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"''hile fortunately it is not so necessary now to emphasize this view as it was four years ago, it is still worth while for blassical teachers to remember always that whatever poculiar ■benefits come from the study of Latin come through the power to read and understand the language. In the notes the editor has tried to keep the via media between the two common faults of giving help where the ■student is better without it, and withholding it where there ■are (at least to him) real difficulties ; and in the exercises has collected material for class-work that may for some teachers ^erve as a standard of the work to be done in that direction, S-nd for all may lighten the labor of preparing such material for their own classes. Toronto. Mawjh 28. I89fi. GALLIA to illustiate TheEDminEntariEs or Caesar. (From KrHners edition) An all the wars oi comme civil w( and the cally a Caiua IITTBODUOTIOlSr. § I. § II. § HI. § IV. § V. Tjtfe op Caesar. Gaul and the Gauls. C^*SAR's Campaigns in Gaul. The Commentaries op c^sar. The Army and Methods op Warpare. I— LiFE OF CtESAR. Tr^^I , ^^ "-^ ^"^* * «o^*«3t between the aristocratir and the popular party, but. as time went on, it b^e^rrc? caUy a struggle between individnnl» w ^.^ZT Oaius JuUus C..ar was bon. i^H^^;:^:::?^ IV INTRODUCTION, Mommsen holds, in 102 B. P ^ * eian or aristocratic fan iHes" if 1^°' T,' °''"* °^ ^^« ^^*- ever, closely connected by mar^"?* -T^ '""^^^^ -^«' ^"w- eader Marias, and Csar hi^se ^03"^*^ ^'^/^^^ P^P^^ar of Cmna, Marias' leading ZZrL S"""" *'^ ^^^^^^^^^ thus from the first with ih. , ^^'^ sympathies were Of that party hy sZl ^ LTatl'"^^' T' «^ ^^^ ^«^-^ _ For several years after th s r. ^ "'"''P^ ^''^'^ ^^« ^i^- in Asia Minor, retan. " " E "" T'' '" *'^ ^°™^- --7 At first he devoted himself to ^I" "" ^'^""'^ ^'^'^ - 78 and in 70 went to Ehodes to .tTdvTf^^^ '" ''^ ^■^•^--^«. teacher Molo. For several ^ ^*°"° ^^^^^^ <^he famou^ 74 he basiedhinJelfr le'n^Iw^^ party, and soon came to blTn^lT"^ ^'' P°^^*'°^ ^^^^h his The senatorial party Cat thisi '" " °"^ °^ ^*^ ^-<^e- to win his way to powertilC T"^^' ^"^ ^^^ ^^d various grades of office by Vhich ^L^ ^" ^''"' '^'""''Sh the rank of Consul, bein^ in LT " "*'^^"^ ^'«se to the and Praetor. in63h! ' 'T'""''''' ^"^^^*°^' Carale Aedile technically theL'fj':frettan''l''^^'^^™' ^^^^ the aristocratic party shot^oT , .f ''"• ''^^^ «"^«^«ess ovef in., and that C^r^^Tot tr^^h:; ^^^ ^^^ ^ -n- state. "'^ one of the leaders of the Roman as Pro^^^^^^^^^^ he went to Spain n^and, he at once showed hirabnr ' '"^ ^' ^^* com- fe rebellioas native tril^ h *^ "' " ^^^^^^1' - quelling (for he was not only one of the w!?'' °' ^^^^"^ ^t Eom: solute of -enduring the elrle™^^^ -•"' "' *'^ "^^^*^ ^^^ -eans by ^hich helad obt^'ed !ffi '." "^"'°"^^' ^^ the with the people, had plungrWm f ' "n^ .^"«"^-tiated himself Governor of a Koman'pSe ^^d T^^^^ T '^'*- ^^' the enriching himself at the xpense of tb "^ '' ?PPortunities for year m Spain freed him fromTn\ ^t P^^^^^^i^ls. and one ^i^ Wvn as a brilliant oom^J::. '^'*^' '' "^" ^^ ^^^^ "W^ West of the patri- family was, how- he great popular 'ied the daughter sympathies were md on the defeat d vith his life, the Boman army a's death in 78. 1 the law courts, ider the famous 'Um to Eome in ^sition with his 5 of its leaders, and Caesar had at through the :ens rose to the Curule Aedile, mus, becoming ^is success over wer was wan- of the Eoman went to Spain his first com- 1) in quelling 'ing at Rome the most dis- lood), and the iated himself 'ht. But the >rtunities for als, and one il as making INTRODUCTION. y Jn (iO he returned to the city and was elected Consul for 59, rith a colleague of the aristocratic party, who was, however, to ; ^\'oak and insignificant to bo able to thwart his measures. Tlie three leading men of Eome at this time were Pompey, •presenting the nobles; Caesar, the leader of the popular larty ; and Crassus, whose influence was largely due to his (imense wealth. Csesar persuaded the other two to form a loalition with him, and thus get the practical supremacy of Jlie state in their own hands. In the end this bargain proved %o be entirely to Caesar's advantage, as it prevented any active opposition to him during the next few years while he was absent from Eome securing for himself experience, prestige, ; and a veteran army to assist him when the final struggle for ^.upremacy came. For one of the results of the coalition w'.,3 'that Caesar was appointed for five years (58 to 54) governor of lUyricum and the two Gauls, Cisalpine and Transalpine, (the 'jrmer being the northern part of Italy above the peninsula oper, and the latter the southern part of France). In 55 is command was extended for another period of five years, by agreement with Pompey and Crassus, who were consuls at year. For eight years (58 to 51) he was engaged in the conquest of •aia At the end of that time the whole of Gaul, from the ,hine to the Pyrenees, had been subjugated and made part of he Eoman empire, and Caesar had an army of experienced and levoted veterans, such as the Eoman state had never before itnessed. Crassus had fallen in battle in the far East, and laesar and Pompey remained to compete for absolute suprem- ■cy uiEome, Pompey having the somewhat lukewarm support f the Senate and the aristocratical party. _ Civil war soon arose from the jealousy between these two ivals, and in 49 Caesar advanced with his legions into Italy 'ompey was not ready to oppose him, and crossed to Greece 'hero the Senatorial party gnfhorc-d its forces. Meanwhile «sar hastened to Spain, where Pompey had strong supporters in r vi INTRODUCTION. and quickly reduced thorn to submission T?«f ■ ' ho was made Consul for 48 andTh ^«<^"rning to Eomo Aftorashortsummerca mpai^nP """"""^ ""''' '" «^•«««- ^^;^-,and.e.:r|^^ A^"-;S^ :^-- A^^^. Mine. (47) and Caesar returned to Rome and nrLT'"*'"" ''''' ^^"«J^^'- power and settling aTairs of state' ^^™!"^^^ "----»g his cWne. he s wS . tClrotldl^^,^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^ absolute rule of so brill Int an nS "f "' ^^'^'^^^ ""«^«^ the ^ lasting peace J^ZZ ZT"^' *'^^^ ^"^^^ »-' at^hin, was formed 'b, aTu^^^f t^-^^ ated some by jealousy, others by an hoZt bl TT'- '''^■ desire to bring back republican L^ , ^ short-sighted 15th (the Ider) of Marfh he fil 'J '" ^ ^-^- ' °^ ^^e Hs.u..erers/attheb:l^f;^4^^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ - -^^^''"^:Z1^^^^ was soon Caesar's nephew (Octavianus or I ' . ?^''' ^"^" ^^^^^ of the Eoman wolld anTrtabl"^^^^ ?"°^"« -^« ^«^^ ana established the empire of the C^sars. »« prominent, „t tie Se™^ t™\ ^'7' "'"' *«""• W' in later Ufa "-^,,.„„„7™::,;^; ^- head somewhat ba,d no region, prlieal or theo^lL?™' tf .'''"'-*™ ™ with the s«at«8l ™. '»!!t'.?'' ."' "l""* »■« lid not travel ■'pace. INTRODUCTION. vu II. -GAUL AND THE GAULS. |L0NO l^foro Cesar's time the Gauls had come into collision Ian h' !;"• ^'"^^ ^^"^«'^ P«-«^ extended over mot^ Ian the immediate neighborhood of the city, large Tumte^ I Gauls had crossed the Alps and occupied the whdeTui" Irthem portion of Italv Pl,r +t,^ v • • Unvv Be thr,^ VT ^ , beginning of the fourth aly LfinSOol ip"''*^' their way down into Central tiiy, ana in d<)0 laid Eome in ashes. "For ry,^,.^ +u MraHl 2of i" °™'""S '^*'" ™' i"flic'ed on the Gauls, M rat,l 2.0 there was no more trouble with them. Bv thai .tho^tte river Jo ani inT"™" ""' ^™"-^ °' «- «"* fver to the All Tl,„ .l ? ! ^°'^ """"^ ""^ «'"'""'«J *«• Lt™, k!' '°'™~.'"'o " province called Gallia Oiterior or b^a^iidr£!"t9£H?? ain renewed, and asain th« T? • ^"^''^^ ^«^« I, ttuu again the Kor 'ans intprffirorl ov.j »i. P -ained tat^ilf J»;-i;^» o'^ M-Uia, which onies we™ ,„ant«l and the ^i^:,:^^^^^ i'nt viii INTRODUCTION. euage, with the exoo, Ho„ „, ., '. °' """'"'• ""S'" an> 1 liTJons — iio). and y in their inca He 1 the river ign is indl- INTROOUCTION. M ft ■' ^p^:;- Xll INTRODUCTION. Arar, and soon after near Bibracte inflicts a crushing defeat on the remainder, and orders the siu-vivors to return to the homes they had abandoned. The presence of so large a body of troops and so successf-il n commander causes the leading men of several of the Gallii; tnbes to ask his assistance against Ariovistus and his German followers (see pageviiL) Caesar undertakes the task, and at first tries argument and diplomacy, but in vain. The Romar soldiers are afraid to venture into unknown lands against so formidable an enemy as the Germans were reported to be, but CBBsar calms their fears, and as soon as he can come to a deci- sive engagement with Ariovistus, completely routs the Ger- mans and drives them back across the Rhine. By this campaign the Roman influence was extended over the territory to the north of the province as far as the Treveri. IL-B.C. 57. Ccosar advances into the territory of the Belgae, who, with the exception of the Remi (who form an alliance with the Romans), combine to resist any attack on their country. The combined forces meeting a repulse disband and Caesar advances farther into the country. Here he is surprised by the IServu with some other tribes, and after a most desperate engagement, in which Ctfisar's inspiriting example alone ralliei< the troops, the Nervii are driven back with immense loss. After the siege of an important town in this neighborhood, which capitulates wlien the enemy perceive the eiRcien(;y of tho Romans' siege artillery, several other tribes submit, and as a result of this second campaign Cesar's power extended from the Province northward to the English Channel and along the whole northern coast of Gaul as far as the Veneti. Ill— BO. 56. During the winter Caesar sends one of his lieutenants to open up a new route between Italy and Gaul over the Alps, near the northern part of the Province, but the hiU tribes offer such a rosi=,tance that the Romans are forced to retira The tribes on the north-west coast of Gaul, headed INTRODUCTION. XllI 5hing defeat on n to the homos so successful a I of the Gallic nd his German e task, and at The Romai; ids against so rted to be, but 3ome to a deci- routs the Ger- extended over as the Treveri. rritory of the (who form an my attack on tid and Caesar irprised by the lost desioerato e alone rallies snse loss, leighborhood, ficiency of tho •mit, and as a xtended from md along the 1. ds one of his ily and Gaul i'ince, but the ms are forced Gaul, headed by the Veneti, combine to recover their liberty. The cam- paign is carried on along the coast, both by land and sea, and the Eomans at last conquer the Veneti in a sea fight by a combination of ingenuity and good fortune. Meanwhile Sabinus, a lieutenant of Caesar, succeeded in quelling the revolt among the Venelli, and about the same time another lieutenant, Crassus, advanced southward into Aquitania. and after a hard fight against overwhelming odds came off victorious, and the different tribes of the Aquitani submitted to the Eomans. This campaign secured tho results of the second year's work in the north-west of Gaul, while by the conquest of Aquitania the entire south from the Atlantic to the Alps acknowledged the Eoman sway. IV.— B.C. 55. For some time the growing power of the Suebi, a German tribe, had been oppressing the neighboring tribes,' and at last the Usipetes and Tencteri resolve to cross the Ehine into Gaul. Caesar advances to the Eliine, and after several conferences fights two battles with the invading Germans and repulses them. To prevent any further inroad, Cajsar builds a bridge across the Ehine, lays waste the lands of the ' Germans, and thus at once punishes and intimidates them. He then resolves on making an expedition to Britain, which had close relations with the Belgae, and for this purpose col- lects a fleet and sets sail in the early autumn. In the face of a stubborn resistance he effects a landing, and receives the submission of a few states. Heavy losses to the Eoman fleet, jcaused by a storm and high tides, encourage these states to revolt again. A Eoman legion is surprised, but the attack is repelled and soon after, owing to the lateness of the season, ICsesar returns to Gaul without having ventured inland. On lis return he puts down a rising of the Morini. No new territory was added by this campaign, but the __north-east of Gaul was rendered secure from Germnn invasion r ^! ZIV INTRODUCTION. I! ill v.— RO. 54. With a larger fleet and stronger army thai before, Caesar again invades Britain and advances into tl. interior a little beyond the Thames. The native tribes cor, bine against him, but are defeated and compeUed to promise tribute. In the autumn Caesar returns to Gaul, having mad a display of his power and enterprise, but without adding anv new territory. a «"^ ^ On account of a drought and consequent scarcity of supplies m Gaul, the forces are divided for the winter into several portions and quartered among various tribes. The Gauls, who aHtk?>, ^^*^''.^* ""^^ '^^'^"^^' *^^« advantage of this to a ack three oi the camps. The garrison (a ifgion and a hall) of one is lured from the camp, falls into an ambush and 13 annihilated. Another camp is besieged by the Nervii, Ut when reduced to the last extremity relieved by Ci«sar. A LiiH IS attacked by the Treveri, who are however beaten back witli severe los^ Affairs are in so desperate a condition that for Itely '^'""'^' *^^ ''''''^'' ^^ ^^^^ ^'^«'«^d "f VL-B.C. 53. Caesar, with three additional legions, sots about crushing out all resistance in Northern and North- eastern GauL A brief expedition is made across the Ehino into Germany to stop all interference with GauL The extreme north-east, where the legion and a half had been cut off the year before, is completely devastated and an invasion by th« Sugambn (a German tribe) is repelled. This portion, at Lt, ot (^aiU has been now pretty effectually subdued. Pn i^'""^'?" ^^" ,"^§^^"^^^1 uprising of the central tribes of—ie^ance s Gaul, joined even by the hitherto faithful iEdui, is headed byl eSlf ovr srb"trthr'i' °^^^^^°^^ ^^^'^^ ^°-^ advantag^i;;^: tZfiw . . ^^ overcome. The greater part o| the fighting (mcludmg three noteworthy sieges) takes place in, the nor t^k After the defeat and capture of Vercingetorix th different tribes are speedily reduced to submissiga, VIII.- ulus Hi uelled, a ionquest ingaged ii r Commen ]!ommenta is differer ;lurd perse some accoi /3 the au iraries ai iwritten as vvhether it Each bo( ii'here are s iperations irtius, Ci coming w£ As for i judges amc f diction ai he best lit aries, ' ' I ible: for t slegance, s ire such as listory has Hirtius a Ifflsar -wTot It should '1 ■ronger army tha advances into th native tribes con apelled to promis Jaul, having mad; ithout adding anj INTRODUCTION. jy VIII.— B.C. 51. (The story of this campaign is told by Lulus Hirtius). A few risings in various parts of Gaul are luelled, and Cjesar, having by the middle of 50 completed the lonquest of Gaul, proceeds soon after to Italy and becomes Ingaged in civil war with Pompey. IV. -THE COMMENT AEIES OF C.ESAE. Commentarii means sketches, jottings, memoirs, and 'Cesar's Commentaries are memoirs written by himself, descriptive of us different campaigns, in which he treats of himself in the hii-d person, and tells his story as it might have been told by some accompanying scribe or secretary ' That Caesar himself .3 the author, is amply proved by the fact that his contem- varies ascribed it to him. It is uncertain whether it was ^written as the war went on and issued book by book, or ^vhether it was composed towards the end of the war. Each book contains the history of a single year's campaign. fi'here are seven books in all, the history of the eighth year's iperations having been composed after Csesar's death by Aulus lirtius, Caesar being doubtless too busy preparing for the coming war with Pompey to find time for literary work. As for the Uterary style of the Commentaries, the best pidges among Caesa'-'s contemporaries praised it for its purity jf diction and its business-like directness of expression. Cicero, he best literary critic of his day, writes of Csesar's Commen- aries, "I pronounce them to be, in fact, entirely commend- able: for they are simple, straightforward, of a charming m- • >, A A ^ ^tegance, stripped of all rhetorical adornments ; " and while ui, 13 neaded by «peaking of them as intended not for a history but as materials some advantage^,r a history, says that their purity, brilliance and cdnciseness Ire such as to deter any man in his senses from attempting a 'istory based on these materials. Hirtius also bears witness to the ease and speed with which ifBsar wTote these books. It should be borne in mind that Caesar was one of the most sarcity of supplies nter into several . The Gauls, who antage of this to (a legion and a o an ambush an 1 •y the Nervii, but Y Caesar. A thiiv! beaten back with ondition that for Gaul instead of nal legions, sets lern and North- icross the Ehiue iL The extreme been cut off tlie invasion by tlis portion, at least, red. 3entral tribes of greater part o 3) takes place in the districts to 5rcingetorix th 't' u, •li M i XVI INTRODUCTION. eloquent and polished orators of his day, and that he also ga\! attention to the rhetorical study of language, having writteJ a work on the Latin language, from which Gellius quotes tbj advice, ' to shun an uncommon or out of the way word as i\ ship would a rock. ' An eminent modem writer says, " To us who love to male I our language clear by the number of words used, and who in ] writing rarely give ourselves time for condensation, tin closely-packed style of Caesar is at first somewhat difficult of I comprehension. It cannot be read otherwise than slowly till 1 the reader's mind is trained by practice to Csesarean expres- sions, and then not with rapidity. .. .Skipping ia out of the I question. " The only other work of Caesar which has survived to us is a 1 history of the war between him and Pompey, Comnientarii del Bella Civili, in three books. v.— THE AEMY AND METHODS OF WAEFAEE (a) The Roman Forces. Caesar's army consisted oti (a) several legions of Eoman soldiers, mostly enlisted in Galliaj Cisalpina, (i) light-armed troops (slingers and archers), leviedl in some of the Eoman provinces (Numidia, Crete and the! Balearic islands are mentioned), and (c) auxiliary cavahyl furnished by or levied from the native tribes in alliance with| the Eomans. The legion (legio) consisted nominally of 5,0C0 or 6,000 1 men, in reality of about 3,000 or 4,000. Losses incurred in a) campaign were not made up by adding recruits to the legion,! thus impairing its efficiency, but when necessary, new legionf were levied. Each legion was made up of ten cohorts Cco/iors j I each cohort of three maniples or companies (vianipulus), eacl maniple of two centuries (centuria or ordo), but the divisior. into cohorts is the important one in Caesar's time, the cohorj being thus the unit of his army. The cavalry were divide/ INTRODUCTION. xvii that ho also gavl 3, having writte:| Jellius quotes thi e way word as a I vho love to male] ised, and who in ondensation, tlie Bwhat difficult df I than slowly till | ^Jsesarean exprcs- ing is out of the I irviveid to us is a Commentarii del WAEFARE. 5,0C0 or 6,000 1 les incurred in aj :s to the legion,! iry, new legionf lohorts (cohors)! anipulus), eacl but the divisior time, the cohor^ ry were divide into squadrons (iurma) and decuriae, each of uncertain size, the latter being the smaller. (b) Anns and Equipments. The heavy armed soldier of the legion (miles legionariua)^ was equipped as follows : Defensive armor. 1. The helmet (galea), of leather, to which were attached crests (insignia) to distinguish the soldiers of the different legions. 2. The cuirass (lorica), of leather with a small iron breast-plate. 3. The shield (scutum), oblong, 4 feet by 2^, and half cylindrical, of wood covered with leather, with metal rims at the top and bottom. [N.B. —The round shield (clipeus) shown in the pre- ceding cut had long before Caesar's time been dis- carded for the oblong scutum shown in the accompanying cut.]* » At an earlier time greaves {ocreas) had been worn, but they seem not to have been used in Csesar's time. If ' I' 1 ' I» * 1, ! 1 , xviii INTRODUCTION. J -; ^^^ OlTonsivo armor. 1. The •"''-'^ ^^ sword (gladiuH), about two j ^A A t .^. . '®®* ^^^Sy Straight and two- edged, for thrusting not for cutting down. It hung in a shoirh LTirn t^-?? ^'"'-'''^ °" *^^ ^''''' ^''^' '^^' *l-hTeS might not interfere with its being drawn. 2. The javelin (^J^^m), always used as a missile, not for thrusting, abLxt x feet long with a wooden shaft and iron head. The clothing of the soldier was a cloak (sagum or sagulum) reachingtothe W, under which was a tunicorshirt (.f.S The light-armed soldiers (miles levis armaturae) had for their weapons of offense the bow and arrow (archei., iagittariiZ theslmg (shngcrs, funditores). As a defense they seem to have used a small round shield. (c) Officers of the Army. l. The Commander-in-chief Un^perator^ who was at the same time governor of the province which formed the army's headquarters. 2. The staff officers, adjutants or lieutenants (legatus), appointed by the Eoman senate, but practically chosen by the commander Caesar had ten Ugati, who were often assigned to the tempor: ary command of troops either in an engagement, in winter- quarters, or on expeditions sent out by him. 3. ThT pav master-genei.1 (quaestor), who managed the finances of ^h^ province, and m war the payment of the soldiers and the sale ^ boo y and pnsonersof war. There was but one quae" 2 ! ! «fn^^ander-in-chief, and he was now and then entrusted with a command. 4. The tribunes of the soldiei" ^^r^lunus.^^litnn.), of whom there were six belonging to elch SZo r '^ "7 ''"^" probably by C.sarhinTself (though g od SX J "'!^ '^ *^" ^'""^'^^ ^^°- young men'of eralt If mil '^ ^ °"^"^ *° *^« ^^^^«^^an oi^er), but gen- erally of little military ability or experience. As a cotse quence they do not occupy a prominent position Z the Z." INTRODUCTION. ^ix I paign, being entrusted with the occasional command of small detachments or with some administrative duties 5 The prefects or commanders {praefectus) were also of equestrian rank and were placed in command of the allied troops, for as a general thing the cavalry contributed by the native tribes was I officered by Eomans. 6. The centurions (cm^wr^o) were chosen from among the regular troops, there being 60 to each Ico-ion and SIX to each cohort The centurions of a legion were°nofc all of the same rank. There was a regular grade of promotion by which a centurion was advanced until he became the senior centunon of the legion (called primipilus or primi pili cen- turio.)* The centurions were the ordinary officers of the legion upon whom depended mainly the efficiency of the troops. 7. The decurion or sub-commander of cavalry (decurio) occupying a position inferior to the praefectus and commanding a small detachment of cavalry. {d) The Camp. "A Eoman army never halted for the night without entrenching itself. Towards the end of the i day's march a detachment was sent out in front to select a spot for encampment, A favorite site was the slope of a hill ; especially if wood, water and grass were abundant in i s j neighborhood." The camp was square, the defenses consisting I of a wall or rampart {vallum), and outside of this a trench or moat {fossa), from which much of the material for the wall was obtained. The tents {tentoria) of the soldiers were of I skins {pdles). The camp had four gates {porta), those at the I side being a little forward of the centre, and those in front {i.e facing the enemy) and rear in the centre. f Before each gat^ (Hi L iff'» 'I ' ' I iintoTu'uS^.'^'rhn^Vi!;"''* i'" earlier porioa when the army was divided Icaliaj'^oVTSS.'' °" *' ^''^'^ •"°«* «-^^'^^^ ^'•'>'" the enemy, wa, M: ■h". i XX INTRODUCTION. 1^ vS# .\* ^ W ■ ps? la ^ B3 ^^— — ^ I --■ '\ / laj M iiai .bj (SEj i (e) Baggragre and Standards. The heavy baggage iim- pedimenta), including the tents, hand mills for grinding con, and engines of war, were carried in wagons or on beasts of burden. Besides this each soldier had hi; pack {aarcinae) to carry. Besides hi- heavy armor (of which the helmet for con venience was hung round his neck) he car ried provisions for two or three weeks, a vessel for cooking his grain when ground into meal, and some of the implements used in throwing up entrenchments— such as stakes, saws, spades, hatchets, and baskets. This pack he would carry upon one of the stakes over his left shoulder, the left am? bearing the shield and the right graspin"- his javelin. The weight of the pack would be as much as 45 t Other names piven to these guards liy C.-esar axeexcubifnvpt (nit^h* guards), and cuatodiae, or custoi^s (watches)^ are excMOzfores (night INTRODUCTION. i to guard against XXI ire excubitores (night l-ouiids. Henco tho soldier in this heavy marching order is nllod impeditua, when freed from his pack and in li^^ht marching order, expeditus. " The standards of the army included (1) the eagle (aguila), nno to each legion, borne by the standard bearer of the legion iaqudi/er) who was under the immediate command of the first centurion of the legion ; (2) the standard or ensign ;- 4^ (xignuvi), of which each manipulus had one, borne ^ g^ by a signifer, of different devices, to enable the ; g soldier to distinguish his own place ; and (3) the m^ banner (vexillum), a square piece of colored cloth m attached by a crosspiece to a pole, and serving as the standard for the cavalry and perhaps also for the aiixiliaries, being also used for detachments of legionary soldiers sent out for special duties. A red vexiUum was displayed from the general's quarters as a signal for battla For this same purpose, as well as for other signals, a straight trumpet (tuha) was also used. (/) The Army on the March and in Action. The army on the march (agmen) advanced in a single column, with the baggage of each legion immediately behind it. When near the enemy, the baggage of all the legions was thrown together along ,nth the packs of the soldiers, who thus marched in fighting order. The vanguard is called in-imum agmen, the rear novissimum agmen. When drawn up in line of battle {acies\ each legion was general y aiTanged in three lines {triplex acies), four cohorts the pick of the legion) in the first line, and three in each of the others. These were stationed something like the following order, so that the second line could come into action without interfering with the first. The men stood 10 deep in the. ' I ^11 i< l[ fi' Ill xxu INTRODUCTION. cohort. Occasionally othor arrangements are mentioned -the single line, the double line {acies duplex) the wedge-shaped (cunriis), and the square ( rhis). The right ving is called dextrum cormi, the left ainistrtim cornu, the centre media acies. The cavalry and light-armed troops were stationed generally on the wings. The place for drawing up the lino of battle was by prefer- ence sloping ground, tliat the soldioi-a might ha^^ the advan- tage in making the charge and might throw fleir weapons down, not up. In attacking a tov^Ti three methods wore Oinployed. If weakly fortified, it might be taken by a sudden rush- the trench bemg filled up, the gates broken in, the walls undermined or torn down, and scaling ladders (scalue) brought up to the walls. At other times it was completely surrounded and the garrison starved out. The third method is the regular siege canned on by means of certain siege works and engines (the artillery of the Eomans). Of these .i ,gQ works the cliiof one is the mound (affger), raised near the town and gradually growing higher and nearer the wall until it was on a level with it The side remote from the town formed an inclined slope up which towers {turret) could be rolled, from the shelter of which missiles were hurled at the defenders until men working beneath could undermine or batter down the walls, or others could place bridges from the mound to the wall and rush across. To protect those who were building the mound or battering down the wall various devices were used -the screen {pluteus) the shed or mantlet {te,tudo% lit tortoise shell, vinea lit vine- arbor. ) The battering ram {aries) was a huge beam tipped with iron suspended from above, and sot in motion from behind by pulling § The tei-m testudo was also usorl to describe n, i pi ouliar shelter fortnefl elr heatls, thus forming: a ! i aro montionecl — tho ) the wedge-shapcxl ■1 the left ainiatrum ?y and light-armed gs. ittlo was by prefer- ht ha\ 3 the advan- irow H:«jir weapons rero einployed. If en rush, the trench alls undermined or )rought up to the irrounded and the the regular siege, 3 and engines (tho rks the chief one is gradually growing level with it The led slope up which r of which missiles ing beneath could >thers could place L across. 3und or batterinjr ) screen (pluteua), )11, vinea lit. vine- INTKODUCTION. ^xiil lit back, and then letting it swing forward with all the impetus *ifc could bo given. Engines {tormenta) for hurling huge stones or darts wore ilso employed. (fl-) Rouum Vessels. Those used in war were of two kinds jtho ship of war or galley {navia longa) and the transport l{navia oneraria). Tho former wore lung an! narrow, rigged Iwith sails, but at the same time eciuipped ith rowers A l8IX3cial feature was the bi3ak {roatrum), a sharp projection lat the bow covered with metal for running down an enemy's Islnp. Wo also read of toners being built on the decks fi-om Iwhich missiles could bo hurled on the enemy. gL%a i 7% 'I I li, tipped with iron, behind by pulling uliar shelter formed e.-uls, thus tonniiii? a 3d all miasiles hurled ): ■ I! ' WW I I DE 1. Cum iiti supra bantur, lit • liiam tert lain Rom? I rand i has pacata Ga ■ luod ab ] Uxermanos I Roman i e moleste fe novis imf Gallia a lioraines f mui minu jpoterant. 2 Hisr I in citerioi O. JULII OyESARIS COMMENTARII DB BELLO GALLICO. LIBER SF.CUNDUS. 1. Cum esset Caesav in citoriore Gallia in hibernis, ital iiti supra deinonstraviinus, crebri ad oum riimores affero- bantur, litterlsque item Labieni certior fiebat, omnes Bellas, , (luam tertiatn esse Galliaei-artem dixeramus, contra poi)U- hun Romanum coajurare, obsidesque inter se dare. Conju- 2 jrandi has esse causas: primum, quod vererentur, ne, omni jpacata Gallia, ad eos exercitus noster adduceretur ; deinde, 3 quod ab nonnuUis Gallis sollicitarentur, partini qui, ut (xermanos diutius in Gallia versari noluerant, ita populi jRomaniexercitum hieinare atque inveterascere in Gallia nioleste ferebant ; partim qui mobilitate et !evib...e animi novis imperiis studebant ; ab nonnullis etiain, quod in 4 Gallia a potentioribus atque lis, qui ad conducendos homines facultates habebant, vulgo regna occupabanti^r, I qui minus facile earn rem imperio nostro consequi ipoterant. ->■ Hsg nnntiis litterisquo eommotus, Caesar duas iegiones 1 I in citeriore Gallia novas conscripsit, et inita aestate, in IrMg: i ! i I 1 ll tl ft,, 11 i! ml'il DE liELLO GALLICO. ^ Hi oonstauter omnes m,„l Je,u " °""°"" '"='"»' ■'■"' ""'™ loo.ua oo«I„ci ;■"''■ """"r'S^ e'^erci,™,! «eMistimavIt, ,j„in ad eo5 ,'„.„b "'"'^ ''"Wtandum „o, <;o."i»"a.a oasfa ,„„™, ' "tT'''"-- ''' '■■"™"'-'' fli>es Belgarun, perve,,!,.' '""" ™'="» -JOi-deci^, ad, ;■"'" •"" n' sese cum his co„. "num.p,6 magistra.um cum • J f ^' ""'"" """™'"» I>!eros<,ue Belgas e,se ols abT'""' "° ""'»■""''" "eJia-,aaUo,,ue,,ue;C',°"=', '^"''"'"™ iW co,,| ^iiciuona, oinni Galiia Lata, T biierint i sumei a Ren fiiiitatib eommn '; cognoi te, et ai sse conl mero ele 'i postuh '■T-cissimc istra etia isimum, f iiain Brita ill bam : I' ins belli bere num ta ; toti -bcantur L tes, Amb: Ilia, Men ocasses e vemmillia i uno nom iiita milli Caesar ■'^ecutus, pque libera bis cliliir( lintum Peclium le-al copia esse incipeief enonibus relkiuis^^^. ea, quae apud eo; s certiorem faciu,, nus cogi, exercitiiraj 5 cliibitandum mn, '• ^e fi-umenturia citer quindecim ad, e omiii opinio,, 'elgis sunt, ad eui, los civitatis, ini,e em atque in potcs «e se cum Bei-i.s; >"lum Roinai,,,,,, ■ obsides dare, et, ^mento ceteris, 1 11 in armis esse, 3se cum his con n furorem, ut iiq osque SUDS, qu ^num imperiuji. 't. deterrere j.o-, ! quantaeque ir sic reperiebatj s, Rhenumqufj atem ibi coni xpulisse, solo.'-.j h omni (iaiiiai LIBER SECUNDUS. iinero electa mni;» c • *'^^'^"m , pollicitos ex eo acssfmosque agros possidere. I™,", ™ V "^" «;.a etiam „,e™„™ Divitlacum t 'usG X' "f " ' Mimtim, qui cum marnae narti» L '^ ''"" >ia".Bnta„„iae i„.peH , „ oUtae. T"»:'"""""' '""" »»'-» : ad hunc propter fa h- ' T'" ''''^™ Ha; totidem Nervios o^i ' r™"" •'"''"'"^- l-a„tur,„„gl33i„,,™\b\:^,"'™^ '-' i"ter ip.os» .-, Ambianos decern ^i, "■„''"'" ™ "'"'" ''"■'=-'' '«■-. Menapio, novcm ^ IHa c 'i T T'"" «"'""^ -oimillia; Co„d„,sos,Eb„rane™Catt;t pae""'"'' I J"s diliirentfir nd ^7;«^ .--- ^" "^'^- Q"^« ««^n^a xucta sunt. Ipse Divitiacuma tSBBasssm ii: 4 DE BELLO GALLICO. Aeduum magno opere cohortatus, docet quanto opere i'« publicae communisque salutis intersit manus hostiuji distineri, ne cum tanta multitudine uno tempore confJ 3 gendum sit. Id fieri posse, si snas copias Aedui in find Bellovacorum introduxerint, et eorum agros popvilari col 4perint. His mandatis, eum ab se dimittit. Postquaj omnes Belgarura copias in nnum lociam coactas ad J venire vidit, neque jam longe abesse ab iis, quos miseraj exploratoribus et ab Remis cognovit, flumen Axonai^ quod est in extremis Remorum finibus, exercitum trj sducere maturavit, atque ibi castra posuit. Quae res I latus unum castrorum ripis fluminis muniebat, et pel eum quae essent tuta ab hostibus rcddebat, et commeat) ab Eemis reliquisque civitatibus nt sine periculo ad euj Gportari posset, efficiebat. In eo flumine pons erat. Ij praesidium ponit, et in altera parte fluminis Q. Tituri-jj Sabinum legatum cum sex cohortibus I'eliquit ; castra altitudinem pedum duodecim vallo fossaque duodevigii)] pedum munire jubet. 1 6. Ab his castris oppidum Remorum, nomine Bibral aberat millia passuum octo. Id ex itinere magno impef Belgae oppugnare coeperunt. Aegre eo die sustentahil 2 est. Gallorum eadem at(|ue Belgarum oppugnatio el haec. Ubi circum jecta multitudine hominum totis moi>i[ bus undique lapides in murum jaci coepti sunt, murus(| defonsoribus nudatus est, testudine facta portas succediiJ .•jmiu-imiquo subrnunt. Quod tum facile fiebat. Nri cum tanta multitudo lapidos ac tela conjicei'ent, in mill 4Consislendi potestas erat nulli. Cum finem oppugnail nox fecisset, Iccius, Remus, summa nobilitate et gr:\tj inter suos, qui (imi oppido })raPGrat, unus ex iis LIBER SECUNDUS. 5 legati de pace ad Ccaesarem venerant, nuntiuna ad eum ^iiitft: n,si subsidium sibi submittatur, sese diutius susti- pere non posse. 7 Eo de„,edia nocte Caesar, isdem ducibus usns quii bntu ab Iccio venerant, Numidas et Gretas sagittarios Munditoi^s Baleares subsidio oppidanis mittit ; quorum2 Idventu et Remis cum spe defensionis stadium propu^- landiaccessit, et hostibus eadem de causa spes potiundi Ippidi d.scessit. Itaque, paulisper apud oppidum moratia fcrosque Remorum depopulati, omnibus vicis aedificiisoue, lios ad.re potuerant, incensis, ad castra Caesaris omnibus bpus contenderunt, et ab millibus passuum minus duobus astra posuerunt ; quae castra, ut fumo atque ignibusi ign.ficabatur, amplius millibus passuum octo in latitu- |inem patebant. 8. Caesar prime, et propter multitudinem hostium eti Iropter exuniam opinionem virtutis, proelio supersedere Itacuit; cot.d.e tamen equestribus proeliis, quid hostis2 ^rtute posset et quid nostri auderent, periclitabatur. Ubi3 lostros non esse inferiores intellexit, loco pro castris ad Inem instruendam natura opportuno atrpie idoneo,~quod fe colhs, ubi castra posita erant, pauIuUim ex planicie l.tus tantum adversus in latitudinem patebat, quantum fci aces u.structa occupare poterat, at-Iue ex utraque jarte later.s dojcctus liabebat, et, in fronte lenitcr fasti- ivtus, paulatimad planicicm redibat,-ab utroque latere lus colhs transversam fossam obduxit circiter passuum hadrmgentoru,n, et ad extremas fossas castella consti- , Int ib.que tormenta collocavit, ne cum aciem instruxis-4 It. Jiostes, quod tantum multitudine poterant, ab later!- ['••= pugnantes suos circumveuire possent. Hoc facto, 5 I ::i m III: ' W I!: I :!l ■ ii^i 6 DE BELLO GALLICO. duabas legionibus quas proxime conscripserat in castris relictis, ut si quo opus esset, subsidio duci possent, relij quas sex legiones pro castris iu acie constituit. Hostef item suas copias ex castris eductas instruxerant. 1 9. Palus erat non magna inter nostrum atque hostiui exercitum. Hanc si nostri transirent, bostes exspectabantj nostri autem, si ab illis initium transeundi fieret, v' 2impeditos aggrederentur, parati in armis erant. Interid proelio equestri inter duas acies contendebatur. Ul| neutri transeundi initium faciunt, secundiore equitui 3 proelio nostris, Caesar suos in castra reduxit. Host^ protinus ex eo loco ad flumen Axonam contenderunt, que 4esse post nostra castra demonstratum est. Ibi vadl repertis, partem suarum copiarum transducere eonal sunt, eo consilio,' ut, si possent, castellum, cui praeersl Q. Titurius legatus, expugnarent, pontemque interseii sderent ; si minus potuissent, agros Remorum popul| rentur, qui magno nobis usui ad beilum gerendum erar commeatuque nostros prohiberent. 1 10. Caesar, certior factus ab Titurio omnem equity tum et levis armaturae Numidas, funditores sagitturj 2 osque pontem traducit, atque ad eos contendit. Acrit in eo loco pugnatum est. Hostes impeditos nostri flumine aggi'essi, magnum eornm numerum occideruJ 3 Per eorum corpora reliquos audacissime transire conantd mullitudine telorum reppulerunt ; primes, qui transieraj 4equitatu circumventos interfecerunt. Hostes, ubi et i expugnando oppido et de flumine transeundo spemj fefellisse intellexerunt, neque nostros in locum iniquioii progredi pugnandi causa viderunt, atque ipsos res fij mentaria deficere coepit, concilio convocato constitueri LIUEU SKCUNDUS. m TlZZZ:'7r ^"^-^"-^- reverti, et, quorum uLtJientur. Ad earn sententiam cum rp]imi;« r aus.s haec quoque ratio eos deduxit ano/n v ^ tque Aeduos finibus ««11.,. ''''^' '^''''^ Dmtiacum loverant Hi« fellovacorum appropinquare cog- loveiant H s persuaderi ut diutius morarentur neoue fus anxiluun ferrent, „on poterat. ' ^ 11^ Eareconstituta, socunda vigilia magno cum stre-i per :r :r::-'^ '''''-' --"^ certo'ordiue c all .^ '^"' ^'''"'""^ ^^^"«^-is locum peteret domum pervenire properaret, fecerunt ut Z v gae profectio videretuv. Hac re s "L n "" ' Kv.datores cognita insidias ve'us ouod T" '"' liscederenfc nondum nersnoxpvir ^ '^"'' ^^ ^^"'^ astris continuit/ Pr mTClT"?" ^^"^^^^"-^^ kuv, praemisit. His Q PedilJ T ? ^^""'^ "'°'^- ^m legatos praefecit T T ^' ^"^'""^"^^i"^ Cot- us tribus subsequ ^sl" H """ ''^''"" "™ ^^^--■ «'"osequi jussit. Hi novissimos adorti et ninlf5, a pit d ei srjatinm . o„k "'^Lireceiunt, quantum J Ut ^r„t .mpuriitura, roueperunt. w* MiM 8 DE I3ELI.0 GALLICO. 1 12. Postridie ejus diei Caesar, priusquam se hostes ex, terrore ac fuga reciperent, in fines Snessionum, quiproxinil Reinis erant, exercitum duxit, ct magno itinere [confectoj 2 ad oppidum Noviodunum contendit. Id ex itinera oppiigl nare conatiis, quod vacuum ab defensoribus esse audiebatj propter latitudinem fossae murique altitudinem, paucis de-j sfendentibus, expugnarenon potuit. Castris munitis,vinea' agere qiiacque ad oppugnandum nsui erant comparar] 4coepit. Interim omnis ex fuga Suessionum multitudo iJ 5 oppidum proxima nocte convenit. Celeriter vineis ad oppi'f duni actis, aggere jacto, turribusque constitutis, magnitu dine opcrum, (puio neque viderant ante Galli neque audiel rant, ct celeritate Eomanorum permoti legatos ad Caesarenj de deditione mittunt, et petentibus Eemis ut conserva| rentur impetrant. 1 13. Caesar, obsidibus acceptis primis civitatis atquj ipsius Galbae regis duobus filiis, armisque omnibus eJ oppido traditis, in deditionem Suessiones accepit, exercitumj 2 que in Bellovacos duxit. Qui cum se suaque omnia i(| oppidum Bratuspantium contulissent, atque ab eo oppidc Caesarcum exercitucirciter mill passuuni qulnqueabesse] omnes majorcs natu, ex ojjpido egressi, manus ad CaesareiJ tendere, et voce significare coeperunt, se.'c in ejus fidoiil ac potestatem venire, neque contra poi.ulum Eomanuiii aarmis contendere. Item, cum ad oppidum accessisset ca,^ tra(iueibi poneret, pueri mulieresquecx muro passis man| bus suo more pacem ab Romanis petierunt. 1 ^ 14. Pro his Divitiacus— nam post discessum Belgarui, dimissisAeduorum copiis, ad eum reverterat-facit verbJ 2 Bellovacos omni tempore in fide atque amicitia civitat] ■lAeduae fuisse : impulses a suis principibus, qui dicerei LIBER SECLTNDUS. Q ntlaos, a Caesare in servitutem redactos, omnes indigni- tes contumeliasque perfcrre, et ab Aeduis defecisse et pulo Eomano bellum intulisse. Qui ejus consilii prin-. Ics fuissent, quod intellegerent quantara calamitatem V.tati in ubssent, in Britanniain profugisse. Petere non 5 tun Bellovacos, sed etiam pro liis Aeduos, ut sua cle- futia ac mansuetudine in eos utatur. Quod si fecerit, g Iduornm auctoritatem apud omnes Belgas amplificatu- »», quorum auxiliis atque opibus, si qua bella inciderint Bteutare consuerint. Il5. Caesar honoris Divitiaci atque Aeduorum causal le eos in fidem recepturum et conservaturum dixit- N erat^ civitas magna inter Belgas auctoritate ue hommum multitudine praestabat, sescentos obsidcs fcoscit. His traditis onmibusque armis ex oppido col- 2 is, ab eo loco in fines Ambianorum pervenit, qui se [ique omnia sine mora dediderunt. Eorum fines Nerviia ^ngebant; quorum de natura moribusque Caesar cum fereret,^sic reperiebat : KuUum aditum esse ad eos 4 fvcatoribus ; nihil pati yini vcliquarumque rerum ad ^unam pertinentium inferri, quod iis rebus relangues- f-o aminos et remitti virtutem existimarent : esse ho- 5 ..OS foros magnaeque virtues, increpitare atque incusare l.quos Belgas, qui so populo Romano dedidissent, patri- [■luevu-tutemprojecissent; confirmare, sese neque lega- 8 ( missux-os, neque ullam condicionem pacis accepturos. [6. Cum per eorum fines triduum iter fecisset, invenie-i .ex captivis Sabim flamen ab castris suis non amplius Iha passuum deeem abesse : trans id flumen omnes Ner-2 •sconscd.sse, adventumque ibi Romanorum exspectare ^ cum Atrebatibus et Viromanduis, finitimis suis (nam 3 m lil'l II; I lih ill!'! I l! 1 10 DK HELLO OALLICO. his uti'isque persuaserant, nti eandem belli fortnnam cx] 4riront.iir) ; exspectari etlam ab his Aduatucorum co),i 6atque esse in itincre : mulieres, quique per aotatom i puj;nam inutiles viderentur, in earn locum conjecisse, m propter paludes exercitui aditus non esset. 1 17. His rebus cognitis, exploratores centuriones(| apraemittit, qui locum idoneum castris deligant. Cti ex doditiciis Belgis reliquisque Gailis complurcs Caesun secuti una iter faccrent, quidam ex his, ut postea ex c;i tivis cognitum est, eorum dierum consuetudine itinei nostri exercitus perspeota, node ad Nervios pervenenm atque his demonstrarunt inter singulas legiones imiin montoruni magnum n\imerum intercedere, neque esse (ju quam negotii, cum prima legio in castra venisset reliquf que legiones magnum spatium abessent, banc sub sarcii sadoriri; qua pulsa impedimentisque direptis, futuriimj 4reliquae contra consistere non auderent. AdjuvaH etiam eorum consilium qui rem deferebant, quod Ner^ antiquitus, cum equitatu nihil possent (neque enim ad ]i tern pus ei rei student, sed, quicquid possunt, pedestrib' vn,lent copiis), quo facilius finitimorum equitatum, si ])ra dandi causa ad eos venisset, impedirent, tencris arboribi incisis atque inflexis, crebrisque in latitudinem ram enatis et rubis sentibusque interjectis effecerant, ut iiistj muri hae saepes munimenta praeberent, quo non )iio( 5 non intrari, sed ne perspici quidem posset. His rebus ci iter agminis nostri impediretur, non omittendum sibi ccj silium Nervii existimaverunt. 1 18. Loci natura erat haec, quem locum nostri cast] delegerant. Collis ab summo aequaliter declivis 2flumeu Sabim, quod supra nominavimua, vergebat. o flum.in( luioetcon b superic pici pcsse nebant ; at i ones idum cir( 19. Cac bpiis ; se( lolgae ad Iropinqual loditas du )llocarat I'ant, toti Ls erant. limen tra (iserunt. 3rent, ac peque nosi ica aperto giones se luuire coe litus ab iis 3inpus int |ilvas aci( )nfirraav€ ^tumque : proturbi |nt, ut pi in mar lleritate a ixe occu]. llh LIltEU SECUNDUS. 11 lo flumjne pari acclivitnte collis nascebatur, adversus Viicet contrarius, passus circiter duccntos infimus apertus, |l) suporiore parte silvcstris, ut non facile ititrorsus per- ||)ici posset. Intra eas silvas hostos in occulto sese con- 3 ;iiebunt ; in aperto loco secundum flumen paucae tationes equltum videbantur. Fluminis erat altitude 3(lum circiter trium. 19. Caesar epiitatu praemisso subsequebatur omnibus 1 bpiis ; sed ratio ordoque agminis aliter se habebat, ac kelgae ad Nervios detulerant. Nam, quod ad hostes ap- 2 Iropinquabat, consuetudine sua Caesar sex legioncs ex- Icditas ducebat; post eas totius exercitus impedimenta .3 allocarat ; inde duao Icgiones, quae proximo conscriptae [•ant, totum agmcn claudebant, praesidioque impedimen- 1 erant. Equitcs nostri, cum funditoribus sagittariisque.i lunen transgressi, cum hostium equitatu proelium com- ^iserunt. Cum se illi identidcm in silvas ad sues rcci-5 Brent, ac rursus ex silva in nostros impetum facerent, Jeque nostri longius, quam quern ad finem porrecta ac :)ca aperta pertinebant, cedentes insequi auderent, interim giones sex, quae primae venerant, opere dimenso castra umire coeperunt. Ubi prima impedimenta nostri excr-o jitus ab iis, qui in silvis abditi latebant, visa sunt, quod Jinpus inter eos committendi proelii convenerat, ut intra |ilvas aciem ordinesque constituerant, atque ipsi sese anfirmaverant, subito omnibus copiis provolaverunt im- ^tumque in nostros equites fecerunt. His facile pulsisr proturbatis, incredibili celeritate ad flumen decucurre- jnt, ut paene uno tempore et ad silvas et in flumine et in manibus nostris hostes viderentur. Eadem autem s peritate adverso colle ad nostra castra atque eos, qui in ere occupati erant, contenderunt ll! 'I : t A M : il 13 DE UELLO CALLICO. i if' i It II 1 20. Caesari omnia uno tempore erapo agenda : vexillnm propondondum, quod erat insigne, cum ad aima concurri oporteret, sigmim tuba dandum, ab opeie revocandi milites, qui paulo longius oggoris petendi causa proces- serant arccssendi, acics instruenda, milites coliortandi, asignum dandum. Quarum rerum magnam partem tem- .■iporis brevitas et successus hostium impcdiebat. His dilTicultatibus duae res erant subsidio, scientia atque usns militnm, quod superioribus pioeliis excrcitati, quid fieri oporteret, iion minus commode ipsi sibi praescri- bere, quam ab aliis doceri poterant ; ofc quod ab opere singulisque legionibus singulos legatos Caesar discedere, 4 nisi munitis castris, vetuerat. Hi propter propinquita- tcm et celcritatem hostium nihil jam Caesaris imperium exspectabant sed per se, quae videbaiatur administrabant. 1 21. Caesar necessariis rebus imperatis ad cohortandos milites, quam in partem fors obtulit, dccucurrit. et ad 2 legionem decimam devenit. Milites non ^ongiore oratione cohortatus, quam uti suae pristinae v'rtutis memoriam retinerent, neu perturbarentur animo, liostiumque impe- 3 turn fortiter sustinerent, quod non longius hostes abe- rant, quam quo telura adjici posset, proelii committendi isignum dedit. Atque in alteram partem item coliortandi 5 causa profectus, pugnantibus occurrit. Temporis tanta fuit exiguitas, liostiumque tam paratus ad dimicanduni animus, ut non mode ad insignia accommodanda, sed etiam ad galeas induendas scutisque tegimenta dotra- ehenda tempus defuerit. Quam quisque ab opere in partem casu devenit, quaeque prima signa conspexit, ad haec constitit, ne in quaerendls suis pugnandi tempus dimitteret. 22. Inst 'lue collis e nirio atque iili.'ie alia ii si^simis, ut •'inpcdiretur 'n quaque pf 'iiiperia adn i"iquitate, fc ^"JiiU «I^fUXOUS. 22. Instriicto exercitn «,o • ^"^ 'l™ »'i.-.s et .,oco.,., "to" :::;" '""' -'"- dojec.„,.. ';."° ««,"0 „,,,o p„,t„,„ :■"';■ J'"-" "t .ei mi!i,„,,-3 »''•'» «''■■' i.. Pa,.,e l,ostib„. ros," "/;™'"^ H'ioaib,,., '"l»'"-etnr „.„„„ ,.„^ s„SLMr""' "■"^1«'"» mquacucarteo,,,,, es.ot p™w^,r"°'^"''' ""<™ Q"id ea pars obvenerat--celLte , ei W ^^^"'^'^^^«-"«m his "•-^m partem eorum imnedl '"'"'"'^ «^^^^"^ mac- ^"-ssi, rursus resistentes host /T-""" """'^"""^ ^^'^ ' '" f».?am conjecerunt. Item ?r '''''•''^^" P^'^^^^'o "- ^««--ones, undecima et o'uva 'V'"' ^'"^''^'^^ H '-^b sinistra parte nudati^ ": . '°^'^ ^^^'^ ^ Bronte, -•'-H^io duodecimaetn; " ' T" '"^ ^^^^ -I'^nna constitisset, omnos NorvT V^ ^" ^"^'^^^''^"o ;-Boduo,nato, qui summfm 1 ""'t'"^""^ ^«-'-' locum contenderunt ; quorZ^ ^ '"""'^'^^^ ''^d eum cn...mvenire, pars su Zm^''/^^^^^^ ^^^- ^ciones, j'^oepit. '"'"'^ castrorum Jocum petere ca»tra reoiperent, atlversis lilt :!.! I i i ! U I»K IIKM-O OALMCO. liostibns oocnrrobant, ac rursns alinm in partem fugam ajxitebant: et calones, ([ui ab clocuimuia porta ac sumino jugo collis nostros victoros flumeii traiisisso conspexe- rant, praetlancli causa egressi, cum respexisscnt et bostes in nostris castris vorsari vidissent, praecipites fugne sese Smandabant. Simul eorum, qui cum imp^idimentis venie- bant, clamor fremitusque oriel)atur, uliique aliam in par- 4 torn pertcrriti forobautur, QuibuH omnibus rebus pcrmoti eiiuites Troveri, quorum inter Gallos virtutis opinio est singularis, quiauxilii causa ab civitate ad Caesarem missi venerant, cum multitudiue hostium castra compleri nos- tra, legiones prenii efc paone circumventas tenovi, calones, eiiuites, fimditoi'(!S, Numidas diversos dissipatosquo in omnes partes fugere vidissent, dcsperatis nostris rebus, ndomum contenderunt ; Romanos pulsos superatosque, cas- tris impedimentisque eorum hostes potitos, civitati re- nuntiaverunt. 1 25. Caesar ab decimae legionis cobortatione ad dex- trum cornu profectus, ubi sues urgeri, signisque in unum locum collatis dnodecimae legionis confertos militi i sibi ipsos ad pugnamesso impedimcnto vidit,quartae cobor- tis omnibus centurionibus occisis signifcroque interfccto, signo amisso, rcliquarum cobortiim omnibus fer ■ centu- rionibus aiit vulneiatis aut occ'^is, in bis prinijiilo, P. Sextio Baculo, fortissimo viro, multis gravibusque vulneribus confecto, ut jam se sustinere non posset ; reli- quos esse tardiores, et nonnullos ab novissimis deserto proelio excedere ac tela vitare ; hostes neque a fronte ex inferiore loco subeuntes intermittere, et ab utroque latere instare, et rem esse in angusto vidit, neque ullum esse 2subsidium, nuod subiuitti posset, scuto ab novissimis | munipiilos iaxare i„„it , »"l't,.s si-.ia infciio et cuju^uivor ;j tarr r ""^ *""'"'' •"' f'»--'- ™m l>.o so ,11" ''■'''" ^" "•'■''■"'''«■■'''» «"tao, a monuit utplX J,!, "''"'°*' '■'""""'^ """""n »iaiu™ ,e..rct, „e,„e ttao J ''„V ^r:;" f "f ■"" ^"^^ superiore, quae res in nostris • "'. ^"^ "*"■"' ^^ ^x loco 4 spicatus, ^eci,na™ie.ur::^.^;;:^3?r::r;:^' r- cum ex equitumet calomnn fu.^a ouo Jn n ^"'' * 'luantoque in poriculo et o. est at/ ? ''' '''''' «utis innixi p,oem,„,rtt :,.::' '="'!"'"'■■'""'■ tonntos hos.es co,..picati, et. ^ ta ^'es """' "^' I'lint: enuitfl<5 vor^ *. *. • , "''^"*^s «■i^matis occurre- =viiei.ia SijB aalutis tantam 3 .ii !, DB BELLO GALLICO. virtutem praestiterunt, ut, cum primi eorum cecidissent, proximi jacentibus insisterent, atque ex eorum corporibus 4pugnarent; his dejectis, et coacevvatis cadaveribus, qui superessent, ut ex tumulo tela in nostros conjicerent, et 5pila intercepta remitterent : ut non nequiquam tantae virtutis homines judicari deberet ausos esse transire latis- simum flumen, ascendere altissimas ripas, subire iniquis- simum locum ; quae facilia ex difficillimis animi magni- tude redegerat. 1 28. Hoc proelio facto, et prope ad internecionem gente ac nomine Nerviorum redacto, majores natu, quos una cum pueris mulieribusque in aestuaria ac paludes conjectos dixei'amus, hac pugna nuntiata, cum victoribus nihil 2impeditum, victis nihil tutum arbitrarentur, omnium, qui supererant, consensu legatos ad Caesarem miserunt seque ei dediderunt : et, in commemoranda civitatis calamitatc, ex sescentis ad tres senatores, ex hominum millibus sexa- glnta vix ad quingeutos, qui arma ferre possent, sese 3redactos esse dixerunt. Quos Caesar, ut in miseros ac supplices usus misericordia videvetur, diligentissime coii- servavit, suisque finibus atque oppidis uti jussi.t, et finiti- mis imperavit, ut ab injuria et maleficio se suosque prohi- berent. 1 29. Aduatuci, de quibus supra scripsimus, cum omnibus copiis auxilio Nerviis venirent, hac pugna nuntiata, ex 2itinere domum reverterunt ; cunctis oppidis castellisque I desertis sua omnia in unum oppidum egregie natural 3 munitum contulerunt. Quod cum ex omnibus in circuitu partibus altissimas rupes despectus ^e haberet, una ex parte leniter acclivis aditus in latitudinem non arnpliiis ducentorum pedum relinquebatur : quern locum duplicij 30. Ac ] excursionei contendeba qnindecim oppido ses( ■'^'^^I'ucto, tur ex muro, at ■■'b tanto sj: 'inibus virib jiiorumque I siiorum brev '■iin moturos 31. Ubi V. »■11116, nova Ciiesarem de ^on existima 'ini tantae all movei-e jiossei tere, dixerun sua dementia ^•eiu, statuissc IIIIEB SECUNDtrs. altissimo mnro munierant ■ t " Cimb,isTe,Uo„is,„epCa°i "":''»'• ^^- -a„t ex, ■'"■^'^m at.,„e Italia» fac ;„t 'ii?" "'! '" P'"-"™» J=l>ositis, oastodiam ex suis ao n 1 ' , """" ^'"="™ ""■" "na reliq„en,„t h"° f f ''^"^'™ «'^^ «iHia homi- »""os a flnitimis exaiit^ ^°''"'" °''"™ ""'Hoss ;'^as iUaU„„ defend 1 :™^-."«"™ infen-en, e^o°;.':er'rbtTtaZ;rr°""r™-''-'''- -ontendebaut, Poslea vaUo ^21 ^'''^ "™ "-Tis oi'lM. sese oontinebanf uu T'*"" '''-""««niti, -<> ta„to .patio instituJem- ° 'T' '""'•■""""'""■•'"o '.;»t«."iWb„sp™eserti,X"i-„j;*;^';'-'"' «-'il^- a„t. U'^'-nrnqiie hominibus GalliJ, ^ "' staturae-„am -or,™ b,,.i,„, nostra C:„rr'T^ °°'-'-™ '■"" moturos sese conflderent ? '="'-"'°« oneris tar- "•■". ..ova at„„e I, .sitata '7'"'""™ '™"''^"^ --"o-. ^•o..existima,.e Eo.naC he 1 ",,'"'' "°''"'" '-"*- ■'"i'antae altit„di„is ZZT ''"""'' '''""■" «-.-e, . ■»ove,-e pos.e„t ; so s,„Z ' ' '""'» "'='='■''"'0 l-'o- »a clomontia ac n,a^"„« i! " "'""■°™'' ^ ^' f""'» P.-o< '--. ...atuissot A,]„„., ::■';'';'"■" '•"»; «I. "l».s audi- "' <:o„so,-va„Jos, no so ar.nis |,'(l; mmni lilllll ! 18 DE BELLO GALLICO. 5despoliavet, Sibi omnes fere finitimos esse inimicos ac suae virtuti invidere ; a quibns se dofenclere ti'aditis armis enon possent. Sibi praestare, si in earn casum deduce- rentur, quarnvis fortunam a populo Romano pati, quam ab his per cruciatum interfici, inter quos dominari con- suessent. 1 32. Ad haec Caesar respondit : Se magis consuetu- dine sua quam merito eorum civitatem conservaturum, 2 si prius, quam murum aries attigisset, se dedidissent ; sed ] deditionis nullam esse condicionem, nisi armis traditis. Se id, quod in Nerviis tecisset, facturum, finitimisque imperaturum, ne quam dediticiis populi Romani injuriam sinferrent. Re nuntiata ad suos, quae iniperarentur, 4facere dixerunt. Armorum magna multitudine de muro in fossam, quae erat ante oppidum, jacta, sic ut prope sammam muri aggerisque altitudinem acervi armorum adaequarent, et tamen circiter parte tertia, nt postea perspectum est, celata atque in oppido retenta, portis patefactis, eo die pace sunt usi. 1 33. Sub vesperum Caesar portas claudi militesque ex oppido exire jussit, ne quam noctu oppidani ab militibxis 2 injuriam acciperent. Illi ante inito, ut intellectum est, consilio, quod, deditione facta nostros praesidia deduc- turos aut denique indiligentius servaturos crcdiderant, partim, cum his, quae retinuerant et celaverant, aj-mis, partim scutis ex cortice factis aut viminibus intextis, quae subito, ut temporis exiguitas postulabat, pellibiis induxei-ant, tertia vigilia, qua minime arduus ad nostras munitiones ascensus videbatur, omnibus copiis repentiiioj 3ex oppido eruptionem fecerunt. Celeriter, ut ante Caesar| imperarat, ignibus significatione facta, ex proximis castel-| i'l LlliKlt SECtJNDUS. .g contra eos, ,u ex .2 t^. rf"" "" ""'"'"■ '"">"<' '«". l:o"em ejus oppidi miversam Caesar vendwr A ' ? ,"; e.nora„t, capit™ .„„er„s ad eum rdat s L ^llf "' ' fiumquaginfca triiim milhum Lu^..e.„e.p.e.;.-:::c^t=e::: U. trans Ehe„„,„ incoiet «C m etrt:'f ",' loinceientm. Q„as legationes Caesar, quod in Ifnl" U^sjn ..,er„ao„U J^r^lS: ptS pi aecieta est, ,uod ante id tempus acoidit nuili. > i'l ,11 sssam I 11 li! hl'll'l 'iJl DE 13ELLO GALLICO. IN THE NOTES THE FOLLOWING ABBREVIATIONS ARE USED : App.-The sections of Appendix I. foUowlnj? the Vocabulary and entitled I 'Hints and Suggestions for the Translation of Caesar's Latin.' RC— Tlie sections of Part III. of Robertson and Carrutlicrs' Prim&ryl Latin Bo(jk. B A.— Bradley's Arnold's Latin Prose Composition. HF— The pages and sections of Henderson aud Fletclier's First Latiiij Book. H.— Harkness' Standard Latin Grammar. AG.-Allen and Greenougli's Latin Grammar (Revised Edition), c— Chapter (of the same book unless otherwise stated), trans.— translate or translation. lit.?-where a free rendering has been given, to call attention to tli-j literal translation, fn.— footnote, p.— page, cf.— compare. V/ iiere Cac:sar'8 style or usage is referred to, the Ue Bella Galileo aloi is meant. VIATIONS her's First Latii) 1 attention to tlii ello Gallico aloii NOTES ON BOOK II. CAP. I. Uder the charge of his h of n7""f ^'^ '^'^'^^"^ ^^^ -^P) self went to hitter Gaul the m-f '' ''^ "^' '"^^^^ ^« ^^™ c.ch winter attending to itVlT"'' ^'^''^ ^^"^«^ *°«P«nd provinces see IntrodfctU ! """'"f "^ ^^^ ^--^'s editions o.it^hrtl'^Lr^^ jr^-' - *^^^ --3? Jsome troops with him it,. „f | r! ^^''''' P^^^^^^y had pedy, 'as.' suprn,-refernn "to in ',•''' '"'^ ^ ^^^ ^«'' t>ans. .kept co'^inT n/ Clorr'!? ^f ^°^' ^« ^^^'^^* |o the trans, of /.L. ' [«Efenl^' '"V'^^ '^^^Peatedly' -lit- ' which we ha. statedl t'* ;, T^' ' f^''^-^^^^ ^ave said, form ' etc Th. w • ' ^''^''^y' ^^o, as we Me told Ihat ^:^\s7ZtlZl'''^''-'-^-''-'^^^^-^ i-o=r,n„f. •,._!- , ,, ^ wiviaca into three nnrfa ir,>,-i-.-.. , f* °" '^ *' ^■"*«'' "««•• °^ cw, "and ;*;::• •««H 'iom m' 11 i iliili;! ■i:|"inl 22 DE BEI.LO GALLIC©. The indie, mood shows this is a parenthetic addition by the writer, not part of Labienus' report. (KC.II.215.C. HF.207. 4.N.2.) Notice that quam agrees with partem, not with its antecedent Belgas. (EC.93.ii.) later SO dare,—' were giv- ing to one another,' or 'exchanging.' 2. Conjiirandi...cnusas,— ' that the reasons for... were as follows (lit- these).' The ace. and infin. shows that ho is still quoting Labienus' information ; so too the subjunctives vererentitr and soUicitarentur, for which see EC.99.//.i. HF. 206.4. ne...a(ldiiceretur,— 'lest,' etc. (BC.99.o.l.ii. HP. 185.3.) pacata Oallia,— abl. absol. ; trans, by clause w. 'Avhen,' or 'after.' App.5.a.ii. Gallia here is but cne of the three divisions of Gallia three lines above, and in the first line still a different force is found. See Vocabulary under Gallia, ad, — ' against.' 3. partim qui,— lit. 'partly (by those) who'; freely, 'some of whom ' ; in which case trans, partim qui below by * while others.' ut . . . ita,— lit. ■ as. .so'; freely, omit 'as,' and replace ' so' by ' and in the same way.' Gennaiios versari. — trans, by ' for' and infin., or by • that. . .should.' Notice that the indicatives here and to the end of the chapter show that Caesar is giving facts known to himself, and not report- ing Labiciius' statements. Cf . on dixeramus, § 1. hiemare,— trans, by ' that. . .should.' in<>Mlitate,— trans, by ' though,' or 'by reason of.' (EC.85.??i. HF.71.3.) novis imperils,— dat.; freely, ' a change of government' ; lit.? 4. ab iionnnllls,— a third class in addition to those of § 3. Supply th ) verb soUicitareiUur, or rather perhaps, on account of the change of mood throughout, soUicitabantur. poteii- tiorlbus,- used substantively. conduceudoH,— ' take into their pay.' For gerundive constr. see App.40. (EC.104./>, HF.17i).3.) vnli?o re^na occiipabaiitnr,— 'royal power wa^ constantly bein'^ seized ' ; the plur. rer/na because of the , many states in which this happened, rcili. — ' end or object.' | liiinerlo iiostro,— trans, by ' under.' (EC.85.i. HF.82.1.) MOtiiS ON BOOK n. by begi„„inK the ne,v sentence «in? '""."?'' """^ "' ^''^ "'«"^^''t, the preceding o-.e, and tl.en llJ.H '' ' T T/'""^' '^"""■» '° "« fom clear at the be;,i„ningof § 2 In i^'^ '^ "'^' '"'^^ '"''"*-'••. This is reference to the h.st words of Bk I ZT^.""' ''''' '"«^'-^ ««^n'B direct /«c<.. e., ,. . and when he was i,. g:; n '" " S''"'.' ^''^"'«"' -P^"" of (?a/cram«.9, §1. Caesar's making the time ot the actL'',"'?; "^'*^^* ^*^^'- ^'- '^ relative to the time of the events us^ n h P'T""^^"'^ «'""«« were subsequent to the writinroft,, ! """""'«^'l i "'ese events bus regarded as a complot J 1 '^V^'^^^'"-' ^» «^.1.. which is SI- [This is the Latin substitute for „ ■ ^^ "^^ «^*" "''«»• ««, ally, as here, inter «e-^' one ^ heXitr,''™'*'' P'""""""" «-«'•• ^'i e«s for art se, § 2. [The li j ,7 i . "^ Preposition.] Caesar, seen.s to arise iLr f.^'^ , 'Tn^Mnf /' "".^" "^^""•^"^' '" Gauls', point of view.] ch. f \ ^ *'°'" '"'^ °^"' «ot tlie "O". Sa. ;,, ,„th indie mT" 7 T'''''' '° •^^'•«'^' "'-^rra! ace. and infin. § 8. ciiai."* for variety than to the difficulty of con hm '"^m " '^T ^''' *° "^^'^'^ as to bring out tlie desired meani, L Th ^ " ''""'''"^^ ^'ause so potctioribas.] The iWm-^i .< ? ^* """«««/* are of course the J 1 he use ol tlie imperf. tiiroughout. 2, 3. Raising two new Unions Onp,„^ j CAP. n. )".' These, with th^ ^SlinT^^^^lT^, "' ^---'i .niei-loren,,-. central,- i.e. nortWt'hT " *''""''°'- near the Alp,, ,„| a«I„„„°, ?'''"'"'°''' """ »"» an.cede„t , Pi„.; tr\r Cr l-i^^^fjf ?,^' ,^'';« > li ■M M mam mm 24 DE BELLO GALI.ICO. '^iifil move. Iiiclpcret,— ' there was beginning.' The grammati- cal subj. is copia. 3. negotlum,— freely, ' instructions,' or more lit. ' a com- mission.' flnitlml IJelgis,— ' neighbors of,' more lit. ' adja- cent to.' uti COgrnoscant,— trans, as in App.29.i. (EC.99. a.2. HF.181.3.) i^>i qune,-App.l2.6.N.B. geranliir,-fur mood see EC.99.e. HF.206.4. se,-referring to the subj. of dat. App.14.6. 4. mniius,— evidently smaller 'odies which went to make up the exercitum. cogi, COiuluci,— note the tense. App M.d. ^^ 5. Turn YerOj—vero emphasizes turn and can be translated only by emphasizing 'then.' dubltaiidum,— App.41.34.c. Trans. ' he must not hesitate to set out {or delay his depar- ture).' quill proflcisccretur,— lit. 'so that he should not set out.' (EC.99.i.i.) 6. movet,— ' breaks up.' diebiis,— abl. of time within which. (EC.85.J. HF.82.2.) «r.B.-Trans. use of ineo, §1. [So always in Caesar ; but Cicero hi time phrase uses it intransitively, e.g. ineunt" aestate.] Subj with cumprimum,U. [Usually w. indie, especially when a point (rather than, as here, a period) of time is indicated. Here the causal sense may predominate over the temporal. The other passages where ctm prmuni occurs areln Bk.III.c.9. and c.ll.] Syntax of gerantur, § 3. [As the antecedent ea shows, this is a relative, not an interroga- tive clause.] X)«bJ- jurassc-a contracted form for "'^ '~ ^"^" " -"«t-' con- -'his bidding.. oppidis,Ltet,;;™^*^^*f-- impernt», f;'atm says 'in' (or rather ' wthw '"^ "^*° *^«i^ towns' "•^■) The object 'him' is e J !^ 7 *°^'^^-' ("^C.SS.a 4. lucoJa«t,-f,r mood see EC of ^^^i^"'"*^^ «-text object of oo„y„.:,,,,,^ ,„^ referring to r'"' ''^' ''''>- roiernug to Bellas. Englishsavs^H !""''*• ««n» W« - jom themselves with us ' ^ ^'^ ^°'" ^«'' ^^tin ' they ^a::^P^\c:^S ^:. tr --'^- -• • • not wil] go with the verb. Suesslon !"''''• ^^ English «boM^, IS ace, not nom.; it is tie „1 /"""'' '^"'*""^"*"«««* • . .iitantnr,-as tl^e clausnln "'V^-"^«<^ «f cZ.^^rr.re. „„, expected to act differ^ fb^ ^'^."^^'^^ ^-« ^e « -.«d for the mood see BC.99 Hv Hpf/'"'^^ ^^^y-' -^tc., -•'^-. (RC.61.) unu.„..,^C,;t '"'-^ isoEC.79.c.i. HF.90.2. ZlT \J ?' '"P^^^"'' ^«r the case l"^e character of the BeI<.L ^ «^f* °°" "^^««" o[ the war- - n.n, influences of eivH^lrn '''' "'^^^-^ ^-- the I ■>■ Atrebates,— with all fi, Iniood shows that thrisa^;.-^' '"^* «^- «-^. §4. The t^^rs:^r^^'-^t!f.er'~;- I * ^'''"^'*'* '«»^^»» will depej;'; i:*!!- ,'!' 28 DB BELLO OALIilOO. arhitrari • or if a positive stat.n>ent, is avoided because these ::n;e:Te;e not rVo^onted at the .-nforeuce, supply ,o.e conjicere instead of poUiceri. ad,- ' about. S « -Tense of quaereret a«d reperiebat, 91. [A «erles of quo,»tio„8 1. implied ; cf. our expression ' In the c mrse of >'« «"I. L^ch. TrT" ^" InS r w';:S:r '(The X^-t.on m Cu^ar, '''"' ' The JvrtZn'Lere e.plorata, H- [The ;"-'""^' " .,„„. ,„ Bk.T., «nd «noe e»c„ i,. Bk,. LIl .IV.V..„ 1 ^^ J^^^^ ^ ^ 1 i_ji„ Rifi The use of art w. numerals, « '"• 1* ■ tTa^^^rltoir^istorian"^. practically as an o.verl,=c.>c.e... B Caesar s.nds the Aedui against the Bellovaci, to divide fh\ ene'viy's forces, and himself takes up a strong pos^t^on on tl^ further hank of the Axona. CAP. V. 1. oratione prosecutus,-' having addressed.' lit.? ser tlim,-a Roman term given to the council of the Ker «Lid««.-'as hostages'; in apposition with hberos. Qi omnia,-' all this.' App.11.6. So m § o. NOTES ON nooK 11. 29 2 l)fvlllncain,-not the man mentioned in o 4 87 oo hortatus,- trans, l.y Cause co-ordinate with le App 7" • to be kept, etc' App.85.a. m eoum^- olL ^{t Z JZ j ho might not have to, or h. obliged to, tc- ' An/il ^ the 8ubj. see RCM.a. HF 188 2 Fn/I' ^ '"■ |see APP.2.J. (EC.96.i. HF I64'?2^i ' -Porso ai p,^,. I 3 Id. . .posse,-dopending on docet, S 2 • m ( thi. « 1^ be done,' referring to ..anus diMneH La, r'^ . Uedui. APP.H... i"trocl„xori„t,-f;eo;"^'~ rS ' \ so coepermt. Tlie perf anbJ =fnr.!i • • ^^°"^^ ''-ad ; after docet for the f uture trf ^ ' ''l '^'"""^ ''^"^'"'^^ liot of literal sight here iieonp |„,„ r'^^*^' ^lUIt,- lalio«A +>,„ 1,^ «i-re. neque jam,— 'and no longer' luwesse,— the subject is copias ° }»«We for supplies to be, ete. Tt • b^S i 'li Tf " itC For the subj. see m.m.i. m 187 2 ""■" *'""' - Ia,-'u,.r.. altera parte,-.-.,, a, ^^ox side. 1b » 5 ' I 'oil H .,,!• 7 80 DB DELLO QALLICO. altitudlnem,— ' in height,' or freely, 'high.' This applies only to vallo ; with fosna duodeviginti supply ' in breadth '' or 'wide.' pedum,— modifying mZ/o not a/ ppositloii Jn Latin, [obsides, §1. Regularly without a sign of apposition, sncii as our 'as.'] -Construction with interest, ^-^ [KC.II.63. HF.l>!i.3. BA.310. H.408. AG.222.] Use of ad, § 1, [The idea of app-oach, not hostility, is uppermost, hence ad, not | adversna.] Keijiie as connective, § 4. [This is regularly used in Latin in preference to et non, even when, as here, non does not belong to the lending verb of the clause.] Two accusatives with | «mrfHco, §4. [RC.II.7^. HF.96.S. BA.220.Obs. H.370. AG.239.f).] Quae res mnmebat, § a. [The natural expression would have been qua I re mumebatur, hut with this another ablative, ripis, would have been awkward. The active is not therefore used for vividness, as Livj j might have used it.] The subj. in relative clauses of character- istic, [esmit, § f>. The phras- is puriwsoly indefinite, = all such pnrlsl as were (or whatever parts were). RC.II.34. HF.188.4. BA..')03. ir.f 503. AG.320.] Efflcio nt and su]>j. § ,^. [In this case the sulij. seems to be clearly consecutive, although as a rule the idea of pur- pose is as prominent as the idea of result.] The plural com- meatus, § 5. [Only in two other passages does Caesar use the pUn-.; here the reason may be found in the plural civitatibus, i.e. tlioj supplies were from several sources. For this common idiom cf.N.n. toj regna, c.l. § 4.] The omission of the accus. with jubeo aiiiij infln., §6. [Not infrequent with the active inf. where no obscurity! results.] 