel, San Juan, San Jose and Leon, the latter celebrated for its magnificent Cathedral, which was thirty-seven years in building, and cost five millions of dollars. CHAPTER XXVII. Of the West Indies. * Q. Of what do the West Indies consist ? A. They consist of a number of islands, situated in the Caribbean Sea between North and South America. Q. How are the West Indies divided % A. Into the Bahama Islands, the Great Antilles, the Little Antilles, and the Caribbean Islands. Q. Which are the principal of the West India, Islands ? A. The principal are Cuba, Hayti, or St. Domingo,* Jamaica, Porto Rico, Barbadoes, Guadaloupe, Martinico, Tobago, St. Christopher's, Antigua, Barbuda, Anguilla, Dominica, St. Yiucent, Grenada, St. Lucia, Santa Cruz, St. Thomas, Tortola, Trinidad, Bahama, Providence, Turk's Island, St. Bartholomew's, with several others of less note. Q. Name a few of the principal towns. A. Havana,! Cape Henry, Kingston, St. John's, Port of Spain, Basse Terre, St. Pierre, Carenage, Bridgetown, Scarborough, St. George, Santa Cruz, Road Harbor and Nassau. Q. What are the chief productions of the West Indies'? A. Sugar, cotton, coflee, indigo, allspice, ginger, cocoa, tobacco, together with oranges, lemons, pomegranates, cit- rons, pine apples, melons, etc. The mountains abound in valuable trees, such as cedar, mahogany, etc. ♦ Hayti, was once called a republic, but in 1849 became an empire, unde* Faustiu the First. t The Cathedral of Havana, is remarkable for containing the remains of Co- lumbus. GEOGRAPHY. 47 Q. Why aro these islands called the West Indies ? ^.1 hey are so called from the folio win- circumstance t?s"f /;uhe''E^.fT"r''r '"^^"^^' ^^ Am%~« to sail to tlie Last Indies by a western course- but instond of reaching Asia, he found America ; stiHe thou .h^^^^^^^^ those islands were the western part of Ind a ;ar^° before CO SmmTfli '' -^T%-"ld be accomplthed t^ no Ir n ?h • 1 A ' '''^'j ^' ^''^^- ^^'«"1 this mistakcQ Q V mt t'hf ' "'r;-''^ ^i^V^"^^ «^ West Indies. Q. \V hat 13 the population of the West India Islands i A Ihree millions four hundred thousand, of whom onlv SIX hundred and fifty thousand are whites ^ alav^st'' '' ^""'^ population of the British West India Islands, in i'^ff 'nn!r ^'^'!\ Parliament gave them their liberty lu 18o4 and paid their former masters twenty millions pounds sterling, as a compensation. ^ xuniions CHAPTER XXVIII. OF SOUTH AMERICA. Q. How is South America bounded '* H..^P^*-i' ''^^"'^'^ '''''^^' ^'y ^^'^ Caribbean Sea; west, by the Pacific Ocean, south, by the Southern Ocean, and east by the Atlantic Ocean. ' Q. What have you to say of South America ? A. feouth America is one of the richest, most fruitful and most beautiful portions of the worid. Its mountains grandeuT '^ ^^'^"' ^'' ^^ ^ ''^^' ^^ unequalled Q. What is the population of South America ^ ^. Sixteen millions, three hundred and four thousand three hundred and seventy-one. Q. What ^arts of South America once belonged to Spain '« o.nl7 ■ y,''^'''^}''''' ,P^^'"' Chili, and Paraguay, which produce o wVl' ^^,1^^^^^^^ ^^'^- drugs, and the choicest fruits. nr^^lnf r • V^'^'^K^^^ changes have occurred, and what are the present divisions " A. Like Mexico, these provinces have asserted their in* 48 CATECHISM OP lumb.a, len, (!lHl,, iJolivia, JJuenos Ayres or La Plata Uruguay and Pani^niay. ^ ■u.i x laiu, Q. VVhat is Columbia '( co^,iJ.\T^^fV^'' north i,art of South America, and can a nro T^ ^/"n ^'' Veuezuela and Equador. The cap tals are Bogota, Caraccas and Quito: and the chief ports Carthagena, Ouayra, Guayaquil and'Portoello Q. What are tho principal cities of Peru ^ ports ^''"''' ^^^ ''''^'^''^' ^^''"^'' ^""^ Tfuxillo, the chief Q. Where is Chili, and what is its capital ? inff "i^^I-'t''^!' "" ^.^"^^^^^'-^Wy fertile country, and is divided into British, French and Dutch Guiana. Tie chief towns ''o^VK^f^'^""v^^^^^"°«' ^"^^ P'-^ramaribo. An?ericl? "'' ° ''P^'''^^' "^ *^° ^^^'^^ ^^^^^i^^^ of South A Chuquisaca of Bolivia, Buenos Ayres of La Phta of Urug'^^^^^^^^ ^"""P^^^" «^ Wuay, Monte Y;;i':o Q. What is Patagonia ? triifp. if t vo'^'^^T ^°^ ^^'"'^ "^'^^^^y' inhabited by small glantic size °' '"'' ''"^' '^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^ ^^^^ ^^^ <>f ^ 1 Thp *A^n?* '^''"^ of mountains in South America ? tains. """ Cordilleras and the Brazilian Moul^ Q. What are the principal rivers 'i A. The Amazon, Rio de la PJata, Oronoco Urn-uav Paraguay, Madeira and Caqueta. ' ^^"o^^X, JBi'azil. J %t^-^T^ ''"™"'? ■"''""'g'"' to tho Portuguese f Dart'of So^th t' " ^"'^ ''"■Se country, being the eastern ■ P"o"4 v"'n ^"'™^'> *" "'''"'' *•'« Portuguese Court I French ""*"'" '""""'y ""^ i^^'^'ded by the = cs of Co ^a Plata, 'ica, and or. The he chief 3elIo. le chief Santia- clivided f towns f South Plata, 3 Yideo J small re of a GEOGRApnr. 40 ,, ^J. The eli,„a?e hT^Zr ,"?' "^ ^™^" ' CHAPTER XXIX OF EUROPE. A ^FnJ" ^r"?^ ''°™ i: 56 CATECHISM OF I T i I ! i I I If ■'■ II I Poknd^^^^*^ changes have since taken place with respect to A The Articles of the Polish constitution havinrr been basely violated by the Russians, and the most unjusrcruel- .ties inflicted on the Poles, on the 29th of Kov. 1830 an insurrection broke out at Warsaw and quickly extended through all the parts of ancient Poland. A powerful Rus- sian army immediately invaded tlie country; the brave Poles were subdued, and in 1832 Poland became incorpo- rated with Russia. '■ Q. How is Poland bounded ? ^ Poland is bounded north and east by Russia, west by Prussia and Germany, and south by the Austrian pro^ nnces. ^ Q. What kind of climate and soil has Poland "* A The climate of Poland is, in general, temperate and healthy; and being situated nearly in the middle of a large continent, the weather is less changeable than in those countries which border on the ocean. The soil is ex- ceeding y fertile, and so well adapted to the growth of gram, tiiat the annual export has amounted to sixteen mil- lions of bushels. Q. What are the chief cities of Poland '^ ^: 7^"^ f^f ^^""^ ""^ ^'^^^"^ ^^^'^ Cracow, its former capital and Warsaw, its present, Dantzic and Niemen. A mi ir^^^ ^ principal rivers of Poland ? n i^^ • !u"'\^^^ Niemen, the Dwina and the Bug. (4. What IS the character of the Poles ? ^. They are, in general, handsome, tall and well made robust, hardy and brave ; courteous and hospitable- the women are remarkable for their exemplary piety and virtue, rellion ^ '" P^P^^^^^^^ of Poland, and what its prevailing A. The population of Poland is supposed to be about Catholic'' '''''' '^' prevailing religion the Roman GEOGRAPHY. CHAPTER XXXJII. ^f JDenmark 67 and the soil very L^fZi T^i ''^"^^'•^' ^'^ ^^^eral flat vegetables. ^l^J JlZlS^r^^'^'S^^^^ «^ -rn afd latitude. ™°'^'' but temperate for its A Thp'n "Pr.""' '''"''''' dominion, ' Gaining j:tlan7lle';;!:;'ra"d Hoff -"f "^ P""'-"'^. eon- of Louenburg, ;ith the Islands rft''!"' !"?,°f ""= »"»''? and Falster. Among its foretn Lt "''' ^""''"' ^a'and Iceland, the Faroe I^iands ^^0'^ "''"°'''' "" Greenland the AVest Indies ' ^'- ^'"""^^ «°d Santa Cruz in S'ThM are': ?'""■'""" "f *''«»»"«' ^ industrious' ''-J?,: fe dtsls^a're 1^7^';- ^^^^ f""''' -" A Tw",' -fr" P°P"'a«on of Denmark » ^. Iwo millions and a half. ' A t': gT.etXtT''" '"i" '?''S'™ «f Denmark . religion LnCan ''" "''"''"« """""rchy, and tho aia?!; Sptr *'" ''■""°'" "^"^ of J^onmark, or rafter Den A \T f 1 ^^°"^'^rk Proper ? i it 18 to be observed, that Cimbrica, H^ i 58 CATECHISM OF Q. Whence is the origin of the Ctmhri 7 A. History does not particularly inform us ; but it \9 pnerally understood that they were a colony of Scythians from the country between the Caspian and Euxine seas ' Q. ^\ hen were the inhabitants of Cimbrica first called Danes i A. hi the seventh century, and they were so called from the Dam, a distinguished people from Norway, who con- quered Cimbrica at the period above mentioned if CHAPTER XXXiy. Of Prussia. Q. What kind of country is Prussia '* a 4eafZf J'fT "'? '''^ ^"^ ^''^'^' ^«"»*^3^' Producing ?} iJru ^^ ^^ ^^^* ^^^lt>, l?i'ain and wool. ° A W^hat compose the kingdom of Prussia ? ^. Ihe Prussian dominions are situated in three differpnf countries ; namely, in Germany, Prussia Proper a^To and. Some of the provinces in Germany, sit^mted on the llhine, are considerably detached. Q. What waa the ancient name of Prussia '^ A. lie ancient name of Prussia is involved in obscuritv Its original inhabitants appear to have been rboTd and warlike people descended from the SdavonLs. Prussia Proper, or Ducal Prussia, was formerly subject to the Ten tonic knights who conquered it in the thirteenth century It was raised to a dukedom in 1525 and forZrh^^R kingdom in the year 1701. "^^ ^ Q. VVhat is the character of the inhabitants ? brale. ^^ ^'' ^ '^'''° constitution, laborious and Q. Which are the chief cities of Prussia '« A I^erlin, Its capital, Dantzic, Breslau, Mao-deburo- Kn nigsWg, Cologne, l^sen, Tilsit Elbino-' SnlS^to?* tin, Halle, Erfurt, Munster, Dussddorf andS^^^^^^^^^^^ Uoned in history ; the IatLr7rinchmnvrL^/''- ^'T P°«PJ« of Europ^e men- Funen. Holsteinis considoreri a a"t^of tl 1 ni« ^^^f '^^^nds of Zealand and eu as a part ot the present and ancient Germany. GEOGRAPHY. but it 19 Scythians, m sens, led Djuies ? illcd from who con- 59 ►roducinn: !j^ or inde- if govern- ope men- iland and ermany. «nc. Calvinistic , hT^^^^:^ L^'^jl'^^' -'o Lutheran o 'vvi'^'?"' *'•'' tolerated *' *''' «scendenej-a|| «• VVhat .8 the government' of Pmssia ^ -d. Ibe government is tlmt ^e \ and was almost absolu e'b rLentlv ^f^'-'^^ "''■"'™hy, ' ^^^^' ^^be, Ems and Rhine. CHAPTER XXXY. Of Me Kin,,.^, ,f ,^ ^^^^^^^^ ^'^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^ HOLLAND. Cha.eI''^.^rSr:;d""aet»v'r™:', ^° -"^^ ^7 tion, comprise Holland nnTpf^^' ^''^"^ *^eir low sitna- [-called Batavi^^dXa^e*^:t&S^ Seven TJntd ProwS rf Hf^, '"^, --P-bended the F^oviuce is the prine^a? " ^^ ^"^^riands, of which that ^^■. HSi:,dtEo'„:d:'r.^7H?r^'^^ P-ince,bo„„,ed. NeTherSr """'-'' -P--^ ^on^ the'S^parts of the • 1 ;ie"r; """^' '™'" "*^ ^"-'^"^ «-~t and 60 CATECHISM OP |itj. »!!' formed i self into the Republic of the Seven United Prov- irices : the remainin- Provinces, called Bel-ium, or thrt yea 1714 when they were ceded to Austria, France anu Ho hmd ; in 1794, the French subdued it ; in 1815 Ho\ land and Belgium were united under the title of the Kin- dom of the A^etherlands ; but in 1830, the Belgians a'? «erted their independence and chose for their Kiuff PducG Leopold of Saxe-Cobur^. *=" ^^ Q. What kind of country is Holland ? A. Holland is the most level country in Europe and resernb es a large marsh that has been drair.ed. The snr face IS lower than the level of the sea at high water- dikes or high mounds of earth, faced with stone" or wood have heretore been erected along the shore, to prevent the coun' try from bemg overflowed. Q. What is tho character of the inhabitants : and bv what name are they generally called ? ^ A. They are -generally called Dutch, and are very indus- trious, persevering, intelligent and honest. All classes of people seem comfortable, and men, women, or children in rags, are scarcely ever seen. ^" ^t'^'^Ti" f^^ "'"^^ "'"^^^^^ ^f traveling in Holland 1 A. ihe Dutch generally travel on the canals: durin- the Q. What are the names of their chief cities f- lem wtT nf ' ^^r'PJ^v ' ^^'? ^"°"^' Rotterdam, Haar- lem, Leyden, Utrecht and Zutphen. Q. What is the population of Amsterdam f A. Two hundred and twenty thousand. (ol. VV hat IS the population of Holland "^ n wu f ^'^^l^ons three hundred thousand. A m< \f^ *^^ principal rivers of Holland ^ n ■ wf .^''''' ^H ^^^"^^' ^^'''^^J ^»d Meuse. A W hat seas and bays surround Holland ^ lem km' ^"^^''-2^^' Dollert-Bay, Zuydcr-Zee and Haar- Q. What islands belong to Holland ^ A. Ameland, Shellino-. Vlielnncl" TeYo^ ?!.i.^,,.,„ m, . len, North Be.eland, South BeTelaud and Walhlr:;/'"" GEOGRAPHY. iBll^ar!:;^^?^^!-- Of Holland? 61 Of f,;i.fS^.- S]^, J^atawX p.,„e,-pa, people from Geriuaii/ "'"" '''^'■'^ " >^™Ma of tbe^&Wi BELGIUM. Q. What kind of country is Belj^ium ^ -<^. liie air of Bnlo-inm 1*=, f " . tremely fertile in cfrnTndnLr/'''''^*?"'' "' ^«" o^"' ■aige manufactories of Ce^ v cL' "'"™ "" ^""■'>' Q. How ,3 Belgium bounded ? ' ^i- lielgium is bounded north hv tt„ii i many, south by Prance, and west bfte"?