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■♦ oTSni;.'''^^^ B,b^,.eguenationa,e
du Canada
^hc m. J. OSage €0.0 m<ih School (Elaseica.
C^SAR,
DE BELLO GALLICO
BOOKS II., III. AND IV.
WITH
INTRCDUCTION. NoTES, MaPS AND IlHTSTRATIOKS, APPENDICES
WITH Hints and Exercises on Translation at Skuit
AND ON Re-Translation into Latin, and a
Complete VocAurLARY to C^sab.
I
BT
J. C. ROBERTSON, B.A.,
Lecturer in Greek, Victoria University, Toronto.
TOKONTO :
TEE W. J. GAGE CO'T (LTD.)
1896.
?A 6236
PREFACE.
This book Is a companion volume to tho edition of Books
V. and VI., published in 1894. The notes on Book II. are
entirely new matter; those on the other books, while based
^upon the edition of Books III. and IV. published in 1892,
Tiave been altered in the resetting, wherever there seemed
possibility of improvement,
Tho purpose and point of view maintained through these
mrious editions may be given in the words of the preface to
the first of the series. " In the editor's opinion, the first aim
^f a teacher of Latixi is to enable the student to read Latin
dth accuracy, appreciation and speed as the only means of
Baching the higher ideals of classical study. In this edition
fcherefore the constant aim has been to further the intelligent
kranslation of the text into idiomatic English, and to build
ni> a sound knowledge of Latin as a language to be read."
"''hile fortunately it is not so necessary now to emphasize
this view as it was four years ago, it is still worth while for
blassical teachers to remember always that whatever poculiar
■benefits come from the study of Latin come through the
power to read and understand the language.
In the notes the editor has tried to keep the via media
between the two common faults of giving help where the
■student is better without it, and withholding it where there
■are (at least to him) real difficulties ; and in the exercises has
collected material for class-work that may for some teachers
^erve as a standard of the work to be done in that direction,
S-nd for all may lighten the labor of preparing such material
for their own classes.
Toronto. Mawjh 28. I89fi.
GALLIA
to illustiate
TheEDminEntariEs or Caesar.
(From KrHners edition)
An
all the
wars oi
comme
civil w(
and the
cally a
Caiua
IITTBODUOTIOlSr.
§ I.
§ II.
§ HI.
§ IV.
§ V.
Tjtfe op Caesar.
Gaul and the Gauls.
C^*SAR's Campaigns in Gaul.
The Commentaries op c^sar.
The Army and Methods op Warpare.
I— LiFE OF CtESAR.
Tr^^I , ^^ "-^ ^"^* * «o^*«3t between the aristocratir
and the popular party, but. as time went on, it b^e^rrc?
caUy a struggle between individnnl» w ^.^ZT
Oaius JuUus C..ar was bon. i^H^^;:^:::?^
IV
INTRODUCTION,
Mommsen holds, in 102 B. P ^ *
eian or aristocratic fan iHes" if 1^°' T,' °''"* °^ ^^« ^^*-
ever, closely connected by mar^"?* -T^ '""^^^^ -^«' ^"w-
eader Marias, and Csar hi^se ^03"^*^ ^'^/^^^ P^P^^ar
of Cmna, Marias' leading ZZrL S"""" *'^ ^^^^^^^^^
thus from the first with ih. , ^^'^ sympathies were
Of that party hy sZl ^ LTatl'"^^' T' «^ ^^^ ^«^-^
_ For several years after th s r. ^ "'"''P^ ^''^'^ ^^« ^i^-
in Asia Minor, retan. " " E "" T'' '" *'^ ^°™^- --7
At first he devoted himself to ^I" "" ^'^""'^ ^'^'^ - 78
and in 70 went to Ehodes to .tTdvTf^^^ '" ''^ ^■^•^--^«.
teacher Molo. For several ^ ^*°"° ^^^^^^ <^he famou^
74 he basiedhinJelfr le'n^Iw^^
party, and soon came to blTn^lT"^ ^'' P°^^*'°^ ^^^^h his
The senatorial party Cat thisi '" " °"^ °^ ^*^ ^-<^e-
to win his way to powertilC T"^^' ^"^ ^^^ ^^d
various grades of office by Vhich ^L^ ^" ^''"' '^'""''Sh the
rank of Consul, bein^ in LT " "*'^^"^ ^'«se to the
and Praetor. in63h! ' 'T'""''''' ^"^^^*°^' Carale Aedile
technically theL'fj':frettan''l''^^'^^™' ^^^^
the aristocratic party shot^oT , .f ''"• ''^^^ «"^«^«ess ovef
in., and that C^r^^Tot tr^^h:; ^^^ ^^^ ^ -n-
state. "'^ one of the leaders of the Roman
as Pro^^^^^^^^^^ he went to Spain
n^and, he at once showed hirabnr ' '"^ ^' ^^* com-
fe rebellioas native tril^ h *^ "' " ^^^^^^1' - quelling
(for he was not only one of the w!?'' °' ^^^^"^ ^t Eom:
solute of -enduring the elrle™^^^ -•"' "' *'^ "^^^*^ ^^^
-eans by ^hich helad obt^'ed !ffi '." "^"'°"^^' ^^ the
with the people, had plungrWm f ' "n^ .^"«"^-tiated himself
Governor of a Koman'pSe ^^d T^^^^ T '^'*- ^^' the
enriching himself at the xpense of tb "^ '' ?PPortunities for
year m Spain freed him fromTn\ ^t P^^^^^^i^ls. and one
^i^ Wvn as a brilliant oom^J::. '^'*^' '' "^" ^^ ^^^^
"W^
West of the patri-
family was, how-
he great popular
'ied the daughter
sympathies were
md on the defeat
d vith his life,
the Boman army
a's death in 78.
1 the law courts,
ider the famous
'Um to Eome in
^sition with his
5 of its leaders,
and Caesar had
at through the
:ens rose to the
Curule Aedile,
mus, becoming
^is success over
wer was wan-
of the Eoman
went to Spain
his first com-
1) in quelling
'ing at Rome
the most dis-
lood), and the
iated himself
'ht. But the
>rtunities for
als, and one
il as making
INTRODUCTION. y
Jn (iO he returned to the city and was elected Consul for 59,
rith a colleague of the aristocratic party, who was, however,
to ; ^\'oak and insignificant to bo able to thwart his measures.
Tlie three leading men of Eome at this time were Pompey,
•presenting the nobles; Caesar, the leader of the popular
larty ; and Crassus, whose influence was largely due to his
(imense wealth. Csesar persuaded the other two to form a
loalition with him, and thus get the practical supremacy of
Jlie state in their own hands. In the end this bargain proved
%o be entirely to Caesar's advantage, as it prevented any active
opposition to him during the next few years while he was
absent from Eome securing for himself experience, prestige,
; and a veteran army to assist him when the final struggle for
^.upremacy came. For one of the results of the coalition w'.,3
'that Caesar was appointed for five years (58 to 54) governor of
lUyricum and the two Gauls, Cisalpine and Transalpine, (the
'jrmer being the northern part of Italy above the peninsula
oper, and the latter the southern part of France). In 55
is command was extended for another period of five years, by
agreement with Pompey and Crassus, who were consuls
at year.
For eight years (58 to 51) he was engaged in the conquest of
•aia At the end of that time the whole of Gaul, from the
,hine to the Pyrenees, had been subjugated and made part of
he Eoman empire, and Caesar had an army of experienced and
levoted veterans, such as the Eoman state had never before
itnessed. Crassus had fallen in battle in the far East, and
laesar and Pompey remained to compete for absolute suprem-
■cy uiEome, Pompey having the somewhat lukewarm support
f the Senate and the aristocratical party.
_ Civil war soon arose from the jealousy between these two
ivals, and in 49 Caesar advanced with his legions into Italy
'ompey was not ready to oppose him, and crossed to Greece
'hero the Senatorial party gnfhorc-d its forces. Meanwhile
«sar hastened to Spain, where Pompey had strong supporters
in
r
vi
INTRODUCTION.
and quickly reduced thorn to submission T?«f ■ '
ho was made Consul for 48 andTh ^«<^"rning to Eomo
Aftorashortsummerca mpai^nP """"""^ ""''' '" «^•«««-
^^;^-,and.e.:r|^^
A^"-;S^ :^-- A^^^. Mine. (47) and
Caesar returned to Rome and nrLT'"*'"" ''''' ^^"«J^^'-
power and settling aTairs of state' ^^™!"^^^ "----»g his
cWne. he s wS . tClrotldl^^,^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^
absolute rule of so brill Int an nS "f "' ^^'^'^^^ ""«^«^ the
^ lasting peace J^ZZ ZT"^' *'^^^ ^"^^^ »-'
at^hin, was formed 'b, aTu^^^f t^-^^
ated some by jealousy, others by an hoZt bl TT'- '''^■
desire to bring back republican L^ , ^ short-sighted
15th (the Ider) of Marfh he fil 'J '" ^ ^-^- ' °^ ^^e
Hs.u..erers/attheb:l^f;^4^^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ -
-^^^''"^:Z1^^^^ was soon
Caesar's nephew (Octavianus or I ' . ?^''' ^"^" ^^^^^
of the Eoman wolld anTrtabl"^^^^ ?"°^"« -^« ^«^^
ana established the empire of the C^sars.
»« prominent, „t tie Se™^ t™\ ^'7' "'"' *«""• W'
in later Ufa "-^,,.„„„7™::,;^; ^- head somewhat ba,d
no region, prlieal or theo^lL?™' tf .'''"'-*™ ™
with the s«at«8l ™. '»!!t'.?'' ."' "l""* »■« lid not travel
■'pace.
INTRODUCTION.
vu
II. -GAUL AND THE GAULS.
|L0NO l^foro Cesar's time the Gauls had come into collision
Ian h' !;"• ^'"^^ ^^"^«'^ P«-«^ extended over mot^
Ian the immediate neighborhood of the city, large Tumte^
I Gauls had crossed the Alps and occupied the whdeTui"
Irthem portion of Italv Pl,r +t,^ v • •
Unvv Be thr,^ VT ^ , beginning of the fourth
aly LfinSOol ip"''*^' their way down into Central
tiiy, ana in d<)0 laid Eome in ashes. "For ry,^,.^ +u
MraHl 2of i" °™'""S '^*'" ™' i"flic'ed on the Gauls,
M rat,l 2.0 there was no more trouble with them. Bv thai
.tho^tte river Jo ani inT"™" ""' ^™"-^ °' «- «"*
fver to the All Tl,„ .l ? ! ^°'^ """"^ ""^ «'"'""'«J *«•
Lt™, k!' '°'™~.'"'o " province called Gallia Oiterior or
b^a^iidr£!"t9£H??
ain renewed, and asain th« T? • ^"^''^^ ^«^«
I, ttuu again the Kor 'ans intprffirorl ov.j »i.
P -ained tat^ilf J»;-i;^» o'^ M-Uia, which
onies we™ ,„ant«l and the ^i^:,:^^^^^
i'nt
viii
INTRODUCTION.
euage, with the exoo, Ho„ „, ., '. °' """'"'• ""S'" an<! la„. ,
by tl,e A,u!ta„i, who were o a hT T'°™ ""* '"''«« t
Wgao whowe«.a.g,,^„,«„„„„„'X-^l™.Su,g t. the |
east These fierce wtn'^ 1« T^" ^"^^^ ^faul from the ,
defeating their force, under trSonlVsilf"'"! ^^"^'«*^^^
the Helvetians, called the Ti^unrS 'If ?"'' . ^ ^°"'^"'' °^
the invasion, and in 107 de eat^lhrr T r'^"^^ *° ^«'^
and in 105 a third defeat was sulin l ^'":r^ ^"'^^^^ ^^^'^^^'
There was great alarm in EoZ f 1 I "^" ^""^"^ ^^"i^^«-
threatening Ital,, aTa^oTh ^'^sf ofT ^^" l^^^ ^^
appeared on the scena Theselatter ; ?''*°"^' ^^ ^^««
m 102 by Marias in theprovZ aX ' ^"'"^^' ''^'^^*^^
who had crossed the Alps Znc' i !f '""^ ^"'^^ ^he Cimbri,
routed by Catulus ^ ° ^^'"'^^"^ ^^"^I' were completei;
Jepat^rwly'^r 1*^^^^^^^^ r J^^^^ ^- *o
tribes and oreakinguptLsTron'onf!?''.^^ ^^"'^«"^^^ t^e
For some years the^onlydiZZcftrf^*'^^^^
the revolt, quickly suppressed ^fr!n'f ^"""'^ ^" ^^"^ ^as
north of the provfnce ''S Vj, t «/ Tt' ' *"'' '" *'^
there came other disquieting neui ' ''''^ ^^°"' '^^' *""«
The independent tribes of Ganl« i •
province, were divided into two iT l^ *° *^^ "''^'^ «^ the
^dui, the other by thewl- InTsT' "'1.'"^ ^"^ ^^ ^^^
in alliance with Eome and loT^ ^^^ Sequam. The /ormer were
hadafewyea.bef:;eTntLft;^^^^^^^
tribes living Just across the Rhine The, ""' '' ^ ^^^"^"
«jxnine. These were only too read v
INTRODUCTION. j^.
It., get a footing in Gaul, anrl soon the S(K,uani fo.xml that their
new allu3s wore fast becoming their masters. Further, in GO the
Helvetu, hv.ng in what is now known as Switzerland, bc-an
fto prepare for a wholesale en.igration into the more pleasant
[country of south-western GauL
The Eomans' exiwienco of the Gauls in Italy, and the more
n.ent teiTor caused by the invasion of the Cimbri and ^^eutoni
made them feel alarm at those extensive and threatening move-
n.onts of popuIat:ion. The Helvetians' route would lie close to
ho provmco and :t was hazardous to allow the Germans to
j bocon.e fumly established in Gaul. The Eomans did not at
once, however, respond to the ^dui's request for aid, hnt seem
to have preferred to keep on good tern, with Ario^Mh"
German leader, till the moment for action came
Matters were in this position when C«sar in 58 assumed the
governorshxp of the three Roman provinces, Gallia C s^^ua
mXr ''""^ ^'^ "^"^"^" ^^ '^ ^^"^^^"^ -"^ ^*)' -^
Of these he depended mainly on the first for troops and sup-
weal t^^^^^ T'"'"'" '"''' °' '^^^^' «^^ P«I-lous'and nearly
as ealthy and prosperous as the peninsula to the south
Galha Transalpina had not yet been so thoroughly assimilated
and wxth the exception of the neighborhood of' hJcoloni Itfd
t:'a Z'V'"' '°^^*^' '"^^*^«- ^^-^^^^ little fr'm
J ree Gaul " to the north and west.
"The Gauls were an intellectual and prosperous people far
more cxvzlzzed than either Germans or Briton!! The coVntrT
though extensively covered with forests, especially towards th^
north, was well provided with roads and bridges The entte
P^^ofTher T "^'°"^ '' ^^°^^ seven^millionr Th
people of the Gallic race were tall, fair-complexioned of restless
many arts. . . .They had numerous flourishing cities, whi.h
...uever, had no political or corporate character like those"of
■|.,.„»
1
15 ■
'
^''i
I I
f
I
„.-!l,
H
» IMTRODUOTION.
Oroeco and Italy, but were merely places of residonco and
fcroflo.
"The Gauls were not a nation, but a group of nations or
tribes, about sixty in number, ... the smaller ones oft^n main-
taining only a nominal indeiHsndence under the protection of
some larger one. They were for the most part ruled by a tur-
bulent and opi)ressive aristocracy, Bomotimos with an elected
chief magistrate, while sometimes an ambitious leader suc-
ceeded in establishing for a time a kingly power.
" The Britons wore, like the Gauls, of Celtic race, and resem-
bling them in every rcsjiect, except tliat living further from
the civilizcKl world, they were ruder, freer, and more warlika
"The Germans, less advanced in civilization than the Gauls,
were still far from being savages. They apr)ear to have been
just emerging from what is known as the barbarous state,—
beginning to acquire fixed habitations, and to cultivate the
ground ; they had no cities.'" -Allen and Oreenough.
iii.-c;ksae's campaigns in gaul.*
L— B.C. 58. Csesar, hearing in Eome that the Helvetii are
on the eve of setting out on their projected emigration (see
page ix), hastens to Transalpine Gaul and there takes meas-
ures to prevent thorn from going through the province. They
at first ask his pel-mission to take this route, but failing to get
it, try to force their way over the Bhone into the province.
Csesar repels them and they decide to take a mere rortbrrly
and more difficult routa ' ' esar at once obtainn t\f\ 1 ^^ions
from Cisalpine Gaul (there was but one in the ' ' - '-;:,o}. and
follows them up on the ground that they were likely in their
new home to prove dangerous neighbors to the province He
s urprised and overcame one of their four divisions at the river
* On the large map of Gaul, the route taken in each campaign is indi-
v ■■« f a ji-ij- iTiarked with thu numbers I, ii, etc
«.
%.^
idonco and
nations or
fton niain-
ifoctifm of
1 by a tiir-
an oleot((d
eader suo-
md reHem ■
:thor from
wariiko.
the Gauls,
have been
13 state, —
tivate tlie
elvetii are
ation (see
kes meas-
Bft They
ling to get
provinca
rorth^rly
\>> 1 liTJons
— iio). and
y in their
inca He
1 the river
ign is indl-
INTROOUCTION.
M
ft ■'
^p^:;-
Xll
INTRODUCTION.
Arar, and soon after near Bibracte inflicts a crushing defeat on
the remainder, and orders the siu-vivors to return to the homes
they had abandoned.
The presence of so large a body of troops and so successf-il n
commander causes the leading men of several of the Gallii;
tnbes to ask his assistance against Ariovistus and his German
followers (see pageviiL) Caesar undertakes the task, and at
first tries argument and diplomacy, but in vain. The Romar
soldiers are afraid to venture into unknown lands against so
formidable an enemy as the Germans were reported to be, but
CBBsar calms their fears, and as soon as he can come to a deci-
sive engagement with Ariovistus, completely routs the Ger-
mans and drives them back across the Rhine.
By this campaign the Roman influence was extended over
the territory to the north of the province as far as the Treveri.
IL-B.C. 57. Ccosar advances into the territory of the
Belgae, who, with the exception of the Remi (who form an
alliance with the Romans), combine to resist any attack on
their country.
The combined forces meeting a repulse disband and Caesar
advances farther into the country. Here he is surprised by the
IServu with some other tribes, and after a most desperate
engagement, in which Ctfisar's inspiriting example alone ralliei<
the troops, the Nervii are driven back with immense loss.
After the siege of an important town in this neighborhood,
which capitulates wlien the enemy perceive the eiRcien(;y of tho
Romans' siege artillery, several other tribes submit, and as a
result of this second campaign Cesar's power extended from
the Province northward to the English Channel and along the
whole northern coast of Gaul as far as the Veneti.
Ill— BO. 56. During the winter Caesar sends one of his
lieutenants to open up a new route between Italy and Gaul
over the Alps, near the northern part of the Province, but the
hiU tribes offer such a rosi=,tance that the Romans are forced
to retira The tribes on the north-west coast of Gaul, headed
INTRODUCTION.
XllI
5hing defeat on
n to the homos
so successful a
I of the Gallic
nd his German
e task, and at
The Romai;
ids against so
rted to be, but
3ome to a deci-
routs the Ger-
extended over
as the Treveri.
rritory of the
(who form an
my attack on
tid and Caesar
irprised by the
lost desioerato
e alone rallies
snse loss,
leighborhood,
ficiency of tho
•mit, and as a
xtended from
md along the
1.
ds one of his
ily and Gaul
i'ince, but the
ms are forced
Gaul, headed
by the Veneti, combine to recover their liberty. The cam-
paign is carried on along the coast, both by land and sea,
and the Eomans at last conquer the Veneti in a sea fight by
a combination of ingenuity and good fortune.
Meanwhile Sabinus, a lieutenant of Caesar, succeeded in
quelling the revolt among the Venelli, and about the same
time another lieutenant, Crassus, advanced southward into
Aquitania. and after a hard fight against overwhelming odds
came off victorious, and the different tribes of the Aquitani
submitted to the Eomans.
This campaign secured tho results of the second year's work
in the north-west of Gaul, while by the conquest of Aquitania
the entire south from the Atlantic to the Alps acknowledged
the Eoman sway.
IV.— B.C. 55. For some time the growing power of the Suebi,
a German tribe, had been oppressing the neighboring tribes,'
and at last the Usipetes and Tencteri resolve to cross the Ehine
into Gaul. Caesar advances to the Eliine, and after several
conferences fights two battles with the invading Germans
and repulses them. To prevent any further inroad, Cajsar
builds a bridge across the Ehine, lays waste the lands of the
' Germans, and thus at once punishes and intimidates them.
He then resolves on making an expedition to Britain, which
had close relations with the Belgae, and for this purpose col-
lects a fleet and sets sail in the early autumn. In the face of
a stubborn resistance he effects a landing, and receives the
submission of a few states. Heavy losses to the Eoman fleet,
jcaused by a storm and high tides, encourage these states to
revolt again. A Eoman legion is surprised, but the attack
is repelled and soon after, owing to the lateness of the season,
ICsesar returns to Gaul without having ventured inland. On
lis return he puts down a rising of the Morini.
No new territory was added by this campaign, but the
__north-east of Gaul was rendered secure from Germnn invasion
r
^!
ZIV
INTRODUCTION.
I! ill
v.— RO. 54. With a larger fleet and stronger army thai
before, Caesar again invades Britain and advances into tl.
interior a little beyond the Thames. The native tribes cor,
bine against him, but are defeated and compeUed to promise
tribute. In the autumn Caesar returns to Gaul, having mad
a display of his power and enterprise, but without adding anv
new territory. a «"^
^ On account of a drought and consequent scarcity of supplies
m Gaul, the forces are divided for the winter into several
portions and quartered among various tribes. The Gauls, who
aHtk?>, ^^*^''.^* ""^^ '^^'^"^^' *^^« advantage of this to
a ack three oi the camps. The garrison (a ifgion and a
hall) of one is lured from the camp, falls into an ambush and
13 annihilated. Another camp is besieged by the Nervii, Ut
when reduced to the last extremity relieved by Ci«sar. A LiiH
IS attacked by the Treveri, who are however beaten back witli
severe los^ Affairs are in so desperate a condition that for
Itely '^'""'^' *^^ ''''''^'' ^^ ^^^^ ^'^«'«^d "f
VL-B.C. 53. Caesar, with three additional legions, sots
about crushing out all resistance in Northern and North-
eastern GauL A brief expedition is made across the Ehino
into Germany to stop all interference with GauL The extreme
north-east, where the legion and a half had been cut off the
year before, is completely devastated and an invasion by th«
Sugambn (a German tribe) is repelled. This portion, at Lt,
ot (^aiU has been now pretty effectually subdued.
Pn i^'""^'?" ^^" ,"^§^^"^^^1 uprising of the central tribes of—ie^ance s
Gaul, joined even by the hitherto faithful iEdui, is headed byl eSlf
ovr srb"trthr'i' °^^^^^°^^ ^^^'^^ ^°-^ advantag^i;;^:
tZfiw . . ^^ overcome. The greater part o|
the fighting (mcludmg three noteworthy sieges) takes place in,
the nor t^k After the defeat and capture of Vercingetorix th
different tribes are speedily reduced to submissiga,
VIII.-
ulus Hi
uelled, a
ionquest
ingaged ii
r
Commen
]!ommenta
is differer
;lurd perse
some accoi
/3 the au
iraries ai
iwritten as
vvhether it
Each bo(
ii'here are s
iperations
irtius, Ci
coming w£
As for i
judges amc
f diction ai
he best lit
aries, ' ' I
ible: for t
slegance, s
ire such as
listory has
Hirtius a
Ifflsar -wTot
It should
'1
■ronger army tha
advances into th
native tribes con
apelled to promis
Jaul, having mad;
ithout adding anj
INTRODUCTION. jy
VIII.— B.C. 51. (The story of this campaign is told by
Lulus Hirtius). A few risings in various parts of Gaul are
luelled, and Cjesar, having by the middle of 50 completed the
lonquest of Gaul, proceeds soon after to Italy and becomes
Ingaged in civil war with Pompey.
IV. -THE COMMENT AEIES OF C.ESAE.
Commentarii means sketches, jottings, memoirs, and 'Cesar's
Commentaries are memoirs written by himself, descriptive of
us different campaigns, in which he treats of himself in the
hii-d person, and tells his story as it might have been told by
some accompanying scribe or secretary ' That Caesar himself
.3 the author, is amply proved by the fact that his contem-
varies ascribed it to him. It is uncertain whether it was
^written as the war went on and issued book by book, or
^vhether it was composed towards the end of the war.
Each book contains the history of a single year's campaign.
fi'here are seven books in all, the history of the eighth year's
iperations having been composed after Csesar's death by Aulus
lirtius, Caesar being doubtless too busy preparing for the
coming war with Pompey to find time for literary work.
As for the Uterary style of the Commentaries, the best
pidges among Caesa'-'s contemporaries praised it for its purity
jf diction and its business-like directness of expression. Cicero,
he best literary critic of his day, writes of Csesar's Commen-
aries, "I pronounce them to be, in fact, entirely commend-
able: for they are simple, straightforward, of a charming
m- • >, A A ^ ^tegance, stripped of all rhetorical adornments ; " and while
ui, 13 neaded by «peaking of them as intended not for a history but as materials
some advantage^,r a history, says that their purity, brilliance and cdnciseness
Ire such as to deter any man in his senses from attempting a
'istory based on these materials.
Hirtius also bears witness to the ease and speed with which
ifBsar wTote these books.
It should be borne in mind that Caesar was one of the most
sarcity of supplies
nter into several
. The Gauls, who
antage of this to
(a legion and a
o an ambush an 1
•y the Nervii, but
Y Caesar. A thiiv!
beaten back with
ondition that for
Gaul instead of
nal legions, sets
lern and North-
icross the Ehiue
iL The extreme
been cut off tlie
invasion by tlis
portion, at least,
red.
3entral tribes of
greater part o
3) takes place in
the districts to
5rcingetorix th
't' u,
•li
M
i
XVI
INTRODUCTION.
eloquent and polished orators of his day, and that he also ga\!
attention to the rhetorical study of language, having writteJ
a work on the Latin language, from which Gellius quotes tbj
advice, ' to shun an uncommon or out of the way word as i\
ship would a rock. '
An eminent modem writer says, " To us who love to male I
our language clear by the number of words used, and who in ]
writing rarely give ourselves time for condensation, tin
closely-packed style of Caesar is at first somewhat difficult of I
comprehension. It cannot be read otherwise than slowly till 1
the reader's mind is trained by practice to Csesarean expres-
sions, and then not with rapidity. .. .Skipping ia out of the I
question. "
The only other work of Caesar which has survived to us is a 1
history of the war between him and Pompey, Comnientarii del
Bella Civili, in three books.
v.— THE AEMY AND METHODS OF WAEFAEE
(a) The Roman Forces. Caesar's army consisted oti
(a) several legions of Eoman soldiers, mostly enlisted in Galliaj
Cisalpina, (i) light-armed troops (slingers and archers), leviedl
in some of the Eoman provinces (Numidia, Crete and the!
Balearic islands are mentioned), and (c) auxiliary cavahyl
furnished by or levied from the native tribes in alliance with|
the Eomans.
The legion (legio) consisted nominally of 5,0C0 or 6,000 1
men, in reality of about 3,000 or 4,000. Losses incurred in a)
campaign were not made up by adding recruits to the legion,!
thus impairing its efficiency, but when necessary, new legionf
were levied. Each legion was made up of ten cohorts Cco/iors j I
each cohort of three maniples or companies (vianipulus), eacl
maniple of two centuries (centuria or ordo), but the divisior.
into cohorts is the important one in Caesar's time, the cohorj
being thus the unit of his army. The cavalry were divide/
INTRODUCTION.
xvii
that ho also gavl
3, having writte:|
Jellius quotes thi
e way word as a I
vho love to male]
ised, and who in
ondensation, tlie
Bwhat difficult df
I than slowly till |
^Jsesarean exprcs-
ing is out of the I
irviveid to us is a
Commentarii del
WAEFARE.
5,0C0 or 6,000 1
les incurred in aj
:s to the legion,!
iry, new legionf
lohorts (cohors)!
anipulus), eacl
but the divisior
time, the cohor^
ry were divide
into squadrons (iurma) and decuriae, each of uncertain size,
the latter being the smaller.
(b) Anns and Equipments. The heavy armed soldier of
the legion (miles legionariua)^ was equipped as follows :
Defensive armor. 1. The helmet (galea), of leather, to
which were attached crests (insignia) to distinguish the
soldiers of the different legions. 2. The cuirass
(lorica), of leather with a small iron breast-plate.
3. The shield (scutum), oblong, 4 feet by 2^, and
half cylindrical, of wood covered with leather,
with metal rims at the top and bottom. [N.B.
—The round shield (clipeus) shown in the pre-
ceding cut had long before Caesar's time been dis-
carded for the oblong scutum shown in the
accompanying cut.]*
» At an earlier time greaves {ocreas) had been worn, but they seem not
to have been used in Csesar's time.
If '
I' 1 '
I» *
1,
! 1
, xviii
INTRODUCTION.
J
-; ^^^ OlTonsivo armor. 1. The
•"''-'^ ^^ sword (gladiuH), about two j
^A A t .^. . '®®* ^^^Sy Straight and two-
edged, for thrusting not for cutting down. It hung in a shoirh
LTirn t^-?? ^'"'-'''^ °" *^^ ^''''' ^''^' '^^' *l-hTeS
might not interfere with its being drawn. 2. The javelin
(^J^^m), always used as a missile, not for thrusting, abLxt x
feet long with a wooden shaft and iron head.
The clothing of the soldier was a cloak (sagum or sagulum)
reachingtothe W, under which was a tunicorshirt (.f.S
The light-armed soldiers (miles levis armaturae) had for their
weapons of offense the bow and arrow (archei., iagittariiZ
theslmg (shngcrs, funditores). As a defense they seem to
have used a small round shield.
(c) Officers of the Army. l. The Commander-in-chief
Un^perator^ who was at the same time governor of the
province which formed the army's headquarters. 2. The staff
officers, adjutants or lieutenants (legatus), appointed by the
Eoman senate, but practically chosen by the commander
Caesar had ten Ugati, who were often assigned to the tempor:
ary command of troops either in an engagement, in winter-
quarters, or on expeditions sent out by him. 3. ThT pav
master-genei.1 (quaestor), who managed the finances of ^h^
province, and m war the payment of the soldiers and the sale
^ boo y and pnsonersof war. There was but one quae"
2 ! ! «fn^^ander-in-chief, and he was now and then
entrusted with a command. 4. The tribunes of the soldiei"
^^r^lunus.^^litnn.), of whom there were six belonging to elch
SZo r '^ "7 ''"^" probably by C.sarhinTself (though
g od SX J "'!^ '^ *^" ^'""^'^^ ^^°- young men'of
eralt If mil '^ ^ °"^"^ *° *^« ^^^^«^^an oi^er), but gen-
erally of little military ability or experience. As a cotse
quence they do not occupy a prominent position Z the Z."
INTRODUCTION. ^ix
I paign, being entrusted with the occasional command of small
detachments or with some administrative duties 5 The
prefects or commanders {praefectus) were also of equestrian
rank and were placed in command of the allied troops, for as a
general thing the cavalry contributed by the native tribes was
I officered by Eomans. 6. The centurions (cm^wr^o) were chosen
from among the regular troops, there being 60 to each Ico-ion
and SIX to each cohort The centurions of a legion were°nofc
all of the same rank. There was a regular grade of promotion
by which a centurion was advanced until he became the senior
centunon of the legion (called primipilus or primi pili cen-
turio.)* The centurions were the ordinary officers of the
legion upon whom depended mainly the efficiency of the troops.
7. The decurion or sub-commander of cavalry (decurio)
occupying a position inferior to the praefectus and commanding
a small detachment of cavalry.
{d) The Camp. "A Eoman army never halted for the
night without entrenching itself. Towards the end of the
i day's march a detachment was sent out in front to select a
spot for encampment, A favorite site was the slope of a hill
; especially if wood, water and grass were abundant in i s
j neighborhood." The camp was square, the defenses consisting
I of a wall or rampart {vallum), and outside of this a trench or
moat {fossa), from which much of the material for the wall
was obtained. The tents {tentoria) of the soldiers were of
I skins {pdles). The camp had four gates {porta), those at the
I side being a little forward of the centre, and those in front {i.e
facing the enemy) and rear in the centre. f Before each gat^
(Hi
L iff'»
'I ' ' I
iintoTu'uS^.'^'rhn^Vi!;"''* i'" earlier porioa when the army was divided
Icaliaj'^oVTSS.'' °" *' ^''^'^ •"°«* «-^^'^^^ ^'•'>'" the enemy, wa,
M:
■h".
i
XX
INTRODUCTION.
1^
vS#
.\* ^ W ■ ps? la ^ B3 ^^— — ^ I --■
'\ / laj M iiai .bj (SEj i
(e) Baggragre and Standards. The heavy baggage iim-
pedimenta), including the tents, hand mills for grinding con,
and engines of war, were carried in wagons or on beasts of
burden. Besides this each soldier had hi;
pack {aarcinae) to carry. Besides hi-
heavy armor (of which the helmet for con
venience was hung round his neck) he car
ried provisions for two or three weeks, a
vessel for cooking his grain when ground
into meal, and some of the implements used
in throwing up entrenchments— such as
stakes, saws, spades, hatchets, and baskets.
This pack he would carry upon one of the
stakes over his left shoulder, the left am?
bearing the shield and the right graspin"-
his javelin. The weight of the pack would be as much as 45
t Other names piven to these guards liy C.-esar axeexcubifnvpt (nit^h*
guards), and cuatodiae, or custoi^s (watches)^ are excMOzfores (night
INTRODUCTION.
i to guard against
XXI
ire excubitores (night
l-ouiids. Henco tho soldier in this heavy marching order is
nllod impeditua, when freed from his pack and in li^^ht
marching order, expeditus. "
The standards of the army included (1) the eagle (aguila),
nno to each legion, borne by the standard bearer of the legion
iaqudi/er) who was under the immediate command of the first
centurion of the legion ; (2) the standard or ensign
;- 4^ (xignuvi), of which each manipulus had one, borne
^ g^ by a signifer, of different devices, to enable the
; g soldier to distinguish his own place ; and (3) the
m^ banner (vexillum), a square piece of colored cloth
m attached by a crosspiece to a pole, and serving
as the standard for the cavalry and perhaps also
for the aiixiliaries, being also used for detachments of
legionary soldiers sent out for special duties. A red vexiUum
was displayed from the general's quarters as a signal for battla
For this same purpose, as well as for other signals, a straight
trumpet (tuha) was also used.
(/) The Army on the March and in Action. The army
on the march (agmen) advanced in a single column, with the
baggage of each legion immediately behind it. When near the
enemy, the baggage of all the legions was thrown together
along ,nth the packs of the soldiers, who thus marched in
fighting order. The vanguard is called in-imum agmen, the
rear novissimum agmen.
When drawn up in line of battle {acies\ each legion was
general y aiTanged in three lines {triplex acies), four cohorts
the pick of the legion) in the first line, and three in each of
the others. These were stationed something like the following
order, so that the second line could come into action without
interfering with the first. The men stood 10 deep in the.
'
I
^11
i<
l[
fi'
Ill
xxu
INTRODUCTION.
cohort. Occasionally othor arrangements are mentioned -the
single line, the double line {acies duplex) the wedge-shaped
(cunriis), and the square ( rhis).
The right ving is called dextrum cormi, the left ainistrtim
cornu, the centre media acies. The cavalry and light-armed
troops were stationed generally on the wings.
The place for drawing up the lino of battle was by prefer-
ence sloping ground, tliat the soldioi-a might ha^^ the advan-
tage in making the charge and might throw fleir weapons
down, not up.
In attacking a tov^Ti three methods wore Oinployed. If
weakly fortified, it might be taken by a sudden rush- the trench
bemg filled up, the gates broken in, the walls undermined or
torn down, and scaling ladders (scalue) brought up to the
walls. At other times it was completely surrounded and the
garrison starved out. The third method is the regular siege
canned on by means of certain siege works and engines (the
artillery of the Eomans). Of these .i ,gQ works the cliiof one is
the mound (affger), raised near the town and gradually growing
higher and nearer the wall until it was on a level with it The
side remote from the town formed an inclined slope up which
towers {turret) could be rolled, from the shelter of which missiles
were hurled at the defenders until men working beneath could
undermine or batter down the walls, or others could place
bridges from the mound to the wall and rush across.
To protect those who were building the mound or battering
down the wall various devices were used -the screen {pluteus)
the shed or mantlet {te,tudo% lit tortoise shell, vinea lit vine-
arbor. )
The battering ram {aries) was a huge beam tipped with iron
suspended from above, and sot in motion from behind by pulling
§ The tei-m testudo was also usorl to describe n, i
pi ouliar shelter fortnefl
elr heatls, thus forming: a
! i
aro montionecl — tho
) the wedge-shapcxl
■1 the left ainiatrum
?y and light-armed
gs.
ittlo was by prefer-
ht ha\ 3 the advan-
irow H:«jir weapons
rero einployed. If
en rush, the trench
alls undermined or
)rought up to the
irrounded and the
the regular siege,
3 and engines (tho
rks the chief one is
gradually growing
level with it The
led slope up which
r of which missiles
ing beneath could
>thers could place
L across.
3und or batterinjr
) screen (pluteua),
)11, vinea lit. vine-
INTKODUCTION. ^xiil
lit back, and then letting it swing forward with all the impetus
*ifc could bo given.
Engines {tormenta) for hurling huge stones or darts wore
ilso employed.
(fl-) Rouum Vessels. Those used in war were of two kinds
jtho ship of war or galley {navia longa) and the transport
l{navia oneraria). Tho former wore lung an! narrow, rigged
Iwith sails, but at the same time eciuipped ith rowers A
l8IX3cial feature was the bi3ak {roatrum), a sharp projection
lat the bow covered with metal for running down an enemy's
Islnp. Wo also read of toners being built on the decks fi-om
Iwhich missiles could bo hurled on the enemy.
gL%a
i 7%
'I I
li,
tipped with iron,
behind by pulling
uliar shelter formed
e.-uls, thus tonniiii? a
3d all miasiles hurled
):
■ I!
' WW
I I
DE
1. Cum
iiti supra
bantur, lit
• liiam tert
lain Rom?
I rand i has
pacata Ga
■ luod ab ]
Uxermanos
I Roman i e
moleste fe
novis imf
Gallia a
lioraines f
mui minu
jpoterant.
2 Hisr
I in citerioi
O. JULII OyESARIS
COMMENTARII
DB BELLO GALLICO.
LIBER SF.CUNDUS.
1. Cum esset Caesav in citoriore Gallia in hibernis, ital
iiti supra deinonstraviinus, crebri ad oum riimores affero-
bantur, litterlsque item Labieni certior fiebat, omnes Bellas,
, (luam tertiatn esse Galliaei-artem dixeramus, contra poi)U-
hun Romanum coajurare, obsidesque inter se dare. Conju- 2
jrandi has esse causas: primum, quod vererentur, ne, omni
jpacata Gallia, ad eos exercitus noster adduceretur ; deinde, 3
quod ab nonnuUis Gallis sollicitarentur, partini qui, ut
(xermanos diutius in Gallia versari noluerant, ita populi
jRomaniexercitum hieinare atque inveterascere in Gallia
nioleste ferebant ; partim qui mobilitate et !evib...e animi
novis imperiis studebant ; ab nonnullis etiain, quod in 4
Gallia a potentioribus atque lis, qui ad conducendos
homines facultates habebant, vulgo regna occupabanti^r,
I qui minus facile earn rem imperio nostro consequi
ipoterant.
->■ Hsg nnntiis litterisquo eommotus, Caesar duas iegiones 1
I in citeriore Gallia novas conscripsit, et inita aestate, in
IrMg:
i
! i
I
1
ll
tl
ft,,
11
i! ml'il
DE liELLO GALLICO.
^ Hi oonstauter omnes m,„l Je,u " °""°"" '"='"»'
■'■"' ""'™ loo.ua oo«I„ci ;■"''■ """"r'S^ e'^erci,™,!
«eMistimavIt, ,j„in ad eo5 ,'„.„b "'"'^ ''"Wtandum „o,
<;o."i»"a.a oasfa ,„„™, ' "tT'''"-- ''' '■■"™"'-''
fli>es Belgarun, perve,,!,.' '""" ™'="» -JOi-deci^, ad,
;■"'" •"" <i--e„t, se s„a.,„e 0« ^T' '"""""' ""*
«l....is co„«e„.is«e, „e,„e o"m-a '"?" "'™ ^"'^'■^'
^on„„„o couj„ra,,e: pa atoZ '^ " ™ ''■""■■"■""'
-.,«,.ata facsre, et opp' dt ej^l"^:: f "'^'"'^ "»'■"■ ""
^«l^xs juvare: reliq„os omns? BeT„ """"'=""*' ""
Ge™a„„«,„e,„UisEhe„u,„„eolt°' m armis es.se,
5Junx,8S6; tantumauees™ „„ '°«<"'>n' sese cum his co„.
"num.p,6 magistra.um cum • J f ^' ""'"" """™'"»
I>!eros<,ue Belgas e,se ols abT'""' "° ""'»■""''"
"eJia-,aaUo,,ue,,ue;C',°"=', '^"''"'"™ iW co,,|
^iiciuona, oinni Galiia
Lata, T
biierint
i sumei
a Ren
fiiiitatib
eommn
'; cognoi
te, et ai
sse conl
mero ele
'i postuh
'■T-cissimc
istra etia
isimum, f
iiain Brita
ill bam :
I' ins belli
bere num
ta ; toti
-bcantur L
tes, Amb:
Ilia, Men
ocasses e
vemmillia
i uno nom
iiita milli
Caesar
■'^ecutus,
pque libera
bis cliliir(
lintum Peclium le-al
copia esse incipeief
enonibus relkiuis^^^.
ea, quae apud eo;
s certiorem faciu,,
nus cogi, exercitiiraj
5 cliibitandum mn,
'• ^e fi-umenturia
citer quindecim ad,
e omiii opinio,,
'elgis sunt, ad eui,
los civitatis, ini,e
em atque in potcs
«e se cum Bei-i.s;
>"lum Roinai,,,,,,
■ obsides dare, et,
^mento ceteris, 1 11
in armis esse,
3se cum his con
n furorem, ut iiq
osque SUDS, qu
^num imperiuji.
't. deterrere j.o-,
! quantaeque ir
sic reperiebatj
s, Rhenumqufj
atem ibi coni
xpulisse, solo.'-.j
h omni (iaiiiai
LIBER SECUNDUS.
iinero electa mni;» c • *'^^'^"m , pollicitos ex eo
acssfmosque agros possidere. I™,", ™ V "^"
«;.a etiam „,e™„™ Divitlacum t 'usG X' "f " '
Mimtim, qui cum marnae narti» L '^ ''""
>ia".Bnta„„iae i„.peH , „ oUtae. T"»:'"""""' '"""
»»'-» : ad hunc propter fa h- ' T'" ''''^™
Ha; totidem Nervios o^i ' r™"" •'"''"'"^-
l-a„tur,„„gl33i„,,™\b\:^,"'™^ '-' i"ter ip.os»
.-, Ambianos decern ^i, "■„''"'" ™ "'"'" ''"■'=-''
'«■-. Menapio, novcm ^ IHa c 'i T T'"" «"'""^
-oimillia; Co„d„,sos,Eb„rane™Catt;t pae""'"''
I J"s diliirentfir nd ^7;«^ .--- ^" "^'^- Q"^« ««^n^a
xucta sunt. Ipse Divitiacuma
tSBBasssm
ii:
4 DE BELLO GALLICO.
Aeduum magno opere cohortatus, docet quanto opere i'«
publicae communisque salutis intersit manus hostiuji
distineri, ne cum tanta multitudine uno tempore confJ
3 gendum sit. Id fieri posse, si snas copias Aedui in find
Bellovacorum introduxerint, et eorum agros popvilari col
4perint. His mandatis, eum ab se dimittit. Postquaj
omnes Belgarura copias in nnum lociam coactas ad J
venire vidit, neque jam longe abesse ab iis, quos miseraj
exploratoribus et ab Remis cognovit, flumen Axonai^
quod est in extremis Remorum finibus, exercitum trj
sducere maturavit, atque ibi castra posuit. Quae res I
latus unum castrorum ripis fluminis muniebat, et pel
eum quae essent tuta ab hostibus rcddebat, et commeat)
ab Eemis reliquisque civitatibus nt sine periculo ad euj
Gportari posset, efficiebat. In eo flumine pons erat. Ij
praesidium ponit, et in altera parte fluminis Q. Tituri-jj
Sabinum legatum cum sex cohortibus I'eliquit ; castra
altitudinem pedum duodecim vallo fossaque duodevigii)]
pedum munire jubet.
1 6. Ab his castris oppidum Remorum, nomine Bibral
aberat millia passuum octo. Id ex itinere magno impef
Belgae oppugnare coeperunt. Aegre eo die sustentahil
2 est. Gallorum eadem at(|ue Belgarum oppugnatio el
haec. Ubi circum jecta multitudine hominum totis moi>i[
bus undique lapides in murum jaci coepti sunt, murus(|
defonsoribus nudatus est, testudine facta portas succediiJ
.•jmiu-imiquo subrnunt. Quod tum facile fiebat. Nri
cum tanta multitudo lapidos ac tela conjicei'ent, in mill
4Consislendi potestas erat nulli. Cum finem oppugnail
nox fecisset, Iccius, Remus, summa nobilitate et gr:\tj
inter suos, qui (imi oppido })raPGrat, unus ex iis
LIBER SECUNDUS. 5
legati de pace ad Ccaesarem venerant, nuntiuna ad eum
^iiitft: n,si subsidium sibi submittatur, sese diutius susti-
pere non posse.
7 Eo de„,edia nocte Caesar, isdem ducibus usns quii
bntu ab Iccio venerant, Numidas et Gretas sagittarios
Munditoi^s Baleares subsidio oppidanis mittit ; quorum2
Idventu et Remis cum spe defensionis stadium propu^-
landiaccessit, et hostibus eadem de causa spes potiundi
Ippidi d.scessit. Itaque, paulisper apud oppidum moratia
fcrosque Remorum depopulati, omnibus vicis aedificiisoue,
lios ad.re potuerant, incensis, ad castra Caesaris omnibus
bpus contenderunt, et ab millibus passuum minus duobus
astra posuerunt ; quae castra, ut fumo atque ignibusi
ign.ficabatur, amplius millibus passuum octo in latitu-
|inem patebant.
8. Caesar prime, et propter multitudinem hostium eti
Iropter exuniam opinionem virtutis, proelio supersedere
Itacuit; cot.d.e tamen equestribus proeliis, quid hostis2
^rtute posset et quid nostri auderent, periclitabatur. Ubi3
lostros non esse inferiores intellexit, loco pro castris ad
Inem instruendam natura opportuno atrpie idoneo,~quod
fe colhs, ubi castra posita erant, pauIuUim ex planicie
l.tus tantum adversus in latitudinem patebat, quantum
fci aces u.structa occupare poterat, at-Iue ex utraque
jarte later.s dojcctus liabebat, et, in fronte lenitcr fasti-
ivtus, paulatimad planicicm redibat,-ab utroque latere
lus colhs transversam fossam obduxit circiter passuum
hadrmgentoru,n, et ad extremas fossas castella consti- ,
Int ib.que tormenta collocavit, ne cum aciem instruxis-4
It. Jiostes, quod tantum multitudine poterant, ab later!-
['••= pugnantes suos circumveuire possent. Hoc facto, 5
I
::i
m
III:
' W
I!: I
:!l
■ ii^i
6
DE BELLO GALLICO.
duabas legionibus quas proxime conscripserat in castris
relictis, ut si quo opus esset, subsidio duci possent, relij
quas sex legiones pro castris iu acie constituit. Hostef
item suas copias ex castris eductas instruxerant.
1 9. Palus erat non magna inter nostrum atque hostiui
exercitum. Hanc si nostri transirent, bostes exspectabantj
nostri autem, si ab illis initium transeundi fieret, v'
2impeditos aggrederentur, parati in armis erant. Interid
proelio equestri inter duas acies contendebatur. Ul|
neutri transeundi initium faciunt, secundiore equitui
3 proelio nostris, Caesar suos in castra reduxit. Host^
protinus ex eo loco ad flumen Axonam contenderunt, que
4esse post nostra castra demonstratum est. Ibi vadl
repertis, partem suarum copiarum transducere eonal
sunt, eo consilio,' ut, si possent, castellum, cui praeersl
Q. Titurius legatus, expugnarent, pontemque interseii
sderent ; si minus potuissent, agros Remorum popul|
rentur, qui magno nobis usui ad beilum gerendum erar
commeatuque nostros prohiberent.
1 10. Caesar, certior factus ab Titurio omnem equity
tum et levis armaturae Numidas, funditores sagitturj
2 osque pontem traducit, atque ad eos contendit. Acrit
in eo loco pugnatum est. Hostes impeditos nostri
flumine aggi'essi, magnum eornm numerum occideruJ
3 Per eorum corpora reliquos audacissime transire conantd
mullitudine telorum reppulerunt ; primes, qui transieraj
4equitatu circumventos interfecerunt. Hostes, ubi et i
expugnando oppido et de flumine transeundo spemj
fefellisse intellexerunt, neque nostros in locum iniquioii
progredi pugnandi causa viderunt, atque ipsos res fij
mentaria deficere coepit, concilio convocato constitueri
LIUEU SKCUNDUS. m
TlZZZ:'7r ^"^-^"-^- reverti, et, quorum
uLtJientur. Ad earn sententiam cum rp]imi;« r
aus.s haec quoque ratio eos deduxit ano/n v ^
tque Aeduos finibus ««11.,. ''''^' '^''''^ Dmtiacum
loverant Hi« fellovacorum appropinquare cog-
loveiant H s persuaderi ut diutius morarentur neoue
fus anxiluun ferrent, „on poterat. ' ^
11^ Eareconstituta, socunda vigilia magno cum stre-i
per :r :r::-'^ '''''-' --"^ certo'ordiue c
all .^ '^"' ^'''"'""^ ^^^"«^-is locum peteret
domum pervenire properaret, fecerunt ut Z v
gae profectio videretuv. Hac re s "L n "" '
Kv.datores cognita insidias ve'us ouod T" '"'
liscederenfc nondum nersnoxpvir ^ '^"'' ^^ ^^"'^
astris continuit/ Pr mTClT"?" ^^"^^^^"-^^
kuv, praemisit. His Q PedilJ T ? ^^""'^ "'°'^-
^m legatos praefecit T T ^' ^"^'""^"^^i"^ Cot-
us tribus subsequ ^sl" H """ ''^''"" "™ ^^^--■
«'"osequi jussit. Hi novissimos adorti et ninlf5, a
pit d ei srjatinm . o„k "'^Lireceiunt, quantum
J Ut ^r„t .mpuriitura, roueperunt.
w*
MiM
8
DE I3ELI.0 GALLICO.
1 12. Postridie ejus diei Caesar, priusquam se hostes ex,
terrore ac fuga reciperent, in fines Snessionum, quiproxinil
Reinis erant, exercitum duxit, ct magno itinere [confectoj
2 ad oppidum Noviodunum contendit. Id ex itinera oppiigl
nare conatiis, quod vacuum ab defensoribus esse audiebatj
propter latitudinem fossae murique altitudinem, paucis de-j
sfendentibus, expugnarenon potuit. Castris munitis,vinea'
agere qiiacque ad oppugnandum nsui erant comparar]
4coepit. Interim omnis ex fuga Suessionum multitudo iJ
5 oppidum proxima nocte convenit. Celeriter vineis ad oppi'f
duni actis, aggere jacto, turribusque constitutis, magnitu
dine opcrum, (puio neque viderant ante Galli neque audiel
rant, ct celeritate Eomanorum permoti legatos ad Caesarenj
de deditione mittunt, et petentibus Eemis ut conserva|
rentur impetrant.
1 13. Caesar, obsidibus acceptis primis civitatis atquj
ipsius Galbae regis duobus filiis, armisque omnibus eJ
oppido traditis, in deditionem Suessiones accepit, exercitumj
2 que in Bellovacos duxit. Qui cum se suaque omnia i(|
oppidum Bratuspantium contulissent, atque ab eo oppidc
Caesarcum exercitucirciter mill passuuni qulnqueabesse]
omnes majorcs natu, ex ojjpido egressi, manus ad CaesareiJ
tendere, et voce significare coeperunt, se.'c in ejus fidoiil
ac potestatem venire, neque contra poi.ulum Eomanuiii
aarmis contendere. Item, cum ad oppidum accessisset ca,^
tra(iueibi poneret, pueri mulieresquecx muro passis man|
bus suo more pacem ab Romanis petierunt.
1 ^ 14. Pro his Divitiacus— nam post discessum Belgarui,
dimissisAeduorum copiis, ad eum reverterat-facit verbJ
2 Bellovacos omni tempore in fide atque amicitia civitat]
■lAeduae fuisse : impulses a suis principibus, qui dicerei
LIBER SECLTNDUS. Q
ntlaos, a Caesare in servitutem redactos, omnes indigni-
tes contumeliasque perfcrre, et ab Aeduis defecisse et
pulo Eomano bellum intulisse. Qui ejus consilii prin-.
Ics fuissent, quod intellegerent quantara calamitatem
V.tati in ubssent, in Britanniain profugisse. Petere non 5
tun Bellovacos, sed etiam pro liis Aeduos, ut sua cle-
futia ac mansuetudine in eos utatur. Quod si fecerit, g
Iduornm auctoritatem apud omnes Belgas amplificatu-
»», quorum auxiliis atque opibus, si qua bella inciderint
Bteutare consuerint.
Il5. Caesar honoris Divitiaci atque Aeduorum causal
le eos in fidem recepturum et conservaturum dixit-
N erat^ civitas magna inter Belgas auctoritate
ue hommum multitudine praestabat, sescentos obsidcs
fcoscit. His traditis onmibusque armis ex oppido col- 2
is, ab eo loco in fines Ambianorum pervenit, qui se
[ique omnia sine mora dediderunt. Eorum fines Nerviia
^ngebant; quorum de natura moribusque Caesar cum
fereret,^sic reperiebat : KuUum aditum esse ad eos 4
fvcatoribus ; nihil pati yini vcliquarumque rerum ad
^unam pertinentium inferri, quod iis rebus relangues-
f-o aminos et remitti virtutem existimarent : esse ho- 5
..OS foros magnaeque virtues, increpitare atque incusare
l.quos Belgas, qui so populo Romano dedidissent, patri-
[■luevu-tutemprojecissent; confirmare, sese neque lega- 8
( missux-os, neque ullam condicionem pacis accepturos.
[6. Cum per eorum fines triduum iter fecisset, invenie-i
.ex captivis Sabim flamen ab castris suis non amplius
Iha passuum deeem abesse : trans id flumen omnes Ner-2
•sconscd.sse, adventumque ibi Romanorum exspectare
^ cum Atrebatibus et Viromanduis, finitimis suis (nam 3
m
lil'l II;
I lih
ill!'!
I l!
1
10
DK HELLO OALLICO.
his uti'isque persuaserant, nti eandem belli fortnnam cx]
4riront.iir) ; exspectari etlam ab his Aduatucorum co),i
6atque esse in itincre : mulieres, quique per aotatom i
puj;nam inutiles viderentur, in earn locum conjecisse, m
propter paludes exercitui aditus non esset.
1 17. His rebus cognitis, exploratores centuriones(|
apraemittit, qui locum idoneum castris deligant. Cti
ex doditiciis Belgis reliquisque Gailis complurcs Caesun
secuti una iter faccrent, quidam ex his, ut postea ex c;i
tivis cognitum est, eorum dierum consuetudine itinei
nostri exercitus perspeota, node ad Nervios pervenenm
atque his demonstrarunt inter singulas legiones imiin
montoruni magnum n\imerum intercedere, neque esse (ju
quam negotii, cum prima legio in castra venisset reliquf
que legiones magnum spatium abessent, banc sub sarcii
sadoriri; qua pulsa impedimentisque direptis, futuriimj
4reliquae contra consistere non auderent. AdjuvaH
etiam eorum consilium qui rem deferebant, quod Ner^
antiquitus, cum equitatu nihil possent (neque enim ad ]i
tern pus ei rei student, sed, quicquid possunt, pedestrib'
vn,lent copiis), quo facilius finitimorum equitatum, si ])ra
dandi causa ad eos venisset, impedirent, tencris arboribi
incisis atque inflexis, crebrisque in latitudinem ram
enatis et rubis sentibusque interjectis effecerant, ut iiistj
muri hae saepes munimenta praeberent, quo non )iio(
5 non intrari, sed ne perspici quidem posset. His rebus ci
iter agminis nostri impediretur, non omittendum sibi ccj
silium Nervii existimaverunt.
1 18. Loci natura erat haec, quem locum nostri cast]
delegerant. Collis ab summo aequaliter declivis
2flumeu Sabim, quod supra nominavimua, vergebat.
o flum.in(
luioetcon
b superic
pici pcsse
nebant ;
at i ones
idum cir(
19. Cac
bpiis ; se(
lolgae ad
Iropinqual
loditas du
)llocarat
I'ant, toti
Ls erant.
limen tra
(iserunt.
3rent, ac
peque nosi
ica aperto
giones se
luuire coe
litus ab iis
3inpus int
|ilvas aci(
)nfirraav€
^tumque :
proturbi
|nt, ut pi
in mar
lleritate a
ixe occu].
llh
LIltEU SECUNDUS.
11
lo flumjne pari acclivitnte collis nascebatur, adversus
Viicet contrarius, passus circiter duccntos infimus apertus,
|l) suporiore parte silvcstris, ut non facile ititrorsus per-
||)ici posset. Intra eas silvas hostos in occulto sese con- 3
;iiebunt ; in aperto loco secundum flumen paucae
tationes equltum videbantur. Fluminis erat altitude
3(lum circiter trium.
19. Caesar epiitatu praemisso subsequebatur omnibus 1
bpiis ; sed ratio ordoque agminis aliter se habebat, ac
kelgae ad Nervios detulerant. Nam, quod ad hostes ap- 2
Iropinquabat, consuetudine sua Caesar sex legioncs ex-
Icditas ducebat; post eas totius exercitus impedimenta .3
allocarat ; inde duao Icgiones, quae proximo conscriptae
[•ant, totum agmcn claudebant, praesidioque impedimen-
1 erant. Equitcs nostri, cum funditoribus sagittariisque.i
lunen transgressi, cum hostium equitatu proelium com-
^iserunt. Cum se illi identidcm in silvas ad sues rcci-5
Brent, ac rursus ex silva in nostros impetum facerent,
Jeque nostri longius, quam quern ad finem porrecta ac
:)ca aperta pertinebant, cedentes insequi auderent, interim
giones sex, quae primae venerant, opere dimenso castra
umire coeperunt. Ubi prima impedimenta nostri excr-o
jitus ab iis, qui in silvis abditi latebant, visa sunt, quod
Jinpus inter eos committendi proelii convenerat, ut intra
|ilvas aciem ordinesque constituerant, atque ipsi sese
anfirmaverant, subito omnibus copiis provolaverunt im-
^tumque in nostros equites fecerunt. His facile pulsisr
proturbatis, incredibili celeritate ad flumen decucurre-
jnt, ut paene uno tempore et ad silvas et in flumine et
in manibus nostris hostes viderentur. Eadem autem s
peritate adverso colle ad nostra castra atque eos, qui in
ere occupati erant, contenderunt
ll!
'I
:
t
A
M
: il
13
DE UELLO CALLICO.
i
if'
i It II
1 20. Caesari omnia uno tempore erapo agenda : vexillnm
propondondum, quod erat insigne, cum ad aima concurri
oporteret, sigmim tuba dandum, ab opeie revocandi
milites, qui paulo longius oggoris petendi causa proces-
serant arccssendi, acics instruenda, milites coliortandi,
asignum dandum. Quarum rerum magnam partem tem-
.■iporis brevitas et successus hostium impcdiebat. His
dilTicultatibus duae res erant subsidio, scientia atque
usns militnm, quod superioribus pioeliis excrcitati, quid
fieri oporteret, iion minus commode ipsi sibi praescri-
bere, quam ab aliis doceri poterant ; ofc quod ab opere
singulisque legionibus singulos legatos Caesar discedere,
4 nisi munitis castris, vetuerat. Hi propter propinquita-
tcm et celcritatem hostium nihil jam Caesaris imperium
exspectabant sed per se, quae videbaiatur administrabant.
1 21. Caesar necessariis rebus imperatis ad cohortandos
milites, quam in partem fors obtulit, dccucurrit. et ad
2 legionem decimam devenit. Milites non ^ongiore oratione
cohortatus, quam uti suae pristinae v'rtutis memoriam
retinerent, neu perturbarentur animo, liostiumque impe-
3 turn fortiter sustinerent, quod non longius hostes abe-
rant, quam quo telura adjici posset, proelii committendi
isignum dedit. Atque in alteram partem item coliortandi
5 causa profectus, pugnantibus occurrit. Temporis tanta
fuit exiguitas, liostiumque tam paratus ad dimicanduni
animus, ut non mode ad insignia accommodanda, sed
etiam ad galeas induendas scutisque tegimenta dotra-
ehenda tempus defuerit. Quam quisque ab opere in
partem casu devenit, quaeque prima signa conspexit, ad
haec constitit, ne in quaerendls suis pugnandi tempus
dimitteret.
22. Inst
'lue collis e
nirio atque
iili.'ie alia ii
si^simis, ut
•'inpcdiretur
'n quaque pf
'iiiperia adn
i"iquitate, fc
^"JiiU «I^fUXOUS.
22. Instriicto exercitn «,o • ^"^
'l™ »'i.-.s et .,oco.,., "to" :::;" '""' -'"- dojec.„,..
';."° ««,"0 „,,,o p„,t„,„ :■"';■ J'"-" "t .ei mi!i,„,,-3
»''•'» «''■■' i.. Pa,.,e l,ostib„. ros," "/;™'"^ H'ioaib,,.,
'"l»'"-etnr „.„„„ ,.„^ s„SLMr""' "■"^1«'"»
mquacucarteo,,,,, es.ot p™w^,r"°'^"''' ""<™ Q"id
ea pars obvenerat--celLte , ei W ^^^"'^'^^^«-"«m his
"•-^m partem eorum imnedl '"'"'"'^ «^^^^"^ mac-
^"-ssi, rursus resistentes host /T-""" """'^"""^ ^^'^ '
'" f».?am conjecerunt. Item ?r '''''•''^^" P^'^^^^'o
"- ^««--ones, undecima et o'uva 'V'"' ^'"^''^'^^
H '-^b sinistra parte nudati^ ": . '°^'^ ^^^'^ ^ Bronte,
-•'-H^io duodecimaetn; " ' T" '"^ ^^^^
-I'^nna constitisset, omnos NorvT V^ ^" ^"^'^^^''^"o
;-Boduo,nato, qui summfm 1 ""'t'"^""^ ^«-'-'
locum contenderunt ; quorZ^ ^ '"""'^'^^^ ''^d eum
cn...mvenire, pars su Zm^''/^^^^^^ ^^^- ^ciones,
j'^oepit. '"'"'^ castrorum Jocum petere
ca»tra reoiperent, atlversis
lilt
:!.!
I
i i !
U
I»K IIKM-O OALMCO.
liostibns oocnrrobant, ac rursns alinm in partem fugam
ajxitebant: et calones, ([ui ab clocuimuia porta ac sumino
jugo collis nostros victoros flumeii traiisisso conspexe-
rant, praetlancli causa egressi, cum respexisscnt et bostes
in nostris castris vorsari vidissent, praecipites fugne sese
Smandabant. Simul eorum, qui cum imp^idimentis venie-
bant, clamor fremitusque oriel)atur, uliique aliam in par-
4 torn pertcrriti forobautur, QuibuH omnibus rebus pcrmoti
eiiuites Troveri, quorum inter Gallos virtutis opinio est
singularis, quiauxilii causa ab civitate ad Caesarem missi
venerant, cum multitudiue hostium castra compleri nos-
tra, legiones prenii efc paone circumventas tenovi, calones,
eiiuites, fimditoi'(!S, Numidas diversos dissipatosquo in
omnes partes fugere vidissent, dcsperatis nostris rebus,
ndomum contenderunt ; Romanos pulsos superatosque, cas-
tris impedimentisque eorum hostes potitos, civitati re-
nuntiaverunt.
1 25. Caesar ab decimae legionis cobortatione ad dex-
trum cornu profectus, ubi sues urgeri, signisque in
unum locum collatis dnodecimae legionis confertos militi i
sibi ipsos ad pugnamesso impedimcnto vidit,quartae cobor-
tis omnibus centurionibus occisis signifcroque interfccto,
signo amisso, rcliquarum cobortiim omnibus fer ■ centu-
rionibus aiit vulneiatis aut occ'^is, in bis prinijiilo, P.
Sextio Baculo, fortissimo viro, multis gravibusque
vulneribus confecto, ut jam se sustinere non posset ; reli-
quos esse tardiores, et nonnullos ab novissimis deserto
proelio excedere ac tela vitare ; hostes neque a fronte ex
inferiore loco subeuntes intermittere, et ab utroque latere
instare, et rem esse in angusto vidit, neque ullum esse
2subsidium, nuod subiuitti posset, scuto ab novissimis |
munipiilos iaxare i„„it , »"l't,.s si-.ia infciio et
cuju^uivor ;j tarr r ""^ *""'"'' •"' f'»--'-
™m l>.o so ,11" ''■'''" ^" "•'■''■"'''«■■'''» «"tao, a
monuit utplX J,!, "''"'°*' '■'""""'^ """""n
»iaiu™ ,e..rct, „e,„e ttao J ''„V ^r:;" f "f ■"" ^"^^
superiore, quae res in nostris • "'. ^"^ "*"■"' ^^ ^x loco 4
spicatus, ^eci,na™ie.ur::^.^;;:^3?r::r;:^' r-
cum ex equitumet calomnn fu.^a ouo Jn n ^"'' *
'luantoque in poriculo et o. est at/ ? ''' ''''''
«utis innixi p,oem,„,rtt :,.::' '="'!"'"'■■'""'■
tonntos hos.es co,..picati, et. ^ ta ^'es """' "^'
I'lint: enuitfl<5 vor^ *. *. • , "''^"*^s «■i^matis occurre-
=viiei.ia SijB aalutis tantam 3
.ii !,
DB BELLO GALLICO.
virtutem praestiterunt, ut, cum primi eorum cecidissent,
proximi jacentibus insisterent, atque ex eorum corporibus
4pugnarent; his dejectis, et coacevvatis cadaveribus, qui
superessent, ut ex tumulo tela in nostros conjicerent, et
5pila intercepta remitterent : ut non nequiquam tantae
virtutis homines judicari deberet ausos esse transire latis-
simum flumen, ascendere altissimas ripas, subire iniquis-
simum locum ; quae facilia ex difficillimis animi magni-
tude redegerat.
1 28. Hoc proelio facto, et prope ad internecionem gente
ac nomine Nerviorum redacto, majores natu, quos una
cum pueris mulieribusque in aestuaria ac paludes conjectos
dixei'amus, hac pugna nuntiata, cum victoribus nihil
2impeditum, victis nihil tutum arbitrarentur, omnium, qui
supererant, consensu legatos ad Caesarem miserunt seque
ei dediderunt : et, in commemoranda civitatis calamitatc,
ex sescentis ad tres senatores, ex hominum millibus sexa-
glnta vix ad quingeutos, qui arma ferre possent, sese
3redactos esse dixerunt. Quos Caesar, ut in miseros ac
supplices usus misericordia videvetur, diligentissime coii-
servavit, suisque finibus atque oppidis uti jussi.t, et finiti-
mis imperavit, ut ab injuria et maleficio se suosque prohi-
berent.
1 29. Aduatuci, de quibus supra scripsimus, cum omnibus
copiis auxilio Nerviis venirent, hac pugna nuntiata, ex
2itinere domum reverterunt ; cunctis oppidis castellisque I
desertis sua omnia in unum oppidum egregie natural
3 munitum contulerunt. Quod cum ex omnibus in circuitu
partibus altissimas rupes despectus ^e haberet, una ex
parte leniter acclivis aditus in latitudinem non arnpliiis
ducentorum pedum relinquebatur : quern locum duplicij
30. Ac ]
excursionei
contendeba
qnindecim
oppido ses(
■'^'^^I'ucto, tur
ex muro, at
■■'b tanto sj:
'inibus virib
jiiorumque I
siiorum brev
'■iin moturos
31. Ubi V.
»■11116, nova
Ciiesarem de
^on existima
'ini tantae all
movei-e jiossei
tere, dixerun
sua dementia
^•eiu, statuissc
IIIIEB SECUNDtrs.
altissimo mnro munierant ■ t "
Cimb,isTe,Uo„is,„epCa°i "":''»'• ^^- -a„t ex,
■'"■^'^m at.,„e Italia» fac ;„t 'ii?" "'! '" P'"-"™»
J=l>ositis, oastodiam ex suis ao n 1 ' , """" ^'"="™
""■" "na reliq„en,„t h"° f f ''^"^'™ «'^^ «iHia homi-
»""os a flnitimis exaiit^ ^°''"'" °''"™ ""'Hoss
;'^as iUaU„„ defend 1 :™^-."«"™ infen-en,
e^o°;.':er'rbtTtaZ;rr°""r™-''-'''-
-ontendebaut, Poslea vaUo ^21 ^'''^ "™ "-Tis
oi'lM. sese oontinebanf uu T'*"" '''-""««niti,
-<> ta„to .patio instituJem- ° 'T' '""'•■""""'""■•'"o
'.;»t«."iWb„sp™eserti,X"i-„j;*;^';'-'"' «-'il^- a„t.
U'^'-nrnqiie hominibus GalliJ, ^ "' staturae-„am
-or,™ b,,.i,„, nostra C:„rr'T^ °°'-'-™
'■"" moturos sese conflderent ? '="'-"'°« oneris tar-
"•■". ..ova at„„e I, .sitata '7'"'""™ '™"''^"^ --"o-.
^•o..existima,.e Eo.naC he 1 ",,'"'' "°''"'" '-"*-
■'"i'antae altit„di„is ZZT ''"""'' '''""■" «-.-e, .
■»ove,-e pos.e„t ; so s,„Z ' ' '""'» "'='='■''"'0 l-'o-
»a clomontia ac n,a^"„« i! " "'""■°™'' ^ ^' f""'» P.-o<
'--. ...atuissot A,]„„., ::■';'';'"■" '•"»; «I. "l».s audi-
"' <:o„so,-va„Jos, no so ar.nis
|,'(l;
mmni
lilllll !
18
DE BELLO GALLICO.
5despoliavet, Sibi omnes fere finitimos esse inimicos ac
suae virtuti invidere ; a quibns se dofenclere ti'aditis armis
enon possent. Sibi praestare, si in earn casum deduce-
rentur, quarnvis fortunam a populo Romano pati, quam
ab his per cruciatum interfici, inter quos dominari con-
suessent.
1 32. Ad haec Caesar respondit : Se magis consuetu-
dine sua quam merito eorum civitatem conservaturum,
2 si prius, quam murum aries attigisset, se dedidissent ; sed ]
deditionis nullam esse condicionem, nisi armis traditis.
Se id, quod in Nerviis tecisset, facturum, finitimisque
imperaturum, ne quam dediticiis populi Romani injuriam
sinferrent. Re nuntiata ad suos, quae iniperarentur,
4facere dixerunt. Armorum magna multitudine de muro
in fossam, quae erat ante oppidum, jacta, sic ut prope
sammam muri aggerisque altitudinem acervi armorum
adaequarent, et tamen circiter parte tertia, nt postea
perspectum est, celata atque in oppido retenta, portis
patefactis, eo die pace sunt usi.
1 33. Sub vesperum Caesar portas claudi militesque ex
oppido exire jussit, ne quam noctu oppidani ab militibxis
2 injuriam acciperent. Illi ante inito, ut intellectum est,
consilio, quod, deditione facta nostros praesidia deduc-
turos aut denique indiligentius servaturos crcdiderant,
partim, cum his, quae retinuerant et celaverant, aj-mis,
partim scutis ex cortice factis aut viminibus intextis,
quae subito, ut temporis exiguitas postulabat, pellibiis
induxei-ant, tertia vigilia, qua minime arduus ad nostras
munitiones ascensus videbatur, omnibus copiis repentiiioj
3ex oppido eruptionem fecerunt. Celeriter, ut ante Caesar|
imperarat, ignibus significatione facta, ex proximis castel-|
i'l
LlliKlt SECtJNDUS. .g
contra eos, ,u ex .2 t^. rf"" "" ""'"'"■ '"">"<' '«".
l:o"em ejus oppidi miversam Caesar vendwr A ' ?
,"; e.nora„t, capit™ .„„er„s ad eum rdat s L ^llf "' '
fiumquaginfca triiim milhum
Lu^..e.„e.p.e.;.-:::c^t=e:::
U. trans Ehe„„,„ incoiet «C m etrt:'f ",'
loinceientm. Q„as legationes Caesar, quod in Ifnl"
U^sjn ..,er„ao„U J^r^lS: ptS
pi aecieta est, ,uod ante id tempus acoidit nuili.
>
i'l
,11
sssam
I
11 li!
hl'll'l
'iJl
DE 13ELLO GALLICO.
IN THE NOTES THE FOLLOWING ABBREVIATIONS
ARE USED :
App.-The sections of Appendix I. foUowlnj? the Vocabulary and entitled I
'Hints and Suggestions for the Translation of Caesar's Latin.'
RC— Tlie sections of Part III. of Robertson and Carrutlicrs' Prim&ryl
Latin Bo(jk.
B A.— Bradley's Arnold's Latin Prose Composition.
HF— The pages and sections of Henderson aud Fletclier's First Latiiij
Book.
H.— Harkness' Standard Latin Grammar.
AG.-Allen and Greenougli's Latin Grammar (Revised Edition),
c— Chapter (of the same book unless otherwise stated),
trans.— translate or translation.
lit.?-where a free rendering has been given, to call attention to tli-j
literal translation,
fn.— footnote,
p.— page,
cf.— compare.
V/ iiere Cac:sar'8 style or usage is referred to, the Ue Bella Galileo aloi
is meant.
VIATIONS
her's First Latii)
1 attention to tlii
ello Gallico aloii
NOTES ON BOOK II.
CAP. I.
Uder the charge of his h of n7""f ^'^ '^'^'^^"^ ^^^ -^P)
self went to hitter Gaul the m-f '' ''^ "^' '"^^^^ ^« ^^™
c.ch winter attending to itVlT"'' ^'^''^ ^^"^«^ *°«P«nd
provinces see IntrodfctU ! """'"f "^ ^^^ ^--^'s
editions o.it^hrtl'^Lr^^ jr^-' - *^^^ --3?
Jsome troops with him it,. „f | r! ^^''''' P^^^^^^y had
pedy, 'as.' suprn,-refernn "to in ',•''' '"'^ ^ ^^^ ^«''
t>ans. .kept co'^inT n/ Clorr'!? ^f ^°^' ^« ^^^'^^*
|o the trans, of /.L. ' [«Efenl^' '"V'^^ '^^^Peatedly'
-lit- ' which we ha. statedl t'* ;, T^' ' f^''^-^^^^
^ave said, form ' etc Th. w • ' ^''^''^y' ^^o, as we
Me told Ihat ^:^\s7ZtlZl'''^''-'-^-''-'^^^^-^
i-o=r,n„f. •,._!- , ,, ^ wiviaca into three nnrfa ir,>,-i-.-.. ,
f* °" '^ *' ^■"*«'' "««•• °^ cw, "and ;*;::•
•««H
'iom
m'
11
i
iliili;!
■i:|"inl
22
DE BEI.LO GALLIC©.
The indie, mood shows this is a parenthetic addition by the
writer, not part of Labienus' report. (KC.II.215.C. HF.207.
4.N.2.) Notice that quam agrees with partem, not with its
antecedent Belgas. (EC.93.ii.) later SO dare,—' were giv-
ing to one another,' or 'exchanging.'
2. Conjiirandi...cnusas,— ' that the reasons for... were
as follows (lit- these).' The ace. and infin. shows that ho is
still quoting Labienus' information ; so too the subjunctives
vererentitr and soUicitarentur, for which see EC.99.//.i. HF.
206.4. ne...a(ldiiceretur,— 'lest,' etc. (BC.99.o.l.ii. HP.
185.3.) pacata Oallia,— abl. absol. ; trans, by clause w.
'Avhen,' or 'after.' App.5.a.ii. Gallia here is but cne of
the three divisions of Gallia three lines above, and in the
first line still a different force is found. See Vocabulary
under Gallia, ad, — ' against.'
3. partim qui,— lit. 'partly (by those) who'; freely, 'some
of whom ' ; in which case trans, partim qui below by * while
others.' ut . . . ita,— lit.
■ as.
.so'; freely, omit 'as,' and
replace ' so' by ' and in the same way.' Gennaiios versari.
— trans, by ' for' and infin., or by • that. . .should.' Notice
that the indicatives here and to the end of the chapter show
that Caesar is giving facts known to himself, and not report-
ing Labiciius' statements. Cf . on dixeramus, § 1. hiemare,—
trans, by ' that. . .should.' in<>Mlitate,— trans, by ' though,'
or 'by reason of.' (EC.85.??i. HF.71.3.) novis imperils,—
dat.; freely, ' a change of government' ; lit.?
4. ab iionnnllls,— a third class in addition to those of § 3.
Supply th ) verb soUicitareiUur, or rather perhaps, on account
of the change of mood throughout, soUicitabantur. poteii-
tiorlbus,- used substantively. conduceudoH,— ' take into
their pay.' For gerundive constr. see App.40. (EC.104./>,
HF.17i).3.) vnli?o re^na occiipabaiitnr,— 'royal power wa^
constantly bein'^ seized ' ; the plur. rer/na because of the ,
many states in which this happened, rcili. — ' end or object.' |
liiinerlo iiostro,— trans, by ' under.' (EC.85.i. HF.82.1.)
MOtiiS ON BOOK n.
by begi„„inK the ne,v sentence «in? '""."?'' """^ "' ^''^ "'«"^^''t,
the preceding o-.e, and tl.en llJ.H '' ' T T/'""^' '^"""■» '° "« fom
clear at the be;,i„ningof § 2 In i^'^ '^ "'^' '"'^^ '"''"*-'••. This is
reference to the h.st words of Bk I ZT^.""' ''''' '"«^'-^ ««^n'B direct
/«c<.. e., ,. . and when he was i,. g:; n '" " S''"'.' ^''^"'«"' -P^""
of (?a/</«, §§ 1.2. Agreemenf nf . i {■ ^^"^ ""'«'^ meanings
m.m.n. BA.8.. H..«M AG ' ; '"'^'^^ ""'^ P'*^'''-^'^ "oun, n!
[The cha-e from the perfect w »,^"^*' °^ *'>cram«.9, §1.
Caesar's making the time ot the actL'',"'?; "^'*^^* ^*^^'- ^'- '^
relative to the time of the events us^ n h P'T""^^"'^ «'""««
were subsequent to the writinroft,, ! """""'«^'l i "'ese events
bus regarded as a complot J 1 '^V^'^^^'"-' ^» «^.1.. which is
SI- [This is the Latin substitute for „ ■ ^^ "^^ «^*" "''«»• ««,
ally, as here, inter «e-^' one ^ heXitr,''™'*'' P'""""""" «-«'••
^'i e«s for art se, § 2. [The li j ,7 i . "^ Preposition.]
Caesar, seen.s to arise iLr f.^'^ , 'Tn^Mnf /' "".^" "^^""•^"^' '"
Gauls', point of view.] ch. f \ ^ *'°'" '"'^ °^"' «ot tlie
"O". Sa. ;,, ,„th indie mT" 7 T'''''' '° •^^'•«'^' "'-^rra!
ace. and infin. § 8. ciiai.<C \n . ""^ molestefero with
.ave expected a third „.,S L''.: '"t "eX:"""'.''' ^^^^ "">"*
for variety than to the difficulty of con hm '"^m " '^T ^''' *° "^^'^'^
as to bring out tlie desired meani, L Th ^ " ''""'''"^^ ^'ause so
potctioribas.] The iWm-^i .< ? ^* """«««/* are of course the
J 1 he use ol tlie imperf. tiiroughout.
2, 3. Raising two new Unions Onp,„^ j
CAP. n.
)".' These, with th^ ^SlinT^^^^lT^, "' ^---'i
.niei-loren,,-. central,- i.e. nortWt'hT " *''""''°'-
near the Alp,, ,„| a«I„„„°, ?'''"'"'°''' """ »"»
an.cede„t , Pi„.; tr\r Cr l-i^^^fjf ?,^' ,^'';«
> li
■M
M
mam
mm
24
DE BELLO GALI.ICO.
'^iifil
move. Iiiclpcret,— ' there was beginning.' The grammati-
cal subj. is copia.
3. negotlum,— freely, ' instructions,' or more lit. ' a com-
mission.' flnitlml IJelgis,— ' neighbors of,' more lit. ' adja-
cent to.' uti COgrnoscant,— trans, as in App.29.i. (EC.99.
a.2. HF.181.3.) i^>i qune,-App.l2.6.N.B. geranliir,-fur
mood see EC.99.e. HF.206.4. se,-referring to the subj. of
dat. App.14.6.
4. mniius,— evidently smaller 'odies which went to make
up the exercitum. cogi, COiuluci,— note the tense. App
M.d. ^^
5. Turn YerOj—vero emphasizes turn and can be translated
only by emphasizing 'then.' dubltaiidum,— App.41.34.c.
Trans. ' he must not hesitate to set out {or delay his depar-
ture).' quill proflcisccretur,— lit. 'so that he should not
set out.' (EC.99.i.i.)
6. movet,— ' breaks up.' diebiis,— abl. of time within
which. (EC.85.J. HF.82.2.)
«r.B.-Trans. use of ineo, §1. [So always in Caesar ; but Cicero hi time
phrase uses it intransitively, e.g. ineunt" aestate.] Subj with
cumprimum,U. [Usually w. indie, especially when a point (rather
than, as here, a period) of time is indicated. Here the causal sense
may predominate over the temporal. The other passages where ctm
prmuni occurs areln Bk.III.c.9. and c.ll.] Syntax of gerantur,
§ 3. [As the antecedent ea shows, this is a relative, not an interroga-
tive clause.] X)«bJ<o=hcsitate, with qum, §.5. [With this mean-
ing the regular construction is the pres. inf.; qtUn is regularly us. d
when dtibUo=do\iU. RC.II.156. BA.130-133. H.504.3.2. AG.332.g.]
CAP. III.
^ 1. Eo,— adverb, omni opinione,— lit. ' than all expecta-
tion ' ; freely, ' than any one had expected.'
2. ex Belgis,— trans, by 'of; with proximi. Galliae,- |
dat.; used in limited sense of c.l.§2. legates,—' as am-
bassadors,' in apposition w. ledum, etc. primos,— as subst.
■^principet.
IV.B,— Relati\
in indirec
represents
hy being ii
infill., §2.
easily und(
ally unavo
object se.]
and gerund
§2.] J
subj. in §§4.
the original
he grammati-
time within
NOTES ON HOOK II.
qui dlcereiit,^tran3 ui- • , " ^^
b-ause of the awkwardness of tt, ^^^^' '' ^^* «^P^e^^^^'d
word as subj. and obi. j. Ll "^^' "^« «^ ^^'^ «ame
Note the tense of .LLZ Z2T <" f ^ ^^^* -^^>-
jurassc-a contracted form for "'^ '~ ^"^" " -"«t-' con-
-'his bidding.. oppidis,Ltet,;;™^*^^*f-- impernt»,
f;'atm says 'in' (or rather ' wthw '"^ "^*° *^«i^ towns'
"•^■) The object 'him' is e J !^ 7 *°^'^^-' ("^C.SS.a
4. lucoJa«t,-f,r mood see EC of ^^^i^"'"*^^ «-text
object of oo„y„.:,,,,,^ ,„^ referring to r'"' ''^' ''''>-
roiernug to Bellas. Englishsavs^H !""''*• ««n» W« -
jom themselves with us ' ^ ^'^ ^°'" ^«'' ^^tin ' they
^a::^P^\c:^S ^:. tr --'^- -• • •
not wil] go with the verb. Suesslon !"''''• ^^ English
«boM^, IS ace, not nom.; it is tie „1 /"""'' '^"'*""^"*"«««*
• . .iitantnr,-as tl^e clausnln "'V^-"^«<^ «f cZ.^^rr.re. „„,
expected to act differ^ fb^ ^'^."^^'^^ ^-« ^e «
-.«d for the mood see BC.99 Hv Hpf/'"'^^ ^^^y-' -^tc.,
-•'^-. (RC.61.) unu.„..,^C,;t '"'-^ is<lem,-fo;
connective 'and'; the verb 7. ' ?• ^'^^"^^ «"PPlj a
(EC.99.6.i. HF.185.2.N.) ^^««'bimng'j cf. on c.2. § J.
ally unavoidable on account of fh ^'^' "'^ «"''««'o" Is prac io
tl.e original prli^J^f t^t^if-^ P'^'j-'b is lnVsecon..,T:r5
- sea are ictaiaedthrougiiout. 081« Often ;;;•
isM' I
'in
i^-!a
M ■
■. i
I'M
:-
^H
ii
m,\.
Miiii
.. .,1
liiiiii^'i'
! : 'ill! ! i
m\
ii iiliiii'irii;
I!
26 DB DELLO flALLIOO.
cose, especially for the sake of emphasis or vividness. RC 107 a 11
H.5.'.i.i. Notice especially the p, rf. si.bj. pntuerint, la a result clause!
This, where It Is not the true perfect, is used chiefly to call attention
to the Independent fact rather than to dwell on the relation of cause
and effect RC.II.3ii. BA.U!.. A0.l^«7.c.R.J Quin and suhj. w.
deterreo. fin Uk.I.c.l7. and 31. deterreo in affirmative sentences has
weand subj. Here the sentence Is ueKullvn, because of m. . jjridem.]
Ipsis, for se, §6. [Doubtless because of the emphasi-i here
desired.]
4. The strength and numbers of the Pdgae.
CAP. IV.
1. his,— the hffatos of c.3. § 1. qiiantaeqiie,— trans, freely
by ' and how large thoy were ' after in armis essent. quid
posspnt,— ' what was their strength.' See note on c.8. § 2.
For the subj. e.^sent and jwsnent sec EC.99.d. HP. 17(5,2. For
the case of quid see RC.83.e. sic,—' as follows.'
(^ernmnis,— the truth of this statement is uncertain.
Their language seems to have been Gallic, not German.
Rhenum,--deponding on trans in tradudos. (RC.I1.72.
HF.96.3.) loci, loca,— 'country.' liicolereiit,— fo- the
mood see EC.99.e. HF.206.4.
2. solos esse,— ' were the only ones.' memorla,-timo
within which ; trans, after omni. . .vexata. oilini Oallla,—
i.e. all the rest of Gaul. As both the Province and Aquitania
were overrun (according to Livy), Caesar cannot be refer-
ring to Celtic Gaul alone. Teutoii08,-see Introduction, p.
viii. ingrcdl,-' from entering.' prc!jibueriiit,-^or the
mood see EC.II.35. HF.188.4.
3. qua...lleri,—' the result of this was'; lit. 'from which
circumstance it was coming about.' memoria,— trans, by
•because of ' ; cf. on niobilitate, c.l. § 3.
magnam. . .sumereiit,-freely, • they were putting on airs
of superiority in matters of war ' ; lit. ' they were taking on
themselves {or assuming) great importance and great pride.'
Jiiji
NOTES ON HOOK II.
"f«- 'i"i'<a"e,~i,nplvi' /a?}, r T^°"""' 'as they, .ore,
-f-s specially to the 2,2 L'' '"^ *'^° '"-« -'ng
'/«'••' POllicltns slt^Jf^fX^""''"*"'- *he tribe, «fl "
«•'"N-' they I.„e,. ,^r ^.^''"bj^ ««« on e.sent, § i. «o Jov7
' pliirlinii,,, vniero —' w
f- the ubl. see RC.85.^: conflcorn' '*'""^''*- ' ^'^1«*«.-
mlTn ™"*'"'"' ''""«^thousands'; freely,
».. 8U08,-,.e. of the Remi. ^ '•
-"".-add in trans, 'n,!::; i^Y,.;- '' ^'^^
memorJn,
PotcntlssI-
turn, —gee
Vocabulary under cuvi. „artl, 7-7°' « ""'"•• •«'"•N-se*
-for the abl. see EC 85 J ) '^J'-^ot.ce the tense. „„mer«
«. toti<.em,_objectoft'// '"^'*^'*^"*^-"-
,-'th^fierces;',. ZZ^lf^ZTtt'^^'- --^- fer,,
! «'>oEC.79.c.i. HF.90.2. ZlT \J ?' '"P^^^"'' ^«r the case
l"^e character of the BeI<.L ^ «^f* °°" "^^««" o[ the war-
- n.n, influences of eivH^lrn '''' "'^^^-^ ^-- the
I ■>■ Atrebates,— with all fi,
Iniood shows that thrisa^;.-^' '"^* «^- «-^. §4. The
t^^rs:^r^^'-^t!f.er'~;-
I * ^'''"^'*'* '«»^^»» will depej;';
i:*!!-
,'!'
28
DB BELLO OALIilOO.
arhitrari • or if a positive stat.n>ent, is avoided because these
::n;e:Te;e not rVo^onted at the .-nforeuce, supply ,o.e
conjicere instead of poUiceri. ad,- ' about.
S « -Tense of quaereret a«d reperiebat, 91. [A «erles of quo,»tio„8 1.
implied ; cf. our expression ' In the c mrse of >'« «"I. L^ch.
TrT" ^" InS r w';:S:r '(The X^-t.on m Cu^ar,
'''"' ' The JvrtZn'Lere e.plorata, H- [The ;"-'""^' "
.,„„. ,„ Bk.T., «nd «noe e»c„ i,. Bk,. LIl .IV.V..„ 1 ^^ J^^^^ ^ ^
1 i_ji„ Rifi The use of art w. numerals, « '"• 1* ■
tTa^^^rltoir^istorian"^. practically as an o.verl,=c.>c.e...
B Caesar s.nds the Aedui against the Bellovaci, to divide fh\
ene'viy's forces, and himself takes up a strong pos^t^on on tl^
further hank of the Axona.
CAP. V.
1. oratione prosecutus,-' having addressed.' lit.? ser
tlim,-a Roman term given to the council of the Ker
«Lid««.-'as hostages'; in apposition with hberos. Qi
omnia,-' all this.' App.11.6. So m § o.
NOTES ON nooK 11. 29
2 l)fvlllncain,-not the man mentioned in o 4 87 oo
hortatus,- trans, l.y Cause co-ordinate with le App 7"
• to be kept, etc' App.85.a. m eoum^- olL ^{t Z JZ
j ho might not have to, or h. obliged to, tc- ' An/il ^
the 8ubj. see RCM.a. HF 188 2 Fn/I' ^ '"■
|see APP.2.J. (EC.96.i. HF I64'?2^i ' -Porso ai p,^,.
I 3 Id. . .posse,-dopending on docet, S 2 • m ( thi. « 1^
be done,' referring to ..anus diMneH La, r'^ .
Uedui. APP.H... i"trocl„xori„t,-f;eo;"^'~ rS '
\ so coepermt. Tlie perf anbJ =fnr.!i • • ^^°"^^ ''-ad ;
after docet for the f uture trf ^ ' ''l '^'"""^ ''^"^'"'^^
liot of literal sight here iieonp |„,„ r'^^*^' ^lUIt,-
lalio«A +>,„ 1,^ «i-re. neque jam,— 'and no longer'
luwesse,— the subject is copias °
}»«We for supplies to be, ete. Tt • b^S i 'li Tf "
itC For the subj. see m.m.i. m 187 2 ""■" *'""'
- Ia,-'u,.r.. altera parte,-.-.,, a, ^^ox side. 1b
» 5 ' I
'oil
H
.,,!•
7
80
DB DELLO QALLICO.
altitudlnem,— ' in height,' or freely, 'high.' This applies
only to vallo ; with fosna duodeviginti supply ' in breadth ''
or 'wide.' pedum,— modifying mZ/o not a/<t7Mdi?iem. (EC.
81.e. Hr.130.7.) limnire,— trans, as though passive. Often
with jubeo the accusative (here milites) is omitted, when
easily gathered from the context ; so in English, ' he gives
orders to .'ortify.'
N.B.— j> ppositloii Jn Latin, [obsides, §1. Regularly without a sign of
apposition, sncii as our 'as.'] -Construction with interest, ^-^
[KC.II.63. HF.l>!i.3. BA.310. H.408. AG.222.] Use of ad, § 1,
[The idea of app-oach, not hostility, is uppermost, hence ad, not |
adversna.] Keijiie as connective, § 4. [This is regularly used in
Latin in preference to et non, even when, as here, non does not
belong to the lending verb of the clause.] Two accusatives with |
«mrfHco, §4. [RC.II.7^. HF.96.S. BA.220.Obs. H.370. AG.239.f).]
Quae res mnmebat, § a. [The natural expression would have been qua I
re mumebatur, hut with this another ablative, ripis, would have been
awkward. The active is not therefore used for vividness, as Livj j
might have used it.] The subj. in relative clauses of character-
istic, [esmit, § f>. The phras- is puriwsoly indefinite, = all such pnrlsl
as were (or whatever parts were). RC.II.34. HF.188.4. BA..')03. ir.f
503. AG.320.] Efflcio nt and su]>j. § ,^. [In this case the sulij.
seems to be clearly consecutive, although as a rule the idea of pur-
pose is as prominent as the idea of result.] The plural com-
meatus, § 5. [Only in two other passages does Caesar use the pUn-.;
here the reason may be found in the plural civitatibus, i.e. tlioj
supplies were from several sources. For this common idiom cf.N.n. toj
regna, c.l. § 4.] The omission of the accus. with jubeo aiiiij
infln., §6. [Not infrequent with the active inf. where no obscurity!
results.]
6,7. The Belgae attack Bibract, a town of the Bemi. WhmX
Caesar sends help to the iown, the Belgae abandon the 8ien\
and come against Caesar's camp.
CAP. VI.
1. nomine, — E0.85.d. millia, — EC.83.r. HF.69.9. eil
Itinere. -'on the march,' or freely, 'as they passed": lit. I
NOTES ON BOOK H.
'from the march,' j.e insfc fn..- • "
-"I not stopping fori eluTJ" '"'' '^^ ^ ^^^^^«^ --"H
««stentatum est,-for the Tr! ^ '•'' ^^-^i-S.)
2. Galloram, etc - 1?' *''^ "^^^^ °^*- '
(-hjch is) the same as amoL^heV'-'**"'^ ^"°"" *^« »•.
-e>y, ' the G., just like th^ B ' '' f' '""°^^ " «^ more
luwing way.' ^ "^^^ ^•' assault a place in the fol-
circumjectn, facta,-tran=, fi, ,.
-f -;,,.•,„„, ,„,^4^/;^^-^ t^^^^^^^^^ by clauses co-ordinate
-' all around the fortificatC ^ ^ "''i^' *«"» moenibus,
HF-85.3. jaci coeptl sunt !^ 1 <f ' *^,^^W.seellC.85..fc.ii
(i^,^'-72.a.) Trans. VeyCl;;?;"^ ^'^^'^'^ *° be thrown. '
= 'and so.' defensoribus t .. ^*"'^"*'-^"^ here
|85.A. Hr.158.2.) ""'^"«'-trans. the abl. by 'of.' (Eq!
3. Quod,— ' tin's ' . +1,
this occasion.' U. 'rlT^.f^i;^^^^ *"™'-'on
i-s narrative of the attack on bI!? ^'"'''^^ description to
one the power of standino-.' fr^e " '~ '^'"" ^'^« ^«^ ^o
»f ^-with the force of^..llt' /^°,°^ ^- -We to,' etc.
IHF.120.3. nemtnt. For the case see RC. 82.^.
'^- flnem fecisset.-'had r,nf
«obilitate,-.a mai of the'^L''/"' ,*°'' "^"^ «»•«««
pJ-O.) -^«--^ goes also ^Shtt: (^<^-8-. HP.
'oi. Iegati,-.asambass.dor' ?b' '•^^•'''•'- «^^
"»"«am,-'word,' not '!:, ^h« reference is to 0.3. §1.
Ishous, there were mire L "^T"^*'"'' ^°'' -« c.7. Ij
heading on the ira of ^^^^^^^ ^^^' . «'«i • • • posse'l
f :-. whom Iccius ?e pre .ir^f T/««-^' -all ij^b^
f tive, ' hold out' "^P^«««^'«- 8U8tinere,-here intr..*
' !
DE BELLO GALLICO.
M.B,— Emphatic position of aegre, % 1. Abl. of time when, approach-
ing the conception of time how long, eo die, § 1. The impersonal I
passive construction, sustetitattim est, §1. [KC.96.b. HF.164.2. BA. I
217. H. 301.1. AG.146.C.] i7«ec = 'as follows,' §2. Abl. ofl
place where, totis moetiibus, §2. [With totus the preposition ia|
regularly omitted. RC.85.fc.ii. II.425.2. AG.-^58./. The usual force
of the local abl. w. totns is 'throughout.' By some moernbus is\
regarded as the dat. = ' with reference to,' with cir aim jecta.]
Q!<e='and30,'§2. [It can thus be used of actions separated in point I
of time and representing not so much co-ordinate ideas as different
stages in an action.] Tlie use of coepti sunt, § 2. [With active [
or deponent inf. coepi Is used, with the passive Inf. coeptus sian.
RC.72.a. BA.210. H.297.I.1. AG.143.0.] Tense of /eba<, § 3. [Ofl
what was in process of being done, the imperf. being the tense ofl
description.] Collective noun with verb in plural, §3. [The!
many individuals are in the writer's mind, not the crowd as a whole.l
EC.il.ll. BA..Sn. HUei.l. AG.20r).c.] Nnlli, aathaAat. of tiemo^
§ 3. [Regularly for the gen. and abl. of nemo, and often for the dat.
those cases of mdlua are used.] Abl. of characteristic, §4|
[There is an irregularity in the abl. being attached directly to tlul
]m)per noun, and not, as is the rule, to some such word as7jomooj|
vir. Here the abl. may attach itself to Remus, as a class name.]
Indirect narration, § 4. [Any verb or phrase that virtually implicfl
that something was said, is in Latin sufficient for introtiucing anvl
or all kinds of reported utterance.] The dative with a verb nf I
sending, sihi, §4. [The idea of ' for the benefit of (dat. of interest) j
predominates over that of 'motion towards.'] Force of s?<b in [
compounds, §§ 1.2.4. [In § 2. sub means ' under ' in a literal sense, in |
§§ 1. and 4. in a transferred sense.]
CAP. vn.
1. Eo, — to Bibrax. de media nocte, — 'soon after midj
night.' isdem ducibns USllS, — ' using the same men a^
guides'; so also trans, nuntii by 'as.' For is(/em=eiV/ej
see EC.ni Nninidas, etc.,— for these light-armed auxiliari^
see Intruu action, p. xvi. gllbsidio oppidanis,— ' to aid ti
townsmen,' lit.? App.S.c. (EC.II.75. KF.134.1.)
2. et. . .et,— omit ' both ' in trans. Remis. . .dl8eessit,-|
«to the Eemi with the hope of defence there came a^
ea^jerness to sally forth (lit. fight before the walls), -while (lid
NOTES ON LOOK II.
83
.Wle the «; fof L ■ ™ "'"> '"'S- '" """y forth
+v.„ ,• pwiiunai,— for the form see EC fifi • ^^^
the gerundive construction w. poHor see EC.loL H '
3. apiid,—' before or near.' irnna f„i
the more remote fbut th7^ <I«os,-takes its gender from
ab...(lnobllS,-'at a distance of less than t T .^^'
4. ut,—' as,' with indie, nmnlina i^ ^t
by abl. of comparison. (En'rHP^r^V^"' '^"^"^'^
with the accus., trans. ' in!' •^* ^^.55.5.) l,.,-though
^.B.— Predicate nom. and /ihi s i r
with ntor see RC.IlS '"Te;;. 5'"""' f "«'"''• ^«^- the use
the present part., but iee RSrc^v T^J^,' ^^p '*"'°"'^^^P-*
Greek accus. plur of tliirri d^Ti - ^^^■^■^- AG.29).6.]
274. H.Oa AG.?, jvi Itfsfl st7'." '^'T'"*' ' ^ «^•«•^- HF.
interest. Un 8 1. com"^red wi h d t ''f n, " ''"•^ ^''"^^ «^
134.1. BA.26y. H.390. AG 233 7''', f *„ «^ . P"'-Pose. RC.II.7o, HF.
same relation to their respecSvevSTr.h" 'T''"' "^^'^ the
'from- in the latter case. Cf tie datw;hf' 7' "'""""^ "««
personal gerundive has survived from H,«! '• ^*'"^' '^"t the
as transitives. With ««.ihoteve? S T'""''" "'"^ "^ ">^«« ^•"'•»^8
should be used. KC.II.ui 6. S^sa J^ 5^/;T'T"' construction
ment of 9„o«, § g. ^,^ tense „?« ,'^'^•''^''■'^•1 The af,n-ee-
calculated not from ince.Lis but fronf. ?'"'"•'' f ' ^'^''^ ""^^ '«
'^-•"«^J Omission of c«. wl i. ",f " ^'""^V^"^' -'•" o-<^««-
a march (or similar movements iZul, f^" ^''^'i^ently when
an adjectival modifier. RC a?" BA n 7«°^ >' T ^'^'^" *^'«''^ '«
tion Of castra, H. [Condtlli^t'c ear:s?'thou\ ^^''^"-
" ''^^'=- '" ""''^^ ^^-"«« the idea of extent InvoyvTs mo'ti'on? '"'
■ai
ii| li 11!
'1 li r
n I
i
t;i ifiiiiiii
11
,
I I.I
nin j
111 I
84
DE BELLO OALLICO.
8, 9. After elaborate preparations by Caesar for a pitchedi
battle, both sides decline to make the attack, and the enemy\
instead attempt to cut off Caesar's communications with the\
rear.
CAP. VIII.
1. opiiiionem virtiitis,—' their reputation for,' etc. Fori
the genitive see App.2.c. proelio,— here ' a pitched battle , ,
in § 2. proeliis moans ' skirmishes.' For the abl. see EC. |
85.?i. HF.158.2.
2. quid posset,— lit. 'what strength the enemy had iiij
valor,' freely, ' what the enemy's valor amounted to.' Fori
the ace. quid see RC.HS.e.; for the mood of i.onstt (anJl
auderent) KC.99.(i. HF.17G.2. Possum without an infill [
means ' to have power,' with which an adverbial ace. tellij
the extent of the power, periclitabntiir,— ' kept trying toj
find out' or ' kept testing.' App.26.c.
3. inferioreSj — i.e. man for man ; the extra fortificationil
were because of the diflerence in numoers. loco. . .idoiipoj
—'as the ground. . .was,' etc. App.5.a.N (BC.85.0. Hr,|
102.3.N.) natlira,— ' naturally,' lit. ' by nc m-e.'
For the right understanding of this passage, see the planl
at the end of the notes on Book II. In 1862 traces of Caesar'sl
fortifications at this point were discovered by exc:;/ations.
quod, — • for,' lit.? is,—' the.' ubi, — ' where or on which.]
editus.. .patebat, — freely, ' ruse. . .and extended.' adverj
SUS, — adj. agreeing w. collis ; ' facing or opposite (the enemy),
or freely, 'in front.' lantuai quantum loci,— lit. ' ovt
that amount which amount of ground,' freely, 'as far as|
or rather, to bring out the meaning, ' just {or only) as
as.' For the ace. tantum see B,C.83.f. HF.69.9.;
-EC.81.6. rfF.69.10.
quantuvt
In sense
object of occupare. loci,-
goes with tantum also.
ex utraque parte, — ' on either hand.' As pro castris abov^
shows, Caesar's point of view is from tL- n. ,\ lookii:
westward along the hill, and so the side' h.
"'"'11
II
! i
NOTES ON «OOK II.
right and left of the cimn f
latej-is dejecta.,- < ^,,^,^ ^- L '"1:^ IV'^* '"^^"""•
sifJo.' ill fronte,-at thn «,n . ,' slopmgs of the
from the camp. ' a' ote 1^^ T '' *^^ ^"'' ^-^^es
from the camp, the groXd^a r^w',.;?! ''Z '' ''' ^"^
latere,-wifch the same moan W ^^^ *° *^" P^'-^^»-
versum to..ara, -^ ., JJll^^-^ ^JT' ''''''''''■ ^^""«■
<rooly by 'obliquely.' i.e at riX 1 """• ^^«"^'^^''^'^m
Wll, the direction in whichl "'^ T ''^ *^' '^"^^^^ "^ th^
ho desenbes the Vo.^!!^ ^;^:^^^- '''''''''"' ^^
-.th.' Por the gen. see S? V^SO ^" ^™" '"^
foss«s,--'attheend.sof etc U . \\ "^T '^- «^t^'emas
camp. (EC. r.lJ4.i.) ' ' ^^''^ '"^^^ ^'-^^tliest from the
cf. on quid posset, 8 2. „1, 1,,/«.. '~ '"''''^^"«'^^on-';
n.^„antes,-agre;s\i,h j"t'^
W(mt,-EC.99.«. HFiH-,2% «> ' ^^"«'' App.88.
- relictis,-trans. by ;;ti
'l"0... esset,-. wherever tov "''' ^PP-^-^-iii- 8i
h--' 'if it should be n cos X7r '''■ «^PP'^-g
M «"aS-'thei;,'omphriTh ' (^C-«2.c. HF.134
V>. ed«cta.,-a'gree"^'r' 'l;"^^/.' ^'^^*-^*- App.
-^;ru.eranL Trans. by°pr „«• aTel " •" *"" ^^^^^'^-^
[. It.-I)iffcience between pn-mv, «1 „,„,^-.
..Hans 'at first/ a.ul ansvver; r//^? iv'^'"";"-'-^'- fTheformer
I , '» the first place ' and answers to ij•^^""''-'" ' "'« '■•^«er means
;■; •'•! J/.%, ^"- Primae ZZZ. f' "^'T '''"^ "'« ^^
BA sS «"^ "'" '°P*"'"" ^'f tJ.eJr valor' hnS'^"^' «"''"• ''"•^"'^*-
BA.300. H.3[)(i.lii. AG.217 I ''"^'^"" ''dd by others. Ro 81 d
2;4- [So in C.4 § 1. and c.l7 S , RrnZ"\V''' ^^^'•^"■^' ^-'^'eus 'fg
Tense of ^«■^W^•«„6a,„,, g J '•^,,^^;.;";^- "•378.2. AG.240.a.] ' '^
repeated action ; the latter l^ sn.l •'''''' * '• f^'"« fo™er of a
"•^' take regularly the 1« ? ^u p" tt' "'f ^"'^^ ^' *'"'•'-
our past tense (App.26.a.J. in the
".'S •-
,f .. •
^:* I
i 1
I
i:?|
'■i;mammitm
Hl'u
:l I
^Q DE BEIiLO GALMCO. 1
perfect taccauge tne moment of h!- comin;? to a «";;'""^f "; ^-y ^4
mmnent of hia .iiscovery) Is r.forml t. ] Use of «^'?««'^ -j
[Evidently idone.- i. a stron^-er -.vavd tha.i opporlr>.'^.] ine|
ph rSe «a«<«m ,ru.Uum loci, . 3. [Loci mlfiat have b.en pu w th
Lher <a«<«m or .2 •-«<„«, thou... here it was no needed with I
either Notice too the emphatic position of tanUm.] J^^^'lf-j
te 'n partitive 8ensc,««.*re,„a«,.:x [RC.II.m.h. EA.;0. H>10 .
1 'aG 193 1 The nae of ex a.u ab t nid'ca^. the dTreetio.w»|
which.' !ii'§3. twice, i.. §4. once. In tl.. last^ two cases the ideai
of motion./Vomisclearlyinvolved. This iisaf-r is ioun.i w.t!i -.^^'e
{<- U § 4.) iind frous (c..23. § 4.) as w<ill as vi'iih pa -8 and < «^(.*. ^" i J
ah.. ■. sed • ii. in fronte, a 3.] The mood of i,>,trurt^.^. mdpoUl
r^int ' » 4 ' [The lormcr is more directly a part of the purpose Caessr
Lad f.t thp, time, the latter is an explanatory clause by the writer.l
-h.L is. Caesar in arranging his plans thou^xht to himself, «e ««I
nye>r.instn'xerp, hostes nostras circnmvenir,' possmt, but qnofl..M
pl,88unt is not represented as part of his ; 'nought. There is. ol
course, no reason why it might not have Leen so representd.l
Notice, too, the plupcrf. suhj. for fut. perf. in(u<. with cim.] I
Force of present partic. pvgnantes, § 4. T- . mood and tense J
.'OKPt §5 [In a virtual quotation of Caesars thoughts, lor .|
original fut. indie. Cf. instr..isset,U. liC.II..'20. BA.447 H...J
II AG 312 ] Condensed expression with partic. eiluctas, ^M
[a" regular idiom in Latin, and in the subject nouiinative (or wi|
accus. and iniin. the subject accus.) and in the ahl. abso . vcr|
frequent In Caesar. '1 he present idiom is rarer ^^ Caes«r than J
other historians. RC.II.r,2.c.,uaa. HF.219.2.a. BA.406.ii. H.549I
AG.292.R.] I
CAP. IX. I
1. ernt,-' there was.' App.l. «on magna,-' of no greaj
extent,' lit.? nostrum,— possessive adj. w. exercitum ; trani
' our army and that of the enemy.' (ECU. 183.) I
8i,-freely, ' to see whether.' (RC.II.216.) transirentJ
trans, by ' would.' si. . .fleret,— ' in case the others shoj
cross first; lit.? impeditos,-' while at a disadvantaj
lit.? It agrees with eos understood. I
2. proello contendebatiir,— ' there was an engagemeii
lit.? App.24. (RC.96.6. HF.164.2.) neutrf,-' neither si«
The plur. is used because each side consi t-^ of many niel
iuitium faciunt,— ' took the first step.* ' the tense if
! !
NOTES ON HOOK II.
37
^. 17*^1 ?""" ""■ '" '""' "•■'-• "'•• «-""«..stratu,,, est,
•'OG 4 TbI »"*""««? nt'-foi- the mood see EC.II.220. HF
-t't).4. I he difference in tense is sgpti if +hn ,Vfl
h'o supplied with each • +>,. f / "^"- ^^^«i"2«^«
l»«"«< is not c«i,-EC.n.56.104 HR°20 2 ""^ °' '^'""'-
■'>. imiHis,- here =' not.' ina?iio iimii f J« i <
ful/lit.? App.3.c. (EC82rHFiqi r ^' '""y"^'-
|85./i. HF.158.2. ^"'^•^^•'^- HF.134.1.) Commeatu,-EC.
mnre probable that in all such cses^VitcfTf; '^" ^* ^' ^'''''''P''
apodosis bdn^ easily under oodrn,tho com xVr''"" ""^
ri?:r tS t^rr ""^- -^-^^nS si ;i^)
the only instance in cl^T''^'' S^Te f^''' ^^'"« '^
Pnr.iciple,§2. [Ct.loco.. Moneo c8 §3 "^^"^^ ».»>f l"te ,vithout a
nA.424. H.431.4. AG 255 a 1 ""^"'^:^-^^- RC.85.o.,.fn.2. HF.102.3.N.
of con,parison omirted, in« J.'' S" ST T' V" ^'"''^•'"•'^
Caesar means,' more faVorablPtnnn ^.l °"*^''* «''°^^'« that
very similar ekses s" c.^u.^J " ,"'7 «^"al ''' ^^r ^' ^<^'-
ot tense from posse.U. § 4., to pntuissZ 1 1 ri . -^ ^**' *'''»"fi^e
TJ.is is a good instance of fhercemL^^^
of dependent clauses 1 tLZZ I '" '" ^'^'^ '<"'«««
.:ontras,ed with ;„.;L,„ and ^r^ ^^S^fS'^'Tf ""'
purpose of the enemy the InffprJC^, '/"° ^°'mer part of the
-ifer. Cf.N.B.toc.M4. The dat^ 7 ''''""^ ^^ ^^«
combined with the dat. o interest LcssVnr^^^^^^U^'- ^""''^
134.1. BA.259. H.390. AG.233.1 '"«-S-^S- a'one. RC.82.C. HF.
> !H
i <
,
I
li I
!
i!! !l
I
88
DB BELLO GALLICO.
10 11. The enemy, repulsed in this attempt, decide to dis-
band. Setting out for their homes during the night in greai
confusion, they are pursued by Caesar's cavalry, who mfiui
great loss on them.
CAP. X.
1. equitatum pontein traducit,-cf. on o.5.§4. Icvil
nrinaturae,-' light-armed,' lit. ' of light equipment. (R(
2.' imgnatnm est, -'they fought.' App.24. (RC.96.
HF.164.2.) Hostcs,— object of aggressi, which may he transj
lated hy a principal clause. App.87.a.N.iJ.
3 Per,— 'over,' lit. 'by monns of; with transtre. C¥
nantes,-trans. by relative clause. App.38. miiltitudine,-
freely, ' a shower.' circiiinvent09,-cf . on eductas, c.8. fe 5.|
4 Hostes,— the main body, not those of §2. iibi,— wrj^
intellexerunt, viderunt and coepit. spein se fefelHsse,-fro]
fallo ; ' that they had been disappointed in their expectaticl
of ' etc • lit ' that the hope had disappointed them.' pr/
gr'edi,-' were not advancing,' or freely, ' would not a-i
vance.' ipsos,—' them themselves ' ; emphatic, in contra
with the Romans whom they had hf.ped to cut off froi
supplies, 0.9. § 5. , -u ■, ,1
opl^muin esse, etc.,-' the best course was for each, etd
■Porquemque reverti see App.35.«. (EC.lOl.c.) domun.,j
EC.II.93.a- HF.85.1. quorum, etc., -the antecedent is col
in English the relative clause would come after its aii|
cedent, primum, -adverb, introduxisset,-' should loa<l
lit ? For the mood see EC.99.e. HF.206.4. and cf. on
struxisset, c.8. §4. convenirent,-depending, like optimi
esse on constituerunt. On account of the change of c<j
struction, repeat (with a different verb) the trans, of
stituerunt, e.g. 'decided that it was best... and rcsolvec
assemble.' For the subj., with which ut might have bl
used see EC.99.a.2.i. HF.181.3. sui9,-with fini^
•cfellls8e,--fro]
NOTES ON BOOK II. «q
fersuaded.' App 3 6 . 94 p ^Oierat,- these could not be
fat. see RC.Il.5'7' HF 164 1 '^^V^V™'?"'^'' ^^^^" '^'^^ *^«
Ito.' (EC.99.a2 PFml\ "*' *^'"-'-*^-^"«- V h^fin. with
.^.a.-. ii±. 181.3.) neqiie,— « and so not '
Condensed const,- w nnr'tio tt ""''•'• ^^•^'"'^- -^3«-
[Both virtuall ■ represen two i r'°?'™'"°" ^"'^ «^"'««'-««o, U.
lV.e su),j. may be classed eittr-xasuSfrf^n"' -«..„,„.«,.
of purpose with nt omitted (RC no « 2 i H 40J, J'^""""'^' «''''"««
s;U,j. of indirect command RC 10« « hp o^f «f °'- ^«
AG.3S9.) These are but tivrl vn . l^' "*^-^°^-5- BA.522. H.523.III
Junctive. that ex,"ess ,. I .i r ^c:' ''"%'"'' ^^« ^-^-«^ «»b-
'ievelopcd into the snhj'o? p ™ 1 'n^ "J^^"'^ ^™'"'-^"^
. The phrase suns .uZtt miuL^-'^'f'- ^^■'''■'i
clause preceding the antecedent «l!^^^ ^^^ '■'^'*"ve
occurrin.nn Latin, especiS;t-;m'Zr ^^r'^^^"^
Of co^«(,fera««, § 5. [Although theTuwih^t ^^ . ^^'^' '""«'i
statement of what the Belgartholbt r ^ ^^^ '^*'^" "''^^- «« ''
indie., to tell „s that TwhS,' °""'P''^^^''«' «^^^ «sing the
The idiomatic ub mi, ht hav^/' '^ ""^^""'^ '""'^ information
I-'. BA.418.484. H.MG. AG 311 ll V ' ^^.11.165.216. HF.198.
■S5. [This is the only cons ractinn /^^^'•''^'""?"«'-« ^vith thedat.,
vherethereadingisdUTf "Ti:U"a of'."'"' """' ^" ^'•^^•^^•
k.o„ towards- prevails, following Lderi/.tion"?"''' '^^v"'' ''""-
Nctingtinalclau.ses. rOnly inm,«nfi ^ ^^ ^eqveQon-
Uich requires ««.« in addin" a ne2 h ^^V^^""" *° *^« "«'^ge
|lF.18r,.6. BA.103. H m Tn It t" f'"''" ^"^' ^'^"««- RC.II.^.
ng a distinct action thnVi; /.:'' "?/:j "'^^ «"'-^^ «'^"«e represent-
'imt was Involved in the 'V-' "clause'"' So thtl'^"''''?' ^''^^'='"6"* «f
or. 'J c.r, uauae. So the translation ' and so '
■ii
1= I
SWTi.'lll»
(0
JJliLLO UALMCO.
CAP. xr.
1. oa re, etc.,-' having decided on this plan or course '
or having come to this dep' ■, , .^, , |i„,_.. .ho .j^.^ from
sunset to sunriso was divided into four equal periods called
vig^hae or watches, and the timo from sunrise to sunset into
twelve equal peh.xls called horae or hours. The len-fch
of th^ vigilia and hora would thus vary with the season.
ogress ...fecerunt,-' they left... and thus brought it
aW. ea8ti-is,-Ec.85./.. HF.158.2. millo. . .imperlo,-
without^any r..i,^ular a. rangement (order) or control (discii>
Imel' (EC.85.e. HF.71.3.) ^
cum,-' since, as, for.' itinerls,-' on the march.' The
rneanu.ij is that each sought to get away first (as that was
sa est) and this increased th. confusion, fecer.mt ut. . .
vi(Ioretnr,_ht. 'they 1 rought it about that... see 1'
freely, they made. . seem ' or ' thov gave. . .all the apnear
ance of.' (KC.99... HF.187.2.) Consrmilis,-'quil Se"
stronger than HiviUia. fu^ae,-dative. '
2. ('a<^sai-, -subject of rontinuit. cognita, veritns — tn
brmg out the full me,ning. trans. ' altllou^hV Tearned
yet, as he feared,' etc. .vp..cnl«lores,-the spies are here
clearly distingnished Irom the e.plorato^e. or scouts of S8
qna,-intorrogativendj. w.ra,*. . disccdfreiitj-notice the
tense. (EC. , i. HP,I76.2.) >xcrcitu:.,_oJterof tt
iloman legions as distinguished frou> the cavalry, who ^.o^e
native auxiliaries. ca8tris,-RC.85.a.ii ff
fr Hf-184.1.) His,-the plu.., following the m;ani,.
though not the form, of equitatum. Fo- the dat. see ECU. „
fugIeiltlum,-'of them in .r ht,' lit. 'of tL..„ wh.ie
flec-mg' ; not ' of those flee. .' 0.11.144. HF lu,j 4 )
cum, etc.,-from this poiu. to the end of § 5. explains how
NOTIC8 ON BOOK II.
i('
it iiappcnod that s„ „,anv un , • ^^
';--- t]H,y .tupped to xnake a f '" ' *'°^« ''" *''« ^oar
"^" «-'■«ater confusion than ovef w ' ''"' *'""^ ^'^«^"
"■'"^- 'for,' go con.i^fere^^i JZ\ ' '""'' ^^'«^ we may
■•''•.'7-H. HF.2U3.1.) ' *"*'»"^^««^ and ^o«cre„^ (fie
ab extreme ei-at — f
•■ ■•■ "..n had o„,„e „;. . ZfrlZ'T" T""' "'* "*™
°"'"™ «"i o«pre,80d in tbev 1 ''° '''""•''' '"I'liV'! in
«anilito flamorc-de^p"/,"**'- ««mpulsion.-
fiv^s the re„,„n. Tr,u,f °° k™ f"''"''»»"». 't which it
"f «'.' < and,, etc. al'i., ^;;;™* ','- »>o«ing, hrokc
fi- »llie,- freely, 'withonf ■ '~ '°"eht,' lit,?