6,7. The Belgae attack Bibract, a town of the Bemi. WhmX Caesar sends help to the iown, the Belgae abandon the 8ien\ and come against Caesar's camp. CAP. VI. 1. nomine, — E0.85.d. millia, — EC.83.r. HF.69.9. eil Itinere. -'on the march,' or freely, 'as they passed": lit. I NOTES ON BOOK H. 'from the march,' j.e insfc fn..- • " -"I not stopping fori eluTJ" '"'' '^^ ^ ^^^^^«^ --"H ««stentatum est,-for the Tr! ^ '•'' ^^-^i-S.) 2. Galloram, etc - 1?' *''^ "^^^^ °^*- ' (-hjch is) the same as amoL^heV'-'**"'^ ^"°"" *^« »•. -e>y, ' the G., just like th^ B ' '' f' '""°^^ " «^ more luwing way.' ^ "^^^ ^•' assault a place in the fol- circumjectn, facta,-tran=, fi, ,. -f -;,,.•,„„, ,„,^4^/;^^-^ t^^^^^^^^^ by clauses co-ordinate -' all around the fortificatC ^ ^ "''i^' *«"» moenibus, HF-85.3. jaci coeptl sunt !^ 1 '"'S- '" """y forth +v.„ ,• pwiiunai,— for the form see EC fifi • ^^^ the gerundive construction w. poHor see EC.loL H ' 3. apiid,—' before or near.' irnna f„i the more remote fbut th7^ ^«« ^•"'•»^8 should be used. KC.II.ui 6. S^sa J^ 5^/;T'T"' construction ment of 9„o«, § g. ^,^ tense „?« ,'^'^•''^''■'^•1 The af,n-ee- calculated not from ince.Lis but fronf. ?'"'"•'' f ' ^'^''^ ""^^ '« '^-•"«^J Omission of c«. wl i. ",f " ^'""^V^"^' -'•" o-<^««- a march (or similar movements iZul, f^" ^''^'i^ently when an adjectival modifier. RC a?" BA n 7«°^ >' T ^'^'^" *^'«''^ '« tion Of castra, H. [Condtlli^t'c ear:s?'thou\ ^^''^"- " ''^^'=- '" ""''^^ ^^-"«« the idea of extent InvoyvTs mo'ti'on? '"' ■ai ii| li 11! '1 li r n I i t;i ifiiiiiii 11 , I I.I nin j 111 I 84 DE BELLO OALLICO. 8, 9. After elaborate preparations by Caesar for a pitchedi battle, both sides decline to make the attack, and the enemy\ instead attempt to cut off Caesar's communications with the\ rear. CAP. VIII. 1. opiiiionem virtiitis,—' their reputation for,' etc. Fori the genitive see App.2.c. proelio,— here ' a pitched battle , , in § 2. proeliis moans ' skirmishes.' For the abl. see EC. | 85.?i. HF.158.2. 2. quid posset,— lit. 'what strength the enemy had iiij valor,' freely, ' what the enemy's valor amounted to.' Fori the ace. quid see RC.HS.e.; for the mood of i.onstt (anJl auderent) KC.99.(i. HF.17G.2. Possum without an infill [ means ' to have power,' with which an adverbial ace. tellij the extent of the power, periclitabntiir,— ' kept trying toj find out' or ' kept testing.' App.26.c. 3. inferioreSj — i.e. man for man ; the extra fortificationil were because of the diflerence in numoers. loco. . .idoiipoj —'as the ground. . .was,' etc. App.5.a.N (BC.85.0. Hr,| 102.3.N.) natlira,— ' naturally,' lit. ' by nc m-e.' For the right understanding of this passage, see the planl at the end of the notes on Book II. In 1862 traces of Caesar'sl fortifications at this point were discovered by exc:;/ations. quod, — • for,' lit.? is,—' the.' ubi, — ' where or on which.] editus.. .patebat, — freely, ' ruse. . .and extended.' adverj SUS, — adj. agreeing w. collis ; ' facing or opposite (the enemy), or freely, 'in front.' lantuai quantum loci,— lit. ' ovt that amount which amount of ground,' freely, 'as far as| or rather, to bring out the meaning, ' just {or only) as as.' For the ace. tantum see B,C.83.f. HF.69.9.; -EC.81.6. rfF.69.10. quantuvt In sense object of occupare. loci,- goes with tantum also. ex utraque parte, — ' on either hand.' As pro castris abov^ shows, Caesar's point of view is from tL- n. ,\ lookii: westward along the hill, and so the side' h. "'"'11 II ! i NOTES ON «OOK II. right and left of the cimn f latej-is dejecta.,- < ^,,^,^ ^- L '"1:^ IV'^* '"^^"""• sifJo.' ill fronte,-at thn «,n . ,' slopmgs of the from the camp. ' a' ote 1^^ T '' *^^ ^"'' ^-^^es from the camp, the groXd^a r^w',.;?! ''Z '' ''' ^"^ latere,-wifch the same moan W ^^^ *° *^" P^'-^^»- versum to..ara, -^ ., JJll^^-^ ^JT' ''''''''''■ ^^""«■ ' ^^"«'' App.88. - relictis,-trans. by ;;ti 'l"0... esset,-. wherever tov "''' ^PP-^-^-iii- 8i h--' 'if it should be n cos X7r '''■ «^PP'^-g M «"aS-'thei;,'omphriTh ' (^C-«2.c. HF.134 V>. ed«cta.,-a'gree"^'r' 'l;"^^/.' ^'^^*-^*- App. -^;ru.eranL Trans. by°pr „«• aTel " •" *"" ^^^^^'^-^ [. It.-I)iffcience between pn-mv, «1 „,„,^-. ..Hans 'at first/ a.ul ansvver; r//^? iv'^'"";"-'-^'- fTheformer I , '» the first place ' and answers to ij•^^""''-'" ' "'« '■•^«er means ;■; •'•! J/.%, ^"- Primae ZZZ. f' "^'T '''"^ "'« ^^ BA sS «"^ "'" '°P*"'"" ^'f tJ.eJr valor' hnS'^"^' «"''"• ''"•^"'^*- BA.300. H.3[)(i.lii. AG.217 I ''"^'^"" ''dd by others. Ro 81 d 2;4- [So in C.4 § 1. and c.l7 S , RrnZ"\V''' ^^^'•^"■^' ^-'^'eus 'fg Tense of ^«■^W^•«„6a,„,, g J '•^,,^^;.;";^- "•378.2. AG.240.a.] ' '^ repeated action ; the latter l^ sn.l •'''''' * '• f^'"« fo™er of a "•^' take regularly the 1« ? ^u p" tt' "'f ^"'^^ ^' *'"'•'- our past tense (App.26.a.J. in the ".'S •- ,f .. • ^:* I i 1 I i:?| '■i;mammitm Hl'u :l I ^Q DE BEIiLO GALMCO. 1 perfect taccauge tne moment of h!- comin;? to a «";;'""^f "; ^-y ^4 mmnent of hia .iiscovery) Is r.forml t. ] Use of «^'?««'^ -j [Evidently idone.- i. a stron^-er -.vavd tha.i opporlr>.'^.] ine| ph rSe «a«<«m ,ru.Uum loci, . 3. [Loci mlfiat have b.en pu w th Lher 10 . 1 'aG 193 1 The nae of ex a.u ab t nid'ca^. the dTreetio.w»| which.' !ii'§3. twice, i.. §4. once. In tl.. last^ two cases the ideai of motion./Vomisclearlyinvolved. This iisaf-r is ioun.i w.t!i -.^^'e {<- U § 4.) iind frous (c..23. § 4.) as w,trurt^.^. mdpoUl r^int ' » 4 ' [The lormcr is more directly a part of the purpose Caessr Lad f.t thp, time, the latter is an explanatory clause by the writer.l -h.L is. Caesar in arranging his plans thou^xht to himself, «e ««I nye>r.instn'xerp, hostes nostras circnmvenir,' possmt, but qnofl..M pl,88unt is not represented as part of his ; 'nought. There is. ol course, no reason why it might not have Leen so representd.l Notice, too, the plupcrf. suhj. for fut. perf. in(u<. with cim.] I Force of present partic. pvgnantes, § 4. T- . mood and tense J .'OKPt §5 [In a virtual quotation of Caesars thoughts, lor .| original fut. indie. Cf. instr..isset,U. liC.II..'20. BA.447 H...J II AG 312 ] Condensed expression with partic. eiluctas, ^M [a" regular idiom in Latin, and in the subject nouiinative (or wi| accus. and iniin. the subject accus.) and in the ahl. abso . vcr| frequent In Caesar. '1 he present idiom is rarer ^^ Caes«r than J other historians. RC.II.r,2.c.,uaa. HF.219.2.a. BA.406.ii. H.549I AG.292.R.] I CAP. IX. I 1. ernt,-' there was.' App.l. «on magna,-' of no greaj extent,' lit.? nostrum,— possessive adj. w. exercitum ; trani ' our army and that of the enemy.' (ECU. 183.) I 8i,-freely, ' to see whether.' (RC.II.216.) transirentJ trans, by ' would.' si. . .fleret,— ' in case the others shoj cross first; lit.? impeditos,-' while at a disadvantaj lit.? It agrees with eos understood. I 2. proello contendebatiir,— ' there was an engagemeii lit.? App.24. (RC.96.6. HF.164.2.) neutrf,-' neither si« The plur. is used because each side consi t-^ of many niel iuitium faciunt,— ' took the first step.* ' the tense if ! ! NOTES ON HOOK II. 37 ^. 17*^1 ?""" ""■ '" '""' "•■'-• "'•• «-""«..stratu,,, est, •'OG 4 TbI »"*""««? nt'-foi- the mood see EC.II.220. HF -t't).4. I he difference in tense is sgpti if +hn ,Vfl h'o supplied with each • +>,. f / "^"- ^^^«i"2«^« l»«"«< is not c«i,-EC.n.56.104 HR°20 2 ""^ °' '^'""'- ■'>. imiHis,- here =' not.' ina?iio iimii f J« i < ful/lit.? App.3.c. (EC82rHFiqi r ^' '""y"^'- |85./i. HF.158.2. ^"'^•^^•'^- HF.134.1.) Commeatu,-EC. mnre probable that in all such cses^VitcfTf; '^" ^* ^' ^'''''''P'' apodosis bdn^ easily under oodrn,tho com xVr''"" ""^ ri?:r tS t^rr ""^- -^-^^nS si ;i^) the only instance in cl^T''^'' S^Te f^''' ^^'"« '^ Pnr.iciple,§2. [Ct.loco.. Moneo c8 §3 "^^"^^ ».»>f l"te ,vithout a nA.424. H.431.4. AG 255 a 1 ""^"'^:^-^^- RC.85.o.,.fn.2. HF.102.3.N. of con,parison omirted, in« J.'' S" ST T' V" ^'"''^•'"•'^ Caesar means,' more faVorablPtnnn ^.l °"*^''* «''°^^'« that very similar ekses s" c.^u.^J " ,"'7 «^"al ''' ^^r ^' ^<^'- ot tense from posse.U. § 4., to pntuissZ 1 1 ri . -^ ^**' *'''»"fi^e TJ.is is a good instance of fhercemL^^^ of dependent clauses 1 tLZZ I '" '" ^'^'^ '<"'««« .:ontras,ed with ;„.;L,„ and ^r^ ^^S^fS'^'Tf ""' purpose of the enemy the InffprJC^, '/"° ^°'mer part of the -ifer. Cf.N.B.toc.M4. The dat^ 7 ''''""^ ^^ ^^« combined with the dat. o interest LcssVnr^^^^^^U^'- ^""''^ 134.1. BA.259. H.390. AG.233.1 '"«-S-^S- a'one. RC.82.C. HF. > !H i < , I li I ! i!! !l I 88 DB BELLO GALLICO. 10 11. The enemy, repulsed in this attempt, decide to dis- band. Setting out for their homes during the night in greai confusion, they are pursued by Caesar's cavalry, who mfiui great loss on them. CAP. X. 1. equitatum pontein traducit,-cf. on o.5.§4. Icvil nrinaturae,-' light-armed,' lit. ' of light equipment. (R( 2.' imgnatnm est, -'they fought.' App.24. (RC.96. HF.164.2.) Hostcs,— object of aggressi, which may he transj lated hy a principal clause. App.87.a.N.iJ. 3 Per,— 'over,' lit. 'by monns of; with transtre. C¥ nantes,-trans. by relative clause. App.38. miiltitudine,- freely, ' a shower.' circiiinvent09,-cf . on eductas, c.8. fe 5.| 4 Hostes,— the main body, not those of §2. iibi,— wrj^ intellexerunt, viderunt and coepit. spein se fefelHsse,-fro] fallo ; ' that they had been disappointed in their expectaticl of ' etc • lit ' that the hope had disappointed them.' pr/ gr'edi,-' were not advancing,' or freely, ' would not a-i vance.' ipsos,—' them themselves ' ; emphatic, in contra with the Romans whom they had hf.ped to cut off froi supplies, 0.9. § 5. , -u ■, ,1 opl^muin esse, etc.,-' the best course was for each, etd ■Porquemque reverti see App.35.«. (EC.lOl.c.) domun.,j EC.II.93.a- HF.85.1. quorum, etc., -the antecedent is col in English the relative clause would come after its aii| cedent, primum, -adverb, introduxisset,-' should loa Imel' (EC.85.e. HF.71.3.) ^ cum,-' since, as, for.' itinerls,-' on the march.' The rneanu.ij is that each sought to get away first (as that was sa est) and this increased th. confusion, fecer.mt ut. . . vi(Ioretnr,_ht. 'they 1 rought it about that... see 1' freely, they made. . seem ' or ' thov gave. . .all the apnear ance of.' (KC.99... HF.187.2.) Consrmilis,-'quil Se" stronger than HiviUia. fu^ae,-dative. ' 2. ('a<^sai-, -subject of rontinuit. cognita, veritns — tn brmg out the full me,ning. trans. ' altllou^hV Tearned yet, as he feared,' etc. .vp..cnl«lores,-the spies are here clearly distingnished Irom the e.plorato^e. or scouts of S8 qna,-intorrogativendj. w.ra,*. . disccdfreiitj-notice the tense. (EC. , i. HP,I76.2.) >xcrcitu:.,_oJterof tt iloman legions as distinguished frou> the cavalry, who ^.o^e native auxiliaries. ca8tris,-RC.85.a.ii ff fr Hf-184.1.) His,-the plu.., following the m;ani,. though not the form, of equitatum. Fo- the dat. see ECU. „ fugIeiltlum,-'of them in .r ht,' lit. 'of tL..„ wh.ie flec-mg' ; not ' of those flee. .' 0.11.144. HF lu,j 4 ) cum, etc.,-from this poiu. to the end of § 5. explains how NOTIC8 ON BOOK II. i(' it iiappcnod that s„ „,anv un , • ^^ ';--- t]H,y .tupped to xnake a f '" ' *'°^« ''" *''« ^oar "^" «-'■«ater confusion than ovef w ' ''"' *'""^ ^'^«^" "■'"^- 'for,' go con.i^fere^^i JZ\ ' '""'' ^^'«^ we may ■•''•.'7-H. HF.2U3.1.) ' *"*'»"^^««^ and ^o«cre„^ (fie ab extreme ei-at — f •■ ■•■ "..n had o„,„e „;. . ZfrlZ'T" T""' "'* "*™ °"'"™ «"i o«pre,80d in tbev 1 ''° '''""•''' '"I'liV'! in «anilito flamorc-de^p"/,"**'- ««mpulsion.- fiv^s the re„,„n. Tr,u,f °° k™ f"''"''»»"». 't which it "f «'.' < and,, etc. al'i., ^;;;™* ','- »>o«ing, hrokc fi- »llie,- freely, 'withonf ■ '~ '°"eht,' lit,? J, ^'* or day., ^r^t . tS:"°r ' "'■ '"' "'-'"' Trans, personal . »"'^^"""*-impers. pass. App.24. ■VB — OousimiliH fuaae ti tk ., :"«>;e Closely; as here tL ms t Cr'"^'' ""'''"'^ "" ■'«'•'ous Causes ;«the logical suhjoct of he S": ':^"'T*''-^P''-'^>'"'atcS transitively, §3 rr,, „ , . ' . " "'• clause.] 3/>„v^ ^ a twof.,, u^;!,, vJSs^ -^^;:;:^ --,^^ «sed l.i-ansitiS:^'-^ Rel. ela.ise of purpose. § 3. ^" '^""" ^»^'»" i" KnglishJ ■' 'Vi*#**4*ffiri.~...^ 42 DBJ ORLLO OALMCO. i 1 wnici,, how over, would even more rnsily be assimilated to vi>hr,„ttn\ than topo^erent.] Relation of .he two a.,1. ahsol. elau es 1, Af [Generally two such m.cccsslvo a„,l unconnected el .^1,!; Jo ordinate, denotiuK successive steps, e.f,. cm. »5., c 12 ^ less frJ qucntly one is distinctly subordinated to the other, ai hero J ^ 1-15. Caemr noio enters one state after another, receitnA th suhnnssron of the Sue.oiones, Bellovaci and A.hiani, and] at last reaches the Nervii, the bravest of all the Bdgic tribes. CAP. xri. 1. Postrldie ojus diei,-'on the very next day ' lit 'orl the morrow of that day ' (EC.81.-.) ,.rl»scin«m^'. .recipe. see EC.II.175. HF.201.5. mn^no Itinere,-' by a forced march ; omitting confecto. oppidum IV.,-in apposition' connect by ' of ' in trans. '^^position, j .„?; ^'^ "'"«»:«'-«f°nc-6§l. conatn8...„o„ potuit,-! attempted... but... was unable.' ab,-'of.' propter, etc -with ^^Pngnare non potuit. pnucig defe„de„tibn8,-abi absol.; though but few were defending it.' (EC.II 49 N h ' 3. vineas,-on this and other similar terms below" see Introduction, p. xxu. quaeque,-' and whatever'; supplv ing ea as antecedent of quae. oppn^nandu,n,-nc,tice the cf. rc.9. ,''5 '"■' "" ^"^"^""^'^ «^ § '^- »«"*'- 4 ex fuga,--with convenit; trans, ex either 'from' or after.' proxima nocte,- defining interi.^ more nearly. This would be the second night after their hurried dis- banding. 5. actis, jacto, constitutis,- trans, as in App.5.. ii ^.,ere=push forward ; ,onstituere^.,t up, or put in position. 1. obsldlbi priinis,— her agents are dif in deditionei 2.(^1.1,-' Siiaque,— free ipidiim,— cf. o Ijoics iiatii,— —' '«y their t Caesar unders confunfon witli the! UI..iW.h. BA I..2H0.J y to coutimreuturl i lilted to viilerenturl ibsol. c In uses 111 jsl ed cluiises are coJ e,12. S5. ; less fre-j r, as here. J tnofher, receiviA i Aiiihiani, mull Bclgic tribes. t day,' lit. 'or| nam... recipe. For the mood I -' by a force!] in apposition;! noil potuit,- propter, etc.l Biitlbns,— abl. EC.II.49.N.H. rms below see| iver'; supply. Ij— notice the §2. USUI,- 1 ler 'from' or more nearly. hurried dis- a App.S.f/.ii, t in position. NOTES ON HOOK 11. ^ inaffnltuaine,-with /;er»io'^-<'"g to both verh. perLu "/ ;;'^-: ^"'^ '^"^ ''^'^^ thoy be spared, thoy (i J the «.Z ' ^^' ^'^'"^ ^^^*^ 'i'-t' (,-.e. to be allow do apitultr^i """" ^"'^'^ ^^- EC.99.«.2. HP.181.3 • /,„a^? ^^fl ^^' ^"^ '^« «^^J- see Itho context makin, this urn^essar;: " '^^"^'^'^' ^^^^' form or when divided « ^ c si g , f "^" '" ^^'''^^"'- (^^»'«t»"'r in th readln. Is uncertain ' .^'^b^-^^- ^"^^P' '" B^^-Ic... (where the 4^^. H.5.'0.II. AG.3a7 1 cl'J ;■"'■ ^^.11.175. HF.201,5. ba very common with the perfect p„,h!!,""- ^he latter idnd is ihe notion of tin.e. e.g. c.liTs sin ' ' m^' """" ^""«'•■tod with be found in connection wiU UnU o S r^'i^'^" """^ "'"^^ I>osition oiexfuga »4 rvv)>n . ' ^'^- ^-^l- «^0 The it« position nn,^s[!L dea ^u';^;^; 7"^^^"^« ^^''" ^--^ Force of OallU S .5. I„ ; 'o " ''""'^ ^/ *"*'''"^« «"essiones.' of a present partic ,, i nth ,, ''^*"^''' apI>o8ition. The lack ""3.] D^'pe"cie!;u: ' / r: ;r:;'^'t^" "'^■'' -^ -- - malce easier the omission of a. ob oo '"'"'"'•' ^ '*• tS" Placed aa to Siege works among the Komlns '"'' ^"^ '•'«i'er.a,.^] CAP. xrii. hr ?'■■'- ">» ='^- • 't' raM't: bo's-?- »"■ Irl'y their tones,- a» they .o-M "if , ''"'"'' p..Mr uaaerstood. ta...,e„rre,l.;„t Tsl^Ir^ lii n. <1 ■ .^ !llilj:< i !#i!llil I ' 44 DE BELLO GALLICOi • not.' contendere,— notice . . . and in,' etc. neque,— * and . the tense. a «ecesslsset, poneret,- Notice the change of ton«e. P"ei,,- children,' not 'boys.' ex,-freely, 'on.' passis, -abl. absol. suo n.ore,-with pas.h mani/ms. Trans bv according to.' (EC.So.e. HP.71.3). ' ^ .V«.-The co-ordinatinj? relative, qui, §2. [Thfa common usajre his the i.eu.t/ve ^^m:;.:^^::;.'^^;:;^^^^;^^-^^ present passu... KC.II.19.. BA.78. HA,:, AG.180./- ' %.ed f ference between pl„|,erf. and in.perf. snbi with cJ„ rin so UUissent and a,>e..et, in S 3. acce.Let and",." ef " ^'Uj:;;- con^e,,..,.. § .. [Much more vivid than the tutnre luld have been The phrase majorea natu, § 2. [RC.57. AG.91.6.] CAP. XIV. 1. Pro his,- 'on their behalf.' «limissis,-the object sought having been attained, viz., the breaking up oi tT Belgian army. See c.5. §§2.3. and c.lO. ^ 5. eum,-Caesa facit verba,-' speaks ' or ' intercedes.' ' 2. The remainder of the chapter is in indirect narration depending on farit verba. Por the subjunctives (with t; ' exception of znlufi.sent, § 4.) see EC.II.214.a.'2. HF 006 4 8bTV721T'~^:'/'^'^'^ the tin^s. .-,/»•. .vhi;"h. "(EC. 85.i. HP.82.2.} ,n fide, etc.,-' had been in alliance anl friendship with,' etc. Aod.iae,- an adjective. o impmsos,-agreei„g with the subject of defecisse, vi' Bellovacos. SU.S,-^.e. of theBellovaci. dicerei.t-traL ^ reire,-depending on dzcerent. et,-oniit 'both' in trans popuo -trans, dat. by ' on.' (RC.82.«. HF 5 4 ) 4. Qui,-' those who ' ; as antecedent supply eo, subect .f profu,^..e App.n.ci.i. eju9 consllii prSefpes,-' lead. . m that plot.' civitati,-seeon,.o^„^.,§3. intulissent for the mood see EC.99.d HF 176 2 "'lUHssent,- N.B. -The ru H..'523-.'52G. not made ( in the seni to lirimar.) often whet fron; mor ; it cohidde ciimatfince! f/ood jxiliq known,' §5, «•'*• [Theft fulness, for ^lunianity.)] '"n indirect Hesides the f^atin anoth of acts, it is ence is to ti n|>odo8is th( ''■"'tSit'.vit'ttts NOTES Oy BOOK 11. -ry. 8«a,-omphatic, 'his usual' om'' ^'"^ ^^«°^^'- RCUr.65. HF.116. ^''P'-^y- ^or the abl. see '''•Si^r^'ifelJ!:^;.; ?Si^^ ^r We perf. indie, of the -the subject is Caesar. qmZn fC /"\P'^'«««t«'''"", •vdiatever'; from the in^U / 'I""?-' if any,' or freely, i"ciderint,i^erf subi f 1 ' '''"" ^^^-^^- HF.132.1 107.i.3 ' ^ • '^^^- ^"^ *^« original perf. indie. (EC. snstentare, -either wifj, u„ i,- . ^^^/«, ' to maintain whaTverwa^sXt"^'^":' f^^"^ ^' ^^ tarn themselves (hold out> iJZ'y f *:;' °^ ^^««^^^ly- 'sus- ronmeverint. (MC 66 ^ Tl.'o i ^' • COnS"erint,-for ' ^^^"ce, 1 am accustomed.' "'^^'^isf -* '^s:::;- f«c.ii... „,,„,, ^,.,^^ not made once only.] O ^f/vST. ' ' f ^'^ ^^^^'^'""'^ -- ». the «en.e of 'all kinds of 'IT 'r ' ^ .""'' ''f '-^^'^fact no.ms to r^rimary sequence, SS5.G.' [This i, «of Inf ''"^'' ^'■°'" "^"^^^'-V often v.h.n this change occurs It s fo 1 '^"'"' ^" ^^«««'•- «"^1 fron. mor general considernt ons to tZlT '•^^^"^P^"^ a change n coincides with the changorn seX^.H "''''"*• ""''' -imstonces to pressing Caes'.r tlZ^ "V.T'' «.''*'^"»''^ting Cr- i-lness. forbearance); the fattir is not ^*"/ '"""'"■■^'"•"•'•*- '"""^•'ity.)] General cond tionalcNn! '■«^"•l^'^«'' (kindliness, '" i-'dircct narration for tn.oS.iT- :""'''''"'*' ^*'' t»«>-e Hesidesthe four usual classe, of con^L "'«^'«''".^ consuevim,,,. I;atin another, where, refen' .gird «„'?,. ''"''"'^^' ^^ ^'''^^•^ '" Of acts, it is stated that aom^^i, "'';£][, *« •''">' «^ ^ ^^ven class ence is to the present, ,ve ha^-e^fwi^r"^ "'/"'''• ^^*^« '-«ft"'-- n,« osis the present Indic." rL^l^'^l'l'l^lfi/f ^•' -^ ^" the ■ '^"'^"^^^ xr ti.e reference is to the p;st:;;^h^'«/:Sh'- if* J I- 1 * '/ fill: ill' ii 11 up ill ) J s mm 46 DE BELT.O GAIiLICO. pluperf. Indic, and the apodosis is in the impevftct or some eqiiival lent form; where the reference is to the future, the sentence takeej the same form as the regular future conditions with si and fut. perf.f indic. Cf clauses introiiuced by whoever, wherever, whenever,vfhlch\ follow a like construction.] m CAP. XV. 1. honorig...cii«8n,— 'out of respect (regard) to D.,' oil ' as a compliment to D.' For the genitive Divitiaci see Ecl 81.eZ. in lldeiii, — 'under his protection.' quod, — add the connective 'but.' anctorltate, — EC 85.C. HF.131.9. ipultitudine, — EC.85.tZ. sescentos,— an| unusually large number. 3. quorum,— ' their.' cum qunereret, etc. ,— c.f.c.4. §1.| and N.B. 4. nullum. . .mercjitoribus,— ' that traders are not allowed] to visit them,' or, 'are not admitted into their country'; more lit. ' traders have no access.' Adifum is subj. of esse ;\ for the dat. mercatori/ms see EC.82.,7. HF. 120.3, pntij — for this and succeeding infinitives supply eosRs sul> ject. niliil vini,— ' no wine' or 'not... any wine.' (EC; 81.6. HF. 69.10.) que,— trans, by 'or.' lis rebus,-' 1.,^^ this means,' ' in this way.' relnnguescere aiiimos,— th* reference is general, so that the present tense should be useJ in English. 5. uingnae virtntis,— modifying /iom'nes. (EC.81.e. HE 130.7.) qui se dedidissent,— ' for having surrendered' .ir ' because they had,' etc. For the subj., which is not due to the dependence on reperiehat, see EC.OO.e.i.; so projecisseiit. 6. sese, — subject of missuros (esse). N.B.— The objective genitive with honoris, §1. [RC.Sl.rf. BA.800. H. 390.III. AG.217.] Asyndeton before quod erat, §1. [So often lol mark contrast ; e.g. in c.9. § 5.] The tense of attivgebant, 53. [The present tense would be the nnturnl one to use, but the tense is as.simil.atc.d to the time of the narrative in cniiijection '.vitb vvhi."!i. the statement is made.] The dative of possessor, § 4. Tlie I NOTES ON BOOK II. )'' I , 47 partitive gen. with »(?7/?7,s 4 Ti,n „ *• • , [In this phrase Caesar e sewJ.ere alltr '''''' ''"■'"""''*■'"". ''*• the participle ; e.<,. m, m 9 3 f " ''^''T "'"' ^ ''"'""^^ •^''•^"««. »ot a genitive of cliarncferistic S 5 TTh^n ? ?"Pi"'^' ''" «dJecti ve and both adjectival modifiers ' S rwfth^tl'"'^^ "' '^""'^- '"«^ '^''^ i>Hlii-eot narration, S fl. [The denenXIl «"^junctive of virtnal tlie cause of the s„hj„ Ji^cE ^Zx\Z 7 ''^^"''•^«"«^ '« "^ "o sense statement; increp^Lt t'^T^^^^/'T T'' '" "'« «r'^'inai have surrendered.- RC.IL. I, «11 "hU'^.^V"''^ ^^''^'-^'^) to be carefully distinguished from tht „ .^ //^■^"'^- '^^*''» ^^ as in C.31. s 2. J ""' ^^*' subjunctive with ?«« causal, 16, 17. Caesar ^car»» that the Nervii imth CAP. XVI. 1. tHdnuin,— RC.83.C hf r.o n s„i • Ihe accus. see BC.49.e. BF^^tJ^'r''' ^^ ^^™ «^ h^^aUs.e, ^vas farther than ' (E?rm T;--^*^'?^'; "^ ^na,-ad verb. s„is, re^ X , v • '^'"''^"^^ ^^ *^"««- i. his utrisimc-'both of those •■ for tl,„ , ' ».. a8tr. pron. with prep.] CAP. XVIT. 1. qui. . .deligant,-cf. on c.3. §2. (BC.m.aA. HF.184.; castriSj-trans. by ' for.' (KC.82.r. HF.134.1.) 2. ex,— 'of ; so ex his below, una,— adv.; 'along witj him.' ut,— as in c.7. §4. eoruin. . .exercitus,— 'ourarmyl usual order of marching during those days.' For the geij dierMmseeEC.Sl.e. HF.1&0.7. demon stranint, — lor demon straverunt. (EG. 66.) int^ Singulas legiones,—' between the several legio.is' or tween every two legions.' impedimentorum, etc. ,— ' a Ian baggage-train'; impedimentoruvi, lit. 'of baggage-animal lieque esse, etc.,— 'and that there was no difficulty. .. attacking.' For the gen. sec RC.81.6. HF.69.10.; adoriri: subject of esse, veiilsset,— ' had reached,' lit. ' shoiikl ha^fj Venisset and abessent are for fut. perf . and fut. indie, of tj original statement. (EC.1-07.6. HF.206.4.) spatium,-" 83.C. HF.69.9. Silb sareiliis,- ' while still bearing [or \v with) the packs,' i.e. in heavy marching-order ; lit.? H sarcinae and impedimenta see Introduction, p. xx. 3. qua pulsa,— 'if this were defeated.' (RC.II.49.N.I futnrum ut,— understand esse, depending on devionstrarn^ NOTES ON HOOK II. 49 'the result would be that.' contra,-adv. andereiit,- would venture.' (RC.9fU.iii. iiF.217.r, n • 187 2 ) I ', ";'J"'"'^"f'-^h« ,«"^'i«^t i« the clau.. ;roTn ',uod to the lend of the section. Trans. Ly passive voi. . ; , Jrf then will ^y *j- -V"^"^'-' '^™ d^f'^r.bant,-' brought t W 1 >ort. eqntat,... p„,«,„t, _,,,,„ ,.,g 2. Joc,-'the . V"lont,.-' what strength thoy have lies in their infantry,' t a J 7"" T''' ''"'^ ^'"^^ ''"^^*^^' *h«y ^-« strong' ^iiC.IL26. HF 183.5.) V«lli8Set,-' came,' lit. ' should have |i:riokrHF.^2r.V"'"^-'" -^^^-^^^^^- (^0.99... meisis...inter;octi8 effecerant, - trans, abl. absol. by lanses co-ord.nate with .^creran^ before which add as con ectxve and so.' i„cisI.,-so as to bend them more easily uthout lamng them. crcDrls. . .enatl.,- trans, either 'so ii.it their branches grew thick sideways (or in a later d u.ection) ' or and thus caused their branches to growtu ^ t fyj.^^^^^'-'Pl-^^^'^-nongthom.' effeclant nt, J c.,-l,t had brought It about that'; freely, 'had made llu.se hedges ■ .esent (or form),' etc. (EC.9n i. HF 187 2 ) luo,-adv. with the fr.rce of in quae, referring to munimenta no. .pos8et,-free,y, 'which not only coull not be ent red fx.netrated) but could no ^ even be seen through,' or ' which i>- c;H>ia not only not .-nter,' etc. For impers. pass see If'TsL.'^ '•'• ''^■'''■'■^ ^^ *^^ "^-d - ^^^ lltTfolf ""'T' '''■'-' '"^^y --<^ caxry out the pi^ii h^;l ^"'°"*"" ' "*•' ^^^■''- «^">^- j.B.-Rclalive olnuso of pur,K>se, H. f8„ in r.2. §1., c 3 §2 o n g. fi i: i^ iiitii ! iy| lilliiMllI 50 ' DB BELLO GALLICO. narration for aim and indlc. of direct, §2. [Venisset for fut. porf vetient, abessent for fut. aherimt. RCILigh! BA.432. H.h21.I. AGJ 825.C.1 Substantival use of m)\\\.,adoTiri, § 2. CoiiditionJ abi. absol., qua piilsa, § 3. Peripln-asia with fiitunim esse u\ §8. [Here unnecessary, as reliquas mmiras might have been usetl RG.II.33.N.B. HF.217.r). BA.sa H.5av.3. ArT.2««/.] Clause (??«(| quidpossunt scrvinp: in tlie relation of adverbial accus. to valetit, S i Qtio with subj. of purpose, S 4. [So in caft. S 2. ("hiefiy whtJ closely followed by a comparative.] Ivstnr and the gen., Sij [0!ily here in Caesar] Clause of charavi eristic w. rel. adveriii quo.. .posset, § 4. [Cf. N.n. to c.Ki. § .'i.] The tense of eristim'M verunt. § ,5. [The perf. = 'they came to the conclusion ' ; the iniperf.l 'they hold the opinion.' Cfc.2. §.'■>. and Nil. to intdhrif., c.8. S.tf The choice of the encamiment, the baggage and the soldieT| pack. [Introduction, p. xix., xx.] 18. A description of the place where the attack was to i\ made, CAP. XVIII. 1. hacc,-as in c.6.§2. quern locinii,-omit 'place' iii| trans. ca8tii8,-as in c.l7 § 1 . summo,—' the summit';! the neut. adj. used as subst.; ab summo goes with f/ec/ti?iJ The plan given at the end of the notes on Book II. vill make this and the succeeding chapters more intelligible. 2. pari acclivitate,— ' with a similar slope.' (RC.Sru.i Hr.lBl.9.) Caesar's point of view in this description is rliel Eoman camp. Hence the slope of the hill on which tli,- camp lay is oxpre^sed by dacfivis (' sloping downward '), thatl of +.he hill rising opposite him by acclivitas (' upward sloin nascebatur,— ' rc#e.' adversus linic et ooiitrarins,— 'fac ing this and just opposite it.' Tlie former means that thJ slopes of the two hills were in opposite directions, thus : \ J the latter that the two hills w^ere exactly opposite eacH other, one on each side of the stream. pasSUS ducentOS,— with infimtis apertus. (RC.SB.r. HFj 69.9.) The distance is measured from the river up the slop ttack was to NOTES ON liOOK U, 61 the opposite hill, inlimug mvtns^-aperius is predica- Ive with ^,^/^,M«. (colH.^ ■ < ,,t the base, clear' (i.e. „f woods) V)... l)arte,-opposed to infimus ; trans, ab by ' in.' Cf n IJ Sc,8_ ut,-'so that.' peivspici,-impers. pass.; trans, as c.K. ^i, |H. in occalto,-' concealed,' or 'in hiding.' secundnm, -proposmou. panc«o,-'on]y a few.' vidobuufuy-noJ ;iiic.i(>.§5. pedum triiiui,-EC.8l.e. iiF.i3a.7. '",'.7'^?r «greement of 7,aec with vatura, § i. [Cf cl So p6 sp UC.II.183.N.B. BA.;jn. H.4I5 4 AG 195 rf 1 q, f ,*, "' '^•^' ^^^ ,aiitof('fl..i.f in n.„ 1 '•* ,-^- '^^•^•'•'•«•J llie repetition of the .1. tcculent in tlie relative clause qnem locwn, § i. fTliis rei).-tition w nc us most frequent with pars, res, locus a„,i dies, SZ:y^^ ^^ r ' cfjv M r '" '^1? "^'^ '"^'"■"'^^^' ^^^" ''' ^"« -^~ io H 1 f " ^^ ^*"' 'mpiirlect tense throuL'hout fThi, the proper tense for .Icscription as opposed to narraiion RC I llfJ.C.rf. I5A.183. H.l(!9 I Afi"77«1 nn ""J'lon. Ui.,.11. acteristlP ss 9 <^ 19. ^. the six veteran legions are fortifying the camp, the Y^tiu make a sudden attack upon them. CAP. xrx. ^1. praemis80,-trans. by principal clause, in the plupe>- ict. copiis -cf on .7. §3.; so in §6. ratio ordoq e,l arran,emont and order,' or better still, < method of arxanle- was different from what'; more lit. ! itself otherwise than. I ■-' oo,tsn«tudine 8iia,-trans. like suo more, c.l3. S 3 Of nrso Caesar means his custom when approachin<.' the acny not the custom described in c.l7. § 2 evpedUas e. vnthout their sarcAnae. Introduction, p. xxi^ '~ J ^«t'^«r-emphatic from position. Collocarat,-for coU rrt ^:''-^ ^•'^^'^- ^- -thing to do .ith cot ct praes.dio eraut, -' served to protect,' 'acted as Icort.' (EO.aS.c. HF. 134.1.) M* i ' ■' 1 53 DB BELLO GALLICO. ; ' ,-h Jill j! ,;i 5. Cum,— 'while.' lllij-referringto/joshMm. App isl reciperent,-be careful to bring out the force of the tenJ App.26.6.c, ^o facerent. lieque. . .auderent,— 'and dl not venture.' qunm quem, etc.,-lit. 'than to what liral extended the ground stretching along and open'; freelJ ^ than the stretch of open ground extended.' [Another reaj mg IS porrecta loca aperta, in which case porrecta belongs tl the predicate, lit. ' the open ground extended stretched outj and may be omitted in trans.] cedente^.— ' them as thJ retreated ' ; agreeing with eos or liostes understood. quae primae venerant,-' which had come up first 'ci which had been the first to arrive.' For this use of prim see EC.88.ci. opere dimeiiso,-referring to the markinJ out of the lines of the trench and rampart. For tlio pari ticiple with passive force, though from a deponent. xlC.68.c. 6. Visa 8niit,-cf. videhantur, c.l8. § 3. quod . . . coiiw nerat,-' which was the time agreed on for,' etc., or ' wliickl had been agreed on as the time for.' committendi prodij —depending on tempus, not on conoenerat. ut intra coj flrmaverant,-best translated after subito. . .provolaveruA on which the ut clauses depend. The meaning is that J attack was made in the same order and with the same impet osity that had been intended. Trans, ut by 'just as ' t, repeated before ipsi se,e. ip8i,-emphasizing the subj! ol verb ; omit in trans. (KC.92./'.i.) 7. celeritate,-EC.85.e. HF.71.3. nt,-as in c.lS sl et. et et,-lit.. 'both... and., and.' English would o„ the two first, ad,-' near,' i.e. just at the edge of the wn.i where they first appeared, jam,-' already,' or 'finr,lll m manibus uostris,-' close to us.' lit. ' in our hands ' J close at hand. viderentur,-as in § 6. 8. adverse colle,-' up the hill.' Either the abl. a^soU the hill facing them'; or the abl. of the route by meal of which, « by the hill which faced them.' iiliiliiiii,ii stiuvi. App.18.! Dree of the tena •ent,— 'and...di] an to what limij id open'; freeli ' [Another rea/ orrecta belongs t id stretched out] . — ' them as thl srstood. ame up first,': his use of prima to the niarkiii t. For tlic ]iarl a deponent, seT quod . . . conrei ,' etc., or ' wliicJ tittendl prodiif ut intra... coil . . provolaverunl iniug is that tl ;he same impoti 'just as,' t( J the subj. oil as in C.18 §1 jlish would od ge of the M-oA y,' or 'finnllj our hands,' i\ the abl. alisoJ •oute by nioaij NOTES OS LOOK II. I. B.— Various uses of the nliii.fi.,^ r.,„ ^;.. on which see til^ n'^f L/";j',7f!;"'"*:r'' '' «^''•^'- -"«• • ■ Oncopiis, m.c,., see N.a to c 7 1 ""^'"r"' -^'"'"'"e^ nu.Vli.i^] ^.}- f^^^»»»- »'«8 ac (or at5„e) = 'us'or J/" ?*^ «''«'^ '^"er^/.Yer, "'em, par and simUts. BA [,."'"" '^"«'- '•^^''«'•. a^t«* the antecedent in the relati vecl t 5' fa ^'^«'•"«••••^tion o^ Jlnem ad que,,,.] Th^ J/ ' • f^"^'« ««^/'"ew=arf e«m a.iverbiaiuseoflhea4i.se ycr/r:.f 7^"' '"■ ^^^ ^''■^ ilic best trans, gencrallv ic ,„ , ^■^'- W-1-'2.N.,443.n.i. AG I9i verb 'to be'; hefe ''j- elhTt^/T "'•'• *'" I"-<^^--'t« of the I'a^ticip,ewithpnssivo^brce^,"l'jt5^^^^^^^^^^ ^^P-'««' The impersonal useof co,a-e J Vc ' .'^^•"«■'^- AG.13.V.J J'Ht rather than the reficxivo s p r^J^'^''"'P^^^i^i^^f?thcmh. AG.1957. TI,ec3iffere„ce S;;, L-J^^'y-^- BA.35G.,i. II.,r..!i. e-ft- se ipse inte,-fecit, a.ul (the? ! • '' ''''^"'"''''''■'■^''^'^''''^^^ f-rnicr means -It was 1 imiif t ^ ''^'*""' inte,-fecit is that tlie '^•^ter c , c 20 '. T'"' "'^ ''^"«'•- «'« ■^.vndcton in emphatic enumeration 1 ^;V ',''"• ^ '"^ Po'^- *" manibus nostris, § 7. "'''^^'°»' '^- • •««• • •««, S 7. The phrase " '~"-" The Bomans are cnT,, 1 /*/«/„ . , ' »..V m„i,Une and cZ^^Z^IT':^- 'f ^" ""■'« I'rciaiY*. ener«jry, 'mi.f*ii ,':mi 54 DB BELLO OALLICO. mean 'a little too far.'] Hggeri?,-horo 'material for tl rampart,' i.e. branches, sods, stones, etc. ooliortninli,-:: was the custom in ancient times to ins])ire tlie soldiers 1- battle by a short address. slgliUlli,— this si'8 6.] Tlio use of the slnpnlnr. vni":' bat, §2. \Et siicrei>.ins la not a now .«nhjoft ditTerinfr from tem/'nt brtvitan, hut an oxiilanation of tliat phr.Mse.J The dat. of pi po3e, S3. [D{()iciiltatibvii is not the ordir.ary dat. of interest /«.| NOTKS ON HOOK 11. 55 Repetition of .•.,./,,,. [;o,.e,niVsLd ■;,;;;? ^^ Ti. use ot 7n.«t witli tiic abl. .aJ)3ol. «i 3 fcr ,. •(.. 8 9 '" "<=83-J 1 li' (BkJ 30.5,), „1,1, ,e„p^,,„ c]n„,c in /^n.'s , ■" "'""""■ CAP. XXL l.necessaril9...1mporfttKs-. having given onlv the vith decucurrtt. nuam in nnrfom f • ""'"i^Si— >».»,■ ',•,> that dL"t"„nwr°h^ „;"'■";: t ^rr nhm '^-^ R 1 .u ., . . "^'"^"' °^ 01 tho Side which.' h.p.23 §1. shows that It was the left side of the camp Notice the acciis. with in dov«..J* t^ . camp. 9 n«« 1« • ""'I*"- «PX""»,— ht. ' camo down ' 2. non longiore, etc.,-lit. ' with „o longer a speech than urging them) to Keep,' etc.; freely, ' say in| nothing furth" kh n to urge the soldiers to remember,' etc. neu,-'and ?: HRIsTb."' '' '^^^'' ^^^ ^^^ -bJunctiversrjEC j; quod. posset,-explai„s the following, not the preceding ^oids. To avoid ambiguity, trans, 'he encouraged' (or as |bove said nothing further) . . . , then because.' q,!. auo IJiting. Understand m. (EC. II. 56. HP. 120.2 ) =^. ^,e'»POns,etc.,-frcely, 'soshrrtw.sth«.;i,,, „„_^ ^«aa,-we 'bent on.' animus,-" spirit:- insi^^:;!: !:i': a.L| '^ T »■ ^illi ■ ^F^ •i * ;. BMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) % % /. < i^y^^ :/. % 1.0 I.I ■-IM | £0 "'"^^ 1^ |;o 2,5 2.2 2.0 11:25 i 1.4 m 1.6 Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 ^ ^ iV V w{\ M \ -ably crests, ba.lgos, etc., .Inch served both as ornameBt^ and to disting,„sh various bodies of troops. ffnleas,-the.e Zur^rlV^'lT'' °^ *'^ "^^^'^ = intr^ductioi, pt «cutis -EC.85.. HF.158.2. tegimenta,-]eather coveriin. to protect ho shields from exposure to the wet; Introducti..n ' EC 109. ^^^*^'^«^"'-^'^-^^9.J. HF.18.7.2. For the tense seo| G. Qunm,-with parlem ('direction'); trans, by 'what-, «hL' '' r""'" •'"'" <'eve..it,-' happened to crme,' lit. J Plllnn,-adJw.*^,7m; trans, by adv. 'first.' ad liaec,-' 1 J these ; understand si.na. sui8,-either masc. 'his com rades or neut. (supplying signis) 'his own standard^ T^h^Ll , ^ ^ Impero vWhl active ™«tz'.. ^c :s'Tr T;rd.7:r/r '^- ^"^'"^^ '\ the order is given may he JoiV.e'd'wiur i .^us ^T '"ThlVe;';""; Of compounds of c,,,.,.. [aecucurrU, H., occ«n- M4.] t' u'' cases in r ^th^ i 1 , Pieccding neu, as must be done in some FmnV.L ; """'''■ ««"t«n<^e is found in Clc.V.34 !i I Emphatic use of s«ae, §2. [Of, n.„. to cl4 §,'; Tho iri H" 'I l>^..^.««e makes it unnecessary to give the sfmc ,' ^Hng h 'r Relative clause of characteristic, quo. . .posset Ja fcfl , I II..O. BA.:S'T:!s;;T-^" -secutive c.ause'.^:;,^?:.^'^^?' ver'„ nf /,!; ^^•■"^•^•J Tlie abl. with detraho, fi r,. Us a ri.lf I Condensed expressions with the relnfivo rz-i \"' ^*^-"*- for t« mm partem quam (or no sibl^ °; i^'""" "' ^'«'■'^'"' ^''' «^7«« (?/m«. in K.not ^ t;oL? J" ''? ^^''^^ "' «««"»•.•«« «''J cedent ; cf. n.b. to clO H ] ' '' ^"''^'"'^ "« '-""^ cl liferent i others in £ hostibus, I neqne . , cipal claui not tell at • provWt pass.; 'no] flirection.' —here ' be 2. reniin or perhaps more point iV.lt.—Qwendc between et The abl. ; legionibiis, tion (RC.I more freqi 12.1. and 21 scattered p( §1. fThisi one directic §2.] T [Caesar usei phrase optts a neuter pro H.4ll.iv.N.4. NOTES ON BOOK II. th as ornaments gnleas,— thtse reduction, p. xx, Jather coveriijos i; Introduction, r tho tense sen 57 riiis chapter Ciir- ) forma. Cf. jilsoj Impero v.\\\\\ , §1., implies lliel person to wln.inj The peidcti 4.] Tlic ii^ff (i into two part*. .ammo added livj =»ary to supply «(J ; be done in son» f k.V.34.3.J riie a^lditioii rendering- hen.l 'C!!, §3. [Cf.c.Jiil fiierit,%f,. [ivcj ', S-V [As a rule J ^r than the aM.f ige or di3ad\ an- 'o point in tliej on primae., c.l9. | h, S§1.6. n partem, 51,1 "'«m in parfeml '»am... eta, leal scedes Its a'lie CAP. xxri. 1. nt,— 'as'; the verb of tlnV .i '■'■'■'A rro™ the'„„.t CaL: tlZZt T'"''''"'- '"^ '.»'.™ « Mplahed by &/„,„. S" *^ «""-"i'i '-i 11..^ legion, ,rero soparaM t „ '"*'»'"'>"". clo.,_.aa n"t tell at „hat point thev ,^*Th. J ° """"^ """'^ P»»s.; 'nor could it be foreseen ZJ ' ' ""'™- -here • be attended to' not • b^ ta^ift • """'"W™". more point to guogue. eventus « ' '"^ ^"^ ^^^« i '''^®"'*»S»-nom.plur. 'issues.' IV.B -<2«e „(,(iing ^^ explanatory phrase S i rT. ^,« between ««,<,„«. and « 31 III ■ill ml I '68 Did BELLO GALLICO. 23. On the left of the camp the Atrehates are coviphtell routed by the 9th and 10th legions ; in front the lllh and 8l\ ley ions are fighting with the Viromandui doivn hij the river, more serious is the position of the mh and 7th legions on tl\ right, who are being surrounded by the Nervii. CAP. xxrn. 1. Legionis,— to be repeat* d w. decimae ; trans, freely Iv plur. Ut,-'when.' (EC.99./.i. HF.200.2.) ncie,-an irrec.,;. lar form of the gen. (RC.51.C.) Atrel)nte8,-the object J compulerunt. his,-the Atrebates. ea pai'Sj-i.e. tl^e s. nistra pars acie Trans. ' for it was these that that divisio had encountered.' 1 coiiniites,— ace. agreeing with eos (i.e. Atrebates) undcrj stand as object of insecuti. Impe(litaiii,— as in c.9. § 1. 2. Ipsi,— the soldiers of the legions just mentioned, dubi-l tav<'nmt,-cf. on c.2. § 5. loonm iniquum,-viz. the slo, J of the opposite hill, resistentes hostes,-object of cor] jec.erunt. Trans, the participles in this section by prinoip.J clauses ; e.g. ' advanced. . . , then when. . .resisted and. . .wf renewed.' 3. alia in parte,-this was in front a camp, diver] sae,-' separated (from the others),' or freely, ' separately cf.c.22.§l. congress!, -agreeing in gender w. militc. implied in Jegiones. ex loco SUperiore,-with profligatil ipsis,— ' very ' ; lit.? ' 4. totis,- agreeing w. castris ; emphatic by position] trans, freely by adv. ' wholly.' a fronte, ab. . .parte,—' front, on the left.' lntervallo,-RC.85.^. HF.SS.e. coi Stitisset,— agreeing with the nearer of its two subjecj duce,— freely, 'under the leaders-hip of.' lit.? App 5 a (EC.II.50. HP.102..S.N.) siimmam imperii,-' the gupren] {or chief) command,' lit. ' the chief part of the command' cf. c.4.§7. ' NOTES ON BOOK II. 69 BS,— the object (J pars. . .pars,— one portion advanced towards the oxtroinc- nsht {aperlo latere) of these legions, so as to get around them and attack them on the rear and Hank; the other made Straight for the Eoman camp, through the wide gap left between these two legions on the right and the two in the boatre which had gone down to the river, §3. aperto Kno-'r!°'' *^° '■'°^*'' ^^"^ '^'^^ unprotected by the shield. mc.So.k.) suinmum castrornm lociim,-not ' the hi-hest bart of the camp,' but ' the high ground of the camp,'° the •ioio;ht where the camp stood.' if.B.-The genitive acie, § l. [Great irregularity prevailed in the form of the gen. sing, of the 5th decl. adopted by various writers! T. hove the testim,.,y ofGcllius (a f?ram.narianof A.D.l75.)thatCaesai in a work on grammar upheld the form in e.] Ut temporal 1 Duhito with .n«n., § 2. [Of. N.n. to c.2.] The ' ender of congressi, §3. [A construction according to sense ; cf. Ins^nll and ,/,« c.2.i. § 5.] Various uses of the ablative. Phr± expressing, direction in which. [Cf. n.b. to c.8.1 The different gi^nt.ves with Bummam., § 4., and summum locum, S 5. Mnl rather ih-^n neqm, §4. [This is because non is closely joined to magno, forming with it one idea.] ^ 2 1. Among the cavalry, Urjlit-armed troops, camp-foUoioer, tnd m the baggage-train there u utter confusion and panic. CAP. XXIV. 1. leyls armatnrac,-as in c.lO. § i. fuerant,-at the lime mentioned in c.19. § 4. quo.s piilsos (lixeram, -under ltandm«; 'who, as I stated, had been routed'; cf on c 1 V' .;f' ''"r"^- '°PP««it«them'; freely, 'face to face.' Jor the dat. cf. on pugnantihus, c.2l. §4. OCCUrrebant,- Ihe imperfects in §§ 1.2.3. describe a number of occurrences linuiltaneous with the main action, in partem,-tran9. bv lin.' Whyaccua.? ' n| LJi li II iiiiilii li ii iji I !i 60 DE BELLO OALLICO. -this does not include the two legions servii 2. Siimino...colIla,— defining the position of the porH decumana. nostros,— the ninth and tenth legions ; c.23. § ; Vlctores, — predicative adj. Tersari, — ' busy,' ' movii about.' praecii)ites,--predicative, agreeing w. seae ; trai freely as if it went with fugae. 8, eorum, as rearguard ; see c.26. § 3. Trans, freely ' from thosj alll a'liani, etc., — see on c.22. § 1. ferebantur, — ' wej rushing.' 4. quorum,— possessive gen.; ' who have a reputation foj etc. aiixilii causa,— 'as auxiliaries,' lit.? ab,— 'bj COinpIeri,- notice the tense of this and the following infil Circniliventas' teiierl,— lit. • held surrounded ' ; freely, ' rounded and hemmed in.' rebus,- ' success or cause.' mum,— EC.83.flr. HF.85.1. 5. pulsos,— understand esse, castris,— EC. 11.65. HF.llj N.F Dixeram, § 1. [One of the few places where Caesar uses the fiJ singular of himself; for the tense cf. n.b. to dixeramua, c.l.s The imperfect and perfect tenses. [The former is used in , principal clauses of §§ 1.-3., the latter in §§4.5. Evidently CaesaH the first part is depicting the condition of affairs in other quarti while the main action was In progress ; at §4. he resumes his nai-l tive] The infin. with verbs of perception, §§ 2.4. [In Cic/ and later Latin the participle was often used ' to express the actl condition of the object' perceived. But at all times, as in Cacs! the iniin. was more common. The present participle is found e.g.l Bk.IV.c.26. §§ 2.4. with conspicio. The perfect participle, a.s in *c ' §1. is generally indistinguishable from the perfect Infinitive w( esse omitted.] Asyndeton between two relative clauses^ 1.4. [In §1. the reason is obvious; qui refers to pedites only, « to both eqidtes and 2}edites. In § 4. quorum may refer more to] Treveri as a whole than to the equites merely.] Ab tJ civitate, §4. [This involves a sort of personification; the sJ being regarded a? possessing power to act.] Despero used transitive verb, § 4. [So by Caesar in the abl. absol. only J of Romani in Caesar. [Very seldom in Caesar's own narraj Oiostrt being used instead); generally in expressing the word| thoughts of the enemy, as in c.lO. § 4.; 12. § 6.; si. § a.] KOTES ON BOOK II. 61 ded ' ; freely, ' sij iss or cause.' EC.II.65. HF.ul 25 Caesar coming to the right wing, finds it in desperate ^rmts, but hxs presence and his example reanimate the troop,. CAP. XXV. 1. Caesar,— tlie subject of processit in §2. The length If the sentence, which is the chief cause of its difficulty" is lu. to the long clause uhi. . .posset, stating the condition' of lairs when Caesar came to the riglit wing. In this clause ^o have nbi vidit on which depend the infinitives urneri \sse iimpedimento) preceded by a causal abl. absol. clause isse [tardiores) preceded by six causal abl. absol. clauses- rrcdere, vitare, .nt.rmittere, instare ; (rem) esse, with winch iuht 13 repeated fcr clearness' sake, and (u/fum) esse. Then hi §'2. another abl. absol. clause precedes the main verb. In English this should be broken up into shorter sentences rians. profectus by a principal clause ; ubi, lit. ' when ' bv Itliere'; ,ho abl. absol. and infin. clauses after guartae hhorlzs hy principal clauses, omitting vidit at the end of Bie section ; and begin the trans, of § 2. by ' so ' or ' then ' I ab. . .cohortatione,-' from encouraging,' etc. sl-nlg )natis,-i.c. the cohorts no longer kept their proper inte'i^ J «!»>'•; •i;"l>eTi 18 indefinite artidtj here else in CntsJ :e of ab iwvissimiil ;vesen.sc lilcc ej i\ ther e.\platiatioiiiij notes. Many vbo indent on it.] NOTES ON BOOK II, gg |^.;ans with'to'andinfin. i.impossihle. Trans ' th.f ' > loiilil coino t(iir(.tli(.f ' ,... 4 4. I , -I Jans. that... ('■^ I one Ixjiir l(,i'. int more siiccess^l ^rd appear anil in the left winA till fight desierX coiijungerontJ nuit, the usualj -un.L Trans. ' -y^^^\^ufronn:i':^Zo^'^]i^ «'=uvl tho stan,lards turned about ' ' o.i:.:^'n:l:';;t.^•rr'^;:^;^^'^n^^"^'^^ -;•-tho,s,n.u^I;^Zt^::^t;i:.:c^?:^^" iRC.OO.a.l.ii. HP.185.:-U «vcrsj h .1 '^^''^'^'fe'-' ^^c. .■.inci(«to,-'on henrin.^ of the IntH ^^, ''^*^^"*' Bpeed(o,. pace),' lit? s„"° " " ' ^''^"^^ quickened their n-thehiuJLerehi;r:"(S:-;:p^^r^^-'^"' ••C's jrerorentur,-' wha Z-!.J ^'^-^\the river. q„„<> ^^;'^- HF.17C.2.; snbs;;ii;::s^npp^B?.ir^^-' . ^^^"• rointorco)ourmen.' (ItC.82.c. IIF.184.1 ) ' '^ ''""'"'^ ("^ o. Qui,— the soldiers of the tor>fh ^ • -"-, though not agreeing i^. forn' ti ifr-' '""^^''^' ^" [ • -iir.i^o.^. bovermretur. Ter«inr<>fn^ . l-th the nearest of the three subjects trans'T^^''^?"^: '^v.re involved.' „il,ii relinniV '?"''''■'' ^^ P-siMe haste,' or 'hastenpd f ^ [«««r.U.t, - ' xnade all J"i' -■•' lit ' loft no^b,- '"'^""f^ ^°^'"''^rd as fast as they could ' J ' **"*' "*^- for themselves.' ■«.«.-.Military phrases with sia,m rvc -.:ui.u-ly expressed in ati ^ "u/h Z. r'''"'^' ""^— '« -"e 64 DE DELLO QALIACO. i;i ■ •'!! N.B. to C.22.] The construction witli verbs of feurlnjj, §2. [Cf,| C.1.S2. RC.II.ir)». HF.185.,1. HA.1.18. H.4i)8.IlI. AG.i.'n/.] The force of aveisi, i'2. [So Hk.I.-JC.'A Contrast adveini, as used) e.fi. C.21. § 1.] The rehUion of the al)l. alisol. chiuses in S 3. [('f.[ N.ii. toclLSr».] Tile plirase suiiimo aille, 8 .'). [In tliis i(l!nin| tlie ndj. reguliiriy precedes; cf.VII.C.!».!., in colle aummo, a nuutif rarer ordi-r. UC.II.IH.'J. HF..W.1. BA.OO. 11.110.2.1. AG.liiS.] Sense construction in qui, §.5. [Cf.c.23. 8 3.] A sinKular v.a™;^'':,.r,;,;-kc:;r-I h»vo ,h.nv„.. „1, J„„'„ ,1 ''f ""•• '-"ist" 1.0 B„„n ,. f If '« o'-te.. option,;. ;ur a :;';;::.':;^,,;:;;^' 7'- -^-■«-««^ c.27. . . , 7 tJ;e indie, (those ve.-y ,,/r , s ho ''''" m ''^' ^''''''''^^'^ "« «'''il class (such persons ns).] ^ ' " •':' '^^ M «r t,„ «„,„ „„„^, onler. Latin „.,af,o would u, ';';," """'"^•'"■'' ""^ "^ its nal,„;i P-Position and it. ..^Jee! ^ | . '^r r '""'"'^ ''^^"■•^"■•' '''' i'y mljcftival ino,ii(i,,s, or bv n i "^ '^''^ ''«I'"™'"! ''hI> jorund, or rarely ..yeertiunparndlSir'"-^'''^' a partie. „r il'e personal „se of ,«/«„,.. foil vod,",, '^'''' ''''"'• '•''''"•J -'"'./«'-0 and .-,«;,«,.„, ,^ lQ^':^';i':''''r''''''''''''''^^^^'''- Z"' also with j«..,/,., '?,,.. '"'^"""i"f^'f'f the seo.i.,,, ff;-"'"'"-'" "'ould scarcely have Le«n « , ' '1 """"'"' /''•'"^'''«'•«. St It is quite proper.] ^*'''" "^*^''' "'l"» *« alone, but with *„., 29. The Adnaluci, retiring fn prepart to resist Caesar. strongly fortified place, N0TE5S ON HOOK U, G7 ^''"g.' iillill iin, (>AP. XXIX. y p.-,uc.pal vorh; cf. on 0.20. §;5. Uom.un,-.ee oa c "d" » «. ri^vcrtonint,-' turnod Lack.' ;i. Jjnod cum,-' wl.ilo(.ralfch,.M^^h) hh,'..' ox. . .pnrtlbns an around . ,it. U,n a., .i.l.s in its .ircun'f™ J' '''>- mUiy „u.a„. 'all oth.-r,' oppos,.! to «„„..., ,,,, .spo.. „s ,H.o,„s. p,„r. 'pn.,.,ipi..,.s,' lit. ' placo. afT. rd n i - " .' In Intlt,uIl,M.„., am,,lins,-cf. on c 7. 8 I Jum 'I-Plici nltlsshno, -change order in tr.ns. munl«r«„f, -- so,„e pn.vu.Ms time, f,,,,,, c.ollonilmnt„-n.,tico tie l.:u:,o of ,.,^,; .,, „,i, ,j„,^ ^^^^ ^,^^^,, „„ ,^.,.^„,.,JJ- h -."S^.' Tu>,. refers to tl.e time Caesar L ,^e.Uu^^u n stones and heams wore not to strengthen the walChut t^ ^h.•o^v down on the heads of its assailants. •■ nmbris imtoumm, - svo Introduotion, p viii 1« l»iaosI«liiim,-the former to keep watch over the im,W; .-''^^- the latter to hold .he plac'e where they t;;; " ■Tr.iin. by 'as.' unn,--j.e. *vith the impedimenta. ■ex.. itati,-App.a7.«.x.M. ,.„,„.. .dcfondorent,-' while at I r . t.mo they were attackir.g others, and at another „'o |H.fH.in.g themselves against the attacks of others ' or ' n v >"v.,l,ng, and again repelling invasion.' ilUuluTaefZ [- ™ «^-l^-J Diiphct aUisuhii 11.111. imc mat t«o adjectives mod fyin- tlie snmo nr^,,., I* auHiors, oftime. notnlneei tu ""■■•^""'^ ^^- (In clasMcl ihiIJ 80 81. r,,,,v ro«y7J,„,e tarn, to dismay ^chen thev ra„y, CAP. XXX. 1. l)rimo,-arl,ioctivo ; ifc is answered by vostm S 2 f.,-,!J baMt,-not,ice the tense. App.26.c. proeHis -fi!" 1 2. pedmn,-snpply 'in height.' (KC.Sl.e. HP 1^0 7 ^ i/ rounded.. op,i,,„,_Rc"r.;t.'~ '""""^ ""^ '""' 6 f ir'F' ';f ••"^'"•-f"»»- by cta,„„,vith .after.. A™ bui... prim,™ An...,„:z '!:' t.,:!, ."I?" ;;;,;;;; -h.stoncal «fin. App.80. (RC.W1.A HF.IlM.!" 1 Tli( '■"iithieo, § iMtlier that f Ill-rim, §§, ■I N.2. I3A.1I 07. §3. E.\ wliich tlie (Iilc.IV.22.4 or of omissi iinrration, S nicnt, but t H(:.II.lG,-).6, lilmsc cont ttiiipt is CO important p cliULses; the th"! pre.sent one in Caesr iifs.] [Nniicethat li NOTES ON liOOtC 11. 69 U'hen they reoH: celc to make tk\ rejntare. quod. . .i„stitucrotur,-lit. ' because (as they a. ..was llfiiniy onf „^). e i ,. . ^ •> .id).. .was being set up'; freely, < for setting" up/;;! ror the sul,-. see KC I.U65.6. Hr.198.2. ab ta«to spatio,- its;ich a distance'; cf.c.7. §3 ' U. q«ibusnam,-'_with whut.'. .pray.' Nam adds force to ho mocking qu, ,tiou. praosortim lioini„e.s,-in apposi- [oie, etc. 8talurae,-RC.81.e. HF.130.7. i^o oneril Bormn(iue,-'a3 a rule.' mngnitiuline. . .snornm,-' thei» bi Tm ', "' '/'•' «»»t«'nPtai,_App.r. ('kc.82.c. fi.i.ill j irans. 'is an object of contemn., to,' or 'is Lspised by.' turriin,-for tlie form seo EC.49.C IIF 40 Mnros csse,-the usual reading is turrira in mnro 'ses'e Uo.are, he chief difficulty in which is the pros. inf. wl,ere '^'T / ;;'• '''''' '''''' '-'^'^^^ *^« ^^^--t.ci are IM'sonted as think.ng (or affecting to think) that the 3 vor was to be lifted and placed on the town-wall, con' plereiit,-EC.10r,.«. HF.209.1.0. lAt.~Prin^ arJrevtn, § j^ [Equival.nt to 'as soon as it ..rrivcd '] Ihc genitive of cliaracteristic, §§2.4 Tlio nl.l „ ?m '■"nUveo,^2. lCf.e,.ll.§2. So with ^««eo it abl isUaVofm ■■atiier that local. RC.S-,.a.ii.g. Il..,2.5 ill ti . I ' "' ?tm SS 3.4. 1 he liLslorical infin., L 8. fRG II 131 Hif 9ip :!.N.2. BA.18G. H.5,30.I. AG "75 I Ah \ «^ii-Wl- HB.210. vv hi ; H 'v"': '" °"' '"''^■' ^''''"' '^•^^'^ "«t «P«^ify the p aee from i .clothe distance is measuml; hnt the fac^haf this es om" m.lY.22.4 exeo oco) shows that it canOot be a caseof hyperln on i.npo..tant point,^§4. [S^'.'o.^^f^e'l.ently ifl riljht rorT. c auscs; though Caesar almost always has it in chj 1 s7m Kr to th. present; e.i,. Iik.III.i7.7., iv.a2. The latter «eis the on J on. n. Caesar where ,..«...,.,•,„ does not precede the 1% n V^J f Iv H .u J/"" «""•"'"^•'i^« reporting a q.,estion, cof,fiderefTZ' [Notice that the question is virtually rhetorical.] "•^"*'«"*' «4- :J^^ ill DE HEr.I.O OAF.UCO. CAP. XXXI. -partici,, "he vert ^ it' ""' , ' '" '"' '"^''"'•' «•"4 dixerunt. ^ °^ *"e chaj-ter 2. IVoii,-may he taken closely with sine n.. r ■ was not without. . .that,' etc. o^i.thuZ . T' not expressed ; so with ern,Utere&T ?~ ""^- *'' '^ DOSsent,-. seei„. that he; 1: hi ' For h"'"'? -^' ^" '"" 99.^.iii. HF. 198.4, *^^ ''"'^J- «^e liC.i 3. eornm,-refi.ing to I?or>,anos. 4- «eprecari,— this worrl /-<„,+-^- because they are as] inn ./~ ^! " •''^''^'^^^') '« ''«^^^ 'petition Jr.' nro'^i ";^"T""^ *r.n,.. :n;:o---,~^^^^^ i>y'of.' (Ko.sn.;.. Hri58 2) ■' """'s.-ta-i'. or alternative'- ip iff -u^ '^^'^^'^^ *« ^'^at extren,itv llnain,-l,oca„,e <,f the eomn,rat v„ f . ^"'"'■'' * '' .•.-...■iafm into.-«ei,-,rirfbe / r "'"•■"'"■"■''■ f' .•n8.,c.«<.Bt,-f„r»,',.j::'/^, (eS; *" *"""•' "" **»^^*«»«SSSEIiJsasi:;-::jii. i1 V NOTES ON BOOK II. 71 Rimmnos, qui possitia. RC.II.IOO. HF. 198.4. BA.509. H.517. AG ,'ij() e.] The tense of audireut, stattiisset, § 4., dedticareiitur, §6 [For the pres., I'ut. perf., and fut. indie, respectively.] The abl. alsol. equivalent to a conditional clause, traditis armia, §5. [Cf. clT. §3.] The mood ot jiossent, f.*). [As quibiis Is the co- (udiiiatinf? rel., we might have had the inlin. j^osse. RO.II.ai.V'. liA.78. H.f.:.'4.l.l. AG.nsc.^.K.] The phrase praestat qitam, §0. The force of ai«'m, §6. [RC.II.190. BA.359. H.468. AG.lW.c] l»l-mis,-tr.-iiis, 32, 33. Caesar makes terms with them, but on their attempt- \in(j to escape by night in violation of the agreement, he sells the \inhahitants as slaves. CAP. XXXII. 1. consnetiidiiie, merlto, — trans, by 'in accordanco with.' (EC.85.7rt. HF.71.3.) aries,— see Introduction, p. xxii. atti^isset, dedidissent,— for original fut. perf. indie; trans, by past tense. 2. nisi armis traditis,—' unless they had previously sur- rciiilurod,' etc., or 'except after,' etc. Cf . on c.20. § 3. in NiTviis,— 'in the case of the N.'; see c.28. §3. This is exjilained hy finitimisque . . . inferrent. qiiaill,— the indefinite adj. (RC.II.189.N.B.3 dediticiis, — ' tliose who had sur- remlerod to,' etc. 3. ad SUOS,— as distinguished from suis, implying their return to the citizens, quae,— subj. of imperarentur. fa- ccro dixeruilt,— the subj. of dixerunt is legati ; with facei-e understand either se (the envoys speaking for the people), or eos referring to suos. Facere is more emphatic than facturos ; the latter is but a promise for the future, the former a state- nuiit that already they were carrying out his orders. 1. jacta, celata, retenta,— trans, by principal clauses in the active. App.5.a.iii. prope,— adverb, aggeris,— that liiuiitioned in c.OO. §3. adat-quarout,— JiG.99.6. HF.187 '^. eo die, — contrasted with sub vesperum, o.33. §1. pace rf ft.? 72 DE HELLO GALLICO. sunt i.si,-'they kept quiet'. .1. .. '^-. Tins phrase is genra,; , ^, '"'^^'^' ^«^"^ ^^e Ad„ peace.' ^ ""^"^ l^est rendered ' tJxey enjojJ «f.B.-Tense of atUffisset, §1 tt., • <^rmistradiU-s,§7lcf v, /''° P'"'^^- «"'^'-J tL ^ ' '''^ replacing the orikrinal ^"t^^ ^'''' ^ Phmse "f , u "" -Poeted duration on^4. ^^TLf""^' ^^^ - .^^d CAP. xxxni. 1- quam,— as in c.3'5 8 2 ni I referring to o^,.W«.,;§ i l'^^^,^^ ^^^ «^ the section, J of oiroumvalloWt.n ; c.sj so "."'° »•«'=■ on the vnll 'Tet ; T.^"''^'^'"»" ^-*<.; ;::r»'r-^ ,"'* ^'"'iMs made,' «to vi..,i -1 ' ~ ""*'■ "'"^"l- ; fro.!, f ""-l., but dependent ™, 'A™'? '"'«"«.-i» a | "wans. ^y as in c hf),' whii :8S.4.) CD 5. ad,— f tlio nouj <). cum,- 7. shows, MLTother,' ■ 7. capiti lea to gen. number) of (RC.Sl.e.ii. years later tlie whole t c.'29.§2.)a M.K.-Stih in VII.(il..S] ^6 = 'att) local forci itijiiriam- quhJ grav; (lb milifib Cf.c.l3. § 2 ' this final ofviminibi fliat the w uiiile vimi :iilverb rej La! in.] tiatum est, vri'i IS NOTES ON BOOK II. ct being the Adiii ered 'they enjojj 'ul'j- represpntiiiL' n used. KC. 11.175. n'i uses referring to tiJ • t»'e tut. or fut. pJ Tlie plirase 7J V«e e.xplaiiatory, (| 5-vi. BA.357. H.45a| NU. to C.21. §1.] rj •e<«»- (impers. pa«| ■ oi'isririal statemeMl •'ISO of tlie writ J '^•«'•e. §3. fSee„,J "ere we might havel 78 "nperni;it, J — trans, i)^ Uunpa clause ; ' warning was given with firo-si-nals ' c.)i.(.ur.snm est,-' the soldiers rushed to the spot.' App 4. pupntiiinque est,-App.24. Trans, que by «but' ta. . .lit, — 'as. ' • ' - - • as, fcows. lit a Tins fortibiis pugimri rtebuit,-'as brave kn might have been expected to fight,' more lit. 'ou-^ht to lave nought ' or ' were bound to fight.' in extremal etc., has m c.27.§3 eos q^, etc.,-' men who'; not 'those khn, which would have required the indie. (EC.99 c IIF iSS.t.) cum,—' when,' or ' at a time when ' 5 aa,-adverb; 'about.' It does not influence the case pr thn noun. 0. cum,-' since.' jam,-' any longer.' sectionem,-as 57. shows, the inhabitants are included, universam,-' all ogother,' i.e. not divided into lots. 7. capitum,-' of persons (sold).' millium, etc.,-prcdi- ■cate gen. depending on numerus understood; lit 'as Ti lvol7^ "^ ^l^'' '''•' ^'°'^^' ' ""^ ^''y ' «^ ' *° be fifty,' etc. (RC.8 le u. HF 130.7.) The Aduatuci reappear again throe years later, fighting with the Norvii against Caesar, so that the whole tribe could not have been in the town (as stated in C.2L. §2.) and either killed or enslaved. ! '■•' v7f "^ !" ^-^P'-^««'«»« f time, § 1 . [Cf.c.11. 8 6. So also sub lucem 1 tA 1 ^;^'^:';«l- [T"e rarer ««c^eoccurs in C.17. §2.1 ' Ah^ at tl,e hands of,' § 1. [This illustrates the transition from the local force from.' to the indication of the agent, ^hy'- aXere injunam^^io he injured.' Cf.c.3l.§6. with pati] I.L. wi h «f Sci fa 1 i; ^ ^?"°"" ''' '"°"'*^ "°' ^"^^^ been so clear. ot.c.13. § 2. ad Caesarem.] Use of deniaue go rr* 'this finally if nothing else.' hence 'af lets t?] C nstrtio" ot v...abu. intextis, § 2. [See note above. Otier explana ons are f- at the words depend on ex; or that Mextia agrees witHcJi .uKe I repenttno for ,•«„..<., § 2. [Almost unparrallelod in c1...aZ "■i".J i he impersonal passive. [C'o«c»e6«« with pres infin.f § t I^H^^^^K '1 '1 'M^K. 1 '1 1' ' !l|' 1 1 f.l 1 > ■ < ■ \ .'1. '^m I '" ] 74 ^l'^ HELLO GALLICO. 34 35 77 J ., CAP. XXXIV. '■""■ {BC.40.rf. HF.27.J) ,.r*! "=<""• Plur of t'«„. y jjij — under.' of soliie. t ♦ . ^^^- XXXV ^- »antn...perla(a est < , ' -o"^'' etc.; or „.ore f 'e^ ^",tch "^"f " " '^^-^^ *« .| fame of this war n.ade upo'n ' "f ""? '^' ^-^Pression the writer has in n,in^ the sfT '~ ^^ ^""'^'^^ «hows t'mt represent the.. Trans h/ Ho"' 'T'^ "^^^^^-^--'i Ill, as ar's. AG.288.a.] Them,4 J" clauses of clianicij l'«t.' etc.; the latter. ' of ad with numeiMl '^•nter, and this the o„| a purely adverbial w • '" e.l. § 10.1 J 7. ^'* •••spread to o\ 3 imijression tl lerent,-ibr riJ dor shows that) nbassadors v:u\ ■ (B0.101.<5.iii.| ompared nirJi -r the seem of NOTES ON liOOK II. 75 4. ex, — 'in accordance with'; i.e. the senate at Rome lactod on the information contained in the despatches, dies (((iiindecim,— with mipplicatio. (EC.83.C. HF.GO.'J.) quod, • an honor which ' ; its antecedent is the preceding clause. 'J'ho longest period of thanksgiving previously was twelve jdays, decreed for Pornpey's victories over Mithridates. acd- dit,— ' had fallen ' ; notice the tense in Latin, iiiilli,— cf. on C.6. § 3. In. It.— The mood ot incolerent, §1. [Explained above as siilij. by attrac- titin to mood of milterentiir. RC.II.2l'0.c. H.5l'9.II. AG.:U2. Some editors, however, explain it as a rel. clause of characteristic', mean- ing' ' even such as dwelt.'] Qui se daturas, § 1. [If se. referriuf? to nationes, is justitiod by qiii, meaning' the envoys who represent the states, we sliould have expected daturas. That is, either se daturas or eas daturas would seem more consistent. But proliably natianibus is felt as the loRical subject of the main clause, as if we had natioves lei/atas mittereiit, in which case se is regular.] The position of que in ob casque, §4. [Gf. sub occasumque, c.U. §(>. This is the regular order in Latin, though occasionally que is appended to monosyllabic prepositions; cf. inque earn rem, Bk.V. 36.2. Notice also that the use of que to introduce a new period is exceedingly rare in Caesar.] Tlie accus. of duration of time attaclied to a noun, §4. [Tliis is explained by the verbal force of supplicatia. Still the more regular genitive is the construction used in the two other passages where Caesar has the phrase (IV.3H. and VII.90.)J quad for id qn()d,i4. Emphatic position (if iiulH, § 4. [Cf. mdli, c.6. § 3. and nemo, c..S3. §6.] The use, as~ in English, of a connective between the last two only of three words, §3. [This is not incorrect, as is ofleu stated; ct.III.1.1.; 11.4. IV. 4.2. • 17.2.; 19.2. The connective in Caesar in such eases is que.] ivT" ■'•;■' t^:-lll lliii F? 1 r I'' x^m ^ .^ .^ 11 a; n \ i.? b. if i 'I! '%""'% ""i 3 :mi!i, '!•!'. A "Mini/ ///_ yy. %'^l m, C. JULTI C.ESARIS COMMENTARII DE BELLO GALLICO. LIBEK TEirriUS. 1. Cum in Italiam ])ioficisceretur Caesar, Serviumi Gulbain cum legione cluodecima et parte equitatus in |>ii..tuates Veragros Sedunosque misit, qui a finibus Allobrogum et lacu Lemanno et fluinine Rhodano ad suninias Alpes j^ertinent. Causa mittcndi fuit, quod iter 2 per Alpes, quo raagno cum periculo magnisque cum port onis mercatores ire consuerant, patefieri volebat. Huic 3 Ix-MMiisit, si opus essearbitraretur, uti in liis locis legionem luemandi causa coUocaret. Galba secundis aliquot proeliis 1 factis casteUisque compluribus eorum expugnatis missis ad einn undique legatis obsidibusque datis et pace facta constituit cohortes duas in Nantuatibus collocare et ipse cum reliquis ejus legionis cohortibus in vico Veragrorum qu. api^ellatur Octodurus, hiemare ; qui vicus positus ins vullc non magna adjecta planitie altissimis montibus uu.luiae continetur. Cum hie in duas partes flumineo clivideretur, alteram partem ejus vici Gallis concessit, alteram vacuam ab his relictam cohortibus ad hiemandum attribuit. Eum locum vallo fossaque munivit. 2. Cum dies hibernorum complures transissent, frument-l uiiuiue eo comportari jussisset, subito i)er exploratores certior ^1 'irri ' ■ t m '"ctus est ox m ™,rto vi^! „ I "-"■ itio,„ fuLa'I ~ ^""' -- l..ov" »"">■" fore .,„,«,,„,^ lo! °"7 •■«^'=«''««". «0 j.,„ 'Majon ,„,„e„ ,.arti Vlac>"rw '"''"'''"^ «"tender,,,. e°n»aio inters roievL,C„:°. 7;;'"'° "'I exta,,™ """" »' "nostra (fefenaere. ^oncossorat, omn,i deivnt, a jnuKiu ■'-'"«'•'•. Id ulu^u. ^Hi miova,,, ^orent: pvimiu, tmctis cohoitibi 'mmoutus jieten. JJ>«i ex moiitibiiji ]>nmma qnideu "t. Acce(le])Ht, ^«'■''uiu nomine 'tuisa, sed etijus "pare conaii ,1 Jil^i persuasuni ■ neqpe opusj rfectae, necjuo 'set ])rovisinii, nihil do 1j,,iIo 'i' convoc.ito > ciim tanfiiiii sset, ac j;,,ii armatonuii .'enire ne(,iie o^'souf,, proi« ' seaLeiiffae > facta isddii ontenderei,t. 3 extreiniiin tefenuerc. 1.1 II K a TK.IITTPS. Q 1. -Rrovi Hpatio intorjo..to, vix ut rol.ns, qna.s constituis- 1 : '. .H)llonii,ai,s at.,„o ad.ninist.audis tonii.us daretur .-.tfsexounnbus pavtilms Ki^no d,.to .lccumnv, lupi.les t,u-.saque in valhrn, conjicem Nostri j.rinu) intoKi-iH viril.us'-' 'Ht.N , r.i.ngnavo nef,..n „ll,„u fnisfra t.-hnn ox loco IK-More aiittcro, ut ,,u,m.|„o pars casfronnu nudata .•Msonbus ,,ro„u vidc-Latm-, 00 occnrroro ofc «uxili.uu liT,., s..d hoc. sMiH^rari, quod diuturnifatn pui^nao Imsfcs;. ' '""^"'l""^'''"'^-^ ^"'>'^"^ ''lii intej^n-i.svinln.s s„r,v,l<.l.,,nf "^nuui .vn.Mi a uostris propter i.anciiatc.a li.-ri niliil l-erat, ac i.on modo d,>f.sso cx ,>nKna oxcndcndi, sed nn 1 .u,no cp.nloux oj„h loci, ubi ronslitorat, r.li„,,„cndi ac sui i''ipi(Mi(li faciiltas diibatur. 5. Cu.u jiun aniplins I'ori.s sox .-ontinontor ,,M«nareturl !ac ..0.1 sol.un vi.vs, scd ctiaiu tola nosf.us doli.-oront, at,,no l'.;sus a..-ius iustaront lan^^ndiorihu.s.p.o nostris vallmn MiMdcroet fossas ooinplero cocpis.seiit, ros.juo ossot jam aroclium ac tantiunniodo tola missa exriperent seque ox laboro reficerent, post date siguo • . castris ernmpfirent atque omnem spein salutis iu virtuto poiiorent. 6. Quod jussi snnt, faciant ac subito omnibus portisi enipt.one fa<-ia ncque cof^noscendi, quid fierot, ueqr.e sui colh,end. hostibus facultate., rolinquunt. Ita comuuxtataa iMnV 4 Dt; BELLO GAUTCO. amplius triginta anil! ,''''''°'"'""™ "i'li'"'^ Porten-ito., in ik,;™ 1 .'^ '"'^*""' ■■"''■l'"" 'siia.,recini„nt On^ '*:'"/" '" «'■'«'ra mmitionesq,,,, t.m,.„,/o:t .S r: :„"" r' "™"^"""- '"'■■--" veni.,,0 n,emi„ej!j " '" '" W'*™" ™n«ili« omnil™s„j,,,;' '.^^^"^ ■■op,a revrnot,,, „0,^™ .„ -ntcndit „0 „„1,„ hoste pvoiX 1"" .H^'r "™" i-vinxitiw,,,:!:;;!;;;. """'"''^' ■■"■'» -■" ^"o'-^"^ ^ 7. His rebus cesfk nn.,, ^ -i .«-*am GaIli,„„Tx:fi ™ t '"."" """■* *'"«- ndiie et ivirionn, n„ ' ' ' °"'^ -oill faraltatom Jiahcre mv,,™ ^ ' """""""s nr,,„o „11 J '--'-' -.„, ^r;:;:'";:?"'"™'™."''^»"! "I'am esse „avi„afio„e„ °' r.; " ""'''"^' "«''"I -"»«ii« o„,„-,'i„ „, „f~';» --/•-eb„„t. „,, ,,„■ posita o.,t, arcossnnt ' '"^ """•'' ""s regie, J ^^^^^':r:!!Tz '"■"■■ '=-™--' -■» -J ■-WHO fa.t„ ro,t <,e,m ,: : I """!'"" «"".anonu,,! 1 II. Itac,„e T T r ™J'""""''- I iscioiitiam hcon nostros oxercif "I se niorari pc inionem aeciderei lanos no(iiie uH ■>f-onim, iil)i l,el]j,; ^ovisso : no Jo,^ I'i atquo in vasi ^baut. PTi.s in,- «■«•'•is in oppi, 'aesarcni j)rjni„i 'iriiuas j)os.sinit liiDKU 'Jianii's. sinos, Loxcvj,, ■"ffS ^ronapir.] iiti'a eas regioiK •^'\ 'I'las snpial 1 «.)litfs Lexoviosque niittit, qui earn nianum clistinon- cmot. D. Brutum adolescentem classi GallicisqueS HIS, .pias exPictonibus etSantonis reli(iuisque pacatis iiiims convonire jusserat, praeficit ct, ciun prinunn t. in Venetos proficisci jubot. Ipse eo i)edestribus s fouteiidit. Iraut ejusniodi fere situs oppidorum, ut posita ini foniis lingulis promontoriisque neiiue pedibus aditum iriit, cum ex alto se aestus incitavisset, quod bis ;(lit .semper borarum viginti quatuor spatio, neR I5KLLO QALtWo. ..o...i»„avib,. casus erat::::'^:™: """" ° ^ 1 14. Complui-ibus expugnatis onn.Vlf» n sprofectae ex portn :.oU '""^ ornatissi™ satis Bruto on . '''''"' ^«"«^itenrnt ; „o,,| tas i^ruto, qu. class, pra,erat, yd tribuul« Lliim LIBER TEIITICS. 9 I c'liturionibusqne, qnibiis singulae naves eranfc attribntae, uonstabiit, quid ajvoront ant quam rationem pugnae insisterent. Kostro euiiu noceri non posse coRnoverlnt • 4 tuiTibus aiitem excitatis tameii has altitiulo puppium ex harbaris navibus superabat, ut neque ex inferiore loco satis comniode tela adigi possent et missa ab Gallis gravius a-ciderent. Una erat magno usui res praeparata a nostvis, 5 fidces praeacutae insertae affixaequo loiiguriis non absiniili ' forma muralium falcium. His cum funes, qni antennas ,j ad nialos destinabant, comprehensi adductique erant, i.a vigio remis incitato praerumpebantur. Qaibus abscisis 7 antennae necessario concidebant, ut;, cum omnis Gallicis navibus spes in velis arm-mentisciue consisteret, his eivptis omnis usus navium uno tempore eriperetur. Keliqunm erat certamen positum in virtute, qua nostris milites facile superabant, atqueeomagis, quod inconspectn Caosai-is atque omnis exercitus res gerebatur, ut nulbnn paulo fortius factum latere posset ; omnes enim colles acg Io.a superiora, unde erat propinquus despectus in mare, ab exercitu tenebantur. 15. Disjectis, ut diximus, antennis, cum singiilas binaei ac ternae naves circumsteterant, milites summa vi tran- «rondere in hostium naves contendel)ant. Quod postquam 2 l.arbari fieri animadverterunt, expugnatis conii>luribus navibus, cum ei rei nullum reperiretur auxiliura, fuga salutem petere contenderunt. Ac jam conversis in etuni ])artem ravibus, quo ventus ferebat, tanta subito malacia ac tranquillitas exstitit, ut se ex loco movere non possent. Quae quidem res ad negotiinn conficiendum jnaxime fuit 1 opportuna : nam singulas nostri consectati expugnaverunt, 5 rt perpaucae ex omni numero uoctis interventu ad terram 10 Dfi UKLLO GALLICO. Pcrvo.ierint, cum ub ],ora {.,-. occasuni ])ugiuiretur. '^"'""^'^ "^''^l"^ •«! sc.li, 16. Quo ])rooIio bollum v^ ^ ^maririmae confectuu/e t nI'" '"" '°^^'"«^^"« -- o'uues etiam g-ravioris aelatf '"m °'^"'' •''^"'«"t"^' -"t dignitatis fuit, CO conv^"' T^''' ^^^'"^"'^ «««-'"• «"J^iuuefuerat in ununx loo ' *""^ ^"^^""^ ^i"-' oi^pida defenaeront, Jmbeb-I!r" n ''''^"' ^I^'e^^'uhno.!,,,,, ^Caesaz-i dediclenrnt In n'n '^''' '^ '*'^^^i"« «^""-.t ^^"- «tatuit, quo diiigentiu Tn ",'"'""' '^^"""' ""^^^--'■ i-oli-quos sub corona vendidit.' ''"^ °''''" '""^*^^^ "^«'"« 1 17 DumhaecinVenetisgei-untur O nv, . ^ionuu perven/t.' Hi^ ^: ^:^';?^^!^*' "^ «"- Von.!- ""Pevii tenebat earunx onuH • "' ""^^'^ ^^^^ «"""»="" «- auibus exex-citun"r """*'^'""' 'i"- ^^^^-oranr. J'i«paucisdiebusAuIercxEw""' "T" ''''^''^' ' ^^,„0 ^•f-fecto, ,nod au te! X^^ ^clauseruntseqxxecumVxridovLt." "''''"^'' i^^^'^^ P^-aetereamxdtitudoundxqlTlT""T"^ '' "^^^"^^'^ latronunxque convenerat olo^ ^^^^^^°^-^"^J-mi"-na '-Ilandi ab agricuCa 'n ?? ^"^^^^"