-.' '"'' ^^ ^''■ giuf an/a^^^^ttaS^'''^ ^o^'^'™- ""Uod Bel- mans fn'tle'tt'oVju^UuTol"' ^^"f'"" ^^^ «- Ro- Belgia,. ;„Tt;';"ene;L^!lfr .r ^'""^"■'- -,led from Flanders ; and are cekbrn]^. ]'' *f"' "^ l''*""'"?^. the art of staining glass . also fol "^ ^Z^^"" '"""""n of etc., and hare had the honor of LnT^'"^' T*"''- 'a«es, '"f; ^!}l"'' ^''^d with that of It dy^ " '"'"'"' '■"'•Paiat: Q. What are the chief cities of IfeWu^ ^ andtwet^^aS&trnt'^'br fifteen thousand ; Antwem ei" hV. ^■^TA?"" ^'""^'^'"^ and e^ty^thousand ; Lonv™";:^ fct '"--"I i I^-ge. Q- Wh?t .8 the populatioa of Bolg[um " n 62 CATECHISM OF 1^ M' I 4 It Q. What are the principal rivers of Belgium'? A. The Scheldt, the Meuse, the Lys and the Sambre Q. What is the character of the Belgians ? A. The IJelgiutiH are a brave and a hospitable people remarkable for their iutegrity, industry and unrivaled suc- cess in manufactures. CHAPTER XXXVI. Of Germany. Q. How is Germany bounded 1 A. Germany is bounded north by the German Ocean Denmark and the Baltic ; west by Holland, Belgium and ± ranee; south by Switzerland, Austrian Italy and the Adriatic ; east by Austria, Holland and Russia. Q. What kind of country is Germany ? A Germany is a very large country, situated in the middle of Europe, and is remarkable for being divided into a great number of independent states, which are united for tlieir common safety and welfare, under the title of " the Germanic Confederation." Q. Are^ these independent states of equal magnitude and im- A. No; some are kingdoms, the rest arc grand duchies marqmsates, principalities, bishoprics, or free cities. H- Which are kingdoms ? A. The kingdoms are Austria, Prussia, Bavaria. Saxony Hanover and Wirtemberg. Q. Which are the free cities, and how are they governed ? ^. Ihe free cities are Lubec, Frankfort, Bremen and Hamburg, which are sovereign states iu themselves gov- erned by their own magistrates. Q. VVhat is the climate of Germany ? 7l The air is temperate and wholesome, but more ii> clinable to cold than heat. Q. What is the soil of Germany ? o' wV'f '-Vu 'H'^' ''"^ ^'''^''^' ^^^^^^ ^^1' ^or»i and pasture. A rru '^ cliar,octer of the- Germans ? A. They are in general open and free, good soldiers GEOGRAPHY. 63 n wi ' I'uitful m niveiitions and Prl'sLS" ''' P"^"^^'"" ^' ^^^'"^"^' «-<^l-i^e of Austri. A. Sixtcea millions two hundred thousand a. What aro tlie principal river« of Germany ? PI It P^^"^'Pa^ »'i^'ei"« of Germany ai-e the Danube Rhine Mame, Weser, Elbe, Oder and Moselle ' Q. VVhat was tho ancient name of Germany ^ ^. Germania, the limits of which were very different from those of modern Germany. ^ amerent Bavaria, Saxony, Hanover, Wirimherg, Baden, and Medcknburff. Q. Describe Bavaria f A. The Kingdom of Bavaria is situated in the sonth nf Gemauy, borfering on Italy and Switzedand wi?h thi kingdoms of Wirtemburg on the west, Saxony outlTelrth and Austna ou the east. The populatic/of Bava ^ ^^ S \vh?t "' 1'°°' fi7« '"'"J'-ed and five thousand (i- What IS the capital of Bavaria ' ueiinany: the Iionses are high, and the streets SDaciou"""? ! ^- It is in many of th? rl ? """"""^ ' mountainous, and in many nart^^'"f ' T^^'^^ *" ^"^^io. 'IV soil would have been DrodLH^'f ?'"" ™^' fo-'ests "'q" wran:r '%p?- -'^^^^^^^^^^^ ""' ^"^ ^^^^^^ ^- ""at 18 the capital of Austria « inhabit^ts"' ''"'""'""=' f°" i^-dred and thirty thousand «. What are the chief cities 1 I>esth, t£fc:;L';sT&ut^rt°f I^^^--, Buda and ravia; Lemberg of GaE ^ \?, ""■ i""^ "^^P't^l of Mo- ,^o"ice ; Trieste: the ch t'f tlf ir^"^ ^°"'""'^'3y and Trent, where the li«t „»„ ? ' "'^ ""^ empire, renice l-eld, audSalt bnrS inSr'r""f! "^ the'^Church was works. " • '" '^PPOf Austria, famous for its salt Q- For what is Venice remarkable ■> ^^io^^^mSSZ ""^"f °' "-« I^^P-blic of It is built on seventy si 1 frT*""' '^"^ <"' the globe dred bridges. C^HiieSe^'r''^'' ''y "^^^U"- "ost magnificent citfes of Eurol ft 1 " '"" °°' "^ *"« streets, and ornamented bS' n„if ' ''!'"'''* '"^'ead of carriages. Its popu ation if o'ne hn F"/"'"^' ''^'"'^ housand. , ^ ^ ° '^ ""e hundred and twenty i Tl'el are H,?n"T' "^"« » Austria? ;o..ta,Mareh or MoraVa ; and k Aust"'-"??- ■""J^^'^''' B 'J''/ ;■ .'7 and Adige. Italj, the Po 66 CATECHISM OP Q. What are the principal mountains ? ^■^^^^^J^^^V^^^'^^^^ Mountains, the Ludetic Mountains and the Rhoetian, or Tjrolese Alps. mSions^'^ "™a»y inhabitants are there in the Austrian do A. About forty millions. ikH Hit' CHAPTER XXXVIII. Of Turkey. Q. How is Turkey in Europe bounded ? i'.^'^l^} ^l ^"'^^'^'^ ^°^ ^"^^^^ ; west by Dalmalia and he Adriatic; south by Greece and the Archipelag-o- east by the Dardanelles, Sea of Marmora, Straits of Qon stantinople and tlie Black Sea. Q. What kind of country is Turkey 1 A. Turkey is a very large empire, embracing parts of Europe, Asia and Africa. o i ^i^* w Q. What is the origin of the Turks '^ f rnt nT'-^ ^"'^\^'?'^' *^'^' ""'^ ^^^^ the Avares, a tribe ot Huns who dwelt in Great Tartaj-y, till forced bv the Huns of the south to abandon their country, when a considerable colony seized upon Turkey, and founded this empire. Q. What are the climate and soil of Turkey ^ A The climate is, in general, delightful, but the inhabi- attiibuted to their indolence and want of cleanliness The sod IS remarkably fertile, and though poorly cultivated on! fS,Ttc "'' "^ "'^''''' ''^'' '''''''' '^^' ^^»''' Q. What is the character of the Turks '^ nnff ;i V'^l,^''^ T'^^ ^^T'"^' imposing in their manners and Ignorant, indolent and bigoted; and though t^ey inhabit Ldcu£ ZV'i ^" ''^''''' ''''' -^ situation t itu^}^^!': "If '^f^eture^ a.d commerce, yet owin<, to the Mc..umu.u,ii religion ana the despotic governmeut' every thmg languishes, and the people are miserable ^ GEOGRAPHY. ' Q' How do the dreqs nY>^ ^ Other chief cities are Adrianon i of^^ inhabitants. The grade and Sophia. -^^"^^"^P^^; Salonica, Shumla, Bel- A ^vt'' *^ •' P'P'^^ation of Turkey ^ twenty millL'ns:\nd"nl,^;, ^f n .r"^^"/'' ^» ^-^ thousand. ^^^^^^' two millions five hundred „ i. LemnoTie^ro?^;^^'^ ^^'.™«;»S to Turkey , nelles and the Boppho™ "'^ Marmora, the Darda- s*.i CHAPTER XXXIX. 68 N CATECHISM OP m Q. Describe the appearance of the country and its produc- tions i " f A. Greece is finely diversified with hills, plains, ruo-S "^d *» 'Shed, and a Republic Win" 1> ^?''f''"'"* ""^^ abol- «oml.l7, was esta^bl^sLed Tn°,83c>'tn''" ^''f^'"' ""d «^«- ^. The isle; ofXr'ILTeTnl'p ''tlK'"^ '« ^"^"o" ^ "lies, Cayenne in Sou K Americ. r"'^''"?P^' -" "-^ West " America, louaicherry and Cli fndies. an- 10 CATECHISM OF dernagore, in the East Indies, the Isle of Bourbon in- the Indian Ocean, Algiers, Senegal, and the Isle of Goree m Africa, and the Marquesas Isles in the Pacific Ocean. Q. What was the ancient name of France 1 ^^ . ^ „. . A. Gallia or Gaul. The people were called Galh by the Romans, Galatm by the Greeks, and CcUc^ by them- selves It took its present name from the Franks, a peo- ple formerly inhabiting Germany, who afterwards conquered ^^Q Wha^are the principal islands around the coast of France ? A. Ushant, Belle Isle, Noirmoutier, Rhe d'Oleron, Hie- res and Corsica. . Q, What are the principal mountains f A The Pyrenees, part of the Alpine Cham, the Ceven- nes, Cantal, Puy de Dome, Cote d'Or and Vosges. CHAPTER XLI. Of Switzerland. y . How is Switzerland bounded '? A. Switzerland is bounded north by Germany; west by France; south by Italy, and east by Austria. Q What kind of country is Switzerland '? . A No country affords a greater variety of surface; sub- lime mountains, frightful precipices, awful chasms, regions of snow that never melt, glaciers that resemble seas ot ice, fertile valleys, beautiful cottages,^nd hangmg vines diver- sify the scene. Q. What is the nature of the climate ? A It is wholesome and agreeable; the summer months are delightful; but the winter frosts are severe, and many of the mountains arc always covered with snow. Q. For what are the Swiss re tuarkable '? - - j A. For their simplicity of manners, purity of moraia, aod strong attachment to their native country. Q. For what are the men particularly distinguished A. For their strength, courage and sobriety. GEOGRAPHY. n Q. In what do the women excel ? A. The women excel in modesty, and in the maternal and domestic duties. Q. What are the chief towns of Switzerland ? A. Berne, its capital, Geneva, Lausanne, Basle and Lucerne. Q. Is Switzerland distinguished for the number and beauty of its lakes 1 A. Yes; the Lakes of Geneva, Lucerne, Constance Neufchatel, and Zurich, are all distinguished for their pic- turesque beauty. Q. What is the population of Switzerland ? A. Two millions three hundred and sixty-six thousand. Q. What was the ancient name of Switzerland 1 A. Helvetia. The people were called IMveiii, and were famed for their bravery. Q. What are the principal mountains of Switzerland ? A. The Panine Alps, Helvetiiui Alps, Rhaatian Alps, Inclnciing Mount Rosa, St. Gothard, Great St. Bernard and the Simplon; Mont Blanc on the immediate borders and the Bernese Alps, including Shreckhorn, Jungfrau and Mount Jura. » Q. What are the principal rivers 1 A. The Rhine, Rhone, Aar, Reuss, Limmat, Ticino and Inn. r CHAPTER XLII. Of Italy. Q. What kind of country is Italy 1 A. It is the most celebrated country in Europe, paving been formerly the seat of the Roman Empire, and being still the residence of the Pope. It is so fine and fruitful a country, that it is often called the garden of Europe. Q. Describe its climate, soil and productions % A. The air is, in general, temperate and wholesome; and the soil very fertile, producing a great variety of wines, and the best oil in Europe; also wheat, rice, oranges, cit- 72 CATECHISM or rons, etc., and all sorts of fruits, honey and silk, witi» sugar and cotton. Q. What is the character of the Italians ? A. They are polite, sensible and fond of the arts. They excel in sculpture, painting and music; they are remark- ably temperate in eating and drinking; are courteous, cha- ritable and contented; and seem, in their manners to be a medium between the gayety of the French, and the gravity of the Spaniards. No people have a greater variety of institutions for relieving the wants of suffering humanity. Q. How IS Italy bounded ? A. It is bounded on the north by the Alps; on the west by France and the Mediterranean; on the south by the Mediterranean; and on the east by the Adriatic. Q. Into how many kingdoms and states is Italy at present divided "? A. Into eight, namely: 1st. The kingdom of Sardinia, comprising the island of that name, with Savoy, Piedmont and Genoa; 2nd. Venice and Lombardy, which belong to the Emperor of Austria; 3d. Parma; 4th. Modena and Massa; 5th. Lucca; 6th. Tuscany; 7th. The States of the Church which are governed by the Pope; 8th. The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, comprising the Island of Sicily and Naples. Q. Which is the most celebrated city of Italy % A. Rome, on the river Tiber. Home is chiefly remarka- ble at the present day, for being the residence of the Pope, the Supreme Head of the Catholic Church ; for the splen- dor of its public buildings, ei^ecially St. Peter's Church,* the largest and most magnificent structure ever erected. Q. What are the other chief cities of Italy ? A. They are Naples, Tuiic, Genoa, Florence, Palermo, Leghorn, Cagliari, Parma, Modena, Pisa and Gaeta ; Mi- lan, Venice and Mantua in Austrian Italy. Q. What are its chief mountains % A. The Alps, which divide it from France and Switzer- land, the Appenines, Mount Vesuvius and Mount Etna, the two latter of which are volcanoes, * This stupendous pile of building is seven hundred and thirty feet long, and five hundied and twenty wide ; the height of the interior pillars is one hundred and seventy-eight feet, and the height to the top of the cross five hundred and eighteen feet. Its erection occupied one hundred and eleven years, and coBt twelve millions of -sounds sterling. GEOGRAPHY. 13 Q. What are its chief rivers '* o' Wh'r""?.^^' ^^J' *>' '^^'°^' *^»« ^^"0 and the Tiber Q. What IS the population of Italy ? n ■ Auu^^"^ twenty-three millions and a half y. What was the ancient name of Italy '« ^.