J, ^'* or day., ^r^t . tS:"°r ' "'■ '"' "'-'"'
Trans, personal . »"'^^"""*-impers. pass. App.24.
■VB — OousimiliH fuaae ti tk .,
:"«>;e Closely; as here tL ms t Cr'"^'' ""'''"'^ "" ■'«'•'ous Causes
;«the logical suhjoct of he S": ':^"'T*''-^P''-'^>'"'atcS
transitively, §3 rr,, „ , . ' . " "'• clause.] 3/>„v^ ^
a twof.,, u^;!,, vJSs^ -^^;:;:^ --,^^ «sed l.i-ansitiS:^'-^
Rel. ela.ise of purpose. § 3. ^" '^""" ^»^'»" i" KnglishJ
■' 'Vi*#**4*ffiri.~...^
42
DBJ ORLLO OALMCO.
i 1
wnici,, how over, would even more rnsily be assimilated to vi>hr,„ttn\
than topo^erent.] Relation of .he two a.,1. ahsol. elau es 1, Af
[Generally two such m.cccsslvo a„,l unconnected el .^1,!; Jo
ordinate, denotiuK successive steps, e.f,. cm. »5., c 12 ^ less frJ
qucntly one is distinctly subordinated to the other, ai hero J ^
1-15. Caemr noio enters one state after another, receitnA
th suhnnssron of the Sue.oiones, Bellovaci and A.hiani, and]
at last reaches the Nervii, the bravest of all the Bdgic tribes.
CAP. xri.
1. Postrldie ojus diei,-'on the very next day ' lit 'orl
the morrow of that day ' (EC.81.-.) ,.rl»scin«m^'. .recipe.
see EC.II.175. HF.201.5. mn^no Itinere,-' by a forced
march ; omitting confecto. oppidum IV.,-in apposition'
connect by ' of ' in trans. '^^position, j
.„?; ^'^ "'"«»:«'-«f°nc-6§l. conatn8...„o„ potuit,-!
attempted... but... was unable.' ab,-'of.' propter, etc
-with ^^Pngnare non potuit. pnucig defe„de„tibn8,-abi
absol.; though but few were defending it.' (EC.II 49 N h '
3. vineas,-on this and other similar terms below" see
Introduction, p. xxu. quaeque,-' and whatever'; supplv
ing ea as antecedent of quae. oppn^nandu,n,-nc,tice the
cf. rc.9. ,''5 '"■' "" ^"^"^""^'^ «^ § '^- »«"*'-
4 ex fuga,--with convenit; trans, ex either 'from' or
after.' proxima nocte,- defining interi.^ more nearly.
This would be the second night after their hurried dis-
banding.
5. actis, jacto, constitutis,- trans, as in App.5.. ii
^.,ere=push forward ; ,onstituere^.,t up, or put in position.
1. obsldlbi
priinis,— her
agents are dif
in deditionei
2.(^1.1,-'
Siiaque,— free
ipidiim,— cf. o
Ijoics iiatii,—
—' '«y their t
Caesar unders
confunfon witli the!
UI..iW.h. BA I..2H0.J
y to coutimreuturl
i lilted to viilerenturl
ibsol. c In uses 111 jsl
ed cluiises are coJ
e,12. S5. ; less fre-j
r, as here. J
tnofher, receiviA
i Aiiihiani, mull
Bclgic tribes.
t day,' lit. 'or|
nam... recipe.
For the mood I
-' by a force!]
in apposition;!
noil potuit,-
propter, etc.l
Biitlbns,— abl.
EC.II.49.N.H.
rms below see|
iver'; supply.
Ij— notice the
§2. USUI,- 1
ler 'from' or
more nearly.
hurried dis-
a App.S.f/.ii,
t in position.
NOTES ON HOOK 11. ^
inaffnltuaine,-with /;er»io<e nn#A , ,
Ith. subject, but i„ appos ion ;r"f''"'^'- ««'"'~«ot
•I-iiig Gauls' or 'as tW ? . ''" '"'^J*^^'^- ''''•-"«•
(>'^-<'"g to both verh. perLu "/ ;;'^-: ^"'^ '^"^ ''^'^^
thoy be spared, thoy (i J the «.Z ' ^^' ^'^'"^ ^^^*^
'i'-t' (,-.e. to be allow do apitultr^i """" ^"'^'^ ^^-
EC.99.«.2. HP.181.3 • /,„a^? ^^fl ^^' ^"^ '^« «^^J- see
Itho context makin, this urn^essar;: " '^^"^'^'^' ^^^^'
form or when divided « ^ c si g , f "^" '" ^^'''^^"'- (^^»'«t»"'r in th
readln. Is uncertain ' .^'^b^-^^- ^"^^P' '" B^^-Ic... (where the
4^^. H.5.'0.II. AG.3a7 1 cl'J ;■"'■ ^^.11.175. HF.201,5. ba
very common with the perfect p„,h!!,""- ^he latter idnd is
ihe notion of tin.e. e.g. c.liTs sin ' ' m^' """" ^""«'•■tod with
be found in connection wiU UnU o S r^'i^'^" """^ "'"^^
I>osition oiexfuga »4 rvv)>n . ' ^'^- ^-^l- «^0 The
it« position nn,^s[!L dea ^u';^;^; 7"^^^"^« ^^''" ^--^
Force of OallU S .5. I„ ; 'o " ''""'^ ^/ *"*'''"^« «"essiones.'
of a present partic ,, i nth ,, ''^*"^''' apI>o8ition. The lack
""3.] D^'pe"cie!;u: ' / r: ;r:;'^'t^" "'^■'' -^ -- -
malce easier the omission of a. ob oo '"'"'"'•' ^ '*• tS" Placed aa to
Siege works among the Komlns '"'' ^"^ '•'«i'er.a,.^]
CAP. xrii.
hr ?'■■'- ">» ='^- • 't' raM't: bo's-?- »"■
Irl'y their tones,- a» they .o-M "if , ''"'"''
p..Mr uaaerstood. ta...,e„rre,l.;„t Tsl^Ir^
lii
n.
<1 ■ .^
!llilj:<
i
!#i!llil
I '
44
DE BELLO GALLICOi
• not.' contendere,— notice
. . . and in,' etc. neque,— * and .
the tense.
a «ecesslsset, poneret,- Notice the change of ton«e.
P"ei,,- children,' not 'boys.' ex,-freely, 'on.' passis,
-abl. absol. suo n.ore,-with pas.h mani/ms. Trans bv
according to.' (EC.So.e. HP.71.3). ' ^
.V«.-The co-ordinatinj? relative, qui, §2. [Thfa common usajre his
the i.eu.t/ve ^^m:;.:^^::;.'^^;:;^^^^;^^-^^
present passu... KC.II.19.. BA.78. HA,:, AG.180./- ' %.ed f
ference between pl„|,erf. and in.perf. snbi with cJ„ rin so
UUissent and a,>e..et, in S 3. acce.Let and",." ef " ^'Uj:;;-
con^e,,..,.. § .. [Much more vivid than the tutnre luld have been
The phrase majorea natu, § 2. [RC.57. AG.91.6.]
CAP. XIV.
1. Pro his,- 'on their behalf.' «limissis,-the object
sought having been attained, viz., the breaking up oi tT
Belgian army. See c.5. §§2.3. and c.lO. ^ 5. eum,-Caesa
facit verba,-' speaks ' or ' intercedes.' '
2. The remainder of the chapter is in indirect narration
depending on farit verba. Por the subjunctives (with t; '
exception of znlufi.sent, § 4.) see EC.II.214.a.'2. HF 006 4
8bTV721T'~^:'/'^'^'^ the tin^s. .-,/»•. .vhi;"h. "(EC.
85.i. HP.82.2.} ,n fide, etc.,-' had been in alliance anl
friendship with,' etc. Aod.iae,- an adjective.
o impmsos,-agreei„g with the subject of defecisse, vi'
Bellovacos. SU.S,-^.e. of theBellovaci. dicerei.t-traL ^
reire,-depending on dzcerent. et,-oniit 'both' in trans
popuo -trans, dat. by ' on.' (RC.82.«. HF 5 4 )
4. Qui,-' those who ' ; as antecedent supply eo, subect .f
profu,^..e App.n.ci.i. eju9 consllii prSefpes,-' lead. .
m that plot.' civitati,-seeon,.o^„^.,§3. intulissent
for the mood see EC.99.d HF 176 2 "'lUHssent,-
N.B. -The ru
H..'523-.'52G.
not made (
in the seni
to lirimar.)
often whet
fron; mor ;
it cohidde
ciimatfince!
f/ood jxiliq
known,' §5,
«•'*• [Theft
fulness, for
^lunianity.)]
'"n indirect
Hesides the
f^atin anoth
of acts, it is
ence is to ti
n|>odo8is th(
''■"'tSit'.vit'ttts
NOTES Oy BOOK 11.
-ry. 8«a,-omphatic, 'his usual' om'' ^'"^ ^^«°^^'-
RCUr.65. HF.116. ^''P'-^y- ^or the abl. see
'''•Si^r^'ifelJ!:^;.; ?Si^^ ^r We perf. indie, of the
-the subject is Caesar. qmZn fC /"\P'^'«««t«'''"",
•vdiatever'; from the in^U / 'I""?-' if any,' or freely,
i"ciderint,i^erf subi f 1 ' '''"" ^^^-^^- HF.132.1
107.i.3 ' ^ • '^^^- ^"^ *^« original perf. indie. (EC.
snstentare, -either wifj, u„ i,- .
^^^/«, ' to maintain whaTverwa^sXt"^'^":' f^^"^ ^' ^^
tarn themselves (hold out> iJZ'y f *:;' °^ ^^««^^^ly- 'sus-
ronmeverint. (MC 66 ^ Tl.'o i ^' • COnS"erint,-for
' ^^^"ce, 1 am accustomed.'
"'^^'^isf -* '^s:::;- f«c.ii... „,,„,, ^,.,^^
not made once only.] O ^f/vST. ' ' f ^'^ ^^^^'^'""'^ --
». the «en.e of 'all kinds of 'IT 'r ' ^ .""'' ''f '-^^'^fact no.ms
to r^rimary sequence, SS5.G.' [This i, «of Inf ''"^'' ^'■°'" "^"^^^'-V
often v.h.n this change occurs It s fo 1 '^"'"' ^" ^^«««'•- «"^1
fron. mor general considernt ons to tZlT '•^^^"^P^"^ a change
n coincides with the changorn seX^.H "''''"*• ""'''
-imstonces to pressing Caes'.r tlZ^ "V.T'' «.''*'^"»''^ting Cr-
i-lness. forbearance); the fattir is not ^*"/ '"""'"■■^'"•"•'•*-
'"""^•'ity.)] General cond tionalcNn! '■«^"•l^'^«'' (kindliness,
'" i-'dircct narration for tn.oS.iT- :""'''''"'*' ^*'' t»«>-e
Hesidesthe four usual classe, of con^L "'«^'«''".^ consuevim,,,.
I;atin another, where, refen' .gird «„'?,. ''"''"'^^' ^^ ^'''^^•^ '"
Of acts, it is stated that aom^^i, "'';£][, *« •''">' «^ ^ ^^ven class
ence is to the present, ,ve ha^-e^fwi^r"^ "'/"'''• ^^*^« '-«ft"'--
n,« osis the present Indic." rL^l^'^l'l'l^lfi/f ^•' -^ ^" the
■ '^"'^"^^^ xr ti.e reference is to the p;st:;;^h^'«/:Sh'-
if* J
I- 1 * '/
fill:
ill'
ii
11
up
ill
)
J
s
mm
46 DE BELT.O GAIiLICO.
pluperf. Indic, and the apodosis is in the impevftct or some eqiiival
lent form; where the reference is to the future, the sentence takeej
the same form as the regular future conditions with si and fut. perf.f
indic. Cf clauses introiiuced by whoever, wherever, whenever,vfhlch\
follow a like construction.]
m
CAP. XV.
1. honorig...cii«8n,— 'out of respect (regard) to D.,' oil
' as a compliment to D.' For the genitive Divitiaci see Ecl
81.eZ. in lldeiii, — 'under his protection.'
quod, — add the connective 'but.' anctorltate, — EC
85.C. HF.131.9. ipultitudine, — EC.85.tZ. sescentos,— an|
unusually large number.
3. quorum,— ' their.' cum qunereret, etc. ,— c.f.c.4. §1.|
and N.B.
4. nullum. . .mercjitoribus,— ' that traders are not allowed]
to visit them,' or, 'are not admitted into their country';
more lit. ' traders have no access.' Adifum is subj. of esse ;\
for the dat. mercatori/ms see EC.82.,7. HF. 120.3,
pntij — for this and succeeding infinitives supply eosRs sul>
ject. niliil vini,— ' no wine' or 'not... any wine.' (EC;
81.6. HF. 69.10.) que,— trans, by 'or.' lis rebus,-' 1.,^^
this means,' ' in this way.' relnnguescere aiiimos,— th*
reference is general, so that the present tense should be useJ
in English.
5. uingnae virtntis,— modifying /iom'nes. (EC.81.e. HE
130.7.) qui se dedidissent,— ' for having surrendered' .ir
' because they had,' etc. For the subj., which is not due to
the dependence on reperiehat, see EC.OO.e.i.; so projecisseiit.
6. sese, — subject of missuros (esse).
N.B.— The objective genitive with honoris, §1. [RC.Sl.rf. BA.800. H.
390.III. AG.217.] Asyndeton before quod erat, §1. [So often lol
mark contrast ; e.g. in c.9. § 5.] The tense of attivgebant, 53.
[The present tense would be the nnturnl one to use, but the tense is
as.simil.atc.d to the time of the narrative in cniiijection '.vitb vvhi."!i.
the statement is made.] The dative of possessor, § 4. Tlie I
NOTES ON BOOK II.
)'' I ,
47
partitive gen. with »(?7/?7,s 4 Ti,n „ *• • ,
[In this phrase Caesar e sewJ.ere alltr '''''' ''"■'"""''*■'"". ''*•
the participle ; e.<,. m, m 9 3 f " ''^''T "'"' ^ ''"'""^^ •^''•^"««. »ot
a genitive of cliarncferistic S 5 TTh^n ? ?"Pi"'^' ''" «dJecti ve and
both adjectival modifiers ' S rwfth^tl'"'^^ "' '^""'^- '"«^ '^''^
i>Hlii-eot narration, S fl. [The denenXIl «"^junctive of virtnal
tlie cause of the s„hj„ Ji^cE ^Zx\Z 7 ''^^"''•^«"«^ '« "^ "o sense
statement; increp^Lt t'^T^^^^/'T T'' '" "'« «r'^'inai
have surrendered.- RC.IL. I, «11 "hU'^.^V"''^ ^^''^'-^'^)
to be carefully distinguished from tht „ .^ //^■^"'^- '^^*''» ^^
as in C.31. s 2. J ""' ^^*' subjunctive with ?«« causal,
16, 17. Caesar ^car»» that the Nervii imth
CAP. XVI.
1. tHdnuin,— RC.83.C hf r.o n s„i •
Ihe accus. see BC.49.e. BF^^tJ^'r''' ^^ ^^™ «^
h^^aUs.e, ^vas farther than ' (E?rm T;--^*^'?^'; "^
^na,-ad verb. s„is, re^ X , v • '^'"''^"^^ ^^ *^"««-
i. his utrisimc-'both of those •■ for tl,„ ,
' ».. a<witi„; „, «r: ", " ',a r"' f "^ *°' ""»
f to. „n,l in, (E0.9 .";.2 M ,«;" "™'"';'"'''-'™"»-
Pn,«lve,; trooly. ■ ,vitl, tho,,, • ^ ^^ ««l"lcm,-.-.«. a,
1. IliV-the three tribes above mentioned
tn,v ' . ,', ^ ' '^"'^ '^ <^^^e adverb, exercitiil .
fniyi generally. «Acrtiiui, — an
48
DE RELI^O OATiLICO.
i'li ■
1
j!,;lil:|
'1:
N.B.-The use of awplws with mimerals, §1. |RC.II.123.c.2. BA 31f;l
Obs H.417.N.2. AG.247.C. So plvs.vnmi.i mA lonoius a\so nremci.i
Where the numeral (apart from the modifying mlverb) wou^d be iil
.e gen , dat. or abl., this case is retained and the comparative dool
not influence the construction, as In c.'JO. § 3., 7. S3.; but where tli|
numeral would be in the nom. or aci'us. these cases may be retalnedl
as here, or the abl. of comparison used, as in c.7. §4.] The refer!
enceof8Mt«,§2. [App.l4.rt.] The plural of «'«ergw, ? 3. [Onl;]
where each part has itself plural force.] Relative clause
characteristic, t;trfe7-e»/<Hr,e8sei, §5. [RC.O'JX. HF.188.4. BA..m 11
bOO.l. AG.iiao. As the clauses are in indirect narration, it is possib^
that viderevtm- may l)e an ordinary rel. clause representing
original indie] Use of relative adverbs in place of rel. pronov
with a prep, [quo, Ib.^ad qnem ; cf.c.l7. U. qno^in qvae,c»M
ubi=in quo, c.3;).§3. uhi=in qmhus. So also nnde is used. Ct. J
and ibi = demoi>8tr. pron. with prep.]
CAP. XVIT.
1. qui. . .deligant,-cf. on c.3. §2. (BC.m.aA. HF.184.;
castriSj-trans. by ' for.' (KC.82.r. HF.134.1.)
2. ex,— 'of ; so ex his below, una,— adv.; 'along witj
him.' ut,— as in c.7. §4. eoruin. . .exercitus,— 'ourarmyl
usual order of marching during those days.' For the geij
dierMmseeEC.Sl.e. HF.1&0.7.
demon stranint, — lor demon straverunt. (EG. 66.) int^
Singulas legiones,—' between the several legio.is' or
tween every two legions.' impedimentorum, etc. ,— ' a Ian
baggage-train'; impedimentoruvi, lit. 'of baggage-animal
lieque esse, etc.,— 'and that there was no difficulty. ..
attacking.' For the gen. sec RC.81.6. HF.69.10.; adoriri:
subject of esse, veiilsset,— ' had reached,' lit. ' shoiikl ha^fj
Venisset and abessent are for fut. perf . and fut. indie, of tj
original statement. (EC.1-07.6. HF.206.4.) spatium,-"
83.C. HF.69.9. Silb sareiliis,- ' while still bearing [or \v
with) the packs,' i.e. in heavy marching-order ; lit.? H
sarcinae and impedimenta see Introduction, p. xx.
3. qua pulsa,— 'if this were defeated.' (RC.II.49.N.I
futnrum ut,— understand esse, depending on devionstrarn^
NOTES ON HOOK II. 49
'the result would be that.' contra,-adv. andereiit,-
would venture.' (RC.9fU.iii. iiF.217.r, n • 187 2 )
I ', ";'J"'"'^"f'-^h« ,«"^'i«^t i« the clau.. ;roTn ',uod to the
lend of the section. Trans. Ly passive voi. . ; , Jrf then will
^y *j- -V"^"^'-' '^™ d^f'^r.bant,-' brought t W 1
>ort. eqntat,... p„,«,„t, _,,,,„ ,.,g 2. Joc,-'the
. V"lont,.-' what strength thoy have lies in their infantry,'
t a J 7"" T''' ''"'^ ^'"^^ ''"^^*^^' *h«y ^-« strong'
^iiC.IL26. HF 183.5.) V«lli8Set,-' came,' lit. ' should have
|i:riokrHF.^2r.V"'"^-'" -^^^-^^^^^- (^0.99...
meisis...inter;octi8 effecerant, - trans, abl. absol. by
lanses co-ord.nate with .^creran^ before which add as con
ectxve and so.' i„cisI.,-so as to bend them more easily
uthout lamng them. crcDrls. . .enatl.,- trans, either 'so
ii.it their branches grew thick sideways (or in a later d
u.ection) ' or and thus caused their branches to growtu ^
t fyj.^^^^^'-'Pl-^^^'^-nongthom.' effeclant nt,
J c.,-l,t had brought It about that'; freely, 'had made
llu.se hedges ■ .esent (or form),' etc. (EC.9n i. HF 187 2 )
luo,-adv. with the fr.rce of in quae, referring to munimenta
no. .pos8et,-free,y, 'which not only coull not be ent red
fx.netrated) but could no ^ even be seen through,' or ' which
i>- c;H>ia not only not .-nter,' etc. For impers. pass see
If'TsL.'^ '•'• ''^■'''■'■^ ^^ *^^ "^-d - ^^^
lltTfolf ""'T' '''■'-' '"^^y --<^ caxry out the
pi^ii h^;l ^"'°"*"" ' "*•' ^^^■''- «^">^-
j.B.-Rclalive olnuso of pur,K>se, H. f8„ in r.2. §1., c 3 §2 o n g.
fi
i: i^
iiitii
! iy|
lilliiMllI
50 ' DB BELLO GALLICO.
narration for aim and indlc. of direct, §2. [Venisset for fut. porf
vetient, abessent for fut. aherimt. RCILigh! BA.432. H.h21.I. AGJ
825.C.1 Substantival use of m)\\\.,adoTiri, § 2. CoiiditionJ
abi. absol., qua piilsa, § 3. Peripln-asia with fiitunim esse u\
§8. [Here unnecessary, as reliquas mmiras might have been usetl
RG.II.33.N.B. HF.217.r). BA.sa H.5av.3. ArT.2««/.] Clause (??«(|
quidpossunt scrvinp: in tlie relation of adverbial accus. to valetit, S i
Qtio with subj. of purpose, S 4. [So in caft. S 2. ("hiefiy whtJ
closely followed by a comparative.] Ivstnr and the gen., Sij
[0!ily here in Caesar] Clause of charavi eristic w. rel. adveriii
quo.. .posset, § 4. [Cf. N.n. to c.Ki. § .'i.] The tense of eristim'M
verunt. § ,5. [The perf. = 'they came to the conclusion ' ; the iniperf.l
'they hold the opinion.' Cfc.2. §.'■>. and Nil. to intdhrif., c.8. S.tf
The choice of the encamiment, the baggage and the soldieT|
pack. [Introduction, p. xix., xx.]
18. A description of the place where the attack was to i\
made,
CAP. XVIII.
1. hacc,-as in c.6.§2. quern locinii,-omit 'place' iii|
trans. ca8tii8,-as in c.l7 § 1 . summo,—' the summit';!
the neut. adj. used as subst.; ab summo goes with f/ec/ti?iJ
The plan given at the end of the notes on Book II. vill
make this and the succeeding chapters more intelligible.
2. pari acclivitate,— ' with a similar slope.' (RC.Sru.i
Hr.lBl.9.) Caesar's point of view in this description is rliel
Eoman camp. Hence the slope of the hill on which tli,-
camp lay is oxpre^sed by dacfivis (' sloping downward '), thatl
of +.he hill rising opposite him by acclivitas (' upward sloin
nascebatur,— ' rc#e.' adversus linic et ooiitrarins,— 'fac
ing this and just opposite it.' Tlie former means that thJ
slopes of the two hills were in opposite directions, thus : \ J
the latter that the two hills w^ere exactly opposite eacH
other, one on each side of the stream.
pasSUS ducentOS,— with infimtis apertus. (RC.SB.r. HFj
69.9.) The distance is measured from the river up the slop
ttack was to
NOTES ON liOOK U,
61
the opposite hill, inlimug mvtns^-aperius is predica-
Ive with ^,^/^,M«. (colH.^ ■ < ,,t the base, clear' (i.e. „f woods)
V)... l)arte,-opposed to infimus ; trans, ab by ' in.' Cf n IJ
Sc,8_ ut,-'so that.' peivspici,-impers. pass.; trans, as
c.K. ^i,
|H. in occalto,-' concealed,' or 'in hiding.' secundnm,
-proposmou. panc«o,-'on]y a few.' vidobuufuy-noJ
;iiic.i(>.§5. pedum triiiui,-EC.8l.e. iiF.i3a.7.
'",'.7'^?r «greement of 7,aec with vatura, § i. [Cf cl So p6 sp
UC.II.183.N.B. BA.;jn. H.4I5 4 AG 195 rf 1 q, f ,*, "' '^•^' ^^^
,aiitof('fl..i.f in n.„ 1 '•* ,-^- '^^•^•'•'•«•J llie repetition of the
.1. tcculent in tlie relative clause qnem locwn, § i. fTliis rei).-tition
w nc us most frequent with pars, res, locus a„,i dies, SZ:y^^
^^ r ' cfjv M r '" '^1? "^'^ '"^'"■"'^^^' ^^^" ''' ^"« -^~
io H 1 f " ^^ ^*"' 'mpiirlect tense throuL'hout fThi,
the proper tense for .Icscription as opposed to narraiion RC I
llfJ.C.rf. I5A.183. H.l(!9 I Afi"77«1 nn ""J'lon. Ui.,.11.
acteristlP ss 9 <i r v V ' '^^Y" ^ ^^ ^ *"' '''''^"- ''^'^^ «■l»'- «f char-
used" ■' "^ ''' '"^' "'""•^'•'^^ "^« *-'«"• ™"«t l><^
19. ^. the six veteran legions are fortifying the camp, the
Y^tiu make a sudden attack upon them.
CAP. xrx.
^1. praemis80,-trans. by principal clause, in the plupe>-
ict. copiis -cf on .7. §3.; so in §6. ratio ordoq e,l
arran,emont and order,' or better still, < method of arxanle-
was different from what'; more lit.
! itself otherwise than.
I ■-' oo,tsn«tudine 8iia,-trans. like suo more, c.l3. S 3 Of
nrso Caesar means his custom when approachin<.' the
acny not the custom described in c.l7. § 2 evpedUas
e. vnthout their sarcAnae. Introduction, p. xxi^ '~
J ^«t'^«r-emphatic from position. Collocarat,-for coU
rrt ^:''-^ ^•'^^'^- ^- -thing to do .ith cot
ct praes.dio eraut, -' served to protect,' 'acted as
Icort.' (EO.aS.c. HF. 134.1.)
M*
i
'
■' 1
53
DB BELLO GALLICO.
; ' ,-h
Jill j! ,;i
5. Cum,— 'while.' lllij-referringto/joshMm. App isl
reciperent,-be careful to bring out the force of the tenJ
App.26.6.c, ^o facerent. lieque. . .auderent,— 'and dl
not venture.' qunm quem, etc.,-lit. 'than to what liral
extended the ground stretching along and open'; freelJ
^ than the stretch of open ground extended.' [Another reaj
mg IS porrecta loca aperta, in which case porrecta belongs tl
the predicate, lit. ' the open ground extended stretched outj
and may be omitted in trans.] cedente^.— ' them as thJ
retreated ' ; agreeing with eos or liostes understood.
quae primae venerant,-' which had come up first 'ci
which had been the first to arrive.' For this use of prim
see EC.88.ci. opere dimeiiso,-referring to the markinJ
out of the lines of the trench and rampart. For tlio pari
ticiple with passive force, though from a deponent.
xlC.68.c.
6. Visa 8niit,-cf. videhantur, c.l8. § 3. quod . . . coiiw
nerat,-' which was the time agreed on for,' etc., or ' wliickl
had been agreed on as the time for.' committendi prodij
—depending on tempus, not on conoenerat. ut intra coj
flrmaverant,-best translated after subito. . .provolaveruA
on which the ut clauses depend. The meaning is that J
attack was made in the same order and with the same impet
osity that had been intended. Trans, ut by 'just as ' t,
repeated before ipsi se,e. ip8i,-emphasizing the subj! ol
verb ; omit in trans. (KC.92./'.i.)
7. celeritate,-EC.85.e. HF.71.3. nt,-as in c.lS sl
et. et et,-lit.. 'both... and., and.' English would o„
the two first, ad,-' near,' i.e. just at the edge of the wn.i
where they first appeared, jam,-' already,' or 'finr,lll
m manibus uostris,-' close to us.' lit. ' in our hands ' J
close at hand. viderentur,-as in § 6.
8. adverse colle,-' up the hill.' Either the abl. a^soU
the hill facing them'; or the abl. of the route by meal
of which, « by the hill which faced them.'
iiliiliiiii,ii
stiuvi. App.18.!
Dree of the tena
•ent,— 'and...di]
an to what limij
id open'; freeli
' [Another rea/
orrecta belongs t
id stretched out]
. — ' them as thl
srstood.
ame up first,':
his use of prima
to the niarkiii
t. For tlic ]iarl
a deponent, seT
quod . . . conrei
,' etc., or ' wliicJ
tittendl prodiif
ut intra... coil
. . provolaverunl
iniug is that tl
;he same impoti
'just as,' t(
J the subj. oil
as in C.18 §1
jlish would od
ge of the M-oA
y,' or 'finnllj
our hands,' i\
the abl. alisoJ
•oute by nioaij
NOTES OS LOOK II.
I. B.— Various uses of the nliii.fi.,^ r.,„
^;.. on which see til^ n'^f L/";j',7f!;"'"*:r'' '' «^''•^'- -"«•
• ■ Oncopiis, m.c,., see N.a to c 7 1 ""^'"r"' -^'"'"'"e^ nu.Vli.i^]
^.}- f^^^»»»- »'«8 ac (or at5„e) = 'us'or J/" ?*^ «''«'^ '^"er^/.Yer,
"'em, par and simUts. BA [,."'"" '^"«'- '•^^''«'•. a^t«*
the antecedent in the relati vecl t 5' fa ^'^«'•"«••••^tion o^
Jlnem ad que,,,.] Th^ J/ ' • f^"^'« ««^/'"ew=arf e«m
a.iverbiaiuseoflhea4i.se ycr/r:.f 7^"' '"■ ^^^ ^''■^
ilic best trans, gencrallv ic ,„ , ^■^'- W-1-'2.N.,443.n.i. AG I9i
verb 'to be'; hefe ''j- elhTt^/T "'•'• *'" I"-<^^--'t« of the
I'a^ticip,ewithpnssivo^brce^,"l'jt5^^^^^^^^^^ ^^P-'««'
The impersonal useof co,a-e J Vc ' .'^^•"«■'^- AG.13.V.J
J'Ht rather than the reficxivo s p r^J^'^''"'P^^^i^i^^f?thcmh.
AG.1957. TI,ec3iffere„ce S;;, L-J^^'y-^- BA.35G.,i. II.,r..!i.
e-ft- se ipse inte,-fecit, a.ul (the? ! • '' ''''^"'"''''''■'■^''^'^''''^^^
f-rnicr means -It was 1 imiif t ^ ''^'*""' inte,-fecit is that tlie
'^•^ter <it was hi.nsel andno oihe" t^I'T ''T ^''''^' "^ ' ^"0
would answer the .,u..sti n Mvl/' -i , " ^'"^'•l- ^he former
q-«Hon. whom did lie ki„;> c , c 20 '. T'"' "'^ ''^"«'•- «'«
■^.vndcton in emphatic enumeration 1 ^;V ',''"• ^ '"^ Po'^-
*" manibus nostris, § 7. "'''^^'°»' '^- • •««• • •««, S 7. The phrase
" '~"-" The Bomans are cnT,, 1 /*/«/„ . ,
' »..V m„i,Une and cZ^^Z^IT':^- 'f ^" ""■'«
I'rciaiY*. ener«jry, </je ^^^^^^^ confusion
CAP. XX.
' Caesari omnia, etc — «p k„^ x ^
tc,,-the rest of tho section is ex^tltt i* ™"'""».
h: .-.n<,i™ „„„,.ta J ::ro';r„7 Tzr'^r
W3... to give,' etc. iiisiV„„ < ., . ^'^"3. to dis-
U-toret,-i.pers. pass. A ;74 Trir^'/^ ^^"""'''*
'WHTs)weretorun.' -^^'^^s. 'they (or the
opore,--the making of the camp. «„i__.,x,
PP.U.d.i. Understand as antecedent ef'^ ?■ '''^°-
e.g. thnn i^lnn 1. r^., 'i"i-tJ,
'.a little r.rthcJ,. th::*^;" "-r-^At'^t"-
se it to
!tiL'&1IWtU,.?SimsMS>'mi.f*ii ,':mi
54
DB BELLO OALLICO.
mean 'a little too far.'] Hggeri?,-horo 'material for tl
rampart,' i.e. branches, sods, stones, etc. ooliortninli,-::
was the custom in ancient times to ins])ire tlie soldiers 1-
battle by a short address. slgliUlli,— this si<jnal must 1 e fni
inaldnp: the attack. Notice that the details in thiasectij
are given in tlie natural order of time.
2. (^iianim.. .pnrtciii,— 'much of this.' impcdiebnt,-
' interfered with.' The verb is singular because the twJ
subjects form but one idea, viz., 'the short time allowed Ut
the enemy's approach.'
3. His., .subsidio,—' these difficulties were relieved '(,i|
lessened) by two circumstances.' lit.? For the datives d'f
cultatihun and suhsiilio see RC.82.fi.c. HF. 134.1. «Inno rci'
— these are, first, scicntia atqve usus ; second, quod ah oyH
...vetuerat. sdentia,—' skill.' quid flcri oporteret,-
* wbat was to be done,' or more freely, ' what to do '; dependinj
05.. ].T-hKribere(a.nAdoceri). (liC.OO.r/. JIF. 17(5.2.) non iniiiw
('iitiTa-ide qiiiuii,— ' just as well as,' lit.? ipsi 8il)i \n'd
.Wrlhere, — 'give themselves directions,' lit.? docei'i, — li
told/ potoi'fllit, — repeat in trans. Avith each infin.
quod,— 'the fact that.' singulis, sliigulos,— trans. J
'different' or 'several.' These words tell us that to oacl
legion there had been assigned a lerjatus. nisi mnnitl
castris,—' until after... had been,' etc.; more lit. 'excefj
after,' etc. (EC.II.51. HF.102.2.)
4. nillil jam,— ' no longer,' lit. 'not at all now.' lEd
83.e.) qnae Videbantlir,— ' whatever seemed necessary.'
' what seemed best.' Understand administranda esse to eon
plete the phrase.
N.B.— Tho passive perlplirnstic conjiipration, §1. rRr!.II.14?. HF.ItJ
BA ."inn. II. :3l. AG.20.1.6.] A.^viidcton in rapidpmimcratioit.i
Cdinnaiative with standard of PonijiariRon omitted, lo7ifiiv.^.\
[Seo note aliovc. and ]iC>'8 6.] Tlio use of the slnpnlnr. vni":'
bat, §2. \Et siicrei>.ins la not a now .«nhjoft ditTerinfr from tem/'nt
brtvitan, hut an oxiilanation of tliat phr.Mse.J The dat. of pi
po3e, S3. [D{()iciiltatibvii is not the ordir.ary dat. of interest /«.|
NOTKS ON HOOK 11.
55
Repetition of .•.,./,,,. [;o,.e,niVsLd ■;,;;;? ^^ Ti.
use ot 7n.«t witli tiic abl. .aJ)3ol. «i 3 fcr ,. •(.. 8 9 '" "<=83-J 1 li'
(BkJ 30.5,), „1,1, ,e„p^,,„ c]n„,c in /^n.'s , ■" "'""""■
CAP. XXL
l.necessaril9...1mporfttKs-. having given onlv the
vith decucurrtt. nuam in nnrfom f • ""'"i^Si—
>».»,■ ',•,> that dL"t"„nwr°h^ „;"'■";: t ^rr
nhm '^-^ R 1 .u ., . . "^'"^"' °^ 01 tho Side which.'
h.p.23 §1. shows that It was the left side of the camp
Notice the acciis. with in dov«..J* t^ . camp.
9 n«« 1« • ""'I*"- «PX""»,— ht. ' camo down '
2. non longiore, etc.,-lit. ' with „o longer a speech than
urging them) to Keep,' etc.; freely, ' say in| nothing furth"
kh n to urge the soldiers to remember,' etc. neu,-'and
?: HRIsTb."' '' '^^^'' ^^^ ^^^ -bJunctiversrjEC j;
quod. posset,-explai„s the following, not the preceding
^oids. To avoid ambiguity, trans, 'he encouraged' (or as
|bove said nothing further) . . . , then because.' q,!. auo
IJiting. Understand m. (EC. II. 56. HP. 120.2 )
=^. ^,e'»POns,etc.,-frcely, 'soshrrtw.sth«.;i,,, „„_^
^«aa,-we 'bent on.' animus,-" spirit:- insi^^:;!:
!:i':
a.L|
'^ T »■
^illi
■
^F^
•i
* ;.
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^
^
iV
V
w{\
M
\
-<g<^ ^\ WrS
0" ,4, «^ ^
DE BELL6 GAtLtCO.
proI>ably crests, ba.lgos, etc., .Inch served both as ornameBt^
and to disting,„sh various bodies of troops. ffnleas,-the.e
Zur^rlV^'lT'' °^ *'^ "^^^'^ = intr^ductioi, pt
«cutis -EC.85.. HF.158.2. tegimenta,-]eather coveriin.
to protect ho shields from exposure to the wet; Introducti..n '
EC 109. ^^^*^'^«^"'-^'^-^^9.J. HF.18.7.2. For the tense seo|
G. Qunm,-with parlem ('direction'); trans, by 'what-,
«hL' '' r""'" •'"'" <'eve..it,-' happened to crme,' lit. J
Plllnn,-adJw.*^,7m; trans, by adv. 'first.' ad liaec,-' 1 J
these ; understand si.na. sui8,-either masc. 'his com
rades or neut. (supplying signis) 'his own standard^
<Umitteret,-EC.99.a.l. HF.183.2. scanaarcl^
N.B -The ff(M-uiul and tlie gerundive construction. [This chantor f„r I
nishes an excellent study of the nse of these two firm ^?./ "i
C.20. on another oonnnon use of the gerundive 1 t T
the cognate accus rTl.«> T^h^Ll , ^ ^ Impero vWhl
active ™«tz'.. ^c :s'Tr T;rd.7:r/r '^- ^"^'"^^ '\
the order is given may he JoiV.e'd'wiur i .^us ^T '"ThlVe;';"";
Of compounds of c,,,.,.. [aecucurrU, H., occ«n- M4.] t' u''
cases in r ^th^ i 1 , Pieccding neu, as must be done in some
FmnV.L ; """'''■ ««"t«n<^e is found in Clc.V.34 !i I
Emphatic use of s«ae, §2. [Of, n.„. to cl4 §,'; Tho iri H" 'I
l>^..^.««e makes it unnecessary to give the sfmc ,' ^Hng h 'r
Relative clause of characteristic, quo. . .posset Ja fcfl , I
II..O. BA.:S'T:!s;;T-^" -secutive c.ause'.^:;,^?:.^'^^?'
ver'„ nf /,!; ^^•■"^•^•J Tlie abl. with detraho, fi r,. Us a ri.lf I
Condensed expressions with the relnfivo rz-i \"' ^*^-"*-
for t« mm partem quam (or no sibl^ °; i^'""" "' ^'«'■'^'"' ^'''
«^7«« (?/m«. in K.not ^ t;oL? J" ''? ^^''^^ "' «««"»•.•«« «''J
cedent ; cf. n.b. to clO H ] ' '' ^"''^'"'^ "« '-""^
cl liferent i
others in £
hostibus, I
neqne . ,
cipal claui
not tell at
• provWt
pass.; 'no]
flirection.'
—here ' be
2. reniin
or perhaps
more point
iV.lt.—Qwendc
between et
The abl. ;
legionibiis,
tion (RC.I
more freqi
12.1. and 21
scattered p(
§1. fThisi
one directic
§2.] T
[Caesar usei
phrase optts
a neuter pro
H.4ll.iv.N.4.
NOTES ON BOOK II.
th as ornaments
gnleas,— thtse
reduction, p. xx,
Jather coveriijos
i; Introduction,
r tho tense sen
57
riiis chapter Ciir-
) forma. Cf. jilsoj
Impero v.\\\\\
, §1., implies lliel
person to wln.inj
The peidcti
4.] Tlic ii^ff
(i into two part*.
.ammo added livj
=»ary to supply «(J
; be done in son» f
k.V.34.3.J
riie a^lditioii
rendering- hen.l
'C!!, §3. [Cf.c.Jiil
fiierit,%f,. [ivcj
', S-V [As a rule J
^r than the aM.f
ige or di3ad\ an-
'o point in tliej
on primae., c.l9. |
h, S§1.6.
n partem, 51,1
"'«m in parfeml
'»am... eta, leal
scedes Its a'lie
CAP. xxri.
1. nt,— 'as'; the verb of tlnV .i
'■'■'■'A rro™ the'„„.t CaL: tlZZt T'"''''"'- '"^
'.»'.™ « Mplahed by &/„,„. S" *^ «""-"i'i '-i
11..^ legion, ,rero soparaM t „ '"*'»'"'>"". clo.,_.aa
n"t tell at „hat point thev ,^*Th. J ° """"^ """'^
P»»s.; 'nor could it be foreseen ZJ ' ' ""'™-
-here • be attended to' not • b^ ta^ift • """'"W™".
more point to guogue. eventus « ' '"^ ^"^ ^^^«
i '''^®"'*»S»-nom.plur. 'issues.'
IV.B -<2«e „(,(iing ^^ explanatory phrase S i rT. ^,«
between ««,<,„«. and «<g«ernay/,esTudW in ^ ^ '^'^«••«nce in effect
The abl. absol. where the nom S h ' ".'''''"'^'"""^«•J
scattered position of the lefrionsTh T ^" *"'■" ^*-^^ «" the
§ 1- fThis represents but one ha f of tl^^ " ,?f ""'"^ '^''^ '■''^«'•<<'.
one direction, another in anott. ?d,r ^ 'r?"^'^"' '""-"
f f] The use of ante in ouotinL 1 nrll. ''■'^*- * ^" ""«^ ^-^e.
fCaesar uses supra more tha """/ ^,^S a „« '"'"' °' '"' ""''•'^' « ^^
phrase o,... ..^, § ^, [„,,, vvithrsuSect „0 ' I" T'''^ ^"^
a neuter pron. or adj. is more common th a ".. '" "'" ^'^«^ «»
H.4li.iv.N.4. AG.2J3.e.B ] ^" ^^'* '"««"1" «bl. BA.28a
ii
9! ill HP
Ml '•!|''':!'!'iiilil!|il
i> 31
III
■ill
ml I
'68
Did BELLO GALLICO.
23. On the left of the camp the Atrehates are coviphtell
routed by the 9th and 10th legions ; in front the lllh and 8l\
ley ions are fighting with the Viromandui doivn hij the river,
more serious is the position of the mh and 7th legions on tl\
right, who are being surrounded by the Nervii.
CAP. xxrn.
1. Legionis,— to be repeat* d w. decimae ; trans, freely Iv
plur. Ut,-'when.' (EC.99./.i. HF.200.2.) ncie,-an irrec.,;.
lar form of the gen. (RC.51.C.) Atrel)nte8,-the object J
compulerunt. his,-the Atrebates. ea pai'Sj-i.e. tl^e s.
nistra pars acie Trans. ' for it was these that that divisio
had encountered.' 1
coiiniites,— ace. agreeing with eos (i.e. Atrebates) undcrj
stand as object of insecuti. Impe(litaiii,— as in c.9. § 1.
2. Ipsi,— the soldiers of the legions just mentioned, dubi-l
tav<'nmt,-cf. on c.2. § 5. loonm iniquum,-viz. the slo, J
of the opposite hill, resistentes hostes,-object of cor]
jec.erunt. Trans, the participles in this section by prinoip.J
clauses ; e.g. ' advanced. . . , then when. . .resisted and. . .wf
renewed.'
3. alia in parte,-this was in front a camp, diver]
sae,-' separated (from the others),' or freely, ' separately
cf.c.22.§l. congress!, -agreeing in gender w. militc.
implied in Jegiones. ex loco SUperiore,-with profligatil
ipsis,— ' very ' ; lit.? '
4. totis,- agreeing w. castris ; emphatic by position]
trans, freely by adv. ' wholly.' a fronte, ab. . .parte,—'
front, on the left.' lntervallo,-RC.85.^. HF.SS.e. coi
Stitisset,— agreeing with the nearer of its two subjecj
duce,— freely, 'under the leaders-hip of.' lit.? App 5 a
(EC.II.50. HP.102..S.N.) siimmam imperii,-' the gupren]
{or chief) command,' lit. ' the chief part of the command'
cf. c.4.§7. '
NOTES ON BOOK II.
69
BS,— the object (J
pars. . .pars,— one portion advanced towards the oxtroinc-
nsht {aperlo latere) of these legions, so as to get around them
and attack them on the rear and Hank; the other made
Straight for the Eoman camp, through the wide gap left
between these two legions on the right and the two in the
boatre which had gone down to the river, §3. aperto
Kno-'r!°'' *^° '■'°^*'' ^^"^ '^'^^ unprotected by the shield.
mc.So.k.) suinmum castrornm lociim,-not ' the hi-hest
bart of the camp,' but ' the high ground of the camp,'° the
•ioio;ht where the camp stood.'
if.B.-The genitive acie, § l. [Great irregularity prevailed in the form
of the gen. sing, of the 5th decl. adopted by various writers! T.
hove the testim,.,y ofGcllius (a f?ram.narianof A.D.l75.)thatCaesai
in a work on grammar upheld the form in e.] Ut temporal 1
Duhito with .n«n., § 2. [Of. N.n. to c.2.] The ' ender of
congressi, §3. [A construction according to sense ; cf. Ins^nll
and ,/,« c.2.i. § 5.] Various uses of the ablative. Phr±
expressing, direction in which. [Cf. n.b. to c.8.1 The different
gi^nt.ves with Bummam., § 4., and summum locum, S 5. Mnl
rather ih-^n neqm, §4. [This is because non is closely joined to
magno, forming with it one idea.] ^
2 1. Among the cavalry, Urjlit-armed troops, camp-foUoioer,
tnd m the baggage-train there u utter confusion and panic.
CAP. XXIV.
1. leyls armatnrac,-as in c.lO. § i. fuerant,-at the
lime mentioned in c.19. § 4. quo.s piilsos (lixeram, -under
ltandm«; 'who, as I stated, had been routed'; cf on c 1
V' .;f' ''"r"^- '°PP««it«them'; freely, 'face to face.'
Jor the dat. cf. on pugnantihus, c.2l. §4. OCCUrrebant,-
Ihe imperfects in §§ 1.2.3. describe a number of occurrences
linuiltaneous with the main action, in partem,-tran9. bv
lin.' Whyaccua.? '
n|
LJi
li II
iiiiilii
li ii
iji I
!i
60
DE BELLO OALLICO.
-this does not include the two legions servii
2. Siimino...colIla,— defining the position of the porH
decumana. nostros,— the ninth and tenth legions ; c.23. § ;
Vlctores, — predicative adj. Tersari, — ' busy,' ' movii
about.' praecii)ites,--predicative, agreeing w. seae ; trai
freely as if it went with fugae.
8, eorum,
as rearguard ; see c.26. § 3. Trans, freely ' from thosj
alll a'liani, etc., — see on c.22. § 1. ferebantur, — ' wej
rushing.'
4. quorum,— possessive gen.; ' who have a reputation foj
etc. aiixilii causa,— 'as auxiliaries,' lit.? ab,— 'bj
COinpIeri,- notice the tense of this and the following infil
Circniliventas' teiierl,— lit. • held surrounded ' ; freely, '
rounded and hemmed in.' rebus,- ' success or cause.'
mum,— EC.83.flr. HF.85.1.
5. pulsos,— understand esse, castris,— EC. 11.65. HF.llj
N.F Dixeram, § 1. [One of the few places where Caesar uses the fiJ
singular of himself; for the tense cf. n.b. to dixeramua, c.l.s
The imperfect and perfect tenses. [The former is used in ,
principal clauses of §§ 1.-3., the latter in §§4.5. Evidently CaesaH
the first part is depicting the condition of affairs in other quarti
while the main action was In progress ; at §4. he resumes his nai-l
tive] The infin. with verbs of perception, §§ 2.4. [In Cic/
and later Latin the participle was often used ' to express the actl
condition of the object' perceived. But at all times, as in Cacs!
the iniin. was more common. The present participle is found e.g.l
Bk.IV.c.26. §§ 2.4. with conspicio. The perfect participle, a.s in *c '
§1. is generally indistinguishable from the perfect Infinitive w(
esse omitted.] Asyndeton between two relative clauses^
1.4. [In §1. the reason is obvious; qui refers to pedites only, «
to both eqidtes and 2}edites. In § 4. quorum may refer more to]
Treveri as a whole than to the equites merely.] Ab tJ
civitate, §4. [This involves a sort of personification; the sJ
being regarded a? possessing power to act.] Despero used
transitive verb, § 4. [So by Caesar in the abl. absol. only J
of Romani in Caesar. [Very seldom in Caesar's own narraj
Oiostrt being used instead); generally in expressing the word|
thoughts of the enemy, as in c.lO. § 4.; 12. § 6.; si. § a.]
KOTES ON BOOK II.
61
ded ' ; freely, ' sij
iss or cause.'
EC.II.65. HF.ul
25 Caesar coming to the right wing, finds it in desperate
^rmts, but hxs presence and his example reanimate the troop,.
CAP. XXV.
1. Caesar,— tlie subject of processit in §2. The length
If the sentence, which is the chief cause of its difficulty" is
lu. to the long clause uhi. . .posset, stating the condition' of
lairs when Caesar came to the riglit wing. In this clause
^o have nbi vidit on which depend the infinitives urneri
\sse iimpedimento) preceded by a causal abl. absol. clause
isse [tardiores) preceded by six causal abl. absol. clauses-
rrcdere, vitare, .nt.rmittere, instare ; (rem) esse, with winch
iuht 13 repeated fcr clearness' sake, and (u/fum) esse. Then
hi §'2. another abl. absol. clause precedes the main verb.
In English this should be broken up into shorter sentences
rians. profectus by a principal clause ; ubi, lit. ' when ' bv
Itliere'; ,ho abl. absol. and infin. clauses after guartae
hhorlzs hy principal clauses, omitting vidit at the end of
Bie section ; and begin the trans, of § 2. by ' so ' or ' then '
I ab. . .cohortatione,-' from encouraging,' etc. sl-nlg
)natis,-i.c. the cohorts no longer kept their proper inte'i^
J «!»>'•; •i;"l>e<Hn.o..to,-' were hindering one another
fighting ' ht.? (RC.82.C. HP.134.1.) quartae cohortis,
-this would be at the end of the front line, a very exposed
fosition. signifero, 8lgi,o,-i.e. of the fourth cohort
m his,-' among them.' prJmipilo,-see Introduction,
I. xix. and Vocabulary under pilus. ut,-' so that jam
Ion,-' no longer.' siistinere,-' support.' ab novissimis,
h at the rear ; ab used as in a f route and ab utroque latere
|olow. (loserto proelio,— abl. absol.
subeuiites,-predicative w. intermittere ; 'cease comin-
II,. et (ab),-we should say ' but.' rem esse in angusto!
' matters had reached a crisis,' lit.? neqiie ullum esse —
land there was no.' posset,— EC.99,c. IIF.188 4 '
2. ab noTissimis,-a3 in §1. Naturally Caesar would
69
DK BLLT.O OALI.ICO.
approach from tho rear. „„|,_if retained, trans, 'n
inllltl,- trans, dat. by 'from.' (IlC.82.J.i.) eo, - adv
Jll.sslt,-the ol.joct is easily supplied from milites. quo faci^
III' ,- as inc. 17. §4. '1'«" mu
3. 8pe...nnimo,-frcely, 'the soldiers .vere inspired with I
hope, and their spirits revived,' lit. ' hope having Leon p„t
m the soldiers.' militilms,_dat. (RC.So.i. IIF 5 4 ) nJ
8C,-'on his part.' etiam. . .rebus,-' even in his own rv
tremity.' '
N.B.-The ..tructnre of the Latin period. [The sentence »,opi,min8i„'|
§1 is unusually lon^ for Oaosar. For sood examples of the sw!
period more common in Caesar see c.l2. § 2. , c.l9. ? 5 c 33 8 2 K J
lonfifcr passages, iriore lilce the present, see c.8. ? 3.,' c n V4 rp ,,
38. H..57.3 AG.......N....in.] Verbal noun wi h ^bieciile^e^S e
n p ace of the more usual gerundive construction. ^2 Si
tiom^n. ^"««'•'"«"«re with supplementary partic «1 niJ
nhn., as in l^k.IV.,'.l.a., is the usual construction ] Neane
§ . Relative clau,se of charnctoristic. ,„„,?.. p„,,eMT
Theda ive with verhs-of taking, away, mUiti. S2. [Really a dat J
interest Csometmies of advanta^^e, sometimes of disadvan Le) ; /
2 m,tif: V-'; ^^•'''•^ Useof„,n.asinde; fearti [
§ 2 [Ihis is extremely rare in Latin, found nowhere else in cZX
and rejected by many editors here.] The forco nf nh '".^".'^l
m.2. [Caesar nowhere else uses «6 in the partitive sense 111 e J J
de. and as it is exceedingly rare in Latin and another expla atio u
possible here, it seems best to take it as in the notes Ma.tv « I
retain um defend it by making ah novissi.ne dcpendeni on iT] '
26, 27 The two legions forming square resist more sncceA
fully, and when the trro legions of the rear-guard appear al
the victor.jus tenth legion comes to their aid from, the left wiJ
thejout of the enemy is complete, though they still fight desi:e\
CAP. XXVI.
1. juxtn,-z.c. to the twelfth legion, nt. . .conjunfferfaj
-as the subject (^«^ione«) is not the object of mo„m', the usua]|
|W.B.— .Military
i'tf,'ularly e:
iiifei-ve, /er
discedere; t
Li'norl, trans. ' n.'|
.b.i.) eo, — adv.
iilites. quo fjici-
ero inspired with
• having lioon put
b. IIF.5.4.) pro
1 in his own ox-
itcnce boplnninRin
nples of tlic sliom
f. §5., C.33. §2. Fori
3., C.17.§4. RC.ir
ti ohjectlve genitivej
•n. leuinnis cohorlu-
y partic. SI. [Tliej
■ ■posset, §1.
• [Really a dat
is.'Klvnntage). I>Ti
18 indefinite artidtj
here else in CntsJ
:e of ab iwvissimiil
;vesen.sc lilcc ej i\
ther e.\platiatioiiiij
notes. Many vbo
indent on it.]
NOTES ON BOOK II, gg
|^.;ans with'to'andinfin. i.impossihle. Trans ' th.f '
> loiilil coino t(iir(.tli(.f ' ,... 4 4. I , -I Jans. that...
('■^
I one
Ixjiir l(,i'.
int more siiccess^l
^rd appear anil
in the left winA
till fight desierX
coiijungerontJ
nuit, the usualj
-un.L Trans. ' -y^^^\^ufronn:i':^Zo^'^]i^
«'=uvl tho stan,lards turned about ' '
o.i:.:^'n:l:';;t.^•rr'^;:^;^^'^n^^"^'^^
-;•-tho,s,n.u^I;^Zt^::^t;i:.:c^?:^^"
iRC.OO.a.l.ii. HP.185.:-U «vcrsj h .1 '^^''^'^'fe'-' ^^c.
.■.inci(«to,-'on henrin.^ of the IntH ^^, ''^*^^"*'
Bpeed(o,. pace),' lit? s„"° " " ' ^''^"^^ quickened their
n-thehiuJLerehi;r:"(S:-;:p^^r^^-'^"'
••C's jrerorentur,-' wha Z-!.J ^'^-^\the river. q„„<>
^^;'^- HF.17C.2.; snbs;;ii;::s^npp^B?.ir^^-' . ^^^"•
rointorco)ourmen.' (ItC.82.c. IIF.184.1 ) ' '^ ''""'"'^ ("^
o. Qui,— the soldiers of the tor>fh ^ •
-"-, though not agreeing i^. forn' ti ifr-' '""^^''^' ^"
[ • -iir.i^o.^. bovermretur. Ter«inr<>fn^ .
l-th the nearest of the three subjects trans'T^^''^?"^:
'^v.re involved.' „il,ii relinniV '?"''''■'' ^^
P-siMe haste,' or 'hastenpd f ^ [«««r.U.t, - ' xnade all
J"i' -■•' lit ' loft no^b,- '"'^""f^ ^°^'"''^rd as fast as they could '
J ' **"*' "*^- for themselves.'
■«.«.-.Military phrases with sia,m rvc
-.:ui.u-ly expressed in ati ^ "u/h Z. r'''"'^' ""^— '« -"e
64
DE DELLO QALIACO.
i;i ■ •'!!
N.B. to C.22.] The construction witli verbs of feurlnjj, §2. [Cf,|
C.1.S2. RC.II.ir)». HF.185.,1. HA.1.18. H.4i)8.IlI. AG.i.'n/.]
The force of aveisi, i'2. [So Hk.I.-JC.'A Contrast adveini, as used)
e.fi. C.21. § 1.] The rehUion of the al)l. alisol. chiuses in S 3. [('f.[
N.ii. toclLSr».] Tile plirase suiiimo aille, 8 .'). [In tliis i(l!nin|
tlie ndj. reguliiriy precedes; cf.VII.C.!».!., in colle aummo, a nuutif
rarer ordi-r. UC.II.IH.'J. HF..W.1. BA.OO. 11.110.2.1. AG.liiS.]
Sense construction in qui, §.5. [Cf.c.23. 8 3.] A sinKular v<rb|
wltli snitjects pUiral and sinj?.. ver.mrehir, g."». [Tliis may occur!
wiiere tlie Jicarest 8u))Ject is singular, and is of sjiecial importance
Wliere all the subjects are sltif,'ular the latter condition docs iiotl
hold.] Tiie phrase nihil reliqid faceie-' to do one's utmost,' ii]
CAP. XXVII.
1. reraiU) — 'in the position of affairs.' est fnctn, — ' tooil
place.' ctinm qui, etc., — ' oven such as had,' etc. For tli«|
aubj. see RC.99.C. HF.188.4. scuti»,— RC.85.fc.iii.
etiniii iiiermes, — ' even th(jugh,' etc. oc'curreruiit,-|
' attacked.' For the dat. cf. on c.21. §4.
2. vero, — 'moreover.' omiiibii» in locia, — i.e. evml
where the ground was very unsuitable for cavalry, pilglia-l
rnnt,— for;;M(/?mfej-u?i^ (RC.GG.) qilO,— here=«<, 'inor.lul
that.' milililms, — dat. [The text is uncertain, minijl
editors substituting pur/nae for pugnarunt quo. In tliatl
case pngnae depends on /ocis, and praefcrrent with occM;r«|
rent (not orcurrerunt) is co-ordinate with ut . . re(lintegrarent\
3. in oxtrenia spo snlutis,— freely, ' when hope oi salotj
was all but gone,' lit. ' in the last hope of safety.' primi.-l
'the foremost.' jacentibus, — supply ein ; lit. 'those lyiiij
fallen'; freely, ' the fallen.'
4. liis,— referring to proximi. qui superessent,— ' thel
survivors,' more lit. ' such as survived.' F( r the subj. cf]
on procubuinsent, §1. ut ex tumulo,— ' as from a monad,]
conjiccrent, reniitterent, — co-ordinate with uf...^;,s!l^
terent, § 3. intercepta,— ' that they had caught.'
5. ut non, etc., — 'so that it must be held that men
such valor had not without good reason ventured,' etc. Fliel
NOTES ON HOOK H.
65
moaning is : no one is justified in attributing their defeat to
lack of valor or to rashness. nequiquam,-lit. 'idly,'
horo ' without good hopes of success.' virtutis,— RC.Sl.e'.
HF.130.7. hoiliiiies,-subj. of avsos esse, which depends on
\ju(iirari.
quae facilln, etc., -lit. 'which things the greatness of
thoir sjarit had made easy from (i.e. instead of) very diffi-
cult'; freely, 'things which, in themselves very difficult
their great courage had made easy,' or 'all which, thou-h
niiturally very difficult,' etc.
X.«.-Clau9cs of result, §§1.3.4.5. [It will be noticed that tlie Imperf.
«ul.j. Is the natural tense for the narratloTi of past results. RC.II.
HH. BA.ll.l.] Relative clauses of characteristic, §§l 4 (it is
possible, thouKh improbal)le, that qui procubuissent has a'dcflnlte
reference, and la subj. throu^-h its dependence on redintegrareiU ■
cf. N.B. to c.ll. § b.] Emphatic juxtaposition of imrmes armatis
§1. '1 he use of qHO = ut in a final clause, » 2. [The peculiarity
( t the readh.ff is correct) is that it is not followed by any coinpara
tive. The only classical prose writer who certainly uses quo thus Is
ballust, and this is a serious objection to the jrenuineness of the
text.] f;< = 'as,' in comparisons, S 4. [Other examples in Caesar
are Bk.I.38.4., V.12..'5., VI..31.7., VII.8.3. So also with Indie, clauses
e.g. C.19. § 6. ) Asyndeton In § a. Use of redigo, § .5 [Cf
Hk.IV.3.4. Used in this way. i e. with the double accus. (direct and
factitive), It is very rare in Latin, reddo beinf? much commoner
although occurring In this sense in Caesar only in c.-i.sr. Else-
where Caesar uses redigo with ad (cf.c.L'R. Sn.2.), i» (cfc.ll. §3 )or
snh (Bk.V.29.4.) In the present passapre doubtless the idea of reduc-
tion (from difficult to easy) was present in i !r ; writer's mind.]
28. The remnant of the Nervii submit to Caesar.
CAP. xxvni.
ftiCiOi—proelium facere, 'to fight a battle.' nd Inter-
nocionem re<lacto,—' exterminated or utterly destroyed,'
lit? The losses were probably not as heavy as Caesar was
given to understand, for three years aftor ar^,\ o^t.-"?» <■—- 1
1
I
t
' ii
HI
GG
DB nKLLO OALLIOO.
«"a, pu.My i,„,,,to^ , 'l .; . ' • ""'7,''-'"^ lan.l n,.„r ,1„.
for.' M ^"ife '**<. Iraiis. thodat. iJ
;-- vc..,,. civil,,,,, ;;,':,;,;;;;:""?:;"■ '';:''' '"■'"- " '--J
;:--• vix „„,...„ >.a™;^'':,.r,;,;-kc:;r-I
h»vo ,h.nv„.. „1, J„„'„ ,1 ''f ""•• '-"ist" 1.0 B„„n ,.
f If '« o'-te.. option,;. ;ur a :;';;::.':;^,,;:;;^' 7'- -^-■«-««^ c.27. . . ,
7 tJ;e indie, (those ve.-y ,,/r , s ho ''''" m ''^' ^''''''''^^'^ "« «'''il
class (such persons ns).] ^ ' " •':' '^^ M «r t,„ «„,„ „„„^,
onler. Latin „.,af,o would u, ';';," """'"^•'"■'' ""^ "^ its nal,„;i
P-Position and it. ..^Jee! ^ | . '^r r '""'"'^ ''^^"■•^"■•' ''''
i'y mljcftival ino,ii(i,,s, or bv n i "^ '^''^ ''«I'"™'"! ''hI>
jorund, or rarely ..yeertiunparndlSir'"-^'''^' a partie. „r
il'e personal „se of ,«/«„,.. foil vod,",, '^'''' ''''"'• '•''''"•J
-'"'./«'-0 and .-,«;,«,.„, ,^ lQ^':^';i':''''r''''''''''''''^^^^'''-
Z"' also with j«..,/,., '?,,.. '"'^"""i"f^'f'f the seo.i.,,,
ff;-"'"'"-'" "'ould scarcely have Le«n « , ' '1 """"'"' /''•'"^'''«'•«. St
It is quite proper.] ^*'''" "^*^''' "'l"» *« alone, but with *„.,
29. The Adnaluci, retiring fn
prepart to resist Caesar. strongly fortified place,
N0TE5S ON HOOK U,
G7
^''"g.' iillill iin,
(>AP. XXIX.
y p.-,uc.pal vorh; cf. on 0.20. §;5. Uom.un,-.ee oa c "d"
» «. ri^vcrtonint,-' turnod Lack.'
;i. Jjnod cum,-' wl.ilo(.ralfch,.M^^h) hh,'..' ox. . .pnrtlbns
an around . ,it. U,n a., .i.l.s in its .ircun'f™ J'
'''>- mUiy „u.a„. 'all oth.-r,' oppos,.! to «„„..., ,,,,
.spo.. „s ,H.o,„s. p,„r. 'pn.,.,ipi..,.s,' lit. ' placo. afT. rd n
i - " .' In Intlt,uIl,M.„., am,,lins,-cf. on c 7. 8 I Jum
'I-Plici nltlsshno, -change order in tr.ns. munl«r«„f,
-- so,„e pn.vu.Ms time, f,,,,,, c.ollonilmnt„-n.,tico tie
l.:u:,o of ,.,^,; .,, „,i, ,j„,^ ^^^^ ^,^^^,, „„ ,^.,.^„,.,JJ-
h -."S^.' Tu>,. refers to tl.e time Caesar L ,^e.Uu^^u
n stones and heams wore not to strengthen the walChut t^
^h.•o^v down on the heads of its assailants.
•■ nmbris imtoumm, - svo Introduotion, p viii
1« l»iaosI«liiim,-the former to keep watch over the im,W;
.-''^^- the latter to hold .he plac'e where they t;;; "
■Tr.iin. by 'as.'
unn,--j.e.
*vith the impedimenta.
■ex.. itati,-App.a7.«.x.M. ,.„,„.. .dcfondorent,-' while at
I r . t.mo they were attackir.g others, and at another „'o
|H.fH.in.g themselves against the attacks of others ' or ' n v
>"v.,l,ng, and again repelling invasion.' ilUuluTaefZ
[<W,-supply ^enum; lit. ' wa.ling o. war ^^:;
e«rm„ «'nnlnm -all the neighbors. d«„.iciIio,-Rc.
p;."w''- '""^ '""""'-^^- -^"^« ^-^rict, Lt the
tlon {revernH»^ Bk YI ^"i \ --,' s I»^ ' ""' *"'^ <'*<'eP-
'fll
Rli
ii
68
■I: II
DE IJELLO GALLICO.
^l.icc;ive phrase, in circuitu, 3' [iLse are r.re in T ^''^'''"1
Amptins and genitive, § 3. [bf. n 1 to c 10 n r^i-
§3. [The rule thnt tu-n .,vJ>- ™ «^-l^-J Diiphct aUisuhii
11.111. imc mat t«o adjectives mod fyin- tlie snmo nr^,,., I*
auHiors, oftime. notnlneei tu ""■■•^""'^ ^^- (In clasMcl
ihiIJ
80 81. r,,,,v ro«y7J,„,e tarn, to dismay ^chen thev ra„y,
CAP. XXX.
1. l)rimo,-arl,ioctivo ; ifc is answered by vostm S 2 f.,-,!J
baMt,-not,ice the tense. App.26.c. proeHis -fi!" 1
2. pedmn,-snpply 'in height.' (KC.Sl.e. HP 1^0 7 ^ i/
rounded.. op,i,,„,_Rc"r.;t.'~ '""""^ ""^ '""'
6 f ir'F' ';f ••"^'"•-f"»»- by cta,„„,vith .after.. A™
bui... prim,™ An...,„:z '!:' t.,:!, ."I?" ;;;,;;;;
-h.stoncal «fin. App.80. (RC.W1.A HF.IlM.!" 1
Tli(
'■"iithieo, §
iMtlier that
f Ill-rim, §§,
■I N.2. I3A.1I
07. §3. E.\
wliich tlie
(Iilc.IV.22.4
or of omissi
iinrration, S
nicnt, but t
H(:.II.lG,-).6,
lilmsc cont
ttiiipt is CO
important p
cliULses; the
th"! pre.sent
one in Caesr
iifs.]
[Nniicethat
li
NOTES ON liOOtC 11.
69
U'hen they reoH:
celc to make tk\
rejntare. quod. . .i„stitucrotur,-lit. ' because (as they
a. ..was llfiiniy onf „^). e i ,. . ^ •>
.id).. .was being set up'; freely, < for setting" up/;;!
ror the sul,-. see KC I.U65.6. Hr.198.2. ab ta«to spatio,-
its;ich a distance'; cf.c.7. §3 '
U. q«ibusnam,-'_with whut.'. .pray.' Nam adds force to
ho mocking qu, ,tiou. praosortim lioini„e.s,-in apposi-
[oie, etc. 8talurae,-RC.81.e. HF.130.7. i^o oneril
Bormn(iue,-'a3 a rule.' mngnitiuline. . .snornm,-' thei»
bi Tm ', "' '/'•' «»»t«'nPtai,_App.r. ('kc.82.c.
fi.i.ill j irans. 'is an object of contemn., to,' or 'is
Lspised by.' turriin,-for tlie form seo EC.49.C IIF 40
Mnros csse,-the usual reading is turrira in mnro 'ses'e
Uo.are, he chief difficulty in which is the pros. inf. wl,ere
'^'T / ;;'• '''''' '''''' '-'^'^^^ *^« ^^^--t.ci are
IM'sonted as think.ng (or affecting to think) that the
3 vor was to be lifted and placed on the town-wall, con'
plereiit,-EC.10r,.«. HF.209.1.0.
lAt.~Prin^ arJrevtn, § j^ [Equival.nt to 'as soon as it ..rrivcd ']
Ihc genitive of cliaracteristic, §§2.4 Tlio nl.l „ ?m
'■"nUveo,^2. lCf.e,.ll.§2. So with ^««eo it abl isUaVofm
■■atiier that local. RC.S-,.a.ii.g. Il..,2.5 ill ti . I '
"' ?tm SS 3.4. 1 he liLslorical infin., L 8. fRG II 131 Hif 9ip
:!.N.2. BA.18G. H.5,30.I. AG "75 I Ah \ «^ii-Wl- HB.210.
vv hi ; H 'v"': '" °"' '"''^■' ^''''"' '^•^^'^ "«t «P«^ify the p aee from
i .clothe distance is measuml; hnt the fac^haf this es om"
m.lY.22.4 exeo oco) shows that it canOot be a caseof hyperln on
i.npo..tant point,^§4. [S^'.'o.^^f^e'l.ently ifl riljht rorT.
c auscs; though Caesar almost always has it in chj 1 s7m Kr to
th. present; e.i,. Iik.III.i7.7., iv.a2. The latter «eis the on J
on. n. Caesar where ,..«...,.,•,„ does not precede the 1% n V^J f
Iv H .u J/"" «""•"'"^•'i^« reporting a q.,estion, cof,fiderefTZ'
[Notice that the question is virtually rhetorical.] "•^"*'«"*' «4-
:J^^
ill
DE HEr.I.O OAF.UCO.
CAP. XXXI.
-partici,, "he vert ^ it' ""' , ' '" '"' '"^''"'•' «•"4
dixerunt. ^ °^ *"e chaj-ter
2. IVoii,-may he taken closely with sine n.. r ■
was not without. . .that,' etc. o^i.thuZ . T'
not expressed ; so with ern,Utere&T ?~ ""^- *'' '^
DOSsent,-. seei„. that he; 1: hi ' For h"'"'? -^' ^" '""
99.^.iii. HF. 198.4, *^^ ''"'^J- «^e liC.i
3. eornm,-refi.ing to I?or>,anos.
4- «eprecari,— this worrl /-<„,+-^-
because they are as] inn ./~ ^! " •''^''^'^^^') '« ''«^^^
'petition Jr.' nro'^i ";^"T""^ *r.n,..
:n;:o---,~^^^^^
i>y'of.' (Ko.sn.;.. Hri58 2) ■' """'s.-ta-i'.
or alternative'- ip iff -u^ '^^'^^'^^ *« ^'^at extren,itv
llnain,-l,oca„,e <,f the eomn,rat v„ f . ^"'"'■'' * ''
.•.-...■iafm into.-«ei,-,rirfbe / r "'"•■"'"■"■''■ f'
.•n8.,c.«<.Bt,-f„r»,',.j::'/^, (eS; *" *"""•' ""
**»^^*«»«SSSEIiJsasi:;-::jii.
i1 V
NOTES ON BOOK II.
71
Rimmnos, qui possitia. RC.II.IOO. HF. 198.4. BA.509. H.517. AG
,'ij() e.] The tense of audireut, stattiisset, § 4., dedticareiitur, §6
[For the pres., I'ut. perf., and fut. indie, respectively.] The abl.
alsol. equivalent to a conditional clause, traditis armia, §5. [Cf.
clT. §3.] The mood ot jiossent, f.*). [As quibiis Is the co-
(udiiiatinf? rel., we might have had the inlin. j^osse. RO.II.ai.V'.
liA.78. H.f.:.'4.l.l. AG.nsc.^.K.] The phrase praestat qitam, §0.
The force of ai«'m, §6. [RC.II.190. BA.359. H.468. AG.lW.c]
l»l-mis,-tr.-iiis,
32, 33. Caesar makes terms with them, but on their attempt-
\in(j to escape by night in violation of the agreement, he sells the
\inhahitants as slaves.
CAP. XXXII.
1. consnetiidiiie, merlto, — trans, by 'in accordanco
with.' (EC.85.7rt. HF.71.3.) aries,— see Introduction, p.
xxii. atti^isset, dedidissent,— for original fut. perf. indie;
trans, by past tense.
2. nisi armis traditis,—' unless they had previously sur-
rciiilurod,' etc., or 'except after,' etc. Cf . on c.20. § 3. in
NiTviis,— 'in the case of the N.'; see c.28. §3. This is
exjilained hy finitimisque . . . inferrent. qiiaill,— the indefinite
adj. (RC.II.189.N.B.3 dediticiis, — ' tliose who had sur-
remlerod to,' etc.
3. ad SUOS,— as distinguished from suis, implying their
return to the citizens, quae,— subj. of imperarentur. fa-
ccro dixeruilt,— the subj. of dixerunt is legati ; with facei-e
understand either se (the envoys speaking for the people), or
eos referring to suos. Facere is more emphatic than facturos ;
the latter is but a promise for the future, the former a state-
nuiit that already they were carrying out his orders.
1. jacta, celata, retenta,— trans, by principal clauses in
the active. App.5.a.iii. prope,— adverb, aggeris,— that
liiuiitioned in c.OO. §3. adat-quarout,— JiG.99.6. HF.187 '^.
eo die, — contrasted with sub vesperum, o.33. §1. pace
rf
ft.?
72
DE HELLO GALLICO.
sunt i.si,-'they kept quiet'. .1. ..
'^-. Tins phrase is genra,; , ^, '"'^^'^' ^«^"^ ^^e Ad„
peace.' ^ ""^"^ l^est rendered ' tJxey enjojJ
«f.B.-Tense of atUffisset, §1 tt., •
<^rmistradiU-s,§7lcf v, /''° P'"'^^- «"'^'-J tL ^ ' '''^
replacing the orikrinal ^"t^^ ^'''' ^ Phmse "f , u ""
-Poeted duration on^4. ^^TLf""^' ^^^ - .^^d
CAP. xxxni.
1- quam,— as in c.3'5 8 2 ni I
referring to o^,.W«.,;§ i l'^^^,^^ ^^^ «^ the section, J
of oiroumvalloWt.n ; c.sj so "."'° »•«'=■ on the vnll
'Tet ; T.^"''^'^'"»" ^-*<.; ;::r»'r-^
,"'* ^'"'iMs made,' «to vi..,i -1 ' ~ ""*'■ "'"^"l- ; fro.!, f
""-l., but dependent ™, 'A™'? '"'«"«.-i» a |
"wans.
^y
as in c
hf),' whii
:8S.4.) CD
5. ad,—
f tlio nouj
<). cum,-
7. shows,
MLTother,' ■
7. capiti
lea to gen.
number) of
(RC.Sl.e.ii.
years later
tlie whole t
c.'29.§2.)a
M.K.-Stih in
VII.(il..S]
^6 = 'att)
local forci
itijiiriam-
quhJ grav;
(lb milifib
Cf.c.l3. § 2
' this final
ofviminibi
fliat the w
uiiile vimi
:iilverb rej
La! in.]
tiatum est,
vri'i IS
NOTES ON BOOK II.
ct being the Adiii
ered 'they enjojj
'ul'j- represpntiiiL' n
used. KC. 11.175. n'i
uses referring to tiJ
• t»'e tut. or fut. pJ
Tlie plirase 7J
V«e e.xplaiiatory, (|
5-vi. BA.357. H.45a|
NU. to C.21. §1.] rj
•e<«»- (impers. pa«|
■ oi'isririal statemeMl
•'ISO of tlie writ J
'^•«'•e. §3. fSee„,J
"ere we might havel
78
"nperni;it,
J — trans, i)^
Uunpa clause ; ' warning was given with firo-si-nals '
c.)i.(.ur.snm est,-' the soldiers rushed to the spot.' App
4. pupntiiinque est,-App.24. Trans, que by «but'
ta. . .lit, — 'as. ' • ' - -
• as,
fcows. lit a Tins fortibiis pugimri rtebuit,-'as brave
kn might have been expected to fight,' more lit. 'ou-^ht to
lave nought ' or ' were bound to fight.' in extremal etc.,
has m c.27.§3 eos q^, etc.,-' men who'; not 'those
khn, which would have required the indie. (EC.99 c IIF
iSS.t.) cum,—' when,' or ' at a time when '
5 aa,-adverb; 'about.' It does not influence the case
pr thn noun.
0. cum,-' since.' jam,-' any longer.' sectionem,-as
57. shows, the inhabitants are included, universam,-' all
ogother,' i.e. not divided into lots.
7. capitum,-' of persons (sold).' millium, etc.,-prcdi-
■cate gen. depending on numerus understood; lit 'as Ti
lvol7^ "^ ^l^'' '''•' ^'°'^^' ' ""^ ^''y ' «^ ' *° be fifty,' etc.
(RC.8 le u. HF 130.7.) The Aduatuci reappear again throe
years later, fighting with the Norvii against Caesar, so that
the whole tribe could not have been in the town (as stated in
C.2L. §2.) and either killed or enslaved.
! '■•' v7f "^ !" ^-^P'-^««'«»« f time, § 1 . [Cf.c.11. 8 6. So also sub lucem
1 tA 1 ^;^'^:';«l- [T"e rarer ««c^eoccurs in C.17. §2.1 '
Ah^ at tl,e hands of,' § 1. [This illustrates the transition from the
local force from.' to the indication of the agent, ^hy'- aXere
injunam^^io he injured.' Cf.c.3l.§6. with pati] I.L. wi h «f
Sci fa 1 i; ^ ^?"°"" ''' '"°"'*^ "°' ^"^^^ been so clear.
ot.c.13. § 2. ad Caesarem.] Use of deniaue go rr*
'this finally if nothing else.' hence 'af lets t?] C nstrtio"
ot v...abu. intextis, § 2. [See note above. Otier explana ons are
f- at the words depend on ex; or that Mextia agrees witHcJi
.uKe I repenttno for ,•«„..<., § 2. [Almost unparrallelod in c1...aZ
"■i".J i he impersonal passive. [C'o«c»<m(m es« 83 • ««/,
'-'«.« e««. ^«^„ari debuit, § 4.] i>e6«« with pres infin.f § t
I^H^^^^K
'1
'1
'M^K.
1
'1
1' ' !l|' 1 1
f.l
1
> ■
< ■
\ .'1.
'^m
I '" ]
74
^l'^ HELLO GALLICO.
34 35 77 J .,
CAP. XXXIV.
'■""■ {BC.40.rf. HF.27.J) ,.r*! "=<""• Plur of t'«„.
y jjij — under.'
of
soliie.
t ♦ . ^^^- XXXV
^- »antn...perla(a est < , '
-o"^'' etc.; or „.ore f 'e^ ^",tch "^"f " " '^^-^^ *« .|
fame of this war n.ade upo'n ' "f ""? '^' ^-^Pression
the writer has in n,in^ the sfT '~ ^^ ^""'^'^^ «hows t'mt
represent the.. Trans h/ Ho"' 'T'^ "^^^^^-^--'i
Ill,
as
ar's.
AG.288.a.] Them,4
J" clauses of clianicij
l'«t.' etc.; the latter.
' of ad with numeiMl
'^•nter, and this the o„|
a purely adverbial w
• '" e.l. § 10.1 J
7. ^'*
•••spread to o\
3 imijression tl
lerent,-ibr riJ
dor shows that)
nbassadors v:u\
■ (B0.101.<5.iii.|
ompared nirJi
-r the seem of
NOTES ON liOOK II.
75
4. ex, — 'in accordance with'; i.e. the senate at Rome
lactod on the information contained in the despatches, dies
(((iiindecim,— with mipplicatio. (EC.83.C. HF.GO.'J.) quod,
• an honor which ' ; its antecedent is the preceding clause.
'J'ho longest period of thanksgiving previously was twelve
jdays, decreed for Pornpey's victories over Mithridates. acd-
dit,— ' had fallen ' ; notice the tense in Latin, iiiilli,— cf.
on C.6. § 3.
In. It.— The mood ot incolerent, §1. [Explained above as siilij. by attrac-
titin to mood of milterentiir. RC.II.2l'0.c. H.5l'9.II. AG.:U2. Some
editors, however, explain it as a rel. clause of characteristic', mean-
ing' ' even such as dwelt.'] Qui se daturas, § 1. [If se. referriuf?
to nationes, is justitiod by qiii, meaning' the envoys who represent
the states, we sliould have expected daturas. That is, either se
daturas or eas daturas would seem more consistent. But proliably
natianibus is felt as the loRical subject of the main clause, as if we
had natioves lei/atas mittereiit, in which case se is regular.]
The position of que in ob casque, §4. [Gf. sub occasumque, c.U. §(>.
This is the regular order in Latin, though occasionally que is
appended to monosyllabic prepositions; cf. inque earn rem, Bk.V.
36.2. Notice also that the use of que to introduce a new period is
exceedingly rare in Caesar.] Tlie accus. of duration of time
attaclied to a noun, §4. [Tliis is explained by the verbal force of
supplicatia. Still the more regular genitive is the construction
used in the two other passages where Caesar has the phrase (IV.3H.
and VII.90.)J quad for id qn()d,i4. Emphatic position
(if iiulH, § 4. [Cf. mdli, c.6. § 3. and nemo, c..S3. §6.] The use, as~
in English, of a connective between the last two only of three words,
§3. [This is not incorrect, as is ofleu stated; ct.III.1.1.; 11.4. IV. 4.2. •
17.2.; 19.2. The connective in Caesar in such eases is que.]
ivT" ■'•;■'
t^:-lll
lliii
F?
1 r
I''
x^m
^
.^
.^
11
a;
n
\
i.?
b. if
i 'I!
'%""'% ""i
3 :mi!i, '!•!'. A
"Mini/ ///_
yy.
%'^l
m,
C. JULTI C.ESARIS
COMMENTARII
DE BELLO GALLICO.
LIBEK TEirriUS.
1. Cum in Italiam ])ioficisceretur Caesar, Serviumi
Gulbain cum legione cluodecima et parte equitatus in
|>ii..tuates Veragros Sedunosque misit, qui a finibus
Allobrogum et lacu Lemanno et fluinine Rhodano ad
suninias Alpes j^ertinent. Causa mittcndi fuit, quod iter 2
per Alpes, quo raagno cum periculo magnisque cum
port onis mercatores ire consuerant, patefieri volebat. Huic 3
Ix-MMiisit, si opus essearbitraretur, uti in liis locis legionem
luemandi causa coUocaret. Galba secundis aliquot proeliis 1
factis casteUisque compluribus eorum expugnatis missis
ad einn undique legatis obsidibusque datis et pace facta
constituit cohortes duas in Nantuatibus collocare et ipse
cum reliquis ejus legionis cohortibus in vico Veragrorum
qu. api^ellatur Octodurus, hiemare ; qui vicus positus ins
vullc non magna adjecta planitie altissimis montibus
uu.luiae continetur. Cum hie in duas partes flumineo
clivideretur, alteram partem ejus vici Gallis concessit,
alteram vacuam ab his relictam cohortibus ad hiemandum
attribuit. Eum locum vallo fossaque munivit.
2. Cum dies hibernorum complures transissent, frument-l
uiiuiue eo comportari jussisset, subito i)er exploratores certior
^1
'irri
' ■ t
m
'"ctus est ox m ™,rto vi^! „ I
"-"■ <l«o.s,-,.„ -no,,' ,' '""""'""" -"««.-«t, om„
1 3. His nuntiis
M«no„„„ m„„i;i„;^:^|;''" «""'". "»" "e,™ „„,.
;-' ;'e.>itio,„ fuLa'I ~ ^""' -- l..ov"
»"">■" fore .,„,«,,„,^ lo! °"7 •■«^'=«''««". «0 j.,„
'Majon ,„,„e„ ,.arti Vlac>"rw '"''"'''"^ «"tender,,,.
e°n»aio inters roievL,C„:°. 7;;'"'° "'I exta,,™
"""" »' "nostra (fefenaere.
^oncossorat, omn,i
deivnt, a jnuKiu
■'-'"«'•'•. Id ulu^u.
^Hi miova,,,
^orent: pvimiu,
tmctis cohoitibi
'mmoutus jieten.
JJ>«i ex moiitibiiji
]>nmma qnideu
"t. Acce(le])Ht,
^«'■''uiu nomine
'tuisa, sed etijus
"pare conaii ,1
Jil^i persuasuni
■ neqpe opusj
rfectae, necjuo
'set ])rovisinii,
nihil do 1j,,iIo
'i' convoc.ito
> ciim tanfiiiii
sset, ac j;,,ii
armatonuii
.'enire ne(,iie
o^'souf,, proi«
' seaLeiiffae
> facta isddii
ontenderei,t.
3 extreiniiin
tefenuerc.
1.1 II K a TK.IITTPS. Q
1. -Rrovi Hpatio intorjo..to, vix ut rol.ns, qna.s constituis- 1
: '. .H)llonii,ai,s at.,„o ad.ninist.audis tonii.us daretur
.-.tfsexounnbus pavtilms Ki^no d,.to .lccumnv, lupi.les
t,u-.saque in valhrn, conjicem Nostri j.rinu) intoKi-iH viril.us'-'
'Ht.N , r.i.ngnavo nef,..n „ll,„u fnisfra t.-hnn ox loco
IK-More aiittcro, ut ,,u,m.|„o pars casfronnu nudata
.•Msonbus ,,ro„u vidc-Latm-, 00 occnrroro ofc «uxili.uu
liT,., s..d hoc. sMiH^rari, quod diuturnifatn pui^nao Imsfcs;.
' '""^"'l""^'''"'^-^ ^"'>'^"^ ''lii intej^n-i.svinln.s s„r,v,l<.l.,,nf
"^nuui .vn.Mi a uostris propter i.anciiatc.a li.-ri niliil
l-erat, ac i.on modo d,>f.sso cx ,>nKna oxcndcndi, sed nn 1
.u,no cp.nloux oj„h loci, ubi ronslitorat, r.li„,,„cndi ac sui
i''ipi(Mi(li faciiltas diibatur.
5. Cu.u jiun aniplins I'ori.s sox .-ontinontor ,,M«nareturl
!ac ..0.1 sol.un vi.vs, scd ctiaiu tola nosf.us doli.-oront, at,,no
l'.;sus a..-ius iustaront lan^^ndiorihu.s.p.o nostris vallmn
MiMdcroet fossas ooinplero cocpis.seiit, ros.juo ossot jam a<l
.■x.roMunii povd.icta casum, R Soxtius Bmmlus, prinxi pilia
'■'■""•no, qnoni Norvico proolio coinplm-ilaus oonfeotu.n
VI. Monlu.H diximus, et itom Gains Volusouus, trilanins
"Hil.tum, v,r et consilii ma^ni et virt..ti,s, ad Gall.am
"•■^•'iiTunt at.,„e uuaiu osse spom salutis doce.it, si
".n,,..one facta extromu.u auxiliu,n experirentur. Itaquoo
' r''*^''^ conturionila.s colerite,- militos certiores facit,
l-^Md.spor intermitterenl j>roclium ac tantiunniodo tola
missa exriperent seque ox laboro reficerent, post date siguo
• . castris ernmpfirent atque omnem spein salutis iu virtuto
poiiorent.
6. Quod jussi snnt, faciant ac subito omnibus portisi
enipt.one fa<-ia ncque cof^noscendi, quid fierot, ueqr.e sui
colh,end. hostibus facultate., rolinquunt. Ita comuuxtataa
iMnV
4
Dt; BELLO GAUTCO.
amplius triginta anil! ,''''''°'"'""™ "i'li'"'^
Porten-ito., in ik,;™ 1 .'^ '"'^*""' ■■"''■l'""
'siia.,recini„nt On^ '*:'"/" '" «'■'«'ra mmitionesq,,,,
t.m,.„,/o:t .S r: :„"" r' "™"^"""- '"'■■--"
veni.,,0 n,emi„ej!j " '" '" W'*™" ™n«ili«
omnil™s„j,,,;' '.^^^"^ ■■op,a revrnot,,, „0,^™ .„
-ntcndit „0 „„1,„ hoste pvoiX 1"" .H^'r "™"
i-vinxitiw,,,:!:;;!;;;. """'"''^' ■■"■'» -■" ^"o'-^"^
^ 7. His rebus cesfk nn.,, ^ -i
.«-*am GaIli,„„Tx:fi ™ t '"."" """■* *'"«-
ndiie et ivirionn, n„ ' ' ' °"'^ <l"°1"o nation,..
'Ocean,,.,, in An-.l^Tiir: ll'Tni;;-™".^ T"."
Venetos. "osolitas, Q. Velaums cum T. Silio i„
' '" ^''■"■""'■am navij-aie cons,,,.
)ritas omnls
ives habeii!^
are consiic-
LIBER TERTIUS. 5
jriiiif, et scientia atqne usu nauticarum rernm reliquos
lanfL'cedunt et in magno impetu maris atqne aperto paucis
iHjrtibus inter ject:s, quos tenent ipsi, onuies Lee, qui eo
I luui'i uti consuerunt, liabent vectigales. Ab his fit initium 2
I vctinendi Silii atque Velanii, quod per eos sues se obsides,
S"')s Crasso dedissent, recuperaturos existimabant.
Ii<)nuu auctoritate finitimi adducti (ut sunt Gallorum3
suh:ta et repcntina consilia), eadem de causa Trebium
! T.'iTasidiinmiue retinent, et celeriter missis legatis per
sues principcs inter se conjurant, niliil nisi communi
^ coiisilio acturoB eundcmque onmis fortimae exitum esse
liituros, reliquasquo civitates solicntant, ut in ea libertate, 4
Uimm a majoribus acceperint, permanore quam Roman-
orum servitutcm perferre malint. O.nni ora maritinui.-i
'•'■'iritor ad suani sententiam ]KU'ducta communem
Ir-.ifioneui ad P. Crassum mittunt, s'i velit snos recipere,
ohsidos sibi remittat.
9. Quil)us de r(«l)us Caesar ab Crasso certior factus, 1
MiKMlipse aberat lougius, naves interim longas acdificari
in flumine Ligere, quod influit in Oceanum, romiyes ex
provincia institui, nautas gubernatoresque comparari
jiilict. His rebus celeriter administratis ipso, cum primum 2
['••raiuii tempus potuit, ad cxorcitum contendit. Venetis
'vi:Huac<iuo item civitates cognito Caosaris adventu, simul
qnod, quantum in se facinus admisissent, intelligebant,
Iei;atos, quod nomen ad omnes nationes sanctum inviola-
tiuuque semper fnisset, retentos ab se et in vincula
conjcctos, pro magnitudino jicricidi bellum parare et
maxime ea, quae ad usum na^'ium pertinent, providere
instituunt, hoc majore spo, .,uod nmltum natura loci
coiiiidebanc. Pedestria esse itinera concisa aestuariis, 4
"
hM
6
»E DfLf^O OAUJCO.
PWi'tei- f„„ne„t; i„o„i.u„ h '"" "<''*'™'' o.^<^>-oill
faraltatom Jiahcre mv,,™ ^ ' """""""s nr,,„o „11 J
'--'-' -.„, ^r;:;:'";:?"'"™'™."''^»"!
"I'am esse „avi„afio„e„ °' r.; " ""'''"^' "«''"I
-"»«ii« o„,„-,'i„ „, „f~';» --/•-eb„„t. „,, ,,„■
posita o.,t, arcossnnt ' '"^ """•'' ""s regie, J
^^^^^':r:!!Tz '"■"■■ '=-™--' -■» -J
■-WHO fa.t„ ro,t <,e,m ,: : I """!'"" «"".anonu,,!
1 II. Itac,„e T T r ™J'""""''- I
iscioiitiam hcon
nostros oxercif
"I se niorari pc
inionem aeciderei
lanos no(iiie uH
■>f-onim, iil)i l,el]j,;
^ovisso : no Jo,^
I'i atquo in vasi
^baut. PTi.s in,-
«■«•'•is in oppi,
'aesarcni j)rjni„i
'iriiuas j)os.sinit
liiDKU 'Jianii's.
sinos, Loxcvj,,
■"ffS ^ronapir.]
iiti'a eas regioiK
•^'\ 'I'las snpial
1 «<I i<l belli niii
1 I^omanoniiii,
s ob.sklihus, (ot
parte noglorf,..!
■e»t"i'. I(a,|u,
-'"IS studei-o of
oii""os auf-m
ncm.sorvifinis
'^]»al•<;ie^(lliIll
it
freveros, ,,iii
mittit. Huic
'J'le in of/i, io
^'^ arcessiti
iiifiir, si per vim iiavibiis fliinieu transiro concntur,
Kit. P. Crassiiin cum coliortibiis legiouariis 3
cim et magiio numero C(iuitutus in Aquitaniani
sci jubot, ne ex bis nationibus auxilia in Galliani
iifur ac tantao natioues conjungantur. Q. Tituriuml
mm legatum cum legionibus tribus in Vencllos
>.)litfs Lexoviosque niittit, qui earn nianum clistinon-
cmot. D. Brutum adolescentem classi GallicisqueS
HIS, .pias exPictonibus etSantonis reli(iuisque pacatis
iiiims convonire jusserat, praeficit ct, ciun prinunn
t. in Venetos proficisci jubot. Ipse eo i)edestribus
s fouteiidit.
Iraut ejusniodi fere situs oppidorum, ut posita ini
foniis lingulis promontoriisque neiiue pedibus aditum
iriit, cum ex alto se aestus incitavisset, quod bis
;(lit .semper borarum viginti quatuor spatio, ne<iue
iliiis, quod rursus luiuuente aestu naves in vadis
ictiireutur. Ita utracpie re oppidorum oppugnatioa
»ediebatur J ac si quando magnitudine operis forte ;j
cr:iti, extiiiso mari aggere ac molibus atque his opi)idi
ciiibus adaequatis, suis fortunis desperare coeperant,
uno numero navium appulso, cujus rei summain
iiltati'iu liabebant, sua deportabant omnia sequo in
'xinia oppidarecii^iebant : ibiso rursus isdem opportuni-4
iluis loci defendobant. Haec eo facilius magnamr.
[itein aestatis f aciebant, quod nostrao naves ternpcstatibus
Mnobantur, summaque erat vasto atque aperto mari,
gnis aestibus, raris ac prope nullis portibus, difficultas
tvigandi.
13. Namque ipsorum naves ad hunc modum factaei
■nnitaeque erant : carinae aliquauto planiores quam
w:-^
WPfw '
'1
< i ■ :
i< -■■:
'i
',,:
in: I
■
■
!
i
1
H'l
illlKII
M^^^Bpu
III
I
sH^^^
\ 1
1
wl^Rt
'
1
■
!
1
^^^^^E
■
:■
IB ' \\
i
1
p "i! JW
W '-i'' ^
■
bhI^Li'
■
BHHe-!
1
b£
i: ii '
.' 1 ; 1 -■
■
silBI^' ' H'* ^'Mv
pR' ll'l if^
m
|k: '^ ::■
^I^^K'
1
11 m
8
I>R I5KLLO QALtWo.
..o...i»„avib,. casus erat::::'^:™: """" ° ^
1 14. Complui-ibus expugnatis onn.Vlf» n
sprofectae ex portn :.oU '""^ ornatissi™
satis Bruto on . '''''"' ^«"«^itenrnt ; „o,,|
tas i^ruto, qu. class, pra,erat, yd tribuul« Lliim
LIBER TEIITICS.
9
I c'liturionibusqne, qnibiis singulae naves eranfc attribntae,
uonstabiit, quid ajvoront ant quam rationem pugnae
insisterent. Kostro euiiu noceri non posse coRnoverlnt • 4
tuiTibus aiitem excitatis tameii has altitiulo puppium ex
harbaris navibus superabat, ut neque ex inferiore loco satis
comniode tela adigi possent et missa ab Gallis gravius
a-ciderent. Una erat magno usui res praeparata a nostvis, 5
fidces praeacutae insertae affixaequo loiiguriis non absiniili '
forma muralium falcium. His cum funes, qni antennas ,j
ad nialos destinabant, comprehensi adductique erant,
i.a vigio remis incitato praerumpebantur. Qaibus abscisis 7
antennae necessario concidebant, ut;, cum omnis Gallicis
navibus spes in velis arm-mentisciue consisteret, his
eivptis omnis usus navium uno tempore eriperetur.
Keliqunm erat certamen positum in virtute, qua nostris
milites facile superabant, atqueeomagis, quod inconspectn
Caosai-is atque omnis exercitus res gerebatur, ut nulbnn
paulo fortius factum latere posset ; omnes enim colles acg
Io.a superiora, unde erat propinquus despectus in mare, ab
exercitu tenebantur.
15. Disjectis, ut diximus, antennis, cum singiilas binaei
ac ternae naves circumsteterant, milites summa vi tran-
«rondere in hostium naves contendel)ant. Quod postquam 2
l.arbari fieri animadverterunt, expugnatis conii>luribus
navibus, cum ei rei nullum reperiretur auxiliura, fuga
salutem petere contenderunt. Ac jam conversis in etuni
])artem ravibus, quo ventus ferebat, tanta subito malacia
ac tranquillitas exstitit, ut se ex loco movere non possent.
Quae quidem res ad negotiinn conficiendum jnaxime fuit 1
opportuna : nam singulas nostri consectati expugnaverunt, 5
rt perpaucae ex omni numero uoctis interventu ad terram
10
Dfi UKLLO GALLICO.
Pcrvo.ierint, cum ub ],ora {.,-.
occasuni ])ugiuiretur. '^"'""^'^ "^''^l"^ •«! sc.li,
16. Quo ])rooIio bollum v^ ^
^maririmae confectuu/e t nI'" '"" '°^^'"«^^"« --
o'uues etiam g-ravioris aelatf '"m °'^"'' •''^"'«"t"^'
-"t dignitatis fuit, CO conv^"' T^''' ^^^'"^"'^ «««-'"•
«"J^iuuefuerat in ununx loo ' *""^ ^"^^""^ ^i"-'
oi^pida defenaeront, Jmbeb-I!r" n ''''^"' ^I^'e^^'uhno.!,,,,,
^Caesaz-i dediclenrnt In n'n '^''' '^ '*'^^^i"« «^""-.t
^^"- «tatuit, quo diiigentiu Tn ",'"'""' '^^"""' ""^^^--'■
i-oli-quos sub corona vendidit.' ''"^ °''''" '""^*^^^ "^«'"«
1 17 DumhaecinVenetisgei-untur O nv, .
^ionuu perven/t.' Hi^ ^: ^:^';?^^!^*' "^ «"- Von.!-
""Pevii tenebat earunx onuH • "' ""^^'^ ^^^^ «"""»=""
«- auibus exex-citun"r """*'^'""' 'i"- ^^^^-oranr.
J'i«paucisdiebusAuIercxEw""' "T" ''''^''^' ' ^^,„0
^•f-fecto, ,nod au te! X^^
^clauseruntseqxxecumVxridovLt." "''''"^'' i^^^'^^
P^-aetereamxdtitudoundxqlTlT""T"^ '' "^^^"^^'^
latronunxque convenerat olo^ ^^^^^^°^-^"^J-mi"-na
'-Ilandi ab agricuCa 'n ?? ^"^^^^"<li «tudiunx,,, .,
^Sabinusidoneoomn^ s Mr? ""' '^'°^^ ^•^^-'^•-•
cumVix-idovixcontraeldultm"'^^^ "" ^^^^^^ '•
quotidieqxxe px-oductis cZ-T^J T '^^'''' «^"««^is. .
"t jam non solum host b„s ^^'^^t.tem facero,.
-niret, sed etiam no t^^Z IT^'^^^^^^- «'^^^'^^
ocax-peretur; tantamnue oninZ. "^ "^^"^^"^ ^««"^'J'^;
-^ -urn cast..: cr::^:::^---^
« 4.U Gel Ui:
tJ'
"squo acl solU
totiiisquo 01 af'
^uis juventiLs,
aliquid coiisilii
naviiun quud
tl'iibus amis, is
ivieniiuluiodi;,,!
SlUKjUO OlllJi.ji
esar vijidicaii-
!>us a barJjaii.s
senatu neciuo
n-ius Sabijuis
iines Veiui-
fi(' snininjiii!
■e (lefeceraut,
'erat ; at(jiio
lesenatu sno
ant, jJort.is
• magnaqiiG
mhominuiii
stucliuirKji
revocnhiv.
3e tenebiu ;
conse(lis!<( t
3m faceroi,
m Sabiiiiis
s noniij]:';
^'t, nt jai.i
W ea di;
LIUER TEUTirS'.
n
cansa fac.ebat, qnod cum tanta mnltitndine bostinn,
l).aosortnn eo abseiite, cmi summam imperii teneret, nisi
aequo loco aut opportunitate aliqua data legato dimican-
(luiii non existimabat.
18. Hacconfirmataopinionetimorisidoneumquendami
honunem et callidum delegit, Galium, ex iis, quos auxilii
causa secum habebat. Huic magnis praemiis pollicitationi- 2
l,..s.iue persuadet, uti ad hostes transeat, et, quid fieri
n^l.t, edocet. Qui ubi pro perfuga ad eos venit, timorem s
Konianorum proponit, quibus angustiis ipse Caesar a"
\enetis prematur, docet, neque longius abesse, quin *
proxnna nocte Sabinus clam ex castris exercitum educat
ot ad Caesarem auxilii ferendi causa proficiscatur. Quod 5
"1.1 auditum est, conclamant omnes occasionem negotii'
.one gerendi amittendam non esse : ad castra ire oportere
Mulfae res ad hoc consilium Gallos hovtabantur : superi' r
onin. dierum Sabini cunctatio, perfugae confirmatio, inopia
c,l.u.orum, cv,I rei parum diligenter ab iis erat provisum
siKvs VenetK.. belli et quod fere libenter homines id, quod
volunt, credunt. His rebus adducti non prius Virid^vLn r
■■elHiuosque duces ex concilio dimittunt, quam ab his
s.t <'oncessum, arma uti capiant et ad castra contendant
Qua re concessa laeti, ut explorata victoria, sarmenti^,
^ irutdtisque collectis, quibus fossas Romanorum compleant
ail castra pergunt. " '
19. Locus erafc castrorum editus et paulatim ab imoi
acclms circiter passus mille. Hue magno cursu contend-
enmt, ut qviam minimum spatii ad se colligendos
armandosque Romanis daretur, exanimatique pervenerunt
Nalnnus suos hortatus cupientibus signum dat. Impeditis o
ho.t,bus propter ea, quuc ferebaul, unera subito duabus'
¥R:-:
a
in i
... J -i.
»1
il !■;
12
DE BELLO OALMCO.
ioc, 1,0 ta„n „,»c,e„ti„ ,.c defatigatione, vu-tute mill
^Quo, .„,edi.oi inte, -rx,:: : ;: xr:::;;;;
.nag„„,„ n,™e..,„„ oo.™ occiderunt , reCreo ,
^co„.ectaU paucos, „u e. f„ga evasemn , re..^^Z
™o tempore et do navali p„«n„ Sabi'nus tTsal,'
«sa "''-iSrVrT"'' '"='"" ^■'*' "»•"•■'*«'- »■"-
^-ailoium alacer uc promptus est unimus, sic mollis
1 20. Eoaem fere tempore P. Crassns, cum in Aouiftn
^ e dnm, „b pauo.s ante ani.is L. Valenn. Praeconi,,,,,
S, exerctu p„l,o toterfeclus asset, at,,uo unde 1
S irr [r'r"^ --'^^'^ ..•ok,«..et, .';
Daratn i^„lf,- ^ l^^^visa, auxilns equitatuque com-
paiato, multis praeterea viris fortibus Tolo^n «f ij i
iDus, nominatim evocatis in Sonthtn,^, «« "?
3 introdiivff n • ^ (sontiatiim fines exercitmii
smtioduxit. Cujus adventu cognito Sontiates ma..,is
copas coactxs equitatuque, quo plurimum valebrt
~rrrr^ -^'^"^ ^^™ eques^^ti
colWerant/os^lZr^y— --^^
proeUum renovarunt. " "~ ^'"^^^"^-^^^ ^^-'^ ^^
LIBER TKKTIUS.
13
' opportunitatp
^irtute militiim
3 unum quidi'iii
rga verterout,
)stri consecuti
liquos equitcs
iquerimt. Sic
et de Saliiiii
que omiics ,se
a suscij)ieii(la
s, sic mollis
i-endas nicii.s
■ in Aquitaii-
;, et regiojiimi
parte Galliao
i sibi bell 11 Ml
Pr.aeconimis
lue uncle L,
fugisset, 11011
intelligeliat.
atuque com-
et Narboiie.
e his regioii-
s exerciiiiin
■tes maiiiiis
k^alebant. in
re prod ill 111
tsequentihus
e in insidiis
ictos adorti
21. Pngnatmn est diu atqiio acritcr, cnm Sontiatcsi
|ii|)t'rioribus victor! is freti in sua virtuto totius Aiiuitauiae
|aliitein positani pntarent, nostri autem, quid sine inipera-
3re et sine reliquis logionibus adolescentulo duce efficere
[(ossent, perspici cuperent : tandem confecti vulneribus
tiost(s terga vertere. Quorum magno numero interfectoa
piassiis ex itinere oppidum Sontiatum op])ugnaro coepit.
QuilHis fortiter resistentibus vineas turresque cgit. Illi;t
dias cruptione tcmptata, alias cuniculis ad aggorem vine-
lasiiuo actis (cujus rei sunt longe peritissimi Aquitani,
lliroiiterea (uiod nuiltis locis apud eos aerariae secturae
jHiiiit), \\\A diligcutia nostrorum nihil liis rebus proflci posse
iiitcllexcrunt, Icgatos ad Crassum mittunt seqiie in dcdi-
tioiiem ut recipiat, petunt. Qua re inipetrata arma traders
I ju.ssi faciunt.
22. Atque in ea re omnium nostrornn. intentis animis alia i
^ ex parte oppidi Adiatunnus, qui summam imperii tenebat,
ciiiu soxcentis devotis, quos illi soldurios ai)pellant, quorum 2
Iku'c. ist conditio, ;iti omnibus in vita commodis una cum
iis fruantur, quorum se amicitiae dediderint, si quid his
per \iin accidat, aut eundem casum una ferant aut sibi
moitem consciscant ; neque adhuc hominum memoriaa
rejiortus est quisquam, qui eo interfecto, cujus se amicitiae
(levovisset, mori recusaret : cum his Adiatunnus eruption- 4
em fncei-e conatus, clamore ab ea parte munitionis sublato,
cum ad arma milites concurrissent vehementerque ibi
piiiiuatum esset, repulsus in oppidum tamen, uti eadem
deditionis conditione uteretur, a Crasso impetravit.
23. Armis obsidibusque accept is Crassus in fines 1
Vocatium et Tarusatium profectus est. Tum vero barbaric
commoti, quod oppidum et natura loci et manu munitum
i|{ !
I Mil
r
i •
14
"R nRU-o uAXAAco.
P""«.» dielm», q„il„„ „o vo„„„„ „.„,
™rant, JeCT,„, o„„,„„^„,^, ''' " " "'■ '"'P"ffna(,,,m con,,
»i"ta- so ,Ia,e, co„h „1,7 '"' """J"™™- ""'-fc
'Q"on,m advent,, ma^na cu^ , ™°"'™ "'•"««•"-«I
fi-erant mnnmamnue soionti-,!, "° """"^ "'"'4
'Q-i "bi C-aisns In ^r"
"«om non facile did„™ ho ',J ' T ""'"''^ """"=■■ =-'•-"•
«' -W. .a.i» prLi ',^°:™ : ™f-^ ^' Via, „h,i,,„,
"'- l-„s,i,„n n„„e„„n "re" r™ '"" """'"""' "'
* »- m™ .e„u.e in.,,o.ir;:::r:;:;c:
««.nsilii ca,«ent, ex Jctab " T ™"*°"^' ^'M Los,,,
t»to di^icatn.0, exisl,b°ttr "'!"""" ™^'™"'- «
".otoria potiri et, si ^Ze. '° '''"'"'"° "'I-..
^^bsarcini. finflrmiore^^C' ,'"■ '*™ "" ''*'""''" "
consilio p,.„bal„ a duoib,^! ^ , '''" '^'"^"''•'ant. Hoc
"0.0 c„.,tri., fonebant Hrrr°""°"^ Ko,nanon,m co.i,',
tlllEll TEKTIca.
16
..r^ .ion t miKlo |,„B„„ret.,r telaque e:c loco s„,«riore mfcl
..on f„„tra acci.fe„„t, e,„ite. cuc,„ia. hoi 7^1".
Cn.,so ren„„ti„venmt „o,> ea.lem esse 3111«!!, a „b
Jecumana porta ca^tra ™,ita facne,„c,„e aditu'JtU
^O Crassus equitum praefectos rolm.fnf,.
wit, osto„,l,t, Jll,, „t erat imi^ratum, eduoti., ii., coI,ort-2
.s ,,,ao p,.ae.,i,lio c„.s,ris relictao intritae ab laW
o.ant et long.co itinore ciroumductis, no ox hostMm
™»tns con.pici possont, omni,™ <,c„li men .butn " a
::;r ':^,«^:rr"- "-- ™° ^-'---ibrpa ":<
Obtes undique cucmyonti desperatis omnibus ieh« «r..
c::-;r''"^'"™^""«-"''""r«'-i:: «r
" nlS r:'7""'^™'^ -"-P- oonsectatusex milliuma
conv!n^t T"'"' """' "^ ^1"»»"''' Cantabrisqne
^rcra":'' ^'^ "■^"^ "-'"^ '-^"-'^ -"'■' --"
!
1
10
DB BRLLO UALLrco.
'c,!l„to:,ir':;Li!i:.::: ■:;:;:'" r^ a,,,,,™,. ^„„
Eli..s„tc.s, Oat,.s A,K. 7 ' .'""• ^°™"'"' T»n,»„,a».
.Paucao ultimo „„H •„;;;:';'.:"• •'^""-;'™. Cooos„,o» :
M-a„ii„„„ »i:c ';,,': ::,"''' """'" '""•'"" «°'-
'|U0,I i„telIi.-ol, „, ?' '■"■'■'"° """*'""•• Na»,
.•.paiX 1 a r;;r:::.r' ™''""™"'»"""' «''^» ■"
si-tio paucis diebns crL^'^^ln Cn"'^*^ "^^"'^
extrema impediment, ab nostris^oTe" „ i' • ^"T ^'^'"'
«ilvas peterent, ejusmodi s,.nt ^olZ !'.''" '""""^
opus necessano intermiteereh r et co. f T"""''''''' '"'
'teienn, ot continnatione imbrimu
uitaniao sesc
in nujneid
I.S, TuniHHtcs
I, Co(!osates :
'. quod hionis
ropo oxiict.i
loata Moriiii
^qno ad eiim
s id helliiiii
"i lou^o jiliii
'■I'lil. Nam
H'lio COlltOII-
lie silvas m-
'enint. Ad
■fsefc castni-
visiiH ossci,
til)ii.ssilviN'
lit. Nostii
xilenmt vt
ocis secufi
ts caedeii^
! militibiis
'iarn, Qiuir
•ovullo ai|
'te mayiio
5ns atquo
dcnsloi'cs
cutae, mi
imbriiuu
IIBKR TERTIU8. jy
(lint ills sub pellihuH militos contineri non possent. Itaquo/J
vastfitis omnibus eorum a^ris, vicis acdificiisciuo incensia
Carsar cxeroltum reduxit et in Auierclw Xexoviisque,
ivliquis item civitatibus, quae ])roxinic bellum focoraut, in
liikTnis coUoca >•:!..
'>!
m'>
I IL
I h
i !i
For th<
Iiitroduct
(Imp. 1
tribe
I. Galbi
1. Cum
■' t'ausar ■
Iiimsolf le
out for I
dallia Cit
and map,
or perhaps
in IVjuit
• . . which
summits o:
2. Cansi
or 'them'
l)or,— ' the
(now know
north, was
Gaul.]
quo,— no
etc.,— '(the
'with.' ir
Note that a
i
NOTES ON BOOK III.
For the events duseribod iu the preceding books see fh.,
Introduction, §111., p, x. woks, see the
"'"?;ibe3?'~^""*"'' experiences amo,.,^ the Alpine
I. Galba u .ent to keep the northern route over the Alps open.
CAP. I.
1. Cum in Italiaui, etc.,-At the end of Book JI. we read
<aesar was anxious to go to Italy and Illyricum He
r; I af; >/Tr 't -^-^--i— - -nd^nfe:
n n, -' ^""^^ ^^^^ "^«^^« Caesar's province of
i.alUa C^ter^or or Cisalpine Gaul; see Introductiolp v
-I map, p XI. profleisceretur in,-' was setting ut for ^
or perhaps ' was on his way to ' ^ '
in Naintuatc8...q«i...pertinent,-'into the country of
or 'thern' .u trans. qaoci,-< that,' ik «because' it"r
er,-<the route (road) over,' lit. 'through.' [This route
now known as the Great St. Bernard Passfbeing w 1 to the
north, was especially useful for leading troops i'nto Central
quo,-not adv., but abl. of relative pron. magno cnm
et..,-; (though) at great risk and subject to heavy ^l!^";
^ote that consuem^i have become ^i.e. I am) accustomed.
r-^
20
I 'I
±>E BKLLO GALUCO.
J- Jinic,~i.e. Galha. perii.isit. . nti -Ht n.
mission to the end thnf- f,.n i ' hogavcpor-
M.a.2. HF.181 T) ' • ^'^ "^^"- ''''^ 'to-' (KC.
hiemandi causa^-App^Bf» f "««ntioned: where y
'-^ battle; ,ecu,ul,aa proc^Z^'^^'''^"'^"'''''' *° ^°''^
one way/ caHtelll X LTinf."' '*^ ^"'^"^^^^^^ ^'' ^
bolds of theirs,' or '^IrTZ^^^^^^^^^
the difference between^ho I in "'r.''™"^'"^'^^-' ^^«*'-
i",-' anion. ' rolil^S n '"h '"^' f "°'"^^ ''''°^-
these be? lurroductir n'T " ""' ^"" "^'-^"^^ -"'l''
93.2.) ""^^^ ''^^'^h'jwhynotr^worf;? (Ec.
5- qiii,-App.ii.i. i)ositMs...ooiiti„etii.. <• •.
•■•and is surrounded, (shut in ) . oT ' ''*"^''"'
"lajrna, etc..-' with a sm.ll i ' i .^P^'^^''^-^'^^»- '«on
APP.5.«. altissiinisAA^p lo' "" '^"' ^^"^^ *" iV lit.P
Ht!; "^""^^sl-ni^,:;- vae„amreneta,H,-...eated';
hiem«ndu.u,-Ipp39r '~ '' *^' difference? ,„1
With so„K.tlH„^ known o u^f '^^i^^^^-f 7.''"^ the new sontcu, .
modes of joininj, tln-ee words (orTlu so, n '""^' °"'-^ '^""^' ' " «^
§ 1. [In this idiom the adj Jei^u • i „.,,/^ "^"-"^"^ ««""««« ^iP's,
summo, a much rarer cni'r rc sr^*:^' ^^'•VH-'!»-!., e« .,,//
8 2. [For the form see Ran c hVi 3 Ig 2" . '''''^'"''
the active voice would do equally well tf/ r^?:''''^-^- ^" E"^'Ii h
^ L.'!t!n prefers
the
^jasaue
•■ 'ho gave por-
ifh 'to.' (EC.
'»• aibitraio-
■ iii. HF.2U<).i.^
oned : where y
'icere, to iigl.t
n a victoiy.
/ncfa ; but a
nsJafced all ia
everal stroi)<r-
olds.' Notice
ih idiom,
many would
^t ' ; why ijiit
quod? (EC.
-' is situatid
«N.B, Hon
3 to it,' lit.y
—'vacated';
Jrence ? a J
3 first wfinis.iC
iievvsentfiiio
The 1 wo
§1- fit is not
11.4; also iv.
'ff facts, ec is
'minus Alp s,
"f'-l., j« fi'//e
GO. H..|.|0.:'i.
Patejini,
111 EiifrlMi
3thepasai\e
NOTKS ON liOOK JU.
21
int with vorhs of dosiro.] Galha ; why in first place ? Five
Al.l.'it.vos Abso utc to^^.thcr, §4. [Thetwofirst, c«upIod hy que, give
the cause of the aclion expressed hy the next three ; these Ire
coupled by q^ce and et, et n.arkin,- off the last as the final result
while hetwcen the . wo groups there is asyndeton. Note tl,at as ,s al
he order ot tnne ,s followed hy the verbs.] Ad cum, where .« nu-M^
have been expected, §4, [explained probably by its being in a
a h oiute clause, whose virtual sub.ject is not the subject of the main
^ e. ..] Repetition of vicus in §§ 4, ,", 0. [A sacrifice of elegance
to clearness.] Various way.s of expressing purpose.
2. IliH hujion is suddenh/ threatened hy a superior force of
monntaineers.
CAP. ir.
1. hiI)eriioriim,-hcre not ' winter-quarter.s ' but 'the
tiniG spent in winter-quarters, (their wintering?.)' trans-
lii^ent,^tramiisse7ii (RCGfi.); irameo is here intransitive
with subject dies. eo,-adv. ' to that place, (thither),' refer-
ring to the village just mentioned.
certior,-i„r the case see EC.79.i. certior factus est,-
learned,' lit.? (lisceS9i8.se, teneri,~EC.101.i. HF 109 1
qui impeuderentj-may be rendered by one word in En-
lish. Monies is applied to low hills as well as to mountains
or mountain chains. For the mood see EO.OO.e. HF.20G 4
2. Id...acci<lerat,-u? refers to what has just been told
us, but IS explained more fully by the clause ut. . .caperent
»<l,--'this,' not the impersonal 'it.' ut,-' namely that.'
silbito,-emphatic from position, 'so suddenly.' belli
opprimen(lae,-App.40. (EC.lOl.i. HF.170.3.) cai)orent,-
for the mood see EC.99.J. HF.182.4. Consilium capere, to
form a design, adopt a plan. Trans, freely, 'this sudden
resolve to... had been taken for several reasons.' Three
reasons are given, primum §3, turn etiam §4, accedebat §5,
the last giving the real motive.
»■ \ I
lit
1
; 1
f
i 1
■ t
;
ki.t: 1
w i '•
m'
i(if
"m r
1 4'i
1 "'''<■
1' -. hiiiiiil
h
S2
l^y^ mUA> UALJ.Jco.
3. l»ilr:iiiiii a,]y ,
^ant. •^"'««'" trans. ^>ro^,<,,. . . _ ,i,,^,-^.^_
ueque earn plenlssiinain « „ ^
-:'i -ay ho renewed :,;;r,t"/'"'^^^'^^"«^-"^'^i.
-f l^or.' There i. no .^f^^Ctt '""''^^ '^^«""""^^
«^ ^^'iJion. detractiH,-W] e -0 ' *^« °«r,„al strength of
^^-oans 'nunnyof th J^'^;'::^''^--^^-'^'^-'•^- That
•l-'tachmonts. co,n,ne«t,.s - " '"' ''^'' ^'^' ^^ «'"='"
-»f size, (slondornoss) "„ ,tr;T'°- «'«"^'«"te»",-' its
"f ^^;--^--f the n^oui::!,!!::'""' ''^^ "^ «"-^--1
favorable ^II^;;'.!::;!::^,;;;^;' ^^'^-Hatem loci,-.^,.
opposition to the Eomin d.. "'~' "'"'^•' ^1»««'-^-
trans, by . ..^e ' or Sd ?'?''»•«!•«"*» 'lejicer.nt,-
immediately after ,uo.l, ' "'^- *^^^«"'"«»'a"t,-tra;s.