  • us a barJjaii.s senatu neciuo n-ius Sabijuis iines Veiui- fi(' snininjiii! ■e (lefeceraut, 'erat ; at(jiio lesenatu sno ant, jJort.is • magnaqiiG mhominuiii stucliuirKji revocnhiv. 3e tenebiu ; conse(lis!<( t 3m faceroi, m Sabiiiiis s noniij]:'; ^'t, nt jai.i W ea di; LIUER TEUTirS'. n cansa fac.ebat, qnod cum tanta mnltitndine bostinn, l).aosortnn eo abseiite, cmi summam imperii teneret, nisi aequo loco aut opportunitate aliqua data legato dimican- (luiii non existimabat. 18. Hacconfirmataopinionetimorisidoneumquendami honunem et callidum delegit, Galium, ex iis, quos auxilii causa secum habebat. Huic magnis praemiis pollicitationi- 2 l,..s.iue persuadet, uti ad hostes transeat, et, quid fieri n^l.t, edocet. Qui ubi pro perfuga ad eos venit, timorem s Konianorum proponit, quibus angustiis ipse Caesar a" \enetis prematur, docet, neque longius abesse, quin * proxnna nocte Sabinus clam ex castris exercitum educat ot ad Caesarem auxilii ferendi causa proficiscatur. Quod 5 "1.1 auditum est, conclamant omnes occasionem negotii' .one gerendi amittendam non esse : ad castra ire oportere Mulfae res ad hoc consilium Gallos hovtabantur : superi' r onin. dierum Sabini cunctatio, perfugae confirmatio, inopia c,l.u.orum, cv,I rei parum diligenter ab iis erat provisum siKvs VenetK.. belli et quod fere libenter homines id, quod volunt, credunt. His rebus adducti non prius Virid^vLn r ■■elHiuosque duces ex concilio dimittunt, quam ab his s.t <'oncessum, arma uti capiant et ad castra contendant Qua re concessa laeti, ut explorata victoria, sarmenti^, ^ irutdtisque collectis, quibus fossas Romanorum compleant ail castra pergunt. " ' 19. Locus erafc castrorum editus et paulatim ab imoi acclms circiter passus mille. Hue magno cursu contend- enmt, ut qviam minimum spatii ad se colligendos armandosque Romanis daretur, exanimatique pervenerunt Nalnnus suos hortatus cupientibus signum dat. Impeditis o ho.t,bus propter ea, quuc ferebaul, unera subito duabus' ¥R:-: a in i ... J -i. »1 il !■; 12 DE BELLO OALMCO. ioc, 1,0 ta„n „,»c,e„ti„ ,.c defatigatione, vu-tute mill ^Quo, .„,edi.oi inte, -rx,:: : ;: xr:::;;;; .nag„„,„ n,™e..,„„ oo.™ occiderunt , reCreo , ^co„.ectaU paucos, „u e. f„ga evasemn , re..^^Z ™o tempore et do navali p„«n„ Sabi'nus tTsal,' «sa "''-iSrVrT"'' '"='"" ^■'*' "»•"•■'*«'- »■"- ^-ailoium alacer uc promptus est unimus, sic mollis 1 20. Eoaem fere tempore P. Crassns, cum in Aouiftn ^ e dnm, „b pauo.s ante ani.is L. Valenn. Praeconi,,,,, S, exerctu p„l,o toterfeclus asset, at,,uo unde 1 S irr [r'r"^ --'^^'^ ..•ok,«..et, .'; Daratn i^„lf,- ^ l^^^visa, auxilns equitatuque com- paiato, multis praeterea viris fortibus Tolo^n «f ij i iDus, nominatim evocatis in Sonthtn,^, «« "? 3 introdiivff n • ^ (sontiatiim fines exercitmii smtioduxit. Cujus adventu cognito Sontiates ma..,is copas coactxs equitatuque, quo plurimum valebrt ~rrrr^ -^'^"^ ^^™ eques^^ti colWerant/os^lZr^y— --^^ proeUum renovarunt. " "~ ^'"^^^"^-^^^ ^^-'^ ^^ LIBER TKKTIUS. 13 ' opportunitatp ^irtute militiim 3 unum quidi'iii rga verterout, )stri consecuti liquos equitcs iquerimt. Sic et de Saliiiii que omiics ,se a suscij)ieii(la s, sic mollis i-endas nicii.s ■ in Aquitaii- ;, et regiojiimi parte Galliao i sibi bell 11 Ml Pr.aeconimis lue uncle L, fugisset, 11011 intelligeliat. atuque com- et Narboiie. e his regioii- s exerciiiiin ■tes maiiiiis k^alebant. in re prod ill 111 tsequentihus e in insidiis ictos adorti 21. Pngnatmn est diu atqiio acritcr, cnm Sontiatcsi |ii|)t'rioribus victor! is freti in sua virtuto totius Aiiuitauiae |aliitein positani pntarent, nostri autem, quid sine inipera- 3re et sine reliquis logionibus adolescentulo duce efficere [(ossent, perspici cuperent : tandem confecti vulneribus tiost(s terga vertere. Quorum magno numero interfectoa piassiis ex itinere oppidum Sontiatum op])ugnaro coepit. QuilHis fortiter resistentibus vineas turresque cgit. Illi;t dias cruptione tcmptata, alias cuniculis ad aggorem vine- lasiiuo actis (cujus rei sunt longe peritissimi Aquitani, lliroiiterea (uiod nuiltis locis apud eos aerariae secturae jHiiiit), \\\A diligcutia nostrorum nihil liis rebus proflci posse iiitcllexcrunt, Icgatos ad Crassum mittunt seqiie in dcdi- tioiiem ut recipiat, petunt. Qua re inipetrata arma traders I ju.ssi faciunt. 22. Atque in ea re omnium nostrornn. intentis animis alia i ^ ex parte oppidi Adiatunnus, qui summam imperii tenebat, ciiiu soxcentis devotis, quos illi soldurios ai)pellant, quorum 2 Iku'c. ist conditio, ;iti omnibus in vita commodis una cum iis fruantur, quorum se amicitiae dediderint, si quid his per \iin accidat, aut eundem casum una ferant aut sibi moitem consciscant ; neque adhuc hominum memoriaa rejiortus est quisquam, qui eo interfecto, cujus se amicitiae (levovisset, mori recusaret : cum his Adiatunnus eruption- 4 em fncei-e conatus, clamore ab ea parte munitionis sublato, cum ad arma milites concurrissent vehementerque ibi piiiiuatum esset, repulsus in oppidum tamen, uti eadem deditionis conditione uteretur, a Crasso impetravit. 23. Armis obsidibusque accept is Crassus in fines 1 Vocatium et Tarusatium profectus est. Tum vero barbaric commoti, quod oppidum et natura loci et manu munitum i|{ ! I Mil r i • 14 "R nRU-o uAXAAco. P""«.» dielm», q„il„„ „o vo„„„„ „.„, ™rant, JeCT,„, o„„,„„^„,^, ''' " " "'■ '"'P"ffna(,,,m con,, »i"ta- so ,Ia,e, co„h „1,7 '"' """J"™™- ""'-fc 'Q"on,m advent,, ma^na cu^ , ™°"'™ "'•"««•"-«I fi-erant mnnmamnue soionti-,!, "° """"^ "'"'4 'Q-i "bi C-aisns In ^r" "«om non facile did„™ ho ',J ' T ""'"''^ """"=■■ =-'•-"• «' -W. .a.i» prLi ',^°:™ : ™f-^ ^' Via, „h,i,,„, "'- l-„s,i,„n n„„e„„n "re" r™ '"" """'"""' "' * »- m™ .e„u.e in.,,o.ir;:::r:;:;c: ««.nsilii ca,«ent, ex Jctab " T ™"*°"^' ^'M Los,,, t»to di^icatn.0, exisl,b°ttr "'!"""" ™^'™"'- « ".otoria potiri et, si ^Ze. '° '''"'"'"° "'I-.. ^^bsarcini. finflrmiore^^C' ,'"■ '*™ "" ''*'""''" " consilio p,.„bal„ a duoib,^! ^ , '''" '^'"^"''•'ant. Hoc "0.0 c„.,tri., fonebant Hrrr°""°"^ Ko,nanon,m co.i,', tlllEll TEKTIca. 16 ..r^ .ion t miKlo |,„B„„ret.,r telaque e:c loco s„,«riore mfcl ..on f„„tra acci.fe„„t, e,„ite. cuc,„ia. hoi 7^1". Cn.,so ren„„ti„venmt „o,> ea.lem esse 3111«!!, a „b Jecumana porta ca^tra ™,ita facne,„c,„e aditu'JtU ^O Crassus equitum praefectos rolm.fnf,. wit, osto„,l,t, Jll,, „t erat imi^ratum, eduoti., ii., coI,ort-2 .s ,,,ao p,.ae.,i,lio c„.s,ris relictao intritae ab laW o.ant et long.co itinore ciroumductis, no ox hostMm ™»tns con.pici possont, omni,™ <,c„li men .butn " a ::;r ':^,«^:rr"- "-- ™° ^-'---ibrpa ":< Obtes undique cucmyonti desperatis omnibus ieh« «r.. c::-;r''"^'"™^""«-"''""r«'-i:: «r " nlS r:'7""'^™'^ -"-P- oonsectatusex milliuma conv!n^t T"'"' """' "^ ^1"»»"''' Cantabrisqne ^rcra":'' ^'^ "■^"^ "-'"^ '-^"-'^ -"'■' --" ! 1 10 DB BRLLO UALLrco. 'c,!l„to:,ir':;Li!i:.::: ■:;:;:'" r^ a,,,,,™,. ^„„ Eli..s„tc.s, Oat,.s A,K. 7 ' .'""• ^°™"'"' T»n,»„,a». .Paucao ultimo „„H •„;;;:';'.:"• •'^""-;'™. Cooos„,o» : M-a„ii„„„ »i:c ';,,': ::,"''' """'" '""•'"" «°'- '|U0,I i„telIi.-ol, „, ?' '■"■'■'"° """*'""•• Na», .•.paiX 1 a r;;r:::.r' ™''""™"'»"""' «''^» ■" si-tio paucis diebns crL^'^^ln Cn"'^*^ "^^"'^ extrema impediment, ab nostris^oTe" „ i' • ^"T ^'^'"' «ilvas peterent, ejusmodi s,.nt ^olZ !'.''" '""""^ opus necessano intermiteereh r et co. f T"""''''''' '"' 'teienn, ot continnatione imbrimu uitaniao sesc in nujneid I.S, TuniHHtcs I, Co(!osates : '. quod hionis ropo oxiict.i loata Moriiii ^qno ad eiim s id helliiiii "i lou^o jiliii '■I'lil. Nam H'lio COlltOII- lie silvas m- 'enint. Ad ■fsefc castni- visiiH ossci, til)ii.ssilviN' lit. Nostii xilenmt vt ocis secufi ts caedeii^ ! militibiis 'iarn, Qiuir •ovullo ai| 'te mayiio 5ns atquo dcnsloi'cs cutae, mi imbriiuu IIBKR TERTIU8. jy (lint ills sub pellihuH militos contineri non possent. Itaquo/J vastfitis omnibus eorum a^ris, vicis acdificiisciuo incensia Carsar cxeroltum reduxit et in Auierclw Xexoviisque, ivliquis item civitatibus, quae ])roxinic bellum focoraut, in liikTnis coUoca >•:!.. '>! m'> I IL I h i !i For th< Iiitroduct (Imp. 1 tribe I. Galbi 1. Cum ■' t'ausar ■ Iiimsolf le out for I dallia Cit and map, or perhaps in IVjuit • . . which summits o: 2. Cansi or 'them' l)or,— ' the (now know north, was Gaul.] quo,— no etc.,— '(the 'with.' ir Note that a i NOTES ON BOOK III. For the events duseribod iu the preceding books see fh., Introduction, §111., p, x. woks, see the "'"?;ibe3?'~^""*"'' experiences amo,.,^ the Alpine I. Galba u .ent to keep the northern route over the Alps open. CAP. I. 1. Cum in Italiaui, etc.,-At the end of Book JI. we read /Tr 't -^-^--i— - -nd^nfe: n n, -' ^""^^ ^^^^ "^«^^« Caesar's province of i.alUa C^ter^or or Cisalpine Gaul; see Introductiolp v -I map, p XI. profleisceretur in,-' was setting ut for ^ or perhaps ' was on his way to ' ^ ' in Naintuatc8...q«i...pertinent,-'into the country of or 'thern' .u trans. qaoci,-< that,' ik «because' it"r er,-E BKLLO GALUCO. J- Jinic,~i.e. Galha. perii.isit. . nti -Ht n. mission to the end thnf- f,.n i ' hogavcpor- M.a.2. HF.181 T) ' • ^'^ "^^"- ''''^ 'to-' (KC. hiemandi causa^-App^Bf» f "««ntioned: where y '-^ battle; ,ecu,ul,aa proc^Z^'^^'''^"'^"'''''' *° ^°''^ one way/ caHtelll X LTinf."' '*^ ^"'^"^^^^^^ ^'' ^ bolds of theirs,' or '^IrTZ^^^^^^^^^ the difference between^ho I in "'r.''™"^'"^'^^-' ^^«*'- i",-' anion. ' rolil^S n '"h '"^' f "°'"^^ ''''°^- these be? lurroductir n'T " ""' ^"" "^'-^"^^ -"'l'' 93.2.) ""^^^ ''^^'^h'jwhynotr^worf;? (Ec. 5- qiii,-App.ii.i. i)ositMs...ooiiti„etii.. <• •. •■•and is surrounded, (shut in ) . oT ' ''*"^''"' "lajrna, etc..-' with a sm.ll i ' i .^P^'^^''^-^'^^»- '«on APP.5.«. altissiinisAA^p lo' "" '^"' ^^"^^ *" iV lit.P Ht!; "^""^^sl-ni^,:;- vae„amreneta,H,-...eated'; hiem«ndu.u,-Ipp39r '~ '' *^' difference? ,„1 With so„K.tlH„^ known o u^f '^^i^^^^-f 7.''"^ the new sontcu, . modes of joininj, tln-ee words (orTlu so, n '""^' °"'-^ '^""^' ' " «^ § 1. [In this idiom the adj Jei^u • i „.,,/^ "^"-"^"^ ««""««« ^iP's, summo, a much rarer cni'r rc sr^*:^' ^^'•VH-'!»-!., e« .,,// 8 2. [For the form see Ran c hVi 3 Ig 2" . '''''^'"'' the active voice would do equally well tf/ r^?:''''^-^- ^" E"^'Ii h ^ L.'!t!n prefers the ^jasaue •■ 'ho gave por- ifh 'to.' (EC. '»• aibitraio- ■ iii. HF.2U<).i.^ oned : where y 'icere, to iigl.t n a victoiy. /ncfa ; but a nsJafced all ia everal stroi) UALJ.Jco. 3. l»ilr:iiiiii a,]y , ^ant. •^"'««'" trans. ^>ro^,<,,. . . _ ,i,,^,-^.^_ ueque earn plenlssiinain « „ ^ -:'i -ay ho renewed :,;;r,t"/'"'^^^'^^"«^-"^'^i. -f l^or.' There i. no .^f^^Ctt '""''^^ '^^«""""^^ «^ ^^'iJion. detractiH,-W] e -0 ' *^« °«r,„al strength of ^^-oans 'nunnyof th J^'^;'::^''^--^^-'^'^-'•^- That •l-'tachmonts. co,n,ne«t,.s - " '"' ''^'' ^'^' ^^ «'"='" -»f size, (slondornoss) "„ ,tr;T'°- «'«"^'«"te»",-' its "f ^^;--^--f the n^oui::!,!!::'""' ''^^ "^ «"-^--1 favorable ^II^;;'.!::;!::^,;;;^;' ^^'^-Hatem loci,-.^,. opposition to the Eomin d.. "'~' "'"'^•' ^1»««'-^- trans, by . ..^e ' or Sd ?'?''»•«!•«"*» 'lejicer.nt,- immediately after ,uo.l, ' "'^- *^^^«"'"«»'a"t,-tra;s. 5. Accedebat qiio(l,-free]v n. •, , camo also (i.e. there vasZl'.n . "'f'' *^^''''' ^^*" ' «'^^e (EC.lOl.A. HF.109.1.) ibs iU t. T^^^^ -- understood, means of) the name LZlrl "" ""'^'-' "«<^er flit, by fact see c.l. §4. ^^ ' ^^^«^«^cej of hostages.' Por the sessionls,-depend3o:rc""r:ar '^ "'•§'• !>««■ f-tnet).' The plural «r C., -^ "ff'-' ^^^* ---tr/co. 'places'; soo tho Vocabulary fLI'^'"^ *° ^^ ^^-^«lated «n co'nari "" ^'"^^"^"^ «^ ^aul. SIM» persuasum Jmhohn..* ', ■" '^- "-cro persuaded,' lit. P-i. l'• fni"'. s..l',i. in indirect n^'Zn'v'TVl 'f'''''''''''^'-^'^- ^^ '• ITL. H.'<'ond,u-y tons..] , , < , '' '""• ""''^^"'''^ '•"'f'"- '^ ™. or pronouns .^," J: ^ j;;''^'"';» -'!' >— sivo pro- <"■'•'"• i»H.c same s,.„(,.n,.M T> •'"•^f"""'*"*"". "lun tli.y S.'i. [Virlually arc.Jo i, ul nn.siv '! '^'Vr''''''^ '''" '''■'''■'■'■'''''''''' '/"or^flanso foiloMin.. I r I , ■" ^" '"'•''^•' ''^ "'« '■on.slr. [Note o.^Mlv nfto • , . 7 ""'■■ ^'•'■"■''- "•'■^'' I"'"«- -'-.». ..,..«.,. sn, and «^«^;....,.;^' ^Tn.lr'r"' "''''"'- Conner (from «liifli iroso ti,,. ,, ™7''''''- [•Sncti i.hrMscs a.s tlm -ii «pocia, attonu.!;.ru " 2: :; r'r ""^'""^ ''"'^•" '- ■''••'■adypa.st; tlu.y u.arl. a ■ t ' ! "'" '■''•""'* ^'<" ••"' "<"■"" incMt.] n.'iivan ''I'-uncd condition, not tlio act of ,, (tain- - 5. TheItomans,w/ioar,. i:/^j,rej,arcd f, '"■*• l^^rd fighting, vmk.'. a ,af/g. or a Hioge, after six CAP. nr. no,™ of the two subject,. (HO 79 „^ iY"*"''"" "'* *° -.a.-ate,ete.- r»U,u.,_. ^ ™f-- P-.--- with i:j: 21 I)K BELLO GALLICO. q«o.l. exi,stimaverat,-g.ives tho reason for tho neo-locf just montxoned. facta, ftccei»ti.s,-if r.udovo.l by tho .c° [^ voxco, ho suhjocts will bo difforonfc. „i„il . . Aii^^Uun nndorstanc esse, Hhafc there was no ground f r i^ ' ^" ^«...n^mi) is repeated for emphasis' sake. ac,~' and farther.' , snporiora loca,-' the higher -rou,„l -thehexghts.' CVOU.l.l.ta,-with/..«;.mied,'or".C,:;' ^nlZio~7 °" '''V'T' "' ^'*"^' -'Z"-'an.l neith..,..' «U..ll,o,-A].p..',...; freely, ' to aid them.' (Pa-,S2.,- JlF I^n "\'^'"^J''^* °^ ^^'^--"^ i-^ understood (.-... their frien,!., Avhile Avith supporfari it is conuneaf.us. rAFost editions r. -n^r^-, App.24., with which understand UssJ.] ^. K IJfiLLO OALLICO. nt qiiae(iue,--0.n.n whrnovor nnv ' lif, < ,vLnn i > from 9u».^„,. „„rt„t„ (I,WV..,soril,,is 'i i ''''''■ leave tho field -"i .l.xS.2.); ;,roc^,o excedere, f„ J;::'-!!::*-;,,;--»;- , ■■"" -"»'- «'-..■ etc' (lefosso 'f,. ''"^ »^^^'^ evon to...for loavin- hau.e.:s^ lri3:t.r ^^^^^^^^^'"- - -- uses ana .cndc.-i.S'^f ■^;r^^ "^ *r"™'' ^ ^' bli- «entonces roforring to Tast tit" ^'•«^^"«"t'^tive or 'whcnc,. ,- or without ex. fRc 85 // Hf ,L J n a .^*'^^'^'' --^'id al>l- case, will. (?'«^7e;»,«„„igpcncr.nllvomiffp w'l Allowed by serZ ««... is com.„„„ to foth cl coX^^^l^^^ '"'•^^'^'^t^ («^ other wo„,) accordance with Latin us' 4 V r ^7"''' '^^"^ *« t,<^ "'«■•« "' i" Latin Of the neu^^^^^'i, '^:^!!^^ ""'''^'^^'-' ^ ^vhon oacli ' ; Lung strip jhmI 1, otc' (EC, -matched) in «lefessi,, 'OiiW; A))]., excederc, t,, iffcrent from 'cedebant, ould relievo irumrerniii. I,— as oftf'ii, op]Jortani(-y for leaving'. ' to an o\- i — ' where,' -lit. 'hiiii- incl tof?etlKr, of sulycc't of tivc ubsoli le A-u. li.m. I, Varidiis . is pcculi.ir, 'wheiicvi i' >1. case, Willi ,243.?).] )y sed lie... other W(inl) 1 thelattir,J be more in liabitual use NO'ri;« ON uooK m. CAP. V. 27 Mttor moro than aiv l,„„„' . ' "" ''""''• '«"'y. '"-" .nay bo tho a,/» ^,' ' ,) „1 "'"'l""" ""'•'» ««-^. .-u.,,a„.w..„tHjau.:;:;^:;:L;;L:^-g- <«..■ men were becoming ij Jtl'^T,,^^" "'''"''■ f'" '"«' ") -rnZ^t;rt::\.-~ >•.. ,..^i.. a/, crbir/rn^ ^;;r — °--«- §v. li'.? Herv" „ „r„°i,"; ™^!r f f'o^. «« -^hai.Bto.1, oto..; '«.. by Cau^o ce-oXaf ; ^r;::;„- .'■"!'"°"'' '"«'»'- ■" ^ ii ft^l 1 ' ' , 1^', m> '14 ..li I'll ;1''^ lui ' :ii;r;|2S- ;,• 28 DE UKLI.O OALUCO. 'receive'; this seems bof for .'. .'~ '^'"'"'^ °^^^ ^^^- post,-' (and) afterwards'; adv. rf>ferrir,,r , Sigriio dato,-cf. c 1 S 1 nfrm '^^^'''^^'"t' *o paultsper. ■vf.rrln,. to tl.e present lie Tay^^^^V'"' ^'''' ^''^"" ^ *«"- n.'J. AG.277.6.] The uso of"!" , "^-^l^-^-*-- «A.181. H.l,;:,. Pl"s, minus and Z««,*^d (RC.lOG.a. UK of l.urpose with ut omitted oiriCr/T ""^ "'".•^''''''''""^'^' ^""'i"^'^ transition from the Indepe.Vj tSM,m..M '''l-'"-" " ''i-'^tn.tos .1,. the dependent sni,jnneti!-e ? f , r "^' "' "'f '"■ '•""'■"-" '- ^ 3. [Very common in cases of comrist ] ^'^"'^'^'«" •^'^'"^'•^ J'"'^', C. y/te Itomans succeed in driv!,,,, h^ -h ,i CAP. VI. 1- quod,— relpron.: 'what 'or 'o='. j understood, ac-introducino- a fnl ' '^^Pf"'^"'^ °"/--- liatia meant ii-d oil,' lit. ther up,' us > — 'from or pauliaper. -this is thi' Similarly th,! roiug on and Latin a ten,-,' JA.181. H.ici). rills, §1. (So M17.N.2. Ad. - [RC.107..,. term ittere lit. C.lOC.a. Kl-'. itival clause liistrntcs III» connnaiid i,, beibri! j/o.v/, . fjllt think on facere n; cf.c.;!. (EC. 85.«. NOTics ox nooK irr. qc) Ti.,.y woro fi.,hti„ - „1 f' '"■ "'°°"<-■='">S*emaoIvo».• .■™,.i„g th„„:„ ': ■'? cThi'""" "■" '""^ '■■"""■ '■•°- »'r.H,., „tt„,.], I.,,,' , • ™ ""' ""■l"'"» '»"»0(1 l.y the liiMMMint ' nl, "'° f,?'"'»"- syntax so., EC.ir.iai. ro. ■ "ic|iiiini,_ allow (grivo),' lit. ■ leave' ''■'ly<'(l as jiaviiig com.', etc ' lifP *.>«*i •••acjvnow- ";:'"■" 77.—' «»"j'--'»ti„,_.,,,tt„,'it.? Lm^;°' - » carolul to c„„„cct „. I„i. .,,,„r,oUl,u,: ' ..;•;. n,;;:vith-'::t-,"'^''''"'' «^""«'— «"•» "^-0, «^ cl'".^oly as to make him throw awa^ia-n/^^^ "" '° easily. Por the abl. ar.»". see EC 85.^ HF U 2 '' ""' 1 qnod-conj. saepius,-' any further'; lit. 'oftener' «.''. tlian this one time. ottenei, alio consilio,-' with one object'; see c.l So ."Rr- «- HF.n.:?.) meminerat,-'remembered'-nn!"'; ^^^,-^,^-"^- "i' i-'Pei-f. (EC.72.i. HF ^.j^g"^"^^""^ ' P^^P^^f. with force vMl^t:!^::;;7^i;:VZh^^^^^'^''^^^"^^^^^^ "^ '^-^^^-' ouod • in P ' ^'\^\]>^^^ memnerat and fi,?era< go with mix me °" >?' "^ '"''' °^ ' "^^^'^*'' ^ -nnectif e. ... - ^^i-ft i>^rrtti... ^;x- «ie»i«y,i. coateudit,-' started.' ' 30 »W miUA, CAUAVU. opposing inrn.. Incoluni,.,, _ 1»;; • " ""'^ ""'""'•^ means ' went into wint.-r ..u.H,'; ''"' "''^" ''^"^' »!'.'/.«. HF.l-:;... IKVJtIi Hv^^^^^^^^^^ [KM "•'^'. i^v.:i:a o..., h. ' T '""t'f "f"'" -•"'• '-^•"'•«- i.v. trnnsitivc verb, but tbc vvri ,/''''''"'' "'"' "'"'•- '« an in- i."IH'rso„aI constructional .;:':;• I Vj ^'"■" """-■-• ""■ nnincrals. [i-f.c.r,. S i i t..... .' ."''"« 'I'i'l "'»y'/i«« win, [^vbi.h .sbuuhl come between V,^ ml! '"" "f '""" "^''^''^'^'''^'^''^ S .. reereneeorperfectan,l,n-eHent,ntrc rm ; Tin,,. BA.llO; 411.] Trans o ' V , /^^"'-•«•'■- " i-MOO.l.; lOi.: tive, S 1. [It i, ^^cnera V Ln,,^ ?'• ^'^"''''' '"^"f""'i"ff an,.,. «.V. BAA2r,.] SJ ^"" venlent to u.. „ in.out.' kc- Chap. M6.-The war with the Voneti. CAP. VII. 1. His rebus,— roferrino. fn «ii ^i, yea. („„, «,e la^tfow^pC: X;:r;/,.f ° ■'^'"»" --ly^j moreluiiycxpiuuifii NOTRS ON BOOK III. 31 l.y ouiwratis. ..Seduni». oninilms. . .exlstlllinrot.-fretly • \nu\ ov,..y rousou to thi.ik.' |.Hcalam. -understaml e,se. ' siiperuUs, otc. -tho .ml..,r i. m.t chn.uologicul, but ^ouiu- ni^ly geographical. Tl.c c nquust of the JJdgae is toM in lik.lI.c.l-33, tho war with Arlovistua in I3k.I.o.3U-51 tho aefoat (?) of thu Alpiuo trihes (of whom tho most important done la nioutiouu,! 1 in Bk.ILI.o. t-(i. Soo Introluction, § III No roioronco is maclo lioro to tho d..foat of tJio Helvetians atqiio ita,-' nn.l as accordingly ' ; for cum above goes also with proferta, esxet. Inita liieiiH.,-abl. absol. ; freely 'at tlie beginning of winter,' lit.? lllyricuiM,-part of uosars province; see Introduction, p. v. eas,-' those ' vu. of Illyricum. roirioi.os cogiioscere,-' become ac- quainted witli the country.' 2. Ejus,— 'this,' tlie one just mentioned; lit. 'that' liaec,—' as follows,' lit. ' this.' tt(Ioloscons,-'tho younger,' to distinguish him from his father (the triumvir), an.l his brother, M. Orassus, who also uas with Caesar. The term adok. ,.., pplicable up to .iU or 35, and even 40, years of ag( proximuH marc Ocoanum, , ,v near the ocean.' (RC. 8,i./.ui. I rroximm, an tulj. ^^uu ( ,a,s,m ; mare the general kTm, Oceanu, particularising, as we say Lake Huron, River Jhames, etc. In,— ' among.' 3. Is,—' ho ' ; in Eng. should be nearer the verb, locla — nee on o 2. § 5. pra.'fectoSj-these were Roman commanders of allied {i.e. Gallic) troops. COmplures,-with civitate, 4. quo in ,nimero,-'of these,' lit. 'in which number.' turlosolitas,-the accus. plur. of Curiosolitea. (RC t'» d iiF.274.) Veiieto8,-not to be confounded with the Venoti at the head of the Adriatic. .N.B.-Transitive use otineo, § l. [So always in Caesar in time phrases e.g. zmta aentae; but Cicero uses it intransitively, ine^n^te acZl\ Caesar s jurisdiction and previous catnpniirns in Gaul fSea Introduction, S 1II.| Use of is, referring, l.a.u-, ..„d '".f iS looking iui ward or referring back. [KC.a.'.a.] " Syntax ot>ro»! \ ' fl' ' ] ir .J,M 1 *«Hl i m 82 DB DELLO GALLICO. CAP. viir. Vcnea^'C "*^!:r*'' ^"»t mentioned, ™ „, .he belongs to, Z if'\Crr"^"7'''' "'•''"' f'- that neighborhood. ^"'"■'''■'' ^I -1.9.10.) «arum,-,iz. i„ e...lncei;,';;r:7:;,,*r,rrn.i^f -^- ''" -«" -- cC.Tdr"r:;7iL:.i\tee r4i::e\r '■■■ - s,x htat- rh:i"r ^) • -r.r,- Hr.100.6.) ,,„„,.,°'"'""' ""'»'»'»•' (KC.85.0. to pay tolls or tribute.' ^ . "euy, force (oblige) all 2. Ab his fit iiiitiiim,-' these sef «« . first step ' ; lit.? i.,itau„ re „e, nli T'"'' '' '''' *^^ expression for 'exazx^ple of seizWtl' '~? '^"^''^^^^ and V.' Trans, freely UT -^- ' 'r°^' ^^ ^"^"'^ «• mood see EC.99.e. Hp'^SoG 4 ^^""^' ^^«•^^«««"t.-for the ntt'^'rirpan*!;':!''-'^"^--^^ ^^ their example.' the predicate. Ti-ans freoW . » '""'"'""' "M-tPCcW) is of the Gaul, to iZVZltZZ'ZlT' "^"°' °""°"' lit. ? rapidly and unexpectedly ' ; Ht"" afarrr* T""""'- """ - •»"J..ra„t,- ■pledge .hc::e.r,hrfSo:;7 *™-'™' ■ '--• o.m,„„„l ««asm.,-, by „„,,,4, ^^^.^^, ^.^ ,^^ ^ NOTES ON BOOK III. 33 common plan.' (RC.85.e.HF.71.3.) acturos,-understand me and as subject se ; trans. « to do ' ; similarly laiuros. euiidein, etc.,— 'and to endure the same issue (result) in (lit. of) all their fortunes.' 4. sollicitaiit Ut, — 'urge to.' (RC.99.a.2. HF 181 3 ) perinanere in,-' hold fast to.' accoperint,-' they have inherited (received).' (E0.99.e. HF.2r : 4.) The tenses of accepermt and malint are due to tJ . historical present mlhcitant ; cf. § 5. Romniioriim servi....em,-' bonda-e to (ht. the serving of) the R.' (RC.Sl.d.) ° 5. Sliam, Sibi,— referring to the subject of mittunt; siios, -to the subject of velit. App. 14 and 15. perducta,— ' hav- ing been won over.' remittat,— depending on the idea of saying implied in legationem mittunt; trans, '(telling him) to restore.' For the mood cf. on inter mitterent, o.5. §8. Yellt,— for the mood see R0.99.A.iii. HF.209.2. N.B.-Predicatlve gen. of Dossession. [Ihijua est civitatia, §i. The order is against taking ampUssima aa tlie predicate.] Force of atque; [§l, twice. It introduces something of even more import- auce.] Condensed expression (bracliylogy) In § 2. [Ab liia... veianu.] Juxtaposition of shos se,§ 2. [See n.b. to c.2. § 5 ] Agreement of retinendi with nearer substantive. §2. [RU.78. BA 47.b.] ut with the indicative in general statements, § 3 Difference between atibitus and repetitinus, acientia and tmis Force of per with accus. of per..n ; §§ 2.3. Omission of ae with In m. [§ 3, con3ura7it acturoa. RC.loi.6.1. Here the use of the phrase inter se helps to explain the omission, which causes no ambiguity or lack of clearness.] Difference between acceperint. § 4, and the common reading acceperant. fThe latter would no longer be re- garded as part of what the Gauls said, but an addition of the author's stating an historical fact; a very unlikely turn of expression in this case.] Use of auua and se, especially In § 5. [Suam In an abl absol. clause referring to the logical subject (i.e. the real agent) ot its verb perducta; contrast missia ad eum legatia, c.l. §4 and N.n. For «2«os and seW (both regularly used) see KC.91.H.] ' Use of dut. sibi not ad se, with remittat, §6. [The idea of giving back, (dat. of interest), predominates over that of sending back, (limit of motion).] Subjunctive in indirect n.nrr.ution for Imperative of direct i [8 6, remittat. See also n.b. to c.6. 8 a.] ) I 34 9. Th campaign DE BELLO OALLICO. CAP. IX. 1. abernt,— from absum loii«..-„u a too far to bo able to JLJl^T'~^'^'^-'^^- '^otar,U.c. C.7. § 1. . ^"""«^ to tJ.e matter in person. See in^::;;::!:^^^^^^ n. ■ ion, ship,- onerar^ae) which .vore broa.ler, amilts swift '"''' ^""^" quod,— takes its gondei- fVnm y? • organuod (almost^trained) ' hn T / 1 '^^^"'"''^' ' *° ^'^' 'to be procured.' ^' ^^" ^^""^^ «^ skilled seamen, (the season) allowed.' lit " w7en !ir°."'; "" *^^ ^''"^ °^3^«-- means of, etc' " ^"'^^ ^^^^ could (do so) by 3. COgrnito,— trans, by ' as ' n»f < t atthesametime,"rand)l;.r '''"."•' «^'"W»-' (and) , . „ ' '^'^^'^"^'^"'■'•cotijecios. intellegebant, Ann on 'had admitted to themlre' , ^T ''"^^ "^^^ ^--^rnitte^: lit. guilty of. (RG.m.d. HF.176^2.) ^ ^"'"' ^^^«'"solves to be le§ratos...retentos etc — i • esse understood) depending 'n y "'r/'^"'""'*"'^"^ (^^^^^ ^otainin. ambaLadcL,- f/ . °", J7^'':f ^-^' f-ely, «i, had been detained.' fl„„d „1"'^' ^^'"'^'^ ^'"^^'-^««adors. . . trans. ' a title which'' or "'"r''-;?^---g to /.,«,«„, digrufios these foraging-;fficersJ;.ri"''' ^'"''^ Caesar iugly that he may have a bJ ' "' "' '^•^"^^' ''^^^- cau.pai,n. a.,,-<^amon: ' f.^^t '"e?;'"' ^^^^ ^"'"'-"^' NOTKR ON liOOIC III. 35 pro,-' in proporti ,n to (in accrdnn.-o with).' ml i.suii., .•tc.,-'aro us,.C„l (,u.„,in.I) for ships,' lit ? ' hoc mu.jo..o H„o,-' and all ..ho ,noro mnfidontly,' lit thmr hopu ( ...xng) greater l,y this (i... for this reasonf' F ; /.>c see KC.H. , ii. UF.-,8.,, tor spe see RC.8r,.o. HF l.,0 5 multum <.Onlld(.|Mn.t,-'thoy trusted greatly.' Co natiini, Il(;.8r).Z;.iii, ^Pp.J. t. lNMlOHtrla...j.„;o|.H,-.the land approaches wore in- ;-;;;m; - .' i...l»odllam,---„nderstand ..... insclentiam - (Mil lack ol ac(iiiaintnn(;(! (with).' '•>. nO(|m.,-'and...not.' dM,ti.is,-'any length of time ('>r very lung).' lit.? App.lO. ° "» "mo, 0. nc jam ut...,o,..• i'f "''"^ ^"'"■' *■"'•'•*'' ^'•'^- t'^c'-.V <^"mmon with verls of S"^- .,?^r-r-"- «A..S7.N.1,.] Uf. concessive, S 6 Posse with adverbs and witiiout a complementary infin. § 6 4. and a<.i»« m §7: [e..pecial!y tl,e use of at,jm after alius. BA 01 | rir.i4d.N. AU.J3.6.] Various uses of arf. 10,11. TAe reasons for nmhrtahmg so diffimh a ivar Iroops are sent to keep other parts of Gaul quiet, while Caesar by land a»d Brutus by sea attack the Vcneti. CAP. X. 1. Erant,-' existed.' gereinli,-trans. by ' in ' ; App.2.c. muita,--explained by the words injuria. . .arbitrarentur. 2. injuria retontorum, etc.,-' the wrongful detention of K. knights, ht. 'the wrong as regards the detained E. knights t.e. 'the wrong consisting in {or done by) detain- ing. [Most editions read injuriae, to be translated in the same way; the plur. referring to the several cases uf seizure.] cqiiitum,- the ' knigl.ts,' or members of the eques- trian order (to which rank the trihuni militum generally l.cl«nged), were the second order in the state, coming after tlie ' senators.' •* ■ ! NOTES ON BOOK III. 37 rebelllo,— ' renewal of war,' not ' revolt,' which is defectio. facta,— may be omitted in trans, ne. . .nrbitrareiitur,— a substantival clause co-ordinate w. the preceding nomina- tives; '(the fear) lest. . .should think.' (KC.99.a.l.ii. HP 185.3.) ne^leeta,- trans, by HV parte,-' district or quarter.' sibi idem licere,-' they might do the same,' lit.? 3. intellegeret,— 'knew.' (EC.99.f;.ii. HF.203.1.) novig iclms Studere,— ' were fond of change.' (EC.82.e. HF. 106.9.) mobiliter,— i.e. on sliglit pretexts. autem,-' while.' 0o « • c» . • "f troop,, was I„,„. at a ,1 Zc.: " T'VoT 1 ■"""' """' "c;, oth,.,-, but ,,,,„ th„ y,„;°V '"■ '-"1"' "K"'.' not ton, r>. «,lolesceii(ciii,-of.t,.7. 82. cl,i„l „r„»ii,.i, ,, in command of,- oto. (AmT7/ml1'^^':r'' 'fricmlly or subject,' lit? ■"-'•«^^•'20.1.) pacatis,- N.B.-Syi)taxol>;Y,M'„,„«. SI. fSoe n n to n 7 ax'-*i. .. is tl.e usual constr ] «, l- ^ '*^ "''' "f^-i- «le d/i 1 , With ut ; sec N „ oV. on ^S;;;;^ '" "IT"' """•'«'• ^ ^- f^'—l'^ §2. [This is not, like 00^,,/ , Tr ■' , ^""'^ ofrf/c«6a„^,.., j^ jxpiaua^r, note j:r;;:a^:;: l^ss^:^-7-;.^^ torical present. [Where the hi,. „ ^'^"''"^'' "*" Senses with hi,.. Pres. (as in i§ 2,3.1) „;Tni ft i.fn' ^'T^''^ ""^ «""•'• '"'^^ "" follows, the imperf. mhj (nl ul^, ut" t^' " '"''^ "'*^ "'^*- "'-^-^ Omission of am ^ym tJZZf ^^ '''"'■• ^^^'•^«"•«•iii-] any Of the troops Vm. vS 'r,2r„::;!'^"f ' ^ ^" ^^" ---- as a modifier.] p,„„,.,,: 'Z2^w "^ "''""' """ '^'^- '' •'■^''" NOTES ON BOOK 111. 39 12, 13. The liomans spend mod of the summer in useless anempts on the to^ns, Me the enemies' ships, v^hoselnrZ Uon ^s descr^led, hace many adjutages oZ the liomanj' CAP. XII. 1. ^'Jiismodi fere,-' for the most part .uch.' situs- rans. by sxng. The plur. refers (according to Latin uaL) o the sovera towns, posita,-' being situated (sit'a ed ^ (KG 88 (extreinities, points) of. etc.^ =ttj::!:r;^srs;2^r^^^"'^^" ^^"^*^- qnod,-' because.' minueute,-App.o.a.N.; trans, 'when was ebbing.' nfHictni-AnfnK + J . ^^"1-" (RC.98.C.) "™'t.iaieiitur,-trans. by Svould be.' 2. iitraque re,= ' by both circumstances or in either case ' 3. ac si quando,-'and even if at times (or, more freX' j;:. Ti- T'"'-'"' *'^ ^i^,e.Lis,^ exXd by exrusoadaequatts. superati,-' being overmatched ♦ as-roemg with the subject iVeneti understood^f J™ ' extruso, adaequatis,-trans. by ^when' clausripp. 0.«. Ins,-*.e. affgere ac moHbus, not w. moenibus, which is dat. inoenibns a ra^^ either ''abundance 'or <\f 40 DE BELLO OALLICO. 'facilities' dei)0rt«baut,-tran9. by 'would': App.26.c • so recipiebant and defemlehant. » ^^ •. 4. i8(lem,-cf. on c.3.§3. opporluiiltatibi.s loci,-' ad- vantages of positj.ijj-..' ' 5 eo faoiUus,-' tho more easily,' lit. 'more easily l.y th^s^for thiB reason);' of. on hoc, c.9. § 3. partem, - EcfsS.f 8iiiiiiiin,-with difficuHas. vasto. . .portiIms,-App 5 « N rurls, etc.-' as tl.ere were few and indeed scarcely anv (lit. almost no) harhors.' lui itdoosit ...thcT emphasizes ti.e fMct .stuted (.-fclO «1 ; ,„• i<, used (as in Si. apparently), as the n.ost ...neral word in the el , opr^rF ;r. ^':''-"^'"r-^ -"•" -" -^---n. .. sp..,c ;;;::: topic, (t. Enj,'. 'now there w.is.'J C'«m = „ luMiever «in, pluperfect s„,,i„„,tive, § 1. fThis is rare in ch,sk-U , , '""'"'.' ^1-, T'"« '"'^y '>e ref,'arded as the apodosis of an inco m„lw,. Z^T^ '""-"7'' ■"• '"■ ""^ "■«'••' "• •'•■V t» approach.' 'l reiLueo to the past, 'tlie jwtential of past time.'l Usenf n.nc . aespeio [Dat; Ahl. with de (more frequent in Caesar than in fn n o ^ I comparative antieipatinj, a quo,l clause. fSee x ,/ CAP. xrir. 1. ]Vamqne,-oxplaining why the Veneti had not the same difficulty. Ijisorum,-' their,' emphasised; App.l7.a u.l taeqiie,-' built and rigged (equipped).' carinae,-subject of erant understrod. The verb may l.o omitted in trans. quni.i,-supply 'those' in trans, aft.r quam. quo,-' that ' ; with po,,ent. (E0.99.a.l. IIF 183 5 ) NOTES ON nOOK III. 41 excIpere,-« stand (meet).' Tho term applies better to de- cesmm than to vada. 2. nccommodatne,-' corresponding'; the pr licate. 3. totae,-' wholly,' lit.? aa...perfereiidain,-App. 40 qiiamvl8,-'ai,y'; from<7myiV 4. traiistra,- generally means tho cross-benches for rovvers but the Veneti did not use oars in these vessels. podalibuH m altitiidinein,-'a foot thick.' coiiflxa,-» e to the sides of the vessels, (li^itl poUicis crassitudlne,- ■ ot tho thickness of one's thumb.' (EC.85.C. HF. 131.9.) 5. pro,— 'instead of.' 0. pelIos,-i.e. rough hides, tennlter coiifectae,-' thinly dressed (worked thin).' ejus u,s„s inscientiam,-'lack of acquaintance with its (i.e. Ii7ii) use.' (RC.81.rif.) eo. . .quod,- ' for this reason. . .that.' impetus yen- tornm,-' violent winds,' lit.? sustiueri, r(.gi,-depend on /mse, which has a different subject in the two cases, tanta onera navium,-' such heavy vessels,' lit.? nou gaUs com- mode,—' not very easily.' 7. con.^re8SHS,-anoun. Trans. ' an engagement between these ships and our Hoot was s.icli.' lit. 'an engagement with those ships was to our fleet of such a nature.' uua celcritate,-' in speed alone.' (EC.85..Z.) prae- s HF. 187.2.) ^ K^^^-'.i.o. roliqua,-' all else.' pro,-' considering {or in view of) ' Replace tho second pro in trans, by ' and.' illis,-femil,ine ivforring to ,mvUjn., ■ ' for them ,' that is, the enemy's ships ' emphatic by contrast, accomuiodatiora,-' more conveni- ent.' 8. Neque,-'not.' his,-;.^. the ships just referred to in tilts, §7.; for tho case see RC.82.e.i. HF.1()5.9. nostrae — supply naves. rostro,-see Introduction, p. xxiii iu lis'— freely, 'their,' Jit.? ' 42 DE UKLLO GALLICO. adlffebntnr,-lit. 'was thrown on them»; freely, 'could roach the... ' minus commode,-' not very well '; cf „ ,. n "''*" rellctae,-' when -left (Stranded by the tide.' nihil,-' „ot at all or not in the least.' J^ir^-^iwT «'»»*Hm- •«asi.8,-lit. 'the happening Cor the risk) of all which things ' ; trans, freely, ' whi'o in lu 'bl'TETstrnVJ^i'r^^'^^^'^P^-' ""VlbU8,-trans.by by. KC.82.d HF.173.4.) erat extlmescendus,-' was to be, etc.'; more forcible than erat timendus. «avium, 8 1. [In.. ^^Its^Sy ' the kee strtCc" '2"";"'" nucu 11 wouia ue In the same case in eaoh Tho no,, „« „ relative, „«„,...„, 88, The Mlom ac«rt„ „, "S aepei)tlii,B on „1 (eoiipleil by el. ..el, 'both ™,r^ Tif '"" " verblV'''^"'"''-""''*'^''™" '■'"'-■<' «"uH^^^^^^ .jeeM b,b,,„,.,- j;;--i"- «-^^^^^^^^^^^^ NOTKS ON HOOK III. 48 14. If). At last in a ^ea-fiyUt Brutus defeats and almost annihilates the enemy's fleet. CAP. XIV. 1. nbl Intollexit,—' perceiving.' tantiim,— «all this,' lit. •so great.' liequo,— ' and neither,' cf.c.B.§2. cnptis,— trans, by ' after ' ; App.5.a. reprillli, noceri p08Se,-tran3. by active 'that he could,' etc., lit.? Or if the passive is kept, ' that no harm could be done them.' lis noceri, - for the dative and impersonal passive see EC.82.e.iii. • 9G.6. HF.164.1. App.3.6.; 24. ex8pectau(lum,-understand esse. Traas. ' tliat ho would have to, etc' 2. ubi primiiiii,— ' as soon as,' lit.? visa est,-' was caught sight of.' ducentae viglntI,-connect by 'and.' (RC.58.6. HF.68.6.) eoriim,— ' of theirs.' paratisslmac,— 'fully equipped.' oriiatlsslrnap,—' finely furnished.' ar- morum,— ' tackling.' iiostris,— understand navibus. 8. iieque...vel,— 'but neither., .nor.' satis IJrnto... constabat,— ' B. . . .was quite certain,' lit.? singiilae,— ' iiil dividual,' opposed to classi. quid agerent,— ' w hat to do,' lit. ' what they were to do ' ; so insisterent. (RC.98.6. HF. 189.a.) ratloiiem. . .insisterent,—' plan. . .to adopt.' " 4. rostro,— abl. not dat. noceri non posse,—' no injury could be inflicted {or no harm done),' lit.? of. on §1. cog- noverant,— in previous unimportant engagements, cf.c.lB. §8. turribns autem excitatis,—' while even when towers were built,' i.e. on the Eoman vessels. lias,— i.e. turres. ex,—' on,' lit. ' on the side of.' superabat,- ' overtopped.' ' ut,— '80 that'; so in §§7.8. neque,— ' not.' satis com- mode,— see on C.13. §6. possont, — RC.99.6. HF.187 2 missa,—' those hurled.' 5. Una,— 'only one,' emphatic from position. ma?no Usui,— App.8.c. (RC.82.C. HF.1R4=L) non absimill forma, etc.,—' of a shape not unlike that 11 44 DB nBLLO OALLIOO. of wall-hooks, (of much tlio same shapn as wall-Tionks),' i.e for tearing down wails and oarth-works. FaUium depends on /ormae (dat.) understood after ab^imili ; for the omission cf.o.l... §1. forinii,-CE(!.85.c. HF.lBi.o.) (5. Ills cmn,— 'when (whonovor) by means of these.' nd- Uiictl,-'puiic.d to (drawn taut).' iinvJgio. . .praerumpe- ftaiitiir,-' the boat would be... and the ropes snapped.' App.iJiJ.o. 7 cnin,—' since or as.' navlbiis,— trans, by 'for.' (EC H'-./i. HF.1JM.2.) consigterot,-' rested on (dop. aded on).' hU,-t.e.thQ antennae. USilS,-' usefulness.' nno lemporo. - at onco,' rcfeiTing to omnia, (bettor than 'at tho same time referring to hi» erepti». orlporetur,-' was lost (was gone).' a erat positnm in,-' depended on'; cf.c.5.83. «iia,- 'in which.' (RO.85.^.) siipora bant,-' were su'perior.' CO inagis,— ' all the more,' ' the more so,' lit.? cf c l'^ 8 '. res,-' the action or fight.' „t milium, etc.,-' so that' no deed of unusual bravery, etc.', lit. 'a little braver (i.e. than usual).' (RC.88.A.) ^ 9. uudc-'from which.' propinquu».. .niare,-'a near view over the sea. ' "''"'o^r^Bts °i7r'^' goven.infi: d«t. ivoceri, 8S1.4. RC.II.57. HF. ibt.l. BA.5.J17.] Coml.in.ul„nofniiincral8. The delibera- tive subjunctive, 8;,. li.ere in oruiio oMi^ua; whlob. l.owever is in no sense the cause of the subj. n.ood here. RG.08.6. HF.139.,,. 1.A.150.J Ablative al)sohito and aocus. in (lie same sentciK.. ^:^^ *'' '""'^ '''"^' ^* '■ t'^'"« '•-•« -nstruct,„ris not tV. imitated in prose con.pusitlon (RC Il.f.ii.c. BA.4.-6), althouH, it l!;av.inl More nttenlion may, perhaps, be called to the citatas.] Subjunctive of result. [In SS 4.7.8. nt is not correla- tive to any preceding word.] Dative of purpose, .^ .., and of refer- ence, §7 Ablative of characteristic, § .5. Cvm freaucnta- uvewuh „dic.,§.;. ,Rc.iii.8. i,F..ou. BA...a.. H.4;;2 Sb. ioc.l^§3.] Co-ordinatli.fir relative. Usns imvitim rinS7 objective pen. : In c.9. fi 3. «ui-jectlve sen. RG.81.c.H had surrountUHl on« of the enemy's.' ^» •" vl,— ' with all thuir might, (with tho utmost viijor).' (RO.Srj.c.) ConloiHlebaiit,— trans, by 'would'; App.26.c. 2. (^nod,— subject of Jirri. cxiHljrnr , .8, t*r.:.— trans, by 'as,' and r(!;.laco cuvi by 'and.' A rfti. - .'-'JXillum,— 'remedy for (or against) this'; ci rei ne las the capture of the vessels. fu|?n, — trims, by ' in.' n. ill enm partem quo,— 'in the diroc: a in which,' lit.? ferebnt,— intransitive ; ' was blowing.' mnlnoin,— a foreif^n wf)rd (fJreok) made more definite by the addition of fran- qui/litas. exstllit,— •came.' se ex loco movere,— ' stir from the spot,' lit.? 4. ros,— 'circumstance.' qiildem,— can be rendered only by emphasizing ' this.' maximo opportuim ad,—' most favorable for.' no^otimn, — ' engagement. ' 5. Interveiilu,— RO.srj.A. HF.82.1. pervencrint,— for the mood and tense see EC. II. 39. cum. . .pngiiaretnr,— ' for the fight lasted ' ; App.24. Tijr the voice see RU.9!).i. IIF.lGl.2. hora quarta,— The time from sunrise to sunset was divided into twelve equal periods. culled horae or 'hours,' though in the summer the hora would be longer than our hour, and in the winter shorter. X.ll.— Uscotdistiil)utlv(! numcralfl, §§1..5. [RC.,5ac HF.fift.fi.a. H.17'1.2. AG.i)n.J Force of tenses. [Noteesp. circiimsl,:t&rant{efA\U.^C,.)', contendchant as compared with contend ertiiit ; posxent and pevvene- rijiniiclauseof result. {RC.II..39. BA.lKi .\G.->m.c.)\M\Apugnnretur (cf.o .i>. S 1.)] Use of relative adv. i Ips in place of rel. pronoun with a prep, [quo, S; .S. = jn quam ; of. nude, c.l 1. § 0. =cx qitibit», and ubi, C.4. S 4.=fn quo. "So also eo and /6i=«flemon!*tr. pron witli prep.] Division of daj- and night aiiionj,' the Itcmans. Alilative of manner, [summa vi, il.] Difference between morera and iiiag. 'move,' is. n'.U I'll 46 DE BELLO GALLICO. IG. Tlu survivors of the nation on surrendering are severely punished by Caesar by loay of example. TAP. XVI. 1. yeiietornin,-trans. by «with' or 'against' 2 c„m...tttm,-'not only... bat also.' gravioris ae- rank?'m"'' ''^"1"^" ^""'''''^ ^"™« ^^'^^"^«^* ^"^ lit. m whcm there was something of, etc' For the gen. see EC.81 5. EF.69.10.; so navium. navium quod, etc.,-' all the ships they had had any- where,' Ixt. . what Co. whatever) of ships there had been any- 3. qnibiis amissis, etc.,-' M^hen these were lost the sur- ZZZ t. TT'' '"^ '''^'' '' "^^^^ *° -*--^ -or any means of defending {or by which to defend) their towns ' bant mT^; ""!?'''■ . '^'^^o- •■^.. n Virldovix forces occurring at the time of Sabinus' arrival; this s put m the tense used in spenkinj? of his arrival.! The nliri^i. Jnspauas diehus, § 3. [Time within which. His iW'ularly refers to the time of the speaker, but here to the time of Sabinus' arrival j»s« 8poke7i of.] Difference between conjungo. § 4. and ' join ' Tenseof rewcaba^, §4. Ablative of place. «§ 5 7 ' The [RC .58 /• HF.r.8.5. H.178. AG.94.«. The word passuum is seldoui oini ted m Caesar, except after the gen. millinm, as in S.5 l ftrn ^ nt exploratft victoria,-' as if victory were cort.iin,' lit as vthey would Imve rejoiced) victory being assured.' A,,,,.' o.a. (KC.80.0.) qnibus comi)Ieant,-trans. by inf. Willi to App.29i (EC.99.«.i.HF.l8i.l.);cf.c.l6.§3. fossas, -there would be but onp trench in reality, but the trench uu each of the four sides may bo regarded as a 8eparate/o«*a. W.B.-Diffcrencc between quidam and aliqnis, §i. [The former un- ape. ,ed, and unnecessary that It be .specifled, though i? need notZ i.H]of„.i e to the writer ; the 'atter indeHnite u'nd unnecessary S, be dehnite EC.95.1.iii.] Relative and substantive claus ^ ST ^'"'il-^''^'-^ subjunctive of indirect qr^stioni. and 3 ] Use of oportet, § 5. Priusquam one •■ -,junc ivc fHere, .as generally, the subj. expresses the end 1: >f n view 1 emphasfs7 .r"!°"°'"'""^'*'- [^'.uw the pr ,riety of th emphasis.] The phrase ut explorata victoria, § 8. [Equivalwit teies, §§ 7.8. «'«'°>'i«'^l present, with primary sequence ol CAP. XIX. 1. passns miIIe,-App.4.J. ^EC.83.r. HP.r,9.9.) magno cursn,-' at full speed.' (EC.85.e. HF.71.3.) llt.-'sotbif quam minimum spatii,-' as little time as possible.' exaiii". matlqne,-' and so. . .breathless, {or out of breath).' Clipientibus,-dative, with eis (i.e. suis) understood, and depending on dat. Trans, freely, 'who were all c. 1 - ' »K* v^Avu^n ±v wcuL vvxcii SU09» NOTES ON BOOK III. jj 2. portis,_th,,,e on each Me of tl,„ camp(cf. I„tr„ -h verb, trans, iimequentibua by the passive, ostonde- i'nSity — ' diaclosod.' ili,— the pt'ih'dren copiae. disjcctos,— ' who wore, etc.'; App.HT.c. reiiovarunt,— i.e. renovaverunt. (RCGf;.) I^.K. -Al)lativc of spcfificatlon [«§1. and 3.], of measure of difference Is 1.], of pL.ee wlience [§ a.] Dative of agent witli gerundive; [twice lu S 1.] Litotes (or understatement, where more is irieant than mec'fa the ear); [nnn miKUocrem, S I. cf.c.l.§ft.; e.ia. §g.; c 19 SO.] Difference in position of p.u'licipie in agreement wit!! two nouns in SSa. and 3. [Tlie ..ni.'r of S-'. is far the connnoner in Ciiesar.) Apposition in Latin wliere Eng. uses 'of.' 10«^« provuwia,i2.] In and al>l. witli colloco. [So ref,'ularly with verbs of placing, in spite of tiie idea of motion. RC.lL'.'i.a.a.] CAP. XXI. 1. Pu^natura est,— App.24. (EC.96.6. IIF. 104.2.) cum,— 'sin«o or for.' victorils,— those referred to in c.20. § 1. (EC.85./i;.iii. HF.(>1.4.) positam,— understand enne. puta- rent,— RC.OD.f/.ii. HF.2()3.1. aiiteui,—' while.' qiild...i>osseiit, — RC.99.cZ. HF.17r).2, reliqiiis l<'^ionibus,— wliat iorceshad Crassus? cf.c.U. §3.' adolescentulo diice, — ' under the leadership of a mere youth,' lit. 'a youth (being) leader.' App.5.a.N. (RC.85.0. HF. IO2.3.N.3 perspici,— its subject is quid. . .possent ; trans.* freely by act. ' were anxious to show,' lit.? V(*rtere,= verCerwjii! (EC. 66.), a form rarely occurring in Caesar. Others read it as vertrre, ,an historical infin., but this seems out of place here, (see n.b. to c.4.) 2. ex itinere,— 'on the march,' i.e. turning aside from his march, resistciitibus,- App.5.a.N. Trans, by ' when ' or 'since.' vineas,— see Introduction, p. xxii. egit,— 'brought up,' i.e. to the walls; from ago. 3. Illi,— App.18.6. temptata, actis,— trans, by imncipal clauses; supply 'but' in trans, heiore ubi. . .intellexeruiit. cujiis rei,— in which,' App.2.c. {RC.8!./.i.) multis locis,— RC.85.A!. apud, — 'among.' secturae, — another ,|f ■is'. ' m 1, ■ ■!:;: 54 DE BEI.LO UALiaCO. reading is atrncturae, to bo translated in the same way, but refornng rather to tliu props and galleries than to the excavations. dlHsfonlla,— ' on account of thu alertness.' (EC 85 «, HF.71.8.) lit se. . .reelpint,- ' accept their surrender, (suL^ mission),' lit.? (RC.9!).o.2. JIF. 181.3.) impetrata, jussi,-' on gaining this request and bein-^ ordered.' fuciuiit,-' they do so ' ; freely, ' they obey.' " N.B.-Thc iinporsonal passive iiso of hitrans. verbs, SI (KG 9(5 6 Hi,' l.i..2 BA..n. n.30,.l. AG.1..0.C.] The local aLatVx^ ; ( tern ylU. locis, 8 3.; «Kuratlvcly, victonis, § l.) Abl. absol. vvi,,' noun na quasi-pmlcate, S 1. Dependent clause Introduced l,v Interrogative Avurd. 81. [Subj. of Indirect question, but found aft.r zzTi r;t *'?" *';^" °' '''^'""■^ ^'«'--'^•«^ •^'^'-- ittueie (C.I». 83 ), and ex ttt„ere, §2. [The forn.er = vvhile still on th.. march ; the latter = turning aside from the march, but not stoppin.^ to fortify a camp or set up regular sieRe-works.] The i)lir>.?. ahas.alias, 8 3. [In classical authors, of time, not place.] A . ot cause \diH!;.ntia, § 3.] c„J„s rei and qua re voLn-ing; to I whole clause, 8 3. Useof flo« and ,s«of same persons, 8 3 Difference between iv perator and dux. [The former the Romu, commander-in-chief, formally invested with military power th latter not a military title, but used of any leader oLny bo^y of 22 An attempi to escape on the part of some of the cituen, who had surrendered isfruntrated. CAP. XXII. 1. Atque,-' now,' introducing something new and note- worthy ; cf. ac, C.15. § 3. liitentis animis,-' while the at- tention was engrossed with,' 'while the minds were intenfc on. App.s.a. summam imperii,— of.c.l7. §2 devotis,-' devoted f..llowers,' pledged by a solemn oati,. illi,-App.l8. SOldiirios,-the native term (of unknown derivation) of the devoti ; to be retained untranslated, but NOTr:.s ON nnoK n;. 55 dirtorlnt^-RcooI So "'•'^^"''"/ '^"'^ ™-.Va.^ de. si qmd,_.(butUf anything.' acoldflt "^^'^'''^-[I'^tivo. "ir.": :c„i re S' IS'::"':: "■ ** rcf,.M.' lEO.M.». HP.1S845) '■""''"'••■'""'''' thon, resumes cM,H5es(;en<»«rfe«o^i, ' ^^"^^ *^ese ordinate verbs joining the two first by "but ' tL?",": by 'and yet.' App.37.«.N B ^ ' *^« <^^o ^^st obhiil «•■•l'"P«travlt,_.was aUowed by 1' Obtained hxs request from.' -^' M.n.— Relative clause of chararfprlflfin r«.,j HF.188.4.5. BA.rK)4. H.S^I AGS^'l' f-?"* ^/^^^-^^. §3. RC.99.C. tion. [dedermt,^2.: devnvisslt'^T u ^ul'junctive by attrac- attraction. the re.at vrcTauses f. , m af/,!' "!/,«"*''-'^">' ^" «ases of This construction frare i rVJ» ^ «^«-^ential part of the thought. tinguish from the subTof ,^1.^ : indirocr"'"":'"' '^""^"" *« d'»" clause of charactenvicpn4^i'"?';r!j''^"^t'0° «r "'e relative l>.«erence bet. ccn the u^e of Z^Z^i^^^' T""'^ H 'Hiu 7« «'*'-<>»-n.. l>y 'for.' ,l;c. con... h.n tl.e saino peri.xl of a leu- days, at tl.o l,....i„„i„,, ., ' c... ro«...tivelv.] The 1,„pe,.o„a, jLsive con.stn.";; n' ,t and? Asyndeton in . ..pid eninn,.ratl„n. fSS i;. and 7 ; i , S 7 combm, ,1 emphatic entrant (.uax-„nstem),,u.l w h p ,1 ' " ta( l SM i..n (N osp. Sj, 3. and 5. J Predictive jren of i«,h Bcssion [.unt lU.. ae. S .S. ; contrast c..(.. S .' ] Al^ latlve^^f separation, SG. Dative translate,! I.v ■ for §s ; .„d 8 Difterenee between in ,He.. S7., and ctuUe, c.i7.S5: '2fy fTl.e former o. daily .han^^e (increase or de.-rease), tl.e latter of da v repetmon (thou... ..metimes also, in the Jt aut,.; s f .t ; t ' I 24, 27.-^« the. AgnUaninns decline a pitched battle, Crassua atark, thetr camp. The enem,, are defeated and at o,.: a/ most all Aqmtania aubm itn. CAP. XXIV. 1. prodiictis,-trans. by principal clause followed Hy ■ ana. uupUci acie insiltuta,-' drawing up a double In,e ' 'f 58 HE DELUO OAhlACO. I i.e. two ool:!)i';4 deep. Hi'^ tn ops woro too fow for the usual triplex acie». medium aclom,— ' tli » cintre.' The reason for til is can be gathered from c.25. § 1. quia consllll,— App.2.d!. capo rent, —trans, hy means of ' would,' the future reference binng required by exspectabat. {RC.m.d. HF. 176.2.) exspectnbnt,-' waited to see.' 2. Illi,— App.18. belli,— trans, by ' in.' App.2.c. tuto, tutius,-the former an adv., the latter an adj. obsoHHls, illtcrcliiMO,— trans, by infiu. with 'to,' co-ordinate with potiri. sine ullo vnliiere,—' without a blow,' or 'blood- leas,' lit.? H. sese recipere,— i.e. from Aquitania. linpeditos, etc., —'them, while hampered when on the march and bearing their packs.' iiijirmiore Jinlino,- had better be omitted : if kopt, trans, '(and so) loss spirited.' (RC.H5.C. HF.181.9.) CO^itflbnilt, — ' intended or were planning.' 4. n diicibus,- with probata, prodlictls,— trans, by ' al- though.' castrls, etc.,— see on c.l7. § 5. 5. sua,— refers to hostta the subject of effer.isaent. opi- lllOIie tlllioris,— 'the impression of fear (they had created).' cf.c.17. §6. omnium,— freely, 'on all sides,' lit.? exspectari. . .ire- tur,— ' that they should not delay any longer going to the camp,' lit. ' that there ought not to be waiting, so that there would not be going'; for exapectari and ireliir see App.24. (RC.9G.6. IIF.164.2.); for guin cf. on c.2\i. § 7. omnibus cupientibus,— freely, ' to the delight of all,' lit.? App.D.a.N. N. II.— Heaping of abl. a])8ol. without connectives in §§1.2.4. [Wiiere tliis is tlie case a succession of events is generally cxjiressed, some- times to be rendered by ' and so,' as in § :>.] Iinpcrf. and pliiperf. 8ul)j. rcprescntinf? respectively (lie liit. and fut. perf. indie. [§§1. and 3. RC.107.6. HF.'J07.7. BA.521. ll.mi] Tlie various con- structions witli i/dercludo. [»•.>.; cl. 8^'.; c.23. 8 0.; tbe last being the most frequent.] Snrcime and uciea. [See Introduction, p. x.\., .\xi.J Ablative of agent in abl. abaol. clause, §4. [This NOTliS OX UOOK m. 59 IVery sel,l,..„ i.. Cae^u wi '^a ^ uh ^ M^f "7"'.'" ^"'""^'•• iii-toadj; wnerallv in ..vnr- . ""; '"'^^■. «« '" « 4. («087 ^-;'''»".« "^ ^ - ^ .v. t'o.;. I , . u ^"'"""' '"'^"'"'« '•'^f'-"^-"» t„ person., already me ."' noiiea 111 the flame scntencp • i fri.ic *. <■ '"ii-uiiy intii. oee«rrence,a„d(,vl,en us^d deveini, i r'""""'""^"'>' '•'^'•" CAP. XXV. 1. fossas,-8eo on o.l8. § 8. vallo,-E0.85 h HF 1 ".ft o -' for fighting ' 8,.b:nl..lstrandis, comportanX,-^ ' prosTon^'Vr'"'''''"*'-'^^^^ *^« appearance and im- piossion of being combatants.' piii?„aretiir - A^. V, missa, accidor(.nt,-cf.c.l4. §4. »'"^""»«^"r»- App.2i. 2. ««« -.u ab a..eu,„a„a „„.,a,-.„„ th^lJa^^hrC t.:a°:t siae ot, cf.c.22. §1. facilemqu,, aditiim habere -' wn« easy of access, (could easily be approached),' lit.? Cf c!l2. § l! Gerundive cons,.-, m ab . Xelns «l ^^Lu" °"^ '?"'""" "^^"'P" Hi CAP. xxvr. 1. cohortatus ut,— ' havin<^ ur-or? tn ' a..«c, the ,„bjeot of .«.„.„,. ,,, J «"r,e!it.-r 'ni™ .^ 2. ut era. '«iperatum,-. according to iastruotions,- iLv 60 DB BELLO GALMCO. ^m |n mn ^^^H ]i^^HW^'^ ^^m 'mKtfi ^H ^Hii ^^^1 '^^H m^ K << -i ^^H i^H ■ H ^H ^MBlli eductis, Circutilduclls,- trans, by principal clauses. App. 5.o.iii, praesidio castris,— 'to ^uard the camp.' (llC.82.c. HF 1311.) relictae,-App.B7.a.N.U. al>,-' by,' lit. ' with re- spect to.' mentibus,— ' thoughts.' B. priu8...(|uam,— 'before,' lit.? cf. on c.l8.§7. con- Stiteniiit,-' gained a footing.' vidori,-with this under- stand possent from the following poanet. quid rei gerere- tur,— 'what was going on'; for the gen. cf. comilii, c.24. §1.; forthesubj.seeEC.9!).(Z. HF.176.2. conspici posset,— the subject is quid rei gereretur. posset,— EC.99 f.iv HF 201.5. y V. ^r. 4. Turn vero,-cf. on fe.23. J 2. ab ea rarte,-'on that side.' redintegratis viribua,— ' with renewed vigor,' abl absul. , lit.? quod, etc. ,-' as generally happens when there IS hope, etc.,' lit.? Quod is the relative pron., leferring tu the clause redinte gratis viribus. 5. desperatis omnibus rebus,-' giving up all hope.' lit.? cf. N.B. to C.3. § 3. per,-' over ' ; cf.c.l. § 2. intenderuiit, — ' strove, (did their best).' fi. apertissimis cainpis,-App.lO. Trans, by 'through or over,' lit. ' by means of.' (EC.85.a.ii.a.) quae,— neut. plur. referring to mi/Uum, and subject of veni»8e. Cantabris,-see c.23. §3. and note, constabat,- cf. on c.6. § 2. multa node,-' late at night.' MuUnn with dies and «ox means 'far advanced.' For the oonstr. an-! use of the adj. cf. prima luce, c.24. § 1. NI.IS.-ClicanKe in sequence of tenses in §1. Uses of ex Ab = on tliesideof. [Literally, §4.; transferred, §2.;cf. also c.22. §4.; •^:, § 2, ; 29. § 1.] Pritis quam with suhj. § 3. [express! ii{,' nurpo^ie cf.clO. §.3. andN.H. toc.l8. S 7,] Dependent interrojralive ela'isr. §§1. and 3. Qitorfreferrins- to a clause, §4. [The more rhetorical td quod and quae res are also used by Caesar, cf.Bk.IV.c 1 SO and 29.§3. Usually in this idiom, though not here, the relative clause conies before the words to wjiich it specially refers.] NOTES ON i;OUK III. 61 CAP. XXVII. 1- qno in nnmero,-' among these ' ; cf.c 7 8 4 2^ paucae ultlmae nationes,-' a few tribes', the' farthest,' sTul^ ' «en^^-dopouont. (Rc.68.i.) suberat,-from It '■5^ : ^''"Monapfi!*''^^' expedition against the Morini ami 28. Caesar leads a force into north-ea.tern Gaul, y,here alone opposition to him remains. CAP. XXVIII 1. Caesar,— should be nearer its verb in En or 0. jam,— 'by 'after.' this time.' pacata,— trans, by ' while' supererant qui, etc.,-trans. freely, ' the onlTpeople m'Iio . . .were the M.' lit.? essent, mi8issent,-Ii0.99.c. HF 188 l-o. "eque...un(](uam,—' and... never' " ' longe alia ratione ac,-' in a manner very different from.' 2. quae proelio contendissent,-' which had resisted in IhefieJa.' (RC.99.e. HF.206.4.) -: neque Iiostis,-' and no 'enemy.' in(erim,-^•.«. be- Wec-n he time of his arrival and his beginning to fortify he_ .amp. dlSl)ersls,-tran.. by ' while.' in opere,-' at their work,' i.e. of fortifying the camp. . ■*• \«»Fi"«'-'toofar,'lit. ' farther,' i.e. than thev should imped.t.onb..s Iocls,-'over ground unusually f.ai of ob- structions,' lit. 'by means of ground more entn^ed' ie tnan usual. secuti,-trans. as in App.37.«.N.B. "^ '■'■".T'^,!'? '-«lative clause of cliaractcristic, 1 1. [rc.H 34 35 HF ifts cf a.t"^o Tr;";.f-r' .^-°^-(o'Xt)with™: SnV.fn H 1 ' I ''"' ""'-^ ^^ translated literally.] Substantival use of euus, «§ 2. and 4. ldio,natlc md „f the II' I J' ^1 i i; ir WfV^i^fWfffts f|v^r?'^ C2 DE IJKLLO OALMCO. compamtJvc, 9 4. The rn.,),ioncy of the c-..clinR-flr««/! In 55 a. and 4., in each case at the end of its chuiao. [Tliis ahiiilniitv -Vf ondInK', resulting from Po-ordinatiiiKr a number of slmili.r clause, i- rare and should bo avoided in writing Latin.] Abl. uf means (., express tlio route by which. l§.l.; of.c.26. 8§2. and 8.] 29. The season for campaigning closes before anythivn effective can be done. CAP. XXIX. 1. Rellqnis, ofce.,-' during the romaining days that fol- lowed, liehquis, bocauso tlio sunimor (the time for cam- paigning) was nearly bver. (c.28. § I.) instltilit,-' pro- ceeded.' silvrts cae(loro,~i.P. to cut a broad road throu-h the forest. ^ no quis,-with ivipetus, ' that no,' lit.? iiiilltlbiis,-..!.! absol.; trans, by 'while.' ab,-'on.' possot,-' midir - (RC.99.a.l. HF.183.2.) ^ matPiinm, — 'timber.' convorsam ad, — ' facing,' lif ? The trees felled wore piled on each side of the road, with tlie branches cut away next the road, but loft on the side n> xfc the forest, collocnbat,-' placed or arranged.' App 2(i r pro, -'as.' ad,— 'on.' " 2. cum jam,-' just as,' or more lit. ' when now atlen-tl, ' extrema Impedimenta,-' the rer.r of the bagga-e,' lit "^.i,,, hindmost baggage.' tencrentiir,-' were being seized ' „r inoro freely, ' were getting within reach.' ipsl,-tlio en.i.iy m person, as contrasted with their baggage and cattle. Supply ' while ' as connective. continuatione imbrium,-' because of the incessant raius ' lit? (RC.85.m. HF.71.8.) diuthis,-' (any) longer.' sub pclUbilS,- ' under canvas, or in tents,' lit. ' under hides,' ■with whiel: Jio tents used in summer were covered. 3. in,-' among.' roliquis item,-' and the other. . .also'; wliat states are meant ? iiip— flni»i« In §5 lis aimilmlty of inllar clauses. I- Abl, of lueiiim lo 1 ivatleiiffHi NOTIS8 ON BOOK III. „ 63 ablnt vca of thrc, different kinds , , ' fv ni. ^;?''''""""'^''"" "f Asyndeton wUli iV,,, §2 an,l wi 1. • . f ■^'^■"'f-IV.e.4. »r,.] ".0 rule i„ Caosa^ I,u cf c V v^n:';,*'-, Z"^''" '"" '"•"•""■•'• ^' '« ally (ounrl, cf.e.9. 3 1 im, ''.V . "^ '"''"*"' '^ "' '?«« '•'^ K^ner [Many cd.to.. so/ t,|,s ,, toT ,tt ;,r;7"";"""""''- J,, «2^. tion.s. and that the perf. wo.^ld h vo Ll ', "' "'"■'^""^- f"t'''Tnp- tlon of work. The ,m7rT "'"" "*' * ^""'PlH., ,.n„s!. favorue ten.,, that the.. 1« rc::>r or : fr^^^^T'-'' "•""-^"« [con<.«»«<,„„e, j, 2.; of. also c "1 » •. I L ^'"^ ^'»"8'»l af'l. c.25.§l. The almost invariable rili i, ... / """' ^^" ^''^' "' «""• 8e,.tenc.e8 (or two similar p n sos of wl 1.. T,"""' '"'" ^""'•"i-ate negative, l,y „,,/„e (cf.c /«To Js^ ''" '"'■"'"' ^"""lins a occur chiefly where ,is In , y^i' h "'"^ *"-"*- ^*'**'» Kxeeptlons with a si„,,e wo,";? ..^,;,t;t M,';rir /' ^'"""^ ^••""-•^" Fil Hi WIIIHI DI 1. Ea, Ponipeio, Tcactori : ti'jinsierii: ti'iinsennt licllo pi'Cll Suebon Cfiii'munoi ex qiiibus caiisii ex so, iit:|Ue ] iinuis sur IK 'I' ratio si'jiiiruti 8 rciniinere i fnunento, laultumqu' ot Mnotidia uullo offici o '. JULII O^SALIS COMMENT ARir DE BELLO GALLICO. LIBEli QUAKTUH. 1. Ea, quae secuta est, hieme, qui fuit unnus Cn. i I o.npeio, M. Crusso co.^snlibus, U,si,.efo.s Germani et item Icactcn magna cum muliitudino liominum flumon Rlienum fHusierunt, non longo a mari, quo lil.onus influit. Caus. . t...n.seundi fint, quod ab Suebis complures annos exagitati"' l-lio pranebantur et agrloultura prohibebantur Sueborum gens est longe maxima et bellicosissima 3 ^.nrnunorum ..nnium. Hi centum pagos habere dicuntur, , exqu.bus quotannis singula nillia armaton.m bellandi euusa ex finibus educunt. Ileliqui, qui domi manserunt, 5 «0 at:,t,e illos alunt. Hi rursus in vicem anno post in arnus sunt, illi donii remanent. Sic nequo agriculturao i>'<' ratio atque usus belli intermittitur. Sed privati ac7 «rparati agri apud eos nibil est, no\m remanere vestigio assuefecerant, ad quos se celeriter, .um 4USUS est, recipiunt ; neque eorum moribus turpius '(luu^- 5 quam aut inertius bab, tuv, quam ephippiis uti. Itaquo ad quemvis numerum rpbippiatorum equitum quamvis pauci 6 adn-e audent. Vinum ad se omnino importari non si>umt quod ea re ad laborom ferendum remollescere honiiuei atque efferninari arbitrantur. 1 3. Publice niaximam putant esse laudera, quam latis- sime a suis finibus vacare agros : bac re significari maynuui 2 numerum civitatum suam vim sustinere non posse. Ita.iue una ex parte a Suebis circiter millia passuum soxcent.. a-ri 3 vacare dicuntur. Ad alteram partem succedunt Vhll, quorum fuit civitas ampla atque florens, ut est captus Germanorum, et paulo sunt ejusdem generis (cteris humaniores, propterea quod Ehenum attingunt, nml- uni- que ad eos mercatores ventitant, et ipsi propter piopin- 4quitatem Gallicis sunt moribus assuefacti. Hos «um LIBER QUARTtJS. n inis adventa perterrif! ^. - IZ' ^^''^ multitiul-3 !*«„, aLLr:™rer; r"i,r: '™"r ""'"" praesidiis Genna,-« +. ■ -Khenum dispositis s vxeimauos tnmsire prohibebanf TU; sxperti cum neoiifl vi ^r.„^ i ^'^'^«'-'ant. iHi omnia 4 vicos ■-nigraverant His tatoX il "1, ™ "'"'"' Bkf.u„„ erat, certior fJ'rfl ™*'"°"""' 0""« <-itn' |l.iemis.eeor„mcopii. alue^r "'""^' ""*'» kovi. pie„,„, ■eUt:::;:rs wr'"'''= ""''"'^ «».i.uavi. Est e„i,„ hoc Ga i'c 1 ' ^;-"'"»"!"- v.ato„,.s etiam invites c„„sis,: ' ll-arr 't 'f r "" ^'^ |-...^e ,ua,ue re auclie.it aut 00^01 Lr^^^ir"! rff^J DE BELLO OALLICO. niercatores in oppidis vuIk^is circumsistat qviibnsqiie ex regiommis veniant quasque ibi res cognoverint, proiiun- stiare cogant. His rebus atque auditionibus permoti de summis saepe rebus consilia ineunt, quorum eos in vesti^io poenitere necesse est, cum incertis rumoribus serr'ant, ct jilerique ad voluntatem eorum ficta respondeant. 1 6. Qua consuetudine cognita Caesar, ne gravior' bcKo occurroret, niaturius, quam consuerat, ad exercitum proii- 2ciscitur. Eo cum venissot, ea quae fore .«nspicatus eiat 3 facta cognovit : missas legationes ab nonnuilis civitatilms ad Germanos invitatosque eos, uti ab Eheno discederent, 4omniaque, quae postiilassent, ab se fore parata. Qua spo adducti German! latius vagabantur ot in fines Eburoinim et Condrusorum, qui suntTreverorum clientos, pervenerinit. f>Principibus Galliao evocatis Caesar ea, quae cognoveiat, dissinudanda silii oxistimavit eorumque animis permiiUis et confirmatis oquitatuque imperato bellum ctim Gei-manis gerere constituit. 1 7. Re frumentaria comparata eqnitibusque delectis iter in ea loca facei-e coepit, quibus in locis esse Germanos 2 audicbat. A quibus cum paucorum dierum iter abesset, 3 legati ab his venerunt, quorum baec fuit oratio : Germiiiios noque prioros populo Romano beUum inferre noque tanicu recusare, si lacessantur, qiun armis contendant, (|!ini1 Germanorum consuetudo sit a majoribus tradita,, (|m(i m- 4 que bellum inferant, resistere neque deprecari. linen tamen dicere, venisse invitos, eject os domo ; si si am gratiam Romani velint, posse iis utiles esse amicos ; \el sibi agros attribuant vel patiantur eos tenere, quos ai niis 5 possederint : sese unis Suebis concedere, quibus no dii quidem immortales pares esse possint ; rellquum quidem in terris esse neminem, quera non suporai-e possint. iiBER QUAnrrs. 5 8 Ad haec quae visum est Caesar respondit; sedexitusl fu.t orahon.s : Slbi nulla.a cum his amicitiam esse posse, s. nx GaUxa remanerent ; neque verum esse, qui suos fines, uorz non potuerint, alienos occupare ; neque uUos in Galha vacare agros, qui dari tantae praesertim multitu- -li.u sme mjuria possint ; sed licere, si velint, in Ubiorums iniibus considere, quorum sint legati apud se, et de Sueborum injuriis querantur et a se auxilium petant : lioc se Ubus imperaturum. 9. Legati haec se ad suos relaturos dixerunt et re deli- 1 berata post diem tertium ad Caesarem reversuros : interea ne propms se castra moveret, petierunt. Ne id quidem» Caesar ab se impetrari posse dixit. Cognoverat enims ma«..am partem equitatus ab iis aliquot diebus ante prae- .l'.nd, frumontandique causa ad Ambivaritos trans Mosam Mussam ; hosexspectariequites atque ejus rei causa moram iiiterponi arbitrabatur. 10. Mosa profluit ex monte Vosego, qui est infinibusi L.ngonum et parte quadam ex Rheno recepta, quae appeU 1-urVacaus, msulam efficit Batavornm, neque longius^ ab eo milhbus passuum octoginta in Oceanum influit ilienus autem oritur ex Lepontiis, qui Alpes incolunt et3 lon.,0 spat.o per fines Nantuatium, Helvetiorum, Sequan- oru.n, Mediomatricum, Tribocorum, Treverorum citatus fertur et, ubi Oceano appropinquavit, in plures defluit4 partes multis ingentibusque insulis eilectis, quarum pars nmgnaaferis barbarisque nationibus incolitur, ex quibuss sunt, qui piscibus atque ovis avium vivere existimantur multisque capitibus in Oceanum influit. ' U. Caesar cum ab hoste non amplius passuum duode-i cim miUibus abesset, ut erat constitutnm, ad eum legati r .■■/ \/ 6 DE BELtO OAttlOO. rovertuntur ; qui in itinere congressi mapnopere, ne louglus a progrederetur, orabant. Cum id non iiupetrassent, pete- bant, uti ad eos equites, qui agmen antect ssissenf., praemitteret eosque pugna prohiberet, sibique ut x^otesta- 3 tern faceret in Ubios legates mittendi ; quorum si pi 'Dcipes ac senatus sibi jurejurando fidem fecisset, ea condit'one, quae a Caesaie ferretur, se usui'os ostendebant : ad has 4ros coniiciendas sibi tridui spatium daret. Haec omnia Caesar eodem illo pertinere arbitrabatur, ut tridui mora interposita equites eorum, qui abessent, reverterentur ; tamen sese non longius millibiis passuum quatuor aquati- 6 oiiis causa processurum 'eo die dixit ; hue postero die quam frequentissimi convenirent, ut de eorum postulatis cognos- sceret. Interim ad praefectos, qui cum onuii equitatu antecesserant, mittit, qui nuntiarent, ne hostes proelio lacessererii < r, si ipsi lacesserentur, sustinerent, quoad ipse cum exercif s» propius accessisset. 1 12. .-a Isr.stes ubi primum nostros equites conspexerynt. quorum er.i,i quinque milliinn numerus, cum ipsi non amplius octingentos equites haberent, quod ii, qui friimtti- tandi causa ierant trnus Mosam, nondum redierant, nihil timentibus nostris, quod legati eorum p;uiIo ante a Caesare discesserant atque is dies indutiis erat ab liis petitus. 2imi>Gtu facto celeriter nostros perturbaverunt ; rursus resistentibus consuetudine sua ad pedes desiluerunt, suh- fossJs equis compluribusque nostris dejectis reliquos in fugam conjecerunt atque ita perterritos egeiimi ut non prius fuga desisterent, quam in conspectum agminis nostii 3 venissent. In eo proelio ex equitibus nostris interficiuntur 4 quatuor et septuaginta, in his vir fortissimus, Piso Aquitanus, amplissimo genera natus, cujus avus in civitate LIltER ytURTLS. 7 sua regnum obiaiuerat ami.-n.s ah sonatii nostro appollatus ll.o cum fratri iuteirh.so ab hustibus uuxili.nu ferret 5 iil.n.i ex pedculo eriimit, ipse equo vuiunato dejtrtus' quoad potuit, fortissime restitit : cum circumventuH inuK iso viiliionbus acccptis cecidisset, at(jue i,' frater, qui : !uo,.Iio excossorat, prond animadvertisset, incitato . •sc liostibus obtulit abpio interfectus est. 13. Hoc facto proelio Caes r neque jam sibi le^ato^i audiendos ne.,ue conditionea accipiendas arbitrabatur ab lis, qui per dolum atcjue insidias petita pace idtro bellum mtulissent: exspectare vero, dura hostium copiae auger- 2 eutur equ.tatusque reverteretur, summae dementiae esse J.ubcabat ot coguita Gallorum infirmitate, quantum jams apudeosliostes uno proelio anctoritatis essent consecuti sentiebat ; quibus ad cousilia capiemla nihil spatii dandum ex.stimabat. His constitutis rebtis et consilio cum logatis 4 et ciuaestore communicato, ne quem diem pugnae praeter- nutteret, opportuuissima res accidit, quod postridie ejus d.ei mane eadem et perfidia et simulatione usi German! frciuentes omnibus principibus majoribusque natu adhib- itis ad eum m castra venerunt, simul, ut dicebatur, sui5 I-uM^ndi causa, quod contra atque esset dictum et ipsi l-tissent, proelium pridie commisissent, simul ut, si quid ]>ossout, de indutiis faUendo impetrarent. Quos sibi Caesar e oMatos gavisus illos retineri jussit, ipse omnes copias C'lstns eduxit equitatumque, quod recenti proelio porter- ritam esse existimabat, agmen subsequi jussit. 14. Acie triplici instituta et celeriter octo miUiumi it.nere confecto prius ad hostium castra pervenit, quam qii.d ageretur, German! sentire possent. Qui omnibus. rebus subito perterriti et celeritate advcntus nostri «t |- I 'HI 1 I 1 i 4„i™..„ 1 if i^^Pi '■ . 1. : '1 ii 11 ■ #. #. ^. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) h // A f/. 