^ //f^/e«^, one of the noblest countries in Europe not only in chmate but in importance ^ ' Q. What lakes in Italy ? and^Cett)!' ^'^^^^''' ^"°^"^' ^^^^^ Cf^i'da, Bolsena CHAPTER XLIII. O/" Portugal. Q. What is Portugal? A Portugal is a small kingdom, bounded north and east by Spam, south and west by the Atlantic Ocean. It con- tains three and a half millions of inhabitants; its capital is Lisbon, situated on the River Tagus f '^^ ^ Q. What are the other chief citiel of Portu^ral i ^.Oporto, famous for its Port wine; Braganza, Coim- bra, Evora, Lagos, St. Ubes and Elvas A mu*^*^^ *^^ religion of the Portuguese? A. 1 he Catholic is the established religion, and no other lehgion is known amongst the people. Q. Describe the climate of Portugal. A. It is pure and wholesome, the' heat being moderated by frequent westerly winds. ueiaieu Q. What kind of soil has Portugal ? A. There are many barren mountains, but some parts air kinds'''' producing excellent wines, and fruit of Q . What is the character of the Portuguese '^ A . They are, in general, brave, friendly and hospitable to thet r'ebgiorr''"^^"^^^ ''"'^'''''' ''^ ^'^""^^^ ""''^'^'^ Q. Which are the principal rivers "^ bJo ^'^'' ^^'"^'''' ■^''"'''' ^^^''''^'°^' "^^S^'r Ouadiana and 74 CATECHISM OF Q. What islands belong to Portugal I A. The Azores, the principal of wjiich arc St. Michael, Terceira, Pico and Fayal. Q. What are its foreign possessions ? A. In Africa: Congo, Anj^^ola, Benguela, Sofala, Mozam- bique; Madeira and Cape Verd Islands. In Asia: Goa, Damaun, Din, in Ilindostan; Macao, near Canton; to- '■•ither with settlements at Timor, in the Indian Ocean. CHAPTER XLiy. Of Spain. Q. What kind of a country is Spain ? A. Spain is a large country, about the size of France, bounded north by the Bay of Biscay and the Pyrenees, which separate it from France ; east by the Mediterranean; Bouth by the Straits of Gibraltar and the Mediterranean; west by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean. Its population is about fifteen millions and a half. Q. What is the climate of Spain? A. The air is generally very hot, which frequently obliges the inhabitants to lie down after dinner, and sit up late at night. Q. What is the character of the Spaniards ? A. They are grave, stately, and formal in their manners; they are brave, generous, temperate and hospitable ; and possess an elevation of mind which places them above the commission of a dishonorable action. The Spaniards are much attached to their country, of which their patriotic struggle against Bonaparte's usurpation, affords a noble specimen. Q. What is the soil of Spain ? A. Spain, in general, is very fertile. Many parts are overrun with woods, and with the exception of Switzerland, Spain is the most mountainous country in Europe. Q. What are the most remarkable cities ? A. Madrid, the capital, Saragossa, Salamanca, Toledo Cordova, Grenada, Seville, Badajoz, Corunna, Oviedo, GEOGRAPHY. t5 Michael, Mozam- a: Goa, ton ; to- .. "1, France, yrenees, 'ranean; ■ranean ; pulatioQ quently i sit up lanners; le ; and ove the rds are atriotic I noble Li'ts are jerland, roledo, ^viedo, Leon, Burgos Bilboa, Pampeluna, Barcelona Valencia oTvhT/^''^ yalladolid/cadiz' and Malaga. '' y. What are its chief sou-ports ' 0'vVhir;"'?(.^'"'.°'' ^"f''- «"^'''''""- ""d Barcelona. t^. VV hat 18 the produce of Spain '^ cort e"^^!"'"' '''''"°''' ^''"'"'' ^-'' °^^^^^' ^^°«1' l^^nej, Q. What are the chief rivers of Spain ^ V "t, ^^^^,"'' ^^'^ ^^^''«' ^^^e Guadalquiver. the Gua- diana, the Mmho, and the Ebro. Q. What is the religion of S )ain "* lic'^anJnrnfr^^^'' established by law is the Roman Cathc b wZ ^^^Z 'f ^f '^" '' f^'^^^'^'^^^ ^" ^"y part of Spain H. What islands belong to Spain '« J f '^ ^ijum. naitlsklT' ^"'''''' ^^^^^' "^^^e^tera and the Ca- Q. Which are the principal mountains '« nf PoT-i ^'r'"f^ Mountains of Asturias, Mountains of Castde Mountains of Toledo, Sierra Mo ena, Sierra JNevada and Montserrat. . ^'^^*** Q. What are the foreign possessions of Spain '« A. Cuba and Porto llico, in the West Indies; the Phi- hppine and Ladrone Islands in the Indian Archipelago. CHAPTER XLV. Vniled Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Q. What does the United Kingdom comprise '^ nnfv^i ^^"^PFjf s the Kin,. -oms of England, Scotland and Ireland, with the Princi] ality of Wales. Great Bri- tain and Ireland, together with several smaller islands lying around them, are usually called the British Isles H. W hat are its foreign possessions ? A The foreign possessions of England, -hich are sit- uated m every quarter of the globe, are very extensive. I hose in Asia consist of India and its dependencies; Ceylon Penang, Singapore, Aden, etc. In Africa, the l^ape ot uood Hope, Mauritius, Seychelle Islands, St' He- lena, Ascension, Sierra Leone, Gambia, with several forts '.;! 76 CATECHISM OF on the Coast of Guinea. In America, Canada Labrador jons Bay, ISewfoundland, Cape Breton, Prince Edward's Island, etc witli many valnuble islands in the We^t ll dies. In Europe, the fortress of Gibialtar in Spain th^ lornan Isles, and the Island of Malta in the MedSean bea. In Australasia, various Colonies in New Holland • ""''n 'ir' ''^'^"' Possessions of less note ^ ' Q. \Vhat have you to remark of Great Britain ^ A It is one of the most important countries in thp world, and surpasses all others in the extent o its com merce and manufactures. The government is a limTttd' hereditary monarchy. ^ ^^ a, iimitta Q. What is the population of the British Isles -» A. About twenty-eight millions. ENGLAND AND WALES. Q. How are England and Wales bounded^ A. JSorth by Scotland; west by the Irish Sea and q«- ♦ieorge's Channel; south by the English Channel east bv *he German Ocean or North Sea ^^<^onei, east by Q. What is the population of England and Wales 1 A. Nearly eighteen millions. Q. How 18 England divided ? n' ^lru^ ^^^^y Counties or Shires. J'and WaTe'1 ''' ""'^'"^ "^"^^ ^^ ^"S^^^' ^-^1, Seot- ^. Of England, Britannia; Ireland, Ilibernia - Ront ^^^^ Caledoma, and Wales, Cambria. ' ''''''''''^^ ^cot- A mi mf® *^® ""^'^^ "vers in England ? Q. What are its chief mountains '« ^. Scafell Skiddaw, and Helvellyn, in Cumberland- tlv* o *^^„^f«"dip Hills, in Somersetshire ? o^Ksnire, y. V\ hat are the chief ports ^ Q. What are the other chief cities '^ ^. XOTK, Oxford, Chichester, Durham, Exeter and Bath GEOGRAPHY. 1 1 (I What is tho capital of England ^ sixty-two thousand millions tliree hundred and A I'ortsrao^utir 'pr'"'" T™' '""-"^ ' .am „„d Shoei '^''"'"'""' ^'■''""'•''. Woolwich, Chat, lation, is noted for ottr"™ ""^ "' "''tinsdon, in popu ^i«rdw„e, Slieffieid fo,. cu e T'iSw''"' ?'"''"'«'''^'^ '^^ Leeds and Wulcefiold for wooMeit W '"I'"" '""• '^''''P"'^. tor for stockinm Wor,.,.=f l f ' ^o"i"gli"m and Leices. -matches and ribbon, "' ^"^ J'"'''"'^'''"'' ""l Coventry f^ ^ What is tho character of tho Knglish i for integrity and wealth; the mecha 2 f ""i !^l''"''g»i«lied try; and the sailors and soldiers for Z'r '*"" '""' '"dus- Wittleseamere. "" '"'"""-•'•' Ullswater, Windermere and A M™ p""^' "' ""•"'"■'J *•"= British coasts ' ' Uje^rile'^pJS'^on^^^^ tlie Isle of Wight'and HoTy Island '^ ' '^"^'''='^''' CHAPTER XLVI. Of. Wales. Q- Into how many counties is Wales divided i ra.X™^i,t^,rfiXtK:...«---. Oader. -vhlaroaoyiesVntdl'" "' "'^ ^^'^•' P^°P'». and from -4. They are hardy, tenipemtp u„... , . , , ., , . and retain nineli nf ti,„ !-•■-"'. t-ravc and hospitable T.eyarederded^,r:rr;;;tT£^^ "^ — 78 CATECHISM OF Q. What is the aspect of Wales 'i is noted VrV^^^r'^ ^7^ '"^'^''^ ^^^ mountainous, and predpkL ^"'^ '""'^^'' '''''''^S ^'"'^^'^ and keep Q. What is the population of Wales '^ one hundred and twentj-one. 'If' CHAPTER XLYII. Of Scotland. Q. How is Scotland bounded % A. Scotland is bounded north bv thn a fi« *• /^ west by the Atlantic Ocean and Xm-ttri^'J^'^ ^"'^"5 England, the ^o\,.'.^^m^tt^^^ German Ocean. ^'^ ^®^' ^^^t by the Q. How is Scotland divided '« the othe^o;tl,''of«rT"°r'''/'' ^'"^ ^''sW^-ds, and tWrty-tl,roe counties ^"^''''"*- ^''"^ *^'><"<' '^•■Jtain. Q. W;«-e and vvhat is the town of Berwick ? eight 1 '^„c fed m^ Sf "tho""""";"'" '" '^^^ ™""«- eight-four. ^ thousand, seven hundred and , Q. *Vhat are the chief cities of Scotland i ei4.Sc'otS 'noredlSi't^ ll't"°"" "" ■""^^ "°P"'°- codife-ee- Pais eV T>1.H , ^-^f^'^'™ manufactures and maXtu're oftltonlnd l!lf ^"f"™'""'. "«'« ..M^P 1 1 ^^^ ^" Scotland ? vrard : tainous, and 3 and steep it thousand, tic Ocean; ; south by 1st hy the lands, and 3 contains GEOGRAPHY. tbe loftiest in Gre" trirai„"'B:''"r'^."^ ^-- MacdhnL Lawen,, Cairngorm, BTw^iF?,^'''- C'"'™'""! Ben Q. What are the chief rivS » "'» Grampian Hills. ' ««d are disti„g„feKrtbr'''''"''^r'''«-''7«'>d brave are indefatigable in IZifnt *'"'""',''''' ^ducnuon. Thev -"uch fatigne to attaiH! ^"^ "''J^^'- »d vvill endure CHAPTXiR XL VIII. O n„ • , W Ireland. \ 7'T 's Ireland bounded ^ Atlantiroeeai; e"?t s7"> "^^' "'"^ «0"tl. by th. Sea a,Kl the No;trc'ha''„ef • ^^"''^'^'^ Channel, 'the\L\^ AlrernndlTf''"^^""-'^''? .Great Britain; ^^1"! *"^/«rtile Mand, lyi„. ^^^t „f % "'"*!«;•£ t"'" '-,'" '»'-' ^'^nous parts of f?,n f/ ^^^^"^'^ ''^"^ coal, a^hom o.n • ^'•"te anlfretstoue:' ""'"'^' ''""'•'- «f -arbler^^.S,;;' evinces, nn stereast\Tard; M nvstcr Konfl 'elj, Ulster north ward; .Lo?n- ---^^eh provides a::,SL™;i.iS-":^i^i! 80 CATECHISM OF Q. How many counties are there in the province of Leio^ter t •A. J^einster contains the following twelve counties. O0UNTIF,3. Dublin, Louth, Wicklow, Wexford, Longford, East Meath, West Meath, King's Count;, Queen's County Kilkenny, Kildare, Carlow, CfllKF TOWNS. Dublin. Drogheda. Wicklow. Wexford. Longford. Trim. ^.lullingar. Philipstown. IVlary borough. Kilkenny. Athy and Naas. Carlow. Q. How many counties in Ulster 1 A, Ulster contains the following nine counties : P"""^"' . Downpatrick. M '-^r^' ' Armagh. ^^^"'^Shan, MonaShan. ^^^?.^' Cavan, t'^'TU Carrickfergus. Londonderry, j^ *= J^"""^' , Omagh. Fermanagh, Ennilkillen. .^^^eg'^l' Lifford. Q. What are the counties in Connauf^hf^ A. Connaught contains the folio wmg five counties : l^'^'''""^ Leitrim. Roscommon, Roscommon. 5^y«, Castlebar. rT Sligo. ^^^^^y' Gafway. Q. What are the counties of IMunster '^ A. Muuster contains the following six counties : Clare, Cork, Kerry, Limerick, Tipperary, Waterford, Ennis. Cork. Tralee. Limerick. Clonmel. Waterford. GEOGRAPHY. 8] Q- What is the capital of Ireland ^ thousand iSnt'"^^ ''''' '^' ^-<^-d and fifty-fi,, (I What are its principal cities? fort ^'"lo^u^^^^^^^ Water. dalk. "unaerry, Kilkenny, Drogheda and Dun- A Thf qTn ""^ P^'^'P'-"' '"'=" i" Ireland ' t^e^^StTal L^'^a^rt^^^^^^^^ BaiTovv, the Lee, and the Erne ' ' ^''""^' ^^'^ «"■-. ti« Q. How many inhabitants does ireland contain ' .,„!/-"* s,x nnlHons five hundred trsi.xteen tho„- Q- What is the character of the Irish ' 'c-tic-a„d tn-formed 'tey^r o?"' "'^ ^'^'"^ ^'»- ''"^- warm-hearted, brave ahnoTt m , '^'""^ comprehension, S' Fon -fiftt ^oTTh"'"^ ^^'iS'"" °f ">;• Irish ? ^luch f° ;/S 1 have reS'd T "',"" ^''*''olie faith, rick, in the nZ celturv th.i T.^ *™' "'' *^'- P^'" temptations and per 'ecS.s "° '^' """' ""''^''^^-of S ThT It ''""T' '"""""'^''^ '° Ireland ? YS?" -"--5" Be., conn. A "^^ .^'"ids are on the Irish Coast ? ^ if 82 CATECHISM OF CHAPTER XLIX. F' Of Asia. Q. How is Asia bounded '? A. Asia is bounded nortli by the Northern Ocean; west by the Ural Moantains, the lliver Ural, the Caspian Sea, Caucasus, the Black Sea, the Sea of Marmora, the Archi- pelago, the Mediterranean, the Isthmus of Suez, and the Red Sea ; south by the Indian Ocean, and east by the Pacific Ocean, Q. What is the population of Asia ? A. Four hundred and sixty millions— more than one half the population of the entire globe. Q. What are the principal divisions of Asia "? A. Asia, the largest, richest and most populous grand division of the globe, contains Asiatic Turkey, Asiatic Russia, the Chinese Empire, Hindostan, Eastern Peninsula or Farther India, Persia, Afghanistan, Beloochistau, Inde- pendent Tartary, Arabia and Japan. Q. Describe the climate and soil of Asia 1 A. In a country of such immense extent as Asia, both the soil and climate must be extremely various; but in general it is far superior to Europe and Africa, both in the serenity of its air, and the fertility of its soil, producing the most delicious fruits, the most fragrant and balsamk; plants, spices and gums. Q. In what else is Asia superior to Europe and Africa i A. In the quantity, variety, beauty, and value of its gems, the riches of its metals, and tne fineness of its silks and cottons. Q. For what is Asia peculiarly celebrated 'i A. 1st. Here the first man was created— the patriarchs lived— the law was given to Moses— and here the great and celebrated empires of Assyria, Babylon, and Persia, were also founded. 