5. Accedebat qiio(l,-free]v n. •, ,
camo also (i.e. there vasZl'.n . "'f'' *^^''''' ^^*" ' «'^^e
(EC.lOl.A. HF.109.1.) ibs iU t. T^^^^ -- understood,
means of) the name LZlrl "" ""'^'-' "«<^er flit, by
fact see c.l. §4. ^^ ' ^^^«^«^cej of hostages.' Por the
sessionls,-depend3o:rc""r:ar '^ "'•§'• !>««■
f-tnet).' The plural «r C., -^ "ff'-' ^^^* ---tr/co.
'places'; soo tho Vocabulary fLI'^'"^ *° ^^ ^^-^«lated
«<Uunsere,-dependsc>n co'nari "" ^'"^^"^"^ «^ ^aul.
SIM» persuasum Jmhohn..* ',
■" '^- "-cro persuaded,' lit. <had
'^- \
NOTIOS ON ]UH)K Jir.
23
CMjivicf-.ioa l,n)ii-rlifc (o tliom ; <■ fi i i ,
^M>P-i. l<or tho (lat. s<.o B(J. 11.57. HF.KiJ.i.
«■xpl.u.atory addition of tl.e wnf,., •», , [C'o«r6'.v,s.«.r,<an
<:'.oi- of introdueto.J'^;;;;^;:;,,^,:^^: •• ''''^^V ''' """•'
.':"•'"•» -■■'<, and ea.so of .■e.^eo., i; i J?"; „ . ^ '"'■■' '^'^ '•''''■<'"'■
iK'ii Of suhif.o, ii2 ij. \'- ^''"P''''''"« R-iiincd I)v iiosi-
•■"«l'lw..siz,.d word'. ■ TeZ r '"f"'"' ^''' "'"' 1'"'^"'"" '>'•
fni"'. s..l',i. in indirect n^'Zn'v'TVl 'f'''''''''''^'-^'^- ^^ '• ITL.
H.'<'ond,u-y tons..] , , < , '' '""• ""''^^"'''^ '•"'f'"- '^
™. or pronouns .^," J: ^ j;;''^'"';» -'!' >— sivo pro-
<"■'•'"• i»H.c same s,.„(,.n,.M T> •'"•^f"""'*"*"". "lun tli.y
S.'i. [Virlually arc.Jo i, ul nn.siv '! '^'Vr''''''^ '''" '''■'''■'■'■''''''''''
'/"or^flanso foiloMin.. I r I , ■" ^" '"'•''^•' ''^ "'«
'■on.slr. [Note o.^Mlv nfto • , . 7 ""'■■ ^'•'■"■''- "•'■^'' I"'"«-
-'-.». ..,..«.,. sn, and «^«^;....,.;^' ^Tn.lr'r"' "''''"'-
Conner (from «liifli iroso ti,,. ,, ™7''''''- [•Sncti i.hrMscs a.s tlm
-ii «pocia, attonu.!;.ru " 2: :; r'r ""^'""^ ''"'^•" '-
■''••'■adypa.st; tlu.y u.arl. a ■ t ' ! "'" '■''•""'* ^'<" ••"' "<"■""
incMt.] n.'iivan ''I'-uncd condition, not tlio act of ,, (tain-
- 5. TheItomans,w/ioar,. i:/^j,rej,arcd f,
'"■*• l^^rd fighting, vmk.'. a ,af/g.
or a Hioge, after six
CAP. nr.
no,™ of the two subject,. (HO 79 „^ iY"*"''"" "'* *°
-.a.-ate,ete.- r»U,u.,_. ^ ™f-- P-.--- with
i:j:
21
I)K BELLO GALLICO.
q«o.l. exi,stimaverat,-g.ives tho reason for tho neo-locf
just montxoned. facta, ftccei»ti.s,-if r.udovo.l by tho .c° [^
voxco, ho suhjocts will bo difforonfc. „i„il . . Aii^^Uun
nndorstanc esse, Hhafc there was no ground f r i^ ' ^"
^«...n^mi) is repeated for emphasis' sake.
ac,~' and farther.' , snporiora loca,-' the higher -rou,„l
-thehexghts.' CVOU.l.l.ta,-with/..«;.mied,'or".C,:;'
^nlZio~7 °" '''V'T' "' ^'*"^' -'Z"-'an.l neith..,..'
«U..ll,o,-A].p..',...; freely, ' to aid them.' (Pa-,S2.,- JlF
I^n "\'^'"^J''^* °^ ^^'^--"^ i-^ understood (.-... their frien,!.,
Avhile Avith supporfari it is conuneaf.us. rAFost editions r.
-n^r^-, App.24., with which understand UssJ.]
^. <Iesi)erata,— trans, by princinil Inn^n. a r -
, ■I'^x .lou. <, xians. ODinions wfiv» /,v
pressed to tho elTect that,' lit. «opinions o t^^:^^^
expressed, namely that.'
^^vo,/ App.o.a.ui. i8(lem,=.;«Zc,u. (EC.GL) «uibu.-
'l)y .hud.,' or ' as.' (RC.rr.inz./-. HF.127.2.) porve s nt
Ipp 5 a ^r rll" "^ ^r""" •'"'"'" -'-<linate with ..,er,V/ ;
^^^^;" Htf' ""•'"" exporiri,-^to await the is.o
ov foverci
NOTES ON BOOK III.
25
Rf.B.— Position of Gallia, « 1. fof c i s i i ,
<Ucehant„r, §3, n,„l «Zac»i Tv fr. . «^'flT^'-C'ce of tense in
sionofopi,;ion; t.^^^S; L^^sS:;:'!"" "" T"'''' ''^r-
a transitive vei-1) « ! r<!ni.,rn , . ^^ -^esiJeTO used as
ways of ren, i ;. the ^^^ ''f,^'\'''^''"- "' "!''• ■'^"sol. only. ) Various
clauses of reason. [RC.o;^,; I Rmi.^^ ^«, m^""' t' "' """
(-l«.S7.)is more fri, e ]™ Wl ! "'h""'':-:"'''"'''''''
«;c»<»m or cowmm<«,,V ^ " '' '' '''" ^^■'^'<='' torn., /,•»-
CAP. IV.
1. intorjeclo,-' having intorvonocl,' lit.? yix lit -' so
1 .ins fieely 'after an interval «o short that, etc.' ,.o„.
tn 40 ^ ?'^' ^''''•' '^«^••'^"■•'^"Si"^.' or 'to arrange.'
App. 40. daretur,— EC.f)f)./i. hf 187 o "
Mrtibus,-clo not trans. < parts.' siffno (lato,-App..^, « •
ata given signal. ' <l«c«rrere,-historieal inf. App .Jja so
assegai. i„,_App.6. ^"«««'— "^ «ativo M-orcl ; cf.
2 l)rirao,-adv. No word meaning 'afterwards' follov.s
ut his .s implied in the opening words of c.5. i .to^H^
;^S:i^!^^:;- ^-•^-'-^-ga.'or'wh;;:'
csT' The r"'"'^' "' ' '''■' '''' «»l»eriore,-see on
tho plain """ ""' "" '^' ^'""^^^*^' ^^- ^'-^^^'^ i-
' i
I'i
i .»^ : ■
'' \.
!
f?G
1>K IJfiLLO OALLICO.
nt qiiae(iue,--0.n.n whrnovor nnv ' lif, < ,vLnn i >
from 9u».^„,. „„rt„t„ (I,WV..,soril,,is 'i i ''''''■
leave tho field -"i .l.xS.2.); ;,roc^,o excedere, f„
J;::'-!!::*-;,,;--»;- , ■■"" -"»'- «'-..■
etc' (lefosso 'f,. ''"^ »^^^'^ evon to...for loavin-
hau.e.:s^ lri3:t.r ^^^^^^^^^'"- - --
uses ana .cndc.-i.S'^f ■^;r^^ "^ *r"™'' ^ ^' bli-
«entonces roforring to Tast tit" ^'•«^^"«"t'^tive or 'whcnc,. ,-
or without ex. fRc 85 // Hf ,L J n a .^*'^^'^'' --^'id al>l- case, will.
(?'«^7e;»,«„„igpcncr.nllvomiffp w'l Allowed by serZ ««...
is com.„„„ to foth cl coX^^^l^^^ '"'•^^'^'^t^ («^ other wo„,)
accordance with Latin us' 4 V r ^7"''' '^^"^ *« t,<^ "'«■•« "'
i" Latin Of the neu^^^^^'i, '^:^!!^^ ""'''^'^^'-' ^
^vhon oacli ' ;
Lung strip jhmI
1, otc' (EC,
-matched) in
«lefessi,,
'OiiW; A))].,
excederc, t,,
iffcrent from
'cedebant,
ould relievo
irumrerniii.
I,— as oftf'ii,
op]Jortani(-y
for leaving'.
' to an o\-
i — ' where,'
-lit. 'hiiii-
incl tof?etlKr,
of sulycc't of
tivc ubsoli le
A-u. li.m. I,
Varidiis
. is pcculi.ir,
'wheiicvi i'
>1. case, Willi
,243.?).]
)y sed lie...
other W(inl)
1 thelattir,J
be more in
liabitual use
NO'ri;« ON uooK m.
CAP. V.
27
Mttor moro than aiv l,„„„' . ' "" ''""''• '«"'y.
'"-" .nay bo tho a,/» ^,' ' ,) „1 "'"'l""" ""'•'» ««-^.
.-u.,,a„.w..„tHjau.:;:;^:;:L;;L:^-g-
<«..■ men were becoming ij Jtl'^T,,^^" "'''"''■ f'" '"«' ")
-rnZ^t;rt::\.-~
>•.. ,..^i.. a/, crbir/rn^ ^;;r — °--«- §v.
li'.? Herv" „ „r„°i,"; ™^!r f f'o^. «« -^hai.Bto.1, oto..;
'«.. by Cau^o ce-oXaf ; ^r;::;„- .'■"!'"°"'' '"«'»'-
■"
^
ii
ft^l
1 ' '
,
1^',
m>
'14
..li
I'll
;1''^
lui
' :ii;r;|2S-
;,•
28
DE UKLI.O OALUCO.
'receive'; this seems bof for .'. .'~ '^'"'"'^ °^^^ ^^^-
post,-' (and) afterwards'; adv. rf>ferrir,,r ,
Sigriio dato,-cf. c 1 S 1 nfrm '^^^'''^^'"t' *o paultsper.
■vf.rrln,. to tl.e present lie Tay^^^^V'"' ^'''' ^''^"" ^ *«"-
n.'J. AG.277.6.] The uso of"!" , "^-^l^-^-*-- «A.181. H.l,;:,.
Pl"s, minus and Z««,*^<? I c if i" ? "^ iT ""'"'^'•'"^' « ^- fSo
=^'^-■•1 Sequence of t^'Iii^ul^^:'T'''- ''■'''■''■'■ ^'''
iii. BA.179. H.49r,.II. AG ^.sJTl '^^"' '"«'^"^'^' Presen.:, [RC.107,..
rn.ls may be elassilied as'subj of i„cli,3 /"""" "/"'««'•"''«"•^v-^
207.5. BA.522. H.5''3.III AG •-. '''"^' V:"'"""">d (RC.lOG.a. UK
of l.urpose with ut omitted oiriCr/T ""^ "'".•^''''''''""^'^' ^""'i"^'^
transition from the Indepe.Vj tSM,m..M '''l-'"-" " ''i-'^tn.tos .1,.
the dependent sni,jnneti!-e ? f , r "^' "' "'f '"■ '•""'■"-" '-
^ 3. [Very common in cases of comrist ] ^'^"'^'^'«" •^'^'"^'•^ J'"'^',
C. y/te Itomans succeed in driv!,,,, h^ -h ,i
CAP. VI.
1- quod,— relpron.: 'what 'or 'o='. j
understood, ac-introducino- a fnl ' '^^Pf"'^"'^ °"/---
liatia meant
ii-d oil,' lit.
ther up,' us
> — 'from or
pauliaper.
-this is thi'
Similarly th,!
roiug on and
Latin a ten,-,'
JA.181. H.ici).
rills, §1. (So
M17.N.2. Ad.
- [RC.107..,.
term ittere lit.
C.lOC.a. Kl-'.
itival clause
liistrntcs III»
connnaiid i,,
beibri! j/o.v/,
. fjllt think
on facere
n; cf.c.;!.
(EC. 85.«.
NOTics ox nooK irr. qc)
Ti.,.y woro fi.,hti„ - „1 f' '"■ "'°°"<-■='">S*emaoIvo».•
.■™,.i„g th„„:„ ': ■'? cThi'""" "■" '""^ '■■"""■ '■•°-
»'r.H,., „tt„,.], I.,,,' , • ™ ""' ""■l"'"» '»"»0(1 l.y the
liiMMMint ' nl, "'° f,?'"'»"- syntax so., EC.ir.iai. ro.
■ "ic|iiiini,_ allow (grivo),' lit. ■ leave'
''■'ly<'(l as jiaviiig com.', etc ' lifP *.>«*i •••acjvnow-
";:'"■" 77.—' «»"j'--'»ti„,_.,,,tt„,'it.? Lm^;°'
- » carolul to c„„„cct „. I„i. .,,,„r,oUl,u,: '
..;•;. n,;;:vith-'::t-,"'^''''"'' «^""«'— «"•» "^-0, «^
cl'".^oly as to make him throw awa^ia-n/^^^ "" '°
easily. Por the abl. ar.»". see EC 85.^ HF U 2 '' ""'
1 qnod-conj. saepius,-' any further'; lit. 'oftener'
«.''. tlian this one time. ottenei,
alio consilio,-' with one object'; see c.l So ."Rr- «-
HF.n.:?.) meminerat,-'remembered'-nn!"'; ^^^,-^,^-"^-
"i' i-'Pei-f. (EC.72.i. HF ^.j^g"^"^^""^ ' P^^P^^f. with force
vMl^t:!^::;;7^i;:VZh^^^^^'^''^^^"^^^^^^ "^ '^-^^^-'
ouod • in P ' ^'\^\]>^^^ memnerat and fi,?era< go with
mix me °" >?' "^ '"''' °^ ' "^^^'^*'' ^ -nnectif e.
... - ^^i-ft i>^rrtti... ^;x- «ie»i«y,i. coateudit,-' started.' '
30
»W miUA, CAUAVU.
opposing inrn.. Incoluni,.,, _ 1»;; • " ""'^ ""'""'•^
means ' went into wint.-r ..u.H,'; ''"' "''^" ''^"^'
»!'.'/.«. HF.l-:;... IKVJtIi Hv^^^^^^^^^^ [KM
"•'^'. i^v.:i:a o..., h. ' T '""t'f "f"'" -•"'• '-^•"'•«- i.v.
trnnsitivc verb, but tbc vvri ,/''''''"'' "'"' "'"'•- '« an in-
i."IH'rso„aI constructional .;:':;• I Vj ^'"■" """-■-• ""■
nnincrals. [i-f.c.r,. S i i t..... .' ."''"« 'I'i'l "'»y'/i«« win,
[^vbi.h .sbuuhl come between V,^ ml! '"" "f '""" "^''^''^'^'''^'^''^ S ..
reereneeorperfectan,l,n-eHent,ntrc rm ; Tin,,.
BA.llO; 411.] Trans o ' V , /^^"'-•«•'■- " i-MOO.l.; lOi.:
tive, S 1. [It i, ^^cnera V Ln,,^ ?'• ^'^"''''' '"^"f""'i"ff an,.,.
«.V. BAA2r,.] SJ ^"" venlent to u.. „ in.out.' kc-
Chap. M6.-The war with the Voneti.
CAP. VII.
1. His rebus,— roferrino. fn «ii ^i,
yea. („„, «,e la^tfow^pC: X;:r;/,.f ° ■'^'"»"
--ly^j moreluiiycxpiuuifii
NOTRS ON BOOK III.
31
l.y ouiwratis. ..Seduni». oninilms. . .exlstlllinrot.-fretly
• \nu\ ov,..y rousou to thi.ik.' |.Hcalam. -understaml e,se. '
siiperuUs, otc. -tho .ml..,r i. m.t chn.uologicul, but ^ouiu-
ni^ly geographical. Tl.c c nquust of the JJdgae is toM in
lik.lI.c.l-33, tho war with Arlovistua in I3k.I.o.3U-51 tho
aefoat (?) of thu Alpiuo trihes (of whom tho most important
done la nioutiouu,! 1 in Bk.ILI.o. t-(i. Soo Introluction, § III
No roioronco is maclo lioro to tho d..foat of tJio Helvetians
atqiio ita,-' nn.l as accordingly ' ; for cum above goes
also with proferta, esxet. Inita liieiiH.,-abl. absol. ; freely
'at tlie beginning of winter,' lit.? lllyricuiM,-part of
uosars province; see Introduction, p. v. eas,-' those '
vu. of Illyricum. roirioi.os cogiioscere,-' become ac-
quainted witli the country.'
2. Ejus,— 'this,' tlie one just mentioned; lit. 'that'
liaec,—' as follows,' lit. ' this.'
tt(Ioloscons,-'tho younger,' to distinguish him from his
father (the triumvir), an.l his brother, M. Orassus, who also
uas with Caesar. The term adok. ,.., pplicable up to
.iU or 35, and even 40, years of ag(
proximuH marc Ocoanum, , ,v near the ocean.' (RC.
8,i./.ui. I rroximm, an tulj. ^^uu ( ,a,s,m ; mare the general
kTm, Oceanu, particularising, as we say Lake Huron, River
Jhames, etc. In,— ' among.'
3. Is,—' ho ' ; in Eng. should be nearer the verb, locla —
nee on o 2. § 5. pra.'fectoSj-these were Roman commanders
of allied {i.e. Gallic) troops. COmplures,-with civitate,
4. quo in ,nimero,-'of these,' lit. 'in which number.'
turlosolitas,-the accus. plur. of Curiosolitea. (RC t'» d
iiF.274.) Veiieto8,-not to be confounded with the Venoti
at the head of the Adriatic.
.N.B.-Transitive use otineo, § l. [So always in Caesar in time phrases
e.g. zmta aentae; but Cicero uses it intransitively, ine^n^te acZl\
Caesar s jurisdiction and previous catnpniirns in Gaul fSea
Introduction, S 1II.| Use of is, referring, l.a.u-, ..„d '".f iS
looking iui ward or referring back. [KC.a.'.a.] " Syntax ot>ro»!
\ ' fl' '
]
ir
.J,M
1 *«Hl
i m
82
DB DELLO GALLICO.
CAP. viir.
Vcnea^'C "*^!:r*'' ^"»t mentioned, ™ „, .he
belongs to, Z if'\Crr"^"7'''' "'•''"' f'-
that neighborhood. ^"'"■'''■'' ^I -1.9.10.) «arum,-,iz. i„
e...lncei;,';;r:7:;,,*r,rrn.i^f -^- ''" -«" --
cC.Tdr"r:;7iL:.i\tee r4i::e\r '■■■ -
s,x htat- rh:i"r ^) • -r.r,-
Hr.100.6.) ,,„„,.,°'"'""' ""'»'»'»•' (KC.85.0.
to pay tolls or tribute.' ^ . "euy, force (oblige) all
2. Ab his fit iiiitiiim,-' these sef «« .
first step ' ; lit.? i.,itau„ re „e, nli T'"'' '' '''' *^^
expression for 'exazx^ple of seizWtl' '~? '^"^''^^^^
and V.' Trans, freely UT -^- ' 'r°^' ^^ ^"^"'^ «•
mood see EC.99.e. Hp'^SoG 4 ^^""^' ^^«•^^«««"t.-for the
ntt'^'rirpan*!;':!''-'^"^--^^ ^^ their example.'
the predicate. Ti-ans freoW . » '""'"'""' "M-tPCcW) is
of the Gaul, to iZVZltZZ'ZlT' "^"°' °""°"'
lit. ? rapidly and unexpectedly ' ;
Ht"" afarrr* T""""'- """ - •»"J..ra„t,-
■pledge .hc::e.r,hrfSo:;7 *™-'™' ■ '--•
o.m,„„„l ««asm.,-, by „„,,,4, ^^^.^^, ^.^ ,^^ ^
NOTES ON BOOK III.
33
common plan.' (RC.85.e.HF.71.3.) acturos,-understand
me and as subject se ; trans. « to do ' ; similarly laiuros.
euiidein, etc.,— 'and to endure the same issue (result) in
(lit. of) all their fortunes.'
4. sollicitaiit Ut, — 'urge to.' (RC.99.a.2. HF 181 3 )
perinanere in,-' hold fast to.' accoperint,-' they have
inherited (received).' (E0.99.e. HF.2r : 4.) The tenses of
accepermt and malint are due to tJ . historical present
mlhcitant ; cf. § 5. Romniioriim servi....em,-' bonda-e to
(ht. the serving of) the R.' (RC.Sl.d.) °
5. Sliam, Sibi,— referring to the subject of mittunt; siios,
-to the subject of velit. App. 14 and 15. perducta,— ' hav-
ing been won over.'
remittat,— depending on the idea of saying implied in
legationem mittunt; trans, '(telling him) to restore.' For
the mood cf. on inter mitterent, o.5. §8. Yellt,— for the
mood see R0.99.A.iii. HF.209.2.
N.B.-Predicatlve gen. of Dossession. [Ihijua est civitatia, §i. The
order is against taking ampUssima aa tlie predicate.] Force of
atque; [§l, twice. It introduces something of even more import-
auce.] Condensed expression (bracliylogy) In § 2. [Ab liia...
veianu.] Juxtaposition of shos se,§ 2. [See n.b. to c.2. § 5 ]
Agreement of retinendi with nearer substantive. §2. [RU.78. BA
47.b.] ut with the indicative in general statements, § 3
Difference between atibitus and repetitinus, acientia and tmis
Force of per with accus. of per..n ; §§ 2.3. Omission of ae with
In m. [§ 3, con3ura7it acturoa. RC.loi.6.1. Here the use of the phrase
inter se helps to explain the omission, which causes no ambiguity or
lack of clearness.] Difference between acceperint. § 4, and the
common reading acceperant. fThe latter would no longer be re-
garded as part of what the Gauls said, but an addition of the author's
stating an historical fact; a very unlikely turn of expression in
this case.] Use of auua and se, especially In § 5. [Suam In an
abl absol. clause referring to the logical subject (i.e. the real agent)
ot its verb perducta; contrast missia ad eum legatia, c.l. §4 and
N.n. For «2«os and seW (both regularly used) see KC.91.H.] ' Use
of dut. sibi not ad se, with remittat, §6. [The idea of giving back,
(dat. of interest), predominates over that of sending back, (limit of
motion).] Subjunctive in indirect n.nrr.ution for Imperative of
direct i [8 6, remittat. See also n.b. to c.6. 8 a.]
) I
34
9. Th
campaign
DE BELLO OALLICO.
CAP. IX.
1. abernt,— from absum loii«..-„u a
too far to bo able to JLJl^T'~^'^'^-'^^- '^otar,U.c.
C.7. § 1. . ^"""«^ to tJ.e matter in person. See
in^::;;::!:^^^^^^ n. ■ ion, ship,-
onerar^ae) which .vore broa.ler, amilts swift '"''' ^""^"
quod,— takes its gondei- fVnm y? •
organuod (almost^trained) ' hn T / 1 '^^^"'"''^' ' *° ^'^'
'to be procured.' ^' ^^" ^^""^^ «^ skilled seamen,
(the season) allowed.' lit " w7en !ir°."'; "" *^^ ^''"^ °^3^«--
means of, etc' " ^"'^^ ^^^^ could (do so) by
3. COgrnito,— trans, by ' as ' n»f < t
atthesametime,"rand)l;.r '''"."•' «^'"W»-' (and)
, . „ ' '^'^^'^"^'^"'■'•cotijecios.
intellegebant, Ann on
'had admitted to themlre' , ^T ''"^^ "^^^ ^--^rnitte^: lit.
guilty of. (RG.m.d. HF.176^2.) ^ ^"'"' ^^^«'"solves to be
le§ratos...retentos etc — i •
esse understood) depending 'n y "'r/'^"'""'*"'^"^ (^^^^^
^otainin. ambaLadcL,- f/ . °", J7^'':f ^-^' f-ely, «i,
had been detained.' fl„„d „1"'^' ^^'"'^'^ ^'"^^'-^««adors. . .
trans. ' a title which'' or "'"r''-;?^---g to /.,«,«„,
digrufios these foraging-;fficersJ;.ri"''' ^'"''^ Caesar
iugly that he may have a bJ ' "' "' '^•^"^^' ''^^^-
cau.pai,n. a.,,-<^amon: ' f.^^t '"e?;'"' ^^^^ ^"'"'-"^'
NOTKR ON liOOIC III.
35
pro,-' in proporti ,n to (in accrdnn.-o with).' ml i.suii.,
.•tc.,-'aro us,.C„l (,u.„,in.I) for ships,' lit ? '
hoc mu.jo..o H„o,-' and all ..ho ,noro mnfidontly,' lit
thmr hopu ( ...xng) greater l,y this (i... for this reasonf' F ;
/.>c see KC.H. , ii. UF.-,8.,, tor spe see RC.8r,.o. HF l.,0 5
multum <.Onlld(.|Mn.t,-'thoy trusted greatly.' Co
natiini, Il(;.8r).Z;.iii, ^Pp.J.
t. lNMlOHtrla...j.„;o|.H,-.the land approaches wore in-
;-;;;m; - .' i...l»odllam,---„nderstand ..... insclentiam -
(Mil lack ol ac(iiiaintnn(;(! (with).'
'•>. nO(|m.,-'and...not.' dM,ti.is,-'any length of time
('>r very lung).' lit.? App.lO. ° "» "mo,
0. nc jam ut...,o<r?'»e.cnl;,-<„nd oven if in the end
ovorytnng turned ... etc' (R(;..fU.ii. J,F.ic,n.7.) "7
posse-depend u.g on ro./,/.i„„i, or rather on a verb «f
M.mk.ng to bo understood from eonjihhanf. ; so haf.re nnd
wlale) the R. OOrum. . .osseut,- freely, < of tho seat of
uar,yu,.? novisne,-' were (lit. had become) acqnainted
^•/«"^«/'''«•"'-'f'^i'diffmonfc.' concluso ,narl,-moan.
lug tho Mediterranean. vaslissim«,-trans. by positive
with or without ' exceedingly.' App. 10.
«. His coiislliis,- those mentioned in §3.
9. Ul»i, - ' whore,' not ' when.' prlnmm, - adv. con-
HlaDat,- It was understood.' q„am plurhnas possunt -
iw.TiZ) """' ""' ''°'''''^' ^'''- ""^ '^^'^ ''"")•' (^^^•^•*-
10. socios 8ibl,-'as their allies,' lit. 'as allies for thom
se vos ' (RC.77. HP.HD.o, „,,_.,,,, ^ view tl' poX
est,- lies (IS situated).' This illustrates tho reason c!esar
gives in Bk.IV.c.20. for invading Britain-that ' ho Cw
that n. a most .11 the w.rs with Gaul auxiliaries wel
.urmshcd to Che euemy irom that country.'
36
DE BELLO GALLICO.
^'^LinTf' •"'*' "^ t'omparative with standard of comparison
omitted, [longzus. §1 ; cf. mepius, c.(;. § 4. RO.88.6. BA 57 6 1
Asyndetou in enumeration, § 1. Cuviprinmm, U. [witl. indie
of ,.o,nt of t.me; less frequently, as in II.2., with imperf u Mof
peno, of time.] Use of per with possL, § .. [So vi L/
The absence of obstruction is rejrarded as assistance.] U e of
3^0.;^ ;T *""t *' "° '""'^'"^ "' «"^J<^^'' '''■'• [KC.92^.iv. BA,
«« ; 3 1 ^""i^''''^^^;""' «f -^''teccdent in relative clause. [qu,.i
nomcn fe.S.] u.se of hoc anticipating a quod sentence §.<) fS..
.0. Tins is found chiefly with comparatives, or won ,np,yi„f
c mpanson, (cf. 3uperari, c.t. §...); it seems in such cases Lb" 'a
vv '.-" bTnn"''!- '^'^r''''' approachin,^ if not Hnally identical
Tsv :,eT\'pJT"-^ , ''"""■"'* emphasize,! by position and
asynaetmi. [Pedestna and «a«/^«<^«em, §4; *. nnd A'.,„a«o« s;.; |
>,..• i'f "''"^ ^"'"■' *■"'•'•*'' ^'•'^- t'^c'-.V <^"mmon with verls of
S"^- .,?^r-r-"- «A..S7.N.1,.] Uf. concessive, S 6
Posse with adverbs and witiiout a complementary infin. § 6 4.
and a<.i»« m §7: [e..pecial!y tl,e use of at,jm after alius. BA 01 |
rir.i4d.N. AU.J3.6.] Various uses of arf.
10,11. TAe reasons for nmhrtahmg so diffimh a ivar
Iroops are sent to keep other parts of Gaul quiet, while Caesar
by land a»d Brutus by sea attack the Vcneti.
CAP. X.
1. Erant,-' existed.' gereinli,-trans. by ' in ' ; App.2.c.
muita,--explained by the words injuria. . .arbitrarentur.
2. injuria retontorum, etc.,-' the wrongful detention of
K. knights, ht. 'the wrong as regards the detained E.
knights t.e. 'the wrong consisting in {or done by) detain-
ing. [Most editions read injuriae, to be translated in
the same way; the plur. referring to the several cases uf
seizure.] cqiiitum,- the ' knigl.ts,' or members of the eques-
trian order (to which rank the trihuni militum generally
l.cl«nged), were the second order in the state, coming after
tlie ' senators.'
•* ■ !
NOTES ON BOOK III.
37
rebelllo,— ' renewal of war,' not ' revolt,' which is defectio.
facta,— may be omitted in trans, ne. . .nrbitrareiitur,— a
substantival clause co-ordinate w. the preceding nomina-
tives; '(the fear) lest. . .should think.' (KC.99.a.l.ii. HP
185.3.) ne^leeta,- trans, by HV parte,-' district or
quarter.' sibi idem licere,-' they might do the same,' lit.?
3. intellegeret,— 'knew.' (EC.99.f;.ii. HF.203.1.) novig
iclms Studere,— ' were fond of change.' (EC.82.e. HF. 106.9.)
mobiliter,— i.e. on sliglit pretexts.
autem,-' while.' 0<lisse,-tran3. by English present, as
stating a universal truth ; so the second ntudere. For the
defective verb odi, see 'RG.~2.h. HF. 145.1.
priiisqnam. . .conspirarent,-' before. . .should {or could)
join the conspiracy.' (EG.99./.iv. HF.201.5.) partiondniii,
-understand me ; App.41. sibi,— E0.82.f?. HF. 173.4.
Rf.B.-Empluitic position ot crant, [really existed, were Metually present]
and oUamen [which gains 8trci.«th from heinj? so far from its usual
place ; cf.c.9, § 6.] Asyndeton in enumeration, § 2. [cf.c.9 § 1 1
The perfect part, with a noun, with the foT'ce of a frerund or
abstract noun, [retentorum equif.um, §2. Tlie participle is not
descriptive, hut contains the essential idea. Cf the gerundive con-
struction, esp. in the pen. RC.II.23.5. HF.219.6. IJA.417.1. H .-iio 5
N.2. AG.202.a.] Facta used with rehellio, but omitted (and net
to be understood) with injuria, defectio, and co7ijvratio,!^2 [This
IS because of the addition of pni.t cJcchtiomm, the connecting of
nouns with nouns by prepositions being very restricted in Latin 1
Intelleao=scio, %3, [' know ' rather thaji 'perceive '; so only
In pres. and imperf. tenses.] Use ot.priusquam with subjunctive
of purpose ; [denoting something to be prevented. KC.!'!)./.iv. HF
201.5. UA,4 12.] Tense of incitnbant, § 1, and piitavit, § 3. " [TliP
Imperf. of deliberation, the perf. of iinal resolve.]
CAP. XL
1. cquitatn,— 'some cavalry'; see § 3.
2. a(leat,-trans. by infin. with 'to'; so contineat and
prohibeat. (Ea99.«.2.i. HF.1S1.3.) officio,-' allegiance.'
The Belgae had submitted to Caesar in his campaign of the
previous year; see Introduction, p. xii.
i-i
II
in!
38
" i, I
DE BELLO GALLICO.
in.' per vi„r 'SiT "m f'"' ""' ' *" ^^^^^ ^^-^ -1'-?
^ij^ Who ...0 na.ve auxSial " Is^Lir ^^L ^^:
n? 1?;;? l"'"^"^^*^^- Introduction, p. xvi.
ne. . .mittaiitnr,— Ann '>o « • c» . •
"f troop,, was I„,„. at a ,1 Zc.: " T'VoT 1 ■"""' """'
"c;, oth,.,-, but ,,,,„ th„ y,„;°V '"■ '-"1"' "K"'.' not ton,
r>. «,lolesceii(ciii,-of.t,.7. 82. cl,i„l „r„»ii,.i, ,,
in command of,- oto. (AmT7/ml1'^^':r''
'fricmlly or subject,' lit? ■"-'•«^^•'20.1.) pacatis,-
N.B.-Syi)taxol>;Y,M'„,„«. SI. fSoe n n to n 7 ax'-*i. ..
is tl.e usual constr ] «, l- ^ '*^ "''' "f^-i- «le d/i 1 ,
With ut ; sec N „ oV. on ^S;;;;^ '" "IT"' """•'«'• ^ ^- f^'—l'^
§2. [This is not, like 00^,,/ , Tr ■' , ^""'^ ofrf/c«6a„^,..,
j^ jxpiaua^r, note j:r;;:a^:;: l^ss^:^-7-;.^^
torical present. [Where the hi,. „ ^'^"''"^'' "*" Senses with hi,..
Pres. (as in i§ 2,3.1) „;Tni ft i.fn' ^'T^''^ ""^ «""•'• '"'^^ ""
follows, the imperf. mhj (nl ul^, ut" t^' " '"''^ "'*^ "'^*- "'-^-^
Omission of am ^ym tJZZf ^^ '''"'■• ^^^'•^«"•«•iii-]
any Of the troops Vm. vS 'r,2r„::;!'^"f ' ^ ^" ^^" ----
as a modifier.] p,„„,.,,: 'Z2^w "^ "''""' """ '^'^- '' •'■^''"
NOTES ON BOOK 111.
39
12, 13. The liomans spend mod of the summer in useless
anempts on the to^ns, Me the enemies' ships, v^hoselnrZ
Uon ^s descr^led, hace many adjutages oZ the liomanj'
CAP. XII.
1. ^'Jiismodi fere,-' for the most part .uch.' situs-
rans. by sxng. The plur. refers (according to Latin uaL)
o the sovera towns, posita,-' being situated (sit'a ed ^
(KG 88 (extreinities, points) of. etc.^
=ttj::!:r;^srs;2^r^^^"'^^" ^^"^*^-
qnod,-' because.' minueute,-App.o.a.N.; trans, 'when
was ebbing.' nfHictni-AnfnK + J . ^^"1-"
(RC.98.C.) "™'t.iaieiitur,-trans. by Svould be.'
2. iitraque re,= ' by both circumstances or in either case '
3. ac si quando,-'and even if at times (or, more freX'
j;:. Ti- T'"'-'"' *'^ ^i^,e.Lis,^ exXd
by exrusoadaequatts. superati,-' being overmatched ♦
as-roemg with the subject iVeneti understood^f J™ '
extruso, adaequatis,-trans. by ^when' clausripp.
0.«. Ins,-*.e. affgere ac moHbus, not w. moenibus, which is
dat. inoenibns a<l«eq,.atis,-' built as high as rlsed to
the height of) the walls,' lit. ' made e,ual tote ^ilTs' ' '°
sms. . . lesperare,-' to despair of (lit. lose hope for) their
chances of success.' For the dat. see EC. 82 i
CuiurreT'" o7"v'j °''"" co-ordinate with dcportabant.
cujus rei,- of whlch,'-5«ar^.m. [This is also taken as
objective gen. ' for whicli operation.'! fa«,.ltatn,„.._ ' „h
mg to the translation of cvju> ra^^ either ''abundance 'or
<\f
40
DE BELLO OALLICO.
'facilities' dei)0rt«baut,-tran9. by 'would': App.26.c •
so recipiebant and defemlehant. » ^^ •.
4. i8(lem,-cf. on c.3.§3. opporluiiltatibi.s loci,-' ad-
vantages of positj.ijj-..' '
5 eo faoiUus,-' tho more easily,' lit. 'more easily l.y
th^s^for thiB reason);' of. on hoc, c.9. § 3. partem, - EcfsS.f
8iiiiiiiin,-with difficuHas. vasto. . .portiIms,-App 5 «
N rurls, etc.-' as tl.ere were few and indeed scarcely anv
(lit. almost no) harhors.'
lui itdoosit ...thcT emphasizes ti.e fMct .stuted (.-fclO «1 ; ,„• i<,
used (as in Si. apparently), as the n.ost ...neral word in the el ,
opr^rF ;r. ^':''-"^'"r-^ -"•" -" -^---n. .. sp..,c ;;;:::
topic, (t. Enj,'. 'now there w.is.'J C'«m = „ luMiever «in,
pluperfect s„,,i„„,tive, § 1. fThis is rare in ch,sk-U , ,
'""'"'.' ^1-, T'"« '"'^y '>e ref,'arded as the apodosis of an inco m„lw,.
Z^T^ '""-"7'' ■"• '"■ ""^ "■«'••' "• •'•■V t» approach.' 'l
reiLueo to the past, 'tlie jwtential of past time.'l Usenf n.nc .
aespeio [Dat; Ahl. with de (more frequent in Caesar than in
fn n o ^ I comparative antieipatinj, a quo,l clause. fSee x ,/
CAP. xrir.
1. ]Vamqne,-oxplaining why the Veneti had not the same
difficulty. Ijisorum,-' their,' emphasised; App.l7.a u.l
taeqiie,-' built and rigged (equipped).'
carinae,-subject of erant understrod. The verb may l.o
omitted in trans. quni.i,-supply 'those' in trans, aft.r
quam. quo,-' that ' ; with po,,ent. (E0.99.a.l. IIF 183 5 )
NOTES ON nOOK III.
41
excIpere,-« stand (meet).' Tho term applies better to de-
cesmm than to vada.
2. nccommodatne,-' corresponding'; the pr licate.
3. totae,-' wholly,' lit.? aa...perfereiidain,-App. 40
qiiamvl8,-'ai,y'; from<7myiV
4. traiistra,- generally means tho cross-benches for
rovvers but the Veneti did not use oars in these vessels.
podalibuH m altitiidinein,-'a foot thick.' coiiflxa,-» e
to the sides of the vessels, (li^itl poUicis crassitudlne,-
■ ot tho thickness of one's thumb.' (EC.85.C. HF. 131.9.)
5. pro,— 'instead of.'
0. pelIos,-i.e. rough hides, tennlter coiifectae,-' thinly
dressed (worked thin).' ejus u,s„s inscientiam,-'lack of
acquaintance with its (i.e. Ii7ii) use.' (RC.81.rif.)
eo. . .quod,- ' for this reason. . .that.' impetus yen-
tornm,-' violent winds,' lit.? sustiueri, r(.gi,-depend on
/mse, which has a different subject in the two cases, tanta
onera navium,-' such heavy vessels,' lit.? nou gaUs com-
mode,—' not very easily.'
7. con.^re8SHS,-anoun. Trans. ' an engagement between
these ships and our Hoot was s.icli.' lit. 'an engagement
with those ships was to our fleet of such a nature.'
uua celcritate,-' in speed alone.' (EC.85..Z.) prae-
s<aret,--it {i.e. our fleet) had the advanta-e.' (EC <)f) 7>
HF. 187.2.) ^ K^^^-'.i.o.
roliqua,-' all else.' pro,-' considering {or in view of) '
Replace tho second pro in trans, by ' and.' illis,-femil,ine
ivforring to ,mvUjn., ■ ' for them ,' that is, the enemy's ships '
emphatic by contrast, accomuiodatiora,-' more conveni-
ent.'
8. Neque,-'not.' his,-;.^. the ships just referred to in
tilts, §7.; for tho case see RC.82.e.i. HF.1()5.9. nostrae —
supply naves. rostro,-see Introduction, p. xxiii iu lis'—
freely, 'their,' Jit.? '
42
DE UKLLO GALLICO.
adlffebntnr,-lit. 'was thrown on them»; freely, 'could
roach the... ' minus commode,-' not very well '; cf „<m
satta covimode, %H. j- » ^ , oi. non
9. Accodebat ilt,-with same force as accedebat quel see
«ote on c.2^85. With ut connoot /errent, consiJrel Z
,« (Ro.90.i HF.187..., se ventodedlsseat,-'th!y
(«.c. the ships) ran before the wind,' lit.?
in*V;f*'~'\°^^"''"^-' *" '"***« coi.8l8terent,-' rode
in shallow water'; others, not so well, translate 'grounded
bv he'rd > ,. n "''*" rellctae,-' when -left (Stranded
by the tide.' nihil,-' „ot at all or not in the least.'
J^ir^-^iwT «'»»*Hm- •«asi.8,-lit. 'the happening
Cor the risk) of all which things ' ; trans, freely, ' whi'o in lu
'bl'TETstrnVJ^i'r^^'^^^'^P^-' ""VlbU8,-trans.by
by. KC.82.d HF.173.4.) erat extlmescendus,-' was to
be, etc.'; more forcible than erat timendus.
«avium, 8 1. [In.. ^^Its^Sy ' the kee strtCc" '2"";"'"
nucu 11 wouia ue In the same case in eaoh Tho no,, „« „
relative, „«„,...„, 88, The Mlom ac«rt„ „, "S
aepei)tlii,B on „1 (eoiipleil by el. ..el, 'both ™,r^ Tif '"" "
verblV'''^"'"''-""''*'^''™" '■'"'-■<' «"uH^^^^^^
.jeeM b,b,,„,.,- j;;--i"- «-^^^^^^^^^^^^
NOTKS ON HOOK III.
48
14. If). At last in a ^ea-fiyUt Brutus defeats and almost
annihilates the enemy's fleet.
CAP. XIV.
1. nbl Intollexit,—' perceiving.' tantiim,— «all this,' lit.
•so great.' liequo,— ' and neither,' cf.c.B.§2. cnptis,—
trans, by ' after ' ; App.5.a. reprillli, noceri p08Se,-tran3.
by active 'that he could,' etc., lit.? Or if the passive is
kept, ' that no harm could be done them.' lis noceri, - for
the dative and impersonal passive see EC.82.e.iii. • 9G.6.
HF.164.1. App.3.6.; 24. ex8pectau(lum,-understand esse.
Traas. ' tliat ho would have to, etc'
2. ubi primiiiii,— ' as soon as,' lit.? visa est,-' was
caught sight of.' ducentae viglntI,-connect by 'and.'
(RC.58.6. HF.68.6.) eoriim,— ' of theirs.' paratisslmac,—
'fully equipped.' oriiatlsslrnap,—' finely furnished.' ar-
morum,— ' tackling.' iiostris,— understand navibus.
8. iieque...vel,— 'but neither., .nor.' satis IJrnto...
constabat,— ' B. . . .was quite certain,' lit.? singiilae,— ' iiil
dividual,' opposed to classi. quid agerent,— ' w hat to do,'
lit. ' what they were to do ' ; so insisterent. (RC.98.6. HF.
189.a.) ratloiiem. . .insisterent,—' plan. . .to adopt.' "
4. rostro,— abl. not dat. noceri non posse,—' no injury
could be inflicted {or no harm done),' lit.? of. on §1. cog-
noverant,— in previous unimportant engagements, cf.c.lB.
§8.
turribns autem excitatis,—' while even when towers
were built,' i.e. on the Eoman vessels. lias,— i.e. turres.
ex,—' on,' lit. ' on the side of.' superabat,- ' overtopped.' '
ut,— '80 that'; so in §§7.8. neque,— ' not.' satis com-
mode,— see on C.13. §6. possont, — RC.99.6. HF.187 2
missa,—' those hurled.'
5. Una,— 'only one,' emphatic from position. ma?no
Usui,— App.8.c. (RC.82.C. HF.1R4=L)
non absimill forma, etc.,—' of a shape not unlike that
11
44
DB nBLLO OALLIOO.
of wall-hooks, (of much tlio same shapn as wall-Tionks),' i.e
for tearing down wails and oarth-works. FaUium depends
on /ormae (dat.) understood after ab^imili ; for the omission
cf.o.l... §1. forinii,-CE(!.85.c. HF.lBi.o.)
(5. Ills cmn,— 'when (whonovor) by means of these.' nd-
Uiictl,-'puiic.d to (drawn taut).' iinvJgio. . .praerumpe-
ftaiitiir,-' the boat would be... and the ropes snapped.'
App.iJiJ.o.
7 cnin,—' since or as.' navlbiis,— trans, by 'for.' (EC
H'-./i. HF.1JM.2.) consigterot,-' rested on (dop. aded on).'
hU,-t.e.thQ antennae. USilS,-' usefulness.' nno lemporo.
- at onco,' rcfeiTing to omnia, (bettor than 'at tho same
time referring to hi» erepti». orlporetur,-' was lost (was
gone).'
a erat positnm in,-' depended on'; cf.c.5.83. «iia,-
'in which.' (RO.85.^.) siipora bant,-' were su'perior.'
CO inagis,— ' all the more,' ' the more so,' lit.? cf c l'^ 8 '.
res,-' the action or fight.' „t milium, etc.,-' so that' no
deed of unusual bravery, etc.', lit. 'a little braver (i.e. than
usual).' (RC.88.A.) ^
9. uudc-'from which.' propinquu».. .niare,-'a near
view over the sea. '
"''"'o^r^Bts °i7r'^' goven.infi: d«t. ivoceri, 8S1.4. RC.II.57. HF.
ibt.l. BA.5.J17.] Coml.in.ul„nofniiincral8. The delibera-
tive subjunctive, 8;,. li.ere in oruiio oMi^ua; whlob. l.owever is
in no sense the cause of the subj. n.ood here. RG.08.6. HF.139.,,.
1.A.150.J Ablative al)sohito and aocus. in (lie same sentciK..
^:^^ *'' '""'^ '''"^' ^* '■ t'^'"« '•-•« -nstruct,„ris not tV.
imitated in prose con.pusitlon (RC Il.f.ii.c. BA.4.-6), althouH, it
l!;av.inl More nttenlion may, perhaps, be called to the
citatas.] Subjunctive of result. [In SS 4.7.8. nt is not correla-
tive to any preceding word.] Dative of purpose, .^ .., and of refer-
ence, §7 Ablative of characteristic, § .5. Cvm freaucnta-
uvewuh „dic.,§.;. ,Rc.iii.8. i,F..ou. BA...a.. H.4;;2 Sb.
ioc.l^§3.] Co-ordinatli.fir relative. Usns imvitim rinS7
objective pen. : In c.9. fi 3. «ui-jectlve sen. RG.81.c.<f BA.mj
KOTES ON noOK III.
CAP. XV.
46
1. nt,— 'as.' cum sinjfiilua, etc.,— «whenever two or (lit.
find iigiiiu) thruo t*\n[>H had surrountUHl on« of the enemy's.'
^» •" vl,— ' with all thuir might, (with tho utmost viijor).'
(RO.Srj.c.) ConloiHlebaiit,— trans, by 'would'; App.26.c.
2. (^nod,— subject of Jirri. cxiHljrnr , .8, t*r.:.— trans, by
'as,' and r(!;.laco cuvi by 'and.' A rfti. - .'-'JXillum,—
'remedy for (or against) this'; ci rei ne las the capture of
the vessels. fu|?n, — trims, by ' in.'
n. ill enm partem quo,— 'in the diroc: a in which,' lit.?
ferebnt,— intransitive ; ' was blowing.' mnlnoin,— a foreif^n
wf)rd (fJreok) made more definite by the addition of fran-
qui/litas. exstllit,— •came.' se ex loco movere,— ' stir
from the spot,' lit.?
4. ros,— 'circumstance.' qiildem,— can be rendered only
by emphasizing ' this.' maximo opportuim ad,—' most
favorable for.' no^otimn, — ' engagement. '
5. Interveiilu,— RO.srj.A. HF.82.1. pervencrint,— for the
mood and tense see EC. II. 39.
cum. . .pngiiaretnr,— ' for the fight lasted ' ; App.24. Tijr
the voice see RU.9!).i. IIF.lGl.2. hora quarta,— The time
from sunrise to sunset was divided into twelve equal periods.
culled horae or 'hours,' though in the summer the hora
would be longer than our hour, and in the winter shorter.
X.ll.— Uscotdistiil)utlv(! numcralfl, §§1..5. [RC.,5ac HF.fift.fi.a. H.17'1.2.
AG.i)n.J Force of tenses. [Noteesp. circiimsl,:t&rant{efA\U.^C,.)',
contendchant as compared with contend ertiiit ; posxent and pevvene-
rijiniiclauseof result. {RC.II..39. BA.lKi .\G.->m.c.)\M\Apugnnretur
(cf.o
.i>. S
1.)] Use of relative adv. i Ips in place of rel. pronoun
with a prep, [quo, S; .S. = jn quam ; of. nude, c.l 1. § 0. =cx qitibit», and
ubi, C.4. S 4.=fn quo. "So also eo and /6i=«flemon!*tr. pron witli prep.]
Division of daj- and night aiiionj,' the Itcmans. Alilative
of manner, [summa vi, il.] Difference between morera and
iiiag. 'move,' is.
n'.U
I'll
46
DE BELLO GALLICO.
IG. Tlu survivors of the nation on surrendering are severely
punished by Caesar by loay of example.
TAP. XVI.
1. yeiietornin,-trans. by «with' or 'against'
2 c„m...tttm,-'not only... bat also.' gravioris ae-
rank?'m"'' ''^"1"^" ^""'''''^ ^"™« ^^'^^"^«^* ^"^
lit. m whcm there was something of, etc' For the
gen. see EC.81 5. EF.69.10.; so navium.
navium quod, etc.,-' all the ships they had had any-
where,' Ixt. . what Co. whatever) of ships there had been any-
3. qnibiis amissis, etc.,-' M^hen these were lost the sur-
ZZZ t. TT'' '"^ '''^'' '' "^^^^ *° -*--^ -or any
means of defending {or by which to defend) their towns '
bant mT^; ""!?'''■ . '^'^^o- •■<l»emadmoaum...habe.
bant_,-lit. 'had neither whither to ... nor how to ... .' (EC
99.au HF.184.1.) [Another way of rendering is to tran Hte
habebant by ' knew,' the subj. being like agerent, c.l4 8 3
4. In quos. . .vindicandum,-' that these were to be pun-
EC 99I' "hfTss^S "'" "'^"'^ ''^*-' conservaretur,-
sub corona, -'at auction,' lit. 'under the garland'
Prisoners of war sold as slaves by auction wore garlands on
tt,r ^.!f ^'^^"T *^« -1- ^^here is perhaps some connec
tion with the garlanding of animak oifered for sacrifice.
N.B.-Use of cuin...tum=^hoth...ma,' 'not only but olan 's-? n
his usage cm has „0 effect on the mood ofThe Verb 'pa -tit v,!
lowed b. i,Ueno.ative ^l^o:.:-^^^, j;^^'::^: sf^ J^
§8.] £0 anticipating a clause of purpose, § 4. Ifo lowed bveUW
NOTES ON BOOK III.
47
Chap. 17-19.-Tlie war with the Veiiolli.
fall: ^''^'r' ^""i" '^' ^'"^'^*' *" '•«"«^^ ««^ gathering in
large numbers. For « time he refuses battle.
CAP. XVII.
1. Sablnng,— soec.ll.§4.
2 hi8...ac,-freely, 'these were governed by V who'
It suntmam imperil,-' the supreme commandT ; IhSf
juitWy) over,' lit. 'the chief part of the com„.Ld''so
army'^thr/ ,7'"^"*^« ^— ^ regular (lit. trained)
foZ' S Ja "7°^"''' (unorganized and untrained
lorces. topias cannot mean 'supplies,' judgin- from c 18
troops. [It 13 just possible that -que may bo exnlanatnrvl
' consisting of,' as in § 4. and c.3. § 1.] «^P^anatory-
3. "t<j|»e»-' moreover,' adding something important, his
auctores -not 'authors,' but 'approvers'; trans 'to
approve of (sanction, consent to.)' noiebantAnder stand
'^i^edV'r;''''^^'"™ '^""'"- «— J-xerunt-
4. uiidique ex Gallia,-' from all parts of G.': lit.? bell-
andi,-App 2.C. revocabat,-' drew away'; not on th
occasion only (as the tense shows, App.26.«.) but habitual^
tlZ''T ^«';««'-'--"-«Pects,'lit. 'by means ofaU
things idoneo loco,-' being in a suitable place ' ; (EC
' fi T^" 'T' *«»«»»«*.-' remained in the cam^ ' m
com,-' although.' For subj. aee E0.99.,-.iii. HF.204.5.
I I'
^ K(ii
•[M!S
M
m
1
i ''::!: I
^ ;:;:u:'H
B
11 ^"^m
'h 1
m^^' ' ^
'!i -■
■:
Rfl: ^^H
fli:;; :;:M,B
k
!;■
f I
48
DE BELLO GALLICO.
damn mllHum spavtio,-' at a distaneo of only two miles '
For duum^duorum, of. EC.48.C.; with millium understand
passuum; ior s patio see BG. 85. g. HP.58.6. faceret,-' gave '
lit jnm,— 'so that by this time.' hostibus, etc. -'was
beginning to incur the enemy's contempt,' lit.? Cf c 6 S 2
m spent venerant; for hodibm (here=in the eyes of' the
enemy) see EC.82./. HF.134.2. nonnihil,-' to some extent.'
6. tantam opinionem praebuit,-' created so stron- an
impression.' jam,—' at length.' °
7. Id,— 'this,' referring to caatris sese (enebat, § 5. fade-
bat,-for the tense see App.2G.a.iv. eo nbsente. . .leneret,
—'in the absence of the commander-iu-chiof,' i.e. Caesar-
ht.? App.5.a.N. leneret,— EC. 99.e. Hr.20G.4. '
nisi aequo loco. . .non,-' only on favorable ground ' lit ?
lej?ato,-seeEC.82.,Z. HP.173.4. dimicandiim,-understana
esse. App.41.
Jr.B.-i)Mm = ' while,' with present tense even In connection withpn.l
Rr^Vr I^rrr -^ e-^Plained as an instance of tl.o l.istoricnl , r. V
RO.II.lr.'i. HF.201.;). BA.180. H.467.III.t. AG.27(i.e.] The ,vr
Icct m § .-?. cominff between tlie pluperfects in S§ 2. and 4. [The nhi
perfects refer to what has occurred before Sabinus' arrival': (I e
Statement of this is Interrupted for a moment to tell of an incron>^..
n Virldovix forces occurring at the time of Sabinus' arrival; this
s put m the tense used in spenkinj? of his arrival.! The nliri^i.
Jnspauas diehus, § 3. [Time within which. His iW'ularly refers to
the time of the speaker, but here to the time of Sabinus' arrival j»s«
8poke7i of.] Difference between conjungo. § 4. and ' join '
Tenseof rewcaba^, §4. Ablative of place. «§ 5 7 ' The
[RC .58 /• HF.r.8.5. H.178. AG.94.«. The word passuum is seldoui
oini ted m Caesar, except after the gen. millinm, as in S.5 l
ftrn<mabaU Dative of apparent agent. ^ Mocxl of tene ret,
§ 7. [Part of Sabinus' thought. By some it is explained as relative
clause of characteristic ; but in this case eo would not refer dofi nit y
to Caesar, but be used generally of a man possessing the imperinm]
«n, -.v**'/", ''^l- "^'°^- tKC.II.51.] DiflTerence between
r«!l ?.^ f "^'"''' ^*^ '•'• f'^'»'*^ *'°'-'"«'' "ot indefiuite. though un-
specified : the latter Indefinite, RC 85 1 v ] """"»" uu
"I.'
NOTES ON noOK III.
49
18 19. The Gauh, partly encouraged by his inaction, partly
lured on hy fahe reports, attach the Jioman camp and are
completely overthrown.
CAP. XVIII.
1. qilcndnm,— aco. sing. masc. oiquidam. ex iis,— '(one)
of those.' auxilii causa,-' as auxiliaries,' lit. ' for the sake
01 aid.'
2. traiiseat,-RC.n9.«.2. HP. 181.3. q„id nori velit,-
'what he wants done.' Volit,-EC.99.cZ. HF.176.2.- so pre
malur, § 3. '
3. (iiiinbi...Yenit,-'thig man, comin-' lit.? quibns
. . .proiHntiir,-depending on docet ; premere^' to beset.'
4. iicque longing abesse quin.. .e(lucat,-also depend-
ing on docet; 'and that not later than... will lead out-'
more literally, 'and that Salnnus' leading out his army on
tl,e next night is not farther off.' educat, prollciscatnr,^
IlC.99.5.i.
5. negotii bene gerendi,-App. 40. 'of successfully carry-
ing out their enterprise.' ire oportere,-' they must go' •
understand se as subj. of ire. [Some editioni read iri
A pp. 24.] '
n. res,-' considerations,' explained by the four nouns
fallowing (in app(,sition) and the qiiod clause. Cf. for the
structure of the sentence, c.lO. §§ 1.2.
sui)eriornm...cunctalio,-'Sabinu8' delay on the pre-
vious days.' For Sabini see RC.Bl.c; for dierum, EC 81 e
HF. 180.7. ' ^•°^'^-
cni rel, etc.,-' for which they had not made arrange-
ment with sufficient care;' cf.c.3.§l. belli,- App.2.c.
1 ■
'
Iff
'founded on the war.'
i.e. credere.
quod,-' the faot thnf.' v«i....f
50
DE BELrO aATJ,If!0.
;
7. non prlua. . .dimlttmit qiiam,-' thoy do not lot. . .00
until, lit. ' at an earlier time than.' Prius quam are ofti^u
written as one word, nb his sit Concessuin,-App.2l •
trans, they give them permission.' E0.99./.iv HF 201 ^,'
cni,.nilt,-E0.99.a.2. Hr.181.3. ^-^^i-o.
lit^? ^"" '* concoS8a,-'on this permission being givei;,>
^ nt exploratft victoria,-' as if victory were cort.iin,' lit
as vthey would Imve rejoiced) victory being assured.' A,,,,.'
o.a. (KC.80.0.) qnibus comi)Ieant,-trans. by inf. Willi
to App.29i (EC.99.«.i.HF.l8i.l.);cf.c.l6.§3. fossas,
-there would be but onp trench in reality, but the trench uu
each of the four sides may bo regarded as a 8eparate/o«*a.
W.B.-Diffcrencc between quidam and aliqnis, §i. [The former un-
ape. ,ed, and unnecessary that It be .specifled, though i? need notZ
i.H]of„.i e to the writer ; the 'atter indeHnite u'nd unnecessary S,
be dehnite EC.95.1.iii.] Relative and substantive claus
^ ST ^'"'il-^''^'-^ subjunctive of indirect qr^stioni.
and 3 ] Use of oportet, § 5. Priusquam one •■ -,junc ivc
fHere, .as generally, the subj. expresses the end 1: >f n view 1
emphasfs7 .r"!°"°'"'""^'*'- [^'.uw the pr ,riety of th
emphasis.] The phrase ut explorata victoria, § 8. [Equivalwit
teies, §§ 7.8. «'«'°>'i«'^l present, with primary sequence ol
CAP. XIX.
1. passns miIIe,-App.4.J. ^EC.83.r. HP.r,9.9.) magno
cursn,-' at full speed.' (EC.85.e. HF.71.3.) llt.-'sotbif
quam minimum spatii,-' as little time as possible.' exaiii".
matlqne,-' and so. . .breathless, {or out of breath).'
Clipientibus,-dative, with eis (i.e. suis) understood, and
depending on dat. Trans, freely, 'who were all c. 1 - '
»K* v^Avu^n ±v wcuL vvxcii SU09»
NOTES ON BOOK III. jj
2. portis,_th,,,e on each Me of tl,„ camp(cf. I„tr„<lM
I"... p. x,x XX.), BO that thoy „„uM net „„ly bo rct^Z
s™^c:t=:r---r^:;^^.;
such a case. •'^ "^
v.rib», -caudal abl. absol. with o„„.„„,; otofs^
5 unc-'one and the same,' «the same.' Sabinus _
nMorstandcerUor facia, e.t, which then need not be trail
Uitod after Caesar. Titlirio,-i.e. Sabinus.
0. lit... Sic,-'a3... so,' more freely, 'while vet' «nl
mu.,-' spirit,' referring to impulsesf mens -< ils iution '
reiernng to determination of purpose, minlme res s 1 -1
iiicapable of steadfastness.' *«Bisiens,—
ive formulas, cf.c.4. § 4. and c. H rJ S S AG 1^'";"'" '■'''^"■
names ia §5. lS«hi«„., &be;« rSi . ,. ^""""f^f Proper
variety's saUe.J VaVlons u^^s of ^ " [s e al^l I '"^"^r?"
ence between English and Latin usage in tZZZLr, . °'"
common to two parallel clauses. Us VpZlTll^^f^ ^"''^
first clause and u-.derstoodwi,h the seco d a Latfn "** ''"' "'"
not ffcnerallv. p'arr.d wu», m,„ .. .. f *?™' *" ^»*'" repeatedl.v. if
held in suspe-nse until both can boTomplSeV:;' rn^i "" '"^ ^*^*"^
^t
-11
■ f-.l
i,
11
52
l»n BELLO OALUOO.
Chap. 20-27. -The war ivitli the AqnihmU
20, 21 Cras^us, entering the countr,, of the .^vHates, after
a hard fo.ght hattle, attacl.. their clue/ town and takes i^
CAP. XX.
1. r. Crnssus, -see c.ll.§;5
cuin...i)ciTen;<?set, -oil
' .-.
reuchfu,.; dopen.!i„g on cnln intdleueret, ' und.r.taT.di ,. '
A^fZ^ ''•^•':'^' "^ ^^^^ •■ '^^-1 - - -hole is
d vi.kd ..to t.r.« pari.: one inhabited by the Belgue, an-
other by ch. Aau.huu. the third by those called in tl^ir oJn
tong-iio Cells U ours GaAls.'
et 1 .g-loi;:!»,, etc.,-' both in extent of territor^• and nun.-
bor of in Wlntants.' (EC.S.m/.) ex tertia parte:- can 1
be trans at<.l. ' as a third part ' ■ but the lonn of es pr s '
cannot be paralleled or .satisfactorily explained. Laesa '
ge.g.-aphical sfcaten,ents are often incorrect, as is th/case
sibi .gerenduin,-understandm«;so«.//u-i.„Ja,». „„„.
C 8 ante ann,s,-22 years before, in the war vv ith Sertu^!
HF.U8.6. interfcetus esset, profugi88et,-EU.99.e. Hp
206.4. lion mediocrem,— ' no slioht.'
2. C0mi,arat0,-agreeing with the nearer of the two words
«alliae provinciae, - in apposition, flnitimae, - with
c^v^tates. evocatis,-often (and perhaps here) of invitin!
tTjrr "'r^^^ "^" "^"^ ^•^^^'^^'^'1 their discharge. "
3. can tatu,-also with coartis. q„o plurimum valo-
abl s'eTRC^.^ "^ ''''" chief strength,- lit.? For the
dbl. see ±t0.85.rf. primum,— adv
aoloated. . .wciu m pursuit,' or, to have the same sr for
NOTES ON BOOK HI.
53
;> -h verb, trans, iimequentibua by the passive, ostonde-
i'nSity — ' diaclosod.'
ili,— the pt'ih'dren copiae. disjcctos,— ' who wore, etc.';
App.HT.c. reiiovarunt,— i.e. renovaverunt. (RCGf;.)
I^.K. -Al)lativc of spcfificatlon [Ǥ1. and 3.], of measure of difference
Is 1.], of pL.ee wlience [§ a.] Dative of agent witli gerundive;
[twice lu S 1.] Litotes (or understatement, where more is irieant
than mec'fa the ear); [nnn miKUocrem, S I. cf.c.l.§ft.; e.ia. §g.; c 19
SO.] Difference in position of p.u'licipie in agreement wit!! two
nouns in SSa. and 3. [Tlie ..ni.'r of S-'. is far the connnoner in
Ciiesar.) Apposition in Latin wliere Eng. uses 'of.' 10«^«
provuwia,i2.] In and al>l. witli colloco. [So ref,'ularly with
verbs of placing, in spite of tiie idea of motion. RC.lL'.'i.a.a.]
CAP. XXI.
1. Pu^natura est,— App.24. (EC.96.6. IIF. 104.2.) cum,—
'sin«o or for.' victorils,— those referred to in c.20. § 1.
(EC.85./i;.iii. HF.(>1.4.) positam,— understand enne. puta-
rent,— RC.OD.f/.ii. HF.2()3.1.
aiiteui,—' while.' qiild...i>osseiit, — RC.99.cZ. HF.17r).2,
reliqiiis l<'^ionibus,— wliat iorceshad Crassus? cf.c.U. §3.'
adolescentulo diice, — ' under the leadership of a mere
youth,' lit. 'a youth (being) leader.' App.5.a.N. (RC.85.0.
HF. IO2.3.N.3 perspici,— its subject is quid. . .possent ; trans.*
freely by act. ' were anxious to show,' lit.?
V(*rtere,= verCerwjii! (EC. 66.), a form rarely occurring in
Caesar. Others read it as vertrre, ,an historical infin., but
this seems out of place here, (see n.b. to c.4.)
2. ex itinere,— 'on the march,' i.e. turning aside from
his march, resistciitibus,- App.5.a.N. Trans, by ' when '
or 'since.' vineas,— see Introduction, p. xxii. egit,—
'brought up,' i.e. to the walls; from ago.
3. Illi,— App.18.6. temptata, actis,— trans, by imncipal
clauses; supply 'but' in trans, heiore ubi. . .intellexeruiit.
cujiis rei,— in which,' App.2.c. {RC.8!./.i.) multis
locis,— RC.85.A!. apud, — 'among.' secturae, — another
,|f
■is'. '
m
1, ■ ■!:;:
54
DE BEI.LO UALiaCO.
reading is atrncturae, to bo translated in the same way, but
refornng rather to tliu props and galleries than to the
excavations.
dlHsfonlla,— ' on account of thu alertness.' (EC 85 «,
HF.71.8.) lit se. . .reelpint,- ' accept their surrender, (suL^
mission),' lit.? (RC.9!).o.2. JIF. 181.3.)
impetrata, jussi,-' on gaining this request and bein-^
ordered.' fuciuiit,-' they do so ' ; freely, ' they obey.' "
N.B.-Thc iinporsonal passive iiso of hitrans. verbs, SI (KG 9(5 6 Hi,'
l.i..2 BA..n. n.30,.l. AG.1..0.C.] The local aLatVx^ ; ( tern
ylU. locis, 8 3.; «Kuratlvcly, victonis, § l.) Abl. absol. vvi,,'
noun na quasi-pmlcate, S 1. Dependent clause Introduced l,v
Interrogative Avurd. 81. [Subj. of Indirect question, but found aft.r
zzTi r;t *'?" *';^" °' '''^'""■^ ^'«'--'^•«^ •^'^'--
ittueie (C.I». 83 ), and ex ttt„ere, §2. [The forn.er = vvhile still on th..
march ; the latter = turning aside from the march, but not stoppin.^
to fortify a camp or set up regular sieRe-works.] The i)lir>.?.
ahas.alias, 8 3. [In classical authors, of time, not place.] A .
ot cause \diH!;.ntia, § 3.] c„J„s rei and qua re voLn-ing; to I
whole clause, 8 3. Useof flo« and ,s«of same persons, 8 3
Difference between iv perator and dux. [The former the Romu,
commander-in-chief, formally invested with military power th
latter not a military title, but used of any leader oLny bo^y of
22 An attempi to escape on the part of some of the cituen,
who had surrendered isfruntrated.
CAP. XXII.
1. Atque,-' now,' introducing something new and note-
worthy ; cf. ac, C.15. § 3. liitentis animis,-' while the at-
tention was engrossed with,' 'while the minds were intenfc
on. App.s.a. summam imperii,— of.c.l7. §2
devotis,-' devoted f..llowers,' pledged by a solemn oati,.
illi,-App.l8. SOldiirios,-the native term (of unknown
derivation) of the devoti ; to be retained untranslated, but
NOTr:.s ON nnoK n;.
55
dirtorlnt^-RcooI So "'•'^^"''"/ '^"'^ ™-.Va.^ de.
si qmd,_.(butUf anything.' acoldflt "^^'^'''^-[I'^tivo.
"ir.": :c„i re S' IS'::"':: "■ **
rcf,.M.' lEO.M.». HP.1S845) '■""''"'••■'""''''
thon, resumes cM,H5es(;en<»«rfe«o^i, ' ^^"^^ *^ese
ordinate verbs joining the two first by "but ' tL?",":
by 'and yet.' App.37.«.N B ^ ' *^« <^^o ^^st
obhiil «•■•l'"P«travlt,_.was aUowed by 1'
Obtained hxs request from.' -^'
M.n.— Relative clause of chararfprlflfin r«.,j
HF.188.4.5. BA.rK)4. H.S^I AGS^'l' f-?"* ^/^^^-^^. §3. RC.99.C.
tion. [dedermt,^2.: devnvisslt'^T u ^ul'junctive by attrac-
attraction. the re.at vrcTauses f. , m af/,!' "!/,«"*''-'^">' ^" «ases of
This construction frare i rVJ» ^ «^«-^ential part of the thought.
tinguish from the subTof ,^1.^ : indirocr"'"":'"' '^""^"" *« d'»"
clause of charactenvicpn4^i'"?';r!j''^"^t'0° «r "'e relative
l>.«erence bet. ccn the u^e of Z^Z^i^^^' T""'^
H 'Hiu 7« «'*'<?"« wj= any one, §§2,3,
VtiutMKI 1 ',
56
•". 1 -iLLO OALLICO,
[RC.or.. 1!:. l«2.1.3. BA.357.; 8ftS. H.4V,.l.; 457. AO.lO.Vd..- h]
Subjuiui.vc with impefro ut. [It la finpossiMo to class the sul.j
affiT v.!rl)8 of e,(f'ecti)i(i as cither purely tinal (KC.itU.a.a. HF.IK).::.
H.49K. A(,.3;)l.) or purely consecutive (RC.UO.fc. IIK.187.1. H.un A(..
332.) Theiici,'atlve,f(.re.\aniple,hn' . , ;. • «e, and at other tiln(^s
nt non. With personal subjer! .... idea tends to tli i of the end In
view, t.e. tlie.suhj. clause expresses the deslprn, the verbof effectliiL'.
Its accompHshment. This Huctuation lllu«Hrate3 the developineni
o*' the consecutive subj., the idea of tendency suggesting that of
result.]
:i3. The other tribes combine to defend themselven, and nevd
for experienced troops from Spain to help them.
CAP. XXIII.
2. Turn vero,— 'theu^ vero to be rendered only by tlic
emphasis; so iu §5. et iintiira, etc.,— ' by its natural
position and by art,' lit.? oppidu .i. . .0X|mgiiatum,-undci-
stand ease.
pnuds diebiiS, etc., -' within a few days after his coming
to it,' lit 'within the few daj's, wiiliin which.' veiiliiiii
ernt,— App.24, inter se dure,— ' e.\cliange.' paruro, -
' raise.'
3. quae sunt, etc.,—' which belong to (lit. are of) hith r
S. (and are) next to A.' or ' 1 order on A.' The Caiitabrians
especially are meant. Hither Spain mean s northern Spain ;
finitimae is nom,
4. ({uoriiin a., i ontu -'on t ir arriva'.' Abl. of tin,
(suggesting also t,he cause.) auctoritate,— ' prestige or im-
pressivoness.'
5. Duces,- 'a< g uerals,' the predicate. (EC.79.f.i.)
Sertorio,— the lead, r of a revolC in Spain from B.C;. Ro 7.'.
yean,' i.e. of Hi
omnes aiiiios,— ' all along,' lit. 'all
revolt, que,—' and so " ; cf .c. 1 9. §
&. consuetudlne,— ' accor- - to ;he custom.' rEC.R,"
HF.71.3.) The Gauls were a' /s gligont in such ruatti'ivi,
whiln Sertorius, who was a . nar, nd had many Romnii^
1^ hig aririj, had introduced liiu Soman methods ol - ix-lun.-.
NOTES ON BOOK lit.
67
l«cn cupore,-' to select positions,' i.e. for camps, com.
meatllMis,- trans, by 'from.' (EC.85.A. HF.l.-iSM I,,.
Ntltlliint,— 'procecfl.' ■"■■•'
7. qilod,-oxplainea by snas. . .au^jeri, which may he in-
roduced by 'namely.' Oxlffultatom,-' their small num-
ber. d,l,ici Mupporfari,- trans, by 'couhi,' which is
siig -lasted by Jarile and rommode.
castrl8,-trans. by ' lor.' (Rc.82.6.) satis «raoaidH,-
APP.2.Z. (RC.81.J. HF..i9.iO.) ,ni„„s oommode, cf.c a.
§a In dies,—' daily,' *
cunctandumqnii.,etc.,-.mderstand«*«e; App.2.1. 'should
Trl'lV'. *^' '^"'''^ ^"''^''"o' a decisive battle,' lit.? CRG.m.h. 1.
Jlr . 185.2.)
delatn,-,^/ero ad^l bring before, idem sonllro.-
82r?lV.TiM.)"''' "''^ «•"^»"«>-<>»-n.. l>y 'for.' ,l;c.
con... h.n tl.e saino peri.xl of a leu- days, at tl.o l,....i„„i„,, ., '
c... ro«...tivelv.] The 1,„pe,.o„a, jLsive con.stn.";; n' ,t
and? Asyndeton in . ..pid eninn,.ratl„n. fSS i;. and 7 ; i , S 7
combm, ,1 emphatic entrant (.uax-„nstem),,u.l w h p ,1 ' "
ta( l SM i..n (N osp. Sj, 3. and 5. J Predictive jren of i«,h
Bcssion [.unt lU.. ae. S .S. ; contrast c..(.. S .' ] Al^ latlve^^f
separation, SG. Dative translate,! I.v ■ for §s ; .„d 8
Difterenee between in ,He.. S7., and ctuUe, c.i7.S5: '2fy fTl.e
former o. daily .han^^e (increase or de.-rease), tl.e latter of da v
repetmon (thou... ..metimes also, in the Jt aut,.; s f .t ;
t
' I
24, 27.-^« the. AgnUaninns decline a pitched battle, Crassua
atark, thetr camp. The enem,, are defeated and at o,.:
a/ most all Aqmtania aubm itn.
CAP. XXIV.
1. prodiictis,-trans. by principal clause followed Hy
■ ana. uupUci acie insiltuta,-' drawing up a double In,e '
'f
58
HE DELUO OAhlACO.
I
i.e. two ool:!)i';4 deep. Hi'^ tn ops woro too fow for the usual
triplex acie». medium aclom,— ' tli » cintre.' The reason
for til is can be gathered from c.25. § 1.
quia consllll,— App.2.d!. capo rent, —trans, hy means of
' would,' the future reference binng required by exspectabat.
{RC.m.d. HF. 176.2.) exspectnbnt,-' waited to see.'
2. Illi,— App.18. belli,— trans, by ' in.' App.2.c. tuto,
tutius,-the former an adv., the latter an adj. obsoHHls,
illtcrcliiMO,— trans, by infiu. with 'to,' co-ordinate with
potiri. sine ullo vnliiere,—' without a blow,' or 'blood-
leas,' lit.?
H. sese recipere,— i.e. from Aquitania. linpeditos, etc.,
—'them, while hampered when on the march and bearing
their packs.' iiijirmiore Jinlino,- had better be omitted :
if kopt, trans, '(and so) loss spirited.' (RC.H5.C. HF.181.9.)
CO^itflbnilt, — ' intended or were planning.'
4. n diicibus,- with probata, prodlictls,— trans, by ' al-
though.' castrls, etc.,— see on c.l7. § 5.
5. sua,— refers to hostta the subject of effer.isaent. opi-
lllOIie tlllioris,— 'the impression of fear (they had created).'
cf.c.17. §6.
omnium,— freely, 'on all sides,' lit.? exspectari. . .ire-
tur,— ' that they should not delay any longer going to the
camp,' lit. ' that there ought not to be waiting, so that there
would not be going'; for exapectari and ireliir see App.24.
(RC.9G.6. IIF.164.2.); for guin cf. on c.2\i. § 7.
omnibus cupientibus,— freely, ' to the delight of all,' lit.?
App.D.a.N.
N. II.— Heaping of abl. a])8ol. without connectives in §§1.2.4. [Wiiere
tliis is tlie case a succession of events is generally cxjiressed, some-
times to be rendered by ' and so,' as in § :>.] Iinpcrf. and pliiperf.
8ul)j. rcprescntinf? respectively (lie liit. and fut. perf. indie. [§§1.
and 3. RC.107.6. HF.'J07.7. BA.521. ll.mi] Tlie various con-
structions witli i/dercludo. [»•.>.; cl. 8^'.; c.23. 8 0.; tbe last being
the most frequent.] Snrcime and uciea. [See Introduction, p.
x.\., .\xi.J Ablative of agent in abl. abaol. clause, §4. [This
NOTliS OX UOOK m.
59
IVery sel,l,..„ i.. Cae^u wi '^a ^ uh ^ M^f "7"'.'" ^"'""^'••
iii-toadj; wnerallv in ..vnr- . ""; '"'^^■. «« '" « 4. («08<H beln- us.d
«H i" * i:r tJ:r:^!r'^ '^ ;7r>7 ^-;'''»".« "^ ^ - ^ .v.
t'o.;. I , . u ^"'"""' '"'^"'"'« '•'^f'-"^-"» t„ person., already me ."'
noiiea 111 the flame scntencp • i fri.ic *. <■ '"ii-uiiy intii.
oee«rrence,a„d(,vl,en us^d deveini, i r'""""'""^"'>' '•'^'•"
CAP. XXV.
1. fossas,-8eo on o.l8. § 8. vallo,-E0.85 h HF 1 ".ft o
-' for fighting ' 8,.b:nl..lstrandis, comportanX,-^ '
prosTon^'Vr'"'''''"*'-'^^^^ *^« appearance and im-
piossion of being combatants.' piii?„aretiir - A^. V,
missa, accidor(.nt,-cf.c.l4. §4. »'"^""»«^"r»- App.2i.
2. <liligeiitIa,~RC.85.e. HF 71 3 <>««« -.u
ab a..eu,„a„a „„.,a,-.„„ th^lJa^^hrC t.:a°:t
siae ot, cf.c.22. §1. facilemqu,, aditiim habere -' wn«
easy of access, (could easily be approached),' lit.? Cf c!l2. § l!
Gerundive cons,.-, m ab . Xelns «l ^^Lu" °"^ '?"'""" "^^"'P"
Hi
CAP. xxvr.
1. cohortatus ut,— ' havin<^ ur-or? tn ' a..«c,
the ,„bjeot of .«.„.„,. ,,, J «"r,e!it.-r 'ni™ .^
2. ut era. '«iperatum,-. according to iastruotions,- iLv
60
DB BELLO GALMCO.
^m |n
mn
^^^H ]i^^HW^'^
^^m 'mKtfi
^H ^Hii
^^^1 '^^H
m^
K << -i
^^H i^H
■ H
^H ^MBlli
eductis, Circutilduclls,- trans, by principal clauses. App.
5.o.iii,
praesidio castris,— 'to ^uard the camp.' (llC.82.c. HF
1311.) relictae,-App.B7.a.N.U. al>,-' by,' lit. ' with re-
spect to.' mentibus,— ' thoughts.'
B. priu8...(|uam,— 'before,' lit.? cf. on c.l8.§7. con-
Stiteniiit,-' gained a footing.' vidori,-with this under-
stand possent from the following poanet. quid rei gerere-
tur,— 'what was going on'; for the gen. cf. comilii, c.24.
§1.; forthesubj.seeEC.9!).(Z. HF.176.2. conspici posset,—
the subject is quid rei gereretur. posset,— EC.99 f.iv HF
201.5. y V. ^r.
4. Turn vero,-cf. on fe.23. J 2. ab ea rarte,-'on that
side.' redintegratis viribua,— ' with renewed vigor,' abl
absul. , lit.? quod, etc. ,-' as generally happens when there
IS hope, etc.,' lit.? Quod is the relative pron., leferring tu
the clause redinte gratis viribus.
5. desperatis omnibus rebus,-' giving up all hope.' lit.?
cf. N.B. to C.3. § 3. per,-' over ' ; cf.c.l. § 2. intenderuiit,
— ' strove, (did their best).'
fi. apertissimis cainpis,-App.lO. Trans, by 'through
or over,' lit. ' by means of.' (EC.85.a.ii.a.)
quae,— neut. plur. referring to mi/Uum, and subject of
veni»8e. Cantabris,-see c.23. §3. and note, constabat,-
cf. on c.6. § 2. multa node,-' late at night.' MuUnn with
dies and «ox means 'far advanced.' For the oonstr. an-!
use of the adj. cf. prima luce, c.24. § 1.
NI.IS.-ClicanKe in sequence of tenses in §1. Uses of ex Ab =
on tliesideof. [Literally, §4.; transferred, §2.;cf. also c.22. §4.; •^:,
§ 2, ; 29. § 1.] Pritis quam with suhj. § 3. [express! ii{,' nurpo^ie
cf.clO. §.3. andN.H. toc.l8. S 7,] Dependent interrojralive ela'isr.
§§1. and 3. Qitorfreferrins- to a clause, §4. [The more rhetorical
td quod and quae res are also used by Caesar, cf.Bk.IV.c 1 SO and
29.§3. Usually in this idiom, though not here, the relative clause
conies before the words to wjiich it specially refers.]
NOTES ON i;OUK III.
61
CAP. XXVII.
1- qno in nnmero,-' among these ' ; cf.c 7 8 4
2^ paucae ultlmae nationes,-' a few tribes', the' farthest,'
sTul^ ' «en^^-dopouont. (Rc.68.i.) suberat,-from
It
'■5^ :
^''"Monapfi!*''^^' expedition against the Morini ami
28. Caesar leads a force into north-ea.tern Gaul, y,here
alone opposition to him remains.
CAP. XXVIII
1. Caesar,— should be nearer its verb in En
or
0. jam,— 'by
'after.'
this time.' pacata,— trans, by ' while'
supererant qui, etc.,-trans. freely, ' the onlTpeople m'Iio
. . .were the M.' lit.? essent, mi8issent,-Ii0.99.c. HF 188
l-o. "eque...un(](uam,—' and... never' " '
longe alia ratione ac,-' in a manner very different from.'
2. quae proelio contendissent,-' which had resisted in
IhefieJa.' (RC.99.e. HF.206.4.)
-: neque Iiostis,-' and no 'enemy.' in(erim,-^•.«. be-
Wec-n he time of his arrival and his beginning to fortify
he_ .amp. dlSl)ersls,-tran.. by ' while.' in opere,-' at
their work,' i.e. of fortifying the camp.
. ■*• \«»Fi"«'-'toofar,'lit. ' farther,' i.e. than thev should
imped.t.onb..s Iocls,-'over ground unusually f.ai of ob-
structions,' lit. 'by means of ground more entn^ed' ie
tnan usual. secuti,-trans. as in App.37.«.N.B. "^
'■'■".T'^,!'? '-«lative clause of cliaractcristic, 1 1. [rc.H 34 35 HF ifts
cf a.t"^o Tr;";.f-r' .^-°^-(o'Xt)with™:
SnV.fn H 1 ' I ''"' ""'-^ ^^ translated literally.]
Substantival use of euus, «§ 2. and 4. ldio,natlc md „f the
II'
I J'
^1 i
i; ir
WfV^i^fWfffts
f|v^r?'^
C2
DE IJKLLO OALMCO.
compamtJvc, 9 4. The rn.,),ioncy of the c-..clinR-flr««/! In 55
a. and 4., in each case at the end of its chuiao. [Tliis ahiiilniitv -Vf
ondInK', resulting from Po-ordinatiiiKr a number of slmili.r clause, i-
rare and should bo avoided in writing Latin.] Abl. uf means (.,
express tlio route by which. l§.l.; of.c.26. 8§2. and 8.]
29. The season for campaigning closes before anythivn
effective can be done.
CAP. XXIX.
1. Rellqnis, ofce.,-' during the romaining days that fol-
lowed, liehquis, bocauso tlio sunimor (the time for cam-
paigning) was nearly bver. (c.28. § I.) instltilit,-' pro-
ceeded.' silvrts cae(loro,~i.P. to cut a broad road throu-h
the forest. ^
no quis,-with ivipetus, ' that no,' lit.? iiiilltlbiis,-..!.!
absol.; trans, by 'while.' ab,-'on.' possot,-' midir -
(RC.99.a.l. HF.183.2.) ^
matPiinm, — 'timber.' convorsam ad, — ' facing,' lif ?
The trees felled wore piled on each side of the road, with tlie
branches cut away next the road, but loft on the side n> xfc
the forest, collocnbat,-' placed or arranged.' App 2(i r
pro, -'as.' ad,— 'on.' "
2. cum jam,-' just as,' or more lit. ' when now atlen-tl, '
extrema Impedimenta,-' the rer.r of the bagga-e,' lit "^.i,,,
hindmost baggage.' tencrentiir,-' were being seized ' „r
inoro freely, ' were getting within reach.' ipsl,-tlio en.i.iy
m person, as contrasted with their baggage and cattle.
Supply ' while ' as connective.
continuatione imbrium,-' because of the incessant raius '
lit? (RC.85.m. HF.71.8.) diuthis,-' (any) longer.' sub
pclUbilS,- ' under canvas, or in tents,' lit. ' under hides,'
■with whiel: Jio tents used in summer were covered.
3. in,-' among.' roliquis item,-' and the other. . .also';
wliat states are meant ?
iiip— flni»i« In §5
lis aimilmlty of
inllar clauses. I-
Abl, of lueiiim lo
1
ivatleiiffHi
NOTIS8 ON BOOK III.
„ 63
ablnt vca of thrc, different kinds , , ' fv ni. ^;?''''""""'^''"" "f
Asyndeton wUli iV,,, §2 an,l wi 1. • . f ■^'^■"'f-IV.e.4. »r,.]
".0 rule i„ Caosa^ I,u cf c V v^n:';,*'-, Z"^''" '"" '"•"•""■•'• ^' '«
ally (ounrl, cf.e.9. 3 1 im, ''.V . "^ '"''"*"' '^ "' '?«« '•'^ K^ner
[Many cd.to.. so/ t,|,s ,, toT ,tt ;,r;7"";"""""''- J,, «2^.
tion.s. and that the perf. wo.^ld h vo Ll ', "' "'"■'^""^- f"t'''Tnp-
tlon of work. The ,m7rT "'"" "*' * ^""'PlH., ,.n„s!.
favorue ten.,, that the.. 1« rc::>r or : fr^^^^T'-'' "•""-^"«
[con<.«»«<,„„e, j, 2.; of. also c "1 » •. I L ^'"^ ^'»"8'»l af'l.
c.25.§l. The almost invariable rili i, ... / """' ^^" ^''^' "' «""•
8e,.tenc.e8 (or two similar p n sos of wl 1.. T,"""' '"'" ^""'•"i-ate
negative, l,y „,,/„e (cf.c /«To Js^ ''" '"'■"'"' ^"""lins a
occur chiefly where ,is In , y^i' h "'"^ *"-"*- ^*'**'» Kxeeptlons
with a si„,,e wo,";? ..^,;,t;t M,';rir /' ^'"""^ ^••""-•^"
Fil
Hi
WIIIHI
DI
1. Ea,
Ponipeio,
Tcactori :
ti'jinsierii:
ti'iinsennt
licllo pi'Cll
Suebon
Cfiii'munoi
ex qiiibus
caiisii ex
so, iit:|Ue ]
iinuis sur
IK 'I' ratio
si'jiiiruti 8
rciniinere i
fnunento,
laultumqu'
ot Mnotidia
uullo offici
o
'. JULII O^SALIS
COMMENT ARir
DE BELLO GALLICO.
LIBEli QUAKTUH.
1. Ea, quae secuta est, hieme, qui fuit unnus Cn. i
I o.npeio, M. Crusso co.^snlibus, U,si,.efo.s Germani et item
Icactcn magna cum muliitudino liominum flumon Rlienum
fHusierunt, non longo a mari, quo lil.onus influit. Caus. .
t...n.seundi fint, quod ab Suebis complures annos exagitati"'
l-lio pranebantur et agrloultura prohibebantur
Sueborum gens est longe maxima et bellicosissima 3
^.nrnunorum ..nnium. Hi centum pagos habere dicuntur, ,
exqu.bus quotannis singula nillia armaton.m bellandi
euusa ex finibus educunt. Ileliqui, qui domi manserunt, 5
«0 at:,t,e illos alunt. Hi rursus in vicem anno post in
arnus sunt, illi donii remanent. Sic nequo agriculturao
i>'<' ratio atque usus belli intermittitur. Sed privati ac7
«rparati agri apud eos nibil est, no<iue longius anno
mnanere uno in loco incolendi causa licet. Ne.iue multum 8
frn.mento, seu maximam partem lacte atque pecoro vivunt
m.ltumque sunt in venationibus ; quaeres et cibi generea
et Huotidiana exercit^.tione et libertate vitae, cum a pueris
milio oihcio aut discipliua assuefacti nihil omnino contra
!i i:
2
DE BELLO OALLICO.
voluntatem faciant, et vires allt et immani corporun.
lomagiutudine homine.s efficit. Atque in earn se consiutu-
dmem adduxerunt, ut locis frigidissimis neque ve.stitu.
praeter pelles haberent quicquam, quamm propter exiKi.i-
tatern magna est corporis pars aperta, et lavarentnr ic
fiuminibus.
1 2. Mercatoribus est aditus magis eo, ut, quae l,oIlc
ceiiermt, quibus vendnnt, habeant, quam quo ullam rm
2 ad se importari desidei/ent. Quin etiam jumentis, .(uibus
maxnue Galli delectantur, qaae.iue impenso parant pivtio
Germani importatis ,non utuntur, sed qn..'ie sunt apud eos
nata, parva atque deforraia, haec quotidiana exercitat ioiie
3 summi ut sint laboris efficiunt. Equestribus proeliis saq*
ex equis desiliunt ac pedibus proeliantur, equosque co>\m
remanere vestigio assuefecerant, ad quos se celeriter, .um
4USUS est, recipiunt ; neque eorum moribus turpius '(luu^-
5 quam aut inertius bab, tuv, quam ephippiis uti. Itaquo ad
quemvis numerum rpbippiatorum equitum quamvis pauci
6 adn-e audent. Vinum ad se omnino importari non si>umt
quod ea re ad laborom ferendum remollescere honiiuei
atque efferninari arbitrantur.
1 3. Publice niaximam putant esse laudera, quam latis-
sime a suis finibus vacare agros : bac re significari maynuui
2 numerum civitatum suam vim sustinere non posse. Ita.iue
una ex parte a Suebis circiter millia passuum soxcent.. a-ri
3 vacare dicuntur. Ad alteram partem succedunt Vhll,
quorum fuit civitas ampla atque florens, ut est captus
Germanorum, et paulo sunt ejusdem generis (cteris
humaniores, propterea quod Ehenum attingunt, nml- uni-
que ad eos mercatores ventitant, et ipsi propter piopin-
4quitatem Gallicis sunt moribus assuefacti. Hos «um
LIBER QUARTtJS. n
inis adventa perterrif! ^. - IZ' ^^''^ multitiul-3
!*«„, aLLr:™rer; r"i,r: '™"r ""'""
praesidiis Genna,-« +. ■ -Khenum dispositis
s vxeimauos tnmsire prohibebanf TU;
sxperti cum neoiifl vi ^r.„^ i ^'^'^«'-'ant. iHi omnia 4
vicos ■-nigraverant His tatoX il "1, ™ "'"'"'
Bkf.u„„ erat, certior fJ'rfl ™*'"°"""' 0""« <-itn'
|l.iemis.eeor„mcopii. alue^r "'""^' ""*'»
kovi. pie„,„, ■eUt:::;:rs wr'"'''= ""''"'^
«».i.uavi. Est e„i,„ hoc Ga i'c 1 ' ^;-"'"»"!"-
v.ato„,.s etiam invites c„„sis,: ' ll-arr 't 'f r "" ^'^
|-...^e ,ua,ue re auclie.it aut 00^01 Lr^^^ir"!
rff^J
DE BELLO OALLICO.
niercatores in oppidis vuIk^is circumsistat qviibnsqiie ex
regiommis veniant quasque ibi res cognoverint, proiiun-
stiare cogant. His rebus atque auditionibus permoti de
summis saepe rebus consilia ineunt, quorum eos in vesti^io
poenitere necesse est, cum incertis rumoribus serr'ant, ct
jilerique ad voluntatem eorum ficta respondeant.
1 6. Qua consuetudine cognita Caesar, ne gravior' bcKo
occurroret, niaturius, quam consuerat, ad exercitum proii-
2ciscitur. Eo cum venissot, ea quae fore .«nspicatus eiat
3 facta cognovit : missas legationes ab nonnuilis civitatilms
ad Germanos invitatosque eos, uti ab Eheno discederent,
4omniaque, quae postiilassent, ab se fore parata. Qua spo
adducti German! latius vagabantur ot in fines Eburoinim
et Condrusorum, qui suntTreverorum clientos, pervenerinit.
f>Principibus Galliao evocatis Caesar ea, quae cognoveiat,
dissinudanda silii oxistimavit eorumque animis permiiUis
et confirmatis oquitatuque imperato bellum ctim Gei-manis
gerere constituit.
1 7. Re frumentaria comparata eqnitibusque delectis iter
in ea loca facei-e coepit, quibus in locis esse Germanos
2 audicbat. A quibus cum paucorum dierum iter abesset,
3 legati ab his venerunt, quorum baec fuit oratio : Germiiiios
noque prioros populo Romano beUum inferre noque tanicu
recusare, si lacessantur, qiun armis contendant, (|!ini1
Germanorum consuetudo sit a majoribus tradita,, (|m(i m-
4 que bellum inferant, resistere neque deprecari. linen
tamen dicere, venisse invitos, eject os domo ; si si am
gratiam Romani velint, posse iis utiles esse amicos ; \el
sibi agros attribuant vel patiantur eos tenere, quos ai niis
5 possederint : sese unis Suebis concedere, quibus no dii
quidem immortales pares esse possint ; rellquum quidem
in terris esse neminem, quera non suporai-e possint.
iiBER QUAnrrs.
5
8 Ad haec quae visum est Caesar respondit; sedexitusl
fu.t orahon.s : Slbi nulla.a cum his amicitiam esse posse,
s. nx GaUxa remanerent ; neque verum esse, qui suos fines,
uorz non potuerint, alienos occupare ; neque uUos in
Galha vacare agros, qui dari tantae praesertim multitu-
-li.u sme mjuria possint ; sed licere, si velint, in Ubiorums
iniibus considere, quorum sint legati apud se, et de
Sueborum injuriis querantur et a se auxilium petant : lioc
se Ubus imperaturum.
9. Legati haec se ad suos relaturos dixerunt et re deli- 1
berata post diem tertium ad Caesarem reversuros : interea
ne propms se castra moveret, petierunt. Ne id quidem»
Caesar ab se impetrari posse dixit. Cognoverat enims
ma«..am partem equitatus ab iis aliquot diebus ante prae-
.l'.nd, frumontandique causa ad Ambivaritos trans Mosam
Mussam ; hosexspectariequites atque ejus rei causa moram
iiiterponi arbitrabatur.
10. Mosa profluit ex monte Vosego, qui est infinibusi
L.ngonum et parte quadam ex Rheno recepta, quae appeU
1-urVacaus, msulam efficit Batavornm, neque longius^
ab eo milhbus passuum octoginta in Oceanum influit
ilienus autem oritur ex Lepontiis, qui Alpes incolunt et3
lon.,0 spat.o per fines Nantuatium, Helvetiorum, Sequan-
oru.n, Mediomatricum, Tribocorum, Treverorum citatus
fertur et, ubi Oceano appropinquavit, in plures defluit4
partes multis ingentibusque insulis eilectis, quarum pars
nmgnaaferis barbarisque nationibus incolitur, ex quibuss
sunt, qui piscibus atque ovis avium vivere existimantur
multisque capitibus in Oceanum influit. '
U. Caesar cum ab hoste non amplius passuum duode-i
cim miUibus abesset, ut erat constitutnm, ad eum legati
r
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6 DE BELtO OAttlOO.
rovertuntur ; qui in itinere congressi mapnopere, ne louglus
a progrederetur, orabant. Cum id non iiupetrassent, pete-
bant, uti ad eos equites, qui agmen antect ssissenf.,
praemitteret eosque pugna prohiberet, sibique ut x^otesta-
3 tern faceret in Ubios legates mittendi ; quorum si pi 'Dcipes
ac senatus sibi jurejurando fidem fecisset, ea condit'one,
quae a Caesaie ferretur, se usui'os ostendebant : ad has
4ros coniiciendas sibi tridui spatium daret. Haec omnia
Caesar eodem illo pertinere arbitrabatur, ut tridui mora
interposita equites eorum, qui abessent, reverterentur ;
tamen sese non longius millibiis passuum quatuor aquati-
6 oiiis causa processurum 'eo die dixit ; hue postero die quam
frequentissimi convenirent, ut de eorum postulatis cognos-
sceret. Interim ad praefectos, qui cum onuii equitatu
antecesserant, mittit, qui nuntiarent, ne hostes proelio
lacessererii < r, si ipsi lacesserentur, sustinerent, quoad ipse
cum exercif s» propius accessisset.
1 12. .-a Isr.stes ubi primum nostros equites conspexerynt.
quorum er.i,i quinque milliinn numerus, cum ipsi non
amplius octingentos equites haberent, quod ii, qui friimtti-
tandi causa ierant trnus Mosam, nondum redierant, nihil
timentibus nostris, quod legati eorum p;uiIo ante a Caesare
discesserant atque is dies indutiis erat ab liis petitus.
2imi>Gtu facto celeriter nostros perturbaverunt ; rursus
resistentibus consuetudine sua ad pedes desiluerunt, suh-
fossJs equis compluribusque nostris dejectis reliquos in
fugam conjecerunt atque ita perterritos egeiimi ut non
prius fuga desisterent, quam in conspectum agminis nostii
3 venissent. In eo proelio ex equitibus nostris interficiuntur
4 quatuor et septuaginta, in his vir fortissimus, Piso
Aquitanus, amplissimo genera natus, cujus avus in civitate
LIltER ytURTLS. 7
sua regnum obiaiuerat ami.-n.s ah sonatii nostro appollatus
ll.o cum fratri iuteirh.so ab hustibus uuxili.nu ferret 5
iil.n.i ex pedculo eriimit, ipse equo vuiunato dejtrtus'
quoad potuit, fortissime restitit : cum circumventuH inuK iso
viiliionbus acccptis cecidisset, at(jue i,' frater, qui :
!uo,.Iio excossorat, prond animadvertisset, incitato .
•sc liostibus obtulit abpio interfectus est.
13. Hoc facto proelio Caes r neque jam sibi le^ato^i
audiendos ne.,ue conditionea accipiendas arbitrabatur ab
lis, qui per dolum atcjue insidias petita pace idtro bellum
mtulissent: exspectare vero, dura hostium copiae auger- 2
eutur equ.tatusque reverteretur, summae dementiae esse
J.ubcabat ot coguita Gallorum infirmitate, quantum jams
apudeosliostes uno proelio anctoritatis essent consecuti
sentiebat ; quibus ad cousilia capiemla nihil spatii dandum
ex.stimabat. His constitutis rebtis et consilio cum logatis 4
et ciuaestore communicato, ne quem diem pugnae praeter-
nutteret, opportuuissima res accidit, quod postridie ejus
d.ei mane eadem et perfidia et simulatione usi German!
frciuentes omnibus principibus majoribusque natu adhib-
itis ad eum m castra venerunt, simul, ut dicebatur, sui5
I-uM^ndi causa, quod contra atque esset dictum et ipsi
l-tissent, proelium pridie commisissent, simul ut, si quid
]>ossout, de indutiis faUendo impetrarent. Quos sibi Caesar e
oMatos gavisus illos retineri jussit, ipse omnes copias
C'lstns eduxit equitatumque, quod recenti proelio porter-
ritam esse existimabat, agmen subsequi jussit.
14. Acie triplici instituta et celeriter octo miUiumi
it.nere confecto prius ad hostium castra pervenit, quam
qii.d ageretur, German! sentire possent. Qui omnibus.
rebus subito perterriti et celeritate advcntus nostri «t
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33 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580
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C/j
o DE BELLO GALLICO.
discessu suorvim, neque consilii habendi neque arma cain-
endi spatio dato, i)erturbantar, copiasne adversus hostciu
duccre, an castra defendere, an fuga salutem petcio
3 praestaret. Quorum timor cum fremitu et conciu.sii
significaretur, milites nostri pristini diei perfidia incitati
4 in castra in-uperunt. Quo loco qui celeriter arma caixrc
potuerunt, paulisper nostvis restiter mt atque inter caiios
5 impedimentaque proelium commiserunt : at reliqua mnlri-
tudo paerorum mulierumque (nam cum omnibus suis domo
excesserant Rhenumque transierant) passim fugere coepit ;
ad quos consectandos Caesar equitatum misit.
1 15. Germani post; tergum clamore audito, cum siios
interfici viderent, armis abjectis signl.que militaribus
arelictis se ex castris ejecerunt, et cum ad confluen-ein
Mosae et Rheni pervenissent, reliqua fuga despeiata
magno numero interfecto reliqui se in flumen praecij)ita-
verunt atquo ibi timore, lassitudine, vi fluminis opprcssi
sperierunt. Nostri ad unum omnes incolumes perpaiic!s
vulneratis ex tanti belli timore, cum hostium nunicrus
capitum quadringentorum triginta millium fuisset, se in
4 castra receperunt. Caesar iis, quos in castris retinuerat,
fidiscedendi potcstatem fecit. Illi supplicia cruciatusiiue
Gallorum vcriti, quorum agros vexaverant, remaneic se
apud eum velle dixerunt. His Caesar libertatem concessit.
1 16. Germanico bello confecto mxdtis de causis Caesar
statuit sibi Rhenura esse transeundum ; quarum ilia fuit
justissima, quod, cum videret Germanos tam facile imjielli,
ut in Galliam venirent, suis quoque rebus eos timere voluit,
cum intelHgerent et posse et audere populi Eomani exer-
i citum Rhenura transire. Accessit etiam, quod ilia ])ars
equitatus Usipetum et Tencterorum, quam supra commem-
IIBKR QUARTrs.
9
™.emu„ finite : si .e invito oIZl ^aZ^'^'^'
rou aequum existimarpf our. • '''' ^^^ ^^^^'-^^ tvunsire
Po.e.a.i, t.„„. tuZl :ZZZ7Z "T '""°'" ""'
si id facere occpaHonibT, „ n I»-™™»'" i vel, 6
»l«™.ue ..eli„„i terpens LtLll.,™^ 41:" '™"
1.0C n„v,ssim„ proelio facto etiam ad mn^TGL
l»-int N vImT "'"""'"^' ''°""" "■" ''-^
-■citu.pXwr°"" ™''"" ^' t™-p„rta„d.„e
- arbit.aCt:rcra :: :,:;tj;T ^*r-
«W.udi„em,,„e flu„,i„is ° ' !' J^'lWmem, rapiditatem
™uo pt,„rrr ■;: :* ' t^r -■-r "'^^■
»ac,™atio„ib„3 i„,„,.,, i„ fl„.r<£ti. t:.-:;r
' I
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10
PK UKLLO UALLIGO.
ado^ei'ut, non suhiicao niodo clireote ad perpciidiculum, serl
prone ac fastigate, ut secundum naturani fluniinis procum-
5 berent, his item contraria duo ad eundem modum jun, ra
intervaUo pedum quadragemim ab inferiore parte com ra
•J vim atque impetnm flnminis conversa statuebat. Haec
iitvaque insuper bipedalibus trabibus immissis, quantum
eonim tignorum junctura distabat, binis utrimque fibulis
7 ab extrema parte dlsr.inebantur ; quibus disclusis atque in
contrariam partem revinctis tanta erat oper's firmitvido
atque ea rerum natura, ut, quo major vis aquae se incita-
«visset, hoc artius illigata tenerentur. Haec dircvta
materia injecta contexebantur ac longuriis cratibus-iue
oconsternebantur ; aciiihilo secius sublicae et ad inferioicm
partem fluminis oblique agebantur, quae pro ariete sub-
jectae et cum omni opere conjunctae vim fluminis
loexciperent, et aliae item supra pontem mediocri spatio, ut,
si arborum trunci sive naves dejiciendi ojjeris causa essent
a ^ barbaris missae, his defensoribus earum rerum vis
minueretur, neu ponti nocerent.
1 18. Diebus decern, quibus materia coepta erat comj^or-
2tari, omni opere effecto exercitus traducitur. Caesar (
utramque partem pontis firmo praesidio relicto in fines
3 Sngambrorum contendit. Interim a compkiribus civitati-
bus ad eum legati veniunt ; quibus pacem atque amicitiam
petentibus liberaliter respondit obsidesque ad se addnci
^jubet. At Sugambri ex eo tempore, quo pons institui
coeptus est, fuga comparata hortantibus iis, quos ex
Tencteris atque Usipetibua apud se habebant, finibus ;^nis
excesserant suaque omnia exportaverant seque in soh-iiid-
iiiem ac silvas abdiderant.
19. Caesar paucos dies in eorum finibus moratua
bus moratiw
WBER QUAUTLT.S.
oinmbusvkis aedificiisqno incenses fnr^^rf
- in fines Ubiorunx i^ecopit Xe r" ^'^"' '"'"'^'■^
Suobos, posteaquan. perVo'^re; pol ' 2 "'""' ''
issent, more suo conoilm i. i "°'^^ P*'"*^^^ «en comper-.
»-a in .i,,i, d,,„„,,,„ a^ ri t r°:::,:'T'''°
posseut nnnni i« 1«^ ""lucs, qui ariiia lerrn
.' .«liu^ z ;" rr"™'""' ^ '""° '»- o^-^"-^
et ad utilitatem profectvun arbitratus se i^C H " ""^'"^
20. Exigua parte aestatis relinua n««co • •
locis, quod omnis GaUia n^ 7 ?• ^'■' ^'^' ^^ ^^^^
."od omnibu'e ClILf ^,^^^^^^^^^^^^ -teudi,
ministrataauxilia intelli^eba 7f ^ ""^ '' '"'^' '"^^■
gerendum deficeret tomen n ' T""'' '^^"^ '-^^^ '^«^""^^^
^-. Si mortizr s t^ T '^^: ^^'^^^•^
P^-spexisset, loca, portus, aditurcog^:.,^'!\,^r'""'"^
fen) GaUis erant inco"-iiita N.r. "^ . ' 1"'^« «"""a
™o,cat„,es mo adit Xa. X-aTfo"™ '"'''""
Pi-aeter oram maritimnm of ^^'^ Quicquam
12
1)B BELLO GALLICO.
Le/li liaberent aut quibus institiitis uterentur, nequo (ini
essent ad ma. jorum navium multitudinem idonei portiis,
rejierire poterat.
1 21. Ad hacc cognoscenda, priusquam periculum faceixt,
idoneum esse arbitratus C. Volusenum cum navi lon^;i
2 praemittit. Huic mandat, ut exploratis omnibus rebus jul
3 se quam priuuim revertatur. Ipse cum omnibus copiis in
Morinos proficiscitur, quod inde erat brevissimus in Britan-
4niam trajectus. Hue naves undique ex finitimis regionilms
et quam superiore aestate ad Veneticum bellum effecerat
5 classem jubet convenire. Interim consilio ejus cognito et
per mercatores perlato ad Britannos a compluribus insiilac
civitatibus ad evim le|?ati veniunt, qui polliceantur obsitles
6 dare atque imperio populi Romani obtemperare. Quibus
auditis liberaliter pollicitus hortatusque, ut in ea senteiitia
permanerent, eos domum remittit et cum iis una Commii iin,
7quem ipse Atrebatibus snperatis regem ibi constituerat,
cujus et virtutem et consilium probabat et quem sibi
fidelem esse arbitrabatur, cujusque auctoritas in his regioiii-
8 bus magni habebatur, mittit. Huic imperat, quas possit,
adeat civitates horteturque, tit populi Romani fideni
9 sequantur, seque celeriter eo venturum nuntiet. Volusemis
I)erspectis regionibus omnibus, quantum ei facultatis dari
potuit, qui navi egredi ao se barbaris committere iioii
auderet, qviinto die ad Caesarem revertitur quaeque ibi
perspexisset renuntiat.
1 22. Dum in his locis Caesar navium parandarum causa
moratur, ex magna parte Morinorum ad eum legati vene-
runt, qui se de superioris temporis consilio excusarcnt,
quod homines bai-bari et nostrae consuetudinis imperiti
bellum populo Romano fecissent, seque ea, quae imperas-
llliin
LIBER QUARTUS.
13
set, facturos pollicerentur, Hoc sibi Caesar satis.'
opportune accidisse arbltratus, quod neque post ter.nun
hostom rehnji^xere volobat neque belli gerendi propter anni
tnnpus facultatem habebat neque has tantularum rerum
o;cupat.on..s Britanniae anteponendas judicabat, maK^^um
• IS nn.nerum obsidum iuiperat. Quibus adductis eos in
C'lom recep.t. Navibus oirciter octoginta onerariis coactis .
-ntractisque quot satis esse ad duas transportandas
■,^'ones ex.st„nabat, quod praeterea navium longarum
iKtI>e)at, quaestori legatis praefeotisque distribuit. Bud
accodebant decern et octo onerariae naves, quae ex eo loco
ab nulhbus passuum octo vento tenebantur, q^.o minus in
eundom porfcum venire possent f has equitibus distribuit
ColZT T'^'T"^- ^'^-•■-^'^^"- ^t L. Aunmculeio5
Cottae legat.s 3n ^lenapios atque in eos pagos Morinorum,
ab qtubus ad eu,n legati non venerant, ducendum dedit
P. Sulp,cuun Rufum legatum cum eo praesidio, quod satiso
esse arbitrabatur, portum tenere jussit.
23 His constitutis rebus nactus idoneam ad navigan-i
d m tempestatem tertia fere vigilia solvit equitesque in
ultenorem portum progredi et naves conscendere et se
seqmjussit. A quibus cum paulo tardius esset adminis-a
^•ahm,, ,p,e hora diei oirciter quarta cum primis navibus
Bn anmam attig:t atque ibi in omnibus coUibus expositas
hostmm copias armatas conspexit. . Cujus loci haec erats
na tura, atque ita montibus anguste mare continebatur, uti
ex locis superioribus in litus telum adigi posset. Hunc ad4
egiediendum nequaquam idoneum locum arbitratus, dum
rehquae naves eo convenirent, ad horam nonam in ancoris
exspectavit. Interim legatis tribunisque militum convo-5
catis et quae ex Voluseno cog-novisset, et quae fieri veUet
"I i
U.
I
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14
DR BELLO (JAl.LICO.
ostendit. monuit(inc, ut rol niilitariH ratio, inivximout r.i:i;i-
timae res postularont, xit quae celerem atqiie iiistabilci i
rnohim liaberent, nd nntnm ot ad tempus omnes res ab iis
I? admin iatrarentur. His dimissis et ventum et acatum uid
toinporo iiactns sec adum dato gigno et sublatis ancoiis
circiter millia passmim seiitem ab oo locoprogressusaixMio
ac. ])lano litoro naves constituit.
1 24. At barbari consilio Ronianorum cognito ])raeniisso
e([uitatn et esscdariis, quo plornmqne genere in ])roeliiH in i
consuerunt, reliquis copiis subsecuti nostros navibus
2 egrcdi proliil)ebant. Erat ob lias causas summa difficult iis,
quod naves ]n-opter magnitudiuem nisi in alto constitui iioii
poterant, niilitibus aiUem ignotis locis, impeditis manibus,
niagno ot gravi onei'e arnioruni o])prcssis siniul ot do
navibus desilienduni et in fluctibus consist cndum et cimi
shostibus erat pugnandum, cum illi autexarido autpauliim
in aqixam i)vogiessi omnibus niembris expoditis, notissiinis
locis audactor tela conjicei'ent et equos insuefact;os incila-
4 rent. Quibus rebus nostri perterriti atque hujus omnino
generis pugnao imiteriti non eadem alacritate ac studio, (| no
in pedestribus uti proeliis consuerant, utebantur.
1 25. Quod ubi Caesar animadvertit, naves longits,
quarum et species erat barbaris inusitatior et motus .ul
usum expeditiov, paulum removeri ab onerariis navibus ct
remis incitari et ad latus apertum hostium constitui ati]ue
inde fundis, sagittis, tormentis hostes propelli ac subniov-
aeri jussit ; quae res magno usui nostris fuit. Nam et
navium figura et remorurn motu et inusitato gemie
tonnentorum permoti barbari constiterunt ac paulum nxulo
8 pedem retialerunt. Atque nostris militibus cunctantilms,
naaxime propter altitudinem maris, qui decimae legiouis
LinEii yt'AUTia.
I'i
«Muilam foreLat, contcstuf,„s decs, ut ca n.s logioni feliciter
hoshbus prodere: ego certe meum reipublicae atc.ue
unpcratori offlcium praestitero.' Hoc ci,m voce magna 4
a.xKsset, se ex navi projecit aixjue in liostes aquilam forre
.OOP, rtmx noHtri cohortati inter «e, no tantum dedecus .
a<I.n.Hcrefuv, un.vorsi ex navi desiluerunt. Hos item cx„
prox,m,« navibus cum conspexissent, subsocuti bostibus
ii.|)i)ropmquanmt.
26. Pugnati^m est ab utrisque acriter. Nostri tamen 1
qnod neque ordxnes serrare neque Arbiter insistere nequ^
s.gna subseqtu poterant, atqne alius alia ex navi, quibu !
cuinque s.gn,s occun-erat, se aggvegabat, ml^L^Je
perturbabantur; hostos vero, notis on.nibus vadis'ub ut
l.tore an,,os H-ngulares ex navi egredientes consj^oran^
i.KMtat.s equ.s impeditos adoriebantur, plures paucos
nrcums^tebant aHi ab latere aperto in universos teka
.•onj.c.ebant. Quod cum animadvertisset Caesar, sCpba
1-gan.m navaum, item speculatoria navigia milit^b
co|nplen juss.t et, quos laborantes conspexerat, his sub
SKl.a submittebat. Nostri, simul in arido cor^stiterum 5
su. ommbus consecutis in hostes >petu.n fecerunt atqS ^
00. n fugam dederunt, neque longius prosequi potuerunt
quod equates cursum tenere atque insulam capere non
Pc^erant. Hoc unum ad pristi^am fort^nam^^CaesTri
27. Hostes proeHo superati, simul atque se ex fugai
obsides da uros quaeque imperasset facturos polliciti sunt
Una cum Ins legatis Commius Atrebas venit, quern supra 2
demonstraveram a Caesare in Britanniam 'plemisr^L
1 I
16
1>E BEtro aAILICO.
allunc illL e navi egrcssuin, cum jul eos oratorls modo
Caesaris mandata defeiTot, c():n])roliendcrant atquo in
4vincula conjecerant, turn proelio facto remiserunt. In
potenda pace ejus rei culpam in multitudinem contulerunt,
et propter imprudentiam ut ignosceretur petiverunt.
6 Caesar questus, quod, cum ultro in continentem legatis
missis pacem ab se petissent, bellum sine causa intulissent,
r. ignoscere imprudentiae dixit obsidesque imperavit : quonnii
illi partem statim dederunt, partem ex loufjjinquioribus
locia arcessitam paucis diebus seso daturos dixerunt.
7luterea siios remigrare in agros jusserunt, principesqur
undique con venire et se civitatesque suas Caesari commen-
dare coei)erunt. \
1 28. His rebus pace confirmata post diem quartum,
quam est in Britanniam ventum, naves decem et octo, dc
quibus supra deraonstratum est, quae equites sustulerant.
2 ex superiore portu leni vento solverunt. Quae cum appro-
pinquarent Britanniae et ex castris viderentur, tantu
tempestas subito coorta est, ut nulla earum cursum tenerc
posset, sed aliae eodem, unde erant profectae, referrentur.
aliae ad inferiorem partem insulae, quae est propius soils
3 occasum, magno sui cum periculo dejicerentur ; qua(>
tamen ancoris jactis cum fluctibus complerentur, neces-
sario adversa nocte in altum profectae continentem
petierunt.
1 29. Eadem nocte accidit, ut esset luna plena, qui dies
maritimos aestus maximos in Oceano efficere consuevit,
8 nostrisque id erat incognitum. Ita uno tempore et longas
naves, quibus Caesar exercitum transportandum curaverah
quasque in aridum subduxerat,. aestus complebat, et oner-
arias, quae ad ancoras erant deligatae, tempestasi
IIBEU QUA.RTU8.
17
;i(UictabHf uoque iilhi no.stri.s facultiiH nut admin istmncli
iiiif auxiliaiuli dabatur. Complurilni.s navibus fractiss
loliquao cum essent funibus, ancoris reliquisque arma-
nicntis amissls ad navi^aiulum imitiles, magna, id quod
uooesse erat accidero, totius exercitus jKirturbatio facta est.
\c(iue enim naves erant aline, quibus reportari possent, et4
cmnia deerant, quae ad reficiendas naves enmt usui, et,
Muod onuiibus constabat hiemari in Gallia oportere,'
fiumentum his in locis in hiemem provisum non erat.
30. Quibus rebus cognitis principes Britanniae, (juii
post proelium ad Caesarem convenerant, inter se collocuti,
I'lunequites et naves et frumentum Koman is deesHS intel-
lii^crent et paucitatem militum ex castrorum oxi},niitate
coj^noscerent, quae hoc erant etiam angustiora, (piod sine
iiiil)edimentis Caesar legiones transportaverut, oi)timum2
factu esse duxerunt rebellione facta frumento commeatu-
(|iie nostros prohibere et rem in liiemom producere, quod
Kis sui)eratis aut reditu intorclusis neminem j.ostea belli
inferendi causa in Britanniam transiturum coufidebant.
Itiiqae rursus conjuratione facta paulatim ex castriss
discedere et suos clam ex agris deducere coei:>erunt.
31. At Caesar, etsinondum eorum consilia cognoverat, i
tiimen et ex eventu navium suarum et ex eo, quod obsides
dure intermiserant, fore id, quod 'accidit, suspicabatur.
Itcaque ad omnes casus subsidia comparabat. ,\ un eta
fiumentum ex agris quotidie in castra conferebat el quae
Kiavissime aiflictae erant naves, earum materia atque aere
ad reliquas reficiendas titebatur ot quae ad eas res erant
Usui ex continenti comportari jubebat. Itaque, cumg
siimmo studio a militibus administraretur, duodecim
iiavibus amissis, reliquis ut navigari commode posset,
efiecit.
h ii I
I '
v fc'
18
BE HELLO QALIIOO.
1 32. Dum ea goruntur, Ioc:iono ox cotisitetudino iinn
fnimentatura missii, qiiao ai)i)ellabatiir septima, iiociue ullii
ad id tempus belli suspiciono iiiterposita, cum pars homi-
niun in agris reraaneret, pars etiam in castra ventitaret, ii,
qui pro portis castrorum in staticne erant, Caesari niintia-
vorunt pulverem niajoreni, quam consuotudo ferret, in oa
2 parte vidori, quam in partem legio iter fecissot. Caesar id,
quod erat, suspicatus, aliciuid novi a barbaris initum
consilii, cohortes, quae in stationibus erant, secum in earn
partem proficisci, ex reliquis duas in stationem cohortes
succedere, reliquas armari et confestim sese subsequi jussii,
3 Cum paulo longius a castris proccssisset, suos ab hostibns
premi atque aegre sustinere ct conferta legione ex ^mnibus
4partibus tela conjici animadvertit. Nam quod omni ex
reliquis partibus demesso frumento pars una erat reliquji.
duspicati hostes hue nostros esse ventixros noctu in sihis
5 delituerant ; turn disperses depositis armis in metendo
occupatos subito adorti paucis interfectis reliquos incertis
ordinibus perturbaverant, simul equitatu atque essedi.s
circumdederant.