1.0 I.I Iria 2.5 13.2 m 21 11:25 i 1.4 1.6 P fluiugrapnic Sciences Corporation 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 ». Q ^ A ,.v C/j o DE BELLO GALLICO. discessu suorvim, neque consilii habendi neque arma cain- endi spatio dato, i)erturbantar, copiasne adversus hostciu duccre, an castra defendere, an fuga salutem petcio 3 praestaret. Quorum timor cum fremitu et conciu.sii significaretur, milites nostri pristini diei perfidia incitati 4 in castra in-uperunt. Quo loco qui celeriter arma caixrc potuerunt, paulisper nostvis restiter mt atque inter caiios 5 impedimentaque proelium commiserunt : at reliqua mnlri- tudo paerorum mulierumque (nam cum omnibus suis domo excesserant Rhenumque transierant) passim fugere coepit ; ad quos consectandos Caesar equitatum misit. 1 15. Germani post; tergum clamore audito, cum siios interfici viderent, armis abjectis signl.que militaribus arelictis se ex castris ejecerunt, et cum ad confluen-ein Mosae et Rheni pervenissent, reliqua fuga despeiata magno numero interfecto reliqui se in flumen praecij)ita- verunt atquo ibi timore, lassitudine, vi fluminis opprcssi sperierunt. Nostri ad unum omnes incolumes perpaiic!s vulneratis ex tanti belli timore, cum hostium nunicrus capitum quadringentorum triginta millium fuisset, se in 4 castra receperunt. Caesar iis, quos in castris retinuerat, fidiscedendi potcstatem fecit. Illi supplicia cruciatusiiue Gallorum vcriti, quorum agros vexaverant, remaneic se apud eum velle dixerunt. His Caesar libertatem concessit. 1 16. Germanico bello confecto mxdtis de causis Caesar statuit sibi Rhenura esse transeundum ; quarum ilia fuit justissima, quod, cum videret Germanos tam facile imjielli, ut in Galliam venirent, suis quoque rebus eos timere voluit, cum intelHgerent et posse et audere populi Eomani exer- i citum Rhenura transire. Accessit etiam, quod ilia ])ars equitatus Usipetum et Tencterorum, quam supra commem- IIBKR QUARTrs. 9 ™.emu„ finite : si .e invito oIZl ^aZ^'^'^' rou aequum existimarpf our. • '''' ^^^ ^^^^'-^^ tvunsire Po.e.a.i, t.„„. tuZl :ZZZ7Z "T '""°'" ""' si id facere occpaHonibT, „ n I»-™™»'" i vel, 6 »l«™.ue ..eli„„i terpens LtLll.,™^ 41:" '™" 1.0C n„v,ssim„ proelio facto etiam ad mn^TGL l»-int N vImT "'"""'"^' ''°""" "■" ''-^ -■citu.pXwr°"" ™''"" ^' t™-p„rta„d.„e - arbit.aCt:rcra :: :,:;tj;T ^*r- «W.udi„em,,„e flu„,i„is ° ' !' J^'lWmem, rapiditatem ™uo pt,„rrr ■;: :* ' t^r -■-r "'^^■ »ac,™atio„ib„3 i„,„,.,, i„ fl„.r<£ti. t:.-:;r ' I C I 10 PK UKLLO UALLIGO. ado^ei'ut, non suhiicao niodo clireote ad perpciidiculum, serl prone ac fastigate, ut secundum naturani fluniinis procum- 5 berent, his item contraria duo ad eundem modum jun, ra intervaUo pedum quadragemim ab inferiore parte com ra •J vim atque impetnm flnminis conversa statuebat. Haec iitvaque insuper bipedalibus trabibus immissis, quantum eonim tignorum junctura distabat, binis utrimque fibulis 7 ab extrema parte dlsr.inebantur ; quibus disclusis atque in contrariam partem revinctis tanta erat oper's firmitvido atque ea rerum natura, ut, quo major vis aquae se incita- «visset, hoc artius illigata tenerentur. Haec dircvta materia injecta contexebantur ac longuriis cratibus-iue oconsternebantur ; aciiihilo secius sublicae et ad inferioicm partem fluminis oblique agebantur, quae pro ariete sub- jectae et cum omni opere conjunctae vim fluminis loexciperent, et aliae item supra pontem mediocri spatio, ut, si arborum trunci sive naves dejiciendi ojjeris causa essent a ^ barbaris missae, his defensoribus earum rerum vis minueretur, neu ponti nocerent. 1 18. Diebus decern, quibus materia coepta erat comj^or- 2tari, omni opere effecto exercitus traducitur. Caesar ( utramque partem pontis firmo praesidio relicto in fines 3 Sngambrorum contendit. Interim a compkiribus civitati- bus ad eum legati veniunt ; quibus pacem atque amicitiam petentibus liberaliter respondit obsidesque ad se addnci ^jubet. At Sugambri ex eo tempore, quo pons institui coeptus est, fuga comparata hortantibus iis, quos ex Tencteris atque Usipetibua apud se habebant, finibus ;^nis excesserant suaque omnia exportaverant seque in soh-iiid- iiiem ac silvas abdiderant. 19. Caesar paucos dies in eorum finibus moratua bus moratiw WBER QUAUTLT.S. oinmbusvkis aedificiisqno incenses fnr^^rf - in fines Ubiorunx i^ecopit Xe r" ^'^"' '"'"'^'■^ Suobos, posteaquan. perVo'^re; pol ' 2 "'""' '' issent, more suo conoilm i. i "°'^^ P*'"*^^^ «en comper-. »-a in .i,,i, d,,„„,,,„ a^ ri t r°:::,:'T'''° posseut nnnni i« 1«^ ""lucs, qui ariiia lerrn .' .«liu^ z ;" rr"™'""' ^ '""° '»- o^-^"-^ et ad utilitatem profectvun arbitratus se i^C H " ""^'"^ 20. Exigua parte aestatis relinua n««co • • locis, quod omnis GaUia n^ 7 ?• ^'■' ^'^' ^^ ^^^^ ."od omnibu'e ClILf ^,^^^^^^^^^^^^ -teudi, ministrataauxilia intelli^eba 7f ^ ""^ '' '"'^' '"^^■ gerendum deficeret tomen n ' T""'' '^^"^ '-^^^ '^«^""^^^ ^-. Si mortizr s t^ T '^^: ^^'^^^•^ P^-spexisset, loca, portus, aditurcog^:.,^'!\,^r'""'"^ fen) GaUis erant inco"-iiita N.r. "^ . ' 1"'^« «"""a ™o,cat„,es mo adit Xa. X-aTfo"™ '"'''"" Pi-aeter oram maritimnm of ^^'^ Quicquam 12 1)B BELLO GALLICO. Le/li liaberent aut quibus institiitis uterentur, nequo (ini essent ad ma. jorum navium multitudinem idonei portiis, rejierire poterat. 1 21. Ad hacc cognoscenda, priusquam periculum faceixt, idoneum esse arbitratus C. Volusenum cum navi lon^;i 2 praemittit. Huic mandat, ut exploratis omnibus rebus jul 3 se quam priuuim revertatur. Ipse cum omnibus copiis in Morinos proficiscitur, quod inde erat brevissimus in Britan- 4niam trajectus. Hue naves undique ex finitimis regionilms et quam superiore aestate ad Veneticum bellum effecerat 5 classem jubet convenire. Interim consilio ejus cognito et per mercatores perlato ad Britannos a compluribus insiilac civitatibus ad evim le|?ati veniunt, qui polliceantur obsitles 6 dare atque imperio populi Romani obtemperare. Quibus auditis liberaliter pollicitus hortatusque, ut in ea senteiitia permanerent, eos domum remittit et cum iis una Commii iin, 7quem ipse Atrebatibus snperatis regem ibi constituerat, cujus et virtutem et consilium probabat et quem sibi fidelem esse arbitrabatur, cujusque auctoritas in his regioiii- 8 bus magni habebatur, mittit. Huic imperat, quas possit, adeat civitates horteturque, tit populi Romani fideni 9 sequantur, seque celeriter eo venturum nuntiet. Volusemis I)erspectis regionibus omnibus, quantum ei facultatis dari potuit, qui navi egredi ao se barbaris committere iioii auderet, qviinto die ad Caesarem revertitur quaeque ibi perspexisset renuntiat. 1 22. Dum in his locis Caesar navium parandarum causa moratur, ex magna parte Morinorum ad eum legati vene- runt, qui se de superioris temporis consilio excusarcnt, quod homines bai-bari et nostrae consuetudinis imperiti bellum populo Romano fecissent, seque ea, quae imperas- llliin LIBER QUARTUS. 13 set, facturos pollicerentur, Hoc sibi Caesar satis.' opportune accidisse arbltratus, quod neque post ter.nun hostom rehnji^xere volobat neque belli gerendi propter anni tnnpus facultatem habebat neque has tantularum rerum o;cupat.on..s Britanniae anteponendas judicabat, maK^^um • IS nn.nerum obsidum iuiperat. Quibus adductis eos in C'lom recep.t. Navibus oirciter octoginta onerariis coactis . -ntractisque quot satis esse ad duas transportandas ■,^'ones ex.st„nabat, quod praeterea navium longarum iKtI>e)at, quaestori legatis praefeotisque distribuit. Bud accodebant decern et octo onerariae naves, quae ex eo loco ab nulhbus passuum octo vento tenebantur, q^.o minus in eundom porfcum venire possent f has equitibus distribuit ColZT T'^'T"^- ^'^-•■-^'^^"- ^t L. Aunmculeio5 Cottae legat.s 3n ^lenapios atque in eos pagos Morinorum, ab qtubus ad eu,n legati non venerant, ducendum dedit P. Sulp,cuun Rufum legatum cum eo praesidio, quod satiso esse arbitrabatur, portum tenere jussit. 23 His constitutis rebus nactus idoneam ad navigan-i d m tempestatem tertia fere vigilia solvit equitesque in ultenorem portum progredi et naves conscendere et se seqmjussit. A quibus cum paulo tardius esset adminis-a ^•ahm,, ,p,e hora diei oirciter quarta cum primis navibus Bn anmam attig:t atque ibi in omnibus coUibus expositas hostmm copias armatas conspexit. . Cujus loci haec erats na tura, atque ita montibus anguste mare continebatur, uti ex locis superioribus in litus telum adigi posset. Hunc ad4 egiediendum nequaquam idoneum locum arbitratus, dum rehquae naves eo convenirent, ad horam nonam in ancoris exspectavit. Interim legatis tribunisque militum convo-5 catis et quae ex Voluseno cog-novisset, et quae fieri veUet "I i U. I i 14 DR BELLO (JAl.LICO. ostendit. monuit(inc, ut rol niilitariH ratio, inivximout r.i:i;i- timae res postularont, xit quae celerem atqiie iiistabilci i rnohim liaberent, nd nntnm ot ad tempus omnes res ab iis I? admin iatrarentur. His dimissis et ventum et acatum uid toinporo iiactns sec adum dato gigno et sublatis ancoiis circiter millia passmim seiitem ab oo locoprogressusaixMio ac. ])lano litoro naves constituit. 1 24. At barbari consilio Ronianorum cognito ])raeniisso e([uitatn et esscdariis, quo plornmqne genere in ])roeliiH in i consuerunt, reliquis copiis subsecuti nostros navibus 2 egrcdi proliil)ebant. Erat ob lias causas summa difficult iis, quod naves ]n-opter magnitudiuem nisi in alto constitui iioii poterant, niilitibus aiUem ignotis locis, impeditis manibus, niagno ot gravi onei'e arnioruni o])prcssis siniul ot do navibus desilienduni et in fluctibus consist cndum et cimi shostibus erat pugnandum, cum illi autexarido autpauliim in aqixam i)vogiessi omnibus niembris expoditis, notissiinis locis audactor tela conjicei'ent et equos insuefact;os incila- 4 rent. Quibus rebus nostri perterriti atque hujus omnino generis pugnao imiteriti non eadem alacritate ac studio, (| no in pedestribus uti proeliis consuerant, utebantur. 1 25. Quod ubi Caesar animadvertit, naves longits, quarum et species erat barbaris inusitatior et motus .ul usum expeditiov, paulum removeri ab onerariis navibus ct remis incitari et ad latus apertum hostium constitui ati]ue inde fundis, sagittis, tormentis hostes propelli ac subniov- aeri jussit ; quae res magno usui nostris fuit. Nam et navium figura et remorurn motu et inusitato gemie tonnentorum permoti barbari constiterunt ac paulum nxulo 8 pedem retialerunt. Atque nostris militibus cunctantilms, naaxime propter altitudinem maris, qui decimae legiouis LinEii yt'AUTia. I'i «Muilam foreLat, contcstuf,„s decs, ut ca n.s logioni feliciter hoshbus prodere: ego certe meum reipublicae atc.ue unpcratori offlcium praestitero.' Hoc ci,m voce magna 4 a.xKsset, se ex navi projecit aixjue in liostes aquilam forre .OOP, rtmx noHtri cohortati inter «e, no tantum dedecus . apetu.n fecerunt atqS ^ 00. n fugam dederunt, neque longius prosequi potuerunt quod equates cursum tenere atque insulam capere non Pc^erant. Hoc unum ad pristi^am fort^nam^^CaesTri 27. Hostes proeHo superati, simul atque se ex fugai obsides da uros quaeque imperasset facturos polliciti sunt Una cum Ins legatis Commius Atrebas venit, quern supra 2 demonstraveram a Caesare in Britanniam 'plemisr^L 1 I 16 1>E BEtro aAILICO. allunc illL e navi egrcssuin, cum jul eos oratorls modo Caesaris mandata defeiTot, c():n])roliendcrant atquo in 4vincula conjecerant, turn proelio facto remiserunt. In potenda pace ejus rei culpam in multitudinem contulerunt, et propter imprudentiam ut ignosceretur petiverunt. 6 Caesar questus, quod, cum ultro in continentem legatis missis pacem ab se petissent, bellum sine causa intulissent, r. ignoscere imprudentiae dixit obsidesque imperavit : quonnii illi partem statim dederunt, partem ex loufjjinquioribus locia arcessitam paucis diebus seso daturos dixerunt. 7luterea siios remigrare in agros jusserunt, principesqur undique con venire et se civitatesque suas Caesari commen- dare coei)erunt. \ 1 28. His rebus pace confirmata post diem quartum, quam est in Britanniam ventum, naves decem et octo, dc quibus supra deraonstratum est, quae equites sustulerant. 2 ex superiore portu leni vento solverunt. Quae cum appro- pinquarent Britanniae et ex castris viderentur, tantu tempestas subito coorta est, ut nulla earum cursum tenerc posset, sed aliae eodem, unde erant profectae, referrentur. aliae ad inferiorem partem insulae, quae est propius soils 3 occasum, magno sui cum periculo dejicerentur ; qua(> tamen ancoris jactis cum fluctibus complerentur, neces- sario adversa nocte in altum profectae continentem petierunt. 1 29. Eadem nocte accidit, ut esset luna plena, qui dies maritimos aestus maximos in Oceano efficere consuevit, 8 nostrisque id erat incognitum. Ita uno tempore et longas naves, quibus Caesar exercitum transportandum curaverah quasque in aridum subduxerat,. aestus complebat, et oner- arias, quae ad ancoras erant deligatae, tempestasi IIBEU QUA.RTU8. 17 ;i(UictabHf uoque iilhi no.stri.s facultiiH nut admin istmncli iiiif auxiliaiuli dabatur. Complurilni.s navibus fractiss loliquao cum essent funibus, ancoris reliquisque arma- nicntis amissls ad navi^aiulum imitiles, magna, id quod uooesse erat accidero, totius exercitus jKirturbatio facta est. \c(iue enim naves erant aline, quibus reportari possent, et4 cmnia deerant, quae ad reficiendas naves enmt usui, et, Muod onuiibus constabat hiemari in Gallia oportere,' fiumentum his in locis in hiemem provisum non erat. 30. Quibus rebus cognitis principes Britanniae, (juii post proelium ad Caesarem convenerant, inter se collocuti, I'lunequites et naves et frumentum Koman is deesHS intel- lii^crent et paucitatem militum ex castrorum oxi},niitate coj^noscerent, quae hoc erant etiam angustiora, (piod sine iiiil)edimentis Caesar legiones transportaverut, oi)timum2 factu esse duxerunt rebellione facta frumento commeatu- (|iie nostros prohibere et rem in liiemom producere, quod Kis sui)eratis aut reditu intorclusis neminem j.ostea belli inferendi causa in Britanniam transiturum coufidebant. Itiiqae rursus conjuratione facta paulatim ex castriss discedere et suos clam ex agris deducere coei:>erunt. 31. At Caesar, etsinondum eorum consilia cognoverat, i tiimen et ex eventu navium suarum et ex eo, quod obsides dure intermiserant, fore id, quod 'accidit, suspicabatur. Itcaque ad omnes casus subsidia comparabat. ,\ un eta fiumentum ex agris quotidie in castra conferebat el quae Kiavissime aiflictae erant naves, earum materia atque aere ad reliquas reficiendas titebatur ot quae ad eas res erant Usui ex continenti comportari jubebat. Itaque, cumg siimmo studio a militibus administraretur, duodecim iiavibus amissis, reliquis ut navigari commode posset, efiecit. h ii I I ' v fc' 18 BE HELLO QALIIOO. 1 32. Dum ea goruntur, Ioc:iono ox cotisitetudino iinn fnimentatura missii, qiiao ai)i)ellabatiir septima, iiociue ullii ad id tempus belli suspiciono iiiterposita, cum pars homi- niun in agris reraaneret, pars etiam in castra ventitaret, ii, qui pro portis castrorum in staticne erant, Caesari niintia- vorunt pulverem niajoreni, quam consuotudo ferret, in oa 2 parte vidori, quam in partem legio iter fecissot. Caesar id, quod erat, suspicatus, aliciuid novi a barbaris initum consilii, cohortes, quae in stationibus erant, secum in earn partem proficisci, ex reliquis duas in stationem cohortes succedere, reliquas armari et confestim sese subsequi jussii, 3 Cum paulo longius a castris proccssisset, suos ab hostibns premi atque aegre sustinere ct conferta legione ex ^mnibus 4partibus tela conjici animadvertit. Nam quod omni ex reliquis partibus demesso frumento pars una erat reliquji. duspicati hostes hue nostros esse ventixros noctu in sihis 5 delituerant ; turn disperses depositis armis in metendo occupatos subito adorti paucis interfectis reliquos incertis ordinibus perturbaverant, simul equitatu atque essedi.s circumdederant. 1 33. Genus hoc est ex essedis pugnae. Primo per omncs partes perequitant et tela conjiciunt atque ipso terroie equoruin et strepitu rotarum ordines plerumqueperturbant. et cum se inter equitum turmas insinuaverant, ex essedis 2 desiliunt et pedibus proeliantur. Aurigae interim paulatiia ex proelio excedunt atqne ita currus collocant, ut, si illi u multitudine hostium premantnr, expeditum ad suos recp|.- 8tum habeant. Ita mobilitatem equitum, stabilitatoin peditum in proeliis praestant, ac tantum usu quotidiano i »„ ex ti„Z ,,,cope™,t. Q,,o facto ad lac.,.e„d„,„ ,,„,.„,„ „t J !> nuo,.d„„, proelium ,.no„„,n e,,e tompus „,.bi.r„t„a 3.,ol 0.0 co„tm„.t ot brevi tomporo intermisso to c,«,™ olZi. *• .'^"" ''"° ^""""^' "-'* °»" ^-» »unt CO,, ,™os oo,upluros dies to,„pes.„,os, .,„„e et nos" o" . cas^ns c„Mtoe,.„t et hostem a p.,,.,! ,,oUi J„ .t «tenm barban nuntios in ooines partes dimise„,„t» ,.auc,,at<,„,q,,e nostron,,^ miUtum suis praedicave,-„„t, e sfavenmt. H,s reb„s celoriter magna multitudineo l.cd,tatus equitatusque coacta ad castra vonerm.*. at fore vTb'f 't"'."""' """^rit-^ diebus aecider-l al, foie videbal;, ut, si essent Uostes pulsi celeritaf. ,.er.c„lun, effuge^nt, tamen naetv. equites d L^Xtat •■"OS Co,nm,ns Atrebas, de q„o ante diet,,,,, est, e "m transportaverat, iegiones in acie pro castris cons t" Comnusso proelio diutius nostrorum n,ilitum imttum^ l'.,t,o secut,, quantum cursu et viribns efflcero potuerunt -mpluresex iis „ccide,-„nt, Ue.nde omnibus longe latC; a«Mcus,noensisse in castra recepe.„„t ^ 36. Eodem die legati ab hostibus missi ad Caesarem de 1 pace veneruut. His Caesar numerum obsidum, quZlt ..,.raverat, duplicavit eosque in eontinentem Td du d I >'~...,., quod propinqua die aequinoctii inflrmis na" u. r . I ' 20 DE BEI.LO GALTICO. ;f!i ly! shiemi navigationem subjicienclam non existimabat. Ipso idoneam tempestatem nanctus paulo post mediara noctein 4 naves solvit ; quae omnes incolumes ad continenteni pevvenernnt ; sed ex iis onerariae duae eosdem ijuos veliqui portus capers non potuerunt et paulo infra delatae sunt. 1 37. Quibus ex navibus cum essent expositi milites circiter trecenti atque in castra contenderent, Morini, quos Caesar in Britanniam proficiscens pacatos reliquerat, spe praedae adducti primo non ita magno suoruni numero circumsteterunt ac, si sese interfici noUent, anna ponere 2 jussevunt. Cum illi orbe facto sese defenderent, celeritcr ad clamorem liominum circiter millia sex convenerunt. Qua re nuntiata Caesar omnem ex castris equitatum suis 3auxilio misit. Interim nostri milites impetum hostium sustinuerunt atque amplius horis quatuor fortissimo pugnaverunt et paucis vulneribus acceptis complures ex 4liis occiderunt. Postea vero quam equitatus noster in conspectum venit, hostes abjectis armis terga verterunt magnusqvie eorura numerus est occisus. 1 38. Caesar postero die T. Labienum legatum cum iis legionibus, quas ex Britannia reduxerat, in Morinos, qui 2rebellionem fecerant, misit. Qui cum propter siccitatos paludum, quo se reciperenfc, non haberent, quo superiore anno perfugio fuerant usi, omnes fere in potestatei.i sLabieni pervenerunt. At Q. Titurius et L. Cotta legati, qui in MenaiMorum fines legiones duxerant, omnibus eoriiiu agris vastatis, frumentis succi&is, aedificiis incensis, quod Menapii se omnes in densissimas silvas abdiderant, se ad 4Caesarem receperunt. Caesar in Belgis omnium legionum hiberna constituit. Eo duae omnino civitates ex Britannia 5obsides miserunt, reliquae neglexerunt. His rebus gestis ex Uteris Caesaris dierum viginti suppiicatio ^ senatu decreta est, um cum 118 ^lorinos, qui ;r siccitates 10 superioie potestatei.i yOtta legiiti, nibus eoriim censis, quod erant, se ad im legionuiii BxBritamiiii rebus gestis io 9, genatu IIBEU QUAKTUS. 21 THE BEIDGE BUILT BY CESAR OVER THE RHINE. (TO ILLUSTUATK BOOK IV. C. 17.) 1. tipna sesquipedalla. 2. trabes bipcdales. 3. fibulae. 4. directa materia. 5. longurii. 6. crates. 7. subllcae. 8. defensores. Mi I r ^4 t [ ft i 1 1» iii < 1 1 1 1 1 1 j' if n 1 I 1 r 1 1 ) 1 i 1 J h 1 ■ NOTES ON BOOK IV. Mo», pow <,„,( ca.(»m, are ,lescriM, the U,i„i„ „ J CAP. I. 1. qnae secuta est,-raay be rendered by one word nnl ".t, etc.,-« which was the year when. . ./ore colsut ' ?" s *. Jl± .102.3.N.) For the rehxtions between Caesar Pomnev and Crassus, see Introduction, p. v -fompey Ger.nani,--not a single tribe, but the larger division to which Usxpetes, Tencteri and Suebi all belo.o,d „,,0 adverb, ' mto which,' lit. 'whither' mnr! ,, ^ '~ 'that part of the sea.' '»iari,-really meann 2. quod,-' that,' lit. ' because.' annos,-At,n 4 ,. . ;^ exariitati. (EC.83.C. HF.82.4.) bello -w tb ^ '^■^ ^^^ aj?ric..llura,-RC.85./.. HF.158.2. ' Premebantur. 4. m,-%-he Suehi. ex quibus singula millia -lit 'f..^ wh.h one thousand each'; freely, ' f rom e! h o ' whbh ■ • .a thousand.' amatorH!n,-Ai)p.2 d n. manserunt,-' remain,' lit.? ilSos, iUi _« fh„ .„ , Apij.lS. Hi f>,^ » . ' "">— the others.' -. - _, — --.xu i;t;xsons as ««o,. iu vlccui,— ' in i,,i I i I! : I m^vh 24 DE BBLLO QALLICO. their turn.' anno post,—' the noxt year,' ' the year after,' lit.? (liC.85.7. 1IF.58.B.) G. bolll, — with both ratio (scionoe, systematio conducts and uniis (practice.) 7. ngrl . . . nihil ost, — ' thoro is no . , . land.' App.2.(/. (RC.8l.6.i. 1IF.G9.10.) loiiu^liis aunio,—' longer than a year.' (RC.85./. HF..")r).5.) Ucot,— ' thoy aro nllowed,' lit.? 8. frnniPllto, -—trans, by 'on,' lit. 'by moans of.' innxl- IH«in partoin,— ' for tho most part dirincipallyV' (RC.SH.c. llF.f)8.!?.) stmt in, — ' uro enj^a'^ed in or aro occupied with.' vonntlonlbus,— 'hunting,' lit. 'hunts.' 9. quae ros, — 'this f^iot,' i.e. tho froiiuent hunting; it should bo placed much nearer its verb in Kug. than it is in liutin. genero, — 'from {or because of) tho character.' (R0.8u.ni. ny.?!.!!) CIlUl. . .faciant, — expbu'inng lihertate vitae ; trans, by a parouthetic clause with 'for'; lit. 'since.' n puorls,— 'from childhood,' lit.? liullo. . .assncfactl,— ' as they are not accustomed to any obedience or discipline' ; for the abl. seeRC.8r).rt.i./. IIF.71.8. fnciant,— RC.09.,<7.ii. HF.'iO.»}.!. alit, — ' increase-!.' Inimani^etc, — understand «'o*, homiiuii being a factitive or predicate acous. (RC. 11.70. IlF.9t).'J.); 'makes them men of huge stature,' lit. 'of huge size of bodies.' inagnltnaiiio,— RC.85.C. HF.UM.9. 10. Atqne, — 'moreover,' adding something of special signilicance. in cam, etc.,— lit. 'have brought themselves to that (-^such a) custom,' fi'cely, 'have so accustomed themselves.' loci» frigidissiniis,— App.o.a.N.: 'although the climate is very cold.' (RO.SS.o. I1F.I0'2.3.N.) neque vestitus qulcqunni,— ' no clothing,' lit.? (RC.81. 6.1. HF.a9.10.) IiabereMt,~(R(:.99.6. HF.187.'2.) Here to be translated exceptionally by the jireneiit. tense, so lavaren- tur. uuarum, — trans, with and after exiguitatem. apei'Ul) — ' exposed, bar©.' NOTES ON BOOK IV. 25 ine ilrst words of a «onlcnce form a connectltiff link, by bojrl„„i,M one ZTr'' ;'"; '"'"'^^'""^ •^""^" »« "« '•••- - ^' '- order ^"^,^^7/.^ ""'."'"' "' ^'""^ "^•'•5 "«*« en.phaM... u^^it. n.Sf :;:;;r S;;;;::s-^^^ uses of /mi« . r»m !r more frequent.] Use of tenflP^ n Txt; ^ :::::t:T; '^"'^ ^'•'""■''«''-''-. « ^. (enher deJcrib :: an e.xistlnfi: state of affairs, or possibly nndcr tbe influence of com tZ::7i:m:tl7T ^''r^; --'-'•""'«" afre„uentatrvelZe inSion is n nl uV''* ? " ""'*''^'" I"^"«'''^««' "'« «"-iKinal intention is in tb« writer's mind. BA.I().5.f„.i. H.405.1. AG.287.a 1 ,n i ^. .,?'"■*' ''•''^^««" ^^'"'««^ ""d "epurati,^!., [l)eIonvhom to sen,' freely, 'purchasers for.' The object of the ^eS.T ''''''''''• ^^^•^^•"■l- HF.184.1.) ceperiut, ,, •• ": — ' "^y even,' 'moreover.' jiimentis,— horses, of aU kinds, generally beasts of burden. Jumenti, ill ?f hit n ' 26 DB HKLLO GATiLlCO. flcju'iids on ufnntnr ivnd importatis agrees with it: to Itooji the Latiu urilcr, traus. freoly, ' mh for tlio hursos. . .uho imported ones.' qnibnS) etc., — 'in which... take particular pleasure,' 'for which. . .have a special fancy,' lit. ' with which.' qiliioquo, — two words : trans. * and for Avliich thoy pay a high price,' lit.? protio,— EC.85.t. IIF. 150.1. qnne...hneCf — 'thoso which.' App.ll.d.iii. qnno... natn, — may be freely rendered * the native ones.' parva, etc., — 'which are small, etc' 8Uinmi...efflcIniit,— trans, 'they make capable of the utmost toil,' lit. 'render so that they are of the utmost endurance.' laboi'is,— not ' toil' as in § 6., but 'capability of toil.' (EC.Sl.e. HF. 130.7.) 3. eodem vostitfio,- 'on the same spot.' (EC.85.fc. IIF. 8.>.3.) qiios,— 'and., .them.' App.11.6. cum usu8 ost,— ' when there is need.' 4. moribus,— abl.; trans, by 'according to.' (RC.85.C?.) turpius,— pred. nom. (RC.79.6.V.) habetiir,—' is regarded.' ephippiiS) — the saddle proper was a much later invention. 5. qnemvis, — from quivia, with numerum. ndire nd^ — ' advance against.' qiinmvis pnnci« — 'however small their numbers,' ' no matter how few.' Notice the case of pauci. 6. qnod; — conj. ea /«'j — ' by it, by that means,' lit? effcminari) — ' become enervated or effeminate.' homine.S) — acous. N.B.— Mood of ceperitit, §1. [The subjunctive Is used because qii^e hello ceperiitt is an essential part of the tliouglit or purpose of otln i s than the narrator. This usage is frequent In indirect narralinii (actual or virtual) and in final clauses. RC.iii).«.l.,fc. AG.842. and In] Mood otdesiderent. [In clauses rejecting' an imaginary siis,'- gcstion the subjunctive is used. The form is generally 7ion quo (quod, quin, quia)., .eed quod (quia). The subjunctive Is due to tlio suggestion's being imaginary (sc. ' as one might suppose ') not to iis being rejected. RC.99..<7.iv. BA.485. H.,^16.II.2. AG.34l.d.R.] Qermani inserted in S2. [to make more pointed the contrast with NOTB38 ON BOOK IV. 27 o^f ".l. , ^«"»"^6 Of clmracterlstii-, §•'. [cf. ,,M,uiv(. of ohar- »9/.v. HA..l!tl. 11,0 ttMiHo is peculiar.] Dinerenco bctvveon fl<«.5m»« ry„«,„« and «//««, nH = any. lQ,nequam and «/iw^^'any. even one 'oxcl.uling all: ./«fm = 'any, no n.atter who or what ' i„! any (adje. ively), i„ neRative sontcncc, or, as In §1., sentcnc.s with foroo 01 negative : qidvis, ' any (at all)> in afflrnmti ve Bentcucos rcKuIarly. KC. = connective before Of« in 81 rThic ; v. ■' Absence of clauses are notTf the same niiu/eThi^.r"r' ■'' *^° ^"^'''^"^^ refers to the whole phrase ^^7 „7l?''°"'''j^.'"' ••*"*"""«''""' In v,,^ 1 T '^ "^®' ^- ^" T. quos supra diximus. Similarly n f^.^ nr '^''"'- °f ^"'-'^"«n «^ time, 8§ 1.2.7. The use a^ "2 Th'ifis^Tin""^'' 'r'r '""^ ''"«* *-° «"'y °f three is .0 .e. Where one .„r„, taek before bl. journey (, fin "m* 0,7; jr"^,e„fi;r:r;;r.',:Sofs„s^nBctf"'"' '11'. «4 I i 1 1 5, 6 Caesar, distrusting the Gauls and unwilling that thev ^houM all, themselves with the Germans, decides to raaLZZ on the newcomers. CAP. V. 1. His de rebus,-' of this.' capiendis. - ' fnrmm.^ «r deciding upon.' «oyis rebus,-' political changes;' 'chan^^s , If ' • i 80 DR IlKI-LO OALLIOO. It in the govorninont,' lit,? For the dative see EC.82.C. TTP. 105.9. llillll,--' notatall,' (EC.SS.e.) coiiimittendiim,— unrlrr- sfcande«»e; the impersonal passive, App.24. (EC.9fi.ft. HF. ln4.2.) Ifia is dat. Trans. ' that no confidence should 1 e put in them,' lit.? What Caesar feared was tliat the Gauls, soon wearying t>\ Eoinan rule, would combine with these powerful newo mcrs, and revolt. 2. Est onlm, etc.,— lit. «for this is of (i.e.. belongs to) C. custom ' ; tnuis. ' for it is a Gr. custom.' hoc,— explained by iiti with its verbs cof/nnt,^quacra7if., lircumsintat and cot/avt. coprant, quaerunt,— trans, by »to' and infin.' (EC.f)9.A. HF. 187.2.) et...et!» — in trans, omit 'both.' antUcrit^ — audiverif (EC.66.) For the mood see E0.99.tZ. HF.176.2.; so co(j- noverit, veniant and cognoverint. et...Ynlgrus circiimsi9tat...co8:aiit,— 'and for a crowd to surround ... and compel.' Tlie second verb is plur. through a sense construction ; vulffvs being equal to a plural. (EC.79.a.i.) quibusque,— two words ; so quasqne. 8. rebiis,—* statements,' or perhaps 'facts'; strictly the 'things' learned by their questioning, snmmis,— ' most important.' saepc, — with sumvtis not with ineunt. qnoi'lim eos, etc., — 'which they have to repent of at once,' lit. ' on the spot.' ])aenitei'0,~with object, not sub- ject, eos. (EC.II.G8. HF.165.1.) necesse est,— lit. 'it is necessary,' with infin. (EC.lOl.c.) cum,—' since.' serviant,— ' they followed blindly {or ar«^ slaves to).' (EC.99.,or.ii. HF.203.1.) ^orespondeant. pleri- que, — i.e. of the traders and travellers, ad TOliintatein eoriini,— i.e. of the Cauls, ' to suit (lit. with a view to) their pleasure,' i.e. ' to please them.' Acta respondeant,— ' in- vent answers,' more lit. - give answers invented.' NOTBS ON BOOK IV. B1 ■!M ic.82.e. nr. \.B.-Po8lHon nnd force of Mg, 9 I., hoc, I a., and Mb, 8 8. Tli.. im^dic-atlvo Ko.iitlve of poas.^salon. IconauetudinU, «a. RC 81 a I HF.U.4.1. n..o,-4..8. AG.2H.rf.] Une of the Keru.ullvo.n Expl.in.it„ryor8ubJoctclauHes«lth abstract phrases. fHiich phru^.H as e» . cousuefudiuis, or „ec6'«.ve «*<, may take ciUier «« and suhj. ' or anoro fn.,,„ently) the accus. and Inf. as virtual Bubjwts.l De- |.endfnt IntcrroKatlve clauses, §!>. (RC.09.rf. HF.l76.a BA lH", 1 -„„ «r -f.T'' «/««'»«";^; «^'i f^'f- «'«'•'/"«. C.4. 8 2.; for the distinction sec KO..i,',.lx.x.] Plural cogant after singular circumHHtat, 8 2 (K«<(/««, a collective noun, contains a plural Idea. I'erhaps the thouKht dmnffes from the crowd as a whole to the Indivl.iual nucs- tloners. RC.II.ll. BA.SO. H.t.d.l. AG.ao.-i.c.] The syntax of paenttet,rvo the dilTcrcnce in tense. 5. en quae,— of. §2. dlSHlmiilaildn Sibl,— undorataudt'sae.- Api).!!. aiiiini», etc.,— ' having calmed and ro-aaaured their hearts.' itlljicrato^ — this verb with the acoua. means ' demiind.' eoiistltiilt, -the context requires the moaning 'announced liis resolve.' N.II.—Tboco-onllnatlnfr relative, SiS 1.4. [RC.ft.S.lH. BA.78.] Idio- matic use of compiiratlvc «illi Rtondaid of comparison omitted. [Oraviori, i 1. RC.8H./). UA.^l.h.] Order of eo cum nmixxct, Sl'. [See N.n. to e.». « 4. hos.] Afciiaatlvc and Inlinitivc con ■«tnictloii. and omission of esse with the Infln. I'lupcrlcct snlij. In Indirect narration for the future jjerfcct of the direct, {jioufiilassefit, 8.S.] Perfect tciiHO of crisiiman^, tSfi. [So c..*». ^il. Generally 'he thougrlit ' wculd be expressed by tlie Imperf , but the i)orfcct Is used when spenklnpr of a decision to wlilch one has come. See Aj)p.20.a.l.] The contracted or syncoiiated forms of vcit)S. [m. and 3. and c..'>. § 2.] The form und force of/ore. 7-9. The Germans make offers o/ friendship to Caesar, but he innists on their retiirninrj to Germany, and thouf/h they are to answer him in three days, still advances towards them. 1. delectis,—' levied ' CAP. vn. the cavalry are those of 0.6. § 5. In ea loca. . .qulbus in locis,— ' towards tlio district where,' ' in the direction in which,' lit.? quibns ia locis, — App.ll. d.ii. audiebat,— App.26.a. 2. qiiibus, — refers to locis, not to Germanos, for ah his follows referring to the latter, paiicorum dicrum iter,— '(now buo) a ''ew days' journey.' For the gen. see RC.Sl.e. HF.130.7.:. U ^be ace. EC.83.C. HF.GO.B. % NOTES ON BOOK IV. 88 qnornm hnec, etc.,-' who spoke as follows/ lit.? haoc -foiniuiuo sing. (RC.92.a.i.) ' 8. For all the subjunctives in §§3.4. and 5. except thoso Hpocially mentioned, .ee UU II.214.0.2. IIF.20(1.4. F..r the Ku"7«.f ^'" '" '''''"^''"^ "' *^°"^*^ secondary) see waTnrr'"T/ f °- ■■' ^'™ ""' *^« '^^S^--^^ i^ -"king war on etc ' lit. ' were not n.aking war the former (of the tm.partio.;. i.oq,.e...noquo,-here. as often, trans, 'not ...and not.' recusare qui., ... contcndant,-lit. «„ff,r objections by which (i.«. so that) they do not, etc.'; tran... attarked"' ' '^ *°' '''"' '^ ^"««««""tur,-' if they were quicumque,-freoly, «if any.' ncque deprecnri,-' and not ask mercy, (lit. beg oflF,)' 4. Haec,-' this much'; explained by what follows. With dicere, as well as with venhoe and posse, understand se sanm,— ».e. the Germans'. nttrlbuant, patlanturj-trans. by 'let them {i.e. the Romans , etc' The imperative would have been used by tho speakers themselves. (EC.lOG.a. HF.207.5 ) eos ~i e aoros po8Sederint,-.they had gained'; f;om p:,sMo. urmls,— ' in war,' lit.? 5. dil,— or di, the nom. plur. of deua. (RC 9 HF IR 2 ^ rollqu„m,-.besides, or else,' lit 'remaining.' quidem,- JuMmg emphasis to the statement; here, as often, untrans- latoable by any word, in terrlsj-' in the world,' or 'on earth, possint,— for the mood see SC.99.C. HP. 188.5. .oined to a. other by -que, but must not be so Joined to any other form ot construction.] Locis repeated In § 1. [A sacrifice of eTe„ toclearness^l Tense of a«rf,«6a«, 1 1. [The Imperf. ImrS^^^^^^ he continued to hear this during his march.] nic r"erH , A. what follows, §1 2.4. oratlo obllqua, S 3.4.6. [For the i^ nerll rules see RC.IOO. HF.^09. BA.LXV.] Prin,ar. LZj^^L^'TJ'} uve iu oruliu obliqua alter a past tense. [By thus glVing "theSaci I I i) ! ^™ jasaawiiitti 34 DE BELLO GAT.LIOO. tenses used In the original form, the writer can secure greater vivid- ness, as he gives the point of view of the speaker ratlior than of the reporter. RO.lOT.o.ii. BA.525. H.5->5.1.] Uaeof ,ofi, . ^ *° ^^" but one. ^ ^°*^ extremes, M-here we include '(bet-:edT\7rno7f ■ V'f'^^ ^'°^^^ "«*' ^*- ' ^-ns. 2. i(!,-viz. the proposed delay. „©. onfilon. r. means ' not. either' ; it refers Zl. to c 7 § " TmpTtrari -.rans. by the active voice. Is ab se ' by th;m ' or f ' tim'? App.l4.S. -^ ®°^ o^ 'from Jf.B.-Phrasesoftimewitha«ciic. .illy omits even this, or else gives the effect of chccldng off items by in- serting et between each two. See alsoN.n. to c.4. § 2., where there ia no enumeration.] Use of que after mniti, § 4. [Another adjce- tive, unless it be so closely connected with the noun as to form with it one idea, is regularly connected witli mnlti by que.] TIk; Indicative after ex qnibus sunt qui, § .5. [This is because the phrsise is not the idiomatic sunt qiti=aome, which regularly has the sub- junctive. (RC.II.ai. HF.188..5.a. BA..')Ol. H.508.I AG.3-J0.a.) Caesar is not saying 'some of whom are believed to live on fish.'] Appropinquo with the dat., §4. [This is the only construction in Caesar, except with ad in Bk.II.c.i9, where the reading is doulu- ful. The idea of 'nearness to' not 'motion towards' prevails, following the derivation.] NOTES ON BOOK IV. 87 11, 12. The German envoys return, and ask for further delay. Caesar appoints the next day for a conference, but meanwhile a cavalry skirmish, provoked by the Germans results in a shameful defeat of Caesar's cavalry. ' CAP. XT. 1. amplius,-' more than.' inillibus,-EC.85./. HF.55 5 lit erat coiistitutum,-' as had been arranged': trans after legati. The reference is to c.9. § 1., where a promise rather than an agreement vas mentioned. ia itincr-,— i.e. while he was on his march towards them. ne...pro-re(Ieretur,- trans, as in c.9.§i. orabant,- App.2t).i«.iv.; ao petebant. 2. impetrassent,— cf. postulassent, o.6. § 3. petebaiit nli .. .praeinitteret, — • asked him to send' on.' (EC.99.a.2. HF. 181.3.) antecessissent,— EC.99.e. Hr.206.4. pngrna,— nc.So.h. HF.158.2. potestatom faceret miltendi,— ' give permission to send.' 3. flilem fecisset,—' pledged their word,' lit. 'should have made a pledge.' The verb agrees in number with the nearer ol Its two subjects. For the mood see RC.99.A.iii. HF.211.N. oa coiidicioiie . . . nsiiros, - ' would agree to the terms which were (being) offered,' or ' the proposal which was made ' ; the reference is to c.8. § 3. For the abl. see EC.85. a.iU. HF.116. daret,— cf.c.7. §4., attribuant.' Trans, 'let him give,' or ' (they asked) him to give.' (RC.lOG.a. HF.207.5.) 4. eodem illo pertinere,-' looked in that same direc- tum,' more freely, 'had the same object,' i.e. as that men- tioned before, in c.9. § 3. This object is explained more fully by the ut clause. Eodem illo are both adverbs. lit. . .reverterentnr,- ' that . . . might.' mora interpo- Sita,— trans, by clause co-ordinate with reverterentnr. qui,— refers to equites not to eorum. im\'i i I 58 DB BELLO GALLIOO. longins, — 'farther than'; ci. amplius, §1. canSB; — trans, freely by ' in order to.' 5. line, — ' to this place,' i.e. to the one just indicated, four miles farther on, where was a small stream, quam fre- qiieiitissiml, — cf.c.3. § 1. coiiveiiirent,— * they were to,' or 'let them,' etc. Cf. daret, §3. cognosceret,— here with a view to a decision, hence=' inquire into.' 6. praefectos, — see Introduction, p. xix. inittit qui nun- tinrent,—' sends men to tell them.' (EC.OO.a. HF.184.1.) ne. . .lacesseret, — 'not to provoke to (lit. by), etc' (EC. 99. a. 2. HF.181.3.) So sustinerent. Proelio lacessere, to take the offensive against ; sustinere, to keep on the defensive, (to stand firm, hold onte's ground), exercitu, — often of the legions only (the regular army) as opposed to the cavalry (native auxiliaries). accessissct; — ' approached ' ; lit. ♦should have, etc' (RC.106.O.; 107.6. Hr.206.4.; 207.7.) M.B.— The ablntive of comparison [millibus, S§1.4.-, cf.c.lO. §2. In §1. it is possible, but not so good, to regard the abl. as that of measure of difference wliicli is sometimes used with abesse ; see n.b. to c.lv;. §1. and C.X7. §10.] Tlie subjunctive with verbs of requestiiiK, (progrederetur, § l., praemitteret, prolnberet, /aceret, § 2.); in clauses of purpose {reverterentur. S4., cognosceret, S,')., nuiitiarent, §6.); and of indirect command or request (daret, i 3., convevireiit, S 5.. lacesse- rent, sustinerent, § G.) [In reality these are all varieties of the snnie subjunctive, that expi-cssing a wish or command, which has gnidii ally developed Into the dependent subj. of purpose. Accordingly lacesserent tvnA sustinerent may with almost equal right be classeil as siibj. of Indirect command (KO.loe.a. HF.207..'). BA.522. H ."ii.g.III. AG. 339.) or as subj. of substantival clause of purpose. (RC.OO.a.i'. H.498.I. AG.831.) Nuntio with subj. is very rare; cf.Bk.III.,5.,1.] The subjimctive in relative sentences forming part of a suli.j. clause of purpose, antecessissent, S 2. [This is virtually the same .is the subj. used in all dependent clauses of a quotation or expression of another's thought. .<46es8e«t, §1.. is similar, only that the whole purpose clause is dependent on a verb of thinking] The gerutid and the gerundive, §§2.3. [RC.lOl.b. II F. 170. BA.SO."). The rea.'siii for preferring the gerund to the gerundive in §2. seems to be the ground of euphony.] The tense offecisset, S 3., and accessisfit, §0., as compared with that of lacesserentur, §6. [IlC.iu7.6. BA.6-i. NOTES ON BOOK IV. 89 previously made still held trood 1 ti.„ ! i V- ' '^'^ ITbia is ii diront fnr fC "^ «"•'.'""ctive with quoad. haveieefimDerf ^f ?. "'""'^;'' '^"""'^ <^ccessero ; ti.e tense would n^jve been luiperf. if it were the subj. of purpose. RC.OOy.iil. BA. CAP. xn. 1. iibi primum,-' as soon as,' lit.? quornm, etc.,-« who -'iTetW''"'' *"^"»-'-^"— ^though.' amplius, nihil timentibns nostris,-' while our men had {or feltj at all. (EC.83.e.i.) q"od. . .petitus,-explaining why there was no alarm. eorum,-i.e. the Germans', indutiis,- Ixt. for a truce.' App.B.c. (RC.82.C. HF. 134.1.) factO _ trans, by clause co-ordinate with perturbaverunt. ' 2. rursus,-i.e. after the first confusion, resisteiitibns, -understand noi^tris from the preceding nostras; App 5 a v H77ii"rcf.c'r§i'""" '^ ''""'"^^ ""•' ^^^•'^^'•«• siibfossis,-add connective 'and.' compliiribus nostrls - several on our side or of our men.' (lejectis,-here <lins with numerals, §1. [RC.II.123.C.2. BA.31S. Obs. H.417.N.2. AG.247.C. So /)Jm.9, 7)ft?i? j; i !|iii .r.„irpf i I Ih "■J 42 DB BELLO OALLICO. > 'I exonerate themselves.' qnod.. .commlslssent,— ' for hav- ing,' etc. ; lit. ' because ( as they said) they had,' etc. (EC.99.,7.i. HF. 108.2.) contra dictliai,—' contrary to ■what had been a;;recd on.' \)pressions like siii purgandi. [Nothing like sui pur- gandorum ever occurs. RC.II.ll3. BA.399.0bs.l. H.542.I.N.1. AG. 298.a.] Quod with the sul)j. of virtual Indirect narration, §.'). [The subj. covimisissent is used, because the words are given as pnit of the statcTnent of tlie Germans. Cf.c.22. § 1. RC. 11.216. HF.lO.s J. BA.484.b. H..')16.II. AG.341.d.] The phrases iwstridie ejus diei, majores nnUi, contra atque. Semi-deponent verbs, gavisKs, §6. [KG.68.b. H.16.5.!.'.N.2. AG. 136.] The use of t77os after ^f/.'S In §6. [Seemingly because of the opposition to ij)se, hence ilhs rather than «oa. Cf. ilium., .ipse, c.l2. § 5.] CAP. xrv". 1. acic triplici,— see Introduction, p. xxi. millinm,— understand /.OAvswum. (RC.Hl.e. IIF. 130.7.) prius. . .quniii, — cf. on C.12. §'2. quid ngcrotia",— ' what -was going on,' lit.? fR.C.99.d. HF.L7l).2.) NOTES ON HOOK IV. 43 2. omnlbns rebus,-' by tho whole state of affairs'- ox plained hyet .suorum. et. . .et,-' both. . .and.' Z^g ,T -'departure'; freely, 'absence' si,»....,.. /"»^«8«"» the ,rlncl,n,us .ayowL.,.;r« of c "s "^'-^^^^^--^ *« ««^^"Ir''?'"' '"' ''^^•^^"^' 4lendI,-App80 neque...-* -g-*. (-. /ideret,-' seeing.' ut. . .veiiirent,-EC.99.a.2. HF 181 3 rebus timore, .fear(be anxious) for. . .safety (interests)' ' CRC82.b) cum intellefferent,-< if they undeiUood ' Ht when they should understand.' posse, «udere -W J^^^^ to translate .n a similar way ; tran.ire depends 'on bolh 2. Aceessit quod,-' besides this,' lit. 'there came also (^.e. there was added) the fact that.' (RC.109.^. HFm2) ZZZrTr''-''-'''- '^"^^' '-^^^^^' - ^ have staged, etc., ht.? 8upra,-c.O. 8 3. tranalsso -/,.«« •• i.C.66.) proeIio,-dat. (RC.n.56.104. HF.120.4.) g© cum iis conjuuxorat,-' had joined them,' lit.? -ECiro.0 H^^^^^^^^ ^^ '-•' ^"tulissent KL.1I.220. HF.206.4. sibi dCfJerent,-' that they should sr.:° 'i^'^sir'' ""^ '^'" "^-^ """ **-^ 4. se invito,-' against his wish,' ' without his leave ' lit 'he(beingjunwming.' App.o.a.K. Germanos. . .trl.'si e; -App.35.; the subject of non ae.uum, with which under y^lesse. non aequum,-' unfair.' existimaret,-for .n original pres. indie. (EC.99.7i.iii. HF.206.4.) 9Ui...esse imperii,-' was under (Ut. ' belonged to) his 8way or power.' (E0.8l.«.i. HF.124.1.) auieanam ..I mi 'I' f il ff ' ! ', iH^ i SHI J ; 1 1 46 DB HELLO aAT-r,ICO. 5. (lui unl,— ' who alone' ; or moro freely, ' the only ones ...who'; subject of nil throo pliiperfocta. ex,~'(,f,' not ' from.' ut. . .ferret, -' (beggci) him to lend,' lit.? (R(;.{j<). a.2. HF. 181.8.) prcinerentiir,— RC.OO.e.i. IIF. 198.2. 6. Id facere,— ' from doing so.' occupation iluis rclprh- llcao,— ' by the pressure of state affnirrt.' prolilborotiir,- cf. on exidimaret. § 4. transportarct,— ' let him take... across.' (RO.lOG.a. IIF.207.5.) ad, etc.,— lit. ' with n view to,' etc.; trans. ' ns an aid and ground of hopo,' or 'to give assistance and hojm.' rellqui temporls,— App.2.c.; 'fur the future.' fiituruin,— supply esse. 7. opinlonom,— 'repiutntion.' ejus,— i.e. Caesar's, novis sinio,— ' last.' facto,— cf. on c. l.^. § i. ad, Silit,— trans, as though it were poaaent. (E0.107.o.iv.) 'nmons:.' pos- N.B.— The imppi-sonal use of uccuhkU, S 2. [Virtnnlly accedo l3 tin; passive of aitdo. Its subject is the quod cliuiso following.] Tha suhj. of i.urpose after qui, S .'l. Tlic siilijunctive in oratio obliqua. [Notice especially in/ulissent, «.'?., imd pramereiiliir, 8". virtual iiKtiiect narration; postularet, «4., represent ing n question in the indicative; tratisportaret, §6., representinsy an imperative liC.lW.a.', II.L'IG. HP.aon..!.; 207.5.6. BA.448.ft2(i.f.L'2.J Indirect petitions, [S3., postulareM...d(-derent : §5., omhant nt...ferre/ The omission of nt in «.3., and tlie fact tliat tr,^ ^^y (cwy). ,..o. . .hic-iit. 'r, "Jh 1^0 nt "^r ^'J. A. llligata teiierentur,-i.e. the tiffna ; ' they were held fastened together.' (EO.99.5. HF.187.2.) «^^^^eneld th;L "is "^^ ""^ ^^^^^^^^^^ ^^ *^-^- ^-^ -p- 9. nihilo secfiis,-' nnne the less,' i.e. althou-^h alre.dv of sufficient strength; freely, 'besides all thi.° et-Ut"^ both corresponding to e, before .Hae, ^ 10. Omit in rans." (si:rti:g).' «^>''»-«^«'>«nt«r,-.were driven obliquely quae . subjoctae . . . exciperent, - ' that being placed underneath... they might break (resist).' (EC.99.1i' H^ 184.1.) pro,— * as or like.' ^- av. 10. aliae,-understand sumcae agebantur. item,-either way. spatio,—' at... distance.' (EC.85.^. HF 58 G ) sive,-'or,'lit.'orif.' dejicle,.di,_App.40. [Manv edi- tions omit causa, in which case the same translation should be given. (RO.104.6.iii.)] essont mis.ae,-' should be sent down.' (RC.99.A;.) = ^oum ne sent his defensoriblls,-Iit. 'these (being) defenders ' Add 5 a.N. (EC^85... HF.102.3.N.) T.ans. ^Lly, ' ly ' thetfde' .ices. Befensore. though not a technic^a'l name s fo" b ev,ty. 3ake used in the plan on page 21, for tie a^ {nubhcae) supra pontevi. ht.? niinueretur, nocerent,-(EC.99 . . HF.183.2.) The f . H! lion i).». Jl.wi.'j. AG.ur,.] Tli,. pluporf. Indio. with <■(/»» =wlu\iiov(>r, S4. fKC.II.no.J). llF.i'oi.i BA..i:il.) Ah nsi-d to deiioto roliiflvc poaltloii, 8S3.f).(i. TIk- al.l. of mcnsnro of dmVronco. Ujuo. . .hoc, S 7., mhiln, § o., wlUi .•..ii,- rmratlv.-H; ^,mlw, «]().. with supra, wliicli hnn coinpnrativd fores tfdervallo, §S;i.r.., expri-a.Miig dlatiiiico «part. RC.8f) //.1.11. ||..i:':t AG.2r>(). To express distance wltli ahesse nnd dixtare^Vnvnnv occ./ sloiinlly (especially with m'tium and i,iUrv»llum) uses the ahl When tlie verh of distance is not Riven, tlic ace. and llie alil are ecpially common.] I'erf. part, deimnent with passive forer ()tm,msa, S i\. fTlHs is re>?nlar in tin; Korundivo (see N.ii. toc.lJ.), hu\ rare in llie perf. part. KC,(!8.c. H.L'SI.l'. AQ.1!).'>./).] Tlie sulii by attraction, \iucif.nriit8et, S7., in a sentence of result; fisscnl .missae, S 10., in a sentimce of purjxise. UO.'.m./r. H..'-c'!).ll. AO.;iL' ) Use of mn, or »«•«, S U). [Tlie reRular word to introdue.' ;i second final sentence if ncfrntlve. whether a jioaitive or ncKativ final clause precedes. In other than final sentences ficj,,,; would i„. n.sed.l Predicative pen., SI. [CI', n.ii. to c,i;i.l Tliephrwo i>if,-r »fi. [The suhstitnte in Latin f(,r a reciprocal pronoun. I n i ;i »e. refers to the ohj,u-t of the clause. App.ll.rf.] Force i)( ilrin,- sovihit», S 10. [E(iniil to ihaciuU'.ntihiiH, except that it refers to a permanent attribute, not to a transitory act.] 18, 19. After Caesar rroasea into Oervianp, some tribes sue for peace, others flee before him. Having achieved his object he returns in 18 days. I i CAP. xvnr. 1. ««'com «riebns qnibJis,— ' witliin ten days after,' lit. ' withiu the ten days within which.' cooptn ernt,— 'had begun.' (RC.72.a.) effecto,— App.H.a.iii. 2. nd ntrainqne pftrtoiu,— ' at each end.' 8. qnibas. . .peteiitibiis,— ' on their asking for,' ' to their request for,' etc., lit.? App.5.a.N. {EC.85.0. HF.100.5.) !, SI., exiKtimahnt, ilialmt, s;t., M/aliK'- ^fenmhanfur, §H.. Tlio force of ii\n \(i.!ir..| Til,. Il.no.f). Ili'.i'Oi.i, «S3.5.«. Tlir 'Vo, SO., witli coiii- •mpjiratlvc, I'dvcc; {CS,--! /7.1.11. H.lL'.i 'are, ('neanr occm m) uses the iiM. IOC. mid flio iilil. •illi pus.sivc foriT, (lN.II.t0C.il.), ))lit ) T!ie siilij. of ro.smlt ; fiKnent lt..'>L'!).lI. AO.:!l-.| nl to introduce ,i Itivc or iiOKuti\(! 'S vf' .';;:',;;;,!;; ..i",^ . :,;'i,tt'," ,;'T'''™' with (,ho pluperf sul)i In 8 4 i.n ., "''''*'"• '''"'•I' "'e latter to cum w J'' 1" II i H. »ome tribes mie ieved his obji ct ys after,' lit. 11 «rnt,— 'had for,' 'to their HF.IOO.S.) CAP. XIX. 1. die8,--App.4.c. (RC.8:i.c. HF.09.9.) frumentis t ocrops. 8i,-'incase«rif.' pnunoroniurX' "'L;; future xndu'.. {RC.99./Uii., 107.6. Hr.211.3.2.(a).) " 2 fleri,-'wa3 being built.' -moro suo,-' according fo oiearlj m l,„i;li»u, su trans. Ireoly, ' inatruoting („r mmi^mmm>mmmmm^^^,L 52 OE WKhhO OAM,ICO. urging) thorn to niovo, oto. . . . nnd all . . . to gather ,' etc pOHsoiit,— KC.DO.f. IIF.ISH.'I. In,— 'to.' :J. llUIlO,— rofi'rring to nniim lovum. esso dolocllim — from ih:lu,o. iiuMlimn,-' in tho ceutro'; really a pnMli- cato adj. agrooing witi, lomm. Iilc,-adv. 'here,' roltM-- ring to lornm. OXS|M.H«ro,-Iiko dcrrtare, doi.ouding on coHstttHisoe. ibi, -Mu> sanio placoas /u'c. ■1. (^10(1, -A pp. 1 1 .i>. confoctls, coiismiiptts, nrbltrntus -trans, by verbs introdiu-od by 'as.' Hem ron/lccrr, ' t,' attain an object,' lit.? qimrum ronim caihsa,-' for whicl. ' Itt.? ut,-' nan.oly to.' Tlio tU clauaoa are explanatory „1 Ut (Jorinunis luotum injlcoret,-' to inspire the G will, foar,'lit/^ (K0.82./,. ilFJ.i.) obsi.l lone,-' from prossiuv (oiipreasion),' lit.? (RC.85./t. HF.J58.'2.) safls...profoctuni,-„ndersfand esse; from proflcio. ot >Mi huidom, etc. ,-' for (lit. with a view to) both glory and actual advanta/are ' 1^ fow but no many ; a IVmv =.,„„0, s.vcTal. as opposed to none, is no. null., cl.c-..; S.S. Viru.al bulinn-t narration, U,re,n,u-e,tnru 474 A(, , ll.c] /;, „„,1 the al;l. will. ,leiHWcre, S2. [So re-,,' lar y ^^uh verbs of p/,,,/,,,,. in spLo of the i.lea of motion 1 oubstantive clause of purpose after pl.raso = announco, 'L»,^/,„ .ret infor.nation about the idand and ijalhern hh fleet loijethcr. ' CAP. XX. 1. <;xlKii«,-on>pl,aticfrum,,„sit,ion; 'only a small.' nnric •••••HiquH, A,.,..r,.«.N. av.'.S5.o. IJF.102.n.N.) Trans' .y clanso l.o.^■in■,iug witl. 'nlMu.ugh.' (,',H.H,ir,-.slH,uhl in -njjhs], cmn n.-aror its vcul,. maturao sunt lilomes,- trans. closely wit.h in /li.i loris. ' njl soptontrion.H vo.frit,- Mios towards the uorfch ' l«ds,---s,H. o„ 0.1. § 10. contcndit, -' ma.lo an ofTort.' DoIllH RC.85.6. 1.F.8LM. HUbmi„hl,.ata,-„n.l.rstan,l es.'.. nlHl(,-(.|,at, -' 1,0 know (was awaro).' App 20 a i '2. Hi. 'ovon if.' (loflc<.rct,-'did not onal-lo him' to ' etc.; lit,? ' U8nI,-App.H.,.. (RC.82.C. HF.IJ34.1.) Umi ..v.v.- ' (u bo of survu.,0 to bo an a.lvantago, to bo usof.,1.' ftu-o,-. it would bo. 'I ho subject is roaliy tho olauso .1 modo. . .corjno. Too ; ?:l':~'*'' "'^'■"■^■^'- (^^^•^'^'•) ^«r tho mood SCO RC.99.;.,H nF.206.4. genu« hominum,-' tho charactor ot tlio inliabitimts.' quno omnia. . .erant,-'all of which ivas,' lit ? fore - with omnia. Im.(»jrnllH,-this must bo qualif.od by the statoments in Bk.lII.c.S., that tho Vcnoti woro in tho habit o sailing to Britain, and in Bk.ir.o.4., that Divitiacus, king of a nolgian triho, also rulod ovof a part of Britain 3. nc(ine...qnlsquam,-'noono,'lit.? illo,-adv. neouo ...quioqnan,,-' and... nothing'; subject of notum e,t. ipsis,— App.17.; i.e. t\iG mercatoreH. l^om he though to beC '""i^" '^' ^' ^"«™' «t'^-- .'-dhighi,,' . '•««-i«nibus,-'count ". '';;,a'„^:^7- f-^^^- -.asonecoald who,' etc.; more xt' J ""'' ' ^~'''''y ^ ' «« '■ 'Uld be given to one ' nT ! . '''' ""^ "PPortunity vluatsoever (of) opportuniW fo t ^ "'' ' ^«««^ding to ■nother explanation see n.b. below 1 «^-188.4. [For quae. . .per8>,exls8et,-EC.99.c?. HF.176.2. into relative clause. §4. ' ti,» ,, ^''""^''P'^'-^^^ion of antecedent [Here the word is irregularl. (2t fnT"' '"'' '^"^r ^''«^•^««r, §5. used as a modal verb wi h L clnio'oT' '' ''''"^ ''' derivaHon) construction is found in c..2. § 1 and 07 «T "'*^"- '^*^« ''«^"J"^ al)sol. and ace. in the simp «pL " ** '^ The use of abl [This rare constructfonTs ,k "f •''r''"'^' '' *^° «^™^ ^^^ZTe (RO.ir....c. HF..i9.rBA. :V; ,tn'f '^ i" P'-°^^ cornposft'iL: Caesar; cf.B,c.II.22.l.. III.i ul^ii'Tv .n?' "^' Jf '•^'l^ently i„' nective between thA fl^af . . , -'-^J Absence of c/^n- ""•■' "^ ^"« four relative clauses In §7. i / I' li if I II !! 56 DE BELT.O GATJ.ICO. [This Is because they nre not co-ordinate ; the Inst throe refer to the joint idea Onmmium quern., .cnnstituerat.] Gen. of price, magni, §7. [Tlie «en. is used only where the value is given generally, the abl. where it Is specified; tiie gen. also is used more freely with verbs of valuing than with verbs of buying,etc. RC.81.flr. HF.l.V).;;. BA.305. H. 101.40.5, AG.21.').c.] The reference of fie, §8. [Not, as regularly (HG.Ol.ii.a.) to the subject of nuntiet, but to the person fur whom the ambassador is speaking. Thetwoarc,asotten,identitied : cf.c.22. §1.] Relative clause of characteristic, et...qui...aude re<, §9. [Some editors regard qui as causal, 'to him, seeing that Iw did not venture.' RC.oa.fir.iil. HF.198.4. BA-.^on.] SequenccM.l tenses with historical pres. [Where the pros, follows, the secondary sequence is used, §§l.f>.; where the pres, precedes, either the primary sectuencc, §§ 5.8., or the secondary, c.ll. § 6,, c.l4. § 2.] CAP. xxir. 1. qui...excil8ai'eiit, — cf. on poUiceantur, c.21. §5. ; so pollicerentur. (le. . .Coiisilio,— ' for their previous policy or conduct,' lit. ' with regard to the policy of previous time.' (RC.Sl.e. HF. 130.7.) They had joined the Belgian coii- fei'' .-acy against Caesar two years before, and the next year had been in alliance with the Venoti; Caesar had made an unsuccessful attempt to reduce them at the end of the previous summer. quod, etc.,—' in that (lit. because) being uncivilized,' etc. COnsuetudiiiia,— App.2.c. (RC.Sl.d.f.i.) The ' custom ' was, as Virgil, the Eoman poet, expressed it, "to lay down the law of peace, to be merciful to the conquered, and beat the haughty down." populo, — of. on sibi, c.lG. §3. fecissent, — EC.99.,(7.i, Hr.198.2. se. . .factiiros,— trans, by ' to' and infin. (EC. lOl.fi.iii. HF.llO.l.) ea qtiao,— trans, by one word, iill- perasset, — for imperavisset. (EC. 66.) For the mood and tense see on postuJassent, c.6. § 3. 2. satis,-- 'quite.' post tergum, — ^' behind him,' lit.? has tantularnm, etc.,—' attention to such trifling matters.' Cf.c.l6. §6. (EC.SI.f?.) Britannlae,—dat. ; meaning the expedition against Britain, aiileponendas,— supply em. NOTES ON BOOK IV. 67 lis Imperat,-' requires (or demands) of them,- In fldem,— App.41. lit.? mto alliance,' 'under his protection.' the latL If gatherrt:UrZ';%7.r ;t ^^^T' which,' lit « as many as.' daas,-the t^enth ^^ 2 ' S^.T I the seventh (c.B2.§.) .,ti. ess^-omit" tj 1^^! ti^^.t .eolJcto..„ -^^^^^^^^ 4. Hnc aecedebant,-' besides this there were' lit '. this were added ' nh ad init,im et ua tempi,a,-the former referring to celerem, the latter to mdahtlem motum. iacrer to 6. dimissis,-see on constitutis, 8 1. dato snhlnti» tran. b, principal Cause,. ,: pp.'o.Lii. .^ert. Ht.';7 -off a... shore -i really an abi. absol. App 5.».n. ' W.B.— The division Of day and niirht rwhnfHn™^ e,.x, ^ 8ubj. of purpose, [indicatinnharfor 1, ,, ^«"'=;"nti].>§4. with Ino- Cfo 1^8 9 "^ '""■'"'"» ^"*' for which one is looking or wait- these,' with 8ubj.,s 5. [Cf nb toti 8. '^^i"''^''':''''- 'seeing that s::Jr"'ire;rr~f '"--'^^ ijai g^e propo. tlon of participles in § 6. CAP. XXIV. 1. praemisso trans, by principal clause, (fao genere -It. 'which kmd (i.e. of warriors),' referring, to bn7>' equKatu and essedariia ; ireely ' the pI.U „7 -^ , ^""^^ -._-.,. > . . ' "*''-^J'i "^^e class of warrinra ^or thn =uxt ox lorcej tixHt.' co.i8aeraiit,-cf. on o.6. § l. " ■ill IB;. \ I if III;! i? if 't 11 f 60 DB BELLO OALLIGO. fo copfls,— RC.85.e.l. HF.23G.N.11. navibas,— of. on navi, 0.21. §9. egredl prohibebant,— App.26.rf. Cf. on o.4. § 53. 2. has,— referring to what follows. nisI . . . non, — 'only,' lit.? militibus autein. . .dcslliendnm,— ' while the soldiers had to leap down ' ; so conaistendum and pugnamlum. App.24. (RC.96.6.;104.a.ii. HP.178.6.) Forthedat. 8eeR0.82.d. HF. 173.4. Ignotis locis, — ' unacquainted with the ground ' ; abl. absol.; lit.? iiupediiis manibus,— -trans, by 'with'; abl. absol. opprcsaiS) — dat. agreeing with viilitihu». 3. cum, — 'whereas.' illi, — App.18.6. membrls expe- ditis,— cf. on impeditia manibus, §2, notissiinis locis, — ' perfectly familiar with the ground,' lit.? Cf. on ignotia locis, § 2. In8Uefactos,-T-' (who were) trained (to this).' 4. generis pus^nae,- ' style {or mode) of fighting.' For the case cf . on conauetudinia. c.22. § 1. qiiOj — rel. pron. with uti; 'as,' lit.? uti, utebaiitur, — here meaning 'display or show.' Uti conauerant need not be rendered into English. consueraut,— cf. on § 1. M.B.— Use of the perfect participle and the abl. absol. to carry on narra- tion. [In narrating a series of actions Latin generally expresses the last only of the series, in which the others culminate, by a prin- cipal verb. Cf.c.23. § 6. and c.32. § .5.] Use of Uomani in ("aeaar [Very seldom in Caesar's own narrative, as in H. (iwstri being used Instead): generally in expressing the word> or thoughts of tin enemy, aslnc.?. §4, c.l9. 8 3., c.30. §]., c.34. S.5.] Omission . l cum with copiia, §1. [So generally only when a march (or siinihn movement) is mentioned, and when there is an adjectival nKiditicr. But see also c.21.§3. RG.86.e.i. BA.p.l78 fn.2. H.41!).l. AG.a48.(/ ; The conatlve imperfect, § i. [RC.OT.b. HF.l'16.3.n.1. BA.18'. H.469.II.1. AG.277.C.] The infin. with p»o/ii6eo, §1. lTheon'.\ modal construction in Caesar.] The gerundive with esse usk! impersonally, §2. Polysyndeton in use of e<, S 2. [This lends force to the detailed enumeration.] The agreement of ea(f,'i:i and quo, 1 4. [In sense each of tliese belongs to both alacritate .mhI studio ; each agrees with the one next it. Caesar aa a rule card uily avoids such collocations.] f. on navi, on 0.4. § H. n,— 'only,' loldiers hnd I. App.24. \82.d. HF. > ground ' ; )y ' with ' J bus. brls expe> lis loci8,— on ignotin this).' ing.' For pron. with g 'display L to English. rry on narra- lly expresses ite, by a prin- itii 1h (Caesar ri being used Ufjhts of ilic Omission < r •h (or siniiliu ivjil nt Miificr. .1. A vith esse usn; [This ienils lent of eadi'.t:} lacritafe :i\u[ •ule care III liy NOTES ON BOOK IV. CAP. XXV. 61 1. nnvos,-R„hj. of rcmoveri, ivrifari tind eonatitui. qiinrnm,-' whose.' iunsltntlor,-' loss familiar,' i... than that of the naves onerariae. et motlis, etc.,-' and (whoso) movement was quicker {or freer) for service {or handling).' ft«l,-' on.' apertimi l«f „«,-< the exposed flank,' i.e. the nyht side, unprotected by shields. hostfis, - subject of propem and submoveri. quae res,-' a manoeuvre which,' lit.? USnI,-cf. onc.20. §2. 2. remorum motu,-the Britons, like the Veneti (Bk.IH 1^..3.), used sails only with their large vessels, paiilum modo,-' bit only a little ' ; trans, after pedem retnlerunt. 3. atque,—' moreover,' 'and now.' CUiictaiitlbu8,-Ann qui,— 'he who.' App. eyeniret,— ' his act or 5.rt.N.; trans, by ' while,' or \V.d.i. aqnilam,— Introduction, p. xxi. ut App.29.a. (EC.99.0.2. HF.181.3.) ea res, purpose,' lit.? legionf, -trans, by 'for.' iiiquit,—' cried ' ; trans, before desilite. (EC.72 / HF. 289.2.) dej.llile, — an imperative. vultis. rum volo (EC.43. HF.147.) praestltero,- trans, by the En<^lish future. (EO.II.205.A.) ° 4. cum,-conj. magna,-' loud.» Toce,— E0.85.e. HF. 7] .8. 5. inter se,— 'one another,' lit.? (EC.GO.e.) ne...ad- iiiitteretiir,— 'not to incur,' Ht.? (E0.99.a.2. HF.181.3.) «h'decus,— viz. the loss of the eagle, universi, — ' in a body ' ; § 6. shows that he is speaking only of those on the same ship as the standard bearer. 6. HOS item, etc.,—' when those in the nearest ships saw them, they also followed and,' etc.; lit. ' when also they saw these from the nearest ships.' SUbseculi,— App..S7.a.N.ii. ■-■i-i'i ^ir:vj-i--=i «i"i> — iur appropinquaverunt. (EC. 60.) \ 62 DB BELLO GALLICO. N.B.— Use of quae res to refer to a preceding clause, § 1. Present partic. in abl. absol., §3. Q.ui=is qui, §8. [The antecedent is thus absorbed in the relative generally only when it would stand in the same case; cf.c.8. §2. (an exception to this), c.lO. §6., c.U. § i , C.84. §3.; so also in the neuter, cf.c.8. §1. andc.23.§5.J The usm andpositionof in(2!(i«, § 3. [R0.II.B.18. HP.289.2.N. BA.40. H.5G9.V. AG.a45.c.] The nom. of a personal pronoun, ef/o, § 3. [Here, iis usual, emiihatic by contrast; the contrast is further emphasizid by certe, and by meum which is placed close to ego.] Position < >i meiim, S3. [There is always a tendency In Latin to place pcrsoniil and ijossessive pronouns, or pronouns serving as such, in juxtaiidsi- tion when occurring in the same sentence.] 'J he future perftc i, praestitero, §3. [As the future perfect views a future act us com- pleted, it is often used to express certainty or rapidity of accomplish- ment. RC.II.205.b. BA.191. H.473.1. AG.28i.R.] The useof i;//er se='onc another.' [Hero the se, which strictly is required aittr cohortatuis rendered unnecessary by iuter se. Generally, but nut here, inter se='one anWher' with some proposition, cfc.l7. §3 , c.iiO. § 1.] Brachylogy in § 6. [For ' when those in the nearest 8hi|)S saw them from the nearest ships.'] CAP. XXVI. 1. Pugnatum est,— App.'24. (EC.96.i. KF. 164.2.) alius alia ex liavi,— ' the men Irpm tlie different ship^,' lit. ' [one man from one ship and J another from another shi]».' On account of this change in number, trans, occurrerat and se aggregabat also as through plur. quibuscumque . . . OCCurerat, — 'whatever. . .they fell in with.' For the dat. see RC.II.56. HP.120.2. For the tense see BC.II.204.a. So conspexerant, §2., and conspexerat, §3. 2. vero,—' while.' notis,— cf. on ignotis locis, c.24. §'.?.; freely, 'were familiar with. . .(and).' App.S.a.iii. iibl,— ' whenever.' singnlares, — ' in small (or scattered) groups,' lit. 'one by one.' adoriebantnr, — trans, by 'would.' Ajip. 26. c. So circumsistebant and conjiciebant. plureSj — not • more.' 3. universosj — 'the main body '; opposed to sinflrf ires. 4. item,—' (and) also.' qnos. . .llis,— freely, ' to whomso- ever,' tr.ansposing the cl.anses; or ' whenever ... any ... to (let NOTES ON BOOK IV. 63 1 1. Present ["he antecedent is it would stand in i.lO. §5., C.U.I I , 5.J Thensir [. BA.40. H.5C)9.V. WO,iS. [Hero.ii.s rtlier emi)ha.sizi il ] Position of to place persoiiMJ uch. in ju.\tai«)>i- he future perfi:*!, jture act as C(iiii- ity of accomiilisli- The useof j/;/«r is required altir rcnerally, but imt i,cf.c.l7. 8:},c.:;o. tlie nearest slii|i3 M64.2.) ifferent ships,' 1 another shi) I.' occurrerat and luscnmqnc . . . For the d;it. O.IL204.a. So oris, C.24. §'.^; j.a.iii. llbi,— tered) groups,' would.' Ajip. plures, — not o singr tres. % ' to whomso- or. . .any. . .to App.ii.(i.iii. submlttebant, N.B. these' without transposing. — cf. on adoriebantur, § 2. 5. 8imul,-with the force of aimul atque ; see Vocabulary su s,-App.l5... coii8ecuti.s,-App.5.«. Trans. 'with, following.' neq„e,-'but...not.' longius, - ' any dis- ta^nce.' App.lO. (EO.SS.J.) quod, etc., -cf.c.23. § 1. and ..2a ad pristinam, etc.,-' to complete Caesar's usual ?j()od fortune,' lit.? ssfoTlJJ^K^^r^ "i"""'"^' •'^"^ *""P^''*' 1" f'-^iuent . --e sentences nn trf I ^ *" '*''"'■''' '■'P'-''**^^' ^''"o"- I" «"^•" cases in the nStaZT """^y f --"y "«« '-ever.' RCILm». BA iJ" 1.! f of th« tT m »'"'" " "" "'*'" '^ ""^*"' ** ^- [representing but one other ' T."" ' ^■•l'"^'"'*^"* '«"« from one, another Lm an! other ] The present participle with verbs of perception SS 24 In Cieero and ater Latin the participle was often'^sed ' to e^^^^^^^^^^ the actual cmdition of the object ' perceived, i^ut at all times as in Caesar, the intin. was more common; «.,,. BIc.II.24.4.j ««1^ for the more frequent sirmd atque, § 6. [Cf. c.27. § 1.] Frequencv of ending -erunt in §.5., at the end of four consecutive clauses [S is rare, and should be avoided in writing Latin by havTng tlwer co-ordinate clauses of the same structure.] 27. The Britons sue for peace, which Caesar grants after demanding hostages. CAP. xxvir. d„Vn '*"""* ■••J"'"^*''""*'-*"^^^- ^^^^^^ '>tatim...miserunt. daturos,-understand esse, and se as subject, qnaeque.- two words, iinperasset,— cf. onc.22.§i. 2. quern supra, etc.,-' who, as I stated before, was sent ' etc.; lit.? supra,-in c.2L § 6. ' 6. Hiinc, illl,_object and subject of comprehenderant, which 13 to be translated before c navi. . .de/erret effrossum -'on his landing,' 'when he landed,' lit.? eiini,-' al- though.' modo,-'in the character {or capacity) of'- or 'feoiy, as.' deferret,-BC.99.i.iii, HF.204.6. ' if it 64 DB BBLLO GALLIOO. 10 4. rel,— *aot.' App.2.c. contulernnt,— ' laid.' imprii- dentiam, — i.e. their ignorance of the customs observed between nations. Cf.c.22. §1. ut ignosceretiir, — 'to be pardoned.' App.24. (EC.99.a.2. HF.i81.3.) 5. qnod, — ' that ' ; with bel/um . . . intulissent. For the subj. see ECU. 165.6. HF.198.2. ciim,—' although,' or 'while.' missiSj — App.5.a.iii. ; trans, by clause co-ordinate with petissent. potissent, — ioT petiinsent. (EC. 66.) For the mood see EC.99.7.iii. HF.204.5. ignoscert'j — understand se as subject; notice the tense. imprudentiae,— App.3.6. (EC.82.e.i. HF.105.9.3 6. arcessitaiJlf — App.37.ra.N.B.; trans, by clause in active, co-ordinate with daturas; lit.? The tense of arcessitam is relative to daturos not tojdixernnt. 7. agl'OS, — ' the country, the country districts.' M.B.— The asyndeton In §1., obsides, etc. [This is because these words were felt to be but an explanation of legatns (fepace viisentnt.] The number and tense of demonstraveram, S2. [This is one of the few cases where Caesar uses the first person sinpr. Tlie pluperf. seems to be used because the sentence is equivalent to quern 0. praemiserat.'] Omission of se with the infin., SS1.5. [So not infrequently in quotations in Caesar, when easily supplied from the context. But the beginner in Latin should avoid this omission in Latin prose composition.] Impersonal constr. in passive of intransitive verbs, i<7«osce)'e<«r, § 4. [RC.IL57. HF.164.1. BA.5.l'17. H.301.1. AG.146.C.] Quod with subj. of virtual indirect narra- tion, §5. fCf.c.22.§l.] 28, 29. A storm does great damage to the vessels carrying the cavalry and to those which had already crossed. CAP. xxvin. 1. His rebus,— 'by this means,' lit.? post diem... yen- turn, — ' three days after he came ' ; more lit. ' on the fourtli day after'; of. on C.9. §1. est ventum,— App.24. deiiioii- Stratlim est, — 'mention has been made,' lit.? .A pi,-.24. sustulerat,— ' had taken on board.' sapcrloii»,- in c.23. § 1. called tiUeriorem,. YCi!tO,=EC.85.o.iv. IIF.1U2.8.N. i.' imprii' as observed ur,— 'to be Tor the subj. or 'while.' iinate with ^or the mood » the tense. 3 _ 3e in active, '.rcessitam is le these words iserttnt.] 1 is one of the The pluperf. lit to qxtem Q. S 1.5. [So not Dlied from the is omission in in passive of 64.1. BA..5.L'17. adirect narra- arrying the liein...Ten- I the fourth 14. donioii- ? A pp.2-1. 0,— in C.23. [02.3.N. NOIES ON nOOK IV. 65 2. viderentur,-' were in sight.' po.s,set,-RC.99.6. HF. .. 1 ''fZr''^'''' ^""^ dejicerentur. inferlorem.-i.e. owardstheS.W. pro„ius,-used like a prep. (E0.83./.iii.) sill, -'to themselves.' (RC.Sl.d!.) 3. quae tamen, etc.,-' and as these, having nevertheless [i.e, m spite of the danger) cast anchor, were filling.' etc ; or xnore^ freely, ' had cast ... and were,' etc. [Inothe^ possible interpretation is to take tamen as applying to the vvhole sentence and opposed to the words just preceding- in tlus case trans, by 'however,' making this the first wird To regard^amen as opposed to ancoris Jactis and connected With complerentur, disregards the natural order of the words and implies that the ships were more likely to be filled while running free than while at anchor off the open coast 1 cum,-conj. necessario. . .pr->f -tae. . .petieriint,-'they were compelled to put out. . ,ake for,' lit.? adyersa nocte,-'in the face of the . ^., into the night,' lit. ' the App.5.a.N. night meeting them.' Ji^^TiH 1^ A"*' '^""^ 9^'^rtum quam, §i. [Strictly the plirase should be post die quarto quam=^ on the fourth day after 'ud tl^e meaning, 'later {i.e. on the fourth day) than'- voTtZuJ^ adverb Its position, however, has caused'it to fnflurce 1 1 case ha follows as if it were a preposition. The usage Is rare n c L^sica! i^l .; ?."'