•♦ ^^ % ^ y J •"«.v .V IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) *•■)"• • -^ 1.0. S^aiss 12.2 • I itt Ml m Itt 12.0 IB i-i ... 6" •t - * M> ^^'t Fholugrti|itffi' «^ 14 ;ii »; CtxpcnatioD ItVMKTMAMSTMn \MMIM,'N.V. 14SM (7U)I7»4S09 4^ A V « 4 ^M 's- m 6^ / ,V \ \i. CIHM -f."- / > i- Series (Monographs) r\ ICMH Collection de microfiches (mbnographles) Canadian Inatituta for Hiatorical Microraproductiona "J I / Inatitut Canadian da microrapiroductipna hiatoriquaa # Technical and MMiographic NolM / Notat'tachniqiMt tt biMiqsraphiquat Tha Imtituta hat attamptad to obtain tha bast original copy availabia for filming. Faatur« of tKis co|iy which may ba biMiographically 4iniqiia, which may altar ai)y of tha imagat in ttia raproduction, or which may significantly change tha usual mathod of filming, ara chackad balow. 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Las diagrammas suivsnts llhfstrant la mAthoda. ■\- * 1 • . 2 M u i -•^.V( -->.--'' < 7^ ^^. .1 REPORT OF $pccial Committee Re Hectric Power^ » > ■♦ < » "o ths President and Council of the Board. 0|ntlembn, • , ■ |ln considering the question of electric power, your Committee hfve found it desirable and nec&'^sary to take under consideta- l^n the question of power generally, and our report will cover t^e following: — . ' 1. Kinds of power most largely in use. 2. Power conditions as they now exist in. Toronto. ?* 3. Power facility as a factor in attracting new Adustries, 4. Desirability and probability of cheaper electric power for 'oronto. J, #, v. Under the^fira* head we find there are five motive powers, ^ ^hich are now in practical common' use in large cities anffmanu- 'facturing centres. They are as follows :— («) Watee Power.— Cities and yilla^s located clos0 to a water- fall, or conditions admit|in^ of fornnng a water head of suffi- Lcient fall, can make dirpct application of such power. As a primary power, however, it may be used at a considerable dis- tance from the commu\iity deriving benefit from it in generating and transmitting electric current, as is well known. In cities and towns where the water supply is abun^anjb, and cheap, aud where there is good pressure, small water-motors are quite commonly used. ^ i In many lilies of manufacture hydraulic^awinery can be used, to great advantage. For manufacturing purposes generally cheap water is a most essential feature, if not water-power. *(&) Ste\m Fowab.— The introduction of rival powers has by no means driven the steam engine — man's greatest helper — from the field. On the Contrary, steam engineers have so constantly brought out improved devices for the economical production of steam power, that ev0n in centres where electric power is pto- duoed to good advantage, steam pretty well holds its own, more - especially in plants requiring from, sav, 75 h.p. upwards. Jn com- paratively lari^e plants, requiring from 60 h.p. and upwards, where steam is required for heating or other purposes^it can pretty well bold its own against electric power under avenme cooditiona *^ . ' ■. mm^^^^t' . Y'f "^. ^ Where steam is also used fdr indas^rial' purposes in tiie same business, there se«ms tobe.no question but Uia^genMally speak- ing, steam power is still the most economical f or the mannfao-' torer. It may also be said that steam, enj^nes and boilers have been so perfected and brouffht to such a standud of excellence that the depreciation in viuae, due to the use of such apparatus, amounts now to much less than it did a comparatively few years ago. I^he use of steam apparatus is so generally understood that in- telligent labor for its attendance is readily obteinable. $team is undottbtedly the most important power factor, notwithstand- ing the xgreat advances made by electricity ; indeed, in most instaooesihe electric current itself is dependent on the steam engin4 /■ . . " . '■ "^ (o) G^ iirb Oawunk.-'-^^ being relived in many busy centres, and such developments have reoetatly been muade in bbth gas and gasoline^engines, that We have felt it desirable to mention this power in our report We have become accustomed to think of the gas eijigine as a offidl machine, suitable for lighi service, but these engines are now oommonly sold- for 60, 76 and 100 Lp., and single enfi^es 'developing 660 h.p. are now in actual opwation. A 30,000 h.p. ^ gas engine electric sUtioh, where the gas engines arediree^ connected to the dynamos as primary powers, is now in course of construction in Pittsburg, Pa. It is claimed that the consump- tion of gas in these en^nes has been reduced to 18 fL per h.p. perhour. ■■■;''■,,' The power value of gas isp>determined by the number of heat imits it contains. Natural gpts has about 940 heat unite ; illum- inating gas has only 660 heat uidts, consequently it takes a some* Hrhat ginater number of feet per Lp. per [hour to produce the same amou9t of power. As for gasoline engines, splendid resulte are being obtained by the latest machines, the makers guaranteeii^, that a wine gidlon of gasoline mil produce a h.p. for lO^urs. (d) ELMnraic PowxB.