1 33. Genus hoc est ex essedis pugnae. Primo per omncs
partes perequitant et tela conjiciunt atque ipso terroie
equoruin et strepitu rotarum ordines plerumqueperturbant.
et cum se inter equitum turmas insinuaverant, ex essedis
2 desiliunt et pedibus proeliantur. Aurigae interim paulatiia
ex proelio excedunt atqne ita currus collocant, ut, si illi u
multitudine hostium premantnr, expeditum ad suos recp|.-
8tum habeant. Ita mobilitatem equitum, stabilitatoin
peditum in proeliis praestant, ac tantum usu quotidiano <t
exercitatione etficiunt, uti in declivi ao praecipiti loco
incitatos equos sustinere et brevi moderari ac flectere o*
IIBEU QtTARTUS.
18
itudiiio nnn
, iio(iue ullii
purs honii-
Biititaret, ii,
sari nuntin-
'erret, in oji
Caesar id.
iris initiiiii
cum in earn
)m cohortts
^equi jussii,
[lb hostibns
ex ^mnibiis
od omni ex
rat reliqtia,
;tu in silvis
in metendo
uos incertis
jue essedis
o per omncs
pso terroio
perturbant.
i, ex essedis
m paulatiiii
ut, si illi ;i
suos recp|.-
stabilitatnn
aotidiano it
ecipiti loi'o
c flectere &
,.r tomonem porcrrore ot in jn«o i„„is,™ ^t'se uuk i„
< Minis c,t,s»,i„o ro<;i,x;re consucinl.
34. Q,Ml,„., „b,„ ,m,ubati.s «ostrta „ovit„to nuirnaol
tompore c,„„or.,„,;».iu,„ Cacs.r auxilinm .„l;,: L^Z
<-m advent,, l,„»,c« co„»ti,e,™t, ,.o»,>i »„ ex ti„Z
,,,cope™,t. Q,,o facto ad lac.,.e„d„,„ ,,„,.„,„ „t J !>
nuo,.d„„, proelium ,.no„„,n e,,e tompus „,.bi.r„t„a 3.,ol
0.0 co„tm„.t ot brevi tomporo intermisso to c,«,™
olZi. *• .'^"" ''"° ^""""^' "-'* °»" ^-»
»unt CO,, ,™os oo,upluros dies to,„pes.„,os, .,„„e et nos" o"
. cas^ns c„Mtoe,.„t et hostem a p.,,.,! ,,oUi J„ .t
«tenm barban nuntios in ooines partes dimise„,„t»
,.auc,,at<,„,q,,e nostron,,^ miUtum suis praedicave,-„„t, e
sfavenmt. H,s reb„s celoriter magna multitudineo
l.cd,tatus equitatusque coacta ad castra vonerm.*.
at fore vTb'f 't"'."""' """^rit-^ diebus aecider-l
al, foie videbal;, ut, si essent Uostes pulsi celeritaf.
,.er.c„lun, effuge^nt, tamen naetv. equites d L^Xtat
•■"OS Co,nm,ns Atrebas, de q„o ante diet,,,,, est, e "m
transportaverat, iegiones in acie pro castris cons t"
Comnusso proelio diutius nostrorum n,ilitum imttum^
l'.,t,o secut,, quantum cursu et viribns efflcero potuerunt
-mpluresex iis „ccide,-„nt, Ue.nde omnibus longe latC;
a«Mcus,noensisse in castra recepe.„„t ^
36. Eodem die legati ab hostibus missi ad Caesarem de 1
pace veneruut. His Caesar numerum obsidum, quZlt
..,.raverat, duplicavit eosque in eontinentem Td du d
I >'~...,., quod propinqua die aequinoctii inflrmis na" u.
r . I '
20
DE BEI.LO GALTICO.
;f!i ly!
shiemi navigationem subjicienclam non existimabat. Ipso
idoneam tempestatem nanctus paulo post mediara noctein
4 naves solvit ; quae omnes incolumes ad continenteni
pevvenernnt ; sed ex iis onerariae duae eosdem ijuos veliqui
portus capers non potuerunt et paulo infra delatae sunt.
1 37. Quibus ex navibus cum essent expositi milites
circiter trecenti atque in castra contenderent, Morini, quos
Caesar in Britanniam proficiscens pacatos reliquerat,
spe praedae adducti primo non ita magno suoruni numero
circumsteterunt ac, si sese interfici noUent, anna ponere
2 jussevunt. Cum illi orbe facto sese defenderent, celeritcr
ad clamorem liominum circiter millia sex convenerunt.
Qua re nuntiata Caesar omnem ex castris equitatum suis
3auxilio misit. Interim nostri milites impetum hostium
sustinuerunt atque amplius horis quatuor fortissimo
pugnaverunt et paucis vulneribus acceptis complures ex
4liis occiderunt. Postea vero quam equitatus noster in
conspectum venit, hostes abjectis armis terga verterunt
magnusqvie eorura numerus est occisus.
1 38. Caesar postero die T. Labienum legatum cum iis
legionibus, quas ex Britannia reduxerat, in Morinos, qui
2rebellionem fecerant, misit. Qui cum propter siccitatos
paludum, quo se reciperenfc, non haberent, quo superiore
anno perfugio fuerant usi, omnes fere in potestatei.i
sLabieni pervenerunt. At Q. Titurius et L. Cotta legati,
qui in MenaiMorum fines legiones duxerant, omnibus eoriiiu
agris vastatis, frumentis succi&is, aedificiis incensis, quod
Menapii se omnes in densissimas silvas abdiderant, se ad
4Caesarem receperunt. Caesar in Belgis omnium legionum
hiberna constituit. Eo duae omnino civitates ex Britannia
5obsides miserunt, reliquae neglexerunt. His rebus gestis
ex Uteris Caesaris dierum viginti suppiicatio ^ senatu
decreta est,
um cum 118
^lorinos, qui
;r siccitates
10 superioie
potestatei.i
yOtta legiiti,
nibus eoriim
censis, quod
erant, se ad
im legionuiii
BxBritamiiii
rebus gestis
io 9, genatu
IIBEU QUAKTUS.
21
THE BEIDGE BUILT BY CESAR OVER THE RHINE.
(TO ILLUSTUATK BOOK IV. C. 17.)
1. tipna sesquipedalla.
2. trabes bipcdales.
3. fibulae.
4. directa materia.
5. longurii.
6. crates.
7. subllcae.
8. defensores.
Mi I
r ^4
t
[
ft i
1
1» iii
< 1
1 1 1 1
1
j'
if
n
1
I
1 r
1
1 )
1
i
1
J
h
1 ■
NOTES ON BOOK IV.
Mo», pow <,„,( ca.(»m, are ,lescriM, the U,i„i„ „ J
CAP. I.
1. qnae secuta est,-raay be rendered by one word nnl
".t, etc.,-« which was the year when. . ./ore colsut ' ?"
s *. Jl± .102.3.N.) For the rehxtions between Caesar Pomnev
and Crassus, see Introduction, p. v -fompey
Ger.nani,--not a single tribe, but the larger division to
which Usxpetes, Tencteri and Suebi all belo.o,d „,,0
adverb, ' mto which,' lit. 'whither' mnr! ,, ^ '~
'that part of the sea.' '»iari,-really meann
2. quod,-' that,' lit. ' because.' annos,-At,n 4 ,. . ;^
exariitati. (EC.83.C. HF.82.4.) bello -w tb ^ '^■^ ^^^
aj?ric..llura,-RC.85./.. HF.158.2. ' Premebantur.
4. m,-%-he Suehi. ex quibus singula millia -lit 'f..^
wh.h one thousand each'; freely, ' f rom e! h o ' whbh
■ • .a thousand.' amatorH!n,-Ai)p.2 d
n. manserunt,-' remain,' lit.? ilSos, iUi _« fh„ .„ ,
Apij.lS. Hi f>,^ » . ' "">— the others.'
-. - _, — --.xu i;t;xsons as ««o,. iu vlccui,— ' in
i,,i
I i I! : I
m^vh
24
DE BBLLO QALLICO.
their turn.' anno post,—' the noxt year,' ' the year after,'
lit.? (liC.85.7. 1IF.58.B.)
G. bolll, — with both ratio (scionoe, systematio conducts
and uniis (practice.)
7. ngrl . . . nihil ost, — ' thoro is no . , . land.' App.2.(/.
(RC.8l.6.i. 1IF.G9.10.) loiiu^liis aunio,—' longer than a year.'
(RC.85./. HF..")r).5.) Ucot,— ' thoy aro nllowed,' lit.?
8. frnniPllto, -—trans, by 'on,' lit. 'by moans of.' innxl-
IH«in partoin,— ' for tho most part dirincipallyV' (RC.SH.c.
llF.f)8.!?.) stmt in, — ' uro enj^a'^ed in or aro occupied with.'
vonntlonlbus,— 'hunting,' lit. 'hunts.'
9. quae ros, — 'this f^iot,' i.e. tho froiiuent hunting; it
should bo placed much nearer its verb in Kug. than it is in
liutin. genero, — 'from {or because of) tho character.'
(R0.8u.ni. ny.?!.!!)
CIlUl. . .faciant, — expbu'inng lihertate vitae ; trans, by a
parouthetic clause with 'for'; lit. 'since.' n puorls,—
'from childhood,' lit.? liullo. . .assncfactl,— ' as they are
not accustomed to any obedience or discipline' ; for the abl.
seeRC.8r).rt.i./. IIF.71.8. fnciant,— RC.09.,<7.ii. HF.'iO.»}.!.
alit, — ' increase-!.' Inimani^etc, — understand «'o*, homiiuii
being a factitive or predicate acous. (RC. 11.70. IlF.9t).'J.);
'makes them men of huge stature,' lit. 'of huge size of
bodies.' inagnltnaiiio,— RC.85.C. HF.UM.9.
10. Atqne, — 'moreover,' adding something of special
signilicance. in cam, etc.,— lit. 'have brought themselves
to that (-^such a) custom,' fi'cely, 'have so accustomed
themselves.' loci» frigidissiniis,— App.o.a.N.: 'although
the climate is very cold.' (RO.SS.o. I1F.I0'2.3.N.)
neque vestitus qulcqunni,— ' no clothing,' lit.? (RC.81.
6.1. HF.a9.10.) IiabereMt,~(R(:.99.6. HF.187.'2.) Here to
be translated exceptionally by the jireneiit. tense, so lavaren-
tur. uuarum, — trans, with and after exiguitatem. apei'Ul)
— ' exposed, bar©.'
NOTES ON BOOK IV.
25
ine ilrst words of a «onlcnce form a connectltiff link, by bojrl„„i,M
one ZTr'' ;'"; '"'"'^^'""^ •^""^" »« "« '•••- - ^' '-
order ^"^,^^7/.^ ""'."'"' "' ^'""^ "^•'•5 "«*« en.phaM...
u^^it. n.Sf :;:;;r S;;;;::s-^^^
uses of /mi« . r»m <i T r-.i . n.-iin.». Au.ia.». Various
n 8 7 nT^rir " ^'««"''•"•0 li. CaoBiir Only twice of time as
1» » 7. (Hk.Vir.o.!). and 71.), din bcinR the regular word 1 a7
z^ttz;'TT:Tr '"''''"' ««■ Notr:;i!mo„ pro ;
eonsti Kt on ; ex. ..parte l)ein>!r more frequent.] Use of tenflP^
n Txt; ^ :::::t:T; '^"'^ ^'•'""■''«''-''-. « ^. (enher deJcrib ::
an e.xistlnfi: state of affairs, or possibly nndcr tbe influence of com
tZ::7i:m:tl7T ^''r^; --'-'•""'«" afre„uentatrvelZe
inSion is n nl uV''* ? " ""'*''^'" I"^"«'''^««' "'« «"-iKinal
intention is in tb« writer's mind. BA.I().5.f„.i. H.405.1. AG.287.a 1
,n i ^. .,?'"■*' ''•''^^««" ^^'"'««^ ""d "epurati,^!., [l)eIon<rfnir to
lv.m f ;■;:" '""m*"^ ""^ ''-^ "««■«• "-"l "etwUn V^te^and «
nlV ^ ° If Petition of tbe act ; the change of persons ]
Use oi connectives at.ue, et...et, ne.que, ,,«,»«.. 'J, S„e et
Latin pa8sive = Eug. intransitive, where Latin actlve-Fn^"
ir^nmy.[lavare.tur, « .0. The so-called middle o^ Sxi^e so
abSoI with adwVlvtL .^"^"^f^^^^" '^l^l'itlve absolute, and abl
aosoi. wuh adjective an quasi-predicate, §10.
CAP. n.
1. Mercatorlbus est aditus,-' Traders are admitted,' lit ?
eo,-adv, for this p.u-pose,' explained by ut . . . haf^eant ;
bettor omitted in trans, qnibns vendailt,-'(persans) to
>vhom to sen,' freely, 'purchasers for.' The object of the
^eS.T ''''''''''• ^^^•^^•"■l- HF.184.1.) ceperiut,
,, •• ": — ' "^y even,' 'moreover.' jiimentis,—
horses, of aU kinds, generally beasts of burden. Jumenti,
ill
?f
hit
n '
26
DB HKLLO GATiLlCO.
flcju'iids on ufnntnr ivnd importatis agrees with it: to Itooji
the Latiu urilcr, traus. freoly, ' mh for tlio hursos. . .uho
imported ones.'
qnibnS) etc., — 'in which... take particular pleasure,' 'for
which. . .have a special fancy,' lit. ' with which.' qiliioquo,
— two words : trans. * and for Avliich thoy pay a high price,'
lit.? protio,— EC.85.t. IIF. 150.1.
qnne...hneCf — 'thoso which.' App.ll.d.iii. qnno...
natn, — may be freely rendered * the native ones.' parva,
etc., — 'which are small, etc'
8Uinmi...efflcIniit,— trans, 'they make capable of the
utmost toil,' lit. 'render so that they are of the utmost
endurance.' laboi'is,— not ' toil' as in § 6., but 'capability
of toil.' (EC.Sl.e. HF. 130.7.)
3. eodem vostitfio,- 'on the same spot.' (EC.85.fc. IIF.
8.>.3.) qiios,— 'and., .them.' App.11.6. cum usu8 ost,—
' when there is need.'
4. moribus,— abl.; trans, by 'according to.' (RC.85.C?.)
turpius,— pred. nom. (RC.79.6.V.) habetiir,—' is regarded.'
ephippiiS) — the saddle proper was a much later invention.
5. qnemvis, — from quivia, with numerum. ndire nd^ —
' advance against.' qiinmvis pnnci« — 'however small their
numbers,' ' no matter how few.' Notice the case of pauci.
6. qnod; — conj. ea /«'j — ' by it, by that means,' lit?
effcminari) — ' become enervated or effeminate.' homine.S)
— acous.
N.B.— Mood of ceperitit, §1. [The subjunctive Is used because qii^e
hello ceperiitt is an essential part of the tliouglit or purpose of otln i s
than the narrator. This usage is frequent In indirect narralinii
(actual or virtual) and in final clauses. RC.iii).«.l.,fc. AG.842. and In]
Mood otdesiderent. [In clauses rejecting' an imaginary siis,'-
gcstion the subjunctive is used. The form is generally 7ion quo
(quod, quin, quia)., .eed quod (quia). The subjunctive Is due to tlio
suggestion's being imaginary (sc. ' as one might suppose ') not to iis
being rejected. RC.99..<7.iv. BA.485. H.,^16.II.2. AG.34l.d.R.]
Qermani inserted in S2. [to make more pointed the contrast with
NOTB38 ON BOOK IV.
27
o^f ".l. , ^«"»"^6 Of clmracterlstii-, §•'. [cf. ,,M,uiv(. of ohar-
»9/.v. HA..l!tl. 11,0 ttMiHo is peculiar.] Dinerenco bctvveon
fl<«.5m»« ry„«,„« and «//««, nH = any. lQ,nequam and «/iw^^'any.
even one 'oxcl.uling all: ./«fm = 'any, no n.atter who or what ' i„!
any (adje. ively), i„ neRative sontcncc, or, as In §1., sentcnc.s
with foroo 01 negative : qidvis, ' any (at all)> in afflrnmti ve Bentcucos
rcKuIarly. KC.<J5.vil.viii. UA.358.m] Various uses of and
ways of trauslatlnjf.tiie ablative. ""ous uses ol, and
CAP. m.
1. PnblIce,-not «publicly,' but «as a state,' «on the
part of the state,' iu contrast with what is a merit in
individuals, qunm latlssime,-' as far as possible.' (RO
88.i. HF.143.N.) vacaro agro8,-App.B5.a.
l«ac re signiilcari,-' that this indicates,' lit.? The clause
magnmn numerum. . .posne forms the subject of aignijicari.
2. ex,-' on.' a Suebis,-with millia jmasuuvi aescenta,
not with una ex parte, millia,— EC.83.C. HF.69.9. agri,—
nominative, not genitive.
3. Ad alteram, etc., -«on the other side the Ubii adjoin
them,' lit. ' come up to them.' There would doubtless be
some unoccupied country between them.
lalt,-' has boon,' not ' was ' ; see § 4. ut est captus G.,
-freely, 'according to German notions {or standards) ' lit
' as the capacity of the G. is,' i.e. ' as far as German ideas go.'
ct sunt,— contrasted with fuit, « knd who even now are '
cetoris,— ' than the rest.' (EC.85./. HF.55.5.)
miiltum ventitant,—' often resort,' or with ad 'often
visit.' Both ventitant and mnt depend on quod, moribus,
-for the case cf . on c.l. § 9. sunt assuefacti,-' have been
brought up according to,' etc.
4. Hos,— with expellere. ciim,— ' although.' exp^rti —
App.37.a.N.B. llnibus.— EC.Sii.^. HP i?»o ««♦..!.„«„*'
E0.99.i.iii. HF.204.6. '
i!; '
I I !
iL.' '!
f '!
38
DB BELLO GALLIOO.
vectigales,— accus., -with eoa understood, hnmlllores in-
flrmioresquo,— ' less important and powerful,' lit.? (EC.
79.6.V.)
W.B.— Various uses of infln. found In §8 1. and 2. Construction of
mille, and millia, and phrase viillia passuum. Three common
uses of ut [cl. 8 10, C.2. § l. o.3. § 3.] q%iam with superlative, § l.
Position of hos, § 4. [Repeatedly in Latin an important word
(such as a connecting link with the previous sentence, or the suhject
of the clause, or a word to be cmpliasized by contrast), Is placed
before the conjunction Introduclnjj the clause to which this word
belongs. In Eng. of course it must be placed later In the sentence.]
Cum concessive, § 4. Factitive object [or accusative in
predicateafterverbof making, rendering, §4., twice; cf.c.l.§9.]
Difference between ad eos, 8 3., and sibi, §4. [R0.91.il.6.]
Various uses of the ablatlVe :ase.
CAP. IV.
1. causa, — 'condition.' supra, — cl. §§ 1.2. annos,—
App.4.c. (EC.83.C. HF.69.9.)i so trienniuvi, % 2.
2. ad extremum, — 'at last,' with pervenerunt only, not
with expidsi or vaf/att.
agris,— cf. on finihua, c.3. § 4. Iiiultis locis,— ' through
many parts,' lit. ' in many districts.' (EC. 85. A;.)
quns, — 'these'; meaning the districts near the Ehine.
Incolebant, — App.26.a.; so Jiabebant. ad, — 'on.'
3. adveiitu, — 'by,' not 'on.' lis,— 'the'; App.l2.«.
trans, els, — from Caesar's point of view, disposilis prac-
Sidiis,— App.S.a. Trans. ' by placing,' etc.
transire, — 'from crossing,' prohibebant, — App.26.c/.
4. llli,— App.18.5. omnia experti cum,—' tried everv
plan (device), but when or as,' etc. App.37.a.N,B, posseiil ,
— EC.99,5f.ii, HF.203,1, yi contendere,— ' use force,' <n
'force a passage,' lit. ' make their way by force,'
reverti ge, — 'to return,' lit,? App,34, suaa,- ' their
own,' i.e. their original (or rightful) country.
tridui vlam,— ' a three days' journey,' lit.? For the gen.
see EC.Sl.e. HF. 130,7. j for the ace. SC.83.C. IiF.69.9.
NOTES ON BOOK IV.
S9
the Ehine.
5. itinere.confecto,-' having covered., .distance,' lit
haying completed. . .march.' eq.iitatu,-trans. by « ^ith '
lit. ' by means of.' ^ '
6 qni...factl,-«for when these learned. . .they '; more
lit. ' who, on learning.' ^ '
7. prlu8quam...certior fleret,-' before... could be in-
formed, depoxidmg on transierunt. (BC.99./.iv HF OQl 5 n
P«rtem,-EC.83.c. Hr.69.9. copiis alutiuut,-' mlt
tamed... on... stores,' lit. 'by means of.'
xjixtmiis, § 1., the author's we. fSee n b to p y? 1 a > =
connective before Of« in 81 rThic ; v. ■' Absence of
clauses are notTf the same niiu/eThi^.r"r' ■'' *^° ^"^'''^"^^
refers to the whole phrase ^^7 „7l?''°"'''j^.'"' ••*"*"""«''""'
In v,,^ 1 T '^ "^®' ^- ^" T. quos supra diximus. Similarly
n f^.^ nr '^''"'- °f ^"'-'^"«n «^ time, 8§ 1.2.7. The use a^
"2 Th'ifis^Tin""^'' 'r'r '""^ ''"«* *-° «"'y °f three is
.0 .e. Where one .„r„, taek before bl. journey (, fin "m* 0,7;
jr"^,e„fi;r:r;;r.',:Sofs„s^nBctf"'"'
'11'.
«4 I i 1 1
5, 6 Caesar, distrusting the Gauls and unwilling that thev
^houM all, themselves with the Germans, decides to raaLZZ
on the newcomers.
CAP. V.
1. His de rebus,-' of this.' capiendis. - ' fnrmm.^ «r
deciding upon.' «oyis rebus,-' political changes;' 'chan^^s
, If ' • i
80
DR IlKI-LO OALLIOO.
It
in the govorninont,' lit,? For the dative see EC.82.C. TTP.
105.9.
llillll,--' notatall,' (EC.SS.e.) coiiimittendiim,— unrlrr-
sfcande«»e; the impersonal passive, App.24. (EC.9fi.ft. HF.
ln4.2.) Ifia is dat. Trans. ' that no confidence should 1 e
put in them,' lit.?
What Caesar feared was tliat the Gauls, soon wearying t>\
Eoinan rule, would combine with these powerful newo mcrs,
and revolt.
2. Est onlm, etc.,— lit. «for this is of (i.e.. belongs to) C.
custom ' ; tnuis. ' for it is a Gr. custom.' hoc,— explained by
iiti with its verbs cof/nnt,^quacra7if., lircumsintat and cot/avt.
coprant, quaerunt,— trans, by »to' and infin.' (EC.f)9.A.
HF. 187.2.)
et...et!» — in trans, omit 'both.' antUcrit^ — audiverif
(EC.66.) For the mood see E0.99.tZ. HF.176.2.; so co(j-
noverit, veniant and cognoverint.
et...Ynlgrus circiimsi9tat...co8:aiit,— 'and for a crowd
to surround ... and compel.' Tlie second verb is plur.
through a sense construction ; vulffvs being equal to a plural.
(EC.79.a.i.) quibusque,— two words ; so quasqne.
8. rebiis,—* statements,' or perhaps 'facts'; strictly the
'things' learned by their questioning, snmmis,— ' most
important.' saepc, — with sumvtis not with ineunt.
qnoi'lim eos, etc., — 'which they have to repent of at
once,' lit. ' on the spot.' ])aenitei'0,~with object, not sub-
ject, eos. (EC.II.G8. HF.165.1.) necesse est,— lit. 'it is
necessary,' with infin. (EC.lOl.c.)
cum,—' since.' serviant,— ' they followed blindly {or ar«^
slaves to).' (EC.99.,or.ii. HF.203.1.) ^orespondeant. pleri-
que, — i.e. of the traders and travellers, ad TOliintatein
eoriini,— i.e. of the Cauls, ' to suit (lit. with a view to) their
pleasure,' i.e. ' to please them.' Acta respondeant,— ' in-
vent answers,' more lit. - give answers invented.'
NOTBS ON BOOK IV.
B1
■!M
ic.82.e. nr.
\.B.-Po8lHon nnd force of Mg, 9 I., hoc, I a., and Mb, 8 8. Tli..
im^dic-atlvo Ko.iitlve of poas.^salon. IconauetudinU, «a. RC 81 a I
HF.U.4.1. n..o,-4..8. AG.2H.rf.] Une of the Keru.ullvo.n
Expl.in.it„ryor8ubJoctclauHes«lth abstract phrases. fHiich phru^.H
as e» . cousuefudiuis, or „ec6'«.ve «*<, may take ciUier «« and suhj. ' or
anoro fn.,,„ently) the accus. and Inf. as virtual Bubjwts.l De-
|.endfnt IntcrroKatlve clauses, §!>. (RC.09.rf. HF.l76.a BA lH", 1
-„„ «r -f.T'' «/««'»«";^; «^'i f^'f- «'«'•'/"«. C.4. 8 2.; for the distinction
sec KO..i,',.lx.x.] Plural cogant after singular circumHHtat, 8 2
(K«<(/««, a collective noun, contains a plural Idea. I'erhaps the
thouKht dmnffes from the crowd as a whole to the Indivl.iual nucs-
tloners. RC.II.ll. BA.SO. H.t.d.l. AG.ao.-i.c.] The syntax of
paenttet,<iX [Always impersonal. RC.II.68. HiMtW I BA .SO)) H
40!..III. AG.asi.b.] The dlfTerence between literal translations
giving, he right idea but in a crude form) and free translations
cha te^r Idiomatic English) is well exempllfled in this
CAP. VI.
1. ffrayiorl,— «too serious,' lit. 'more serious (i.e. than he
could manage).' App.lO. Ho was afraid of the Gauls and
Germans combining. COmueTfit,^ consueverat. (RC.66 )
CoiiHuevi^^l have become accustomed,' henoo, ' I am accua-
tomed.' exercitain,-the army had been stationed durin-
the winter among the Aulorci and Lexovii and other states
in the north-west of Gaul. Bk. III.c.29.
2. Eo,— adv.; ' to it,' {i.e. to the army.) ea quae,—' what'-
each word is subj. of an infin. fore,-' would be the
case.' facta,— understand ease ; « had happened.'
3. missas, iilvltatos,-understand eose ; depending on
cofjnovit, and explaining ea.. .facta, uti. . .dlscederent,-
trans. by ' to ' with infin. {E0.99.a.2. HF.181.3.) To leave
the Rhine means here to come farther into Gaul.
omnia,— App.8. posiulassent,^ postufavissent (EG 66 ) •
'they asked,' lit. 'they should have asked ' not 'they had
already asked.' For the mood see EC.99.e. HF.206.4. ; for
the tense (in the original words fut. perf.) EC.107.i.' HP
207.7. fore parala,-a sort of future perf. infin. pass'
ll^!
■h
m
W DB HEI.hO OALLIOO.
depetv'ffljjl ill an i<loa of promising oir^'W gupi^iod from
invitaloa ; ' then* everything. . .would be made ready.'
4. Tngabniitiir; pcrvcnonint,— i.e. by the time Caesar
appeared cii the scone. ()h-:<>rvo the dilTcrcnce in tense.
5. en quae,— of. §2. dlSHlmiilaildn Sibl,— undorataudt'sae.-
Api).!!.
aiiiini», etc.,— ' having calmed and ro-aaaured their hearts.'
itlljicrato^ — this verb with the acoua. means ' demiind.'
eoiistltiilt, -the context requires the moaning 'announced
liis resolve.'
N.II.—Tboco-onllnatlnfr relative, SiS 1.4. [RC.ft.S.lH. BA.78.] Idio-
matic use of compiiratlvc «illi Rtondaid of comparison omitted.
[Oraviori, i 1. RC.8H./). UA.^l.h.] Order of eo cum nmixxct, Sl'.
[See N.n. to e.». « 4. hos.] Afciiaatlvc and Inlinitivc con ■«tnictloii.
and omission of esse with the Infln. I'lupcrlcct snlij. In Indirect
narration for the future jjerfcct of the direct, {jioufiilassefit, 8.S.]
Perfect tciiHO of crisiiman^, tSfi. [So c..*». ^il. Generally 'he
thougrlit ' wculd be expressed by tlie Imperf , but the i)orfcct Is used
when spenklnpr of a decision to wlilch one has come. See Aj)p.20.a.l.]
The contracted or syncoiiated forms of vcit)S. [m. and 3. and
c..'>. § 2.] The form und force of/ore.
7-9. The Germans make offers o/ friendship to Caesar, but
he innists on their retiirninrj to Germany, and thouf/h they are
to answer him in three days, still advances towards them.
1. delectis,—' levied '
CAP. vn.
the cavalry are those of 0.6. § 5.
In ea loca. . .qulbus in locis,— ' towards tlio district where,'
' in the direction in which,' lit.? quibns ia locis, — App.ll.
d.ii. audiebat,— App.26.a.
2. qiiibus, — refers to locis, not to Germanos, for ah his
follows referring to the latter, paiicorum dicrum iter,—
'(now buo) a ''ew days' journey.' For the gen. see RC.Sl.e.
HF.130.7.:. U ^be ace. EC.83.C. HF.GO.B.
%
NOTES ON BOOK IV.
88
qnornm hnec, etc.,-' who spoke as follows/ lit.? haoc
-foiniuiuo sing. (RC.92.a.i.) '
8. For all the subjunctives in §§3.4. and 5. except thoso
Hpocially mentioned, .ee UU II.214.0.2. IIF.20(1.4. F..r the
Ku"7«.f ^'" '" '''''"^''"^ "' *^°"^*^ secondary) see
waTnrr'"T/ f °- ■■' ^'™ ""' *^« '^^S^--^^ i^ -"king
war on etc ' lit. ' were not n.aking war the former (of the
tm.partio.;. i.oq,.e...noquo,-here. as often, trans, 'not
...and not.' recusare qui., ... contcndant,-lit. «„ff,r
objections by which (i.«. so that) they do not, etc.'; tran...
attarked"' ' '^ *°' '''"' '^ ^"««««""tur,-' if they were
quicumque,-freoly, «if any.' ncque deprecnri,-' and
not ask mercy, (lit. beg oflF,)'
4. Haec,-' this much'; explained by what follows. With
dicere, as well as with venhoe and posse, understand se
sanm,— ».e. the Germans'.
nttrlbuant, patlanturj-trans. by 'let them {i.e. the
Romans , etc' The imperative would have been used by
tho speakers themselves. (EC.lOG.a. HF.207.5 ) eos ~i e
aoros po8Sederint,-.they had gained'; f;om p:,sMo.
urmls,— ' in war,' lit.?
5. dil,— or di, the nom. plur. of deua. (RC 9 HF IR 2 ^
rollqu„m,-.besides, or else,' lit 'remaining.' quidem,-
JuMmg emphasis to the statement; here, as often, untrans-
latoable by any word, in terrlsj-' in the world,' or 'on
earth, possint,— for the mood see SC.99.C. HP. 188.5.
.oined to a. other by -que, but must not be so Joined to any other form
ot construction.] Locis repeated In § 1. [A sacrifice of eTe„
toclearness^l Tense of a«rf,«6a«, 1 1. [The Imperf. ImrS^^^^^^
he continued to hear this during his march.] nic r"erH , A.
what follows, §1 2.4. oratlo obllqua, S 3.4.6. [For the i^ nerll
rules see RC.IOO. HF.^09. BA.LXV.] Prin,ar. LZj^^L^'TJ'}
uve iu oruliu obliqua alter a past tense. [By thus glVing "theSaci
I I
i) ! ^™
jasaawiiitti
34 DE BELLO GAT.LIOO.
tenses used In the original form, the writer can secure greater vivid-
ness, as he gives the point of view of the speaker ratlior than of the
reporter. RO.lOT.o.ii. BA.525. H.5->5.1.] Uaeof <??<«« and suhj.
[This is the only occurrence of quin in Bk.IV. RC.II.liSG. BA.iya.
H.5U4. AG. 819.«?. After recuse^ quomiiiKS is more frequent than quin,
though in Caesar each is found but once.] Infin. with consve-
tudo sit,'!i:i. [cf. n.b. toc..5. §2.] Omission of se, § 4. [This is
not uncommon In Indirect narrative in Caesar, where the context
allows of no ambiguity.] Representation of imperative in
indirect narration, §4. [RC.lOO.a. HF.207.5. BA..522.J Emphatic
position of iieminem, § ."j., and of liaoc, § 4. The position of wo»i,
§5. [It belongs to possint, hut is placed before svperare, because
after nemo eat, viliil est, or quid est, noti is regularly placed Immedi-
ately after the relative, quern non being the accusative oiquin. EC.
11.36. HF.188.6. BA.80. H..')04.1.J
CAP. vin.
1. inline Yisnm est, — * what seemed proper'; greae depends
on respondere understood with visum eat.
Sibi niillnm, etc., — for the verbs in the rest of the chapter
of. on C.7. §3. sibi.. .cum his,— lit. 'to him with them';
trans. ' between him and them.' (E0.82.flf. HF. 120,3.)
2. ncque, — ' and further . . . not.' qui, — App.ll.rf.i. ;
understanding eoa as subject of occupare. suos, — ' their
own.' A^p.lS.i. occupare, — ' for (those). . .to seize.' App.
35.'». alienos, — ' those of others ' ; understand agros.
iieque ullos, — 'and... no,' lit.? injuria,— do not trans.
' injury.'
ii m
by
3. licere, — freely, 'they might,' lit.? apnd, — 'with.'
se, — i.e. Caesar. Iioc. . .imperaturnm,— lit. ' that he would
give this order to the U.,' freely, 'that he would order tho
U. to do this,' viz. to allow them to settle among them.
W.B.— Relative with antecedent omitted, ?§ l. and 2. [cf.c.2. § 1.]
Impersonal verbs and phrases, [visuvi e«<,§i.; verumesse, §2.; licere,
§2., cf.c.1. §7.] Shifting of tenses in oratiool)liqua; [rematic-
rent, §1., contrasted with the other subjunctives. This change from
past tenses to pre» jut is very frequent in Caesar in contiiiuoMS
Indirect narration.] Force of sed, g l. [It implies that the first
NOTES ON BOOK IV. 35
esi». in Bk.L] dX* nf T'"'"^ °" P''«^^«"« occasions,
relation a^een«, is i^sed Jo f. " if '''''^""° ' ^°''''^«P°««««^-- '«
««-■«.^.] pL" i S' Of ;;1'L: t' If""" V ^''^ ^^"'"^«-
rather than et mdlm, ta " o . ' * ' "^««"« ««««. §2.,
positive adject V or protun'to'rf^iT" ^'?" ""'"'^ "^^^ ^^^»'
impero with eo^^nate ^ c^ a ,d d°t u '^t' '"^'^'^
another use of Mpero and the accusi; which ''• V" '^^'' ''
may be combined w. the accus , as in c " 2 ''"'' "''" "'^ ^^'
juae depends
CAP. IX.
other counted in the davs nt >,ofi, . ^ *° ^^"
but one. ^ ^°*^ extremes, M-here we include
'(bet-:edT\7rno7f ■ V'f'^^ ^'°^^^ "«*' ^*- ' ^-ns.
2. i(!,-viz. the proposed delay. „©. onfilon. r.
means ' not. either' ; it refers Zl. to c 7 § " TmpTtrari
-.rans. by the active voice. Is ab se ' by th;m ' or f '
tim'? App.l4.S. -^ ®°^ o^ 'from
Jf.B.-Phrasesoftimewitha«<eandi,os< I51S rPiH,.,.» .,.
used, a«<e and post bein? adverh, n. fl ' ' "'^ al)lative is
these words as'^prepositi'onf "hf^s f B^^r k1;„^"?^"^^ ^-^
Prr);n«s with accus Si rri,t^ , " "'^^O- AG.259.rf.]
are frequently used w^rtheio Tit '''''''^' ^^™^°^*hi8 word
the correspon^din/aSvtV"' '''87^1^;^-^-^«"""^'
after vcros of unking. » 1. [Ku.99.a.2. HF.181.8. ■bIiis: J " '''"'^*'''
'i{i
||i ;i ir";
««ialaiasi,,, i»ai.V,-.i»
36
DE BELLO GALLICO.
10. Description of the country near the mouths q/ the Meuse
aid the Rhine.
CAP. X.
1. moilte, — mons is a range of mountains as well aa a
mountain or hill; trans, by plural, qui, etc.,— as the
\ osges mountains are not all in the country of the Lingoiifs,
qui may here restrict, instead of defining, and we may
trans. ' (that part). . .which is, etc'
parte, — 'branch.' qiiadain, — from quidam. inSlllaiii
efflcit, — what were the boundaries ?
2. neqne longius, etc.. — 'and at a distance of not more
than, etc' millibus,— RC.85./. HF.55.5. eo,— 'it,' i.e. the
Vacalus (where it enterB the Meuse).
3. autem, — ' on the other hand,' or ' as for the E. it, etc'
ex,— 'in the country of,' lit.? loilgO spatio,— ' in (lit. by)
a long course.' citatus fertiir,— ' flows rapidly,' lit.?
4. plures,—' several,' lit. 'more (than one).' partes,—
as in § 1. iiigentibU8qne,~omit ' and ' in trans.
5. ex quibus sunt qui,— ' among whom are those who.'
piscibus,— for abl. cf.cl. § 8. capitibus,— ' mouths,' lit.?
Caput is generally the source.
I^.B,— The predicate nominative with passive verbs like appellor, §1.
[RC.79.c.i. H.3(i2.2.2. AG.ITO.] Adjective used in Latin where
English has an adverb, [citatus, %3. BC.m.d. 11.443. AG.191.]
Enumeration without any connective, § 8. [Eng. u.«nally has ' and '
between the two last of the series ; Latin, as in S 3., }>ciic. .illy omits
even this, or else gives the effect of chccldng off items by in-
serting et between each two. See alsoN.n. to c.4. § 2., where there ia
no enumeration.] Use of que after mniti, § 4. [Another adjce-
tive, unless it be so closely connected with the noun as to form with
it one idea, is regularly connected witli mnlti by que.] TIk;
Indicative after ex qnibus sunt qui, § .5. [This is because the phrsise
is not the idiomatic sunt qiti=aome, which regularly has the sub-
junctive. (RC.II.ai. HF.188..5.a. BA..')Ol. H.508.I AG.3-J0.a.) Caesar
is not saying 'some of whom are believed to live on fish.']
Appropinquo with the dat., §4. [This is the only construction in
Caesar, except with ad in Bk.II.c.i9, where the reading is doulu-
ful. The idea of 'nearness to' not 'motion towards' prevails,
following the derivation.]
NOTES ON BOOK IV.
87
11, 12. The German envoys return, and ask for further
delay. Caesar appoints the next day for a conference, but
meanwhile a cavalry skirmish, provoked by the Germans
results in a shameful defeat of Caesar's cavalry. '
CAP. XT.
1. amplius,-' more than.' inillibus,-EC.85./. HF.55 5
lit erat coiistitutum,-' as had been arranged': trans after
legati. The reference is to c.9. § 1., where a promise rather
than an agreement vas mentioned.
ia itincr-,— i.e. while he was on his march towards them.
ne...pro-re(Ieretur,- trans, as in c.9.§i. orabant,-
App.2t).i«.iv.; ao petebant.
2. impetrassent,— cf. postulassent, o.6. § 3. petebaiit nli
.. .praeinitteret, — • asked him to send' on.' (EC.99.a.2.
HF. 181.3.) antecessissent,— EC.99.e. Hr.206.4. pngrna,—
nc.So.h. HF.158.2. potestatom faceret miltendi,— ' give
permission to send.'
3. flilem fecisset,—' pledged their word,' lit. 'should have
made a pledge.' The verb agrees in number with the nearer
ol Its two subjects. For the mood see RC.99.A.iii. HF.211.N.
oa coiidicioiie . . . nsiiros, - ' would agree to the terms
which were (being) offered,' or ' the proposal which was
made ' ; the reference is to c.8. § 3. For the abl. see EC.85.
a.iU. HF.116.
daret,— cf.c.7. §4., attribuant.' Trans, 'let him give,' or
' (they asked) him to give.' (RC.lOG.a. HF.207.5.)
4. eodem illo pertinere,-' looked in that same direc-
tum,' more freely, 'had the same object,' i.e. as that men-
tioned before, in c.9. § 3. This object is explained more
fully by the ut clause. Eodem illo are both adverbs.
lit. . .reverterentnr,- ' that . . . might.' mora interpo-
Sita,— trans, by clause co-ordinate with reverterentnr. qui,—
refers to equites not to eorum.
im\'i
i I
58
DB BELLO GALLIOO.
longins, — 'farther than'; ci. amplius, §1. canSB; —
trans, freely by ' in order to.'
5. line, — ' to this place,' i.e. to the one just indicated, four
miles farther on, where was a small stream, quam fre-
qiieiitissiml, — cf.c.3. § 1. coiiveiiirent,— * they were to,' or
'let them,' etc. Cf. daret, §3. cognosceret,— here with a
view to a decision, hence=' inquire into.'
6. praefectos, — see Introduction, p. xix. inittit qui nun-
tinrent,—' sends men to tell them.' (EC.OO.a. HF.184.1.)
ne. . .lacesseret, — 'not to provoke to (lit. by), etc' (EC.
99. a. 2. HF.181.3.) So sustinerent. Proelio lacessere, to take
the offensive against ; sustinere, to keep on the defensive,
(to stand firm, hold onte's ground), exercitu, — often of the
legions only (the regular army) as opposed to the cavalry
(native auxiliaries). accessissct; — ' approached ' ; lit.
♦should have, etc' (RC.106.O.; 107.6. Hr.206.4.; 207.7.)
M.B.— The ablntive of comparison [millibus, S§1.4.-, cf.c.lO. §2. In §1.
it is possible, but not so good, to regard the abl. as that of measure
of difference wliicli is sometimes used with abesse ; see n.b. to c.lv;.
§1. and C.X7. §10.] Tlie subjunctive with verbs of requestiiiK,
(progrederetur, § l., praemitteret, prolnberet, /aceret, § 2.); in clauses
of purpose {reverterentur. S4., cognosceret, S,')., nuiitiarent, §6.); and
of indirect command or request (daret, i 3., convevireiit, S 5.. lacesse-
rent, sustinerent, § G.) [In reality these are all varieties of the snnie
subjunctive, that expi-cssing a wish or command, which has gnidii
ally developed Into the dependent subj. of purpose. Accordingly
lacesserent tvnA sustinerent may with almost equal right be classeil
as siibj. of Indirect command (KO.loe.a. HF.207..'). BA.522. H ."ii.g.III.
AG. 339.) or as subj. of substantival clause of purpose. (RC.OO.a.i'.
H.498.I. AG.831.) Nuntio with subj. is very rare; cf.Bk.III.,5.,1.]
The subjimctive in relative sentences forming part of a suli.j.
clause of purpose, antecessissent, S 2. [This is virtually the same .is
the subj. used in all dependent clauses of a quotation or expression
of another's thought. .<46es8e«t, §1.. is similar, only that the whole
purpose clause is dependent on a verb of thinking] The gerutid
and the gerundive, §§2.3. [RC.lOl.b. II F. 170. BA.SO."). The rea.'siii
for preferring the gerund to the gerundive in §2. seems to be the
ground of euphony.] The tense offecisset, S 3., and accessisfit,
§0., as compared with that of lacesserentur, §6. [IlC.iu7.6. BA.6-i.
NOTES ON BOOK IV.
89
previously made still held trood 1 ti.„ ! i V- ' '^'^
ITbia is ii diront fnr fC "^ «"•'.'""ctive with quoad.
haveieefimDerf ^f ?. "'""'^;'' '^"""'^ <^ccessero ; ti.e tense would
n^jve been luiperf. if it were the subj. of purpose. RC.OOy.iil. BA.
CAP. xn.
1. iibi primum,-' as soon as,' lit.? quornm, etc.,-« who
-'iTetW''"'' *"^"»-'-^"— ^though.' amplius,
nihil timentibns nostris,-' while our men had {or feltj
at all. (EC.83.e.i.) q"od. . .petitus,-explaining why there
was no alarm. eorum,-i.e. the Germans', indutiis,-
Ixt. for a truce.' App.B.c. (RC.82.C. HF. 134.1.) factO _
trans, by clause co-ordinate with perturbaverunt. '
2. rursus,-i.e. after the first confusion, resisteiitibns,
-understand noi^tris from the preceding nostras; App 5 a v
H77ii"rcf.c'r§i'""" '^ ''""'"^^ ""•' ^^^•'^^'•«•
siibfossis,-add connective 'and.' compliiribus nostrls
- several on our side or of our men.' (lejectis,-here
<<K»cio means 'unhorse' or 'dismount' (used transitively)
1 a,-with perterritos, not with atque. egerunt,-' drove
them before them.' fiiga,-RC.85.;i. HF.158 2 pnus
qiiam,-' until,' lit. ' at an earlier time than.' in,-though
with the accus., trans, 'in.' venissent,-EC.99./.iv. HF.
Considering the difference of numbers, it is not unlikely
tliat Caesar'., cavalry were the aggressors. It is even possible
i
'mk I
M' III*
I ! : L .
i
i
ii
4a
DE BELLO QALLIOO.
i 1
n
f
that the flight was planned boforehand to give Caesar a pre-
text for liis subsequent course of action.
4. in, — 'among.' AqilitniillS, — not part of the man's
name, g'eiiorc natus,— ' belonging to (lit. born from), etc'
Fortheabl. see RC.S5./. 11 F. 156.4. sua,— App.l5.i. amicus.
— an 111 norarv title, ranking next to rex, bestowed by the
Eoumn Senate on disitinguished foreigners. appi'UutUH,-
frcely, 'and had been called.'
5. cum ferret,— ' while bringing.' iutercluso, — trans.
by relative ( lause. App.37.c. ilium, — 'him'; emphatic,
being contrasted with ipse. Insert 'but' before trans, of
ipse, etc. equo vulncrato, — ' on or through his horse being
wounded.'
6. id, — ' this,' refei'ring to reci(?ts«ei. procllo,— trans, lit.
by 'from.' (E,C.85.;i. HF. 158.2.) iiicitato cquo,— App.S.a.;
'spurring on his horse,' or trans, by principal clause, 'llio
subject ol' the two last ver' s is /rater, atfjue, — ' and so.'
N.B.— Tlie use oiamx>lins with numerals, §1. [RC.II.123.C.2. BA.31S.
Obs. H.417.N.2. AG.247.C. So /)Jm.9, 7)ft?i?<s and Zo?(.</iu« also are used.
Where the numeral (apart from the modifying adverb) would be in
the gen., dat. or ahl., this cage is retained and the advcrlis have ii»
influence upon the construction ; bnt where the numeral would lie in
the nom. or ace , these cases may be retained or the ablative of com-
parison used, in which case amplms, etc., will be the noin. or ace.
adj. nse<l as subst. Cf.c.lO. §2., c.ll. §§1.4., c.37.§3 ] Use oft lie
pres. partic. active, S8 1.2. [Contrast the time reference with that uC
the perf. part, pas.^i. RC.102.a.c. IIF.100.4.; 102.2. BA.410.411.]
Pritinqxam with sub.]., §2. [Cf.c.4. §7. and N.n.] Ablative of
source ; gencre, § 4. Use of 7/ic, ille, and ipse in § .5. Use of
quoad, §5. [Contrast ^«oarf, c.ll. § 6.] Abbitive of scparatimi,
§§ a.t'i. Use of atqiie. [ctddlng a stronger or more imi)ortant st.iti'-
ment, suggesting a climax, §§1.2.6. (twice).] Omission of i iie
member of abl. absol. cbtuse, §2. [Regularl.y, each chiuse con.sisia
of two members, a quasi-subject and a quasi-predicate. Tlieoipi^»-
sion of a quasi-subject which can readily be understood from ilie
context, becomes conmion only in later Latin, and Avhen the prisun
is not emphatic. The older writers prefer some otner construi'lidii
when an uncmi)liatic personal pronoun would otherwise he the sub-
ject of an abl. absol. clause.]
e Caesar a pre-
NOTES ON BOOK IV.
41
rf"v» <,... .„, ,„,, . j;:r;,, "«L " *" '"^'"'•'
CAP. XIII.
essent consecuti,-Ec.99.cZ. IIF i?6 2 *«»tes,-noni.
tt«» menfoned came. ™j„,.ib„, natuZ-Ve^^'V' ('Si^
..a. aLeged, ostensibly.. »„! pargandl eansa,-'to
m
^
/
»J > j;
i
!|iii
.r.„irpf
i I
Ih
"■J
42
DB BELLO OALLICO.
> 'I
exonerate themselves.' qnod.. .commlslssent,— ' for hav-
ing,' etc. ; lit. ' because ( as they said) they had,' etc.
(EC.99.,7.i. HF. 108.2.) contra dictliai,—' contrary to
■what had been a;;recd on.' \)<itiii»l'nif-petitaiienl. (EC.GG.)
si quid poaseiit,— freely, ' whatever they could,' lit. ' if
they could (obtain) anything'; quid depends on impetrare
understood, (le,— ' in regard to,' 'in the matter of; w.
impetrarent. fallendo,— 'by deceit,' lit.? App.89.
6. Quos, — ' these ' ; subj. of oblatos (esse), oblatos,—
• had fallen into his hands.' gavisus,— ' rejoicing.'
castria,— RC.85./i. HF. 158.2. quod,— conj. The subject
of perterritum esse is easily supplied from equitaluvi.
j(.Ij._Tlie tonso of arbitvabatnr, §1., judicabat, 8 2., sentiebat, §8.,
exiHi7nabat, §§ 3.6. [Tlie Impcrf. refers to liis dellberntloiiB, not to
Ills decision, and expresses tlie thouglif s that influenced liim.]
Tlie subjunctive of relative clause of cliaraoteristic, vitulissent, §1.
[RO.OD.c. HF.188.4. BA.fiOG. H.603.I. AG.320.] Ditm with the
8ubj.ofpurpo9eorcndiuview,§2. [KC.99/.iii. HF.201.4. BA.441. 11.
619.II.2. AG.328.J Que explanatory, not malting an addition,
8 2. [The number would be increased by the cavalry's return.]
Thepredicativegen.of possession, rfemejiimfi,! 2. [Ct.cofmietudinis,
C.5. 1 2.] The partitive genitive with neuters, quantum, «tVui, S3.
[RC.ei.b.i. BA.294. 11.397. AG.216.a.] QjM8 = any, with «e, §4.,
and si, §6. E.>pressions like siii purgandi. [Nothing like sui pur-
gandorum ever occurs. RC.II.ll3. BA.399.0bs.l. H.542.I.N.1. AG.
298.a.] Quod with the sul)j. of virtual Indirect narration, §.').
[The subj. covimisissent is used, because the words are given as pnit
of the statcTnent of tlie Germans. Cf.c.22. § 1. RC. 11.216. HF.lO.s J.
BA.484.b. H..')16.II. AG.341.d.] The phrases iwstridie ejus
diei, majores nnUi, contra atque. Semi-deponent verbs, gavisKs,
§6. [KG.68.b. H.16.5.!.'.N.2. AG. 136.] The use of t77os after ^f/.'S
In §6. [Seemingly because of the opposition to ij)se, hence ilhs
rather than «oa. Cf. ilium., .ipse, c.l2. § 5.]
CAP. xrv".
1. acic triplici,— see Introduction, p. xxi. millinm,—
understand /.OAvswum. (RC.Hl.e. IIF. 130.7.) prius. . .quniii,
— cf. on C.12. §'2. quid ngcrotia",— ' what -was going on,'
lit.? fR.C.99.d. HF.L7l).2.)
NOTES ON HOOK IV.
43
2. omnlbns rebus,-' by tho whole state of affairs'- ox
plained hyet .suorum. et. . .et,-' both. . .and.' Z^g ,T
-'departure'; freely, 'absence' si,»....,.. /"»^«8«"»
the ,rlncl,n,us .ayowL.,.;r« of c "s "^'-^^^^^--^ *«
««^^"Ir''?'"' '"' ''^^•^^"^' 4lendI,-App80
neque...<lato,-tran3. by 'without.» ^PP.aJ.
pertiirbnntur,— ' are at a ln«c ' i,-f t
HF.105.9. am,-App.U.d.i. n08trls,-EC.8;5.e.i.
■ tLr^rs.' -d:s;re«:;r„; x' ?•? ,- -"-^
wa^ „„e an invasion for p,„„,er .,„t i„ e^ratl^ ''"' "
^"L^ "^ altair, he was severely censTirorl nf
omitted m Caesar, except a?t;t « o ^e' .' SZrr""'" ^h"'^
questions. [Simple, §i.; alternative §" Thr n"fl '^'"'''^
Uaesar. He uses «e.. .««three t «1^- !/' **''' '"'^ '""^ *"
an without any partierfo the fiT ^ f'n ' ' "" *^'"^ ' ^""^ °"^e
part of the alteiLti^ is nH.^wl^^ Uuee times also the first
RC.99.d. BA.l.58.8qq.i«8 alLZ f °' '•^<^^°'''cal purposes.
S2. [The chan^e'lVd^e^o dest re:;h?„Tt'^;rr^"^"°"«'
[ThispartoAdepone?trb;:::,trr,^
tlon. B0.68.C. H.231.2. AG.135.d.] " " "™^''= i^^^^^'e sigaliica-
i ' I?.
^ I
,! ' ■ i
£i
1
i
i £ M
J !
;l^ i
! 1
j:
1
,6
"
«««iia^j». («„
u
Die bbllo gallico.
CAP. XV.
1. Gpritinnl, — those spolcon of in c.l4. §4. nudltOj —
trans, by 'when,' co-ordinate with cum. . .viderent. ab-
jeeti8, — App.B.a.iii.
2. reliqua,—' further,' lit.? interfecto,— trana. by 'as,'
giving the reason for ftija desperata. timore) lassitudinc,
Vl, — with oppressi. perleruilt, — from pereo.
8. ad uuum,— ' to a man,' lit,? ex,—' after,' • in spite
of.' tanti, — * 80 formidable'; explained by cum.
. .fuisset.
may be
for.'
numerns ...millium, — cf.0.12. §1. ciiiii, etc.,
translated by a parenthetic clause beginning with
4. lis,— the envoys oi c.l3. §§ 4-6. fecit,—' gave.'
5. supplicia cruciatusqiie, -' vengeance and cruelty,' lit.?
libertate'Ji concessit,— i.e. he kept them with him, but no
longer as prisoners.
The fear of the Gauls here mentioned is inconsistent vnih
c.6. §8., and Caesars release of the chief men inconsistent
with the charge of treachery,
N.B.— The use of the abl. absol. in narration, and its various transla-
tions. [Tills is well illustrated in §§1.2. Such groupings of the alil.
absol. should always be carefully studied. Notice that in this chapter,
as appears to be the rule in Caesar, a cum clause is used only
where a short phrase in the abl. absol., or some other common
participial usage, is impossible.] Cum with the imperf. ami
pluperf. subj. , viderent, pervenisset, § 1. [The difference in the tense
used will be found to follow very closely the distinctions drawn in
App.26.a.] Asyndeton in rapid and emphatic enumeration, §l'.
Transitive force of despero. [So in Caesar in the abl. absol.
only.] Se and eum in simple clauses of oratio obliqtta, § 5.
/•'«, illi, his, used of the same persons in §§ 4.5. [RC.92. BA.335.sqq.]
iii!
NOTES ON BOOK IV.
45
th!% f"'*"'' ''^<«^'«i««* to cro,s the Rhine, and by overatoina
the German, prevent further trouble with them. ^
CAP. XVI.
1. Oormanico,-' with the G.' 8ibi...transeunduin,-
that he would have to,' etc. «""uum,
rollint) 'V/'^?r*r~'*'" "^^ *^« ">-* -g-*. (-.
/ideret,-' seeing.' ut. . .veiiirent,-EC.99.a.2. HF 181 3
rebus timore, .fear(be anxious) for. . .safety (interests)' '
CRC82.b) cum intellefferent,-< if they undeiUood ' Ht
when they should understand.' posse, «udere -W J^^^^
to translate .n a similar way ; tran.ire depends 'on bolh
2. Aceessit quod,-' besides this,' lit. 'there came also
(^.e. there was added) the fact that.' (RC.109.^. HFm2)
ZZZrTr''-''-'''- '^"^^' '-^^^^^' - ^ have
staged, etc., ht.? 8upra,-c.O. 8 3. tranalsso -/,.«« ••
i.C.66.) proeIio,-dat. (RC.n.56.104. HF.120.4.) g© cum
iis conjuuxorat,-' had joined them,' lit.?
-ECiro.0 H^^^^^^^^ ^^ '-•' ^"tulissent
KL.1I.220. HF.206.4. sibi dCfJerent,-' that they should
sr.:° 'i^'^sir'' ""^ '^'" "^-^ """ **-^
4. se invito,-' against his wish,' ' without his leave ' lit
'he(beingjunwming.' App.o.a.K. Germanos. . .trl.'si e;
-App.35.; the subject of non ae.uum, with which under
y^lesse. non aequum,-' unfair.' existimaret,-for .n
original pres. indie. (EC.99.7i.iii. HF.206.4.)
9Ui...esse imperii,-' was under (Ut. ' belonged to) his
8way or power.' (E0.8l.«.i. HF.124.1.) auieanam ..I
mi
'I'
f il
ff ' ! ',
iH^
i
SHI
J
; 1
1
46
DB HELLO aAT-r,ICO.
5. (lui unl,— ' who alone' ; or moro freely, ' the only ones
...who'; subject of nil throo pliiperfocta. ex,~'(,f,' not
' from.' ut. . .ferret, -' (beggci) him to lend,' lit.? (R(;.{j<).
a.2. HF. 181.8.) prcinerentiir,— RC.OO.e.i. IIF. 198.2.
6. Id facere,— ' from doing so.' occupation iluis rclprh-
llcao,— ' by the pressure of state affnirrt.' prolilborotiir,-
cf. on exidimaret. § 4. transportarct,— ' let him take...
across.' (RO.lOG.a. IIF.207.5.)
ad, etc.,— lit. ' with n view to,' etc.; trans. ' ns an aid and
ground of hopo,' or 'to give assistance and hojm.' rellqui
temporls,— App.2.c.; 'fur the future.' fiituruin,— supply
esse.
7. opinlonom,— 'repiutntion.' ejus,— i.e. Caesar's, novis
sinio,— ' last.' facto,— cf. on c. l.^. § i. ad,
Silit,— trans, as though it were poaaent. (E0.107.o.iv.)
'nmons:.' pos-
N.B.— The imppi-sonal use of uccuhkU, S 2. [Virtnnlly accedo l3 tin;
passive of aitdo. Its subject is the quod cliuiso following.]
Tha suhj. of i.urpose after qui, S .'l. Tlic siilijunctive in oratio
obliqua. [Notice especially in/ulissent, «.'?., imd pramereiiliir, 8".
virtual iiKtiiect narration; postularet, «4., represent ing n question
in the indicative; tratisportaret, §6., representinsy an imperative
liC.lW.a.', II.L'IG. HP.aon..!.; 207.5.6. BA.448.ft2(i.f.L'2.J Indirect
petitions, [S3., postulareM...d(-derent : §5., omhant nt...ferre/
The omission of nt in «.3., and tlie fact tliat tr<w.opnrtnret could
equally well be classed here, sliow the development of the sul)staii-
tival clause of purpose from the suly. e.xprcssing a wisli.|
The infin. witli postnin, gi. [Occasionally verlis of asldiij,- luv
treated as verbs of will or desire.] Quicqmim in a questioi,
virtually equivalent to a ncK-ative statement, U. [KC. 11.189. HF
132.3. BA.358 ] Asyndeton in §.5. The tense of o»-a6«»/
§ 5., and poUicebantur, § H. Two accusatives with travsporto.
§6. The abrupt transition to indirect statements in §S(!.T
[The verb at the beginning of the oratio obliqua is orabant. It i.i
not Latin usage to change the leading verb, ns English often dors,
according as a statement, question, request or coniinand is to be
introduced; any verb or phrase which virtually niplies that sonu -
thing was said is sufficient for Introducing p.iy or all forms of
reported utterance.]
NOTES ON noOK IV. 47
17. Description of the bridge Caesar hullds over the Rhine.
CAP. XVII.
«.««. App.Ho.a. ii('qu«...8tatucbnt,-'and did not ron
1 ho objoctions urged are that to cross by boats would
xpose them more to attack while disembark^ or
. emhark.ng, and would not impress the Germans so much a
a nioro mmniial mode. '""cn a3
2. »nmin« "lffl«"lta8...prop«neb«tnr,_. verysroatdim
-.1 y p.«»,.„.„d U,el/,' ..he diffl„„U.v a/poared vo,y 'o*;
...v'ralr:„Se,:r^ri::r::^'5 " <""' "-' • '-»■-
iTulg , ht.? For t,,„ t^tfe, umior,ta,„lins of tho t,.ll„„,i„„
W,„hon «ee the illustration o„ „, 21. At tl,., pLc :;„"!
ir:„d ZTi: "''' °™''°"' "■' ''^'' '' ""-' '^ '^
a space between •; i... eaeh pair of beam, va", 1 Zf
.probably by brace, or eros,pi«ces) so that a spac, " t "o
r«t was left between the two beams. Snn,.,JCXX
i. «"«■,-oonj. Imml88«,_traus. by active verb co-ordi
■ ate w.th */«r», and .de,eral, • when he had let these
down .and had secured (fastened) thorn,' etc. machlnT
.■onib«„-son,e «oatin, structu.,. ,i ...«.er-^^'h"
, afie piics, ht. -m the manner of a
Hi
-HI
w^^msjii».
48
DE BELLO GAIiLIOO.
pile.' directe ad perpendiciiliiin,--' perpendicularly,' lit.
' in a straight manner according to the plumb-line.' prone
ac fastiffate,— 'inclined at an angle,' lit. 'in an inclined
and sloping manner.' [For these adverbs other editions read
directa, prona ac fastigata, adjecf-.ives agreeing with haec]
ut...prociniil)erent,— App.30.6. (EC. 99.6. HF.187.2.) se-
candum. . .flnininis,— ' with (lit. according to) the current.'
5. his,— the tigna of § 4.; w. contraria. duo,— i.e. tigna ;
the word 'beams' may be inserted in trans, ad eundem
modum,— ' in (lit. according to) the same way ' ; with Juncta.
intervallo, etc.,—' at a distance of forty feet ' ; with statue-
bat. Some consider the difference to be measured at the
surface of the water, others on the bottom of the river.
quaArngennm, -quadragenorum. (EC.58.C.) ab inferiore
parte,—' lower down,' ' farther down stream,' lit. ' at the
lower part,' i.e. of the river.
contra. . .con versa,—' to meet the force and current of the
river,' lit. ' turned against (facing).' statuebat,— App.26.c.;
' would fix.'
6. Haec utraque,— ' these two pairs ' ; subject of dhtine-
bantur. traWbus, etc.,— trans, by 'by.' insuper. . .iin-
missis,— ' laid on above.' bipedalibns,- cR on sesquipe-
dalia, §3. quantum. . .dlstabat, — lit. 'as much as the
joining was apart'; freely, 'which was the space left
between those beams.' eorum,— those just described, §4.
binis flbulis,— the nature and the exact position (though
not the purpose) of this ' pair of braces or ties ' are unknown.
utrimque...ab extrema parte,— 'at each end,' lit. 'on
both sides at the end.'
7. quibus disclusis, — referring to the pairs of tigna.
Trans, by 'as.' App.B.a.ii. in contrariam partem,— 'in
opposite directions ' ; the form of expression seems to reftr
to the different slope of the opposite piles ; others trans. ' at
the opposite ends.' tanta, ea,— trans, both by 'suck'
rerum,— «of the structure,' lit.?
NOTES ON BOOK IV.
49
that" ru'shid'd '*"'"' ''^^^"^^^^ '''' ^*^^"^*^ «^ *^- --ent
tnat rushed down upon it,' lit.? hoc ni-fiii« «+>,^
^^y (cwy). ,..o. . .hic-iit. 'r, "Jh 1^0 nt "^r
^'J. A. llligata teiierentur,-i.e. the tiffna ; ' they were held
fastened together.' (EO.99.5. HF.187.2.) «^^^^eneld
th;L "is "^^ ""^ ^^^^^^^^^^ ^^ *^-^- ^-^ -p-
9. nihilo secfiis,-' nnne the less,' i.e. althou-^h alre.dv
of sufficient strength; freely, 'besides all thi.° et-Ut"^
both corresponding to e, before .Hae, ^ 10. Omit in rans."
(si:rti:g).' «^>''»-«^«'>«nt«r,-.were driven obliquely
quae . subjoctae . . . exciperent, - ' that being placed
underneath... they might break (resist).' (EC.99.1i' H^
184.1.) pro,— * as or like.' ^- av.
10. aliae,-understand sumcae agebantur. item,-either
way. spatio,—' at... distance.' (EC.85.^. HF 58 G )
sive,-'or,'lit.'orif.' dejicle,.di,_App.40. [Manv edi-
tions omit causa, in which case the same translation should
be given. (RO.104.6.iii.)] essont mis.ae,-' should be sent
down.' (RC.99.A;.) = ^oum ne sent
his defensoriblls,-Iit. 'these (being) defenders ' Add 5
a.N. (EC^85... HF.102.3.N.) T.ans. ^Lly, ' ly ' thetfde'
.ices. Befensore. though not a technic^a'l name s fo"
b ev,ty. 3ake used in the plan on page 21, for tie a^
{nubhcae) supra pontevi.
ht.? niinueretur, nocerent,-(EC.99 . . HF.183.2.) The
f .
H!
lion <n^.1 fli-f
.aut.' ponti,— App.3.6.
m
1
60
DIO lUOLLO OAr.rjco.
N.ll.-Ufle of Impcrf. iiKiic, \urbitroh„t,(r. xtaUiehnt, n.^fxMimahnt.
«2.,of n-Hootlona wliih, tliiiikliiK'ovor V\m\^\ junoehat.^W., ^tat,t,'.
hat, sr.., <tiKthu'hniit.,n; S(i., cotil,:rrh<i„t.Hr, conxlcrmbantur, §H
auduiutur, §i). , of acts fiTqnciitly roimnli-d.J Thn foroo of iWh-
iHhnlivos, UH.M. [IWM.c. TIK.(>i).». Jl.wi.'j. AG.ur,.] Tli,.
pluporf. Indio. with <■(/»» =wlu\iiov(>r, S4. fKC.II.no.J). llF.i'oi.i
BA..i:il.) Ah nsi-d to deiioto roliiflvc poaltloii, 8S3.f).(i. TIk-
al.l. of mcnsnro of dmVronco. Ujuo. . .hoc, S 7., mhiln, § o., wlUi .•..ii,-
rmratlv.-H; ^,mlw, «]().. with supra, wliicli hnn coinpnrativd fores
tfdervallo, §S;i.r.., expri-a.Miig dlatiiiico «part. RC.8f) //.1.11. ||..i:':t
AG.2r>(). To express distance wltli ahesse nnd dixtare^Vnvnnv occ./
sloiinlly (especially with m'tium and i,iUrv»llum) uses the ahl
When tlie verh of distance is not Riven, tlic ace. and llie alil
are ecpially common.] I'erf. part, deimnent with passive forer
()tm,msa, S i\. fTlHs is re>?nlar in tin; Korundivo (see N.ii. toc.lJ.), hu\
rare in llie perf. part. KC,(!8.c. H.L'SI.l'. AQ.1!).'>./).] Tlie sulii
by attraction, \iucif.nriit8et, S7., in a sentence of result; fisscnl
.missae, S 10., in a sentimce of purjxise. UO.'.m./r. H..'-c'!).ll. AO.;iL' )
Use of mn, or »«•«, S U). [Tlie reRular word to introdue.' ;i
second final sentence if ncfrntlve. whether a jioaitive or ncKativ
final clause precedes. In other than final sentences ficj,,,; would i„.
n.sed.l Predicative pen., SI. [CI', n.ii. to c,i;i.l Tliephrwo
i>if,-r »fi. [The suhstitnte in Latin f(,r a reciprocal pronoun. I n i ;i
»e. refers to the ohj,u-t of the clause. App.ll.rf.] Force i)( ilrin,-
sovihit», S 10. [E(iniil to ihaciuU'.ntihiiH, except that it refers to a
permanent attribute, not to a transitory act.]
18, 19. After Caesar rroasea into Oervianp, some tribes sue
for peace, others flee before him. Having achieved his object
he returns in 18 days.
I i
CAP. xvnr.
1. ««'com «riebns qnibJis,— ' witliin ten days after,' lit.
' withiu the ten days within which.' cooptn ernt,— 'had
begun.' (RC.72.a.) effecto,— App.H.a.iii.
2. nd ntrainqne pftrtoiu,— ' at each end.'
8. qnibas. . .peteiitibiis,— ' on their asking for,' ' to their
request for,' etc., lit.? App.5.a.N. {EC.85.0. HF.100.5.)
!, SI., exiKtimahnt,
ilialmt, s;t., M/aliK'-
^fenmhanfur, §H..
Tlio force of ii\n
\(i.!ir..| Til,.
Il.no.f). Ili'.i'Oi.i,
«S3.5.«. Tlir
'Vo, SO., witli coiii-
•mpjiratlvc, I'dvcc;
{CS,--! /7.1.11. H.lL'.i
'are, ('neanr occm
m) uses the iiM.
IOC. mid flio iilil.
•illi pus.sivc foriT,
(lN.II.t0C.il.), ))lit
) T!ie siilij.
of ro.smlt ; fiKnent
lt..'>L'!).lI. AO.:!l-.|
nl to introduce ,i
Itivc or iiOKuti\(!
'S vf<iiie would he
The iiltri-^c
pronoun. In 5. i.
Forc(i oi'dc/'ni-
%t It refers to a
K0TE8 ON JK)OK IV.
51
pamt? '1*!'?""'' '^"^'-^-«•J^- 'ever since.' lit.? com-
nmtn,-App.5.«.m. Fu^avi comparare, ' to prcnaro for
(u_.Htigatod) by t,ho,se.' lit.?. ^nJa.n. ev Te fc-'toHH -
w,th ^/«-; trans, as if elo.,ly eounootod with iuZl'Z
f^H- -oc.ir..§2. fl..ibus,-IlC.85./. HF.158.2. ln,-t ouKh
wifchaccus., trans, by 'in.' ' "lougn
N.ll.— Tlio plirnae rfeccm rfiW)///» f»»/<;i»/» gi rm .
-;«,::,.. "z:£;,;;;;:;;\';;r:;^;ri::;;,:r;r'i™r
Hunitssontonce ».H friii» ,.i,,.„ "' '^^ "•"-'"■"" "'»t- pres. In the
... r»„„« ,„,::; iL.i.;s i^' ;;i:'i!:Sn """'.S" " -"
and the perfect nurtlc ss-ii """""J""cf.J The present
":« '■"'"'' >' .';;:',;;;,!;; ..i",^ . :,;'i,tt'," ,;'T'''™'
with (,ho pluperf sul)i In 8 4 i.n ., "''''*'"• '''"'•I' "'e latter to cum
w
J''
1"
II
i
H.
»ome tribes mie
ieved his obji ct
ys after,' lit.
11 «rnt,— 'had
for,' 'to their
HF.IOO.S.)
CAP. XIX.
1. die8,--App.4.c. (RC.8:i.c. HF.09.9.) frumentis
t ocrops. 8i,-'incase«rif.' pnunoroniurX' "'L;;
future xndu'.. {RC.99./Uii., 107.6. Hr.211.3.2.(a).) "
2 fleri,-'wa3 being built.' -moro suo,-' according fo
oiearlj m l,„i;li»u, su trans. Ireoly, ' inatruoting („r
mmi^mmm>mmmmm^^^,L
52
OE WKhhO OAM,ICO.
urging) thorn to niovo, oto. . . . nnd all . . . to gather ,' etc
pOHsoiit,— KC.DO.f. IIF.ISH.'I. In,— 'to.'
:J. llUIlO,— rofi'rring to nniim lovum. esso dolocllim —
from ih:lu,o. iiuMlimn,-' in tho ceutro'; really a pnMli-
cato adj. agrooing witi, lomm. Iilc,-adv. 'here,' roltM--
ring to lornm. OXS|M.H«ro,-Iiko dcrrtare, doi.ouding on
coHstttHisoe. ibi, -Mu> sanio placoas /u'c.
■1. (^10(1, -A pp. 1 1 .i>. confoctls, coiismiiptts, nrbltrntus
-trans, by verbs introdiu-od by 'as.' Hem ron/lccrr, ' t,'
attain an object,' lit.? qimrum ronim caihsa,-' for whicl. '
Itt.? ut,-' nan.oly to.' Tlio tU clauaoa are explanatory „1
Ut (Jorinunis luotum injlcoret,-' to inspire the G will,
foar,'lit/^ (K0.82./,. ilFJ.i.) obsi.l lone,-' from prossiuv
(oiipreasion),' lit.? (RC.85./t. HF.J58.'2.)
safls...profoctuni,-„ndersfand esse; from proflcio. ot
>Mi huidom, etc. ,-' for (lit. with a view to) both glory and
actual advanta/are '
1^
fow but no many ; a IVmv =.,„„0, s.vcTal. as opposed to none, is no.
null., cl.c-..; S.S. Viru.al bulinn-t narration, U,re,n,u-e,tnru
474 A(, , ll.c] /;, „„,1 the al;l. will. ,leiHWcre, S2. [So re-,,'
lar y ^^uh verbs of p/,,,/,,,,. in spLo of the i.lea of motion 1
oubstantive clause of purpose after pl.raso = announco, 'L»,^/,„
.r</(»;. Ibis usage is very rare in Caesar.] Tbe Mdiec ive ,
LKI...SS,/, UA. .1. H.44;i. AG.lsn.J n,c and .'W referring; to (he
sanu. place tis very, KH.uiiarthattbeseoecurintiu.sa,rcll",
Dactylic ending- in c,»,s(H,<iKse, « 3 FAccordinir tn i^ilZ
pericl Should not close wi,b the end ;f a ve ^^^^s^- ^^'s i'l,:
dactylic ending now and then, however; cf.ciiS §8 c'7 8,
Repetition of rerum, §4. [Cf. n.b. to c.7.«l.] " ' EV„l,n.U,.rv
c aases Introduced by ut, U. fThese are practically ^ib it .
clauses of puriwse, in apposition with rebus] Tlie reoe i ,'
««, § 4. [This 13 because the various motives are beini Z„l. ,
io gather,' etc.
NOTES ON HOOK IV. 53
Chap. 20- 3H.-Tho llrst expedition to Ilrltnln.
/^Wrr^^r/T-L'''"'''""'"'" '" "'"^" "" ''^/-^'■"•"" 'o Britain,
mvrtc. .ntk UUe surces. to ,>et infor.nation about the idand
and ijalhern hh fleet loijethcr. '
CAP. XX.
1. <;xlKii«,-on>pl,aticfrum,,„sit,ion; 'only a small.' nnric
•••••HiquH, A,.,..r,.«.N. av.'.S5.o. IJF.102.n.N.) Trans'
.y clanso l.o.^■in■,iug witl. 'nlMu.ugh.' (,',H.H,ir,-.slH,uhl in
-njjhs], cmn n.-aror its vcul,. maturao sunt lilomes,-
trans. closely wit.h in /li.i loris. '
njl soptontrion.H vo.frit,- Mios towards the uorfch '
l«ds,---s,H. o„ 0.1. § 10. contcndit, -' ma.lo an ofTort.'
DoIllH RC.85.6. 1.F.8LM. HUbmi„hl,.ata,-„n.l.rstan,l
es.'.. nlHl(,-(.|,at, -' 1,0 know (was awaro).' App 20 a i
'2. Hi. 'ovon if.' (loflc<.rct,-'did not onal-lo him' to '
etc.; lit,? '
U8nI,-App.H.,.. (RC.82.C. HF.IJ34.1.) Umi ..v.v.- ' (u bo
of survu.,0 to bo an a.lvantago, to bo usof.,1.' ftu-o,-. it
would bo. 'I ho subject is roaliy tho olauso .1 modo. . .corjno.
Too ; ?:l':~'*'' "'^'■"■^■^'- (^^^•^'^'•) ^«r tho mood SCO
RC.99.;.,H nF.206.4. genu« hominum,-' tho charactor
ot tlio inliabitimts.'
quno omnia. . .erant,-'all of which ivas,' lit ? fore -
with omnia. Im.(»jrnllH,-this must bo qualif.od by the
statoments in Bk.lII.c.S., that tho Vcnoti woro in tho habit
o sailing to Britain, and in Bk.ir.o.4., that Divitiacus, king
of a nolgian triho, also rulod ovof a part of Britain
3. nc(ine...qnlsquam,-'noono,'lit.? illo,-adv. neouo
...quioqnan,,-' and... nothing'; subject of notum e,t.
ipsis,— App.17.; i.e. t\iG mercatoreH.
<iallla8,-' Gaul.' The plural with reference to the divi-
sion of Gaul among tho Belgao, Galli, and Aquitani
4. V0Cati8,-trans. by, 'although.' App.5.a.ii. ncoue
ne<]lue,^'Bot...or,' lit.? Traus. tho subjunctive clauses
If.
w
1
i
An
1 ('.
If 1
H I
'
m
II
64
DB BELLO GALLICO.
after rejyerire poterat. eS8et,—(E0.99.(i. HF. 176.2.) So the
subjunctives which follow.
belli, — App.2.c. uterentur,— ' thoy had.' qui essent
...idonei portiis,— ' what suitable harbors existed (there
were).' ad,— 'for.' mnjoruni,—' larger than usual'; the
war-galleys and transports being larger than the
vessels of the Gauls.
coasting
N.B.— Concessive clauses, [with etsi, §1., and In abl. absol., §11.4.]
Ablative of time with wovda not in themselves indicating time.
bellis, § 1. [Caesar also uses in with bello or bellis ; where in is used
the circumstances under which, rather than the time at which, are
expressed.] Si clauses in indirect narration, § 2. [RC.Oii.ft.iii ;
107.6. HF.210.3. BA.4(m.3qq. H.^27. AG.337. Notice the difference in
tense in dejiceret and adisset, etc. The advantag'e is regarded as
accruing onlj- after the information is gained.] Emphatir
position of (jinsquam, %3. Dependent clauses introduced by
an interrogative, § !. (Notice that the sequence of tenses is observed
even in expressing what is true at all times, e.o. esset.] Use of
aut to couple two closely connected ideas which jointly are con-
nected with the rest of the sentence by neque, §4. Position
and force of esseitt, § 4. [The order of words shows that ifJonei is n( .t
a predicative, but an attributive adjective, and that esi-ent is not tlic
copula, but=exlsted.] Connection of words and clauses in S 2.
si modo.. .cognovisset. [Et couples the first clause with the sccoiul,
to which it is subsidiary ; the asyndeton before the last clause mnrlis
off the two main ideas. Tliere is also asyndeton between the nouns
in the last clause.]
CAP. XXI.
1. ad haec COgllOSCeiida, — with praemittit, not Avitli
idoneum. prinsquam fiiceret,-' before making.' (EC.li'i.
/.iv. HF.201.5.) idoneum,— 'a suitable person.' arbitni-
tus,— App.37.a. navi longa,— Introduction, p. xxiii.
2. ut exploratis... re vertatnr,— 'after iinding out... to
return,' or 'to find out, . .and return.' App.S.a. (RC.'J9,
a.2. HF.181.3.)
3. trajeetus, — the straits of Dover are meant.
4. quam...classem, — App.ll.(i.iv. (EC.93.vii.) ad,—
' for.' Yeneticum l)ellum,-see Bk.lli.c.9. § i.
176.2.) So the
NOTES ON BOOK IV.
ttit, not Avitli
dng.' (EC.|i:i.
ion.' arbili-ii'
p. XXUl.
iding
out. . .to
).5.a.
(ECO!),
it.
.S.vii.
) ad,-
1.
55
5- qui polllceantur, — Apn29i mmm^ ^^
! ^re,~irregularly used for th« f . ^.^J"' ^' ^^'IS^.l.)
- iPerio,-App.3.i '*'*• ^^^"- (RC.lOl.a.ii.J
•at,-' had made' Ibl /"'" ^''•Y' «•19-27. constitii-
> l^om he though to beC '""i^" '^' ^' ^"«™' «t'^--
.'-dhighi,,' <r:rM r:heS^'^^^^^^^
,'.-eat price.' (RC.Sl.^.i. HF 150 2 ) '""^'^^'-^i*- ' at
^sinc:S::t^^f ^::f • :^-) .ates he .an.'
aaeat,-trans. by infin. .,ith
Wdem se-
so Aor^e<«r and nwMh-e^. (EC 09^9 i ^ «^
1 tantur,-' embrace the alliance '^'^'^•^.•^-l-) «dem ;
^>. '•««-i«nibus,-'count ". '';;,a'„^:^7- f-^^^-
-.asonecoald who,' etc.; more xt' J ""'' ' ^~'''''y ^ ' ««
'■ 'Uld be given to one ' nT ! . '''' ""^ "PPortunity
vluatsoever (of) opportuniW fo t ^ "'' ' ^«««^ding to
■nother explanation see n.b. below 1 «^-188.4. [For
quae. . .per8>,exls8et,-EC.99.c?. HF.176.2.
into relative clause. §4. ' ti,» ,, ^''""^''P'^'-^^^ion of antecedent
[Here the word is irregularl. (2t fnT"' '"'' '^"^r ^''«^•^««r, §5.
used as a modal verb wi h L clnio'oT' '' ''''"^ ''' derivaHon)
construction is found in c..2. § 1 and 07 «T "'*^"- '^*^« ''«^"J"^
al)sol. and ace. in the simp «pL " ** '^ The use of abl
[This rare constructfonTs ,k "f •''r''"'^' '' *^° «^™^ ^^^ZTe
(RO.ir....c. HF..i9.rBA. :V; ,tn'f '^ i" P'-°^^ cornposft'iL:
Caesar; cf.B,c.II.22.l.. III.i ul^ii'Tv .n?' "^' Jf '•^'l^ently i„'
nective between thA fl^af . . , -'-^J Absence of c/^n-
""•■' "^ ^"« four relative clauses In §7.
i /
I'
li
if
I
II
!!
56 DE BELT.O GATJ.ICO.
[This Is because they nre not co-ordinate ; the Inst throe refer to the
joint idea Onmmium quern., .cnnstituerat.] Gen. of price, magni,
§7. [Tlie «en. is used only where the value is given generally, the
abl. where it Is specified; tiie gen. also is used more freely with
verbs of valuing than with verbs of buying,etc. RC.81.flr. HF.l.V).;;.
BA.305. H. 101.40.5, AG.21.').c.] The reference of fie, §8. [Not, as
regularly (HG.Ol.ii.a.) to the subject of nuntiet, but to the person fur
whom the ambassador is speaking. Thetwoarc,asotten,identitied :
cf.c.22. §1.] Relative clause of characteristic, et...qui...aude
re<, §9. [Some editors regard qui as causal, 'to him, seeing that Iw
did not venture.' RC.oa.fir.iil. HF.198.4. BA-.^on.] SequenccM.l
tenses with historical pres. [Where the pros, follows, the secondary
sequence is used, §§l.f>.; where the pres, precedes, either the primary
sectuencc, §§ 5.8., or the secondary, c.ll. § 6,, c.l4. § 2.]
CAP. xxir.
1. qui...excil8ai'eiit, — cf. on poUiceantur, c.21. §5. ; so
pollicerentur. (le. . .Coiisilio,— ' for their previous policy or
conduct,' lit. ' with regard to the policy of previous time.'
(RC.Sl.e. HF. 130.7.) They had joined the Belgian coii-
fei'' .-acy against Caesar two years before, and the next year
had been in alliance with the Venoti; Caesar had made an
unsuccessful attempt to reduce them at the end of the
previous summer.
quod, etc.,—' in that (lit. because) being uncivilized,' etc.
COnsuetudiiiia,— App.2.c. (RC.Sl.d.f.i.) The ' custom ' was,
as Virgil, the Eoman poet, expressed it, "to lay down the
law of peace, to be merciful to the conquered, and beat the
haughty down."
populo, — of. on sibi, c.lG. §3. fecissent, — EC.99.,(7.i,
Hr.198.2. se. . .factiiros,— trans, by ' to' and infin. (EC.
lOl.fi.iii. HF.llO.l.) ea qtiao,— trans, by one word, iill-
perasset, — for imperavisset. (EC. 66.) For the mood and
tense see on postuJassent, c.6. § 3.
2. satis,-- 'quite.' post tergum, — ^' behind him,' lit.?
has tantularnm, etc.,—' attention to such trifling matters.'
Cf.c.l6. §6. (EC.SI.f?.) Britannlae,—dat. ; meaning the
expedition against Britain, aiileponendas,— supply em.
NOTES ON BOOK IV.
67
lis Imperat,-' requires (or demands) of them,-
In fldem,—
App.41.
lit.?
mto alliance,' 'under his protection.'
the latL If gatherrt:UrZ';%7.r ;t ^^^T'
which,' lit « as many as.' daas,-the t^enth ^^ 2 ' S^.T I
the seventh (c.B2.§.) .,ti. ess^-omit" tj 1^^! ti^^.t
.eolJcto..„ -^^^^^^^^
4. Hnc aecedebant,-' besides this there were' lit '.
this were added ' nh <o4. j- ^ were, at. 'to
minas,-. wLe pret^Ted ro^^^w'^^ tenebantur q„o
a«o..L«.nia;alIobewrittnt'n^ f-m being able,' lit.?
99.a.l.i. HF.185.2: ' ''°'''^' POSSe^t.-EC.
5. diicendnm dedit,— ' he a-nvo f^ i ^
.^«Wwm is gerundive a^rl-f;T: ""* '^" *° ^^ ^^^'j
HF.173.7.) ^ ^'^^'^^'^^^'''Sy'^thexercitum. (E0.104.C.
'•"Cr\cUl:;;\^~ ^^^ -- 1° co„nec«on wUh past
cf.c.2i.§8.] ^b='I^^^?r '"''^"^•^"^thedat. [§«1«.
^.so.j -«0= at a distance of,' §4 rin nji fK„ *v '■'*'^--''
in Caesar without specifying thp nio.n r ^ V\ ^^ °"'^'' «^a^es
measured. e.^.Bk.II 73- S3 ifnfh "" ^''^^*=^ *^« ^^«'^"ce is
The syntax o%«o J^, ^4 •CwhJ-rin C^" '' ^*''-^
<6m,-e. RO.II.156,158. HF.185 2 bTiS iJ? o "' ""''^ °"""' '■^«^'•
a iinal particle, but the final Idea is ofSLe^dT'^V.' '^'"'^"^
dive expressing the purpose or the ob1Po?T<!K k ^^^^c™"-
dncenaum dedit, § 5. ; cf.a 29% 2. and Bk III i,*!f 'p"^*^* "^°»*'
173.7. BA.400. H.544.N.2. AG.29L/ tJI ^ .• °''- ^^^
and «(Z expressing purpose, §§ i.a. ««'"ndive witli causa
Mr
! M
^P*W^»T)«»»W»l»*,-|HSTOllbjli. iiw
11
I
ip
f^HH
n
w
^ HMmM,
i
^^^^HH
K
4 »:
HI
i
1
68
DH BELLO QAIiLICO.
23. Caesar crosses over to Britain.
CAP. xxin.
1. constitutiS,— trans, by clause co-ordinate with nadus.
tertia vigilift,— the time from sunset to sunrise was divided
into four equal periods, called vigiliae or watches, and the
time from sunrise to sunset into twelve equal periods, called
horae or hours. These periods would vary with the season ;
at the time here referred to (late in August) the sun rose
about 5. A.M., and set about 7. P.M.
solvit,— the full expression is found in c.36 §3. Ulteri-
orem,-' farther,' i.e. lying up the coast (to the N.E.) The
exact localities are unkpown.
2 cum,-'aB.' tardius,— 'too slowly,' lit. 'more slowly
(than they should).' (EO.88.6.) esset admiiilstrfttuiii,-
App.24. Trans. ' these set about their wor^,' or ' carried
out their instructions.'
ipse,-opposed to quihus. horn,— cf. on § 1. expositas
copias armataa,-' the armed forces displayed' ; exposttas is
chosen to suggest that their mere appearance was expected
to overawe the invaders.
8 haec,— 'as follows,' or 'such'; more fully explained
hj atque...continehatur. Ita anguste, etc.,-' so closely
bordered.' [Many editions read angustis (with montibua).
which must be translated ' steep,' a meaning difficult to
account for.] posset,-EC.99.6. HF.187.2.
4 Hunc...arbitratu9,— understand esse, dum con vein-
rent,- trans, after ad... exspectavit ; ' tiU. . .should,' etc.
(EC.99./.iii. HF.201.4.) ad,—' until.'
5. cognovisset, vellet,-EC.99.d. HF. 176.2. quae fieri
vellet,— ' what he wished done."
monuit...admini9trarentnr, — 'instructed them to do
everything (lit. that all things were to be done) at tho.
[slightest] signal (lit. at a nodj and at the [proper] momeui,
111!
or ' carried
NOTES ON BOOK IV.
69
as the scienoe of warfare, and especially naval warfare
equu-cd, seeing that this [latter] was subject to rapid and
HFoPfir ?"*'-"' = "' 5 for the subj. see EC.99 e iii
HP.206.4 maxime ut.-this ut need not be translated -^
19 a repetition of the preceding ut tn Jnf. ^ ^™"^'^*^^ . ^t
subject of po^tularent ut L^ *« /"Produce the second
,uae refers lomaritimaerT- TaulVuZ " '''^^''
fu„„ , «•"«»6 res , ut quae is a little more lorciblo
ud tomniiQ fL f ^-"^•^'^•"•^•^- HF.l8l.3.> ad init,im et
ua tempi,a,-the former referring to celerem, the latter to
mdahtlem motum. iacrer to
6. dimissis,-see on constitutis, 8 1. dato snhlnti»
tran. b, principal Cause,. ,: pp.'o.Lii. .^ert. Ht.';7
-off a... shore -i really an abi. absol. App 5.».n. '
W.B.— The division Of day and niirht rwhnfHn™^ e,.x, ^
8ubj. of purpose, [indicatinnharfor 1, ,, ^«"'=;"nti].>§4. with
Ino- Cfo 1^8 9 "^ '""■'"'"» ^"*' for which one is looking or wait-
these,' with 8ubj.,s 5. [Cf nb toti 8. '^^i"''^''':''''- 'seeing that
s::Jr"'ire;rr~f '"--'^^
ijai g^e propo. tlon of participles in § 6.
CAP. XXIV.
1. praemisso trans, by principal clause, (fao genere
-It. 'which kmd (i.e. of warriors),' referring, to bn7>'
equKatu and essedariia ; ireely ' the pI.U „7 -^ , ^""^^
-._-.,. > . . ' "*''-^J'i "^^e class of warrinra ^or thn
=uxt ox lorcej tixHt.' co.i8aeraiit,-cf. on o.6. § l. "
■ill
IB;. \ I if
III;! i? if
't
11
f
60
DB BELLO OALLIGO.
fo
copfls,— RC.85.e.l. HF.23G.N.11. navibas,— of. on navi,
0.21. §9. egredl prohibebant,— App.26.rf. Cf. on o.4. § 53.
2. has,— referring to what follows. nisI . . . non, — 'only,'
lit.?
militibus autein. . .dcslliendnm,— ' while the soldiers had
to leap down ' ; so conaistendum and pugnamlum. App.24.
(RC.96.6.;104.a.ii. HP.178.6.) Forthedat. 8eeR0.82.d. HF.
173.4. Ignotis locis, — ' unacquainted with the ground ' ;
abl. absol.; lit.? iiupediiis manibus,— -trans, by 'with';
abl. absol. opprcsaiS) — dat. agreeing with viilitihu».
3. cum, — 'whereas.' illi, — App.18.6. membrls expe-
ditis,— cf. on impeditia manibus, §2, notissiinis locis, —
' perfectly familiar with the ground,' lit.? Cf. on ignotia
locis, § 2. In8Uefactos,-T-' (who were) trained (to this).'
4. generis pus^nae,- ' style {or mode) of fighting.' For
the case cf . on conauetudinia. c.22. § 1. qiiOj — rel. pron. with
uti; 'as,' lit.? uti, utebaiitur, — here meaning 'display
or show.' Uti conauerant need not be rendered into English.
consueraut,— cf. on § 1.
M.B.— Use of the perfect participle and the abl. absol. to carry on narra-
tion. [In narrating a series of actions Latin generally expresses
the last only of the series, in which the others culminate, by a prin-
cipal verb. Cf.c.23. § 6. and c.32. § .5.] Use of Uomani in ("aeaar
[Very seldom in Caesar's own narrative, as in H. (iwstri being used
Instead): generally in expressing the word> or thoughts of tin
enemy, aslnc.?. §4, c.l9. 8 3., c.30. §]., c.34. S.5.] Omission . l
cum with copiia, §1. [So generally only when a march (or siinihn
movement) is mentioned, and when there is an adjectival nKiditicr.
But see also c.21.§3. RG.86.e.i. BA.p.l78 fn.2. H.41!).l. AG.a48.(/ ;
The conatlve imperfect, § i. [RC.OT.b. HF.l'16.3.n.1. BA.18'.
H.469.II.1. AG.277.C.] The infin. with p»o/ii6eo, §1. lTheon'.\
modal construction in Caesar.] The gerundive with esse usk!
impersonally, §2. Polysyndeton in use of e<, S 2. [This lends
force to the detailed enumeration.] The agreement of ea(f,'i:i
and quo, 1 4. [In sense each of tliese belongs to both alacritate .mhI
studio ; each agrees with the one next it. Caesar aa a rule card uily
avoids such collocations.]
f. on navi,
on 0.4. § H.
n,— 'only,'
loldiers hnd
I. App.24.
\82.d. HF.
> ground ' ;
)y ' with ' J
bus.
brls expe>
lis loci8,—
on ignotin
this).'
ing.' For
pron. with
g 'display
L to English.
rry on narra-
lly expresses
ite, by a prin-
itii 1h (Caesar
ri being used
Ufjhts of ilic
Omission < r
•h (or siniiliu
ivjil nt Miificr.
.1. A<T.L'48.(( '
3.N.1 BA.IK'.
1. lTheon>
vith esse usn;
[This ienils
lent of eadi'.t:}
lacritafe :i\u[
•ule care III liy
NOTES ON BOOK IV.
CAP. XXV.
61
1. nnvos,-R„hj. of rcmoveri, ivrifari tind eonatitui.
qiinrnm,-' whose.' iunsltntlor,-' loss familiar,' i... than
that of the naves onerariae. et motlis, etc.,-' and (whoso)
movement was quicker {or freer) for service {or handling).'
ft«l,-' on.' apertimi l«f „«,-< the exposed flank,' i.e. the
nyht side, unprotected by shields. hostfis, - subject of
propem and submoveri. quae res,-' a manoeuvre which,'
lit.? USnI,-cf. onc.20. §2.
2. remorum motu,-the Britons, like the Veneti (Bk.IH
1^..3.), used sails only with their large vessels, paiilum
modo,-' bit only a little ' ; trans, after pedem retnlerunt.
3. atque,—' moreover,' 'and now.' CUiictaiitlbu8,-Ann
qui,— 'he who.' App.
eyeniret,—
' his act or
5.rt.N.; trans, by ' while,' or
\V.d.i. aqnilam,— Introduction, p. xxi. ut
App.29.a. (EC.99.0.2. HF.181.3.) ea res,
purpose,' lit.? legionf, -trans, by 'for.'
iiiquit,—' cried ' ; trans, before desilite. (EC.72 / HF.
289.2.) dej.llile, — an imperative. vultis. rum volo
(EC.43. HF.147.) praestltero,- trans, by the En<^lish
future. (EO.II.205.A.) °
4. cum,-conj. magna,-' loud.» Toce,— E0.85.e. HF.
7] .8.
5. inter se,— 'one another,' lit.? (EC.GO.e.) ne...ad-
iiiitteretiir,— 'not to incur,' Ht.? (E0.99.a.2. HF.181.3.)
«h'decus,— viz. the loss of the eagle, universi, — ' in a
body ' ; § 6. shows that he is speaking only of those on the
same ship as the standard bearer.
6. HOS item, etc.,—' when those in the nearest ships saw
them, they also followed and,' etc.; lit. ' when also they saw
these from the nearest ships.' SUbseculi,— App..S7.a.N.ii.
■-■i-i'i ^ir:vj-i--=i «i"i> — iur appropinquaverunt. (EC. 60.)
\
62
DB BELLO GALLICO.
N.B.— Use of quae res to refer to a preceding clause, § 1. Present
partic. in abl. absol., §3. Q.ui=is qui, §8. [The antecedent is
thus absorbed in the relative generally only when it would stand in
the same case; cf.c.8. §2. (an exception to this), c.lO. §6., c.U. § i ,
C.84. §3.; so also in the neuter, cf.c.8. §1. andc.23.§5.J The usm
andpositionof in(2!(i«, § 3. [R0.II.B.18. HP.289.2.N. BA.40. H.5G9.V.
AG.a45.c.] The nom. of a personal pronoun, ef/o, § 3. [Here, iis
usual, emiihatic by contrast; the contrast is further emphasizid
by certe, and by meum which is placed close to ego.] Position < >i
meiim, S3. [There is always a tendency In Latin to place pcrsoniil
and ijossessive pronouns, or pronouns serving as such, in juxtaiidsi-
tion when occurring in the same sentence.] 'J he future perftc i,
praestitero, §3. [As the future perfect views a future act us com-
pleted, it is often used to express certainty or rapidity of accomplish-
ment. RC.II.205.b. BA.191. H.473.1. AG.28i.R.] The useof i;//er
se='onc another.' [Hero the se, which strictly is required aittr
cohortatuis rendered unnecessary by iuter se. Generally, but nut
here, inter se='one anWher' with some proposition, cfc.l7. §3 , c.iiO.
§ 1.] Brachylogy in § 6. [For ' when those in the nearest 8hi|)S
saw them from the nearest ships.']
CAP. XXVI.
1. Pugnatum est,— App.'24. (EC.96.i. KF. 164.2.)
alius alia ex liavi,— ' the men Irpm tlie different ship^,'
lit. ' [one man from one ship and J another from another shi]».'
On account of this change in number, trans, occurrerat and
se aggregabat also as through plur. quibuscumque . . .
OCCurerat, — 'whatever. . .they fell in with.' For the dat.
see RC.II.56. HP.120.2. For the tense see BC.II.204.a. So
conspexerant, §2., and conspexerat, §3.
2. vero,—' while.' notis,— cf. on ignotis locis, c.24. §'.?.;
freely, 'were familiar with. . .(and).' App.S.a.iii. iibl,—
' whenever.' singnlares, — ' in small (or scattered) groups,'
lit. 'one by one.' adoriebantnr, — trans, by 'would.' Ajip.
26. c. So circumsistebant and conjiciebant. plureSj — not
• more.'
3. universosj — 'the main body '; opposed to sinflrf ires.
4. item,—' (and) also.' qnos. . .llis,— freely, ' to whomso-
ever,' tr.ansposing the cl.anses; or ' whenever ... any ... to
(let
NOTES ON BOOK IV.
63
1 1. Present
["he antecedent is
it would stand in
i.lO. §5., C.U.I I ,
5.J Thensir
[. BA.40. H.5C)9.V.
WO,iS. [Hero.ii.s
rtlier emi)ha.sizi il
] Position of
to place persoiiMJ
uch. in ju.\tai«)>i-
he future perfi:*!,
jture act as C(iiii-
ity of accomiilisli-
The useof j/;/«r
is required altir
rcnerally, but imt
i,cf.c.l7. 8:},c.:;o.
tlie nearest slii|i3
M64.2.)
ifferent ships,'
1 another shi) I.'
occurrerat and
luscnmqnc . . .
For the d;it.
O.IL204.a. So
oris, C.24. §'.^;
j.a.iii. llbi,—
tered) groups,'
would.' Ajip.
plures, — not
o singr tres.
% ' to whomso-
or. . .any. . .to
App.ii.(i.iii. submlttebant,
N.B.
these' without transposing.
— cf. on adoriebantur, § 2.
5. 8imul,-with the force of aimul atque ; see Vocabulary
su s,-App.l5... coii8ecuti.s,-App.5.«. Trans. 'with,
following.' neq„e,-'but...not.' longius, - ' any dis-
ta^nce.' App.lO. (EO.SS.J.) quod, etc., -cf.c.23. § 1. and
..2a ad pristinam, etc.,-' to complete Caesar's usual
?j()od fortune,' lit.?
ssfoTlJJ^K^^r^ "i"""'"^' •'^"^ *""P^''*' 1" f'-^iuent . --e sentences
nn trf I ^ *" '*''"'■''' '■'P'-''**^^' ^''"o"- I" «"^•" cases in the
nStaZT """^y f --"y "«« '-ever.' RCILm». BA iJ"
1.! f of th« tT m »'"'" " "" "'*'" '^ ""^*"' ** ^- [representing but one
other ' T."" ' ^■•l'"^'"'*^"* '«"« from one, another Lm an!
other ] The present participle with verbs of perception SS 24
In Cieero and ater Latin the participle was often'^sed ' to e^^^^^^^^^^
the actual cmdition of the object ' perceived, i^ut at all times as in
Caesar, the intin. was more common; «.,,. BIc.II.24.4.j ««1^
for the more frequent sirmd atque, § 6. [Cf. c.27. § 1.] Frequencv
of ending -erunt in §.5., at the end of four consecutive clauses [S
is rare, and should be avoided in writing Latin by havTng tlwer
co-ordinate clauses of the same structure.]
27. The Britons sue for peace, which Caesar grants after
demanding hostages.
CAP. xxvir.
d„Vn '*"""* ■••J"'"^*''""*'-*"^^^- ^^^^^^ '>tatim...miserunt.
daturos,-understand esse, and se as subject, qnaeque.-
two words, iinperasset,— cf. onc.22.§i.
2. quern supra, etc.,-' who, as I stated before, was sent '
etc.; lit.? supra,-in c.2L § 6. '
6. Hiinc, illl,_object and subject of comprehenderant,
which 13 to be translated before c navi. . .de/erret effrossum
-'on his landing,' 'when he landed,' lit.? eiini,-' al-
though.' modo,-'in the character {or capacity) of'- or
'feoiy, as.' deferret,-BC.99.i.iii, HF.204.6. '
if it
64
DB BBLLO GALLIOO.
10
4. rel,— *aot.' App.2.c. contulernnt,— ' laid.' imprii-
dentiam, — i.e. their ignorance of the customs observed
between nations. Cf.c.22. §1. ut ignosceretiir, — 'to be
pardoned.' App.24. (EC.99.a.2. HF.i81.3.)
5. qnod, — ' that ' ; with bel/um . . . intulissent. For the subj.
see ECU. 165.6. HF.198.2. ciim,—' although,' or 'while.'
missiSj — App.5.a.iii. ; trans, by clause co-ordinate with
petissent. potissent, — ioT petiinsent. (EC. 66.) For the mood
see EC.99.7.iii. HF.204.5.
ignoscert'j — understand se as subject; notice the tense.
imprudentiae,— App.3.6. (EC.82.e.i. HF.105.9.3
6. arcessitaiJlf — App.37.ra.N.B.; trans, by clause in active,
co-ordinate with daturas; lit.? The tense of arcessitam is
relative to daturos not tojdixernnt.
7. agl'OS, — ' the country, the country districts.'
M.B.— The asyndeton In §1., obsides, etc. [This is because these words
were felt to be but an explanation of legatns (fepace viisentnt.]
The number and tense of demonstraveram, S2. [This is one of the
few cases where Caesar uses the first person sinpr. Tlie pluperf.
seems to be used because the sentence is equivalent to quern 0.
praemiserat.'] Omission of se with the infin., SS1.5. [So not
infrequently in quotations in Caesar, when easily supplied from the
context. But the beginner in Latin should avoid this omission in
Latin prose composition.] Impersonal constr. in passive of
intransitive verbs, i<7«osce)'e<«r, § 4. [RC.IL57. HF.164.1. BA.5.l'17.
H.301.1. AG.146.C.] Quod with subj. of virtual indirect narra-
tion, §5. fCf.c.22.§l.]
28, 29. A storm does great damage to the vessels carrying the
cavalry and to those which had already crossed.
CAP. xxvin.
1. His rebus,— 'by this means,' lit.? post diem... yen-
turn, — ' three days after he came ' ; more lit. ' on the fourtli
day after'; of. on C.9. §1. est ventum,— App.24. deiiioii-
Stratlim est, — 'mention has been made,' lit.? .A pi,-.24.
sustulerat,— ' had taken on board.' sapcrloii»,- in c.23.
§ 1. called tiUeriorem,. YCi!tO,=EC.85.o.iv. IIF.1U2.8.N.
i.' imprii'
as observed
ur,— 'to be
Tor the subj.
or 'while.'
iinate with
^or the mood
» the tense.
3 _
3e in active,
'.rcessitam is
le these words
iserttnt.]
1 is one of the
The pluperf.
lit to qxtem Q.
S 1.5. [So not
Dlied from the
is omission in
in passive of
64.1. BA..5.L'17.
adirect narra-
arrying the
liein...Ten-
I the fourth
14. donioii-
? A pp.2-1.
0,— in C.23.
[02.3.N.
NOIES ON nOOK IV.
65
2. viderentur,-' were in sight.' po.s,set,-RC.99.6. HF.
.. 1 ''fZr''^'''' ^""^ dejicerentur. inferlorem.-i.e.
owardstheS.W. pro„ius,-used like a prep. (E0.83./.iii.)
sill, -'to themselves.' (RC.Sl.d!.)
3. quae tamen, etc.,-' and as these, having nevertheless
[i.e, m spite of the danger) cast anchor, were filling.' etc ;
or xnore^ freely, ' had cast ... and were,' etc. [Inothe^
possible interpretation is to take tamen as applying to the
vvhole sentence and opposed to the words just preceding- in
tlus case trans, by 'however,' making this the first wird
To regard^amen as opposed to ancoris Jactis and connected
With complerentur, disregards the natural order of the words
and implies that the ships were more likely to be filled while
running free than while at anchor off the open coast 1
cum,-conj. necessario. . .pr->f -tae. . .petieriint,-'they
were compelled to put out. . ,ake for,' lit.? adyersa
nocte,-'in the face of the . ^., into the night,' lit. ' the
App.5.a.N.
night meeting them.'
Ji^^TiH 1^ A"*' '^""^ 9^'^rtum quam, §i. [Strictly the plirase
should be post die quarto quam=^ on the fourth day after 'ud
tl^e meaning, 'later {i.e. on the fourth day) than'- voTtZuJ^
adverb Its position, however, has caused'it to fnflurce 1 1 case
ha follows as if it were a preposition. The usage Is rare n c L^sica!
i^l .; ?."'* ^t remembered also that In reckoning fro" one
date to another, the Romans counted both extremes, so th- the
phrase really=the third, not the fourth, day after The
impersonal passive construction, In §i. twice. (Cf. n n to c Vn
N.B. to C.4.] Use of solverunt, § l. [Generally «ar«« s (not as
s^'is ul' '"*^ *!;' °'^^'^'' ^^^""^^ '^ ^««•^«- - -^e-
stood aa 0.23. §1.] ^Pi»-o/>e«gMo with the dative, u fCiesar
uses only the dative, not ad, except in Bk.II.i9.2. wh^e the re'dTn^
is disputed; the idea of nearness to. not motion towards p 4^
dominates. ] Propius with the accus. , § 2. [Cf n b to c 9 1
Sut, objective gen., with periculo, § 2. [This Is moreemphatic than
suo would have been. Notice also that se and suns inTsentenle of
result refer to the subject of the sentence of result, not to that of k1
kadxuK vcro.] Tile phrase adverse noc««,§ 8.
I'!
I'
66
DE BELLO GALLICO.
ui
! Ill
CAP. XXIX.
1. nocte,— that of Aug. 30-31, according to aatroncmic, '
calculations. A reference to c.'28. § 1. will then show on
what day Caesar must have crossed to Britain, esset,-
' there was.' (RC.99.6.ii. HF.182.4.) qui dies,-' a peri<,l
{or time) which.' maritimos, etc., — 'very high tides. ^
consuevit,— ' is wont,' or trans, by ' usually.' iucognituin,
— the tides at the straits of Dover are 20 or 30 feet high, those
in the Mediterranean insignificant.
2. lino, — 'one and the same.' naves. . .complcbat, -
tians. by passive oice. App.23. Soonerariaa. . .ajfflictahaf.
quibiis,— ' in (lit. with) which.' transportnnduni,— ' to it
brought over.' (EC.104.C. HF.173.7.) ad,— ' at.' neque
ulla, — 'and no,' lit.? adininistraiidi, aiixiliandl,— tlie
former of those on board, the latter of those on shore. In
trans, add ' them ' {i.e. the ships) with the former.
8. fractis,— trans, by 'as.' aniissis, — freely, 'having
lost.' App.5.a. magna, etc. ,—' great alarm inevitably (or
as was inevitable) arose throughout,' etc.; lit.? id quo«l,—
lit. ' a thing which ' ; quod is ace. , subj. of accidere. exer-
citns, — lit. * of,' i.e. on the part of.
4. neqne,— trans, by 'no.' possent,- RC,99.c. HF.188.1,
Usui,— cf. on C.20. §2.
omiiibn» constabat,— ' it was generally understood lor
agreed'; omnibus, dr. iive ; more lit. 'among all.' Iiieiuari
oportere,— ' that they mist winter.' App.24. (RC.9G./>.
HF.164.2.) in hiemem,~iran3. in by 'for.'
1l,n.—Luna plena, qui dies, §1. [The incorporation in the relnlive
clause of an antecedent in apposition with another word less geiu ml
In meaning ; cf.c.l. S 1.] Gerundive with euro, % 2. [Cf. N li to
C.22. 8 5.1 Id quod, referring to a clau,?e, S 3. [Here, ab is rem:-
larly the case, the clause follows.] Relative clause of chaiao-
teristlc, §4. [RC.99.C. HF.188.4. BA..'i04. H.oOS. AG.320 a.] The
impersonal piasive construction in the infin., hiemari, §4. In
and aceus. of the time for Tviiicb nrrangeuients are being aiuUd
astroncmio. '
then show on
tain, esset,-
leSj— 'a peri( i!
y high tides/
' iucognitnin,
feet high, those
.complebat,
18. . .afflictahat.
nduni, — 'to l)f
— ' at.' nequo
ixilinndl,— the
1 on shore. In
[•mer.
reely, ' having
I inevitably {or
.? id quod,—
ccidere. exer-
99.C. HF. 188.1.
understood [or
all.' liientiiri
,24. (E0.9(i.A.
1 in the reliitive
word less general
0, S2. [Cf. N.r.io
[Here, abis itl'u-
clause of chainc-
(3.320. a.] The
ari, § 4. In
are being mode
KOTES ON BOOK IV.
67
beforehand, in hiemem, § 4. m „„„ ,„tu ,u
[This emphasizes the words with wH.h .T '*""" "'^"'' « *'
^ ^ Construction ^To'pZ^^t ^d tr.: itlt/ T'r'''-^
is the only mood used by Caesar.] * ** ' ' ^^^^ "'**"•
CAP. XXX.
1. This long sentence may be conveniently broken into
four m Enghsh, viz. at conoruti, trans j^ortaLaTlZ nro
dt's.J;-w/"?:Lt"';r:t' "^^ ^"°*'^^-' '^«"^-^^
«..«A \J ' . Romans were without.' lit ?
quae,-referrmg to ca.trorum. hoc a„g„stiora,-f reely
r:aW (Ect5l'ii.r^^ '''■ '"^^^^ —- ^^or th^
2. optimum facta,-' the best thing to do ' CRC m^ ^
HF175.3 duxerunt,-. concluded, th^ought.' rebellLne
facta, t..ns. by clause co-ordinate with UiUr7 ^T'
EC 85 f HP rr/""^^; :^ — *^« --.' frumento,-
a rurs..s,-not 'a second time,' but referrin-^ to the
eiumge from pace confirmata (c.28. § 1.) to rebelUone iT
a??ris,-asinc.27.§7. dedueero ■ %//'! '^'7''''"« /«'■^»-
*.i , . , ** weuucere, — to brin»- down ' i ^ tr.
the coast, to the place where they were to begin war.'
^.H.-Hoc anticipating: a quod clause « 1 rsn ,.« t»,j
chiefly with comparatives or word, uLi ^'' "'° *^ ^«""^
its origin an abl. of measure 0^1« '^ ^'"k" ^" ""'"'^'^'•"■«o» i 1' is in
into the abl. of causeT "^ ''\^"' '''""' ""«» '° '"«•ge
BA..O..J Tr^oiditiona rToWr ^^"•'"•^- "^•^^•^■
co«/<rfe6a„<, 52. [Caesar ia not quot in- •--■ - .^i" '"""'^ "^
theuiseivei.} quutuso icaauna pat forward by
'ii
hm
n'M
'm
i,hi
iji';
■i ! (1
■; J
.1,.
68
PE BELLO OALLIOO.
CAP. XXXI.
1. ex eventu navium,— ' from what had happened to his
ships,' lit. ' from the fate of.' ex eo, quod,—' from the fact
that.' fore, etc., — 'suspected {or began to suspect) that
that would happen which (actually) did occur.' nd, — ' for
or to meet.' subsidin, — ' resources.'
2. quae earuni, — App.ll.d.iv. Trans. ' of the ships which
had been,' etc. quae, — ' whatever.' res, — ' purpose.'
3. cum ...admiiiistraretur, — App.24.; 'as the soldiers
worked,' lit.? Cf.c.23. §2. studio, — EC.85.e. HF.71.B.
amissis,— trans, by ' although.' reliquis . . . effecit,— freely,
' he made it possible to sail satisfactorily with the rest,' lit.
' he brought it about (or managed) that there could be sail-
ing,' etc. navignri,— App.24. posset,— EO.99.6. HF.187.2.
N.B. — A neuter pronoun In apposition with a clause, ex eo, quod, etc.,
§ 1. [Cf. id quod, C.29. § 3.] The mood of accidit, § 1. [Id quod
accidit was not the suspicion but the writer's substitute for it, hence
the indicative. The idea quod accidit could not possibly have been
part of his thought. Cf.c..'i2. §2. and c.35. §1. In this last case, ho\t-
ever, the subj. also might be used.] Incorporation of ante-
cedent in the relative clause, quae... naves, eariim, S2. [This is
frequent when the relative clause precedes tlie clause with the
antecedent.] Tense of the principal verbs throughout. [In §§
1.2. Imperf., though for different reasons; In §3. perfect.]
82. The Britons surprise a legion out foraging.
CAP. XXXII.
1. ex consuetudiue,- ' as usual,' lit.? referring only to
una. frninentatniii, — the supine ; trans, by ' to ' and infin.
(EC.lOS.a. HF.174.8.) missa,— trans, by 'when'; so inter-
posita. neque uUa,— cf.c.29. §2. ad,— 'up to.' intor-
posita, — 'had arisen,' i.e. between the time of the surrender
and the present, cum, — ' as or since,' explaining the preced-
ing words, hominum, — ' of the natives.' Tentitaret,—
L \. .1. ^»,»* ? A---- no ^ /T>/^ nc TTT TT"ri OAO _. \
Kcpti uuiiniijj. iipp.iiO.t;. ^xvO. JO.ijLX. xlx.oUo.u.)
NOTES ON BOOK IV.
69
ippened to his
■' from the fact
suspect) that
ir.' ad, — ' for
be ships "which
purpose.'
} the soldiers
B5.e. HF.71.B.
Fecit, — freely,
the rest,' lit.
) could be sail-
9.6. HF. 187.2.
ex eo, quod, etc.,
at, § 1. [Id quod
tute for It, hence
isslbly have been
lis last case, horf.
loration of ante-
in, S2. [This is
clause with the
roushout. [In §§
L-feet.]
ng.
jrring only to
' to ' and infill,
len ' ; so inter-
p to.' intor-
the surreudir
ing the preced-
ventitaret,—
3.a.)
cuatomf
, lit. 'cus-
partein,—
consuetude ferret,—'
torn allowed.' (EC.99.£.i...
' was visible in the direction in which,' lit?
2. id quod erat,-' as was actually the ca«e ' lit ? /^ ,•«
exjWd by «.•,.•. . ....,,,, „„ J,, corsi?ii,-App'2. "
in tum,-understand esse. i„ stationibU8,-'on guLd'-
the plural because at each of the four gates wou^ be a
Tutd ' ^" f ;«7- «--clere,->to tale thel pll ^on
guaid more rc.ly, 'to relieve them'; the sing of the
general .dea of guarding. reliqua«,-how man/? Ltro.
duction, p. XVI. armnri,-' to arm themselves. (EC 96 c)
3. pan 10 longius,-'some little distance.' C on c26
§0. «»«t»nere,-' wereholdingtheirown(.rtheirground)'-
cf.on ell. §6. conferta,-trans. by 'as,' giving th^ real
son for ex ovmihus partibus. *'
^ deme8So,-trans. by clause with ' because,' co-ordinate
^^tl.eratreh,ua. erat reliqua,-' remained,' lit.?
5. dispersos, depositis, occnpatos, - trans, by clauses
introduced by 'when'- nosfm^ ia ,1,., i- -, . '^'^"^^^
ftdorfi tvo/o 1, 1 ' ^'^'^^^^ ^3 "^ be supplied from 8 4.
hnd their own cohorts.
«r.B -Predicate nom. with ap,,e«a6a<«,.,§l. fRC.II.70. H..S62.02 AG
176.] ibe numbering of the Roman legions \ThlT,Z^
given were in the order of their levying Tl.oS p ^ ""mbers
An,eeeaenl repeated i„ rel.livecl«„8c. ,„„if™;,r,T',rf „ ,
expenseof elcRance 1 Th! f.! 1 ^'«^•■"^^«S' even at the
2. U. [CaesarToernU see Jo'ob ecTlT/rief °" «.V^"^""''««
«nnr^rfie;;-" ill---, . 7„'^^P'"l^"-fect indie, in Si4.6. fOf events
passive ^erbs. a;;;..^ ^ '{^OM.c. B^^ul': l^]:^{^ °'
Ik
« i
!:lM
'IV
^k
70
DB BELLO QALLICO.
33. The Britiih mode of fighting with chariot».
CAP. xxxni.
1. Oenirs, — 'manner.' hoc,— ' as follows ' ; the predicate.
per omnes partes, — 'in aU directions.' ipso terrorc
equltuni,— ' by the very {or mere) terror caused by their
horses,' lit,? (EO.SJ.c.) ordines, — of their opponents.
equitiiin, — i.e. their own, so that after the warriors on the
chariots had dismounted, foot soldiers and cavalry alter-
nated. Caesar had no cavalry with him.
2. ita, — 'in such a way.' illi, — App.IS.i.; i.e. those who
had dismounted to fight on foot, habcniit, — EO.99.6. HP.
187.2.
<
8. tautnm efliciant, — 'become so proficient or expert,'
lit.? uti.. .consuerint,— for co«*Mereri?i<. (EC.99.6. HF.
187.2.) loco,— 'ground.' per,— ' along.'
N.B.— The phrase ex easedis pugnae, §1. [Nouns are joined to each
other by prepositions very seldom In Latin, and, as a rule, only when
the word on which the prepositional phrase depends is of verbal
origin. Cf. «n Britanniam trajectus, ci'l. 13.] Ipse, §1.=
'very,' [i.e. itself and nothing else.] Cuin=^ whenever,' with
the perfect indie, § 1. [See n.b. to c.26, on frequentative sentences.
In such sentences, when the reference is to present time, the perfect
and present respectively are used for the plupcrf. and Impcrf.]
84-36. On Caraar's apijroach the Britons withdraw, and in
a second attempt are routed and submit to Caesar, uho at once
returns to Gaul as the season is getting late.
CAP, XXXIV.
1. Qnibns rebus, — ablative of means, nostl'is, — may be
dative with auxilium tulit, or ablative absolute, novitate,
— trans, by ' because of.' (EC.85.m.)
NOTES ON BOOK IV.