* ^t remembered also that In reckoning fro" one date to another, the Romans counted both extremes, so th- the phrase really=the third, not the fourth, day after The impersonal passive construction, In §i. twice. (Cf. n n to c Vn N.B. to C.4.] Use of solverunt, § l. [Generally «ar«« s (not as s^'is ul' '"*^ *!;' °'^^'^'' ^^^""^^ '^ ^««•^«- - -^e- stood aa 0.23. §1.] ^Pi»-o/>e«gMo with the dative, u fCiesar uses only the dative, not ad, except in Bk.II.i9.2. wh^e the re'dTn^ is disputed; the idea of nearness to. not motion towards p 4^ dominates. ] Propius with the accus. , § 2. [Cf n b to c 9 1 Sut, objective gen., with periculo, § 2. [This Is moreemphatic than suo would have been. Notice also that se and suns inTsentenle of result refer to the subject of the sentence of result, not to that of k1 kadxuK vcro.] Tile phrase adverse noc««,§ 8. I'! I' 66 DE BELLO GALLICO. ui ! Ill CAP. XXIX. 1. nocte,— that of Aug. 30-31, according to aatroncmic, ' calculations. A reference to c.'28. § 1. will then show on what day Caesar must have crossed to Britain, esset,- ' there was.' (RC.99.6.ii. HF.182.4.) qui dies,-' a peri<,l {or time) which.' maritimos, etc., — 'very high tides. ^ consuevit,— ' is wont,' or trans, by ' usually.' iucognituin, — the tides at the straits of Dover are 20 or 30 feet high, those in the Mediterranean insignificant. 2. lino, — 'one and the same.' naves. . .complcbat, - tians. by passive oice. App.23. Soonerariaa. . .ajfflictahaf. quibiis,— ' in (lit. with) which.' transportnnduni,— ' to it brought over.' (EC.104.C. HF.173.7.) ad,— ' at.' neque ulla, — 'and no,' lit.? adininistraiidi, aiixiliandl,— tlie former of those on board, the latter of those on shore. In trans, add ' them ' {i.e. the ships) with the former. 8. fractis,— trans, by 'as.' aniissis, — freely, 'having lost.' App.5.a. magna, etc. ,—' great alarm inevitably (or as was inevitable) arose throughout,' etc.; lit.? id quo«l,— lit. ' a thing which ' ; quod is ace. , subj. of accidere. exer- citns, — lit. * of,' i.e. on the part of. 4. neqne,— trans, by 'no.' possent,- RC,99.c. HF.188.1, Usui,— cf. on C.20. §2. omiiibn» constabat,— ' it was generally understood lor agreed'; omnibus, dr. iive ; more lit. 'among all.' Iiieiuari oportere,— ' that they mist winter.' App.24. (RC.9G./>. HF.164.2.) in hiemem,~iran3. in by 'for.' 1l,n.—Luna plena, qui dies, §1. [The incorporation in the relnlive clause of an antecedent in apposition with another word less geiu ml In meaning ; cf.c.l. S 1.] Gerundive with euro, % 2. [Cf. N li to C.22. 8 5.1 Id quod, referring to a clau,?e, S 3. [Here, ab is rem:- larly the case, the clause follows.] Relative clause of chaiao- teristlc, §4. [RC.99.C. HF.188.4. BA..'i04. H.oOS. AG.320 a.] The impersonal piasive construction in the infin., hiemari, §4. In and aceus. of the time for Tviiicb nrrangeuients are being aiuUd astroncmio. ' then show on tain, esset,- leSj— 'a peri( i! y high tides/ ' iucognitnin, feet high, those .complebat, 18. . .afflictahat. nduni, — 'to l)f — ' at.' nequo ixilinndl,— the 1 on shore. In [•mer. reely, ' having I inevitably {or .? id quod,— ccidere. exer- 99.C. HF. 188.1. understood [or all.' liientiiri ,24. (E0.9(i.A. 1 in the reliitive word less general 0, S2. [Cf. N.r.io [Here, abis itl'u- clause of chainc- (3.320. a.] The ari, § 4. In are being mode KOTES ON BOOK IV. 67 beforehand, in hiemem, § 4. m „„„ ,„tu ,u [This emphasizes the words with wH.h .T '*""" "'^"'' « *' ^ ^ Construction ^To'pZ^^t ^d tr.: itlt/ T'r'''-^ is the only mood used by Caesar.] * ** ' ' ^^^^ "'**"• CAP. XXX. 1. This long sentence may be conveniently broken into four m Enghsh, viz. at conoruti, trans j^ortaLaTlZ nro dt's.J;-w/"?:Lt"';r:t' "^^ ^"°*'^^-' '^«"^-^^ «..«A \J ' . Romans were without.' lit ? quae,-referrmg to ca.trorum. hoc a„g„stiora,-f reely r:aW (Ect5l'ii.r^^ '''■ '"^^^^ —- ^^or th^ 2. optimum facta,-' the best thing to do ' CRC m^ ^ HF175.3 duxerunt,-. concluded, th^ought.' rebellLne facta, t..ns. by clause co-ordinate with UiUr7 ^T' EC 85 f HP rr/""^^; :^ — *^« --.' frumento,- a rurs..s,-not 'a second time,' but referrin-^ to the eiumge from pace confirmata (c.28. § 1.) to rebelUone iT a??ris,-asinc.27.§7. dedueero ■ %//'! '^'7''''"« /«'■^»- *.i , . , ** weuucere, — to brin»- down ' i ^ tr. the coast, to the place where they were to begin war.' ^.H.-Hoc anticipating: a quod clause « 1 rsn ,.« t»,j chiefly with comparatives or word, uLi ^'' "'° *^ ^«""^ its origin an abl. of measure 0^1« '^ ^'"k" ^" ""'"'^'^'•"■«o» i 1' is in into the abl. of causeT "^ ''\^"' '''""' ""«» '° '"«•ge BA..O..J Tr^oiditiona rToWr ^^"•'"•^- "^•^^•^■ co«//^ nc TTT TT"ri OAO _. \ Kcpti uuiiniijj. iipp.iiO.t;. ^xvO. JO.ijLX. xlx.oUo.u.) NOTES ON BOOK IV. 69 ippened to his ■' from the fact suspect) that ir.' ad, — ' for be ships "which purpose.' } the soldiers B5.e. HF.71.B. Fecit, — freely, the rest,' lit. ) could be sail- 9.6. HF. 187.2. ex eo, quod, etc., at, § 1. [Id quod tute for It, hence isslbly have been lis last case, horf. loration of ante- in, S2. [This is clause with the roushout. [In §§ L-feet.] ng. jrring only to ' to ' and infill, len ' ; so inter- p to.' intor- the surreudir ing the preced- ventitaret,— 3.a.) cuatomf , lit. 'cus- partein,— consuetude ferret,—' torn allowed.' (EC.99.£.i... ' was visible in the direction in which,' lit? 2. id quod erat,-' as was actually the ca«e ' lit ? /^ ,•« exjWd by «.•,.•. . ....,,,, „„ J,, corsi?ii,-App'2. " in tum,-understand esse. i„ stationibU8,-'on guLd'- the plural because at each of the four gates wou^ be a Tutd ' ^" f ;«7- «--clere,->to tale thel pll ^on guaid more rc.ly, 'to relieve them'; the sing of the general .dea of guarding. reliqua«,-how man/? Ltro. duction, p. XVI. armnri,-' to arm themselves. (EC 96 c) 3. pan 10 longius,-'some little distance.' C on c26 §0. «»«t»nere,-' wereholdingtheirown(.rtheirground)'- cf.on ell. §6. conferta,-trans. by 'as,' giving th^ real son for ex ovmihus partibus. *' ^ deme8So,-trans. by clause with ' because,' co-ordinate ^^tl.eratreh,ua. erat reliqua,-' remained,' lit.? 5. dispersos, depositis, occnpatos, - trans, by clauses introduced by 'when'- nosfm^ ia ,1,., i- -, . '^'^"^^^ ftdorfi tvo/o 1, 1 ' ^'^'^^^^ ^3 "^ be supplied from 8 4. hnd their own cohorts. «r.B -Predicate nom. with ap,,e«a6a<«,.,§l. fRC.II.70. H..S62.02 AG 176.] ibe numbering of the Roman legions \ThlT,Z^ given were in the order of their levying Tl.oS p ^ ""mbers An,eeeaenl repeated i„ rel.livecl«„8c. ,„„if™;,r,T',rf „ , expenseof elcRance 1 Th! f.! 1 ^'«^•■"^^«S' even at the 2. U. [CaesarToernU see Jo'ob ecTlT/rief °" «.V^"^""''«« «nnr^rfie;;-" ill---, . 7„'^^P'"l^"-fect indie, in Si4.6. fOf events passive ^erbs. a;;;..^ ^ '{^OM.c. B^^ul': l^]:^{^ °' Ik « i !:lM 'IV ^k 70 DB BELLO QALLICO. 33. The Britiih mode of fighting with chariot». CAP. xxxni. 1. Oenirs, — 'manner.' hoc,— ' as follows ' ; the predicate. per omnes partes, — 'in aU directions.' ipso terrorc equltuni,— ' by the very {or mere) terror caused by their horses,' lit,? (EO.SJ.c.) ordines, — of their opponents. equitiiin, — i.e. their own, so that after the warriors on the chariots had dismounted, foot soldiers and cavalry alter- nated. Caesar had no cavalry with him. 2. ita, — 'in such a way.' illi, — App.IS.i.; i.e. those who had dismounted to fight on foot, habcniit, — EO.99.6. HP. 187.2. < 8. tautnm efliciant, — 'become so proficient or expert,' lit.? uti.. .consuerint,— for co«*Mereri?i<. (EC.99.6. HF. 187.2.) loco,— 'ground.' per,— ' along.' N.B.— The phrase ex easedis pugnae, §1. [Nouns are joined to each other by prepositions very seldom In Latin, and, as a rule, only when the word on which the prepositional phrase depends is of verbal origin. Cf. «n Britanniam trajectus, ci'l. 13.] Ipse, §1.= 'very,' [i.e. itself and nothing else.] Cuin=^ whenever,' with the perfect indie, § 1. [See n.b. to c.26, on frequentative sentences. In such sentences, when the reference is to present time, the perfect and present respectively are used for the plupcrf. and Impcrf.] 84-36. On Caraar's apijroach the Britons withdraw, and in a second attempt are routed and submit to Caesar, uho at once returns to Gaul as the season is getting late. CAP, XXXIV. 1. Qnibns rebus, — ablative of means, nostl'is, — may be dative with auxilium tulit, or ablative absolute, novitate, — trans, by ' because of.' (EC.85.m.) NOTES ON BOOK IV. 71 ^h^)rfc interval,' lit.? ■i^^imisso,— after a i.. e.*-'. S 1. eL't rX ;-as'i .c- s'st'T' '^°'°"' °' ~i... r..o,„ the e„„„,,, dlj,„:.:';,iii;,x--". "-^- «^punssent,— cf. on adtsi^et, c.2U 8 2 rT?P qq t. ••• 107.6. HF.211.N.) J^-s^-S- (-Kb.99.A.iu.; 6. His rebus,— as in c.28. § i. V.n.-The various uses of the abl. in thp ohnnfa.. rxr . lieapi,,^. of abl. in § i.] Asvndpfnn ?h , ^^^*^ «specially the in contrasting' clauses .„ 4 k"w^^,^'''"'^*^'«» ''""^ "««d [The latter. proLbly an b of :^ets isTiL '"' ^'**'°"*^ "'' ^^^•^• trtif 1. idem. CAP. XXXV. .fore, — ' that the same thinjrwoiilH >nT^^«« ) ^ od*««e/ nPO so A- ^ ^—-u.b.j esscut puisji, — cf. on oa««*e«, c.20.§2. dictuiu est,— App.24. * ^ • on lil 72 DB DELLO GALLICO. I 'I 2. dlulins,— 'any longer,' i.e. than the hegintiing of the battle. aCj — we may trans, 'but.' H. seciitl ... oci'ideruiit, — understand nostri. tnnto spntio,— freely, ' as far,' lit. ' Avithin (or over) as great a space.' quantum. . .cfflcere,— 'as their speed and strength allowed,' lit.? ^•B«— TJif mood of accidemt. fCf. N.n. to c.81. «l.J Ut introducing' un oxpliimtory elaiist'. witli tiie siilijunctive of result, « 1. [Here tlic ut fliuise is really in iipposition wltli idem, ami tlius «'onneeted Willi fore.] Teii)att\ei)\ ct.tardiuK, \ avgnstiora, c.3(>. ntum spatio quail- oiavt.iim, which is loiistraiive in fjif , S3. [This is not a niore condeiisid in tliis clause the ntinfr.] Posi- ute oi aediftciis.] le season.' die trans, by ' as.' houldsay ' two :he others,' lit. masc, as ho is ssels. infra,— hen dies does not lural.] The is not necess.'iiily •ox, 5 3. [Ri:. ss.c. der of reltqiti, s 1. rding to sense.'] NOTES ON BOOK IV. 73 1. Qnibi dbi CAP. XXXVII. trn -that"of"^7^"'*~;'^' *"" mentioned in c.86. §4. cas- irn,— tJiat of feuipicius liiifim n 90 c o - . ^ ' setting out. ' (RCU02 a tlufl', ^ , »»'*>««'«««««'- ' on itu HiLno,-' with ntr "^-^'f^-^ Primo,-adverb. „on ■iiii^iiu} wicn not a verv 'irrro ' i;«- o d .. 'if they did not wish to be kilod''- ! «'v •»;»"ent,- lIlC.II.22 1 nollfint -RP Qo t ' '^' ''"^•'- ^^ interfici. "-"^-J no"e»tj— RC.99./t.iii. HF.206 4 lit.? (RC.82.C. HP.134.1.) "'""'^"'^'- *"a^dhismen,' '^•'**~^''"® reference of nrespnt ni.,i ,.,>. e infin. with no^o, 8 1. "^i^t to ,^ J .? '^r'*"' . '^^^ '^<^«»«- «"d verbs is the same, either the s ml r'* 7'''° *^' ^"^'J' «^ ^'«'l' accus. and Infln. c;nstrn;t io. m " t uZ' rr*''"^V"'^"- °^' ^'^^ commoner.] The double , i ^ . ' ^'"^"'^'" ''^'"f? far the «"«o, §2. The Phrase ««,;^ '''* ''"'■""'' ^"'^ '"*«••««*) >vith r. .Vse^actively ] "''''^"'"'" ''«'"■"''' ^^^ Pa-ivei;. s J^-c'i? CAP. XXXVIII. 1. rebellionem fecerant,-cf. on c. 30. 8 2 '""'■-'"<' "° »"-» «» »Wch to row,. Utr:hadt; I- lilM 01|Hi '. 0ms 4 j tte' ■ ■: 1 i|i;- ]\ 1) ■ ! i: ^ j lii ' III 74 DB BELLO OALIJOO. whither thoy should rotrfiat.' (RC.II.25. HF.lSl.l.N.) Tran^ quo .haherent before proi .'cr. . .pallidum, qno, etc.,— qh,- referring to pahiduvi, though agreeing in gender and numL. . with the predicative perfuyio B0.1I.197.e.), ' which they lial used as,' etc. (EC.II.7(i.) fiieraiit U8l,-RC.97.^.iii. ],, potestatein yenerunt, ' fell into the hand.^,' lit.? 3. In,— cf. on C.18. §4, 4. legrlonum,— trans, by 'for.' negrlexeriint, — add in trans. ' to do so.' 5. His re bus,— referring to all the events of the summei V campaiyu. ex lltterls Caesarls,— ' in accordance with ( in consequence of) despatches from C diernm,-trans. l,y •for 'or by English possessive. (EC.Sl.e. HF. 180.7.) siip. plIcatIo,-'a public thanksgiving,' celebrated by solemn sacrifice in the temples at Rume. At the end of the cam- paign two years before, Caesar writes, "and for these act^ a thanksgiving for fifteen days was decreed, an honor which up to that time no one had received." M.B.-Tlie plural of an abstract noun, aiccitates, S 2. [Here, as often in Latin, the plural of an abstract noun is used reforrinR to the var- ious Instances or cases whore the quality is manifested. RC 5te H. 130.2. AG.75.C.] Pelatlve clause of purpose, quo se recipen'nt § 2. Utor with a twofold abl., § 2.. [one being in the predicative relation to the other. RC.II.76.] Fuerant U8i=erant usi vi [In the perfect tense a difference is generally observable between the compound forms with sum and with /ui, but in the pluperf Miid fut. perf.,/«emm and/wero are used (though very rarely) quite with the force of eram and ero.] Se abdere with in and ace. [Cf. n b to c.18. § 4.J Asyndeton In contrast, 8 4., and in emphatic enumera^ tiou, § 3. — ^ rarely) quite with 1 and ace. [Cf. n.b, emphatic euumera- VOCABULARY TO CAESAR, DE IJELLO GALLJCO. BOOKS I.-VII. r Mr ^■ii •■ i i ! i 1 i ! ! I MARKS AND ABBREVIATION The quantity of all vowels long by nature has been marked. Vowpig not marked are to be considered short by nature abl ablative. ace accusative. adj adjective. adv adverb. conj cov junction. dat dative. f. or fern feminine. gen genitive. indecl indeclinable. m. or masc inasc%dine. n. or neut neuter. part jmrticiide. perf perfect. plur plural. prep preposition. pres present. pron pronoun. sing singular. su))st srdistantiiA w xvith. A. 11 marked. Vowels VOCABULAKT. A. A., an abbrbviation for Aulus. a. ab, (abs), prep, with ahl (■; abi-es, -etls, {.,fir. ub-jlclo, ere. -i«ioi !,„* tl>nnvaioayTthriT' "jectum, ab-jnnsro, ©le, -junxl, -lunc turn, detach, separate, jmrt ab-rlplo, ere, -ripul, -rentm.. <'t>-'-y off, stiatch. ' ***!»'="•"• abs, see a. abs-eWo. ere, -eWi, -cisuiii cut ".If, cut, cutaway; cut r/. " " * "'* absens, -entls, ahsen* abslniilis, e, iinlike. ab-slsto, ere, -stltl, withdraiv i»"'P away from. '<■"<" an. nrlmrt'in -t''' ^^ '''*««"<; take ac-cedo, ere. -opbot «a accolero, ar», avi, atnni, ;,„(,„. aecUvls, e, rlsiny, sloping. "^.cur8uC''';'"*''^«'-«"«'«rrI. Aa?«""'"' ^"" "i'. rmU up. ■ r 1 ' ; II w !!! li-l DE HELLO QALLICO. aocuso, arc, jivi, iitniii, acrm^p., Jhidjiiult, cenmnr. sict^r, cris, ere, sharp, keen, violent, secere. jwerbe, adv., hiffrrly, Iceenly ; ticerbe ferre, be dLst reused bij. Jifcrbltas, -tatis, f., bitterness; sutferiny, distress. ucurbus, a, um, hitter, painful. aeervus, I, m., heap, pile. a«'Ii»s, el, f., kee,nness. fierce glance ; line of battle; buttle. ao-qiilro, ere, -qnlnlvl, -qiilsl- tuiii, (jain, gain advantage. acrlter, adv., (iicriu», aoerrlme), Jiercely, hotly, desperately. aetuarins, a, um, light, sicijt. actus, a, um, from ago. acutu8, a. um, sharp, pointed. art, piM^p. witli ace., to, towards ; with a view to, for ; according to ; near, by, in, among; (wltli iiu- nu'.rjils), about. adactus, a, um, from adljsro. artaoquo, are, avi, atum, equal ; make equal. artamo, are, avi, iitum, love greatly, become enamored of, take a fancy to. acl-rto, ere, -dldl, -ditum, add, join ; make an addition. art-duco, ere, -duxl, -dnctiim, lead, bring; bring in, conduct; draw towards, dratv taut ; induce, influence, Jorce. ademptus, a, um, from adtmo. adeo, adv., so, so much. ttd-eo. Ire, -Ii (-ivl.), -Itum. r/o to, advance; attack; visit; reac/i., get at ; approach. adcptus, a, um, from adipiscor. adequitd, Are, avi, atum, ride np. ad-Iiacresoo, ere, -ha< "liaesum, adiiere, cling to, cadh. fast to. adhibeo, ere, ul, Itum, call in, admit ; bring along ; use. show. adhortor, arl, atus suui, urge, mlwrt, encourage, \ adhfic, adv., till now, up to tha present, as yet. Adiatunmis, I, m., a chief of tlic Soutiates. ad-f;sro, ere, -effi, -actnm, drir.. tip; drive in; hurl, caton. ad-JIcl6, ere, -JccI, -Jeotum. ca>it ; add; throw np. uiJjudlco, are, avi, atum, ad- judge. ad-Junsro, ere, -Junxl, -Jiiiu- tuiii, .;■(»/«, unite, ally ; anne.v. adjutor, oris, m., assistant, ally. ad-juv6, are, -Juvl, -.jiituiii. assi.''t,heJp ; aid; be of assistance, further. Admasretobrlpra, ae, f., a, town in Gaul, of uncertain i)08ition. admatnrd, are, avi, atum, mature; hasten. administer, trl, m., assistant, jirtest. admlnistro, are, avi, atum. carry out, execute, attend tn; manage; issue. admlror, ari, atus sum, woml r at, admire, be surprised. ad-mltto, ere, -misl, -missuni, allow, incur; commit; let <;.> ; part, admlssus, at full spieed.' admodum. adv., very, very murh. exceedingly ; with numerals, full », quite. adinoneo, ere, ul, Itum, warn, advise. adolescent), see adulescens. adolescentia, see aduiesceiitia. adolescentulus, see adulescuu- tuius. till now, up to tJie I, m., a chief of the ul, he mljaceni. uS, Itam, warn, adslsto, see ussjmto. .1«! II lessens, -entia ,« adulescentlu. «o, f., yo»;;^. ucIuIescentuluH, f. „,, ^ ^^,.^ .i;lvcrsarlu8, I. r» «/«;«//. ' "*•' opponent, "t'KVi-, grra, 8-ru,„, sick. r:;:.'r"""-''"-.«»"'»t. vooARnLAitr. aos, aerlg, n.. hrnn~^ . „ 'none, ; ai. aii^^.Zt'diT^'''' aestas, -tritlH, f., summer aosfciinatlo, -6n!s e ^.„t ^. aestlnio, ar« nvi a* ^nate,vkm,X^^d **"""• ^"'*- ae«t.iarlum, I, „., estriary, irdet '^f^ns,ns,m.,7,^at;tiae ^''l^^'-tfitU,t,a„e, years. af-fln|nr6, ere, -flnvl ««* «fllrinatlo, -6nlp f ^» a'.e extrcniL' Gaul. 8, m., a chief of (lie oruni, m., the Am- be iu the centre of iruni, m., the Am- )e in the north-ciiat I plur. only, both. ., madness, foil;/. ., thong (for throw- ) anfractus. f., friendship, alii. , friendly, devoted, riend ; ally. VOCABULARY. ii.xmv, oris, m , love, affection. ampins a, urn, hirqe arent ■ magntjicent, noble, high" ' ^ ^^ ' an, conj., or. ^"n,e*^in*"n"'-'"- "" ^"«'•''«^''. ^ I)iS.he." "'^"'''^' "°'-"» ot" t'le an-ceps, -cipltls, ^««6;^, (^..^^-^^^ ancora, ae, f., ««c/jo/ Andeeumborl„8.i,„.,o„,„f^j,^ ^•^?l^^iXoKffi-^'-^^« anfr^c^s, "«' >"- ^^nd, circuU, angulus, I, m., comer, angle. aniina, ae, f., soul. aniii,jidver-t6, ere -fi =„ """^I'iT'Jiii^-'ri^' "»'"^. ^^«'•^, optiu, ILtU ; feelinqsi cnuvnno- character, disposition comcinu.' 9 ess; pride, ambitiot ; peasurl' amusement. ' ■'''''"*"' e, outHnp, anticipate; ' LrpasV, ante-fero, -forre -fnii i.-.* prefer, c/nsMersuj^;: -^^*""»' antenna, ae, f , sail-yard. ante-pono, ere, -posuT .no«i antever-to. ere fi in olden times, of old. Ion,, an" ' 1|SS:'c^e"^^f^--£ ^«CueMliS:^.^^-^-. Ap., a contraction for Anplus aperte, adv., openly "^S'""* ■*"'"• "^- ^^''«''' «^ Roman T/b*'"""' **• '"»' Of <"^ 2/mr annus, I, m.. year. "•^rmus. a, „m, yearly, for a - >ser, erls, m., ^ocse. apporto, arc, avS, atuni, bring. ;i ■ h m ft i I i! ■I 8 Dri HELLO aAr-Lico. an «pproplnq,,,-,, are. avi, atui>- '."■«'''»'"«. f. '^«Z/. (ipjiroarh.drawnmr. •""""• arliliis, n, u,„. rf,.,^,^. „g,„ «ppnlsus, u, u,n, from «ppollo ,''' '^''" ^'""'- " ' ^^••«" »PP«tio, arl-e... Otis, m., ,«m, hattcrran aptu8. u, ii,„. ,„„-to/, «„^7aW,J, „^, uSman"''' '' ""•' " * *''ef of tli. Ai'plnelus. I, n,,, o,/„,, Annneiu<< a Jtaiiian knife-ht vvltl. C^aeC '' nr-ilplo. ore. -rlpnl. -rontiin, »uze, lay hold of\ 'secure. "*'*"'"' miua. ju>-, f,, water. uquatiu, -jiiiis, f., netthtij water. aquila. a,, f , fl„,;/e. tl.n ,.„,i^,„ of '^^"I'i'j»' »fi..i"., a Ron,.:,, <,„i,,,,y aqnilffcr. «vl. ni., cu/lc-l-.^-tr-r '^"»fi^n««. ae. f., Aa,) ■ akin tot.,, Spaniards ratl.er th'an arroffante,., adv., ivith preaumn. akin to tlK! SpaiOnrds ratlier to flio aaul.s, !'vi(.lli„g. i„ tho soutlnvcsteru part of Gaul. """< '"«oieiarj/. .Ai;.ar, -arls. m.,na..... J ArVnPniia t .^ «„ A. ^^e on fire, be inflamed. ' Arduenna. ae. f., a forest in the iiortli-eastofGauI. ardnns, a. uin, difflcidt ; steep. Areooiiilci, ornm, m. plur., the Arecomtct, a tribe in t lie Province near tiie Pyrenees. Arenmi'lous, a, um. Armorican ■ tl'S^^ll''^ was a collective name nh.r X '.*' '"•' '?" Arver^nan ; ni p nr., Vm Arvernt, a tribe south ,.f the centre of Gaul. "um.-i arx, arcis, f., citadel, stronghold. a-scendo, ere, -soendl, -seen- sum, climb, ascend, mount. ";^!"*.n^' "^V""-' ««<^«««. «''ce,,^. ««.i; ; mea7is o/ ascent. _- .. .^,, „„^ „ tunucuve name I ^lynt. ' &7t';tei7*"^- '""--'•"- I a«ipe^^ erum. severe, Jterce, n., silver, ■. clay. "V dri,',- nc'.'i. as ■71(1. m., Tfin,, batterina- a ■' m., ■tef of th,' , Mnrcaii AristiuH m no with ('iasur. 'i.pliir., «;•;,,;,• )■•(•/,■. >ruiii, n. plur., tar];. . f-, armor, equip. »vl, Atuin, arw I't.xii pliir. a3Hul)si., » uin, see Arc- ».., C'rt.;,,.» Arpineiu.^, It with Caesar. ■ripnl, -roirtuii,, /, secure. v., to/". dare, «mcllo, Ire fvt t* ""«Utio, -ojils f I.. VOCABULARY. -«I» -utuin, as 9 ""iM, from uiigco. ^-'!-a;'J;.;^:,:}.^?-'^-entrai a-v«*lio, ere, -vexl , ^ _ '^"- ''>'!/ off: *-*'• -vectuni, aver-to er« _«•» »vus, I, ,„., fjrandfnther B. ^'?"'r?e?5»'^ P^- tl,e. Au-l ''-^^-^-.^ilL.^learic, fron. -*"riJa; 'T^''^'^•■'^«'''«"• ..c islands. IMllteilS. 1 m ;, ,;j 'B«lve„lu"V't'7,r^-^f- <'•«*, a c...„turio„^V(- . '* .^"^^■''«- r'''-f-/b«rbaru2''l'";' "\ «« I'artan. "»»«8. I, in., « ^a/-. ik«..^ 10 DB BELLO OALLICO. Batavlif, t>j>u»\, m. plur., the Bata- vmnn, i\ iTiViC .it the mouth of the Riiiiic. Bel^ue, arum, vt>. pUir., the Bel- qiam, a pi't.pj.i occupvin^' thi> iiorth-east of Gail, and larf^ely of German origin. Boljarluni. I. n., Belgium, tlie country of tlic Betcfie. belllcosua, a, uin, i.^arlike. bulUcus, a. mil, of war, in war. bellii, arc, avl, atuju, make war, Jifjht. Bollavncl. oruiii, m. plur., the BelU.mci, a tribe in tr.o northern part of Gaul. bcllun.t„ 1, n., war. ' bene. ,\dv., (melius, optline), ■well, SH'xeHsfiiUij. bcneflclujii, I, n., kind)\ess, ser- vice. /a cor. bene vole JiHa, ae, f., good will ; kindness. Blbracte, l f., a town of tlie Renil, in tlio nortliern part ot Gaul. Blbroel, orunv n- plur-. the Bi- broci, atri))e of Britain. biduuin. I, n., tioc days, spact, of two daij.i. blonnluiii, l, n., two years. Blsrerrlones, uin. m. i)lnr., the Bigerrinnes, a tribe rear tlie Pyrenees. binl, ae, a, two each, ttvo bg two, two. bipartlto, adv.. in two divisions. bipedalis, e, two. feet (thicic;. blpertlto, see bipartlto. bis, adv., twice. Bltnrlges, iiin. m. plur., the Bi- tnrities. a trilio in the centre ot Gaul, on the Loire. Boilnoffnatus, 1, m., a leader of tiie Nervii. Boll. ornn». m. plur., the Boil, the Bolans, a nation originally livinj,' iu Germany on the Danube. bonitas, -tatls, f., goodness, excel- lence, fertility. bonus, a, uiii (iiiellor, optltnus), good; n. as subst.. bonuiii, 1, (td- 'vantage ; in \Am:, goods, property bfis, bovls, m., ox. bracchluin, I, n., arm. Brannovlcos, uin, m. plur., the Branriovices, a l)ranch of Uie Aulerci, in the nortii-westof Gaul. Brannovll, oruin, m. plur., the Brannovii, a tribe in Gaul. Bratuspantluni, I, n., a town of the Bellovaci, in the north of Gnul. brevls, e, short; as adv., bre\l, in a short time. brevltas. -tatls, f., shortness; sliort, stature. brevlter, adv., briefly. UritannI, drum, m. plur., the Britons. Britannia, ae, f., Britain. Britannicus, a, uni, of Britain. a; or with the Britons. bruina, ae, f., the ivinter solstice. Brutus, I, m., Becimiis Brutus, a lieutenant with Caesar. C. C. an abbreviation of Gaius (or Calus). Cabillonuni. I, n., a town of the Aedul, in tlie central part of Gaul. Caburus, I, m., Cains Valerius Vaburus, a Romanized Gaul. cacunicn, -minis, n., top,X)oint. call aver, -eris, n., dead body, corpse. oatlo, ere, cecldi, onsuin, fall, be slain. Cadurcus, I, m., one of the C'o- durci; in plur., the Cadurci, ^,^ tribe in Aquitania. caedes. Is, m., slaughter, massacn-. murder: caedo, ere, cecldl, caasam, c ' down, fell: eaelestis, «, heaovnly ; m. jiliir. . . anhst.ftUjegods. I 'V I I 1 VOCABULARY. n jnndnesa, excel- of Galus (or , cfisuin, fall. ae, f, ceremony, oaerltnon'ft, nacred rite. OaeroesI, oruin, m. nlur., th/>. ntral Gaul on ! the Loire. car«>, carnlH, t, flesh, meat. car-pf, are, -psl, -ptuiii, criti- cise, blame. carrus, I, m., cart, tvagon, efirus, a, uiii, dear, valuable. Carvllius, 1, m , a king rulin»? In Kent;. " casa, ae, f., hut. vaseus, i, m., cheese. I CsisHl, oruii:. m. plur., the Casdi, a tribe in Britain. Casslanus, a, uni, of or tvith Vasstus. cassis, -lais, m., helmet. Casslus, I, in., L'/cius Cassius, a Koinan general, consul in B.C. 107. cano, ere, ocoini, cantuin, sinii, sound. •'' Cantabri, oruui, ni. plur., the Can- fMbrians, a tribe in the north of Spain. ^'''!l*f''V*.'.* I. n.. A'e««, in the south- east ot Enjfland. ojiper, prl, iTi.,5ro„«. caplllus, I, m., hair. ^'?l'/*i' **'''^' ''■^'I*''' captmn, take, 'iih. seize; get, occupg, reach ; uptirate, overcome; take tip, dioose, adopt. ^ ' capra, ae, f., she-goat. taptivus, I, m., captive, prisoner. <'a:-tU8, us, ni., capacity, nature. c;r>.ut, -Itis, n., head; person- I'M; mouth (of ariver). •^'''*^'^ ' *"".''''"• ^*"®' "*• '^^ ivithouf, go with. carina, ae, f., keel. castelluiii, 1, n., fort, stronghold. Castlcus, 1, m.. a chief of the Se- quaiii. castra. oruin, n. plur., camp, en- campment. casus, us, m., happening, occur rence; accident, chance; fate, disaster; emergency. Cataiuantal cedes. Is, m., a chief ot the Seiiuani. catena, ae, f., chain. Cjiturisres, uin, m. plur.. the Catunges a tribe m tlie Province, near the Alps. ' Catuvolcus, I, m., a chief of the i!-buroiic3. causa, ae, {., cause, reason; case' 2>retext.L. reuse; condition ; in abl sinff., for the sake of, for the pur- l>ose of. ^ eaute, adv., cautioushi, with caution. cautes. Is, m., sharp rock, reef. ^Vcd^i^^^^' I» m-. a chief of the Ca-.-arinus, I, ni., l^inj? of the car 'lUNcivI, cautum, be on o .>- ■ uard ■ nice security. i:l I- ■iiNfi 51 :; !' 12 DM BELhO OAf-TJCO. cMo, ere. oi-hhT, o''88ii.ii, retreat, give, wall, ri'lin: ; i/irltl ; with- draw. celer, oris, ere, ifirijt, Kpeeily, Kudden. eelerltiiH, -tivti^, f., nwiftnes», speed, rupidii y. celerlter, n()v., (eolerlus, celer- rliiie), xwit'tlji. (juicldi/, rdpidlj/. eel*"», are, n\i, atuiii, conceal, hide. Celtao, arujii!, m. plur.. the CeltK. (ir (tmilx, oil : of tlK! three Kr(!at nations inhabiting (iaul, Celtllliif, i, m., a cliief of the Arvcrni. Cenahensls, is, m., d unui iif C'l'iiahiim ; in plur., the penple of Ciiiahinii. Cenabuin, I, n., a town of central G..ui, on the Loire. Ceniinri^n!. oi-iiin, m. plur., the t'enimaytii, a tribe of IJvltain. CenonianI, uruiii, m. nhu.. the Venomani, a tribe In tfit- north- west of Oaul. cens-eo.ere. -nl, -uin, b» of opin- ion, think ; hold, decree ; advise. census, us, m., census, enumera- tlun. centum, a hundred. centurio, -onis, m., centurion 'an officer in the Homaii army). cepi, from caplo. cerno, ere, crevi, cretnni ?!■- ceive, sec, make out. certanien, -mints, n., contest; enyayenient. certe, adv., certainly, with r ■ tainty ; c', least. certus, a, iini, certain, fixed, speci- fied, sure, definite ; trustworthij ; certloreia facere, to inform.' cervus, i, nx, stag; fork-shaped branch. ces-pes, -pitis, m., sod, turf, ceteri, ae, a, the others, the rest. Ceutrunes, 'im, m. plur., the Oenn'ones, 1. a tribe in the A]\>a -. 8. u, liilje of the Belgae. Cevenna, ae, f , the Cevenneo, ,1 nioinitnin rauf;.' in the south-cust of (iaul, west of tlie Rhone. CIioruHoI. oruin, ni. i)lur., iiie Vherusci r '.' , 'be. oilmrlu- .*. uui, of food; u. phn-. as suhsi., food, provisions, clbus, 1, m. food. Cicero, onIs, ni., Qiiintus Tidliuf Cicero, one of Cacsjir's lii'uten;nii-i. and a brother of the orator. Clm1>erlu8, 1, m., a chief of Hk Suebi. CliiibrI, oruni, ni phir., the Vi'ihri, a German tribe that in- vaded Gaul about 110 H.C. CInjaretorIx, -IrIs, ni., 1. a cliiif of tlie Treveri; 2. a kiiif^ of Kent. cln-jorn, ere, -xl, -ctnni. »/•- round, encircle ; man. cIppuH, I, n\ . post, stake, paliyirh, clrcln«"s, I, u\.,pair of cornpo^siH, eirctter, adv. and prep. w. aco.. about. cIrcuItUN. a, uiii, perf. part, of oircunieo. cireultus, ns, m., circttmfernicc, circuit; detour, circuitous muti'. circum, prep. w. ace, (irn„,i,l. about near. clrfuui-cldo, ere, -eldl, -cisum, cut aroiind, cut ; perf. part, pi.ss., isolated, stC' >. cirrumelu-' .», ere, -nJ, -snni, circle, li imt a rim 'irouinl. circum -do, -dare, -dcdi. -datum, j>»t around; surrimml. encircle. olrcuui-duco, ore, -duxl. luc- turn, lead a , , nul ; draiua, ""itd. clrcum-eo, -Ire, -IIi^-IvI), -ituiii or circultniii, «t around, m'/- round ; make f ' . .,unds of, a-'l. clrcum-f'indo, ere, -fudi, -f«- sum, 'ur n, lund, heiicr. in pass., . in ''■' mi all sides, croud arouti uri nd. circniet ielo, re, -jeel, -jec- tutt\, jii'ice around. <*IreuKi-»>itt<'i, ei'e^ -uilsis ->!>!«- sum, send around. i IS, s, f., the C'evennp.9, ,i iiK»' 111 th« south-tiist i of tlie Rhone. ruin, ni. plur., /h,. . 'be. iin, o/ food; u. plur. (/, proviaiona. Oil. . ni.. QuivtuH Tiili;,if 'Ciicsiir'a licuteiiinin, • oftiio, oraior. , m., a chief of iln- 111, II), phir, the irmiui tribe tlmi in- l)out 110 li.C. iffis. 111., 1. achii'fof a. 11 khiH'of Kt'iii. -xl, -ctnin. .s-ur- le ; man. post, ittake, palixfuh. ,pair of compaxmn, and prep. w. ait., uiii, perf. part, of , ni., circumfen iHv. ir, circuitous route. W. ace, o. roil nil. ere. -cidt, -clsmn. it ; purf. part, piss., , ere, -wT, -siim, out a rim orouinl. , -dare, -dcdi. around; aurrniiuil. ere, -duxl. !tie- I 'lid ; draio u, • -nui 'e, -II f-lvl), -it mil 11, (10 aroutid. ■-)'/•- '/ B . uunda of, ui-ii. ►, ere, -fudi, -fu- around, benci', in 'rom all sides, cromi nd. PC, -jeel, -Jcc" ound. lund. cireum-slsto, ere .«*.♦?' . Plrornii-sto, -stare -a^nfi round "«-are, -HCetl, sut clicuin-venio. Ire. -venl .v..« ^- .prop. w. ace. «„n„i/ up the eliivns. I, „1., vail. fllvus, I, r:,., s^ppe^ ascent. f^n.. an abbrevation for tJnaeus. <'«:"ieta8, a, uin, fro„i eojfo. eoiictiis, us, m., compuhion ooajfioentr). are. Vvi -,* foxteninuelher '' '**"'»• eof'srl. fro,,, cojTo. c" o.„o. ere. .«.,„, -eiuptum, *'«r^«' «>•«. "I. Itu,„. restrain, thought fj,;';,!''''''' ^'""'!^''', itdilrena. colinrtor, jirl, htxtn hiiiii, en- courdf/it, addrcnn, uri/e, colre, from cooo. coUatuH, 11, uiii, from coiif«'ro. colliiudo, fire, avf. i\t\iu\,praiKe, extol, hi(jlilii comwinil. colllffo, are, avi, atuin, fasten, pin toyetliei: coi-liffo. ere, -leffl, -lertnin, gathi- 1\ collect ; acquire; with se, collect one's self, recover, rallj/. collis. Is, m., hill. colloc'o. are, avI, atnin, pfnrc, station; arninije, stow; settle; (lice in marriage. colloqninin, I, n., contkrsation, mterciew, conference. col-loquor, I, -loeutnn 8niii, converse, confer, hare an intercii:n\ colo, ere, colnl. cultum, till, cultivate; ivorship. colonia, ae, f., colony, settlement. color, oris, m., color. ootn-buro, ere, -busnl, -1)U8- tiiiii, burn up. coni-eH, -itls, m., companion, at- tendant. ooinltla, -oruin, ii. plur., comitia, election, coiiiitor, arl, jvtus sum, accom- pany. coinine'itiis, us, m., supplies, pro- vixions ; passage, trip. CoiiiiiKMnoro, are, AvI, atniii, mention, speak of, relate. ooinniendo, are, avi, atuni, commend. ooiniiieo, are, avI, atuni, visit, resort, go to and. fro. ooininlniiH, adv., hand to hand, in close combat. coinniiHsura, ae, f., juncture, joining. ;oni*Tiiltt6, ere, -iiiisl, -iiiiRsain, join; w. proelluni, begin; en- trust, put trust in; allow, com- mit, do ; leave it possible, allow to come about. ConiinltiN, I, rn., Atrehiitcs. a klnp of fiio eoiiinimle, mlv., easilg, fn „,r vantage, I'Jf'ectivel g, conrenic.ntlg coiiiiaoduM, «, uitt, , fitting, smf- able, advantagiiiiix, /'anirahl, ,- iii'Ut. as suliHt., <-i>iiinin(luiii, i, advantage, interest, conrenienr,' blessing. coiniMone-facio. ore, -f. d, -factum, remind. coiiiinoror, arl, at us nuui, st'tii ddag, linger. ooin-iHoveo. ere, -niovl, •iim- tuiii, move; alarm, disturb; in- fluence, impress. comniunloo, are, avI. Atimi. cinnmu iiiciitp. share, consult, mi- jiiirt ; join, 'idd. oominiinlo. Ire, IvI, Ituiii. stronglg.torti.fg, serun' ; build. coiiiiuunlH, e, common, gennral, joint, concerlid. coiiiinutatio, -unis, f., chauq,'- turn. ooiiimuto. Arc, avI, Atuin, change, exchangi: ooiiiparo, are, AvI, atuin. r.,,,- 2m re; prepare, provide, 2>v ; man. coiiipliires, a. several, mam/, a great viang. coinporto, are, avI, atuin, Uring in, collect. coinpre-lienclo, ere, -licii'M, -hensuni, seize, grasp, (.itch, capture ; talce. coinprobo, Arc, avI. atuin, tiatli/, conixiikiitli/ I, mil, JiUhiii, Kiiii- f.(lf/<'"a^.tl.„. adv., m«..«„,,;y^ „, ■• "no, ere, -fivt et ! .fasten. ***'• -"xuiii, bonler>i. * "' »ewM)orliood, ''c«S'^i„-««"- '■•re„^u]ar pas3. of c6afl|.,u,ttl6, -onls f ,o p'ni-cnrro, ere -#.M..»f , '"''^"?;^.^-«' ^vl. atuni. run ''""■!/e;coii'ision ' '"*"• ««««^ ""'««. fo^fZ»^";;; lij'/"^'^ <^aree- *'»"<»<"»n6, are nv-f * eiwtofGaui. ^" *"'^ north- 1 «»"-'l»c6, ere. wip^w .. ^ I i/ufy,-, assemble: hi,Z """ctuin, i co/(/i/v«, rouse '^^'^' '-''assure, conf^„,.a ,;,,,. ^^^^^ con-iiteor, err #•„ "»V«.., aekZiiierlM""' ""'>■ co«cl, -ji'ctiim, hurl, cast, tlirou-; drive; jmf, place; w. se, rush. conjunctlin, adv., jointly, to- gether. eon-Junj^f), ere, -junxl, -junc- twm, join, connect, unite. con-.junx. •jugis, m. and f., li.us- band ; wife. conj iiratlo, -onis, f., conspiracy, combination, league. conjuro, are, avi. iituin, take a (Joint) oath, conspire, combine. Conor, ari, atii8 sum, try, at- teiiijit, undertake, make an at- tempt. oonqui-esco, ere, -evi, -etuin, rest. con-quiro, ere, -qulsivi, -qiil- 8ituiii, search for, hunt iij), col- lect. consanjafnineus, I, m., kinsman. con-scemlf», ere. -scendl, -sceii- autu, ascend, mount; embark on, go on board. couscicutia. ae, f., consciousness. coTi-8cT8c6, ere, -scivi, -scltuiii, resolre on; \v. sibi iiiorteni, commit suicide. conscins, a, uiii, conscious. con-scril>6. ere, -serlpsi, -sorip- tuiii, write ; enlist, enroll, levy. conseero, are, sivi, atuni, conse- crate. consector, arl, atus snin, follow up, pursue. conseeutus, a, iiiii, from conse- quor, cuusedi, from coasido. consenslo, -onls, f., unanimity. cdnsiuisus, us, m., agreement, con- sent. con-sentio, 're, -sSnsT, -sen- sum, agree, combine, conspire. cou-sequor, 1. -secutns snin, follow, overtake ; attain, obtain, secure ; succeed. conservo, are, avI, atnin, pre- serve, saim, spare, protect ; ob- serve, maintain. Gonsidlus, 1, m., Puhlius Con- sidius, one of Caesar's soldiers. con-sldo, ere, -.si*dT. -sf^ssniii, encamp, take up ajjosition ; settle ; hold a. session. consilium, 1, n., deliberation, con- sultation ; ])tan, design, resoln'. j)urpo.oe; jirudence, discretion; counsel, advice ; council. consimills, e, very similar, like. c6n-sist6, ere, -stiti, take up position, stand, get a /ontiiiii ; halt, stop, make a stand : ground; settle ; consist of, dejiend on. consobrlnus, 1, m., cousin. consoler, arl, atus sum, console. conspectus, us, m., sight, vikw, presence. eon-splcio, ere, -spexi, sjx-e- tum, catch sight of, observe, sen. conspieor, ari, atus sum, C'ltclt sight of, observe, see. conspiro, are, avl, atum, ro'ii- bine, con.sjnre. constanter, adv., unifomdij: Jirmly, steadily. oonstantia, n-y, t'., firmness, siMd- fastness, constancy. consterno, are, avl, atum. (//•«- may, impress. con-sterno, ere, -stravl, -stra- tum, cover, fioor. constipo, are, avl, atniii, c/vkci/. press. constiti, from consisto. c6nstlt-u6, ere, -ul, -utuiii, ** tablish, arrange, appoint, lif, decide, resolve, determine; phidi, station, draw up. c6n-st6, are, -stitl, -stAtum, cost ; d<',pend on ; remain, l>/ mi- changed ; impersonal use. it m certain, agreed, established, evi- dent. VOCABULARY. I. -secutns snin, like; attain, obtain, ad. e, avi, atuin, jrre- spare, protect ; ob- in. m., PubUui< Con- Caesar's soldiers. t, -sSdl, -siissuiii, ip a position ; suttle ; 11., deliberation, con- Inn, diifii(/n. rexotr,'. •ndence, discretion ; e ; council. very similar, like. e, -stiti, take up id, j/et a .fontiiiij ; kaa utand : (/round; t of, dejnmd on. I, in., cousin. , atus sum, console. ixs, m., sujht, vkw, re, -8|)exi, spt'o- iijkt of, ohaerve, see. •I, i\t\\s sum, cnlch ■ve, nee. i, avI, atuiii, ro'ii- adv., nnij'oniihj : hj. ■?!, t'.,_firninesf*, sfaid- fancy. re, avl, atuiii, ilis coiiHistu. 17 dluis. f., custo^n, I n"^SS,»«' ^- ^^^r-control. oon-sneseo, ere, -supvf o.,- tu,„, becc'ne ac^.l^tZed'hu^^; tenses, be accustomed. ' ' "' ^ c6n.sueta-d6, liubit. e6ii8ultuin, I, „., decree CO II -8 urn 6, ere. -sum-sT con-surgro, ere. -surrexl -^..r rectum, ?Me «^A '^'' ''"'^" fall to the lot f^\ '"' ''"-^^^^'^"• continnatlo. -mils f ^„ *• «"ce, succelkon ' '•' ^"«<'««- CO?i- 'l>on, invoke. "*' contex-o. ere. -ul, .' "'', construct. c'^ntisa, from continue "Z^S^."''''''''^--''''^ continent call ■tum, ffeai-e, I «"«, «///v>/;< ,- b„ffettinu:ciol,nce, ; ■'■.,v ; I ill ^JW*"*»**?»»*»»,» "■'**'»»***',W^i^,i„, 18 %i DB UELLO QALLICO. Cres, Cretls, m., a Cretan. tiHjctlier, call, sumnwil co-orlor, Irl, -ortiis sum, arise spring up, break out, ' "««««/^v"®' ^- «"^^'?A abundance, qiianttty; resources, toealth : in yiur., jorcea, troops. copula, a©, f., grappling honk. erospo. ere, erevi, cretin,,, „,„,,, "ecome powerful, rifie "••'/'""i crneiatus, us, ni., torture, cruelf,, cr.Mlelitas, -tatis, f., crueltu. crudellter, adv., cruelly. coriuin, I, n., skin, hide, corona, ue, f, garland; circle- sub corona, at auction. corp-us, .„,.is. „., ,,„,, ^je;'««« • (/<•«*/ body, corpse ; sy.stcm. -riipl, -rup. culpa, ae, f, WrtHic, /««/^. CHltus. 1,8, ,n., renncment. civili-a. tion, style of an;; care, habit *""'/'/,. ^"■''^- "'• '''^'■' ""■^''' nd, ambitious. ' cor-runij)o, ere, tin,,, deUroy. cort-ex, -lei», n\., bark. Cor us, 1, m., the north- ire:^t wind. cotidlanus, a. uii,, daily; renu- lar, usual. -" '' cotidle, adv., daily, every day. Cotta. ae. m. Lucius Aurunculeius Cotta, oneol Caesar's lieutenants. stts, quaestor in Caesar's arniv • 3. ayoinif,'er son, rublius Crassus one ot Caesar's lieutenants. ' crates, Is, f., hurdle, wickertvork. orclMjr, bra, bru.n, /requent numerous, croivded. <-/'"-«):, t>e »(■«// dif. posed. cur, adv., nV/j/. eiira, ae, f., care; curae esse. '. ones care, be carejuUy atte,.,i,,l Curlosolltes, un,, m., the Curio- solttes, a tnl)e in the e.Mixiinj north-west ot Gaul. -«lldl, -dituiii, he. i*vl, atniii, bi(rn. vX, atuui, appoint, m., a Cretan. i-eyl,erefcu,„ ,/,.,>„ I. m., a chief of (I,,; ,m.,tnrtiirfi,criielf.;/. iiitis, f., craeUj/. '.v., cruelly. 1., leg. led, restinrj place lis, 11., height, mm- lame, fault, relitmnumf, civiltd- '.><'■; care, habit. abl., with, togeth'i- n, whenever, wliih' ■ kough ; cum pi-il «•'*,• eimi tuin 't only.... but als*l^>^]\^'ne,f., guard, „arr'i.ou. cust«.r; about, concerning,,,,^ "^' ""^ de-cedo, ore. mnoaai >iliim;die. "^•^'"'*' '^^'«V> «/r»v; deoeiii, l^,^ -fens„,„. tection. ' ^•' ^<'/^nce, jjro defensor, -oris, „., defender. tte-fero, -f^rre .tn\f i .. 11 » ! ^>!, fi. mn ^i 20 DE BELLO GALLICO. de-flffo, ore, -Hxl, -rtxuin ti,- set, .fmten, plantjinnl" ' -^ ' deflnlo. Ire, Ivl, Itam./te, assign. «lefore.futinfin.ofdesam. dolnceps, adv., fw <„,•«, aftei- that. dolncle, adv., . ^"«'-', demeDtlrt, ae, f., madness, foil,, d.'-iiioto, ore, -messul, -.ues- deiiilgro, are, avl, atum. devarf move away, abandon. ' ^ ^' demo»; tro, Arru ia„¥ -a. ^?XT' ^-'' ^*- ««-. ^«^-A d«.nnm,adv.,aiZ«,,^,„^; deni,ae,a.«e«eacA,e„^ro«j,,„; den..... „_. d-ai, !ditu... deper-do, ero lone, forfeit. deper-eo, -Ire, -ii, perish, belo., ''«.fz/.*?' *'^*'' -Poposel. demand deposltus. a. um, from dopono. ueprecator, -torlR m •< o^^sor, advocate. ""•' '"*"'■ » U2i di)ir,i ; retiurt, 1, -tuiu, cut 0.D'. rfeser-o, ere -ht * alYuidon, forsake- T "?*• *'««'•'. «li'sertor, -torts .,/7 5"^«. point araiu, ][t "'"' ^■'''^'■■ i>ulalio)i, rank, ■sfandhKj ; dhj- nity, hoiKir. difl-nus, a, uiii, worthy, tvorth. tti,j;!dic6, are, itvl, atuin, decide. dlleotuH, a, uiii, Irom diligo. aiUjfeiiter, ; dv., carefidly, e.mci- l/, 2>unctualUi, ncnipulviidy. diligentla. ats f., C(ir-;fidness. care, pain8, zeal, attention. di-ligu, ere. -lexi, -lectuni. love dI-»netior, Irl, -inensus suin, measure out, projwrtion. dindcatio, -onis, f., struggle, con- tent. dliiiico, are, avi, atiim, figlif, struggle, contend, engage. dinildlus, a, uin, half ; iiciit. as subst., half. dl-niitto, ere, -iiiisl. -iiiissiiin, send, out, de.vj'afch ; disiuisy. si'utl away; lose, let slip; abandon, gireiip. * directe, adv., straight, exactly. dl-rigo, ero, -rexl, -reetuin, form (in straiglit Mnc), arrange; pt'i-f. part, as adj., directus, a, uni, straight. dir-iiiio, ere, -enil, -eiiiptuiii, break vp. dl-rlplo, ere, -ri|mi, -reptuin, plunder, jrillage, seize. Dis, Ditis, m., Pluto, the god of the lo« er world. di8-ced«'>, ere, -eessi, -cessuin, go away, tvithdraw. depart ; with ab, leave; forsake, abandon; siverve from. dlseeptator, -'^orls, m., judge, umpire. dis-cerno. ere, -crevi, -cretuiii, (listing. :ish. discC'ssvis, us, m., departure, with- drawal. diHcipllna, tie, f., training, in- struction, learning, system. dls-oludo, ere, -clusl, -clusuin. keep apart, separate. disco, ere, didici, learn, he in- structed. discrlnien, -minis, ii., crisi»^ danger, critical condition. dis-cutio, ero, -onssi, -cussuiii, disperse, remove. dis-jicio, ere, -jeel, -jeotuin, break up, .scatter ; tear off. dis-par, -paris, unequal ; in- ferior. disparu, are, avl, atuni, sejKir- ate. di-s]>er)aru, ore, -spersl, -sper- suiii, scatter, disperse. dls-pf»nf>, ere, -posul, --'osi- tuiii, place (it inferrals, 'ii.v^/o.vc, jwsl, arrange, set, array. dlsputatlo, -onis, f., discussion, debate. dispute'), are, avl, atuin, difcnyn, engage in discussion. dissi>nsI6, -onis, f., dis.oei.sinii, disagreement, disjjute, strife. dis-sentio. Ire, -sC'nsl, -sinsiim, dissent, differ, disagree. di«-sero, ere, -sevi, -sitiim, pluid, here and there,scatter uh ■('/. dissiniulo, are, avl, atnni, ma- ceal. dissipo, are, avl, iitum, scai''i\ disperse, rout. dis-suadeo, ere, -suasi, -ku'i- sum, dissuade, oppo.'^e. dis-tlneo, ere, -tlnnl, -tcii- tuin, keep apart, separate; keep at a distance. di-sto, -stare, be apart, stdiid apart, be distant. dis-tralio, ere, -traxi, -trao- turn, tear apart, lorench asutnlei: distrl1)-no, ero, -ui, -utuni. an- sign, allot, distribute, divide. distuli, from differo. dltlssiiiius, superlative of dives. VOCAHULARY. diu, adv., (dlfitlus. , adj., clivei'- BUS, a, uiii, distaiit.af. h (Ihfmnv remote; Jactng in « (/i(rerei,' lUrec- tton ; different ; separate, apart. dlv-es, -itls, rich ■idye dos.dotis,!'.,, ?„„.,.,/. driilrtes. nii,. m., the ,ir„iN fho i"^;!'''?*' *«..in., a rivor of eastern (.aul, flowing into the A.ar. Helvetii. '^'r.'?**"' «re. -vInI, -risui,, _(/'(■«?«, xejjarate, dist rebate. dlvlmis, a, ui„, divine, nacred. Hie Avdiu ; 2. a kini< of the Sues- sioiies. ^*^', ^»»*f; dedl, ''<; opei-aiu clarcs «afceJTS' **"'"• '■'^"•'•' "■''''«; «"<«'. do:!:r.ro. .„, .*„..,. .«„,;r"""S^ '"*" -.a leader of """nn, slum, state. "'"' ''^"^"' duo. a., o. 7,.u doleo. ere, ul, i^rieve, be pained **"otIeei„ms, a. ui„, ('RWyW,. rlni'l""" - , ' d"0'l«n». »e. a, «ife^fc each, twelve dueentl, ae, a, two hundred. dfico, ere, cl&xl. «luctui,,. lead '{raw, bru,,,; v,ake, construct run; marry; put off, prolmu,- reckon, regard, consider.-' """'"J ' ductus, lis, m., leadership. {/'III, resentment. dolus, I, m., deceit, guile, artifice. doiMesticns. a. un,. at home; w. wlluui, intestine, civil. domiciUum, I, n., home, house, 'incUing-place. ' ''?",','"?.''' ^'^ ^*"*^ ^"'»' '-«^e. ''e doniluus, I, m., master, lord dupl-ex, -icU, twofold, double. dupllco, are, avi, atuiu, doidde dupltia, ae. f., hardship ; hardi iiess, endurance. ^ ' "**""■■ duro, are, avI, atum, harden. ^H.^^S'*'''-'""' '• "- ••' town of the Rcmi, in northern Gaul. dnrus, a, nni, hard, difficult severe ; inclement. »'.i7»CM«, ^'lhn^,\ h m Q»/«^«.9 Laherius r '!;!' '^ ^dlitary trihune with -ae.sar. ! dux, dueis. tcu , guide ■ 111 :l ■■'"'—-*■ •■•■ -SaaMas* 24 DE BELLO QALLICO. E. 6f see ex. EburoneH, Eburoiies, nortli-east of G-aul Eburovlces, uiii. nm, m. plur., the tribe in the extreme the plur., Khurouices, a tribe In the nortli- west of Gaul. e-(11aoo, ore, -dldici, learn by heart. editus, a, uin, from udo. e-do, ero, -didl, -dituiii, j)i(t forth, exhibit, exercixe ; pert'. puT. as afij.,.eart, leave, quit ; sallg out ; land, disembark. egrreffle, adv., excellently, ivell, ad- mirably. egroff Ins, a, iim, eminent, marked, admirable, remarkable. egrL'ssiis, a, uin, from esredior. egrc'ssus, us, m., landing. e-JIolo, ere, -Jecl, -JootniD. fling out, drive out, cast up ; w. se, rush. ejusiiiodt, s%ich, of such a nature, of that sort. e-liibor, I. -lapsus sain, slip aw'ty}, escape. elfktus, a, um, from effero. Elaver, -erls, n., the Elaver, a river of Central Gaul, a tributary of tlie Loire. electus, a, um, from ollgo. elephantus, I, m., elephant. Eleutetl, oruni, m. plur., fhe Eleuteti, a tribe of southern (i lui. e-licio, ere, -licul, entice, drc . e-llffo, ere, -legl, -lectmn, choose, ]>ivk. Elusiites, um, m. plur., theElusa- tes, a tribe of Aquitania. eiiil^rro, are, avI, atum, remove, emigrate. enilneu, ere, ui, lyroject, ."''imJ out. eniinus, adv., from or at a dis- tance. e-mitto, ero, -nilsl, -missmn, send out ; hurl, cast ; throw a^ide, drop. emo, ere, emi, oinptuin, btui. e-nascor, I, -Uatus sum, ijrmo out. enlm, conj., for, no%v. enuntlo, are, avI, atuni, /w- close, divulge, tell, reveal. eo. Ire, il (IvX), Itum, go, march, pass, proceed. eo, adv., thither, there, to that place, to them {it, etc.) ; thereon, on or i7i them ; w. comparatives, th,:. all the. eodem, adv., to the same place, in the saine direction. bus, a, um, equipped 'saddle-cloths, using svddk- cloths. ephipplnni, I, n., saddle-clo/ 1. epistola. uo, f., letter. Eporedorlx, -i^is, m,, the name of two chiefs of the Aedui. ephippiati ivitli saddl . -J eel, -jectuin, •ive out, cast up ; w. eft, of such a nature, lapsus sum, slip 1, from offcro. s, n., the Elaver, a ral Gaul, a tributary n, from oli^o. I, m., elephant. uiii, m. pUir., Hie :bc of soutliern (i iiiL licul, entice, dru •. >, -legi, -lec'ttim, I, m. pinr., the Elitsa- Aquitaiiia. avl, atam, rewnve, , ul, x>roject, sf'tml , from or at a dh- -inisl, -mlssiiiii, rl, cast ; throw a ■, avi, atniii, dis- , tell, reveal. [), Ituni, go, vi'iixh, r, there, to that /''no:. etc.) ; tliereon, mi or lomparatives, tli<:, all to the same place, in Mon. a, nm, equipped^ iloths, using scddle-' '., n., saddle-cloHi. L, letter. -Isis, m., the name of the Aedui. VOCAnULARY .>qii-eH, -itls, m., hnr»e,na7i, horse- u Roman ot rank next to a senator oquitatus, us, m., cavalry. ('(/«1118, 1, m., horse. Erat^osthoneH. Is. m., a Greek u I Iter ancl_ scholar of Alexaiidrhi 'vho lived from a7ii to l!)ri B.C. ci'eetus, a, um, from eri^o. ei'eptiis, a, uin, from erijiio. or?a, prep. w. ace, towards. frffo, adv., then, therefore. e-rlsro, ere, -rexl, -rectnin i .1, Uiii, upright, high. e-i'Ipio, ere, -ripnl, -rentnin takeaway, destn^y ; save,>^,cm crro, are. avl,atuiii, be mistaken. ruptuiii, 26 e-rnnip6. ere, -rupi, mlhj out. * eniptlo. -oiUs, f., sally. ""T^^Hhte^: ™- '^'^-^•^oteer, ^*:^^' '' "•' '=^«'-'. --- .1 tnhc in the nort(.-n-est of Gaul. ^V/""' *'°"''"' "'*"' /«'•«'««'• ; eveti, ctsi. eonj., ecfl.j //, aUhouqh. ^;"!^;.."'"' -^«»»'' -"»«»'». ^yr^^'i"' ""' '^- "'"«•owfi, result; <^ii" nee; experience. ev'it. p.irt. as suhst., evocati oi'iiiii, m., veterans {who had re- 'terad service). ® n'Jf.?'^''"T.^ ^ ♦'«'■'"■0 i-""3onants). prop. w. ahl., from, out of; „/'■ f;!Z\ y"^' ' *'' "'''cordance with '; ZraCr'' '-^ • ''' ""'"'^''^^ exilctus, a, uin, from exlgo. oxagrito, are, avi, atnin, harass. »t««/i««, exhaust; perf. part as 01 eath, breathless. ex-ardeseo, ere. -arsi. ■nrsuni ex-ceclo. ere, -cessl. ■cessuin .'/o out, ivithdraiu, leaii, quit ex-cello. ere, -oelini, -cbIsh,,, ewe/, he eminent ; p;.,-f nirt ,s a^. exeelsus. a,' „.„^^0/^^ *'^Cv?."* *'''• "*'*•"• ■"»''"'»• ^"< e-v-eiplo, ere, -oepl. -ceptum receive, meet; catch, come up,"' take up, catch up, follow, succeed. exclto. are. avi, atiini. rouse t'lctte, stimulate ; raise ; kindle ex-cludo. ere, -clusl. .clrisnin cut oft, shut out, prevent. "' excogito, are, iivi, atuin, think exeub-o. are, -nl. -Itiiin. n-i,frh ^Lm!'"*' """^ ^'>utchX'Z"t;i exenleo. .^re. avi, atuiii. tread or trample down. '*"^"'"' ^'^'*« exeiu'slo, -onls. f.. sally. cxeusatlO, -6nis, f., apology. a mi' ae DE BELLO OALLICO. CX0US5, are, avi, atam, excuse; w. se, aiwlogize. exuiiipluiii, I, n., example, pre- cedent ; warning, pnnishiiient, ex-eo, -Ire, -ll (-IvI), -Ituni, go out, go forth, leave, remove, j)ro- ceed. exeroeo, ere, ul, Itniii, train, exercine, practise, drill, busy. exurcltatio, -onis, f., training, exercise, 2)ractice. exorcito, are, avi, atum, train, practise. exorcitiis, us, m., army. ex-hanrio. Ire. -]i:iusl, -hans- taiii, remove, carrg ajf. exlj?6, ere, -esl, -actuui, spend, end ; pass., be over. exl{srue, adv., scantily; barely, scarcely. exlg'ulta», -tatis, f., scantiness, smallness, small extent, shortness, meagreness. exi^uns, a, uin« small, scanty. exiiiiius, a, uiii, remcr '.•,(•:, Jiigh. exlstlniiitio, -uut8« f., «pinlim. existiiiiu, are, avI. iliuij, lihink, believe, consider; e.firp.utt. exituH, us, m., outut.. yussage; departure ; outcome, reaidt ; end. expcdlo. Ire. Ivi, Ituin, free ; yet ready, arrjiii/e; p(>rt'. part, as ad,)., exi>eclitus, a, uiii, tmin- cumbered, .free ; rapid, active ; in light marching order, light-armed ; easy. expodltid, -onls, f., expedition. ex-pello, ere, -pull, -pnlsuiii, drive out, banis/i ; remove, dispel. exper-lor, Iri, -tn» sum, try, ■make an attempt, test, experience ; await. expio, are, avI, atuni, atone for, retrieve, repair. expl-eo, ere, -evl, -etuni, ,1^11 up ; VKike up, make good ; reach, attain. explorator, -torls, m., scout. explore, are, avI, fttuin, e.r- amine, inquire, investigate, recon noitre, try tojind out : pert'. \vay\. as adj., cxploratUH, i>, uni, cer. tain, assured. cx-p6n6, ere, -posnl, -posltuiii, disiday ; disembark, land ; m-j forth, state. exporto, are, avI, atnui, earn; off, remove, ex-posco, ere, -poposci, rfeniaw^ ex-prlni6, ere, -prossl, -prcN- HUin, extort, elicit ; raise. expugrnatlo. -onls, f., storming, talcing by storm. expugrno, are, avI, atum, ««ocw, take by storm, capture ; subdue, conquer. expnlsus, a, um, from expelln. ex-quiro, ere, -quislvl, -quisi- tuui, seek out ; ask for. ex-sequor, I, -secutus sum, .folloto out, maintain, en,f'orci . ex-sero, ere, -serul. -sertuni, put out ; bare, uncover. ex-slsto, iTe, -stltl, -stltuni, stand out, project ; spring ujt, arise. exspecto, are, avI, atuni. lodk for^ await, tvait for, wait to t;ce, watt ; exp)ect. exs))oI16, are, avl, atuin, de- prive. ex-stln^u6, ere, -stlnxl, -stiiic- tuni, extifiguish, destroy. exstiti, from exsisto. exsto, are, stand out, jyroject. ex-stru6, ere, -struxi. -striic- tun\, pile up, raise, build. cxsul, -sulls, m., exile. exter, or extents, era, eruiii, outward, foreign; compar.. t-x- terlor, outer; superl., extre- iwxxfi,. I'arthest, most distant, lust, extreme. exterreo, ere, ul, itnm, frighten, terrify. ex-tliuesco, ere, -tiniui, fur, dread. ex-torqueo, ere, -torsi, -tcr- tunit force, extort. VOCABULARY. 97 , ftvl, fituin, e.i- •e, investigute. recon ilnd out : porf. i)arl, »ratuH, .- , uiii, rer- -pOHUl, -pOHUuill, embark, land ; kcJ avi, atnm, cnrri; , -poposcl, demaml a, -prossi, -prcs- ilicic ; raise. -uiiis, f., etormhxj, m. , sivl, atuin, sroject. , -struxi. -8triic- raise, build, n., exile. irus, era, ei'uin, iijn; compar., <'.\- ; superl.. extre- , most distant, luat. ul, itnm, friglten. Pe, -tiinul, pur, ■ytra. prep. w. ace, outside of, ex-tralio, ero, -traxl. tr »c- tiim, drag out, waste by d^iaii, Jntler away. "' oxtrtMims, superl. of «xter. txtiiulo. ere, .triiNf, ■.tninnin, ihruM OHt,Jorce bark, shut out. cx-no, ero, -uI, -utuiii, dcprice, strij), despoil. ' cx-uro, «re, -ussl, -UHtuin, burn up, burn. P. fnber, bri, m., workman, en./ineer. l-'jiblus, I, 11,., 1. Quiutus Fabiu.-* Jiuximus, a Itoman general, B V in ; 2. C'aius Fabius, one 'of C;iifsar's lieufenants; 3. Lucius tahius, a centurion in Caesar's facile, adv., easily, readily. fciclllH, e, easy. fuclims, -oris, n., deed, crime. faoi<, ere, feci, fuctui,,, pass., I tio. Hen, fuctus8uiii, make: do, ' i«t; form, build, construct; ren- der ; bring about ; in passive,-, take sidt^' ^0'"« to pass, hapjjen, re- factio, -onis. t, party, faction. factum, I, n., deed, act, action. facult.is, -tatis, f., opportunity. "Mure, poiver ; sujjply ; in plui'., rcwurces, means. ^ ' f.iarus, 1, m., beecli. fallo. ere, fefelll, falsum, de- vi'.ice; dtsajipoint. falsus, a, iiin, false, empty. falx, falcis, f., sickle, hook. fania, ae, f., rumor, report. fames. Is, f., hunger, starcntion /'(mine. ' fas, n. Imleel., right (by dlvlno law). f'istlffate, mlv., obliquely, sloping. fastlKluiu, I, 1,., slope, eh-mtion, tnclinatton, fastl|;6, are, avl, atuiii. hrinn f„ rrix, acis, fertile, fruitful. fere, adv., almost ; about ; qener- nay, ■usually, for the most 'part : , "■, negatives, «(•((/•a ^ .v, ere, flexl, flexam, bend, turn. fleo, ere, flevi, fletuin, weep, be in tears. fletus, us, m., lueeping. flo, are, avL atiiin, blow. floreo, ere, ul, bloom ; pres. part, aa adj., flourishing, prosperous, influential. flos, flurls, m., flower. fluctus, us, m., wave. fliiiiien, -mini , n., river. fluo, ere, fluxl, fluxuui, flow. fodlo, ere, fodi, fossuni, dig. foudus, -erls, n., treaty. fore, flit, intin. of sum. forls, adv., outdoor ; icithout, out side. forma, ae, f., shax>e,form ; stnu- ture. fors, forte, f., (other cfscs Mniii iii«), chance; in txXA, perchunc perhaps. fortls, e, brave, courageous fortlter, adv., bravely, gallant! i/, stoutly. fortitii-dd, -dlnls, f., braver/;, courage. fortulto, adv., by chance, acciden- tally. fortiina, ae, f., fortune, chanrc. lot, situation; good fortune, xm-. cess ; in plur., possessions, ;'«;•. tmies. for^unatus, a, nni,,fortutiale. forum, I, n., market place. fossa, ae, f., trench, ditch. fovea, ae, f., pit, pitfall. franjro, ere, freffl, fractum, break, shatter, wreck ; crush. frater, trls, in., brother. frjiternus, a, um, brotherly, of a brother. fraus, frandis, f., deceptin», treachery. fremitus, us, m., din, noise. frequens. entls, numerous, in large numbers. fretus, a, um, relying on, w. iiM. f rlg^ldus, a, um, cold. frlj?-us, -oris, n., cold, frost, cold weather. frons, frontis, f., forehead ; front. f rnctuosus, a, um, fruitful, f r- tile. f ruetns, us, m., fruit, crops ; ml- vantage ; profit, income. fruges, um, see frux. friimentarins, a. um, of gvuni: fertile, productive ; res frii- nientaria, supjdy of corn, gr.iiit, provisions. s, 11., treaty. II. oi'suin. utdoor ; tcithout, out , shape, form ; stnti- f., _(oth(!r cpsos wniii ; in alil., perchauf ve, courageous ., bravely, gallatit/i/. -dinis, f. , braver a, ., hy chance, acciduii- f., fortune, chatxi' . I ; good fnrfitvc, ,>.■//(•- jr., possessinnn, pir- a, nn\, fortunnfe. market place, rench, ditch, pit, pitfall. , fresrl, fractuin, r, wreck ; crush. a., brother. , mil, brotherly, o/ Jit, income. ice f rux. .s, u, uill, of gruhr. luctire ; res I'lu- upply of corn, £/(■//«, VOCABULARY. frfimeutatio, -onls, f., qettina gram, foraging. ' "'"^'^^"ff fniinentor, ail, atus sum, oet gratn,Jornge. ' "^ friiitientuin, I, n., grain, corn, cropx, provisions. ' *^*'i"?''' ^' ^*^"*''"*' *"'"• enjoy, \v frnstra, adv., in vain, without ef- ,1 tCZ* ' "l"mnK5!^ ^«^"^- -«-^ -re 1„ ''«"u^^feif '"^ ^^- ^'^'-. «^ fiiffa, ao, f., flight, rout ; In fu- tiare, to put to flight. '«'^*'*-'^® «^^ fiifflo, ere, fujsfi, fugltuin, ilee ''«cape ; avoid, shmi. ^"'' J'ee, fusitlvns, I, m.^ runaway slave f II 1116, are, avi, atuiu, smoke. fiiiiius, I, m., smoke. fiimla, ae, f., sU7ig. ftuuU-tor, -toi'Is, m., slinger. fiinsror, I, functus sum, dis- cliarge,perform, w. abl. fnuis, is, m., rope, cable. funus, -erls, n., funeral. furor, -oris, m., madness, frenzy furtum, I, n., th^t. fi'isilfs, e, molteti, softened. fiisiis. a, um, from fundo. futiirus, a, um, from sum. 29 G. Gh1);i1i, ornni, m. plur , the (in ^'/^ a tribe. In the soVuhV.f olu? Sacsiiiii, 1, n., javelin, spear itingoftlieSuessiones. Salea, ae, f., /(cin^e^. Gallia, ae, f., Qaul. l. The Roimn m,fn?Tf^*^^'"''''\ f'o northern )Mi t of Italy -and Gallia Trans- ea7ovn Z /".«'*''•. the south- ea.stein part ot France. 2. The country west of the Rhino and the Alps and north of the Pyrenees 1 V.H JJ'S'"/"'"? Franee, SwTtVor-' land BelfTiuni and part of Hofi la Jest' of "l^;; hy^^^'^ central and iai^esc ot the three nart« intA xsai&ai-^,tho Salllna, ae, f., hen. Gallus, I m., 1. « Gaul; 2 Mir office;?"' ^«""*'""«"fctesa"s Garumna, ae, m., the Garonne 1 river of south-western &u,i ^' * Garumnl, oruni, m. phir «//^ Garwmm, a tribe near ?l' " Pyre- **"ffS' "m. m. plur., ^fte ©a^e» » tribe in the .south- wesr of Gaul ' Geldnnml, oruin, m. piu, y^. ^uT'Yu.f^' ^- ^^««^"' «^ town of the AllobroL-cs, at the extremJ north-east of the Province. ^^'^^^ Srenter, eri, m., son-in-law. Srenerattni, adv., by tribes. ^5" n5^"*^*' ^- ''**> '•«'=«' ««<*■"«, grenns, -erls, n., race, famUn - species; kind, sort, class. -^"""'^Z, ^oVfr^f^vT ' f- .««^Y/r'wV,,, a town ' Gaul ^^^«'»1- i» tlic centre ot Gernianla. a.»-, f «^,.„ region east of tiie'Rhilie. ''■nirtny, iho f f nIj 9 t ' I'' \ 4 ' i 1 j * 1 1 1 J 1 , 1' • 30 DB BELLO GALLICO. Germanlous, a, iiin, German, of or with the Germans. Gcriiianus, I, nj., a German. giii'o, ere, grospi, .«rcstiiin. man- ar/e; carry un, waje ; hold; do; in pass., goon. gladius, I, m., sioord. grlacba, ae, f., clod, lump. glans, glandifi, f., acorn; hall, bullet. gloria, ae, f., ijlory, fame, reputa- iion. grl^rlor, arl, atus sum, hoast of, w. abl. <^'Maeu8, 1,m., Gnaeua, or Cneius, a Roman praenomcn. no1>annltio, -ouis, m., a man of rank among the Arverni. fior^obina, ae, f., a tawn in tlio country of the Acdui, In central Gaul. Graeens, a, «in, Greek, Grecian ; masc. as subst., a 'rreek. Gralocell, urniii, m. plur., the Graioceli.au Alpine tribe between Gaul and Italy. grrandls, e, large. gratia, ae, f., favor, good will ; tiijliianre; gratitude, thanks; gratias affere, r^uider tlianks, thank; ^ratiaiii roferre, j»«fce a grateful return, requite ; ffra- tlaiii habere, .fed gratitude, he grateful; jsrratiaiu luire, tvin gratitude. gratulatio, -onSn, f., congratida- Hon ; joy, r^oicing. gratulor, arl, atus sum, con- gratulate, offer congratulations. gratus, a, iiin, acceptable, pleas- ing ; ncut. as subst., a favor. gravis, e, heavy; severe, bitter, serious; solemn; w, aetas, ad- vanced. gra vitas, -tatis, f., weight; strength, importance. gravlter, adv., heavily, with ef- feet; seve--''-- '-•■'^- ' • gravlter feel keenly gravor, arl, atus suin, be reh,r~ tant, object. ^^^^}.\ -orum, m. phir., //„ Grndn, a tribe in the e.\trcuic north-east of Gaul. -torls, m., pili,!^ gulwrnator, helmsman. gusto, are, avi, atuin, taste, <;it. Giitruatus, I, m., a lender of tin Larnutes. feet ; severely, bitterly, 'seriously j Ifravlter ferre, be annoyed. H. taabed, ire, nl, Ituni, have, ,i„x. sess, occupy ; keep ; hold ; w. oi-.-,- tionam, deliver, make ; treat re- gard, consider; se haln're. /« he ; w. perf. part. pa.«s., niiuli like Eng. au.xiliary verb have. haesito, are, avI, atuni, .^7/,i fast, be caught. haiiius, 1, m., hook. barpago, -ouis, m., hook, i/nin. pUug-tron. Hsirudes, um, m. plur., the llar.i- aes, a German tribe which UM crossed into Gaul. baud, adv., not. ■ Helvetlcus, a, uni, ndvetian, of or with the Ilelvetii. Helvetius, a, uni, Helvetiiin. nf the Ilelvetii; masc. p)i- ^s siib^t the Helvetii, a tribe i I (iwcll ing in modern Swi<.v j. HelvII, oruni, m. plur., the IMcii. a tribe in the Province. Hercynlns, a, uiii, w. silva, the Hercynian forest, extciKJiiii; through southern and ci iitnil Germany. bereditas, -tatls, f., inherit,/ mi'. bibcrna. orum, n. i)lur., I'-iider camp, winter-quarters. bHwrnaoula, orum, n. jiliir., ivinter-quartcrs. Hlbernla, ae, f., Ireland. blc, baoc, boo, tliis ; he; th'- tot- lowing; the present ; such; dht'ii lojisely, that; boo, nout. nl I. iii! adv., in this way, on this anoiint, and w. comparatives^ tite. I, atus BUiii, he rehir- )rum, m. plur., fhr tril)o in tlie extivuic of Gaul. r, -torls, ni., pU<,t, avi, atuiii, taate, mt. . I, in., a leader of ih, H. . ul, Ituiii, havi;, iii,i<. I ; keep ; hold ; w. ovn- iliver, make ; treat. ,■<■- ider ; sc IuiIk'in-. /„ '.part. pn.«s., iinuli lik,. ary verb have. ■e, avi, atiiiii, ,v//,/, '!/ht. ., hnnk. ouls, m., hook, i/niih m, m. plur.. the llar.i- fiiau tril)e vvliicii Imd • Gaul. lot. ■ n, mil, IJelvetian, of Uelvetu. a. Uin, ITelvetiini. nt ; niiisf. plr Tn siilisf., ntrihe. 1 dwell- rn Swl<.v 1. m, m. phir., the IMcii. e Province. .a, uiii. w. Kilva. ian forest, extcmliim mtlieru and initial tatis, f., inherit(tm-e. '«Ill, n. plur., I'-inter r-quarters. if oi'aiii» n. plur., tors, 3, f., Ireland. nc, this ; he; thf .M- present ; such; dht'ii ' ; hoe, lu'ut. :il I. a« "'«?/, ontliis uccuiinl, aratives, the. hlo, adv., Jiere, herein. lUncadv., from this point, kence. Hispanlu, ao, f., Spai,, nispanus, a, uin, Spanisii. -"■"•ln"I,i;n"-'""'^'-'^"««'-P«'-- hoiiestus a. nm, honorable nf '■^neh,insigniftcate.^''''"'''^ VOCABULART. ?f HI Idom. eadeni, Ide.n, the same: Wentldeiii.adv.,a.9a,-„a„^ \S^^^'in,m.,jire; camp fire jno.„,n,„, ao. f., ^.•.;,,;,"'^^- Jffnotus. a, n,„. radcnoicn. ; e. Ilia. Hind, that, he. ^^^'^^^^^y. there, in that place. S:>^2;,^-»' -*«".. U.d, at ''\tere^^'- '' ^"«' P^nnt, thither, ''al^tl''^^''''^'''">ff»i^'>ed, remark. i'".\"tm''';i.r'; "" • ''"'"' -^instorm. ' i ...Anit f"'""•"•"'"■^«««• lin-iiiltto. ere. -miai t liiiiiiolo. arp a^ri A4. Jice. ' ^^*' atuui, sacr«. liii.iiortalis, e. immortal I. IW. iulv., there. i I » ■*^» ^'fttnu/ cut. tZT^'^^'^'-^'^'-om taxation or fiiiinunltas. -tatls f /• ^ «^«m^ompllliIser^;Te'^"'"^ ».paratus,a.u„,.,,,,,;r^ i f y 1 , ■■ ■ J J' m 32 DB BELLO QALLICO. 'I Imjpedlo. Ire, IvI, Ittim, Mvder, oostruct, entangle, embari'anx ; perf. part, as adj., ImpodltuH. a, um. hampered, occunied, intri- cate, diiUcult, impassable. lin-pollo, ere, -pull, -pulsnni, urge, instigate, incite. , Impendeo, ere, overhang. linpensus, a, uni, expensive, high. Iiiiperator, -tori», m., commander (m chief). Iniperatuiii, I, n., order, com- mand. iniperfectnfl, a, uiii, unfinished, unaccomplished. liiiperltuH, a, um, inexperienced., unacquainted, w. gen. Impcrluni, I, n., command, order ; power, supreme power, control, ride, supremacy. Imporo, are, avi, ati^n, levy upon, demand, require, order to furnish ; order, command, rule. Impetro, are, avI, atnin, obtain, obtain one's request, accomplinh, prevail on. liiipetuH, lis, m., attack, charqe : Jury, rush, violenc iinpIuR, a, uiii, wicked, unholy. ImpIIc-o, are, avI, atuiii, or -ui, -Ituiti, interweave, interlace. iniploro, are, avI, atuin, hen, entreat, beseech. Itii-pono, ere, -posnl, -posltnni, place on, put on, mount ; levy, im- pose. liiiporto. Arc, avI, atnm, bring tn, introduce, import. ImprliniH, or In pritnis, es- peciall y, 2mrticularly. liiiprolms, a, uin, wicked, un- principled. Imprdvlsuft, a, um, unforeseen; abi., lm|)rovl80, as adv., su de improvlso, unexpectedly, un- awares. Inipriidens, -entis, unsuspecting, off one's guard. Iniprudentia, ae, f., thoughtless- ness^ indiscretion. lmpub.es, -erls, chaste, unmar- ried. Impugno, are, avI, atum, u/ tack, fight. Impulsus, a, um, from Inipello. Impulsus, us, m., instigation. Inipune, adv., with impunity. Impfinltas, -tatls, f., intpmutii exemption from punishment. Imus, a, um, superlative of In. ferus. In, i)rep. (1) w. abl., in, at, within on; among, tn the country ,./ • over ; considering, in view of- 'in the case of, in regard to; {U} w ace, into, to ; towards, aquinxi upon, on ; until ; for, with 'a view to, according to ; in. Inanls, e, empty, idle, mere. Incante, adv., carelessly, imau- ttously. Incautus, a, um, careless, off one's gitaid. Inccndlnm, I, T\.,flre, burning. In-eendo, ere, -cendl, -cen- suiH, set on fire, burn ; arouse, inflame. Incertus, a, um, uncertain, im- t rustworthy, contused. In-cido, ere, -cldl, -casum, fall in with, come ztpon ; happen, ocnir. In-cido, ere, -cidl, -clsuiu, cut into. In-elpl6, ere, -cepi, -ceptum, begin. ^ Incisus, a, um, from Incldo. Inelto, are, avI, atnm, un/i'. on. im])el, set in motion ; arouse, ex- cite j w. se. rush on, rush in; pert. part. w. equus, at full speea. Incogrnltus, a, um, unknoion. lncol-6, ere, -ul, inhabit, dwell. live. Incolumls, e, safe, unharmni, in safety, icithuut loss. Incommode, adv., disastronslii, unfortunately, badly. Ineonuiiodniii, i, n.,disadvig to ; in. npty, idle, mere. Iv., carelessly, imait- , um, careless, off one's > I» n.,jire, burning. ere, -cendl, -con- m Jire, burn ; arouse, , um, uncertain, nn- I, coi\fused. , -eldl, -casnni, fall e upon ; happen, occur. >, -cldl, -cisuiii, cut e, -cepi, -ceptum, in, from Incldo. avi, atuiri, urge on. I motion ; arou'nc, c.r- s. rush on, ru.ih in; w. equus, at full a,, um, unknown. , -nl, inhabit, dicell, », safe, unharnuul, in nit loss. adv., disastrmiKly, !?/, badly. II. I. n.,disadr(uif;ac6, thence; Indicium, I. n, information. Iii-dfeo, ere, -dixf .>ii«i^.. point, i>/v;cV«a",c«« •**"*""'• «^^" svSg. ^'l^- ^nworthil,,, nnde ^•:;!J«^». -tatl«. ,. ,„,,,,,,,^^ "&"J: "' "™' "«^«'•<%. ««- '"S'r* ■«""'• <=^^eless, in lnitento,jixon ' ■"*««!, '"feS' «' «"»• «uperl. of ,„. Inflrmitas. .tafia f Jickleness, inconslancl' «'^^«««'. Inflrmus, a. um, weak. loflxus, a, um, from inRgo. In-flecto, ere, -flevT a bend. ' "®*»» ""«xum. acreptZle^' ""»' '^^^i'^ea^V,^, ,,„. *"eS^«'-' '. -firreggus g„«, lnlmlcltla,ae.f.,.„,^^^^^^ ablenaturTovioH&^' "'^^"^*"- ■«■'• r.' IT ■i ! 1 84 DE liELUO QALLtCO. able ; uri/atr, unjust. / Inltluiii, I n., benhminn, rtrst ■ ed ne J mntter, borders; elements. ' Inltus, H, mil, from Jnoo. In^lfplo, ere -I eel, -.Jeetnni,;,,,< on, lay on ; inspire, infuse, cause. In-Jnnffo. ere, -Junxl, -June- txuiu impose. junc- Injurlft He. f, wronr,, injustice ruileT '^' ''y«'7/, violence, out'- ^"^ne^tl^ii "'''^ "^ "^^- '"■'*""' In-iuiNoor, I, -natus sum, snrina I'l'^in; invert., be inborn, i:i7,{'- or -111X11« In-nltor, I, -nlsus sum, lean on. *""*r^"^' *"""• "»"''^«"', gxiilt- '", "nT!*'.\'*''^\"*'' ^' ^Onorancc, lack o.t acquaintance with. Insclns, a, um, ignorant, unaware Insldiae, arum, f. plur., a„,6„s7, stratagem, treachery. *'*.f,!f.°'''' *' f «'*«'<' notable, sin. sign, badge, token, decoration ln-8lli6, ire, -silul, -sultum leap at or on. »«iium. Iii«lnu6, are. avi. atum, insinu "'>■'! w. se, work one's w"j,in ""' lu-NlNto, ere. -fltlt^i l/..\ i i adopt, devote one's self ^ ''^^^o>:i!^if,i^mo&,r^-'^<<'< Inspecto, are,avl, atum, look on Instabllls, ©, unsteady, chang,,,hl, Instar, accns. as julv., like, w j.,.,, *";",*-,""; «ro. -«I. -utum. vn. 1 1 (tin, teach; draw up. instltutum, I, „., custom., pracfin- iii-8to, are, -stltl, -statum. „,;., forward, press on; heattZl- __ threaten, nuj/end. ' ""!^;i)/::;T*""'' '' "•• ^'^"^^"""". '"f'.Mn"*>.. **'■''• "8*«*UXI, .8tr,u>. "^"/«.'^"*'*"' ''''"' "'^«*' -faet,,„i. insiietus, a, um, unaccustomed isiHuIa, ae, t'., island. iiisuper, adv., above, on top / ' e.v/;, untouched, complete. In-tcffo, ere. -texl, -tectui,, cover over, cover. "«-«^'""i, Intel-lego, ere, -lexl, -Iccj i,„, understand, be aware, j" < "'" see, knoio, learn. pt^'une, pied, engrossed, eager. Inter, prep. M'.acc, between, am, ma dunng; Inter so. oneanot /fo or with one another. """"<"> inter-eedo. ere, -cessl. -cessmn. i'<»ne between be between, e«Vv elapse, exist between. intor-clplo, ere, -cepl, -top. turn, intercept, cut off. ' Inter-cludo, ©re, .clusl, -clQ. avuix, cut off. ' ^^ •o. wovic oiie'n Hill/ in «r«, -stlH, ^<„;„/. ^.,vy, vote one' n self. '■'"""" ter, adv., insolent I,, I, immoderately. ''' iire,avl, atum. look on. . e, unsteady, cluuiyi'dhi,. •IIS. as (ulv., /a-e, w. «•,.,,. fo. avi, atuin, ?o-f/c on, eye, -ul, -ntnm, „„. inn, set to ; adojtt, ,, yet read,,; -«; di-uiv up. •' ' .