— Electricity may be said to be a- secondary force, a handmaid or servant of steam or some other primary powar. It has ito special sphere of usefulness, in whidi it undoubtedly «icels. Eleetrioitj, however, has ite limitetions, which are seldon^real- ised or understood, resulting in many fiUse suppositions as to ito universal utility Igr ite too ardent advocates. In the field of Jpower, for fiMility of dirtributioii% even when : distance is taken into account elewridity has no rival, Heiic^ for tiio sni^ly of small scattered powers in a community there is nothing to be oompared with it llie ease of distribution of elec- trio cuypsat has also led swue large^insnol^>etnrMs to instiJl most . elab oi a te," di re ot 'Co nn eofce d, s te am«dri v en e |^et r ie p lanted witifcjr ■r 'i\ I - > ^ h ^■, ''I\ I i t •> p^v - > ^ ' 1^ .:»\-- ■! :. T ♦i-^ \ ■■ v.. ▼iew iifdvtrilmting eleetrie power to < the yarioue depftrtments of tbflir woriEi, connectiiig the moton direetly to ^e nuun-Uile 8hiufit,of the seveval ipotne, and in some instanoM connecting indiTidnal motora to the several maebinee in a dngle department, Uiaa makinffa splendid equipment, and dispensintf with long Uneeof shafting and maeh belting. Such perfeoic^ribution of power requires a very elaborate and es^[»snaive installatibn, but it gives the advantige of operating certain departments, or, for that matter, individual machines, irrespedtive of anv other department, and, when ' intermittent service is required, effects some saving. ' It is only reasonable ^to suppose, however, that eleefcrical apparatus will liave to be very oonsiderabl;]^ eheapiened and simplified before tlus ideal ipethod of application can come into : general use, which will take time. ^ ^ Electriaty, in addition to its advantages for poweil' and light- ing, is also capable of adaptation in certain mdustrial and metallufgioal uses, which could not otherwise be economically / and pnumc^y carried on. (e) CoHPiWBSiD Ant^Th^s has been styled "the centniy's ;new power.*^ like eleetridty, it is m secondary force to De developed, and distributed by steam or some other primary power. ^ Compressed air has been in use pr many yMurs, but the ^extent of its possibilities and its wide usefdness' are only recently beginning to be understood. iTo say nothing of the many kinds of pneumatic machinery and air-dr\yen tools How ^ largely used, oomraessed air motors are in successful operaticm in several large cities. Paris f France) is said to be one of tiie largest users of compressed' air. There, \i is said, there are now ' many miles of mains serving customers with air through pipes • with meters, as gas is distributed, and operating machinery, large and small,' in all lines of industry. 2. POWKR CONDinOl^S AS THBT NOW KxiST IN TOIONTO. '>v. (a) Watkb PowxAt— Toronto, of course, can boast of no water pbwer for direct application. The nearest large poww of import- ance ia that of Niaaara Falls, whidi, we belieye, is dose enough to us to lead lis to hope that at some time in the not too distant ftiture it ^dU supply us with electric energy. Beyond its use for hydraulic elevators, wat^ can scareeljr be said to be used as a ^wer in Toronto, beeauM of the Ifanited supply and cost It is claimed by one engineer who made a report on the subject^ that in the matter of hydnralio power loir ^ elevators, if the btU for such use is $18 per month, it wiU pay to ~ duuDge to electric power, even under tne prsaent rates eBaiqged by the l^ 4 / #?' ,\- Bioall to >uiy one #ho has not carefully looked into the subject. Tour Conimittee have had reports from several engineers and persons oompetent to makci an estimate and form an opinion on such matters. It is probable, omitting the Toronto Railway Ciompany and the Toronto- Eleetrie light Company, that in the ■>. neighborhood of from te^ to twelve thousand h.p. will be the maximum present consumption in the dty of Toronto. From ther ' best information obtainable it n likely that from five to six thous- and h.p. of this amount is mi^ fay people requiring under 50 h.p. About two years ago an effort wa»iaade to gain statistics as to . the quantity of steam power alone used in the city, snd it was ' estimated to be in the neighborhood of 17,000 h.p., which includes the plants of the Toronto Bailway Company and the Toronto Electric Light Company, these. alone aggrepatinff some 10,000 h.p., which makes about 7.000 h.p. in use in otSer industries. This amount has doubtless somewhat increased since then. - The basis of the cost of stoam poif er is, of course, the price of doal We have received several estimates from competent engineers as to the cost of producing power from the average stMun plant These estimates were found to vary considerably. The conditions under which steam i8~generated vary greatly m different industries. 'It Is probable, however, ,that a weQ- equipped' plant, developing, say, 100 h.p., can produce power at from $20 to $25 per h.p. per annum for ten hours per day, SOO working days. Plants developiiiff a greater amount otpower, with ' most modem apjplian0es, can proDably reduce this cost somewhat iihe duty now char|^ on steam coal is 63 cents per ton, anij||| an important item in the pewer problem. (e) Elbotbio Power. — Where electric power can be most profitably used is for scattered mptors, where the use of a steam plant or gas engine would not be lafge enough to pay for a man's time to Took idfter it; and it is especially desirable when the power is intermittent and is only paid ^or when it is use^. ( Tbere are at present probably from uiree to five thousand h.p. in motdr capacity installed for such use in