71
^h^)rfc interval,' lit.? ■i^^imisso,— after a
i.. e.*-'. S 1. eL't rX ;-as'i .c- s'st'T' '^°'°"' °'
~i... r..o,„ the e„„„,,, dlj,„:.:';,iii;,x--".
"-^- «^punssent,— cf. on adtsi^et, c.2U 8 2 rT?P qq t. •••
107.6. HF.211.N.) J^-s^-S- (-Kb.99.A.iu.;
6. His rebus,— as in c.28. § i.
V.n.-The various uses of the abl. in thp ohnnfa.. rxr .
lieapi,,^. of abl. in § i.] Asvndpfnn ?h , ^^^*^ «specially the
in contrasting' clauses .„ 4 k"w^^,^'''"'^*^'«» ''""^ "««d
[The latter. proLbly an b of :^ets isTiL '"' ^'**'°"*^ "'' ^^^•^•
trtif
1. idem.
CAP. XXXV.
.fore, — ' that the same thinjrwoiilH >nT^^«« ) ^
od*««e/ nPO so A- ^ ^—-u.b.j esscut puisji, — cf. on
oa««*e«, c.20.§2. dictuiu est,— App.24. * ^ • on
lil
72
DB DELLO GALLICO.
I 'I
2. dlulins,— 'any longer,' i.e. than the hegintiing of the
battle. aCj — we may trans, 'but.'
H. seciitl ... oci'ideruiit, — understand nostri. tnnto
spntio,— freely, ' as far,' lit. ' Avithin (or over) as great a
space.' quantum. . .cfflcere,— 'as their speed and strength
allowed,' lit.?
^•B«— TJif mood of accidemt. fCf. N.n. to c.81. «l.J Ut introducing'
un oxpliimtory elaiist'. witli tiie siilijunctive of result, « 1. [Here tlic
ut fliuise is really in iipposition wltli idem, ami tlius «'onneeted Willi
fore.] Teii)<e of effin/erent and esseiit jmhi, SI. Compara-
tive vvitli atand.ird of comparison to l)e supplied from tlie contexi.
[diiitiiis, § 2. = Monger ' (tlinn the la'Binninpof tiie Imttle) ; cf. tardiuH,
C.23. §2. = 'more slowly' (than they should), and aiigustiora, c.3().
l:t. ='8maller ' (than uijual).] Tlie phrase tantiim spatio quan-
tum, § 3. [Spathnn is not to l)e understood with quantum, which U
used substantively.] A relative and a dfmonstraiive in 'lie
same sentence of tlie same person, quo8...ex ih. §3. [This is m.t
Infrequent in Caesar, and is more emphatic tiian a more condensid
expression would liave been. Notice, too, tliat in this clause iIk;
usual clear indication of a change of subject is wantlnff.] Posj.
tlon of longe lateque, § 8. [Thus in effect an attribute of aediflciis.]
CAP. XXXVI.
2. His,—' for these.' die,—' the time or the season.' (He
propinqua, inflrmlH navibus,— App.5.a.N.; trans, by 'as.'
SUbjiciendam,— understand ease.
3. incdiam noctem,— 'midnight.'
4. quae,— i. p. the ships, ex. . .duae,— we should say ' two
of the transports,' lit.? qiios reliqui,— 'as the others,' lit.
'which the other (crews reached)'; reliqui, masc, as ho is
thinking of the men rather than of their vessels. Infra,—
i.e. towaids the S.W.
N.n,— Dies, § 2., feminine. [So very rarely, chiefly when dies does not
mean 'day ' in the usual sense, and never in tiie plural.] The
force oihiemi, §2. [Tlie dative with a gerundive is not necessarily
uat. of apparent agent.] The phrase media nox, 5 3. [Rt s.h.c.
BA.60.] Qui= ' as,' after idem. 1 4. The gender of reliqui, i 4.
[This is the so-caiied synesis or ' construction accorduig to sense.']
egintiing of the
nostri. tnilto
ver) as great a
ed and strengtJi
Ut Introduciiij/
lult, «1. [Here the
lus connected wiili
1. Compaiii-
from the contexi.
>att\ei)\ ct.tardiuK,
\ avgnstiora, c.3(>.
ntum spatio quail-
oiavt.iim, which is
loiistraiive in fjif
, S3. [This is not
a niore condeiisid
in tliis clause the
ntinfr.] Posi-
ute oi aediftciis.]
le season.' die
trans, by ' as.'
houldsay ' two
:he others,' lit.
masc, as ho is
ssels. infra,—
hen dies does not
lural.] The
is not necess.'iiily
•ox, 5 3. [Ri:. ss.c.
der of reltqiti, s 1.
rding to sense.']
NOTES ON BOOK IV. 73
1. Qnibi
dbi
CAP. XXXVII.
trn -that"of"^7^"'*~;'^' *"" mentioned in c.86. §4. cas-
irn,— tJiat of feuipicius liiifim n 90 c o - . ^ '
setting out. ' (RCU02 a tlufl', ^ , »»'*>««'«««««'- ' on
itu HiLno,-' with ntr "^-^'f^-^ Primo,-adverb. „on
■iiii^iiu} wicn not a verv 'irrro ' i;«- o d ..
'if they did not wish to be kilod''- ! «'v •»;»"ent,-
lIlC.II.22 1 nollfint -RP Qo t ' '^' ''"^•'- ^^ interfici.
"-"^-J no"e»tj— RC.99./t.iii. HF.206 4
lit.? (RC.82.C. HP.134.1.) "'""'^"'^'- *"a^dhismen,'
'^•'**~^''"® reference of nrespnt ni.,i ,.,>. e
infin. with no^o, 8 1. "^i^t to ,^ J .? '^r'*"' . '^^^ '^<^«»«- «"d
verbs is the same, either the s ml r'* 7'''° *^' ^"^'J' «^ ^'«'l'
accus. and Infln. c;nstrn;t io. m " t uZ' rr*''"^V"'^"- °^' ^'^^
commoner.] The double , i ^ . ' ^'"^"'^'" ''^'"f? far the
«"«o, §2. The Phrase ««,;^ '''* ''"'■""'' ^"'^ '"*«••««*) >vith
r. .Vse^actively ] "''''^"'"'" ''«'"■"''' ^^^ Pa-ivei;. s J^-c'i?
CAP. XXXVIII.
1. rebellionem fecerant,-cf. on c. 30. 8 2
'""'■-'"<' "° »"-» «» »Wch to row,. Utr:hadt;
I-
lilM
01|Hi
'.
0ms
4
j
tte'
■ ■: 1
i|i;-
]\
1)
■ !
i:
^ j
lii ' III
74
DB BELLO OALIJOO.
whither thoy should rotrfiat.' (RC.II.25. HF.lSl.l.N.) Tran^
quo .haherent before proi .'cr. . .pallidum, qno, etc.,— qh,-
referring to pahiduvi, though agreeing in gender and numL. .
with the predicative perfuyio B0.1I.197.e.), ' which they lial
used as,' etc. (EC.II.7(i.) fiieraiit U8l,-RC.97.^.iii. ],,
potestatein yenerunt, ' fell into the hand.^,' lit.?
3. In,— cf. on C.18. §4,
4. legrlonum,— trans, by 'for.' negrlexeriint, — add in
trans. ' to do so.'
5. His re bus,— referring to all the events of the summei V
campaiyu. ex lltterls Caesarls,— ' in accordance with (
in consequence of) despatches from C diernm,-trans. l,y
•for 'or by English possessive. (EC.Sl.e. HF. 180.7.) siip.
plIcatIo,-'a public thanksgiving,' celebrated by solemn
sacrifice in the temples at Rume. At the end of the cam-
paign two years before, Caesar writes, "and for these act^
a thanksgiving for fifteen days was decreed, an honor which
up to that time no one had received."
M.B.-Tlie plural of an abstract noun, aiccitates, S 2. [Here, as often
in Latin, the plural of an abstract noun is used reforrinR to the var-
ious Instances or cases whore the quality is manifested. RC 5te
H. 130.2. AG.75.C.] Pelatlve clause of purpose, quo se recipen'nt
§ 2. Utor with a twofold abl., § 2.. [one being in the predicative
relation to the other. RC.II.76.] Fuerant U8i=erant usi vi
[In the perfect tense a difference is generally observable between
the compound forms with sum and with /ui, but in the pluperf Miid
fut. perf.,/«emm and/wero are used (though very rarely) quite with
the force of eram and ero.] Se abdere with in and ace. [Cf. n b
to c.18. § 4.J Asyndeton In contrast, 8 4., and in emphatic enumera^
tiou, § 3. —
<Li=^==S5
^==f*=.^
M81.1.K.) Tran^
quo, etc.,— 9//,,
nderand numl» 1
'which theyhni
-EC.97.flr.iii. ill
' lit.?
erimt, — add
in
I of the summc) ■<
ordance with 1
mm,— trans, l.y
HF. 180.7.) sup.
ated by solomn
end of the cain-
id for these acts
an honor which
2. [Here, as often
eferriiiK to the v.ir-
mlfeated. RC.Si.e.
e, quo se redpennt,
(?in the predicative
usi=erant tisi, s :;.
ibservable between
in the pluperf. mmcI
>^ rarely) quite with
1 and ace. [Cf. n.b,
emphatic euumera-
VOCABULARY
TO
CAESAR, DE IJELLO GALLJCO.
BOOKS I.-VII.
r
Mr
^■ii
•■ i
i ! i
1 i !
! I
MARKS AND ABBREVIATION
The quantity of all vowels long by nature has been marked. Vowpig
not marked are to be considered short by nature
abl ablative.
ace accusative.
adj adjective.
adv adverb.
conj cov junction.
dat dative.
f. or fern feminine.
gen genitive.
indecl indeclinable.
m. or masc inasc%dine.
n. or neut neuter.
part jmrticiide.
perf perfect.
plur plural.
prep preposition.
pres present.
pron pronoun.
sing singular.
su))st srdistantiiA
w xvith.
A.
11 marked. Vowels
VOCABULAKT.
A.
A., an abbrbviation for Aulus.
a. ab, (abs), prep, with ahl (■;
abi-es, -etls, {.,fir.
ub-jlclo, ere. -i«ioi !,„*
tl>nnvaioayTthriT' "jectum,
ab-jnnsro, ©le, -junxl, -lunc
turn, detach, separate, jmrt
ab-rlplo, ere, -ripul, -rentm..
<'t>-'-y off, stiatch. ' ***!»'="•"•
abs, see a.
abs-eWo. ere, -eWi, -cisuiii cut
".If, cut, cutaway; cut r/. " " * "'*
absens, -entls, ahsen*
abslniilis, e, iinlike.
ab-slsto, ere, -stltl, withdraiv
i»"'P away from. '<■"<" an.
nrlmrt'in -t''' ^^ '''*««"<; take
ac-cedo, ere. -opbot «a
accolero, ar», avi, atnni, ;,„(,„.
aecUvls, e, rlsiny, sloping.
"^.cur8uC''';'"*''^«'-«"«'«rrI.
Aa?«""'"' ^"" "i'. rmU up.
■ r
1 ' ;
II
w
!!! li-l
DE HELLO QALLICO.
aocuso, arc, jivi, iitniii, acrm^p.,
Jhidjiiult, cenmnr.
sict^r, cris, ere, sharp, keen, violent,
secere.
jwerbe, adv., hiffrrly, Iceenly ;
ticerbe ferre, be dLst reused bij.
Jifcrbltas, -tatis, f., bitterness;
sutferiny, distress.
ucurbus, a, um, hitter, painful.
aeervus, I, m., heap, pile.
a«'Ii»s, el, f., kee,nness. fierce glance ;
line of battle; buttle.
ao-qiilro, ere, -qnlnlvl, -qiilsl-
tuiii, (jain, gain advantage.
acrlter, adv., (iicriu», aoerrlme),
Jiercely, hotly, desperately.
aetuarins, a, um, light, sicijt.
actus, a, um, from ago.
acutu8, a. um, sharp, pointed.
art, piM^p. witli ace., to, towards ;
with a view to, for ; according to ;
near, by, in, among; (wltli iiu-
nu'.rjils), about.
adactus, a, um, from adljsro.
artaoquo, are, avi, atum, equal ;
make equal.
artamo, are, avi, iitum, love
greatly, become enamored of, take
a fancy to.
acl-rto, ere, -dldl, -ditum, add,
join ; make an addition.
art-duco, ere, -duxl, -dnctiim,
lead, bring; bring in, conduct;
draw towards, dratv taut ; induce,
influence, Jorce.
ademptus, a, um, from adtmo.
adeo, adv., so, so much.
ttd-eo. Ire, -Ii (-ivl.), -Itum. r/o
to, advance; attack; visit; reac/i.,
get at ; approach.
adcptus, a, um, from adipiscor.
adequitd, Are, avi, atum, ride
np.
ad-Iiacresoo, ere, -ha<
"liaesum, adiiere, cling to, cadh.
fast to.
adhibeo, ere, ul, Itum, call in,
admit ; bring along ; use. show.
adhortor, arl, atus suui, urge,
mlwrt, encourage, \
adhfic, adv., till now, up to tha
present, as yet.
Adiatunmis, I, m., a chief of tlic
Soutiates.
ad-f;sro, ere, -effi, -actnm, drir..
tip; drive in; hurl, cat<t ; nio,.
np ; force, bind.
ad-imo, ere, -emi, -cmptuin
take aioay, destroy ; cut ojf.
ad-lplHcor, I, -eptus sum, <(
tain, win.
adItuH, UH, m., approach, ncm.^'^
means of approach; right o'l
approaching, admittance ; intir
course.
adjaoeo, ere, nl, be acljaccni.
border up>on.
ad-JIcl6, ere, -JccI, -Jeotum.
ca>it ; add; throw np.
uiJjudlco, are, avi, atum, ad-
judge.
ad-Junsro, ere, -Junxl, -Jiiiu-
tuiii, .;■(»/«, unite, ally ; anne.v.
adjutor, oris, m., assistant, ally.
ad-juv6, are, -Juvl, -.jiituiii.
assi.''t,heJp ; aid; be of assistance,
further.
Admasretobrlpra, ae, f., a, town in
Gaul, of uncertain i)08ition.
admatnrd, are, avi, atum,
mature; hasten.
administer, trl, m., assistant,
jirtest.
admlnistro, are, avi, atum.
carry out, execute, attend tn;
manage; issue.
admlror, ari, atus sum, woml r
at, admire, be surprised.
ad-mltto, ere, -misl, -missuni,
allow, incur; commit; let <;.> ;
part, admlssus, at full spieed.'
admodum. adv., very, very murh.
exceedingly ; with numerals, full »,
quite.
adinoneo, ere, ul, Itum, warn,
advise.
adolescent), see adulescens.
adolescentia, see aduiesceiitia.
adolescentulus, see adulescuu-
tuius.
till now, up to tJie
I, m., a chief of the
ul, he mljaceni.
uS, Itam, warn,
adslsto, see ussjmto.
.1«! II lessens, -entia ,«
adulescentlu. «o, f., yo»;;^.
ucIuIescentuluH, f. „,, ^ ^^,.^
.i;lvcrsarlu8, I. r»
«/«;«//. ' "*•' opponent,
"t'KVi-, grra, 8-ru,„, sick.
r:;:.'r"""-''"-.«»"'»t.
vooARnLAitr.
aos, aerlg, n.. hrnn~^ . „
'none, ; ai. aii^^.Zt'diT^''''
aestas, -tritlH, f., summer
aosfciinatlo, -6n!s e ^.„t ^.
aestlnio, ar« nvi a*
^nate,vkm,X^^d **"""• ^"'*-
ae«t.iarlum, I, „., estriary, irdet
'^f^ns,ns,m.,7,^at;tiae
^''l^^'-tfitU,t,a„e, years.
af-fln|nr6, ere, -flnvl ««*
«fllrinatlo, -6nlp f ^»
a'<scrtion ' ' "'^^^rance
^fif»^' »•«■». from aflJlffo.
at-flij^o ore, -flixT «t *
fntter damage, w)^ck^^''^^''^*
down, bear down. ""^^*^' «'"'om»
afforo,fromad.snm.
"orthcentralJa"tofGaul"'""^°
»
It
'*
'.I
'\\
m
\
ffpl
I
DB BELLO CiAUACO.
-gressus sum.
Ml,
ug-grodlor, I,
attack:.
a^SVGgo, are, avi, atuiii, attach,
aglto, are, avi, atnin, discuss.
agrnien, •■minis, n., army on tlie
march, lino of march, column;
w. prlmum, the van ; w. novls-
siniuin, the rear.
ago, ero, egl, actum, drive, carry
on; britiff up, advance; take;
drive down ; run ; do, carry on,
work, jLct ; treat, plead, discuss,
confer ; hold ; express.
»?.^'p«l*«^a» a«» f-. agriculture,
tilling the land, farming.
alacer, oris, ere, eager.
alaoyltas» -tatls, f., eagerness,
ardor.
alarll, 6rnm, m. plur., auxiliaries
(usually placed on the wlngfej.
albus, a, uni, iohite,
alces, is, t.,elk.
Alesla, ae, f., a towu Jn the central
part of Gaul.
alias, aAv.,atanottier time; alias
— alias, at one time.... at an-
other, now 7tow.
alieno, are, avi, atum, alienate,
ejtrtuig.i ; deprive of reason,
frenzy, distract.
allenns, a, uin, of another, of
others, another's; unfavorable;
strange, forugn; out of place.
alio, adv., elseicJiere.
allqnaiiidiu, adv.,. /or some time.
allqnando, adv., at some tim^; at
last, at length.
allquanto, adv., somewhat.
aliqnantus, a, tiin, some; neut.
as ibst., some portion, a consider-
ahieijart.
aliqal, qua, quod, some, any.
aliquis, quid, someone, something.
aliquot. Indeclinable, several, some.
alitor, adv., otherwise, in a dif-
ferent manner, else.
alius, a, ud, otMr, anotlier; dif-
ferent ; alius alius, one. . . .
another; alll....alll, some....
othera.
all'itus, a, um, from affero.
al-llcl6, ero, -lexi, -lectum,
entice, allure, attract.
Allobroffes, uin, m., the Alio.
broges a triliu In the northmii
part of the Province.
alo, ere, aiul, altuiii, nourii-h
supijort, feed; maintain, keep'-
strengthen, increase, foster.
Alpes, lum, f. plur., the Alps.
alter, era, eruin, the other ; th,-
second ; another; alter. . . .alter.
the one the other.
alternus, a, um, alternate.
"Itftud-o, -Inls, f., height; depth;
altus, a, nm, high, lofty; d,;,'u;
neut. as subst., altum, I, n., the
0£ep, deep water, the sea.
aluta, ne, f., leather.
ambaetns, I, m., vassal, retainer.
Ambarrl, orum, m., the Ambarri
f. *''ili® "*''''*i of the Province, oii
tlie Rhone.
Anibianl, 5rum, in., the Amhi„„i
a tnbe in the north of Gaul, on
the Channel.
Ambibarii, orum, m., the AwN-
barn, a tribe in the extreme north
west of Gaul.
A»nbiUati, drum, m., the An-
billatt, a tribe in tlie extreme
north-vestof Gaul.
I Ambiorix, Laris, m., a chief of tlie
I Iiiburones.
Ainblvaretl, orum, m., the Am-
bivareti, a tribe in the centra ol
Gaul.
AmbivariftI, oruui, m., the Am-
bivariti, a tribe in the north-cast
of Gaul.
ambo, ae, 6, in plur. only, both.
amentia, ae, f., madness, folh/.
amentum, *, n., thong (for throw-
ing a javelin).
amf ractus, see anf i-actus.
amicitia, ae, f., friendship, olU.
ance.
amicus, a, um, friendly, devoted.
amlons, I, m., friend ; ally.
in, from aifero.
o, -lexl, -lectum,
!, attract.
uin, m., the AUc
ilm ill the iiortluTii
'roviuce.
il. nituiii, nourish.
•d ; maintain, keep :
'icreane, foster.
[". plur., the Alps.
Piiin, the other ; the,
her: alter.. . .alter,
i other,
mil, alternate.
lis, f., height ; depth;
, high, lofty ; ff,:/'/,;
It., altuiii, 1, n., the
ter, the sea.
eather.
m., vassal, retainer.
nil, m., the Amhani,
of the Province, on
im, in., the AvMani
e nortli of Gaul, ,,ii
ruin, m., the Amhi-
n the e.\treme nort Il-
eum, m., the An.
lie in tl>.e extrcniL'
Gaul.
8, m., a chief of (lie
oruni, m., the Am-
be iu the centre of
iruni, m., the Am-
)e in the north-ciiat
I plur. only, both.
., madness, foil;/.
., thong (for throw-
) anfractus.
f., friendship, alii.
, friendly, devoted,
riend ; ally.
VOCABULARY.
ii.xmv, oris, m , love, affection.
ampins a, urn, hirqe arent ■
magntjicent, noble, high" ' ^ ^^ '
an, conj., or.
^"n,e*^in*"n"'-'"- "" ^"«'•''«^''. ^
I)iS.he." "'^"'''^' "°'-"» ot" t'le
an-ceps, -cipltls, ^««6;^, (^..^^-^^^
ancora, ae, f., ««c/jo/
Andeeumborl„8.i,„.,o„,„f^j,^
^•^?l^^iXoKffi-^'-^^«
anfr^c^s, "«' >"- ^^nd, circuU,
angulus, I, m., comer, angle.
aniina, ae, f., soul.
aniii,jidver-t6, ere -fi =„
"""^I'iT'Jiii^-'ri^' "»'"^. ^^«'•^,
optiu, ILtU ; feelinqsi cnuvnno-
character, disposition comcinu.'
9 ess; pride, ambitiot ; peasurl'
amusement. ' ■'''''"*"' e,
outHnp, anticipate; ' LrpasV,
ante-fero, -forre -fnii i.-.*
prefer, c/nsMersuj^;: -^^*""»'
antenna, ae, f , sail-yard.
ante-pono, ere, -posuT .no«i
antever-to. ere fi
in olden times, of old. Ion,, an" '
1|SS:'c^e"^^f^--£
^«CueMliS:^.^^-^-.
Ap., a contraction for Anplus
aperte, adv., openly
"^S'""* ■*"'"• "^- ^^''«''' «^ Roman
T/b*'"""' **• '"»' Of <"^ 2/mr
annus, I, m.. year.
"•^rmus. a, „m, yearly, for a
- >ser, erls, m., ^ocse.
apporto, arc, avS, atuni, bring.
;i ■
h
m
ft
i I
i!
■I
8
Dri HELLO aAr-Lico.
an
«pproplnq,,,-,, are. avi, atui>- '."■«'''»'"«. f. '^«Z/.
(ipjiroarh.drawnmr. •""""• arliliis, n, u,„. rf,.,^,^. „g,„
«ppnlsus, u, u,n, from «ppollo ,''' '^''" ^'""'- " '
^^••«" »PP«tio, arl-e... Otis, m., ,«m, hattcrran
aptu8. u, ii,„. ,„„-to/, «„^7aW,J, „^, uSman"''' '' ""•' " * *''ef of tli.
Ai'plnelus. I, n,,, o,/„,, Annneiu<<
a Jtaiiian knife-ht vvltl. C^aeC ''
nr-ilplo. ore. -rlpnl. -rontiin,
»uze, lay hold of\ 'secure. "*'*"'"'
miua. ju>-, f,, water.
uquatiu, -jiiiis, f., netthtij water.
aquila. a,, f , fl„,;/e. tl.n ,.„,i^,„ of
'^^"I'i'j»' »fi..i"., a Ron,.:,, <,„i,,,,y
aqnilffcr. «vl. ni., cu/lc-l-.^-tr-r
'^"»fi^n««. ae. f., A<n,itam<., n,^ \
soutlnmshM-n part of Omii. bo
Jioo*"' ^ " Garoiii.i; and the i'yro. |
Afiiiltanns. I, m., nn Aqnifa;>a,) ■
akin tot.,, Spaniards ratl.er th'an
arroffante,., adv., ivith preaumn.
akin to tlK! SpaiOnrds ratlier
to flio aaul.s, !'vi(.lli„g. i„ tho
soutlnvcsteru part of Gaul. """< '"«oieiarj/.
.Ai;.ar, -arls. m.,</(e Jm,-, a river "■•"•'"ffantla, ne, t, preaumntion
iM vin- so.itli Into the Kliono «'''•'«/««a;, «i,w/e«ce. ^ "^ ''
arbiter, tri. m., arbitrator. \ "''^' artis, f., art.
artloulus, I, m., joint.
artiflclinii, i, ,i., handicraH ; ar-
cZjt. "^' *"'■"'• «'•«V'V.,
arWtror, in. atus sum, thi,ik,
consider, jti'Uje. '
arbor, oris, f.", /iree.
arcess
cess-o, ero, -ivl. -Ituin «Mm I ^i
'«■"i, send for; invite, call in, artiis, a, um, dense, thick.
rteO. Pr«. n.ra¥ r>na..... J ArVnPniia t .^ «„ A.
^^e on fire, be inflamed. '
Arduenna. ae. f., a forest in the
iiortli-eastofGauI.
ardnns, a. uin, difflcidt ; steep.
Areooiiilci, ornm, m. plur., the
Arecomtct, a tribe in t lie Province
near tiie Pyrenees.
Arenmi'lous, a, um. Armorican ■
tl'S^^ll''^ was a collective name
nh.r X '.*' '"•' '?" Arver^nan ; ni
p nr., Vm Arvernt, a tribe south ,.f
the centre of Gaul. "um.-i
arx, arcis, f., citadel, stronghold.
a-scendo, ere, -soendl, -seen-
sum, climb, ascend, mount.
";^!"*.n^' "^V""-' ««<^«««. «''ce,,^.
««.i; ; mea7is o/ ascent.
_- .. .^,, „„^ „ tunucuve name I ^lynt. '
&7t';tei7*"^- '""--'•"- I a«ipe^^ erum. severe, Jterce,
n., silver,
■. clay.
"V dri,',- nc'.'i. as
■71(1.
m., Tfin,, batterina-
a ■'
m.,
■tef of th,'
, Mnrcaii AristiuH m
no with ('iasur.
'i.pliir., «;•;,,;,• )■•(•/,■.
>ruiii, n. plur., tar];.
. f-, armor, equip.
»vl, Atuin, arw
I't.xii pliir. a3Hul)si.,
» uin, see Arc-
».., C'rt.;,,.» Arpineiu.^,
It with Caesar.
■ripnl, -roirtuii,,
/, secure.
v., to/<A presump.
;. f., preatimption,
icnce.
;.
, liandicran; <ir-
skill ; artiji,,;
fise, thick.
an Arvertiian : m
i, a tribe soutlinf
il.
iflel, strongholil.
■scendl, -acen-
nd, mount.
, ascent, ascend-
cent.
n., appearance,
m, severe, fierce.
■int.
constant, con-
"stltr, stand near.
««««}'? UU8, •(,
f'n;t,H, in. ..-;.
ajijimr. ..,
3^.^&S.«-^^-«^V in
«'•»)(! in tlunnrVh * ^f'^ehat,'... ,,
;'earthes"tka]?^S-L'iv^f"^'«-".
ofco?'cTe;a?r'"* ^^'--'^ -.
nt-tox6, cro, -teYnT *
'wate on, weave ' ■*«*tn«»i,
attrlb-uo, ©re,
«ttull,fromaffero.
«•iiietor, oris m „^ •
"uct6rl.ta«, -tatl'' f • .
"S«:,e?;«^J»^;,^P«rt. of a„^«„,
""''''<";-.,^r«; ""J^"* ««>". dare,
«mcllo, Ire fvt t*
""«Utio, -ojils f I..
VOCABULARY.
-«I» -utuin, as
9
""iM, from uiigco.
^-'!-a;'J;.;^:,:}.^?-'^-entrai
a-v«*lio, ere, -vexl , ^
_ '^"- ''>'!/ off: *-*'• -vectuni,
aver-to er« _«•»
»vus, I, ,„., fjrandfnther
B.
^'?"'r?e?5»'^ P^- tl,e. Au-l ''-^^-^-.^ilL.^learic, fron.
-*"riJa; 'T^''^'^•■'^«'''«"•
..c islands.
IMllteilS. 1 m ;, ,;j
'B«lve„lu"V't'7,r^-^f-
<'•«*, a c...„turio„^V(- . '* .^"^^■''«-
r'''-f-/b«rbaru2''l'";' "\ ««
I'artan. "»»«8. I, in., « ^a/-.
ik«..^
10
DB BELLO OALLICO.
Batavlif, t>j>u»\, m. plur., the Bata-
vmnn, i\ iTiViC .it the mouth of the
Riiiiic.
Bel^ue, arum, vt>. pUir., the Bel-
qiam, a pi't.pj.i occupvin^' thi>
iiorth-east of Gail, and larf^ely of
German origin.
Boljarluni. I. n., Belgium, tlie
country of tlic Betcfie.
belllcosua, a, uin, i.^arlike.
bulUcus, a. mil, of war, in war.
bellii, arc, avl, atuju, make war,
Jifjht.
Bollavncl. oruiii, m. plur., the
BelU.mci, a tribe in tr.o northern
part of Gaul.
bcllun.t„ 1, n., war. '
bene. ,\dv., (melius, optline),
■well, SH'xeHsfiiUij.
bcneflclujii, I, n., kind)\ess, ser-
vice. /a cor.
bene vole JiHa, ae, f., good will ;
kindness.
Blbracte, l<k, n., tiie chief town of
tlie Aedul, \u the central part of
Gari.
BIbrax, -aetU> f., a town of tlie
Renil, in tlio nortliern part ot
Gaul.
Blbroel, orunv n- plur-. the Bi-
broci, atri))e of Britain.
biduuin. I, n., tioc days, spact, of
two daij.i.
blonnluiii, l, n., two years.
Blsrerrlones, uin. m. i)lnr., the
Bigerrinnes, a tribe rear tlie
Pyrenees.
binl, ae, a, two each, ttvo bg two,
two.
bipartlto, adv.. in two divisions.
bipedalis, e, two. feet (thicic;.
blpertlto, see bipartlto.
bis, adv., twice.
Bltnrlges, iiin. m. plur., the Bi-
tnrities. a trilio in the centre ot
Gaul, on the Loire.
Boilnoffnatus, 1, m., a leader of
tiie Nervii.
Boll. ornn». m. plur., the Boil, the
Bolans, a nation originally livinj,'
iu Germany on the Danube.
bonitas, -tatls, f., goodness, excel-
lence, fertility.
bonus, a, uiii (iiiellor, optltnus),
good; n. as subst.. bonuiii, 1, (td-
'vantage ; in \Am:, goods, property
bfis, bovls, m., ox.
bracchluin, I, n., arm.
Brannovlcos, uin, m. plur., the
Branriovices, a l)ranch of Uie
Aulerci, in the nortii-westof Gaul.
Brannovll, oruin, m. plur., the
Brannovii, a tribe in Gaul.
Bratuspantluni, I, n., a town of
the Bellovaci, in the north of
Gnul.
brevls, e, short; as adv., bre\l,
in a short time.
brevltas. -tatls, f., shortness;
sliort, stature.
brevlter, adv., briefly.
UritannI, drum, m. plur., the
Britons.
Britannia, ae, f., Britain.
Britannicus, a, uni, of Britain.
a; or with the Britons.
bruina, ae, f., the ivinter solstice.
Brutus, I, m., Becimiis Brutus, a
lieutenant with Caesar.
C.
C. an abbreviation of Gaius (or
Calus).
Cabillonuni. I, n., a town of the
Aedul, in tlie central part of Gaul.
Caburus, I, m., Cains Valerius
Vaburus, a Romanized Gaul.
cacunicn, -minis, n., top,X)oint.
call aver, -eris, n., dead body,
corpse.
oatlo, ere, cecldi, onsuin, fall,
be slain.
Cadurcus, I, m., one of the C'o-
durci; in plur., the Cadurci, ^,^
tribe in Aquitania.
caedes. Is, m., slaughter, massacn-.
murder:
caedo, ere, cecldl, caasam, c '
down, fell:
eaelestis, «, heaovnly ; m. jiliir. . .
anhst.ftUjegods.
I 'V
I I 1
VOCABULARY.
n
jnndnesa, excel-
of Galus (or
, cfisuin, fall.
ae, f, ceremony,
oaerltnon'ft,
nacred rite.
OaeroesI, oruin, m. nlur., th/>.
<aerne.n,a.Mb(i in the north-east
at Gaul.
caeruleus, a, uiii, blue, dark blue.
Cnesar, arls. ni., Cains Julius
(iittmr, i\. Roman general; also
Lucius Caesar, a lieutenant with
Caesar.
Calus, I, m., see Gains.
oafaiiiltas, -tatls, f., disaster, de-
Jl'Mt, loss.
Calenclae, arum, f. pkir., tlm\
Valends, the lirst day of eacJi
month.
Caletes, um, and Caletl, oran.
in plur., </te Caletes or Caleti' ^
tnl)c at the moutli of tlie Seine.
oallidas, a, uin, shrewd, cunning.
ealo. <-)aIs, m., soldier's servant,
camp-jollower. '
caiiipester, trls, tre. of or on the
plain ; level.
campus, I, m., field, plain.
Cainnlogenus, I, m., acldef of tlie
Aulerci.
Canlnlus, 1, m., Caius Caninius
Jiebdus, a lieutenant of Caesai
Carnutes, uin. m. phir., the Car-
nntes, a tribe in e<>ntral Gaul on
! the Loire.
car«>, carnlH, t, flesh, meat.
car-pf, are, -psl, -ptuiii, criti-
cise, blame.
carrus, I, m., cart, tvagon,
efirus, a, uiii, dear, valuable.
Carvllius, 1, m , a king rulin»? In
Kent;. "
casa, ae, f., hut.
vaseus, i, m., cheese.
I CsisHl, oruii:. m. plur., the Casdi, a
tribe in Britain.
Casslanus, a, uni, of or tvith
Vasstus.
cassis, -lais, m., helmet.
Casslus, I, in., L'/cius Cassius, a
Koinan general, consul in B.C. 107.
cano, ere, ocoini, cantuin, sinii,
sound. •''
Cantabri, oruui, ni. plur., the Can-
fMbrians, a tribe in the north of
Spain.
^'''!l*f''V*.'.* I. n.. A'e««, in the south-
east ot Enjfland.
ojiper, prl, iTi.,5ro„«.
caplllus, I, m., hair.
^'?l'/*i' **'''^' ''■^'I*''' captmn, take,
'iih. seize; get, occupg, reach ;
uptirate, overcome; take tip,
dioose, adopt. ^ '
capra, ae, f., she-goat.
taptivus, I, m., captive, prisoner.
<'a:-tU8, us, ni., capacity, nature.
c;r>.ut, -Itis, n., head; person-
I'M; mouth (of ariver). •^'''*^'^ '
*"".''''"• ^*"®' "*• '^^ ivithouf, go with.
carina, ae, f., keel.
castelluiii, 1, n., fort, stronghold.
Castlcus, 1, m.. a chief of the Se-
quaiii.
castra. oruin, n. plur., camp, en-
campment.
casus, us, m., happening, occur
rence; accident, chance; fate,
disaster; emergency.
Cataiuantal cedes. Is, m., a chief
ot the Seiiuani.
catena, ae, f., chain.
Cjiturisres, uin, m. plur.. the
Catunges a tribe m tlie Province,
near the Alps. '
Catuvolcus, I, m., a chief of the
i!-buroiic3.
causa, ae, {., cause, reason; case'
2>retext.L. reuse; condition ; in abl
sinff., for the sake of, for the pur-
l>ose of. ^
eaute, adv., cautioushi, with
caution.
cautes. Is, m., sharp rock, reef.
^Vcd^i^^^^' I» m-. a chief of the
Ca-.-arinus, I, ni., l^inj? of the
car 'lUNcivI, cautum, be on
o .>- ■ uard ■ nice security.
i:l
I- ■iiNfi
51 :; !'
12
DM BELhO OAf-TJCO.
cMo, ere. oi-hhT, o''88ii.ii, retreat,
give, wall, ri'lin: ; i/irltl ; with-
draw.
celer, oris, ere, ifirijt, Kpeeily,
Kudden.
eelerltiiH, -tivti^, f., nwiftnes»,
speed, rupidii y.
celerlter, n()v., (eolerlus, celer-
rliiie), xwit'tlji. (juicldi/, rdpidlj/.
eel*"», are, n\i, atuiii, conceal,
hide.
Celtao, arujii!, m. plur.. the CeltK.
(ir (tmilx, oil : of tlK! three Kr(!at
nations inhabiting (iaul,
Celtllliif, i, m., a cliief of the
Arvcrni.
Cenahensls, is, m., d unui iif
C'l'iiahiim ; in plur., the penple of
Ciiiahinii.
Cenabuin, I, n., a town of central
G..ui, on the Loire.
Ceniinri^n!. oi-iiin, m. plur., the
t'enimaytii, a tribe of IJvltain.
CenonianI, uruiii, m. nhu.. the
Venomani, a tribe In tfit- north-
west of Oaul.
cens-eo.ere. -nl, -uin, b» of opin-
ion, think ; hold, decree ; advise.
census, us, m., census, enumera-
tlun.
centum, a hundred.
centurio, -onis, m., centurion 'an
officer in the Homaii army).
cepi, from caplo.
cerno, ere, crevi, cretnni ?!■-
ceive, sec, make out.
certanien, -mints, n., contest;
enyayenient.
certe, adv., certainly, with r ■
tainty ; c', least.
certus, a, iini, certain, fixed, speci-
fied, sure, definite ; trustworthij ;
certloreia facere, to inform.'
cervus, i, nx, stag; fork-shaped
branch.
ces-pes, -pitis, m., sod, turf,
ceteri, ae, a, the others, the rest.
Ceutrunes, 'im, m. plur., the
Oenn'ones, 1. a tribe in the A]\>a -.
8. u, liilje of the Belgae.
Cevenna, ae, f , the Cevenneo, ,1
nioinitnin rauf;.' in the south-cust
of (iaul, west of tlie Rhone.
CIioruHoI. oruin, ni. i)lur., iiie
Vherusci r '.' , 'be.
oilmrlu- .*. uui, of food; u. phn-.
as suhsi., food, provisions,
clbus, 1, m. food.
Cicero, onIs, ni., Qiiintus Tidliuf
Cicero, one of Cacsjir's lii'uten;nii-i.
and a brother of the orator.
Clm1>erlu8, 1, m., a chief of Hk
Suebi.
CliiibrI, oruni, ni phir., the
Vi'ihri, a German tribe that in-
vaded Gaul about 110 H.C.
CInjaretorIx, -IrIs, ni., 1. a cliiif of
tlie Treveri; 2. a kiiif^ of Kent.
cln-jorn, ere, -xl, -ctnni. »/•-
round, encircle ; man.
cIppuH, I, n\ . post, stake, paliyirh,
clrcln«"s, I, u\.,pair of cornpo^siH,
eirctter, adv. and prep. w. aco..
about.
cIrcuItUN. a, uiii, perf. part, of
oircunieo.
cireultus, ns, m., circttmfernicc,
circuit; detour, circuitous muti'.
circum, prep. w. ace, (irn„,i,l.
about near.
clrfuui-cldo, ere, -eldl, -cisum,
cut aroiind, cut ; perf. part, pi.ss.,
isolated, stC' >.
cirrumelu-' .», ere, -nJ, -snni,
circle, li imt a rim 'irouinl.
circum -do, -dare, -dcdi.
-datum, j>»t around; surrimml.
encircle.
olrcuui-duco, ore, -duxl. luc-
turn, lead a , , nul ; draiua, ""itd.
clrcum-eo, -Ire, -IIi^-IvI), -ituiii
or circultniii, «t around, m'/-
round ; make f ' . .,unds of, a-'l.
clrcum-f'indo, ere, -fudi, -f«-
sum, 'ur n, lund, heiicr. in
pass., . in ''■' mi all sides, croud
arouti uri nd.
circniet ielo, re, -jeel, -jec-
tutt\, jii'ice around.
<*IreuKi-»>itt<'i, ei'e^ -uilsis ->!>!«-
sum, send around.
i IS,
s, f., the C'evennp.9, ,i
iiK»' 111 th« south-tiist
i of tlie Rhone.
ruin, ni. plur., /h,.
. 'be.
iin, o/ food; u. plur.
(/, proviaiona.
Oil.
. ni.. QuivtuH Tiili;,if
'Ciicsiir'a licuteiiinin,
• oftiio, oraior.
, m., a chief of iln-
111, II), phir, the
irmiui tribe tlmi in-
l)out 110 li.C.
iffis. 111., 1. achii'fof
a. 11 khiH'of Kt'iii.
-xl, -ctnin. .s-ur-
le ; man.
post, ittake, palixfuh.
,pair of compaxmn,
and prep. w. ait.,
uiii, perf. part, of
, ni., circumfen iHv.
ir, circuitous route.
W. ace, o. roil nil.
ere. -cidt, -clsmn.
it ; purf. part, piss.,
, ere, -wT, -siim,
out a rim orouinl.
, -dare, -dcdi.
around; aurrniiuil.
ere, -duxl. !tie-
I 'lid ; draio u, • -nui
'e, -II f-lvl), -it mil
11, (10 aroutid. ■-)'/•-
'/ B . uunda of, ui-ii.
►, ere, -fudi, -fu-
around, benci', in
'rom all sides, cromi
nd.
PC, -jeel, -Jcc"
ound.
lund.
cireum-slsto, ere .«*.♦?' .
Plrornii-sto, -stare -a^nfi
round "«-are, -HCetl, sut
clicuin-venio. Ire. -venl .v..«
^- .prop. w. ace. «„</„-, ,;,,g,,^.
;- (..e. </,« y,«,;„,, ,^ ';;-7v.
^ !?':'^«'"*nu«. a. nm, on thi
the tvestern) side of the Rbi
*",!:•;;',:;?; *«*''(^'«'nparative)y«7A.,.
It. parf. -Itiitus. as adj., sw^f
^ a. prop. ,v. ace, on this ,ide or:
fivis, is, m., citizen.
«•vitas, -tatls. i^, state; citizen
clam, adv., *«crc«y.
cl.nniio, ivr,. »„¥ .^^.
VOCADULARV.
18
"lamor. -oris, m., .Ao«<, shoutim,,
ej«nae.stia„., «, „.„, ,,,,^,
rea?-. »»'•'«", l>n„i/ up the
eliivns. I, „1., vail.
fllvus, I, r:,., s^ppe^ ascent.
f^n.. an abbrevation for tJnaeus.
<'«:"ieta8, a, uin, fro„i eojfo.
eoiictiis, us, m., compuhion
ooajfioentr). are. Vvi -,*
foxteninuelher '' '**"'»•
eof'srl. fro,,, cojTo.
c" o.„o. ere. .«.,„, -eiuptum,
*'«r^«' «>•«. "I. Itu,„. restrain,
thought fj,;';,!''''''' ^'""'!^'<ts; take
ooffnatio, -oiiLs, f /.•/„,/,/„ . ;.•
co-STnosco, ©re. -jrnf.vi o-ni
force! be urj'nt ^""^^'"^ ' <"'--Pol,
!
i
I ili; }
14
DB Jllor.I.O OAIJ.ICO.
cohoptjittd, -onlR, t.,encouragi/>'',
itdilrena.
colinrtor, jirl, htxtn hiiiii, en-
courdf/it, addrcnn, uri/e,
colre, from cooo.
coUatuH, 11, uiii, from coiif«'ro.
colliiudo, fire, avf. i\t\iu\,praiKe,
extol, hi(jlilii comwinil.
colllffo, are, avi, atuin, fasten,
pin toyetliei:
coi-liffo. ere, -leffl, -lertnin,
gathi- 1\ collect ; acquire; with se,
collect one's self, recover, rallj/.
collis. Is, m., hill.
colloc'o. are, avI, atnin, pfnrc,
station; arninije, stow; settle;
(lice in marriage.
colloqninin, I, n., contkrsation,
mterciew, conference.
col-loquor, I, -loeutnn 8niii,
converse, confer, hare an intercii:n\
colo, ere, colnl. cultum, till,
cultivate; ivorship.
colonia, ae, f., colony, settlement.
color, oris, m., color.
ootn-buro, ere, -busnl, -1)U8-
tiiiii, burn up.
coni-eH, -itls, m., companion, at-
tendant.
ooinltla, -oruin, ii. plur., comitia,
election,
coiiiitor, arl, jvtus sum, accom-
pany.
coinine'itiis, us, m., supplies, pro-
vixions ; passage, trip.
CoiiiiiKMnoro, are, AvI, atniii,
mention, speak of, relate.
ooinniendo, are, avi, atuni,
commend.
ooiniiieo, are, avI, atuni, visit,
resort, go to and. fro.
ooininlniiH, adv., hand to hand, in
close combat.
coinniiHsura, ae, f., juncture,
joining.
;oni*Tiiltt6, ere, -iiiisl, -iiiiRsain,
join; w. proelluni, begin; en-
trust, put trust in; allow, com-
mit, do ; leave it possible, allow to
come about.
ConiinltiN, I, rn.,
Atrehiitcs.
a klnp of fiio
eoiiinimle, mlv., easilg, fn „,r
vantage, I'Jf'ectivel g, conrenic.ntlg
coiiiiaoduM, «, uitt, , fitting, smf-
able, advantagiiiiix, /'anirahl, ,-
iii'Ut. as suliHt., <-i>iiinin(luiii, i,
advantage, interest, conrenienr,'
blessing.
coiniMone-facio. ore, -f. d,
-factum, remind.
coiiiinoror, arl, at us nuui, st'tii
ddag, linger.
ooin-iHoveo. ere, -niovl, •iim-
tuiii, move; alarm, disturb; in-
fluence, impress.
comniunloo, are, avI. Atimi.
cinnmu iiiciitp. share, consult, mi-
jiiirt ; join, 'idd.
oominiinlo. Ire, IvI, Ituiii.
stronglg.torti.fg, serun' ; build.
coiiiiuunlH, e, common, gennral,
joint, concerlid.
coiiiinutatio, -unis, f., chauq,'-
turn.
ooiiimuto. Arc, avI, Atuin,
change, exchangi:
ooiiiparo, are, AvI, atuin. r.,,,-
2m re; prepare, provide, 2>v<icii,;t
raise, c t,
coiii-iH-116, ere, -pull, -pulsiim,
drive, drive in, gather.
conipendluiii, I, n., gain, projif.
coui-perlo, Ire, -perl, -pcrdiiii.
Iear7i, Jind out, discover; pit.
part, as adj., certain.
coiii-plector, I. -plexus sum,
embrace; include, enchn-e..
coinpl-eo, ere, -evi, -etuiii, liU,
./ill ui> ; man.
coiiipliires, a. several, mam/, a
great viang.
coinporto, are, avI, atuin, Uring
in, collect.
coinpre-lienclo, ere, -licii'M,
-hensuni, seize, grasp, (.itch,
capture ; talce.
coinprobo, Arc, avI. atuin, <ip-
proce, justii'g, conprm.
coinnulsus, a, uiii, from coin-
peilo.
rn., a king of fho
(Iv., eaitilfi, to n,>
tiatli/, conixiikiitli/
I, mil, JiUhiii, Kiiii-
f.(lf/<'"<n, /'(ivorah/, :
M., foiiimodniii, i,
/tie rest, cinirenkiirr,
'16, ere, -f.«i,
III ml.
I'l, atus Niiiii, nt.iii,
ere, -iiiovl, -uki-
aliirm, dinturb ; hi-
ss.
are, avi. Afnm.
hIuII-i',, CilltSltlt, nu-
ll f.
, Ire, IvI, Ituin,
fij, yi;i-in-i' ; biiilil.
, coinmoii, geiiiral,
il.
-uniR, f., chaiiijn;
are, avI, jitiun,
UJI'.
, sivl, atuiii, <-<<m-
e, pforide, priH-ni-e
LN -pnll, -imlsiiin.
, jjatlier.
I, n., gain,proJit.
S -perl, -perdim,
it, iliscovi'i- ; |i,'i'l.
'rtain.
I, -plexus Niiin,
iiJe, eiiclon',.
, -evi, -etiiin. jlU.
. several, mnin/, a
, avI, atuiii, I'ring
», ere, -luii'li.
'he, i/ran}), citcli,
i, avI, atiiiii, rip-
confirm.
uiii» from coin-
«•onutuH, |-,s. ,„. attempt
e»noe««„s us ,„., permission
eonelllo, are. avI .*.,
VOCABfTLARV.
'n., a
15
"'rS^i^"' «. "'". from con.
e«>a^.tl.„. adv., m«..«„,,;y^ „,
■• "no, ere, -fivt et
! .fasten. ***'• -"xuiii,
bonler>i. * "' »ewM)orliood,
''c«S'^i„-««"- '■•re„^u]ar pas3. of
c6afl|.,u,ttl6, -onls f ,o
p'ni-cnrro, ere -#.M..»f ,
'"''^"?;^.^-«' ^vl. atuni. run
''""■!/e;coii'ision ' '"*"• ««««^
""'««. fo^fZ»^";;; lij'/"^'^ <^aree-
*'»"<»<"»n6, are nv-f *
eiwtofGaui. ^" *"'^ north- 1
«»"-'l»c6, ere. wip^w .. ^ I
i/ufy,-, assemble: hi,Z """ctuin, i
co/(/i/v«, rouse '^^'^' '-''assure,
conf^„,.a ,;,,,. ^^^^^
con-iiteor, err #•„
"»V«.., aekZiiierlM""' ""'>■
co«<e«,/^ en,„u,e'fiiJ^l' -flfctmn,
eoii-fluo, ere, .«„^1
y/oci\ ' ""M, <jUl;er,
con-fund,,, ere .f,„if *-
mix, gather tnZ}/,*^'^^' "^ "sum,
con-fi-redlor *
^li
ti
\i
It
I
i i
: I'll i,i.
*<*«¥«»^»»M«««K«..,„
•— .-MsaaeiBe-jf.^
16
DE HELl.O OALLICO.
Ill -III '
conjafrossus, us, iti.. engagement,
coiiJUrt.
conjectura, ue, . f., conjecture,
guess.
con-jiiclo, ere, -j >cl, -ji'ctiim,
hurl, cast, tlirou-; drive; jmf,
place; w. se, rush.
conjunctlin, adv., jointly, to-
gether.
eon-Junj^f), ere, -junxl, -junc-
twm, join, connect, unite.
con-.junx. •jugis, m. and f., li.us-
band ; wife.
conj iiratlo, -onis, f., conspiracy,
combination, league.
conjuro, are, avi. iituin, take a
(Joint) oath, conspire, combine.
Conor, ari, atii8 sum, try, at-
teiiijit, undertake, make an at-
tempt.
oonqui-esco, ere, -evi, -etuin,
rest.
con-quiro, ere, -qulsivi, -qiil-
8ituiii, search for, hunt iij), col-
lect.
consanjafnineus, I, m., kinsman.
con-scemlf», ere. -scendl, -sceii-
autu, ascend, mount; embark on,
go on board.
couscicutia. ae, f., consciousness.
coTi-8cT8c6, ere, -scivi, -scltuiii,
resolre on; \v. sibi iiiorteni,
commit suicide.
conscins, a, uiii, conscious.
con-scril>6. ere, -serlpsi, -sorip-
tuiii, write ; enlist, enroll, levy.
conseero, are, sivi, atuni, conse-
crate.
consector, arl, atus snin, follow
up, pursue.
conseeutus, a, iiiii, from conse-
quor,
cuusedi, from coasido.
consenslo, -onls, f., unanimity.
cdnsiuisus, us, m., agreement, con-
sent.
con-sentio, 're, -sSnsT, -sen-
sum, agree, combine, conspire.
cou-sequor, 1. -secutns snin,
follow, overtake ; attain, obtain,
secure ; succeed.
conservo, are, avI, atnin, pre-
serve, saim, spare, protect ; ob-
serve, maintain.
Gonsidlus, 1, m., Puhlius Con-
sidius, one of Caesar's soldiers.
con-sldo, ere, -.si*dT. -sf^ssniii,
encamp, take up ajjosition ; settle ;
hold a. session.
consilium, 1, n., deliberation, con-
sultation ; ])tan, design, resoln'.
j)urpo.oe; jirudence, discretion;
counsel, advice ; council.
consimills, e, very similar, like.
c6n-sist6, ere, -stiti, take up
position, stand, get a /ontiiiii ;
halt, stop, make a stand : ground;
settle ; consist of, dejiend on.
consobrlnus, 1, m., cousin.
consoler, arl, atus sum, console.
conspectus, us, m., sight, vikw,
presence.
eon-splcio, ere, -spexi, sjx-e-
tum, catch sight of, observe, sen.
conspieor, ari, atus sum, C'ltclt
sight of, observe, see.
conspiro, are, avl, atum, ro'ii-
bine, con.sjnre.
constanter, adv., unifomdij:
Jirmly, steadily.
oonstantia, n-y, t'., firmness, siMd-
fastness, constancy.
consterno, are, avl, atum. (//•«-
may, impress.
con-sterno, ere, -stravl, -stra-
tum, cover, fioor.
constipo, are, avl, atniii, c/vkci/.
press.
constiti, from consisto.
c6nstlt-u6, ere, -ul, -utuiii, **
tablish, arrange, appoint, lif,
decide, resolve, determine; phidi,
station, draw up.
c6n-st6, are, -stitl, -stAtum,
cost ; d<',pend on ; remain, l>/ mi-
changed ; impersonal use. it m
certain, agreed, established, evi-
dent.
VOCABULARY.
I. -secutns snin,
like; attain, obtain,
ad.
e, avi, atuin, jrre-
spare, protect ; ob-
in.
m., PubUui< Con-
Caesar's soldiers.
t, -sSdl, -siissuiii,
ip a position ; suttle ;
11., deliberation, con-
Inn, diifii(/n. rexotr,'.
•ndence, discretion ;
e ; council.
very similar, like.
e, -stiti, take up
id, j/et a .fontiiiij ;
kaa utand : (/round;
t of, dejnmd on.
I, in., cousin.
, atus sum, console.
ixs, m., sujht, vkw,
re, -8|)exi, spt'o-
iijkt of, ohaerve, see.
•I, i\t\\s sum, cnlch
■ve, nee.
i, avI, atuiii, ro'ii-
adv., nnij'oniihj :
hj.
■?!, t'.,_firninesf*, sfaid-
fancy.
re, avl, atuiii, ilis
coiiHistu.
17
dluis. f., custo^n, I n"^SS,»«' ^- ^^^r-control.
oon-sneseo, ere, -supvf o.,-
tu,„, becc'ne ac^.l^tZed'hu^^;
tenses, be accustomed. ' ' "' ^
c6n.sueta-d6,
liubit.
e6ii8ultuin, I, „., decree
CO II -8 urn 6, ere. -sum-sT
con-surgro, ere. -surrexl -^..r
rectum, ?Me «^A '^'' ''"'^"
fall to the lot f^\ '"' ''"-^^^^'^"•
continnatlo. -mils f ^„ *•
«"ce, succelkon ' '•' ^"«<'««-
CO?i-
<o»t««»Pti6, -onls. f., c.,z^e«;,,.
^cZ^:''^^--^^orn; object
coiiten.(I6, ere. -dif „f„„, ,,„„
( «w;;;;^; i/];;^:' "^-^^'<^. -«'•
coiitestor, Arl, atus suih
>'l>on, invoke. "*'
contex-o. ere. -ul,
.' "'', construct.
c'^ntisa, from continue
"Z^S^."''''''''^--''''^ continent
call
■tum, ffeai-e,
I «"«, «///v>/;< ,- b„ffettinu:ciol,nce,
; ■'■.,v<l/'a. *"**"• ■"'' '■''cover,
coavallis.l8,f., ^e«c/..ve,?;,««,„
eon-veho, ore -vavi
i f/«</*er, 6Av^/ ^;,.^*''"' -vectum,
I con-venlo. Ire. -veni .vnnf .,
scnioiy ; assi~us. "''
conver-to. ere -<-t =.,
"^a'^if'i i"nea about.
I-
11
m
^iii
I i ;>
; I ill
^JW*"*»**?»»*»»,»
"■'**'»»***',W^i^,i„,
18
%i
DB UELLO QALLICO.
Cres, Cretls, m., a Cretan.
tiHjctlier, call, sumnwil
co-orlor, Irl, -ortiis sum, arise
spring up, break out, '
"««««/^v"®' ^- «"^^'?A abundance,
qiianttty; resources, toealth : in
yiur., jorcea, troops.
copula, a©, f., grappling honk.
erospo. ere, erevi, cretin,,, „,„,,,
"ecome powerful, rifie "••'/'""i
crneiatus, us, ni., torture, cruelf,,
cr.Mlelitas, -tatis, f., crueltu.
crudellter, adv., cruelly.
coriuin, I, n., skin, hide,
corona, ue, f, garland; circle-
sub corona, at auction.
corp-us, .„,.is. „., ,,„,, ^je;'««« •
(/<•«*/ body, corpse ; sy.stcm.
-riipl, -rup.
culpa, ae, f, WrtHic, /««/^.
CHltus. 1,8, ,n., renncment. civili-a.
tion, style of an;; care, habit
*""'/'/,. ^"■''^- "'• '''^'■' ""■^''' <of/e<7.i,.
cum, (-onj., w7,ew, whenever, ivhUr-
mnuuassoonas; cuin....tum
'""'■■■■aud,notonly....butal"'
enuetatlo, -ouis, f, hesitation, de~
**"" «/a""' ^'*^' '"'*"** """■' '""'^'"'''•
cunctus, a, ui„, all, all together
euner.ti,,,, mlv., in ike form of a
I itedge. in a compact mass.
cuiieus. I, ni., wedge.
Cotns, I, m., an Aeduaii of ],i,,i, «""nlculus, i, m., burrow; min.'
" .• cupidc, adv., eaiierlu.
crassitu-do, -dinis, f., </„ct„c's«. cuphlltas. -tatls,' f., eaqernv^.
Crasms, i, m., i. Marcus Licinius I "'f.'" '^''''''-
U'nr"!'^ Roman general, consul I «".»»'<»"«. «. .um, mr/er, rfe«/v«,..,
OS B.C.; 2. his son. JA«yf«s C/v/s- h>nd, ambitious. '
cor-runij)o, ere,
tin,,, deUroy.
cort-ex, -lei», n\., bark.
Cor us, 1, m., the north- ire:^t wind.
cotidlanus, a. uii,, daily; renu-
lar, usual. -" ''
cotidle, adv., daily, every day.
Cotta. ae. m. Lucius Aurunculeius
Cotta, oneol Caesar's lieutenants.
stts, quaestor in Caesar's arniv •
3. ayoinif,'er son, rublius Crassus
one ot Caesar's lieutenants. '
crates, Is, f., hurdle, wickertvork.
orclMjr, bra, bru.n, /requent
numerous, croivded. <-/'"-«):,
t>e »(■«// dif. posed.
cur, adv., nV/j/.
eiira, ae, f., care; curae esse. '.
ones care, be carejuUy atte,.,i,,l
Curlosolltes, un,, m., the Curio-
solttes, a tnl)e in the e.Mixiinj
north-west ot Gaul.
-«lldl, -dituiii, he.
i*vl, atniii, bi(rn.
vX, atuui, appoint,
m., a Cretan.
i-eyl,erefcu,„ ,/,.,>„
I. m., a chief of (I,,;
,m.,tnrtiirfi,criielf.;/.
iiitis, f., craeUj/.
'.v., cruelly.
1., leg.
led, restinrj place
lis, 11., height, mm-
lame, fault,
relitmnumf, civiltd-
'.><'■; care, habit.
abl., with, togeth'i-
n, whenever, wliih' ■
kough ; cum pi-il
«•'*,• eimi tuin
't only.... but als<K'
is. f., hesitation, thi-
tus sum, hentulc,
I. rt^/, «;; together.
■ i't Ihe .farm of a
'pact inan.i.
idge.
, bitrroio ; mine.
'orly.
■is, t'., eagerni:.\
I, eager, desiroKs;
, -ituin, beeagir;
: euraw chro, 'k;
trtiful/y attciid
II, m., the Ciir/n.
ill the exiixiao
111.
cu.ro, ore, cucurrl. e„r„„„.,
enrras, us, m., chariot
<^''>*l^>^]\^'ne,f., guard, „arr'i.ou.
cust«<Ilo,,re.Ivi.lt„.„,^,,,,,
VOCAmjLARY.
19
D.
lJ..anabbrevhitIonforDc.«.i,„„s.
rtaiiinuiii, I, ,1., ;^,,
«aiiuvius, 1, m., the Danube
(>.r; about, concerning,,,,^ "^' ""^
de-cedo, ore. mnoaai
>iliim;die. "^•^'"'*' '^^'«V> «/r»v;
deoeiii, <e«.
«Jecoi)tus.a,u,n,froindeclpio.
d.--of'ssI, from dooedo.
"1;-''''^^^^,-^^,^.., departure; ebb.
'••'■cKlo, ere. -eidI,./a?Z.
«Jt'<'.,.,u,s, a. uu., ,;e,ea
T^i:'"**' *' »"•. <^ Koman praeno
''SSJ"*"'^^'' -*«»'. "-/«,.,
decretni... I, „.. ,,,,,,,, ,,,^,,.^.. ,^^
di'eretus, a. „,„, <-,o,„ ,leocr„o
'^'cursmir'":'- "V"'-* (-cucurrn,
^^if-sniii, run ddirn '
dOde<wis,.ori8,„.,,/;^^.;.„,,,
«ledl, from do.
«'t'clidi, from dedo.
'Jefutigatlo, -onl.; f., e:chaustinn.
^■'S:^^^^'^-"^'^oeary,
defcctlo, -onls, f., revolt.
dt'-fcndo, ere. -f»ti<it *■-
r<U^l ; <^e/eud:j>l^,^ -fens„,„.
tection. ' ^•' ^<'/^nce, jjro
defensor, -oris, „., defender.
tte-fero, -f^rre .tn\f i ..
11
» !
^>!,
fi.
mn
^i
20
DE BELLO GALLICO.
de-flffo, ore, -Hxl, -rtxuin ti,-
set, .fmten, plantjinnl" ' -^ '
deflnlo. Ire, Ivl, Itam./te, assign.
«lefore.futinfin.ofdesam.
dolnceps, adv., fw <„,•«, aftei- that.
dolncle, adv., </»««, thereupon, next
d^octus, us, m., slope, abrupt
de- j Icio, ere, -J eci, - 1 ectum
throw down, cast doKn-carrn
f '';'■«' overthrow; drive 'off\dh'
delatus, a, uin, from rtefero,
delect o, aro, avl, atum, dclinht ■
1" puss., take pleasure in. ^ " '
delectus, us, m.,?ei-?/.
''d^lto.'^ller^'"''^''^*'^^^^--
^^\\otxiin, I, n., offence, fault.
tiSoor""' ^^'' -*"">. ^"«'-',
demeDtlrt, ae, f., madness, foil,,
d.'-iiioto, ore, -messul, -.ues-
deiiilgro, are, avl, atum. devarf
move away, abandon. ' ^ ^'
demo»; tro, Arru ia„¥ -a.
^?XT' ^-'' ^*- ««-. ^«^-A
d«.nnm,adv.,aiZ«,,^,„^;
deni,ae,a.«e«eacA,e„^ro«j,,„;
den..... „_. d-ai, !ditu...
deper-do, ero
lone, forfeit.
deper-eo, -Ire, -ii, perish, belo.,
''«.fz/.*?' *'^*'' -Poposel. demand
deposltus. a. um, from dopono.
ueprecator, -torlR m •<
o^^sor, advocate. ""•' '"*"'■
» U2i<es« ^Ho/ y ; pray for mere,/. '
depulsus, a, um, from depollo.
''d^S' ^•''' '^^^' -*"'». ^'uv ..
'lave recoui'se, yield '<-'""£,
I deseo-o. are, -ul, -tuui, cut o(j:
dL'mpsI, deniptuiu.
'■r^plain, state, menti,.»:
irl, atus sum, delay,
I'., at last, at length.
0. avi, atiim, r^je^c,
«e?< fiac/«, j« groups m
v., aiJ length, flnalh, ;
m, dense, close, thid:
'•o, avI, atuiii. „„
^iottce, war/I, t/ii-ea/, II
e, -i)uli, -pulsuin!
i'vu!/, dislodge. '
••e, 'd'dl, -dltu,,,,
'e, -ii, jieiiah, heln.t,
.-posul.-posfti,,,,.
eup; depoait, stoir,
•rl, atus sum, / .,y
avI, atum, carr,;
. -poposci, demand,
am, from depono.
-torls, m., intt/'.
atus sum, he,^ /)//;
er, petition uiiitin'st
pray for me'rcij. '
I*/, ero, -Iionai.
-cvt, seise, snipr/xn,
AvI, atum, y/;//(<
n, from dopollo.
VI, iituui, dictri,
ivi, atum, u-ith-
!/■
, -scondT, -seen.
g-> di)ir,i ; retiurt,
1, -tuiu, cut 0.D'.
rfeser-o, ere -ht *
alYuidon, forsake- T "?*• *'««'•'.
«li'sertor, -torts .,/7
5"^«. point araiu, ][t "'"' ^■'''^'■■
<u'-slll6. Ire -aii^i
/"tpdow7i. ' ""'• -sultuiu,
de-sisto, ere .«fi**
i'''o«7w« (from a I,^i.V„n'""/ ^'"<'».
"esperatlo. .on'ls,^ S^^f '
<i<ixperute. ' J^^"- IWt. as j„i/,
*Ie-spIcl6, ero .... -
]»»^, look down ■u}';.y' -''"<'e.
'^^n!i'^''-'--^'-tmn, strip,
''«*s«n«. Are Avt *
'tm..';'S''^«'-*'*««,-strl..
_'/'-/;*...,ck ' ''*•" «'"". c«r«e,
'!j^''SS,t;^f -tentum,,
"::f;;aj6, are, avI. atum, a.„,^,
'"'■■" /^r«a"*--*'--*nm,
«^etrect6,are.seedotracto.
VOCABULARY.
21
detrlmentfisiia ^
de-trudo, ero. .trQsi
';etuli,fromdeforo.
detnrbo Ar -
«^; dislod^r' '^^*' •'^*"'n. «!'-«Ve
''S"'«^«'-ft«-I.-ustum,6«,.„
'•ens, I, m., gn^,
^'■in.t/, convei/. * ■*«'tnm,
_6/v/(y. "' ''•VI. atum, call;
ClO"VOVOO At*
diSrs-^^-^SL.];.:-^
"'■ "'^ "". from deus
Gaul. ""^ "wth-wcst of
dielo, -oil la f „
'lle6.are aVI'T•'•'"''^•^^'"^•'''••
d ct o, .0^,,,, , ^,,^^^. •
yiTJ!; '' "•. --^^, o'/., com.
-'"-?''ie6, ore »1 ■
*'wcfe, «ej,a,.^ J""*», -duetum,
dies. PI, m (rnrpW f\ ^
In dies, rf«4^^-^' '^'^■'/.' «««c;
ti iWll
l-i'fl^il
I
»»:«»*,A«W«»i^i,jaa^^ •»*«.,
"J
22
DE 13ELL0 OAJ,liICO.
dimcnltas, -tatls, f., difficulty.
dlf-fl(l6, ere, -flsu» aaui. dis-
trunt, lack confidence, despuir.
dlf-fnndo, ere, -fudi, -fusiini,
si)i'eud Old ; extend.
digitus, I, m., finger,
dlgnitaN, -k'ltls, f.. imrtli, esteem ;
r<>i>ulalio)i, rank, ■sfandhKj ; dhj-
nity, hoiKir.
difl-nus, a, uiii, worthy, tvorth.
tti,j;!dic6, are, itvl, atuin, decide.
dlleotuH, a, uiii, Irom diligo.
aiUjfeiiter, ; dv., carefidly, e.mci-
l/, 2>unctualUi, ncnipulviidy.
diligentla. ats f., C(ir-;fidness.
care, pain8, zeal, attention.
di-ligu, ere. -lexi, -lectuni. love
dI-»netior, Irl, -inensus suin,
measure out, projwrtion.
dindcatio, -onis, f., struggle, con-
tent.
dliiiico, are, avi, atiim, figlif,
struggle, contend, engage.
dinildlus, a, uin, half ; iiciit. as
subst., half.
dl-niitto, ere, -iiiisl. -iiiissiiin,
send, out, de.vj'afch ; disiuisy. si'utl
away; lose, let slip; abandon,
gireiip. *
directe, adv., straight, exactly.
dl-rigo, ero, -rexl, -reetuin,
form (in straiglit Mnc), arrange;
pt'i-f. part, as adj., directus, a,
uni, straight.
dir-iiiio, ere, -enil, -eiiiptuiii,
break vp.
dl-rlplo, ere, -ri|mi, -reptuin,
plunder, jrillage, seize.
Dis, Ditis, m., Pluto, the god of
the lo« er world.
di8-ced«'>, ere, -eessi, -cessuin,
go away, tvithdraw. depart ; with
ab, leave; forsake, abandon;
siverve from.
dlseeptator, -'^orls, m., judge,
umpire.
dis-cerno. ere, -crevi, -cretuiii,
(listing. :ish.
discC'ssvis, us, m., departure, with-
drawal.
diHcipllna, tie, f., training, in-
struction, learning, system.
dls-oludo, ere, -clusl, -clusuin.
keep apart, separate.
disco, ere, didici, learn, he in-
structed.
discrlnien, -minis, ii., crisi»^
danger, critical condition.
dis-cutio, ero, -onssi, -cussuiii,
disperse, remove.
dis-jicio, ere, -jeel, -jeotuin,
break up, .scatter ; tear off.
dis-par, -paris, unequal ; in-
ferior.
disparu, are, avl, atuni, sejKir-
ate.
di-s]>er)aru, ore, -spersl, -sper-
suiii, scatter, disperse.
dls-pf»nf>, ere, -posul, --'osi-
tuiii, place (it inferrals, 'ii.v^/o.vc,
jwsl, arrange, set, array.
dlsputatlo, -onis, f., discussion,
debate.
dispute'), are, avl, atuin, difcnyn,
engage in discussion.
dissi>nsI6, -onis, f., dis.oei.sinii,
disagreement, disjjute, strife.
dis-sentio. Ire, -sC'nsl, -sinsiim,
dissent, differ, disagree.
di«-sero, ere, -sevi, -sitiim,
pluid, here and there,scatter uh ■('/.
dissiniulo, are, avl, atnni, ma-
ceal.
dissipo, are, avl, iitum, scai''i\
disperse, rout.
dis-suadeo, ere, -suasi, -ku'i-
sum, dissuade, oppo.'^e.
dis-tlneo, ere, -tlnnl, -tcii-
tuin, keep apart, separate; keep
at a distance.
di-sto, -stare, be apart, stdiid
apart, be distant.
dis-tralio, ere, -traxi, -trao-
turn, tear apart, lorench asutnlei:
distrl1)-no, ero, -ui, -utuni. an-
sign, allot, distribute, divide.
distuli, from differo.
dltlssiiiius, superlative of dives.
VOCAHULARY.
diu, adv., (dlfitlus. <ll.itissliiu.v
28
^rinTnV^''V' '' •"■• ^'«■"•' Vale.
Gaul. '"'""''■"•'' '' Romanized
</»H«Z. "•'' '""•'^ <""'- j donuiu, 1. n., j/^/'^, present
dlHturnus, a, um. ?,;,,,, .,;.o
diver-to, ero, -tl, .sin,,. ,<(,..,.
«'•«);«,• perf. part. ,i>, adj., clivei'-
BUS, a, uiii, distaiit.af. h (Ihfmnv
remote; Jactng in « (/i(rerei,' lUrec-
tton ; different ; separate, apart.
dlv-es, -itls, rich
■idye
dos.dotis,!'.,, ?„„.,.,/.
driilrtes. nii,. m., the ,ir„iN fho
i"^;!'''?*' *«..in., a rivor of eastern
(.aul, flowing into the A.ar.
Helvetii.
'^'r.'?**"' «re. -vInI, -risui,,
_(/'(■«?«, xejjarate, dist rebate.
dlvlmis, a, ui„, divine, nacred.
Hie Avdiu ; 2. a kini< of the Sues-
sioiies.
^*^', ^»»*f; dedl, <latni„, ^/«r
;>''<; opei-aiu clarcs «afceJTS' **"'"• '■'^"•'•' "■''''«; «"<«'.
do:!:r.ro. .„, .*„..,. .«„,;r"""S^ '"*" -.a leader of
"""nn, slum, state. "'"' ''^"^"' duo. a., o. 7,.u
doleo. ere, ul, i^rieve, be pained **"otIeei„ms, a. ui„, ('RWyW,.
rlni'l""" - , ' d"0'l«n». »e. a, «ife^fc each, twelve
dueentl, ae, a, two hundred.
dfico, ere, cl&xl. «luctui,,. lead
'{raw, bru,,,; v,ake, construct
run; marry; put off, prolmu,-
reckon, regard, consider.-' """'"J '
ductus, lis, m., leadership.
{/'III, resentment.
dolus, I, m., deceit, guile, artifice.
doiMesticns. a. un,. at home; w.
wlluui, intestine, civil.
domiciUum, I, n., home, house,
'incUing-place. '
''?",','"?.''' ^'^ ^*"*^ ^"'»' '-«^e. ''e
doniluus, I, m., master, lord
dupl-ex, -icU, twofold, double.
dupllco, are, avi, atuiu, doidde
dupltia, ae. f., hardship ; hardi
iiess, endurance. ^ ' "**""■■
duro, are, avI, atum, harden.
^H.^^S'*'''-'""' '• "- ••' town of
the Rcmi, in northern Gaul.
dnrus, a, nni, hard, difficult
severe ; inclement. »'.i7»CM«,
^'lhn^,\ h m Q»/«^«.9 Laherius
r '!;!' '^ ^dlitary trihune with
-ae.sar.
! dux, dueis.
tcu
, guide
■ 111
:l
■■'"'—-*■ •■•■ -SaaMas*
24
DE BELLO QALLICO.
E.
6f see ex.
EburoneH,
Eburoiies,
nortli-east of G-aul
Eburovlces, uiii.
nm, m. plur., the
tribe in the extreme
the
plur.,
Khurouices, a tribe In the nortli-
west of Gaul.
e-(11aoo, ore, -dldici, learn by
heart.
editus, a, uin, from udo.
e-do, ero, -didl, -dituiii, j)i(t
forth, exhibit, exercixe ; pert'. puT.
as afij.,.e<lltus, a, uiii, elei-ati-ji,
I'uisuil, rining, high.
edoe-eo, ere, -ul, -tuni, exjilain
(f'uUjiJ, inform, shoic.
e-dwc6, ere, -dfixl, -dnctum,
lend out, lead forth ; drtin\
ef-furol*'». Ire, -farsi, ^-fertuiii,
Jill II]), stop tip.
effeiiilno, are, avi, atuiii, soften,
loeaken, enervate, make effeminate.
effero, efferre, extuli, elatuni.
take aivay, take ; dinclose, divulge,
publish ; lift up ; elate.
ef-ficl6, ere, -feci, -fectuiii,
make, render, cause, produce;
bring about, accomplish, bring to
pass; complete, flnish, cover; get
together, furnish.
ef-fodio, ere, -fodl, -fossuia,
dig out, tear out.
ef-fu^l6, ere, -fugl, -fugitum,
escape.
egeo, ere, nl, be in need, lark;
pres. part, as atlj , egons, -ontls,
needy.
ejSrestas, -tatis, f., need, poverty,
destitution.
ego, inei, /.
e-gredior, 1, -gret^sus sum, go
out, dej>art, leave, quit ; sallg out ;
land, disembark.
egrreffle, adv., excellently, ivell, ad-
mirably.
egroff Ins, a, iim, eminent, marked,
admirable, remarkable.
egrL'ssiis, a, uin, from esredior.
egrc'ssus, us, m., landing.
e-JIolo, ere, -Jecl, -JootniD.
fling out, drive out, cast up ; w.
se, rush.
ejusiiiodt, s%ich, of such a nature,
of that sort.
e-liibor, I. -lapsus sain, slip
aw'ty}, escape.
elfktus, a, um, from effero.
Elaver, -erls, n., the Elaver, a
river of Central Gaul, a tributary
of tlie Loire.
electus, a, um, from ollgo.
elephantus, I, m., elephant.
Eleutetl, oruni, m. plur., fhe
Eleuteti, a tribe of southern (i lui.
e-licio, ere, -licul, entice, drc .
e-llffo, ere, -legl, -lectmn,
choose, ]>ivk.
Elusiites, um, m. plur., theElusa-
tes, a tribe of Aquitania.
eiiil^rro, are, avI, atum, remove,
emigrate.
enilneu, ere, ui, lyroject, ."''imJ
out.
eniinus, adv., from or at a dis-
tance.
e-mitto, ero, -nilsl, -missmn,
send out ; hurl, cast ; throw a^ide,
drop.
emo, ere, emi, oinptuin, btui.
e-nascor, I, -Uatus sum, ijrmo
out.
enlm, conj., for, no%v.
enuntlo, are, avI, atuni, /w-
close, divulge, tell, reveal.
eo. Ire, il (IvX), Itum, go, march,
pass, proceed.
eo, adv., thither, there, to that place,
to them {it, etc.) ; thereon, on or
i7i them ; w. comparatives, th,:. all
the.
eodem, adv., to the same place, in
the saine direction.
bus, a, um, equipped
'saddle-cloths, using svddk-
cloths.
ephipplnni, I, n., saddle-clo/ 1.
epistola. uo, f., letter.
Eporedorlx, -i^is, m,, the name
of two chiefs of the Aedui.
ephippiati
ivitli saddl
. -J eel, -jectuin,
•ive out, cast up ; w.
eft, of such a nature,
lapsus sum, slip
1, from offcro.
s, n., the Elaver, a
ral Gaul, a tributary
n, from oli^o.
I, m., elephant.
uiii, m. pUir., Hie
:bc of soutliern (i iiiL
licul, entice, dru •.
>, -legi, -lec'ttim,
I, m. pinr., the Elitsa-
Aquitaiiia.
avl, atam, rewnve,
, ul, x>roject, sf'tml
, from or at a dh-
-inisl, -mlssiiiii,
rl, cast ; throw a ■<ide,
I, oinptum, bui;.
-natus sum, <jmw
17', noio.
>, avi, atniii, dis-
, tell, reveal.
[), Ituni, go, vi'iixh,
r, there, to that /''no:.
etc.) ; tliereon, mi or
lomparatives, tli<:, all
to the same place, in
Mon.
a, nm, equipped^
iloths, using scddle-'
'., n., saddle-cloHi.
L, letter.
-Isis, m., the name
of the Aedui.
VOCAnULARY
.>qii-eH, -itls, m., hnr»e,na7i, horse-
u Roman ot rank next to a senator
oquitatus, us, m., cavalry.
('(/«1118, 1, m., horse.
Erat^osthoneH. Is. m., a Greek
u I Iter ancl_ scholar of Alexaiidrhi
'vho lived from a7ii to l!)ri B.C.
ci'eetus, a, um, from eri^o.
ei'eptiis, a, uin, from erijiio.
or?a, prep. w. ace, towards.
frffo, adv., then, therefore.
e-rlsro, ere, -rexl, -rectnin i
.1, Uiii, upright, high.
e-i'Ipio, ere, -ripnl, -rentnin
takeaway, destn^y ; save,>^,cm
crro, are. avl,atuiii, be mistaken.
ruptuiii,
26
e-rnnip6. ere, -rupi,
mlhj out. *
eniptlo. -oiUs, f., sally.
""T^^Hhte^: ™- '^'^-^•^oteer,
^*:^^' '' "•' '=^«'-'. ---
.1 tnhc in the nort(.-n-est of Gaul.
^V/""' *'°"''"' "'*"' /«'•«'««'• ; eveti,
ctsi. eonj., ecfl.j //, aUhouqh.
^;"!^;.."'"' -^«»»'' -"»«»'».
^yr^^'i"' ""' '^- "'"«•owfi, result;
<^ii" nee; experience.
ev<H'a, are, avi, atiiin, call nut
■^'' innon ■challenge ; call, invite]
l>'it. p.irt. as suhst., evocati
oi'iiiii, m., veterans {who had re-
'terad service).
® n'Jf.?'^''"T.^ ^ ♦'«'■'"■0 i-""3onants).
prop. w. ahl., from, out of; „/'■
f;!Z\ y"^' ' *'' "'''cordance with ';
ZraCr'' '-^ • ''' ""'"'^''^^
exilctus, a, uin, from exlgo.
oxagrito, are, avi, atnin, harass.
»t««/i««, exhaust; perf. part as
01 eath, breathless.
ex-ardeseo, ere. -arsi. ■nrsuni
ex-ceclo. ere, -cessl. ■cessuin
.'/o out, ivithdraiu, leaii, quit
ex-cello. ere, -oelini, -cbIsh,,,
ewe/, he eminent ; p;.,-f nirt ,s
a^. exeelsus. a,' „.„^^0/^^
*'^Cv?."* *'''• "*'*•"• ■"»''"'»• ^"<
e-v-eiplo, ere, -oepl. -ceptum
receive, meet; catch, come up,"'
take up, catch up, follow, succeed.
exclto. are. avi, atiini. rouse
t'lctte, stimulate ; raise ; kindle
ex-cludo. ere, -clusl. .clrisnin
cut oft, shut out, prevent. "'
excogito, are, iivi, atuin, think
exeub-o. are, -nl. -Itiiin. n-i,frh
^Lm!'"*' """^ ^'>utchX'Z"t;i
exenleo. .^re. avi, atuiii. tread
or trample down. '*"^"'"' ^'^'*«
exeiu'slo, -onls. f.. sally.
cxeusatlO, -6nis, f., apology.
a
mi'
ae
DE BELLO OALLICO.
CX0US5, are, avi, atam, excuse;
w. se, aiwlogize.
exuiiipluiii, I, n., example, pre-
cedent ; warning, pnnishiiient,
ex-eo, -Ire, -ll (-IvI), -Ituni, go
out, go forth, leave, remove, j)ro-
ceed.
exeroeo, ere, ul, Itniii, train,
exercine, practise, drill, busy.
exurcltatio, -onis, f., training,
exercise, 2)ractice.
exorcito, are, avi, atum, train,
practise.
exorcitiis, us, m., army.
ex-hanrio. Ire. -]i:iusl, -hans-
taiii, remove, carrg ajf.
exlj?6, ere, -esl, -actuui, spend,
end ; pass., be over.
exl{srue, adv., scantily; barely,
scarcely.
exlg'ulta», -tatis, f., scantiness,
smallness, small extent, shortness,
meagreness.
exi^uns, a, uin« small, scanty.
exiiiiius, a, uiii, remcr '.•,(•:, Jiigh.
exlstlniiitio, -uut8« f., «pinlim.
existiiiiu, are, avI. iliuij, lihink,
believe, consider; e.firp.utt.
exituH, us, m., outut.. yussage;
departure ; outcome, reaidt ; end.
expcdlo. Ire. Ivi, Ituin, free ;
yet ready, arrjiii/e; p(>rt'. part,
as ad,)., exi>eclitus, a, uiii, tmin-
cumbered, .free ; rapid, active ; in
light marching order, light-armed ;
easy.
expodltid, -onls, f., expedition.
ex-pello, ere, -pull, -pnlsuiii,
drive out, banis/i ; remove, dispel.
exper-lor, Iri, -tn» sum, try,
■make an attempt, test, experience ;
await.
expio, are, avI, atuni, atone for,
retrieve, repair.
expl-eo, ere, -evl, -etuni, ,1^11
up ; VKike up, make good ; reach,
attain.
explorator, -torls, m., scout.
explore, are, avI, fttuin, e.r-
amine, inquire, investigate, recon
noitre, try tojind out : pert'. \vay\.
as adj., cxploratUH, i>, uni, cer.
tain, assured.
cx-p6n6, ere, -posnl, -posltuiii,
disiday ; disembark, land ; m-j
forth, state.
exporto, are, avI, atnui, earn;
off, remove,
ex-posco, ere, -poposci, rfeniaw^
ex-prlni6, ere, -prossl, -prcN-
HUin, extort, elicit ; raise.
expugrnatlo. -onls, f., storming,
talcing by storm.
expugrno, are, avI, atum, ««ocw,
take by storm, capture ; subdue,
conquer.
expnlsus, a, um, from expelln.
ex-quiro, ere, -quislvl, -quisi-
tuui, seek out ; ask for.
ex-sequor, I, -secutus sum,
.folloto out, maintain, en,f'orci .
ex-sero, ere, -serul. -sertuni,
put out ; bare, uncover.
ex-slsto, iTe, -stltl, -stltuni,
stand out, project ; spring ujt,
arise.
exspecto, are, avI, atuni. lodk
for^ await, tvait for, wait to t;ce,
watt ; exp)ect.
exs))oI16, are, avl, atuin, de-
prive.
ex-stln^u6, ere, -stlnxl, -stiiic-
tuni, extifiguish, destroy.
exstiti, from exsisto.
exsto, are, stand out, jyroject.
ex-stru6, ere, -struxi. -striic-
tun\, pile up, raise, build.
cxsul, -sulls, m., exile.
exter, or extents, era, eruiii,
outward, foreign; compar.. t-x-
terlor, outer; superl., extre-
iwxxfi,. I'arthest, most distant, lust,
extreme.
exterreo, ere, ul, itnm, frighten,
terrify.
ex-tliuesco, ere, -tiniui, fur,
dread.
ex-torqueo, ere, -torsi, -tcr-
tunit force, extort.
VOCABULARY.
97
, ftvl, fituin, e.i-
•e, investigute. recon
ilnd out : porf. i)arl,
»ratuH, .- , uiii, rer-
-pOHUl, -pOHUuill,
embark, land ; kcJ
avi, atnm, cnrri;
, -poposcl, demaml
a, -prossi, -prcs-
ilicic ; raise.
-uiiis, f., etormhxj,
m.
, sivl, atuin, s<or»!,
I, caj)ture ; subdue,
im, from expello.
-qnlslvl, -quisi-
; ask for.
-secutus sniii,
lintain, euf'oro'.
-soriil. -sei'tuni,
, uncover.
, -Htitit -Htftuin,
reject ; spring nji.
, avI, atniii. lonk
lit for, wait to m'e,
I, avI, atuin, <!e-
•e, -stlnxl, -stlnc-
sh, destroy.
Ksisto.
nd out, x>roject.
, -struxi. -8triic-
raise, build,
n., exile.
irus, era, ei'uin,
iijn; compar., <'.\-
; superl.. extre-
, most distant, luat.
ul, itnm, friglten.
Pe, -tiinul, pur,
■ytra. prep. w. ace, outside of,
ex-tralio, ero, -traxl. tr »c-
tiim, drag out, waste by d^iaii,
Jntler away. "'
oxtrtMims, superl. of «xter.
txtiiulo. ere, .triiNf, ■.tninnin,
ihruM OHt,Jorce bark, shut out.
cx-no, ero, -uI, -utuiii, dcprice,
strij), despoil. '
cx-uro, «re, -ussl, -UHtuin,
burn up, burn.
P.
fnber, bri, m., workman, en./ineer.
l-'jiblus, I, 11,., 1. Quiutus Fabiu.-*
Jiuximus, a Itoman general, B V
in ; 2. C'aius Fabius, one 'of
C;iifsar's lieufenants; 3. Lucius
tahius, a centurion in Caesar's
facile, adv., easily, readily.
fciclllH, e, easy.
fuclims, -oris, n., deed, crime.
faoi<, ere, feci, fuctui,,, pass., I
tio. Hen, fuctus8uiii, make: do, '
i«t; form, build, construct; ren-
der ; bring about ; in passive,-, take
sidt^' ^0'"« to pass, hapjjen, re-
factio, -onis. t, party, faction.
factum, I, n., deed, act, action.
facult.is, -tatis, f., opportunity.
"Mure, poiver ; sujjply ; in plui'.,
rcwurces, means. ^ '
f.iarus, 1, m., beecli.
fallo. ere, fefelll, falsum, de-
vi'.ice; dtsajipoint.
falsus, a, iiin, false, empty.
falx, falcis, f., sickle, hook.
fania, ae, f., rumor, report.
fames. Is, f., hunger, starcntion
/'(mine. '
fas, n. Imleel., right (by dlvlno law).
f'istlffate, mlv., obliquely, sloping.
fastlKluiu, I, 1,., slope, eh-mtion,
tnclinatton,
fastl|;6, are, avl, atuiii. hrinn f„
<!- I'oint; porf. part na iul).. slop,
ing, inclined. '
fUtum, I, n., fate, lot.
oejavi) ruble to.
fax. fuels, f., torch, brand.
*"i<"cS"' "^^"^' ^- 0"'''^ -fortune,
fellclter, v., happily, pros-
peroiuly, success fidly. ^
fiMiiina, ao, f., looman ; female.
feni-ur, -Inls, n,, thigh.
fera, ae, f., wild beast.
f <>rrix, acis, fertile, fruitful.
fere, adv., almost ; about ; qener-
nay, ■usually, for the most 'part :
, "■, negatives, «(•((/•a<//. '
I ftjro. ferre, tiili, latum, bear,
I" uig carry ; endure, fake, stand •
experience, suffer, r.,l; receive
win; run. go; regard; call; [n
pas.'.., rush; sijrnu ferre, «rf-
vance; ^v. a„xlllum. lend; ^v.
coiHlieioneiii. o^er ; w. in-
jur hm, commit.
ferramentum, I. n., (iron J tool.
ferrarla, ae, f., iron mine.
ferreus, a, iim, of iron, iron.
fertllls, e, fertile, fruit^ful, iHch.
*'TS**'*^'"*^"^' ^-'f^^-ti^ity, rich.
funiilla. ao, f., household, house
I'liiiily. '
:.'aniiliarl.s, e, of a household-
ni.isc. aa subst., intimate friend
ferve-facio, ere, -feel,
tuiii, heat, make red hot.
-fae-
^^''rJd'hot' ^*'*'' "^*"' ^^ «lowing, he
fibula, ae, f., brace.
Ik'tus, a, um, from flngo.
fltlell.s c, faithful.
^!:
\
•■ft
^^
#.
^^ V> ^ .v<b^
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28
DB BELLO GALLICO.
fldefi, el, f., pledge, word; trust-
wortMiiess, honor; tnint, /ditli,
confidence ; devotioit, loi/nlfj/, fi-
delity ; protection, dependence, iil-
ler/iance, alliance ; fldeiii fucuru,
give a pledge, gain belie^f.
fldncia, ae, f., reliance, confidence.
flS^ura, ae, f., sliape.
fllia, ae, f., daughter,
flliiis, I, m., son.
fliijiru, ere, flnxl, flctnin, mah",
up, invent.
flnlo. Ire, IvI, Itnin, limit, hound;
determine, measure, describe.
finis. Is, m., end, limit ; in plur.,
borders, territory, land, dintrict.
flnltlinns, a, nni, tidghhoring,
adjacent, bordering; masc. plur.
as subst., neighlmrs.
flo, fleri, factns sum, pass of
facio, be made, be ddne ; take
place, come to pass, hapipen, re-
sult.
flriniter, Rdv.,flrmly, steadily.
flrinltu-tlo, -dinls, f., strength.
flrnio, are, avi, atnm, strengthen,
secure.
flriiiiis, a, uiii, strong, power/id.
flstiiea, ae, f., pile-driver, ram-
mer.
Flaecus, I, m., Caius Valerius
. Flaecus, governor of Gaul in Ki
B.C.
flagito, are, avI, atniii, demand.
flaniiiia, ae, i., flame, fire.
flcctr>, ere, flexl, flexam, bend,
turn.
fleo, ere, flevi, fletuin, weep, be
in tears.
fletus, us, m., lueeping.
flo, are, avL atiiin, blow.
floreo, ere, ul, bloom ; pres. part,
aa adj., flourishing, prosperous,
influential.
flos, flurls, m., flower.
fluctus, us, m., wave.
fliiiiien, -mini , n., river.
fluo, ere, fluxl, fluxuui, flow.
fodlo, ere, fodi, fossuni, dig.
foudus, -erls, n., treaty.
fore, flit, intin. of sum.
forls, adv., outdoor ; icithout, out
side.
forma, ae, f., shax>e,form ; stnu-
ture.
fors, forte, f., (other cfscs Mniii
iii«), chance; in txXA, perchunc
perhaps.
fortls, e, brave, courageous
fortlter, adv., bravely, gallant! i/,
stoutly.
fortitii-dd, -dlnls, f., braver/;,
courage.
fortulto, adv., by chance, acciden-
tally.
fortiina, ae, f., fortune, chanrc.
lot, situation; good fortune, xm-.
cess ; in plur., possessions, ;'«;•.
tmies.
for^unatus, a, nni,,fortutiale.
forum, I, n., market place.
fossa, ae, f., trench, ditch.
fovea, ae, f., pit, pitfall.
franjro, ere, freffl, fractum,
break, shatter, wreck ; crush.
frater, trls, in., brother.
frjiternus, a, um, brotherly, of a
brother.
fraus, frandis, f., deceptin»,
treachery.
fremitus, us, m., din, noise.
frequens. entls, numerous, in
large numbers.
fretus, a, um, relying on, w. iiM.
f rlg^ldus, a, um, cold.
frlj?-us, -oris, n., cold, frost, cold
weather.
frons, frontis, f., forehead ; front.
f rnctuosus, a, um, fruitful, f r-
tile.
f ruetns, us, m., fruit, crops ; ml-
vantage ; profit, income.
fruges, um, see frux.
friimentarins, a. um, of gvuni:
fertile, productive ; res frii-
nientaria, supjdy of corn, gr.iiit,
provisions.
s, 11., treaty.
II. oi'suin.
utdoor ; tcithout, out
, shape, form ; stnti-
f., _(oth(!r cpsos wniii
; in alil., perchauf
ve, courageous
., bravely, gallatit/i/.
-dinis, f. , braver a,
., hy chance, acciduii-
f., fortune, chatxi' .
I ; good fnrfitvc, ,>.■//(•-
jr., possessinnn, pir-
a, nn\, fortunnfe.
market place,
rench, ditch,
pit, pitfall.
, fresrl, fractuin,
r, wreck ; crush.
a., brother.
, mil, brotherly, o/ <i
idis, f. , decepfinii,
, m., dill, noise.
ntis, mimeromi, ^•'
'*.
I, relying on, w. iiM.
nil, cold.
), n., cold,frot<t, rohl
i, {., forehsad ; .fnuif.
I, um, fruitful, fr-
n., fruit, crops ; ml-
>Jit, income.
ice f rux.
.s, u, uill, of gruhr.
luctire ; res I'lu-
upply of corn, £/(■//«,
VOCABULARY.
frfimeutatio, -onls, f., qettina
gram, foraging. ' "'"^'^^"ff
fniinentor, ail, atus sum, oet
gratn,Jornge. ' "^
friiitientuin, I, n., grain, corn,
cropx, provisions. '
*^*'i"?''' ^' ^*^"*''"*' *"'"• enjoy, \v
frnstra, adv., in vain, without ef-
,1 tCZ* '
"l"mnK5!^ ^«^"^- -«-^ -re 1„
''«"u^^feif '"^ ^^- ^'^'-. «^
fiiffa, ao, f., flight, rout ; In fu-
tiare, to put to flight. '«'^*'*-'^® «^^
fiifflo, ere, fujsfi, fugltuin, ilee
''«cape ; avoid, shmi. ^"'' J'ee,
fusitlvns, I, m.^ runaway slave
f II 1116, are, avi, atuiu, smoke.
fiiiiius, I, m., smoke.
fiimla, ae, f., sU7ig.
ftuuU-tor, -toi'Is, m., slinger.
fiinsror, I, functus sum, dis-
cliarge,perform, w. abl.
fnuis, is, m., rope, cable.
funus, -erls, n., funeral.
furor, -oris, m., madness, frenzy
furtum, I, n., th^t.
fi'isilfs, e, molteti, softened.
fiisiis. a, um, from fundo.
futiirus, a, um, from sum.
29
G.
Gh1);i1i, ornni, m. plur , the (in
^'/^ a tribe. In the soVuhV.f olu?
Sacsiiiii, 1, n., javelin, spear
itingoftlieSuessiones.
Salea, ae, f., /(cin^e^.
Gallia, ae, f., Qaul. l. The Roimn
m,fn?Tf^*^^'"''''\ f'o northern
)Mi t of Italy -and Gallia Trans-
ea7ovn Z /".«'*''•. the south-
ea.stein part ot France. 2. The
country west of the Rhino and the
Alps and north of the Pyrenees
1 V.H JJ'S'"/"'"? Franee, SwTtVor-'
land BelfTiuni and part of Hofi
la Jest' of "l^;; hy^^^'^ central and
iai^esc ot the three nart« intA
xsai&ai-^,tho
Salllna, ae, f., hen.
Gallus, I m., 1. « Gaul; 2 Mir
office;?"' ^«""*'""«"fctesa"s
Garumna, ae, m., the Garonne 1
river of south-western &u,i ^' *
Garumnl, oruni, m. phir «//^
Garwmm, a tribe near ?l' " Pyre-
**"ffS' "m. m. plur., ^fte ©a^e» »
tribe in the .south- wesr of Gaul '
Geldnnml, oruin, m. piu, y^.
^uT'Yu.f^' ^- ^^««^"' «^ town of
the AllobroL-cs, at the extremJ
north-east of the Province. ^^'^^^
Srenter, eri, m., son-in-law.
Srenerattni, adv., by tribes.
^5" n5^"*^*' ^- ''**> '•«'=«' ««<*■"«,
grenns, -erls, n., race, famUn -
species; kind, sort, class. -^"""'^Z,
^oVfr^f^vT ' f- .««^Y/r'wV,,, a town '
Gaul ^^^«'»1- i» tlic centre ot
Gernianla. a.»-, f «^,.„
region east of tiie'Rhilie.
''■nirtny, iho
f f
nIj
9
t '
I''
\ 4 '
i
1 j
* 1
1 1 J
1 ,
1' •
30
DB BELLO GALLICO.
Germanlous, a, iiin, German, of
or with the Germans.
Gcriiianus, I, nj., a German.
giii'o, ere, grospi, .«rcstiiin. man-
ar/e; carry un, waje ; hold; do;
in pass., goon.
gladius, I, m., sioord.
grlacba, ae, f., clod, lump.
glans, glandifi, f., acorn; hall,
bullet.
gloria, ae, f., ijlory, fame, reputa-
iion.
grl^rlor, arl, atus sum, hoast of,
w. abl.
<^'Maeu8, 1,m., Gnaeua, or Cneius, a
Roman praenomcn.
no1>annltio, -ouis, m., a man of
rank among the Arverni.
fior^obina, ae, f., a tawn in tlio
country of the Acdui, In central
Gaul.
Graeens, a, «in, Greek, Grecian ;
masc. as subst., a 'rreek.
Gralocell, urniii, m. plur., the
Graioceli.au Alpine tribe between
Gaul and Italy.
grrandls, e, large.
gratia, ae, f., favor, good will ;
tiijliianre; gratitude, thanks;
gratias affere, r^uider tlianks,
thank; ^ratiaiii roferre, j»«fce
a grateful return, requite ; ffra-
tlaiii habere, .fed gratitude, he
grateful; jsrratiaiu luire, tvin
gratitude.
gratulatio, -onSn, f., congratida-
Hon ; joy, r^oicing.
gratulor, arl, atus sum, con-
gratulate, offer congratulations.
gratus, a, iiin, acceptable, pleas-
ing ; ncut. as subst., a favor.
gravis, e, heavy; severe, bitter,
serious; solemn; w, aetas, ad-
vanced.
gra vitas, -tatis, f., weight;
strength, importance.
gravlter, adv., heavily, with ef-
feet; seve--''-- '-•■'^- ' •
gravlter
feel keenly
gravor, arl, atus suin, be reh,r~
tant, object.
^^^^}.\ -orum, m. phir., //„
Grndn, a tribe in the e.\trcuic
north-east of Gaul.
-torls, m., pili,!^
gulwrnator,
helmsman.
gusto, are, avi, atuin, taste, <;it.
Giitruatus, I, m., a lender of tin
Larnutes.
feet ; severely, bitterly, 'seriously j
Ifravlter ferre, be annoyed.
H.
taabed, ire, nl, Ituni, have, ,i„x.
sess, occupy ; keep ; hold ; w. oi-.-,-
tionam, deliver, make ; treat re-
gard, consider; se haln're. /«
he ; w. perf. part. pa.«s., niiuli like
Eng. au.xiliary verb have.
haesito, are, avI, atuni, .^7/,i
fast, be caught.
haiiius, 1, m., hook.
barpago, -ouis, m., hook, i/nin.
pUug-tron.
Hsirudes, um, m. plur., the llar.i-
aes, a German tribe which UM
crossed into Gaul.
baud, adv., not. ■
Helvetlcus, a, uni, ndvetian, of
or with the Ilelvetii.
Helvetius, a, uni, Helvetiiin. nf
the Ilelvetii; masc. p)i- ^s siib^t
the Helvetii, a tribe i I (iwcll
ing in modern Swi<.v j.
HelvII, oruni, m. plur., the IMcii.
a tribe in the Province.
Hercynlns, a, uiii, w. silva,
the Hercynian forest, extciKJiiii;
through southern and ci iitnil
Germany.
bereditas, -tatls, f., inherit,/ mi'.
bibcrna. orum, n. i)lur., I'-iider
camp, winter-quarters.
bHwrnaoula, orum, n. jiliir.,
ivinter-quartcrs.
Hlbernla, ae, f., Ireland.
blc, baoc, boo, tliis ; he; th'- tot-
lowing; the present ; such; dht'ii
lojisely, that; boo, nout. nl I. iii!
adv., in this way, on this anoiint,
and w. comparatives^ tite.
I, atus BUiii, he rehir-
)rum, m. plur., fhr
tril)o in tlie extivuic
of Gaul.
r, -torls, ni., pU<,t,
avi, atuiii, taate, mt.
. I, in., a leader of ih,
H.
. ul, Ituiii, havi;, iii,i<.
I ; keep ; hold ; w. ovn-
iliver, make ; treat. ,■<■-
ider ; sc IuiIk'in-. /„
'.part. pn.«s., iinuli lik,.
ary verb have.
■e, avi, atiiiii, ,v//,/,
'!/ht.
., hnnk.
ouls, m., hook, i/niih
m, m. plur.. the llar.i-
fiiau tril)e vvliicii Imd
• Gaul.
lot. ■
n, mil, IJelvetian, of
Uelvetu.
a. Uin, ITelvetiini. nt
; niiisf. plr Tn siilisf.,
ntrihe. 1 dwell-
rn Swl<.v 1.
m, m. phir., the IMcii.
e Province.
.a, uiii. w. Kilva.
ian forest, extcmliim
mtlieru and initial
tatis, f., inherit(tm-e.
'«Ill, n. plur., I'-inter
r-quarters.
if oi'aiii» n. plur.,
tors,
3, f., Ireland.
nc, this ; he; thf .M-
present ; such; dht'ii
' ; hoe, lu'ut. :il I. a«
"'«?/, ontliis uccuiinl,
aratives, the.
hlo, adv., Jiere, herein.
lUncadv., from this point, kence.
Hispanlu, ao, f., Spai,,
nispanus, a, uin, Spanisii.
-"■"•ln"I,i;n"-'""'^'-'^"««'-P«'--
hoiiestus a. nm, honorable nf
'■<ink, distinoui.Hheh. """"'^' V
^*)'.'?r' -««•i«, in., 7,o„o,- dimnij,
"nfi^d^lA.lit)'""'-' ^"-^'-elfth of
hoi-i-c«, er«, „1, shudder at, dread
liorrlbllls, e, dreadful, formid-
liv^n-idus,», „,„, horrihle, fright
\''^V^^^-MH,m.,„uest, friend.
S/"'"' '' "•' ^'•'«-'«"'^A hos
liostis, Is, m..e«eOTj/.
*'"l"!'"'*^^' «/ this sort, to this
«nnulltas, -tatls f i '
'^-^>^neh,insigniftcate.^''''"'''^
VOCABULART.
?f
HI
Idom. eadeni, Ide.n, the same:
Wentldeiii.adv.,a.9a,-„a„^
\S^^^'in,m.,jire; camp fire
jno.„,n,„, ao. f., ^.•.;,,;,"'^^-
Jffnotus. a, n,„. radcnoicn.
; e. Ilia. Hind, that, he.
^^^'^^^^^y. there, in that place.
S:>^2;,^-»' -*«".. U.d, at
''\tere^^'- '' ^"«' P^nnt, thither,
''al^tl''^^''''^'''">ff»i^'>ed, remark.
i'".\"tm''';i.r'; "" • ''"'"' -^instorm. '
i ...Anit f"'""•"•"'"■^«««•
lin-iiiltto. ere. -miai t
liiiiiiolo. arp a^ri A4.
Jice. ' ^^*' atuui, sacr«.
liii.iiortalis, e. immortal
I.
IW. iulv., there. i
I » ■*^» ^'fttnu/ cut.
tZT^'^^'^'-^'^'-om taxation or
fiiiinunltas. -tatls f /• ^
«^«m^<e„„ />ompllliIser^;Te'^"'"^
».paratus,a.u„,.,,,,,;r^
i f
y
1
, ■■ ■
J
J' m
32
DB BELLO QALLICO.
'I
Imjpedlo. Ire, IvI, Ittim, Mvder,
oostruct, entangle, embari'anx ;
perf. part, as adj., ImpodltuH. a,
um. hampered, occunied, intri-
cate, diiUcult, impassable.
lin-pollo, ere, -pull, -pulsnni,
urge, instigate, incite.
, Impendeo, ere, overhang.
linpensus, a, uni, expensive, high.
Iiiiperator, -tori», m., commander
(m chief).
Iniperatuiii, I, n., order, com-
mand.
iniperfectnfl, a, uiii, unfinished,
unaccomplished.
liiiperltuH, a, um, inexperienced.,
unacquainted, w. gen.
Impcrluni, I, n., command, order ;
power, supreme power, control,
ride, supremacy.
Imporo, are, avi, ati^n, levy
upon, demand, require, order to
furnish ; order, command, rule.
Impetro, are, avI, atnin, obtain,
obtain one's request, accomplinh,
prevail on.
liiipetuH, lis, m., attack, charqe :
Jury, rush, violenc
iinpIuR, a, uiii, wicked, unholy.
ImpIIc-o, are, avI, atuiii, or
-ui, -Ituiti, interweave, interlace.
iniploro, are, avI, atuin, hen,
entreat, beseech.
Itii-pono, ere, -posnl, -posltnni,
place on, put on, mount ; levy, im-
pose.
liiiporto. Arc, avI, atnm, bring
tn, introduce, import.
ImprliniH, or In pritnis, es-
peciall y, 2mrticularly.
liiiprolms, a, uin, wicked, un-
principled.
Imprdvlsuft, a, um, unforeseen;
abi., lm|)rovl80, as adv., su de
improvlso, unexpectedly, un-
awares.
Inipriidens, -entis, unsuspecting,
off one's guard.
Iniprudentia, ae, f., thoughtless-
ness^ indiscretion.
lmpub.es, -erls, chaste, unmar-
ried.
Impugno, are, avI, atum, u/
tack, fight.
Impulsus, a, um, from Inipello.
Impulsus, us, m., instigation.
Inipune, adv., with impunity.
Impfinltas, -tatls, f., intpmutii
exemption from punishment.
Imus, a, um, superlative of In.
ferus.
In, i)rep. (1) w. abl., in, at, within
on; among, tn the country ,./ •
over ; considering, in view of- 'in
the case of, in regard to; {U} w
ace, into, to ; towards, aquinxi
upon, on ; until ; for, with 'a view
to, according to ; in.
Inanls, e, empty, idle, mere.
Incante, adv., carelessly, imau-
ttously.
Incautus, a, um, careless, off one's
gitaid.
Inccndlnm, I, T\.,flre, burning.
In-eendo, ere, -cendl, -cen-
suiH, set on fire, burn ; arouse,
inflame.
Incertus, a, um, uncertain, im-
t rustworthy, contused.
In-cido, ere, -cldl, -casum, fall
in with, come ztpon ; happen, ocnir.
In-cido, ere, -cidl, -clsuiu, cut
into.
In-elpl6, ere, -cepi, -ceptum,
begin. ^
Incisus, a, um, from Incldo.
Inelto, are, avI, atnm, un/i'. on.
im])el, set in motion ; arouse, ex-
cite j w. se. rush on, rush in;
pert. part. w. equus, at full
speea.
Incogrnltus, a, um, unknoion.
lncol-6, ere, -ul, inhabit, dwell.
live.
Incolumls, e, safe, unharmni, in
safety, icithuut loss.
Incommode, adv., disastronslii,
unfortunately, badly.
Ineonuiiodniii, i, n.,disadv<intaqe,
misfortune, disaster, loss, re-
verses. .
-erlg, chaste, unmar-
are, hvl, atnm, a/
a, uin, from Inipello.
us, m., instigation.
Iv., with impunity.
, -tatls, f., ivipiinitii,
from tmnishment.
m, superlative of In.
w. abl., in, at, within.
ff, in the country of-
idering, in view of; 'in
', in regard to ; (-j) w.
to ; towards, against,
intil ; for, with a view
>ig to ; in.
npty, idle, mere.
Iv., carelessly, imait-
, um, careless, off one's
> I» n.,jire, burning.
ere, -cendl, -con-
m Jire, burn ; arouse,
, um, uncertain, nn-
I, coi\fused.
, -eldl, -casnni, fall
e upon ; happen, occur.
>, -cldl, -cisuiii, cut
e, -cepi, -ceptum,
in, from Incldo.
avi, atuiri, urge on.
I motion ; arou'nc, c.r-
s. rush on, ru.ih in;
w. equus, at full
a,, um, unknown.
, -nl, inhabit, dicell,
», safe, unharnuul, in
nit loss.
adv., disastrmiKly,
!?/, badly.
II. I. n.,disadr(uif<iijf,
disaster, loss, re-
'"S!^'''' «• '--'^*^«. ctra.
"'^^''^io,.6nU,f., raid, inroad.
"our8U8,u8,m.,a«acfc,e„c«m-o„
'''t:,''^.-^''''''^ <to<^>;ac6, thence;
Indicium, I. n, information.
Iii-dfeo, ere, -dixf .>ii«i^..
point, i>/v;cV«a",c«« •**"*""'• «^^"
svSg. ^'l^- ^nworthil,,, nnde
^•:;!J«^». -tatl«. ,. ,„,,,,,,,^^
"&"J: "' "™' "«^«'•<%. ««-
'"S'r* ■«""'• <=^^eless, in
ln<Iingonter,adv.,care;e5%.
"-K;ri»V**'' '•• '-"'J^^-^nce,
tSv""»' »«• f-. indulgence,
-"«trie, adv., «c.,,,,^,,^,,,;
tlui Treveri ^' ' "*•' '' «^^ef of
Si«' ''^ *"«"»««' «' um,
VOCAnULAUV.
33
Infant -antls. m., infant, child.
duce imZ-i^ "■^"!"' «''<'•"-
(ofle.KsfvT ; w shin/"!fi' ''•"•"«
-.oaus„i;.,«;z£,",».4m«c«;
Infestug, a, um, hostile.
s't^fn^' «»•«' -fed. -feetnm.
Infldells, ©, un^faithful.
In-ns-o, ere, -flxi r?
f<i>itento,jixon ' ■"*««!,
'"feS' «' «"»• «uperl. of ,„.
Inflrmitas. .tafia f
Jickleness, inconslancl' «'^^«««'.
Inflrmus, a. um, weak.
loflxus, a, um, from inRgo.
In-flecto, ere, -flevT a
bend. ' "®*»» ""«xum.
acreptZle^' ""»' '^^^i'^ea^V,^, ,,„.
*"eS^«'-' '. -firreggus g„«,
lnlmlcltla,ae.f.,.„,^^^^^^
ablenaturTovioH&^' "'^^"^*"-
■«■'•
r.'
IT
■i ! 1
84
DE liELUO QALLtCO.
able ; uri/atr, unjust. /
Inltluiii, I n., benhminn, rtrst ■
ed ne J mntter, borders; elements. '
Inltus, H, mil, from Jnoo.
In^lfplo, ere -I eel, -.Jeetnni,;,,,<
on, lay on ; inspire, infuse, cause.
In-Jnnffo. ere, -Junxl, -June-
txuiu impose. junc-
Injurlft He. f, wronr,, injustice
ruileT '^' ''y«'7/, violence, out'-
^"^ne^tl^ii "'''^ "^ "^^- '"■'*""'
In-iuiNoor, I, -natus sum, snrina
I'l'^in; invert., be inborn, i:i7,{'-
or
-111X11«
In-nltor, I, -nlsus
sum, lean on.
*""*r^"^' *"""• "»"''^«"', gxiilt-
'"<S"""' "*• *■•' "'««c^fce, in.
*SK; '••«'""'•*'=«'•"■''/. ««c/.,
Inoplnans, .antls, ««< exnectino
*"7"»"»' Inqult, defective vcr]>,
"nT!*'.\'*''^\"*'' ^' ^Onorancc, lack
o.t acquaintance with.
Insclns, a, um, ignorant, unaware
Insldiae, arum, f. plur., a„,6„s7,
stratagem, treachery.
*'*.f,!f.°'''' *' f «'*«'<' notable, sin.
sign, badge, token, decoration
ln-8lli6, ire, -silul, -sultum
leap at or on. »«iium.
Iii«lnu6, are. avi. atum, insinu
"'>■'! w. se, work one's w"j,in ""'
lu-NlNto, ere. -fltlt^i l/..\ i i
adopt, devote one's self ^
''^^^o>:i!^if,i^mo&,r^-'^<<'<
Inspecto, are,avl, atum, look on
Instabllls, ©, unsteady, chang,,,hl,
Instar, accns. as julv., like, w j.,.,,
*";",*-,""; «ro. -«I. -utum. vn.
1 1 (tin, teach; draw up.
instltutum, I, „., custom., pracfin-
iii-8to, are, -stltl, -statum. „,;.,
forward, press on; heattZl-
__ threaten, nuj/end. '
""!^;i)/::;T*""'' '' "•• ^'^"^^"""".
'"f'.Mn"*>.. **'■''• "8*«*UXI, .8tr,u>.
"^"/«.'^"*'*"' ''''"' "'^«*' -faet,,„i.
insiietus, a, um, unaccustomed
isiHuIa, ae, t'., island.
iiisuper, adv., above, on top
/ ' e.v/;, untouched, complete.
In-tcffo, ere. -texl, -tectui,,
cover over, cover. "«-«^'""i,
Intel-lego, ere, -lexl, -Iccj i,„,
understand, be aware, j" < "'"
see, knoio, learn. pt^'une,
pied, engrossed, eager.
Inter, prep. M'.acc, between, am, ma
dunng; Inter so. oneanot /fo
or with one another. """"<">
inter-eedo. ere, -cessl. -cessmn.
i'<»ne between be between, e«Vv
elapse, exist between.
intor-clplo, ere, -cepl, -top.
turn, intercept, cut off. '
Inter-cludo, ©re, .clusl, -clQ.
avuix, cut off. ' ^^
•o. wovic oiie'n Hill/ in
«r«, -stlH, ^<„;„/. ^.,vy,
vote one' n self. '■'""""
ter, adv., insolent I,,
I, immoderately. '''
iire,avl, atum. look on.
. e, unsteady, cluuiyi'dhi,.
•IIS. as (ulv., /a-e, w. «•,.,,.
fo. avi, atuin, ?o-f/c on,
eye, -ul, -ntnm, „„.
inn, set to ; adojtt, ,<v/„
^l; i <'<n'/J>, yet read,,;
-«; di-uiv up. •' '
.-stltl,-8tatiiiii, »/•,,,.(
pre>,H on; beuthuiid:
■II J >e lid. '
itnni, I, n., equipwnd,
»re, -strnxl, -stnic-
;« «2^ arrange; hi,;hl.
►.ore, -feci, -fuotiiin,
, uiM, unaccustomed,
t'., island.
v.,al,ovfl, on top.
rt. ffruni, uniinpuiml
iclied, complete.
•e. -texl, -tectuiir,
Bi'e, -lexl, -Icotiim,
oe aivare, peimire,
am.
■e, -(II, -tiini, stir/rh,
I- Vs^nic, intent,, 'reu-
sed, eager.
■ ace., between. aiii,»ig.
ei' Ni>. oneunotli,:,; to
■ notlier.
!»"e,-ce88l, -cessiiin,
}bebetiveen,inteia:M,
oetiveen.
ere, -eepi, -len.
?J<, c?<< off.
©re, -clusl, -clu.
VOCAHULAIiV.
,!*-"". -'v., /,; dag, in „i, aag- Int....,.....,,, „^^ .
«iitiTcluni, jwlv., .ww,.</„„,,,
inferost. from Intersu..,.
In ft " "
''oiiiiny on.
together, i,h, it ""' ■*""»• '"««l-fi
'tori,,,, adv., meanvhite . ^'"'"'^ ""«./««M.' "««^''«"*<«''.
Iiiterl,,,, adv., meamrliile.
i„l,-r ,1, ■ i,|i,,./;.t, ,:''•'•' inner,
i,ite,'i,n-: '""'•' ''"'*'^ ''«"// «■/<<//«
|"t.o. are, avI. atum, CH^er.
tii*lS.,i;;^;,i^!^-'. -<t«e.
-i»»I«I, -ii.Is.
'•5*e..|t„H. us. m., r7«„<,,,, ,,,,,,,,,
'tfi-Jlelo,
!,/,,,.„ a/ ■^•"» -jcui, -l(>f>fi],>, -""■ "•tun, u
OI'C.
intervene, dapse Y sjparate"/ >
/ree, leave open. ''''"""'-'''-'"<•«
, ""-V<//«/.V>., e^nli-inSlon'''""'^ !"*»'»' from Infero.
I'lft'j'pell,-,, are ., j -. . \^nUiH, mW., within innd»
l'iter.,,r»„o. e,.,.. .,,„,„j "'• , , ><t'-ange, novel! nnStiur""'""'^
infor.-off6,are,avi.at,i.,,.^„,,.
Intof-seindo, ere, -sclill o„s
-.;^ cat dou.1, br^^t;^^-
Pl'raoil; I v,>r > t.JML^I' '.'^'^ ""
Inveter-asfo, ere -Avi *
'>'>^<>l/>e established: ^eml' "''"•"•
Jnvfee,,,, adv., ««<„,«.
Ii,-vlde6, ere -vT.it
«'"7/, bejeulons or'Ta.,;^^''^^»''
{'"«.i^nil y^^rlCnU^:^ W'^v "V J"'"'**'^*»"' »• ""^ inviolate
^'"^'ortance, it concern^' ^^ ^^ "^ | 'V^^^^^^f, at«„.. ,„4, ,,
86
t)H BBLLO QALMCO.
i. 'i
luvItnN, a, uin, unwillini), agninnt
oiw.'ti wilt.
Ipnc>, u, inn. himself, he himself',
ittii'l/, etc. ; very.
IrArundlu, ae, f., wrath, anger,
jxtusioii.
Irac'iindus. a, nm. 2^a'iaionaffi.
lr-rl4UM'>, er«, -risl, -rlsuiii, ridi-
fiile,Ji!er at.
Irrldlcnle, adv., without humor.
Jr-ruiiipo, ero, -riipl, -riiiitniii,
hur.'^t. in, hrunk in, rush, il(cxh.
lrriis>tio, -anl8, i'.,(ill(uK;(innault.
1h, OJi. Id, tlml ; ha, she, it, thi't/ ; w
rcl.. the; such ; alil. eo n» lulv,, so
much, the, on that account.
Iste, a, ud, that of yours, that.
Ita. mlv., so, thus, in this way, as
Jollows, accordingly,
Italia, ae, f., Italy.
Itaquc, adv., therefore, sq, accord-
ii.ijly. <
Item, adv., lilcevnse, also, in the
same way.
Iter, Itlneris, n., mute, march,
road, journey; iiiaKiiuiu Iter,
a forced march; iter facere, to
march.
iteruiii, ndv., again, a second time.
Itliis. adj. will) portiiH, a liarboi
on the north-east coast of Gaul.
Jiidlelniii, I, n,, trial ; judgment
decti<iim, opinion; x\h\. Judieio.'
')// design, purposely.
Jiidleo, Are, avi, Atuiii, /ud,/,
deride, consider, think; pranoiui,,
Juffiiiii, I, n., yoke; ridge, summit
crest.