-stltl,-8tatiiiii, »/•,,,.( pre>,H on; beuthuiid: ■II J >e lid. ' itnni, I, n., equipwnd, »re, -strnxl, -stnic- ;« «2^ arrange; hi,;hl. ►.ore, -feci, -fuotiiin, , uiM, unaccustomed, t'., island. v.,al,ovfl, on top. rt. ffruni, uniinpuiml iclied, complete. •e. -texl, -tectuiir, Bi'e, -lexl, -Icotiim, oe aivare, peimire, am. ■e, -(II, -tiini, stir/rh, I- Vs^nic, intent,, 'reu- sed, eager. ■ ace., between. aiii,»ig. ei' Ni>. oneunotli,:,; to ■ notlier. !»"e,-ce88l, -cessiiin, }bebetiveen,inteia:M, oetiveen. ere, -eepi, -len. ?J<, c?<< off. ©re, -clusl, -clu. VOCAHULAIiV. ,!*-"". -'v., /,; dag, in „i, aag- Int....,.....,,, „^^ . «iitiTcluni, jwlv., .ww,.f>fi],>, -""■ "•tun, u OI'C. intervene, dapse Y sjparate"/ > /ree, leave open. ''''"""'-'''-'"<•« , ""-V., e^nli-inSlon'''""'^ !"*»'»' from Infero. I'lft'j'pell,-,, are ., j -. . \^nUiH, mW., within innd» l'iter.,,r»„o. e,.,.. .,,„,„j "'• , , >r > t.JML^I' '.'^'^ "" Inveter-asfo, ere -Avi * '>'>^<>l/>e established: ^eml' "''"•"• Jnvfee,,,, adv., ««<„,«. Ii,-vlde6, ere -vT.it «'"7/, bejeulons or'Ta.,;^^''^^»'' {'"«.i^nil y^^rlCnU^:^ W'^v "V J"'"'**'^*»"' »• ""^ inviolate ^'"^'ortance, it concern^' ^^ ^^ "^ | 'V^^^^^^f, at«„.. ,„4, ,, 86 t)H BBLLO QALMCO. i. 'i luvItnN, a, uin, unwillini), agninnt oiw.'ti wilt. Ipnc>, u, inn. himself, he himself', ittii'l/, etc. ; very. IrArundlu, ae, f., wrath, anger, jxtusioii. Irac'iindus. a, nm. 2^a'iaionaffi. lr-rl4UM'>, er«, -risl, -rlsuiii, ridi- fiile,Ji!er at. Irrldlcnle, adv., without humor. Jr-ruiiipo, ero, -riipl, -riiiitniii, hur.'^t. in, hrunk in, rush, il(cxh. lrriis>tio, -anl8, i'.,(ill(uK;(innault. 1h, OJi. Id, tlml ; ha, she, it, thi't/ ; w rcl.. the; such ; alil. eo n» lulv,, so much, the, on that account. Iste, a, ud, that of yours, that. Ita. mlv., so, thus, in this way, as Jollows, accordingly, Italia, ae, f., Italy. Itaquc, adv., therefore, sq, accord- ii.ijly. < Item, adv., lilcevnse, also, in the same way. Iter, Itlneris, n., mute, march, road, journey; iiiaKiiuiu Iter, a forced march; iter facere, to march. iteruiii, ndv., again, a second time. Itliis. adj. will) portiiH, a liarboi on the north-east coast of Gaul. Jiidlelniii, I, n,, trial ; judgment decti n., beast of burden. t f , joining. Junxl. jnnctiiiii. irativoofjuvenln. n., Quiiif.ua Juniti.s, 'a oftfc'iTs. vis, in., Jupiter, tin- Jf'tlio Itoinaiis. a mountain range in t, atniii, atcear, tnL^- , right, rights, lair. 1. JrirlHJurnndj, tl as adv., by order. , justice, fairness. njn.it, rightful. I, ur- >per, regular, due. niparative jiiiiior, subst., a young jiKdi. litis, f., youth; as 'th, young men. ivi, Jutuiii, aid, ir, close by. K. •nr. , •St day of the month ur.i, f. nlur., Ike " lie ion for Ludns. , Quintus Lahcriiis itary tribune with I., Tittis Labienus, | lieutenants. VOCABULARY. ^"'h!hn'. '"*"',"' "^- '"'■'• f'lrd.'.hi,, labor, exertion ; endurance, harJi- labor, I, lapsus sum, slip; err <'<> nu-ong, fall away; failbedii' appointed. ' ' ' "**" ^'^sfrh^'u^'''' ■ ^^''•. "*""». toil 'fibrnm, 1, n., lij, ; edge, rim. luc, lactls, n., milk. JafCNs.», „ri., -IvI, -itu,,,, pro- ioke, hara.s... attack, assail. lucrliim, nc, f.,tear. laerlino, «re. iivl, atuni. tceep. laous, us, m., lake. laod«>, ere, laesl, laosutii .« laetatl,-,, -onls, f.,io?/, rejoiW»^. iat.tltia, ae, r.,Jo}/, gladness. laiiffuide, adv., with little enerny lap-ls, -Itlis, m., stone. lapsus, a, uui^from labor. Iai', or», «mill, free, indepeml- f.nt ; unreatrivted, nudist iirbed, untrammeUed, uiiiiicumbered. lIlK'«raIltaH, -tatifi, f., generosity, iiheraliti/. Ilb«ralltt>r, ndv., geiierously, gra- ciously, kindly. ilbore, aAv., freely, without check or restraint. llborl, oi'uni, m. plur., children. lltMsrdi &re, iivl, t'ltuin, free, set free. llbortas, -t&tiH, f., liberty, free- dom. llbrlllSt e, of a pound tceight. lioontla. »©, f., recklesitnuss, law- lessness. llcoor, eri, ItiiH siini, bid (at auc- tion). Ilcct, ere, llcult, it is p^-initted, alUnoable; freely, maii, might. Lilffor, -ei'i8, m., the river Ijoire, 111 the central jjart of Oanl. llgrnatlo, -onis, f., gutting wood. llgnator, -torls, m., wood-cutter, gatherer of wood. llllnni, I, n., lily. linen, ae, f. , line. liliiffoncH, uiii, m. plur., the Lin- gones, a trihe in tho eastern part of central Gaul. llnf^na, »e, f., tongue; language, speecii. lln^ula, ao, f., little tongue; tongue of land, headland. llnter, •trig, f., small boat, skiff. llnuni, I, n.,fl(iT. Il8, litis, f.j lawsuit, dispute ; dam- ages. r>i8CUH, I, m., a leadiiifjj man of the Aedui. liltavlccas, I, m., a leading man of the Aedui. littera, ae, f., letter, character ; in plur., letter, des^jutch; documents, records. Ut-us, -oris» XL, shore. locnR, I, m. ; in plur., loca. oriun, n. ; jildce, spot, jtoint, piifi/inn, (/round, situtifioii, count ry ; raid. ; light, chanirter ; opiiorfuiiili/'. chance; in j)hn'., s})iin\ griiiniil, district, region, country, )iliice. lofutiiN, u. Hill, from lo«iU4tr. loilffo, adv., ./'<«)•,• long. loiiffliiqniiN, a, inn, diyfonf, /> viiilr ; long, long-continued, pro- true ted. Ioilffltu-ix, -Igis, m , a Driton of rank. luna. ae. f., moon. Liitctia, jie. f., a town of the Tarisli, on the Seine. lux, IucIm, f , light, iloicn; iirima lux, duybr<(ik, dawn, luxiii'la, ac, f , luxury, luxurimti, liring. M. 31., an alilireviation for Mai'oiis. iiiaoei'la, ae, f. , ualt. iiiricliinatlo, -unis, f, machine, engine. iiiaoRtns, a, uiii, sad, sorrow/'ul. iiiaa:iN, eomparativo adv., (soe iiiaj^nopei'c), more, rather. iiiaifiNtratuR, un, m., magistinte; (>()ice, mil gi»t racy. inaioriilflcus, a, uin, splendid, grand. iiia^nltu-do, -dliils, i., great nen, vastness, great size; size, extent. In plur., locn, ornin, ipdt, paint, piiyiliiiii. ntiiiii, count r 11 ; riinl. ; iicter ; op/iDrtiinil //. j)liir.. sjifiic, finiiind, iim:i pniciiiinnii. , 111., a Iciuliii)^ (i:uii, tli(' (^udiirc'l. -Igis, n» , a nritoii of noon. , f., a town of tli(? ic Seine. lif/ht, tliticn ; prima «A', down. f., luxury, liij-uriniis M. latloii for 3Iui'oiiN. f.. iidll. -onl.s, f., macliine, nil, i^ad, nor row fill. f)ariiti\-o adv., (see s), vwre, rather. , UN, ni., viagiDtnite; racy. a, uiii, spleiiiUd, -dinis, f., great )ies!i It size ; size, extent. vocAtJirLAnv, n.AiriuiN. a. 11», (nirgor, iiiAxl. iuuH.,preaf,large,- l^Ll] "'"*l .^Mjo^ta»., -tatlH, f . .Ugnity, ma- iiiaj«.r. fornparatlvo of maffniiH , III II. 1(1 ir iia uiii.oi^ ,./,j . . " • 39 •«larc, iiiarln, n., sm. XXI, on the coast, maritime, naval. iiii.iiH|{„n,a„ «■,.,„.,,,,1 „,„, ' lar le:uli>r vvlw> I(.,...i <• .1 ), > .\ iiialacla, no, f., rahn, lull. iiialo, a|||H ■><.uiii...A\ l""llg. ill, anZ\-;T,yir ^"*^^' ""S;"w^!!' '• "•• '"'-^''i/^ out. MHlllns, I. 111., LuciuR Mallius a inalo. iiialU,. malul, prefer. iiialuN. I, 111., w«.s/, (upriylU) beam Miaildilitlliii. 1. ,,., orilcr, commii. mon, instruction, message. iiiamhn juv, avi, atiiiM, „,-rfPr ZXt^,lt"-"''' "'■' "^'- -- Mandul.ll, ornm. m. „I„r the Jlnu.liiha, a trihc in central Gaul! lii^'li rank aiii„iiK the Trinobaiites! mane, adv., in the morning. iiiaiioo, ei'«, luiinsi, iiianauin .v/'<.v, remain ; alwlc by, stand In iiuiiilpniarls. U, in., onebelnn,ji,,<, ton company uY maniple, comrad',' "&?**"' ^"'"^^ ""^ nmnsue. maiisnetu-do, -dlnls, f., «e„«e- itiXK, clemency. ' """'^^• niaiins, us, f., feanrf,- band, force • am,, 6»ar«, ftiv/orce; manus MareomanI, oruni, m. plur., the ^'«rcomunt, a Uc^-iuan tribe ti) «''""''"• ^*'''" "^^'*' '''"'" ^oJva,.;"'"'"''' '"•' ^^«'•«. thoffod iiiAh, iiiariN, in., male. nmtara. «o. f., f Celtic J Javelin, taiiiiliae, matron. """«r init«;rlor, ATI, Atu« sum, oet timhi'i; collect wood. " ^^ Ae/lui!"' """'"' ^- "" *"^^» "*■ ""^ »iiitrl,„6iil„,„, I, „., marriage. iiiatar-two, ero, -nl, r/>c«. inatui'ua, a, um, early; ripe. iiiAxliius .superlative adv fseo tiaffiiopcrc,,, very .<;m; /,} 4'." much, chiejiy, mo,t,eipecialiy " "niasS. "' ""'• «"^erlative of ^^Mal*iZ1: n^'p"- ^"'"*"' '^'''"•"* Maximus, a Roman f,'t'iieral, R(j. inedbor, eri, remedy/, relieve. "^^''••''^''"'^^'•«'«•'''•'^'««'•^. '"""X*^ «^-' - « «^'^^ or north-east of Gaui. ""- iiiodltcrrAneus, a, uni. e«Ztt«d. central, interior. ' """'"*i |ji ij I , / ?! i 40 DE EBLLO GALLICO. medlns, a, nm, mtdfl'e. cmtml ; intermediate; trcncrally rendered by middle or half-way. Meldi, ornin, m. plnr.. the Meldi, a tribe in northern Gaul. melior, comparative of bonus. Melodunnm, I, n., a town of tlic Senones in nortliern Gaul. membrum, I, n., limh. menilni, Isse, in perf. tenses only. remember, recollect. memorla, ae, f., memory, recollec- tion, remembrance, tradition; time. Monapil, ovum, m. plur., the Menapii, a tribe in the extreme north-east of Gaul. mendaclnin, I, n., lie, falsehood, false statement. mens, mentis, f., mind, intellect. mensls, Is, m., month. mensura, ao, f., measure. niontlo, -onls, f., mention. mercator, -torls, m., trader, mer- chant. mercatiira, ae, f., trading, traffic, commerce. mer-ces, -cedis, t,pay, hire. Merenrlus, I, m., Mercury, one of tlie Roman gods. mere5, ere, ul, Ittini, and niereor, erl, Itus sum, deserve, win, earn : serve. meridlanus, a, um, of midday, of noon, meridies, ei, m., midday, noon; the south. meritnm, 1, n., service, merit, de- sert ; fault. Messala, ae, m., Marcus Valerius Messala, consul B.C. 01. metior, Irl, mensus sum, meas- ure, measure out, distribute. Metlosedum, I, n., a town in northern Gaul. Metins, I, m., an envoy of Csesar's. nieto, ere, messul, messuni, reaj), cut grain. mctus, «g, m., fear. mens, a, nm, my, mine. mll-es, -Itis, m., soldier, man ; rs collective, tlie soldiers, soldiery. milltaris, e, military, of war. niUltla, ae, f. (military) service. mlllo. indeelinn])le ad,i. ; in pliir., millla, iuni, n. ; thousand. Minerva, ae, f., Minerva, a Roman goddess. mlnlme, adv., superlative of pa- runt, by no means, very lilUi, least. minimns, superlative of parvns. minor, comparative of parvus. Mlnnolns, 1, m., Lucius Minvcius Basihis, one of Caesar's offlceis. niin-u5, ere, -ul, -utnm, leKxen, diminish, decrease ; settle ; ebb. minus, adv., comparative of pa- rum, less ; not ; not very, not so well. mlror, ari, atus sum, wonder at, wonder. inirus, a, um, wonderful, strange, surprising. miser, era, erum, wretched, poor, miserable.. miscrlcordla, ae, f., pity, mercy, clemency. mlseror, ari, atus sum, bewaU, dex)lore, lament. missus, us, m., sending, despatch. mitis, e, gentle; superl. adv., ml- tissime, gently, mildly. mitto, ere, misl, missum, send, despatch ; hurl, throtc. mobilis, e, fickle, changeable. mobilitas, -tatis, f., fickleness; quickness, activity. mobilitor, adv., easily. moderor, ari, atus sum, vumngi. check, control, restrain. modestia, ao, f., self-contrul, moderation. modo, adv., only, but, merely : Just, but now, but recently. modus, I, m., measure, am'• P^»r.,the]irorini, a tube in tiie iiortfi of Gaul. niorior, mori, mortuus sum, '^^"^•^•'"••^'^Wefoft.ie nioror arl, atus sum, delay, toait ■^f"!/, linger ; hinder, retarl ' mors, mortis, f., death. mortuus, a, um, from morlor. nios. inorls, m., manner, cn.Hom "■".'/; lu plur., habits, chararl'"- ' ^rvH,"®'.™-' *''<'■ ^l^»^e, a river in iiaili-easternGaul. ">'-» m "cte^^*' "^-. '«'»'•«'««"'. mntiov, rerolt!' "■^'"^«"^' (ti-^turbance: \ «nuli-cr, -erls, f.. ivoman. I ""'•£. "^"**' '"•' ^"^eteer, mule- 'TJ*"„i"*l^' -dlnl8,f.. large num. ber great number, larae bod,, multitude; number, amount; tie common people. ' '""S ^**''' ^^'' ^*»'"'^«e; de- «tniltum, ndv. (plus,plurlmum^ much, often, very. ""um;, mulus, 1, m., mule. Munatlus, I, m., Lucius Mnnatius 2'^ncus, one of Cuesar's lieuten muntlus,!, m.,u-c .universe "'S"cf!"*"'"' '' '"■^J'^'-^i.fication, "\i;-ol^.V ^r; *y*' "«'"' fortify, munltlo, -onis, f., fortificntio» ^n^^uction ; fortijledStde- num-us, -oris, n., duty, task, ser- Vice ; gift, present. "' ' mnralis. e, of a wall, used for o- from walls, mural. murus, I, m., wall. "'foTe^A'' "•• ^"^^^' ^-«''*-*«. mutilus, n, um, maimed, broken. muto, are, avi, atum, change. N. nactus, a, um, from nanclscor. nam, conj.,/or, now. Loire '"°"**' "'' ^''*^' namqne, conj.,/o)\ i)anf>iB#>m> t .,.._4._,_ , . — — . ., .itt^iUa or n:inc-tiiM "re ' ""*' ""'"'^ w^O'' """" secure. ! 'M\ i i 42 I ii; DE BELLO GALIJCO. Nantnates, urn, m. plnr., the Jyautuates, a trilie in the Alps, lie- tvveeu the province and Italy. Narl)6, «>nls, f., a town in tlm soutliern part of tlie pnivince. naHcor, I, natus sum, hi- hnni, he sprmig from, arise, be bred: of metals, be found. Nasiia, ao, m., a leader of tlie Suehi. nixthlis. 0,0/ birth; dies nataliH, btrthildi/. natio, -uiils, f., race, peojde, tribe, nation, natlvuH, a, uni, natural. natura, ae, f., nature, character. natu8, a, uiii, from nascor. iiiituN, us, in., oirth. nauttlor, ari, atus sum, do busi- ness, curry on business. nesrotiuni, I, n., business, e^for- pri-te; task, trouble, difficidttr dare negotiuui, instruct. ' Neuietes, uiii, m. plnr., the N-nie- tes, a German tribe on tlio liliiiie. nemo (nemliiis), m., gen. and nW. not in use, no one, nobody. nequiiquam, adv., by no means. neque, or .sometimes nee bdnre con.sonants. adv. and conj., ami not, nor; wlien repeated, 'wiV/^ty ..nor. nequlqnam or nequldquani, (Ulv., m vain, to no jjurpose. Nervlcus, a, um, of or with fhe JServit. Nervlus, a, uui, Nervian, of the Nervii. Neryll, orum, m. plur., WwAV////, a tribe m the north-east of Gaul. nervu.s, i, m., sineio ; streuM. vigor, power. neu, see neve. neuter, tra, truni, neither; in imn:, neither side. neve or neu, or not, and that not, and noi 'o, nor. ncx, necis, f., deatk. decl. ndj., necensan/, necesHu est, often b I by 7mtst, can hut. -tatlN, f., vficfifintfy, icy, exigency ; intai-inf'. o,-dlnls,f,,iiitima(i/, filii2>. , or not. vl, situni, kill, 2)ut to ,, that nowhere. >. uni, toicked, atrn- \01lli. 2c\., wrong, crime. ro, -lexl, -lectuin, iht, di-t regard; on-r- fereiit to. \1, iituiii, deny, .say I. Attis sum, do hiiai. tit bitKinens. I, n., biiainesR, ei-lir- . trouble, difficiiUi/; luiii, tnntruct. II. m. plur., fheK-me- II tril)e oil llio Kliiiie. lis), m., fJTPn. ainl.ibl. > one, tiobody. adv., by no meann. inctinios nee bcforn adv. niul coiij., «w/ It'll roi)eated, neither or nequldquain. to no purpOKe. mil, oj or with the iin, Nervian, o/ the , m. plur., WteAV/(v7, north-east of Gaul. ., sinew; streiujth. truiu, neither; in nde. )»' not, and that not, icatk. VOCABULARY. nihil, n. Inrlocl. nothiiia ; ace n« !^Ay.,notutall. '' ' ' "^ nllilluni, I, n., nothing; nlhllo I'N^^as adv., none, no, (^.'com^aJa-' lilmls, adv., too. nimius, a, uiu, excessive, too great. i.isi, conj., if not, unless, except. ^^^^rogex, a tribe o,/the Ga- lutor, I, nlsus aiirl nixus snni '■'V/yo«.w. aJjl.; strire,ZlZor: nix, nivis, f.,«wo?(;. "';'?/V*,^ «• «"We, of hif/h birth ■ aeU-known; m. a.s subst., « /uHe. iiol)ilitas, .tati.s. f., /,/„/. a/,.,,, . the nol,ility, the noldek '' "' ' noceo. ere, ul, Ituiii. harm, in- ."n, ,lo harm to, m„lesf, w. (at- l»art. noeens, -entls, guilty ' noetfi, aljl. as adv., b,, niqht. nodus, \,m., joint. "olo, nolle, nolul, he nnwillinn '">t w-tsh; in imperative, doZt'"' noiiien, -minis, n., name ; reputa ton, prestige ; in abl., under%,, X" me or pretence of, as, 'o„ account noininatlm, adv., by name. 43 "S^'^^S: ^-•' -*«•". name, Jion, adv., not, no. iionagluta, ninety. iiondum, adv., not yet. nrmnlhil, adv., somewhat. iionnullus, H, uiii, some. Honiinnquam, adv., sometimes. Bonus, ii, uiii, ninth. ^xS: "'''^- ^»"cftownofthc N'oi'ieus, u, um, Norican of th^ «08, plur. of ego. noseo. ere, n»x\, notnni. Irnvn hecome acquainted with ; , Zvl'' know ; part, notus, 'a. '„ ,,• knoron, weffknou;,, /hm^ar. '"' noster. tra, trnm. o,,/-; ni nlnr as subst., our men, troopsw/'Xr,- '"'^^^IXn^itt ""''^''''^^' -' novem, nitte. Aidiu ; (J) a town of the Bituri-e.s no vitas, -tatis, f.. «oiW/»' strangeness. ' ^""'^"?A novus, a, uni, neiv frpih • <„ «•Mmrlative, latest %dstfr',a}^. thuugeo, gocernment, revX^!^ nox. iioetis, f., night. Jioxa, ae, f., crime, offense. ""«'■;, y.''^*'' ""P"»' nuptum. "lint""' 'f' VV' ""• ""w; in ffen nnmerus. 1. m.,7mmber: amount ■ »<^ount; U,numero, in tlT/St, nnmnius, I, ui., coin, money. numquain, adv., never nunc, adv., «0«;. Muiiqunm, adv., never nui>ei',adv.,/a<6///, ;v,.ce»My. imsquasn, adv., nowhere. $ I I , I I ! u DE BELLO GALLICO. nutns, us, m., 7iod, beck; ge-itw-es, sigvs. O. ob, prep. w. ace, on accomit of, be- cai'ne of, for; quain ob rem, ivhi/. obaeratus, a, uiii, indebted; m assiiliat., rfeWoA ob-(lno6. ere, -«luxl. -(Uietnin, throw out, curry. ob-eo, -Ire, -li, -Ituin, attend to. obltus, us, in., destruction. ob-JItIo, ere, -Jecl, -jectuin, ]>lace in the waj/, throw tip, set opjMifie; expose; puss. , lie oppoaitel be in the way. oblatns, u, uin, from offero. oblique, adv., obliquely. ( j obliquus, a, iini, slanting, oblique. ob-llvlseor, 1, -lltus snin, for qet, w. f,'cn. obsecro, are, avi, atuni, entreat, beseech. obsequentia, ac, f., compliance, regard. observo, are, avI. atuui, keep, observe, regard, folio iv ; ivatch, note. ob-scs, -siflis, m., hostage. obsesslu, -onis, f., siege, blockade. ob-sldeo, ere, -serti, -sessuni, besiege, blockade, beset. obsldio, -onls, f., siege, blockade; pressure. obsigno, are, avi, atuin, seal. ob-sisto. ere, -stiti, resist, with- stand, w. dat, obstinate, adv., steadily, firmlv. persistently. ob-strinffo, ere, -strlnxl, -strletuni, bind, put under obli- gation. ob-struo, ere, -struxl, -struc- tuni, barricade, close. obtempero, are, avI, atuni, submit to, obey, w. dat. obtestor. ari, atus sum, implore, ^all upon. ob-tlneo. ere, -tinui. -tentum, hold, j)08sess, occupy, maintain. obtnll, from offero. ob-yenfo. Ire, -veui. -venfui,,, lull to, be ussifpicd to; etianii,!, ,-, oI»vI.am, adv., in the way, to n„.t' w. dat. oceaslo, -onls, f., opportvtiili, time ; surprise. oecasus, fis, m., setting; sidi), occasus, sunset, the wek. oc-clt!6. ere, -elcli, fall, be slain. -casuin, v- / , «^-^W6, ere, -eldl, -clsuni, .' in secret. oecupatio. -onis, f., engagement, occupation. oocupo, are, avl, atnni, seize, i/ct possession of; occupy, euaaiie- cover. ■' ' oc-curro, ere, -currl(.cucurri , -cuv^nnu fall in with, meet, mm,; npon,Jind; resist; provide t,,,-- occur. occurso, are, avl, atuni, nit-h n]]on, charge. Oceanus, 1, m., (often with niarel, the Ocean, \ Oceluni, I, n., a town on the ciiif- ern side of the Alps. ocius, adv., quickly, siviftly. octavus, a, uiii, eighth. octlngentl, ae, a, eight hundml. octo, eight. octodeclin, eighteen. Oetotlurus, I, m., a town (,f tlic Veraf,'ri, in the Alps. oetoginta, eighty. octoni, ae, a, eight at a time, fight each, eight. oculus, I, m.,eye. •re, -tiniil, -tentiiih, iKf, occiij)!/, muintuin. \\ olfero. Ire, -vtinl. -veiitiun, aHsifiiied to; oicaioil, ,-. Iv., in the n-ny, to /», /, iinis, f., oppnrtntiitii >nse. 8, m., xetthiu ; .sol is iiinxef, the went. B, -cidi, -casuiii, Kri ■ m. S -oldl, -clsuni, sl(t;i, -onls, f., conceaimci.t. '■., secretly. [•e, avi, atuni, ;/,/,, , niii, concealed. I' id. In or ex occulfo. /« -onls, f., engagement, , avi, Atiini, seize, iff of; occupy, oif/ai/e; 'e, -currl(-cucinri , fall in with, meet, mme resist ; j/rovide ,i'iir ; e, avi, atniii, m.di e. n., (often with mare), ., a town on the ciit- 16 Alps. uickly, swiftly. nil, eif/htli. le, a, eight hundred. Ighteen. I, 111., a town of tlie he Alps. ihty. , eight at a time, night eye. oai,Use, perf. w. pres. meaning, "^«nm, I, n., hatred. of fcndo, ere, -fendl f^^ ^l^^^-io,.6n^s,f.,^aound,nff,kurt. '/«!""'' '' "•' '^^^''ce, duty, alle. ''"a?:^^;?"''''"--'^ king of the «K'«y. -^ ' ^^"^<3; throw 0»///. ' «^«"/ w'. numerals, '"'""^^'^, all, every, whole. «ncro.are,avI.atum. Ja., operaiii dare tnl""^'. <'f/'>»cy ; it. ""»e, takepatns, see to VOCABULARY. 45 oppuffnatlo. -onls <^ «««c/c; mode of attack' ''**'*"". ''tt'us^f;. ""•' «"Pflative of cellent *' ''^'^2/ fl-oorf, wo«« ex- op-iis, >erlia T, . . tion, fortifyina'stl'Zf' ^^^^iifica- Ml art ; "^ q'uanto® ^^mnnUnnl l"'>ch, iowgrmth, ^f^'^'hotv opinio, -onla e • ■ lUlny^' "PP-^rtunely, con- adcanfage. ^'"^"* opportunity, I oPPortnnus n „ I ora.ae, f.,8;iore.coa*#. oratio, ■ontn ^j „ '"''•d^'^tatem'enilSeai '"^'''"'' Oreynia, «. f „ „ Greek witera Vn ?,''^'n?,Priven by forest. ""^^ *° *'»e Hercynlan ^•angement, order. ' '^''***'" «»'- Orjsretop-lx. .lo-iL _ manoftheHelvet^ ' '''heading «^'."•^ / P^rt or'tilT'^ ^P, begin] the east. *"^^ ^ol, stmrise, ornainentum. f „ honor. ' *• "•» ornament, I if ( * If ! ! ' ■ i 46 DB BELLO GALUCO. 6r6, are, avi, atuiii, pray, beij, entreat. ortus, n, um, from orior. ortU8, us, m., risiiif/. OS, oris, 11., /ace, moutli. Osisinl, ornin, m. pUir., the Osismi, a trilie In the extreme north-west of Gaul. ONtcn-do, ere, -dl, -tiiiii, Khmr. point out, explain, declare, state; reveal, unmask, (Jispla]/. osteiitatio, -onis, f., shnio, r7/.t- play; hoastfulness, pride; pre- tence, deception. ostonto, are, avI, atuiii, shoiv, display, exhibit, parade. otiuin, I, n., rest, leisure, quiet. 6vum,l,n.,egff. P. « P., nn abbreviation for Publius. pabulatio, -onIs, f.,foraffiKg. pabulator, -toris, m.,,forafier. pabulor, arl, atus snin, forage. pabulniii, 1, 11., fodder, /oraeaceful, quiet. pnetniii, I, n., manner, way ; quo pacto, how. Pudns, I, m., the Po, a river in Cisalpine Gaul (northern Italy). PaonianI, ornin, m. plur., the Paemani, a tri)>e in north-eastern Gaul. pucno, adv., almost. paenit-et, ere, -uit, imporsonal. w. ace, of person and f, ere, pepercl, parNuin .,i pareitnni, spare, w, dat. : /, economical. parens, -entis, ni. and f, pan ,./. parento, are, avl, atuni, «(v/ . . w. dat. pareo, ere, ni, Itum, obey, sri,. wit, w. dat. parlo, ere. poperi, partnni, , pepercl, pni-Niiin ,,| III, impure, w. dat. ; // III. iiitls, ni. and f., j)ar< i,i. art', avi, atuni, aven;;, 'e, ni, Itiiin, vlieji, ,v '.. It. !, popcri, pui-tuiii, I/, t. eciira, win. rum, ni. phir.. the Vn,-;- ! in uortlierii Gaul on lin' , a VI, atuiii, pre))(irc. , arraii(/e; procure. H't. part, puratus, a, lini, Ml!i,2>re})are(l. rtis, f., part, portln),^ larter, direction, nnl,'; •ly, 2>ot)it, respect. Iv., parfli/; when ic. tea rendered by soim .., I, itus sum, diviiJc. mil, from parlo. Iv., (iiiinvis, iiiiiiine, ittle, not viuch. a, uiii, very small iHiin, iitsirpiijtcant : ab , /rotn earlji childlioml. , 1IIII, (minor, mini- til, tr/flittff. :., in all direction.'^. mil, lioni panilo m or. m.,prtce (five feet" : one a('i'.s make one niilr, , ere, -feci, -fact iiiii, v open. fieri, -factiis Miiiii .tufaeio. Ill, esntend, spreml mit : nd open ; part, pjiti'ii», adj., open, exjwsni, I, m., father; in plur,, , ancentors. » idv., patiently. i ^£?fe,f„%„^,«-^«m.c«. ,,a- stand: ^ '^' ''^«'■' ««'««'•e, ^thl patr6nus.I.m..palln-fj«S;.™- ^°o^-^oldier ; i,. "^''«^5^&feV«-^<-'or Pe«lltatu8, us, m., in.fantrv. ''mayu.jSre (^°'"P---*«ve of '^long;byreaso,I'J'"'>' '^^- "'•«''. '^^"^^;^,;^' -ct„„..^„. Perangustus, a. „m. .e,-^ „„.- .y«2w, reap. ' ^^^ "A '««>•«; Percontatlo, -onls f ,„^ • "U18, 1., inquiry. per-curro, ere. -ciin-i / ''?w^:^^,r;.e;'"'»"''' ^-"- <"«<7; CMrry, wafr^ ' ''"'^' ■?"•»- '^'ro'^S"""' »• «•". «/<«r to. per-oo, -Iro, .jj , , P'-rish, be killed ^ **•' "**n»n Porexigr„„s,a,„ co/a'e;/, report. '" ^" ' ^«'-'-i/. Per.flclo. ere. -fed f„ * Perflrfia, ^ f ' /• •„ , treachery. ' /«■itfilessness, J**l^-fi'lng6, ©re, -freiri f„ t»i»i, breakthrougK^ ' -f^AC- l>erfuga, a©, m.. f?e*er^er. iJer-j^o „5.„ proceed, adcance.^^^' "***^'«*"m. (•f- m\ ^» .!■; i i ! li 48 DE HELLO GaLLICO. perlcUtor. arl, atns sum, run risk, be exposed to ilaiii/er ,- trv vuike n tent. " pcrlciiloHiiH, n, nin, danyeroua. perlciiluiii I, „., damjer, rink; teM, trial, attemid. peritus, n, nin, skilled, experi- enced, familiar, w. f^en. periatus, a, uni, from perfcro. ^*?^:^*;?*** ^V"' -*^S»' -lectin.,, read tit rough, por-Ino, ere, -lul, -latu,,,, wash; in pass., 6« (■/(«. porniagrnus, u, um, very large. per-inaneo, ere, -iiiAnsI, -mnii- suiii, continue, remain, persin/ abide. "' ' por-inlsceo, ere, -luiHcnl, -mlx- tuni (-iiilstuin), mi. vi ingle. per-niltto, ere, -misl, -iiilsKuni. nne up, yield, entrust, leave ; al- low, grant permi^ion, permit. per-iuoveo, ere, -inovl, -1116- tiim, move, influence, induce arouse, alarm, excite. per-nmlcep, ere. -iiiulsi, -nml- suni, soothe, calm, quiet. pcrnlcles, el, f., destruction. perpauci, ae, a, very few. perpendlculum, I, n., phunb-live. per.petlor, I, -pessus sum, en- dure, suffer. perpetuus, a, nni, continuous, unbroken solid; perpetual, last, tng; whole, entire; incessant; In perpetuuiii, /or em- ; abL as adv. porpetuo, .for ever, con- stantly, nmnterruptedly. per-quiro, ere, -quTsivI, -uuisl- tuiii, inquire into or about. per-rninpo, ere, -rupl, -rup- tuni, break through, break, force I a tvay or passage or entrance. I per-scribo, ere, -soripsi, -scrir- tnin. tvrtte out, report, describe fully. per-seqnor, I, -secvitus suui. ptirsue,Jolloio tip ; avenge ; attack. ore, -solvl, -solu- per-«olv6, tuiu, ]>ay. por-spltlo, ere, -spexl, -snee- tui.i, see, see through ; perlein- understand; observe, examim' i,,'. spect, survey; learn, ascertain .find out, become acquainted with ' per-sto, are, -stltl. -statnin perstst, abide, bejirm. *"""'"• per-sujMleo, ere, -suasi, -snA- sum, persuade, induce, prevail o„ convince, w.Aiit. ' perterreo, ere, ul, Ituin. ferrifn .frighten, alarm ; in „.,«,,«, •/;,', J^amc-stncken ; dismay, 'demora. ''^!'.:*!5"^f"'°' *l'®' -tlmul, A« areatly,be much afraid. pertlnacla, ae, f., obstinacy. '*^w "V*"**' ^V®' -""»». -teiituin, h r ';r"^"' *''■"''■'''■ '««rf.'""'/ pertull, from pcrfero. pertnrbatfo, -onls, f., alarm con /uscon, panic. ' perturbo, are, avi, atuni, thro,r into confusion, disconcert, disturb alarm ; m pass., be at a loss. ^'xy* ^"* ^*"^ *"•»' '«"" persevero, are, avI, atum,j;e;- per-venio. Ire, -venl, -ventum come, reach, arrive. *«"">'"• to )all back, retire, retreat innti'r ^"^^•- "''''f'»-^ '«.'A sue for; make /or, aim at, attack. Petroeorll drum, m. plnr.. /'„■ ^ft/ocorti, a tril.e in soutli-wc^; ei n Gaul on the Garonne. Petronlas, i, m.. Warcus r,'/n>. mus, a centurion in Caesar's armv. Petrosldlns, I, m.. Lucius Petn,- sidius, the standard-bearer of one ot Caesar's legions. phal-anx, -angis, f., phalanx, column, compact body. PIctones, uin, m. plur., the I'ic- ore, -solvl, -solu- ere, -apoxl, -spec- ee throunh ; piircitivc, ' observe, examine, in- !/; team, nucertaiti 'me acquaintiid irith. 3, -stiti, -statiini, 3, be Jin». ere, -snasl, -siiA- atns sum, roam , -veni, -ventuiii, •rice. foot ; pedibiiN, „» peUeiii refeiTf, tire, retreat. I, -ttniii, ask, re,- K for, hen, sue fir: It, attack. am, m. pliir., //,« •ilie in soiitli-wost- ! Garonne, n.. 3rarcus rctm. nin Caesar's iinny, m.. Lucius Pefro- (lard-bearer of (niu )ns. ffis, f., 2)halanx, t body, m. plur., the Pic- ribe at the mouth VOCAm/LARY. P""ii., I, n.,jarelin, spear «■'■ntnrion of tin, f 's mn?..i ""'"'' i'^^^'^^^'^^^^f; parapet, battlement Pisels, Is, m., fisii. Pt-V, consul B.C r '4 ''^.f ".'■'■"•■" tamanofrank. ' '^^'''"■ P'x. plcls, f.,j,j7c;«. pIaelde,adv.,c«/,„,.,/.<^„,-,„y. P dco, are, avI, atu.u, «;,^4,, 49 ' te;:;.^, i^^„:^'-"- -moveable P"rulu,„,l,n.,,7,/«W«^.e.,,„ poeiiltet, see pnenltet. poll-ex, -leJs, ,n., ^/„„,,,, '''^r^;Si^^'^^-' promise, PomcItatJo. .6„,s. ,, „,,^.,^ ''S;.."^^- ^'««'•^i!'/ ff«e<^, «Zl-w ., -,> .^• J'nmpeius, an iiifprm- ; ,<^'«e??(j9 «oi'iaii army. ^"^'^'P't'ter witl. tlie Pond-us, .erl8, n., weeV,;^^. deiemlent: P"^^" ''^ *'<"«'«'/. 6e pons, pontis, m., bridge poposci, fi om poseo. Popnlatlo. -oais. ,, „,,«^.,^^ '^SS; ff S^e. Pleraque. number. ^^"J'^'tty. the greater '*fe~Sa^ii^"i.r^„'''"'--'''« east of Gaul " *''" "°"''- Plurl.„u.„, adv.. «,,««, t,.,.^„„,,, ■■.„.,ty. » -■'• ,7 Porro. adv.. /«,.<„,,, ,„„,.^^^.^ porta, ae, f., gate. '"^S. S/^'- "*-"'. carry, ""Tol^lT'^ *• "•• ^"^^««•^ duty, Portus, us, m., Aarftor port P08itu8,a,um,frompoi,o. Possesslo, -onis f . <>'^^cupation;TXv-laZT''''''^ P08-8lde6, ere. -serli » ' possess, hold ^^' "Sossain, Pos-sldo, ere. -aprtf „ seise, occupy. ^^* -sessuin. .if I i I) i ' ^h 'U 1 ' ; i , i I i ^ 60 DE UELLO OALLICO. pocmuiii, ])0880, potnl, he able, can, be possible,; be powev/'ul or strong, have weiylit or influence. post, 1. adv., afterwards, after; 2. prep. w. ace, after, behind. poHtua, adv., afterwards; here- after. postuaqnam, conj., after, when. postorus, a, niii, next, following ; m. plur. as subst., descendants, 2)osterity. post-pono, oro, -poHiiI. •post- tuiii, postpone, sat aside, disre- gard. poatqnani, conJ., after, when. pOHtrenio, adv., flnally, lastly, at last, poHtrlcIie, adv., the next day, on the morrow. postalatuiii. 1, 11., demani. poNtuIo, are, avi, atuiii, ask, ask for, demand, require. poteiiH, entls. partic. of possum, jwicerfiil, influential. potentatiis, us, in., supremacy, chief poiver, leadinu jtosition. potentla, ae, i.,2)ov:er, potestas, «tatls, t., power, control; opportunity, chance, permission. potior, Irl. Itus sum, get control or possession oj, gain, obtain, w. a))l. or gen. potlus, comparative adv., rattier, sooner, more. potui, from possum. prae, prep. w. abl., in comparison with ; on account of, for. pracacfitus, a, um, sharpened at the end, pointed. praobeo, ere, ul, ituni, furnish, afford, give, cause. prao-caveo, ere, -cavl, -cau- tuiii, take precautions, be on one's guard. prae-oedo, ere, -cessl, -cessnm, excel, surpass. prae-ceps, -olpltls, headlong ; abrupt, steep. praccoptnm, 1, n., order, instruc- tions, tiyiunction. I prao-cipio, ero, .o^pl, -cep- tuiii, order, instruct, give instni, tions ; anticipate. pracclnlto, are, avI, atum. fling, hurl. pracclpue, adv., especially. praeclpuus, a, um, special, par- ticular. prao-cliido, ere, -clusl, -cln- suiii, close, barricade. pracco, -unls, m., herald. Praeconlnus, 1, ni., Lucius \'.,. lerius I'raeconinus, one of Caesar s lieutenants. prae-curro, ero, -currl (-cn- currl), -cursuiu, hasten on b, ■ Jore ; anticipate. praeda, a©, i., plunder, booty. pracdieo, are, jivl, atum, an- nounce, declare, assert, boast. praodor, arl, atus nnui, plunder, get plunder, pillage. prae-duco, ere, -duxl, -dm- turn, construct in front, cam/ out. praefcotus, a, um, from pra(>> ticlo. praefcctus, I, m., offlcer, com- mander (especially of cavalrv) prefect. •"' prae-fero, -ferre, -tull, -Li- tuut, place bal'ore, prefer, eitecm more highly; se praeferre, to surj)ass, outdo, prae-flclo, ere, -feci, -fectuni, put or .oet ovei, place in communal o.t, give charge of, w. ace. and (Int. prac-flRo, ere, -fl.xi, -fixuni, Jix b"jore, idace at the edge. praemet-no, ere, -ul, be anxioin' fear. prae-mltto, ere, -misl, -mis- sum, send, in advance, send jii / - fore, send forward. praemlnm, I, n., reward, prize. pracoocupo, are, avI, atum, seize beforehand, seize, takeiJOKi'rs- sion of. pracopto, are, avI, atum, ?>/•<;/( ;•. praeparo, are, avI, atum, itre- ero, -o^nl, -c«p- nstruct,fjtveimtnii >ate. ure, avi, atuni, :v., especial!. I/. X, uni, special, par- ore, -oiusi, -clu- irricade. , m., herald. I, m., Litcitia !'<'- ii«K»,onuofUae8ais ere, -ourri (-cn- iiiiii, hasten on b, - .te. plunder, booty. I, avi, atiini, mi- e, anaert, boast. itwH suux, j'lundcr, 'llage. re, -duxl, -diu- ct in front, earn/ , uni, from prac- I m., officer, cmn- •AaUy of cavalo), erre, -tull, -lA- fore. pre/'er, esteem so pruefurre, lo , -feci, -fectuiii, place in comiiiiiinl o/, w. ncc;. and dai. 1, -fixi, -fixuin, ! at the etijie. 7G, -uhbeanxioti.», 'o, -iiilsl, -nils- dvance, send jii / - iird. ., reivard, prize. re, avI, atuin, ', seize, talcepaKfi^^- ivl,a.tutn,i)refi): avI, atuiii, pre- VOCAHULARV. 51 prne>pono, ere, -poHiiI. -posU tuiii, plnre or s,:t on:r, /nit in com- iiiamloj, w. iii'c. iiiiddiit. I>rno-rninpo, ere, -lunl. -nin. tnm, hn-al„tr.f<>i>ii>: pirt. pi-ui'- ruptiis. a. uiH, j.H ,i rum, hliH-h- i(/>, barricade. |»iae-8crH)o, eie. -HorlpsI, -NCTlptuii,, prescribe, direct' (lictate, ' priii'serlptuiH, I, „., hiddinn, die- III flan. pracsens, -cntlH. parfic. of prae- mim, present, instant, in person. praoNentl». ae, t, the present ■ prrsenre; In praeHentIa,./o;- tlie moment, at the time. prae-Hentlo, Ire, -sens!, -«en- H»m, learn of nv find out bejore- hitnd,hace/oresiji)it. '""S/v""'' ''"^''•' "'P^^^lllhpar- pi-aeskllmn, i, „ guard, nnrri- x<»>, ( protectinu ) force; protec- tion, support, escort. piae-sto, are. -stiti, -stltum or -stiltHiii, e.rhdnt, show, disnlini ■ '■'', praeterquaui, adv., except. '*™m' ;«•''**'• "'•• '^^"'mander ; JJfaeiOr. n. Kornnii i«n*-;^»..^i.- ' . , »"-'• ilitisioilaic. I praetorlns. a, mn, of a rom- j minider ur praetor; praetoria eohorN, body-guard. prae-iinn ere, -iidsl, -ustuni. burn at the end or point. prae-vorto. ere, -vortl, -ver- HUiii, anticipate, prevent, w. dat. ^'r/'\"'!' **'."'"• Pfi^r, wretched; linked, Vicious, 2>er verse. preci'8, uiii, r.Cslnt'. defective and iiot f.umd In Caesar), prayers, en- treaties. preiiio, er^, pro88l, proHHiun, press, press hard; crowd; Itarass. oppress. ' prendo, ere, prendl. prengain, seize, gra.sj). ' pretliiin, 1,1., j>rice. (|>»/!!!'""' "•'^•' ^''i''. in the first paie ; ciiii, or ubl prlmuii , as soon as; «^lIa^n priimi,,,. „« soon as possible. "•»••«. as primus, a. inn, superlative of [ In prliiilN, especiallij. ^*/"J/,!/T''*''* ■*''»•'»' /"«. chief, leading ; m. a» subst., leadin, iiian, leader, chiej: •■'=""«/'£/ '*!"!w*/'''^*J^*' ""' •"•' leadership, i-lne^ position, ji rat place, lead. prior, pristlnus, a, nni, former, pre- vious; oj jormer days, old-time. prlns, comparative adv., earlier sooner; prlns. . .qiiaui. before w. negatives «H<«Z. * ' ^ '*' prlusquani, conj., before. privatlin, adv., privately, aa in- dividuals, as private persona. Py^V'*'"*' »' }"».i>Wm-fug.^^ro^ -rag,, .f..^,. prooun-Hiil, -Hulls, „,„ ;„■„,.„„,„, procul, adv., a« a distance '^''r'S'./^JV» "y»' a*»'". (Attend to, nave c/iarge of. pro-curro, er«, -cnciirrl {-our- ward, rush out, charge. procl-eo. -Ire, .|i (.|vi), .it,,,,, 00 forth, come out, advalut "' prodosso, from prosuiii. '^'tS!^ -""*«• '■' ^'--ckeru, prcMlltor, -torls, m., traitor. prolndw, adv., therej'ore. P«;;'»-Jlcl6, ere, -I eel .1..««.. throw down m-awafj'huil hV'"' "handon, renounce. "'"^'•^">!/! P' "liitus, a, ui„, from profero J>roinlne6, ore, nt,leanfonnn',r '^""SSaS;;:' ^'•"'"---'^. pro.i„ltt6, ere, -mlsl, -miInhu,,, ^ A»>'/A ' «'«• -dl'll. -dltnin, qira promontory. .v'<"i', part, pr uiii, iisadj.,^/,j./,y/o/<^0/i/ nioveo, ere, -niovl. pr6.di-,e6, ere. -duxl .i^„*. ( ' '"'"'«•^'"•'««'•«^. advance. '';'"lfo^^o^^:,;;^f^^^ Pr6.„pt„s. a, „„., ready, alerl. prSoTir, -. '''""'• '^"' ^'^"'-^O forward proeiior, arl, atns sum, fight. profectio, -onls. f., departure. „.. „ , pi opero, are, avi, atum, hapten. pronuiitio, are, avf, atr ,/ , / ere. .roci, -ivt-t,,,,,. "'«//f', f/rt/«, eOhl ; „,/• ', Kidit, tl'i, itroc,;,!, ITl, -feSHUHMII,,,, ,/,. s "i'«;/(///, ,;//«,•, y>,-,;/; ,,.s, ire, ftvl, atuni, ;,„,/ ^re. -fug,, .f,.^,. ". uin, uprmiir ,/,■<. IIS fill l)St., ./««•,!«//'//,/ % I, -ffru8NIIH Nil III. . come /ort/i, adcn.,,. !, hold, kinder, cut < if; ., therejore. fe. -Jeel, -Joctnin, ^n- away, httrl, jti,,,,} ounce. '" mil, from proforo. ^(Iv., promincHOKshi 'ely. •'' 'o,-inl8l, -inisN,,,,,^ art. nronilNsiiN, a, onding /ortoard e, avl, atn ' . j(/ ,7, "•e, e orders, mckc ,' Oplus, 1 (.,.,, I.). a«opI„«,n,,v.,„, propo. tl 1 1. /. ar«„r net Hror, ■',,!. ^.^n "^S^Ar^;;^ -»" /^ fiS ■>-K''IJmdri,;;,,;aU ' ' ' ""• ' pro-vMof). («res -vl.if .t piv>-Nplol6, ero, .annvi - '-'•' «oe[/T(/, aisiodye. J ri»H »i/i.ii '*"""'t*o. m public ■ p'Sr^''..™--''"'^'"'*-'^ Roman SI*'' V" '''"^' of boyhood. /lifl /, A"»"*»'^iir, imnerannnii,. -f!' isrnatnr, imnerann<,'ii,r ffoes OH, freely '/' relative, this, he: ;ifi,r lueiii, as. qui. quae, quod, inteiToc-aiivu adj., what, which. qui. qua, quod, indefinite adi.or ran'ly pron., some.any ; anyni.,. qulequani, from quis(iuaiii. q u i c u ni q u e , quaecuiiKi w, quodeunique, whoever, wli.il. ever, tchichever. quidani, quaedaui, quiddam (ir quoddaiH, a certain one, a cer- tain, one, a sort of. «luideiii, adv., certainli/, at le,i.,t; lie. . .(luideiii, not even. qui-:>s, -etLs, f., rest. quietus, a, uni, quiet, at n-.H settled, peaceable. ' quill, conj., but that, that, s„ that not, as not; often l»e.st reiiil.r,.,! nyjrom, w. verbal in -iny. quiu, i. Iv., nay, in,fact. quinani, quaenain, quodiuun, who, ivliich, what. quinc-unx, -uneis, i.,qui>Hiimr; in quincuucein, in the form vf a quincunx. quliidecini, fifteen. quingentl, ao, i\,jlve hundred. quini, ao, a, Jive each, live at a time, five. quinquaglnta, Jifiy. quinqnti, Jive. 18, -tavis, -tnnivls. Teat, no matter hmo ., wherefore, why, /,.,■ ■ccuunt of iL'hich. ' uiii, fourth , as if. ■ quatuor,/()«r. •clux, fourteen. c TOiijuiietion, and. duiii, adv., hoiv, ((,.-■. qiiestus sum, ,,,/„. iJlain of; lament, h, . lucMl, rcl. proii., n-/,,, !, that ; he who ; ns ci,.' •elative, thin, he; aid r quod, inteiTogiiiive chich. iioil, indefinite aili. or , K()iiie,uni/ ; anj/i,!,,; i-<)inqui8(iiiuiii. le, qiiueciiui!|ii(-, uc, whoever, wlmt. •er. lediini, qniddani or (I certain one, a a-r- ort of. ., certainln, at li.',/.st; III, iiot even. t'., rest. uiii, quiet, at r,Ht, able. at that, that, ,1,1 iimt often best reiidrrwl I'erbal in -ing. II, in J act. icnaiii, quodiiiini, :hat. uiicis, f., qidncinix; ceiii, iti the form of 'fteen. S ii.JlvehundrfiJ. Jive each, five at a U fifty. qtifntus, «, um,//^7t ^''Sil; '"•■««"''«•. ''Bom,,., niN. Qua. niii.i f....„^ , ' "?■'• VOCABULARY. |a"uin.cwij.,scecun.. 55 , , ... i|uiu as i.cjv.. ichii ""'v., m any respect,' at alT^^*^ «« lliwnlnfftt » B. • " '-v't-xi-, (« rt«. I ^-ao. ero, -si, -sum, shave ' »-apina, ae, f.,^jiM„fZe?7Wi7 rasus, a, nin, from ra«Io. *■•;:"**;, -9n*8, f., calculation ac- <;^( lit, list ; method, sustem :,lnZ i-«»tis, is, f., raft. qnisquaiii, qnidquam or r i« ll^^»^^<^nyone,LiX,:^i:i-^^ -i.erl^tivesf:^^^Vr^^de.^i.«)I- somewhere, anllwhere^' ""''^''""f. qii<)ud,coi.j., «„<;;, a^;^„^^^ quoinlnus or quo min». f that «o<; l"elv nS/!''l■'■• quo„lam,co„ quot,i„doclln.,;io«owa„„ qnotaum-s. adv., yearly, every 'SSr«' ». «.n. see cotl- quotiditsseecotldle. qooties, adv.. /to,,, «/i^„ ... Rsiurlcl, ornin, m „1,,. //,„ ! near rebelllo, -onls, f., rc;j«mZ 0/,,«,- '"%"^' "**""*' «''«^' '•''^«'<. '«'c; re-eeuseo, ere, -censui «a„ receptaculum, I. n., ,./.^,, ,,. ^•eceptus, us, m., ,-e<;.e«<. recUo,are,avI,atum,,.mr?o„« rtcte, oxlv., properly, rightly. "^ III ''mi- ! ■ ; !';■ 56 DH BELLO OALLICO. rectus, a, um, stmiijlit. recupeio. Are, a%i, atuiii, rc- ffdui, recover. reoiiso. aits A VI, Atuiii. ,v A^v^ oliject to, (lecliiie, Kj/uni, rei>ii!liate. reda, ao, f., icaijou. redactus, a, iim, from r< dlgo. red-do, ere, -dldl, -dlt„,„, i,ire back return, re.^tore, render, griint,pa!i. redoiiiptus, a, niu, from rcdiuio. back, come back, return; decline: be reduced; depend on, be re/erred red-lgo, ere, -effl, -Aetuni, re- duce, render, make, bring. red-hno, ere, -eml, -omptuin, l^xg, piircha.se, obtain ; leftm,/arm. redlntesrro. Are. avl, atuiii, re- new, restore, revive. **1/"*'"* """^^' ^•' »■«<«»•«. return- reditus, us, m., rettirn, rettirning. •■^;?!;*" "••*.' »•. ^-oyal power, ,<„•,. ■>cigntii,lctn!idom. .«'"«• 'liirct, control, vianuiie ' 'tS^?'**'**'' *' -8^'«««"« «» re-jlcl6, ore, -jeei, -ieotiiin ^ , -onis, f., ,-«;;^;„„,, -^^ ob..eryance or scy«y,/« ,• r,-//V/, „/ ;^//T?v'5- "'"""' ' ^'U>ermtio;/^!!. itejn or jancies. re-IInqu6, ere, -llqul, -Hcfn,,, leave, leave beMnd; abandon ,il: np; give; allow; in pass.. rrJn, ^/ ,?'",*"• "' "■"' remnininq. vi!,,-,- k/t, else, Jurther, .future / ^r,,,, ■' ally to be rendered hythiiZT,,- itedoncs, um, m. plur., the Red- re-iiianeo, ere. •iiiAneT .. ones, a tribe in tlie noi4h-u.,.«f ,.f sun.. ,v,» „s. ®.' ""?'*P^'.' -.'"■"•• ""es; a tribe in the nortli-west of '^:^,/'/*'"*/®?'*'' "'I"=^»« -rtuctuiii, ;«/i, break open, break. rettyAit, flee back, escape. Reglnus, i, m., Cains Antistius Jiegznus, one of Caesar's lieuten- ants. regrlo, -onls, f., region, district, part, country; direction, line. reglus, a, uin, royal. sum, remain, remain bJiLid -.'t,in. tribe in northern Gaul. reiiilgo, are, avl, atnni, roir. renilgro, are, avl, atuin, mo,-, back, return. reiiiiniscor, I, call to mind, re- member. ' re-iiiltto, ere, -nasi, -nilssnm. send back hnrl back, give /„"" : relax weaken, give up, h..,- ; j,;,,.,' reinollesco, ere, become weak or enervated. re-iiioveo, §re, -niovl, -inotiini. •lemove, send atcay ; wilhdmv. draw aioay; part, as adj.. r.-nw. tus, a, um, distant, reihi,/i'. remiineror, an, Atus sum, re- ward. 'rf3«: ^**^' ^'''' ^*""'' "'^''\^f»^;^^'hm.,aMeman,oneofik resiir-< iiiuke I, re-soln, oreak c re-soisc k(irn,j re-serii) turn, t reservo, oatk, re '■e-sldeo 0. , I, n. royal 2wicer, (,,„■( •ts rexi, rrctmu. v„/, oiitrol, VKiiint/i: or, I, -gressus siim, , , ere, -jeei, -Jectm,, r hurl bach; ''u;i h!"': „ii matter ; superstitioi,., he- metes. , ore, -llqul, -Hetniii, ve behind ; ahandc,,. ,,irl ' ailoto; in pass., re ,H„ ill. a, uiii, rem at ni II I/, oihcr J iirther, future: -,.|i.r' i rendered by the r.-s/ ,„. . ere, -inAnsI, -m ui- inn, remain behind, stinj, ■Igls, m., roicer, oxrs. ini, m. plur., the IJemi, a trtherii Gaul. ■e, avi, atiiiii, roir. are, avl, atnm, mon •n. ', 1, call to mind, re- ive, -niisl, -inissniii, hurl back, aire Imd: ; Ml, (lice up, lose; jimiI, . », uiu, as adj., mild, » ere, become weak or ^re, -movl, -iiir.tnni, id, away ; Kilhilnm; ' ; part, as ad.)., I'ciiio- I, diUuiit, renin/ 1\ an, atus sum, re- h, a I{eman,07wofths r«nov6, aro -, „i -4. I>'in!, 6«c/c «^-^^TO*»»'. report, «•«"-pello „.. • ''"''''''■'^elected. pill -pus;,.Tr':r"/^'- re. "ppointed 1,1 a hope ' " ^''^ ••opente, ml v., suddetilj, onijinate. '"• fi^scover ro-peto, ere, -nnf f .r '•^P;>rt6, are. avl, atn„., e«nv, H>po.se6,ere,.fm«.,^,,.,.,,^,., '^Pn.e.e„t5,are,a.^,^::;:,,^^ /■'"It with. ^' <•«"««'•«, y/;ni '"^"""'Sa:^^ -^••«''«l. -pre. repiidio, are, avl, atn.« i;!j;-..esi^S^^-SVsr ""ikei/oo'd -tuni, re^aiV ""'S/.^' •«"«• -»0»"..,. ro-siaeo, ere -«^ii • «^*e, -sedl, remaitK VOCAUUIMRY. ' li f - I J 6'i -sedl, «e(!«e ontIe6, Are repfi/. ' ""*«'«' I make answer, re«p6„8n.„.i,n.,«„^,^ ' ^«-IrSS -^""-'-"ne- restlfc-uo, ere l»f -. xtoru, repjlace re/) ,»7;; ""*""'' ''e- »'e«e(«. "'■'•> 'eo«<;rZ, re-establish, ''^-^""^t,g;«:j*»n«l> -tent,,,.,, •I'-traUo, ei>» 4. ^u.6..„,,^;;j;j-a,^trac. re-vello, ere, -vein . «-•or .„,.,, ,,,,\,^^»j,^^jj^.lsu„.. rever-to, ere .tf '» I'crf. te.,se1).;*L ;»"•" ^^''''«Av *ii>'n back. ' " "• '^""^e back; rex, regis, m., ki,iff. ^^^""«■^^f.ybank. iob.„r .orl8.„.,„„^ *e??o, are, av, .-,*. cnhai. ' ' ""'«raineuteo 58 DE BELLO GALLICO. I ! Bonia, ae, f., Some. Boiiianus, a, iini, Roman; m, as subst., a lioman. Bosclus, I, m., Lucius JRoscius, one of Caesar's lieutenants. rostrum, 1, n., beak. rota, ae, f, wheel. rubus, I, m., bramble. Bufus, I, m., Puhlius l^ulpicins Mujus, one of Caesar's lieutenants. rumor, -oris, n., rumor, rejwrt. rupes. Is, t.,rock, cliff. rursus, adv., again, back again, in turn. BntenI, drum, m. plur., the Rii- teni, a tribe in southern Gaul. Butilus, I, m., Marcus Sempronius Butilus, one of Caesar's ollicers. S. Sahlnus, I, m., Qiiintus Titurius Sabinns, one of Caesar's lieuten- ants. Sabis, Is, m., the Sahis, now Sam- bre, ariverin north-easiteni Gaul. sacor-dos, -dotis, m.,2>ricst. sacrainentum, I, n. , milita ry oath. sacrlflcinin, 1, n., sacrijice. saei>c, adv. (saoitlus, saopls- slme), o/'ten. saepenumero, adv., often, fre- quently. sacpes, Is, f., hedge. saovlo. Ire, IvI, Itnm, rage, be violent. sti^itta, ae, f., arrow. sagrittarlus, I, m., archer. sa^ulum, I, n., {military J cloak. saltus, us, m., dejile, glen, pass. sal-us, -utis, f., safety, welfare, protection. Saniarobrlva, ao, f., a town of tlie Ambiani, in northern Gaul. sancio. Ire, sanxl, sanctum, make a solemn agreement, rutifii, enact ; part, sanctus, a, uiii,' iiw adj., sacred, holy, inviolable.. i^anjsru-is, -Inls, m., hlood. sanltas, -tatis, f., sound miml sober mind, good sense. sano, are, avi, atnni, remnhi make good. •" Santones, um, or Santoni. oruui, in. plur., the Santom. ,, tribe on the west coast of Gaul. sauns, a, um, sound, sane ; uvo sano, like a discreet man, sensibhi irrudeiitly. ■" sap-16, ere, -IvI, be ivise. ssircfna, ae, f., in Caesar alw.us 111 plur., i>ac*, fj)ersonalJ bug;/,!,),'. sar-clo, ire, -sl, -turn, repair, make good. sarmentnm, I, n., fagot. satis, adv., enoiigh, sufficieiifh/ ; tolerably, quite, considemUl], ■ otteii as subst., enough, sufiirind. satis-faelo, ere, -feci, -factum! do enough, do one's duty : make amends, satisfy, apologize. satisfactio, -ouls, l, apobmi, excuse. ''■" saucius, a, um, wounded. saxum, I, n., stone, rock, scala, ae, f., ladder. S«ildj8. is, m., the Scaldls, now ^cheldt, a river in nortli-easturu Gaul. scapha, ae, f., skiff, small boat. seeleratus, a, um, wicked, vil- lainous. acel-us, -erls, n., crime. scienter, adv. (compar. sclentiiisV skilfully, cleverly, scientia, ae, f., knoivled ^" ^ "mp "f uui war, held Spain from 80 to 72 ir^ m\ servlHs^e, of slaves, slavish. servio, ire/ivi. itn... j., follow blindly, de'vo'te' J J't"'y sicubl, conj., if a7iy where. sicut, conj., Just as. Just like. sieuti, C0113., Just a8,Jtist as if. ^H):.^^! "**■*?' ."-i «*«'•' constella- tion, heavenly body. signlfer, eri, m., standard-bearer. slgrnlflcatlo, -onls, f., signal, an- notmcement, intimation. slffniflco, are, avI, atuin, indi- cate announce, make known, inti- mate, shoio. signuin, I, n., signal; standard; stgna couvertere. to wheel about; sljarn» ferre or Inferre. to advance. Sllajiiis, I, m.,3rarcus Silanus, one ot Caesar's lieutenants. sllentiuiii, I, n., silence; abl. bI- lentloas adv., in silence, silently, l ^cS«^.eS''"^''-.oneof sllvrt, ao, f , wood, forest. silvestrls, ©, wooded. slmllls, o, like, similar, w dat. ,„• slinlUtu-do, -dlnls, f, resemh lance, similarity. ' '**'^""' slninlacrum, I, n., image, Jigure siinnlatlo, -onls. f., pretenro s/ioiv, deceit, insincerity. ■^'^'"'''• slniHltas, -tatls, f., ,./mi,-y, feud 8ln, conj., 6m« «/. sincere, adv., honestly, trntlij;dl„ sine, prep. w. abl., without. ^^M^til^' '''/i»9le oneby one. h„ „n.tr''^ •; ^^^raordinary.unmy- alleled admirable, disti%uilh,!,, *V;H^^ ' "?' "• "«e eac/(., one at a time, one by one, singly, several, sinlstrorsns, atlv., to the le.ft. **¥/.*''*'' ^*^*' *"""'' <'llow,per- slqnldoni, conj., since. situs, us, m., position, situation socer, erI, m., father-in-lato. soeletas, -tatls, f., alliance. soclus, I, m., ally. east, occldeiis sol, the tvest. solaciuin, I, n., consolation. ^torY^f^l"' '• .™r «^" Aquitani,,,, wUh hSle'ad'e?*"^'- «^^°'-" '^ ^''' •, 1'Hus Silius, one of X'QY». wood, forest. t loooded. 'fee, similar, w dnt. oc -dlnls, f., resemii '-rity. at the same time • i-,- .and; siiuul iiton,. iS Slllinl illoiK;, „s ^IfT'^; image, Jigure. -onis, f., pretem-r tnsincerit}/. avi, atuiii, pretend, tls, f., rivalry, feud. if. honestly, trntlij-idli/. ibl., wilhont. flV;Singly,indiuidi(- le, single, otie by one. hi/ traordinary. uvp f., alliance. y. n ; oricns sol, (he I sol, the west. ^otisolation. I., ail Aquitaiii.m ■tner sworn to die VOCABULARY. «of 06, ere, sollfcus sum. he wn„t ■ '^"■n best rendered by ,';„T'^;&-l^-^'loose; '^'^rhor, set sail ""'^*''^' "'""'' «on!t..8. us, ,n.,,o««,;, «„,■,,,. Non 118, 1, m., soioirf. soi-s, sortls, f., ioiJ. I .:' ""l' '-"''■ ) pause, time IsiM-culator, -torls, m., «»,, 61 statin,, adv., a« owce. takl^meJsurhs'ilunl'r' ''''"^"'' stipondlum, ,, „^ <^.^,,^^^g stlp-es. -Itls, „,., ,^„;,, ,^,^^^_ stlrps, stlrpLs, f., .^..jt, ,.«,, '*":/r;:-';,*^'/*«"' «*"*«».. stand; I 1 tu.s.us,rn.,i;nVfe,a».5. rSS'' -'^"^' '■> ^t^adinej. structiira. ao f «/.7/. ". ae, t., gallery, mine. studlose, iwlv., m<7.,-/?/, cm;o«*/». u>U.>n, energy, eJhu&nT^,;!^ stultltla,ae, f.,/o%. subactus, a, „,„, f,.oni «ubl^o «P, beach ■" ' '''"'" «^' /'««< SUbductIo, -onia f ;. ,■ xhore,beachinJ! ' ' ^"'"^"'^ "« sub-eo, -iro, -li f.i.,fx ,. siib-lsro, ere, -pa-i .i„«. '■ '' ' '-'-■> '-"'«i'a, connlraifi. ' ill i s i 1 , I ^wi Hi i 62 DE BELLO GALLICO. anbito, adv., suddenly. subitufl, a, unit sudden, hasty. sub-Jlclo, ere, -Ji'd, -Jectuin, throw from beneath ; jd.ace belom ; bring under, sid>ject, expose, force to submit; in pass., lie near, be subject. sublatns, a, uiii. from tollo. 8ublev6, are, avi. atiiiii, sup- port, raiseup ; assist, relieve, help. subllca. ae, f., inle, stake. nub-lud, ere, -liltaiii, wash. subnilnlstro, arc, avI, atuiii, sup2Jly, furnish. 8ub-niitto, ere, -mlsl, -iiiiasimi, setid (to aid J, seiu. to one's aid sub-inovco, ere, -iiiovl, -ni6- tuiii, remove, drive off, dislodj/e. 8ub-ru5, ere, -rnl, -rutuiu, diy under, dig out, undermine. siib-sequor, I, -sccutns snin, folloiu (closely), follow up, suc- ceed. subsldlnni, I, n., aid, assistance ; stqyjiort ; reserves, reinforcement. snb-sldo, ere, -sedl, -sessuin, 7'emain. sub-8lsto, ere, -stltl, halt, make a stand ; hold. 8ub-8uin, -esse, -ful, be near, be close at hand. sub-traho, ere, -traxi, -trae- tuni, remove, take aivuy, with- draw. subvectio, -onls, f., transporta- tio7i, conveyance. snb-velio, ere, -vexl, -veetuni, bring up. 8ub-vento, Ire, -venl, -ventuiii, come to the support oj, come to help, aid. sue-certo, ere, -eessi, -oessnin, succeed, take the place of, relieve, w. dat. ; come close to ; come up, advance ; be successful. siic-cendo, ere, -cendi, -cen- suin, set onjire. successus, U8, m., approach, ad- vance. 8uc-cidd, ere, -oldi, -clsum, cut down. snc-cuiiibo, ere, -ciibnl, -cuW, tiiiii, give icay, succnmh, j/iii: „f ■under. sue-curro, ere, -cnrri, -cur. sum, run to aid, run up. sudis. Is, f., stake. .sudor, -oris, m., sweat ; toil, exer- tion. Suebl, oram, m. plur., fhi< Snehi, a Gurman tribe on the Itliiin'. Suesslone.^, nni, m. plur., /In SSufn- siones, a tribe iu .lortlierii (.aiil. suf-flclo. ere, -feci, -fcctuin, he. sufflcient, hold out. suffragiuiii, I, n., vote. SuRanibrI, oruni, m. plur, tk Siigambri, a German tribi; mi the Rhine. suic^^estus, us, m,, platform, tri- bune. 8ul, sibi, se or sese, reflex. \m»)., himself, itself, themselves ; him. it, them; Inter se (to, wifli, j'rani, etc.) one another; per so,' (//Or by one's self, as far as one is'con- cerned. Sulla, ae, m., a prreat Roni.ui gwi eral and political leader, liviiij from 138 to 78 B.C. Sulplclf" s, I, m., Ptdilius t^idpiciik MuJ'us, one of Caesar's lieiiteiiaiiti sum, esse, ful, be, exist : w. pei» belong to, be a part or ma rk o/. suiiiina, ae, f., total, sum; chii^ part, main body ; chie^f coiitro command, management, cuntM. suniinus, a, um, superliitivc superus, highest, g realist, did supreme, very great, vcrii liim extreme, most important , perjee^ entire. sfiiiio, ere, sumpsl, suniptnoi take, assttme ; inflict ; sj» iid. suinptuosus, a, uin, coxtltj. sCiiuptus, lis, m., expense. superbe, adv., haughtih/, (irrj gantly, arbitrarily. superior, lus, comparati\ f nf» pcrus, higher, upper : .fonm previous; superior, more succit ful. iap< 'let pre ore, 8U|)e Nidi snpe sun on II pi liinu sup pi Mi: lit 8II))pl suppl yiri)! snppli snppii peiud suppoi UJJ. supra, before 8us-elp iiiulert ~8U-Splc tuin, , ject i\f SU8pIci( suspicoi «nsteiit* out, ma bear up !«n8.tlne> stistiiin, check ; i mdertai 'nstuir, f »nus, a, I 0101), ftc. oruin, ) '•«'/«*•, ?«, as suhst., possessioi 1 nil a 1. 1)1-1 »bei-ii;Ku ^bulu, uo, *l>ulatuni 3. iil»6, ere, -ciibul, -ciiW, 'jive way, succuiuh, j/in-. uf •ro, ere, -oiirri, -cur. mn to aid, run up. i), f., stake. ■oris, m., sweat ; toil, exer- 5rnin, m. plur., fhi> Suehi, an tribe on the Rliiiii'. ne.^, uni, m. plur., /h. ,S'h,>s. a tribe ii. .Kirtliern (;,iiil. '», ore, -feel, -fectiiin, />« lit, hold out. [uiii,l, n., vote. jrl, oruni, m. plur., Ihf. M, a German tribr mi ' ns I, us, m., plat/'onii, tri I, He or sese, reflex, pron., ', itnetf, themselves ; liim.it, inter se (to, witli./nnii, le another ; per so," <>/ (ir » self, as far as one is con- e, m., a great Rom.m ijcii id political leader, liviiia 8 to 78 B.C. 1 8, 1, m., Ptdiliiis SiiJpiciti one of Caesar's lieiiteiiaiits se, fill, be, exist ; w. ami 0, be a part or ma rk o/. ' ae, f., total, svm; chii nain body ; eldest' enntm 'id, management, control. ' i, a, um, sujKM'Intivp (i 18, highest, greatest, cMfi e, very great, reri/ him , most important, perjtci re, sunip8i, sinnptnu sume ; inflict; spend. osus, a, nin, costly. s, us, m., expense. , adv., haughtili/, aii arbitrarily. '7Zf'*TA^^'^'^»"*' conquer orertop'; iurvivT ' ' """'P'^"", I 8Hper.iw5U,,-,, ere. .«...ii snpor-snni. •ahb» <• » s'lrvive. ^**' "^^»'' '-«waew, suppet-o, ere, -IvI .if„... ,. . "S"""*"'"' I. n.. ,..v„,2- «ij.pl-ex, .Icl8, suppliant. *S5?^"°' -"'•'' ^. ^"<^nks «uppllclter.adv.,«. .,,,,, ,,,,,, «upport6,are,avi-,atu.„,6w«^ VOCAnULARy. be/ore. ^ ^* ^^' "■^^•. «^ow, iZr'*' "*"'••'■• ""*«»«■ n:uJertake. ^"< «''dure, install, from tollo. '""«, ete""rn''ni,(^'' '''' f'"'! '«« 68 *alea, ae, f, bar, rod. l''^'>*'*>>f^^'f.,list,doament. "^^^'^tiitu.i.n., story. ^^ir&»»««.I.m.,akin,.ruling taxus, I, m., yetv. a Galliif tribe n^^*.*'"' ^"'««. tectum, I, n.,roo/;to«e. tectus,a,un,,fromtego. t«>S:lmexifcuui, I, n., core,-e„^. i f: 64 DB BKLLO OALLICO. ^.-.i . turi'f'o. t'Pi\. lit <#..... ^ teluiii, I, II., weapon, missile, dart. toiiierurlns, u, um, reckless, mxh. tciiiere, lulv.. ?•««//<;/, hastiti/ ; toUhoiit came, without yood reason. teiiicrlti'ift, -tiitlH. f,, recklessness, rashness, thinnjht.lessness, ttMiu'i, -onlH, m.,polc (of chariot). tviiiporuntlu. ue, f., moderation. teiiinero, art», avi, atuiii, con- trot, restrain, retrain; imrt. ii.s lulj, toiiineratiiH, u, um, tem- I'erate, mad. tciiipcHtuH, -tatis, f., toeatJier : storm. ' toiiipto or tciito, aro, avI, atuin, tri/ ; tri/ tojorce, makean attempt on; tempt. ^ teinp-UR, -oris, n., time, season; occasion, crisis, emtiiujency ; rell- qnuiii teinpus, thefuttire. Toncterl, drum, m. plur., the J enctert, a (h'.rma.n tribe near the mouth of the Rhine. teixlo, ero, tetondl, tensuiii or tentuui, stretch, stretch out; pitch a tent, encamp. tenebruv,-, arum, f. plur. , darkness. teneo, ero, nl, tontum, hold, nave, keep, maintain ; occupy, com- prise; restrain, bind, detain. toner, era, orum, te7ider, young. tento, see tompto. tennis, e, slight, trifling, insinnili- cant ; Jeeble, delicate. "^ tennltas, -tatls, f., feebleness, poverty. ' tenulter, adv., thitdy, thin. tor, adv., thi-ee times. ter-os, -etls, rotmd, rounded. terjf Hill. I, II., hack, rear ; tereuni verterc, tojtee, take to flight. torni, ae, a, three at a time, three each, three. terra, ae. f., earth, land ; ground • country; in torrls, in tile world. TcrraHldlns. J, m.. Titus Terra- pins, !.;i . uLvr «ith C.iosar. terito, ore. ul, itxinx, J ri,iht^\ alarm, terrify. '' ■' ^\ terrlto, hro, frighten, territ), terror, oris, m., alarm, 'j.,nik te'-ror, toit.as, a, nni, third. teNtamentum, I, n., will. testlnionlnm, |, „ j,,,„„ dence, testimony. tOHtlH, Is, 111., witness. testii-ao, -dlnlH, f., t,;sfuii/ht(:>i, tarriin. . oris, in., alarm, jmnkX «, a, nni, third. luiitnni, 1, 11., will. fniliiin, 1, 1,., p,.^,,,,- ^ ti'ntimony. Is, 111., ivitnesa. 16, -diniN, (■ f,'Hfi,il',. nM. ov(;rl8. tr«bl8, f., ,,^,^„, ("■'"■h, impart '^^' ^'ecommeml; «'■'''•,• tramfer r!rn,.?lj ''-'"^'' '"«« I *»'JinvorHii« „ ., I transtruiii, thwart h 1 Roman k;'K.'' I'cutenant.^; a.' I, one t-^cctas, us, m., e,.«,,,„^, ^„^, l'SS,4^^^ -J««'. -J^otum/ll'''^^^ntu\:j;rtkree hundred ran.ii.iiHf- alarmed. "' " "* <^onjusion, he ..n.,mi„ta8. -tatls, f.. .<,■;;,„,,, tres, tria. «^,,, m., Titus, a Roiii.in prr» re, avi, atuiii, hr,n;e! Id out, sustain. •e, Bustnll, snMatniiij ake awaii, remove. ileMnU I/ with, put an end to;''^ elated. le, f., Tnidouse, a citv lernpart of ihe iiniviiif s, nm, m. pkir., the ndotise. nil, I, n., tni'txri ; engii nving missi/ei^ [•©, Ul, tOStuill, .•'Cilixh. C;^^^»'»'Cltmbover;crZ^S' *';'l.f,„„«. ,, „ ^,.. ^n8,jf.„A . ^''tl'eUonianarmv/ •^''"•'ffl^er «...ii "—uii army). trlb-uo. ero, .„i .L„ ran-scondo. ^"«iac6.soetraduc6. , _._.„ „, , .JO ,,,, '"'"' "''''••• rmarate; pdls] \ t'-^butum. I, „., trib^cte:iax ^Lrt^^i-ferre, -tui,. .„_ ) ''th>Tdi'J'^->'P<'<=^ of three day,, trlen„,„.„.,.„^,,,.^ Tj'Inobantes, nm ti ^ r-./"'V/^t "' "• "'"• "^Uondthei ti''«tis. e, sad, d^ected ''''^''''-^-^>f.,sadness,deJection, ' prans-fiffo. epfi */ » » rwt'^^^^^^ irr- - < > i t 60 DB DELLO OALMOO. triiiiciiH, 1, m., trunk. til, till, llloii, you. iwXm, ms t'.. Irumitet. tiioor. «>i'I. tiituN for tiiUiiM) Muiii, jirotirt, ijiudd, k;;-p i^a/f, nidin- tit in. Tnliiifff, oriiin. m. i)lnr., th« Tu- liiijii. .1 (icnrmii trilK! near the Hi'lvctiiiiia. TnlliuN, I, ni.. Quintun TuHiu» (7t't!;r»,oiu)()rCiic.i!vr's liiuiti'imiitH. TiilluH, I, III., C''/»»M ViihiitiuB Tul- lun, oiiu orCacsnr'.s officers. tuiii, ndv., then, at that time; cmiiii ...tiiiii, both... and, not onlii but aluo. tniiiultuor, arl. Muh hiihi, wake an u J) roar or 7wise. tniiinltuoHp. adv., vioisili/, nyith much ilinoriler. tuiiiiiItiiN, iiH, 111., udhe, ujinxir. commotion, dinorder ; uprinimi, rebellion. tniiiiiliiN, I, III., mound, risinq I/round. tunc, mlv., then, at that juncture. tnrinn, ac, t'., nquadron. TnroiU'si, uin, orTuronI, «"»ruiii. 111. plur , the 'J'uronen, ti tribe in nortli-woslcni Gaul. turpla, IS dim/raceful, base. turplter. ndv.. di»i(i,ii: ; V» ;J;Hh<,uh. ,. ,.,, „„ ^„,,,^^^^^ ^^ '". vv. v..rh.s ,.rA.'.!i.'i>' "f >'. "■ fii'it not >>iU that, «hire; Iiok, nfi.,. ' ._ " 'I «"'"(•. " ' "■■"<' "II the «':.;■„,. ' """"'^ "" ^^r"*"''- •*'■"•"•'■■ •■"*"■"'- .>;m.,;,...aSr:;:;:::::"'''- 'IS::»,' «. /«,.*„, *->■ "HI, « «m?<8. v« li em oil f <> I, 1 '■■•n-eedilliiil',""' "«*'»• <^opemtell\ vn('< >, a rp .-, ,, » a * V(i<. ...... V«OII,I.S.H,ull,,e,„^,^„ "'"*'•»«->, f., scahhard VllS'oi-, - - brim/. VoIloCrtSSeS, Ulll or V If «•'«III, m. T,|,, . • ?} Vollocftssl, mouthof the s;!i,',e <^'^"'' "«'»• the fem,f,««,^,,^. 68 DB BELLO OALLrcO. li i -omls, f., hinitimj, himf. venatio, the chase. ven-do. ere, -,11,11. -,litu..,. sell. of Gaul ''•^^'■"'"" ""'-"'-"'est vor-t<>, ,'i'(> ti Jlif//it. ' J'"'^ tal,' to verus. a, „„,,<,.„,.;,, '^'fS'"* "' ""'• ''•^■"•- «'•'■''» ^/'t venia, ae, f.,i>arrfon,/at.or, venio,Ire, veni, ventuin, come ^^S^re!:^^:^ ^*«»'' -- ventus, I, m., toind. ' ver, verl8, n., spring. Verasrrl, ornin, m. pl,„. fj,, Veragrt, a tril)o, i„ tlic A p^ u tvvcLMi the province ami Italy ' Verblfirenus, i, m., one of tlio fm,.. eantm.3 or divisions 'o?^lle' mil! verbuni, I, n., wor^ ; verba faeere, speak. ' ^^®*^"" Vercasslvellaunns, I, m., a Icad- iiife- man aniont,- the Arverni Vereingetor-lx, -isls, m leader of the Arverni. "a/S "•'' "»^ «"'»' /-'•- he vergo, ere, »icZ2«e, lie, face. verjfobretus, I, m f hp t jn-> ^p m chefnn,plst.WSmon|Vhe7S' verlslmllls, o, probable, likely. vorltus, a, uin, from vereor. "SaS£S/'''^'^*'^"^^««- verso, are. avi. atuin. turnahnnt chauye ; in pass, as ditp.,e, mTin he occupied or busied, lemah,%''' versus, us, m., line, verse. versus, adv., and prep. w. ace nre ceding, towards. ^^^' Vertlco, onls, m., a Nervian. ^'^''^l^^^'l^^f; clothing, „arme,/. vostiti.s. us. „,., daW;,,^, ,/,.,,.; veteranus, a, uiii, i«^;,.„„ ""^'ler^' -"*• -"«.». y>./K vet-US. -erfs. old, former i standing, veteran ^""'"^'' '"".'/■ ve-vlliu.n.i. n.,^«^. «".'/, lavage, overrun. viator, -torls. m., traveller. vlceni. ae. a. twenty each, t,ra,t„. vioesluius, a. uiii. twe>dieth ^'^c^^»,i^iiv.,tu-e,ify times. victliiia, ae, f., victim. victor, -torls, m., victor • ., „ii vlet,-,rla,ae,f.,t./c^„,,^, ,„,,,,, victus. a, uui, from vineo. "^H^^A''''"^'-^ode.m. vieus, I, m., village. :!0. vcrtero. to jl„r t,^, tl. VOCARULARY. ►etius, I, ,„., ,,„ jj^.,^,^, lan '•. 1, n., dart Javelin. >, -onls. f., a town of iiip i^ri, in., evening. m, trum,y/o,,r, jyo,,;.,, ti'e. IvI. ituiH, ch.th,., ' ^•' ^loiM»g,aarme>its. "8. in., clothimj, (Irrss. IS, a, mil, veteran. y, -ui, -ituiii, /o/7)/,/, ,hu., flag. <'*'^'h htniti, harms, ail. H/e, overrun. way, road, street, mute, •ris, in., traveller. a, twenty each, tnaity. > a, uin, twentieth. , twenty times. -tfvtis, f., neii/hhor. ollcctive, the neifihhorx. (noni. not fouiiV^influe,ice-mu„L\. ''*■''"'■• ««' P'-r.. strength,' ;Zl':.r^ '^"««^''// / Vltrum. In ,-.- J — ' *j n., ic-uua. 69 Cic??. ■""^«' '"- a king of the "eartlie Alps "^ "''^ Province, Pi-ovjnce, with two /,.„ "'S''* of the to mean. veUe, ""^y (.T With , ' "^" ' '^^'^"^"^ - CS (.r SslaTe A^f^^^t^-'J!:' -'^stantively. prudence.' ^*'"' ^«'"e prudence ' m. ^ ^^''^«•"ent ; ^*» "c. something of !: ?*"^^ '• («) translated generaJIv K . /". *h?. province.' Jit .u»-^"^' ^-g- ^>^ow«m. v^^^f- ^r» ii: -if ft iWiSR^-ii^l^jjt III.',! t« 1 73 DE EELLO QAltlCO. serves) ,s to be translated by the P u, P,"'P°'^ something ^.e. yithout a preposition), or hv ^.tJ^"^^'''^^^ «ominativt with Co.) *^ '' ""^ ''y ««, (or sometimes by infin. id) With the gerundive i4]] by 5y. wifho^tT/Jre^siSn*'^ °'^"^°* °^ *--t-e verbs, translate noSnlth."'^"^^* °^ - -fi- t34J. translate as if it were the -^^o7ttjmS.I\f^^^^^^^ time, translate with or W With words or phrase! ZT ^"' *"^'">- ">ent, translate with or w thout ZTt. r ^''^""^« «^ ™«««»re: has gone, is distant, or somShSng-^extends;."^ °'' ^^' ««'"^ «'^« m?hette:;i?^^^^^^^^ participle also translated in a varLty oJ wa^s e'". "*' ««'^«t^uction ' Lay be :^c(o, domum reverte/unt a^^ViL?7"T''^l '''''"'pointer. been slam, they returned home n^^ vf'"^^"^^ ?^ ^h^»" having slaying, (or) on 8ln.,M„„ /„" J^P™®./' «aving slain, (or) after had slain. (nf\ of+„„ ai--__ - — .... i,,,t,y returned hoiriA '\ < i. • ; i^nein navmg Slaying, (or) on slaying, (or) wSJu ^r"? «^*^». (or) aftef ha^ slain, etc.'; i A^ co;X " !5 J ^^*^ slain, (or) after they lar.« ..... -Ting;beenT;LSLTthrT.Zr-r^ «' large For^e^haWnTrenTtSS^^^^^^ collecting a large forrethevftf't*^? ^"^^^^ '^e camp') large force and attackretc. ' ^ '^' '*'" ^^^^ ^W c^lSc^t a sc4;i?;trX',^^^^^^^^^ r ^,"^- --- -^-'«te) is the three following ways ^' ^'^""'^^^^ generally by one of (verbji&jtih J^S^S^t^^^^^ *^« ^"^-.^-ncl "■ By a coDiunctiVn ™„. 1;™'"°°. a/(ec, on, sometimes In/. from L.t. paesive to E„g aoSe votepsf ""^" ^ "'^ '"™^ ojt^SlL£'l»~arto"t';n^^^^^^ change to the ao«v:Tiicr;:f&Slr[2,J"''- "^'^ "^» » ArPE.VDIx I. 73 is U8US, auxilium irpose something icate nominative letimes by infin. verbs, translate I if it were the ranslate with or ten). ice or nieasure- V far some one participle also er, these words he rest of the tion ' may be 1 numero inter- fthem having "n. (or) after (or) after they ugnant (lit. «a the camp '), they collect a . absolute) is illy by one of Eng. gerund lometimes bi/. sometimes i/, e well turned the case may ;h which the ^hese similar here also a Note T'h* 1 1 ablatives, aL .|?u I»!r,"<"ple, «upply 4°,„ .£,°S™»>»e form. omitted altogeS™ '(v-rf,"""» 'I'» 11^»«™. ." °'' '°'"''- -*o„t 3„.e JSiL-rris:. '-'"■ "^ ^« rtts° (The d ^' ^^^ ^^^PosiTTojis <^« -™''S'''S tet;-;r^^^^^^^^ .-, „i., / /- /^te/-, «y^M^jr^ gj^^^ ^^^^^^ ~^-' ^'th':Uf """ ""*' "*• '» -P-- tte ^■-•V».., (general,, „ni„e„otpW, Apud : a»2o«<7, with. Contra: (a) ai,a»„s<. /j, ,,^^ . ^' • [0) over against, opposite. ■»;■ I ! f I'll i I !| I i !' 74 '* DB BELLO GALLICO. I Cum : with [see note to 31]. De : (a) about, concerning, (b)from; especially with causa, where it is better to substi- tute for. Ex, (rarely e) : (a) from. (b) of, (in speaking of part of a larger number, or of a material) (c) in, OH, at, (with pars denoting direction). In, with the Accus. : (a) into, to. {b) ar/ainst, at, on, (of a hostile act or movement). (c) into the counti-y of, (with names of native tribes). In, with the Abl. : {a) in, sometimes on. (6) among, in the country of. Inter: (a) among. ^ Inter se = one another, generally with a preposition suggested by the context. (6) between. Per : through, by means of, by. Post : after, behind. , Pro : (a) before, (of place). (6) in place of, as, in return for, in accordance wi,th. Propter : on account of, because of. Sine : without. Trans : across, beyond. ABJECTIVES. T. As the adjective (while agreeing in case, gender and number with the word to which in sense it belongs), is ofte- separated from that word (either for emphasis or euphony) it is necessary to be watchful of the indications of agreement afforded by the ending. ^ 8. Sometimes the adjective does not agree with any word, but IS used substantively, in the masculine referring to persons in the neuter to things ; e.g. omnes, all; refiqui, the rest ; alii others; omnia, all things, everything; multa, many things better to substi- or of a material) generally with a APPENDIX I. 75 aaU!(ThracranIabVcr: till ^^'^-'T T ^^"^ - e.g. m^dtum, mtdto, plurimZ Zl ^" T'^ adverbially) ; M"n\?c'orprrirrbei:;'s^^^ ^--^ - ofte„ «sod be translated by very (exceldinah, fJ ? «"Perlative is often to and often the positKSt f ^u£^ P°«i"^« form, parative is sometimes to be transLl^T W /""^^""^ '^^^ '^O'"' or considerably, with the positive orm ^h?,' '""'r'^' ^T «''^' also, as well as adjectives. ^ *PP'*®^ *° abverbs THE PRONOUNS. (These are arranged in the order of frequency of occurrence.) firs\^oSd^n'?h\%ire 'ofttn%tfer P''^"'?"" '' ^^^^^^ ^^^ Bitions. though coming^Xtt^he^SKn^S^^^^^^ ^^^P^" prar;^sS^;til^^J;S^|;^£i^^ noun or (^) After a pause (even afte a p rfod Tnd at he h '"*• a new chapter), used to carry on th^r,t f- *^® beginning of this, he, if singular, by Ee V.t ?f f '°? ' translate^ gMorM«t=^/,.eVj^Sometimerrcouiutton^ !J- . f<^">«=''^. be used to introduce the sentenc^ In T V """^' *"^' *^^'*' '"^^ pause is a comma, it will be iood P„„ ? . ^^\ ''^^^^' ^^^» ^^'^ (c) With ^ifJ . ^ ^- *° translate by WucA. lo^edhfrfZnZwf'' '"^ Pccasionally other verbs, fol- infinitive withTofcgj! "^" expressmg purpose. Translat^ by thllSei? ^' ''"^*''"^^ «^"-d by -rtain peculiarities of the';ae%:s:L\irYniL'£/Tt™?^ ^^ --- -ft- times being repeated aTe'r tf "e refatl^f dause""'^ ^ '^' ''^-'■ the relative clause preced': the w'r'ds Sf^^^nir"'"^ "'^^" .f ! |i I 11. II on. Of , ui wiien 76 DB BELLO GAUICO. 12. Is, ea, id ; (n) in agreement with a noun, that thotp Where a relative clause follo«'«, t/,e is often a good rendering (b) AVhen not in agreement with a noun ; in sing he Mm if 13. Hie, haec, hoc ; thh, these. N.B.— /7,/ec (na[it nlnr^ nr »c, a agreement with .e| ,■«•«,.. refi«.=y//*e/o^to«'n.j/. Occasional y ^fc in sing, without a noun = Afi, him. Sometimes where Latin uses the word for this, Eng. would prefer to use that. ,. Ji*" ?f' ^f^^^ ?"'; ^'*'* ' ('') referring to the subject of the verb with which ,t is connected : translate hy himselj\ Uselfil that subject IS snig. j by themselves, if plural. '^' (6) But when the verb it is connected with depends closelv on rt'e'tc'' ^i wnVrr';^?