2d. In Asia, Christianity was first promulgated, and from thence the light of the Gospel was difl'used over the whole world. 3d. The laws, arts, and sciences almost all had their ori- gin in Asia. At Ephesus, in Natolia, stood tlj.e celebrated GEOGRAPHY. 83 Tyre and SUon were on the coast ofTalVin^^^ great eitie, of trade, but nowI\1bited b^ a U" flTe/ men Sodom and Gomorrah, places once famous Ire now only known by name; and Nineveh and BabTn "ties i^ Stir ■ '"'' '"'''''' - "-• '"« ^^^^^ 0? Q. Which are the chief towns of Asia ' A. bmyrna, Aleppo, Damascus, Jerusalem Mecca Mp. dma, Teheran Cabul, Calcutta, Madras, Eokbay Delht ^n' w?'°' ^™'''"' ^''"toi aid Tobolsk ^' ' «. What arc the principal mountains of Asia ' ,i ■'■i'^ P™«PaJ Asiatic mountains are the Himalaya """■i "f ,^l!'!'J°^'?". "hieh are upwards of five mi ksS and the loftiest in the world; the Hindoo Koo™ Bdur lag, Kuenlun and Thian-shan, the Ural, the Altav the Horet' "^' '^™""'* ^'^"™^' Lebanon, S and Q. What are its chief rivers ? r..i' ^'^1! ^i^^S-^^ and Hoan--ho in China; the Burram- pooter, the Ganges and the Indus, in Inda; the S Yenesei and Obi, in Siberia; the Amour in Tartary the Hol^' Land' ^™' '' ^^""'^'^^ "^^ ^^' ^''^'''^ ^^' Q. What are the principal islands of Asia '? T ^' ^ ^^^^ Asiatic islands are the Japan Isles the Ladrones the Phiiiippines, the Moluccas o? Spice isH Borneo, feumatra, and Java; Ceylon, Andaman, Nicoba; Isles and Formosa; New Guin.a, Che Pelew Isles, and t^ tarolmes, with some others of less note. Q. What are the principal lakes in Asia '^ A. Lakes Baikal, Balkash or Tengiz, and the Dead Sea. • ^.Tount Ararat, is famous forbeing tho rc.3tri".i)laceof T«fnol,'a a ^t ,„i waters of the Deluge had subsided. ^It is situal^d'i! Armenia ' ^^'" '^^ i^^f .-.^ f I*'' u CATECHISM OF :il) CHArTER L. Of Asiatic Turkey. Q. How is Asiatic Turkey bounded % A. It is bounded on the north, by the Black Sea and Russia; west, by the Archipelago and the Mediterranean; south, by Arabia; east, by Persia and Russia. Its popu- lation is about twenty millions. Q. For what is Asiatic Turkey celebrated 1 A. As the principal scene of early Scripture history; and of those romantic expeditions called the Crusades. Q. What is a Crusade '? A. A holy war; a name given to the expeditions of the Christians against the infidels for the recovery of Pales- tine — so called, because those who were engaged in them wore a cross on their clothes, and bore one on their standards. Q- What else have you to observe of this country ? A. That it is covered with wrecks of ancient splendor; it was once very fertile and rich, containing many flourish- ing kingdoms, and a great number of celebrated cities; but it is now uncultivated, the people miserable, and the .cities few. Q. How is Asiatic Turkey divided 1 A. Into Asia Minor, Armenia, Kurdistan, Irak-Arabi, or Chaldea, Algesira or Mesopotamia, Syria and Palestine, or the Holy Land. Q. What are the principal cities of Turkey in Asia? A. The principal cities of Turkey in Asia arc Smyrna, Antioch, Acre, Aleppo, Damascus, Jerusalem, Bagdad, and Bassorah. Smyrna is a very extensive and populous city, containing about one hundred and fifty thousand inhabi- tants; and Damascus contains about one hundred thousand. Q. What are its chief mountains i A. The chief mountains of Turkey in Asia are Taurus, Ida, Olympus, Ararat and Lebanon. Q. What are the principal rivers ? A. The Euphrates, the Tigris, the Orontes and the Jordan. GEOGRAPHY, 85 Q. For what is Turkey in Asia particularly celebrated ? .1. lurkey m Asia is celebrated for its carn.t. Silks, rhubarb and fruits its carpets, oils, Q. What lake in Turkey in Asia '* A. The Dead Sea. hi( .'I CHAPTER LI. Of Asiatic Russia. Q. What are the boundaries of Asiatic Russia ^ A. It has the Northern Ocean to the North; Russia in Europe to the west; Persia, Independent and Chinese Tar- '^ w. ! f?^^^'/»d t^^e P^<^ific Ocean to the east. (al- V\ hat kind of a country is Russia in Asia '« A. It is a very large country, comprehending the most northern parts of Asia; being in length from the Ural Moun ains to the southern extremity of Kamtschatka, three thousand six hundred miles, and in breadth from north to soutli, one thousand nine hundred miles. Q. How is this country divided 1 A Into three* governments, namely: Western Siberia. Eastern Siberia, and Georgia, or the Trans-Caucasian Prov- inces. Q. What is the population of Asiatic Russia '^ A. It is estimated at six millions. Q. What is the produce -if Asiatic Russia '^ A The southern part pr-duces all the necessaries of lite, but the northern part is extremely cold, almost uncul- tivated and _ thmly peopled. The principal riches of the country consist of fine skins and furs. Q. Which are the principal cities in Asiatic Russia '^ A. Tobolsk, Irkutsk and Teflis. Q. What are the names of the principal nations of Asiatic A The Cossacks, Calmucs, Circassians, and Georgians, the Samoieds, Ostiaks, Koriaks, the Tschut^ ., Kamtschat' dales, and others of less note. • Orenburg and Astrachau are now considered as parta of Europe. 8 §i 86 CATECHISM OP % '1* Q. Arc the Asiatic Russians like those of Europe ? A. No, very diffcrcut ; for in this wide expanse there are many' distinct races of men, not only differing from the European Russians, but also from each other, both in ap- pearance, manners, religion, and language. Q. What nations live towards the north ! A. Samoieds, Ostiaks, Koriaks, and other similar tribes, who are sunk in gross superstition and idolatry, and are very filthy and squalid in their appearance. Q. How do they subsidt ^ A. Chiefly by hunting and fishing, but they are all averse to steady industry. Some are fixed and others wandering. These people, in general, are of small stature and hard featured; and considering the extent of country, they oc- cupy, are few in number. Q. What are the Tschutki 7* A. The Tschutki, who inhabit the north-east corner of Russia, are superior in size, and better featured, than the preceding tribes and are more skilled in the various arts of life. The peninsula of Kamtschatka is inhabited by another race, but not less filthy and brutalized than the Sa- moieds. Several of the tribes before mentioned, are con- sidered, in general, very dull, heavy and harmless. Q. Which are the chief nations inhabiting the countries bor- dering on the Caucasian Mmntains 1 A. The Cossacks, Circassians and Georgians. These nations are celebrated for the bravery of the men, and the beauty of the females. Q. Describe the Cossacks ? A. The Cossacks are divided into the Don TJkrain and Uralian Cossacks; but the most celebrated are those who reside on the borders of the River Don, It was the latter, who, under their enterprising leader, Platoff, made such dreadful havoc among the French in Bonaparte's unsuc- cessfal campaign into Russia in 1812, when he lost nearly three hundred thousand men. Q, Who are the Circassians'? A. The Circassians are a noble people, very courageous, and possessing a great military genius, and were they united under one chief, miglit become a great independent * rronounced Chutki. iw GEOGRAPHY. 87 empire; but tliey are a nation of wandering mountaineers, divided into many different and hostile tribes, and want a spirit of unity to make tlieir power effectual. Q. What ia Georgia? A. Georgia is a very line country, situated between the Black and Caspian seas. It is very productive, and the inhabitants are a fine and warlike people; its chief town is Teflis. CHAPTER LII. Of the Chinese Empire. Q. How is the Chinese Empire bounded ? A. North by the Russian Empire and the Sea of Okotsk; west by Independent Tartary, Afghanistan, and the Him- alaya Mountains; south by the Eastern Peninsula and the Chinese Sea; east by the Pacific Ocean. Q. What countries constitute the Chinese Empire *? A. The Chinese Empire embraces China Proper, Chinese Tartary and Thibet. Q. What is China '? A. China is one of the most ancient and polished nations of Asia, and is celebrated for its extent and prodigious population. Q. For what is it otherwise celebrated *? A. For its immense wall, which is one thousand two hundred miles long, twenty-five feet high, and eighteen feet thick. , , m ^ Q. For what purpose was this immense wall budt T A. To divide China from Tartary, and keep the Tartars from pluri'^ering the Chinese territories. Q. What are the chief cities of China 1 A. Pekin, the capital; Nankin and Canton. Q. Waiat is the character of the Chinese 1 A. They are industrious beyond any people on earth; possess a great share of ingenuity, but are artful and fraudu- lent. They are lovers of the arts and sciences, but have too great an opinion of their own wisdom, and think meanly of other nations. 88 CATECHISM OF Q. What else is worthy of observation in respect to the Chi- nese i r -^ A. Their complexion, which is tawny; and those aro thought to excel in beauty who are most bulky. The women afiect much modesty, and are remarkable lor their small feet. Q. What is the population of China ? A. About two hundred and thirty millions Q. What is Thibet ? A. TInbet, sometimes called the Snowy Region is a vast extent of country in the interior of Asia, subject to Chma. Q. How is it divided, and what is the number of its inhabi- tants i A. Thibet is divided into three parts. Upper, Middle and Lower; its inhabitants are estimated at ei^ht millions Q. What is Chinese Tartary 1 A. Chinese Tartary is a large country to the north of Chma Proper, to which it is tributary. Its population is about sixteen millions. It comprises Manchooria, Man- goha, Corea, and Little Bucharia or Cashgar. Q. What are the principal tribes inhabiting Chinese Tartary ^ A. The Calmucs, Eluths and Kalkas. Q. Describe the Calmucs 1 ^ A. The Calmucs are a nation of wanderers, who live m tents, and remove from thence in quest of pasturage for their numerous cattle, consisting of horses, camels, cows and sheep. These people neither sow nor renp, so that they live without bread or any kind of vegetable. Their food is fish, flesh, milk, butter and cheese. Q. What are the principal mountains ? ^. The Himalaya Mountains, the highest mountains on the globe, being five and a half miles in height; the Kuen- lun; the Thsoungling Mountains; the Thian-chan Mount- ains and the Altai Mountains. Si" ^ml"^* ?f ® *^® principal rivers of the Chinese Empire i A. llie Hoangho or Yellow River, the Yang-tse-kiang or Blue River, the Burrampooter, theAmoor, the Pei-ho or River of Pekm. GEOGRAPHY. ^^ 8v CHAPTER LIU. Of India in General, Q. What is meant by India ? ^^i^^7iS:,fj^t'^:^ applied to these Q. Why is it called India ^ flindostat\'^fCil'/i-;f.«d into two great parts, viz: without the Ganges *' "' ^'"^"' ^"'"''. and India «■ What ti„d „f ,^„^j^y .^ j^^.^ ^ puriing streams, and iateZersed u-m '"'Ip '"''' "'"l tills. The periodical rains anfl If I '""^ '''"'Ses of luxuriance of ve-eta ion ^L„ f f'"' *"="*'' P™duce a country in the world "'''"'"™ '» ""y other «• What is thn soil of India % vege'tab.e"orti^at"k'il^Lr,o"\r' ^'"'•'"'^' f"-"- and June before tho ,.; ^ ^'^^^ ^^'^ ground in May the year. ' ^ '''' *^^ ^««<^ temperate months in S' ml* r ^-'^ productions of India ? A tL W *^:? '^"'^^^^^ '^ '^^ Hindoos ?' '*'• adaptedt^'hrrt^^^^^^^^ -^^' -^ by no means A Ono*/' "i' P?P"lation of Hindostau ? Q WW -"fi^''^ ''^"^ ^^^^3^ ^^""ion«- itetf^^^^*^^^^^^^^^^^^^^-^ Q. What other remarkable cities are there t ^ A. Bombay, Benares, Delhi MadAi: Pn a- x. Sermgapatam and Goa ^laclras, Pondicheny, O .. \ ^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ,.<^. 1.0 2.5 I.I ■ 50 "^^ 11.25 llllim M lllli!.6 ::! Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14S80 (716) 872-4503 gb 'i^* '<^ v^i^:- o Mi 1/ /^ 90 CATECHISM OF Q. What are the chief mountains 'i . -, lx. A. The Gauts or Ghats; and the Himalaya, in the north, the highest in the world. Q. What are the chief mines of India 1 A. The chief mines of India ar^ gold, silver and dia- monds. P T J- 1 Q. What are the chief animals of India i A. They are elephants, rhinoceroses, tigers, leopards, panthers, camels, dromedaries, buffaloes and monkeys. CHAPTER LIV. Of Interior India or Hindostan. * Q. How is Hindostan situated ? • A. Hindostan is bounded north by Thibet, east by part of the Birman Empire and the Bay of Bengal, south by the Indian Ocean, and west by Afghanistan and the Ara- bian Sea. Q. How are the inhabitants divided 1 A. The Hindoos are divided into tribes or castes. The principal are the Brahmins, soldiers, mechanics and laborers. The Brahmins have the care of religion; the soldiers are usually called rajahpoots; those in the service of the Eng- lish are called sepoys: the mechanics comprehend mer- chants and traders; tlie laborers include farmers and all who cultivate the land. The greater part of the Hindoos are idolaters. Q. What are the chief towns of Hindostan ? A. Calcutta, Bombay, Madras, Baroda, Lahore, Delhi, Ca'ohmere and Benares. Q. Which are its principal rivers ? A. The Indus, Ganges, Burrampooter, Sutlej, Nerbud- dah and Krishna. Q. What is its population 1 A. One hundred and forty millions. Of Farther India. Q. What is Farther India *? A. Farther India is a vast extent of country, comprising GEOGRAPHY. 91 Assam, Arracan, Tenasserim and Malacca, which are British possessions, the Birman Empire, Siam, and the empire of Anam or Cochin China. Q. How are these countries bounded 1 A. They are bounded north by the Chinese Empire, west by Hindostau and the Bay of Bengal, south by the Straits of Malacca and the Gulf of Siam, east by the Chinese Sea and the Gulf of Tonquin. Q. What two great rivers in Farther India % A. The Cambodia and the Irrawady. Q. What are the principal cities of Farther India? A. Arracan, Ava, Ummerapoora, Bangkok, Amherst and Singapore. CHAPTER LY. Of the Birman Empire. Q. What is the situation of the Birman Empire % A. The Birman Empire is situated east of Hindostan, south of China, and west of the Chinese Sea. Q. What are its principal divisions ? A. Its principal divisions are Ava and Pegu. Q. What is the general character of the Birmans 1 A. They are a lively and inquisitive race of people, but passionate and revengeful. Q. What are its chief cities? A. The chief cities of the Birman Empire are Ava, its capital, Rangoon and Ummerapoora. Q. What is the population of the Birman Empire I A, Five millions and a half. Q. What are the chief productions of Birmah ? A. The soil being extremely fertile, it yields excellent wheat, sugar, rice, indigo and cotton; and the different tropical fruits in high perfection, and in great abundance. Its animals are the same as those of Hindostan. It pos- sesses excellent mines of gold, silver and precious stones. 92 CATECHISM or CHAPTEH LYI. Of Siam. Q. What kind of a country is Siam ? A. Siam coosists of a fertile valley watered by the river Meinam. It is well fitted for sugar, rice and other tropical products. Q. What is its chief city *? A. Its chief city is Bankok, at the mouth of the Meinam. It consists, in a great measure, of houses floating on the water in rows eight or ten feet from the bank. Q. In what do the Siamese excel '? A. The Siamese excel in some of the ornamental manu- factures, particularly in those of gold and silver, and their miniature paintings have been much admired. Q. Describe the Siamese 1 A. The Siamese, in general, are of dark complexion ; and their food consists principally of rice and fish. The men are extremely indolent, and most of the laborious works are executed by the women. Q. What m its principal river ] A. The Meinam. Q. What is its population ? A. Three million eight hundred thousand. CHAPTER LYII. Of Malacca, Assam, etc. Q. What are the British Provinces in Farther India *? A. They consist of Malacca, Assam, Arracan and Ten- asserim. These provinces are in many parts very fertile, but rudely cultivated. Assam contains large forests of the tea plant. Q. Describe Tenasserim. A. Tenasserim is about five hundred miles long and sixty miles broad. It is divided into the provinces of Amherst, Tavoy and Mergui. The chief town is Amherst, on the Gulf of Martaban. GEOGRAPHY. 93 Q. What is Malacca ? A Malacca is a large peninsula, and is divided into the two kingdoms of Patani and Yahor. The chief cities are Malacca and Queda. The former contains about twelve thousand inhabitants. Q. Describe the inhabitants ? A. The Malays are, in general, of small stature, but well ma^e, with a tawny complexion, and long black shinin? hair. These people are classed among the principal mer- chants of the East, and their colonies and commerce are widely spread all over the Indian seas. The Malavs are deemed the most treacherous and most ferocious people on the globe. ^ CHAPTER LYIII. T/ie Empire of Anam or Cochin China. Q. Describe the Empire of Anam ? . ^- J^^ Empire of Anam is bfit of recent date, and con- gists of Cochin China Proper, Cambodia, Laos and Tonquin For Its size, it is one of the finest countries in the East* having a population of about nine millions, and possessing a fruitful soil and a mild and salubrious climate. Q. What are its chief productions ? A. They are very numerous, and its fruits are of the finest quality and most exquisite flavor; their elephants are esteemed the largest and swiftest in the world. Q. What are the chief cities of Anam ? A. The chief cities are Hue, the capital of Ccchin China, Kesho in Tonquin, and Saigon -in Cambodia. CHAPTER LIX. Of Persia. Q. What kind of country is Persia ? A. Persia is a large country, containing about ten mil- 94 CATECHISM OF lions of inhabitants. Its chief cities are Teheran, the capi- tal, and Ispahan, formerly the capital. Bushire is the chief sea port. , . . . Q. What other remarkable cities in Persia i A. Casbin, Tabreez, or Tauris and Shiraz. Q. For what are these towns famous ] , . . , A Casbin is noted as the mart for almonds, raisins and melons; Tauris, once the second city in Persia, is noted for its mosques and caravansaries, and was also famous for its great trade in cotton, cloth, silks, and gold and silver bro- cades: it is now much decayed. Shiraz is famous for its wines, and is the favorite residence of the literati. Q. How is Persia situated '* ^ . n j 4. # A It is bounded north by the Caspian Sea and part of Tartary east by Afghanistan and Beloochistan ; west by Asiatic Turkey; and south by the Persian Gulf and the Straits of Ormuz. Q. What are its climate and soil 1 A It is said that no country in the world has greater variety of climate and soil, being extremely mountainous, barren and cold in the northern parts; in the middle, very mild and sandy, but enjoying a temperate air; and, m the south, extremely level and fertile, though for several months the heat is excessive. Q. What is the character of the Persians ? A. They are very luxurious, polite and hospitable, pos- sess much good sense and ability, are honest in their deal- ings, but passionate and revengeful. Q. What are the chief productions of Persia 1 A. Corn, wine, oil, great abundance of oranges, dates, melons, grapes and nuts; also, senna, rhubarb and various other drugs; and it is famous for silks. Q. How do the Persians write '? x, ■, ft. A. The Persians write from the right hand to the lett, and as no printing is allowed, a great number of people are constantly employed in writing, an art in which they excel. Q. What is their religion ? A. The greater part of the Persians are Mahometans, with some idolaters, who worship the sun, fire, etc GEOGRAPHY. 05 ^f Afghanistan and Bdoochistan. Q. How are these countries bounded % A. North by independeut Tartary; west by Persia- Bouth by the. Gulf of Oman and the Arabian Sea; east by Hindostan. Q. What kind of country is Afghanistan ? A. Few countries are so diversified with mountains valleys and deserts as Afghanistan. It has almost every variety of climate and soil. Q. What is the character of its inhabitants ? A. The Afghans are a brave, warlike and hardy people but the arts and sciences are in a backward state. ' Q. What are its chief cities ? A. Cabul, the capital, Peshawer, Candahar and Herat. Q. What kind of country is Beloochistan % A. Beloochistan, situated on the east of Persia, and south of Afghanistan, is generally mountainous and barren, but it is little known to Europeans. Q. What is the character of its inhabitants % A. The Beloochees are a fierce and predatory people, who subsist by robbery and plunder. Kelat is the capital or residence of the principal Khan or chief. The population of these two countries is about seven millions and a half CHAPTER LX. Of Independent Tartary. Q. How is Independent Tartary bounded % A. It is bounded north by Asiatic Russia; west by the River Ural and the Caspian Sea; south by Persia and Afghanistan; east by Chinese Tartary. Q. What is the character of the Tartars ? A. The generality of the Tartars are wanderers, like their ancestors the Scythians, and are celebrated as a hardy race, who live in tents and lead a roving life, and with their families, their cattle, and all they possess, wander about in the temperate parts and vast solitudes of the Asiatic conti- 96 CATECHISM OF nent, from the confines of Europe to the great Pacific Ocean. On meeting with a fertile and pleasant situation, they pitch their tents, and continue in the place till the grass is con- sumed, when they again set forward in scorch of another inviting spot. Q. What are the chief cities of Tartary ? A. Bokhara, its capital, and Samarcand. The popula- tion of Tartary is about six millions and a half. CHAPTER LXI. Of Arabia. Q. How is Arabia bounded '? A. It is bounded north by Syria and the River Euphra- tes; west by the Red Sea and the Isthmus of Suez; south by the Indian Ocean; east by the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf. It contains about nine millions of inhabi- tants. Q. What is the general character of the Arabians ? A. The Arabs generally live under tents; the greater part are wandering tribes, like the Tartars, committing depredations and robberies wherever they go. Q. What are the chief productions of Arabia ? A. The most valuable productions are horses, camels, gum and coffee. The horses are said to be the best in the world. Q. What are its chief towns ? A. Mecca, where Mahomet, the founder of the Maho- metan religion, was born, A.D. 570; Medina, where he was buried, and Mocha the principal seaport, which is cele- brated for its excellent coffee. CHAPTER LXII. Of Japan. Q. What kind of country is .Tapan I A. Japan is a very large country, situated east of Asia, GEOGBAPHT. 97 ot\u«J^}^fr r^""' '=o"}P°'^t Australia. WestlJS , S'TicSh' -'o'lT''''/ "7^" immens* quantities; copper coU w l= V ' "^P"'"' '" wool ,u,d tallow are'tho'prindml export '''° "^"""^ ' tona Mountains^and 'the IS^ ft" ''"'=''' '''•-■• A ThTnr ""'„P»™!P=" rivers of Au Mia i «. What IS Van Dieman'a Und ^ A^laliafft^'it^^^^ th. s t, ^ ^^ belongs to GrLlnL ncfCtuie'd tlfof'-^^ nearly equal in extent to SouthX'ol n. T ^^ . ^^ '' are Hobart-town and Launces 1 T p L W^'"'- ^'^'"' thousand. " ^'^uncesion. 1 he population is eighty Q. What is New Zealand '? slutl,- east om 1„ tral r"'Thtr • V™';"^ ^"'""''"^ ™"- tl'e British Empife tL ,,o™ Inti.' •''"i' "°" "^''""S '» and eighteen thousand 1 wSteVlled'tr ''"",'""' wheat Indian corn, ,a„,s, .'{"t^^'al^d'S." "" '^™'"^" t^. VV hat 18 Papua or New Guinea ? vl It IS believed to he a large and fertile ishnri hnf +1. interior has never yet been exDlorp.1 TJ L ; i v. • ! . ^^^ neo-roes and nr^ co.vi f^ ^^Pr?^^*-'; ^"e inhabitants aro tialia '''''^^^' *^" Aborigines of A us- '^I^U^^'i!