Juitientniii, I, n., beast of burden
hor.se.
J.
jacei), ere, ul, Ituni, lie, befallen,
be dead.
Jacfu, ero, J eel, Jactuin, throiv,
cast, hurl ; throiv np.
Jaeto, are,avl, atuin, shake, toss,
Jiing ; discuss.
Jaetura, ae, f., loss, sacrifice;
odf'er.
Jaeuluiii, I, n., javelin.
jam, adv., now, at length, already ;
w. Hcgativds, any more, longer.
juba, ae, f., mane.
i iibeo. Ore, J ii ssl, J ussnin, order.
Old, command, '
Jiinetfira, le, f , joining.
JiinS^o, ere, Juiixl. junetiiin.
join, unite.
Junior, (•(jniparativo of Juvenls.
JiiniuH, 1, ni., Qnintus Junius
OIK! of ( lae.snr'.s ofticer.s.
Jiipplter, ,JovIh. nt.. Jupiter, \\w
supreme j,'od of the liouian.s.
Jura, ae, in., a mountain ranire in
Eastern Gaul.
Jiiro, are, avI, atum, atcear, Ud.,'
an oath.
jus, juris, n., right, rights, Ian;
justice.
jusj urandntn. j urlsj urandi.
n.,oath.
juHRii, ahl, used as adv., by order.
JiiHtltla, ae, f., justice, fairness.
jUHtuH, a. Mm, just, rightful, fuir-
Jul, fair ; proper, regular, due.
jnveniR, e (eonij)arative junior,
youvg ; ni. as subst., « young mm,.
Jttven-tus, -tutls, f., youth ; ^
colleetive, youth, young men.
Juvo, are, juvl, jutuni, «/</,
tielp, assist.
Juxta, adv., near, close by.
K.
Kalendae, arnr.i, f nhir., the
Calends, the first day of the mom li.
li., an abbreviation for Luclns.
Laberlus, I, m., Quintns Laher/ns
Durus, a military tribune with
Caesar.
liablenus, I, m., Titus Labienus,
one of Caesar's lieutenants.
; n., trtut ; jndpmoif.
Itiion,- abl. JuUlcio.
irpoKeljj.
jivl, ntuni, jiii/fi, .
/«/', t/iiiiL; prom)iiiii'
yoke; rid ye, summit.
:> n., beast of burden.
t f , joining.
Junxl. jnnctiiiii.
irativoofjuvenln.
n., Quiiif.ua Juniti.s,
'a oftfc'iTs.
vis, in., Jupiter, tin-
Jf'tlio Itoinaiis.
a mountain range in
t, atniii, atcear, tnL^-
, right, rights, lair.
1. JrirlHJurnndj,
tl as adv., by order.
, justice, fairness.
njn.it, rightful. I, ur-
>per, regular, due.
niparative jiiiiior,
subst., a young jiKdi.
litis, f., youth; as
'th, young men.
ivi, Jutuiii, aid,
ir, close by.
K.
•nr. ,
•St day of the month
ur.i, f. nlur., Ike
" lie
ion for Ludns.
, Quintus Lahcriiis
itary tribune with
I., Tittis Labienus, |
lieutenants.
VOCABULARY.
^"'h!hn'. '"*"',"' "^- '"'■'• f'lrd.'.hi,,
labor, exertion ; endurance, harJi-
labor, I, lapsus sum, slip; err
<'<> nu-ong, fall away; failbedii'
appointed. ' ' ' "**"
^'^sfrh^'u^'''' ■ ^^''•. "*""». toil
'fibrnm, 1, n., lij, ; edge, rim.
luc, lactls, n., milk.
JafCNs.», „ri., -IvI, -itu,,,, pro-
ioke, hara.s... attack, assail.
lucrliim, nc, f.,tear.
laerlino, «re. iivl, atuni. tceep.
laous, us, m., lake.
laod«>, ere, laesl, laosutii .«
laetatl,-,, -onls, f.,io?/, rejoiW»^.
iat.tltia, ae, r.,Jo}/, gladness.
laiiffuide, adv., with little enerny
lap-ls, -Itlis, m., stone.
lapsus, a, uui^from labor.
Ia<iueu8, 1, m., noose.
/""//■ bribe; supply, ajford.
arsitor, iidv.,abundantty, greatly
"^^i^iib^^:^!;, '■' ^«-'^--.
late, ndv.,tt7rfe?iy, /a?-.
Iatebra,ae, f.,7»<;;«<7.p;ace.
iatoo. ere, ul, Zwrfc, lie concealed •
«-■■(v/j^e «o««ce. I'onceaiea,
latitf, tio, -dlnls, f., we^^ft
breadth, extent. ' "'*"''*'
^'^'.-;.fi, neighbors ofX'Hel
Jatro, -onis, m.. robber.
tetroclului.., I, n., robbery, raid.
37
lat-ns, -erJs, n.. side, flank.
*'«•""' "' "'"• '"■'""'' "'"'«• «■*'<««•
lavo are, avi, aturn, or lAvT
lesatlo, -ouls, f., embassy.
lefiratns, I, m., ambassador envnn •
lienenant, an offlt-er n.-xt nra?j;
to the c'ouimander-iii-chief.
mJ 'T r ' '!' """'i""l «trongtTiof
WWO, divided into ten cohorts
Lemannus, 1, m., a lake now called
Oeneva, in ea.stern Gaul. ^
l-ouiovlces, „,n. ni. plur the
£Y;*''^'«*' ''tribe in sautli western
lenls, e, j7e««e, Ugut,
Lepontll, -oruui, m. plur the
Lepontti, an Alpine tribe '
lop-us, -oris, m., Aa»-e.
|evo, are. avi.atu»,, free, relieve.
lex, legls, f., law.
I-exovlI. ornni. m. p!„,. t%,
^g-|. a triLe in the ^^J:^
m
II
' I :
i I-'
DB IJELI.O OALMCO.
Vfil
llbontor, mlv., willinglij, ylndly,
with pleasure.
1I1k>i', or», «mill, free, indepeml-
f.nt ; unreatrivted, nudist iirbed,
untrammeUed, uiiiiicumbered.
lIlK'«raIltaH, -tatifi, f., generosity,
iiheraliti/.
Ilb«ralltt>r, ndv., geiierously, gra-
ciously, kindly.
ilbore, aAv., freely, without check
or restraint.
llborl, oi'uni, m. plur., children.
lltMsrdi &re, iivl, t'ltuin, free, set
free.
llbortas, -t&tiH, f., liberty, free-
dom.
llbrlllSt e, of a pound tceight.
lioontla. »©, f., recklesitnuss, law-
lessness.
llcoor, eri, ItiiH siini, bid (at auc-
tion).
Ilcct, ere, llcult, it is p^-initted,
alUnoable; freely, maii, might.
Lilffor, -ei'i8, m., the river Ijoire,
111 the central jjart of Oanl.
llgrnatlo, -onis, f., gutting wood.
llgnator, -torls, m., wood-cutter,
gatherer of wood.
llllnni, I, n., lily.
linen, ae, f. , line.
liliiffoncH, uiii, m. plur., the Lin-
gones, a trihe in tho eastern part
of central Gaul.
llnf^na, »e, f., tongue; language,
speecii.
lln^ula, ao, f., little tongue;
tongue of land, headland.
llnter, •trig, f., small boat, skiff.
llnuni, I, n.,fl(iT.
Il8, litis, f.j lawsuit, dispute ; dam-
ages.
r>i8CUH, I, m., a leadiiifjj man of the
Aedui.
liltavlccas, I, m., a leading man of
the Aedui.
littera, ae, f., letter, character ; in
plur., letter, des^jutch; documents,
records.
Ut-us, -oris» XL, shore.
locnR, I, m. ; in plur., loca. oriun,
n. ; jildce, spot, jtoint, piifi/inn,
(/round, situtifioii, count ry ; raid. ;
light, chanirter ; opiiorfuiiili/'.
chance; in j)hn'., s})iin\ griiiniil,
district, region, country, )iliice.
lofutiiN, u. Hill, from lo«iU4tr.
loilffo, adv., ./'<«)•,• long.
loiiffliiqniiN, a, inn, diyfonf, />
viiilr ; long, long-continued, pro-
true ted.
Ioilffltu-<I6, -dllllN, f., length.
loiiKui-iiiH, I, iM., long poh:
lonjriiN. a, um, long ; disfunt ;
tedious; liavlNloilK't, war-ship,
gallon.
lo(|iior, I, looutiiH Huiii, speitk,
sag, concerse.
lorlca, ae, f., coat (\fmail; breant-
work.
LiioitiiInN, 1,in.. Quintus Lucaiiins,
a eeuturi(,n ir Jacsar's army.
T^fu'iiiN, 1, m., alioma'.i priienoiin-n.
LiirfcriiiH. I, m.. a IcMdiiij? (iaiii,
iM'idiifi'inf,' to th(^ ('adurei.
rjii«:otor>ix, -Igis, m , a Driton of
rank.
luna. ae. f., moon.
Liitctia, jie. f., a town of the
Tarisli, on the Seine.
lux, IucIm, f , light, iloicn; iirima
lux, duybr<(ik, dawn,
luxiii'la, ac, f , luxury, luxurimti,
liring.
M.
31., an alilireviation for Mai'oiis.
iiiaoei'la, ae, f. , ualt.
iiiricliinatlo, -unis, f, machine,
engine.
iiiaoRtns, a, uiii, sad, sorrow/'ul.
iiiaa:iN, eomparativo adv., (soe
iiiaj^nopei'c), more, rather.
iiiaifiNtratuR, un, m., magistinte;
(>()ice, mil gi»t racy.
inaioriilflcus, a, uin, splendid,
grand.
iiia^nltu-do, -dliils, i., great nen,
vastness, great size; size, extent.
In plur., locn, ornin,
ipdt, paint, piiyiliiiii.
ntiiiii, count r 11 ; riinl. ;
iicter ; op/iDrtiinil //.
j)liir.. sjifiic, finiiind,
<oii, count r//, filiicv.
Ill, fVdiii IcMinor.
'ar ; long.
n, unit fUftant, rf-
lony-covtinuetl, pm-
-diiilH, f.. Imcilh.
. 111., loni/ poll',
mil, Joni/ ; (Ihtiiiil ;
\\h Iniiffu, wiir-nliiii.
WIltllH HUlll, KlH'ilk,
i
coat of mail; biriist-
11., QitintiiH LurtiiiiiiH,
\ ^,'lU','^nl•'.s aniiy.
, aHi>iim:i pniciiiinnii.
, 111., a Iciuliii)^ (i:uii,
tli(' (^udiirc'l.
-Igis, n» , a nritoii of
noon.
, f., a town of tli(?
ic Seine.
lif/ht, tliticn ; prima
«A', down.
f., luxury, liij-uriniis
M.
latloii for 3Iui'oiiN.
f.. iidll.
-onl.s, f., macliine,
nil, i^ad, nor row fill.
f)ariiti\-o adv., (see
s), vwre, rather.
, UN, ni., viagiDtnite;
racy.
a, uiii, spleiiiUd,
-dinis, f., great )ies!i
It size ; size, extent.
vocAtJirLAnv,
n.AiriuiN. a. 11», (nirgor, iiiAxl.
iuuH.,preaf,large,- l^Ll] "'"*l
.^Mjo^ta»., -tatlH, f . .Ugnity, ma-
iiiaj«.r. fornparatlvo of maffniiH ,
III II. 1(1 ir iia uiii.oi^ ,./,j . . " •
39
•«larc, iiiarln, n., sm.
XXI, on the coast, maritime, naval.
iiii.iiH|{„n,a„ «■,.,„.,,,,1 „,„, '
lar le:uli>r vvlw> I(.,...i <• .1 ), > .\
iiialacla, no, f., rahn, lull.
iiialo, a<lv. (|)«~>|||H ■><.uiii...A\
l""llg. ill, anZ\-;T,yir ^"*^^'
""S;"w^!!' '• "•• '"'-^''i/^ out.
MHlllns, I. 111., LuciuR Mallius a
inalo. iiialU,. malul, prefer.
iiialuN. I, 111., w«.s/, (upriylU) beam
Miaildilitlliii. 1. ,,., orilcr, commii.
mon, instruction, message.
iiiamhn juv, avi, atiiiM, „,-rfPr
ZXt^,lt"-"''' "'■' "^'- --
Mandul.ll, ornm. m. „I„r the
Jlnu.liiha, a trihc in central Gaul!
lii^'li rank aiii„iiK the Trinobaiites!
mane, adv., in the morning.
iiiaiioo, ei'«, luiinsi, iiianauin
.v/'<.v, remain ; alwlc by, stand In
iiuiiilpniarls. U, in., onebelnn,ji,,<,
ton company uY maniple, comrad','
"&?**"' ^"'"^^ ""^ nmnsue.
maiisnetu-do, -dlnls, f., «e„«e-
itiXK, clemency. ' """'^^•
niaiins, us, f., feanrf,- band, force •
am,, 6»ar«, ftiv/orce; manus
MareomanI, oruni, m. plur., the
^'«rcomunt, a Uc^-iuan tribe
ti) «''""''"• ^*'''" "^^'*' '''"'"
^oJva,.;"'"'"''' '"•' ^^«'•«. thoffod
iiiAh, iiiariN, in., male.
nmtara. «o. f., f Celtic J Javelin,
taiiiiliae, matron. """«r
init«;rlor, ATI, Atu« sum, oet
timhi'i; collect wood. "
^^ Ae/lui!"' """'"' ^- "" *"^^» "*■ ""^
»iiitrl,„6iil„,„, I, „., marriage.
iiiatar-two, ero, -nl, r/>c«.
inatui'ua, a, um, early; ripe.
iiiAxliius .superlative adv fseo
tiaffiiopcrc,,, very .<;m; /,} 4'."
much, chiejiy, mo,t,eipecialiy "
"niasS. "' ""'• «"^erlative of
^^Mal*iZ1: n^'p"- ^"'"*"' '^'''"•"*
Maximus, a Roman f,'t'iieral, R(j.
inedbor, eri, remedy/, relieve.
"^^''••''^''"'^^'•«'«•'''•'^'««'•^.
'"""X*^ «^-' - « «^'^^ or
north-east of Gaui. ""-
iiiodltcrrAneus, a, uni. e«Ztt«d.
central, interior. ' """'"*i
|ji
ij I
, /
?! i
40
DE EBLLO GALLICO.
medlns, a, nm, mtdfl'e. cmtml ;
intermediate; trcncrally rendered
by middle or half-way.
Meldi, ornin, m. plnr.. the Meldi,
a tribe in northern Gaul.
melior, comparative of bonus.
Melodunnm, I, n., a town of tlic
Senones in nortliern Gaul.
membrum, I, n., limh.
menilni, Isse, in perf. tenses only.
remember, recollect.
memorla, ae, f., memory, recollec-
tion, remembrance, tradition;
time.
Monapil, ovum, m. plur., the
Menapii, a tribe in the extreme
north-east of Gaul.
mendaclnin, I, n., lie, falsehood,
false statement.
mens, mentis, f., mind, intellect.
mensls, Is, m., month.
mensura, ao, f., measure.
niontlo, -onls, f., mention.
mercator, -torls, m., trader, mer-
chant.
mercatiira, ae, f., trading, traffic,
commerce.
mer-ces, -cedis, t,pay, hire.
Merenrlus, I, m., Mercury, one of
tlie Roman gods.
mere5, ere, ul, Ittini, and
niereor, erl, Itus sum, deserve,
win, earn : serve.
meridlanus, a, um, of midday,
of noon,
meridies, ei, m., midday, noon;
the south.
meritnm, 1, n., service, merit, de-
sert ; fault.
Messala, ae, m., Marcus Valerius
Messala, consul B.C. 01.
metior, Irl, mensus sum, meas-
ure, measure out, distribute.
Metlosedum, I, n., a town in
northern Gaul.
Metins, I, m., an envoy of Csesar's.
nieto, ere, messul, messuni,
reaj), cut grain.
mctus, «g, m., fear.
mens, a, nm, my, mine.
mll-es, -Itis, m., soldier, man ; rs
collective, tlie soldiers, soldiery.
milltaris, e, military, of war.
niUltla, ae, f. (military) service.
mlllo. indeelinn])le ad,i. ; in pliir.,
millla, iuni, n. ; thousand.
Minerva, ae, f., Minerva, a Roman
goddess.
mlnlme, adv., superlative of pa-
runt, by no means, very lilUi,
least.
minimns, superlative of parvns.
minor, comparative of parvus.
Mlnnolns, 1, m., Lucius Minvcius
Basihis, one of Caesar's offlceis.
niin-u5, ere, -ul, -utnm, leKxen,
diminish, decrease ; settle ; ebb.
minus, adv., comparative of pa-
rum, less ; not ; not very, not so
well.
mlror, ari, atus sum, wonder at,
wonder.
inirus, a, um, wonderful, strange,
surprising.
miser, era, erum, wretched, poor,
miserable..
miscrlcordla, ae, f., pity, mercy,
clemency.
mlseror, ari, atus sum, bewaU,
dex)lore, lament.
missus, us, m., sending, despatch.
mitis, e, gentle; superl. adv., ml-
tissime, gently, mildly.
mitto, ere, misl, missum, send,
despatch ; hurl, throtc.
mobilis, e, fickle, changeable.
mobilitas, -tatis, f., fickleness;
quickness, activity.
mobilitor, adv., easily.
moderor, ari, atus sum, vumngi.
check, control, restrain.
modestia, ao, f., self-contrul,
moderation.
modo, adv., only, but, merely : Just,
but now, but recently.
modus, I, m., measure, am'<unt;
fashion, style, maimer, kind, sort.
, my, mine.
, m., soldier, man ; vf
le soldiers, soldieri/,
military, ofzcar.
'., [military J service.
innl)le adj. ; in plui-.,
II, n. ; thousand.
, {., Minerva, a Roman
., superlative of pa-
m^ans, very littli,
perlatlve of parvus.
irative of parvus.
m., Lucius Miiuivim
1 of Caesar's oftleers.
, -nl, -utuni, lexxen,
yrease ; settle ; ebb.
comparative of pa-
not ; not very, not so
itns sum, wonder at,
II, wonderful, strange,
»rain, wretched, imor,
ir, ae, f., pity, mercy,
i, atns sum, bewail,
ent.
n., sending, despafcli.
tie; superl. adv., ml-
ntly, mildly.
iiiisl, mlssnin, xciid,
url, throw,
ckle, changeable.
-tati8, f., fickleness;
ctivity.
dv., easily.
I, atuH sain, vunidgc,
ol, restrain.
ao, f., selj'- control,
nly,hut, merely ; just,
recently.
\., measure, amniaif;
le. manner, kind, mt.
VOCABULARV,
41
T"'";^"''"-^'"'"- "'«""' ^"'-^
moles. Is, f., mass; dyke, data.
'7^Ht^%^l' P'-^V'^'^'h' : mo-
vexed. ' ^" ^^ annoyed, be
"'/«/"'®"'"'"' ^' "•• '''0«&'e, diffl.
inolltus, a, um, from niolo.
niolllo, Iro, Ivi, Itum, soften,
lessen; make easy. '
^''n}}}^^'^'^'"''^- y^^'^^"ff, change
able, not firm ; smooth, level.
"Si.""' ^' ^•' ""««'^«««s. feeble
inol-o, ere, -ul, -itum, grind.
momentum, I, n., weight, in flu
ence, t?nportance. -^
'^'XinneL ' ^' """ '"''"*' *" ""^ ^''^'^
iiioneo, ere. uf, itum, icarn, ad
rise, remind, urge. '
nions, montis, m., moutitain ■
mountain range; hiil. '"""'"«*« '
mora, ae, f., delay.
morbus, I, m., disease, sickness.
^'nTHV.h**7?'"' ">• P^»r.,the]irorini,
a tube in tiie iiortfi of Gaul.
niorior, mori, mortuus sum,
'^^"^•^•'"••^'^Wefoft.ie
nioror arl, atus sum, delay, toait
■^f"!/, linger ; hinder, retarl '
mors, mortis, f., death.
mortuus, a, um, from morlor.
nios. inorls, m., manner, cn.Hom
"■".'/; lu plur., habits, chararl'"- '
^rvH,"®'.™-' *''<'■ ^l^»^e, a river in
iiaili-easternGaul. ">'-» m
"cte^^*' "^-. '«'»'•«'««"'. mntiov,
rerolt!' "■^'"^«"^' (ti-^turbance: \
«nuli-cr, -erls, f.. ivoman. I
""'•£. "^"**' '"•' ^"^eteer, mule-
'TJ*"„i"*l^' -dlnl8,f.. large num.
ber great number, larae bod,,
multitude; number, amount; tie
common people. '
'""S ^**''' ^^'' ^*»'"'^«e; de-
«tniltum, ndv. (plus,plurlmum^
much, often, very. ""um;,
mulus, 1, m., mule.
Munatlus, I, m., Lucius Mnnatius
2'^ncus, one of Cuesar's lieuten
muntlus,!, m.,u-c .universe
"'S"cf!"*"'"' '' '"■^J'^'-^i.fication,
"\i;-ol^.V ^r; *y*' "«'"' fortify,
munltlo, -onis, f., fortificntio»
^n^^uction ; fortijledStde-
num-us, -oris, n., duty, task, ser-
Vice ; gift, present. "' '
mnralis. e, of a wall, used for o-
from walls, mural.
murus, I, m., wall.
"'foTe^A'' "•• ^"^^^' ^-«''*-*«.
mutilus, n, um, maimed, broken.
muto, are, avi, atum, change.
N.
nactus, a, um, from nanclscor.
nam, conj.,/or, now.
Loire '"°"**' "'' ^''*^'
namqne, conj.,/o)\
i)anf>iB#>m> t .,.._4._,_ ,
. — — . ., .itt^iUa or n:inc-tiiM
"re ' ""*' ""'"'^ w^O'' """"
secure.
!
'M\
i i
42
I ii;
DE BELLO GALIJCO.
Nantnates, urn, m. plnr., the
Jyautuates, a trilie in the Alps, lie-
tvveeu the province and Italy.
Narl)6, «>nls, f., a town in tlm
soutliern part of tlie pnivince.
naHcor, I, natus sum, hi- hnni, he
sprmig from, arise, be bred: of
metals, be found.
Nasiia, ao, m., a leader of tlie
Suehi.
nixthlis. 0,0/ birth; dies nataliH,
btrthildi/.
natio, -uiils, f., race, peojde, tribe,
nation,
natlvuH, a, uni, natural.
natura, ae, f., nature, character.
natu8, a, uiii, from nascor.
iiiituN, us, in., oirth.
naut<i, ae, ni., suHor.
nauticiis, a, uui, naval, nautical.
na, vails, e, naval, o/ shij),^.
navlciila, ae, f., small boat, sk/Jf.
naviffatio, -onis, f., sailiuji, navi-
Uation, voj/at/e.
niivi^sriuui, I, n., ship, vessel.
navigo, jire, avi, atuui, sail.
navis, is, f., ,<ihip, boat, ressel ;
iiavis loujara, irnr.ihip; uuxIh
ouuraria, transport.
navo, are, avi, atuin. do enerqeti-
calli/ ; oneraui iia\are, do one's
best or utmost.
ne, conj., that not, lest : w. verbs of
urging, asliing, ete., not to; w.
verbs of hindering, from ; w.
verl)S of fearing, that, lest ; w.
subj. standing for imperative, not.
ne, adv., not; nc.quldcui, not
even.
-ne, onclitie interrogative particle,
in direct (juestions untranslated ;
in indirect questions, whether ;
necne, or not.
neo, see neqne.
necessarf ! is, a, nm, necessary,
urnent, pressino ; critical; m. as
subst., connection, intimate friend,
relative ; neecssarlo. abl. as adv.,
of necessity, wiaroidably.
necesso. Indecl. adj., necessaty,
inevitable; necesse est, often t'
be rendered l)y must, can but.
nccessltas, -tatis, f.. neressi/y
need; urgency, exigency ; intensf]
neeessltu-do, -dinls, f., intiman/
close /riendship. ■"
necne, conj. , or not.
"^^«•are, avi, htum, kill, intt to
necubl, conj., that nowhere.
nefarlus. a, uni, wicked, atro-
cious, infamous.
nefiis. n. indecl., wrong, crime.
nesr-ieffo, ere, -lexl, -lectum,
neyect, slight, disregard; on-r-
look, be indifferent to.
neffo, are, avi, atuin, denv, sin,
..not ; refuse. ''
nesrr>tlor, ari, atus sum, do busi-
ness, curry on business.
nesrotiuni, I, n., business, e^for-
pri-te; task, trouble, difficidttr
dare negotiuui, instruct. '
Neuietes, uiii, m. plnr., the N-nie-
tes, a German tribe on tlio liliiiie.
nemo (nemliiis), m., gen. and nW.
not in use, no one, nobody.
nequiiquam, adv., by no means.
neque, or .sometimes nee bdnre
con.sonants. adv. and conj., ami
not, nor; wlien repeated, 'wiV/^ty
..nor.
nequlqnam or nequldquani,
(Ulv., m vain, to no jjurpose.
Nervlcus, a, um, of or with fhe
JServit.
Nervlus, a, uui, Nervian, of the
Nervii.
Neryll, orum, m. plur., WwAV////,
a tribe m the north-east of Gaul.
nervu.s, i, m., sineio ; streuM.
vigor, power.
neu, see neve.
neuter, tra, truni, neither; in
imn:, neither side.
neve or neu, or not, and that not,
and noi 'o, nor.
ncx, necis, f., deatk.
decl. ndj., necensan/,
necesHu est, often b
I by 7mtst, can hut.
-tatlN, f., vficfifintfy,
icy, exigency ; intai-inf'.
o,-dlnls,f,,iiitima(i/,
filii2>.
, or not.
vl, situni, kill, 2)ut to
,, that nowhere.
>. uni, toicked, atrn-
\01lli.
2c\., wrong, crime.
ro, -lexl, -lectuin,
iht, di-t regard; on-r-
fereiit to.
\1, iituiii, deny, .say
I. Attis sum, do hiiai.
tit bitKinens.
I, n., biiainesR, ei-lir-
. trouble, difficiiUi/;
luiii, tnntruct.
II. m. plur., fheK-me-
II tril)e oil llio Kliiiie.
lis), m., fJTPn. ainl.ibl.
> one, tiobody.
adv., by no meann.
inctinios nee bcforn
adv. niul coiij., «w/
It'll roi)eated, neither
or nequldquain.
to no purpOKe.
mil, oj or with the
iin, Nervian, o/ the
, m. plur., WteAV/(v7,
north-east of Gaul.
., sinew; streiujth.
truiu, neither; in
nde.
)»' not, and that not,
icatk.
VOCABULARY.
nihil, n. Inrlocl. nothiiia ; ace n«
!^Ay.,notutall. '' ' ' "^
nllilluni, I, n., nothing; nlhllo
I'N^^as adv., none, no, (^.'com^aJa-'
lilmls, adv., too.
nimius, a, uiu, excessive, too great.
i.isi, conj., if not, unless, except.
^^^^rogex, a tribe o,/the Ga-
lutor, I, nlsus aiirl nixus snni
'■'V/yo«.w. aJjl.; strire,ZlZor:
nix, nivis, f.,«wo?(;.
"';'?/V*,^ «• «"We, of hif/h birth ■
aeU-known; m. a.s subst., « /uHe.
iiol)ilitas, .tati.s. f., /,/„/. a/,.,,, .
the nol,ility, the noldek '' "' '
noceo. ere, ul, Ituiii. harm, in-
."n, ,lo harm to, m„lesf, w. (at-
l»art. noeens, -entls, guilty '
noetfi, aljl. as adv., b,, niqht.
nodus, \,m., joint.
"olo, nolle, nolul, he nnwillinn
'">t w-tsh; in imperative, doZt'"'
noiiien, -minis, n., name ; reputa
ton, prestige ; in abl., under%,,
X" me or pretence of, as, 'o„ account
noininatlm, adv., by name.
43
"S^'^^S: ^-•' -*«•". name,
Jion, adv., not, no.
iionagluta, ninety.
iiondum, adv., not yet.
nrmnlhil, adv., somewhat.
iionnullus, H, uiii, some.
Honiinnquam, adv., sometimes.
Bonus, ii, uiii, ninth.
^xS: "'''^- ^»"cftownofthc
N'oi'ieus, u, um, Norican of th^
«08, plur. of ego.
noseo. ere, n»x\, notnni. Irnvn
hecome acquainted with ; , Zvl''
know ; part, notus, 'a. '„ ,,•
knoron, weffknou;,, /hm^ar. '"'
noster. tra, trnm. o,,/-; ni nlnr
as subst., our men, troopsw/'Xr,-
'"'^^^IXn^itt ""''^''''^^' -'
novem, nitte.
Aidiu ; (J) a town of the Bituri-e.s
no vitas, -tatis, f.. «oiW/»'
strangeness. ' ^""'^"?A
novus, a, uni, neiv frpih • <„
«•Mmrlative, latest %dstfr',a}^.
thuugeo, gocernment, revX^!^
nox. iioetis, f., night.
Jioxa, ae, f., crime, offense.
""«'■;, y.''^*'' ""P"»' nuptum.
"lint""' 'f' VV' ""• ""w; in ffen
nnmerus. 1. m.,7mmber: amount ■
»<^ount; U,numero, in tlT/St,
nnmnius, I, ui., coin, money.
numquain, adv., never
nunc, adv., «0«;.
Muiiqunm, adv., never
nui>ei',adv.,/a<6///, ;v,.ce»My.
imsquasn, adv., nowhere.
$
I I
, I
I !
u
DE BELLO GALLICO.
nutns, us, m., 7iod, beck; ge-itw-es,
sigvs.
O.
ob, prep. w. ace, on accomit of, be-
cai'ne of, for; quain ob rem,
ivhi/.
obaeratus, a, uiii, indebted; m
assiiliat., rfeWoA
ob-(lno6. ere, -«luxl. -(Uietnin,
throw out, curry.
ob-eo, -Ire, -li, -Ituin, attend to.
obltus, us, in., destruction.
ob-JItIo, ere, -Jecl, -jectuin,
]>lace in the waj/, throw tip, set
opjMifie; expose; puss. , lie oppoaitel
be in the way.
oblatns, u, uin, from offero.
oblique, adv., obliquely. ( j
obliquus, a, iini, slanting, oblique.
ob-llvlseor, 1, -lltus snin, for qet,
w. f,'cn.
obsecro, are, avi, atuni, entreat,
beseech.
obsequentia, ac, f., compliance,
regard.
observo, are, avI. atuui, keep,
observe, regard, folio iv ; ivatch,
note.
ob-scs, -siflis, m., hostage.
obsesslu, -onis, f., siege, blockade.
ob-sldeo, ere, -serti, -sessuni,
besiege, blockade, beset.
obsldio, -onls, f., siege, blockade;
pressure.
obsigno, are, avi, atuin, seal.
ob-sisto. ere, -stiti, resist, with-
stand, w. dat,
obstinate, adv., steadily, firmlv.
persistently.
ob-strinffo, ere, -strlnxl,
-strletuni, bind, put under obli-
gation.
ob-struo, ere, -struxl, -struc-
tuni, barricade, close.
obtempero, are, avI, atuni,
submit to, obey, w. dat.
obtestor. ari, atus sum, implore,
^all upon.
ob-tlneo. ere, -tinui. -tentum,
hold, j)08sess, occupy, maintain.
obtnll, from offero.
ob-yenfo. Ire, -veui. -venfui,,,
lull to, be ussifpicd to; etianii,!, ,-,
oI»vI.am, adv., in the way, to n„.t'
w. dat.
oceaslo, -onls, f., opportvtiili,
time ; surprise.
oecasus, fis, m., setting; sidi),
occasus, sunset, the wek.
oc-clt!6. ere, -elcli,
fall, be slain.
-casuin, v- / ,
«^-^W6, ere, -eldl, -clsuni, .'<la,/,
ooeultatlo, -onls, f., conceal iih'U.
oeculte, adv., secretly.
ofculto, are, avi, atuni, /;,/,
conceal.
oeeultns, a, uni, concealed. /;,/.
den, secret; in or ex occult <> in
secret.
oecupatio. -onis, f., engagement,
occupation.
oocupo, are, avl, atnni, seize, i/ct
possession of; occupy, euaaiie-
cover. ■' '
oc-curro, ere, -currl(.cucurri ,
-cuv^nnu fall in with, meet, mm,;
npon,Jind; resist; provide t,,,--
occur.
occurso, are, avl, atuni, nit-h
n]]on, charge.
Oceanus, 1, m., (often with niarel,
the Ocean, \
Oceluni, I, n., a town on the ciiif-
ern side of the Alps.
ocius, adv., quickly, siviftly.
octavus, a, uiii, eighth.
octlngentl, ae, a, eight hundml.
octo, eight.
octodeclin, eighteen.
Oetotlurus, I, m., a town (,f tlic
Veraf,'ri, in the Alps.
oetoginta, eighty.
octoni, ae, a, eight at a time, fight
each, eight.
oculus, I, m.,eye.
•re, -tiniil, -tentiiih,
iKf, occiij)!/, muintuin.
\\ olfero.
Ire, -vtinl. -veiitiun,
aHsifiiied to; oicaioil, ,-.
Iv., in the n-ny, to /», /,
iinis, f., oppnrtntiitii
>nse.
8, m., xetthiu ; .sol is
iiinxef, the went.
B, -cidi, -casuiii, Kri ■
m.
S -oldl, -clsuni, sl(t;i,
-onls, f., conceaimci.t.
'■., secretly.
[•e, avi, atuni, ;/,/,,
, niii, concealed. I' id.
In or ex occulfo. /«
-onls, f., engagement,
, avi, Atiini, seize, iff
of; occupy, oif/ai/e;
'e, -currl(-cucinri ,
fall in with, meet, mme
resist ; j/rovide ,i'iir ;
e, avi, atniii, m.di
e.
n., (often with mare),
., a town on the ciit-
16 Alps.
uickly, swiftly.
nil, eif/htli.
le, a, eight hundred.
Ighteen.
I, 111., a town of tlie
he Alps.
ihty.
, eight at a time, night
eye.
oai,Use, perf. w. pres. meaning,
"^«nm, I, n., hatred.
of fcndo, ere, -fendl f^^
^l^^^-io,.6n^s,f.,^aound,nff,kurt.
'/«!""'' '' "•' '^^^''ce, duty, alle.
''"a?:^^;?"''''"--'^ king of the
«K'«y. -^ ' ^^"^<3; throw
0»///. ' «^«"/ w'. numerals,
'"'""^^'^, all, every, whole.
«ncro.are,avI.atum. Ja.,
operaiii dare tnl""^'. <'f/'>»cy ;
it. ""»e, takepatns, see to
VOCABULARY.
45
oppuffnatlo. -onls <^
«««c/c; mode of attack' ''**'*"".
''tt'us^f;. ""•' «"Pflative of
cellent *' ''^'^2/ fl-oorf, wo«« ex-
op-iis, >erlia T, . .
tion, fortifyina'stl'Zf' ^^^^iifica-
Ml art ; "^ q'uanto® ^^mnnUnnl
l"'>ch, iowgrmth, ^f^'^'hotv
opinio, -onla e • ■
lUlny^' "PP-^rtunely, con-
adcanfage. ^'"^"* opportunity,
I oPPortnnus n „ I
ora.ae, f.,8;iore.coa*#.
oratio, ■ontn ^j „
'"''•d^'^tatem'enilSeai '"^'''"''
Oreynia, «. f „ „
Greek witera Vn ?,''^'n?,Priven by
forest. ""^^ *° *'»e Hercynlan
^•angement, order. ' '^''***'" «»'-
Orjsretop-lx. .lo-iL _
manoftheHelvet^ ' '''heading
«^'."•^ / P^rt or'tilT'^ ^P, begin]
the east. *"^^ ^ol, stmrise,
ornainentum. f „
honor. ' *• "•» ornament,
I
if (
*
If
! !
' ■ i
46
DB BELLO GALUCO.
6r6, are, avi, atuiii, pray, beij,
entreat.
ortus, n, um, from orior.
ortU8, us, m., risiiif/.
OS, oris, 11., /ace, moutli.
Osisinl, ornin, m. pUir., the Osismi,
a trilie In the extreme north-west
of Gaul.
ONtcn-do, ere, -dl, -tiiiii, Khmr.
point out, explain, declare, state;
reveal, unmask, (Jispla]/.
osteiitatio, -onis, f., shnio, r7/.t-
play; hoastfulness, pride; pre-
tence, deception.
ostonto, are, avI, atuiii, shoiv,
display, exhibit, parade.
otiuin, I, n., rest, leisure, quiet.
6vum,l,n.,egff.
P.
«
P., nn abbreviation for Publius.
pabulatio, -onIs, f.,foraffiKg.
pabulator, -toris, m.,,forafier.
pabulor, arl, atus snin, forage.
pabulniii, 1, 11., fodder, /ora</e.
paoo, are, avI, iituni, subdue, re-
duce; part, pacatus, u, win, as
adj.,2>eaceful, quiet.
pnetniii, I, n., manner, way ; quo
pacto, how.
Pudns, I, m., the Po, a river in
Cisalpine Gaul (northern Italy).
PaonianI, ornin, m. plur., the
Paemani, a tri)>e in north-eastern
Gaul.
pucno, adv., almost.
paenit-et, ere, -uit, imporsonal.
w. ace, of person and f<en. of
tiling, render by be sorry, regret.
pagans, I, in., district, canton.
ptilani, adv., openly , xmblicly.
palnia, ae, (.,j)alm, hand.
pal -us, -udls, f., marsh, stvamp,
/en.
paluster, tris, tre, marshy.
piindo, ere, pandl, ))aNNnui.
spread out, outstretch ; in pass. w.
caplllus, be dislievelled.
par, parls, equal, like, the same : a
match.
parce, adv., sparingly.
paro«>, ere, pepercl, parNuin .,i
pareitnni, spare, w, dat. : /,
economical.
parens, -entis, ni. and f, pan ,./.
parento, are, avl, atuni, «(v/ . .
w. dat.
pareo, ere, ni, Itum, obey, sri,.
wit, w. dat.
parlo, ere. poperi, partnni, </, /,
acquire, secure, icin.
ParislI, oriini, m. plnr.. the I'm-r
sii, a tribe in nortliern Gaul on i iic
Seine.
paro, are, avl, atuni, prepm:».
get ready, arrange; procure, qri
acquire; part, paratus, a, lini,
as adj., ready, prejia red.
pars, piirtis, f., part, portin,,
share; ijuarter, direction, sal/;
party; ivay, point, respect.
piirtini, adv., })artli/ ; when re-
peated, often rendered by soiiir .
others.
partlor, irl, itus sum, divide.
partus, a, uni, from parlo.
parani. adv.. (nilnvis, niinlne,
little, too little, not much.
parvulus, a, unt, very .'nimll,
slight, trijiing, insigniticant : ah
psirvulls, from early chitdlioml.
parvus, a, uni, (minor, mini-
mus], smalt, trifling.
passim, adv., in all directions.
passus, a. um, from pando »1
1 roni patior.
passus, us. m., pace (five feetl : one
thousand i)aees make one niih .
pate-faelo, ere, -feel, -fac< niii,
open, throw open.
pate-fiY), -fieri, -factus sum,
jiiss. of patefaclo.
patoo, ere. \\\,e3^tend, spread mil;
be open, stand ope» ; i)art. jiiiU'iis,
-entis, as adj., open, exposfii,
pater, -trls, in., father; in plur,:
.forefathers, ancestors.
patieutcr, adv., patiently.
i^"
s, equal, like, the same : a
v., spnriiujly.
t>, pepercl, pni-Niiin ,,|
III, impure, w. dat. ; //
III.
iiitls, ni. and f., j)ar< i,i.
art', avi, atuni, aven;;,
'e, ni, Itiiin, vlieji, ,v '..
It.
!, popcri, pui-tuiii, I/, t.
eciira, win.
rum, ni. phir.. the Vn,-;-
! in uortlierii Gaul on lin'
, a VI, atuiii, pre))(irc.
, arraii(/e; procure. H't.
part, puratus, a, lini,
Ml!i,2>re})are(l.
rtis, f., part, portln),^
larter, direction, nnl,';
•ly, 2>ot)it, respect.
Iv., parfli/; when ic.
tea rendered by soim ..,
I, itus sum, diviiJc.
mil, from parlo.
Iv., (iiiinvis, iiiiiiine,
ittle, not viuch.
a, uiii, very small
iHiin, iitsirpiijtcant : ab
, /rotn earlji childlioml.
, 1IIII, (minor, mini-
til, tr/flittff.
:., in all direction.'^.
mil, lioni panilo m
or.
m.,prtce (five feet" : one
a('i'.s make one niilr,
, ere, -feci, -fact iiiii,
v open.
fieri, -factiis Miiiii
.tufaeio.
Ill, esntend, spreml mit :
nd open ; part, pjiti'ii»,
adj., open, exjwsni,
I, m., father; in plur,,
, ancentors. »
idv., patiently. i
^£?fe,f„%„^,«-^«m.c«. ,,a-
stand: ^ '^' ''^«'■' ««'««'•e, ^thl
patr6nus.I.m..pa<ro„.Zo,.^
P.^ru„., ,, m., uncle fan father's
''S^^^«'"«^- "«tin Caesar),
STttm "I"''' '••"'''^" "«-''-■
'mi"*"?.!' ^^^- ^-^ *%'*«;/, «
Paulniu, adv., a little.
pax, pads, f., peace.
pect-us, -oris, ,,., 6,.ea*<.
Pecunla,ae, f.,,„^;,e//
pec-u«, -oris, n., c«<«e ; fles,,
VOCABIJLAKY.
47
'">lln-fj«S;.™- ^°o^-^oldier ; i,.
"^''«^5^&feV«-^<-'or
Pe«lltatu8, us, m., in.fantrv.
''mayu.jSre (^°'"P---*«ve of
'^long;byreaso,I'J'"'>' '^^- "'•«''.
'^^"^^;^,;^' -ct„„..^„.
Perangustus, a. „m. .e,-^ „„.-
.y«2w, reap. ' ^^^ "A '««>•«;
Percontatlo, -onls f ,„^ •
"U18, 1., inquiry.
per-curro, ere. -ciin-i /
''?w^:^^,r;.e;'"'»"''' ^-"-
<"«<7; CMrry, wafr^ ' ''"'^' ■?"•»-
'^'ro'^S"""' »• «•". «/<«r to.
per-oo, -Iro, .jj , ,
P'-rish, be killed ^ **•' "**n»n
Porexigr„„s,a,„
co/a'e;/, report. '" ^" ' ^«'-'-i/.
Per.flclo. ere. -fed f„ *
Perflrfia, ^ f ' /• •„ ,
treachery. ' /«■itfilessness,
J**l^-fi'lng6, ©re, -freiri f„
t»i»i, breakthrougK^ ' -f^AC-
l>erfuga, a©, m.. f?e*er^er.
iJer-j^o „5.„
proceed, adcance.^^^' "***^'«*"m.
(•f-
m\
^» .!■;
i i ! li
48
DE HELLO GaLLICO.
perlcUtor. arl, atns sum, run
risk, be exposed to ilaiii/er ,- trv
vuike n tent. "
pcrlciiloHiiH, n, nin, danyeroua.
perlciiluiii I, „., damjer, rink;
teM, trial, attemid.
peritus, n, nin, skilled, experi-
enced, familiar, w. f^en.
periatus, a, uni, from perfcro.
^*?^:^*;?*** ^V"' -*^S»' -lectin.,,
read tit rough,
por-Ino, ere, -lul, -latu,,,,
wash; in pass., 6« (■/(«.
porniagrnus, u, um, very large.
per-inaneo, ere, -iiiAnsI, -mnii-
suiii, continue, remain, persin/
abide. "' '
por-inlsceo, ere, -luiHcnl, -mlx-
tuni (-iiilstuin), mi. vi ingle.
per-niltto, ere, -misl, -iiilsKuni.
nne up, yield, entrust, leave ; al-
low, grant permi^ion, permit.
per-iuoveo, ere, -inovl, -1116-
tiim, move, influence, induce
arouse, alarm, excite.
per-nmlcep, ere. -iiiulsi, -nml-
suni, soothe, calm, quiet.
pcrnlcles, el, f., destruction.
perpauci, ae, a, very few.
perpendlculum, I, n., phunb-live.
per.petlor, I, -pessus sum, en-
dure, suffer.
perpetuus, a, nni, continuous,
unbroken solid; perpetual, last,
tng; whole, entire; incessant; In
perpetuuiii, /or em- ; abL as
adv. porpetuo, .for ever, con-
stantly, nmnterruptedly.
per-quiro, ere, -quTsivI, -uuisl-
tuiii, inquire into or about.
per-rninpo, ere, -rupl, -rup-
tuni, break through, break, force I
a tvay or passage or entrance. I
per-scribo, ere, -soripsi, -scrir-
tnin. tvrtte out, report, describe
fully.
per-seqnor, I, -secvitus suui.
ptirsue,Jolloio tip ; avenge ; attack.
ore, -solvl, -solu-
per-«olv6,
tuiu, ]>ay.
por-spltlo, ere, -spexl, -snee-
tui.i, see, see through ; perlein-
understand; observe, examim' i,,'.
spect, survey; learn, ascertain
.find out, become acquainted with '
per-sto, are, -stltl. -statnin
perstst, abide, bejirm. *"""'"•
per-sujMleo, ere, -suasi, -snA-
sum, persuade, induce, prevail o„
convince, w.Aiit. '
perterreo, ere, ul, Ituin. ferrifn
.frighten, alarm ; in „.,«,,«, •/;,',
J^amc-stncken ; dismay, 'demora.
''^!'.:*!5"^f"'°' *l'®' -tlmul, A«
areatly,be much afraid.
pertlnacla, ae, f., obstinacy.
'*^w "V*"**' ^V®' -""»». -teiituin,
h r ';r"^"' *''■"''■'''■ '««rf.'""'/
pertull, from pcrfero.
pertnrbatfo, -onls, f., alarm
con /uscon, panic. '
perturbo, are, avi, atuni, thro,r
into confusion, disconcert, disturb
alarm ; m pass., be at a loss.
^'xy* ^"* ^*"^ *"•»' '«""
persevero, are, avI, atum,j;e;-
per-venio. Ire, -venl, -ventum
come, reach, arrive. *«"">'"•
to )all back, retire, retreat
innti'r ^"^^•- "''''f'»-^ '«.'A sue for;
make /or, aim at, attack.
Petroeorll drum, m. plnr.. /'„■
^ft/ocorti, a tril.e in soutli-wc^;
ei n Gaul on the Garonne.
Petronlas, i, m.. Warcus r,'/n>.
mus, a centurion in Caesar's armv.
Petrosldlns, I, m.. Lucius Petn,-
sidius, the standard-bearer of one
ot Caesar's legions.
phal-anx, -angis, f., phalanx,
column, compact body.
PIctones, uin, m. plur., the I'ic-
ore, -solvl, -solu-
ere, -apoxl, -spec-
ee throunh ; piircitivc,
' observe, examine, in-
!/; team, nucertaiti
'me acquaintiid irith.
3, -stiti, -statiini,
3, be Jin».
ere, -snasl, -siiA-
<le,tndiice, prevail on,
lilt.
'e. 111, Itiiin. ferrifii
arm ; in jkiss.,' /„'
n; dismay, dem'ora-
ore, -tliiuil, fea'
ich afraid.
e, f., obstinacy.
», -tliuil, -tentnin.
1 stretch ; lead, ti'ml,
cy; concern, relate,
iwjrfero.
^onJs, f., alarm,
'ue.
', avi, atnni, tln-air
, disconcert, dintiiih,
s.,beat a loss.
> atns sum, roam
, -veni, -ventuiii,
•rice.
foot ; pedibiiN, „»
peUeiii refeiTf,
tire, retreat.
I, -ttniii, ask, re,-
K for, hen, sue fir:
It, attack.
am, m. pliir., //,«
•ilie in soiitli-wost-
! Garonne,
n.. 3rarcus rctm.
nin Caesar's iinny,
m.. Lucius Pefro-
(lard-bearer of (niu
)ns.
ffis, f., 2)halanx,
t body,
m. plur., the Pic-
ribe at the mouth
VOCAm/LARY.
P""ii., I, n.,jarelin, spear
«■'■ntnrion of tin, f 's mn?..i ""'"''
i'^^^'^^^'^^^^f; parapet, battlement
Pisels, Is, m., fisii.
Pt-V, consul B.C r '4 ''^.f ".'■'■"•■"
tamanofrank. ' '^^'''"■
P'x. plcls, f.,j,j7c;«.
pIaelde,adv.,c«/,„,.,/.<^„,-,„y.
P dco, are, avI, atu.u, «;,^4,,
49
' te;:;.^, i^^„:^'-"- -moveable
P"rulu,„,l,n.,,7,/«W«^.e.,,„
poeiiltet, see pnenltet.
poll-ex, -leJs, ,n., ^/„„,,,,
'''^r^;Si^^'^^-' promise,
PomcItatJo. .6„,s. ,, „,,^.,^
''S;.."^^- ^'««'•^i!'/ ff«e<^, «Z<o-
Pi.imis. a, uni, /eie/,y/«^
pii-bes, or plebs, nlebls f /;
common people. J'""*'», i-, iiAe
Pleiie, adv., e«</,.e;_y, comy;Zc<cZy
Pjeims,a,un../««z,co,«p/,ve.'
■ .""» M III., J
/ ompetus, consul u c
•''I'l of Spain B.C. .'>l-w ., -,> .^•
J'nmpeius, an iiifprm- ; ,<^'«e??(j9
«oi'iaii army. ^"^'^'P't'ter witl. tlie
Pond-us, .erl8, n., weeV,;^^.
deiemlent: P"^^" ''^ *'<"«'«'/. 6e
pons, pontis, m., bridge
poposci, fi om poseo.
Popnlatlo. -oais. ,, „,,«^.,^^
'^SS; ff S^e. Pleraque.
number. ^^"J'^'tty. the greater
'*fe~Sa^ii^"i.r^„'''"'--'''«
east of Gaul " *''" "°"''-
Plurl.„u.„, adv.. «,,««, t,.,.^„„,,,
■■.„.,ty. » -■'• ,7
Porro. adv.. /«,.<„,,, ,„„,.^^^.^
porta, ae, f., gate.
'"^S. S/^'- "*-"'. carry,
""Tol^lT'^ *• "•• ^"^^««•^ duty,
Portus, us, m., Aarftor port
P08itu8,a,um,frompoi,o.
Possesslo, -onis f .
<>'^^cupation;TXv-laZT''''''^
P08-8lde6, ere. -serli » '
possess, hold ^^' "Sossain,
Pos-sldo, ere. -aprtf „
seise, occupy. ^^* -sessuin.
.if I i
I) i '
^h
'U
1 '
; i ,
i
I i ^
60
DE UELLO OALLICO.
pocmuiii, ])0880, potnl, he able,
can, be possible,; be powev/'ul or
strong, have weiylit or influence.
post, 1. adv., afterwards, after;
2. prep. w. ace, after, behind.
poHtua, adv., afterwards; here-
after.
postuaqnam, conj., after, when.
postorus, a, niii, next, following ;
m. plur. as subst., descendants,
2)osterity.
post-pono, oro, -poHiiI. •post-
tuiii, postpone, sat aside, disre-
gard.
poatqnani, conJ., after, when.
pOHtrenio, adv., flnally, lastly, at
last,
poHtrlcIie, adv., the next day, on
the morrow.
postalatuiii. 1, 11., demani.
poNtuIo, are, avi, atuiii, ask, ask
for, demand, require.
poteiiH, entls. partic. of possum,
jwicerfiil, influential.
potentatiis, us, in., supremacy,
chief poiver, leadinu jtosition.
potentla, ae, i.,2)ov:er,
potestas, «tatls, t., power, control;
opportunity, chance, permission.
potior, Irl. Itus sum, get control
or possession oj, gain, obtain, w.
a))l. or gen.
potlus, comparative adv., rattier,
sooner, more.
potui, from possum.
prae, prep. w. abl., in comparison
with ; on account of, for.
pracacfitus, a, um, sharpened at
the end, pointed.
praobeo, ere, ul, ituni, furnish,
afford, give, cause.
prao-caveo, ere, -cavl, -cau-
tuiii, take precautions, be on one's
guard.
prae-oedo, ere, -cessl, -cessnm,
excel, surpass.
prae-ceps, -olpltls, headlong ;
abrupt, steep.
praccoptnm, 1, n., order, instruc-
tions, tiyiunction. I
prao-cipio, ero, .o^pl, -cep-
tuiii, order, instruct, give instni,
tions ; anticipate.
pracclnlto, are, avI, atum.
fling, hurl.
pracclpue, adv., especially.
praeclpuus, a, um, special, par-
ticular.
prao-cliido, ere, -clusl, -cln-
suiii, close, barricade.
pracco, -unls, m., herald.
Praeconlnus, 1, ni., Lucius \'.,.
lerius I'raeconinus, one of Caesar s
lieutenants.
prae-curro, ero, -currl (-cn-
currl), -cursuiu, hasten on b, ■
Jore ; anticipate.
praeda, a©, i., plunder, booty.
pracdieo, are, jivl, atum, an-
nounce, declare, assert, boast.
praodor, arl, atus nnui, plunder,
get plunder, pillage.
prae-duco, ere, -duxl, -dm-
turn, construct in front, cam/
out.
praefcotus, a, um, from pra(>>
ticlo.
praefcctus, I, m., offlcer, com-
mander (especially of cavalrv)
prefect. •"'
prae-fero, -ferre, -tull, -Li-
tuut, place bal'ore, prefer, eitecm
more highly; se praeferre, to
surj)ass, outdo,
prae-flclo, ere, -feci, -fectuni,
put or .oet ovei, place in communal
o.t, give charge of, w. ace. and (Int.
prac-flRo, ere, -fl.xi, -fixuni,
Jix b"jore, idace at the edge.
praemet-no, ere, -ul, be anxioin'
fear.
prae-mltto, ere, -misl, -mis-
sum, send, in advance, send jii / -
fore, send forward.
praemlnm, I, n., reward, prize.
pracoocupo, are, avI, atum,
seize beforehand, seize, takeiJOKi'rs-
sion of.
pracopto, are, avI, atum, ?>/•<;/( ;•.
praeparo, are, avI, atum, itre-
ero, -o^nl, -c«p-
nstruct,fjtveimtnii
>ate.
ure, avi, atuni,
:v., especial!. I/.
X, uni, special, par-
ore, -oiusi, -clu-
irricade.
, m., herald.
I, m., Litcitia !'<'-
ii«K»,onuofUae8ais
ere, -ourri (-cn-
iiiiii, hasten on b, -
.te.
plunder, booty.
I, avi, atiini, mi-
e, anaert, boast.
itwH suux, j'lundcr,
'llage.
re, -duxl, -diu-
ct in front, earn/
, uni, from prac-
I m., officer, cmn-
•AaUy of cavalo),
erre, -tull, -lA-
fore. pre/'er, esteem
so pruefurre, lo
, -feci, -fectuiii,
place in comiiiiiinl
o/, w. ncc;. and dai.
1, -fixi, -fixuin,
! at the etijie.
7G, -uhbeanxioti.»,
'o, -iiilsl, -nils-
dvance, send jii / -
iird.
., reivard, prize.
re, avI, atuin,
', seize, talcepaKfi^^-
ivl,a.tutn,i)refi):
avI, atuiii, pre-
VOCAHULARV.
51
prne>pono, ere, -poHiiI. -posU
tuiii, plnre or s,:t on:r, /nit in com-
iiiamloj, w. iii'c. iiiiddiit.
I>rno-rninpo, ere, -lunl. -nin.
tnm, hn-al„tr.f<>i>ii>: pirt. pi-ui'-
ruptiis. a. uiH, j.H ,i<lj., ulnii't,
prf':ijnt.()i(s. « ' '
prae-H»<;pl6. Ire. -HiiepHl..Nuen>
rum, hliH-h- i(/>, barricade.
|»iae-8crH)o, eie. -HorlpsI,
-NCTlptuii,, prescribe, direct'
(lictate, '
priii'serlptuiH, I, „., hiddinn, die-
III flan.
pracsens, -cntlH. parfic. of prae-
mim, present, instant, in person.
praoNentl». ae, t, the present ■
prrsenre; In praeHentIa,./o;- tlie
moment, at the time.
prae-Hentlo, Ire, -sens!, -«en-
H»m, learn of nv find out bejore-
hitnd,hace/oresiji)it.
'""S/v""'' ''"^''•' "'P^^^lllhpar-
pi-aeskllmn, i, „ guard, nnrri-
x<»>, ( protectinu ) force; protec-
tion, support, escort.
piae-sto, are. -stiti, -stltum or
-stiltHiii, e.rhdnt, show, disnlini ■
<i:chnr<,e, do; excel, be superior,
h better P*'"*"**"*' l"»P'!rsoiml, it
prae-SHiii, ©sse, -ful. be over, be
(It lii'iiil of, have command of: be
incliurueo/,hold; vv. d.it.
praetor, prop. w. ace, beyond
past; excepi, besides ; 'contra r,;
praeteroa, adv., besides, moreover.
praeter-eo, -Iro, -H (.fvi,
"h V.'lV -^«^ "'*'■• /r'"'" ^V ; part.
■1^ a<lj., praoterltns, a, tiin.
past; 11. plur. a.amhst., the past
«1111, let go by, let pass, lose;
pass over, neglect. >'■'',
praeterquaui, adv., except.
'*™m' ;«•''**'• "'•• '^^"'mander ;
JJfaeiOr. n. Kornnii i«n*-;^»..^i.- ' .
, »"-'• ilitisioilaic. I
praetorlns. a, mn, of a rom-
j minider ur praetor; praetoria
eohorN, body-guard.
prae-iinn ere, -iidsl, -ustuni.
burn at the end or point.
prae-vorto. ere, -vortl, -ver-
HUiii, anticipate, prevent, w. dat.
^'r/'\"'!' **'."'"• Pfi^r, wretched;
linked, Vicious, 2>er verse.
preci'8, uiii, r.Cslnt'. defective and
iiot f.umd In Caesar), prayers, en-
treaties.
preiiio, er^, pro88l, proHHiun,
press, press hard; crowd; Itarass.
oppress. '
prendo, ere, prendl. prengain,
seize, gra.sj). '
pretliiin, 1,1., j>rice.
(|>»<ix), preclH, f , see preces.
pridle, mlv the day before, on the
previous day.
pi;finlpII,iH, I, ni., chi^centuHon:
«ee plluH. '
prliiu'), adv., at first.
'*!>/!!!'""' "•'^•' ^''i''. in the first
paie ; ciiii, or ubl prlmuii , as
soon as; «^lIa^n priimi,,,. „«
soon as possible. "•»••«. as
primus, a. inn, superlative of
[ In prliiilN, especiallij.
^*/"J/,!/T''*''* ■*''»•'»' /"«. chief,
leading ; m. a» subst., leadin,
iiian, leader, chiej: •■'=""«/'£/
'*!"!w*/'''^*J^*' ""' •"•' leadership,
i-lne^ position, ji rat place, lead.
prior,
pristlnus, a, nni, former, pre-
vious; oj jormer days, old-time.
prlns, comparative adv., earlier
sooner; prlns. . .qiiaui. before
w. negatives «H<«Z. * ' ^ '*'
prlusquani, conj., before.
privatlin, adv., privately, aa in-
dividuals, as private persona.
Py^V'*'"*' »' }"».i>Wm<e, individ-
^lai, personal : m. as siil.at -, ^.w
vuteperson, individual. " '' " "^
lor, lu8, comparative, former
irlier ; in front ; first (of'^two). '
I'r
UE UlA,LO OALI.ICO.
*0, prep. W. ftl)|,, /(,/,, ;rt /„ /..ft^j I ,,_- „ ..
m4<(»rdancH with, aciumli,,,, f„ J- , •^'""^''-
Vance.
pi;p.nt«oi- on, -fcNH„„„„,„ ,
CO«ft'r//t'(/.'
tint, put to thii ti'st : o/mrnve of'
Jncor, recoi/uhj, t/iuJc Imjl,/,/ „/' '
pro-cMo, ere .<,p„„i, -cosh,,,,..
I/O /»r Kuril, uihuiice.
ProellluH, I. ,„„ cWu» VahriuM
l^iu., a Ko,n.n,.«, o„,, -r I>-fug.^^ro^ -rag,, .f..^,.
prooun-Hiil, -Hulls, „,„ ;„■„,.„„,„,
procul, adv., a« a distance
'^''r'S'./^JV» "y»' a*»'". (Attend
to, nave c/iarge of.
pro-curro, er«, -cnciirrl {-our-
ward, rush out, charge.
procl-eo. -Ire, .|i (.|vi), .it,,,,,
00 forth, come out, advalut "'
prodosso, from prosuiii.
'^'tS!^ -""*«• '■' ^'--ckeru,
prcMlltor, -torls, m., traitor.
prolndw, adv., therej'ore.
P«;;'»-Jlcl6, ere, -I eel .1..««..
throw down m-awafj'huil hV'"'
"handon, renounce. "'"^'•^">!/!
P' "liitus, a, ui„, from profero
J>roinlne6, ore, nt,leanfonnn',r
'^""SSaS;;:' ^'•"'"---'^.
pro.i„ltt6, ere, -mlsl, -miInhu,,,
^ A»>'/A ' «'«• -dl'll. -dltnin, qira promontory.
.v'<"i', part, pr
uiii, iisadj.,^/,j./,y/o/<^0/i/
nioveo, ere, -niovl.
pr6.di-,e6, ere. -duxl .i^„*. ( ' '"'"'«•^'"•'««'•«^. advance.
'';'"lfo^^o^^:,;;^f^^^ Pr6.„pt„s. a, „„., ready, alerl.
prSoTir, -. '''""'• '^"' ^'^"'-^O forward
proeiior, arl, atns sum, fight.
profectio, -onls. f., departure. „.. „ ,
pi opero, are, avi, atum, hapten.
pronuiitio, are, avf, atr ,/ , /
ere. .roci, -ivt-t,,,,,.
"'«//f', f/rt/«, eOhl ; „,/•
', Kidit, tl'i, itroc,;,!,
ITl, -feSHUHMII,,,, ,/,.
s "i'«;/(///, ,;//«,•, y>,-,;/; ,,.s,
ire, ftvl, atuni, ;,„,/
^re. -fug,, .f,.^,.
". uin, uprmiir ,/,■<.
IIS fill l)St., ./««•,!«//'//,/
% I, -ffru8NIIH Nil III.
. come /ort/i, adcn.,,.
!, hold, kinder, cut < if;
., therejore.
fe. -Jeel, -Joctnin,
^n- away, httrl, jti,,,,}
ounce. '"
mil, from proforo.
^(Iv., promincHOKshi
'ely. •''
'o,-inl8l, -inisN,,,,,^
art. nronilNsiiN, a,
on<i,Jl()whiy.
m. 1, n., headhinil,
!re, -movl. -in,,.
rward, advuvcu.
uni, 7-earZj(/, a^e;/.
<>ding /ortoard
e, avl, atn ' . j(/ ,7,
"•e, <s«, u/.. /,. •
>e orders, mckc ,'
Oplus, 1 (.,.,, I.).
a<mo«< ,• also as
eai.
-|mll. -pulsuin,
dixlodue, defeat.
ivl, atuiii, /i((i^(,'«.
VOOAlltrLARV.
'''•ttj'";ir' "; "'v- '-'^ ''•'-^
KUiHinan. '"'atue, ..
l>«opI„«,n,,v.,„, propo.
tl 1 1. /. ar«„r net Hror, ■',,!. ^.^n
"^S^Ar^;;^ -»" /^
fiS
■>-K''IJmdri,;;,,;aU ' ' ' ""•
' pro-vMof). («res -vl.if .t
piv>-Nplol6, ero, .annvi
- '-'•' «oe[/T(/, aisiodye. J
ri»H »i/i.ii '*"""'t*o. m public ■
p'Sr^''..™--''"'^'"'*-'^ Roman
SI*'' V" '''"^' of boyhood.
/lifl /, A"»"*»'^iir, imnerannnii,.
-f!'
isrnatnr, imnerann<,'ii,r
ffoes OH, freely '/'<A^"^'j
54
DB BELLO GALLICO.
pulcher, chra, chruiii, heautifuL
Juie.
Pullo, -uni8, m., Tittcs Pulio, a
C'ciitiirioii in Caesar's army.
pulsus, a, uni, from pcllo.
put.-naN, UN, 111., stroke, proptclsion.
pulv-is, -oris, m., dtist, cloud of
dust.
puppis, is, f., ster7i.
pui'pro. ;'ire. avi, atnni, exaise.
Clear, ^trce/roin blawe.
puto, are, avi, Atuin, thhiTc, he
Itero, hold, consider, suppose.
quan-tusvls, -tavls, -tnnivls
however great, no matter h/,,]
great.
quare, (ulv., wherefore, why, f„r
winch, on account of which.
Pyrenaeus, a, uui, w. uiontos-.
the Pyrenees, between Gaul and
Spain.
Q.
Q., an abbreviation for Qu'lntus,
qua, adv., where, at whicli point, hi/
■which road.
qnadragreni, ae, a, forti/ each,
forty.
quaclraglntf), forty.
quacliingenti, ae, a, /our hun-
dred.
qnaero, ore, quaeslvi, quaes-
Ituiii, ask, em2uire, viakeemjuini ;
seek, look for.
quaestid, -uni8, f., investigation,
enquiry, examination.
quaestor, -turis, m., quaestor, tlic
ofMfcr in t'liarf,'e of tlie linances of
a pi'ovince or army.
qnaestns, us, m., gain, gaitiing,
acquisition.
quails, o, of what sort, what.
quani, adv., low; w. eomparative.s,
than; \v. superlatives, as as
iwssihle.
quanidlu, adv., as long as.
quaniol)reni,a(lv., why, wherefore.
quauiv'Is, adv., however.
qnando, adv., at any time, at times,
ever.
quantns, a, uni, hoiv great, hoiv
much; as </reut as, «,s much as,
as; quanto. ..tauto, hi/ hotv
much ...by so much, the... tlie.
quartus, a, uni, fourth
quasi, conj., as if.
quattuor or quatuor,/oMr.
quattuordecliH./oinieew.
-que, enclitic conjunction, and.
queiiiaduioauin, adv., how, «,«.
queror, I, questus sum, ci,,.
plain, comjHain of; lament, /„ .
wad. '
qui, quae, quod, rel. pron., ?/■//„
iiiiteli, what, that; he who ; iw ,.,,'
onlin;itiii}<> relative, this, he: ;ifi,r
lueiii, as.
qui. quae, quod, inteiToc-aiivu
adj., what, which.
qui. qua, quod, indefinite adi.or
ran'ly pron., some.any ; anyni.,.
qulequani, from quis(iuaiii.
q u i c u ni q u e , quaecuiiKi w,
quodeunique, whoever, wli.il.
ever, tchichever.
quidani, quaedaui, quiddam (ir
quoddaiH, a certain one, a cer-
tain, one, a sort of.
«luideiii, adv., certainli/, at le,i.,t;
lie. . .(luideiii, not even.
qui-:>s, -etLs, f., rest.
quietus, a, uni, quiet, at n-.H
settled, peaceable. '
quill, conj., but that, that, s„ that
not, as not; often l»e.st reiiil.r,.,!
nyjrom, w. verbal in -iny.
quiu, i. Iv., nay, in,fact.
quinani, quaenain, quodiuun,
who, ivliich, what.
quinc-unx, -uneis, i.,qui>Hiimr;
in quincuucein, in the form vf
a quincunx.
quliidecini, fifteen.
quingentl, ao, i\,jlve hundred.
quini, ao, a, Jive each, live at a
time, five.
quinquaglnta, Jifiy.
quinqnti, Jive.
18, -tavis, -tnnivls.
Teat, no matter hmo
., wherefore, why, /,.,■
■ccuunt of iL'hich. '
uiii, fourth
, as if.
■ quatuor,/()«r.
•clux, fourteen.
c TOiijuiietion, and.
duiii, adv., hoiv, ((,.-■.
qiiestus sum, ,,,/„.
iJlain of; lament, h, .
lucMl, rcl. proii., n-/,,,
!, that ; he who ; ns ci,.'
•elative, thin, he; aid r
quod, inteiTogiiiive
chich.
iioil, indefinite aili. or
, K()iiie,uni/ ; anj/i,!,,;
i-<)inqui8(iiiuiii.
le, qiiueciiui!|ii(-,
uc, whoever, wlmt.
•er.
lediini, qniddani or
(I certain one, a a-r-
ort of.
., certainln, at li.',/.st;
III, iiot even.
t'., rest.
uiii, quiet, at r,Ht,
able.
at that, that, ,1,1 iimt
often best reiidrrwl
I'erbal in -ing.
II, in J act.
icnaiii, quodiiiini,
:hat.
uiicis, f., qidncinix;
ceiii, iti the form of
'fteen.
S ii.JlvehundrfiJ.
Jive each, five at a
U fifty.
qtifntus, «, um,//^7t
^''Sil; '"•■««"''«•. ''Bom,,.,
niN. Qua. niii.i f....„^ , ' "?■'•
VOCABULARY.
|a"uin.cwij.,scecun..
55
, , ... i|uiu as i.cjv.. ichii
""'v., m any respect,' at alT^^*^ ««
lliwnlnfftt »
B.
• " '-v't-xi-, (« rt«. I ^-ao. ero, -si, -sum, shave
' »-apina, ae, f.,^jiM„fZe?7Wi7
rasus, a, nin, from ra«Io.
*■•;:"**;, -9n*8, f., calculation ac-
<;^( lit, list ; method, sustem :,lnZ
i-«»tis, is, f., raft.
qnisquaiii, qnidquam or r i«
ll^^»^^<^nyone,LiX,:^i:i-^^
-i.erl^tivesf:^^^Vr^^de.^i.«)I-
somewhere, anllwhere^' ""''^''""f.
qii<)ud,coi.j., «„<;;, a^;^„^^^
quoinlnus or quo min».
f that «o<; l"elv nS/!''l■'■•
quo„lam,co„
quot,i„doclln.,;io«owa„„
qnotaum-s. adv., yearly, every
'SSr«' ». «.n. see cotl-
quotiditsseecotldle.
qooties, adv.. /to,,, «/i^„ ...
Rsiurlcl, ornin, m „1,,. //,„
! near
rebelllo, -onls, f., rc;j«mZ 0/,,«,-
'"%"^' "**""*' «''«^' '•''^«'<. '«'c;
re-eeuseo, ere, -censui «a„
receptaculum, I. n., ,./.^,, ,,.
^•eceptus, us, m., ,-e<;.e«<.
recUo,are,avI,atum,,.mr?o„«
rtcte, oxlv., properly, rightly. "^
III
''mi- ! ■ ;
!';■
56
DH BELLO OALLICO.
rectus, a, um, stmiijlit.
recupeio. Are, a%i, atuiii, rc-
ffdui, recover.
reoiiso. aits A VI, Atuiii. ,v A^v^
oliject to, (lecliiie, Kj/uni, rei>ii!liate.
reda, ao, f., icaijou.
redactus, a, iim, from r< dlgo.
red-do, ere, -dldl, -dlt„,„, i,ire
back return, re.^tore, render,
griint,pa!i.
redoiiiptus, a, niu, from rcdiuio.
back, come back, return; decline:
be reduced; depend on, be re/erred
red-lgo, ere, -effl, -Aetuni, re-
duce, render, make, bring.
red-hno, ere, -eml, -omptuin,
l^xg, piircha.se, obtain ; leftm,/arm.
redlntesrro. Are. avl, atuiii, re-
new, restore, revive.
**1/"*'"* """^^' ^•' »■«<«»•«. return-
reditus, us, m., rettirn, rettirning.
•■^;?!;*" "••*.' »•. ^-oyal power, ,<„•,.
■>cigntii,lctn!idom. .«'"«•
'liirct, control, vianuiie '
'tS^?'**'**'' *' -8^'«««"« «»
re-jlcl6, ore, -jeei, -ieotiiin
^ <///-(rio asi(Ze ; casi! off, reject.
ro-IaiiRiieseo, ere, -lauffui /„
come weak, lof<eenerg,, " ' '"
relatus, a, mn, from reforo
""ta ^'■*'' ''^'' ^*""'' '-"
rellctua, a, um, from relin.,,,,,.
religl<->, -onis, f., ,-«;;^;„„,, -^^
ob..eryance or scy«y,/« ,• r,-//V/, „/
;^//T?v'5- "'"""' ' ^'U>ermtio;/^!!.
itejn or jancies.
re-IInqu6, ere, -llqul, -Hcfn,,,
leave, leave beMnd; abandon ,il:
np; give; allow; in pass.. rrJn,
^/ ,?'",*"• "' "■"' remnininq. vi!,,-,-
k/t, else, Jurther, .future / ^r,,,, ■'
ally to be rendered hythiiZT,,-
itedoncs, um, m. plur., the Red- re-iiianeo, ere. •iiiAneT ..
ones, a tribe in tlie noi4h-u.,.«f ,.f sun.. ,v,» „s. ®.' ""?'*P^'.' -.'"■"••
""es; a tribe in the nortli-west of
'^:^,/'/*'"*/®?'*'' "'I"=^»« -rtuctuiii,
<eaff back, bring back, move back.
refero, referre, icttuli (or ro-
tuli), relatuiii, bring back, cam/
back, brtjif/ ; report, announce,
tell ; renter ; pedein referre.
retreat, fall back; fyratiaiu re-
ferre, sJioto gratitude, make re-
turn.
re-flcl6, ere, -feci, -fectuin, re-
pair ; refresh, recruit.
re-frlnffo, ere, -frejfl, -frae-
tuin, 6*'ea7>;«/i, break open, break.
rettyAit, flee back, escape.
Reglnus, i, m., Cains Antistius
Jiegznus, one of Caesar's lieuten-
ants.
regrlo, -onls, f., region, district,
part, country; direction, line.
reglus, a, uin, royal.
sum, remain, remain bJiLid -.'t,in.
tribe in northern Gaul.
reiiilgo, are, avl, atnni, roir.
renilgro, are, avl, atuin, mo,-,
back, return.
reiiiiniscor, I, call to mind, re-
member. '
re-iiiltto, ere, -nasi, -nilssnm.
send back hnrl back, give /„"" :
relax weaken, give up, h..,- ; j,;,,.,'
reinollesco, ere, become weak or
enervated.
re-iiioveo, §re, -niovl, -inotiini.
•lemove, send atcay ; wilhdmv.
draw aioay; part, as adj.. r.-nw.
tus, a, um, distant, reihi,/i'.
remiineror, an, Atus sum, re-
ward.
'rf3«: ^**^' ^'''' ^*""'' "'^''\^f»^;^^'hm.,aMeman,oneofik
resiir-<
iiiuke I,
re-soln,
oreak c
re-soisc
k(irn,j
re-serii)
turn, t
reservo,
oatk, re
'■e-sldeo
0.
, I, n. royal 2wicer, (,,„■(
•ts rexi, rrctmu. v„/,
oiitrol, VKiiint/i:
or, I, -gressus siim, , ,
ere, -jeei, -Jectm,,
r hurl bach; <J>''u;i h!"':
<tde ; cast off, rejwt.
it'seo, er«, -Ijuigui, /, .
lie, lose eiwrgi/.
I, mil, from refero.
ire, uvi, atuin, remnn;
u, mil, from reliiHiuo.
■oiiIh, f., rdii/ioiis ril,'
-e or scrxp/e ; r,'/i</>„ii
matter ; superstitioi,., he-
metes.
, ore, -llqul, -Hetniii,
ve behind ; ahandc,,. ,,irl
' ailoto; in pass., re ,H„ ill.
a, uiii, rem at ni II I/, oihcr
J iirther, future: -,.|i.r'
i rendered by the r.-s/ ,„.
. ere, -inAnsI, -m ui-
inn, remain behind, stinj,
■Igls, m., roicer, oxrs.
ini, m. plur., the IJemi, a
trtherii Gaul.
■e, avi, atiiiii, roir.
are, avl, atnm, mon
•n.
', 1, call to mind, re-
ive, -niisl, -inissniii,
hurl back, aire Imd: ;
Ml, (lice up, lose; jimiI,
. », uiu, as adj., mild,
» ere, become weak or
^re, -movl, -iiir.tnni,
id, away ; Kilhilnm;
' ; part, as ad.)., I'ciiio-
I, diUuiit, renin/ 1\
an, atus sum, re-
h, a I{eman,07wofths
r«nov6, aro -, „i -4.
I>'in!, 6«c/c «^-^^TO*»»'. report,
«•«"-pello „.. • ''"''''''■'^elected.
pill -pus;,.Tr':r"/^'- re.
"ppointed 1,1 a hope ' " ^''^
••opente, ml v., suddetilj,
onijinate. '"• fi^scover
ro-peto, ere, -nnf f .r
'•^P;>rt6, are. avl, atn„., e«nv,
H>po.se6,ere,.fm«.,^,,.,.,,^,.,
'^Pn.e.e„t5,are,a.^,^::;:,,^^
/■'"It with. ^' <•«"««'•«, y/;ni
'"^"""'Sa:^^ -^••«''«l. -pre.
repiidio, are, avl, atn.«
i;!j;-..esi^S^^-SVsr
""ikei/oo'd -tuni, re^aiV
""'S/.^' •«"«• -»0»"..,.
ro-siaeo, ere -«^ii
• «^*e, -sedl, remaitK
VOCAUUIMRY.
' li f - I J
6'i
-sedl, «e(!«e <?o«;«.
re-sldo, ere
become calm! ,
re-slsto, ere. .»titi
resistance, w , „'I ^' ""'"'. m<,ke
*"e-sj>ontIe6, Are
repfi/. ' ""*«'«' I make answer,
re«p6„8n.„.i,n.,«„^,^ '
^«-IrSS -^""-'-"ne-
restlfc-uo, ere l»f -.
xtoru, repjlace re/) ,»7;; ""*""'' ''e-
»'e«e(«. "'■'•> 'eo«<;rZ, re-establish,
''^-^""^t,g;«:j*»n«l> -tent,,,.,,
•I'-traUo, ei>» 4.
^u.6..„,,^;;j;j-a,^trac.
re-vello, ere, -vein .
«-•or .„,.,, ,,,,\,^^»j,^^jj^.lsu„..
rever-to, ere .tf
'» I'crf. te.,se1).;*L ;»"•" ^^''''«Av
*ii>'n back. ' " "• '^""^e back;
rex, regis, m., ki,iff.
^^^""«■^^f.ybank.
iob.„r .orl8.„.,„„^
*e??o, are, av, .-,*.
cnhai. ' ' ""'«raineuteo
58
DE BELLO GALLICO.
I !
Bonia, ae, f., Some.
Boiiianus, a, iini, Roman; m, as
subst., a lioman.
Bosclus, I, m., Lucius JRoscius, one
of Caesar's lieutenants.
rostrum, 1, n., beak.
rota, ae, f, wheel.
rubus, I, m., bramble.
Bufus, I, m., Puhlius l^ulpicins
Mujus, one of Caesar's lieutenants.
rumor, -oris, n., rumor, rejwrt.
rupes. Is, t.,rock, cliff.
rursus, adv., again, back again, in
turn.
BntenI, drum, m. plur., the Rii-
teni, a tribe in southern Gaul.
Butilus, I, m., Marcus Sempronius
Butilus, one of Caesar's ollicers.
S.
Sahlnus, I, m., Qiiintus Titurius
Sabinns, one of Caesar's lieuten-
ants.
Sabis, Is, m., the Sahis, now Sam-
bre, ariverin north-easiteni Gaul.
sacor-dos, -dotis, m.,2>ricst.
sacrainentum, I, n. , milita ry oath.
sacrlflcinin, 1, n., sacrijice.
saei>c, adv. (saoitlus, saopls-
slme), o/'ten.
saepenumero, adv., often, fre-
quently.
sacpes, Is, f., hedge.
saovlo. Ire, IvI, Itnm, rage, be
violent.
sti^itta, ae, f., arrow.
sagrittarlus, I, m., archer.
sa^ulum, I, n., {military J cloak.
saltus, us, m., dejile, glen, pass.
sal-us, -utis, f., safety, welfare,
protection.
Saniarobrlva, ao, f., a town of tlie
Ambiani, in northern Gaul.
sancio. Ire, sanxl, sanctum,
make a solemn agreement, rutifii,
enact ; part, sanctus, a, uiii,' iiw
adj., sacred, holy, inviolable..
i^anjsru-is, -Inls, m., hlood.
sanltas, -tatis, f., sound miml
sober mind, good sense.
sano, are, avi, atnni, remnhi
make good. •"
Santones, um, or Santoni.
oruui, in. plur., the Santom. ,,
tribe on the west coast of Gaul.
sauns, a, um, sound, sane ; uvo
sano, like a discreet man, sensibhi
irrudeiitly. ■"
sap-16, ere, -IvI, be ivise.
ssircfna, ae, f., in Caesar alw.us
111 plur., i>ac*, fj)ersonalJ bug;/,!,),'.
sar-clo, ire, -sl, -turn, repair,
make good.
sarmentnm, I, n., fagot.
satis, adv., enoiigh, sufficieiifh/ ;
tolerably, quite, considemUl], ■
otteii as subst., enough, sufiirind.
satis-faelo, ere, -feci, -factum!
do enough, do one's duty : make
amends, satisfy, apologize.
satisfactio, -ouls, l, apobmi,
excuse. ''■"
saucius, a, um, wounded.
saxum, I, n., stone, rock,
scala, ae, f., ladder.
S«ildj8. is, m., the Scaldls, now
^cheldt, a river in nortli-easturu
Gaul.
scapha, ae, f., skiff, small boat.
seeleratus, a, um, wicked, vil-
lainous.
acel-us, -erls, n., crime.
scienter, adv. (compar. sclentiiisV
skilfully, cleverly,
scientia, ae, f., knoivled</<\ ac-
quaintance.
sclndo, ere, soldi, scissuni, tmr
down, break down.
sclo, Ire, IvI, Itum, know.
Scorpio, -onis, m., scnriami, n
machine for hurliiif,' missiles.
scribo, ere, scrlpsi, scrii)tuiM,
write, state.
scrobis, Is, m., ditch, trench.
scutum, I, n., shield.
VOCABULARr.
59
-Inls, m., blood.
tatls, f., sound miii<l
', good sense.
avi, atnm. remcdi/,
um, or Santoni,
. plur., the Sanfoiii's, :^
e west coast of (iaiil.
ini, sound, sane ; jn'o
% discreet man, seii><ih/i/,
. -IvI, be loise.
B. f., In Caesar alw.ivs
■ck, {personal J buf/i/ni/,:
B, -8l, -tuiii, rejiair,
1, 1, n,, fagot.
enough, sumcioith/ ;
quite, consideriihl'// ,■
list., enough, sujjicinit.
tive, -feci, -fsutiiin,
do one's duty : mnke
■ tsji/, apologize.
-ouls, f., apohifiy,
mil, wounded.
, stone, rock.
ladder.
m., the Scaldis, now
river In north-oastoni
f., skiff, small bout.
Of uni, wicked, vil-
la, n., crime.
'. (coinpar. sclenting,
everly.
s, f., knowledj/i', ac-
sclcll, scissuin, tuar
down.
, ituin, know.
lis, m., scorjihiii, n
hurling' missiles,
scrlpsl, scrljituiii,
sec-o, are, -ui, -turn, cut, reap.
secreto, adv., privately.
Kectio, -onis, f., booty.
Hcctiira, ae, f., mine.
sccunduni, prep. w. ace alnnn
according to; besides ,^next to ^'
■'*'iw!L"**"^' "" "?••• «ecund ; favor-
able, successful, prosperous ■
secundo fluinino, Lwn stream
seeuris, Is, f., axe, borne by lietors
as a symbol of authority
less.' ^**^"" seclus, none the
seeutus, a, nm, from soqnor.
seel, conj., but.
si'deeini, sixteen.
«('{-.cs. Is, f., seat, abode, settlement
seditiosus, a, um, seditious.
^ "'"""ices'' "'•• ^ '^'^*^'- «'■ «'c
SednnI, orum, m. plur., «/e Seduni
.1 tiii.e in the Alps, betweei t n
I'l-ovinee and Italy. ' "^"^«^^" the
-•<«, a Uerman trihe.
sear-es, -etis, f., crop; Held of
W'tin, cornfield. •' "^
St'srui. orum, m. plur., the Seqni a
|;;;.man tribe {n nortli-eaftel-n
SesontlacI, orum. m. plur. the
'■^'Vonttaci, a tribe in Britain
if^hSr^^'^-'^^kingruI.
iteruni, mo?-e than once. •*"*"*'
sen.entis. Is, f, «««.^-^^ o/.^,.ae„
«.'nuta, ae, {.,path, by-path.
si'"ipc'r, adv., aiifays.
offlmN ^"'*'"«' one of Caesar's
senator, -torls, m., senator.
senatns, lis, m., setiate.
Sfau-ex, -Is, m., old man.
seni, ac, a, six each, six.
® n"H.n®^%"'"' "^- Pli""- ''''« Senones,
Seine " *"*" ""^ ^*"' °" *''^
^Ivfjf"***^' **®' ^- opinion, view,
./fc«'.''"'' ^"'■^^°*«' *««^^«^-«.
sentio. Ire, sensi, Henmm. feel,
be aware, kmm, perceive, learn-
think, have an idea, hold an opin-
scntls. Is, m., thorn, briar.
separatliu, a^lv., separately, bti
themselves, privately. " "
^I'^rf*'"' ^^J?' ^^^' atuin,8ej,«mi!e •
septem, seven.
plur.) C/ze sej;e„ stars of the con-
stellation of the Great Bear ■
hc!ico the north. '
Septimus, a, um, seventh.
septlngrenti, ae, a, seven hundred.
septuaginta, seventy.
sepultura, ae, f., burial.
®^aj?,^"»%"e, f., the Sequana, now
^ine, a river in northern Gaul
® /^J^v^.""* ^' "•"• Seqnanian, of
the beqnani; ni. as suhst., a &.
quaman, in plur., the tiiouani -^
tnbe in Gaul north'of U,o pC/,,;.,;
^""Sle .*'«««"*"« Hnuu folio,::,
piusue ; accompany, attend at-
tach one's selfti; result, ensue
^IS-m/"/!^*/'- '"'■^.'Conversation,
iniei course, di.^cu!^.non.
sero, ere, sevi, satuin, sow.
sero, adv., too late.
Sertorius, i, m., Quintus Sertorins,
civil w'.v ^Tih'"^'' "•'"> ^" ^ "mp "f
uui war, held Spain from 80 to 72
ir^
m\
servlHs^e, of slaves, slavish.
servio, ire/ivi. itn... j.,
follow blindly, de'vo'te'
<ne's seU to.
I'll'
ill
I!.'
Mm
60
DB HELLO OALLICO.
servitus. -tfitls, f, slavery, bond-
age, aubjectiun.
Ser vlus, I, m., a Roman praenomen
servo, are, iivl, atuin. keej,. hold,
maintain; xcatch , mve, j/re^eroe.
servus. I, m., slave.
scscenti, ao, a, «Lr hundred.
sese, for so, from sui.
•'7;^;y.»i^«dall8, o, a foot and a
sou, see slvo.
^'l^twyf *''•■*'''""• f- strictness,,
seventy, rigor.
sevoco, -ire, avi, atuiii, call aside '
sevuiii, 1, 11., tallow.
SOX, six.
sexiifflnta, sixty.
soxcenti, ao, a, sec soscentl.
i^t"^'"'* ^'«««/«s, a centurion in
l^aesar's army.
^XZ&rV'''''''^'''^''^'^^-^'-'^'^
SIbnzates, nm, m. phir., the
Sibuzates, a tribe in Aqultania.
slo, adv., thus, in this way; so, in
such a way ; as follotvs. '
sAcdtas. -tatis, f., drying up, dry-
ness, drought. '> J J't"'y
sicubl, conj., if a7iy where.
sicut, conj., Just as. Just like.
sieuti, C0113., Just a8,Jtist as if.
^H):.^^! "**■*?' ."-i «*«'•' constella-
tion, heavenly body.
signlfer, eri, m., standard-bearer.
slgrnlflcatlo, -onls, f., signal, an-
notmcement, intimation.
slffniflco, are, avI, atuin, indi-
cate announce, make known, inti-
mate, shoio.
signuin, I, n., signal; standard;
stgna couvertere. to wheel
about; sljarn» ferre or Inferre.
to advance.
Sllajiiis, I, m.,3rarcus Silanus, one
ot Caesar's lieutenants.
sllentiuiii, I, n., silence; abl. bI-
lentloas adv., in silence, silently, l
^cS«^.eS''"^''-.oneof
sllvrt, ao, f , wood, forest.
silvestrls, ©, wooded.
slmllls, o, like, similar, w dat. ,„•
slinlUtu-do, -dlnls, f, resemh
lance, similarity. ' '**'^""'
slninlacrum, I, n., image, Jigure
siinnlatlo, -onls. f., pretenro
s/ioiv, deceit, insincerity. ■^'^'"'''•
slniHltas, -tatls, f., ,./mi,-y, feud
8ln, conj., 6m« «/.
sincere, adv., honestly, trntlij;dl„
sine, prep. w. abl., without.
^^M^til^' '''/i»9le oneby one. h„
„n.tr''^ •; ^^^raordinary.unmy-
alleled admirable, disti%uilh,!,,
*V;H^^ ' "?' "• "«e eac/(., one at a
time, one by one, singly, several,
sinlstrorsns, atlv., to the le.ft.
**¥/.*''*'' ^*^*' *"""'' <'llow,per-
slqnldoni, conj., since.
situs, us, m., position, situation
socer, erI, m., father-in-lato.
soeletas, -tatls, f., alliance.
soclus, I, m., ally.
east, occldeiis sol, the tvest.
solaciuin, I, n., consolation.
^torY^f^l"' '• .™r «^" Aquitani,,,,
wUh hSle'ad'e?*"^'- «^^°'-" '^ ^'''
•, 1'Hus Silius, one of
X'QY».
wood, forest.
t loooded.
'fee, similar, w dnt. oc
-dlnls, f., resemii
'-rity.
at the same time • i-,-
.and; siiuul iiton,.
iS Slllinl illoiK;, „s
^IfT'^; image, Jigure.
-onis, f., pretem-r
tnsincerit}/.
avi, atuiii, pretend,
tls, f., rivalry, feud.
if.
honestly, trntlij-idli/.
ibl., wilhont.
flV;Singly,indiuidi(-
le,
single, otie by one. hi/
traordinary. uvp<ir-
'•able, disttngiiishcd.
\, one each, one at a
one, singly, several,
trnni, left; f,,,,,
ubst., left hand (xf.
Av.,to the left.
situiii, allow, pei-
, since.
^sition, situation.
ij;, or if; repeated,
'■ther...or.
ather-in-law.
> f., alliance.
y.
n ; oricns sol, (he
I sol, the west.
^otisolation.
I., ail Aquitaiii.m
■tner sworn to die
VOCABULARY.
«of 06, ere, sollfcus sum. he wn„t ■
'^"■n best rendered by ,';„<f/J-;;"''
s«nic.lt,-,.d6,.dlnl..f.,a„,,,w»
x"'"», H, iiin, alone, only
'"^^'>T'^;&-l^-^'loose;
'^'^rhor, set sail ""'^*''^' "'""''
«on!t..8. us, ,n.,,o««,;, «„,■,,,.
Non 118, 1, m., soioirf.
soi-s, sortls, f., ioiJ.
I .:' ""l' '-"''■ ) pause, time
IsiM-culator, -torls, m., «»,,
61
statin,, adv., a« owce.
takl^meJsurhs'ilunl'r' ''''"^"''
stipondlum, ,, „^ <^.^,,^^^g
stlp-es. -Itls, „,., ,^„;,, ,^,^^^_
stlrps, stlrpLs, f., .^..jt, ,.«,,
'*":/r;:-';,*^'/*«"' «*"*«».. stand;
I 1 tu.s.us,rn.,i;nVfe,a».5.
rSS'' -'^"^' '■> ^t^adinej.
structiira. ao f «/.7/.
". ae, t., gallery, mine.
studlose, iwlv., m<7.,-/?/, cm;o«*/».
u>U.>n, energy, eJhu&nT^,;!^
stultltla,ae, f.,/o%.
subactus, a, „,„, f,.oni «ubl^o
«P, beach ■" ' '''"'" «^' /'««<
SUbductIo, -onia f ;. ,■
xhore,beachinJ! ' ' ^"'"^"'^ "«
sub-eo, -iro, -li f.i.,fx ,.
siib-lsro, ere, -pa-i .i„«.
'■ '' ' '-'-■> '-"'«i'a, connlraifi. '
ill
i
s
i
1 ,
I
^wi
Hi i
62
DE BELLO GALLICO.
anbito, adv., suddenly.
subitufl, a, unit sudden, hasty.
sub-Jlclo, ere, -Ji'd, -Jectuin,
throw from beneath ; jd.ace belom ;
bring under, sid>ject, expose, force
to submit; in pass., lie near, be
subject.
sublatns, a, uiii. from tollo.
8ublev6, are, avi. atiiiii, sup-
port, raiseup ; assist, relieve, help.
subllca. ae, f., inle, stake.
nub-lud, ere, -liltaiii, wash.
subnilnlstro, arc, avI, atuiii,
sup2Jly, furnish.
8ub-niitto, ere, -mlsl, -iiiiasimi,
setid (to aid J, seiu. to one's aid
sub-inovco, ere, -iiiovl, -ni6-
tuiii, remove, drive off, dislodj/e.
8ub-ru5, ere, -rnl, -rutuiu, diy
under, dig out, undermine.
siib-sequor, I, -sccutns snin,
folloiu (closely), follow up, suc-
ceed.
subsldlnni, I, n., aid, assistance ;
stqyjiort ; reserves, reinforcement.
snb-sldo, ere, -sedl, -sessuin,
7'emain.
sub-8lsto, ere, -stltl, halt, make
a stand ; hold.
8ub-8uin, -esse, -ful, be near, be
close at hand.
sub-traho, ere, -traxi, -trae-
tuni, remove, take aivuy, with-
draw.
subvectio, -onls, f., transporta-
tio7i, conveyance.
snb-velio, ere, -vexl, -veetuni,
bring up.
8ub-vento, Ire, -venl, -ventuiii,
come to the support oj, come to
help, aid.
sue-certo, ere, -eessi, -oessnin,
succeed, take the place of, relieve,
w. dat. ; come close to ; come up,
advance ; be successful.
siic-cendo, ere, -cendi, -cen-
suin, set onjire.
successus, U8, m., approach, ad-
vance.
8uc-cidd, ere, -oldi, -clsum, cut
down.
snc-cuiiibo, ere, -ciibnl, -cuW,
tiiiii, give icay, succnmh, j/iii: „f
■under.
sue-curro, ere, -cnrri, -cur.
sum, run to aid, run up.
sudis. Is, f., stake.
.sudor, -oris, m., sweat ; toil, exer-
tion.
Suebl, oram, m. plur., fhi< Snehi,
a Gurman tribe on the Itliiin'.
Suesslone.^, nni, m. plur., /In SSufn-
siones, a tribe iu .lortlierii (.aiil.
suf-flclo. ere, -feci, -fcctuin, he.
sufflcient, hold out.
suffragiuiii, I, n., vote.
SuRanibrI, oruni, m. plur, tk
Siigambri, a German tribi; mi the
Rhine.
suic^^estus, us, m,, platform, tri-
bune.
8ul, sibi, se or sese, reflex. \m»).,
himself, itself, themselves ; him. it,
them; Inter se (to, wifli, j'rani,
etc.) one another; per so,' (//Or
by one's self, as far as one is'con-
cerned.
Sulla, ae, m., a prreat Roni.ui gwi
eral and political leader, liviiij
from 138 to 78 B.C.
Sulplclf" s, I, m., Ptdilius t^idpiciik
MuJ'us, one of Caesar's lieiiteiiaiiti
sum, esse, ful, be, exist : w. pei»
belong to, be a part or ma rk o/.
suiiiina, ae, f., total, sum; chii^
part, main body ; chie^f coiitro
command, management, cuntM.
suniinus, a, um, superliitivc
superus, highest, g realist, did
supreme, very great, vcrii liim
extreme, most important , perjee^
entire.
sfiiiio, ere, sumpsl, suniptnoi
take, assttme ; inflict ; sj» iid.
suinptuosus, a, uin, coxtltj.
sCiiuptus, lis, m., expense.
superbe, adv., haughtih/, (irrj
gantly, arbitrarily.
superior, lus, comparati\ f nf»
pcrus, higher, upper : .fonm
previous; superior, more succit
ful.
iap<
'let
pre
ore,
8U|)e
Nidi
snpe
sun
on II pi
liinu
sup pi
Mi: lit
8II))pl
suppl
yiri)!
snppli
snppii
peiud
suppoi
UJJ.
supra,
before
8us-elp
iiiulert
~8U-Splc
tuin, ,
ject i\f
SU8pIci(
suspicoi
«nsteiit*
out, ma
bear up
!«n8.tlne>
stistiiin,
check ; i
mdertai
'nstuir, f
»nus, a, I
0101), ftc.
oruin, )
'•«'/«*•, ?«,
as suhst.,
possessioi
1 nil a 1. 1)1-1
»bei-ii;Ku
^bulu, uo,
*l>ulatuni
3.
iil»6, ere, -ciibul, -ciiW,
'jive way, succuiuh, j/in-. uf
•ro, ere, -oiirri, -cur.
mn to aid, run up.
i), f., stake.
■oris, m., sweat ; toil, exer-
5rnin, m. plur., fhi> Suehi,
an tribe on the Rliiiii'.
ne.^, uni, m. plur., /h. ,S'h,>s.
a tribe ii. .Kirtliern (;,iiil.
'», ore, -feel, -fectiiin, />«
lit, hold out.
[uiii,l, n., vote.
jrl, oruni, m. plur., Ihf.
M, a German tribr mi '
ns
I, us, m., plat/'onii, tri
I, He or sese, reflex, pron.,
', itnetf, themselves ; liim.it,
inter se (to, witli./nnii,
le another ; per so," <>/ (ir
» self, as far as one is con-
e, m., a great Rom.m ijcii
id political leader, liviiia
8 to 78 B.C. 1
8, 1, m., Ptdiliiis SiiJpiciti
one of Caesar's lieiiteiiaiits
se, fill, be, exist ; w. ami
0, be a part or ma rk o/. '
ae, f., total, svm; chii
nain body ; eldest' enntm
'id, management, control. '
i, a, um, sujKM'Intivp (i
18, highest, greatest, cMfi
e, very great, reri/ him
, most important, perjtci
re, sunip8i, sinnptnu
sume ; inflict; spend.
osus, a, nin, costly.
s, us, m., expense.
, adv., haughtili/, aii
arbitrarily.
'7Zf'*TA^^'^'^»"*' conquer
orertop'; iurvivT ' ' """'P'^"", I
8Hper.iw5U,,-,, ere. .«...ii
snpor-snni. •ahb» <• »
s'lrvive. ^**' "^^»'' '-«waew,
suppet-o, ere, -IvI .if„... ,. .
"S"""*"'"' I. n.. ,..v„,2-
«ij.pl-ex, .Icl8, suppliant.
*S5?^"°' -"'•'' ^. ^"<^nks
«uppllclter.adv.,«. .,,,,, ,,,,,,
«upport6,are,avi-,atu.„,6w«^
VOCAnULARy.
be/ore. ^ ^* ^^' "■^^•. «^ow,
iZr'*' "*"'••'■• ""*«»«■
n:uJertake. ^"< «''dure,
install, from tollo.
'""«, ete""rn''ni,(^'' '''' f'"'! '««
68
*alea, ae, f, bar, rod.
l''^'>*'*>>f<uch,ofsucJiasort.
tain, a<]v., so.
T«„.osIs.l8,m.,</,« ?%„;„,,.
tan.etsi, conj., although.
K,7;4."' «^ '«-^- in ques.
tantopere,a.lv.,.o,„«c;,.,,o .«,.„-
tuntnnj, adv., only.
Janlnn).'"'^*'' "''^'■' ""'^' ""''•«'/A
tnni as adv \n , /,^i ' "•*«"»-
tarde, adv., s^owi??/.
tauriis,!, m.,6«;;.
po*..*..v;;,.::;,%^«^.?^:'
%ln8, comparati\(' off
higher, npper : .fun
3 ; superior, more skit«
T.
-«"nhbrevlatlon for Titus
2"»-uUi„.. X. „„,, „,"''•
l^^^'''>^^'f.,list,doament.
"^^^'^tiitu.i.n., story.
^^ir&»»««.I.m.,akin,.ruling
taxus, I, m., yetv.
a Galliif tribe n^^*.*'"' ^"'««.
tectum, I, n.,roo/;to«e.
tectus,a,un,,fromtego.
t«>S:lmexifcuui, I, n., core,-e„^.
i f:
64
DB BKLLO OALLICO.
^.-.i . turi'f'o. t'Pi\. lit <#..... ^
teluiii, I, II., weapon, missile, dart.
toiiierurlns, u, um, reckless, mxh.
tciiiere, lulv.. ?•««//<;/, hastiti/ ;
toUhoiit came, without yood reason.
teiiicrlti'ift, -tiitlH. f,, recklessness,
rashness, thinnjht.lessness,
ttMiu'i, -onlH, m.,polc (of chariot).
tviiiporuntlu. ue, f., moderation.
teiiinero, art», avi, atuiii, con-
trot, restrain, retrain; imrt. ii.s
lulj, toiiineratiiH, u, um, tem-
I'erate, mad.
tciiipcHtuH, -tatis, f., toeatJier :
storm. '
toiiipto or tciito, aro, avI, atuin,
tri/ ; tri/ tojorce, makean attempt
on; tempt. ^
teinp-UR, -oris, n., time, season;
occasion, crisis, emtiiujency ; rell-
qnuiii teinpus, thefuttire.
Toncterl, drum, m. plur., the
J enctert, a (h'.rma.n tribe near the
mouth of the Rhine.
teixlo, ero, tetondl, tensuiii or
tentuui, stretch, stretch out;
pitch a tent, encamp.
tenebruv,-, arum, f. plur. , darkness.
teneo, ero, nl, tontum, hold,
nave, keep, maintain ; occupy, com-
prise; restrain, bind, detain.
toner, era, orum, te7ider, young.
tento, see tompto.
tennis, e, slight, trifling, insinnili-
cant ; Jeeble, delicate. "^
tennltas, -tatls, f., feebleness,
poverty. '
tenulter, adv., thitdy, thin.
tor, adv., thi-ee times.
ter-os, -etls, rotmd, rounded.
terjf Hill. I, II., hack, rear ; tereuni
verterc, tojtee, take to flight.
torni, ae, a, three at a time, three
each, three.
terra, ae. f., earth, land ; ground •
country; in torrls, in tile world.
TcrraHldlns. J, m.. Titus Terra-
pins, !.;i . uLvr «ith C.iosar.
terito, ore. ul, itxinx, J ri,iht^\
alarm, terrify. '' ■' ^\
terrlto, hro, frighten, territ),
terror, oris, m., alarm, 'j.,nik
te'-ror,
toit.as, a, nni, third.
teNtamentum, I, n., will.
testlnionlnm, |, „ j,,,„„
dence, testimony.
tOHtlH, Is, 111., witness.
testii-ao, -dlnlH, f., t,;sfu</
ter ot overlappiiynhielih ■ ,
covered gallery.
Nitiobroges.
'•' flicl
tot,
t0tl(
um
tot 1 1
old
<dt(
triib
tra-(
oir.i
Ikhii
teuc,
tra-(l
lead
over
Teuton!, 6rum, or Tor lozfcsjt^iffn
lint, f hit 'I'l'it/, ..,„., .. i • ..•''■
Itruhri
'(tiiiiij
iiiii, <//e Teutones, a (Jcriii.iii ',i|„:j
that invaded Gaul about iio u.c
tl^nuni, I, n., beam.
Tiffurlnua, a, um, Ti,/u,hw ■ u)\
nfur. as subst., Tlgurlni. ...•,.,„.|tra.|lc
the Itgurim, one of tiie fmir (iivil ,«•''.*
aiona or cantons of the Hchctii. %rl
(tcntss
Itranciu
culm.
|t''aiiN, J
bei/oiid
Transal
pine, he.
ran-s
■seeiisi
board.
[trAnsdu*
fann-eo
criwD^ c,
.'/" or CO
.'/" ')//.
rans.fer
tuiii, 6;.^
trans- fiff,
Pierre,
ir.ins-fcKl
sum, pigi
Srans.ffro,
^t''P (in:r t
'•■""miclo,
'"*lSill;i|.i,
tliiseo, ere, ni. fear, feet ,n- Imte
jear, be anxious, be afraid.
1 1 III I cl e , T- .• , timidly • „on
tUtildti, fea I .-c.'isly.
tliiiidus, a, uii), full „/ /;.,„.,
jrtghtened, coivardly. ■ • - -i
*V/".?''^ "^*"?"' ""■• •''^«'■- "'«'•'",
dread, pamc, coicardice.
Tlturlus, I, m.. Quintus Titm-iun
Albums, one of Caesar's licutwi-
autg. '
Titus, I, m., Titus, a Rom.ui prs
iionien. '
tolero, are, avI, atum, h,;n\e
dure, hold out, sustain.
tollo, ere, sustuli. suMatuiii,
raise ; take away, remove di'Mmu]
do away with, put an end to;'
pass., be elated.
Tolosa, ae, f.. Toulouse, a citv
tlic soutliern part of (be proviin
Tolosates, um, m. pUir., the
pleof loulouse.
tor inentum, I, n., torture; eiigii
t.tor throwing missiles
torreo, ero, ui, tostmu, t«ai
ICO.
ui«, 11, uin, of earth.
i, hfi\f>ii/ht(:>i, tarriin.
. oris, in., alarm, jmnkX
«, a, nni, third.
luiitnni, 1, 11., will.
fniliiin, 1, 1,., p,.^,,,,- ^
ti'ntimony.
Is, 111., ivitnesa.
16, -diniN, (■ f,'Hfi,il',. nM.
ov(;rl<ij,j,ii y nhiebts ; .sl„;tn
a !}(ill':ri/. '
lUltllH, I, III., lifiif^. ,,• I
roges.
1, oruiii, or 'IVr r<,;j,s,
'Id Jeutomm, i\AU-n\i:n, ',i|„
vudwlGaul about llou.c
I, I, n., beam.
1U9, a, mil, 'l'i(/iii-hii'; m
3 suliat., Tl^fiirini. onn,,,
Hrtiii, Olio of the fnin- divj
r cantons of the Hclwiii.
ore, ul, fear, feel ,,r Imvn
ianxt()u!t,beafrui(l.
^•^ '•",•■ ' , iimiahj; jion
i,fea),casly.
. a, uin, f^dl ill- i),ar
ned, coivardly. ' '
-oris, m., fear, ,(lanit,\
oantc, coivardice.
s. I, m., QitintKs '/'itnnuil
i of Caesar's licuti'ii-j
tot indecllnnl.Ie, m mnnu
"me /(«wft").. """*''"• "■■' "'««^. the I
VOCAntTLAHV.
65
us, in.
pitssage
trAiiNinisi,,,^
nrriiHs.
Jthine ^'•' ''"'*« ncros/i tile
itltdf/ether.
trn»>8. tr«bl8, f., ,,^,^„,
("■'"■h, impart '^^' ^'ecommeml;
«'■'''•,• tramfer r!rn,.?lj ''-'"^'' '"«« I *»'JinvorHii« „ .,
I transtruiii,
thwart
h
1 Roman k;'K.'' I'cutenant.^; a.'
I, one
t-^cctas, us, m., e,.«,,,„^, ^„^,
l'SS,4^^^ -J««'. -J^otum/ll'''^^^ntu\:j;rtkree hundred
ran.ii.iiHf- alarmed. "' " "* <^onjusion, he
..n.,mi„ta8. -tatls, f.. .<,■;;,„,,, tres, tria. «^,,,
m., Titus, a Roiii.in prr»
re, avi, atuiii, hr,n;e!
Id out, sustain.
•e, Bustnll, snMatniiij
ake awaii, remove. ileMnU
I/ with, put an end to;''^
elated.
le, f., Tnidouse, a citv
lernpart of ihe iiniviiif
s, nm, m. pkir., the
ndotise.
nil, I, n., tni'txri ; engii
nving missi/ei^
[•©, Ul, tOStuill, .•'Cilixh.
C;^^^»'»'Cltmbover;crZ^S' *';'l.f,„„«. ,, „ ^,..
^n8,jf.„A . ^''tl'eUonianarmv/ •^''"•'ffl^er
«...ii "—uii army).
trlb-uo. ero, .„i .L„
ran-scondo.
^"«iac6.soetraduc6. , _._.„ „, ,
.JO ,,,, '"'"' "''''••• rmarate; pdls] \ t'-^butum. I, „., trib^cte:iax
^Lrt^^i-ferre, -tui,. .„_ ) ''th>Tdi'J'^->'P<'<=^ of three day,,
trlen„,„.„.,.„^,,,.^
Tj'Inobantes, nm ti ^
r-./"'V/^t "' "• "'"• "^Uondthei ti''«tis. e, sad, d^ected
''''^''''-^-^>f.,sadness,deJection, '
prans-fiffo. epfi */ » »
rwt'^^^^^^
irr- -
< >
i t
60
DB DELLO OALMOO.
triiiiciiH, 1, m., trunk.
til, till, llloii, you.
iwXm, ms t'.. Irumitet.
tiioor. «>i'I. tiituN for tiiUiiM) Muiii,
jirotirt, ijiudd, k;;-p i^a/f, nidin-
tit in.
Tnliiifff, oriiin. m. i)lnr., th« Tu-
liiijii. .1 (icnrmii trilK! near the
Hi'lvctiiiiia.
TnlliuN, I, ni.. Quintun TuHiu»
(7t't!;r»,oiu)()rCiic.i!vr's liiuiti'imiitH.
TiilluH, I, III., C''/»»M ViihiitiuB Tul-
lun, oiiu orCacsnr'.s officers.
tuiii, ndv., then, at that time; cmiiii
...tiiiii, both... and, not onlii
but aluo.
tniiiultuor, arl. Muh hiihi, wake
an u J) roar or 7wise.
tniiinltuoHp. adv., vioisili/, nyith
much ilinoriler.
tuiiiiiItiiN, iiH, 111., udhe, ujinxir.
commotion, dinorder ; uprinimi,
rebellion.
tniiiiiliiN, I, III., mound, risinq
I/round.
tunc, mlv., then, at that juncture.
tnrinn, ac, t'., nquadron.
TnroiU'si, uin, orTuronI, «"»ruiii.
111. plur , the 'J'uronen, ti tribe in
nortli-woslcni Gaul.
turpla, IS dim/raceful, base.
turplter. ndv.. di»<jracefuU,i, ba/ie-
ly, Khamn fully.
turpltu-do, -dliils, f., disgrace.
turrls, l8, f., tower.
tutu8, a, uiii, sa.fe, secure; alil. i\n
adv., tuto (compar. tutlu8), safe
ly, in or with safety.
tuns, (I, uin, thy, your.
uloiMcnr, I, uitu» huiii. punUh
II ri-nye, '
I'lllim, II, urn, any; a8 8ob.m.,,„m
one. '' '
n It «< r I o r . Iu», compni ilivo
.further, more remote.
ultliMUN, a, n,„, fluperliiiivc
Jarthest, most remote, last.
ultra, prt'i). w. iwv ,beyonil.
ultro, mlv., beyond ; lie.-iides, ,ren-
o.f one's own accord, rohmh, riln
without jtrouocution; ultro (<|J
tr<K|ue, to and Jro, hithrr ,„;,(i
thither.
ultUH, a, uiu, from uiolHcor.
ululatuH, UH, u\.,howlin(j, //, //.
uiiicruN, I, m., shoulder.
uiiiquani, adv., ever.
una. mlv. .at the same time,/, i./,lh,'r
alouy, jointly.
un«Us adv., whence, from irhick„A
wliom.
nniliivUn, eleven.
nntlvcIniuH, a, \vm,elecenth.
unjllquo, adv., from all .v/,/-,», ,)«l
all sides.
iiniverHUN, a, nui, all, th,' who],'
entire, tii a body ; as auksl. M lu-
gethcr, the whole body.
unquani, adv., ever.
I Vac.iF
iiliii,,
I vaciiri
tiiiii.
nbl
U.
ubf, adv., ichere ; when j
prlinuiu, as soon as.
nblcuniquo, adv., wherever.
Cbll, ornni, m. plur., the ITbii, a,
tribe ill Germany on the JKliiiie.
ablqae, adv., anywMre.
unus, a, nni, one, a sinyl,- : ahm
only ; one and the sann: ; odl
ununi, to a man.
urbamis, a. uni, of or inthccitA
{i.e. at Konie).
urbs, urbis, f., city.
urgreo, ere, nral, press hnnl
urns, I, m., bison, wild ox.
Usipotes, nni, m. plur.. fln^ ft.
petes, ii Conn a 11 tiibi! m-.-ir thd
mouth of the Rhine.
usitatufl, a, uni, customnnj,m
,non, familiar.
usque. a.(\v.,cHite up tn, until, (
to such a degree.
usus, a, uni, from utor.
vat'd, ji
pinil, I
viu'iiin
vniliiiii
Viijfina
viiffop,
rii'iiii u
vnli'o, (.
Jul. h,
nvail, I,
Valci'lui
ynli'riii
■in s;l ij
I'm,, -III,
Slain in
?• t'liins
m two
''•'f a II rut
«omaa c
DO.
or, 1, iiltun Hiini, i>i(i,ii<h
w. '
u, uiii, any; nssulwl, ,/«,,
■lor, liiH, t'oiniHiiMiivi.
er, mitre rmnnfe.
«". u. mil, HiiiHMl.itlvc
ist, must reiii'iffi, Innt.
prep. \v. lu'c , htii/oiiil.
adv., he I/O ml ; Ix-xiifi-s, ,ren;
'.'x dim iii'ruril, vitliintK lihj
it pnnuH-iition; ultro «.jj
Its til and /ro, hitlici- midi
\\ I
n, mil, from ulolsoor.
11«, UN, III., howliiKj, //. II.
H, I, 111,, sliniililei:
III, adv., em:
v., at the same time, f"<ii'lher
Joiiitlj/. ' }
dv., whence, from /(7(/r/t nr
II, eleven.
in IIS, u, mil, <;/ef(;/(r/(.
0, adv., from all ,y/,/w, oA
IS. '
•us, n, mil, nil, flu: irhoh\
i» a hitilji ; M.s.sul).sl. ((// tih
the whole body.
11« adv., ever.
, mil, one, a shiql, : nhmu
one and the sauu; ; adj
, to a man.
», H, uin, of or in theciti
tome).
'bis, f., city.
re, nrsl, press h, I ril.
n., bison, wild ox.
1, mil, m. pliir.. the .,
Corn mil tribo near tl
f the Rhine.
. a, mil, customiirtj,coi
milia r.
lv.,cuiteupto, nntil,
I degree.
mil, from utor.
VOCAUULAltV.
"«"•. nn, m., tix;
I'l'
07
"-'/. 'i''ressif/.''['^''l'''' '"''•viv>: ;
V»
;J;Hh<,uh. ,. ,.,, „„ ^„,,,^^^^^ ^^
'". vv. v..rh.s ,.rA.'.!i.'i>' "f >'. "■
fii'it not
>>iU that,
«hire; Iiok,
nfi.,. ' ._ " 'I «"'"(•. " ' "■■"<' "II the
«':.;■„,. ' """"'^ "" ^^r"*"''- •*'■"•"•'■■ •■"*"■"'-
.>;m.,;,...aSr:;:;:::::"'''- 'IS::»,' «. /«,.*„,
*<im'iii;itlo, .(iiiIh r ,, .
Pi-ophiry. ""• '•' f'ivmation,
VOOtolIUN. u. III., ,
port-xhip ""vlfflm,,, „ <,.„ ;
J"<irUse. e.r,'rris,' m 1' ' .'''V'/"//.
»X..f. .,-,,.1«, ,.^ ,^^^j^
V.
port-Hhip. -•■>->■ "HI, « «m?<8.
v« li em oil f <> I, 1
'■■•n-eedilliiil',""' "«*'»• <^opemtell\
vn('< >, a rp .-, ,, » a *
V(i<. ......
V«OII,I.S.H,ull,,e,„^,^„
"'"*'•»«->, f., scahhard
VllS'oi-, - -
brim/.
VoIloCrtSSeS, Ulll or V If
«•'«III, m. T,|,, . • ?} Vollocftssl,
mouthof the s;!i,',e <^'^"'' "«'»• the
fem,f,««,^,,^.
68
DB BELLO OALLrcO.
li i
-omls, f., hinitimj, himf.
venatio,
the chase.
ven-do. ere, -,11,11. -,litu..,. sell.
of Gaul ''•^^'■"'"" ""'-"'-"'est
vor-t<>, ,'i'(> ti
Jlif//it. ' J'"'^ tal,' to
verus. a, „„,,<,.„,.;,,
'^'fS'"* "' ""'• ''•^■"•- «'•'■''» ^/'t
venia, ae, f.,i>arrfon,/at.or,
venio,Ire, veni, ventuin, come
^^S^re!:^^:^ ^*«»'' --
ventus, I, m., toind. '
ver, verl8, n., spring.
Verasrrl, ornin, m. pl,„. fj,,
Veragrt, a tril)o, i„ tlic A p^ u
tvvcLMi the province ami Italy '
Verblfirenus, i, m., one of tlio fm,..
eantm.3 or divisions 'o?^lle' mil!
verbuni, I, n., wor^ ; verba
faeere, speak. ' ^^®*^""
Vercasslvellaunns, I, m., a Icad-
iiife- man aniont,- the Arverni
Vereingetor-lx, -isls, m
leader of the Arverni.
"a/S "•'' "»^ «"'»' /-'•-
he
vergo, ere, »icZ2«e, lie, face.
verjfobretus, I, m f hp t jn-> ^p m
chefnn,plst.WSmon|Vhe7S'
verlslmllls, o, probable, likely.
vorltus, a, uin, from vereor.
"SaS£S/'''^'^*'^"^^««-
verso, are. avi. atuin. turnahnnt
chauye ; in pass, as ditp.,e, mTin
he occupied or busied, lemah,%'''
versus, us, m., line, verse.
versus, adv., and prep. w. ace nre
ceding, towards. ^^^'
Vertlco, onls, m., a Nervian.
^'^''^l^^^'l^^f; clothing, „arme,/.
vostiti.s. us. „,., daW;,,^, ,/,.,,.;
veteranus, a, uiii, i«^;,.„„
""^'ler^' -"*• -"«.». y>./K
vet-US. -erfs. old, former i
standing, veteran ^""'"^'' '"".'/■
ve-vlliu.n.i. n.,^«^.
«".'/, lavage, overrun.
viator, -torls. m., traveller.
vlceni. ae. a. twenty each, t,ra,t„.
vioesluius, a. uiii. twe>dieth
^'^c^^»,i^iiv.,tu-e,ify times.
victliiia, ae, f., victim.
victor, -torls, m., victor • ., „ii
vlet,-,rla,ae,f.,t./c^„,,^, ,„,,,,,
victus. a, uui, from vineo.
"^H^^A''''"^'-^ode.m.
vieus, I, m., village.
:!0.
vcrtero. to jl„r t,^, tl.
VOCARULARY.
►etius, I, ,„., ,,„ jj^.,^,^,
lan
'•. 1, n., dart Javelin.
>, -onls. f., a town of iiip
i^ri, in., evening.
m, trum,y/o,,r, jyo,,;.,,
ti'e. IvI. ituiH, ch.th,.,
' ^•' ^loiM»g,aarme>its.
"8. in., clothimj, (Irrss.
IS, a, mil, veteran.
y, -ui, -ituiii, /o/7)/,/,
,hu., flag.
<'*'^'h htniti, harms, ail.
H/e, overrun.
way, road, street, mute,
•ris, in., traveller.
a, twenty each, tnaity.
> a, uin, twentieth.
, twenty times.
-tfvtis, f., neii/hhor.
ollcctive, the neifihhorx.
(noni. not fouii<l , f.,
I vlcoin, in turn.
!, f., victim.
•is, m., t7C(tor;a<a(li.,
triumphant.