^"T ^^^T' think,'SSr;Sh toint out, etc. , It wi 1 refer to the subject of this latter verb -trans- late by htm., tt, If that subject is sing.; by them, if pS; (c) When S6, «('se, i^ the subj. of an infin. [34], trans bv he or dS'enjf '""^ *' '^' ^"^j- °* '''' ^^^b iu which the^^nfin miffc II^^hI Pf T' ''^ '*P°''*'^ 'P^'^l^' ^^^ translation of s. must be settled by the sense required, though as a rule se refers to the speaker. Exceptions to the ab^ve rules are clSf oflwo classes: i. m common reflexive expressions such as «e Lllin^re se rectpere, to be translated as in (a), or in the plirase intersex o.,e another ; and n. where the verb with whiclf.a is connected only indirectly depends on one of the verbs mentioned ?n (6 content" ' °''''' translation may easily be decided l)y the 15. Suus, a, um ; (a) hL, his own, or their, their own, accordina as the word it refers to (not the word it agrees with) is sing, or slate Ijy putting tpiam nacti erant ' had got, they i got.' Where, sition, a literal >un, that, thoi^e.. good rendering. at, Eng, would sing, he. Mm, if the antecedent = their, ea quae (nftut. plur), or ' these things '). asionally hie in lere Latin uses subject of the limselj, itself, if ends closely on sk, wish, point 3r verb ; trans- ' plural. trans, by he or tiich the infin. anslation of se a rule se refers s cliiefly of two as se co/ligere, irase infer se = e is connected fitioned in {b). ecided by the )wn, according ith) la sing, or APPENDIX I. (ff) Where not needp,] f>,. i '^^'&^J:ZrS;:;sS^-^^-». iu.. «... W !■. agrse^on, with a „„„„, «^. "^" "' '"■••""•'•) 19. Idem, ea&m. idem ;,&«,«. - x"lv.umque ; ^ohoever, whatTv^i^r ' " 15 l' t ■ 'I I, . 78 1)B BELLO GALLICO. THE VOICES. 23. While the Active and the Passive forms of the verb are to be carefully (listingnislied, it should be noticed that the two voices are merely two ways of viewing the same action, an.| theretore what Latin expresses in one voice may often be well rendered into Eng. by the other voice. This change is especial! v frequent in the abl. absol. [6. a.], the impersonal passive con struction [24] and the gerundive [40. 41.] Often the subject «I the h,ng. active must be gathered from the context. , 24. With a transitive verb, an act may be expressed by either the active or the passive voice ; e.g. 'they sent ambasna dors or ambassadors were sent by tliem.' But with an intnm Bitiye verb only the active voice may be u.sed in Eng.; e.g. • tlitv hesitate.' But in Latin even with intransitive verbs (/ ' such as do not govern an accus.) the passive voice also may i).'. used, expressing e.g, the idea of hesitating, coming, fiL'htin.' without mentioning necessarily 2t>/to hesitated, etc.; e.s.pumia. turn est «there was lighting' or 'fighting took place'; von duhUandum est, 'there ought not to be hesitating.' Translitc such phrases by using the Eng. active, supplying the subiiut which the context suggests (or which with a gerundive IS expressed often by a dative [.3. d]) ; e.g. «they foueht ' 'lie must not hesitate.' j e> > the moods and tenses, The Indicative. 25. Present : translate by the Eng. present tense. Often tlie present IS used for the past, to represent an act more vividly and as this IS commoner in Latin than in Eng. the Latin present may olten be translated by the Eng, past. 23. Imperfect : {a) translate in most cases by Eng. past tense or with negatives by did. This will be a correct rendering who. c <»"[P'^*. tense expresses i. thoughts or feelings (the habitual ^^;,v of thinking, or the thoughts which influence one in thinking ov ui- plans, or considering a situation, but not a thought expressiiia the decision one has come to); ii. a situation, or condition o1 affairs ; lu. an action in progress (going on) ; iv. an habitual action, a usual state of tilings, an act often repeated or persisted (6) To express more clearly an action in progress [a. iii], trans late by was, were, with the verbal form in -ing, (Eng. past pro )n, or condition of (c) T APPENDIX 1. [»■ iv.ftSS Z":i;}T'y -.. i..bit„„. 7!» ,, w orc!S™ny"irir!* "rr?"' '-^ '^'^ >»»' "-« = f'') More frequently ' f'' T^ ''^ "'^'-'^ °'- ^'^^'J ' ^"^ 31. A clause iiitroducpr] K„ (except as in r29i) T . i i- ^ ^""^ > '^«'«'^, the rehf!,- -0..1 : translate?; i^ri' r."*'?''!''" - by Iny t krCt"^;" sanio tense r2i 9«/ i, , ^' lender hitr of thn -f ,. "^^'^'^ogative ense L2o-28J, witli the followin.^ faH^fjV^^ ""'*'^«^«^e of the v>Uen m ouotinav is omitted and the infin. appears to bo a participle. A future participle in -rii< in the accus., or a gerundive in tl»e accus. without a prepositi(vi is in Caisar to be regarded regularly as an infin. (d) Translate the sarious tenses as folio rs: the present i>\ was, were, with the verbal form in -iiig (Eng. past progressivt ; the perfect by hciil (Eng, past perfect) or by Eng. past tense ; the future by would; the gerundive by should, ought, must [41]. [But if the veib of stating, etc. bo in the present tense, was or were should be changed to is, are ,■ had to have &ad wotdd to rvi'/.] N. B. — posse = coidd, esse ~ was, tvere. 35. (a) Sometimes the infin. (generally the present) is used aa a substantive serving as the subject of some verb. This verb is 19 are given for the 8e<, = ' liaving seen, ilate as though th'' jsent is sornetiinea, jy Eng. pawt tense • sometimes by wen' ve, completing tin n. with to, except nitted. The verlin 'ound are : possum, > and co(jo also an [ video, translate ;i t infin. by to han . jularly the perfect I'ith esse, are to hv with its verb in f the infin. will l», it were the noniin. found after veil is low, perceive, etc.,' lico, video, existimo, I demon stro. 'he gerundive witli ,f-W' is omitted mil! e participle in -/•//- hout a prepositi(ji a. 3 : the present hy past progressiv» ; ng. past tense ; ilie ought, mvst [41]. isent tense, ivas oi- ; and would to ivi/L] present) is used as erb. This verb is APPENDIX I. gj ."i-iiSf z.:r„';if:''iy' .-■"' .">« -, „,«,, ,.„„, ..»*, .. „,,„. . j„. 2^^^^^ » z;^:,7;';j«y, -«y oo,„e ^, »f past l"Ji»ati,eVo,ii'",'° '"'■''"'"' ''^ "'« E„g p7e,ent .1 n,ay be well renllo e I y fcjM ™P?r^<'"«»»«a') S^ "* I™" «■"■i»" of this 4Xi °nS'.'K''.'l™''«''. '"■■'" i" """•• »sin the nominative,! lUE Participles. passive voice, by /Jvin>;heen ouL' //^" ^'-^'n^lated. if in t"'; >lfnt) ; ,f a deponent, by ZviZ uJ' 'f ''" ^'""'J' o*" *«»'7 (o-i the verbal form in .i>. (e TZ7in'^\T^ «"*> o'' «'^ «yter. S w.th verbs expressing a tlfou'ht'VT'"' T'^'"^^'' especS y '» -"«Sr (e.g. suspecting). ^ '* ""^ ^''«''"g- ^y the Kng. partic ;nS-^p',X:r^^^!^^« to translate wth which the partic. is connec eTif "l'^''^' ^^lue as that and (or 6«^: e.g. ,.e;,„/,; «^S ;/''!''''« **>« two clauses by . '"^7 ^^«rn driven back by the ca • ' L „ i '"^ '"^^«^ cvbdidertml 4iJwSrSa.SeirS';r^^^^*'^ ^ --. the peZ wS -^H'^^^r r %^X'^ r ^^^ " ^» ^^-ment ^ c ause in the indie. V'enerallv f»;/ * P^"*'"- P^^^^^^'e or by '^ea>nnlngwith^«/,o,^„A^•^f ifSin! ^"'^ P"'"^^«t with hj) P'onoun, by a claus^ beginui/Zg";!'; J/raT"' "'*^ * "«"" - 38. The presenf nart-ir. _ agreement with a noJnoJ^rr/ ^T'^^lv be translated, if in t'e Eng. partic. in ","; L^h " "' ^y '"hile, followed either bv 7'; (Eng.;past progrSive) '^S l!;"' "'*^ *^« verbal forLiJ . ;;:::r:ai'^ ' ^^""^ beginL^nL'^tV^x"* "'^Af "°"" «^ 1^' \ vn\ 82 DB BELLO GAILICO. Gerund and Gerundive. most frequently occurring, (especially with causa-^dut pose') and is to be trantlaU accofdhi to [7«" aSl c ^^'^^^^ accusative often occurs with ad=/or ('with a view to') ^^ Pvnif ""'" "^^*^ *^^ 8^°-' ^'^'^ «^ ^'th the accus. of the eerund SwitW "^' "^^ °^*^" b^ ^-<^ rendered by thfiEng! withVrnf/o"rntr„^e^h:1:t VZJll^l^T'' ^ ^°°"«- ment with nouns (or -rely Vott^;) 'VlSoughra; " ^^^^^^^ and m agreement, it is to be translated by the Ictive gerC or verbal noun m -^^g, governing the word with which in Sii really agrees. For the translation of the c^en 3^f Vi subject of this active verb will f.ifl,pr iJ f^ T • , ^' ^'"' nected with the eeruu.W Ai i -n ^"""'^ '" ^ *^^'i^e co... supplied fSm thf Sext! ^'^ ^'^' "' ^^" "^""^^ °^*^" ^^ ^«^^"^ APPENDIX II. TRANSLATION ,nOM ENGLI .■ ro LATIN. i- Case of Nouns and Pronouns without p " • («) subjectofaverb. non, , ! Prepositions. ^live (as in § 8. i/f ' "*"''' «^P'essed by the gerun- (6) object of a verb • acr • i„ ^ u. ace. time how long. ''^'"' "'• ^'^hin which; (^) indicating distance or extent • «r. u of surpassing or sepamtfoV ^* ' ^"* ^"^^' ^^'h idea (e) after verb to hr- • «««, , advantage, /undruncl. ^ "°"'^' '"«aning «i^, {/) after verbs to h*» ^ be^ thought: nom'fLjj'accTf'.^^^^'"^' ^''^> with subject accus. *'*'' '^ ^^^*»" ver^ is infi,,; (.) words in apposition: in the same case. W nom. of address : the voc. (') Plirase used absolutely ■ abl ah. . ;; J ' ^^^- ^^^°^' or cum clause. * These — ——————____ ''"™ Clause. '™f !'■ II * 84 DB BELLO GALLICO. 2. Case of Nouns and Pronouns with Prepositions «on, u«e the gen. ; othenJile'tcttlcS? Saty^"" about, against, at. by. for. fVom, In, into, of. = concerning, w. verbs of motion. =ln opposition to, tellinpr time when, expressing hostile act, = near (of place), personal agent, w. pass. = by means of, telling time when, telling time how long, telling extent of space, =with a view to, of motion towards, w' reason Yc««,<(a; telling puCpose to be served or persons concerned, w. verbs of taking away, teljjng time when, telling place where, telling direction in which telling direction to which = n regard to, telling manner, on. denoting a part, =concerning, ^'^i^gpQualities, character- "^nouns"^*°'"'"^-'^«'-»^'^I telJjng time when, te ing place where, telling direction in Which tlirongh, *•» w. verbs of motion. with. = with reference to, «l® ?T°" «"oncerned, or the indirect object, =togcther with, =by means of, telling manner, de. in w. ace. contra. — abl. In w. ace. ad. a, ab; but dat. w. gSt ab{; but per of persons ace. ace. ad ; but in w. ace. with _, words of time. ad. de. dat. dat.**' ^"*«'^'^f=outof. abl. in w. abl. a, ab. In w. ace. ah/*, hnf . f.'lP modifier. aoi. ; but cum if noun has in w. ace. **"'^Nw[L''- ^'i^^ numerals andfuljectlvesofnuni- ^^^ ber, but de w. pauci. ""•o7„KeS'"'^^^^- gen. abl. fa w. abl. a, ab. per. ad ; but In w. ace, of motion dat. ^"^*"'''^ in a place. dat. Guni. abl. abl.; but cum if the noun has no modifier Prepositions. i preposition. In such >hiefly relative". ^ ace. ra. ace. . , . , [dive. J nut flat. w. s-cnin- but per of persons. but In w. ace. witli 'ordsoftime. l>ut ex, if =out of. ICC. . [no modifier, ut cum If noun lias cc. )!• ex witli numerals diwljectlvesofnuni- !■. out de w. pauci. gen.; (always eren lumber). In w. ace of motion as to be in a place. ; cum if tho noun ao modifier APPENDIX II. 86 Pronom («) who, What, which, whose wi,« »• after verbs = «//' °™* IwJut (substantive) JS 3r «' "^' ^""^mctive. a Rf -^''^''''^ ?"*^orj«ae^. which (of 'uXftoodr JufS; Vu^^r^^^ °r -cessarily (^) he, him ; thev fh««, ■ ■. ' - -^ ;/»"«. j v^rlw^L'^^^l'-J- In a clause denpn^- W his own, their own -s„„. , .n.ntione.1. ' '""'"■*™»g «o person, aire.,!» I'') «ny,_i after.- '"• =«v«ryone.quivis. ' ' dlm^J!? -!?"•« o»- other ; „nnn.,n;_ . , ll ! 11 1 86 DE BELLO GALLICO. 4. Infi itive with To. (a) expressing purpose, or the end in view ;~ ut (or ne for negative clauses) w^. subj., or qui w. subj. after verbs of sending, or for short phrases ad or causa w. gerund or gerundive. N.B. — After unje, ask, command (except juheo), advise, persuade, try (except conor), use ut (or ne for nega- tive clauses) w. subj. of purpose. {b) completing the meaning of a verb, especially after oi-der (if juheo) begin, be accustomed, wish, try (if Conor), venture, compel, resolve, seem; — pres. infin. (c) after verbs=p7'owMe, hope; — accus. w. fut. infin. ((." after such as or so as ; — ut w. subj. 5. Subordinate Conjunctions. (a) that, —indicating purpose, ut, ne, quo, w. subj. indicating result and w. verh» — happen, ut w. subj. after verbs = state, think, learn, know, perceive, accus. w. infin. after verbs =/ear, ne (or ut=tliat not) w. subj. (h) when, after, as, since, if, although,— i. in a short clause referring to a time previous to that of the clause on which it depends : (i) if Eng. is act. and Latin verb is transitive,* abl. absol. (in passive voice), (ii) if Eng. is act. and Latin verb is deponent, perf. part, in agreement, (iii) if Eng. is pass, and Latin verb is transitive,* perf. part, in agreement. ii. otherwise : ivhen, after, cum w. subj. (rarely ubi or poscquam w. ind.) as, since, cum w. subj.; (sometimes quod w. ind.) if, si; if not, nisi, although, etsi. (c) because,— quod w. ind.; but w. subj. if expressing another's statement or thought. (d) while,— dum (w. pres. ind. in ordinary narrative). (e) until,— dum w. ind.; but w. subj. if one's purpose or object is involved. (.7) lest,— new. subj. (h) whenever,— cum w. ind. (perf. or pluperf. § 6. a.) * A transitive verb in Latin is one whidi in the active voice talii;^ a» object lu the accus. case. ubj. if expressing active voice takes u. in. APPENDIX II. g„ ^ tr.::. XS;t^:S^t^^ English in its cpal and a dependent clause!^ ''*'°" °^ * P""" (a) Indicative. i.Xa.i,^ T St-;;,'*?* 7^' -t^vL?" ' English present tense in rlan««a ™ j. whoever, = Latin perfect! ^•«'^««ewr or (i) Subjunctive. ^' ^^rr/ ^X?"'"' P'^'f "* ^^ ^^^P«" Ji"g on verb In all other oases (e.a w mm eJ « j nouns), tlie «m tenTe a" in F.?"r 1' ^' P'"" that the English siZlTZl^Ttt T?' imperfect, unless it refers to 1 tl. ^•*'*' „of the i„a„.tU'at ],-!.''""' «"■■«-P'>"'ltag te„s-c 11. iii. (^•) If refe i^or v^ould have atse/uisse w. partic. in -rcrus 'i"g, . !• «;• : ^! 88 DB BELLI) GALLICO. II. iii. 7. Participles and Gerund (or Verbal in -ing). (a) The past partic. with 'inrhifj, or the present part, if = past part, with having, or a clause with svice, offer, or as, or the gerund (or verbal in -im/) preceded by on, after, are to be translated as follows : If the Latin verb is intransitive, by cum w. subj. If the Latin verb is transitive, i. Eng. passive voice, by Latin perf. part, pass, in agreement. Eng. active voice in long clauses, by cum w. subj Eng. active voice in shoi-t clauses, by perf. part, pass, in abl. absol., or by perf. part, depo- nent in agreement. (b) The present partic. is almost invariably to be trans lated as in a above ; in other cases by pres. part, in agreement, in sho7't phrases, qui or dum clause, in long phrases. (c) The gerund (or verbal in -ing). i. after, of or other prepositions replaceable by as regards, gen. of gerund or gerundive con- struction. after for ( = with a view to) by ad w. ace. of gerund or gerundive construction, after on, after, see a above. 8. Miscellaneous. {a) It is often of advantage tc translate by a different voice. (I)) Ought, must, and equivalent phrases are generally to be translated by the gerundive with sum, the Latin verb being always passive, and, if intransi tive, used impersonally. The person who oii(/ht t or mvst dosometliing will be in the dative. [Zfthei,, oportet and necessc est w. the infin. are much rarer, j (c) Can, could, = possum w. pres. infin. ((/) As,-w. words = a?c/, garrison, guard, etc., implying the purpose served, expressed by the dat. after the same — qui or ac. where as is repeated, by correlatives, e.g. as great as, tantus qtiantus. in phrases like 'as great as possible' by quam w. superlative. le) Treat clauses with ■wrhpri». vahrr hnrxr ofn oo I'n 8 q « 11, 111. ffli F I -ing). with having, or a sded by on, aftei, im w. subj. perf. part, pass, s, by cum w. subj aes, by perf. part. perf, part, depo- ably to be trans sby fhort phrases, rases. replaceable by «s )r gerundive con- by ad w. ace. of uction. f a different voice. 3 are generally to e with sum, tlie and, if intransi irson who ouuht 1... e dative, {hthch, . are much rarer. J itc, implying the he dat. ves, e.g. as great ble' by quam w. of.n oci ir» fi Q .-. APPENDIX II. m Latin. ^ adveib, are not expressed (g) Where a verb iia ,,^.. , , ^^^ ^ «'"«govern a noun^''P°''*'°" ''^""«^ ^* the sarS (A) The adjectives more, any enough (except one thousands ^"°"8:h, no, and thousand expressed by t/rnS«?r"'"g.^^-'th a noun are and ..V^,„ fo'lloweS'J^^^L't:;»^ ■rC'"' •^«/^■^•' '^ {^) Where English has a n, . ^ genitive. translate those which C'nV''"'''"^'"'^*^ '='^"«e«. or which state previous or at?e, 1 'T- '^"^l ''''«"'* by participles, or if of somf ? fi"\"'"""'n«tances <=la»Bes. i„ other wSsT4;"?)^' ^^ ?"bordinat; connected by and, hUso^^l^^^f^^^^^^^.^^oiverhs to collect a large force snT^^ ^ t ?^ «'^^s orders m/;emi «< »i>^^^^^n::'"Gl^,:^l)T^^^}>^ - hibends, ut. supra de- gas conjurare.r. P.-lcae ti.'tia sm f P n ' ^"'"^** °'""«« «el- populu.lWnuu.eonjrrL^roCi?s;t^^^^^^^^^ ne?o-;;fr:r;Is^^ter2urrrtr "o^^^-' --bantur^ a.I Belgas exercitus Romanu3 adducetu" "" ^'°'*''" ^""'" ha^t^r'^tflH^S^^^^ Sr"^^ ^'^"'^ -"'°'*- Populi Romanii3 exercitum h.V,i,« J,^ GaJha versaru^ nolueranfc. Exercitus hiemat atqueTnveSsS"» n^lf- ™"'^'*,t ^^^^^*^"*'- tate^^et levitate ani.\„ovis1rn;t^^^^^^^^^^ «*"'' -bili- ad^onS.c!::;tif .!:::;^:;:rSt.;^T r^r '^"p-'*-- hj sequi poterant. «°°"Pant. Hi minus facde eam rem con- NOTES. 1. ^'followed by the Indic. has .enorally the meaufn.of 'a./ never 2. The suhj. affer etim (=when sino» a=\ i= infnr'L%''.^xrIfe'«° (<»:. am made) more o.rtain '••. .r .__ a. .,.^tKc luupreaicale nominative. " "" ^ """ !)'■ ,, V 92 DB HKLLO nATiUCO. ! 5. Acciifi nnd Infln. Cflnsdiici ion ; tnumli.tc by a claune bcfflnniim- « Ith ' that' of which IMiias furnishes tho HubJ,.ct. Ani ai «/ l)rojcro88lvc. fi. Lit. ' anionp thcmselvna '; i.,'. 'toono nnotlior.' 7. Tho^Kenind. Ap|..:i!t.a. Trans, the gen. here by 'for', not 'of.' 8. The adv. rb not tbc nflj, 9. A di>pon(M.t veri), i.e. paafih-c In form i>nt widi active! force ''• "^ SH.id'^i'i'iii;!:^^/!..;^:!' ' ■-' ^"■»' "^ '^'"••'"«^ '"««"« *'-*■•• ''• '''^be*^K['{.,!{;^rittt;b,:^cc;^:'''• *'^ '^'">t—->d.' 13. As tbcro wa.s but one Roman people or nation, thi.^i muHt l)e sin-nilar 11. The abi. expressing cansc. Trans, by 'because of du-ir,' etc Ifi. ' Now rules ' means ' a change of rule or of govornnieni ' 10. The comparative adj.ctive is here used us n sul.siantive II' ^I'" ^;:!""'"^'« eousta-uctlon ; App. 10. Translate by ' for hiring,' etc. 18. Ihe abl. of time when ; translate by ' under.' CHAP. JI. 1-— ?'« l''"«"8 commotua,» Caesar duos legiones novaB con- scnpsit. Dmie legumes inita'^ aestate in intoriorem Oalliam ;tnrrdroerS:""'""' '•*^''"'" •^^^*""' ■"'^'*' ^i-" >««-- •" 3.-Senone8 finitimi Belgis' sunt. Dat negotium» Senonibu- rehqmsque" Gallis ut.io omnia'i cognoscant. Ea.n quae'^T, ,1 faciunt""*"'"' ''"«"°''""*- Caesarem non existimavit. Nondubitahatqnin"' ad eos proficisceretur. ^ 6.-Re frumentaria comparata," cast, a movet. Diebus'» cir- citer quindecim ad fines Belgarum pervenit. NOTES. 1. The perfect participle passive. App..37.a 2. From ineo. The abl. absolute constructi'nn : lit ' the summer hnviM • by 'for', not 'of.' primimi pabuli Translate qui and -API'KNIJIX III. . to;-;^c?'".rK^;'}}'"-"ve here ,„,n«n. With U«o the intro,/(„toi 93 to '5 Ht. •whowM :;;±iS':§': -^ •"■="■"' -■.-...,. ^or the triuisluli Vnr the tiiinshit 'II ot '"1 of rum pri «>#«, see A|)|i.i7 lilt in ■a. ■T'^^'^ the HU.Unnetl!^':::;r-r ^"^'"""«••y "n,|er ^^'t-'miJiuTiit t(, Ifere trunsJiUo 'i iiclHiuhnuc v««.slneh,.,p.i.„„t^. ,;::!»■>..■.,.•;;,;,.;:.;;. ■ primuni. IIHllUcHoiis '««'f llieij. 10. Uti I'lled-tl Is two Words; «<)aii(| tl l'J>. -ii.b. It 15. 1(1. 17. 1« Cevtio . '"I'l'-^-oN.H. ;-Uda.,veahsoh,to construction '' ''^ li.e time ,.,^/.,„ Which. Transia'e by 'm.. CHAP. III. l-Eo. de i.nproviso celerinsque o.ni opinione' venit 3.~Rem, proximi Oalliae'' ey T^ i • Cerent se« suaque ox^u\a l^^XLi *^''*"' "^iserunt qui» " «eque contra populun, RolZZ cr^S".""'^"'^ 00««?««!;;; • — '"'''^i sunius et^nhai I i t UUlll 1! :!-;:« 91 DB DKLLO UALLrlUO. NOTES. 1. The nrtverb, not the pronoun. i. The iil)ltttivo Jh iiH( li alter (•(>nipiiintlves(ceto8ition with Ifi/atoa, and used as a suhstuntive ; ' the timnio»)! men.' 5. Trnnslatc as in ihaji. '-' note 8. 6. St: and nun iir<" ohjccts of 7><;?-m«7^(!n,', with which »« Is to ho under stood a» mill.). "App.l'l.o.c; l.''>.c. 7. JVer(ita,\lt. 'the things oi-dered '; freely, 'your bidding.' 10. Sese in another farm for se. EngUeli would not use so many wonls hero. ' 11. Eorvm ovniiinn Is literally 'of them all ' not 'of all of them.' 12. Ut with the Hubjunetlve cxpressln},' result, to be tianfilatcd asin App. ito.u. 13. Qiiin and the siilijunctivc are here to be translated by ' from' with the gerund in -ififf. For the lit(!ral translation see ciiai>. 2. note I'i. 14. Translate the alil. vlthout any preposition ; titor takes an abl. wheie we might expect an obji el in the neeus. Part II. — EaErcises in Translation from Latin at Sight. 1, — Hac parte Galliae pacata, in (agaimt) Merinos, qui inti i se conjuravtjrant, exercitum adduxit. 2. Crebriores litterae ad Caesareni niittebautur (send). His litteris allatis, Cae.sar SU08 [hin men) facit certiores. 3. Gallia est omnis divisa (divhU) in partes tres, quarum unam (o^ie) incolunt (inhabit) Belg;i«, aliam (another) Aquitani, tertiam Galli. 4. Imperio populi Koniani, de (of) regno occupando desperat (denpnii), 2. — 1. Duas legiones, quas proximo (last) conscripscrat, in cas- tris relinquit (leave). ^2. Omnes Belgarum copiae, in unum locum coactae, ad Caesarem veniunt. 3. His rebus gestis, cum Caesar facatam (1.2.)* Galliam existimaret, inita hieme (mhiter) in llyricum profectus est. 4. Caesar cognovit Helvetios inc pia (throxKjh lack) pabuli castra movisse. 5. Unam legionem qwim proxime (recently) conscripscrat, in Eburones, quorum jais *The figures Indicate in what chapter and section the word j>aca 3 \ -'-n. q..i so obsiJea ; atmSs Tmnl';'"f"'t"- '*^«^*' »^'1 C-' T^^»", r«,7;. promise). 7 His rebu«P '"*"''"' poUicercntur ^'*''>'"-'"n «"'.1 copiis (/o,.,,;;aS' ;,"^ ""^^ (^- !•) 'nanus 2.4 tuor ooactis (2 4.) le rio.Wbui r °7 '® ?onJ«ngeret. 8. ()„;; v.orum oonten.Ut A«£ «Jb ^esS^r" ''* ^"^« (2.6.) C- v.ta,s p „n,nun, totius aall^e'^^rdt X "f r^!" ^" ^^«^ 'I' hab,-tcopias {/brres) vediUu»Uf-? (cavalry) valet, inagnas- '^'1 q.'>e.„ a Treveris m pe " ^?C??"''"^> ^' '"d"tiomarns ^:tv^^ et pec„s;;'\'rotr)''nono""^ ^^?^-- IC'"'*;. 10. Minus (1.4) m„|fif.,Vi' ^' pollicen non deaistit :^T>T^* ••«««« homines f"ris"£r' /V"? ^"aereret. so (•^ '-'■ ) non missuros. ' ^""«'•"'are (./ec/are) sese legates ^ ^ie^t^''S,?1;!rfc^-- - fi'ie. (3.2.) reeenit. r3 . ) j1-:;r liisii i ' 96 DE BELLO GALI TOO. bantu r. 3. Cujus adventu {approach) ab hostibua cognito, mag- iKie ex fiiiitimis (2.3.) civitatibus copiae oonvenerunt. 4. Effect» ponte, lloinani copias tradueebaut. 5. Coinniius reliqiiique, quibus summa imperii (4.7.) perinissa est (3.2.), cum oir.iiibu.i copiis ad Alesiam perveuiunt, (2.6.) 6. Magiiopere iuteressu arbitrabatur (4.10.) ejus auctoritatein (4.5. ) inter Belgas pluri- mum valere. (4.5.) 7. In poute tunim (toiver) coustitmt (place), praesidiumque colioi'tium duodecim ad poutem tueiidum poiiit. 8. Treveii, magiiis coactis copiis, jam ab Labieno iion longf aberant, cum duas venisse legiones cognoscunt. Positis ca.s- tris GeiTiiauos exspectaie (await) constituunt (decide). 9. Diligeutius earn rem cognoscere voluiit (loish). 10. Muuitis cay- tris, duas ibi legiones reliquit, quattuor reliquas incastramajor.i reduxit (lead back), 11. Caesar, cognito consilio (2:»/««) eoruni, ad tiumen Tamesiin (Thames) in fines Cassivellauni exercituni duxit (lead), Eo (3.1.) cum venisset, vidit ad (alonrj) altetani flumini.s ripaui magmas esse copias hostium iustructas (dratv np). Q.— 1. Ariovistus partem (l.l.)suarum oopiaruni (5.4.), quiiu castra (5.4.) oppugiiaret, misit. 2. Ilii aegre ad uoctem oppugna- tionemsustinent. 3. Hostes postero (next) die majoribus coactis (5.4.) copiis castra oppugnant, fossamque complent (fill up). 4. Milites legionis se]it\ma.e (seventh) testudine facta locum (5.4.) ceperunt (take), eosque expnlorunt. (4.1.) 5. Caesar, cum luiii- tiatum esset (announce) copias Ariovisti ad nostros (our men) adequitare (ride, up), lapides ac tela in nostros conjicere, fine tii loquendi (speak) fecit. 6. Copias traduxerant ut castelliim (fort ), cui praeerat Q. Titurius legatus, oppugnarent et agroa Remorum popularentur. (5.3.) 7. Ab Roscio, qui legioni deci- mae (tenth) praeerat, certior factus est (2.3.) magnas Gallonim copias earum civitotum (5,5.)qitae Aremoricaeappellantur(4.I0.) uon louge (5.4.) ab hibernis (1.1.) suis afuisse. 7- — 1- T^"m {while) in hislocis (5.4.) Caesar moratur, ex magna parte Morinorum ad eum legati (6.4.) venerunt. 2. De tertia (1.1.) vigilia (watch) Labienus cum duabus legionibiis, et iis ducibiis qui iter (j'oatZ) cognoveraut (4.4.), subsidio Caesari venlt. 3. Hostes ex eo loco ad flumen (5.4.) Axonam contendernnt, quod esse post (5.5.) castr. Caesaris demonstravimus. (1.1.) 4. Caesar in fines (5.4.) Suessionum, qui proximi (3.2.) Reims erant, exercituni (5.4.) luxit (lead), et ad oppidum Noviodunum contendit. Id ex itiiiore oppugnare (6.1.) conatus est {f?c;707('?(i! verb, attempt), sed (but) propter (4.7.) latitudineni fossae (trevr/i). mnrique (6.3.) altitudinem (5.6.) expugnare (take by storm) iion potuit (6.4.) 5. Fines Helvatiorum in latitudinem" millia pus- Huum eei. nm et .=exaginta (2. 5, ) p.nt(>r,t, 0. Caesar, effeetis {5. ;'.) pontibns (5.6), om Af'PjSNDIX in. r . "" W-o;, omnia eins vioi .,„rc • . j'J'mMnim (6.2.) munero (J 7.)'potitlr - "°''"''* 97 magiioqtie ,"• — ^* Proximo (nexf) Aia n^ o6.) tunm (tow^e;-) const tuituE?^" ^' *P ^^t^emo ponte i'?i (S.,6.) legiones conscribit ettrol "/'^*' '^'" contendit, dnasnue Ae"s ex partU bio^iSs^^nST^lfd^e^^t^^^^^^^^^ omnemesseinannis(4. )Ganhm rJ^''^"^ ,^' ^'^^"^nt (4.4) Ah h.soognoscit (5 4.) non longe (5 4 )^ex ei In^"^^""!,- ^^-•) ^. (O-.l.), silv.s (wood) paludibusone mZ-f ",=P''P''^""i'-^''esse fliimen uno loco pedibns (n» r^^A f , {overwhelm). 7. Quod potest 8. Ubi Caosarci ?io'r4tt'esVrM'n''^ ^' '•'• *-""*''^ rum ,d flumen traductas, de f7n w;'^- *•,"•" ^''^^*^^ °"P''a- les.on.bns tribns e castds J/nf \ IA"" '''«''•''^ («»«'!''/0 cum r-'venit (2.6.), q„ae S m ^o .tTf^f'-^' T' ^•'^"' P^^*"!^ •.-•ty/. .„iidm partem curum occidit :li i! 98 DB nELLO OALLICO, 10.— 1. Tpsi transire fliiiiion noii diibitaverunt {hesitate), et in locum iiiiqmini progress^i sunt. 2. Proxima (next) iiocto (7.1.), Sabinus ex castris excrcitum educit (S.n.), et ad Caeaareiti auxilii fereiidi causa proficiaeitur. (2.5.) 3. Noatri ncriter in e( h impetu (6.1.) facto, reppiilpniiit, neque linem (G.4.) sequendi ipiirsrie) feccnint, quoad {mitil) castria appropinquaverunt. 4. Principibus (5.1.) ad concilium convocatis, aeutentiae exquiren {ask) coepit. 5. Cum Caesar quaereret (4.1.) quamobrem (?/•/*//) Ariovistus proelio non rfecoitaiet, banc reperiebat (9.4.) causani 6. Ab bac spe repulsus, re frumeutaria provisa {procure), in Son tiatum fines exercitum introduxit. 7. In eo itinere {journnj) persuadet Castico, cujus pater (,/a^/(e?) regnum (1.4.) in Sequa nia diu obtinuerat {hold), ut regnum in civitate (5.6.) sua occii paret (1. 4.), quod pater ante (before) habuerat. (8.3.) 11. — 1- Ariovistus his omnibus diebus exercitum castris co7i tinuit, equestri (9.2.) proelio cotidie (8.2.) contendit. 2. Hoste^, ubi (9.2.) nostros enuites conspexerunt {see), impetu facto, (■( leriter (3.1.) nostrcfe perturbavernnt. 3. Dumuorix cum equitilm- (9.2.) Aeduorum a castris domum discedere coopit. (10.4.) Qui re cognita Caesar magnam partem equitatus ad eum conscqum- dnm mittit. 4. Equitatum fugientes Caesar prosequi vetiiit (forbid), quod verebatur ne (lent) per insidias ab eis circum veniretur. (10.3.) 5. His rebus cognitis, Labienus, cum omii< s ad eum Trcveromm copiae (9.4.) venissmt, veritus est, si (9.4 i ex hibernis (1.1.) fugaesimilem profectionem fecisset, ut (lent. . not) hostium impetum sustinere posset. 6. Si hostes nondiir,i finibus suis egresai sunt, nullo cum periculo nostri ad proxinmm (3.2.) legionem pervenient ; si Gallia omnis cum Germanis con- sentit (3.5.), una {only) est in virtuto (S.2.) posita salus. (5.2.) ,12. — 1. Ubi (10.4.) vineis actia, aggere exstructo (raM«), tin- rim procul {at a distance) coi\^i\tm viderunt, nova (1.3. ) specie {liight) commoti (2.1.), legatos ad Caesarem de pace (peace) \m- serunt. 2. Quorum magno numero interfecto (11.6.), Cras.sus (x itinere oppidum Sontiatum oppugnare coepit. Quibus fortitcr (11.4.) resieteutibus {reniM), viueas turresque egit. 3. Omnilms rebus ad profectionem (11.1.) comparatis, omnos ad ripam (5.,").) Ehodani (Rhone) conveniunt. 4. Itaque (7.3.) re frnmentinia (10.4.) comparata, eodcm die cum legionibus in Senones prdfi- ciscitur(2.5.). magnisqueitineribus eopervenit. (11.1.) 6. Caesar nuntios (7.1.) .1 Aeduos misit, qui suo beneficio (lindnenii) cnn- servatos docerent. (5.2.) 6. Omnibus precibus (entreaty) petcre contendit ut in Gallia relinqueretuj-. (8 6). 13. — !• Legatos ad Caesarem mittunt scque in deditioneni ut accipiat petunt. Qua re impetrata (12.5.), arma tradere jussl AI'PKNDIX III. runt {hesitate), et in (next) iiocte (7.1.). I, et ad Ccaeaarein fosti'i acriter in ccs ?in (0.4.) sequendj opiiiquavernnt. 4. siitentias exqiiircn ) quamobrem {v/in) ebat (9.4.) caiiisani. a {procure), in Son itinere {joiirnnj) im (1.4.) in Seqii'a ate (5.5.) sua ocou t. (8.3.) ;rcitum castris con :en(lit. 2. Hostes, I, impetn facto, ci iiorixcum equitibn- oopit. (10.4.) Qiiii id euni consoq 11(11 - r prosequi '/etuit ias ab eis oircuni >ienus, cum omins eritus est, si (0.4 i fecisset, ut {lent . . Si hostes nondiun lostri ad proxiniam 3inn Germanis cdii- sita salus. (.5.2.) stnicto {raise), tni- nova (1.3.) specie le pace {peace) mi- (11.6.), CrassuH ex t. Quibus foititir egit. 3. Omniluis iirs ad ripam (.5, ."i.) 3.) re frninentiuia 1 in Senones profi- :. (11.1.) 6. Caesar icio {kindneasi) con- is {entreaty) petore e in deditioneni nt irma tradere jussi 99 doditioneinsignificarecoeie^^^^^^^^^ in fines Nerviorum conLS o ^\ ^if^*^''.^'' ""Proviso (3. 1.) eonvenire(12.4)nosS vaJfJ- //'^' **' P''insquani (12.1.) ill eos venire U obsiJes «Ti Klare (^n^ir'f ? '«''^' "' •'«^''tio'.o.n q»a.n (8.5.) partem iuemia hJintTXvlTi ^- ^'''«''unt, si ret (11.2) omnem Galliam TaZSi P '^"°'l''' '=°"'^'»«- 3. Bituriges eornm discTssu sS n ^^Tr"'"'"/'^"''*"''"'»- jungunt. (3.4.) 4. His reb a fTohnf A q .^ ? ^"'" ^'vernis con- finitimis (8.3. bellum £.re pol^t^5'*i^^^ (J-*) GalH, qui ante (12.5. ) se non.ilf iLm • -.^'^ ^*'^"' impulsi, bant {ffUeve), audaci s nf) 3^ ) Lu?,^"' «^''^A "}«•" Perferre dole! 6. Hoc uuu n peteb- t nt nlrr ^'"'7^ ^^'^ ^ incipiunt. (2.2.) ac nmnsuetmirne o "im in?ral''' '^''"^T" '"'"'^ «"^ clemLt a ^nun^ Adu^atrs\r^l:tS "-^1 '"Si^^^^^^ .11 taoa Ian.,tate. ex fiuibus nostris oxcet"u.t^SS«V^«"^ poposcTt • \ Tdlr mif;atl,r^e?^" """TP''^ "^'-^^ «* --a ?'i«<). atqueeaquaeaVefF ni °:, losX.i-^^ ^°'"'"^'^"* (^^«^ possederint (« u). 6^ Ub relSuif Tni^r'' ^''•''''^^ ^J""« ^^-"i^ quod Rhenum itin«unt mero^.w human.o.es (dvilize0 GALLICO. deposiiisse (place)', atrjue omnos, qui arma ferre (iear) possent nnum ,n locum conveni.e (10.4) ; ibi Ro.nanorum adve itum ex- speotare constituisse (decide). «"-um ex ^*^'r\^^?' "''*>^''^ (15.3.) eiat haec, quem nostii castiis dele- gerant 2. 1 raetnisso equitatu, iter eoium moratiir (11.3.) atuue unpeclit. 3. Oinissis omnibus rebus, luiic hello student 4 oaesar, equitatu praemisso, sujjsequebatur (11.3.) omnibus oopi:.;; post (9.3.) legiones totius exercitus impedimenta collo- caverat. 8.4 ; 5. Ejus adventu Bituriges ad Aeduos, quorum erantmMe(14.2.) legatos mittunt, qui subsidium (6.4.) roga rent (a.sAyor), quo faciliua hostium oopias sustinere (11.4 ) nos- no\^S\ ^"" ''°'*''" verebantur (11.2.), se.l magnitndinem (12.5.) silvarum quae mtercedebant inter ipsos et Ariovistum 7. Si Romaiu sese recipere (11.6.) coeperint, impeditos in agmine et sub sarcinis adoriemur. 8. Nihil est negotii suhito (.s»to/y) legionem, quae cum Cicerone hiemat (i.3.)Topprimere («•«sA) 9 Cujua adventu cognito, Sontiates, magni/ oopi s coactis (5.4 ) equitatiwie quo plurimum (4.5.) valebant, in itinere agmen nostrum adorfi sunt. * "lueie 18.— 1. Collis erat leniter (nent/y) ah infimo acclivis 2 Copia^ omnes in locoedito (hU/h) atquo aperto instruxerunt. (8 5 1 ,i. buperiorem partem collis castris con.pleverant (cover) ' 4 HostescolIocat.s(8.4) insidiis (11.2.) ui silvis opport.no 8.3 ) ?t?nn.n"^^-/°'";- ^°'""""'".^" adventum exspectabant 5 Itaque (7 3.) silvestn loco castris positis (7.3.), pcstero (next) Hip cum duabns legionibus in occultoVestitii (/.«/ofS. 4Tcopias cum omnibus impedimentis, ut (17.2.) consueverat, mi - ^ nf-T^' '."*^"'" 'Pl'it''.^ legionum duarum, quae in .vi.ssimo {n.o.) agmine praesidio impedimentis fuerant, in co^ e ah hosti bus conspiciebantnr (see). 2. Comnnsso proelio, nostrorum mi - turn impetum hostes ferre (endure) noii potuerunt. 3 Tot . exeicitus impedimenta ad Labienum mittit «luasque leeiones Vd eum proficisci (2.5.) jubet (11.3.) ; ipse cum legionL S quinquemMenapiosproficiscitnr. 4. Nostr, longius novissh m (11.3.) agmen insecuti, iniquo (10.4.) loco cum equitatu hostiun. p oelium committunt. 5. Hostes, nostris occupatis in mi nit one (JomjicaUon) castrornm, suhito ex omnibus paVtibus silvae Vvo laverunt impetuque in eos facto, acriter (10.2 ) pupiaverm.t 6. Equestns (9.2.) proelii ratio et cedentibus et in fquent ; par atque idem periculum (1 1.6.) inferehafc (bring). 7 P aes lo impedimentis legionem tertiam reliquit, unam ex his S qnas proxime conscnptas ex Italia traduxerat. (iO 1 ) 8 \sed eaG.,/.7i) edentate atque CO impetu (6.1.) milites ierunt (m^ ut hostes impetum legionum atque equitum sustinere (114) pen APPENDIX III. "z""",'";,,'-' f-«°i'"AS''; uSLtoVs'r'" «"'"'- "-«"» «ffecto (,;?«.V0 opera/ eLio".i,^,S':e7,:'f^';-. 2. CeleSter (12 f) tns ulonco delecto 17 1) re kuL '""*'' ('«• ^O, et loco cas- cipes ad se con venire ( /o Vl inl li ''°'?'^' revocavit. 3 Prin non oportere, cohortatus suos ad ho.Vt/ "^'P^'^*''^" n (^o«,„e.). sed.cientiaop7u1.5ta^^^^ nostros vice- ;,e|Lent:C::"p:.;s::aS::-,^ 'lat signum proelii. 2 Ut flrv.\; • * . i"''''''^"'' «'f atitnarent . --Z), scuta'ex cortice (S.I) Tererant"''. ""^^ Postnlabar 5 : Wlum gerendum (9.5 ) naraf;,!^^ '^^•'«g'o ('ecima se ad ^r.srebuaetiamii,i„inaS r V"-'°"'^'''"^^>*- (1-^.6.) 4 ".'-litos port«rbabanl,r f"^^,^^,"' '\f ;•-« "«"'" (20-3.) habebant ;j' .oconvooato(l().4.) cohorts' est JteT'''"" ^'"^""'■'^) °°"- Hligenter(.'=i.l.)admini,strarent fi V ' '^l'^'' 'mperavisset '«sent (.3. 4.), audaoin. (10 3 ) J;.-stere l? • m' '''f'""^^ ««"J""'^ coeperunt. 7. Ad extremam ^S r^ I '•"' '''^ ^'"■^'"s pu^nare ;i-.) Po^erant ne.lrS^.grdiS-r(S"La!r 22. — 1. Contitiebat H l 9 \ ., 1 • (19.2.) exercitus RomalVp'o tSbaf 'p'" ''^^^' "* ««"«"etndo ex 60 loco cum legione prnirrR=„^T^^^^^ • ^^'^ P^"'"" ^« /'"/-» P'"°^^^^»^ (^0.4.;. eventum pugnae (6a«/e; I* I III DB BELLO GALLICO. exspectabat. 3. Eqiiit>.. cum se in oastra reciperent, (19 5 ) hostibus occurrunt (21..^.), aliique aliam in partem i^vru.\:ov (ru^h) 4 Propter longiMidinem (length) >,gtnims (H f, , n.ina. facile (1.4.) quid quoque loco faciendum esset piovidere poterat. 23.— 1. Magno cursu id castra contencJerunt, exanini.viiaue per-.^enerunt. 2. Helvii, cum finitinna (17.4.) proolio conares^i pe luntur (17 3.) et compIur>i,r.s (17.2.) un..fJls in oppidfconl: pelluntur. 3. Item equite. .u.ovisti { ,•■] il8.2.) intervallo , .n- stiterunt. 4. Ad dextrum coinu profectu^s, vidit (10. H ) sJL'nia in unum locum collatis (16.2.) duodecimae l^-io;:,, c o-.itonostsse m.htes. 5. Ita (so) noatri acrit^r (10.2.) in hc-te. di dU (21.3.)impetum fe^.trunt, ut rejectis (ihrow aw^,y) vqis glndjis pugnn,.,n; 8. Ce]. riter (12.5.) nostri pib in hrmte.; .mmit 'S [hnrl) . !, prmio inipetu in fugam conjecti proxin.as (.S'.2.) .iivaa propo (7,.«u,y) ,.-.„„,otu.s noiate (16.6.), tamen (8.2.) singu larem [wondermh .cant.a.a (20.3.) rei militaris (22.1.) babebat T Mult., vulmn :,rs ac^.eptis (13.10, veriti (1.2.) neabl. .ere aperto nV^'f'T'ii-'' '^' circumvenirentur, se ad suos , . cepennit! (19 5.) 9 Horum adventu tanta (21.5, ) commutatio hkJnaeS es ^^^4:*;;;;^ ^''-'-^ ^"' ^"^"^"'"^ ^"^«°" ^^^:7S^ 24.— 1. Hostes undique (10.4.) circumventi (23.5.), dtsperati« oninibus rebus, fuga salutem (.a/ety) petere coepen nfc 2 peitL,iitnm. 3. Ut quaeque (22.1. pars castrorum, nudat-. defensor,b«s(6.2.), premi videtur, eo auxilium ferunt. 4 IHa pars equitatus, quam supra (18.1.) demonstravimus (22.1 )nrae dand. causa Mosam transisse, post (14.1.) fugam suorum se trans Rhenumin fines Sugambrorum receperat, seque cum hi», nnn junxerat. (3.4) 6. Nostri impetu fa^cto eU rlppu] nu.t (loT)" neq„efinem(6.4.)sequendi {pursue) fecerunt qiSad iuntil)Zt^ cip.tes hostes egerunt (drive). 6. Legati qui (21 6) ex parte" ZM6^4l'"7't uTt^?^''-'-^' ''^'"^"•° einteVsrbmTt^e^ oant. (b.4.) 7. Equites Crasso renuntiaverunt non eadem ess.- dihgenfa (car.) abdecumana porta hostium castra muniS 8 Cum omn.a fere (23.4.)superiora (23. 1.) loca multitudine 1 ostium completa consp.cerentur, paene desperata salute (safety) oml^ porternt. sunt. 9. Turn vero (2.6.) ex omnibus oppidi paS \ir:it^rZvrJz''''' ^^^'-^^ -p-*-« (-^^-) ««; f 26.--1. Caesar septimamlegionem, quae juxta (near) const! terat (21.6.). item (21 4.) urgeri ab holte v dit. k Legrmen detract.8 oohortibus duabus, angustiora castra munir?^ (SI j recipereitt. (19.g.), n partem ienu.tur ninis (17 fi •, n,iiiu.-< providerfc poterat. •unt, exaniriii/iique ) proolio congressi, ctis in oppida com- 1.2.) intervallo ( mi- yi<1''t (10.1 ) signis io); ,d contcnos esse hc'tep sieno d.U au(ty) Y'-lia gl^lijs hn»te;i immittMiit oxiii.a8(;i.2.)ijiivas Camulogeno, qui, n (8.2.) singularem 2.1.) babebat. 8. lie abi; cere aperto d suos i iceperunt. mtatio (rhange) est i essent, proelium (23.5.), desperatis re coeperi nt. 2. in esse eqnifcatnm astrorum, nudata n fernnt. 4. Ilia imiis (22.1.) prae- m suoriim se trans lue cum his con- eppulerunt (10.3.) juoad (until) prae- i (21.6.) ex parte equites submitte- b non eadem esse istra munita. 8. Ititudine hostiuni te [safety), omnes 3 oppidi partibus [sudden) tumultu :ta [near) consti- fc. 2. Legianeni, a mnnin (:?!0,3.) APPENDIX HI, 103 -?• 3"^:^!.;- -^-^- (....J,;) ,.stiu.n impetus sustine- '»ns, ad 6albam accurrit (rw« IT Tp ir™ ^"'"eribus dixi- 'n-at impedimento q„od scita 2L4\u}l!' '^^T -^^ ?"«"'"" <). Inns Jocis erat bellum gerendum ml*?"'^^^ ('^^«'•<^^) ^rant. i^ncus Mallius, exercitu |ulso (2^ 1^? •^' ""l^^ ^-^'"«"^ «"»>''') profugerat. (14.4.) 7. Si oua ru fil' -^' ^"^P^^'mentis amissis bantur, eo signa infetVi Sai ttw^"^ vide! jnsequendum (23.1.) tardabat It''nn'i'''* ' '^"''^ ""«^ ^* ho.stes ad (19.6.) 8. Ab^autamStSineZ!™!'?^^'^''"^""^ ferti vitare non poteralit. ""J^"*^* ^^-^'^ t^Ia milites coui cos^fc!) eqnitfptlil"Vi^^rd- ^?^^''*' ^•"'-*' ^* Pau- captivis coglioscit quae amid (4 7 )^eor'"*^ ."*"'*• ^- Ibi ex penculo res sit. 3 Hostes in Jf'- ff Serantur, quantoque in nostrosadoriebantur "? 2 ) aH°ab 'f'"^"" ^''"'"''^' impeditos bant. (6.3.) 4. Boii, cjui a^nen ho.H "^ 1^"^*° ^^^"^ «""jioie- npvissimis praesidio ^r/m , 'S^ ^ '"!". ''^^"^^^'^nt (19.3^ et crcumvenire conati suut. Id crsnioaH W ?'';*•• ^&^^-e^^idO.O) sese receperant, rursus (23 2 ) ins arir^^^f ''!*"• ^"' '» montem grare (23.2.) coeperunt. Rora f; V ^'"^ ^* P'"»^!'»^ redinte- Diu (10.5.) atque acriter p.fj^>S' "^''^^ ''^"^ intulerunt. proelio,avers«mhostemv,S2"^,ron.; -.^^'^ ^,^^-^-) boc toto «t omnes res ab iis celeriter /iVl?^ J •" •*• ^' ^"""'t ^eg^tos {as) rei militaris ratio (22 j') poshilaret"""'*''''''''^'"'' ^^^'^ ^' "* . '• — ^' Cum omnem snem «^ilnf;» ;« • x . ab ea parte magnus nume.'us ho.H. ""''i-^ ponerent (11.5), pore L. Fabius c°e„turl^ Si na "riTf^'*- ^- . Eodeln tern- collis ascenderant, circumvent interW- '"'"'"""^ J«g"n. (24.2. ) Caesaris facta cornmutatione rernm ohl^"' a "f • ^' ^'1^^"*" ^■«<«''«). 4. Erat inter Labie,[Z^f j^.'f "^"'^!"/. '•«'^*^'« «""t (P«.««7e) flumen ripisque alti s mis 5 ^TcT P '^^^''^' ^''^^^'t» egressus (13.2.), priusquam (12 I )" hlf!; ^ ^^^-'^^ ^'^ «^stris oppido venire possent, dejecto Praes dio (ffi /"'rV'^'^i26.4. > «^ duas ibi legiones collocavit (19 3 TwiL^^' P"*'*l'« (24.5.) loco, ad minora {smaller) perduxit (co„,;'^nS) '^"' ^ «"ajoribns castris ex!r^d^/«-nom:r:a;y?;:l*,t ''^'P?;!' ^--- «t internecione per aetatem (16.5.) arma W nn^^ ^^^."?Pf,'■** "* «'""«s, qui 3. Obsides inter se(rnda;j%pn-' *^ •*'"""'" <^«S«"t- (2.4. Drohih«r«nf Ti„i:.:l/=-.^.V .^"^'-^«^"ani ne itinere (16.1 \ TT»!,Lt; J ill' lii ^i^V^.*». 104 DB BELLO GALLICO. Galliae helium infe rrenrfnonr- "^'^^/'f i-ehqnerant, ut toti bant. (4 2.) 8 £"1^9^ (6-^-) appropinqnare (10.5.) prohibe- Cum beUnm oivitalaut^Xllh]]^^^^ (24.4.) 9. copias, quae nondiun m V^ ^n * 'n 1' 'l""** ampliores {hrg.r) ut exploratis fia-"^/r.'Tfnr, '''"*' ^^«P««tabant ; Caesar (26.5. )^fl„men trans™ '> T ^' '"'""''•" ^''''^ '"'"^ P«"culc (3.30 ^nopiam^r.Jl7;i,,^i„s''at^s:^;r;f «^^^^^^^^ confidebant. 3. Ome res stnfnrnL • ^tP'^'^ "«" Posse vyumsiiospugna (Jb.L.) superiores {sunerior\ pssp Pniu ci " rent, et nostros multitadine nremi 24 17 ,!; i \ '' ««"fic^e- partibus, etii qui muiiit oniW // .•i'^^''^^''^"*' "'""'^'"s ex suorum confirmant. (19.6 " '^ ^"™''' ^^^'^"^ sen^^-iTgatot^^S^^^^^^ "^Sat G^^^ r ^^^^ omnia in potestate ejus "nt omnes S? T''' ^""'""^ '^PP'^'" ferendi. 5. Priusquam 02 1 NTrffl • /j'?'^ cruciatiis sunt per- Romanos nuntiS ^29 ?! "^ ant\?2 271"*%'^^^"^'^""^^ causa ad Caesarem m\ttun[ 'tZj^'^^l^^^^ ■atnrum ne ijuain ;n" D.^di?/" ^f 'I"'*'' "nperavisset facturos mierant et ce averant " tor/. •'^"''''' ""'" '>■'« ^'"'i« <(' e retT «:Ppi;lo ernptionrtJ^'L:;!;; r ^'Tt^ "V'"'''- -^*"ex cuc.tor quarta u.nn primis .'a .'i t ('/Jn If^ M'^'^O -^6/y .sornp) occupaverunt. (1.4.) ^'«««"t. gladus destnotis (draio) portas t«?ifm^7,linl° aftingi'; '"^'^Xf"""'" ^•'^•^•^ «"- P-P- MU. trans Rbenum incolm , q^iiSum T'.-'"' '""* Germanis, v'debat Gennanorum teneri r"4'4 { i V/'"?-^^*^"*' '» '^icione 'Hto et per mercatores nerlatold Rrff '"'^""^ consilio ejus cog- c'v.tatibus ad eum le£tvel,nt „?,;''' n°°'"P'"'-'^"«n7.20 ^Jaturos. 6. Cuius fines a m. -f • ^ poU'ceantur se obsidea ifl ^!' .;f f 106 '> GALLICO. viK-nti sup., .aio I- i . d :S':;r ^ «"t^ ^^^^^^."^ '•--- pnuisidiis .10 ef}(.cto nontP R,.,. ,! • ^' ^»«P«siti8 («to«o«) magnis Ca,..ari diffiouk itil,!?^ ^''' '"'P''"' *'-«<'"«ere„t, ...at in Humine in.ped.retur! ' "'' '" ""^J°''"" «^««tati^ partem rVKT III.-EXKKCIS.S IN Rk-TIUNS.ATTON INTO LaTIN. gate tlie Gerinaug. 1 ] . .After ' iTo^rX'T '"^'i ""'"^' wet-e «nwillfng to .s.f.e the rov ^,0^ r " p' W. f ""'' r"'« that the movo powciful hiv^ „ „1 l'''wer j j. vVe have statr ■ 13. Having taL i ^ ^^ S^^v T,'^'"^' *^« royal power, that object. '^*'^"^ P^y» *f'ey very easily attain 3. He «ends Pedius him If toIdiSt „t'"'' ^^ ?"^« *« Caenar. were enrolled, m 1 4 ) 5 H f f !"'"•, ^' ^'^" legions gather the rest olhe Belgians 6 T^"*' *'" *""''"ants to had found out all that was 'ein.r dJ^'^ announced that they all the bands have heen col IcSl H '" *'^" AV"'^- 7- After place. (SS1.-6) S WiHn i I. amiywill be led to this ofproviigns. 'l -S ; the t ^' ''">'«. *^,- « -''1 be plent" ta ined, the Belgian. .novS tfei oa np'" U) 'H ""' ''«^» -«-'•■ ^eJny. H. After finding out theslT' .> ^''^'"^ ""«* be no Belgians. 12. Ho sen "-^ TliL e'fant^^^ '^'7 ^^'" '°f'""^ «" ogions to the camp. ,s. f hr^Sn *' .'i'"^*^!^^';; " gather th. Oaul. 14. After enli^iine two & " ''« neighbors of central I^It^sanno«needtha;!hJ;UC5,.^^,-4^ set oat. 2. Wr^endil,g\m^:'?<;:i°••^^^V^^ '." '''''' '-- — «tates. 3. They^aidtheywoul.' eo "nr '?^*\^ "^^''^^* were sent to hand over the «ta rn '. *•. ^"'ba. -ulors combining with him, they sent a L ^7*^^*'«,"- ^- After . J -ent a issauuiS to Gaul. (§§ j _5 ) APPENDIX III. >N INTO Latin. 107 fl. They have neither done his 1,;,J i; -•«rn. 7. All of then, e^^ft^eae tw ""^/"PP''''^ him with eonspuacy against the re^ofthe tS, ' ,"''"'"« ^°""«'' « they received In», into their town 5. Tl ' '""^ ^^V'*^" ^««tagea, not joined their hrotiiers and Sn,.?; n^'n^ *'"^^ *''*y ^'^ve h.« «ide of the Jlhino do not po se 1 'Vo. '. ^'"^' ''^"' ''^^«^' on 11. Even the ambassadors said that tho ,'^'"^ '"agistrates. the Suessiones were not in anns. '^*"' "'"'''' "«^^6«* to |T.;;^^3;d?is;h^Xj^;:;:tS^ Belgians. .3. Most of the states .r«^ ''"* *^''''t«nes of the that he had led the German l^o^the p"" 'v^> ^^"'"^ «"t driven ont by the Uelgae, they Se in Ik '"• "■ ^f*'"" l"-*'"ng the Gau.s who inhabited that countrv Tsi!-' i ';. .^'y ''''«^e ««t what strength they have iTf/'t?^- <^S 1.-6.) 8. We know Ke.n,. tliey had entered he couiryorS's"^' '^' ''^'"'« «^ 'he asks M'hat is the number of H ^ th(, Nue.ssiones. 10. He 11. He said tha. t.hy had dc, IT w." '"'"^'^'<^ <=he district war. -ansetiieypossSthemSStetl^T*"^^ *^« ^h"'« had It. .led to wliom the Saessbnes w.r? ^f';'''*^''^ 12. He assume - air of importanrpTpn ., neighbors. 13. They large uu er of .n^n'!"' Ifl _ o?" 14 'n^ ^^" ?"* '" 'he f5eld^ number tney have greater inflnence 15 ^TTY *^"''' «••«'•»' control of f, war had be, ,, oo.'fe.red ^^tV^^ "" '''^'"» '!'- M'hoarefM ;, distru.t. 17 The 1 ndhr ^' ^^'?''^' '^^^ ^«'•cer 6 '-1* ( W " ^ '" ""'"' '"^ *'""'"'' ^-"^'' " "' "'"^ bank of'the'rTver."" :, vVpr\,?/i7- *° i° P'*'"'''^'l *»" 'he other of the forces across the • Ij, , J",f *t ^ "P' '" '"' *'- ^««^ ■ mportanc,. to Caesar to enconm^rfhl f ".••"" '■^^'■- ^- It is of thing had to be done ,H.nctm ly^'.^Vt V'^ """• *• ^^«'•y the camp, he will not lie able to ^n ''.e leaves six cohorts ui danger. (I The for. es £an to i' "^ m*'' *^^ '^"^™y ^'ithout the camp all the leading S 8 He't '• l' ^' ^^'^^''^^ 1" camp safe. 9. This cannot I ,lonp if t '""'''' °"^ «'^^ "^ the of the Remi at o„ce. 10 T It Znfii ^^ «"gage ail the bands to them, he orders tin rest of ^1,^.^^^! may not be brought „p H. All the forces of tk::^.:l^:^':^,^P^''^^^->^ ^he'rivcr" now no great distance fro,. k7nveT^l2%r'^'"'''''^^'^ Belgians mnst be kept apart th^t tZJ'^ J^*' ^'""^^^ of the in one place. ^ ^' ^'^^^ *hey may not be able to gather e a fPstudQ. 9. 'pi- . ?-T^- .They began to mak , 1:1!' 108 Dfi MELLO (ULI,1C0. 6. 'r.hey are atf King \leT^«?of\: )'''', ''r*'^''* '«■-'' ^^''-'^ dearo.l ot ,lefei.,ler«. 9. After \nZu V" ^»" ""^'■^^ 'liniculty l.ey In-Kun to .nuier.nine the wall f .1^''*^ '"V' ^^'^VoJ, "o on,, },a.s any cliance of eon.i ^ ' U P "'"'' '''°'''^ t'"^* Hnen. totheirlunlinK weapons tiievfV,.'''''^'-"'' "'«''* 1'"*« men ulmut the tow... ^ ' """> *'"*^"' »- l'"ge i.nnihor of m.^.!;eS' ""0n'l^r;^vS'ulrtt'V *l'l^ ^^^'- '"'"' --I- 4. For these reasons the N,,,, i.n'/j/s /i^.S ''V''*^''"'*'^ ^'^ « »"1«. r>. Weeannot npp.oach all Th ' ' ^ ^'.'"*^"^'' ««•'-' '''^Pa.tin^. or two ...iles. f The u.le tcV ^ i,,t ?^"""'^ '=^t«'>«^« before the camp till («,/) ,nid„iuht S «^ ''\ "^''/^"t- ^aite.l >'.g to the aid „f Idbius. there came to^' *''^«'^'"•'•« <'f con.. ga.n...g possession of the camp. "''"'' ^'«^ ^''^' '>ope of r "• — '• ^" account of the .iitn..^ ^f xi f.omacaval.Tbattle.V After '«] *'" ^r"'^'' ''« '•■^'ain.s "P the line of battle on the hMl "iH^T] ,^,''« *™'^P« ''« tenito,;. '"• ^"" -'""«for jrr.fm;''r;fx'„'e';t 'ipproaching, liome. hey Htbcked our' coWn' "'"4" ^i'^f ,"".'"'"=■■ -f the sSS llsica,o„tl„y|,„,,,,„,^ J^^«t"f the three |„i„„ jJJ" »■ Thoy leave the pkoc witi ,,r,., ' J "trei.tiiig Bel,.i«n, |.tr«me*'f' ^"* ^^^ ^«'- ^'^^^^^^^ "eithersendambassarrrLasS,'*^''^^*"'''"- ^- V\^e sTal v-u.iung 10 the custom of thp "R„n^ "'.'•, •> ^ 'iR two women "■"-" firms, o. Wiien +lic , .^ '' '^'"T »vuen they souglit peace from 'i; . ,. if i;. *M ■^ir^n 110 DB BELLO GALLICO. Caesar he accepted their surrender. 6. Wliile they were betak- ing tlieinselves to the town, Caesar was about a mile distant. 7. Ihe children themselves will tiike up arms against the king. 14.— 1. The leading men, instigated by Divitiacns, who said that the Aedui were revolting, make war on Caesar. 2. If any war arises they flee to this state. 3. If he flees to Britain, the Aedui will be reduced to slavery. 4. Caesar asked that Divitia- cns should return to him. 5. He says that he will nunke war on the i5elgians._ 6. Understanding how great a war they are briiiL'- ing on Jjritain, they return to their own state. 7. They arc accustomed to dismiss all their troops after a disi'ster 8 He was_ wont to show mercy to those whom he had reduced to 'sub- jection 9. Caesar's influence among them will be increased, if he displays clemency to the ring-leaders in making war. 15.— 1. They declare that they will not surrender their arms 2. On reaching that state he found that the Belgians had seii^ ambassadors to tha Roman people. 3. They do not allow wine to be imported, because they think it tends to relax their coin- age. 4. Those whose territories adjoin the Belgiiuis excel in valor. 5. He was a man of great influence and of great valor 6. Having surrendered themselves and all their po.^sessions tlicv were taken under Caesar's protection. 7. He declares that tin. traders would reach these territories without any delay. 8 11,. attacked the Aedui for asking why (qua (h coma) he had sufl-rod that state to be received into alliance with the Roman people. 16.— 1. He persuaded the women to await the army's ap- proach _ 2. When he was distant a tiiree davs' march, thev en- camped m the marshes. 3. Both captives seem useless for wa,' 4. He found that the forces which were on the march could not approach the marshes. 5. Ho found that they had marched through the territories of the Nervii and vere encampincr across the same river. 6. The camp is not more than a mile^distant from that river. 17.— 1. Coming to the army, he reported that the Nervii were plundering the baggage, 2. If the march Is hindered by thc^e hedges, the army will easily be routed by our cavalry 3 Ml the baggage was between the cavalry, which Caesar had sent in advance, and the hrst legion. 4. It was afterwards learned tint a certain centurion had l)rought the report. 5. The more easily toati:ack the rest of the cavalry, they bent down many tre.s ti. Ihe cavalry had come for the purpose of choosing a suitable spot for a camp. 7. Those who were following Caesar thou-ht fchat the Nervn had routed our army. 8. The legions which APPENDIX 111. Ill marched bearing their naoka ,. pot which had Seen ci.ose . fo', ^^amn ^T*tt'''*""^^ ^'•-" *«'« l«ffion m advance to atHol f "" P%"'P- ». He sends tlie first 10. If we give up this pla' hev wifP '''r "'. ^''^ --"^y H. The infantry forces after mnf-^ " ''^'"^y '"^^l^e a stand "ot ventnred to'^lunder '"^4, t'^"' T'"" "" *'",'^«'-' ^'-i fallowing Caesar's column. ' ' ^''^'''^ '« "» difficulty in s op.ng ground. 4. This rive!- wit J oTf ^*" ^" '""' "» the cliosen a place for the camn thp n f ^,'"'' ''^P*''- ^. Having ceahnent on the wooded hiH. "''-' ^'P* themselves in con^ ^^ro. ^:^.z:ft:t:^rrT''^'^ b-ied at their measure out the work. 4. Tl 7le' o wl • u "'"'^ *^^ ^'^''^'- '^"'I camp was easily routed /"p, f S!»'» ^hich was guarding the attack. 6. The^ are%ol,orvh.?Th;% ^^^r ''^'r'''"' *^" 7. Ihe cavalry were the first to re renft?! '^'''"'''y *«° ^ar. followed after the cavalry wi"ht-vo I • ^''^ "■'''"P- «• Caesar order. 9. When they had run! .'"'""' '" ^'>-'''t '"archin- .'.attle was begun. 1 J For '^- ^;" /.[.^ * ^ "!-" -^•'ound, th^e '» advance up stream. Jl m If, '^.^'""P-lie sent the cavalry «>gl.t, they did not venture to make ««"''."'I ^^ ''^'^ '''"« «'«« in gage had been placed beh m tl e two ■"'^'- , ?-• ^^« *''« '^ag- -^e.,tly enrolled, the cnem;' etn^ToutTouV::;'.:;' ^^^^^^^" ''' tl.e?a.nj: ^^ S draw j.^ ^^^^^f ^r^'V^ ^'^'^ *« ^"-^'^y «J'ing the soldiers he gave the ^si.,^.l ^n ''"*,*'" ''^'"^ ^"««"r gi^or they ran to ar,„s.^ 4! Caesa? nfn ?," *''" «'gnal being ants ,, h .t they must do. 5. Those wl, ."' *''f f ''"'•''^' '«^"ten- advar.th.K too far. 6 In fl,. f who have left the camp are tl-oflag. 7. Thel'egions^on louTt^f t"'^ ""' ''-'^' ''-P'^y- er tunes, had not waited for CaeZ 8 tV '^fP"''"'""" «^ ^«^^"1- the soldiers to advance for the nnrn^" ; *" l'«"itenants forbid ^ These difficulties eVn^of hSe'r " alr^To '".V'^ '^^^-«• .1 V^."]P ^as a help to the sol iers 1? TT f "^^ "«arnes.. self what he must carry out. ^' ^^ "e decided for him^ 2. Th;:e'is not 'u'Snt^'itmrto'^'"' L-*"., ^-^''^* "^'^'^ '>''avely. was unable to take the cov Hng*?rom' hi ',"', 'T'"'''- '■ ^f« ■"^".pu.ungoa u.ir badges. 5. The/mJ^^ fi^^ ^ -, ^l^ il 112 D!0 ItKU.O OAUaCO. I lI«rtlu.h!"J°''''"'"'- ^ ^:i "'■"'■* '■" '»'" t'"'"^ t'"^t tJ^^y cannot luil thou- weapons. 7. Konu-nihor your ancient valor ami .ravely ro«Kst tlu, cnou.y. 8. U, ,,„,« /own t^Jilo the e o do i 9. 11 e «o hhors l.avn.g hcen thrown into confusion by the ene mv'^ the view, reserves coul.l not\:' ^^tJ^ ''^^^^:'Z^ serves on (hdorent iiilJM. "• ji" [ii.iccs ino le- 23.-1. As a large part ol tlio, enemy vvas spent with wounds oiM men did not hesitate to a.lvanoe. 2. ITavinK , ut 1 c Ttre bntcs to flight, they cross the river .S IJ,; ,S fl i i . • tlK>y do not hesitnl/to engage a'h:Son fn ^^o.^ '""tw^ wfio rh:;^'cr;;:sedM;^ ''" ^""^i'- :^fr^ ""«'^^•^ ti. tw/\eSo « H htwmr fi T '"T .."; ">^lio had taken up tho.r position on tlio higher grou., 1 when th • enemy resist renew the battle 8 On the let> wii.ll f l ...almost entirely exposed. 0. As i*;etemy ^ ^ ,* ^^i: •'■'^ «"':-■-•"';'•:•-'■""''''• ""'; "■'^" '"^«tene.rL the ri^ "^ f 1'. Iluy attempt to pursue the legion, while it is m ikimr fn,'- tluOngher ground, and to slay ti.e^oldicrs whne"crossi;,7 tt f;.n,t";7\',-T.'";T '"''•''''*'"' ?"^™y ""fJ return home. 2. fTaviu.' • Tu V ,■''" "''T^' *''"y '^'"••° «"nouuded and o.uh ere d . . 1 he Nunn.lians wiu.m Caesar had sent, cross the riveXr th/. purpose of surroundino. the lc"ion 4 Al-n-mn,l L fi , . au^akes^h^.elf to the camp of whieh the e.lnn^l^^J^J^^, ' another legion which w^ J^ n J ^hj''; vl^" ?S'' ^{""^ ""' sl.out they flee in different directions '^" ^^'^'^'''^ "'^ cohorts M Inch can be sent to fl,lir a f * *' (^^,t. "^^r """^ '"; advanced, they easily cheeked the asstdt of^the'enem^:. '"i! I ) le that they cannot ancient valor and to give those orders, sioii by tlio enemy's ely. 10. Not only vmy on account of ' liodges obstructed Ho places tlio re- pent wit!) wonnda, 'ing put llic Atre- dor his hjadcrbliip ic Older. 4. Driv- je tlie two legions mild and shiy tlK; y river. 7. Thonc ground, when tlie ft wing tlio camp y were advancin<.' to the right wing, t-' it is making for vhilc crossing the lonie. 2. fTaviiig id and ooii(|iiered. a the river for the ed by the slioiits ;o headlong fliglif:. »at tlie enemy arc rnicd Treveri h.id ling of flight, lio y had got posscs- d, they sought aid cd onr men, met '. 10. Raising a id taken a swoid h linpe. 2. Tlui )n tile right will l; And there are no Wlini tliey li,i,| the enemy. (>. APPIONDIX in. n.'j «nen.y w^ircoringC-; ;;';;;^^^ lost. 7. He .saw that th. onieruig the «tan.lar.L t, £ . V^^'^thi^ I'-'gion SAff.t ^:^^^!^^^^^'^^^*^]:;^-'^ '^- incc.ua iyhtuij„,„g,j theenemv I ,. / , , ^' -^^oarning that 'innounced tlmf- fl.,> '^"'' *" the ton of ti, i Ti '' of snch valor tlnLVlh ""^ "''"" *''« «'"«I'l. 4 m "' "^""'"^ legion 5 Sn / • w '^ .^.«»t'"'cd to .lislo.j e tL 11 '''"''' ""^" fe'"'i. o. ho («'« to M thousand Nefvii. d Tll- -i. XJIC tOWJl, -"•Oh was pr^t^etS Z tu ,Jfw- 114 UE BELLO GALLICO. 8. While the/were reK^. ho ne^',-;"^''^'''^ *« *'^« i^^h-e.' Nervii had betaken then elves and al7'th """r"^-^ that the stronghold. 9. After choosin? S "; ' ^'^^"V^^elongings to a stones on the gently sloping "Vot,, ^^^o' Tr^ P^^'^^ ''"§- fended by a six-foot wall. ^ ^^P'°^^"- 1^. Ihis town was de- 2 m4 J!;^,^?!;^: --/- g;^ a .ound at a distance, t.innot I,uild a tower of such arlf '^•* ' ''"'" ''^'"'"y- 3. Thev 4. They saw that the^LmS ifadll'''' ""'^^ '"'^^ «"^'-^" hancl? vvas being .noved. 5. The G ,1 «'!" ^'-^'««^1 and that the towe; the small si.e of our men wa^dtpfsflT^v H°^ '"''' ^*^*"'-^ that saw that the vineae were beirXol^r ''''".u ^^" ^hen they selves within the tower. ^ brought up, they kept them- 2. W;^ilSj;rS^;;^^,^;^;;J j;ot ^- tortured to death. 3. He sai.l that he was accSmTd^^^J^" '""'T'^^^ °"'- arms ambassadors to treat for pelT 4 {f von Kf *''°'' ^^^^° ««"t theni o then- arms they will not be able to I nVf'V*^ to deprive 6. He determined that all who had w.!!^ ^'" *^'^''' "^i^^hbors. death 6. It is better to su, en e ^tfr^^^^^^^ to that extremity. 7. They S tin if ? *''^" **' ''^ ''«''"ced their arms, their neighbors woukl Put /l, ^'^. ^^'fe deprived of bassadors were sent to ask Jhit Ff H t",' *^' •^'^^^l'- 8- Am- Caesar should protect them fro'fthei^'eVemli!"" """ ^P^^" *2. — 1. I will spare them if +1 surrender before tEe batSng ri rtZr^^^^r ^ They will answers that he will do whatever h1 p'"'' *''° ^''^^U- 3. He 4. Retaining their arms th;;^,h .«^^^^'"'■•"^/'-ve comn.aude I ordered the state not to con^InJ n fi ^™ *''^ ^f^tes. 5 He wrong the neiehboringstatt; si3 'S ^" ^^ ^^^^^ <^« - 7. When the Nervii htl bee, spared tVevH' P'^^'" ^"''^ then,, arms into the trenches. 8. He onL ' f ^at'"^'"'- ^ *'^'''''^ «^ their matters to their neighbors 9 On t ' u-ri" *^ '"^Port thes '■ ram will touch the wall, unless t^ey surrend'V'^ "'^ ^^"^'•'■".- to"^^: ^2:^MS5lXP^7;^-y'^Jtohavo been p„, mi^r/T- ^- f ^--''«red the gaLs to b f *', ^^'^-^ ^«"-'^^t n'.^t n .ght be made. 4. As Caesfir was witlt ?'"•' '"' ^^'^^ ""^^""v ti^^y formed this plan. ,. The,T:: ^^try^.^fe^:- 5. For two hundred ive, now offensive, '•e left in tlie town lied to the Rhine.' announced that the leir belongings to a . they place huge ■ Inis town was de- ^ound at a distance ' our army. 3. They ' su'h small hands and that the tower f siinh stature that ^•». , 6. When they >. they kept them- > tortured to death, iirrender our arms, ••e tliose who sent termine to deprive '11 their nei^^hbors. '•were to be put to than to be reduced were deprived of » death, 8. Am- ttuci wei'e spared, er- 2. They will the wall. 3, ii^ have commanded" le gates. 5. pf,, • If they do not 'Pace with tlieni vvathirdof tlieir '! to report the.sr. ay the battering' have been pvt 7 fought /nost in, that no sail V 'g the garrison' roin the nearest APPKNDIX m, tower. 6 T«of +1. ^^^ closed the'gat'es 7 a n ^'^ «^ould leave the f b'-ave men. 8 Our m« V-'P^ ^'^P^nds on the v., *^^"' *hey a-1 slay four tho'i'a "d " t^;V^« f 7"^ ""P^' ^^1;!* f"f ..th5:^:--nwithd.wn,n^oJ:r-t-a legion into the ,,eareJ'"f* ^^''^ ^^ging war ? 'I* T* ^«'■ nations which irif '*^*^> ''^ sets out wl iP' lending a lead the li'ion ^to fr^''.*'^^ ^'''"e. 4 Hel 1^ ^^.^'"«* *''« bassy was tent by th^'bfrtn '"'''^--g on ^he set" ^'"''^.""^ *° '»B» ■ffitfri'f'^nrf APPENDIX IV. 1 -D„„ If^""' ''" "" '''^'"'-'''"■' -fJ^'ol^ 11.) circum ... around "^" Hispania . . Spain. ^'^"^''^O"^ "o ille -nst-tuit. Quorum operum 2^« ' . V-^^ "''^^°'*'^"' '"'P'^^"" angustissimae poitus moLl 7, ^*'°- ^"'^ ^'^uces erant ^'tus i^kore. o'^tineo Ao«. angustus narrow. dimiito qive up. f'^'*"^ outlet, entrance. laucea mouth. jacio t/irow in. remaneo ....remain. "■^«isto stay behind. vadosus. . . . shallow. Wr,. ., -""o, . . . tllCUUOW. . — Mc omnibus rebus ii.«frii„4-„ „1 ^^ naves procedunt. c.ahu "J/'e * ^^ 5 tuTuf "e" LT"",^ ' "^^*^^« numero navium Brutus- sed pwf J^'atmulto inferior fortissimos viros Caesar d'etssiattHh''' T";^"^ legionibus t.um adventu suas naves ex no, „pH *"'!''*• ^*^ ^°S»'t« ho«- coufligunt. I>ugnatum'e\r«t'rhn uetrti"s i.::'"at''"""""^^"« xMassihenses, et celeritate navinm if • .^ ^*^"*" acerrime. confisi, nostros eludebantlmnelu nL 1 '°''"*'* g"bernatorum producta longius acie circunTe, he ,"ost?o«'" TV'''!^''^^'''' ^* adoriri singulas contendebant V^ ! •'^^''"^P^""''"s «avibus ol.jiciebant'atque in hostum\av^r rl '"'^"J'f "^^"^^ °^^'>b„s numero iuterfecto partem iTavTnm.l"'""'^^^^"* ^* ™agno hominibuscapiunt, ^eliS^s rpruml^=?,;^ -- deprimo. . . sink i •■ • eludo .' e/ud'e objicio.» oppose. iusfcruo enimj fi/ o„/ Py«f^»co extend. equip, fit out. utnmque on both sides. (Based on the Vocabulary of Books II. and 111.) , ll-~Pon'pexus erat eo temnnrp in p„«^ • donia in hiberna Apollonian, EbatS.T'''' '*''''^"' ^^ ^^^^''^• majoribus itineribils ApoUoni^m pSere ^«3^"' £^^*"''^^*"« rif i ( '••J' i-1 orae 120 DE HBf.LO UALLICO. inuiitimaecivitutes occuniiflf a^jii -lie 0.icn... proHciaoT..''"So tf^^Tfj' f'*""^ ^"'^■"' atque arma cape o jnberet -mh . «« ?' "•"'"•» asce.ulere , ^ sponte q/ " administrandi pern.ittiJnr ^ Jl, ' / ^'^''*"' = '"'"'"^ «-^' '"-'Hi 'limittunt; onerarias" aves .uas ^r, "'''":' ir"l""^-^''S""' atque in po.tun. ^ "''"^" *'"« penuotiis pupnatiouen, u.bisagere n™nnm<^^ ^^ v,nea,,|„e ad op- e^esaest, ^ 'i :noti«^ . S^L; £"^5"«'"^' f 'l"a die materia dttpreisiiSKlo .... ,.f /^g " ^ Z^- ,, \ • oiie.anus q/J.^y/e^. **• — ^'"' * ofectus ab Olipo nnm ol..c.o« quinquaginta B.undisiun. ve.it insulamon'o'"' '"''*'"''''*' "■'^^'""' est. occupavit, q„od praesta e aSXC' InlT*'" P"''^""' omnia htora ac portus cnstodia clause. teUreWr"'"' '^""" adventu naves onerarias ouasrlim t^^ ^^."^'^«•, . Hic repontiiu, nostris terrorem injecitet return ihV,"' '"'""^ *' "^agm.m.pu. expositis praesidinm eq\dLm SiS?A'rn1^^ ''" *^'"'^ profecit, uti ad Pompe urn 1 t eiTmi^t 'T ! """ "PP^'-tn-'tate vellet, refici juberet; suada sVluxiUa SP? p"'"''"- ''"'''1"'^^' «* rum. I auxilia sese Caesans prohibitu- adeo ....to mch an extent, so. ex pono , . (lisenihark. hie here. mjicio . inspire. insula. ..island. Jitus .shore. nanciscor../?),/, ^p^_ onerarius..q/7>?^;Wpw„ Vrfpio...;,ainnnadvanfa(je. rehcio repair. .v-.-v^.u . . . .ri'pair. APPENDIX IV. 191 enc urn non esse atatuc-ra iSn., f q"»'^ eo ten.pore faoi- -lies occnparet et quam Itiaiis';^^^ "' '^"•^"'- P^""'"'>« pandis praesidiis ma^a vi n4 m.e^^ifla^^^^^l^^*- ^" ^«^»' angU8t.8si.ne Po.npeium eor t i.erT IW **"'' ' *^^"«'^'' "* q"am -lies oecuparet; ■■ reha^rireL^^ ea\ «r'S^^^^^^^^^ eitut Adn^.!;:\:;,Stu^^^^^ B">..to exer- Caesaris oopiae nof,„a„„ i,„ "JJ ^» '^e Aloxand, .am nuntiatur. opp.do teneret. oo„s.lh qt l^h ie"on ''' "* ^^^ ''"'« '«•"■« tamen om.ies i„ a, mis esse iissit r^7,l. *^«g»"«°e,et. Milites tos ad Achilla.n mitteret ef nni? ,?? ''«rtatus est ut leqa- missi Dioscorides et Se.anio,; n L ''*' «^^^"^eret. A ffuo bant, ad Achilla.» pe.veKn't ^ hZ^T' ^'"''«'••tate.n habe- essent, cogi.osce.et, int, rfici jussit! ^"" '^' '''"'"' '»'««' SJr;" ;:::::: : :Sw »«i"^i»a.n . . . . sy „« means. (Ba.eaon,. Vocabulary of Bo^ j, «„, ,,,.^ ^,^^^ ^^^^^^^_ .eJfc-l5ySS;r a;f H;: -^-. ^l- «rant in his loois S mul Caesar appropinc?aTe 'die S'l eo .t,„,^.,^^,^ .oni.uCat. ejus exercitui, qu„d' pronerans noot^.»' J'^"*""^^ terror incidit Jter intermise,at, ut paeTe om" e ex ^..-'V'!' '''''^'^'•**' "«^-e bus s.gna relii.quereEt, corpI.Tresa^^n. "•*''"'''i"" «-^^'«"i- simde iter videretu.-. Sed cum nronp n P^J'^^^-^nt ac fngao constitisset ca.faque muniW^nsTsset n ''■^'°'- "'" P«'»Pe>"s exerctu princeps Labienus proved in A fo"*'' ^*'^'" *"'» intermitto. . . . interrupt ' pnncipes .... foremost, first. Z"" T""''^ '«^'^ «» oath. eSo '° ''^T «"''^y- "'agniis forced. 1 • , endure. tribuo.. . aiiQi itil?l ^%, IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) * // / u. ^ 1.0 I.I US lilM IIM 2.0 11:25 ■ 1.4 18 1.6 V <^ /a '>> Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 V ^ ^5%.. Ux I 122 Dfi UeLLO GALLIOO. erat, aquam comportare in arcein atquc earn niunire obsidesquc ab Apjliomatibiis exigeie coepit. Illi vero daturos se negait neque portaa consuli praecluauroa, neque sibi judicium sun.pturos contra atque omnia Italia populuaque Romanus judicaviaset g.Horum cognita voluntate clam profugit ApoUonia Stabe.iua. llli ad Oaeaarem legatoa mittunt oppidoque recipiunt. Ho« sequuntur finitimae civitatea totaque Epirus, et legatis ad Oaeaarem miaais. quae imperaret, facturoa pollicentur. ?^'ff". ''''0 '">e. praecludo. . .close, har nqaimt. judicium . . opinion. sumo presume to have. nego say . . not, refuse. 18'~-^"to"i"s virt>i:,e militum confisus acaphas navium mag- narum circiter aexaginta cratibus contexit, ooque milites delectot^ impoRHit, atque eaa in litore pluribua locia dispoauit, navesquc dnaa quas faciendaa curaverat, per cauaam exercendorum remi- gum ad faucea portus procedere juaait. Haa cum audaciua pro gresaaa Lil)o vidnaet, arerans iutercipi poaae, navea quinque ad eaa misit. Quae cum noatria navibus appropinquaasent, iioatri inportum refugiebant; illi atudio incitati incautiua sequeban tur. Jam ex omnibua partibua subito acaphae signo dato se in hoatea incitaverunt, primoque impetu nnam ex his navem cum remigibua ceperunt, reliquaa turpiter refugere coegerunt intercipio cnt off. litua .shore. refngio .flee hack. Bcapha small, boat. turpiter shamefnlly. canaa pretence. contego cover. exerceo drill. faucea month. impono put on hoard. incaute incautiously. 19.— Qmbus rebus cognitis Caeaar consilium capit ex loci natura. Erant enim circum caatra Pompei permulti editi atque aspen collea. Hoa primum praesidiia tenuit, castellaque ibi communiit. Inde, ut loci cujuaque natura ferebat, ex castello in castellum perducta inunitione circumvallare Pompeium insti- tuit, eo consilio, quod Pompeiua multitudine equitum valebat quo minore periculo undique frumentum commeatumque exer- (Mtui supportare posset, aimul uti pabulatione Pompeium probi- beret, atque ut auctoritatem ejua minueret, cum farna per terras percrebuisset, ilium a Caeaare obsideri neque audere proelio dimicare. aaper rugged. circum around. circum vallo surround. cominunio . . .fortify. fama report. fero. .... require, admit. pabnlatio . . .foraging. percrebesco. spread abroad. perduco extend. permulti . . ..very many. APPENDIX IV. 123 inferri Jul et Ho ouooua n^n? "»»^'^^«0« ^tque eo signa tatus. Turn vero ad s^mmn^ ^''"P^* """""^ ^ ^aburra cqui- confecti proc-umbunt X ^at ,M^n5o "*^"r' P^^;^''" vulneribus salutem petat a que inS « ^^" *'^l'« «"-^"'"sistens, ut f„ga Caesarisconspectumtcver u um cSZr T'"''- ^'^^''^'^" '«^ desperatio despair. . nuniquam never. praeoccupo. ..seize beforehand. Pi'eces entreaties. cives effectis tu.ribus hismom,?-. "^""'t'""- Kt celeriter infimi ad resiste uS prop e?m, Hh '* ''"'" ^«^«"^ fecti vulneribus, ad evtSm wr ^''T honnnum crebriscon- omnes liberavernnt O Z? m '^1 k'" ''f^^V*'*''-""* «ervosque castris oppidun cirem doTt of '""t^"*''-^ «'^tavius quinis oppugnatL'nibus eo p^^^^^ :^^^^^^ """ *«-P«- «'--lione et maxime a re frnmentaria aboraSt n , "'""!''' ^^'T^' P^''^" legatis anxilhun ab eo petebant ^ '^ '""''' ""'^ Caesarem circumdo..,s7//-;-o«m;. descendo . . hare recourse to. labcro suffer. ohsiAio ... .blockade. perpetior endur'.. q"*re v'herefore. qiiini fire. servu.s '.^/ave. iniquislocis Caesar se subiioerpr' o '"^''^^'\t'"'. exspectans «i nam elici poase Pomreium eli J?. '"'''''" """'"^ '■■'^*'«"« ^^ P"g- belli ratioLm j,uK7t '^tfca rT'S eof" ^«— l--'"'-^'» qno esset in it uf-ribus ut in if ,?. v ''°° '"overet, semper- candi naucisceretu o in ohtU Tl ^•'^"^'^' «««^sionem dimi- cotidianis itineribus def't hfarTt ^^'^J- '"''"'".. ^^"^P^' exercitnm jam profectionis da L; aniS ^e^sum'esTnf "*''/'''"^' «'«"« diauam consuetudine.