^^^'' Solomon's Archipelago, the n. tiie^outh?:;^^;;;^'SSir'^ ^t^;^^;: Xstatf ^•^^^^"^^' ^"^ ^^^ inhabitanf^Jre^^hS'i r XOfS CATECHI3M OF GEOGRAPHY. CHAPTER LXXII. I Of Polynesia. Q. What does Polynesia comprise 1 A. It camprises a vast multitude of small islands -scat- tered over the Pacific Ocean, between Malaysia, Australasia and South America. Their supposed aggregate population is one million five hundred thousand. Q. What are the principal groups 1 A. The Pelew Islands, the Ladrone or Marion Islands, the Carolines, the Navigator's Islands, the Friendly Islands, the Fejee Islands^ Cook's Islands, Austral Isles, Society Islands, Low Archipelago, the Marquesas and Sandwich Islands. Q. What is to be remarked of the islands in general ? A. Many of the islands of Polynesia seem to have been raised from the ocean by the labors of the coral insect, and scarcely appear above the surface of the water; others are hilly and even mountainous, and are evidently of volcanic origin. Q. What is the climate, and what the productions of these islands 1 A. Although lying within the tropics, the climate is remarkably mild and salubrious. Among the productions are the bread-fruit, cocoa, plantain; most of the tropical fruits are found in abundance. The waters abound in the finest fish, and the forests are full of beautiful birds. Q. What is the character of the inhabitants 1 A. Some of the tribes are fierce and warlike, others mild and gentle, but none of them seem to have the slightest conception of morality. It is worthy of remark that the Sandwich and Society Islands, which have been the most subjected to European influence, are more corrupt and degraded than any of the others. GKOGRAPHT. lOT Qds -scat- istralasia jpulation Islands, J Islands, Society Sandwich n lave been sect, and ithers are volcanic s of these limate is oductions 5 tropical nd in the Is. :e, others i slightest that the the most Tupt and THE TERRESTRIAL GLOBE. Pboblem l.^To find th latitude and longitude of a given place. Rule.—Brmg the given place to the brass meridian the degree over the place is the latitude ; and the degree of the equator cut by the meridian, is the longitude. Euf^T."*'" ^" ^^^ *^® ^^*^*^^'' ^^^ longitudes of the capitals of 2. Find all the places which have no latitude 3. Find all the places which have no longitude. 4. iind that place which has neither lat. nor Ion* 5. Find those places which have the greatest lat.W long. Problem U.— Given the latitude and longitude of a :place, to find that place on thz globe. Rule.—iivmiy the given long, to the brass meridian • the point under the given lat. will be the place. Exercise 1. Find the chief towns of Asia. ^2. Find two places whose distance asunder is identical with their Answer. Any two places upon the same meridian. ?• 9^ ^^^* Sreat circle are those places situated whose distance And difference of long, are equal to one another ? Ans. On the equator 4. Find two places whose difference of lat. is equal to their dif- ference of long. Ans, One place in lat. 0% long. 10' E., the other in lat. 10* N. or S., long. 20° E., or any other places similarly situated. 5. Find all those places which have the same lat. as any eiven place. "^ ^ 6. Find all places having the same long, as any given place. Problem III. — To find how many miles make a degree of long, in any given parallel .^ lat. Rule.— In the given lat. lay the quadrant of altitude parallel to the equator, between any two meridians which differ in long. 16°; the number of degrees intercepted 108 CATECHISM OF I I between them, multiplied by 4, will give the length of a degree i-n geographical miles. Or, if, as on Gary's globes, the meridians differ 10°, mul- tiply the number of degrees contained between them by 6, and the product is tho length of a degree in geographical miles. Or, take the distance between two meridians which differ n longitude as above, with a thread or a pair of compasses, apply it to the equator, and it will give the number of de- grees, with which proceed as in the former rule. Observation. — Suppose 15° in the given lat. are equal to Hi* of the quadrant of alt., then 15° : 11$° :: 1° or 60m ; 46m; ©i 15° :60m :: 11^° : 46 miles; but 15 : 60 :: 1:4; therefore, 1:4:: 14^ : 46 geographical, or 53 English miles. Exercise 1. Find how many miles make a degree in the Int. of Rome. 2. Find in what lat. a degree is 40 miles. Jlns. Where 15° of long, are equal to 10° of the quadrant of alt. 3. Find the circumference of the arctic circle and tropic of Cancer, the equator being 21,600 geographical miles. ^ns. Arctic circle, 8,613 miles ; tropic of Cancer, 19,807. Problem IY. — To find at what rate, jper hour, the inhabitants of anyplace are carried round by the revolution of the earth on its axis. Rule. — Find how many miles make a degree of long, ia the lat. of the given place, which number multiplied by 15, will be the answer. Exercise 1. At what rate, per hour, is London carried round by the earth's revolution on its axis ? 2. What places are carried quickest round from W. to E. ? Ans. All places on the equator. 3. Where is the centrifugal force greatest .' Ans. At the equator. 4. Which are the places not affected by the diurnal motion- Ans. The poles. Problem Y. — The hour of the day at one place being givtfiy to find what hour it is at any other place. Rule. — Bring the place where the time is given to the brass meridian ; set the index of the hour-circle to 12 ; tura degree GEOGRAPHY. 109 gth of a 10°, mul- em by 6, graphical lich differ )mpasses, er of de- tolU'of 46ni ; 01 therefore, lie Int. of ant of alt, tropic of !07. habitants the earth long, ia d by 15, round by E. ? lOB. ig givefiy n to the 12 ; turn the globe till the other place comes to the meridian • the hours passed over will be the difference of time between both places. is ftZ" Gorki ^^^'"^ '''' ^^ '^'^''^' ^•^^•'* ^^ ^°^^°^' ^^*t o'clock Jlns. 26 minutes past 9. PMiaJIlpMa ? '" ^ "'"^""^' ^^^" ^° ^1«^^^^"-' ^^^' ^our is it in Jlns. 67 minutes past 6, A.M. 3 AVhen it is noon in London, where is it at 2 o'clock, P M ' ^m. AH places in 80' of east long. " ^; How many degrees of long, cause a difference of 12 hours ■» »dns. 180. v"Ao. 6. How is one day lost in the reckoning by sailing west round the globe, and one day gained by sailing east round it ' So/wfiow.— Suppose B. left London at 6 o'clock, A.M., and found himself in long. 15° W. at 6 A.M. the following day, he reckons £ a day, though 25 hours ; should he travel fs" more in the same time, and in the same direction, he counts this also a day and thus, m losing one hour in every 15% he loses one davf or he reckons one day less in traveling W. round the globe. In eoinjr f • 5"°^"^ *^^® g^o^^' ^^3 reckoning increases, at the rate of one hour to 15 or one day to 360°. Problem VI. — To find the Antaci, Pena:cij and Antipodes to the inhabitants of any place. Rule. — In the opposite hemisphere, on the same meridian and under the same degree of lat., you will find the Antopci. Bring the place to the meridian, turn the globe half round, and under the lat. of the given place you will find the Pe7'ia:ci. Bring the place to the brass meridian, turn the globe half round, and in the opposite hemisphere, under the same degree of lat. with the given place, you will find the Antipodes. Or, place the poles in the horizon, and bring the given place to the eastern part of the horizon : the same number of degrees from the east point in the opposite hemisphere, will show the Antaci ; where the parallel of the place cuts the horizon, on the west, will point out the Periaci; and • A.M., Ante Meridian— before noon ; P.M., Post Mer.dian— after noon no CATECHISM OF the parallel of the Antceci will show the Antipodes In the opposite quadrant, on the west point of the horizon. Or, elevate the pole to the complement of the lat. ; bring the place to the meridian : the Periced will be at the horizon. Keep the globe from revolving, and depress the pole till the place is at the horizon, then the Ajiii- jfodes will be at the opposite point of the horizon. Exercise 1. Required the antoeci, perioeci, and antipodes to the inhabitants of Bermuda. Jlns. The antoeci are in Paraguay ; the perioeci, in China ; and the antipodes, in New Holland. 2. Required the antoeci, perioeci, and antipodes to those who live on the equator. Jlns. They have no antoeci; and their perioeci are also their antipodes. 3. Who are they who have no perioeci ? Jim. The inhabitants of the poles — if there be any ; but their antoeci and antipodes are identical. 4. Who are they who have no antipodes ? Ans. If the whole earth were inhabited, there could be none. Problem VII. — To find the sunh longitude {called the sun^s place in the ecliptic) and declination. Rule. — Find the given day in the circle of mouths on the horizon, against which, in the circle of signs, is the sun's place. Find the same sign and degree in the ecliptic ; bring it to the brass meridian, and the degree above it is the sun's declination. Or, bring the analemma or declination scale* to the meridian, and the degree exactly over the given day will be the sun's declination ; turn the globe, and mark those two points of the ecliptic which correspond to the declination : one of them is the sun's place. Exercise 1. What sign does the sun enter on the 21st of March? Jlns. Aries. 2. When the sun's declination is greatest, what is his place io tae ecliptic ? Jlns. He enters Cancer or Capricorn. 3. Where is the sun when his long, is 180° ? Ans. In Libra GEOGRAPHY « in the fc. ; bring I at the depress he A,nii- des to the lina; and 5 who live ilso their but their I none. illed the s on the he sun's 3 ; bring he sun's on scale* ven day d mark to the March ? place Id 111 Problem YlU.-Tofind where the mn is vertical at a given nmr on any given day. RvU.-VM the declination of the Ban for the civei. day and marl£ it on the brass meridian ; then brinf Ihe nour-eircle to the given hour ; turn the elobe until thn mdex points to noon : the plice directly under lie d<^ chnation, is that to which the sun is vertLl at the given •fins. At Madras. '^ns. At Barbadoes. given^day.''" *^''' ^^'''' *' ^^''^ ^^^ ^'^^ ^^^1 b« vertical on any givUtetThe^rrrlnnT"'^^' ^^'^^"^ ^^^^ ^« -^"-^ *« - whte^'it ;"ilf bVV'rt^^^^^^ ^" ^°^^P«^ °^ *^« «"- °««-«. to find andTh^ ^ir"^ ''^'''^ *v® '^" ^^^^ ^« ^«r*^cal at the given hour pofnt ^'' ""^^ ^' ^^'^^^« *^ ^^1 Pl^««« ^itl^i^ 70- of that wh%e^jremot?rvL^c\r'"' ^ '"^^^ "^^p" ^^pp-«' *^ fi-^ 8un?s've/ticli!^ ^' vertical to the antipodes of those to whom the Problem IX — 71? fmd the time of the sun's rising and setting, and the length of the day and night, at a given place, not in the frigid zones. * i^w/g.—EIevate the pole to the sun's declination • brinff the given place to the meridian, and set the index'to 12 • turn the globe till it comes to the horizon : the time shown by the hour-circle will be half the length of the day This taken from 12 hours, will leave half the length of the night, men screw the quadrant of altitndft on thp bras° merid'-n over the given declination, and continue the revolution of P Iv ^. *'^ t^'^ P^^^^ coincides with 18° on the quadrant ot altitude below the horizon : then the n ber of hours 112 CATECHISM or passed over by the index will show the duration of twilight Or, elevate the pole to the latitude of the place, and revolve the sun's place as above.* Exercise 1. What is the length of the day at the equator ? Ans. 12 hours. 2. Where is the longest day 24 hours ? Ans. At the polar circles. 3. What is the length of the longest day at the poles? Ans Six months. 4. A^ here is twilight shortest ? Ans. At the equator. 5. Where longest ? Ans. At the poles. 6. IIow long does twilight continue at the poles ? Am. At each pole, while the sun's declination in the opposite hemisphere continues less than 18 degrees. 7. When does constant day begin in places -within the frigid aones ? Ans. When the sun's declination, in the same hemisphere, be- comes equal to the complement of the latitude of the place. 8. How long does it continue? Ans. As long as the sun's declination continues greater than the complement of the latitude. 9. How long does constant night continue at places "within the frigid zones ? Am. As long as the sun's declination in the contrary hemi- sphere continues greater than the complement of the lat. of the place. Problem X. — To find the suti's meridional altitude at any given place, at any time of the year. Rule. — Elevate the pole to the sun's decliaation ; bring the given place to the meridian ; and the number of degrees counted the nearest way to the horizon will be the sun's alt. Or, elevate the pole to the lat. of the place ; bring * In the first rule, the sun is supposed to be at rest perpendicularly over the globe, while the earth revolves on its axis : in this case, the proper motion of the globe is from west to east, and the place is on the west side of the meridian in the morning, and on the east side in the afternoon. But in the second rule, the sun is supposed to move round the earth according to his apparent diurnal motion, in which case the proper motion of the globe is from east to west, and the sun is on the east side of the brass meridian in the morning, and on the west Bide in the evening. It is easy to show — by adding the compliment of th« latitude to each — that when the pole is elevated equal to the latitude of th« placOj the place must be in the zenith, or 90* from the horizon GEOGRAPHY. 