S f-, victory, succe.is
ni, from vinco.
in.. Z/w«(/, »rto(fe «/7(V.
village.
VMl, vIhiiiii, .sv; 111
■«, «ee)«, appear, mm
f., a town of the Alio-
10 Rhone,
vlfflnti, twenty.
vliiien, -ml, lis „ ., .
o»ier, wickerworlc ' '"' '"^^low,
vineuiV,,!;. ^ «''«'-tened form of
'te;]?:^i:"-^^«-/ Often in
vJndleo, aro a^ri -*
viiHim, 1, n., «<;«„e.
of the Aeri." • ' "'•' '^ heading man
Virldovlx. -lels ,„
tlie VeneIJi ' "•• ^ 'eader of
eastern Gaul. '''^ "' "orth-
vir-tQs, -tntlB *•
energy; f„^'K< ^oitrage; viqor
•luatity. "''"^' ^^'•■eUence, g'ood
lence, furious attn,^ .' •'"''/' '^^"'-
''':(>V^influe,ice-mu„L\. ''*■''"'■• ««'
P'-r.. strength,' ;Zl':.r^ '^"««^''// /
Vltrum. In ,-.- J
— ' *j n., ic-uua.
69
Cic??. ■""^«' '"- a king of the
"eartlie Alps "^ "''^ Province,
Pi-ovjnce, with two /,.„ "'S''* of the
to mean. veUe, <o want,
ccnt,.rKv?tY'&^'/^«''«"«..,a
v68.piur,oftf,.
^S,'|^'4t"ern Gauf"*^'* ^°««-
3rp^i?a„js^,^-,Ho-
"fefc ''"^"^only, generally,
''"fe/J: ;^;, Ji«, f4«o»^ people,
,....J "^ ®"S' m., ?t.o„„rf-
I :
APPENDIX I
HINTS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR th. .
i^OR THE TRANSLATION
OF CESAR'S LATIN.
lid,.-.
■ r
(c) Where th.T 7 ^' P°''^««^^e forms ; ^ "^^
«^ 4a.rfrfor ;'hiet ^' ^''^^ «atisfaofc;ry sense f ,
generally be lIl\t\^T^ Preposition ivflTr' ^''«nslato by
regards ^e^^forf ^f-^^ ' '-S: opinio' Sdus' <''Z' t'> ""^y
(.T With , ' "^" ' '^^'^"^"^ - CS (.r
SslaTe A^f^^^t^-'J!:' -'^stantively.
prudence.' ^*'"' ^«'"e prudence ' m. ^ ^^''^«•"ent ;
^*» "c. something of
!: ?*"^^ '• («) translated generaJIv K .
/". *h?. province.' Jit .u»-^"^' ^-g- ^>^ow«m. v^^^f- ^r»
ii:
-if ft
iWiSR^-ii^l^jjt
III.',!
t« 1
73
DE EELLO QAltlCO.
serves) ,s to be translated by the P u, P,"'P°'^ something
^.e. yithout a preposition), or hv ^.tJ^"^^'''^^^ «ominativt
with Co.) *^ '' ""^ ''y ««, (or sometimes by infin.
id) With the gerundive i4]] by 5y.
wifho^tT/Jre^siSn*'^ °'^"^°* °^ *--t-e verbs, translate
noSnlth."'^"^^* °^ - -fi- t34J. translate as if it were the
-^^o7ttjmS.I\f^^^^^^^ time, translate with or
W With words or phrase! ZT ^"' *"^'">-
">ent, translate with or w thout ZTt. r ^''^""^« «^ ™«««»re:
has gone, is distant, or somShSng-^extends;."^ °'' ^^' ««'"^ «'^«
m?hette:;i?^^^^^^^^ participle also
translated in a varLty oJ wa^s e'". "*' ««'^«t^uction ' Lay be
:^c(o, domum reverte/unt a^^ViL?7"T''^l '''''"'pointer.
been slam, they returned home n^^ vf'"^^"^^ ?^ ^h^»" having
slaying, (or) on 8ln.,M„„ /„" J^P™®./' «aving slain, (or) after
had slain. (nf\ of+„„ ai--__
- — .... i,,,t,y returned hoiriA '\ < i. • ; i^nein navmg
Slaying, (or) on slaying, (or) wSJu ^r"? «^*^». (or) aftef
ha^ slain, etc.'; i A^ co;X " !5 J ^^*^ slain, (or) after they
lar.« ..... -Ting;beenT;LSLTthrT.Zr-r^ «'
large For^e^haWnTrenTtSS^^^^^^
collecting a large forrethevftf't*^? ^"^^^^ '^e camp')
large force and attackretc. ' ^ '^' '*'" ^^^^ ^W c^lSc^t a
sc4;i?;trX',^^^^^^^^^ r ^,"^- --- -^-'«te) is
the three following ways ^' ^'^""'^^^^ generally by one of
(verbji&jtih J^S^S^t^^^^^ *^« ^"^-.^-ncl
"■ By a coDiunctiVn ™„. 1;™'"°°. a/(ec, on, sometimes In/.
from L.t. paesive to E„g aoSe votepsf ""^" ^ "'^ '"™^
ojt^SlL£'l»~arto"t';n^^^^^^
change to the ao«v:Tiicr;:f&Slr[2,J"''- "^'^ "^» »
ArPE.VDIx I.
73
is U8US, auxilium
irpose something
icate nominative
letimes by infin.
verbs, translate
I if it were the
ranslate with or
ten).
ice or nieasure-
V far some one
participle also
er, these words
he rest of the
tion ' may be
1 numero inter-
fthem having
"n. (or) after
(or) after they
ugnant (lit. «a
the camp '),
they collect a
. absolute) is
illy by one of
Eng. gerund
lometimes bi/.
sometimes i/,
e well turned
the case may
;h which the
^hese similar
here also a
Note T'h* 1 1
ablatives, aL .|?u I»!r,"<"ple, «upply 4°,„ .£,°S™»>»e form.
omitted altogeS™ '(v-rf,"""» 'I'» 11^»«™. ." °'' '°'"''-
-*o„t 3„.e JSiL-rris:. '-'"■ "^ ^« rtts°
(The d ^' ^^^ ^^^PosiTTojis
<^« -™''S'''S tet;-;r^^^^^^^^ .-, „i.,
/ /- /^te/-, «y^M^jr^ gj^^^ ^^^^^^
~^-' ^'th':Uf """ ""*' "*• '» -P-- tte
^■-•V».., (general,, „ni„e„otpW,
Apud : a»2o«<7, with.
Contra: (a) ai,a»„s<. /j, ,,^^ .
^' • [0) over against, opposite.
■»;■ I
! f
I'll
i I
!| I
i !'
74
'* DB BELLO GALLICO.
I
Cum : with [see note to 31].
De : (a) about, concerning,
(b)from; especially with causa, where it is better to substi-
tute for.
Ex, (rarely e) : (a) from.
(b) of, (in speaking of part of a larger number, or of a material)
(c) in, OH, at, (with pars denoting direction).
In, with the Accus. : (a) into, to.
{b) ar/ainst, at, on, (of a hostile act or movement).
(c) into the counti-y of, (with names of native tribes).
In, with the Abl. : {a) in, sometimes on.
(6) among, in the country of.
Inter: (a) among. ^ Inter se = one another, generally with a
preposition suggested by the context.
(6) between.
Per : through, by means of, by.
Post : after, behind.
, Pro : (a) before, (of place).
(6) in place of, as, in return for, in accordance wi,th.
Propter : on account of, because of.
Sine : without.
Trans : across, beyond.
ABJECTIVES.
T. As the adjective (while agreeing in case, gender and
number with the word to which in sense it belongs), is ofte-
separated from that word (either for emphasis or euphony) it is
necessary to be watchful of the indications of agreement afforded
by the ending.
^ 8. Sometimes the adjective does not agree with any word, but
IS used substantively, in the masculine referring to persons in
the neuter to things ; e.g. omnes, all; refiqui, the rest ; alii
others; omnia, all things, everything; multa, many things
better to substi-
or of a material)
generally with a
APPENDIX I.
75
aaU!(ThracranIabVcr: till ^^'^-'T T ^^"^ -
e.g. m^dtum, mtdto, plurimZ Zl ^" T'^ adverbially) ;
M"n\?c'orprrirrbei:;'s^^^ ^--^ - ofte„ «sod
be translated by very (exceldinah, fJ ? «"Perlative is often to
and often the positKSt f ^u£^ P°«i"^« form,
parative is sometimes to be transLl^T W /""^^""^ '^^^ '^O'"'
or considerably, with the positive orm ^h?,' '""'r'^' ^T «''^'
also, as well as adjectives. ^ *PP'*®^ *° abverbs
THE PRONOUNS.
(These are arranged in the order of frequency of occurrence.)
firs\^oSd^n'?h\%ire 'ofttn%tfer P''^"'?"" '' ^^^^^^ ^^^
Bitions. though coming^Xtt^he^SKn^S^^^^^^ ^^^P^"
prar;^sS^;til^^J;S^|;^£i^^ noun or
(^) After a pause (even afte a p rfod Tnd at he h '"*•
a new chapter), used to carry on th^r,t f- *^® beginning of
this, he, if singular, by Ee V.t ?f f '°? ' translate^
gMorM«t=^/,.eVj^Sometimerrcouiutton^ !J- . f<^">«=''^.
be used to introduce the sentenc^ In T V """^' *"^' *^^'*' '"^^
pause is a comma, it will be iood P„„ ? . ^^\ ''^^^^' ^^^» ^^'^
(c) With ^ifJ . ^ ^- *° translate by WucA.
lo^edhfrfZnZwf'' '"^ Pccasionally other verbs, fol-
infinitive withTofcgj! "^" expressmg purpose. Translat^ by
thllSei? ^' ''"^*''"^^ «^"-d by -rtain peculiarities of
the';ae%:s:L\irYniL'£/Tt™?^ ^^ --- -ft-
times being repeated aTe'r tf "e refatl^f dause""'^ ^ '^' ''^-'■
the relative clause preced': the w'r'ds Sf^^^nir"'"^ "'^^"
.f !
|i I
11.
II
on. Of
, ui wiien
76
DB BELLO GAUICO.
12. Is, ea, id ; (n) in agreement with a noun, that thotp
Where a relative clause follo«'«, t/,e is often a good rendering
(b) AVhen not in agreement with a noun ; in sing he Mm if
13. Hie, haec, hoc ; thh, these. N.B.— /7,/ec (na[it nlnr^ nr
»c, a agreement with .e| ,■«•«,.. refi«.=<Ai. (Uruhtse th ngs ')
s^nl wSnlonT'" ''"'^''■? '>y//*e/o^to«'n.j/. Occasional y ^fc in
sing, without a noun = Afi, him. Sometimes where Latin uses
the word for this, Eng. would prefer to use that.
,. Ji*" ?f' ^f^^^ ?"'; ^'*'* ' ('') referring to the subject of the
verb with which ,t is connected : translate hy himselj\ Uselfil
that subject IS snig. j by themselves, if plural. '^'
(6) But when the verb it is connected with depends closelv on
rt'e'tc'' ^i wnVrr';^?^"T ^^^T' think,'SSr;Sh toint
out, etc. , It wi 1 refer to the subject of this latter verb -trans-
late by htm., tt, If that subject is sing.; by them, if pS;
(c) When S6, «('se, i^ the subj. of an infin. [34], trans bv he or
dS'enjf '""^ *' '^' ^"^j- °* '''' ^^^b iu which the^^nfin
miffc II^^hI Pf T' ''^ '*P°''*'^ 'P^'^l^' ^^^ translation of s.
must be settled by the sense required, though as a rule se refers
to the speaker. Exceptions to the ab^ve rules are clSf oflwo
classes: i. m common reflexive expressions such as «e Lllin^re
se rectpere, to be translated as in (a), or in the plirase intersex
o.,e another ; and n. where the verb with whiclf.a is connected
only indirectly depends on one of the verbs mentioned ?n (6
content" ' °''''' translation may easily be decided l)y the
15. Suus, a, um ; (a) hL, his own, or their, their own, accordina
as the word it refers to (not the word it agrees with) is sing, or
slate Ijy putting
tpiam nacti erant
' had got, they
i got.' Where,
sition, a literal
>un, that, thoi^e..
good rendering.
at, Eng, would
sing, he. Mm, if
the antecedent
= their, ea quae
(nftut. plur), or
' these things ').
asionally hie in
lere Latin uses
subject of the
limselj, itself, if
ends closely on
sk, wish, point
3r verb ; trans-
' plural.
trans, by he or
tiich the infin.
anslation of se
a rule se refers
s cliiefly of two
as se co/ligere,
irase infer se =
e is connected
fitioned in {b).
ecided by the
)wn, according
ith) la sing, or
APPENDIX I.
(ff) Where not needp,] f>,. i
'^^'&^J:ZrS;:;sS^-^^-». iu.. «...
W !■. agrse^on, with a „„„„, «^. "^" "' '"■••""•'•)
19. Idem, ea&m. idem ;,&«,«.
- x"lv.umque ; ^ohoever, whatTv^i^r ' "
15
l' t ■
'I I, .
78
1)B BELLO GALLICO.
THE VOICES.
23. While the Active and the Passive forms of the verb are
to be carefully (listingnislied, it should be noticed that the two
voices are merely two ways of viewing the same action, an.|
theretore what Latin expresses in one voice may often be well
rendered into Eng. by the other voice. This change is especial! v
frequent in the abl. absol. [6. a.], the impersonal passive con
struction [24] and the gerundive [40. 41.] Often the subject «I
the h,ng. active must be gathered from the context.
, 24. With a transitive verb, an act may be expressed by
either the active or the passive voice ; e.g. 'they sent ambasna
dors or ambassadors were sent by tliem.' But with an intnm
Bitiye verb only the active voice may be u.sed in Eng.; e.g. • tlitv
hesitate.' But in Latin even with intransitive verbs (/ '
such as do not govern an accus.) the passive voice also may i).'.
used, expressing e.g, the idea of hesitating, coming, fiL'htin.'
without mentioning necessarily 2t>/to hesitated, etc.; e.s.pumia.
turn est «there was lighting' or 'fighting took place'; von
duhUandum est, 'there ought not to be hesitating.' Translitc
such phrases by using the Eng. active, supplying the subiiut
which the context suggests (or which with a gerundive
IS expressed often by a dative [.3. d]) ; e.g. «they foueht ' 'lie
must not hesitate.' j e> >
the moods and tenses,
The Indicative.
25. Present : translate by the Eng. present tense. Often tlie
present IS used for the past, to represent an act more vividly and
as this IS commoner in Latin than in Eng. the Latin present may
olten be translated by the Eng, past.
23. Imperfect : {a) translate in most cases by Eng. past tense
or with negatives by did. This will be a correct rendering who. c
<»"[P'^*. tense expresses i. thoughts or feelings (the habitual ^^;,v
of thinking, or the thoughts which influence one in thinking ov ui-
plans, or considering a situation, but not a thought expressiiia
the decision one has come to); ii. a situation, or condition o1
affairs ; lu. an action in progress (going on) ; iv. an habitual
action, a usual state of tilings, an act often repeated or persisted
(6) To express more clearly an action in progress [a. iii], trans
late by was, were, with the verbal form in -ing, (Eng. past pro
)n, or condition of
(c) T
APPENDIX 1.
[»■ iv.ftSS Z":i;}T'y -.. i..bit„„.
7!»
,, w orc!S™ny"irir!* "rr?"' '-^ '^'^ >»»' "-« =
f'') More frequently ' f'' T^ ''^ "'^'-'^ °'- ^'^^'J ' ^"^
31. A clause iiitroducpr] K„
(except as in r29i) T . i i- ^ ^""^ > '^«'«'^, the rehf!,-
-0..1 : translate?; i^ri' r."*'?''!''" - by Iny t krCt"^;"
sanio tense r2i 9«/ i, , ^' lender hitr of thn -f ,. "^^'^'^ogative
ense L2o-28J, witli the followin.^ faH^fjV^^ ""'*'^«^«^e of the
v>Uen m ouotin<r fK« i "«vuij^ variations :
-•s Lest rendS b^; * 'T'' °'' *''°"^''^*« «^ another the nn .
P-t perfect, vvitK.^^; ''"^'- P^«*' -"^ the perfect?by Jh^EnT
»«02/
eoiij.
1 probably ho. the
I
prep., but
IMIi
80
1»E liELLO (lALLICO.
also bo reiulered hy tlio siiino tnuiHlationa as are j,'ivcn for the
perfect participle [S7. a]; e.g. cum vidkael, = 'l\a.viaa seeu,
seeing, on seeing/ us well as 'when ho saw.'
32. A clanse introduced by si, nisi : translate aa though tli^'
snbj. were an indicative [25-28], but the present is sonietijnes,
and the pluperfect generally, best rendered by Eng. past tense
the imperfect translate by Eng. past tense, or sometimes by werr
to, should.
The Infinitive.
33. (a) The present inf., active or passive, completing tlu
meaning of a verb ; translate by Ping, infin. with to, except
after posmm (can, could), where to is omitted. The verbs
after which this use of the inf. is most often found are : jwssu)»,
juhfo and coe2n ; consuesco, volo, conor, audeo and coyo also ar*
frequent.
(b) After the passik'e of dico, en'tstimo and video, translate n
present infin. by Eng. inlin. with to, a perfect infin. by to hai<.
34. {n) Often the present iutin., and regularly tlie perfect
infin., tlie future infin. and the gerundive with esse, are to lie
translated by a clause introduced by that with its verb in
the indicative. In such a case the subject of the infin. will \n,
in the accus. case and is to be translated as if it were the nomin.
(h) This ' acous. and infin. construction ' is found after verhs
or phrases meaning *to state, think, learn, know, perceive, etc.,'
of which those most commonly occurring are dico, video, existimo,
arbitror, inteUhjo, cognosco, cerfioretn facio ami dtmonstro.
(c) Repeatedly with the future infin. act., the gerundive with
esse, and sometimes with the perfect infin. pass., f >av is omitted and
the infin. appears to bo a participle. A future participle in -rii<
in the accus., or a gerundive in tl»e accus. without a prepositi(vi
is in Caisar to be regarded regularly as an infin.
(d) Translate the sarious tenses as folio rs: the present i>\
was, were, with the verbal form in -iiig (Eng. past progressivt ;
the perfect by hciil (Eng, past perfect) or by Eng. past tense ; the
future by would; the gerundive by should, ought, must [41].
[But if the veib of stating, etc. bo in the present tense, was or
were should be changed to is, are ,■ had to have &ad wotdd to rvi'/.]
N. B. — posse = coidd, esse ~ was, tvere.
35. (a) Sometimes the infin. (generally the present) is used aa
a substantive serving as the subject of some verb. This verb is
19 are given for the
8e<, = ' liaving seen,
ilate as though th''
jsent is sornetiinea,
jy Eng. pawt tense
• sometimes by wen'
ve, completing tin
n. with to, except
nitted. The verlin
'ound are : possum,
> and co(jo also an
[ video, translate ;i
t infin. by to han .
jularly the perfect
I'ith esse, are to hv
with its verb in
f the infin. will l»,
it were the noniin.
found after veil is
low, perceive, etc.,'
lico, video, existimo,
I demon stro.
'he gerundive witli
,f-W' is omitted mil!
e participle in -/•//-
hout a prepositi(ji
a.
3 : the present hy
past progressiv» ;
ng. past tense ; ilie
ought, mvst [41].
isent tense, ivas oi-
; and would to ivi/L]
present) is used as
erb. This verb is
APPENDIX I. gj
."i-iiSf z.:r„';if:''iy' .-■"' .">« -, „,«,, ,.„„,
..»*, .. „,,„. . j„. 2^^^^^ » z;^:,7;';j«y, -«y oo,„e ^,
»f past l"Ji»ati,eVo,ii'",'° '"'■''"'"' ''^ "'« E„g p7e,ent
.1 n,ay be well renllo e I y fcjM ™P?r^<'"«»»«a') S^
"* I™" «■"■i»" of this 4Xi °nS'.'K''.'l™''«''. '"■■'" i"
"""•• »sin the nominative,!
lUE Participles.
passive voice, by /Jvin>;heen ouL' //^" ^'-^'n^lated. if in t"';
>lfnt) ; ,f a deponent, by ZviZ uJ' 'f ''" ^'""'J' o*" *«»'7 (o-i
the verbal form in .i>. (e TZ7in'^\T^ «"*> o'' «'^ «yter. S
w.th verbs expressing a tlfou'ht'VT'"' T'^'"^^'' especS y
'» -"«Sr (e.g. suspecting). ^ '* ""^ ^''«''"g- ^y the Kng. partic
;nS-^p',X:r^^^!^^« to translate
wth which the partic. is connec eTif "l'^''^' ^^lue as that
and (or 6«^: e.g. ,.e;,„/,; «^S ;/''!''''« **>« two clauses by
. '"^7 ^^«rn driven back by the ca • ' L „ i '"^ '"^^«^ cvbdidertml
4iJwSrSa.SeirS';r^^^^*'^ ^ --. the peZ
wS -^H'^^^r r %^X'^ r ^^^ " ^» ^^-ment
^ c ause in the indie. V'enerallv f»;/ * P^"*'"- P^^^^^^'e or by
'^ea>nnlngwith^«/,o,^„A^•^f ifSin! ^"'^ P"'"^^«t with hj)
P'onoun, by a claus^ beginui/Zg";!'; J/raT"' "'*^ * "«"" -
38. The presenf nart-ir. _
agreement with a noJnoJ^rr/ ^T'^^lv be translated, if in
t'e Eng. partic. in ","; L^h " "' ^y '"hile, followed either bv
7'; (Eng.;past progrSive) '^S l!;"' "'*^ *^« verbal forLiJ .
;;:::r:ai'^ ' ^^""^ beginL^nL'^tV^x"* "'^Af "°"" «^
1^'
\ vn\
82
DB BELLO GAILICO.
Gerund and Gerundive.
most frequently occurring, (especially with causa-^dut
pose') and is to be trantlaU accofdhi to [7«" aSl c ^^'^^^^
accusative often occurs with ad=/or ('with a view to') ^^
Pvnif ""'" "^^*^ *^^ 8^°-' ^'^'^ «^ ^'th the accus. of the eerund
SwitW "^' "^^ °^*^" b^ ^-<^ rendered by thfiEng!
withVrnf/o"rntr„^e^h:1:t VZJll^l^T'' ^ ^°°"«-
ment with nouns (or -rely Vott^;) 'VlSoughra; " ^^^^^^^
and m agreement, it is to be translated by the Ictive gerC or
verbal noun m -^^g, governing the word with which in Sii
really agrees. For the translation of the c^en 3^f Vi
subject of this active verb will f.ifl,pr iJ f^ T • , ^' ^'"'
nected with the eeruu.W Ai i -n ^"""'^ '" ^ *^^'i^e co...
supplied fSm thf Sext! ^'^ ^'^' "' ^^" "^""^^ °^*^" ^^ ^«^^"^
APPENDIX II.
TRANSLATION ,nOM ENGLI .■ ro LATIN.
i- Case of Nouns and Pronouns without p " •
(«) subjectofaverb. non, , ! Prepositions.
^live (as in § 8. i/f ' "*"''' «^P'essed by the gerun-
(6) object of a verb • acr • i„ ^ u.
ace. time how long. ''^'"' "'• ^'^hin which;
(^) indicating distance or extent • «r. u
of surpassing or sepamtfoV ^* ' ^"* ^"^^' ^^'h idea
(e) after verb to hr- • «««, ,
advantage, /undruncl. ^ "°"'^' '"«aning «i^,
{/) after verbs to h*» ^
be^ thought: nom'fLjj'accTf'.^^^^'"^' ^''^>
with subject accus. *'*'' '^ ^^^*»" ver^ is infi,,;
(.) words in apposition: in the same case.
W nom. of address : the voc.
(') Plirase used absolutely ■ abl ah. .
;; J ' ^^^- ^^^°^' or cum clause.
* These — ——————____ ''"™ Clause.
'™f !'■
II *
84
DB BELLO GALLICO.
2. Case of Nouns and Pronouns with Prepositions
«on, u«e the gen. ; othenJile'tcttlcS? Saty^""
about,
against,
at.
by.
for.
fVom,
In,
into,
of.
= concerning,
w. verbs of motion.
=ln opposition to,
tellinpr time when,
expressing hostile act,
= near (of place),
personal agent, w. pass.
= by means of,
telling time when,
telling time how long,
telling extent of space,
=with a view to,
of motion towards,
w' reason Yc««,<(a;
telling puCpose to be served
or persons concerned,
w. verbs of taking away,
teljjng time when,
telling place where,
telling direction in which
telling direction to which
= n regard to,
telling manner,
on.
denoting a part,
=concerning,
^'^i^gpQualities, character-
"^nouns"^*°'"'"^-'^«'-»^'^I
telJjng time when,
te ing place where,
telling direction in Which
tlirongh,
*•» w. verbs of motion.
with.
= with reference to,
«l® ?T°" «"oncerned, or
the indirect object,
=togcther with,
=by means of,
telling manner,
de.
in w. ace.
contra. —
abl.
In w. ace.
ad.
a, ab; but dat. w. gSt
ab{; but per of persons
ace.
ace.
ad ; but in w. ace. with
_, words of time.
ad.
de.
dat.
dat.**' ^"*«'^'^f=outof.
abl.
in w. abl.
a, ab.
In w. ace.
ah/*, hnf . f.'lP modifier.
aoi. ; but cum if noun has
in w. ace.
**"'^Nw[L''- ^'i^^ numerals
andfuljectlvesofnuni-
^^^ ber, but de w. pauci.
""•o7„KeS'"'^^^^-
gen.
abl.
fa w. abl.
a, ab.
per.
ad ; but In w. ace, of motion
dat. ^"^*"'''^ in a place.
dat.
Guni.
abl.
abl.; but cum if the noun
has no modifier
Prepositions.
i preposition. In such
>hiefly relative". ^
ace.
ra.
ace.
. , . , [dive.
J nut flat. w. s-cnin-
but per of persons.
but In w. ace. witli
'ordsoftime.
l>ut ex, if =out of.
ICC.
. [no modifier,
ut cum If noun lias
cc.
)!• ex witli numerals
diwljectlvesofnuni-
!■. out de w. pauci.
gen.; (always eren
lumber).
In w. ace of motion
as to be in a place.
; cum if tho noun
ao modifier
APPENDIX
II.
86
Pronom
(«) who, What, which, whose wi,«
»• after verbs = «//' °™*
IwJut (substantive) JS 3r «' "^' ^""^mctive.
a Rf -^''^''''^ ?"*^orj«ae^. which (of
'uXftoodr JufS; Vu^^r^^^ °r -cessarily
(^) he, him ; thev fh««, ■ ■. ' - -^ ;/»"«. j
v^rlw^L'^^^l'-J- In a clause denpn^-
W his own, their own -s„„. ,
.n.ntione.1. ' '""'"■*™»g «o person, aire.,!»
I'') «ny,_i after.-
'"• =«v«ryone.quivis. ' '
dlm^J!? -!?"•« o»- other ; „nnn.,n;_ . ,
ll
!
11
1
86
DE BELLO GALLICO.
4. Infi itive with To.
(a) expressing purpose, or the end in view ;~
ut (or ne for negative clauses) w^. subj.,
or qui w. subj. after verbs of sending,
or for short phrases ad or causa w. gerund or
gerundive.
N.B. — After unje, ask, command (except juheo), advise,
persuade, try (except conor), use ut (or ne for nega-
tive clauses) w. subj. of purpose.
{b) completing the meaning of a verb, especially after
oi-der (if juheo) begin, be accustomed, wish, try (if
Conor), venture, compel, resolve, seem; — pres. infin.
(c) after verbs=p7'owMe, hope; — accus. w. fut. infin.
((." after such as or so as ; — ut w. subj.
5. Subordinate Conjunctions.
(a) that, —indicating purpose, ut, ne, quo, w. subj.
indicating result and w. verh» — happen, ut w. subj.
after verbs = state, think, learn, know, perceive, accus.
w. infin.
after verbs =/ear, ne (or ut=tliat not) w. subj.
(h) when, after, as, since, if, although,— i. in a short
clause referring to a time previous to that of the
clause on which it depends :
(i) if Eng. is act. and Latin verb is transitive,*
abl. absol. (in passive voice),
(ii) if Eng. is act. and Latin verb is deponent,
perf. part, in agreement,
(iii) if Eng. is pass, and Latin verb is transitive,*
perf. part, in agreement.
ii. otherwise : ivhen, after, cum w. subj. (rarely ubi or
poscquam w. ind.)
as, since, cum w. subj.; (sometimes quod w. ind.)
if, si; if not, nisi,
although, etsi.
(c) because,— quod w. ind.; but w. subj. if expressing
another's statement or thought.
(d) while,— dum (w. pres. ind. in ordinary narrative).
(e) until,— dum w. ind.; but w. subj. if one's purpose or
object is involved.
(.7) lest,— new. subj.
(h) whenever,— cum w. ind. (perf. or pluperf. § 6. a.)
* A transitive verb in Latin is one whidi in the active voice talii;^
a» object lu the accus. case.
ubj. if expressing
active voice takes
u.
in.
APPENDIX II. g„
^ tr.::. XS;t^:S^t^^ English in its
cpal and a dependent clause!^ ''*'°" °^ * P"""
(a) Indicative.
i.Xa.i,^ T St-;;,'*?* 7^' -t^vL?" '
English present tense in rlan««a ™ j.
whoever, = Latin perfect! ^•«'^««ewr or
(i) Subjunctive.
^' ^^rr/ ^X?"'"' P'^'f "* ^^ ^^^P«" Ji"g on verb
In all other oases (e.a w mm eJ « j
nouns), tlie «m tenTe a" in F.?"r 1' ^' P'""
that the English siZlTZl^Ttt T?'
imperfect, unless it refers to 1 tl. ^•*'*'
„of the i„a„.tU'at ],-!.''""' «"■■«-P'>"'ltag te„s-c
11.
iii.
(^•)
If refe
i^or v^ould have atse/uisse w. partic. in -rcrus
'i"g,
. !•
«;• : ^!
88
DB BELLI) GALLICO.
II.
iii.
7. Participles and Gerund (or Verbal in -ing).
(a) The past partic. with 'inrhifj,
or the present part, if = past part, with having, or a
clause with svice, offer, or as,
or the gerund (or verbal in -im/) preceded by on, after,
are to be translated as follows :
If the Latin verb is intransitive, by cum w. subj.
If the Latin verb is transitive,
i. Eng. passive voice, by Latin perf. part, pass,
in agreement.
Eng. active voice in long clauses, by cum w. subj
Eng. active voice in shoi-t clauses, by perf. part,
pass, in abl. absol., or by perf. part, depo-
nent in agreement.
(b) The present partic. is almost invariably to be trans
lated as in a above ; in other cases by
pres. part, in agreement, in sho7't phrases,
qui or dum clause, in long phrases.
(c) The gerund (or verbal in -ing).
i. after, of or other prepositions replaceable by as
regards, gen. of gerund or gerundive con-
struction.
after for ( = with a view to) by ad w. ace. of
gerund or gerundive construction,
after on, after, see a above.
8. Miscellaneous.
{a) It is often of advantage tc translate by a different voice.
(I)) Ought, must, and equivalent phrases are generally to
be translated by the gerundive with sum, the
Latin verb being always passive, and, if intransi
tive, used impersonally. The person who oii(/ht t
or mvst dosometliing will be in the dative. [Zfthei,,
oportet and necessc est w. the infin. are much rarer, j
(c) Can, could, = possum w. pres. infin.
((/) As,-w. words = a?c/, garrison, guard, etc., implying the
purpose served, expressed by the dat.
after the same — qui or ac.
where as is repeated, by correlatives, e.g. as great
as, tantus qtiantus.
in phrases like 'as great as possible' by quam w.
superlative.
le) Treat clauses with ■wrhpri». vahrr hnrxr ofn oo I'n 8 q «
11,
111.
ffli F
I -ing).
with having, or a
sded by on, aftei,
im w. subj.
perf. part, pass,
s, by cum w. subj
aes, by perf. part.
perf, part, depo-
ably to be trans
sby
fhort phrases,
rases.
replaceable by «s
)r gerundive con-
by ad w. ace. of
uction.
f a different voice.
3 are generally to
e with sum, tlie
and, if intransi
irson who ouuht 1...
e dative, {hthch,
. are much rarer. J
itc, implying the
he dat.
ves, e.g. as great
ble' by quam w.
of.n oci ir» fi Q .-.
APPENDIX II.
m Latin. ^ adveib, are not expressed
(g) Where a verb iia ,,^.. , ,
^^^ ^ «'"«govern a noun^''P°''*'°" ''^""«^ ^* the sarS
(A) The adjectives more, any enough
(except one thousands ^"°"8:h, no, and thousand
expressed by t/rnS«?r"'"g.^^-'th a noun are
and ..V^,„ fo'lloweS'J^^^L't:;»^ ■rC'"' •^«/^■^•' '^
{^) Where English has a n, . ^ genitive.
translate those which C'nV''"'''"^'"'^*^ '='^"«e«.
or which state previous or at?e, 1 'T- '^"^l ''''«"'*
by participles, or if of somf ? fi"\"'"""'n«tances
<=la»Bes. i„ other wSsT4;"?)^' ^^ ?"bordinat;
connected by and, hUso^^l^^^f^^^^^^^.^^oiverhs
to collect a large force snT^^ ^ t ?^ «'^^s orders
m/;emi «< »i</^//.i roJl ^ ^"''^^'^ the camp =
They had ^^.t^^ZZr^^'^^^^T ^''^^'•'^-"^•
yet made war on Caesar ™'"^ for peace, but
Petment, bellum Cae J't^X^,^. ''' '^"'^ ^'"'^^"*
n.—
ilST OF WORDS MOST
COMMO
(Arranged in Order
ill
Slim
is
•que
et
ad
liic
se
a, ab
oinnis
e, ex
ut, uti
•itque
res
SUU8
niagnus
facio
non
possum
quod
iieque, nee
cuni(co/y".)
hostis
locus
castra
cum (prep.)
pars
uoster
de
ac
inan
legio
dies
civitas
habeo
reliquus
si
helium
Hiiles
mitto
ne
copia
causa
video
appello (are
venio
c-xcreitua
-NLV OCCURRING IX CAESAR.
<^.f Frequency. )
cognosco
oppidum
finis
consilium
legatus
ptoelium
ille
eques
mille
"avis
unus
idem
quam
) iter
jubeo
tempus
equitatus
«lico
Humerus
sed
per
flu men
do
etiam
tantus
constituo
homo
alius
quis [inter-
rog.)
interficio
■ !'
Si ' i
I
W
90
DE IJKIJ.O GALLICO.
longus
propter
accido
reverter
magnitude
multitudo
pugiio
apud
singuli
nuntio
populus
ubi
pono
tertiua
occupe
irope
circiter
quidem
timor
reduce
liter
imperium
spatium
U8U8
trade
anna
nullua
acies
agmen
accede
pro
alter
aut
Conor
oircumvenif
proficiscor
frunientu ,n
ita
domus
dum
existimo
periculum
quo [iidv.)
genus
dux
relinquo
nihil
adciuco
intermitto
egredior
duo
silva
post
miiuia
ee (verb)
recipio
contineo
ratio
mens
exterus
tarn en
contra
regie
paro
facultas
contendo
annus
sine
perterreo
fossa
muiiitio
spes
arbitror
confirmo
f rater
auxilium
utor
finitinuis
efficio
orde
obses
ibi
quantus
injuria
pax
fuga
discedo ^
telum
pons
potestas
multus
teneo
complures
transduco
pregredier
virtus
impetus
facile
at
publicua
gero
instituo
fort una
barbarus
reperio
cogo
conficio
impedio
comnninis
subsidium
eo (adv. )
impedimen-
princeps
consuetude
aliquis
inipero
turn
ago
deduce
confero
jam
murus
consuesco
interim
defero
animus
salus
pauci
labor
delige
fero
turn
sustineo
sequor
frumentarius
peto
manus
demonstro
una
modus
quis (inde/.
provincia
duco
amicitia
polliceor
volo
adventus
munio
audio
Mr
praeficio
ante
celeriter
certus
consisto
collis
conjieio
natura
priusquam
pracsum
quisquam
louge
hiberna
dimitto
subito
supere
ager
nam
tres
auctoritas
supra
capio
nox
uterque
autem
undique
coepi
opus
committo
ita(jne
agger
praeaidium
prohibeo
concilium
metiuiR
centurio
superior
signum
fides
poaterus
cohortor
trauseo
cohors
vallum
sic
livtus
totus
fere
coUoco
turria
obtineo
passus
intelligo
exspecto
audeo
opinio
primus
quisque
novus
celeritas
quin
convenio
pes
nuntius
defendo
ullu9
accipio
vis
porta
equus
vereor
pervenio
absum
pugna
item
magnitude
nwiitio
occupo
redueo
trado
aecedo
circuiMveiiic
dum
dux
egredior
eo {verb)
exterua
facultas
fossa
fiater
ordo
pax
potestas
progredior
publicus
leperio
snbaidium
aliquis
coufero
defero
deligo
fiumentarius
modus
poUiceor
praeficio
pracsum
quisquam
supero
supra
undique
agger _
centurio
cohortor
latus
obtineo
opinio
quia
ullu9
vereor
APPENDIX III
EXERCISES BASED oX BOOK 11.
Part I. — Ciin'TKiivs r rti ci
;' ^~"'- '^^«Pi-i-^iED AS A Preliminary
i^XKUGISE FOR BkGINNERS.
CHAP. I.
>>^^^^^n::'"Gl^,:^l)T^^^}>^ - hibends, ut. supra de-
gas conjurare.r. P.-lcae ti.'tia sm f P n ' ^"'"^** °'""«« «el-
populu.lWnuu.eonjrrL^roCi?s;t^^^^^^^^^
ne?o-;;fr:r;Is^^ter2urrrtr "o^^^-' --bantur^
a.I Belgas exercitus Romanu3 adducetu" "" ^'°'*''" ^""'"
ha^t^r'^tflH^S^^^^ Sr"^^ ^'^"'^ -"'°'*-
Populi Romanii3 exercitum h.V,i,« J,^ GaJha versaru^ nolueranfc.
Exercitus hiemat atqueTnveSsS"» n^lf- ™"'^'*,t ^^^^^*^"*'-
tate^^et levitate ani.\„ovis1rn;t^^^^^^^^^^ «*"'' -bili-
ad^onS.c!::;tif .!:::;^:;:rSt.;^T r^r '^"p-'*-- hj
sequi poterant. «°°"Pant. Hi minus facde eam rem con-
NOTES.
1. ^'followed by the Indic. has .enorally the meaufn.of 'a./ never
2. The suhj. affer etim (=when sino» a=\ i=
infnr'L%''.^xrIfe'«° (<»:. am made) more o.rtain '••. .r .__
a. .,.^tKc luupreaicale nominative. " "" ^ """
!)'■
,, V
92
DB HKLLO nATiUCO.
!
5. Acciifi nnd Infln. Cflnsdiici ion ; tnumli.tc by a claune bcfflnniim- « Ith
' that' of which IMiias furnishes tho HubJ,.ct. Ani ai «/
l)rojcro88lvc.
fi. Lit. ' anionp thcmselvna '; i.,'. 'toono nnotlior.'
7. Tho^Kenind. Ap|..:i!t.a. Trans, the gen. here by 'for', not 'of.'
8. The adv. rb not tbc nflj,
9. A di>pon(M.t veri), i.e. paafih-c In form i>nt widi active! force
''• "^ SH.id'^i'i'iii;!:^^/!..;^:!' ' ■-' ^"■»' "^ '^'"••'"«^ '"««"« *'-*■••
''• '''^be*^K['{.,!{;^rittt;b,:^cc;^:'''• *'^ '^'">t—->d.'
13. As tbcro wa.s but one Roman people or nation, thi.^i muHt l)e sin-nilar
11. The abi. expressing cansc. Trans, by 'because of du-ir,' etc
Ifi. ' Now rules ' means ' a change of rule or of govornnieni '
10. The comparative adj.ctive is here used us n sul.siantive
II' ^I'" ^;:!""'"^'« eousta-uctlon ; App. 10. Translate by ' for hiring,' etc.
18. Ihe abl. of time when ; translate by ' under.'
CHAP. JI.
1-— ?'« l''"«"8 commotua,» Caesar duos legiones novaB con-
scnpsit. Dmie legumes inita'^ aestate in intoriorem Oalliam
;tnrrdroerS:""'""' '•*^''"'" •^^^*""' ■"'^'*' ^i-" >««-- •"
3.-Senone8 finitimi Belgis' sunt. Dat negotium» Senonibu-
rehqmsque" Gallis ut.io omnia'i cognoscant. Ea.n quae'^T, ,1
faciunt""*"'"' ''"«"°''""*- Caesarem <le his rebus certiorJu'l'
4.— Hi constanter omnes nuntiavcrunt manus» coei Nun
tiaverunt manus cogi, exercituni in unu.-n locum conduciH.
6.— Tuni (|ubitandum"> non existimavit. Nondubitahatqnin"'
ad eos proficisceretur. ^
6.-Re frumentaria comparata," cast, a movet. Diebus'» cir-
citer quindecim ad fines Belgarum pervenit.
NOTES.
1. The perfect participle passive. App..37.a
2. From ineo. The abl. absolute constructi'nn : lit ' the summer hnviM •
by 'for', not 'of.'
primimi pabuli
Translate qui and
-API'KNIJIX III.
. to;-;^c?'".rK^;'}}'"-"ve here ,„,n«n. With
U«o the intro,/(„toi
93
to '5 Ht. •whowM
:;;±iS':§': -^ •"■="■"' -■.-...,.
^or the triuisluli
Vnr the tiiinshit
'II ot
'"1 of rum pri
«>#«, see A|)|i.i7
lilt in
■a.
■T'^^'^ the HU.Unnetl!^':::;r-r ^"^'"""«••y "n,|er
^^'t-'miJiuTiit t(,
Ifere trunsJiUo 'i
iiclHiuhnuc
v««.slneh,.,p.i.„„t^.
,;::!»■>..■.,.•;;,;,.;:.;;.
■ primuni.
IIHllUcHoiis
'««'f llieij.
10. Uti
I'lled-tl
Is two Words;
«<)aii(| tl
l'<! rest of
'•«/<•'/«/,,, reuliy an mijeeli
11.
1-'.
13.
Do
'nK,, !"„ 'to ''''/''''''"'^tlve. after
"*,, «10 to ho traii.sl),te*l i.u'h:,. .'.,
"•'^ "««' tiling's M„ the i<:,,;;
'I'.... 1 , —■"BO "I I'K! KlIirliMl, A.
ve, to ?)e trans.
f «l,"y the in.in: 'j;?,^:- C' X;'' ^:;';!'""""j-
verl
'r phi
:).8.
'i>J>. -ii.b.
It
15.
1(1.
17.
1«
Cevtio . '"I'l'-^-oN.H.
;-Uda.,veahsoh,to construction '' ''^
li.e time ,.,^/.,„ Which. Transia'e by 'm..
CHAP. III.
l-Eo. de i.nproviso celerinsque o.ni opinione' venit
3.~Rem, proximi Oalliae'' ey T^ i •
Cerent se« suaque ox^u\a l^^XLi *^''*"' "^iserunt qui» "
«eque contra populun, RolZZ cr^S".""'^"'^ 00««?««!;;;
• — '"'''^i sunius et^nhai I i
t
UUlll
1!
:!-;:«
91
DB DKLLO UALLrlUO.
NOTES.
1. The nrtverb, not the pronoun.
i. The iil)ltttivo Jh iiH( li alter (•(>nipiiintlves(cet<!Wi»» l8 the comparntlvc
ut' celeriler) (o i-xprcwH llu'idi'ii' than.' (iit. ' thiin nil exiit'ota
tion '; fVfel.v, ' tlimi iiiiyonii liiul cxix rtcd.'
8, The dative. Ex /J(.'i//»»(or IliuH.'; should he trmishited before Oallht,'.
4. In !iii|>o8ition with Ifi/atoa, and used as a suhstuntive ; ' the timnio»)!
men.'
5. Trnnslatc as in ihaji. '-' note 8.
6. St: and nun iir<" ohjccts of 7><;?-m«7^(!n,', with which »« Is to ho under
stood a» mill.). "App.l'l.o.c; l.''>.c.
7. JV<i(vi<o ..««7»«, ' neither... nor' or 'not. ..nor.' Se Is subject of both
Inllnltivi'H.
8. Kt...ct, 'both... and.'
9. Imi>er(ita,\lt. 'the things oi-dered '; freely, 'your bidding.'
10. Sese in another farm for se. EngUeli would not use so many wonls
hero. '
11. Eorvm ovniiinn Is literally 'of them all ' not 'of all of them.'
12. Ut with the Hubjunetlve cxpressln},' result, to be tianfilatcd asin App.
ito.u.
13. Qiiin and the siilijunctivc are here to be translated by ' from' with
the gerund in -ififf. For the lit(!ral translation see ciiai>. 2. note I'i.
14. Translate the alil. vlthout any preposition ; titor takes an abl. wheie
we might expect an obji el in the neeus.
Part II. — EaErcises in Translation from Latin at Sight.
1, — Hac parte Galliae pacata, in (agaimt) Merinos, qui inti i
se conjuravtjrant, exercitum adduxit. 2. Crebriores litterae
ad Caesareni niittebautur (send). His litteris allatis, Cae.sar
SU08 [hin men) facit certiores. 3. Gallia est omnis divisa (divhU)
in partes tres, quarum unam (o^ie) incolunt (inhabit) Belg;i«,
aliam (another) Aquitani, tertiam Galli. 4. Imperio populi
Koniani, de (of) regno occupando desperat (denpnii),
2. — 1. Duas legiones, quas proximo (last) conscripscrat, in cas-
tris relinquit (leave). ^2. Omnes Belgarum copiae, in unum locum
coactae, ad Caesarem veniunt. 3. His rebus gestis, cum Caesar
facatam (1.2.)* Galliam existimaret, inita hieme (mhiter) in
llyricum profectus est. 4. Caesar cognovit Helvetios inc pia
(throxKjh lack) pabuli castra movisse. 5. Unam legionem qwim
proxime (recently) conscripscrat, in Eburones, quorum jais
*The figures Indicate in what chapter and section the word j>aca<in)i,
wliich is not found iu this chapter, hag pi'evluualy oeeuived.
APPENbJX III.
DM Latin at Stgiii
95
'""Piii /ac/t) roi fryii„.Mtl.i' „ : .'•.CraHsiiH, quo.i i,, hi» lor.i«
i;;-.^{.n«.'^:^;it;r;3r tin t' t ■•-'»-"" •■'
■'• Eo cum porvo,u-8s«fct2 6Ta, Jdo-fP"^^ *^»« «erantur. (2.3
'"'-e^que.n uuu.n looum\:ogit 2 4 '^^^^f^^^^^ (2.1.) mitti
' ' CTallia pjicuta (12) ah nl.vf ■' • ^"* ''«^''^us gesfcis (<> 3 \
-'-n. q..i so obsiJea ; atmSs Tmnl';'"f"'t"- '*^«^*' »^'1 C-'
T^^»", r«,7;. promise). 7 His rebu«P '"*"''"' poUicercntur
^'*''>'"-'"n «"'.1 copiis (/o,.,,;;aS' ;,"^ ""^^ (^- !•) 'nanus 2.4
tuor ooactis (2 4.) le rio.Wbui r °7 '® ?onJ«ngeret. 8. ()„;;
v.orum oonten.Ut A«£ «Jb ^esS^r" ''* ^"^« (2.6.) C-
v.ta,s p „n,nun, totius aall^e'^^rdt X "f r^!" ^" ^^«^
'I' hab,-tcopias {/brres) vediUu»Uf-? (cavalry) valet, inagnas-
'^'1 q.'>e.„ a Treveris m pe " ^?C??"''"^> ^' '"d"tiomarns
^:tv^^ et pec„s;;'\'rotr)''nono""^ ^^?^--
IC'"'*;. 10. Minus (1.4) m„|fif.,Vi' ^' pollicen non deaistit
:^T>T^* ••«««« homines f"ris"£r' /V"? ^"aereret. so
(•^ '-'■ ) non missuros. ' ^""«'•"'are (./ec/are) sese legates
^ ^ie^t^''S,?1;!rfc^-- - fi'ie. (3.2.) reeenit. r3 . )
j1-:;r
liisii i '
96
DE BELLO GALI TOO.
bantu r. 3. Cujus adventu {approach) ab hostibua cognito, mag-
iKie ex fiiiitimis (2.3.) civitatibus copiae oonvenerunt. 4. Effect»
ponte, lloinani copias tradueebaut. 5. Coinniius reliqiiique,
quibus summa imperii (4.7.) perinissa est (3.2.), cum oir.iiibu.i
copiis ad Alesiam perveuiunt, (2.6.) 6. Magiiopere iuteressu
arbitrabatur (4.10.) ejus auctoritatein (4.5. ) inter Belgas pluri-
mum valere. (4.5.) 7. In poute tunim (toiver) coustitmt (place),
praesidiumque colioi'tium duodecim ad poutem tueiidum poiiit.
8. Treveii, magiiis coactis copiis, jam ab Labieno iion longf
aberant, cum duas venisse legiones cognoscunt. Positis ca.s-
tris GeiTiiauos exspectaie (await) constituunt (decide). 9.
Diligeutius earn rem cognoscere voluiit (loish). 10. Muuitis cay-
tris, duas ibi legiones reliquit, quattuor reliquas incastramajor.i
reduxit (lead back), 11. Caesar, cognito consilio (2:»/««) eoruni,
ad tiumen Tamesiin (Thames) in fines Cassivellauni exercituni
duxit (lead), Eo (3.1.) cum venisset, vidit ad (alonrj) altetani
flumini.s ripaui magmas esse copias hostium iustructas (dratv np).
Q.— 1. Ariovistus partem (l.l.)suarum oopiaruni (5.4.), quiiu
castra (5.4.) oppugiiaret, misit. 2. Ilii aegre ad uoctem oppugna-
tionemsustinent. 3. Hostes postero (next) die majoribus coactis
(5.4.) copiis castra oppugnant, fossamque complent (fill up). 4.
Milites legionis se]it\ma.e (seventh) testudine facta locum (5.4.)
ceperunt (take), eosque expnlorunt. (4.1.) 5. Caesar, cum luiii-
tiatum esset (announce) copias Ariovisti ad nostros (our men)
adequitare (ride, up), lapides ac tela in nostros conjicere, fine tii
loquendi (speak) fecit. 6. Copias traduxerant ut castelliim
(fort ), cui praeerat Q. Titurius legatus, oppugnarent et agroa
Remorum popularentur. (5.3.) 7. Ab Roscio, qui legioni deci-
mae (tenth) praeerat, certior factus est (2.3.) magnas Gallonim
copias earum civitotum (5,5.)qitae Aremoricaeappellantur(4.I0.)
uon louge (5.4.) ab hibernis (1.1.) suis afuisse.
7- — 1- T^"m {while) in hislocis (5.4.) Caesar moratur, ex magna
parte Morinorum ad eum legati (6.4.) venerunt. 2. De tertia
(1.1.) vigilia (watch) Labienus cum duabus legionibiis, et iis
ducibiis qui iter (j'oatZ) cognoveraut (4.4.), subsidio Caesari venlt.
3. Hostes ex eo loco ad flumen (5.4.) Axonam contendernnt,
quod esse post (5.5.) castr. Caesaris demonstravimus. (1.1.) 4.
Caesar in fines (5.4.) Suessionum, qui proximi (3.2.) Reims
erant, exercituni (5.4.) luxit (lead), et ad oppidum Noviodunum
contendit. Id ex itiiiore oppugnare (6.1.) conatus est {f?c;707('?(i!
verb, attempt), sed (but) propter (4.7.) latitudineni fossae (trevr/i).
mnrique (6.3.) altitudinem (5.6.) expugnare (take by storm) iion
potuit (6.4.) 5. Fines Helvatiorum in latitudinem" millia pus-
Huum eei. nm et .=exaginta (2. 5, ) p.nt(>r,t, 0. Caesar, effeetis {5. ;'.)
pontibns (5.6), om
Af'PjSNDIX in.
r . "" W-o;, omnia eins vioi .,„rc • .
j'J'mMnim (6.2.) munero (J 7.)'potitlr - "°''"''*
97
magiioqtie
,"• — ^* Proximo (nexf) Aia n^
o6.) tunm (tow^e;-) const tuituE?^" ^' *P ^^t^emo ponte
i'?i (S.,6.) legiones conscribit ettrol "/'^*' '^'" contendit, dnasnue
Ae<u..„bs.dioBit,u-igibusm"serant/7 !?""'*• ^" ^"P'"'''^. q"as
Pancos (« /era) dies ibi morati r «^ ^ '''"''* ^''P^^^af^), venhsm7
«••■e (c;m,) ausi, dom^r(/l;;fi;?^"! («"^^ "''0 Aumen S^^^
Caesar ntellpxif- noc4. •/'^' redeunt. 8 TThi /« o \ i
bus flumina subluebant (wa^A)? ' ^ °*'"^'" ^"^'>"s ex partU
bio^iSs^^nST^lfd^e^^t^^^^^^^^^
omnemesseinannis(4. )Ganhm rJ^''^"^ ,^' ^'^^"^nt (4.4)
Ah h.soognoscit (5 4.) non longe (5 4 )^ex ei In^"^^""!,- ^^-•) ^.
(O-.l.), silv.s (wood) paludibusone mZ-f ",=P''P''^""i'-^''esse
fliimen uno loco pedibns (n» r^^A f , {overwhelm). 7. Quod
potest 8. Ubi Caosarci ?io'r4tt'esVrM'n''^ ^' '•'• *-""*''^
rum ,d flumen traductas, de f7n w;'^- *•,"•" ^''^^*^^ °"P''a-
les.on.bns tribns e castds J/nf \ IA"" '''«''•''^ («»«'!''/0 cum
r-'venit (2.6.), q„ae S m ^o .tTf^f'-^' T' ^•'^"' P^^*"!^
•.-•ty/. .„iidm partem curum occidit
:li
i!
98
DB nELLO OALLICO,
10.— 1. Tpsi transire fliiiiion noii diibitaverunt {hesitate), et in
locum iiiiqmini progress^i sunt. 2. Proxima (next) iiocto (7.1.),
Sabinus ex castris excrcitum educit (S.n.), et ad Caeaareiti
auxilii fereiidi causa proficiaeitur. (2.5.) 3. Noatri ncriter in e( h
impetu (6.1.) facto, reppiilpniiit, neque linem (G.4.) sequendi
ipiirsrie) feccnint, quoad {mitil) castria appropinquaverunt. 4.
Principibus (5.1.) ad concilium convocatis, aeutentiae exquiren
{ask) coepit. 5. Cum Caesar quaereret (4.1.) quamobrem (?/•/*//)
Ariovistus proelio non rfecoitaiet, banc reperiebat (9.4.) causani
6. Ab bac spe repulsus, re frumeutaria provisa {procure), in Son
tiatum fines exercitum introduxit. 7. In eo itinere {journnj)
persuadet Castico, cujus pater (,/a^/(e?) regnum (1.4.) in Sequa
nia diu obtinuerat {hold), ut regnum in civitate (5.6.) sua occii
paret (1. 4.), quod pater ante (before) habuerat. (8.3.)
11. — 1- Ariovistus his omnibus diebus exercitum castris co7i
tinuit, equestri (9.2.) proelio cotidie (8.2.) contendit. 2. Hoste^,
ubi (9.2.) nostros enuites conspexerunt {see), impetu facto, (■(
leriter (3.1.) nostrcfe perturbavernnt. 3. Dumuorix cum equitilm-
(9.2.) Aeduorum a castris domum discedere coopit. (10.4.) Qui
re cognita Caesar magnam partem equitatus ad eum conscqum-
dnm mittit. 4. Equitatum fugientes Caesar prosequi vetiiit
(forbid), quod verebatur ne (lent) per insidias ab eis circum
veniretur. (10.3.) 5. His rebus cognitis, Labienus, cum omii< s
ad eum Trcveromm copiae (9.4.) venissmt, veritus est, si (9.4 i
ex hibernis (1.1.) fugaesimilem profectionem fecisset, ut (lent. .
not) hostium impetum sustinere posset. 6. Si hostes nondiir,i
finibus suis egresai sunt, nullo cum periculo nostri ad proxinmm
(3.2.) legionem pervenient ; si Gallia omnis cum Germanis con-
sentit (3.5.), una {only) est in virtuto (S.2.) posita salus. (5.2.)
,12. — 1. Ubi (10.4.) vineis actia, aggere exstructo (raM«), tin-
rim procul {at a distance) coi\^i\tm viderunt, nova (1.3. ) specie
{liight) commoti (2.1.), legatos ad Caesarem de pace (peace) \m-
serunt. 2. Quorum magno numero interfecto (11.6.), Cras.sus (x
itinere oppidum Sontiatum oppugnare coepit. Quibus fortitcr
(11.4.) resieteutibus {reniM), viueas turresque egit. 3. Omnilms
rebus ad profectionem (11.1.) comparatis, omnos ad ripam (5.,").)
Ehodani (Rhone) conveniunt. 4. Itaque (7.3.) re frnmentinia
(10.4.) comparata, eodcm die cum legionibus in Senones prdfi-
ciscitur(2.5.). magnisqueitineribus eopervenit. (11.1.) 6. Caesar
nuntios (7.1.) .1 Aeduos misit, qui suo beneficio (lindnenii) cnn-
servatos docerent. (5.2.) 6. Omnibus precibus (entreaty) petcre
contendit ut in Gallia relinqueretuj-. (8 6).
13. — !• Legatos ad Caesarem mittunt scque in deditioneni ut
accipiat petunt. Qua re impetrata (12.5.), arma tradere jussl
AI'PKNDIX III.
runt {hesitate), et in
(next) iiocte (7.1.).
I, et ad Ccaeaarein
fosti'i acriter in ccs
?in (0.4.) sequendj
opiiiquavernnt. 4.
siitentias exqiiircn
) quamobrem {v/in)
ebat (9.4.) caiiisani.
a {procure), in Son
itinere {joiirnnj)
im (1.4.) in Seqii'a
ate (5.5.) sua ocou
t. (8.3.)
;rcitum castris con
:en(lit. 2. Hostes,
I, impetn facto, ci
iiorixcum equitibn-
oopit. (10.4.) Qiiii
id euni consoq 11(11 -
r prosequi '/etuit
ias ab eis oircuni
>ienus, cum omins
eritus est, si (0.4 i
fecisset, ut {lent . .
Si hostes nondiun
lostri ad proxiniam
3inn Germanis cdii-
sita salus. (.5.2.)
stnicto {raise), tni-
nova (1.3.) specie
le pace {peace) mi-
(11.6.), CrassuH ex
t. Quibus foititir
egit. 3. Omniluis
iirs ad ripam (.5, ."i.)
3.) re frninentiuia
1 in Senones profi-
:. (11.1.) 6. Caesar
icio {kindneasi) con-
is {entreaty) petore
e in deditioneni nt
irma tradere jussi
99
doditioneinsignificarecoeie^^^^^^^^^
in fines Nerviorum conLS o ^\ ^if^*^''.^'' ""Proviso (3. 1.)
eonvenire(12.4)nosS vaJfJ- //'^' **' P''insquani (12.1.) ill
eos venire U obsiJes «Ti Klare (^n^ir'f ? '«''^' "' •'«^''tio'.o.n
<U) lis principum (5 I Vfi i„s ae ..n '^ T*'"^ ('■ompd). 5. Obd.les
as.i per vinf (y.,l) ^0^!;;:^^ (CTH^^lClJ t^' ^'■''
'•ol>q»a.n (8.5.) partem iuemia hJintTXvlTi ^- ^'''«''unt, si
ret (11.2) omnem Galliam TaZSi P '^"°'l''' '=°"'^'»«-
3. Bituriges eornm discTssu sS n ^^Tr"'"'"/'^"''*"''"'»-
jungunt. (3.4.) 4. His reb a fTohnf A q .^ ? ^"'" ^'vernis con-
finitimis (8.3. bellum £.re pol^t^5'*i^^^ (J-*)
GalH, qui ante (12.5. ) se non.ilf iLm • -.^'^ ^*'^"' impulsi,
bant {ffUeve), audaci s nf) 3^ ) Lu?,^"' «^''^A "}«•" Perferre dole!
6. Hoc uuu n peteb- t nt nlrr ^'"'7^ ^^'^ ^ incipiunt. (2.2.)
ac nmnsuetmirne o "im in?ral''' '^''"^T" '"'"'^ «"^ clemLt a
^nun^ Adu^atrs\r^l:tS "-^1 '"Si^^^^^^
.11 taoa Ian.,tate. ex fiuibus nostris oxcet"u.t^SS«V^«"^
poposcTt • \ Tdlr mif;atl,r^e?^" """TP''^ "^'-^^ «* --a
?'i«<). atqueeaquaeaVefF ni °:, losX.i-^^ ^°'"'"^'^"* (^^«^
possederint (« u). 6^ Ub relSuif Tni^r'' ^''•''''^^ ^J""« ^^-"i^
quod Rhenum itin«unt mero^.w human.o.es (dvilize<l),
progresai (10.4.) eniiites o,,; „k"' * Indui viam {jonrnev)
Caesar pa«co8( A JTdLs'in^cm-um'fr' •'^^«'•^«'•nnt. (14.1.) 3.
bus vicis aedificiisque nee sL ; '^ ' •" T'^'^iM^^^-^-"»' "'""•-
(11.6.), atque iis auxUium NO ?i ; m,. '" ^r? Ubiorum recopit
\Lj,j., ...!„ Oiiiuia. lii siiVio (M*yot/«)
^;
If
100
DE HELI>0 GALLICO.
deposiiisse (place)', atrjue omnos, qui arma ferre (iear) possent
nnum ,n locum conveni.e (10.4) ; ibi Ro.nanorum adve itum ex-
speotare constituisse (decide). «"-um ex
^*^'r\^^?' "''*>^''^ (15.3.) eiat haec, quem nostii castiis dele-
gerant 2. 1 raetnisso equitatu, iter eoium moratiir (11.3.) atuue
unpeclit. 3. Oinissis omnibus rebus, luiic hello student 4
oaesar, equitatu praemisso, sujjsequebatur (11.3.) omnibus
oopi:.;; post (9.3.) legiones totius exercitus impedimenta collo-
caverat. 8.4 ; 5. Ejus adventu Bituriges ad Aeduos, quorum
erantmMe(14.2.) legatos mittunt, qui subsidium (6.4.) roga
rent (a.sAyor), quo faciliua hostium oopias sustinere (11.4 ) nos-
no\^S\ ^"" ''°'*''" verebantur (11.2.), se.l magnitndinem
(12.5.) silvarum quae mtercedebant inter ipsos et Ariovistum
7. Si Romaiu sese recipere (11.6.) coeperint, impeditos in
agmine et sub sarcinis adoriemur. 8. Nihil est negotii suhito
(.s»to/y) legionem, quae cum Cicerone hiemat (i.3.)Topprimere
(«•«sA) 9 Cujua adventu cognito, Sontiates, magni/ oopi s
coactis (5.4 ) equitatiwie quo plurimum (4.5.) valebant, in itinere
agmen nostrum adorfi sunt. * "lueie
18.— 1. Collis erat leniter (nent/y) ah infimo acclivis 2
Copia^ omnes in locoedito (hU/h) atquo aperto instruxerunt. (8 5 1
,i. buperiorem partem collis castris con.pleverant (cover) ' 4
HostescolIocat.s(8.4) insidiis (11.2.) ui silvis opport.no 8.3 )
?t?nn.n"^^-/°'";- ^°'""""'".^" adventum exspectabant 5
Itaque (7 3.) silvestn loco castris positis (7.3.), pcstero (next) Hip
cum duabns legionibus in occultoVestitii (/.«/ofS. 4Tcopias
cum omnibus impedimentis, ut (17.2.) consueverat, mi - ^
nf-T^' '."*^"'" 'Pl'it''.^ legionum duarum, quae in .vi.ssimo
{n.o.) agmine praesidio impedimentis fuerant, in co^ e ah hosti
bus conspiciebantnr (see). 2. Comnnsso proelio, nostrorum mi -
turn impetum hostes ferre (endure) noii potuerunt. 3 Tot .
exeicitus impedimenta ad Labienum mittit «luasque leeiones Vd
eum proficisci (2.5.) jubet (11.3.) ; ipse cum legionL S
quinquemMenapiosproficiscitnr. 4. Nostr, longius novissh m
(11.3.) agmen insecuti, iniquo (10.4.) loco cum equitatu hostiun.
p oelium committunt. 5. Hostes, nostris occupatis in mi nit one
(JomjicaUon) castrornm, suhito ex omnibus paVtibus silvae Vvo
laverunt impetuque in eos facto, acriter (10.2 ) pupiaverm.t
6. Equestns (9.2.) proelii ratio et cedentibus et in fquent ;
par atque idem periculum (1 1.6.) inferehafc (bring). 7 P aes lo
impedimentis legionem tertiam reliquit, unam ex his S
qnas proxime conscnptas ex Italia traduxerat. (iO 1 ) 8 \sed
eaG.,/.7i) edentate atque CO impetu (6.1.) milites ierunt (m^
ut hostes impetum legionum atque equitum sustinere (114) pen
APPENDIX III.
"z""",'";,,'-' f-«°i'"AS''; uSLtoVs'r'" «"'"'- "-«"»
«ffecto (,;?«.V0 opera/ eLio".i,^,S':e7,:'f^';-. 2. CeleSter (12 f)
tns ulonco delecto 17 1) re kuL '""*'' ('«• ^O, et loco cas-
cipes ad se con venire ( /o Vl inl li ''°'?'^' revocavit. 3 Prin
non oportere, cohortatus suos ad ho.Vt/ "^'P^'^*''^" <li"tius (10.5
5. Cognito ejus consilio 1?4 tt ;" '"'^^'^^ ''°''*^"^»'<=- »9-8"
6. l<.odem tempore clamore exaudito H ^ f f':T ««"curritur
4.3.) virtute niilitnm et superfon m nn' ^ ''^ }^- ^^ct'™ est
.one „t ne unnm q"ideT( ? 4 ' SSr'" ^''""^'^ «^«''«•ta-
ferrent (.«,/«r«). ,}. j^^„ jy-^;) nostrorun. impetnm hostes
n>n (^o«,„e.). sed.cientiaop7u1.5ta^^^^ nostros vice-
;,e|Lent:C::"p:.;s::aS::-,^
'lat signum proelii. 2 Ut flrv.\; • * . i"''''''^"'' «'f atitnarent .
--Z), scuta'ex cortice (S.I) Tererant"''. ""^^ Postnlabar 5 :
Wlum gerendum (9.5 ) naraf;,!^^ '^^•'«g'o ('ecima se ad
^r.srebuaetiamii,i„inaS r V"-'°"'^'''"^^>*- (1-^.6.) 4
".'-litos port«rbabanl,r f"^^,^^,"' '\f ;•-« "«"'" (20-3.) habebant
;j' .oconvooato(l().4.) cohorts' est JteT'''"" ^'"^""'■'^) °°"-
Hligenter(.'=i.l.)admini,strarent fi V ' '^l'^'' 'mperavisset
'«sent (.3. 4.), audaoin. (10 3 ) J;.-stere l? • m' '''f'""^^ ««"J""'^
coeperunt. 7. Ad extremam ^S r^ I '•"' '''^ ^'"■^'"s pu^nare
;i-.) Po^erant ne.lrS^.grdiS-r(S"La!r
22. — 1. Contitiebat H l 9 \ ., 1 •
(19.2.) exercitus RomalVp'o tSbaf 'p'" ''^^^' "* ««"«"etndo
ex 60 loco cum legione prnirrR=„^T^^^^^ • ^^'^ P^"'"" ^« /'"/-»
P'"°^^^^»^ (^0.4.;. eventum pugnae (6a«/e;
I*
I
III
DB BELLO GALLICO.
exspectabat. 3. Eqiiit>.. cum se in oastra reciperent, (19 5 )
hostibus occurrunt (21..^.), aliique aliam in partem i^vru.\:ov
(ru^h) 4 Propter longiMidinem (length) >,gtnims (H f, , n.ina.
facile (1.4.) quid quoque loco faciendum esset piovidere poterat.
23.— 1. Magno cursu id castra contencJerunt, exanini.viiaue
per-.^enerunt. 2. Helvii, cum finitinna (17.4.) proolio conares^i
pe luntur (17 3.) et compIur>i,r.s (17.2.) un..fJls in oppidfconl:
pelluntur. 3. Item equite. .u.ovisti { ,•■] il8.2.) intervallo , .n-
stiterunt. 4. Ad dextrum coinu profectu^s, vidit (10. H ) sJL'nia
in unum locum collatis (16.2.) duodecimae l^-io;:,, c o-.itonostsse
m.htes. 5. Ita (so) noatri acrit^r (10.2.) in hc-te. di dU
(21.3.)impetum fe^.trunt, ut rejectis (ihrow aw^,y) vqis glndjis
pugnn,.,n; 8. Ce]. riter (12.5.) nostri pib in hrmte.; .mmit 'S
[hnrl) . !, prmio inipetu in fugam conjecti proxin.as (.S'.2.) .iivaa
propo (7,.«u,y) ,.-.„„,otu.s noiate (16.6.), tamen (8.2.) singu larem
[wondermh .cant.a.a (20.3.) rei militaris (22.1.) babebat T
Mult., vulmn :,rs ac^.eptis (13.10, veriti (1.2.) neabl. .ere aperto
nV^'f'T'ii-'' '^' circumvenirentur, se ad suos , . cepennit!
(19 5.) 9 Horum adventu tanta (21.5, ) commutatio hkJnaeS es
^^^4:*;;;;^ ^''-'-^ ^"' ^"^"^"'"^ ^"^«°" ^^^:7S^
24.— 1. Hostes undique (10.4.) circumventi (23.5.), dtsperati«
oninibus rebus, fuga salutem (.a/ety) petere coepen nfc 2
peitL,iitnm. 3. Ut quaeque (22.1. pars castrorum, nudat-.
defensor,b«s(6.2.), premi videtur, eo auxilium ferunt. 4 IHa
pars equitatus, quam supra (18.1.) demonstravimus (22.1 )nrae
dand. causa Mosam transisse, post (14.1.) fugam suorum se trans
Rhenumin fines Sugambrorum receperat, seque cum hi», nnn
junxerat. (3.4) 6. Nostri impetu fa^cto eU rlppu] nu.t (loT)"
neq„efinem(6.4.)sequendi {pursue) fecerunt qiSad iuntil)Zt^
cip.tes hostes egerunt (drive). 6. Legati qui (21 6) ex parte"
ZM6^4l'"7't uTt^?^''-'-^' ''^'"^"•° einteVsrbmTt^e^
oant. (b.4.) 7. Equites Crasso renuntiaverunt non eadem ess.-
dihgenfa (car.) abdecumana porta hostium castra muniS 8
Cum omn.a fere (23.4.)superiora (23. 1.) loca multitudine 1 ostium
completa consp.cerentur, paene desperata salute (safety) oml^
porternt. sunt. 9. Turn vero (2.6.) ex omnibus oppidi paS
\ir:it^rZvrJz''''' ^^^'-^^ -p-*-« (-^^-) ««;
f 26.--1. Caesar septimamlegionem, quae juxta (near) const!
terat (21.6.). item (21 4.) urgeri ab holte v dit. k Legrmen
detract.8 oohortibus duabus, angustiora castra munir?^ (SI j
recipereitt. (19.g.),
n partem ienu.tur
ninis (17 fi •, n,iiiu.-<
providerfc poterat.
•unt, exaniriii/iique
) proolio congressi,
ctis in oppida com-
1.2.) intervallo ( mi-
yi<1''t (10.1 ) signis
io); ,d contcnos esse
hc'tep sieno d.U
au(ty) Y'-lia gl^lijs
hn»te;i immittMiit
oxiii.a8(;i.2.)ijiivas
Camulogeno, qui,
n (8.2.) singularem
2.1.) babebat. 8.
lie abi; cere aperto
d suos i iceperunt.
mtatio (rhange) est
i essent, proelium
(23.5.), desperatis
re coeperi nt. 2.
in esse eqnifcatnm
astrorum, nudata
n fernnt. 4. Ilia
imiis (22.1.) prae-
m suoriim se trans
lue cum his con-
eppulerunt (10.3.)
juoad (until) prae-
i (21.6.) ex parte
equites submitte-
b non eadem esse
istra munita. 8.
Ititudine hostiuni
te [safety), omnes
3 oppidi partibus
[sudden) tumultu
:ta [near) consti-
fc. 2. Legianeni,
a mnnin (:?!0,3.)
APPENDIX HI,
103
-?• 3"^:^!.;- -^-^- (....J,;) ,.stiu.n impetus sustine-
'»ns, ad 6albam accurrit (rw« IT Tp ir™ ^"'"eribus dixi-
'n-at impedimento q„od scita 2L4\u}l!' '^^T -^^ ?"«"'""
<). Inns Jocis erat bellum gerendum ml*?"'^^^ ('^^«'•<^^) ^rant.
i^ncus Mallius, exercitu |ulso (2^ 1^? •^' ""l^^ ^-^'"«"^ «"»>''')
profugerat. (14.4.) 7. Si oua ru fil' -^' ^"^P^^'mentis amissis
bantur, eo signa infetVi Sai ttw^"^ vide!
jnsequendum (23.1.) tardabat It''nn'i'''* ' '^"''^ ""«^ ^* ho.stes ad
(19.6.) 8. Ab^autamStSineZ!™!'?^^'^''"^""^
ferti vitare non poteralit. ""J^"*^* ^^-^'^ t^Ia milites coui
cos^fc!) eqnitfptlil"Vi^^rd- ^?^^''*' ^•"'-*' ^* Pau-
captivis coglioscit quae amid (4 7 )^eor'"*^ ."*"'*• ^- Ibi ex
penculo res sit. 3 Hostes in Jf'- ff Serantur, quantoque in
nostrosadoriebantur "? 2 ) aH°ab 'f'"^"" ^''"'"''^' impeditos
bant. (6.3.) 4. Boii, cjui a^nen ho.H "^ 1^"^*° ^^^"^ «""jioie-
npvissimis praesidio ^r/m , 'S^ ^ '"!". ''^^"^^^'^nt (19.3^ et
crcumvenire conati suut. Id crsnioaH W ?'';*•• ^&^^-e^^idO.O)
sese receperant, rursus (23 2 ) ins arir^^^f ''!*"• ^"' '» montem
grare (23.2.) coeperunt. Rora f; V ^'"^ ^* P'"»^!'»^ redinte-
Diu (10.5.) atque acriter p.fj^>S' "^''^^ ''^"^ intulerunt.
proelio,avers«mhostemv,S2"^,ron.; -.^^'^ ^,^^-^-) boc toto
«t omnes res ab iis celeriter /iVl?^ J •" •*• ^' ^"""'t ^eg^tos
{as) rei militaris ratio (22 j') poshilaret"""'*''''''''^'"'' ^^^'^ ^' "*
. '• — ^' Cum omnem snem «^ilnf;» ;« • x .
ab ea parte magnus nume.'us ho.H. ""''i-^ ponerent (11.5),
pore L. Fabius c°e„turl^ Si na "riTf^'*- ^- . Eodeln tern-
collis ascenderant, circumvent interW- '"'"'"""^ J«g"n. (24.2. )
Caesaris facta cornmutatione rernm ohl^"' a "f • ^' ^'1^^"*"
^■«<«''«). 4. Erat inter Labie,[Z^f j^.'f "^"'^!"/. '•«'^*^'« «""t
(P«.««7e) flumen ripisque alti s mis 5 ^TcT P '^^^''^' ^''^^^'t»
egressus (13.2.), priusquam (12 I )" hlf!; ^ ^^^-'^^ ^'^ «^stris
oppido venire possent, dejecto Praes dio (ffi /"'rV'^'^i26.4. > «^
duas ibi legiones collocavit (19 3 TwiL^^' P"*'*l'« (24.5.) loco,
ad minora {smaller) perduxit (co„,;'^nS) '^"' ^ «"ajoribns castris
ex!r^d^/«-nom:r:a;y?;:l*,t ''^'P?;!' ^--- «t internecione
per aetatem (16.5.) arma W nn^^ ^^^."?Pf,'■** "* «'""«s, qui
3. Obsides inter se(rnda;j%pn-' *^ •*'"""'" <^«S«"t- (2.4.
Drohih«r«nf Ti„i:.:l/=-.^.V .^"^'-^«^"ani ne itinere (16.1 \ TT»!,Lt; J
ill'
lii
^i^V^.*».
104
DB BELLO GALLICO.
Galliae helium infe rrenrfnonr- "^'^^/'f i-ehqnerant, ut toti
bant. (4 2.) 8 £"1^9^ (6-^-) appropinqnare (10.5.) prohibe-
Cum beUnm oivitalaut^Xllh]]^^^^ (24.4.) 9.
copias, quae nondiun m V^ ^n * 'n 1' 'l""** ampliores {hrg.r)
ut exploratis fia-"^/r.'Tfnr, '''"*' ^^«P««tabant ; Caesar
(26.5. )^fl„men trans™ '> T ^' '"'""''•" ^''''^ '"'"^ P«"culc
(3.30 ^nopiam^r.Jl7;i,,^i„s''at^s:^;r;f «^^^^^^^^
confidebant. 3. Ome res stnfnrnL • ^tP'^'^ "«" Posse
vyumsiiospugna (Jb.L.) superiores {sunerior\ pssp Pniu ci "
rent, et nostros multitadine nremi 24 17 ,!; i \ '' ««"fic^e-
partibus, etii qui muiiit oniW // .•i'^^''^^''^"*' "'""'^'"s ex
suorum confirmant. (19.6 " '^ ^"™''' ^^^'^"^
sen^^-iTgatot^^S^^^^^^ "^Sat G^^^ r ^^^^
omnia in potestate ejus "nt omnes S? T''' ^""'""^ '^PP'^'"
ferendi. 5. Priusquam 02 1 NTrffl • /j'?'^ cruciatiis sunt per-
Romanos nuntiS ^29 ?! "^ ant\?2 271"*%'^^^"^'^""^^
causa ad Caesarem m\ttun[ 'tZj^'^^l^^^^
■atnrum ne ijuain
;n<lie (12.1.) ejub
nibu8 principibuK
aesarem in caatia
pahulibus (16.5.)
lia passiuim diio-
oppidnm, postea
mani, desperata
praeda (plunder)
receperunt. 4.
■ndisse. 5. Qnj.
icum, quod erat
m, profectus est.
qnerant, ut toti
tirentur (24.5.),
t;. 7. Aggerem
eris aaxis mora-
(]0.5.)prohibe.
l ab Siiebis coni-
itnr. (24.4.) 9.
idit aiit infert,
gnntur.
sliis factis, utri-
npliores {/arger)
abant ; Caesar,
) cum periculc
•opter frumenti
0.5.) non posse
t (ivcrease), «t
icit (make). ■_.,
•■ Galli confjde-
it, oimiilms ex
iitiiiebantnr, et
animos (21.5.)
ndere non pos-
Tallorum quani
s in summnni
iioriim oppifla
atiis sunt per-
appropinqiiarc
:os deprecandi
quamvis vini
APPENDIX HI.
105
O'Mence) perferendam factae sunt 7 xr
jpocueserat Britannisjnu' tatfj ad Ut^^r ^f'^'^' ^"'^'•"'"
(»-0.)ju.S8it. "'"'' ''^ J'ltHs apertuni constitui
polliJc^entimft^.T )""'>" D.^di?/" ^f 'I"'*'' "nperavisset facturos
mierant et ce averant " tor/. •'^"''''' ""'" '>■'« ^'"'i« <(' e retT
«:Ppi;lo ernptionrtJ^'L:;!;; r ^'Tt^ "V'"'''- -^*"ex
cuc.tor quarta u.nn primis .'a .'i t ('/Jn If^ M'^'^O <liei
■*. fioo facto proelio Caesar ,..,. , -i ' , '' ' ^''itanniani atti./it
'o) neqne conllioion ,s aocU iS. ? ''" 'T^^^ au.liendos ( ,£
pace uitro (..7,.,, j.:;:;:s^i:i^^-;!}^ -b ii« q„i i,^
«»un. fugam Ll-ultarl toi "p Ss^^^^^^
e oastns egressi .sunt. 6. Mitroccnn '''''•'""''*' P''"'^ "«''•*«
(1 .;2.) et ucstrarum turrium ahitu.Wn^ • 'J" ^P'^''^ «doriutur
7. Kruptionen, (,al/y) facere con , • '?^
"t ea.len. 'leditionis^o.ulici,!no 1« 4» u a p"' '" "PP"'''"'"' *^"'«"
8. Nequc „nq„am (..«•) alia co didonrbeUrr ""'^•'^*''"-^^''"''t-
33.-1. Seno.tu (5 1 ) suo inf f ? Koniani ges.serunt.
cum Vividovioe oolajunxerunt 2 c''' '^r''**'? «^'^"«^''""t. «eque
'tJut (2.2.). oivitate nue Xma. I T'''^ '''^ ^^^^'^ '"■■•■« ii.cip!
nter hostes m fugam oonjicit (o"."o '" P°'^'« er«pt,one facta cele-
occuht. 4. Merc'atoribui e t'^fmi 3' ''Jf ""^''J'/^ «^ ,"« "umerum
Leilo cepennt (iakr), vendant ^ V ? '^ *"' «nebos, ut quae
clamore sublato (rij, ?£ us t.-H^ .'I" ^'"'P"'''^ *"*« '"' '
tumum eruptio fiebat 6 Ste am ' -^ '"'''1"" '^*«'-« (8.3.)
non.bus et pauci.s militibi.a irHl. ^ obsidum tradita, centu
e»I(30..3.)visus est. Q e'r bi^r^^^^ ''''«*'""' P "-
in Bpem auxilii veneruntal" 0,3^1' ^'^^P^'^^'-""^' 4"«
murum complere (^a«) coepTrun? ri f ' - '^'^' P°'-*^« «'a"clere.
ex s.gn.ficatione ^ialloVum no" ab'ou.V r'"",?- '" ''PP'^" '^"n
ab ns „un consilii intellexissent S i '"f ^'''"".7, ./>-^6/y .sornp)
occupaverunt. (1.4.) ^'«««"t. gladus destnotis (draio) portas
t«?ifm^7,linl° aftingi'; '"^'^Xf"""'" ^•'^•^•^ «"- P-P-
MU. trans Rbenum incolm , q^iiSum T'.-'"' '""* Germanis,
v'debat Gennanorum teneri r"4'4 { i V/'"?-^^*^"*' '» '^icione
'Hto et per mercatores nerlatold Rrff '"'^""^ consilio ejus cog-
c'v.tatibus ad eum le£tvel,nt „?,;''' n°°'"P'"'-'^"«n7.20
^Jaturos. 6. Cuius fines a m. -f • ^ poU'ceantur se obsidea
ifl
^!' .;f
f
106
'> GALLICO.
viK-nti sup., .aio I- i . d :S':;r ^ «"t^ ^^^^^^."^ '•---
pnuisidiis .10 ef}(.cto nontP R,.,. ,! • ^' ^»«P«siti8 («to«o«)
magnis Ca,..ari diffiouk itil,!?^ ^''' '"'P''"' *'-«<'"«ere„t, ...at in
Humine in.ped.retur! ' "'' '" ""^J°''"" «^««tati^ partem
rVKT III.-EXKKCIS.S IN Rk-TIUNS.ATTON INTO LaTIN.
gate tlie Gerinaug. 1 ] . .After ' iTo^rX'T '"^'i ""'"^'
wet-e «nwillfng to .s.f.e the rov ^,0^ r " p' W. f ""'' r"'«
that the movo powciful hiv^ „ „1 l'''wer j j. vVe have statr ■
13. Having taL i ^ ^^ S^^v T,'^'"^' *^« royal power,
that object. '^*'^"^ P^y» *f'ey very easily attain
3. He «ends Pedius him If toIdiSt „t'"'' ^^ ?"^« *« Caenar.
were enrolled, m 1 4 ) 5 H f f !"'"•, ^' ^'^" legions
gather the rest olhe Belgians 6 T^"*' *'" *""''"ants to
had found out all that was 'ein.r dJ^'^ announced that they
all the bands have heen col IcSl H '" *'^" AV"'^- 7- After
place. (SS1.-6) S WiHn i I. amiywill be led to this
ofproviigns. 'l -S ; the t ^' ''">'«. *^,- « -''1 be plent"
ta ined, the Belgian. .novS tfei oa np'" U) 'H ""' ''«^» -«-'•■
^eJny. H. After finding out theslT' .> ^''^'"^ ""«* be no
Belgians. 12. Ho sen "-^ TliL e'fant^^^ '^'7 ^^'" '°f'""^ «"
ogions to the camp. ,s. f hr^Sn *' .'i'"^*^!^^';; " gather th.
Oaul. 14. After enli^iine two & " ''« neighbors of central
I^It^sanno«needtha;!hJ;UC5,.^^,-4^ set oat.
2. Wr^endil,g\m^:'?<;:i°••^^^V^^ '." '''''' '-- —
«tates. 3. They^aidtheywoul.' eo "nr '?^*\^ "^^''^^*
were sent to hand over the «ta rn '. *•. ^"'ba. -ulors
combining with him, they sent a L ^7*^^*'«,"- ^- After
. J -ent a issauuiS to Gaul. (§§ j _5 )
APPENDIX III.
>N INTO Latin.
107
fl. They have neither done his 1,;,J i;
-•«rn. 7. All of then, e^^ft^eae tw ""^/"PP''''^ him with
eonspuacy against the re^ofthe tS, ' ,"''"'"« ^°""«'' «
they received In», into their town 5. Tl ' '""^ ^^V'*^" ^««tagea,
not joined their hrotiiers and Sn,.?; n^'n^ *'"^^ *''*y ^'^ve
h.« «ide of the Jlhino do not po se 1 'Vo. '. ^'"^' ''^"' ''^^«^' on
11. Even the ambassadors said that tho ,'^'"^ '"agistrates.
the Suessiones were not in anns. '^*"' "'"'''' "«^^6«* to
|T.;;^^3;d?is;h^Xj^;:;:tS^
Belgians. .3. Most of the states .r«^ ''"* *^''''t«nes of the
that he had led the German l^o^the p"" 'v^> ^^"'"^ «"t
driven ont by the Uelgae, they Se in Ik '"• "■ ^f*'"" l"-*'"ng
the Gau.s who inhabited that countrv Tsi!-' i ';. .^'y ''''«^e ««t
what strength they have iTf/'t?^- <^S 1.-6.) 8. We know
Ke.n,. tliey had entered he couiryorS's"^' '^' ''^'"'« «^ 'he
asks M'hat is the number of H ^ th(, Nue.ssiones. 10. He
11. He said tha. t.hy had dc, IT w." '"'"^'^'<^ <=he district
war. -ansetiieypossSthemSStetl^T*"^^ *^« ^h"'«
had It. .led to wliom the Saessbnes w.r? ^f';'''*^''^ 12. He
assume - air of importanrpTpn ., neighbors. 13. They
large uu er of .n^n'!"' Ifl _ o?" 14 'n^ ^^" ?"* '" 'he f5eld^
number tney have greater inflnence 15 ^TTY *^"''' «••«'•»'
control of f, war had be, ,, oo.'fe.red ^^tV^^ "" '''^'"» '!'-
M'hoarefM ;, distru.t. 17 The 1 ndhr ^' ^^'?''^' '^^^ ^«'•cer
6 '-1* ( W " ^ '" ""'"' '"^ *'""'"'' ^-"^'' " "' "'"^
bank of'the'rTver."" :, vVpr\,?/i7- *° i° P'*'"'''^'l *»" 'he other
of the forces across the • Ij, , J",f *t ^ "P' '" '"' *'- ^««^
■ mportanc,. to Caesar to enconm^rfhl f ".••"" '■^^'■- ^- It is of
thing had to be done ,H.nctm ly^'.^Vt V'^ """• *• ^^«'•y
the camp, he will not lie able to ^n ''.e leaves six cohorts ui
danger. (I The for. es £an to i' "^ m*'' *^^ '^"^™y ^'ithout
the camp all the leading S 8 He't '• l' ^' ^^'^^''^^ 1"
camp safe. 9. This cannot I ,lonp if t '""'''' °"^ «'^^ "^ the
of the Remi at o„ce. 10 T It Znfii ^^ «"gage ail the bands
to them, he orders tin rest of ^1,^.^^^! may not be brought „p
H. All the forces of tk::^.:l^:^':^,^P^''^^^->^ ^he'rivcr"
now no great distance fro,. k7nveT^l2%r'^'"'''''^^'^
Belgians mnst be kept apart th^t tZJ'^ J^*' ^'""^^^ of the
in one place. ^ ^' ^'^^^ *hey may not be able to gather
e a fPstudQ. 9. 'pi-
. ?-T^- .They began to mak ,
1:1!'
108
Dfi MELLO (ULI,1C0.
6. 'r.hey are atf King \leT^«?of\: )'''', ''r*'^''* '«■-'' ^^''-'^
dearo.l ot ,lefei.,ler«. 9. After \nZu V" ^»" ""^'■^^ 'liniculty
l.ey In-Kun to .nuier.nine the wall f .1^''*^ '"V' ^^'^VoJ,
"o on,, },a.s any cliance of eon.i ^ ' U P "'"'' '''°'''^ t'"^*
Hnen. totheirlunlinK weapons tiievfV,.'''''^'-"'' "'«''* 1'"*«
men ulmut the tow... ^ ' """> *'"*^"' »- l'"ge i.nnihor of
m.^.!;eS' ""0n'l^r;^vS'ulrtt'V *l'l^ ^^^'- '"'"' --I-
4. For these reasons the N,,,, i.n'/j/s /i^.S ''V''*^''"'*'^ ^'^ « »"1«.
r>. Weeannot npp.oach all Th ' ' ^ ^'.'"*^"^'' ««•'-' '''^Pa.tin^.
or two ...iles. f The u.le tcV ^ i,,t ?^"""'^ '=^t«'>«^«
before the camp till («,/) ,nid„iuht S «^ ''\ "^''/^"t- ^aite.l
>'.g to the aid „f Idbius. there came to^' *''^«'^'"•'•« <'f con..
ga.n...g possession of the camp. "''"'' ^'«^ ^''^' '>ope of
r "• — '• ^" account of the .iitn..^ ^f xi
f.omacaval.Tbattle.V After '«] *'" ^r"'^'' ''« '•■^'ain.s
"P the line of battle on the hMl "iH^T] ,^,''« *™'^P« ''« <l'ew
plH... that we mi«ht peiceive tl,«f fV ^J *'"" '""«^'"y '"to the
4. At fi.-st the legio.rM''H infe.S. ,7 """^t "°* ''^ «"^ronnde 1
trench f.om the hill to the Ja n» H AfT^''''; ^' ^^^ ""^''e a
he stationed all the fo.-ces iiV/hf; ., ^^^V •""'«Jling the legion
".ightnotpc.,.cei^e thTtwo 1 ''bnfSbJ- Dl' '^^ '"«' "^* "«
the camp. 8. 0„r men are s„f om.ded q" P^' "" •^•'^'"" «'''« '^^
place was suitable, he pitched his "amn at f f^ '^'/''^' "'^* *''«
10. He leads to the rescue the tL^ '^^ *'? ^"'' "^ »''« plain
on that side of the fort ''°'''"' '^'"«^i ^ad l.eel, left
I..fi;:ck trt',Tcnm;o7wJ;i:nrlV" "'^•■■^"' '^^ --Iry were
breaking down the bridJertLy attacker^!" '^'''^r' -^^^^'
bridge was of great service tn P. *''^ cavalry. 3. The
4. The enemy w'e.-e w:Sgnote^:r[hrrVTr"^ *1'.^ '"-«'"
towagewnr. 6. As the Lalry Stl' tn i'"'^""^^ ^"«"'P*
ces.«fulIyfortbeRemi,theyatte.mtedtofi*^^^^^^ out more sue-
can cross the rive,- they willlav wn!f , 'T ^^*"^- ^. If they
they will break down^hl briZeJ 7 T '"•'''' '^ ^^^^ «^«not!
attempted to attack the Remf 's ^Af^'^'f ?? *''" '''''^^' ^^o.;
Btorm, they cross the two r1ve;s 9 O,? h^'"'^ *^*^ '^"^P I'V
down the bridge so as to cut off «t men /""'P*'"^ *° ^'^«k
were unable to do so. ""^ '"^" f*"»'" supplies, they
AppifiNuix in.
109
v.so„«. 4. He was persua eKo aiv " '•"'* ^'^ "«« *'•« pro
5. H« .nfornuMl C^aWr that the encmw"?" "'*«*'•«'> tenito,;.
'"• ^"" -'""«for jrr.fm;''r;fx'„'e';t
'ipproaching,
liome.
hey Htbcked our' coWn' "'"4" ^i'^f ,"".'"'"=■■ -f the sSS
llsica,o„tl„y|,„,,,,„,^ J^^«t"f the three |„i„„ jJJ"
»■ Thoy leave the pkoc witi ,,r,., ' J "trei.tiiig Bel,.i«n,
|.tr«me<I hy „e anthoritr if wf, """"" '■'•o»"»» they Te
the e„e™y ,,.,^. ,^ t^n.^veTtoT er„V*" '""'■'"»■'■"
wer?,srL°',x?riLr«^^^^^^
that ambassarlors he sent- f i. u '^'''*- «^- 0" r-aesar's n.t;.7
towns. 7. The Px^,!?? ' ''^ ^^^^" *» assembk fro „ ^nl\^
wasemptyof .feSt Th.\'' "'^if"^'^' hel "Se" a "
'",?^the town he attempts tf;X'">*'f' ^"* ^^^ ^«'- ^'^^^^^^^
"eithersendambassarrrLasS,'*^''^^*"'''"- ^- V\^e sTal
v-u.iung 10 the custom of thp "R„n^ "'.'•, •> ^ 'iR two women
"■"-" firms, o. Wiien +lic , .^ '' '^'"T
»vuen they souglit peace from
'i; . ,.
if
i;.
*M
■^ir^n
110
DB BELLO GALLICO.
Caesar he accepted their surrender. 6. Wliile they were betak-
ing tlieinselves to the town, Caesar was about a mile distant.
7. Ihe children themselves will tiike up arms against the king.
14.— 1. The leading men, instigated by Divitiacns, who said
that the Aedui were revolting, make war on Caesar. 2. If any
war arises they flee to this state. 3. If he flees to Britain, the
Aedui will be reduced to slavery. 4. Caesar asked that Divitia-
cns should return to him. 5. He says that he will nunke war on
the i5elgians._ 6. Understanding how great a war they are briiiL'-
ing on Jjritain, they return to their own state. 7. They arc
accustomed to dismiss all their troops after a disi'ster 8 He
was_ wont to show mercy to those whom he had reduced to 'sub-
jection 9. Caesar's influence among them will be increased, if
he displays clemency to the ring-leaders in making war.
15.— 1. They declare that they will not surrender their arms
2. On reaching that state he found that the Belgians had seii^
ambassadors to tha Roman people. 3. They do not allow wine
to be imported, because they think it tends to relax their coin-
age. 4. Those whose territories adjoin the Belgiiuis excel in
valor. 5. He was a man of great influence and of great valor
6. Having surrendered themselves and all their po.^sessions tlicv
were taken under Caesar's protection. 7. He declares that tin.
traders would reach these territories without any delay. 8 11,.
attacked the Aedui for asking why (qua (h coma) he had sufl-rod
that state to be received into alliance with the Roman people.
16.— 1. He persuaded the women to await the army's ap-
proach _ 2. When he was distant a tiiree davs' march, thev en-
camped m the marshes. 3. Both captives seem useless for wa,'
4. He found that the forces which were on the march could not
approach the marshes. 5. Ho found that they had marched
through the territories of the Nervii and vere encampincr across
the same river. 6. The camp is not more than a mile^distant
from that river.
17.— 1. Coming to the army, he reported that the Nervii were
plundering the baggage, 2. If the march Is hindered by thc^e
hedges, the army will easily be routed by our cavalry 3 Ml
the baggage was between the cavalry, which Caesar had sent in
advance, and the hrst legion. 4. It was afterwards learned tint
a certain centurion had l)rought the report. 5. The more easily
toati:ack the rest of the cavalry, they bent down many tre.s
ti. Ihe cavalry had come for the purpose of choosing a suitable
spot for a camp. 7. Those who were following Caesar thou-ht
fchat the Nervn had routed our army. 8. The legions which
APPENDIX 111.
Ill
marched bearing their naoka ,.
pot which had Seen ci.ose . fo', ^^amn ^T*tt'''*""^^ ^'•-" *«'«
l«ffion m advance to atHol f "" P%"'P- ». He sends tlie first
10. If we give up this pla' hev wifP '''r "'. ^''^ --"^y
H. The infantry forces after mnf-^ " ''^'"^y '"^^l^e a stand
"ot ventnred to'^lunder '"^4, t'^"' T'"" "" *'",'^«'-' ^'-i
fallowing Caesar's column. ' ' ^''^'''^ '« "» difficulty in
s op.ng ground. 4. This rive!- wit J oTf ^*" ^" '""' "» the
cliosen a place for the camn thp n f ^,'"'' ''^P*''- ^. Having
ceahnent on the wooded hiH. "''-' ^'P* themselves in con^
^^ro. ^:^.z:ft:t:^rrT''^'^ b-ied at their
measure out the work. 4. Tl 7le' o wl • u "'"'^ *^^ ^'^''^'- '^"'I
camp was easily routed /"p, f S!»'» ^hich was guarding the
attack. 6. The^ are%ol,orvh.?Th;% ^^^r ''^'r'''"' *^"
7. Ihe cavalry were the first to re renft?! '^'''"'''y *«° ^ar.
followed after the cavalry wi"ht-vo I • ^''^ "■'''"P- «• Caesar
order. 9. When they had run! .'"'""' '" ^'>-'''t '"archin-
.'.attle was begun. 1 J For '^- ^;" /.[.^ * ^ "!-" -^•'ound, th^e
'» advance up stream. Jl m If, '^.^'""P-lie sent the cavalry
«>gl.t, they did not venture to make ««"''."'I ^^ ''^'^ '''"« «'«« in
gage had been placed beh m tl e two ■"'^'- , ?-• ^^« *''« '^ag-
-^e.,tly enrolled, the cnem;' etn^ToutTouV::;'.:;' ^^^^^^^" '''
tl.e?a.nj: ^^ S draw j.^ ^^^^^f ^r^'V^ ^'^'^ *« ^"-^'^y
«J'ing the soldiers he gave the ^si.,^.l ^n ''"*,*'" ''^'"^ ^"««"r
gi^or they ran to ar,„s.^ 4! Caesa? nfn ?," *''" «'gnal being
ants ,, h .t they must do. 5. Those wl, ."' *''f f ''"'•''^' '«^"ten-
advar.th.K too far. 6 In fl,. f who have left the camp are
tl-oflag. 7. Thel'egions^on louTt^f t"'^ ""' ''-'^' ''-P'^y-
er tunes, had not waited for CaeZ 8 tV '^fP"''"'""" «^ ^«^^"1-
the soldiers to advance for the nnrn^" ; *" l'«"itenants forbid
^ These difficulties eVn^of hSe'r " alr^To '".V'^ '^^^-«•
.1 V^."]P ^as a help to the sol iers 1? TT f "^^ "«arnes..
self what he must carry out. ^' ^^ "e decided for him^
2. Th;:e'is not 'u'Snt^'itmrto'^'"' L-*"., ^-^''^* "^'^'^ '>''avely.
was unable to take the cov Hng*?rom' hi ',"', 'T'"'''- '■ ^f«
■"^".pu.ungoa u.ir badges. 5. The/mJ^^ fi^^ ^ -, ^l^
il
112
D!0 ItKU.O OAUaCO.
I
lI«rtlu.h!"J°''''"'"'- ^ ^:i "'■"'■* '■" '»'" t'"'"^ t'"^t tJ^^y cannot
luil thou- weapons. 7. Konu-nihor your ancient valor ami
.ravely ro«Kst tlu, cnou.y. 8. U, ,,„,« /own t^Jilo the e o do i
9. 11 e «o hhors l.avn.g hcen thrown into confusion by the ene mv'^
the view, reserves coul.l not\:' ^^tJ^ ''^^^^:'Z^
serves on (hdorent iiilJM. "• ji" [ii.iccs ino le-
23.-1. As a large part ol tlio, enemy vvas spent with wounds
oiM men did not hesitate to a.lvanoe. 2. ITavinK , ut 1 c Ttre
bntcs to flight, they cross the river .S IJ,; ,S fl i i . •
tlK>y do not hesitnl/to engage a'h:Son fn ^^o.^ '""tw^
wfio rh:;^'cr;;:sedM;^ ''" ^""^i'- :^fr^ ""«'^^•^ ti. tw/\eSo «
H htwmr fi T '"T .."; "><T surroun.l and slay the
uh. 1.^4 f"i ^''.7 H'"" ^"^'J''''* '■" *''« very river. 7. Those
>^lio had taken up tho.r position on tlio higher grou., 1 when th •
enemy resist renew the battle 8 On the let> wii.ll f l
...almost entirely exposed. 0. As i*;etemy ^ ^ ,* ^^i:
•'■'^ «"':-■-•"';'•:•-'■""''''• ""'; "■'^" '"^«tene.rL the ri^ "^ f
1'. Iluy attempt to pursue the legion, while it is m ikimr fn,'-
tluOngher ground, and to slay ti.e^oldicrs whne"crossi;,7 tt
f;.n,t";7\',-T.'";T '"''•''''*'"' ?"^™y ""fJ return home. 2. fTaviu.'
• Tu V ,■''" "''T^' *''"y '^'"••° «"nouuded and o.uh ere d
. . 1 he Nunn.lians wiu.m Caesar had sent, cross the riveXr th/.
purpose of surroundino. the lc"ion 4 Al-n-mn,l L fi , .
au<l uproar the camp follower betllc bi.l o h S^l] "/f^X
crossing the ,ner. Ho said that the light-armed Treveri hul
a ^^ondorful reputation for valor. 7. l^esr.airini^ of fli, I I
>^akes^h^.elf to the camp of whieh the e.lnn^l^^J^J^^, '
another legion which w^ J^ n J ^hj''; vl^" ?S'' ^{""^ ""'
sl.out they flee in different directions '^" ^^'^'^'''^ "'^
cohorts M Inch can be sent to fl,lir a f * *' (^^,t. "^^r """^ '";
advanced, they easily cheeked the asstdt of^the'enem^:. '"i!
I )
le that they cannot
ancient valor and
to give those orders,
sioii by tlio enemy's
ely. 10. Not only
vmy on account of
' liodges obstructed
Ho places tlio re-
pent wit!) wonnda,
'ing put llic Atre-
dor his hjadcrbliip
ic Older. 4. Driv-
je tlie two legions
mild and shiy tlK;
y river. 7. Thonc
ground, when tlie
ft wing tlio camp
y were advancin<.'
to the right wing,
t-' it is making for
vhilc crossing the
lonie. 2. fTaviiig
id and ooii(|iiered.
a the river for the
ed by the slioiits
;o headlong fliglif:.
»at tlie enemy arc
rnicd Treveri h.id
ling of flight, lio
y had got posscs-
d, they sought aid
cd onr men, met
'. 10. Raising a
id taken a swoid
h linpe. 2. Tlui
)n tile right will l;
And there are no
Wlini tliey li,i,|
the enemy. (>.
APPIONDIX in.
n.'j
«nen.y w^ircoringC-; ;;';;;^^^ lost. 7. He .saw that th.
onieruig the «tan.lar.L t, £ . V^^'^thi^ I'-'gion SAff.t
^:^^^!^^^^^'^^^*^]:;^-'^ '^-
incc.ua iyhtuij„,„g,j theenemv I ,. / , , ^' -^^oarning that
'innounced tlmf- fl.,> '^"'' *" the ton of ti, i Ti ''
of snch valor tlnLVlh ""^ "''"" *''« «'"«I'l. 4 m "' "^""'"^
legion 5 Sn / • w '^ .^.«»t'"'cd to .lislo.j e tL 11 '''"''' ""^"
fe'"'i. o. ho («<a) terr Hed wor,. fi ""/'^ *''*- «"hi(;is of fi,»
cannot wipe out thedism-w. • V'"''' '^'"' «"'•vived tliat h
"w. — i. He ordpTQ t-ha e ^ o v. «i^i^d out.
of the whole UonJ\J^ Senators to siUTender o ,.,
;U^e^of bearing arms. 6. ThcJ^tho ^^^Jl;^--'-. were i:;Lp-
=^«n preserve,! bv V ^l? 'V^^" ^
'^y O.iesar and sent to their
tor those who had he(
own territories.
return to Italy t'o ah V^ L "^3' '"^»i" «"-'^l the fort, they
thTuUd t;:.- "T^-*'' the,;'., Tv ,eft^r:!L-r^'>'« to
M thousand Nefvii.
d Tll-
-i. XJIC tOWJl,
-"•Oh was pr^t^etS Z tu
,Jfw-
114
UE BELLO GALLICO.
8. While the/were reK^. ho ne^',-;"^''^'''^ *« *'^« i^^h-e.'
Nervii had betaken then elves and al7'th """r"^-^ that the
stronghold. 9. After choosin? S "; ' ^'^^"V^^elongings to a
stones on the gently sloping "Vot,, ^^^o' Tr^ P^^'^^ ''"§-
fended by a six-foot wall. ^ ^^P'°^^"- 1^. Ihis town was de-
2 m4 J!;^,^?!;^: --/- g;^ a .ound at a distance,
t.innot I,uild a tower of such arlf '^•* ' ''"'" ''^'"'"y- 3. Thev
4. They saw that the^LmS ifadll'''' ""'^^ '"'^^ «"^'-^" hancl?
vvas being .noved. 5. The G ,1 «'!" ^'-^'««^1 and that the towe;
the small si.e of our men wa^dtpfsflT^v H°^ '"''' ^*^*"'-^ that
saw that the vineae were beirXol^r ''''".u ^^" ^hen they
selves within the tower. ^ brought up, they kept them-
2. W;^ilSj;rS^;;^^,^;^;;J j;ot ^- tortured to death.
3. He sai.l that he was accSmTd^^^J^" '""'T'^^^ °"'- arms
ambassadors to treat for pelT 4 {f von Kf *''°'' ^^^^° ««"t
theni o then- arms they will not be able to I nVf'V*^ to deprive
6. He determined that all who had w.!!^ ^'" *^'^''' "^i^^hbors.
death 6. It is better to su, en e ^tfr^^^^^^^
to that extremity. 7. They S tin if ? *''^" **' ''^ ''«''"ced
their arms, their neighbors woukl Put /l, ^'^. ^^'fe deprived of
bassadors were sent to ask Jhit Ff H t",' *^' •^'^^^l'- 8- Am-
Caesar should protect them fro'fthei^'eVemli!"" """ ^P^^"
*2. — 1. I will spare them if +1
surrender before tEe batSng ri rtZr^^^^r ^ They will
answers that he will do whatever h1 p'"'' *''° ^''^^U- 3. He
4. Retaining their arms th;;^,h .«^^^^'"'■•"^/'-ve comn.aude I
ordered the state not to con^InJ n fi ^™ *''^ ^f^tes. 5 He
wrong the neiehboringstatt; si3 'S ^" ^^ ^^^^^ <^« -
7. When the Nervii htl bee, spared tVevH' P'^^'" ^"''^ then,,
arms into the trenches. 8. He onL ' f ^at'"^'"'- ^ *'^'''''^ «^ their
matters to their neighbors 9 On t ' u-ri" *^ '"^Port thes '■
ram will touch the wall, unless t^ey surrend'V'^ "'^ ^^"^'•'■".-
to"^^: ^2:^MS5lXP^7;^-y'^Jtohavo been p„,
mi^r/T- ^- f ^--''«red the gaLs to b f *', ^^'^-^ ^«"-'^^t n'.^t
n .ght be made. 4. As Caesfir was witlt ?'"•' '"' ^^'^^ ""^^""v
ti^^y formed this plan. ,. The,T:: ^^try^.^fe^:-
5. For two hundred
ive, now offensive,
'•e left in tlie town
lied to the Rhine.'
announced that the
leir belongings to a
. they place huge
■ Inis town was de-
^ound at a distance
' our army. 3. They
' su'h small hands
and that the tower
f siinh stature that
^•». , 6. When they
>. they kept them-
> tortured to death,
iirrender our arms,
••e tliose who sent
termine to deprive
'11 their nei^^hbors.
'•were to be put to
than to be reduced
were deprived of
» death, 8. Am-
ttuci wei'e spared,
er- 2. They will
the wall. 3, ii^
have commanded"
le gates. 5. pf,,
• If they do not
'Pace with tlieni
vvathirdof tlieir
'! to report the.sr.
ay the battering'
have been pvt
7 fought /nost
in, that no sail V
'g the garrison'
roin the nearest
APPKNDIX m,
tower. 6 T«of +1. ^^^
closed the'gat'es 7 a n ^'^ «^ould leave the f
b'-ave men. 8 Our m« V-'P^ ^'^P^nds on the v., *^^"' *hey
a-1 slay four tho'i'a "d " t^;V^« f 7"^ ""P^' ^^1;!* f"f
..th5:^:--nwithd.wn,n^oJ:r-t-a
legion into the ,,eareJ'"f* ^^''^ ^^ging war ? 'I* T* ^«'■
nations which irif '*^*^> ''^ sets out wl iP' lending a
lead the li'ion ^to fr^''.*'^^ ^'''"e. 4 Hel 1^ ^^.^'"«* *''«
bassy was tent by th^'bfrtn '"'''^--g on ^he set" ^'"''^.""^ *°
'»B»
■ffitfri'f'^nrf
APPENDIX IV.
1 -D„„ If^""' ''" "" '''^'"'-'''"■' -fJ^'ol^ 11.)
circum ... around "^" Hispania . . Spain.
<i'spono. . ..post, dispose. saUur^"'-''-^"'^" ^^'•^'"^««-
gna nostra viderunt, portas^aSenmt u;"""'^"^^^' «""»1 ^tq "
et nulites, obv.am Antonio exierunt T ^'f'^"^' «toppfdi„i
muro se deiecerunt Alf;.,« ^* ' ■'^"cretius et Atff,,»
die. quo Profect^'-eralr re" e'titu" t'''"^''' «* Atlio J dj*,
exere.t„ suo eon,^ Attinn^jS^feS^f ^^ ^
dejicio (with .ei;.7m;,;fo,,„. «tjif'^^^-'thdat.). .,o meet.
APfKNTDIX IV.
"'"' two. ' perse vero . . . „e,.„;.,.
"■Vitus . „,,„,■„ ;„., ^j^ TOleo ,„„;
'"''J'»'» fe«;„,,fe
°?».^ coinpeJ. ,,^„,
;;nmo. . . .,,,,,„^^^_ nee n^ rea. ....,,,,,^.
""par . . . .««er/,.a^. '^^^ opportunity.
6.-Erat vallis in<-Pr ^ ■■"■■■ ""l"'''^-
prim,™ impetuS"* r t' l'.""" »1.0*. TtMl'-o'"""'-
"»"ria H,^ tob rr '''''™''»"'" -"que „ ;ifi "^T""™"'
ifmu^m
118
DE BELLO GALLICO.
! I
adtnitto . . yive the rein to. fero endure.
aeqiius . . .favorable. hue in this direction.
cerno see. procurro. .rwjt forioard.
converto..in pass., /ace. refngio. . .flee back.
6.— Quibus rebu3perteriitis animishostium Caesar, ue semper
magno circuitu per poiiteni equitatus esset niittendus, i.actiia
uloneum locum fossas pedum triginta in latitudinem complures
tacere instituit, quibus partem aliquam fluminis averteret
vadumque effaceret. Hia paene effectis magnum in timorem
liostes perveniunt, ne omnino frumento pabuloque interclude-
rentur, quod plurunum Caesar equitatu valebat. Itaque eonsti-
tuunt ipsi locis lis excedere et in Celtiberiam belium tiansferre
Hoc unto consilio toto flumine Hibero naves con<.uiri et Octo-
gesam adduei jubent. Ad eum locum fluminis na ibua junctis
pontem imperant fieri, legioneeque duas flumen traducunt.
^?'^*'*» '[»•«•'■ jungo join.
circuitns. ..detour semper always.
conquiro. .search/or, collect. timor /mr
intercludo . cnt off. transfero. . hravKfer.
(Based on the Vocahidary of Book II. and Book III. , c. 1-16. )
•7.— E<) biduo Caesar cum equitibus nongentis, quos sibi
praesKlio reliquerat, in castra peivenit. Pons, qui fuerat tem-
pestate mterruptus, paene erat refectus : hunc noctu perfici
jussit. Ipse cognita locorum natura ponti castrisque praesidio sex
cohortes relinquit atque omnia impedimenta, et postero die
omni])us copiis, instructa acie, ad Ilerdam proficiscitur, et sub
oastris Afranii consistit, et ibi paulisper sub armis moratus facit
aequo loco pugnandi potestatem. Potestate facta Afranius
copias educit et in medio coUe sub caatris constituit.
?i?'J"»« f"'"'- , potestas opportunity.
buluum two days. refioio . . repair
interrumpo.. break dotvn. sub bchio, under.
8.— Bum haec in Hispania geruntur, C. Trebonius legatus, qui
ad oppugnationem Massiliae relictus erat, duabus ex partibus
aggerem vineaa turresque ad oppidum agere instituit. Massilia
enim fere tribus ex oppidi partibus mari alluitur ; reliquaquarta
est, quae aditum habeat ab terra. Hujua quoque spatii pars ea
quae ad arcem pertinet, loci natura et valle altisaima munita'
longam et difficilem habet oppugnationem. Ad ea perficienda
"^'TA ^: ^'^^''^"'"s magnam jumentorum atque hominum
multitudinem ex omniprovincia vocat ; materiamque comportari
jubet. Quibus comparatis rebus aggerem in altitudinem p.^lum
APPENDIX IV,
119
octoginta exstniit. Seel tanti «..„ 4.
omnia,» re.um ad helium ann.f «"t^iuitus (.., oppido
alluo. . . ' '"Ultae vineae sust.ne.e «on possent.
alluo.
altus.
apparatus .
aix
■ toash.
• . deep,
■■■('fjuipmeni.
■ .citadel.
possei
Hi8pania....5^„;„.
Jumentum..,6«,,y<o/A(m/ert.
'natena timher.
Ox, .^ ^°'^^ summon, call for
.-Reppent coiisules Dynhachium n.-.f f
parte exeicitus, Pomneium w'm. P'ofectos cum magna
leniansisset, quo facilius o ' ,^ obtmend.ne BrundisJi cauta ib
haberet, an iLpia na^Lm bi 'll v^'^r '"'^''^ '" P«t««t-te
Italiam ^limittenda„r„o "L s ima,l "'' > ^'^"^''^O"^ "o ille
-nst-tuit. Quorum operum 2^« ' . V-^^ "''^^°'*'^"' '"'P'^^""
angustissimae poitus moLl 7, ^*'°- ^"'^ ^'^uces erant
^'tus i^kore.
o'^tineo Ao«.
angustus narrow.
dimiito qive up.
f'^'*"^ outlet, entrance.
laucea mouth.
jacio t/irow in.
remaneo ....remain.
"■^«isto stay behind.
vadosus. . . . shallow.
Wr,. ., -""o, . . . tllCUUOW.
. — Mc omnibus rebus ii.«frii„4-„ „1 ^^
naves procedunt. c.ahu "J/'e * ^^ 5 tuTuf "e" LT"",^ ' "^^*^^«
numero navium Brutus- sed pwf J^'atmulto inferior
fortissimos viros Caesar d'etssiattHh''' T";^"^ legionibus
t.um adventu suas naves ex no, „pH *"'!''*• ^*^ ^°S»'t« ho«-
coufligunt. I>ugnatum'e\r«t'rhn uetrti"s i.::'"at''"""""^^"«
xMassihenses, et celeritate navinm if • .^ ^*^"*" acerrime.
confisi, nostros eludebantlmnelu nL 1 '°''"*'* g"bernatorum
producta longius acie circunTe, he ,"ost?o«'" TV'''!^''^^'''' ^*
adoriri singulas contendebant V^ ! •'^^''"^P^""''"s «avibus
ol.jiciebant'atque in hostum\av^r rl '"'^"J'f "^^"^^ °^^'>b„s
numero iuterfecto partem iTavTnm.l"'""'^^^^"* ^* ™agno
hominibuscapiunt, ^eliS^s rpruml^=?,;^ --
deprimo. . . sink i •■ •
eludo .' e/ud'e objicio.» oppose.
iusfcruo enimj fi/ o„/ Py«f^»co extend.
equip, fit out. utnmque on both sides.
(Based on the Vocabulary of Books II. and 111.)
, ll-~Pon'pexus erat eo temnnrp in p„«^ •
donia in hiberna Apollonian, EbatS.T'''' '*''''^"' ^^ ^^^^''^•
majoribus itineribils ApoUoni^m pSere ^«3^"' £^^*"''^^*"«
rif
i (
'••J'
i-1
orae
120
DE HBf.LO UALLICO.
inuiitimaecivitutes occuniiflf a^jii
-lie 0.icn... proHciaoT..''"So tf^^Tfj' f'*""^ ^"'^■"'
atque arma cape o jnberet -mh . «« ?' "•"'"•» asce.ulere
, ^ sponte q/ </tr<r owvj accord.
pei^;;;^ :?;;S/;t;::^S"'uS nr't'"^ "^^'^^"^ ^^-«'^->"
administrandi pern.ittiJnr ^ Jl, ' / ^'^''*"' = '"'"'"^ «-^' '"-'Hi
'limittunt; onerarias" aves .uas ^r, "'''":' ir"l""^-^''S""'
atque in po.tun. <l«duo«^^ ^0^0 a! ' «''""!'• ''''^P''^'''^"'!""*
mstruotae ad roliquas annaudas u .tu, Q .ib;;'" l!!:"'"'" '^T'
Caesar legiones trea Massiliam add ,0 if •" ,';>^ "''"^" *'"« penuotiis
pupnatiouen, u.bisagere n™nnm<^^ ^^ v,nea,,|„e ad op-
e^esaest, ^ 'i :noti«^ . S^L; £"^5"«'"^' f 'l"a die materia
dttpreisiiSKlo .... ,.f /^g " ^ Z^-
,, \ • oiie.anus q/J.^y/e^.
**• — ^'"' * ofectus ab Olipo nnm ol..c.o«
quinquaginta B.undisiun. ve.it insulamon'o'"' '"''*'"''''*' "■'^^'""'
est. occupavit, q„od praesta e aSXC' InlT*'" P"''^""'
omnia htora ac portus cnstodia clause. teUreWr"'"' '^"""
adventu naves onerarias ouasrlim t^^ ^^."^'^«•, . Hic repontiiu,
nostris terrorem injecitet return ihV,"' '"'""^ *' "^agm.m.pu.
expositis praesidinm eq\dLm SiS?A'rn1^^ ''" *^'"'^
profecit, uti ad Pompe urn 1 t eiTmi^t 'T ! """ "PP^'-tn-'tate
vellet, refici juberet; suada sVluxiUa SP? p"'"''"- ''"'''1"'^^' «*
rum. I auxilia sese Caesans prohibitu-
adeo ....to mch an extent, so.
ex pono , . (lisenihark.
hie here.
mjicio . inspire.
insula. ..island.
Jitus .shore.
nanciscor../?),/, ^p^_
onerarius..q/7>?^;Wpw„
Vrfpio...;,ainnnadvanfa(je.
rehcio repair.
.v-.-v^.u . . . .ri'pair.
APPENDIX IV.