^ lo mh V n ?,n P"""^? ^"*^ ^'^*™ «oti- .ressam, ut n.. iniq^ lo^^^sse^Tn td vidTr^t^'^T^^^^ P'"''- Caesar «uos eohortatua. eonfLtin. expeditas c'^ ed«cir '"" 1 ' IN n't' ^i 124 DE BELLO GALLICO. conimodiis. . .ndvantapeotis. confestim . . .immediately. defatigo weary, wear out. elicio, entice. extra contrary to. insolitus . . .vvtuciixtomed. radix root, spur. subjicio. . . .expose. {Based on the Vocabulary o/ Books II., III. and IV.) 23. — Pompeius, operibus Caesaris permotiis, adventu navium profectionem parare incipit, et quo facilius iiupetum Caesaris tardaret, portas obstruit, fossas traiiversas viis praeducit, atque ibi slides praeacutas defigit. His po t .itis rebus niilites silentio naves conscendere jubet, exprditos autem ex sajjittariis fundi- toribusque raros in miiro turr:' busque disponit. Hos certo signo revocare constituit, cum omnes milites naves conscendissent. Pompeius sub noctem naves solvit. Qui erant in murocustodiae causa collocati, eo signo, quod convenerat, revocantur notisquf itineribus ad naves decurrunt. obstruo . . .barricade. praeduco. .make (as an obstacle). silentium.. Slides .... silence. . st((ke. 24. — Eodem Brutus contendit aucto naviuin numero. Nam ad eas quas Caesar faciendas curaverat, captivae Massiliensinm accesserant sex. Has superioribus diebus refecerat atque omnibus rebus instruxerat. Itaque siios cohortatus ut victos contem- nerent, plenus spei bonae atque animi adversus eos proHeiscitur. Facile erat ex castris C. Trebonii attpie omnibus superioribus locis prospicere in urben), ut omnis juventus, quae in oppido reman- serat, omnesque superioris aetatis cum liberis atque uxoribus aut muro ad caelum manus tenderent t templa deorum immortalium adirent et victoriam ab d'\ oscerent. Neque erat quisquam quin in ejus diei casu omniuji. ? uarum fortunarum eventum consistere existimaret. bonus .good. prospicio. . see, have a vieiu caelum . . . . heaven. superior . . more advanced. contemno. ..despise. templum. . temple. exposco. , . . implore. urbs . city. instruo. . . . equip, Jit out. ut . how. 25. — His rebus gestis Curio postero die exercitum Uticnm ducit et prope oppidum castra ponit. Nonduni opere castrorum perfecto equites ex statione nuntiant magna auxilia equituni peditumque ab rege missa Uticam venire ; eodemque tempore vis magna pulveris cernebatnr, et vestigio temporis primum agmen erat in conspectu, Novitate rei Curio permotus prae- mittit equites, qui primum impetum sustineaut ac morentur j APPENDIX IV. 125 HI. and J V.J quod nullo ordine et'sine t^moe ILTf^T^'^^^^^^^ cmnt, eqnitatuque omni fere inro nn.i !,.?T ' , '''^™ ^"^"Ji- ter ia^oppidu.„^recipi, J:^Z^^^:^ \^^ re&7T V^i^L^^Sa'frsro """'"^ ^"^^«^'•' '" ^*- orant atque obsecrant uMn^V -r °^ ne amino deficiant. IIM terror ut alii adesse conias Tn W ^'j * ** *'" ^"'' omnium instare Varum iamoueT nn W ^'°'^''«"*'. ^1» cum legionibus rerum niail oS?o accide It^ai;?",""*'"'". '^''"^^^ (^"'^'•um advolaturam suspcare^tur Iti "itT'" ••'''*'"'" °^^«'''*«'' quisque eonsul^I Q„. i^-Ca^SnJl^S^^ ^l^^^^^ cerno se^ "^sto 6e cfo.se M;,on. consulo. , .^a^e ,Ao«,A. ob^Tct';:^^;: "^'"■"' ^■^•"■^'^ rebus perfectis a' urbo nrofiniamf,,.. t> j- . pervenit. Eo legiones duodecim enSnfn f Brundisiumque rat. Sed tantum naviCrepne?t?,tv,- "'•'", "^'V'^^J^sse. legionariorum militum, seTcentos emn 1 f ^"'"f«°''" millia Hoc unum Caesari ad celeritat^m S • *™"«P?''*»'-« Possent. tes expedites naves conscende,^^^^ ' "'*' ^"^■ turn pUt imponi;:? rtiwt^^iiersrir '"^'•■ annuum spatium ad comparandas copias nact"s » aan„ "^^v'"?' Syria Aegypto olassem coe^pnf "^ "^^ "^""^» '"'^gnam ex Asia candam cSvera ffieSdn^iS" nnH"'""''^"? .^°°'"« ^^''"fi- tuerat «t mare transire SraS ^thiK t'^ru^otl'-'""'" omni ora maritima classem disposuerat ^ ^ °*"'* annuus o/a year. tanfnm ? impono .... put on hoard. S .' ; ; [cU^, '" "*"''*• A- ^^•~^^P"^''''' militibus naves eadpm nnr.t<. b j- . Oae.sare remittuntur ut relinuaeTmW. °* ! Brundisium a taripossent. Fufio cS e^ntn «n- 1^"'*''*"'''"^ *^*»«Por- erat,'mandat ut celeStatem rtmnl^^^rSdirf;*" ^ ^'"^'^!*"^ beret. Sed serius a terra provectae nj^es offenderTnt i^'-f'^^'- en.mcert.orfactus de adventu Cae^arisrs^SXa S pSl 126 DE JIBLLO GALLICO. onustarum navium occurrere posse, inanibus occurrit, et nactus circiter trigiiita, onines eas incendit eodenique igni nautas inter- fecit, rnagnitudine poenae reliqnos terreri speraiis. Ilocconfecto negotio litora omnia longe lateque classibus oceupavit, custo- diasque diligentius disposuit. inauis empty. negotium . . tank, hminess. offendo . . . .he unfortunate. onustus . . . laden. poena punishment. proveho. . , .in pass., sail. eero late. terreo terrify. 29. — Calenus legionibus equitibusqueBnindisii in naves impo- sitis, ut erat praeeeptum a Caesare, quantum navium facultatem habebat, naves solvit paulunique a portu progressus litteras a Caesare accipit, quibus est certior factus, portus litoraque omnia classibus hostium teneri. Quo cognito se in portum recipit navesque omnes revooat. Una ex his, quae perseveravit neque imperio Caleni ob^emperavit, delata Oricum atque a Bil)ulo expugnata est ; qui de servis liberisque onuiibus supplicium sumit et ad unum interficit, Ita exiguo tempore magnoque casu totius exercitus salus consistit. servus slave. suppicium sumo de. .inflict pmnnh' [ment on. impono. . . .place on hoard. liber free. perst" >) . .persist, hold on. pr&eacviho.. direct. 30. — Genus erat pugnae militum illorum, ut magno impetu primo procurrerent, audacter locum caperent, ordines suos non niagnopere servarent, rari dispersique pugnarent ; si premeren- tur, pedem referre et loco excedere non tuipe existiniabant, cum Lusitanis reliquisque barbaris barbaro genere quodam pugnae assuefacti ; quod fere fit, quibus quisque in locis miles invetera- vit, ut multum earum regionum consuetudine moveatur. Haec turn ratio nostros perturbavit insuetos hujus generis pugnae ; circumveniri enim sese ab aperto latere, procurrentibus singulis, arbitrabantur ; ipsi autem suos ordines servare neque ab signis discedere, neque sine gravi causa eum locum, quem ceperant, dimittere consuerant. dimitto. . .(jive up. fere generally. gravis , . . . strong, grave. inveterasco . . become esiahlished. prcicurro . . . .run forward. rarus scattered, in small groups. APPENDIX IV. 127 PaHT lr.-EXERCISE.S IN Rl>TRAX8..TrON TNTO LaTIN. r^a^e.; 0« the Vocnhulnry of Book 11. j in con.mana of his om, wiS can n "'11 ^.'^^''^^^ the quaestor he had stationed not far f.o.n the A ',*, '^'^''^^egion, which B.tunges, and joins ^«./y.Iyo) witt i l.''^''",*''^ ^""^"^ the which was nearest. LvJZ two n.i ! ^^«^^"th legion baggage, he leads the rest ol] l"Jl ^ !""''*' 'o guard the Bituriges. who had extensive teiSi^,'''*°,*^*^ ^'^*"'^* «^ the HO could not be Prevented brthrvhrre-imn 7"^.*«^"«. and from forming conspiracies. Th. ou"h r!L . ^ "// ""S'« '«8'on approach ,na„y are surprised (otSZff' if'^^'' (repenUnus) tl>ey can fle. for refuge iL/:U)ZSl foC! ^'^'^''^ '^^'^''^ r^^...^ on the Vocabulary of Book II. and Book III., . ,.,. ■ he himself began the battlTon tlie r^h' ''^ °^ J"' °^" ^'^lor ; nouced that that part was thT Jeak^ f i i"."^' ^""^"'^ he had hei-cely did our men, on the TkfnaT hl?*^' ^"'"'y'^ ^'"^- «o attack on the enemy, andsosudT.ll ^^ ^''V^"' "'''^^ their orward {?'roc«,vo),'^that t me w S "^Tl^^"' ^'' ^^^^ ^un jave ins at the enemy. Throwh I Ih. F V- *''^'" to hurl their hand to hand {-..«^i«,s.) wi^ ^:; -tS'" wft 1^'' '«"^^* 1 ne had been routed and nnt to fl „hf !", . 'i'^" the enemy's rght they were pressing oSlitl-Sf u' ''' ^'^^^'■"g• «" the of their men. Noticing th" P Cras L ^ I'"'''"" ?^ ^^»^ """"hers the cavalry, sent the thi,d to aicl oi?; men '"' '" '"'"'"''^"'* "^ . ®' — '^he tenth legion he spud^ f« t«. i ^" from which the fiftS; leg ,!„ was beint" fv>. T'''' the garrisons assigns winter quarters to thr'armv P. t 'f''": ^^ himself with four legions among thrBelZ' cT" ^'f '«""'« he stations he leads into the count.7 of the led „?^ ^f'Z ^'*h as many this way Gaul would be most ectre if the 7^ f *''°"?''* *'^^t in greatest courage, and the Aedu'who ....1 fh ^^^1' "^^"^ had the • fv 1: ■ 128 DE BELLO GATXICO. complained (qnero7', i) had made war on them. When, after he had stayed not more than eighteen days in winter quarters, he was told of this, he led out of their winter camp the sixth and the fourteenth legion, which, as has been stated, had been posted across the Arar to make it easier to bring up supplies. Thus with two legions he sots out to attack (persequor) the Carnutes, who, moved by the disasters of the other Gauls, leave the villajjes and towns which they were inhabiting and betake themselves to flight. (Baaed on the Vocabulary of Book II. and Booh III., c. 1-19. J 5. — The town wall was nearly a mile and quarter from the plain. From about half way up the hill *he Gauls had made a wall six feet high, of large stones, to retard our onset. All the space at the foot they had left empty, but the upper portion of the hill they had filled with their camps right up to the wall of the town. The soldiers, on getting the signal, quickly reach the fortifications and crossing them gain possession of the camps. And sucli was their swiftness in seizing the camps that Tentomatus king of the Nitiobriges was surprised in his tent (tahej'naculum); his horse was wounded, and he himself with diflBculty saved (eripio) himself from the hands of the pillaging soldiers. 6. — Noviodunum was a town belonging to the Aedui, situated advantageously on the banks of this river. To this point Caesar had collected all the hostages given by the Gauls, the corn and supplies, and a considerable part of his own and the enemy's baggage, and had also sent a great many horses which he had purchased {coemo) in Italy because of this war. Eporedorix, on his arrival here, learned of the position of public afiairs, how that the Aedui had received Litaviccus into Bibrax, which is a town of great importance among them, that a large part of the senate had come together to meet him, and that envoys had been sent to treat with Vercingetorix for peace and friendship. Accord- ingly they slew the garrison and not thinking themselves able te hold the town, burned it down, that it might be of no use to the Romans. 7. — When Caesar had conquered the whole of Gaul, and was now anxious that the soldiers should rest themselves after their great toils, several states at one and the same time were reported to him as reviving (renovo) plans for war, and forming conspir- acies. The probable reason for this was that all the Gauls had learned that the Romans could not be resisted by massing any large body in one place, while if several states began different ok III., C.1-19.J APPENDIX IV. 129 Wars at the same time, the armv n( f», u en?my\\1Stfi„1Ur rbSstr, t"^^" r-- -^ the ^co forget their old-tirn^e valor an It oir^"" *''" «"^^J-^--» »«* them to imagine that Ca wH.nlof ^'"^* «^^.''^'««es, and told whose leadership they had ToneSll^ them, under then gives the signal for battlo Afir i^^^"^^'^ ^'e foe. He on the right wing, where he seventh ''•'^'''* '^'''^' *''« '^^^Y dnven back and put to flight o^^ he tf°'!,^^«.«tationed. were the twelfth legion, though thp f.i . ^*' J''® «"!« occupied bv fallen, yet th^e suVvivofs\*ff /eTa"^"^* 7"^« "f the enefny h.'j While the issue was as vet f,„nlf • * ,f "''^'orn resistance, seventh legion were told what w.«"' "'" tribunes of the and advanced against the Tear of th ^°'"^ '" "," the left wing! one left his postf but alf ;rr:7ur;irdTnd sTafn.^^^° *'^" "^ r^«..«c; 0» ^ ^'^^^^^^^^^ obtain their request from t£ SeqS ^"'' ^"'"^ '^''y '"'"ght enL°m7e^d'aV?hTflT J/ S a moifnt""*^ *\^* ^'^ --"^ ^ad camp. He sent out scouts to find «.^'."'.^'^^t '"'''es f'-om hia the mountain and of TtrLsce^it W " /'^^* ^' '^^ character of was easy. In the third wath hronlerV'v"^^* ^""'^ '^'^' ^t legions and those as guides X had btnn ^^■^^'*'"".« to take two road and climb the highest point of th^ ^^^'I'^^^^d with the >n the fourth watch, taking the roL K ™°".»tain- He himself ' gone, hastened towards ififm ^„5 sei^k ""u't ^^' ""^"^^ had him. Publius nnn»!din- r^h\ ,. sends all the cavalrv bpf^r- __n_iMUo.whowa8 considered the most' skiiled 1 1 130 DB HELLO UAiM-lCO. in the art of war, and who had been in the army of Luciuo Sulla and afterwards in that of Marcus CrasBUS, is sent in advance with scouts. ll,_Atdawn, when tlio summit of the mountain was occupied by LabienuH, and Caesar himself was not more than a mile and a half from the enemy's canip, and when, as he afterwards learned from prisoners, neither his own nor Labienus' approach had been discovered, Considius rides up to him and tells him that the mountain which he had wisheil Labienus to seize, was held by the enemy ; that he liad recognized this from the Gallic arms and badges. Caesar withdraws (mMnco) his men to the nwarest hill, end draws up his line ; while Labienus, in accord- ance with Caesar's instructions not to begin battle unless his forces were seen near the enemy's camp, that an attack might be made from every side at once, had seized the mountain and was waiting for our men. 12.— At first he sends some cohorts under the younger Brutus, then 'others with the lieutenant Fabiua, F innWy {poctremo), when the battle was raging more fiercely, he himself brings up reinforcements of fresh troops. Having thus repulsed the enemy he made all haste to the point to which he had despatched Labienus ; he withdraws four cohorts from the nearest fort, and orders part of the cavalry to follow him, while the others are to go around the fortifications and take the enemy in the rear. Labienus finding neither embankments nor trenches capable of withstanding the enemy's attack, gathered together forty cohorts, and informs Caesar by a messenger, what he thinks should be done. j[3^ The envoys whom the Helvetians had sent to Caesar to treat* of a surrender met him [convenio) while he was on tlie march. Throwing (projicio) themselves at (ad) his f-^et they begged for peace. Caesar commanded that the Helvetii should await his coming in the spot where they were, which they did. On his arrival he demanded hostages, their arms, and the slaves {servus) who had deserted (perfiKjio) to them. Meanwhile about six tliousand men, thinking that their flight could be concealed (occuHo, orf), set out at nightfall from the Helvetian camp and made for the Rhine and the German territories. Caesar, learn- ing of this, ordered those through whose district they hadgone to seek them out {conqviro) and bring them back, if they wished to enjoy peace. When brought back, he put them to death. All the rest he allowed to capitulate, after they had handed over to him the hostages, arms and deserters. APPENDIX IV. 131 ilil ^tr w,? ^'"^'''"^'^'•^''^^^-- ir-. III., anaSk. IV 1-19 J draw his army, son,., wl" «d'-l ? • " /• ^''^ ^''""**« «^i*''- gladly undertake wtlm/t any L .?]'"'; "' "''' '''^ <^'^"J« ^«"Id ••y ad.lressinfr the states in I '^f ''^^^' Acconlingly promising g.tat rewar"s'"o"tJ e' ^^^^^^^ ^'^Tl^<^'^^ -^^ state of peace this country which, wn^ I ^ f^"'^ ^^P' '« « reverses (me adversus, nZaZ/,t "^''""^*^^ ^^^ «« «"aay oi7.rrirwir to'zf Ui ^«r ^ '? ''^'y ^^-^ *hese experienced (jMe „y^c/o fl^tT ,./-/\ ^"/^^'''"ng that country by what n>ea\.s heSdtS hCtC Fo^r^'*^ f'" ^'^^''^'•"S f he summoned the army to the nrnvf ^' .i '^ ^^ Perceived that •n conflicts on their SchwitC ^' ^^''^ '''°"'^' Reengaged were to make his M-ay to he am v 1 ^^''^^ '* ^hile if he justified (use recte, ny?/,M?eSs in.' hi ''*f \' ^'^"^'^ °«* ^« who seemed peaceful at the time^ ^ "^^^ ®^®° *« *ho8e „16;— News of this is soon broncrhf f« it- • all the Arverni crowd a^oumlTm LdT"^"!''''!^ ' '" t*'"''^ thought (ro»«,/o) for them Tat t.Tvl Tf^ '^"" *« ^ke the enemy, especially wh^^ he Le7h«Ar°* *?" plundered by shifted (tramfero) against them ?nfl. ^\^'}^^'^ vvar has been ;'«m)he moves his cam p W «,^ '' by their entreaties towards the Arverni. ffi Caesar ^L.I"*'^,''^ *^« Bituriges v.c.nity, left his army o cathJ; 1 f '''' ^''^y^' stay in this leaving Brutus the younger ifcia, Jnf"^'''^"'"*^ °^ «'^^''^''•y, h.m to have the cavalry foam ^^'^^ f ''.'« V°°P'- ^e advises tells him that he will take Tre v '•/' !^'^'^' ^' P'^^'^'^le ; and three days absent from the c^'mp. """* ^"^ ""' '« '^^ '"«re than paJ^-^f^S* S' SLt 'Jnd & "• ?^ ^'^'''-- -*o an with fire and sword • then ofw • '*^ *^*" '''^«^^ country numbers of the inbabiantshf, eSrj^r *'^^""^ ,^^P*''^- '^S against the Treveri. Meanw Mlo h fr-^bicnus and two legions by despatches and messeteT "from l\ irt*'"?"i^t'""'"^ '^^''n' friendly to [lit. i„ the frTendsS of .^ p^''^'''' ^""^ remained large portion^f bis state hrrevorted^t^at ^°'"''^"«' although a enemy had gathered together In S !!!.*L%S^^,at body of the ..-.«iii-ry or line Pictones, n. L.^. 132 DB BELLO GAI.LIOO. ...i: haHtcned towards the town Lenionum. Aa he drew neni , he was informed by captives that Duratius had been shut up (claudo) in the town, and was being besieged by many thousands of the enemy. 18._At the same time representatives of both the Aedui and the Treveri came to Caesar ; the former to coiiii)lain Ix'cause the Harudes, who had lately been brought across into Gaul, were laying waste their land ; they had not, they said, Ijeen able to purchase (r€f/j>rto) peace even by giving hostages; the latter to state that a hundred cantons of the Sueoi had encamped on the bank of the Rhine, and were attempting to cross it ; that they were under the leadership of the brothers Nasua and Cimberius. Deeply moved by these tidings, Caesar deciilcd that he muat make haste, lest, if the new band of the Suebi should combine with the old forces of Ariovistus, resistance mig.it be less easy. 10.— The next pight Fabius se- .Is the cavalry in advance to engage the enemy and delay their column, till he himself should overtake it (conseqnor). That everything might be done as Caesar had instructed, Quintus Varus, the prefect of the cavalry, a man of wonderful courage and discretion, cheers on his soldiers, and overtaking the enemy's army places some of his horsemen in suitable positions, and with the rest of his force engages battle. The enemy's horse fought the more bravely, as they were supported by their infantry, who halting (snhsislo) along the whole line brought aid to their comrades against our men. A fierce conflict ensued ; for our men, despising the foe they had defeated the day before, and remembering that the legions were coming up behind them, resisted the infantry bravely, partly through shame (pu(hr) of giving way, partly from the desire to finish the battle by themselves ; while the enemy expected that no further troops would come up, and believed they had got a chance to annihilate {deleo) our cavalry. 20. — Caesar arranged his whole force on each side of the fortifications, so that, if need should arise, each man might keep and know his own place, and then ordered the cavalry to be led out of camp and the battle to be begun. From the whole camp (which occupied the highest point of the I'idge) there was a [good] view and all the soldiers were eagerly awaiting the issue of the fight. The Gauls had placed at great intervals among the cavalry, archers and light armed troops, to run to the aid of their comrades when they retreated, and to withstand the onset of our troops. Some of the latter unexpectedly wounded by these were withdrawing from the field. When the Gauls were sure that their side was succeeding in the fight, and saw that AI'I'RNDIX IV. isa our forces were being Imnl pv^^^^a \,y tl.ei.. yrcut host tl.ev r/i'Me./ w ^?^^* (''« i/«^«). tatus partem illi (to /»S X S^ ^"'''" '""'^ ^''''^'> ' ^^» ' 4. In (o« altera parte («We) flumiSal ^ Cajsaiem miserunt. cohortibus reliuquit; cSa (c-Z Tv^n f "" ^^^**""" «""^ «^x (Ae orrfe»-«). ^ ' ^^^^'^ ^'«'"^) ^allo fossaque muniri jubet 2. Per exploratoies Ctesar coanJili, n^^"^"" comportant. teneri. 3. Consilium capirC» If '^JT'^^ '"°"*^"^ '^ "««*"« dinntteve (to. send away). 4 cZZJLT T'*'""*"'" "°°*" non possent, se in montLnreeenenn! r/^ f ,"°?^''''"'"-''"P«t»8 oppresserunt, qui, per exploStS ti '^ ^'^V^^' ^' Menapios f-ti. in suos vL/remiSv-Sin&^^^^^ tio!rL^7TxtLf„'^i°J?I^^^^^^^^^ 2. Ernp. Labicnus de sue ac leSis pe icuTo n nT'' !^P«'-'""t"r. §. impedimenta, obsides^ZeLimnl "ml T'"'"*- t.*" ^^' ^'^^'''^) multitudine hostium (nf'fJ^l^? ^"® relmquebat. 5. Cum vidissent (they seal tlrltutT-''^ T^P'^" "««^^^ («"'• (/*o«^e) contezulerunt ^ffis reZ "Lf ^'"^''T^' d«'»»'» (-l-mc?) munitiones perfecit. perfectis, ejusdem generis .nfe^; J^!*[°',S^f *'bns premi et ex omnibus narfK.,. ..t„ -.le. «.mm„dveuifc (Ae noHced). 2. Alii, multis (man^;) 'tS m mi 136 DE BELLO OALLICO. conjectis, defensores vallo depellebaut (tuere driviiuj), telaque ex loco superiore missa non frustia accidebant (loere falling), 3. His-; rebus constitutis, dat siguuni proelii. 4. Animadvertit {noticed) Ctesar Seqiianos nihil earuin rerum facere, qnas ceteri (the others) facereut. 5. In hostem tela conjiciunt neque dant progrediondi {of advancing) fioaltatem. 6. Undique ( = ex omnibus j)artUiU!<) in murum {v^aII) lapldes jacti sunt [were, hurled), niurusque defen- soribus uudatus est. 8. — 1. Aoriter ab hostibus pugnatuin est, cum in una {alone) virtute omnis spea salutis consisteret {rested). 2. Cum iis Com- mium, cujus et virtutem et consilium probabat {he recognized), mittit {he sends). 3. Pugnatum est diu (long) atque acriter, cum hostes in sua (their) virtute totius Aquitaniae (of all Aquitania.) salutem positam esse putarent (thought) ; tandem (at length) con- fecti vulneribus hostes terga verterunt (lit., turned their backs, i.e. fled). -, Q_ — 1. Quibus in fugam conjectis, reliqui circumventi inter- fectique sunt. 2. Nostri (4. 2.)*, impetu (attack) subito facto magnoque (g^'eat) eorum numero intertecto, neque sui coUigendi neque consistendi facultatem dederunt (gave). 3. Perterritis nostris (4. 2.)> barbari se inde incolumes receperunt. 4. Quibus rebus omnibus permoti, equites (cavalry) castris hostes potitos esse renuntiaverunt (reported). 5. Turn (theyi) Cajsar omnibus portis eruptione facta celeriter (3. 1.) hostes in fugam dat {=con- jicit), magnumque (great) ex eia numerum occidit (=^interfecit), atque omnes armis exuit. 7. — 1. Frumenti inopiam veritus (fearing), Plancum cumj legione in Carnutes proticisci jubet (he orders), ibique (there) hie- mare. 2. Dum (ivhile) haec in his locis geruntur, magna (greal)\ tempestas (s" oppidum 3. Krat summa difficultas m,r ^* '" ^" "PPif'o fecultas •naguitudiuem in al/n !. .^. *"^ "''''^^' ^"as pronter /0 ^t -.nplebat (sA'reft^mprtL'^^^^^^^^^ ^'SS, atS ("'•^■/'«-^O oppidi situ, Quod no<,rtf^ "^''^*-, *• C«^«ar, perspecto 'lesperavit. <'^«^^«^<) habebat, de oppugnatione Ji'sserant (11 5.). ^2 Ta. H^ I ^ '"^"'"'^'^ "^^^^ appelli (12 S^ , "eque ancorae funesoue ,,;"/'** **^"'Pt'«'a8 coorta est (7 it t/ i -toresque (9. l.Tv'nn "tptt:!^ ^S' ^^^ -»*- guber' •^. -fanta erat altitudo nnnK, i. P ** (^sustinere) possent CffS . 4. Cuius looi^E!' ^,"* ^^j!- "'»-« commocFe Sgj ' *"'" aaigi posset. 5. Nihil I. :'il 138 HE llEIXO GALLICO. timentibus nostria, propter navium inopiam, impetum subito (82idden/y) fecerunt. 14,_1. Compluribus navibua fractia {shatter), reliquae funi- bus, aiicoria (13. 5.) reliquisque armameiitia amissia {lose) eraiit inutiles [melefis). 2. Cum tela ex superiore (4. 1.) loco m'lmi non fruatra acciderent, turres excitari juaait (11. 5.). 3. Quod in conapectu omnium res gerebatur, nullum recte (honorahli/) aut turpiter {dwjracefiilly) factum celari {he concealed) poterat. 4. Cum fruatra classem exapectaviaset, navea remia iucitari et in alto (12. 1.) constitui; quae res maguo usui nostria fuit, 5. Cum Germanoa Galli virtute superabaut, omnenl apem in celeri- tate (13. 7.) ponebant. 15.— 1. Hoc negotio confecto, cum omnibus navibus ad Csesarem pervenit. 2. Aliam (4. 3.) in partem fugam petebant. 3. Cum a m«ridie {noon) prope (=/ere) ad solis ocoasuni pugnaretur, barbari eruptionem (6. 1.) summa vi facere con- tenderunt. 4. Acriter (5. 1.) uaque ad veaperum (eveniny) pugnatum est. Soils occaau hoatea in naves se receperunt (12. 3.) 16,— 1. Bello Helvetiorum confecto, legati ad Cceaarem con venerunt. 2. Navibus coactis, in fines {land) Remorum pervenit qui se suaque omnia dediderunt. 3. Quod navium longarun j {ships of war) habebat, reliquis attribuit (1. 6.) Ii7,_l. His rebus gestis, jubet portas claudi, ut in summarl (12. 5.) contemptionem hostibus veniat. 2. Ca3sar loco castril idoneo capto {take), cognoverat (14. 4.) quo in loco hostiurf copiae consedissent, 3. Certior factua eat (9. 1.) reliqual (16. 3.) omnes civitatea defecisse, aeque cum Germanis coif junxisse. 4. Cum multos menses {months) castris ae ac paludj bus {marshes) tenuisset, neque Gallia diniicandi potestatej fecisset, haec opinio timoris confirmata est {strengthen), i Interea {meanwhile) Commius, cui summa imperii permisd erat (give), cum omnibus copiia ad Alesiam pervenit, et mill passus ab nostris munitionibus (6. 3.) considit. 18.— 1. Pefensores (4. 2) oppido (14. 1) idonei deliguntul quos'CfEsar edocet quae dici (15. 1.) vellet. 2. His persuadeil ne suia (8, 5.) auxilium ferrent non poterat. 3. Hostes poateif ( = proximo) die majoribus copiis coactis (17. 2.) castra oppugnail {assault), fossam complent. 4. Superiore die Cscsar e caatrf copiia eductis hostibus pugnandi ^jotestatem fecit (17. 5.). -I Crasaus, cum sua cunctatione atque opiuioue timoris hostJ alacriores {more eamr) effccisset {nutke), ad hoatium castra col tendit. im, impetum subito Usui noatiis fuit. 5. mnortl spem in celeii- bem fecit (17. 5.). iimtt APPENDIX n. jgg *®*~^" ^opias omnes in loco »,i;f« -i. , «truxerant {./m?« M«). 2 Colinrf! / *,*1"® ^P®"^**» (12. 6.) n.s oupientihus,ad h'ottiu'm catra :XLd^t''■l«^' ^"?f '• (.1.1.) in hostes sicno dato impetum Wn^.V «. ^.°^*^" ^^^''t^f hostes conjicien.lT (2. 4.) «oSdaretur 4 n 'P^V'"" *«'* >" zs::^:zr' ^''- '-^ ^^^^^^^^^^^ (^^^'^)\ol:Vor:Z^^^ l-ooas) opportuuo cam major pais aammJ» i^ exspectabant (14. 1.) «t (^W«,0%xK;r(T2 partes v^^^ se ostendeiunt atque nroelinm "^ •J'^"'^ ( = ^'"*^«''*'') subito 2. Hac oratione (S) cti nlTolT '"^P"""* O^. 9.)? fin.tnnas civitates/equiLqT uX "e 7^^^ »nittit ad haec a Cssare geruntur (17 T i^" ^'^- ^''*'^**' 3. Dum adoriri parabant (14. 1 ) ^^ "?^/ ^y»'tat"8que copiis Labiemim rumentariaeRomLiHeln ptoviSSf^e/.^^f'-" H'^- '■•) ^' (13. 9.), impeditos in agmine adoriuntur ^ ^ ^^ coepissent qn?Jv~aeu„m7l .%'TlnefenS;:?4PP^^^^^^^ ('^- 2-). propter latitudinem (hreadZ7olVaetk\\ ^•"''"''^* ('^- S")' tudinem (14. 4.) exnua„are n ^^ •- I murique im//) alti- (9. 8.) vineas a^ore^cofpit ^i' C iSe^o 'o ^ ^>*"' '1^""'*'« dum actis, atrfieie iacto (/hL,.? \ i ^^•.?-^ ^'"^is ad oppi- i^niM), m^gnttiline' op'erum ( o ''^gV^r^T"^ ^«"«t^u^cL Romanornm pennoti (,//L«,,V i;„:: '^•\ ^*^ eeleritate (13. 7.) mittunt, et petentibni Sl'uSlf ^""T''"} ^'« ^^^'««n» rant. 3. Hostes cursu exanin atoJAQ Tr'"T ^'''"'''^' '™P«*- fectos ex loco superiors in fl^mpn! ^ ^ ^'^ vulneribusque con- («W) inseouti L^rpJ^^eruStTf^^^^^^^^^^ «' «'^^"^ eorum consilio, celeriter ad a^m' ? *''''*: ^"«*"' «"gnito animadvertissent, cla'Se snblS a.^^'"'''""*' ^" Q""'* ««"^ cceperunt. Caesar ex n.Vfr;! -.!'"* ^''P^'*®' PO^tas claudere equestre conuJ ttit! 3 Re.pZ; f ^7 ^^'"«^S i^^et, proeliuS suetudinem (custom) populi Z/o 1^ («»'^'''"■.«0 «on esse con- conditionem si armnradi p v r ?^""^'" ^«^'P^re ab hoste -ittant,qua;peti:riSimXturor'' ''^"'*^'^"1"^ ^^ ^^^-m quiVcrart'^^PplTS^^^^^^ ^f^'»"^ '^-^- '^g-ibus sidio, cum quattunr -X,- ! • ^^'^"* impedimentis nraP- n quattuor .elh^uxa Icgionibus Lutetiam proficiscitu;^ 140 DE BELLO GALLICO. Id eat oppidum Parisiorum, quod positum est in insula (island) fluminis Sequanae. Cujus adventu ab hostibus cognito magnao ex iinitimis civitatibus copiae convenerunt. Hurnina imperii traditur {(jive) Cainulogeno, qui piope confectus aetato tiimen propter siiigularem (marvelloua) 8(;ientiam rei militaria ad eum est honorem (2)OHiliou) evectus {mine). 2i. — Labienus, cum et loci natura et manu munitis castris sese teneiet, do BUG ac legionis periculo nihil timebat. Interim prope quotidie cum omni equitatu Indutiomarus sub {be/otv) castris ejus vagabatur, ut situm castroium cognosceret ; equites tela intra (within) vallum conjiciobant. Labienus suos intra munitionem continebat, timorisque opinionem augebat. Cnni majors in dies contemptione hostes ad castra accedereiit, nocte una intromissis (let in) equitibus omnium fiiiitinipvum civitatum, quos arcessiver^t, subito Labienus duabiis portis cum omni equitatu eruptionem facit. 26. — Prima luce hostium equitatus ad castra accedit proe- liumque cum nostris equitibus committit. Cssar consulto (puriiosely) equites cedere (yield) seque in castra rccipere jubet ; simul ex omnibus partibus castra altiore vallo muniri portasque obstrui (barricade) caespitibus jubet. Quibus omnibus rebus hostes adducti propius acceduntet tela intra (irnhin) munitionem ex omnibus partibus conjiciunt : ac sic (so) nostios contempserunt (despised), ut alii vallum manu scindere, alii fossas compleref inciperent (begin). 26. — Tu. 1 vero ex omnibus oppidi partibus orto (rise, v. deponent) clamore, qui (those who) longius aberant repentino] tumultu (iiproar) perterriti, cum hostem intra (within) portasj esse existimarent, seae ex oppido ejecerunt (throw out). InterimI ii qui ad alteram partem oppidi convenerant, prime audito clamore, magno cursi^ eo contenderunt. Romani et cursu diuturnitate pugnae defessi non facile integros sustinebant. 2*7. — Cum acerrime pugnaretur, hostes lo be put to death. (§>j;J, 4, 5.) 7. He is unnilliu^ '. ■ ' 'nter amo ' the Allobroges. 8. Induced by the wai ' oi :t"ni8 uid the flij^'ht of the third legion they withdrew to higher ground. 9. After leading the legion in safety to the village, he burned all the buildings. 10. Without fighting any battle, they return to the camp because they see that the enemy are obstructing the march. 11. They remember that the forces have been routed and otripped of their arms. API'ENDI.V II. 148 the wlntciquartors reauhinj{ tluit plact; id aban'luued their lans {res), they will I oil huvo not been rd pleased they hail ground. 4, When lad been oleaiod of ifter hurling stoiiutj had betaken them- 6. Notliing can be )f tlie length of the They do not give to . 9. Our men had of defenders. that the enemy's -> tiie trenches they nd been continuous 'orni the centurion spent with wounds. A-as a man of great I 6. Giving up the es. 7. On the cen- jalled together, our He give the signal ). While the enemy sting themselves, we ore doing ; they •0 than tliirty thou- , to flight. 3. They had been done. 4. lie barbarians were ling what they been linl w ' e ordered \ > i>»!^ 1, ■ '. nter aino ' iirnifi 'irid the flii,'hb * ground. 9. After he burned all the !, they return to the itruetiug the march. beeu routed and used to surpass all the sea coast 'i On fll /" '"""0"«« t*»«y .tc,™,u„„/,,„i.,i, .„„„ ;.i;cL,iV" «t .TgE L""gt:r fo,- tlut ,.a,<,„ to .!„ -othi.Tb^i.^l.nJn a'ttSt". '"""'"'"" 9. -1. Ho informed OiDsir that tliey wore far .?i.t»,.f .„j l.,il!.r,„g among tho Morini. 2. Bocau.o TiTJ^ La '^ Lh^f 4 Thet"! r"""' "V ?"•« Scumi' „ rMitnhfa'rS- 4. The knights must bo detained and <■!.« uf..+„r * i . ^" l^ Understanding that the army £ btn^'wTdlw^Sr LTed tiiey were anxious for a charse 6 Tf tho\L. ,„ ^ tlistubuted, though, that more «...es wS join "."eo;?^',^" '''°''""'' "' attlVt^lS^ro^^frriv^r^^rS SS'f 1^ fT/'»""^ theiUttokeep the ban,,, of the^Lmrr^rr VT/ooT* 144 DE BBLLO GALLICO. he can he sets out for that place. 4. Labienus, whom lie has placetl in coiiimaiul of the cavalry, will visit the Belgians. 5. Alter subduing Gam, he hastened with all his forces against the (}einians. 6. Tlie fleet, over Avhich he had placed Brutus, he sent to Aquitania. 7. After attempting to cross the river by force they had summoned aid from the Veneti themselves. 12.— 1. This happens twice in the summer. 2. The tides were of such a sort that tiiere was gi'eat difficulty in sailing. .3. If at any time the ships were detained by a storm, there was tin; greatest difficulty in doing this. 4. The towns are inaccessible either by laud or sea. 5. They betook themselves to the nearest s ips, the more easily because the sea liad been kept back by dams. 6. The tide rushed up to the walls of the town which was situated on the end of a promontory. 7. For most of the sunnner they had defended themselves by these works. 8. If at any time tliey were hindered by the tide, they would bring up a large number of ships. 13.— 1. Our ships were superior in strength and size. 2. On account of the violence of the storm, they began to fear the shoals. 3. They can not very well run before the wind. 4. That they might the more easily injure our fleet, they had built the ships entirely of oak. 5. Besides tliis they could withstand any violence of the wind. 6. On account of the strength of the ships, they had no fear of storms. 7. They thought they could injure our ships witli the beaks. 8. On account of the speed of tiie ships, which had been equipped with both sails and oars, they thought they could more easily hurl their weapons. 9. Sucli was the scai'city of ships, tliat their attacks could not be with- stood. 14,_1. Two hundred and twenty towns had been taken by storm in sight of the fleet. 2. He set out as soon as he learned that all the higher grotuid was held by the enemy. 3. The towers were a great aid to our men because weapons could be thrown with greater force. 4. The sterns of the vessels sur- passed the towers in height. 5. The centurions who were in command of the army learned that several towns had been taken by storm. 6. Caesar was not quite certain who was in command of the ship. 7. The ships can be the more easily injured that all hope depends on the oars. 8. Perceiving that the ships had set out from the harbors, they decided that all this labor must not be undertaken in vain. 15._1. When this affair was finished, they turned the ships about, 2, We cauiint nsove ; this v/as being done at the fourth '^ :| APPENDIX H. ieiius, wlioiii lie luis it the Belgiaua. T). is forces against the I placed Bi'utus, he ) cross the river by ti themselves. 2. The tides were in sailing. 3. If at orni, there was tlu; wns are inaccessihle selves to the nearest , been kept back hy I of tlie town which 7. For most of the ese works. 8. If at ley would bring up ;th and size. 2. On T began to fear the B the wind. 4. Tliat , they had built the jould witlistand any strength of the ships, ht they could injure of the speed of the sails and oars, they weapons. 9. Such i could not be with- had been taken by s soon as he learned the enemy. 3. Tlie se weapons could ))e I of the vessels sur- burions who were in awns had been taken vho was in command 3 easily injured that g that the ships had ! all this labor must ley turned the ships ir <1nne at tlie fourth 145 hour 3. The battle Imd lasted for four hours 4 Af «„r,=.f very few reached the shin 5 The w!n,l f. Ki • A* ^unset a timio ft AAH, >= »"'!'• o- ,^ne Wind IS blowing in all direc- favorable for takiiur the vessels S Witl. Vi ! ^'>^»mstance is the youth had been lost, the rest ha no means of d / r""" s:-^rtoo^it:^-i^- a r ^-"^-= - ^^ wol^dTioJat'^tottif2\?iXthl'"'"^ *''^* ^^-^ ^^-^« the camp. C.sar wastLing ^ tsloVc^s"^" A^tSr'f '^' "f^" able ground, he was unwilling to do thi-» 6 Co WHnr, i forces from all parts of Gaul he dai Iv aav^" tl,. ^""'^'^*'"^ ^^^^'ge tunity of fic^htiim 7 kf\u.^ ^ ^ , *"® ^"'""y ^» oppor- hearing that this deserter hid on the prev ous ni. t ^LJ\\ to the enemy, they took arms and hastened to tie camp '1 h! purpose of flailing" he tS't Lifl nc^d bj tt ^ ?' f"' '""^ they all cry out that Ca,sar must lead th^ arnfy oiZM^'c^amo' /. After pointing out what an opportunity hacl been lost h?3' auaded them to set out with Iiim 'j /i/ ■ ^ost, he per- to persuade them, he tolJ ln-no'';.ha lie tfsH Sonf '^'^^ i?eT mission has been given them to go to the camp -. AUj being made, the Gauls at once turned their backs. ^ 146 1)K BELLO OALLICO. I ^ Tho result was that few had l.een left. 4. They made an Lack so (am suddenly that ti.nc was not given our men for anniiur 5 They were informed that our men hampered becauS of ti.. burdens they were bearing, had not withstood the because oi i- ordered his men to pursue tho enemy. rSr^cotttoi Jhe load which he was carrying, the soldier Lched the ca^P out of breath. 8. He is bearing burdens as arie as possible. 9. When our soldiers, who had been ordered to puSue tCe wiio had escaped, reached the camp, they were informed of the two wars. 20 -1. OnreachingGaultheyhadprocuredsupplies. 2. They slay the lieutenant, gather large foxH.es a'«\ '^^^Q^Yearlg of He perceived that an ambush had been set. 4;_^JJ" l^"^"""» °' theirarrival, he perceived that ho mu«t ]oin battle. 5. On a eavalrv fijiht beiiL begun, our men were scattered and all the baggaJe wa lost. 6. In the third year of the war the trooPj;;^!" led mto the province of Gaul. 7. The enemy are especially strong fi fantrv 8. He led his army into the country where war had be^n waged three years before. 9. When our cavalry had W sTattS and the enemy were renewing the battle, suddenly the auxiliaries attack our column on the march. 21 —1 Relying on the former victory, he ordered the town to be attacked aVd tLers brought up. 2. The safety of the whole legion depends on his watchfulness. 3. After tlie I a"le ha I Sed for a long time, he savv that nothing could be accon - Shed 4/ They did what they had been ordered. 5. On tlS sending ambassadors and giving up their arms, he accepted their surrender. 6. Under Ceesar's leadership they had accom- plTshed nothing. 7. They are anxious to see what can be accom- plished by this means. 22 —1 Making a sally, they fought fiercely. 2. On the de?th of' Adttunnus, all who had pledged themselves, com- mltted suicide. 3. On the soldiers being driven back, a shout was raiS at another part of the fortifications 4 They obteined permission to rush to arms 5. Whie attempting to driVe back the enemy to the town, they were slain. 6. This is the agreement that if any sally is made, all are to die. Sa —1 According to their custom they exchanged hostages and took an oath that they would all agree. 2. Perceiving that Jhe roads had been blocked, and that the enemy would very easilv keep our men from supplies, he fortified the camp. ,3. leavLg a gar^i^ou for the camp he set out for hither Spam. jVITkndix ir. 147 to divide Ilia fofco, ' "'" """'P' '>» ''"' ""' «"ciiipt daybrcalt he drew n, t"e I „l^f M 1*'"'°,""; V",'?'»'- »• At waited .0 .ee wi.at .iL";:»';^»!'^,'..?.^"''" "" ■"™' "»" Avord that some are %litii,.rKu/bbonwi;i, J % *'""S back ami tl,„t tl,e dete ■'«s I" FJ'%^"'"f "^"'"^ ""<' "=«!>""' another gate «.el^lt'st'tlot figSg. "°"' ""= ""'• « ^' isS2:rS.;r* r St- , %«'sr""7 *= ^^-* A° hone of rewards on honHnVi P^^.'^^^ahy, aroused by the enemy with re eWed viTm> r'"^'^"*^'. ^'^^'^" *° ^^"'•«"^ th« what had beenTone ^n^ ; ^ Before the enemy could learn cavalrv 6. Sv could not T "^ "^'^'"^ ,*° '"^'•«""'^ t''*^ 7. HoVoint;douTwrtl°wish:d w'St^i" ^''^««-^'T- surrounded on all sides befo, ok //;?,' *'f * ^.I^^y .""ght not be 8. It is agreed that fiftJ I?, ^ ^ "" ^^*'"^' "' ^''^ «amp. 9. I)espairS of safety thJvSf"'L"i "'"''^'''y ^'"^^^ assembled, longer Routes ^' ^ *'''''' *^^™s«lves to the camp by hiS^"~2/A^Lf e^CroWnn?^^ vohu.tarily surrendered to haclneglectecinS'srdho1t4 r s'^h^rthSf diV'?"?,"?'^^^^ part of this winter. 4. WixL" is neJ at £d '"' ''^' '"^^^'" 148 DE BELLO GALLIOO. 28.-1. for peace, marshes, the camp. In the same simimor they sent ambassadors to treat 2. He saw tliat they had betaken themselves to the 3. On reaching the marsh they proceeded to fortify the camp. 4. Although they are in arms and have not been conquered, yet he thinks he will quickly finish the war. 5. The Morini were the only ones wlio could not be conquered. 6. Our men, having followed them too far, were scattered. 7. Rushing out of tiie woods and marshes they made an attack on the.camp. 8. VVheu the summer was over, and lie had hetrun to fortify the camp, ambassadors were sent from by far the largest nation of all Gaul. 29,— 1. Turning the timber towards the woods, he built a rampart. 2. In order that the work might not be interrupted, he kept the soldiers under canvas. 3. They proceeded to burn tlie villages and \ay waste all their fields. 4. After leading back the army to winter quarters, lie cut down the woods on either side. 5. An attack was made on both sides, while the army was off" its guard. 6. They placed the baggage and cattle in thicker forests. 7. That the enemy might not make any attack, the limber was heaped up as a rampart. 8. Thcr ; followed a storm of such a character that an attack could not be made. ri: *«asr/ fl: ;he war. 5. Tb APPENDIX III EXERCISES BASED ON BOOK IV. Part I. -Exercises in Traxslatiok from Latin at Sigut. «v*r"T^: "^I"^ ^^"\ ^^*"" ^"^*^ '^^"sa. Praedae (of phinder) canai conjurationem fecit (jb J.^Trl;- -IJ l" 'o" " r.^^ftZ i (1. 4 )-^ l..bct {o,v/er,s), proelium equestre cornmSlL"/ "V ^ ^ nicdunt (I . ,.). 4. Pars homimim (q/entnr (6. 4. ) et minus facile (easily) Germanis bellum inferre possent. 4. Cajsar postulavit (6. 3.) cos qui sibi Galliaeque bellum intulissent sibi dedergnf-. (that they should sur- render. ) 8.— 1. Remanere se apud sum velle (7. 4.) dixerunt (3. 2.). 2. AUobroges dispositia praesidiis (4. 3.) suos fines tuentur. 3. Hac oratione habita (having been made), omnes (6. 3.) auxi- liuma Csesarc pctcre coeperunt {7. 1.). 4. Undiquo (from aJt APPE.vnix III. in castra {to the . 3.) aniplissimatn mnea qui eo mari igales. luartam {a fourth) ) esse, omni cum quae nondum (not inopia perniotus i.avin ^ , ,"' ^^ essedis 3. Ita (th,is) hostes Sim!! / (^^'^;?''^!'f <■'/) ^'ederunt (8. 2.). third) interfecta, reliquos peieSs i^/f ''^' ^'''-'^ P'^''*^ <« Mandubracius, cuius pater Ifathll^Z -''^T ^«" i^iunt. 4. erat, interfectusqJe erat V Pnt in "^ '''''J*'''*^ '"^8""'" «''t""i- mittit (11. 6.). ^ Cassivellauno, logatoa ad Ca^sarem (l"60'neSfuC/^'lf:t^i!-^ -1- legatosmissuros Cum ad oppidum (5 2o\.ccLS e m''^ ^^''^ accepturos. 2. pacem ab RomanL peti'^t ''l/'n'u.^^^'^.'J.'L^.l.TfJ'^r '^"^" Galham iegat. nussis (11. «.) p,eem a ci^sar. peSntT'Sum ■1 Ji,____ 152 DE BELLO OX^UCO. • I .2.) 2. nee sine (8. 2.) causa (1. 2.) iiitulerunt. 4. Cresar iis quos in cas- tris retinuerat, discedendi (12. 1.) potestatem fecit (11. 2.). 5. Cfesar ex castria equitatuin educi, proeliuni comniitti jubet. 6. Nostri, quod signa {standards) subsequi non poterant, magno- pere (greatly) perturbabantur (12. 1.). 7. Tantam (4. 3.) sibi his rebus in Gallia auctoritatem consecutus erat, ut undique (from' nil sides) ad eum legationes (C. 3.) concuirerent (flock). 8. Horum auctoritate adducti (6. 4.) legates retinent. 14. — 1. Reliquos equites (12. 1.) cousectati, paucos (7 eorum qui ex fuga evaserant (esca}>e), reliqueruiit (leave). Equites (12. 1.) in castra irrumpere conantur (attempt), (=neque) prius sunt visi (see) quam castris appropinquarent (drau) near). 3. Illi celeriter per exploratores (4. 6.) adventu Cresaris cognito (5. 2.) suas copias castris eduxerunt (13. G. ), oinnenique aciem'carris circumdederunt (svrroimd). Eo (lit., thereon) mulieres imposuerunt (place). 4. Helvetii, cum omni- bus suis carris secuti (folloiv, v. deponent), impedimenta in unum (13. 3.) locum contulerunt (collect). 16. — 1. Clamore audito, hostes undique (on all sides) circum- venti (12. 6.), desperatis omnibus rebus (13. 4.), fuga saluteni petierunt (14. 2.). 2. Noctu (by night) ad unum omnes despe- rata salute (14. 2.), sc interfecerunt. 3. Praestat (14. 2.) arma abjicere qnam ab Gallis per cruciatuin iuterfici. A. Denique ( ^"'^"•" <'• -) .dictum. 2 I«dem (H 5 V «, hH '^' J;!;'^^«"l'»'»'l"e a Ca'sare ('•ei,»-W) coepit, C-IeiiteiMM ^^''fl-^r- '*-^ ?»"*«"! reficere (/<'/y;o.O traductis, reH ui ^ ai 4 ) effeeto oper., legionibusque reliquas (14. 5.) conils nT o ^^ l^r'^^'" 1*™'''^'^''" ^-^li^'to, (^e«.i i„c/). Ubii. q' an e nl ^;''I'*^j""Vl"« ('«• '^0 reducit purgancU sui causa (I3. O.^a^d i'm^I^UrStunt (I^^'s f^'"^^' soadCo^sarem recepenS ^S ef. . ""' ^bdiderant (18. 4.) sociorumque (ally) ^copUs (U 3^"^^' °'"»««. «urn omnibus suia sei-ecepemnt. 4 Ca-sar oer e'TnL^l extremo3 (remotest) fines in silvas recepisse. ^ exploratorea compeiit Sueboa sese (3.^?:rqua';;ta"eq^;,e in ^a^mit'dTTr? ^'V ''^- '''"'' «'-*^*«« repeiiebat. 2. VolusenusTeri.;.;,- ^^ u^"*' "° ^''^ -^"/^o'"*) quinto (Mh) die 9 ) ^•1™"'"^"':!°'^"'''"^ (-'""•« His rebus gestis (do) c nm ni t ''T''' "^ (IJ. 4.). 4 Cffisar pacatunLe (iS\|:fi,^'^ omnibus de cauaia (I7. 1.) eas quoque (16. 1 ) nation r.^„V- ^"y,"'^"™ profectus est, quod cere\olJbat (ik 5.V 4 Teoue n^:' '''''''T ^"~^«^«) ^^"os- eamsilvam (18. 4.) dicat fi^^'^"^^^'«1"am est qui se adisse ad 21,— 1. Omnes ad portnm (^0 4. \ TUn.v. ^ • . , ex portu commodissimum rwi In i . '^«^venire jubet, quo cognoverat. 2. Un^ cum 1 ? 1.1? *?^""'^'" trajectum else G^sarinBritanniampraemse at 'Trol^T™'? "^'"*' ^»^'" o.vitates fama (rr7>orO perferTur 4 V) "*^' ^'^T "°« ^talliae on^nia ab Bemis eiploialaS^ntd q^a^ (2^^^ ' ll^J^S 154 DE «KLLO UALIK (). (5 2 ) mnltitmlinem (8. 2.) a.l i;iuuii .ones I'ariisiu.sqm' venios {jeciuiiUim 2.) ii!' attribiiit on tan (Ki. 1.) iji'dii'*), at (that) ILsse (llJ. 5.) a luce (at daum, es(iuo iiicoluniiis iqiie (20. 4.) «lifs ■ <((,-(, 2'2. 1.), quod ■), tandem (at /a.s/) sque conscendere . 4.) Ca.'sar non lantonos Helvetii m nactus, legatis y) mont't, nt con- praedao (plunder) 3 ferebant (carry), tes, notis omnibus riebantur (attack). , hostes per niedios oiKj/t). 4. Repulsi int (18. 4.), locum tijied), nostrosque »ermoti, legates ad lb latere aperto in n castra recipiunt Lucius Petrosidius dine hostium pre- part) projecit, ipse itur. 4. 'Vincite' o) vultis,' Sabinus, agna pars militum 155 £U- p;!s. *j„Sf w:r 'Sr ^-■^•t '•■'•'»"> '-p-' qu.bus «Ao,se ^a/nch} in nostro ma.-i "I '"'""''"'•«« (^o«,)'n„fm ac multitudinem ju.nentori.mT "*' ««"«"«^imus, ad o, era »8U. ad armandas (e,nl)S^ cTlZ^-^To ^^''' q"ao S "l>ot. Ipse in Illyricuri pSiscltJr Sr"r ^S'^""> ««'"Porta «7.— H.3 rebus eestis ^/«^ T„k- . / «^''^leoat. egionibiisetequitum .,dlS/;,f ■f"'' 'n c,,„tine„t^ cum tribus (.'/«a../. V. rf./ie«<) q Le e 'r'n^ "t portusTuer"t r 'P«e cum qui„q„e legioViS et " . '''"'^ gererentur cognosoerei cout.ne..te reli'queraf, Taves «ojWt i? ""'""''^ «^"^^"'"Np.em ^ j ^^a^A). qua (.../,er«) optimum *'* '^'" P^''*''''» "'«"lie cepit legi'nI^.?sV^^^^^^^^ «d portum Itium cum tompestaterejectas((67?.eWr" * "^''^'' ^"'le f^^^tae eran? eode..a. um^a irant profectae iv T"" *^"««-«"onpotui8se at I; mi Im 1^'" ^1"it*'tus totius S clu'^' ^''i'^'P) inve.iit m.llmm quatuor, principesnue ex omr n> "*?. oonve.ut numero perpaucos obsidum loco («. /? T M^"^^'^"«t'I^"« J ex quibua creverat, quod cum ipse abls.V T f ' ^^^"''^ «^'^»'» ^^"cere de^ batur (fear, v. deponent) "^"^ '"°*"'» (uprising) Galliae vere- ^fS:S), St'lS r^"'*" «* '°- -stris idoneo Jost.u.n copiae consedissert(e f« ii^rr^^^""^''*' ^^^ 'loco qui praesidio navibus essentT "' •r''"*'« (^''^ee hJred) eos q.,i fugSe'n"'^peSe\^etttT'( :?,;'■'' V^^ii*^«q"« ^^^ "t itiner.s (some rf;.to«ce) p.Xe«s I 1 (f «'--«e). Fis aliquantum tat?r*' r """«-rL^sfpSelSoct?^ Ca^«"'"m 156 UE BELLO UAI UVO, 32 —1. Hi « rebus cognitia Ciesiir lejjioiica otiuitatunHiuo revocuri {reoJ/) at(juo itiiiero dfsistero jubet, iprtc areparcil) nostns utque occupatia ia nmnitioiio (fornfyhuj) castroiuui, 8ul)it() ae ex ailvia ejeceiiint, inipetiuiue in eos facto, qui erant m atationo pro castria coliocati (utation), acriter puguaverunt. 33 —Nostri acritur in eoa impetu faoto reppulerunt {drive hack)uinino finom (^nd) sequeudi fecorunt, quoad eciuitea, cum poat ae legionea viderent, praecipitea {headloiuj) hostea egeruut, magnoquo eoruui nuniero interfecto nequo consistendi necjue ex esaedia deailiendi facultatem dederunt. Toto hoc in geneie pug- nae intellectum eatJioatroa propter gravitatem {wcujid) armoruni, niinua aptoa {fitte'd) ad hujua geueria hoatom, eqmtea autem {moreover) iiiagno cum periculo dimicare {Jiiiht), quod hoatea ex eaaedia doailirent et pedibua diapari {iine„« i„ « ''," No v "'?'"' T^''^'^' ^l^'^^u»'' ;ll' ant eonvoniro ant profloroTZ» nf '"'I'* "*' P""«n"am vastatisquo ag.is. obsi.lea Sbl dSe coegft * """*'^"' "'^"'^^■"«^ ^'^iS. L.;ic.clSo?L"vS SS ^" *\^Sy-r. 2. They Oermana crosse.l tlie rivera in tli« f^n • " ^ ''"«^' """'l^er of All the other tribea ^^e7eZyiLJl7'''^y^t'■ <§^ 3.-7.) 4. helargeat. that the most wSke 6 C" i^' '^'"« '"''^"t^» ^^ were led out of this place 7 \v "/l '''"f y^^'^ after, they Germans he wa. making wa;. (S8 S i iff. ^^r'^* **>°"«^'"' t^ieir huge size they ,!„ none rliV„^V.' "^-^8. On occount of The country was very cold T '""■?/ °^ *h"«« *'"»««■ 9. Germans vei^y warlike^ lO: Tieyu sed'SS T^ -'''1} "'^^« ^^^^ 2.-(S8 1 2^ 1 TK -^ "7"^«'* *o bathe in the river. burden to b^ imUted 2 \ZyTeA ^° "'^*' ^''«'^^ leasts of beasts. 3. .hey sell whJfZx *""«" «mall and scrubby 4. The merchant's raveriglitcSntJrf 'l^''^ *" *''« ^JaSl? T hey had not ventured to^leap Col.^ ^"rV' i^^ ^-^''> ^- selves to the cavalry. 7 Hp LfT v.-^' T'"'^ '^«'^""k them- used to be considJr'ed diWraceM" ^Tf ''' *''«'"• 8. It l.t. to the feet) because tffcSva,^ ' ^"T ^°^" «" ^o^t ^'^^^•^^-^''«Kmcefultouseim;^^^^^^^^ 10. They unoccupied 'fS ell hun^^cd^lace! °*^ 'rf'^'^i *he country is withstand the power of the state " T," ^'" ^"^^^i could not to come often to the Gauls them.'^Iv 'f'"n'u*""''''h'^"*« "««d 8 ate is large an tL SrS c^v^trSl^.^?"^ ^^«7 J e ""« ivienapu from wandering. 4, They r il l ■ I II m il 168 DE BELLO GALLlOO. ••till JB hail removed from both banks of the Rhine. (g§ 4.-7.) 5. They pretend to cross the river. 6. He was informed of their arrival. 7. Being unable to maintain themselves they had returned to tiie river. 8. The vifhole journey had been finished in three days. 9. Having crushed the Menapii, they advanced for the 1 est of this night. 10. As the Germans had crossed the river, he seized their ships and villages. 5,_1. Influenced by this report, he asked what plans they were adopting. 2. He compelled the Gauls to answer. 3. He asked what they had heard or learned. 4. He repents of the plans which he has adopted. 5. No answer should be given to those who yield to these rumors. 6. The merchants against their will were compelled to come from each town. 6 —1. Having sent embassies to the leading men, they deter- min'ed to set out for the Rhine. 2. Tliey were invited to come. 3. Having determined to wage war they sent embassies to several states. 4. Some wander fartlier than usual. 5. On learnnig this he thought he ought to summon the leading men and demand an army. 5. When everything which he had demanded had been prepared, they thought that embassies should be sent. tj (§§ 1^ 2, 3.) 1. As ambassadors had not oome from the Germans, he began to pick out cavalry. 2. Our ancestors have handed down this custom. 3. He had heard that the Roman people had made war on the Germans. 4. He began to attack the Germans from whom ambassadors had not come. (§§ 4, 5. ) 5. We wish to be friends to the Romans. 6. They said that the Suebi alone had been driven from their lands. 7. The Suebi do not yield even to the immortal gods. 8. As they have come against their will, having been driven from home, he assigns them lands. 8—1. He answered that he could not give any lands to those who" were seeking aid. 2. There cannot be friendship between Caisar and the Ubii. 3. They i.iay remain in their own lands. 4. It seems best to ask aid of Crusar. 5. They are complaining of the outrages of the Ubii, who have settled in lands not their own. 6. So great a multitude cannot remain without wrong. 9 _1. The ambassadors said they would send the cavalry some days after. 2. They thought that the camp had been moved nearer. 3. Having reported this to tiieir friends they returned to him. 4. He said he would move the camp. 5. He learned that some horsemen had not returned, and that the Ambivariti were awaiting him. 6. They thought they could gam their request from Caesar. APPENDIX HI. -7.) 5. They f their arrival. lcI returned to ished ill three canoed for the 3d the river, he bat plans they nswer. 3. He repents of the Id be given to •chants against 1. en, they deter- vited to come, issies to several 5. On learning len and demand demanded had d be sent, come from the • ancestors have iiat the Roman began to attack ome._ (§§4,5.) ey said that the r. The Suebi do hey have come me, he assigns y lands to those lulship between leir own lands, ire complaining I lands not their ;hout wrong. ;he cavalry some id been moved s they returned 5. He learned the Ambivariti ould gain their 159 . *^" ^" '^^^ island used to bo fiili-iliifn.i K„ *i t> . on Wrd'- I Afte'r fonn'w S?:S l'^ f 'f "^ "^**°» whirJitt the Vacalus 5 Manv W.! '"'?' '* ':^°^^^^^ ^" *^'a"ch from tlie islands "^ barbarous nations inhabit a large part of cisi'rTtfe c'ava?4 whomt" tTZnlT''? ''''' ^•^^""""g ^o miles distant. 2. Ca-sa. n eeth i tl / r ^''^"'^'^ ^""'^ ^'^^^'^ gave them three day? tImeTo Si !.., ""'^"■'^ •""" °" **'« ^^''^•V' "ot given them an^opp™tuStv '^f ambassadors 3. As he ha, I "ot to carry out these^a " (§§ 4 5 g'^' 4^1 '^ ""'T'^ /"'" sailors to say that the armv tn!' ' T- ^^^""^ sent ambas- thougI,t the^^vould not rTtZ E s^KfeTKy""! "Th"''- -t.^^ as many as possible would assemll «, l tf^\ , '•'^ ^^"^ *''** wasapproaclung, he wouhl gi^hl^Jq^ ^^ ^" *'- — ^^X amb^assadors'lefi H e^ertl "Tn" *''" T'^'^'y ^^*"''"^"^' *•>« not more than eigl Li .T ed Im^'.o?"' T'" ^""'^ "« ^^''•' because put the cavalry^o St 1 rttrn^ ^- having they return to C«sar.° (^§ 4 56 ^ 4 h/T "^*.^ ««"fusion, lus brother was saved from all d'uuL r^n'^ "ot cease until his brother, he brougira I to^Ti, When he had rescued resisting bravely he vva^ l.-t grandfather. 6. While received many wounds TAr"''i ''^ *'^" '^'^^^I'T. and aid to^Piso, ^o::':^:-j;t^s:^^:i^;^iz^^> '"^y ^'«"^'^* see"i;7p!aJ;.^'2^-5^fi:r^l»'"' T' ?''''" *° "^^ «"^^"'y for waited^?;ith;ystX'L^';rtS" rHi.'^^-] ''r''' h« enemy had gained no prest'ge by these terms 1 H^^'^ "'"* *^^« that, after accepting these termf +h ' ^e perceived (§§4,5,6.) 5. cLafisaladth.f^l' ^. "^^'^ "^^"'S ^^r. sadors have been detained 6 V .'"'^ T", ?"^^ the ambas- an-anging the.se matter .'t. tLcJ^uV'T^^ ^^f'^'^'^ ^^ the enemy, had be-un battle S p'^''^' ,^?^^'»ng followed up leading „.^ „1, the c^valr^'Sere'd i^Xitl'^Se^'S' '"" caJ^I-ry Lf Ltr„rtoSS "I'.tt, '/"VV''""^ , ?' ^^» arrival of our cavalrv Im i,o ^"^/^amp 3. Terrified by the forces, alarmed t; al7t 1 pi!-;? I *f f "l'*I ^" ^'^^'- ^ The the Rhine. 5. Tak L armr+V. *''\*, ^^^^ ''""'^ »«* «ross drawuptheli„erbaTtle"'l'?vf,f^L^ !!?!. !r.^r- *-« to cnildreu they lied to their friends. With ^■lie rf">f "* fiA = "" --! — B If-.,!; ^.^ j-jjQ Women and T|~r!*~° 160 1)K BELLO OALLlCO. 15.— 1. Seeing that a large number of onr men hail been killed, he threw away his arms. 2. Thirty tliousand Germans had peiished in that fliglit. 3. As they wished to depart, he said he would allow them their freedom. 4. Cscsar reached tiie river Riiine in safety. 5. They said that thirty military standards had been left. 6. Hearing the shouts of his men, and fearing the Gauls, he rushed out of the camp. 16. — 1. The Germans had been very easily induced to cross the Rhine and make war on the Roman people. 2. Messengers were sent to promise vessels for crossing the Rhine. 3. After sending ambassadors and giving up hostages, they betook them- selves to their friends. 4. As the Suebi had joined the Usipetes, he had, against his will, lent aid to these tribes. 5. Against Ccesar's will they had ventured to carry over the army. 6. He resolved that the wa,r must be finished. 7. Perceiving that they were hard pressed by the Germans, they were alarmed. 8. They answered that they would prevent Cajsar from conveying his army across the Rhine. 9. They thought that they could not be safe without his consent. 10. He besought Caesar to take pt^rt in the battle. 11. The Germans who liad made war on Cresar, were surrendered to him. 12. So great was Cossar's reputation that the farthest tribes sent ambassadors and gave hostages. 17,— 1. There was the greatest difficulty, for two reasons. 2. So great was the breadth of the river that there was thf* greatest difficulty in crossing. 3. Although he ■was crossing by boats, he decided to build a bridge. 4. For the same reason the trees did not injure the bridges. 5. He decided to join the boats together to lessen the force of the current. IS. — 1. Caesar began to lead the army across. 2. The army began to be led across. 3. For several days they were bringing in timber. 4. He ordered ambassadors to come to him from both states. 5. He ordered a garrison to be left at the bridge. 6. They began to conceal themselves in the woods. 7. Mean- while, all tiie timber having been collected and the army led across, they began to prepare for flight. 19. — 1. CfBsar learned that their wives and children had been placed in the woods, and that they were gathering to one place. 2. As the bridge had been torn down, Cajsar resolved to punish the Germans. 3. When the Ubii learned that all the buildings had been burned, and a bridge built, tliey betook themselves to the woods. 4. AH can bear arms. 5. For ten days they had awaited his arrival. 6. He thought that everything, for_which he had led the army across, had been accomplished. 7. The len hail been sand Germans to depart, he ir reached the lirty military : his men, and luced to cross 2, Messengers ine, 3. After betook them- l the Usipetes, 3. 5. Against army, 6. He ving that they ned. 8. They conveying his )y could not be r to take pare war on Csesar, ir's reputation I hostages. • two reasons, there was tht* iia crossing b^ ime reason the id to join the 2. The army were bringing ! to him from at the bridge. ids. 7. Mean- the army led Idren had been g to one place. )lved to punish 1 the buildings c themselves to days they had ling, for which ished. 7. The APPENDIX in. 161 «pent in the districts wS ?he LeAlu'TTl^J^'i 1?^«^ themselves to their own territories ^ hey betook to whom they had furnished aiixiHawL^u l' ^^ ^°""^ °»<= traders could^find out wla^e he hkrbtV wl ''g^'llt'*^ the harbors wt^rp, «r.*- o.,;foui u ^ ""'^"'ji was. o. Although know .hat thr;r„S";™:;,^,: t Au'rhi?:'?iT''- ,"• h .»v.oe. 8. He found out that III til ulLti^J^ olS! 2. ASteail'o^"e*om°'Z"r/° f^l ?" *™ ""°8«- that summer 1 To J^i "'«»'''''>'' ""'""h <"> had conquered vi,itcdThrrtaLt"Z";VeTio°usX "'4%''' S""','''^ with all the fleet assembl£lnl -7^ ' ^^'^^^ themselves, he orders (;MC)ti>vLTtKf.f^?'^ P,°''^'^'«- ^- Him traderstocCeto hir 7 HaW^^^ .' H^^''^'^ i^^P^ro) the home. 8. He uraeT'Vnh.. § ^'^" hostages they return u. j±e urges Volusenus to leave thp uhir^ o u reported what they had promised in r^ -h .\ ^e madekina. piomisert. 10. Commms had been num1;e7^;f ^transport? ^^Th""^^* ^'^''P^.''^ ^^' ^"^ ^ large «hips wh?ch he fa? ;equir f^3^ m "^'^ ^^^/^ *''« the ships, ambassadors cTueLm^leMoJi^^ T'-^.^'^l""! the ships could not carry overThe Lion ;; 4. The rest of s"st tt'tSiM" k' 9t sn^st'totiv - a hf proLS:dtSve\!J.^;';.^ - h'i7;>ScS 'Th^IT^' garrison of two lecionc s M^ ^ *^ T^ • ? . '• -He left a iVor^ ^T^^h^Vn^ef^eVT^^^^^^^^ "^^ - the he^?rreI;d^?he'''reToW:^'fr'"'\^ *5 ,*^ ''■g^^'' g™""'^. ordered the ai^^lors to be ri?^^^^^ follow them. ^ 2. He from tiie ship to the 121 a ^ • , • ''^"'!''^ *^^''*''«' weapons theylanded 5 On th«=f 1 ^" .^hmking the shore suitable, sot sail Iroin f.hfi fn,.fh„„ u„..u._ " ^ ^ ''"6 tnbUi. CO i sail Irom the farther harbor. Lines sosimatutfsfiiatBBaaaiimiSiUumm 162 DE BELLO OALLICO. 24, — 1. They kept onr men from leaping clown. 2. Sending the charioteers in advance, they hurled their weapons more boldly. 3. The soldiers, burdened by their arms, leaped down from the ship. 4. The locality was unknown to our men, who did not show the same zeal as the enemy. 5. They had to advance into the water. 6. On account of the great difficulty, the rest of the forces cannot follow up the cavalry. 7. They were wont to use horses in their battles. 8. The enemy, dis- mayed by the size of the vessels, could not hurl their weapons. 25. — 1. The soldiers were ordered to leap down. 2. As the soldier was leaping down, Ca;sar noticed that the enemy had halted. 3. On the ships of war being removed a short distance, the enemy began to retreat. 4. He urged the soldiers not to betray the eagles to the barbarians. 5. He cried with a loud voice that he was willing to do his duty. 6. On account of the unusual kind of Vessels, the matter turned out most favorably for Caesar. 7. "Leap down, Ccesar," he said, "unless you wish to incur disgrace." 8. Our soldiers exhorted one another not to hesitate on account of the appearance of the baibarians. 26.— 1. On the vessels being filled, he ordered aid to be sent to those who were in difficulty. 2. Whenever the enemy made an attack, Cissar would order our men to keep their ranks. 3. Both sides were unable to leave their ships. 4. AVhomsoever they attacked, they put to flight. 5. Making an attack, they surrounded the enemy. 6. Having reached the island, the cavalry landed from the ship. 7. Having attacked the enemy, they fought fiercely. 8. This alone is lacking. 9. He had manned the ehips of war with the cavalry. 2*7. — 1. On their promising to send ambassadors, they v/ere ordered to send Commius back. 2. He complained because, after promising to send for hostages, they had seized Commius. 3. Having seized ComTuius and put him in chains, they had made war. 4. They said that they had sent for part of the hostages. 6. As soon as the enemy had done what he required, he forgave their indiscretion. 6. Sending Qommius, the Atre- batian, in advance, he ordered the ambassadors to be seized and put in chains. 7. As they have sought pef,:,'^ and given hos- tages, their imprudence will be forgiven. 8. They seized Commius as he was landing from the ship. 28. — 1. So great a storm arose that the vessels could not set out. 2. Having taken the cavalry on board, they had set sail for the continent. 3. Some vessels had been filled with the waves, others had been carried back tn the island. 4. When APPENDIX III, 163 nn'^ TThi''''"'^' *•'' ''''''tX °" ^°^''^''' ^ I'g^* l^'-«^^^« sprang np. 5. Ihe camp was reached on the fourth dfiy. 6. The camn ti:;Tutori:ser '^"'°'-- '- '''^ «'-- -« - ^-^ = o ^AftT/'t?!!'^.,"-"^', ""^^ T"" "^^'^ ^^"^g fil^^^ ^'th the tide. ;;e7% Th/^'^'' had been repaired, the army was carried o^e^. 3. The same winter several ships weie lost. 4. On the same day he caused corn to be provided. 6. The ships widch mhlv""'^'^''""^' ^"'■^ being tossed about by the sZn f^n? i Z-T^^ "^^'^ wanting. 7. For several days it happened Sd « fn r Tl •"'■^ ^'S^- «• ^' ««'•" ''-« "«t been pro vided, a fact which is unknown to CiBsar, we ou^ht not tr. winter in Gaul. 9. It is generally r.greed tlmt ropTs! anchors and other tackling are lacking. i- «opes, ancnors ^mSi^^' ^%hTtllI-' ';''^'"S. *° ^^^^»-' *h« camp was smaller. 2. Ihe best thing to do is to lead across the legion and renew the war. 3. They had learned that ciarlad brought tlie legion over without cavalry. 4. He began to form a conspiracy for the purpose of renewing tlie war. 1 "ftv ar^ confident that, if the matter is drawl out till winier Kr wil not make war. 6. Withdrawing his men gmdSy f^om mpn h^'l 1' ^'^^'^ *^ ^?"^^' ^^'•- 7 Understanding t£toiu- would ail to give hostages, he ord^ered the shfpTto be epailed' intnM f 'P' b? ^f" seriously damaged, timber and bmnze cannot be brought to the continent. 4. He ordered the sokK to use the corn. 5. Twelve ships had been repaired with the utmost zeal 6 Haying learned Cesar's plans, they suspected that the rest of the ships had been lost. 7. When hostages had been given they were ordered to bring in corn. 8 No one wil cross over from Britain for the purpose of renewing the war. 32.— 1. While the two cohorts were arming themselves the enemy suddenly attacked the cavalry. 2. Observing that the enemy had marched in that direction, he ordererHeg ons to surround them 3. Those who had been sent to reap the erah? ITTiit""^^^- r^y^^^ suddenly attacked them and^sur rounded them with their cavalry. 4. A larger cloud of dist tnan IS usual is visible in the direction in which the leSo W?-"^- ^ Suspecting that the cohorts would follow *^ he barbarians had beea ordered to conoeai themselves in the woods 164 I)E BELLO GALLICO, 6. He suspected that part of tlie barbarians kept coming to the camp. 7. Being ordered to lay aside their arms and not to hurl any weapon, they were alarmed. 8. Adopting this plan, they had set out with him. 9. Wiien tliose wlio remained in the camp told Cassar that the ranks had been thrown into disorder, he ordered the cavalry to be sent. 33,— 1. They are accustomed to leap down from their horses and fight on foot, 2. Hurling their weapons, they threw the ranks into confusion. 3. Leaping down from their chariots, they betook themselves to their friends. 4. Leaving the battle, they would place their chariots so that they might hurl their weapons. 6. So great was the din of the wheels that the very charioteers were thrown into confusion. 6. Tlie charioteer betook himself in safety to the cavalry. 7. They are so hard pressed by the cavalry and infantry that they are gradually leaving the fields 34.— 1. While they were collecting the cavalry, Cresar kept his men in camp. 2. Having done this, he sent out messengers and pointed out how great was the number of the enemy. 3. As tlie time was unfavorable the legions were led back to the camp. 4. He thought the time was favorable for bnnging aid. 5. The Romans having been driven out, they thought an oppor- tunity was aflforded (them) of lending aid to the enemy. 6. Our men were kept in the camp for several days by the storms. 7. After joining battle, while the cavalry was occupied, an opportunity for throwing the inf.i ntry into confusion was given. 35. — L On the day before all the buildings had been burned. 2. Although the enemy were defeated, they nevertheless escaped danger, 3. After slaying several, they burned all the buildings. 4. He sees that the enemy cannot endure the attack of our legions. 5. The legions which he had brought over joined battle. 6. The cavalry, of whom mention has been made above, having defeated the enemy, had betaken themselves to Csesar. 7. It happened that Commius had brought over several legions. 36.— L On the ambassadors being sent, he demanded hos- tages. 2. At midnight he reached the harbor in safety. 3. The weather being suitable they set sail the same night. 4. He did not think the hostages should be brought to the same harbor. 5. Having found two transports, the ambassadors had reachsd the continent. 6. As all the ships had been carried down, the enemy sent ambassadors to Caesar to treat for peace. 37,— L After the soldiers had landed, the enemy threw away their arms. 2. After slaying a large number of tiie enemy, tfaey APPENDIX HI. 165 tlieir arms 4. iTr^arLain wh,- . fi \T '¥"' ^^^^^'^ ^"^" his friends, after x^dvlfhevSwouts"' ^'T'^- '" ^'f'^' °^ theMorini, Cujsar set ouUorBritah, fi TI« ^'"'^'^^ ^^"''''"f^ sent to the three huu,V^.l J^nta n. 6 He ordered aid to be enemy's attack ' 7 Wh"" atout^ix^L ^''!, '^'t*'"^ "^« been slain, the enen/y's cavalr^re^^ ^^3i^^^^^ had wte^rfiL';tr::roVt'%^^^^ camp. heorder^ed*°hf L^nofS-m^r^K^^^^^^ ma®r!h7s^" J^T^Tif^ ^^"^ ^?^*^"^, ^^^^ themBelvea to the ^d"fele?tt^nSSvrrn^''e^?^^^^^^^ to send hostages and into the country of the Morini t'fnr ** ^^«^ the legions use the marshes and woods" a k , Wa nf f ' ^*'^'? ^^.^^ V'^** '« of the Belgians had rrewed the war tl'^M^^^^ *' 4» the rest C^sar had sent two Ens concelled t^L 7°''- ^^T'^ ^^«"^ 5. He had sent Cnttli^ilh ^.^^^^^ ■ '"^'"selves in the marshes. Belgians Tas thet^ SesTl '^T^ T^^ *^« '''^ «^ the legitn out of tinter qSers 7 ?n'f"* ''°'*^^'' \« ^«'^ ^^^ had not decreed a twe2 ^tyj" tLl"^rg" ^^*"^ *'^ «^"^^ I