113 twilight I revolve )r I opposite he frigid here, be- a,ter than ithin the Yj hemi- it. of the at any ; bring degrees he sun's ; bring y over the motion of e meridian icond rule. !nt diurnal I west, and n the west ent of thtt ide of th« the sun s place, or the day of the month on the analemma to the rnoridiam ; and the number of degrees contained between that and the horizon will be the alt. Observation If thoUt. and declination bo both north, or both south the meridional alt. will be equal to the declination, more the complement of the at. If one bo north and the other ^outh, the co-Iat., less the declination, will be equal the alt. Any two of these being given, the third may easily be found. ^^Exercise 1. When is the suns meridional alt. equal to the co- ^ns. The 21st of March and 23rd of September. -:. What is the sun's greatest altitude at the poles ' A71S. 23° 28'. '■ 3. What is the sun's least meridional alt. at the equator ' ^tis. G6° 32'. 4. What is the difference of the sun's greatest and least meri- dional altitudes, at any place within the temperate zones ' Jins. 47*. 5. What is the difference between two meridional altitudes of the Bun, taken at the same time, and in the same long. ? A71S. It is equal to the arc of the meridian intercepted between the places of observation. Observation. As the meridional alt. of the sun is equal to the co-lat., more or less the declination, the difference between two altitudes will be equal to the difference of the co-latitudes, (the declination being a common quantity) ; hence, the difference of the altitudes will be equal to the difference of the latitudes. Exercise. If the difference between two altitudes, taken at the same time and in the same long., be 1% what is the difference between the places of observation ? Jlns. 1°; and if this degree be actually measured, and multi- plied by 360, the product will be the circumference of the earth ; hence its diameter, surface, and magnitude can be found. With the radius of the earth, and the sun or moon's parallax, their dis- tance from the earth can be found, by a simple case of right- angled trigonometry. With this distance, and the angle which the sun's diameter subtends from the earth, the magnitude of that luminary can also be found by plane trigonometry ; and, by Kepler's third law of planetary mttion, the distance, periodical times, etc., of the other planets may be found. Problem XII. — To find the sun^s ampUiiLde, at a given flace^ on a given day. Ride. — Elevate the pole to the lat. of the place ; bring the day of the month on the analemma, or the sun's place * Co-lat. means complement of latitude, or what the lat. wants of 90°. 114 CATECHISM OP in the ecliptic to the liorizon ; the arc intercepted between that and the li or W. point of the horizon will be the amplitude. The difference between the true amplltudo and the magnetic amplitude is the variation of the compass. Exercise 1. What is the sun's greatest amplitude in London ? Ans. 39° 48'. 2. When lias the sun no amplitude ? Ans. Tlie 2Lst of March and 23rd of September. 3. What is the sun's amplitude in Dublin on the 19th of April? Problem Xll.— Tn find the sun's azimuth and altitude, t/ie day and hoiLr being given. Ride. — Elevate the pole to the lat. ; screw the quadrant of alt. over the lat. ; find the sun's place in the ecliptic, bring it to the brass meridian, and set the index to 12 ; turn the globe E. as many hours as the given time wants of noon, or W. as many hours as it is past noon ; bring the sun's place in the ecliptic, or the day of the month on the analemma, to coincide with the graduated edge of the quadrant, and the number of degrees on the quadrant from the horizon to the sun's place will give the altitude ; the number of degrees intercepted between the quadrant and the N. or S. point of the horizon, will be the azimuth. Observation. In places within the torrid zone, whenever the sun's declination exceeds the lat. of the place, and both are N. or both S., the sun will appear twice in the morning and twice in the evening en the same point of the compass, and will cause the shadow of an azimuth dial to go back several degrees; but this phenomenon cannot possibly happen, by any natural cause, except in the tor. zone. Exercise 1. What is the sun's alt. and azimuth at London on ' 1st of May, at 10 o'clock, A.M..? Ans. Alt., 47°; azimuth, 44°. 2. V/hen is the sun's azimuth greatest ? Ans. At sunrise or sunset. 8. When least .' Ans. At noon ; it la tuen 0. 4. When is the cu -".w'it" ''^ equal to the azimuth? Ans. At the rising ^ °'«"^i'"' = tl'o degree uf r":M:/„'J'"'' "-^ "«•" "»<=°°"''» "-"l declination of „ duih. ^"wh/»'?''';r'"'""'''"' '°''°! declination, 03'. planel^ ' " ""^ «™''=' "S"' as^nsion of the sun, a star, or » fO^TkJ: i^^rlS'it°li:CTf V^' ^O"'"""'"!. from th, less than 880 ^'°''°* " ""^ ''^ ■">? "'""''er of degree. planeSJnd'"' '''«'" ''"=°""''° '""' OecHnation of the moon or b.tund tmirephe'Ss"" '"' ^''"^ °° '"' «1°^»- '"^^ "»"' Problem II.— m „;„.;,< «,„„„•„« ««<; declination of a star tZ'giote!^ ' "' """'' '""-" ^"•"' '" -^'"^ '■'' ^'"^ n,3?'''~-'^'j"^ *,'"' S,'''^" *'<'&'■'=«' Of "gl"' ascension to the dec1in'a"j,''„'/' ^^'"" """^ *"" ^°'^' "^ "S" «=»"«<"' "-"l 62r N. ^ns. b in Draco. 16r T'"'^ ^^'^ '*'''' ""^"'^ '''^''* ascension is 984% and declination Jins. Sirius. 91% a^nd l*;Unron'2?%"' '" ''^ ^'°'^' '^^ ^'^^^^^ ^^^^--^ ^""« Problem III.— To find the lat. and long, of a star. Ruh-~V\^QQ the end of the quadrant of alt. on the pole ot the ecliptic, and bring the graduated edge to the star r jr i W-: i I 116 CATECHISM OF w the degree of the ecliptic and the number of degr star, is tha lat. Or, place the pole of the quadrant of alt. over to the star ; as the eclipt the horizon, the sign and its long. ; the degree on the lat. cut by the quadrant, is the long.; ees b( yveen the ecliptic and the the eciiptic in the zenith ; screw it, and bring the graduated edge ic, in this position, coincides with degree cut by the quadrant, show the quadrant cut by the star, is Exercise 1. Required the lat. and long, of Aldtbararit in Taurus. Am. Lat. 5° 28' S. ; long., 2 signs, 6* 53', or 66° 53'. 2. Required the lat. and long, of Markab, in Pegasus, and Altair, in the Eagle. sfrcle If th( below that ( Exe Londoi Jlns meridi 2. \1 3. ^ 4. H sight PROBL Problem IY. — Tht lat. and long, of the moon, a star, or a, planet, being given, to find its jplace on the globe. Rule. — Place the end of the quadrant on the pole of the ecliptic, and bring the graduated edge to the given long. ; then the star, or the moon, or planet's place, is under the given lat. Exercise 1. Find the star whose long, is 6° 16', and lat. 12" 36' N. Jlns. y in Pegasus. 2. Which are the stars that have no latitude? Ana. Those in the eclip.'ic. 3. What is that point which has neither lat., long., right ascen- sion, nor declination .' Ans. The point Aries. Problem Y. — The time and jplace being given, to find what stars are rising, setting, cuhdinating, etc. Rule. — Elevate the pole to the lat ; bring the sun's place to the meridian : set th. index of the hour-circle to 12 ; turn the globe as many hours as the time is distant from noon — E., if the given hour be in the morning ; W., if in the evening : then all the stars on the eastern semi- Rul place t globe meridia shown Exen Cork, on Arts. past 10, January 2. On setting, 1 Ans. Sirius at by the W may be i marking you find 1 3. Fine cally, at Ans. ' horizon, X is the suii is brough ecliptic ci Bets cosmi Bets cosmi le long.; and the ; screw ed edge ies with it, show I star, is xraHt m sus, and %r, or a e of the n long.; der the lat. 12' t ascen- d what e sun's r-c.ircle distant u semi- GEOGRAPHY. m below the horizon, never set aft"" < "' ''" ""' «" that do not eome 'aboS itilt: neTert"4"' '""' S wtl ', " :?" ""' '^' 'n ">e lat. of Dublin ' 4' How f.^ir '*" ™' "'<' '" 'l-^ i-'liabiran, "f Cork ' sigU^fTfeh'p^rr ''""'■ ="""'-«' ^™- London, to loa. Pkoblem VI.- r« /«^ „^„ ^, CoS!:ftte'2Ut7at?r™' ""' ®""' "-> ™"»-="e. »nd a»t, at W, 'li'lZt.^lZ-io'l Z t: ""'">■' »* ^^"""'■'- January. quarter to d, on the morning of the 22nd of setLg?af Lontr^" '^""^ ^^^^ «^--'-^^^' t^^t is, rise at sun- SiduTatTh'^^.Syotth^: tviiftt ''\t ^^^^-' -^ by the W. edge will be the sun^i^Sa f ^'?u "^^^ *^^ ««^'P^i« cut may be found: by bringin" the s?!; ITTv. *^' ^""^ '^ *^^« "^««th is brought to the western edlrrnfff «f ^^^^^iiy- When the star ecliptic cut by heTastern e^^^^^^ horizon the degree of the Bets cosmically. rS rTsef c^s'r^l f '"" t ^\T' ^^^^ ^^e star eetscosmically^ati^etdofNo:^^^^^^^^^ ''' '^'' ^' J"^>'' ^^^ 118 CATECHISM OF GEOGRAPHY. 4. To find the time of the year when any given star rises or sets heliacally, that is, when it first becomes visible in the morn- ing, after having been so near the sun as to be hid by his rays, or becomes invisible in the evening, on account of its nearness to the iun; in the former case, it is said to rise, and in the latter, to set heliacally. Observation. A star of the first magnitude is seen rising or setting when the sun is 12° below the horizon ; a star of the second magnitude, when the sun is 13° belo\\ it ; and so on, counting one degree more for each successive magnitude, to correspond with tho different magnitudes of the stars, those of the sixth being the smallest that can be seen with the naked eye. If the star be brought to the eastern or western edge of the horizon, as in the other examples, and the quadrant of alt. screwed in the zenith over the given place, and the other end of the quad- rant brought to the ecliptic, that point which corresponds with 12° below the horizon for stars of the first magnitude, 13° for stars of the second magnitude, etc., will be the sun's place. Problem VII. — To find the distance of any two given stars from each other in degrees. Rule. — Lay the quadrant of altitude over the given Btars, so that the division marked o may be on one of the stars ; the degrees between them will show their distance, or the angle which these stars subtend, as seen by a spec- tator on the earth. Exercise 1. What is the distance between Vega in Lyra, and Altair in the Eagle ? jlns. 34 degrees. 2. Required the distance between 3 in the Bull's Horn, and j Bellatrix in Orion's shoulder. 3. What is the distance between /? in Pollux, and a in Pro- •yon ? DIVIDE In fori the vowe! given th nental la: like 00 in au like o when ace also 5, es, Sens, Bre the Irish, Germans ; jy and to sound has the letter Laybach, Spanish, a ch is inva to express of this CO Sweden, ai languages Germans ; letters gn letters nh former, an // in " mill te and ci li The Germa the beginni r rises or the morn- is rays, or less to the latter, to rising or the second nting one i with tho being the Ige of the •t. screwed the quad- onds with ° for stars Iven stars he given ne of the distance, y a spec- Lyra, and orn, and 7 a in Pro- 119 VOCABULARY OF NAMES OF PLACES, DIVIDED AI.D ACCENTED m THE WAY m WHICH THEY ARB USUALLY PRONG trjVCED. In foreign names, the sound given by the Irish and Scotch to livor?. TT^^'x!