191
enc urn non esse atatuc-ra iSn., f q"»'^ eo ten.pore faoi-
-lies occnparet et quam Itiaiis';^^^ "' '^"•^"'- P^""'"'>«
pandis praesidiis ma^a vi n4 m.e^^ifla^^^^^l^^*- ^" ^«^»'
angU8t.8si.ne Po.npeium eor t i.erT IW **"'' ' *^^"«'^'' "* q"am
-lies oecuparet; ■■ reha^rireL^^ ea\ «r'S^^^^^^^^^
eitut Adn^.!;:\:;,Stu^^^^^ B">..to exer-
Caesaris oopiae nof,„a„„ i,„ "JJ ^» '^e Aloxand, .am nuntiatur.
opp.do teneret. oo„s.lh qt l^h ie"on ''' "* ^^^ ''"'« '«•"■«
tamen om.ies i„ a, mis esse iissit r^7,l. *^«g»"«°e,et. Milites
tos ad Achilla.n mitteret ef nni? ,?? ''«rtatus est ut leqa-
missi Dioscorides et Se.anio,; n L ''*' «^^^"^eret. A ffuo
bant, ad Achilla.» pe.veKn't ^ hZ^T' ^'"''«'••tate.n habe-
essent, cogi.osce.et, int, rfici jussit! ^"" '^' '''"'"' '»'««'
SJr;" ;:::::: : :Sw »«i"^i»a.n . . . . sy „« means.
(Ba.eaon,. Vocabulary of Bo^ j, «„, ,,,.^ ^,^^^ ^^^^^^^_
.eJfc-l5ySS;r a;f H;: -^-. ^l- «rant in his loois
S mul Caesar appropinc?aTe 'die S'l eo .t,„,^.,^^,^ .oni.uCat.
ejus exercitui, qu„d' pronerans noot^.»' J'^"*""^^ terror incidit
Jter intermise,at, ut paeTe om" e ex ^..-'V'!' '''''^'^'•**' "«^-e
bus s.gna relii.quereEt, corpI.Tresa^^n. "•*''"'''i"" «-^^'«"i-
simde iter videretu.-. Sed cum nronp n P^J'^^^-^nt ac fngao
constitisset ca.faque muniW^nsTsset n ''■^'°'- "'" P«'»Pe>"s
exerctu princeps Labienus proved in A fo"*'' ^*'^'" *"'»
intermitto. . . . interrupt ' pnncipes .... foremost, first.
Z"" T""''^ '«^'^ «» oath. eSo '° ''^T «"''^y-
"'agniis forced. 1 • , endure.
tribuo.. . aiiQi
itil?l
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122
Dfi UeLLO GALLIOO.
erat, aquam comportare in arcein atquc earn niunire obsidesquc
ab Apjliomatibiis exigeie coepit. Illi vero daturos se negait
neque portaa consuli praecluauroa, neque sibi judicium sun.pturos
contra atque omnia Italia populuaque Romanus judicaviaset
g.Horum cognita voluntate clam profugit ApoUonia Stabe.iua.
llli ad Oaeaarem legatoa mittunt oppidoque recipiunt. Ho«
sequuntur finitimae civitatea totaque Epirus, et legatis ad
Oaeaarem miaais. quae imperaret, facturoa pollicentur.
?^'ff". ''''0 '">e. praecludo. . .close, har nqaimt.
judicium . . opinion. sumo presume to have.
nego say . . not, refuse.
18'~-^"to"i"s virt>i:,e militum confisus acaphas navium mag-
narum circiter aexaginta cratibus contexit, ooque milites delectot^
impoRHit, atque eaa in litore pluribua locia dispoauit, navesquc
dnaa quas faciendaa curaverat, per cauaam exercendorum remi-
gum ad faucea portus procedere juaait. Haa cum audaciua pro
gresaaa Lil)o vidnaet, arerans iutercipi poaae, navea quinque ad
eaa misit. Quae cum noatria navibus appropinquaasent, iioatri
inportum refugiebant; illi atudio incitati incautiua sequeban
tur. Jam ex omnibua partibua subito acaphae signo dato se in
hoatea incitaverunt, primoque impetu nnam ex his navem cum
remigibua ceperunt, reliquaa turpiter refugere coegerunt
intercipio cnt off.
litua .shore.
refngio .flee hack.
Bcapha small, boat.
turpiter shamefnlly.
canaa pretence.
contego cover.
exerceo drill.
faucea month.
impono put on hoard.
incaute incautiously.
19.— Qmbus rebus cognitis Caeaar consilium capit ex loci
natura. Erant enim circum caatra Pompei permulti editi atque
aspen collea. Hoa primum praesidiia tenuit, castellaque ibi
communiit. Inde, ut loci cujuaque natura ferebat, ex castello
in castellum perducta inunitione circumvallare Pompeium insti-
tuit, eo consilio, quod Pompeiua multitudine equitum valebat
quo minore periculo undique frumentum commeatumque exer-
(Mtui supportare posset, aimul uti pabulatione Pompeium probi-
beret, atque ut auctoritatem ejua minueret, cum farna per terras
percrebuisset, ilium a Caeaare obsideri neque audere proelio
dimicare.
aaper rugged.
circum around.
circum vallo surround.
cominunio . . .fortify.
fama report.
fero. .... require, admit.
pabnlatio . . .foraging.
percrebesco. spread abroad.
perduco extend.
permulti . . ..very many.
APPENDIX IV.
123
inferri Jul et Ho ouooua n^n? "»»^'^^«0« ^tque eo signa
tatus. Turn vero ad s^mmn^ ^''"P^* """""^ ^ ^aburra cqui-
confecti proc-umbunt X ^at ,M^n5o "*^"r' P^^;^''" vulneribus
salutem petat a que inS « ^^" *'^l'« «"-^"'"sistens, ut f„ga
Caesarisconspectumtcver u um cSZr T'"''- ^'^^''^'^" '«^
desperatio despair.
. nuniquam never.
praeoccupo. ..seize beforehand.
Pi'eces entreaties.
cives effectis tu.ribus hismom,?-. "^""'t'""- Kt celeriter
infimi ad resiste uS prop e?m, Hh '* ''"'" ^«^«"^
fecti vulneribus, ad evtSm wr ^''T honnnum crebriscon-
omnes liberavernnt O Z? m '^1 k'" ''f^^V*'*''-""* «ervosque
castris oppidun cirem doTt of '""t^"*''-^ «'^tavius quinis
oppugnatL'nibus eo p^^^^^ :^^^^^^ """ *«-P«- «'--lione et
maxime a re frnmentaria aboraSt n , "'""!''' ^^'T^' P^''^"
legatis anxilhun ab eo petebant ^ '^ '""''' ""'^ Caesarem
circumdo..,s7//-;-o«m;.
descendo . . hare recourse to.
labcro suffer.
ohsiAio ... .blockade.
perpetior endur'..
q"*re v'herefore.
qiiini fire.
servu.s '.^/ave.
iniquislocis Caesar se subiioerpr' o '"^''^^'\t'"'. exspectans «i
nam elici poase Pomreium eli J?. '"'''''" """'"^ '■■'^*'«"« ^^ P"g-
belli ratioLm j,uK7t '^tfca rT'S eof" ^«— l--'"'-^'»
qno esset in it uf-ribus ut in if ,?. v ''°° '"overet, semper-
candi naucisceretu o in ohtU Tl ^•'^"^'^' «««^sionem dimi-
cotidianis itineribus def't hfarTt ^^'^J- '"''"'".. ^^"^P^' exercitnm
jam profectionis da L; aniS ^e^sum'esTnf "*''/'''"^' «'«"«
diauam consuetudine.^ lo mh V n ?,n P"""^? ^"*^ ^'^*™ «oti-
.ressam, ut n.. iniq^ lo^^^sse^Tn td vidTr^t^'^T^^^^ P'"''-
Caesar «uos eohortatua. eonfLtin. expeditas c'^ ed«cir '""
1 '
IN
n't'
^i
124
DE BELLO GALLICO.
conimodiis. . .ndvantapeotis.
confestim . . .immediately.
defatigo weary, wear out.
elicio, entice.
extra contrary to.
insolitus . . .vvtuciixtomed.
radix root, spur.
subjicio. . . .expose.
{Based on the Vocabulary o/ Books II., III. and IV.)
23. — Pompeius, operibus Caesaris permotiis, adventu navium
profectionem parare incipit, et quo facilius iiupetum Caesaris
tardaret, portas obstruit, fossas traiiversas viis praeducit, atque
ibi slides praeacutas defigit. His po t .itis rebus niilites silentio
naves conscendere jubet, exprditos autem ex sajjittariis fundi-
toribusque raros in miiro turr:' busque disponit. Hos certo signo
revocare constituit, cum omnes milites naves conscendissent.
Pompeius sub noctem naves solvit. Qui erant in murocustodiae
causa collocati, eo signo, quod convenerat, revocantur notisquf
itineribus ad naves decurrunt.
obstruo . . .barricade.
praeduco. .make (as an obstacle).
silentium..
Slides ....
silence.
. st((ke.
24. — Eodem Brutus contendit aucto naviuin numero. Nam
ad eas quas Caesar faciendas curaverat, captivae Massiliensinm
accesserant sex. Has superioribus diebus refecerat atque omnibus
rebus instruxerat. Itaque siios cohortatus ut victos contem-
nerent, plenus spei bonae atque animi adversus eos proHeiscitur.
Facile erat ex castris C. Trebonii attpie omnibus superioribus locis
prospicere in urben), ut omnis juventus, quae in oppido reman-
serat, omnesque superioris aetatis cum liberis atque uxoribus
aut muro ad caelum manus tenderent t templa deorum
immortalium adirent et victoriam ab d'\ oscerent. Neque
erat quisquam quin in ejus diei casu omniuji. ? uarum fortunarum
eventum consistere existimaret.
bonus
.good.
prospicio.
. see, have a vieiu
caelum . . .
. heaven.
superior .
. more advanced.
contemno.
..despise.
templum.
. temple.
exposco. , .
. implore.
urbs
. city.
instruo. . .
. equip, Jit out.
ut
. how.
25. — His rebus gestis Curio postero die exercitum Uticnm
ducit et prope oppidum castra ponit. Nonduni opere castrorum
perfecto equites ex statione nuntiant magna auxilia equituni
peditumque ab rege missa Uticam venire ; eodemque tempore
vis magna pulveris cernebatnr, et vestigio temporis primum
agmen erat in conspectu, Novitate rei Curio permotus prae-
mittit equites, qui primum impetum sustineaut ac morentur j
APPENDIX IV.
125
HI. and J V.J
quod nullo ordine et'sine t^moe ILTf^T^'^^^^^^^
cmnt, eqnitatuque omni fere inro nn.i !,.?T ' , '''^™ ^"^"Ji-
ter ia^oppidu.„^recipi, J:^Z^^^:^ \^^
re&7T V^i^L^^Sa'frsro """'"^ ^"^^«^'•' '" ^*-
orant atque obsecrant uMn^V -r °^ ne amino deficiant. IIM
terror ut alii adesse conias Tn W ^'j * ** *'" ^"'' omnium
instare Varum iamoueT nn W ^'°'^''«"*'. ^1» cum legionibus
rerum niail oS?o accide It^ai;?",""*'"'". '^''"^^^ (^"'^'•um
advolaturam suspcare^tur Iti "itT'" ••'''*'"'" °^^«'''*«''
quisque eonsul^I Q„. i^-Ca^SnJl^S^^ ^l^^^^^
cerno se^ "^sto 6e cfo.se M;,on.
consulo. , .^a^e ,Ao«,A. ob^Tct';:^^;: "^'"■"'
^■^•"■^'^ rebus perfectis a' urbo nrofiniamf,,.. t> j- .
pervenit. Eo legiones duodecim enSnfn f Brundisiumque
rat. Sed tantum naviCrepne?t?,tv,- "'•'", "^'V'^^J^sse.
legionariorum militum, seTcentos emn 1 f ^"'"f«°''" millia
Hoc unum Caesari ad celeritat^m S • *™"«P?''*»'-« Possent.
tes expedites naves conscende,^^^^ ' "'*' ^"^■
turn pUt imponi;:? rtiwt^^iiersrir '"^'•■
annuum spatium ad comparandas copias nact"s » aan„ "^^v'"?'
Syria Aegypto olassem coe^pnf "^ "^^ "^""^» '"'^gnam ex Asia
candam cSvera ffieSdn^iS" nnH"'""''^"? .^°°'"« ^^''"fi-
tuerat «t mare transire SraS ^thiK t'^ru^otl'-'""'"
omni ora maritima classem disposuerat ^ ^ °*"'*
annuus o/a year. tanfnm ?
impono .... put on hoard. S .' ; ; [cU^, '" "*"''*•
A- ^^•~^^P"^''''' militibus naves eadpm nnr.t<. b j- .
Oae.sare remittuntur ut relinuaeTmW. °* ! Brundisium a
taripossent. Fufio cS e^ntn «n- 1^"'*''*"'''"^ *^*»«Por-
erat,'mandat ut celeStatem rtmnl^^^rSdirf;*" ^ ^'"^'^!*"^
beret. Sed serius a terra provectae nj^es offenderTnt i^'-f'^^'-
en.mcert.orfactus de adventu Cae^arisrs^SXa S pSl
126
DE JIBLLO GALLICO.
onustarum navium occurrere posse, inanibus occurrit, et nactus
circiter trigiiita, onines eas incendit eodenique igni nautas inter-
fecit, rnagnitudine poenae reliqnos terreri speraiis. Ilocconfecto
negotio litora omnia longe lateque classibus oceupavit, custo-
diasque diligentius disposuit.
inauis empty.
negotium . . tank, hminess.
offendo . . . .he unfortunate.
onustus . . . laden.
poena punishment.
proveho. . , .in pass., sail.
eero late.
terreo terrify.
29. — Calenus legionibus equitibusqueBnindisii in naves impo-
sitis, ut erat praeeeptum a Caesare, quantum navium facultatem
habebat, naves solvit paulunique a portu progressus litteras a
Caesare accipit, quibus est certior factus, portus litoraque omnia
classibus hostium teneri. Quo cognito se in portum recipit
navesque omnes revooat. Una ex his, quae perseveravit neque
imperio Caleni ob^emperavit, delata Oricum atque a Bil)ulo
expugnata est ; qui de servis liberisque onuiibus supplicium
sumit et ad unum interficit, Ita exiguo tempore magnoque
casu totius exercitus salus consistit.
servus slave.
suppicium sumo de. .inflict pmnnh'
[ment on.
impono. . . .place on hoard.
liber free.
perst" >) . .persist, hold on.
pr&eacviho.. direct.
30. — Genus erat pugnae militum illorum, ut magno impetu
primo procurrerent, audacter locum caperent, ordines suos non
niagnopere servarent, rari dispersique pugnarent ; si premeren-
tur, pedem referre et loco excedere non tuipe existiniabant, cum
Lusitanis reliquisque barbaris barbaro genere quodam pugnae
assuefacti ; quod fere fit, quibus quisque in locis miles invetera-
vit, ut multum earum regionum consuetudine moveatur. Haec
turn ratio nostros perturbavit insuetos hujus generis pugnae ;
circumveniri enim sese ab aperto latere, procurrentibus singulis,
arbitrabantur ; ipsi autem suos ordines servare neque ab signis
discedere, neque sine gravi causa eum locum, quem ceperant,
dimittere consuerant.
dimitto. . .(jive up.
fere generally.
gravis , . . . strong, grave.
inveterasco . . become esiahlished.
prcicurro . . . .run forward.
rarus scattered, in small groups.
APPENDIX IV.
127
PaHT lr.-EXERCISE.S IN Rl>TRAX8..TrON TNTO LaTIN.
r^a^e.; 0« the Vocnhulnry of Book 11. j
in con.mana of his om, wiS can n "'11 ^.'^^''^^^ the quaestor
he had stationed not far f.o.n the A ',*, '^'^''^^egion, which
B.tunges, and joins ^«./y.Iyo) witt i l.''^''",*''^ ^""^"^ the
which was nearest. LvJZ two n.i ! ^^«^^"th legion
baggage, he leads the rest ol] l"Jl ^ !""''*' 'o guard the
Bituriges. who had extensive teiSi^,'''*°,*^*^ ^'^*"'^* «^ the
HO could not be Prevented brthrvhrre-imn 7"^.*«^"«. and
from forming conspiracies. Th. ou"h r!L . ^ "// ""S'« '«8'on
approach ,na„y are surprised (otSZff' if'^^'' (repenUnus)
tl>ey can fle. for refuge iL/:U)ZSl foC! ^'^'^''^ '^^'^''^
r^^...^ on the Vocabulary of Book II. and Book III., . ,.,. ■
he himself began the battlTon tlie r^h' ''^ °^ J"' °^" ^'^lor ;
nouced that that part was thT Jeak^ f i i"."^' ^""^"'^ he had
hei-cely did our men, on the TkfnaT hl?*^' ^"'"'y'^ ^'"^- «o
attack on the enemy, andsosudT.ll ^^ ^''V^"' "'''^^ their
orward {?'roc«,vo),'^that t me w S "^Tl^^"' ^'' ^^^^ ^un
jave ins at the enemy. Throwh I Ih. F V- *''^'" to hurl their
hand to hand {-..«^i«,s.) wi^ ^:; -tS'" wft 1^'' '«"^^*
1 ne had been routed and nnt to fl „hf !", . 'i'^" the enemy's
rght they were pressing oSlitl-Sf u' ''' ^'^^^'■"g• «" the
of their men. Noticing th" P Cras L ^ I'"'''"" ?^ ^^»^ """"hers
the cavalry, sent the thi,d to aicl oi?; men '"' '" '"'"'"''^"'* "^
. ®' — '^he tenth legion he spud^ f« t«. i ^"
from which the fiftS; leg ,!„ was beint" fv>. T'''' the garrisons
assigns winter quarters to thr'armv P. t 'f''": ^^ himself
with four legions among thrBelZ' cT" ^'f '«""'« he stations
he leads into the count.7 of the led „?^ ^f'Z ^'*h as many
this way Gaul would be most ectre if the 7^ f *''°"?''* *'^^t in
greatest courage, and the Aedu'who ....1 fh ^^^1' "^^"^ had the
•
fv
1: ■
128
DE BELLO GATXICO.
complained (qnero7', i) had made war on them. When, after he
had stayed not more than eighteen days in winter quarters, he
was told of this, he led out of their winter camp the sixth and the
fourteenth legion, which, as has been stated, had been posted
across the Arar to make it easier to bring up supplies. Thus with
two legions he sots out to attack (persequor) the Carnutes, who,
moved by the disasters of the other Gauls, leave the villajjes and
towns which they were inhabiting and betake themselves to
flight.
(Baaed on the Vocabulary of Book II. and Booh III., c. 1-19. J
5. — The town wall was nearly a mile and quarter from the
plain. From about half way up the hill *he Gauls had made a
wall six feet high, of large stones, to retard our onset. All the
space at the foot they had left empty, but the upper portion of
the hill they had filled with their camps right up to the wall of
the town. The soldiers, on getting the signal, quickly reach
the fortifications and crossing them gain possession of the camps.
And sucli was their swiftness in seizing the camps that Tentomatus
king of the Nitiobriges was surprised in his tent (tahej'naculum);
his horse was wounded, and he himself with diflBculty saved
(eripio) himself from the hands of the pillaging soldiers.
6. — Noviodunum was a town belonging to the Aedui, situated
advantageously on the banks of this river. To this point Caesar
had collected all the hostages given by the Gauls, the corn and
supplies, and a considerable part of his own and the enemy's
baggage, and had also sent a great many horses which he had
purchased {coemo) in Italy because of this war. Eporedorix, on his
arrival here, learned of the position of public afiairs, how that
the Aedui had received Litaviccus into Bibrax, which is a town
of great importance among them, that a large part of the senate
had come together to meet him, and that envoys had been sent
to treat with Vercingetorix for peace and friendship. Accord-
ingly they slew the garrison and not thinking themselves
able te hold the town, burned it down, that it might be of no
use to the Romans.
7. — When Caesar had conquered the whole of Gaul, and was
now anxious that the soldiers should rest themselves after their
great toils, several states at one and the same time were reported
to him as reviving (renovo) plans for war, and forming conspir-
acies. The probable reason for this was that all the Gauls
had learned that the Romans could not be resisted by massing
any large body in one place, while if several states began different
ok III., C.1-19.J
APPENDIX IV. 129
Wars at the same time, the armv n( f», u
en?my\\1Stfi„1Ur rbSstr, t"^^" r-- -^ the
^co forget their old-tirn^e valor an It oir^"" *''" «"^^J-^--» »«*
them to imagine that Ca wH.nlof ^'"^* «^^.''^'««es, and told
whose leadership they had ToneSll^ them, under
then gives the signal for battlo Afir i^^^"^^'^ ^'e foe. He
on the right wing, where he seventh ''•'^'''* '^'''^' *''« '^^^Y
dnven back and put to flight o^^ he tf°'!,^^«.«tationed. were
the twelfth legion, though thp f.i . ^*' J''® «"!« occupied bv
fallen, yet th^e suVvivofs\*ff /eTa"^"^* 7"^« "f the enefny h.'j
While the issue was as vet f,„nlf • * ,f "''^'orn resistance,
seventh legion were told what w.«"' "'" tribunes of the
and advanced against the Tear of th ^°'"^ '" "," the left wing!
one left his postf but alf ;rr:7ur;irdTnd sTafn.^^^° *'^" "^
r^«..«c; 0» <Ae Vocabulary o; Books II. and III )
9.— In the meantime with H,p o,- i t ^. , ^
with him and the soldie -s who la 1 .at!*; . f /'^'''i! ^^"'^^ ''^ ^ad
makes (;,en^«co) a wall sixTeen feet^hSh and „T the province, he
nineteen miles from lake (fec„s mTtV '? '^ trench, extending
river Rhone modams)XZo\nU^^^^^^ fl«^vs into thf
try of the Sequani from the Hdvetans vX""^t'^^^' ^^"^ °««»-
this work, he posts (diJoncAatl^ ^^l"^"" ^^ ^^^'^ finished
that he may mo?e easily ^feTeitTrTfT' \'''^'' ''^^'^^^i
cross There was left one road Ithl'f f h '^ ' u°"/^ attempt to
the Sequani, by which they couh/ not ^oi?"^^ ^l' '=''""try of
unwilling. As they were una lie bv ff ^,^'' ^^'l"^"* ^«^e
these, they send envoys to Dum„ori the 'a'^"' *° P^''^"^^'«
great influence among the Senuani «Ti the Aeduan, who had
the Helvetians, that by hisTiJe ' S "^7 ^"'"^">^ ^'^^^^^^^^^
obtain their request from t£ SeqS ^"'' ^"'"^ '^''y '"'"ght
enL°m7e^d'aV?hTflT J/ S a moifnt""*^ *\^* ^'^ --"^ ^ad
camp. He sent out scouts to find «.^'."'.^'^^t '"'''es f'-om hia
the mountain and of TtrLsce^it W " /'^^* ^' '^^ character of
was easy. In the third wath hronlerV'v"^^* ^""'^ '^'^' ^t
legions and those as guides X had btnn ^^■^^'*'"".« to take two
road and climb the highest point of th^ ^^^'I'^^^^d with the
>n the fourth watch, taking the roL K ™°".»tain- He himself '
gone, hastened towards ififm ^„5 sei^k ""u't ^^' ""^"^^ had
him. Publius nnn»!din- r^h\ ,. sends all the cavalrv bpf^r-
__n_iMUo.whowa8 considered the most' skiiled
1 1
130
DB HELLO UAiM-lCO.
in the art of war, and who had been in the army of Luciuo Sulla
and afterwards in that of Marcus CrasBUS, is sent in advance
with scouts.
ll,_Atdawn, when tlio summit of the mountain was occupied
by LabienuH, and Caesar himself was not more than a mile and
a half from the enemy's canip, and when, as he afterwards
learned from prisoners, neither his own nor Labienus' approach
had been discovered, Considius rides up to him and tells him
that the mountain which he had wisheil Labienus to seize, was
held by the enemy ; that he liad recognized this from the Gallic
arms and badges. Caesar withdraws (mMnco) his men to the
nwarest hill, end draws up his line ; while Labienus, in accord-
ance with Caesar's instructions not to begin battle unless
his forces were seen near the enemy's camp, that an attack
might be made from every side at once, had seized the mountain
and was waiting for our men.
12.— At first he sends some cohorts under the younger Brutus,
then 'others with the lieutenant Fabiua, F innWy {poctremo),
when the battle was raging more fiercely, he himself brings up
reinforcements of fresh troops. Having thus repulsed the enemy
he made all haste to the point to which he had despatched
Labienus ; he withdraws four cohorts from the nearest fort, and
orders part of the cavalry to follow him, while the others are to
go around the fortifications and take the enemy in the rear.
Labienus finding neither embankments nor trenches capable of
withstanding the enemy's attack, gathered together forty cohorts,
and informs Caesar by a messenger, what he thinks should be
done.
j[3^ The envoys whom the Helvetians had sent to Caesar to
treat* of a surrender met him [convenio) while he was on tlie
march. Throwing (projicio) themselves at (ad) his f-^et they
begged for peace. Caesar commanded that the Helvetii should
await his coming in the spot where they were, which they did.
On his arrival he demanded hostages, their arms, and the slaves
{servus) who had deserted (perfiKjio) to them. Meanwhile about
six tliousand men, thinking that their flight could be concealed
(occuHo, orf), set out at nightfall from the Helvetian camp and
made for the Rhine and the German territories. Caesar, learn-
ing of this, ordered those through whose district they hadgone
to seek them out {conqviro) and bring them back, if they wished
to enjoy peace. When brought back, he put them to death.
All the rest he allowed to capitulate, after they had handed over
to him the hostages, arms and deserters.
APPENDIX IV.
131
ilil
^tr w,? ^'"^'''"^'^'•^''^^^-- ir-. III., anaSk. IV 1-19 J
draw his army, son,., wl" «d'-l ? • " /• ^''^ ^''""**« «^i*''-
gladly undertake wtlm/t any L .?]'"'; "' "''' '''^ <^'^"J« ^«"Id
••y ad.lressinfr the states in I '^f ''^^^' Acconlingly
promising g.tat rewar"s'"o"tJ e' ^^^^^^^ ^'^Tl^<^'^^ -^^
state of peace this country which, wn^ I ^ f^"'^ ^^P' '« «
reverses (me adversus, nZaZ/,t "^''""^*^^ ^^^ «« «"aay
oi7.rrirwir to'zf Ui ^«r ^ '? ''^'y ^^-^ *hese
experienced (jMe „y^c/o fl^tT ,./-/\ ^"/^^'''"ng that country
by what n>ea\.s heSdtS hCtC Fo^r^'*^ f'" ^'^^''^'•"S
f he summoned the army to the nrnvf ^' .i '^ ^^ Perceived that
•n conflicts on their SchwitC ^' ^^''^ '''°"'^' Reengaged
were to make his M-ay to he am v 1 ^^''^^ '* ^hile if he
justified (use recte, ny?/,M?eSs in.' hi ''*f \' ^'^"^'^ °«* ^«
who seemed peaceful at the time^ ^ "^^^ ®^®° *« *ho8e
„16;— News of this is soon broncrhf f« it- •
all the Arverni crowd a^oumlTm LdT"^"!''''!^ ' '" t*'"''^
thought (ro»«,/o) for them Tat t.Tvl Tf^ '^"" *« ^ke
the enemy, especially wh^^ he Le7h«Ar°* *?" plundered by
shifted (tramfero) against them ?nfl. ^\^'}^^'^ vvar has been
;'«m)he moves his cam p W «,^ '' by their entreaties
towards the Arverni. ffi Caesar ^L.I"*'^,''^ *^« Bituriges
v.c.nity, left his army o cathJ; 1 f '''' ^''^y^' stay in this
leaving Brutus the younger ifcia, Jnf"^'''^"'"*^ °^ «'^^''^''•y,
h.m to have the cavalry foam ^^'^^ f ''.'« V°°P'- ^e advises
tells him that he will take Tre v '•/' !^'^'^' ^' P'^^'^'^le ; and
three days absent from the c^'mp. """* ^"^ ""' '« '^^ '"«re than
paJ^-^f^S* S' SLt 'Jnd & "• ?^ ^'^'''-- -*o an
with fire and sword • then ofw • '*^ *^*" '''^«^^ country
numbers of the inbabiantshf, eSrj^r *'^^""^ ,^^P*''^- '^S
against the Treveri. Meanw Mlo h fr-^bicnus and two legions
by despatches and messeteT "from l\ irt*'"?"i^t'""'"^ '^^''n'
friendly to [lit. i„ the frTendsS of .^ p^''^'''' ^""^ remained
large portion^f bis state hrrevorted^t^at ^°'"''^"«' although a
enemy had gathered together In S !!!.*L%S^^,at body of the
..-.«iii-ry or line Pictones,
n.
L.^.
132
DB BELLO GAI.LIOO.
...i:
haHtcned towards the town Lenionum. Aa he drew neni , he was
informed by captives that Duratius had been shut up (claudo) in
the town, and was being besieged by many thousands of the
enemy.
18._At the same time representatives of both the Aedui and
the Treveri came to Caesar ; the former to coiiii)lain Ix'cause the
Harudes, who had lately been brought across into Gaul, were
laying waste their land ; they had not, they said, Ijeen able to
purchase (r€f/j>rto) peace even by giving hostages; the latter to
state that a hundred cantons of the Sueoi had encamped on the
bank of the Rhine, and were attempting to cross it ; that they
were under the leadership of the brothers Nasua and Cimberius.
Deeply moved by these tidings, Caesar deciilcd that he muat
make haste, lest, if the new band of the Suebi should combine
with the old forces of Ariovistus, resistance mig.it be less easy.
10.— The next pight Fabius se- .Is the cavalry in advance to
engage the enemy and delay their column, till he himself should
overtake it (conseqnor). That everything might be done as
Caesar had instructed, Quintus Varus, the prefect of the cavalry,
a man of wonderful courage and discretion, cheers on his soldiers,
and overtaking the enemy's army places some of his horsemen
in suitable positions, and with the rest of his force engages
battle. The enemy's horse fought the more bravely, as they
were supported by their infantry, who halting (snhsislo) along
the whole line brought aid to their comrades against our men.
A fierce conflict ensued ; for our men, despising the foe they had
defeated the day before, and remembering that the legions were
coming up behind them, resisted the infantry bravely, partly
through shame (pu(hr) of giving way, partly from the desire to
finish the battle by themselves ; while the enemy expected that
no further troops would come up, and believed they had got a
chance to annihilate {deleo) our cavalry.
20. — Caesar arranged his whole force on each side of the
fortifications, so that, if need should arise, each man might keep
and know his own place, and then ordered the cavalry to be led
out of camp and the battle to be begun. From the whole camp
(which occupied the highest point of the I'idge) there was a
[good] view and all the soldiers were eagerly awaiting the issue
of the fight. The Gauls had placed at great intervals among
the cavalry, archers and light armed troops, to run to the aid of
their comrades when they retreated, and to withstand the onset
of our troops. Some of the latter unexpectedly wounded by
these were withdrawing from the field. When the Gauls were
sure that their side was succeeding in the fight, and saw that
AI'I'RNDIX IV.
isa
our forces were being Imnl pv^^^^a \,y tl.ei.. yrcut host tl.ev
r/i'Me./ w <Ae Vocabulary o/ Booh II., ITI. and IV.)
wl^.r^'"'^^'",''^ *'^''''? ''«^e.ito,l with great I0...S. tuko counsd
wl.at ti.e.v «iK.ul.l do; they bri.ig in people acnuaint,.,l«ytib.
country, from whon. ti.ey learn the position an , "fe ceV tit
i-PP'^'camp. Towards the north there was a i.il wine o r
m-n ha.l been nnable to surround with fortilieatio onae om t
o he extent of the circuit. They ha.l thus been compelled to
pitch their camp on uneven and gently sloping t/ron ml ThVo
can.p was held by Reginus and Re1.ili.s^wHE"^„«ie;^;;^ The
enemy, after reconnoitering the neighborhood, place Vei-ciniTe
torix, one of their four leaders, in^harge o ill their forces'
Karly ui the evening he left camp, and finished his ma ch7,^;
before dawn He then concealed himself behind a .noun Ifn
aml^ordered the soldiers to take some rest after tSeir Tght-;
fn?K'~"i^'lH?"^'' ^^^^''"^ thouglit it a disadvantage (detrimpntum)
toabandonthewaran.Uheenemy.hestillwasnotunuvareSo^^^
what great disasters usually arise when one part ^^,1X2
engages in conflict with another. Accordingly, lest t is «reat
state, which he had a.ways fostered (ah), should have recm rse
Ule^rendo) to violence and arms, and the side which had the ess
confidence in h.rr. send to Vercingetorix for reinforcements he
resolved to go b.mself to the Aedul (for accor.ling to 1^ laws
those who hold the chief magistracy are not allowed to Tea veThe
DreS' '"'^ ^"•"•"«"«d the whole senate to come toTim a?
23.~When the towers had at length drawn near the wall
Caesar ascertained from prisoners that.as his fodder was all sS'
Ir'i?:*""'' ^^^.''L^-^''^ ^i^ '^^"'P "«^'-«^ Avaricun. an rhad
gone in person with his cavalry and the li^dlt-drmed troons that
were accustome.l to fight amoifg the cavalry, in orde. to^set an
ambush (msidior deponent) at the point to which our men wouW
next day come to get fodder {pahidor, deponent). On receiv"n2
this information he started at midnight, and in the mornh g camS
to the enemy's encampment. The latter were quickly apprfsTd
by scouts of Caesar's approach, and concealed their^Xand
baggage in denser forests. They then drew up all their troons
on rising ground clear of trees. troops
24.-Thrown into a panic by the new turn of affairs the
enemy were dislodged from the wall and the towers, but made a
134
DB BELLO GALLIOO.
stand in an open space, with the intention, iu case they should
be attacked from any quai'ter, of drawing up theii line and
defending themselves. When they found that no one camo to
meet them on the level ground, but that our men were surround-
ing the entire wall on every side, they became afraid that hope
of flight would be completely taken (tollo) from them, and throw-
ing away their arms made for the most distant parts of the
town, and there some were slain by the soldiers, as they crowded
together {use prtmo and reflexive) in the narrow gateway, while
others who had alreadj' passed out of the gates were cut down
by the cavalry. Nor was there anj' one who was bent upon
plunder,
25. — This favorable opportunity led those who had already
before this been full of grief that they had been brought under
Roman dominion, to begin to form plans for war more freely and
boldly. The leading men called a council in a thickly wooded
auu distant (remotUs) part of the country. Here they complained
of the death of Acco ; bewailed {miseror) the general fortunes
of Gaul, and declare that before their plans are disclosed {effero),
Caesar must be cut oif from his army. This, they held, was
easy to do, because the legions in the absence of their com-
mander would not venture from their winter quarters, nor could
the commander reach the army without a guard. Finally
(posttremo) it was better to be slain on tlie field of battle, than fail
to recover their ancient glory in war and the freedom which they*^
had received from their forefathers.
26. — From that place Caesar comes to Gergovia in five days.
After a trifling skirmish of the cavalry, he makes a reconnaisance
of the position of the town. This showed it to bo situated on a
very lofty mountain, and all its approaches were dilGcuIt, so that
he despaired of being able to take it by storm. As for blockad-
ing it he determined to do nothing until he had secured his corn-
supplies. There was a hill at the foot of (s?i6) the mountain, that
was well fortified ; if our men could seize this, it seemed likely
that they would cut off the enemy to a considerable extent from
water and from foraging, But this place Avas occupied by a
garrison. In the dead {sileniium) of night Caesar issued from
the camp and before aid could come from the town, drove out
the garrison, took possession of the place, and stationed in it two
legions. He also constructed {pe7'dnco) a double trench ten feet
wide from the larger to the smaller camp, so that even individuals
could go to and fro (commeo) safe from any sudden attack on the
part of the enemy.
APPENDIX IV.
135
over the A^r.r an^tll:^t:]? h " ar^ tros" %'hf f I'l^-^
and would remarn there but fT'^'^ ^"^^ 'If '''^'* *^^"^ *« go
should re.nen.ber ^ZoS :2: ortTe^LtTia^nf ^il^
h::^^hTbtreThVttrd t^jr^^^ ^'^- hXi jrti'^t
if they would n,ake r^eparattn (.«Sl '^tr^^^^^ ^^'^
wrongs they had inflicted on tlVl^ , ® ^*'''"' ^o'" t'^e
allie8fhewo'uldn,aEp:acewitftl".x.r*'"^^^ ""^ ^" '^^'•'
d of battle, tlian fail
freedom which they
W
THE FOLLOWIISTG EXERCISES
Are Eeprintbd prom the Edition op
O^SAE, BOOKS III. AISTD TV.
Published m 1892.
m
tr
■ si
'm
APPENDIX II.
EXERCISKS BASED ON BOOK III.
ili
PAUT^l-EXKHCISKS IN TkA.«LATIoN .KO» LatIX AT SiGHT
f^^^'^'Sn^^J::,^^^^ qui proxi^i (ne.n
sex ipse in Arvernos seSSim f^ta ^? *' ^'1> ^?^^* (''« i/«^«).
tatus partem illi (to /»S X S^ ^"'''" '""'^ ^''''^'> ' ^^» '
4. In (o« altera parte («We) flumiSal ^ Cajsaiem miserunt.
cohortibus reliuquit; cSa (c-Z Tv^n f "" ^^^**""" «""^ «^x
(Ae orrfe»-«). ^ ' ^^^^'^ ^'«'"^) ^allo fossaque muniri jubet
2. Per exploratoies Ctesar coanJili, n^^"^"" comportant.
teneri. 3. Consilium capirC» If '^JT'^^ '"°"*^"^ '^ "««*"«
dinntteve (to. send away). 4 cZZJLT T'*'""*"'" "°°*"
non possent, se in montLnreeenenn! r/^ f ,"°?^''''"'"-''"P«t»8
oppresserunt, qui, per exploStS ti '^ ^'^V^^' ^' Menapios
f-ti. in suos vL/remiSv-Sin&^^^^^
tio!rL^7TxtLf„'^i°J?I^^^^^^^^^ 2. Ernp.
Labicnus de sue ac leSis pe icuTo n nT'' !^P«'-'""t"r. §.
impedimenta, obsides^ZeLimnl "ml T'"'"*- t.*" ^^' ^'^^'''^)
multitudine hostium (nf'fJ^l^? ^"® relmquebat. 5. Cum
vidissent (they seal tlrltutT-''^ T^P'^" "««^^^ («"'•
(/*o«^e) contezulerunt ^ffis reZ "Lf ^'"^''T^' d«'»»'»
(-l-mc?) munitiones perfecit. perfectis, ejusdem generis
.nfe^; J^!*[°',S^f *'bns premi et ex omnibus narfK.,. ..t„
-.le. «.mm„dveuifc (Ae noHced). 2. Alii, multis (man^;) 'tS
m
mi
136
DE BELLO OALLICO.
conjectis, defensores vallo depellebaut (tuere driviiuj), telaque ex
loco superiore missa non frustia accidebant (loere falling), 3. His-;
rebus constitutis, dat siguuni proelii. 4. Animadvertit {noticed)
Ctesar Seqiianos nihil earuin rerum facere, qnas ceteri (the others)
facereut. 5. In hostem tela conjiciunt neque dant progrediondi
{of advancing) fioaltatem. 6. Undique ( = ex omnibus j)artUiU!<)
in murum {v^aII) lapldes jacti sunt [were, hurled), niurusque defen-
soribus uudatus est.
8. — 1. Aoriter ab hostibus pugnatuin est, cum in una {alone)
virtute omnis spea salutis consisteret {rested). 2. Cum iis Com-
mium, cujus et virtutem et consilium probabat {he recognized),
mittit {he sends). 3. Pugnatum est diu (long) atque acriter, cum
hostes in sua (their) virtute totius Aquitaniae (of all Aquitania.)
salutem positam esse putarent (thought) ; tandem (at length) con-
fecti vulneribus hostes terga verterunt (lit., turned their backs,
i.e. fled). -,
Q_ — 1. Quibus in fugam conjectis, reliqui circumventi inter-
fectique sunt. 2. Nostri (4. 2.)*, impetu (attack) subito facto
magnoque (g^'eat) eorum numero intertecto, neque sui coUigendi
neque consistendi facultatem dederunt (gave). 3. Perterritis
nostris (4. 2.)> barbari se inde incolumes receperunt. 4. Quibus
rebus omnibus permoti, equites (cavalry) castris hostes potitos
esse renuntiaverunt (reported). 5. Turn (theyi) Cajsar omnibus
portis eruptione facta celeriter (3. 1.) hostes in fugam dat {=con-
jicit), magnumque (great) ex eia numerum occidit (=^interfecit),
atque omnes armis exuit.
7. — 1. Frumenti inopiam veritus (fearing), Plancum cumj
legione in Carnutes proticisci jubet (he orders), ibique (there) hie-
mare. 2. Dum (ivhile) haec in his locis geruntur, magna (greal)\
tempestas (s<o»'m) subito (2. 1.) coorta est. 3. His rebus gestis,]
omni Gallia pacata, ab omuibus his nationibus legati (ambassn-
dors) ad Csesarem raissi sunt ; quos, quod in Illyricuni proficiscil
volebat, inita proxima aestate (swrnrner) ad se reverti (to return)]
jussit (he ordered).
8. — 1. Obsides accipere non dare consueverunt. 2. Magnaml
auctoritatem in his regionibus habent, et Ubios vectigales sibij
fecerunt (have made). 3. Principes civitatum solicitare coepitl
(he began) ut in ea sententia permanerent. 4. His rebus adductiJ
legatos dimittere (7. 3.), conjurare, obsides inter se dare ccaperunti
(they began). 5. Navibus humilioribus (lower) in nostro (ouri^
* These figures indicate in what chapter and section the word nostri\
which is not found in this chapter, has previously occurred.
APPENDIX II.
137
mari uti consuevimus fi p„
«»nt, legates acl eum inittuit S "^ '■'"fv ^'^^'*^"t» certioreTfacti
tint, 5. Cum iiitelliirererin i,!,! ■ ^PP, '' aclministrare insti
n.ne comparata ad Oceanur contend r*^''?"'^:''"^ ^"""^ ^•^J^'-
Partito exercitu, Labiemim n,,.» • ''^ "avigandi (8. 1 ) -
-vef ex-S™77:'-f;--£in Monnosprofieiscitur. Eo
2- K. munitioni (6. 3 nnZ f ^'r^^^^"^^ ««"^^nire j«bet
no. 3), sed plurimum (9 6 noLfT*^'^"' """ «t»dent
"t m officio irianeant (amtinue) ''"'^^*"'' ^^ortoturque («,ye)
fut o4' .fabe"\^ritt' "?7ef .• '"^ '^^^"^'^*' ^"-1 """m
receperunt. Omnium re, urn u m f l^ ?P'''^*^' «« >" oppidum
3. Krat summa difficultas m,r ^* '" ^" "PPif'o fecultas
•naguitudiuem in al/n !. .^. *"^ "''''^^' ^"as pronter /0 ^t
-.nplebat (sA'reft^mprtL'^^^^^^^^^ ^'SS, atS
("'•^■/'«-^O oppidi situ, Quod no<,rtf^ "^''^*-, *• C«^«ar, perspecto
'lesperavit. <'^«^^«^<) habebat, de oppugnatione
Ji'sserant (11 5.). ^2 Ta. H^ I ^ '"^"'"'^'^ "^^^^ appelli (12 S^
, "eque ancorae funesoue ,,;"/'** **^"'Pt'«'a8 coorta est (7 it t/
i -toresque (9. l.Tv'nn "tptt:!^ ^S' ^^^ -»*- guber'
•^. -fanta erat altitudo nnnK, i. P ** (^sustinere) possent
CffS . 4. Cuius looi^E!' ^,"* ^^j!- "'»-« commocFe Sgj
' *"'" aaigi posset. 5. Nihil
I.
:'il
138
HE llEIXO GALLICO.
timentibus nostria, propter navium inopiam, impetum subito
(82idden/y) fecerunt.
14,_1. Compluribus navibua fractia {shatter), reliquae funi-
bus, aiicoria (13. 5.) reliquisque armameiitia amissia {lose) eraiit
inutiles [melefis). 2. Cum tela ex superiore (4. 1.) loco m'lmi
non fruatra acciderent, turres excitari juaait (11. 5.). 3. Quod
in conapectu omnium res gerebatur, nullum recte (honorahli/)
aut turpiter {dwjracefiilly) factum celari {he concealed) poterat.
4. Cum fruatra classem exapectaviaset, navea remia iucitari et in
alto (12. 1.) constitui; quae res maguo usui nostria fuit, 5.
Cum Germanoa Galli virtute superabaut, omnenl apem in celeri-
tate (13. 7.) ponebant.
15.— 1. Hoc negotio confecto, cum omnibus navibus ad
Csesarem pervenit. 2. Aliam (4. 3.) in partem fugam petebant.
3. Cum a m«ridie {noon) prope (=/ere) ad solis ocoasuni
pugnaretur, barbari eruptionem (6. 1.) summa vi facere con-
tenderunt. 4. Acriter (5. 1.) uaque ad veaperum (eveniny)
pugnatum est. Soils occaau hoatea in naves se receperunt
(12. 3.)
16,— 1. Bello Helvetiorum confecto, legati ad Cceaarem con
venerunt. 2. Navibus coactis, in fines {land) Remorum pervenit
qui se suaque omnia dediderunt. 3. Quod navium longarun j
{ships of war) habebat, reliquis attribuit (1. 6.)
Ii7,_l. His rebus gestis, jubet portas claudi, ut in summarl
(12. 5.) contemptionem hostibus veniat. 2. Ca3sar loco castril
idoneo capto {take), cognoverat (14. 4.) quo in loco hostiurf
copiae consedissent, 3. Certior factua eat (9. 1.) reliqual
(16. 3.) omnes civitatea defecisse, aeque cum Germanis coif
junxisse. 4. Cum multos menses {months) castris ae ac paludj
bus {marshes) tenuisset, neque Gallia diniicandi potestatej
fecisset, haec opinio timoris confirmata est {strengthen), i
Interea {meanwhile) Commius, cui summa imperii permisd
erat (give), cum omnibus copiia ad Alesiam pervenit, et mill
passus ab nostris munitionibus (6. 3.) considit.
18.— 1. Pefensores (4. 2) oppido (14. 1) idonei deliguntul
quos'CfEsar edocet quae dici (15. 1.) vellet. 2. His persuadeil
ne suia (8, 5.) auxilium ferrent non poterat. 3. Hostes poateif
( = proximo) die majoribus copiis coactis (17. 2.) castra oppugnail
{assault), fossam complent. 4. Superiore die Cscsar e caatrf
copiia eductis hostibus pugnandi ^jotestatem fecit (17. 5.). -I
Crasaus, cum sua cunctatione atque opiuioue timoris hostJ
alacriores {more eamr) effccisset {nutke), ad hoatium castra col
tendit.
im, impetum subito
Usui noatiis fuit. 5.
mnortl spem in celeii-
bem fecit (17. 5.).
iimtt
APPENDIX n. jgg
*®*~^" ^opias omnes in loco »,i;f« -i.
, «truxerant {./m?« M«). 2 Colinrf! / *,*1"® ^P®"^**» (12. 6.)
n.s oupientihus,ad h'ottiu'm catra :XLd^t''■l«^' ^"?f '•
(.1.1.) in hostes sicno dato impetum Wn^.V «. ^.°^*^" ^^^''t^f
hostes conjicien.lT (2. 4.) «oSdaretur 4 n 'P^V'"" *«'* >"
zs::^:zr' ^''- '-^ ^^^^^^^^^^^
(^^^'^)\ol:Vor:Z^^^ l-ooas) opportuuo
cam major pais aammJ» i^ exspectabant (14. 1.) «t
(^W«,0%xK;r(T2 partes v^^^
se ostendeiunt atque nroelinm "^ •J'^"'^ ( = ^'"*^«''*'') subito
2. Hac oratione (S) cti nlTolT '"^P"""* O^. 9.)?
fin.tnnas civitates/equiLqT uX "e 7^^^ »nittit ad
haec a Cssare geruntur (17 T i^" ^'^- ^''*'^**' 3. Dum
adoriri parabant (14. 1 ) ^^ "?^/ ^y»'tat"8que copiis Labiemim
rumentariaeRomLiHeln ptoviSSf^e/.^^f'-" H'^- '■•) ^'
(13. 9.), impeditos in agmine adoriuntur ^ ^ ^^ coepissent
qn?Jv~aeu„m7l .%'TlnefenS;:?4PP^^^^^^^ ('^- 2-).
propter latitudinem (hreadZ7olVaetk\\ ^•"''"''^* ('^- S")'
tudinem (14. 4.) exnua„are n ^^ •- I murique im//) alti-
(9. 8.) vineas a^ore^cofpit ^i' C iSe^o 'o ^ ^>*"' '1^""'*'«
dum actis, atrfieie iacto (/hL,.? \ i ^^•.?-^ ^'"^is ad oppi-
i^niM), m^gnttiline' op'erum ( o ''^gV^r^T"^ ^«"«t^u^cL
Romanornm pennoti (,//L«,,V i;„:: '^•\ ^*^ eeleritate (13. 7.)
mittunt, et petentibni Sl'uSlf ^""T''"} ^'« ^^^'««n»
rant. 3. Hostes cursu exanin atoJAQ Tr'"T ^'''"'''^' '™P«*-
fectos ex loco superiors in fl^mpn! ^ ^ ^'^ vulneribusque con-
(«W) inseouti L^rpJ^^eruStTf^^^^^^^^^^ «' «'^^"^
eorum consilio, celeriter ad a^m' ? *''''*: ^"«*"' «"gnito
animadvertissent, cla'Se snblS a.^^'"'''""*' ^" Q""'* ««"^
cceperunt. Caesar ex n.Vfr;! -.!'"* ^''P^'*®' PO^tas claudere
equestre conuJ ttit! 3 Re.pZ; f ^7 ^^'"«^S i^^et, proeliuS
suetudinem (custom) populi Z/o 1^ («»'^'''"■.«0 «on esse con-
conditionem si armnradi p v r ?^""^'" ^«^'P^re ab hoste
-ittant,qua;peti:riSimXturor'' ''^"'*^'^"1"^ ^^ ^^^-m
quiVcrart'^^PplTS^^^^^^ ^f^'»"^ '^-^- '^g-ibus
sidio, cum quattunr -X,- ! • ^^'^"* impedimentis nraP-
n quattuor .elh^uxa Icgionibus Lutetiam proficiscitu;^
140
DE BELLO GALLICO.
Id eat oppidum Parisiorum, quod positum est in insula (island)
fluminis Sequanae. Cujus adventu ab hostibus cognito magnao
ex iinitimis civitatibus copiae convenerunt. Hurnina imperii
traditur {(jive) Cainulogeno, qui piope confectus aetato tiimen
propter siiigularem (marvelloua) 8(;ientiam rei militaria ad eum
est honorem (2)OHiliou) evectus {mine).
2i. — Labienus, cum et loci natura et manu munitis castris
sese teneiet, do BUG ac legionis periculo nihil timebat. Interim
prope quotidie cum omni equitatu Indutiomarus sub {be/otv)
castris ejus vagabatur, ut situm castroium cognosceret ; equites
tela intra (within) vallum conjiciobant. Labienus suos intra
munitionem continebat, timorisque opinionem augebat. Cnni
majors in dies contemptione hostes ad castra accedereiit, nocte
una intromissis (let in) equitibus omnium fiiiitinipvum civitatum,
quos arcessiver^t, subito Labienus duabiis portis cum omni
equitatu eruptionem facit.
26. — Prima luce hostium equitatus ad castra accedit proe-
liumque cum nostris equitibus committit. Cssar consulto
(puriiosely) equites cedere (yield) seque in castra rccipere jubet ;
simul ex omnibus partibus castra altiore vallo muniri portasque
obstrui (barricade) caespitibus jubet. Quibus omnibus rebus
hostes adducti propius acceduntet tela intra (irnhin) munitionem
ex omnibus partibus conjiciunt : ac sic (so) nostios contempserunt
(despised), ut alii vallum manu scindere, alii fossas compleref
inciperent (begin).
26. — Tu. 1 vero ex omnibus oppidi partibus orto (rise, v.
deponent) clamore, qui (those who) longius aberant repentino]
tumultu (iiproar) perterriti, cum hostem intra (within) portasj
esse existimarent, seae ex oppido ejecerunt (throw out). InterimI
ii qui ad alteram partem oppidi convenerant, prime audito
clamore, magno cursi^ eo contenderunt. Romani et cursu
diuturnitate pugnae defessi non facile integros sustinebant.
2*7. — Cum acerrime pugnaretur, hostes lo<!0 et numero, nostri|
virtute confiderent, subito sunt Aedui visi, quos Csesar ab dextn
(right) parte manus distinendae causa mi?crat.
28. — Qua re nuntiata (annoimce), Caesar omnem ex castris!
equitatum suis auxilio misit. Interim nostri milites impetum
hostium sustinuerunt atque amplius horis qimiuior fortissime
pugnaverunt, et paucis vulneribus aoceptis complures ex his
oociderunt. Postquam vero equitatus noster in conspectuirl
veoit, hostes abjectis (throw away) armis terga verterunt magj
nusque eorum uumcrus est occisus.
\I'PENniX 11.
141
J"lH.t; ipse cm le^""'' ''"^'^'l"" 'ogiont-s a.l cum proticisoi
•Hi nulla cc:vc.vr.^^u'ri'i;;r ^^t^^'"' v-'ii^at.^-
Ho!iifioia iici; e'^ ineo,K r T^"'""*- ^""'^'- l^'"*'"^ ««P''«
"".neropotitur O, S ' hn^ ^"".- Pr"''". '^*''"" fiominnm
I'AKT II.-EXERCT.SE.S JS Ek-TRANSMTION INTO LaTIX.
of^^^^f Jelflh ^ir ::;;f ^^: ::^f^^ ^^^ - J He s..,s part
tlio river Rho„o. 5 He set on*- . 1, ^^^^^ t?*^"^ ^i-om Italy to
«.. He gave pennissTc;» to' . e 7 giU lo":!.^"'^?";^- ^^"^ "' ^^)
mission to the traders to </n inf^ v! ^ • "• ^e ^ave per-
uco„stome.l to winter in Italf o TT '• I'^T' »• '^'i'ey are
r^, 0.) 10. After fi^h ing thL^'b.ui "L''^^"' *° ''^ «"*• (§§ *.
tiie stronghol.ls had been fortifhl H made peace. 11. After
12. There^were seveml reason^ IS '^±'''V''^ ^" TK^ ^''''^^
legion had wintered in tlS^-mSge. ^ ''''^°'*' °* ^^« ^*'^'^'-
2. 'iaif ;hl e-or!fL7t;: tS'Lt tr;* 'r *^^* ^-'"'^^^-
were nfornied thit- tlio r . i ^ i *''® wmterquarters thev
(-•) village from wh oh tT^e raTdsVX'*'"^; /^- HegavethI
(S§ 2, 3.) 4. It happened that t1 1 '^ departed to the Seduni.
It happi.e.l tl.atTro"c:L?tf ha TeeTrL";:""! T ' ^''u '■
had been sent to seek sunnliea "^'''IJ^^o^ed. 6. Two cohorts
tiie legion. (SS 4 n \ a 'n^ ll "\ ^^^^y ^^''^ ^ent to destroy
destroyed ^ Thev^anno?p,V^t^''^* *''^* '^^ ^^g'"" ««"W bj
had not attempted to car ;Tff evenT^'S -^^^ ^^^' ^°'"^"«
despised the Gauls becaiiseThPv ifoT 'J^^ P'"Idren. 11. They
of even two cohorts, rd^So^So'tlrcoClet^'^ ^'^ '""''
thoVhfthi'taiurrenJ^;VZrL'3 -l '"'^y
fortifications they bec^an to mnlL ^ ■• ^' P"" ^'"'«lung the
Having filled all t^he higher IroiZwitr''"''*'; ^"^" ?PP"^^« '-
block the roads. {mk'T)TSt7^t"'-'^ T'} ^'^^ '^^S^" *«
surrender, they c!Sd' il^^Sritl^l^!;:;; ^S^l^^
..i
142
PK ItELLU OALUCO.
camp can he «lefendud. 7. They hastened to the winterquarters
by the siinie roatl as tliey liiul come. 8. On reachiii^^ that place
they abandoned their bng^nge. 0. They had aban'luued their
baggiige and begun tu make a bully.
4.— (§§ 1.2.) 1. After carrying out these plans {res), they will
bring aid to our me:i. 2. The matters agreed on iiavo not been
carried out. t3. Seeing that our men were hard pressed they had
rushed down at a given signal from the higher ground. 4. When
the enemy saw tliat that part of the camp had beencleaied of
defenders, they rushed down. (§§ 3, 4.) 5. After hurling stoijui.
and weapons in vain against the camp, they had betaken them-
selves (nxe se recifiarf) to the higher grouncf. 6. Nothing can be
done ; they can do nothing. 7. On account of tiie length of the
battle our men were being hard pressed. 8. They do not give to
our men an opportunity of hurling weapons. 9. Our men had
left the field and 'the camp had been stripped of defenders.
8.— (§§ 1. 2.) 1. They inform Volusenus that the enemy's
strength was now failing, 2. After filling up the trenches they
began to fight most vigorously. 3. Tiiere had been continuous
figliting for over three hours. 4. They inform the centurion
that N'olusenus, a tribune of the soldiers, was spent with wounds.
5. The centurion, wiio, aa we have said, was a man of great
valor, had been spent with wounds. (§3.) 6. Giving up the
battle for a short time thoy refreshed thcmslves. 7. On the cen-
turions and tribunes of the soldiers being called together, our
men give over fighting for a short time. 8. He give the signal
for {uufi genitive) rushing out of the camp. 9. VVhile the enemy
were filUng up the trenches, our men were resting themselves.
6. — (§§ 1, - ) !• He has found out what we are doing ; they
had found out what he was doing. 2. More than thirty thou-
sand of the enemy were slain, the rest put to flight. 3. They
did not allow the enemy to find out what had been done. 4.
Fortune changes ; the enemy rallies. 5. The barbarians were
left no opportunity of making a stand or of ('uing what tliey been
ordered. 6. It ia agreed tliat more than a wii. ' w e ordered \ >
be put to death. (§>j;J, 4, 5.) 7. He is unnilliu^ '. ■ ' 'nter amo '
the Allobroges. 8. Induced by the wai ' oi :t"ni8 uid the flij^'ht
of the third legion they withdrew to higher ground. 9. After
leading the legion in safety to the village, he burned all the
buildings. 10. Without fighting any battle, they return to the
camp because they see that the enemy are obstructing the march.
11. They remember that the forces have been routed and
otripped of their arms.
API'ENDI.V II.
148
the wlntciquartors
reauhinj{ tluit plact;
id aban'luued their
lans {res), they will
I oil huvo not been
rd pleased they hail
ground. 4, When
lad been oleaiod of
ifter hurling stoiiutj
had betaken them-
6. Notliing can be
)f tlie length of the
They do not give to
. 9. Our men had
of defenders.
that the enemy's
-> tiie trenches they
nd been continuous
'orni the centurion
spent with wounds.
A-as a man of great
I 6. Giving up the
es. 7. On the cen-
jalled together, our
He give the signal
). While the enemy
sting themselves,
we ore doing ; they
•0 than tliirty thou-
, to flight. 3. They
had been done. 4.
lie barbarians were
ling what they been
linl w ' e ordered \ >
i>»!^ 1, ■ '. nter aino '
iirnifi 'irid the flii,'hb
* ground. 9. After
he burned all the
!, they return to the
itruetiug the march.
beeu routed and
used to surpass all the sea coast 'i On fll /" '"""0"«« t*»«y
.tc,™,u„„/,,„i.,i, .„„„ ;.i;cL,iV" «t .TgE L""gt:r
fo,- tlut ,.a,<,„ to .!„ -othi.Tb^i.^l.nJn a'ttSt". '"""'"'""
9. -1. Ho informed OiDsir that tliey wore far .?i.t»,.f .„j
l.,il!.r,„g among tho Morini. 2. Bocau.o TiTJ^ La '^ Lh^f
4 Thet"! r"""' "V ?"•« Scumi' „ rMitnhfa'rS-
4. The knights must bo detained and <■!.« uf..+„r * i . ^"
l^ Understanding that the army £ btn^'wTdlw^Sr LTed
tiiey were anxious for a charse 6 Tf tho\L. ,„ ^ tlistubuted,
though, that more «...es wS join "."eo;?^',^" '''°''""'' "'
attlVt^lS^ro^^frriv^r^^rS SS'f 1^ fT/'»""^
theiUttokeep the ban,,, of the^Lmrr^rr VT/ooT*
144
DE BBLLO GALLICO.
he can he sets out for that place. 4. Labienus, whom lie has
placetl in coiiimaiul of the cavalry, will visit the Belgians. 5.
Alter subduing Gam, he hastened with all his forces against the
(}einians. 6. Tlie fleet, over Avhich he had placed Brutus, he
sent to Aquitania. 7. After attempting to cross the river by
force they had summoned aid from the Veneti themselves.
12.— 1. This happens twice in the summer. 2. The tides were
of such a sort that tiiere was gi'eat difficulty in sailing. .3. If at
any time the ships were detained by a storm, there was tin;
greatest difficulty in doing this. 4. The towns are inaccessible
either by laud or sea. 5. They betook themselves to the nearest
s ips, the more easily because the sea liad been kept back by
dams. 6. The tide rushed up to the walls of the town which
was situated on the end of a promontory. 7. For most of the
sunnner they had defended themselves by these works. 8. If at
any time tliey were hindered by the tide, they would bring up
a large number of ships.
13.— 1. Our ships were superior in strength and size. 2. On
account of the violence of the storm, they began to fear the
shoals. 3. They can not very well run before the wind. 4. That
they might the more easily injure our fleet, they had built the
ships entirely of oak. 5. Besides tliis they could withstand any
violence of the wind. 6. On account of the strength of the ships,
they had no fear of storms. 7. They thought they could injure
our ships witli the beaks. 8. On account of the speed of tiie
ships, which had been equipped with both sails and oars, they
thought they could more easily hurl their weapons. 9. Sucli
was the scai'city of ships, tliat their attacks could not be with-
stood.
14,_1. Two hundred and twenty towns had been taken by
storm in sight of the fleet. 2. He set out as soon as he learned
that all the higher grotuid was held by the enemy. 3. The
towers were a great aid to our men because weapons could be
thrown with greater force. 4. The sterns of the vessels sur-
passed the towers in height. 5. The centurions who were in
command of the army learned that several towns had been taken
by storm. 6. Caesar was not quite certain who was in command
of the ship. 7. The ships can be the more easily injured that
all hope depends on the oars. 8. Perceiving that the ships had
set out from the harbors, they decided that all this labor must
not be undertaken in vain.
15._1. When this affair was finished, they turned the ships
about, 2, We cauiint nsove ; this v/as being done at the fourth
'^ :|
APPENDIX H.
ieiius, wlioiii lie luis
it the Belgiaua. T).
is forces against the
I placed Bi'utus, he
) cross the river by
ti themselves.
2. The tides were
in sailing. 3. If at
orni, there was tlu;
wns are inaccessihle
selves to the nearest
, been kept back hy
I of tlie town which
7. For most of the
ese works. 8. If at
ley would bring up
;th and size. 2. On
T began to fear the
B the wind. 4. Tliat
, they had built the
jould witlistand any
strength of the ships,
ht they could injure
of the speed of the
sails and oars, they
weapons. 9. Such
i could not be with-
had been taken by
s soon as he learned
the enemy. 3. Tlie
se weapons could ))e
I of the vessels sur-
burions who were in
awns had been taken
vho was in command
3 easily injured that
g that the ships had
! all this labor must
ley turned the ships
ir <1nne at tlie fourth
145
hour 3. The battle Imd lasted for four hours 4 Af «„r,=.f
very few reached the shin 5 The w!n,l f. Ki • A* ^unset a
timio ft AAH, >= »"'!'• o- ,^ne Wind IS blowing in all direc-
favorable for takiiur the vessels S Witl. Vi ! ^'>^»mstance is
the youth had been lost, the rest ha no means of d / r"""
s:-^rtoo^it:^-i^- a r ^-"^-= - ^^
wol^dTioJat'^tottif2\?iXthl'"'"^ *''^* ^^-^ ^^-^«
the camp. C.sar wastLing ^ tsloVc^s"^" A^tSr'f '^' "f^"
able ground, he was unwilling to do thi-» 6 Co WHnr, i
forces from all parts of Gaul he dai Iv aav^" tl,. ^""'^'^*'"^ ^^^^'ge
tunity of fic^htiim 7 kf\u.^ ^ ^ , *"® ^"'""y ^» oppor-
hearing that this deserter hid on the prev ous ni. t ^LJ\\
to the enemy, they took arms and hastened to tie camp '1 h!
purpose of flailing" he tS't Lifl nc^d bj tt ^ ?' f"' '""^
they all cry out that Ca,sar must lead th^ arnfy oiZM^'c^amo'
/. After pointing out what an opportunity hacl been lost h?3'
auaded them to set out with Iiim 'j /i/ ■ ^ost, he per-
to persuade them, he tolJ ln-no'';.ha lie tfsH Sonf '^'^^ i?eT
mission has been given them to go to the camp
-. AUj being made, the Gauls at once turned their backs.
^
146
1)K BELLO OALLICO.
I
^ Tho result was that few had l.een left. 4. They made an
Lack so (am suddenly that ti.nc was not given our men for
anniiur 5 They were informed that our men hampered
becauS of ti.. burdens they were bearing, had not withstood the
because oi i- ordered his men to pursue tho enemy.
rSr^cotttoi Jhe load which he was carrying, the soldier
Lched the ca^P out of breath. 8. He is bearing burdens as
arie as possible. 9. When our soldiers, who had been ordered to
puSue tCe wiio had escaped, reached the camp, they were
informed of the two wars.
20 -1. OnreachingGaultheyhadprocuredsupplies. 2. They
slay the lieutenant, gather large foxH.es a'«\ '^^^Q^Yearlg of
He perceived that an ambush had been set. 4;_^JJ" l^"^"""» °'
theirarrival, he perceived that ho mu«t ]oin battle. 5. On a
eavalrv fijiht beiiL begun, our men were scattered and all the
baggaJe wa lost. 6. In the third year of the war the trooPj;;^!"
led mto the province of Gaul. 7. The enemy are especially strong
fi fantrv 8. He led his army into the country where war
had be^n waged three years before. 9. When our cavalry had
W sTattS and the enemy were renewing the battle, suddenly
the auxiliaries attack our column on the march.
21 —1 Relying on the former victory, he ordered the town to
be attacked aVd tLers brought up. 2. The safety of the whole
legion depends on his watchfulness. 3. After tlie I a"le ha I
Sed for a long time, he savv that nothing could be accon -
Shed 4/ They did what they had been ordered. 5. On
tlS sending ambassadors and giving up their arms, he accepted
their surrender. 6. Under Ceesar's leadership they had accom-
plTshed nothing. 7. They are anxious to see what can be accom-
plished by this means.
22 —1 Making a sally, they fought fiercely. 2. On the
de?th of' Adttunnus, all who had pledged themselves, com-
mltted suicide. 3. On the soldiers being driven back, a shout
was raiS at another part of the fortifications 4 They
obteined permission to rush to arms 5. Whie attempting to
driVe back the enemy to the town, they were slain. 6. This is
the agreement that if any sally is made, all are to die.
Sa —1 According to their custom they exchanged hostages
and took an oath that they would all agree. 2. Perceiving that
Jhe roads had been blocked, and that the enemy would very
easilv keep our men from supplies, he fortified the camp. ,3.
leavLg a gar^i^ou for the camp he set out for hither Spam.
jVITkndix ir.
147
to divide Ilia fofco, ' "'" """'P' '>» ''"' ""' «"ciiipt
daybrcalt he drew n, t"e I „l^f M 1*'"'°,""; V",'?'»'- »• At
waited .0 .ee wi.at .iL";:»';^»!'^,'..?.^"''" "" ■"™' "»"
Avord that some are %litii,.rKu/bbonwi;i, J % *'""S back
ami tl,„t tl,e dete ■'«s I" FJ'%^"'"f "^"'"^ ""<' "=«!>""'
another gate «.el^lt'st'tlot figSg. "°"' ""= ""'• « ^'
isS2:rS.;r* r St- , %«'sr""7 *= ^^-* A°
hone of rewards on honHnVi P^^.'^^^ahy, aroused by the
enemy with re eWed viTm> r'"^'^"*^'. ^'^^'^" *° ^^"'•«"^ th«
what had beenTone ^n^ ; ^ Before the enemy could learn
cavalrv 6. Sv could not T "^ "^'^'"^ ,*° '"^'•«""'^ t''*^
7. HoVoint;douTwrtl°wish:d w'St^i" ^''^««-^'T-
surrounded on all sides befo, ok //;?,' *'f * ^.I^^y .""ght not be
8. It is agreed that fiftJ I?, ^ ^ "" ^^*'"^' "' ^''^ «amp.
9. I)espairS of safety thJvSf"'L"i "'"''^'''y ^'"^^^ assembled,
longer Routes ^' ^ *'''''' *^^™s«lves to the camp by
hiS^"~2/A^Lf e^CroWnn?^^ vohu.tarily surrendered to
haclneglectecinS'srdho1t4 r s'^h^rthSf diV'?"?,"?'^^^^
part of this winter. 4. WixL" is neJ at £d '"' ''^' '"^^^'"
148
DE BELLO GALLIOO.
28.-1.
for peace,
marshes,
the camp.
In the same simimor they sent ambassadors to treat
2. He saw tliat they had betaken themselves to the
3. On reaching the marsh they proceeded to fortify
the camp. 4. Although they are in arms and have not been
conquered, yet he thinks he will quickly finish the war. 5. The
Morini were the only ones wlio could not be conquered. 6. Our
men, having followed them too far, were scattered. 7. Rushing
out of tiie woods and marshes they made an attack on the.camp.
8. VVheu the summer was over, and lie had hetrun to fortify the
camp, ambassadors were sent from by far the largest nation of
all Gaul.
29,— 1. Turning the timber towards the woods, he built a
rampart. 2. In order that the work might not be interrupted,
he kept the soldiers under canvas. 3. They proceeded to burn
tlie villages and \ay waste all their fields. 4. After leading
back the army to winter quarters, lie cut down the woods on
either side. 5. An attack was made on both sides, while the
army was off" its guard. 6. They placed the baggage and cattle
in thicker forests. 7. That the enemy might not make any
attack, the limber was heaped up as a rampart. 8. Thcr ;
followed a storm of such a character that an attack could not be
made.
ri:
*«asr/
fl:
;he war. 5. Tb
APPENDIX III
EXERCISES BASED ON BOOK IV.
Part I. -Exercises in Traxslatiok from Latin at Sigut.
«v*r"T^: "^I"^ ^^"\ ^^*"" ^"^*^ '^^"sa. Praedae (of phinder) canai
conjurationem fecit (jb J.^Trl;- -IJ l" 'o" " r.^^ftZ i
(1. 4 )-^ l..bct {o,v/er,s), proelium equestre cornmSlL"/ "V
^ ^ nicdunt (I . ,.). 4. Pars homimim (q/<Ae wa^i-es)
wnun ),- not tounu is llus ehaiHcr, luis previously occurred. '
ff'n#!
150
PE CELLO OAlLICO,
in agris remanebat (1. 5.), pars etiam (iJso) in castra {fo the
camp) ventitabat. 5. Haec ci vitas Icngo (1. 3.) amplissimam
habet (2. 1.) auctoritatem {influence), quod oninea qui eo marl
(1. 1.) utuntur (2. 2.) habent (theij hold) vectigales.
4.— 1. Ubi (when) Ctesar certior factus est quartam {a fourth)
partem copiarum citra flumen reliquain (/fff) esse, omni cum
equitatu progressus, ad earn partem pervenit, quae nondum {not
yet) flumen transierat. 2. Frumenti (1. 8.) inopia permotus
'{influence), omuibusejus vici aedificiisincensis {havin<jheen burned),
in'provinciam {the province) reverti contendit {he made haste).
3. Cum ad Rhenum pervenissent, reliqui so in flumen praecipi-
taverunt {threw), atque il)i {there) vi fluminis oppressi perierun^
{perished).
5,— 1. Cse'sar nondum {not yet) eorum consilia cognoverat._ '1.
Ejus rei quae causa (1. 2.) esset, qiiaesivit : nihil Sequani re-
sponderunt. 3. Cognita Gallornm infirmitate, hostibus {to the
enemy) ad cnnsilia capienda nihil spatii {time) dandum {to he
given) existimavit. 4. Hac consuetudine cognita, nihil respondit.
5, His initis consiliis, mercatores interficiuut (4. 7.)
Q,_l. Helvetii omnium rerum (5. 3.) inopia (4. 4.) adducti,
lega'tos {ambassadors) ad Ca'sarem miserant, 2. Nonnulli
principes ex (o. 2.) ea civitate, familiaritate {intimacy) adducti,
ad Csesarem ve;ierunt. 3. Maturius quam tempus (season) anni
(4. I.) postulabat, in hiberna (winter quarters) exercitum
deduxit (he led off). 4. Cffisar, etsi (although) nondum (not yet)
eorum consilia oognoverat, fore id quod accidit (really happened)
suspicabatur. 5. Ctesar, etsi (cdthough) a bello discedere detii-
mentosum (disadvantageous) esse existimabat, tamen ipse in
Aeduos proflcisci constituit senatumque (senate) omnem evocavit.
7. — 1. Geruiani ab Helvetiis superati sunt, qui tamen (3. 4.)
pares esse nostro (ow) exercitui (6. 1.) non potuerunt. 2. Ini-
pulsl (instigated) a suis principibus (6. 5.) bellum populo
lloniano intulerant. 3. Factum est (the result was) ut minus
(less) late vagai>entnr (6. 4. ) et minus facile (easily) Germanis
bellum inferre possent. 4. Cajsar postulavit (6. 3.) cos qui sibi
Galliaeque bellum intulissent sibi dedergnf-. (that they should sur-
render. )
8.— 1. Remanere se apud sum velle (7. 4.) dixerunt (3. 2.).
2. AUobroges dispositia praesidiis (4. 3.) suos fines tuentur. 3.
Hac oratione habita (having been made), omnes (6. 3.) auxi-
liuma Csesarc pctcre coeperunt {7. 1.). 4. Undiquo (from aJt
APPE.vnix III.
in castra {to the
. 3.) aniplissimatn
mnea qui eo mari
igales.
luartam {a fourth)
) esse, omni cum
quae nondum (not
inopia perniotus
i.avin<ibeen burned),
it (he. made, haste).
In Humen praecipi-
oppressi perierunt
lia cognoverat. '2.
nihil Sequani re-
e, hostibus {to the
ne) dandum (to be
ta, nihil respondit.
(4. 7.)
5ia (4. 4.) adducti,
int. 2. Nonnulli
[intimacy) adducti,
Tipus (season) anni
larters) exercitum
) nondum {not yet)
t (really hapjyened)
llo discedere detri-
at, tamen ipse in
e) omnem evocavit.
;, qui tamen (3. 4.)
potuerunt. 2. Ini-
I. ) helium populo
uilt was) ut minus
3 (easily) Germanis
(6. 3.) eoa qui sibi
hat they should sur-
.) dixerunt (3. 2.).
i fines tuentur. 3.
innies (6. 3.) auxi-
Undiqnc (Jrom cM
151
p.ilaudi'?um'iTj?rauFa"tta" '^-^^--•"-. q"ae
(fli<m suorum se tran'rRrerm "Ireperat^^? "?*{ ^"9^' 4"?^
4. 4 ) mora interposita, equites revertentur n rf ^' ^' ^"'l'?'
8. 1,1 si (8. 3 ilpaofna 0,1 /- . "^- Cicero respondit
impetmturos 4. lelinuam U^nT '"l"^"*' ^3"^« P^^^'^nt
(5. 1.) longius (<oo STbemt^ 2 Pf *^'" equitatus, quod
dam. -^ ' ^"^'^**^'- 2.). n^narbitraturexspectan-
ad^ie'^iL^peTveni?' et^SleTilvA'"'" °'^"'^"^ ^q"'*'^»« (9- 3.)
mille passibSs rC^^:rSl SCX 1^ Sfn" ''""'T
approp.nquavit, Cresar cognovit (9 3 TnnL P^' "''"'^^
propius (9. 1.) oppidum Kls.f ^^ ^*"°^ '^'^^'''^ movisse
consucvissent (6. 1 ) insidf 3 /!?//• ^^' ^•} P^^oelian (2. 3.)
profectum esse V 1. " ^' i^Mm,, an ambush) causa (9. 3.)
clis^cl-i;nditT)pl^Se^^
(at a distance) visus ««^(S out a^mln "'J'"'*'"'" P''°^"'
Omnem equitatum qui acmen rnor«.-ff^ Iv'^"*^''^''^''^"*- ^^
praemisit. 4. Ad eas res?onfi .1^ 1 n"' ^"^^^"^' '^- '^«/'««''^'O
5. Hostium equii;;tr.;rc l^S^f^'^eSTt'm'^^ ^•^•
nostris equitibus committit (benin) ^^•'7"*'..P»-ofli"mque cum
nn-ttunt; petunt atque orant i e dvitatem H i T^ fT '""'^^''^
ab am,,,,, («. ,, ^^„^^,, Romarli'IltrdSce'ri ^^J'^^^/- ^"^
nnpetu facto, praecipites (AeS^jrhost^s terunt^"^*" "' '''
1. 3.) eorum numoro interfecto nullam !s l ' '"^g""^"^
(chariot) des 1 endi facnlHt^m /^„,. / v? > ^ , ,"' ^^ essedis
3. Ita (th,is) hostes Sim!! / (^^'^;?''^!'f <■'/) ^'ederunt (8. 2.).
third) interfecta, reliquos peieSs i^/f ''^' ^'''-'^ P'^''*^ <«
Mandubracius, cuius pater Ifathll^Z -''^T ^«" i^iunt. 4.
erat, interfectusqJe erat V Pnt in "^ '''''J*'''*^ '"^8""'" «''t""i-
mittit (11. 6.). ^ Cassivellauno, logatoa ad Ca^sarem
(l"60'neSfuC/^'lf:t^i!-^ -1- legatosmissuros
Cum ad oppidum (5 2o\.ccLS e m''^ ^^''^ accepturos. 2.
pacem ab RomanL peti'^t ''l/'n'u.^^^'^.'J.'L^.l.TfJ'^r '^"^"
Galham iegat. nussis (11. «.) p,eem a ci^sar. peSntT'Sum
■1
Ji,____
152
DE BELLO OX^UCO.
• I
.2.)
2.
nee
sine (8. 2.) causa (1. 2.) iiitulerunt. 4. Cresar iis quos in cas-
tris retinuerat, discedendi (12. 1.) potestatem fecit (11. 2.).
5. Cfesar ex castria equitatuin educi, proeliuni comniitti jubet.
6. Nostri, quod signa {standards) subsequi non poterant, magno-
pere (greatly) perturbabantur (12. 1.). 7. Tantam (4. 3.) sibi
his rebus in Gallia auctoritatem consecutus erat, ut undique
(from' nil sides) ad eum legationes (C. 3.) concuirerent (flock).
8. Horum auctoritate adducti (6. 4.) legates retinent.
14. — 1. Reliquos equites (12. 1.) cousectati, paucos (7
eorum qui ex fuga evaserant (esca}>e), reliqueruiit (leave).
Equites (12. 1.) in castra irrumpere conantur (attempt),
(=neque) prius sunt visi (see) quam castris appropinquarent
(drau) near). 3. Illi celeriter per exploratores (4. 6.) adventu
Cresaris cognito (5. 2.) suas copias castris eduxerunt (13. G. ),
oinnenique aciem'carris circumdederunt (svrroimd). Eo (lit.,
thereon) mulieres imposuerunt (place). 4. Helvetii, cum omni-
bus suis carris secuti (folloiv, v. deponent), impedimenta in unum
(13. 3.) locum contulerunt (collect).
16. — 1. Clamore audito, hostes undique (on all sides) circum-
venti (12. 6.), desperatis omnibus rebus (13. 4.), fuga saluteni
petierunt (14. 2.). 2. Noctu (by night) ad unum omnes despe-
rata salute (14. 2.), sc interfecerunt. 3. Praestat (14. 2.) arma
abjicere qnam ab Gallis per cruciatuin iuterfici. A. Denique (<U
length) ex onmi numero, qui fuit circiter (3. 2.) millium
quadraginta (forty), vix < scarce! n) octingenti (eight himdred),
qui primo (.first) clauiore audito se ex oppido ejeceraut, incolumes
ad eum pervenerunt. f). Pauci (7. 2.) ex tanto (4, 3.) numero
se incolumes in castra recipiunt.
16,— 1. Hac audita (15. 1.) pugna (13. 4.),
sese Crasso dediderunt, obsidesque nltro (13.
Publium Crassum cum magno numero (15.
Aquitaniam proHcisci (6. 1.) jubet (13. 6.),
ultimae nationes
1.) miserunt. 2.
3. ) equitatus in
ne (lest) ex his
nationibus auxilia (auxiliaries) in Galliam mittantur ac tantae
nationes conjungantur. 3. Quibus rebus Cifsar commotus
(alarm) maturandum (make haste) sibi existimavit, ne (lest)
Suebi cum copiis (14. 2.) Ariovisti sese conjungerunt. 4. Labie-
nus Cnesarem per nuntios certiorem facit (5. 1.) quid (14. 1.)
faciendum (do) existimet. Accelerat (hastens) Ca;sar ut proelio
intersit. 5. Tanta hujus belli ad barbaros (barbarians) opinio
perlata est (bear), ut ab iis nationibus, quae trans Rhenum
incolerent (1. 7.), mitterentur legati (12. 1) ad Csesarem.
l^.— Caesar, postquam (after) ex Menapiis in Treveros venit,
duabus de causis Rhenum transirc constituit ( = de.crei'it); qua-
APPENDIX III.
163
■ iia quos in cas-
n fecit (11. 2.).
uonuiiitti jubet.
poterant, magno-
ntaiii (4. 3.) sibi
Brat, ut undique
currerent {flock).
tinent.
;i, paucos (7. 2.)
jruiit (leave). 2.
ir (attempt), nee
appropinquarent
3 (4. 6.) adventu
iixerunt (13. G. ),
•otind). Eo (lit.,
vetii, cum omni-
idimenta in unum
all sides) circum-
4.), fnga saluteni
iim omiies despc-
itat (14. 2.) arnia
4; Denique (at
(3. 2.) millium
(eigfit hinuh'ed),
iceraut, incolumes
bo (4. 3.) numei'o
ultimae nationes
1.) misernnt. 2.
3.) equitatus in
ne (leM) ex his
;taiitui' ae tantae
Citsar comniotus
tiniavit, ne (lest)
'erunt. 4. Labie-
' 1.) quid (14. 1.)
Cffisar ut proelio
larharinns) opinio
le trans Rhenum
i Csesarem.
in Treveros venit,
( = decrevit) ; qua-
little) «upia eu.„ locum ^ - f ' ^!'^" ^' ''^''^"^ P'^"l"m (a
exeroitum traduxeS V. " "^ '^"'' <"' ''''''''') «^"t" (12. I)
pauci.\iiebL;^(^:t)^j':jSu;"s^;r;'*^'" ^^-^^- (-0
"W (cohere) pon/e ^pe f£ us ;. Jn <''''"'" ,"""> ^"'^"•" <'• -)
.dictum. 2 I«dem (H 5 V «, hH '^' J;!;'^^«"l'»'»'l"e a Ca'sare
('•ei,»-W) coepit, C-IeiiteiMM ^^''fl-^r- '*-^ ?»"*«"! reficere
(/<'/y;o.O traductis, reH ui ^ ai 4 ) effeeto oper., legionibusque
reliquas (14. 5.) conils nT o ^^ l^r'^^'" 1*™'''^'^''" ^-^li^'to,
(^e«.i i„c/). Ubii. q' an e nl ^;''I'*^j""Vl"« ('«• '^0 reducit
purgancU sui causa (I3. O.^a^d i'm^I^UrStunt (I^^'s f^'"^^'
soadCo^sarem recepenS ^S ef. . ""' ^bdiderant (18. 4.)
sociorumque (ally) ^copUs (U 3^"^^' °'"»««. «urn omnibus suia
sei-ecepemnt. 4 Ca-sar oer e'TnL^l extremo3 (remotest) fines
in silvas recepisse. ^ exploratorea compeiit Sueboa sese
(3.^?:rqua';;ta"eq^;,e in ^a^mit'dTTr? ^'V ''^- '''"'' «'-*^*««
repeiiebat. 2. VolusenusTeri.;.;,- ^^ u^"*' "° ^''^ -^"/^o'"*)
quinto (Mh) die 9 ) ^•1™"'"^"':!°'^"'''"^ (-'""•«
His rebus gestis (do) c nm ni t ''T''' "^ (IJ. 4.). 4
Cffisar pacatunLe (iS\|:fi,^'^ omnibus de cauaia (I7. 1.)
eas quoque (16. 1 ) nation r.^„V- ^"y,"'^"™ profectus est, quod
cere\olJbat (ik 5.V 4 Teoue n^:' '''''''T ^"~^«^«) ^^"os-
eamsilvam (18. 4.) dicat fi^^'^"^^^'«1"am est qui se adisse ad
21,— 1. Omnes ad portnm (^0 4. \ TUn.v. ^ • . ,
ex portu commodissimum rwi In i . '^«^venire jubet, quo
cognoverat. 2. Un^ cum 1 ? 1.1? *?^""'^'" trajectum else
G^sarinBritanniampraemse at 'Trol^T™'? "^'"*' ^»^'"
o.vitates fama (rr7>orO perferTur 4 V) "*^' ^'^T "°« ^talliae
on^nia ab Bemis eiploialaS^ntd q^a^ (2^^^ ' ll^J^S
154
DE «KLLO UALIK ().
(5 2 ) mnltitmlinem (8. 2.) a.l i<l bellum pollicitus cssot oogno-
viaseiit. 6. Mandubracius, Ciusaria iideiii secutus, ad cum in
Galliam venerat.
22 -1. Interim (21. 5.) Irinobantcs legates ad tomn
rebus confectis (U. 3.) in Aeduoa prohcisc tu • (21. .i.). civit.i
temque (21. 8.) recipit. Ko (21. 8.) Icgati ab Arvernis nns.,
(21 7 ) quae imperai.t so facturospoilioentur. iM.perat niagnun.
numer u.i cbsi.lmu. 3. Quatuor legioucs in Seuoncs I'an.siosque
Lableno duccndas ded.t ; sex ipse (21 a. ) ^, ^rvernos secun. Imn
flun.en (17. 4.) duxit : equitatus partem (10. '2.) iH' *"V'^"'*
( 2,n): partem sibi reliquit (18. 2.). 4. Non ta u 1(. 1.
barbarus sun. neque tam imperitus revum (a/m. ut (i/.«0
nonsciam (know) Aeduos Rumanis auxilunn tuli.sse (lb. J.)
29 -1 Secunda cum solvisset vigilia, prima luce (at <,wm,
m first lUjht) terram {land) attigit, omne.s«,uoinco un.es
15 3) naves perduxit {hroa.jht over). 2. Ita<,ue (20 4.) .hes
eirciter vi-'inti in eo loco com.noratus { = moraU,s 22. 1. , quod
ven usWgationeni {.aUin^) impediebat {himhr), tandem {at la.t)
idoneam «actus tempestatem milites equ.tesque eonscendere
naves Tubet. 3. Quibus rebus addu.-tus (6. 4.) Ca-stir non
Sectandum sibi statuit (16. 1.) inn in Santonos Helvetn
Sen rent (15. 2.). 4. Cr.sar idoncum locum nactus. legat.s
Suidfieri vcl t ostendit; imprimis (v^a-tkular I, j) mom^t ut con-
?h^ant (Ve.s«r«m) milites, ne (le.t) spe (U. 4.) praedae {plunder)
longius {too far) progrederentur. r i w ^
24 -1 Impeditis hostibus propter ea, quae ferebant {carrij),
oneia, nostri de navibus desiluerunt. 2. Hostes notis omnibus
vacUs (6'Aoa?s), incitatis equis, impeditos adoriebantur {attach).
3 Novo («e4 genere pugnae perterritis nostris, hos es per nicdios
f;/.e v«r/,i)aud'acissim\.perruperuut ^rol:c^'^^.). 4^ Repu Is
\,lrive back) ab equ tatu, se in silvas abdiderunt (18. 4. ), locum
nactT (23 6.) egregie {well) munitum {forlijied), nostrosque
in</redi {enter, v. deponent) prohibebant. . , ^ i
2B —1 Nova (»nc) atque inusitata specie permoti, legates ad
ciarem ' de pace ( ;..«c.) miserunt. 2. Alii ab latere aperto in
uS4i-so3 tela con iciebant. 3. Reliqui se in castra i-ec.piunt
de /rom which) erant egressi. Ex quibus Lucius Petrosidms
amiilifer («t'/'e bearer), cum magna multitudine hostium pre-
Sur, iqudam intra (roithin) vallum (.«mpa,.) P-I-MP-
t)ro {before) castris fortissime pugnana lutei itur. 4. V incite
Ki7«/r, carry one^s point), inquit, 'si ita (.so) vultis,' Sabinus
etU? (//'"« Mclariorc { = majore) voce, ut magna para militum
exaudiret {hear).
APPENDIX III.
itiis csset cogiio-
tuB, lid cum in
;oa ad Ca'sareiu
acturos. 2. His
(•21. 3.), civita-
» Aiveniis mis»!
[iiipenit ma>;iuuii
.ones I'ariisiu.sqm'
venios {jeciuiiUim
2.) ii!' attribiiit
on tan (Ki. 1.)
iji'dii'*), at (that)
ILsse (llJ. 5.)
a luce (at daum,
es(iuo iiicoluniiis
iqiie (20. 4.) «lifs
■ <((,-(, 2'2. 1.), quod
■), tandem (at /a.s/)
sque conscendere
. 4.) Ca.'sar non
lantonos Helvetii
m nactus, legatis
y) mont't, nt con-
praedao (plunder)
3 ferebant (carry),
tes, notis omnibus
riebantur (attack).
, hostes per niedios
oiKj/t). 4. Repulsi
int (18. 4.), locum
tijied), nostrosque
»ermoti, legates ad
lb latere aperto in
n castra recipiunt
Lucius Petrosidius
dine hostium pre-
part) projecit, ipse
itur. 4. 'Vincite'
o) vultis,' Sabinus,
agna pars militum
155
£U- p;!s. *j„Sf w:r 'Sr ^-■^•t '•■'•'»"> '-p-'
qu.bus «Ao,se ^a/nch} in nostro ma.-i "I '"'""''"'•«« (^o«,)'n„fm
ac multitudinem ju.nentori.mT "*' ««"«"«^imus, ad o, era
»8U. ad armandas (e,nl)S^ cTlZ^-^To ^^''' q"ao S
"l>ot. Ipse in Illyricuri pSiscltJr Sr"r ^S'^""> ««'"Porta
«7.— H.3 rebus eestis ^/«^ T„k- . / «^''^leoat.
egionibiisetequitum .,dlS/;,f ■f"'' 'n c,,„tine„t^ cum tribus
(.'/«a../. V. rf./ie«<) q Le e 'r'n^ "t portusTuer"t r
'P«e cum qui„q„e legioViS et " . '''"'^ gererentur cognosoerei
cout.ne..te reli'queraf, Taves «ojWt i? ""'""''^ «^"^^"'"Np.em ^ j
^^a^A). qua (.../,er«) optimum *'* '^'" P^''*''''» "'«"lie cepit
legi'nI^.?sV^^^^^^^^ «d portum Itium cum
tompestaterejectas((67?.eWr" * "^''^'' ^"'le f^^^tae eran?
eode..a. um^a irant profectae iv T"" *^"««-«"onpotui8se at I;
mi Im 1^'" ^1"it*'tus totius S clu'^' ^''i'^'P) inve.iit
m.llmm quatuor, principesnue ex omr n> "*?. oonve.ut numero
perpaucos obsidum loco («. /? T M^"^^'^"«t'I^"« J ex quibua
creverat, quod cum ipse abls.V T f ' ^^^"''^ «^'^»'» ^^"cere de^
batur (fear, v. deponent) "^"^ '"°*"'» (uprising) Galliae vere-
^fS:S), St'lS r^"'*" «* '°- -stris idoneo
Jost.u.n copiae consedissert(e f« ii^rr^^^""^''*' ^^^ 'loco
qui praesidio navibus essentT "' •r''"*'« (^''^ee hJred)
eos q.,i fugSe'n"'^peSe\^etttT'( :?,;'■'' V^^ii*^«q"« ^^^ "t
itiner.s (some rf;.to«ce) p.Xe«s I 1 (f «'--«e). Fis aliquantum
tat?r*' r """«-rL^sfpSelSoct?^ Ca^«"'"m
156
UE BELLO UAI UVO,
32 —1. Hi « rebus cognitia Ciesiir lejjioiica otiuitatunHiuo
revocuri {reoJ/) at(juo itiiiero dfsistero jubet, iprtc a<l «tivea
revertitiir; cudeiii feic, niuio ex luiiiliiH oognovenit, CDiain
{with luH o«'rt eyen) perHpicit, sio (.so) ut amisHis cucitor
(luiulmyinta (forty) iiavilms, ieli(iuao tamei-, rehci posHcnt. -f.
K(iuite8b()8tiuine8He(lurii<iue, imprudeiitibua {un}>reparcil) nostns
utque occupatia ia nmnitioiio (fornfyhuj) castroiuui, 8ul)it() ae ex
ailvia ejeceiiint, inipetiuiue in eos facto, qui erant m atationo pro
castria coliocati (utation), acriter puguaverunt.
33 —Nostri acritur in eoa impetu faoto reppulerunt {drive
hack)uinino finom (^nd) sequeudi fecorunt, quoad eciuitea, cum
poat ae legionea viderent, praecipitea {headloiuj) hostea egeruut,
magnoquo eoruui nuniero interfecto nequo consistendi necjue ex
esaedia deailiendi facultatem dederunt. Toto hoc in geneie pug-
nae intellectum eatJioatroa propter gravitatem {wcujid) armoruni,
niinua aptoa {fitte'd) ad hujua geueria hoatom, eqmtea autem
{moreover) iiiagno cum periculo dimicare {Jiiiht), quod hoatea ex
eaaedia doailirent et pedibua diapari {iine<pi(d) proelio couten-
derent.
34 _Hia Cajaar imperat obaidea quadraginta {forty), frumen-
tunique exercitui. Illi iniperata celenter feceruut, obaidoa f rumen-
tumque miaerunt. Ab his cognoscit non longe ex eo loco oppiduin
abeaae, quo {to lokicfi) Butis {quite) niagnua hominum peconaque
{cattle) numerua convenerit. Eo proficiacitur cum legiombua :
hoatea pauliaper morati militum nostrorum impetum nou tulerunt
{withstand), seaeque alia ex parte oppidi ejecerunt.
36 36 — Cdsaivellaunua hoc proelio nuntiato, vaatatia (lay
waste) finibua, maxime etiam permotua defectione {falling aioay)
civitatum, legatoa per Atrebatem Commium de deditione (mr-
rew(/e»-) mittit. Caisar cum conatituiaaet hiemare m contmenti,
neque multum [much) aeatatia aupereaaet (remam), obanlea iniperat,
Obsidibua acceptia exercitum reducit ad mare, naves invenit
( find) refectas. Ac sic (.so) accidit, uti ex tanto navmm numero
lieque hoc neque auperiore anno uUa omiuno navia, quae milites
portaret (carr^i), deaideraretur (lose) ; at ex iia, quaa Labienua
faciendaa curaverat, peipaucae locum caperent, reliquae lere
oninea rejicerentur (drive back).
Q*? 38 —1- Quaa cum aliquamdiu (for some time) Caesar
iruatia {in vain) exapec^asaet, ne anni tempore a navi/itione
excluderetur (cut off), quod aequinoctium auberat (f)e near),
necessario angustiua (more closely than vsual) mditea coilocavit
acaumma tranquiUitate (calm) couaecuta (/o/^ow), aecunda cum
eolvisset vigilia, priuia luc6 {nt dn^vn) terrara (laiul) attigit.
m
■II li
AI'I'KXDix III.
cquitatuiiHiue
iprtu lul navos
overat, coram
miHwis ciioitor
ci poHsent. 2.
'epnrcd) nostris
111, 8ul)ito se ex
, in Btutione pro
pulerunt (drive
id eciuites, cum
hoBtea fgeruiit,
teiuU neque ex
3 in geneie pug-
cujld) aimoium,
eqnitoa autem
, quod hostes ex
pioelio conteu-
(forU/), frumen-
.obsidesfiumen-
eo loco oppidum
inum peoorisque
jum legionibua :
;um noa tulerunt
it.
;o, vastatis {lay
le {/ailing aioay)
e deditione {sur-
re in continenti,
jObs'desiniperat.
e, naves invenit
. navium numero
ivis, quae militca
3, quas Labienus
nt, reliquae fere
ome time) Csesar
re a naviritione
Liberat {be' near),
milites collocavit
ow), secunda cum
m {land) attigit.
m
Idjeraf,') putH^it. Itaque no.uh n I- ^"^^" ^'"K'tandum {de-
coactia leKin„il>„« i„ « ''," No v "'?'"' T^''^'^' ^l^'^^u»''
;ll' ant eonvoniro ant profloroTZ» nf '"'I'* "*' P""«n"am
vastatisquo ag.is. obsi.lea Sbl dSe coegft * """*'^"' "'^"'^^■"«^
^'^iS. L.;ic.clSo?L"vS SS ^" *\^Sy-r. 2. They
Oermana crosse.l tlie rivera in tli« f^n • " ^ ''"«^' """'l^er of
All the other tribea ^^e7eZyiLJl7'''^y^t'■ <§^ 3.-7.) 4.
helargeat. that the most wSke 6 C" i^' '^'"« '"''^"t^» ^^
were led out of this place 7 \v "/l '''"f y^^'^ after, they
Germans he wa. making wa;. (S8 S i iff. ^^r'^* **>°"«^'"'
t^ieir huge size they ,!„ none rliV„^V.' "^-^8. On occount of
The country was very cold T '""■?/ °^ *h"«« *'"»««■ 9.
Germans vei^y warlike^ lO: Tieyu sed'SS T^ -'''1} "'^^« ^^^^
2.-(S8 1 2^ 1 TK -^ "7"^«'* *o bathe in the river.
burden to b^ imUted 2 \ZyTeA ^° "'^*' ^''«'^^ leasts of
beasts. 3. .hey sell whJfZx *""«" «mall and scrubby
4. The merchant's raveriglitcSntJrf 'l^''^ *" *''« ^JaSl?
T hey had not ventured to^leap Col.^ ^"rV' i^^ ^-^''> ^-
selves to the cavalry. 7 Hp LfT v.-^' T'"'^ '^«'^""k them-
used to be considJr'ed diWraceM" ^Tf ''' *''«'"• 8. It
l.t. to the feet) because tffcSva,^ ' ^"T ^°^" «" ^o^t
^'^^^•^^-^''«Kmcefultouseim;^^^^^^^^ 10. They
unoccupied 'fS ell hun^^cd^lace! °*^ 'rf'^'^i *he country is
withstand the power of the state " T," ^'" ^"^^^i could not
to come often to the Gauls them.'^Iv 'f'"n'u*""''''h'^"*« "««d
8 ate is large an<l flouds L 5 It i," H^' ^^""^ *'""^ "'«»•
glory to be more civilize( tfcn t"l. V *^'® greatest possible
state is said to be insSLlnTa f .tk""? rf ''^ '■ ^his
driven out, because they are tribn/nrl t *i • ^'"^y cannot be
^^;';;:-«;-i^edtha„tiTe*i*S^ '• "'''^
statin |a^|f ; |> tL SrS c^v^trSl^.^?"^ ^^«7
J e ""« ivienapu from wandering. 4, They
r il l ■ I II m il
168
DE BELLO GALLlOO.
••till JB
hail removed from both banks of the Rhine. (g§ 4.-7.) 5. They
pretend to cross the river. 6. He was informed of their arrival.
7. Being unable to maintain themselves they had returned to
tiie river. 8. The vifhole journey had been finished in three
days. 9. Having crushed the Menapii, they advanced for the
1 est of this night. 10. As the Germans had crossed the river, he
seized their ships and villages.
5,_1. Influenced by this report, he asked what plans they
were adopting. 2. He compelled the Gauls to answer. 3. He
asked what they had heard or learned. 4. He repents of the
plans which he has adopted. 5. No answer should be given to
those who yield to these rumors. 6. The merchants against
their will were compelled to come from each town.
6 —1. Having sent embassies to the leading men, they deter-
min'ed to set out for the Rhine. 2. Tliey were invited to come.
3. Having determined to wage war they sent embassies to several
states. 4. Some wander fartlier than usual. 5. On learnnig
this he thought he ought to summon the leading men and demand
an army. 5. When everything which he had demanded had
been prepared, they thought that embassies should be sent.
tj (§§ 1^ 2, 3.) 1. As ambassadors had not oome from the
Germans, he began to pick out cavalry. 2. Our ancestors have
handed down this custom. 3. He had heard that the Roman
people had made war on the Germans. 4. He began to attack
the Germans from whom ambassadors had not come. (§§ 4, 5. )
5. We wish to be friends to the Romans. 6. They said that the
Suebi alone had been driven from their lands. 7. The Suebi do
not yield even to the immortal gods. 8. As they have come
against their will, having been driven from home, he assigns
them lands.
8—1. He answered that he could not give any lands to those
who" were seeking aid. 2. There cannot be friendship between
Caisar and the Ubii. 3. They i.iay remain in their own lands.
4. It seems best to ask aid of Crusar. 5. They are complaining
of the outrages of the Ubii, who have settled in lands not their
own. 6. So great a multitude cannot remain without wrong.
9 _1. The ambassadors said they would send the cavalry some
days after. 2. They thought that the camp had been moved
nearer. 3. Having reported this to tiieir friends they returned
to him. 4. He said he would move the camp. 5. He learned
that some horsemen had not returned, and that the Ambivariti
were awaiting him. 6. They thought they could gam their
request from Caesar.
APPENDIX HI.
-7.) 5. They
f their arrival.
lcI returned to
ished ill three
canoed for the
3d the river, he
bat plans they
nswer. 3. He
repents of the
Id be given to
•chants against
1.
en, they deter-
vited to come,
issies to several
5. On learning
len and demand
demanded had
d be sent,
come from the
• ancestors have
iiat the Roman
began to attack
ome._ (§§4,5.)
ey said that the
r. The Suebi do
hey have come
me, he assigns
y lands to those
lulship between
leir own lands,
ire complaining
I lands not their
;hout wrong.
;he cavalry some
id been moved
s they returned
5. He learned
the Ambivariti
ould gain their
159
. *^" ^" '^^^ island used to bo fiili-iliifn.i K„ *i t> .
on Wrd'- I Afte'r fonn'w S?:S l'^ f 'f "^ "^**°» whirJitt
the Vacalus 5 Manv W.! '"'?' '* ':^°^^^^^ ^" *^'a"ch from
tlie islands "^ barbarous nations inhabit a large part of
cisi'rTtfe c'ava?4 whomt" tTZnlT''? ''''' ^•^^""""g ^o
miles distant. 2. Ca-sa. n eeth i tl / r ^''^"'^'^ ^""'^ ^'^^^'^
gave them three day? tImeTo Si !.., ""'^"■'^ •""" °" **'« ^^''^•V'
"ot given them an^opp™tuStv '^f ambassadors 3. As he ha, I
"ot to carry out these^a " (§§ 4 5 g'^' 4^1 '^ ""'T'^ /"'"
sailors to say that the armv tn!' ' T- ^^^""^ sent ambas-
thougI,t the^^vould not rTtZ E s^KfeTKy""! "Th"''- -t.^^
as many as possible would assemll «, l tf^\ , '•'^ ^^"^ *''**
wasapproaclung, he wouhl gi^hl^Jq^ ^^ ^" *'- — ^^X
amb^assadors'lefi H e^ertl "Tn" *''" T'^'^'y ^^*"''"^"^' *•>«
not more than eigl Li .T ed Im^'.o?"' T'" ^""'^ "« ^^''•' because
put the cavalry^o St 1 rttrn^ ^- having
they return to C«sar.° (^§ 4 56 ^ 4 h/T "^*.^ ««"fusion,
lus brother was saved from all d'uuL r^n'^ "ot cease until
his brother, he brougira I to^Ti, When he had rescued
resisting bravely he vva^ l.-t grandfather. 6. While
received many wounds TAr"''i ''^ *'^" '^'^^^I'T. and
aid to^Piso, ^o::':^:-j;t^s:^^:i^;^iz^^> '"^y ^'«"^'^*
see"i;7p!aJ;.^'2^-5^fi:r^l»'"' T' ?''''" *° "^^ «"^^"'y for
waited^?;ith;ystX'L^';rtS" rHi.'^^-] ''r''' h«
enemy had gained no prest'ge by these terms 1 H^^'^ "'"* *^^«
that, after accepting these termf +h ' ^e perceived
(§§4,5,6.) 5. cLafisaladth.f^l' ^. "^^'^ "^^"'S ^^r.
sadors have been detained 6 V .'"'^ T", ?"^^ the ambas-
an-anging the.se matter .'t. tLcJ^uV'T^^ ^^f'^'^'^ ^^
the enemy, had be-un battle S p'^''^' ,^?^^'»ng followed up
leading „.^ „1, the c^valr^'Sere'd i^Xitl'^Se^'S' '""
caJ^I-ry Lf Ltr„rtoSS "I'.tt, '/"VV''""^ , ?' ^^»
arrival of our cavalrv Im i,o ^"^/^amp 3. Terrified by the
forces, alarmed t; al7t 1 pi!-;? I *f f "l'*I ^" ^'^^'- ^ The
the Rhine. 5. Tak L armr+V. *''\*, ^^^^ ''""'^ »«* «ross
drawuptheli„erbaTtle"'l'?vf,f^L^ !!?!. !r.^r- *-« to
cnildreu they lied to their friends.
With ^■lie rf">f "* fiA = ""
--! — B If-.,!; ^.^ j-jjQ Women and
T|~r!*~°
160
1)K BELLO OALLlCO.
15.— 1. Seeing that a large number of onr men hail been
killed, he threw away his arms. 2. Thirty tliousand Germans
had peiished in that fliglit. 3. As they wished to depart, he
said he would allow them their freedom. 4. Cscsar reached tiie
river Riiine in safety. 5. They said that thirty military
standards had been left. 6. Hearing the shouts of his men, and
fearing the Gauls, he rushed out of the camp.
16. — 1. The Germans had been very easily induced to cross
the Rhine and make war on the Roman people. 2. Messengers
were sent to promise vessels for crossing the Rhine. 3. After
sending ambassadors and giving up hostages, they betook them-
selves to their friends. 4. As the Suebi had joined the Usipetes,
he had, against his will, lent aid to these tribes. 5. Against
Ccesar's will they had ventured to carry over the army. 6. He
resolved that the wa,r must be finished. 7. Perceiving that they
were hard pressed by the Germans, they were alarmed. 8. They
answered that they would prevent Cajsar from conveying his
army across the Rhine. 9. They thought that they could not be
safe without his consent. 10. He besought Caesar to take pt^rt
in the battle. 11. The Germans who liad made war on Cresar,
were surrendered to him. 12. So great was Cossar's reputation
that the farthest tribes sent ambassadors and gave hostages.
17,— 1. There was the greatest difficulty, for two reasons.
2. So great was the breadth of the river that there was thf*
greatest difficulty in crossing. 3. Although he ■was crossing by
boats, he decided to build a bridge. 4. For the same reason the
trees did not injure the bridges. 5. He decided to join the
boats together to lessen the force of the current.
IS. — 1. Caesar began to lead the army across. 2. The army
began to be led across. 3. For several days they were bringing
in timber. 4. He ordered ambassadors to come to him from
both states. 5. He ordered a garrison to be left at the bridge.
6. They began to conceal themselves in the woods. 7. Mean-
while, all tiie timber having been collected and the army led
across, they began to prepare for flight.
19. — 1. CfBsar learned that their wives and children had been
placed in the woods, and that they were gathering to one place.
2. As the bridge had been torn down, Cajsar resolved to punish
the Germans. 3. When the Ubii learned that all the buildings
had been burned, and a bridge built, tliey betook themselves to
the woods. 4. AH can bear arms. 5. For ten days they had
awaited his arrival. 6. He thought that everything, for_which
he had led the army across, had been accomplished. 7. The
len hail been
sand Germans
to depart, he
ir reached the
lirty military
: his men, and
luced to cross
2, Messengers
ine, 3. After
betook them-
l the Usipetes,
3. 5. Against
army, 6. He
ving that they
ned. 8. They
conveying his
)y could not be
r to take pare
war on Csesar,
ir's reputation
I hostages.
• two reasons,
there was tht*
iia crossing b^
ime reason the
id to join the
2. The army
were bringing
! to him from
at the bridge.
ids. 7. Mean-
the army led
Idren had been
g to one place.
)lved to punish
1 the buildings
c themselves to
days they had
ling, for which
ished. 7. The
APPENDIX in.
161
«pent in the districts wS ?he LeAlu'TTl^J^'i 1?^«^
themselves to their own territories ^ hey betook
to whom they had furnished aiixiHawL^u l' ^^ ^°""^ °»<=
traders could^find out wla^e he hkrbtV wl ''g^'llt'*^
the harbors wt^rp, «r.*- o.,;foui u ^ ""'^"'ji was. o. Although
know .hat thr;r„S";™:;,^,: t Au'rhi?:'?iT''- ,"• h
.»v.oe. 8. He found out that III til ulLti^J^ olS!
2. ASteail'o^"e*om°'Z"r/° f^l ?" *™ ""°8«-
that summer 1 To J^i "'«»'''''>'' ""'""h <"> had conquered
vi,itcdThrrtaLt"Z";VeTio°usX "'4%''' S""','''^
with all the fleet assembl£lnl -7^ ' ^^'^^^ themselves,
he orders (;MC)ti>vLTtKf.f^?'^ P,°''^'^'«- ^- Him
traderstocCeto hir 7 HaW^^^ .' H^^''^'^ i^^P^ro) the
home. 8. He uraeT'Vnh.. § ^'^" hostages they return
u. j±e urges Volusenus to leave thp uhir^ o u
reported what they had promised in r^ -h .\ ^e
madekina. piomisert. 10. Commms had been
num1;e7^;f ^transport? ^^Th""^^* ^'^''P^.''^ ^^' ^"^ ^ large
«hips wh?ch he fa? ;equir f^3^ m "^'^ ^^^/^ *''«
the ships, ambassadors cTueLm^leMoJi^^ T'-^.^'^l""!
the ships could not carry overThe Lion ;; 4. The rest of
s"st tt'tSiM" k' 9t sn^st'totiv - a
hf proLS:dtSve\!J.^;';.^ - h'i7;>ScS 'Th^IT^'
garrison of two lecionc s M^ ^ *^ T^ • ? . '• -He left a
iVor^ ^T^^h^Vn^ef^eVT^^^^^^^^ "^^ - the
he^?rreI;d^?he'''reToW:^'fr'"'\^ *5 ,*^ ''■g^^'' g™""'^.
ordered the ai^^lors to be ri?^^^^^ follow them. ^ 2. He
from tiie ship to the 121 a ^ • , • ''^"'!''^ *^^''*''«' weapons
theylanded 5 On th«=f 1 ^" .^hmking the shore suitable,
sot sail Iroin f.hfi fn,.fh„„ u„..u._ " ^ ^ ''"6 tnbUi.
CO
i sail Irom the farther harbor.
Lines
sosimatutfsfiiatBBaaaiimiSiUumm
162
DE BELLO OALLICO.
24, — 1. They kept onr men from leaping clown. 2. Sending
the charioteers in advance, they hurled their weapons more
boldly. 3. The soldiers, burdened by their arms, leaped down
from the ship. 4. The locality was unknown to our men, who
did not show the same zeal as the enemy. 5. They had to
advance into the water. 6. On account of the great difficulty,
the rest of the forces cannot follow up the cavalry. 7. They
were wont to use horses in their battles. 8. The enemy, dis-
mayed by the size of the vessels, could not hurl their weapons.
25. — 1. The soldiers were ordered to leap down. 2. As the
soldier was leaping down, Ca;sar noticed that the enemy had
halted. 3. On the ships of war being removed a short distance,
the enemy began to retreat. 4. He urged the soldiers not to
betray the eagles to the barbarians. 5. He cried with a loud
voice that he was willing to do his duty. 6. On account of the
unusual kind of Vessels, the matter turned out most favorably
for Caesar. 7. "Leap down, Ccesar," he said, "unless you
wish to incur disgrace." 8. Our soldiers exhorted one another
not to hesitate on account of the appearance of the baibarians.
26.— 1. On the vessels being filled, he ordered aid to be sent
to those who were in difficulty. 2. Whenever the enemy made
an attack, Cissar would order our men to keep their ranks.
3. Both sides were unable to leave their ships. 4. AVhomsoever
they attacked, they put to flight. 5. Making an attack, they
surrounded the enemy. 6. Having reached the island, the
cavalry landed from the ship. 7. Having attacked the enemy,
they fought fiercely. 8. This alone is lacking. 9. He had
manned the ehips of war with the cavalry.
2*7. — 1. On their promising to send ambassadors, they v/ere
ordered to send Commius back. 2. He complained because,
after promising to send for hostages, they had seized Commius.
3. Having seized ComTuius and put him in chains, they had
made war. 4. They said that they had sent for part of the
hostages. 6. As soon as the enemy had done what he required,
he forgave their indiscretion. 6. Sending Qommius, the Atre-
batian, in advance, he ordered the ambassadors to be seized and
put in chains. 7. As they have sought pef,:,'^ and given hos-
tages, their imprudence will be forgiven. 8. They seized
Commius as he was landing from the ship.
28. — 1. So great a storm arose that the vessels could not set
out. 2. Having taken the cavalry on board, they had set sail
for the continent. 3. Some vessels had been filled with the
waves, others had been carried back tn the island. 4. When
APPENDIX III,
163
nn'^ TThi''''"'^' *•'' ''''''tX °" ^°^''^''' ^ I'g^* l^'-«^^^« sprang
np. 5. Ihe camp was reached on the fourth dfiy. 6. The camn
ti:;Tutori:ser '^"'°'-- '- '''^ «'-- -« - ^-^ =
o ^AftT/'t?!!'^.,"-"^', ""^^ T"" "^^'^ ^^"^g fil^^^ ^'th the tide.
;;e7% Th/^'^'' had been repaired, the army was carried
o^e^. 3. The same winter several ships weie lost. 4. On the
same day he caused corn to be provided. 6. The ships widch
mhlv""'^'^''""^' ^"'■^ being tossed about by the sZn
f^n? i Z-T^^ "^^'^ wanting. 7. For several days it happened
Sd « fn r Tl •"'■^ ^'S^- «• ^' ««'•" ''-« "«t been pro
vided, a fact which is unknown to CiBsar, we ou^ht not tr.
winter in Gaul. 9. It is generally r.greed tlmt ropTs! anchors
and other tackling are lacking. i- «opes, ancnors
^mSi^^' ^%hTtllI-' ';''^'"S. *° ^^^^»-' *h« camp was
smaller. 2. Ihe best thing to do is to lead across the legion
and renew the war. 3. They had learned that ciarlad
brought tlie legion over without cavalry. 4. He began to form
a conspiracy for the purpose of renewing tlie war. 1 "ftv ar^
confident that, if the matter is drawl out till winier Kr
wil not make war. 6. Withdrawing his men gmdSy f^om
mpn h^'l 1' ^'^^'^ *^ ^?"^^' ^^'•- 7 Understanding t£toiu-
would ail to give hostages, he ord^ered the shfpTto be epailed'
intnM f 'P' b? ^f" seriously damaged, timber and bmnze
cannot be brought to the continent. 4. He ordered the sokK
to use the corn. 5. Twelve ships had been repaired with the
utmost zeal 6 Haying learned Cesar's plans, they suspected
that the rest of the ships had been lost. 7. When hostages had
been given they were ordered to bring in corn. 8 No one wil
cross over from Britain for the purpose of renewing the war.
32.— 1. While the two cohorts were arming themselves the
enemy suddenly attacked the cavalry. 2. Observing that the
enemy had marched in that direction, he ordererHeg ons to
surround them 3. Those who had been sent to reap the erah?
ITTiit""^^^- r^y^^^ suddenly attacked them and^sur
rounded them with their cavalry. 4. A larger cloud of dist
tnan IS usual is visible in the direction in which the leSo
W?-"^- ^ Suspecting that the cohorts would follow *^ he
barbarians had beea ordered to conoeai themselves in the woods
164
I)E BELLO GALLICO,
6. He suspected that part of tlie barbarians kept coming to the
camp. 7. Being ordered to lay aside their arms and not to hurl
any weapon, they were alarmed. 8. Adopting this plan, they
had set out with him. 9. Wiien tliose wlio remained in the
camp told Cassar that the ranks had been thrown into disorder,
he ordered the cavalry to be sent.
33,— 1. They are accustomed to leap down from their horses
and fight on foot, 2. Hurling their weapons, they threw the
ranks into confusion. 3. Leaping down from their chariots,
they betook themselves to their friends. 4. Leaving the battle,
they would place their chariots so that they might hurl their
weapons. 6. So great was the din of the wheels that the very
charioteers were thrown into confusion. 6. Tlie charioteer
betook himself in safety to the cavalry. 7. They are so hard
pressed by the cavalry and infantry that they are gradually
leaving the fields
34.— 1. While they were collecting the cavalry, Cresar kept
his men in camp. 2. Having done this, he sent out messengers
and pointed out how great was the number of the enemy. 3.
As tlie time was unfavorable the legions were led back to the
camp. 4. He thought the time was favorable for bnnging aid.
5. The Romans having been driven out, they thought an oppor-
tunity was aflforded (them) of lending aid to the enemy. 6. Our
men were kept in the camp for several days by the storms.
7. After joining battle, while the cavalry was occupied, an
opportunity for throwing the inf.i ntry into confusion was given.
35. — L On the day before all the buildings had been burned.
2. Although the enemy were defeated, they nevertheless escaped
danger, 3. After slaying several, they burned all the buildings.
4. He sees that the enemy cannot endure the attack of our
legions. 5. The legions which he had brought over joined
battle. 6. The cavalry, of whom mention has been made above,
having defeated the enemy, had betaken themselves to Csesar.
7. It happened that Commius had brought over several legions.
36.— L On the ambassadors being sent, he demanded hos-
tages. 2. At midnight he reached the harbor in safety. 3. The
weather being suitable they set sail the same night. 4. He did
not think the hostages should be brought to the same harbor.
5. Having found two transports, the ambassadors had reachsd
the continent. 6. As all the ships had been carried down, the
enemy sent ambassadors to Caesar to treat for peace.
37,— L After the soldiers had landed, the enemy threw away
their arms. 2. After slaying a large number of tiie enemy, tfaey
APPENDIX HI.
165
tlieir arms 4. iTr^arLain wh,- . fi \T '¥"' ^^^^^'^ ^"^"
his friends, after x^dvlfhevSwouts"' ^'T'^- '" ^'f'^' °^
theMorini, Cujsar set ouUorBritah, fi TI« ^'"'^'^^ ^^"''''"f^
sent to the three huu,V^.l J^nta n. 6 He ordered aid to be
enemy's attack ' 7 Wh"" atout^ix^L ^''!, '^'t*'"^ "^«
been slain, the enen/y's cavalr^re^^ ^^3i^^^^^ had
wte^rfiL';tr::roVt'%^^^^
camp. heorder^ed*°hf L^nofS-m^r^K^^^^^^
ma®r!h7s^" J^T^Tif^ ^^"^ ^?^*^"^, ^^^^ themBelvea to the
^d"fele?tt^nSSvrrn^''e^?^^^^^^^ to send hostages and
into the country of the Morini t'fnr ** ^^«^ the legions
use the marshes and woods" a k , Wa nf f ' ^*'^'? ^^.^^ V'^** '«
of the Belgians had rrewed the war tl'^M^^^^ *' 4» the rest
C^sar had sent two Ens concelled t^L 7°''- ^^T'^ ^^«"^
5. He had sent Cnttli^ilh ^.^^^^^ ■ '"^'"selves in the marshes.
Belgians Tas thet^ SesTl '^T^ T^^ *^« '''^ «^ the
legitn out of tinter qSers 7 ?n'f"* ''°'*^^'' \« ^«'^ ^^^
had not decreed a twe2 ^tyj" tLl"^rg" ^^*"^ *'^ «^"^^
I