^ *' '^' ""-'' S^^^^^"^ P^«f«r-ble to tha, nental languages, are mostly pronounced like ee in « seed." and v hke 00 ,n «' food." In French names, on sounds like 00 in ♦' loose •" an hke o in "go ;" ch like sh in " shaft ;» and gu as c hard. Unless when accented, . at the end of French names is silent, as are also s,es, t g and ... There are, however, some exceptions ; as Sens Brest, &c. The guttural sound given to gh in "lough" by the Irish, and to cA in " loch" by the Scotch, is given to chhy the Germans ; and the same sound is given by the Spaniards to ^., ^i J, and to X, except when it is placed at the end of a word. Is this sound has been long since banished from the English langua^^ the letter k is used to express that sound in German names, as in Laybach, which is pronounced Lay'bak; and the letter A in the Spanish, as in Badajos, pronounced Ead'-a-hos. In Spanish names ch 18 invariably pronounced as in the English word church; it is to express this sound that ch is used in the pronouncing columns of this vocabulary/. In the Netherlands, Germany, Denmark, Sweden, and Norway, g is always sounded hard, as in *« get ;" the languages of these countries having one common origin.' The Germans and Italians give to J the English sound of y The letters gn in French and Italian, the letter fi in Spanish, and the letters nh in Portuguese, are sounded like ng; also, gl in the two former, and //, Ih, respectively in the two latter, are sounded like // in " million," Tho Tfni;qno »^,.f^w,f^„^„. _ __ j 'm - 1 , silo p.onot^ntu ;; aiiu zz iike ts fina ds ; u and ci like che and chi in " cheek " and " chief;" and ch like k The Germans, except in a few cases, pronounce w like u, and v at the beginning and end of words like/, and sch aash. Names eudin^f 120 PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY. in poll or polis have the antepenultimate accent. Names which terminate in am, an, ad, at, ar, er, oo, oor, as do those of many of the eastern countries, have the accent on the last syllable. The letter c, marked thus, («), sounds likes. In names of towns in England, mouth is pronounced muth ;'wich and wick, as idge and ick, respectively ; and burgh, in towns of England and Scotland, bur'ro; but in foreign names it is pronounced burg. Persons acquainted with the sounds of foreign languages will readily admit that it is difficult, if not impossible, by any combi- nation of letters in our own language, to express some of these sounds correctly. The following vocabulary is drawn up in the most familiar way, and, it is hoped, will be found at least equally correct and useful as any already published. WRJTTEI*. PRONOUNCED. Abbeyleix ab-bee-lace' Abbeville ab'veel Abbergavenny ab-er-gain'-y Aberystwith ab-er-ust'-ith Abruzzo a-broot'-so Agen ah'-zheng Aisne ain Ajaccio a-ya'-tcho Aix aiz Aix-la-Chapelle aiz-la-sha-pel' Alemtejo a-leng-te'-zho Alleghany al-e'-gan-ny Algiers Angers Angouleme Angoumois Anjou Alnwick Alsace Antigua Antioch Archipelago Arequipa Argyle Armagh Artois Aubigni Auch Aurillac Auvergne Auxerre al-jeers' awn'-zhay awn-goo-laim' awn-goo-moaw' awn-zhoo' an'-nik al-sass' an-tee'-ga an'-tee-ok ar-ki-pel'-a-go ar-e-kee'-pa ar-gyle' {ghard) ar-mah' ar'twa o-beeng'-ee osh o-reel'-yao o-vairn' o-zare' WRlTTEIf. Avignon Avranches Azoph Azores Bacchiglione Badajos Ballina Balize Baltic Baltinglass Banagher Bar-le-Duo Basle Beam Beaumaris Beauvais Beira Belleisle Berbice Berkshire Berri Berwick Besan5on Eiobio Birr Blois Biois-ie-Duc Bolivia Bologna Bonifacio PRONOUNCED. a-veeng'-ong av-ransh' az-'ofif a-zo'-rcs, or a-zores' ba-keel-yo'-ne bad'-a-hos bal-li-na' ba-leez' bawl-tik bawl'-ting-glas» ban'-a-her bar-le-duke* bahl bayrn bo-ma-ria bo-vay' be-ee'-ra bel-eel' ber-beece' berk- shir ber'-ry ber'-rick be-zan'-song bee-o'-bee-o burr bloaw boaw-le-duke' bo-lee'-vce-a bo-long'-a bo-ni-fa'-tcho WRin Bofites Bordeau Bouillon Boulogn Bourbon Bourbon Bourges Brazil Brescia Bretagni Brighter Buenos j Bruges Bury Cabul Caen Caernan Cagliari Cahir Calais Caucasus Cayenne Carlisle Castile Ceuta Cevennes Ceylon Chablais Chalons Chamber Champag Champla: Chateau- Cheltenh Cherboui Cherson Chiapa Chiavenn Chili Chiloe Chimborr Cincinna Civita Vi Clermont Cobbe Cologne Compiegr imes which se of many lable. The )f towns in IS idge and 1 Scotland, 'uages will any combi- le of these up in the ast equally NOUNCED. g'-ong ish' s, or a-zores' l-yo'-ne -hos tta' ik ;ing-glas« ■her ■duke' ■na ,t ra Bce' hir r ck '-song bee-o e-duke' ■vce-a g'-a ra'-tcho ■WRITTEW. Bofites Bordeaux Bouillon Boulogne Bourbon Bourbonnais Bourges Brazil Brescia Bretagne Brighton Buenos Ayres Bruges Bury Cabul Caen Caernarvon Cagliari Cahir Calais Caucasus Cayenne Carlisle Castile Ceuta Cevennes Ceylon Chablais Chalons Ch amber ry Champagne Champlain Chateau-roux Cheltenham Cherbourg Cherson Chiapa Chiavenna Chili Chiloe Chimborazo Cincinnati Civita Vecchia Clermont Cobbe Cologne Compiegne PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY. PRONPUNCEIy. bo-o'-tes bor-do' boo-eel-yong' boo-long' boor-bong' boor-bon'-ay boorzh bra-zeel' bre'-sha bre-tang' bright'-on bo-nus-ay'-res broozh ber'-ry ca-bool' cawng car-nar'-von cal-ya'-ree ca'-hir or care cal'-lis or cal-lay' cau'-ca-sus ca-yen' car-lile' cas-teel' Boo'-ta ce-ven' sai-lon' shab-lay' sha-long' sham-ber-ry sham-pang sham-plan' sha-to-roo' chelt'nam sher'boor ker'son chee-a'-pa kee-a-ven'-na chee'-lee chee-lo'-e chim-bo-ra'-zo sin-sin-nat'-teo ( che'-vi-ta I vek'-kee-a clair'-mong cob co-long' com-paing' 121 •WRITTEN. rROlfOUNCEIX Coquimbo co-keem'-bo Cordilleras cor-dil-ye'-rax Coutances coo-tawnce' Croix, (St.) croaw Cura9oa coo-ra-so' Dauphind do-fee-nay' Delhi del'-i Denbigh den'-bee Debtford det'-ford Derby der-bee Descartes de-carte' Detroit de-troaw' Deux Fonts deu-pong' Dieppe dee-ep' Dijon dee'-zhong Dnieper nee'-per Dniester nees'-ter Dordogne dor-dong' Dordrecht dort Dornoch dor'-nok Douay doo'-ay Douro doo'-ro or do'-rc Drogheda droh'-e-da Dronthiem dron'-theem Durazzo du-rat'-so Durham dur'-am Edinburgh ed'-in-bur-ro Eiseleben ise'-le-ben Elgin el'-gin (g hard) Elphin el-fin' Epinal e-pee-nal' Esquimaux es-kee-mo' Essequibo esse-kee'-bo Evrenx ev-roo' Eyder i'-der Falmouth fjil'-muth Fermanagh fer-man'-na Foix foaw Franche Comt^ frawnsh con-tay Friburg free'-burg Frieschehaff freesh'-haf Friesland freez-land Gall (St.) gawl Genoa ie-no'-ah Germain (St.) seng-zher'-mang 122 PRONOUNCING VOCABULART. WRITTEff. Ghent PKO\OU."»CKD. gent {g hard) WRITTEN. Leominster Gloucester glos'-ter Lerwick Gnesna nes'-na Liege Guienne gee-en' (g hard) Lille or Lisle Graveliness grav-leen' Lima Greenwich gren'-idge Limoges Guadaloupe gnaw-da-loop Limousin Guardafui gar-daf-wee Lincoln Lipari Hague haig Lodi Hainault hay-no' Loire Haiti hay'-tee L'Orient Harwich har'-ridge Louisana Hastings hais'-tings Louvain Havre de-Grace haw-ver-de-grass' Lucca Helvoetsluys hel'-vet-slooz Lyonnais Herault he-ro' Lyons Herschel her'-shel *f Hertford hert'-ford Maestricht Hildesheim hil-des-hime' Maggiore Hi mm a] eh him'-a-leh Malines Houquhang hoo-kwang' Manheim Mans Illinois il-lee-noy' Mariuo Indre een'-der Maryborough Ipswich ips'-ich Margarita Ischia is'-kee-a Martigni Isio ee'-zee-o Martinico Irtysch irt'-ish Massachusetts Meaux faroslav jar-os-lav' Medina Jedburgh jed-'bur-ro Melrose Messina Keswick kes'-sick Michigan Kiel keel Minho Kiev kee-oo' Miramichi Killaloe kil-a-loo Missour Kirkaldy kirk-caw'-dy Mobile Kircudbright kirk-coo-brey Mocha Kursk koorsk Monmouth Montaubau Labrador la-bra-dore' Mont lilano La Marche la-marsh' Montpellier Languedoc lan-gue-dok' Montreal Launceston lans'-ton Moray Lausanne lo-san' Morlaix Leamington lem'-ing-ton Moulins Leicester les'-ter [lock'-lin Mozambique LeighlinBridgt J louchlin'-bridgo or Munich PRONOUNCE* lem'-ster ler'-ick leezh leel lee'-ma lee-mozh' lee-moo -sang' lin'-cun lee-pah'-ree lo'-dee loawr lo-ree-awng' loo-ee-zee-a'-na loo-vain' or lov?-in look'-ka lee-on-nay' ly'-ons maze'-trik mad-jo'-re ma-leen' man-hime mawng ma-ree'-no mar'-y-bur'-ro mar-ga-ree'-ta mar-teeng'-ee mar-ti-nee'-co mas-sa-tshoo'-seta mo me-dee'-na mel'-ross mes-see'-na mik'-i-gan meeng'-o mir-a-mi-shee' mis-soo'-ree mo-beel' mo'-ka mon'-muth mont-o-ban' mong-blawng' mong-pel-yay' mont-re-awl' mur'-ree mor-lay' moo-lang mo-zam-beek' mu'-nik Piave PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY. 128 ft.U ter k ft •zh' o-sang* n li'-ree awng' zee-a'-na n'orlovf-in a nay' ;rik '-re a' !me '-no ■bur'-ro -ree'-ta 2ng'-ee nee'-co tshoo'-seta -na 33 >'-na ;an •0 Qi-shee' '-ree ath ban' [awng' il-yay' -awl' WRITTEN. Naas Namur Nantes Navarre Navarino Neagh Neutbhatel Nevers Niagara Nice Niger Nimeguen Nismes Nivernais Noirmoutier Norwich Ohio Okeham Oleron Omagh Oiner (St.) Orl^anais Orleans Oude Oural or Ural Ouse Overyssel Pays de Vaud Perpignan Perugia Piacenza Piave Pictou Piedmont Pisa Plymouth Poictiers Poitou Port-ou-Prince Porto-Rico Portsmouth Prague Provence Puy-de-dome PRO.NOUXCED. nace na-mure' nawngt na-var' na-va-ree'-no nay noo'-sha-tel' ne-vair' nee-ag'-a-ra nice or neess ni'-jer nee'-me-guen neem nee-ver-nay' noar-moot'-yay nor-'idge o-high'-o oak'-am o-ler-ong' o'-mah saingt o'-mair or-le-an-nay' [ans or-lay-ong' or or'-lee ood oo'-ral ooz o-ver-is'-sel pay'-ee-de-vo' per-peeng'-an pe-roo-'jee-a pee-a-chen'-za pee-av'-e pic-too' peed'-mong pee'-sa plim'-muth pwa-teers' pwa-too' port-o-prance port-o-ree'-co ports'-muth praig prov-awngse' pu-ee-de dome' beek' Quang see whang'-see' Quang tung whang'-tong' WRITTEM. Quito Raleigh Reading Reggio Rennes Rheims Rimini Rio Bamba Rio Janeiro Rochelle Romagna Rouen Rousillon Rovigno Roxburgh Saumur St. Cloud Scilly Saintes Santa Cruz St. Jago Saintonge Salisbury Salonica Sandwich Sambre San Miguel Santa Fd Sadne Schaffhausen Scheld Schweitz Schwerin Scio Schumla Seine Sevres Sevecchio Sens Sierra Soissans Somme Southwark Squillace Suir PROIfOUNCED. kee'-to ra'-ly red'-ding red'-jo ren " rhance or reems rim'-i-nee ree'-o-bam'-ba ree'-o-zha-nei-xo ro-shel' ro-mang'-a roo-awng' roo-seel-ong' ro-veeng'-o rox'-bur-ro so-mu're St. cloo sil'-lee saingt san'-ta-crooz sant-ya'-go saingt-onzh' sawls'-ber-ry sa-lo-ni'-ca sand'-ich sawm'-ber san-mig-el' santa-fay' sone shaflF-hau'-sen skeld or sheld shwitz (i long) shwe'-rin see'-o shum'-la sayne saiv'-er se-vek'-ee-o sawngs see-er'-ra swa-song' som suth'-ark squil-la'-che shure Tagliamentd tal-ya-men'-to 124 • PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY. « WBITTEW Pllo^fOlJ^CKD. WRnTEW. PR0NOU.'«CKD. Taunton tan'-ton Valais va-lay' Tchernigov cher'ne-gov Valladolid val-ya-do-lid' Teneriffe ten-er-reef Van Diemen van-dee'-men Thames terns Vaud vo Tibet ti'bet Vendue vawn-day' Ticino te-ohee'-no Vicenza vee-chen'-za Tierra del ( tee-er'-ra del I foo-e'-go Vienna vee-en'-na Fuego Vienne vee-en' Tonquin ton-keen' Vigo vee'-go Toulon too'long' Vincennes veng-cen Toulouse too-looz' Vosges vozh Tours toor Trcviso tre-vee'-so Warwick war'-rick Tyrone tee-rone' Woolwich wool'idge Trieste tree-este' Worcester woos'-ter Tripolitza tree-po-Iit'-za Trois Riviferes Troyes Tristan d'A- troaw-ri-vee-air' troaw ( trees-tan da- ( coong'-a Xativa Xerea za-tee'-va ze'-res cunha Youghal yaw'-hal Ushant oosh-ang' Ypres ee'-per Utrecht u'-trek Zealand zee'-laoU Valenciennes val-en-seen' Zurich zoo-rik fllB WKD. %tt'Ir ijiilks OF STANDARD CATHOLIC WORKS. PUBLISHED BY" D. & J. 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Compiled by the Fathers of the Oratory of St. Philip, of Neri ; to which is added Prayert at Mass and Vespers, with other devotions for the month of May, with the approbation of the -f Most Rev. JOHN HUGHES, D. D., Archbishop of Mew York. New and elegant edition, printed on the finest paper, 'arith a splendid steel frontispiece, 500 pages, l8mo , and bound in the fol lowing styles :— Roan, gilt edges, $1 00. English Morocco, extra, $1 to. Morocco super, extra, $2 00. Morocco flexible, bevelled, $-2 6(k 94mo. edition, same type, cloth, plain, 37^c. Roan, plain, &0c Roau gilt edges, 76c. Postage, 16c. Lives of the Saints of the Desert, and many Holy Men and Women who have dwelt in Solitude. By the Rt Rev. Richard Chal- loner, D. D., with additional Lives, translated from the French, by Mri J. Sadlier. Printed on fine paper, 2 plates, in one volume, 600 pages 16mo Cloth, extra. 75c. Cloth, extra, gilt edges, $1 12 CATALOGUE OF VALUABLE BOOE& *lTf *?.*^ ***® Abbey. 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Which are printed on fine papefand bound in the Bookfp.,hrr"f •• »i? *''^^^"''"' ^^^y «"PP'y ^" the different sSiool Books Published in this country, together with all the School requisites e^e^'de^c'rg'tior^'' '''°'' ^^"^''^'^"«' Elates, Paper, and StatXJy of Pirst Book. Nevr and enlarged edition. 72 pages, (old edition only 43,) 6|c. Strong cloth back, Second Book. New and enlarged edition, having Spelling and Accentuation and Definitions at the head of each chapter. 180 pages! 18mo., half bound, laj. ^ pbbcb, Third Book. 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