our city, generating in the |iiei|^borhood of 1,500 to 2,000 ih.pL actually consumed on an average. There are Jl»ut few electric isolated pUmts in the city where electric current is generated by the producer for his own power purposee. The Toronto Electnc Light Company- are * practically tne only source whence dectrio current can be pur- chased in Toronto at the present time. Their charges average from 2^ to 8 cents per h.p. per hour, and tiiey do not care^ fumiBh a greater amount to any one customer than 25 h.p. 7 Their price to laioe customers, whei^ conditions are fikvorabra, vhas been as low as 2 cents per h.pr per hour, whereas for other TerysmaU powers I tagreat distance irom their mains they charge , OTtn higher than three canta. Two cents per h.p. f <» ten hours jpiMr^ day, 806 days in tike year, amounts to S^ i~^ » » ( » r* *•^ ^# -r per annum per Ep. f.^ Xi .■'■'A « » r* *•< -*#^ In <:k>MPABiMa Stkam Ailp Elkctrio Powar a number dP condltioiM h«ve to be taken into consideralion. Undoubtedly conapihera of lesB than 25 h.p.; where Hteat^Pia not lar^^ely used for other purposea, could ura electric power to great advantage, even at the price charged by the Toronto Electric Light Gom- nany. Consumers of from 26 to 50 h.p., where steam is not used tor other purphe power company oper- i^ng the old canal, charge at the rate of $26 per ^^w annum for power iiTlimited quantities. There are, howe^JKfB'O restric- tions, and the |k>wer ctfn be used twenty-four hours afday if da- sired. Where la^r quantities of power artf' taken, concessions are made, but thd^ ooncesstpns are conditional upon matters of location, purposeSlfor which the pqwer is supplied, teim of lease, and so forth, and| special inducements are ^nerally made to parties toei^ng on the lands of the Power Osmpanies, both of whom are seeking to develop the properties acquired by them. In comparing steam and electric powers for manufacturers using greater qnanUties tluuv 50 h.p. per annum, several condi- tions must be taken into opnaideration. Manufacturers having steam pkmts installed, arei as a rule, well satisfied with them, and probably would not care to chsnge, as, at bept, the savins would be so trifling, if ai&y. Furthermore, the installation of eleetrio apparatus, if donelin the most improved manner, and so. - as to secure the greatest, amount of efficiency, would involve a very considerable outlay, auita the equivalent of the cost of' we steam plant and pwbape morv. On tiie ^ther himd,' ^ the depreciation of a modem steam plant, because bf the excel- lence to whidh steam engineering has attained, is comparatively light, probably not eaieeeding ton per cent, n faereas even in the bett mwn types of eleecno generators andm iton they ure con- ttanttj bailiff improved, Mid thei)nsetifc rate of deprediiiiotk ma- not be conaidered m nraehleag tban 20%. Then toe qneetion of ntiliation of ateem powelribr other )>arpoee8 in moat mannfac- uiring planta is an important consideration, the steam boiler being in moat instances a necessity, even if electric piower were ntiliied, for auch purposes as heating; drying and other indos- HHaluaes. Quite a large number of manufacturers, also, use riofuse as a part of their fuel, which reduces the cost of steam p^uction. As an illustration, one of our laigest manufacturing concerns, which uses abput 1,000 h.p. from steam boilers, produces it at f 'cost of about $4 per h.p. per annum, most of the fuel being waate material, ahaVin^pi, lAwdust and blocka ^ Then again in business enterprises, where the possibility of a oesiation of power would be a serious loss, they cannot afford to take the chance of an occasional stOf^Mige by a breakdown on a long transmission line, which, under present conditions, is not an altogether remote possibility. , * Add to all this the fact that in manu&cturing plants of any oonsidorable sise the percentage of the cost of power is su(^ a small percentage of the cost of the output and the annual expense^ and we believe the majority of our leading factories would not readily change to the electric power, even under quile favorable circumstances as to price. (d^ Oa8 and Qasoline Fowkb.— Qas engines were used to a considerable extent for small powers in Toronto prior to the in- troduction of the electric motor. It is estimated by one engineer that the gas en{^ does not now fignro as prominently in tiie city as it miffht do, espedally sinee the engines of this type for both gas and gasoline have beon ao laigely improved. Nrnther the gas nor gaaoline engine can, of course, displace any of tbe present electric motor power, but they might be used to advant- age, with economical results, in the place of many of the snudl steam plants now installed generatii^' from, say, 26 to 75 h.p. The heat units of the gas supplied b^ the Consumers' Qas Com- pany are said to be 650, and from thia it is computed that from 17 to 20 feet of gas would supply a h.p. for one hour, with the latest improved engine. Putting it at 20 ft per hour—tiie pre- sent price of gas Ming 90 eents— would mean $54 per h.p. per annum of 800 10-hr. daya. With the ktett type of gubfine engine^ if, aa guaranteed, a wine |;all'5'»'. ir^f % x' appoint a committee who Would assist in bringing alwut and en- couraging such an> enterprise. .^ " ^\. ■ We can scarcely anticipate that electric power being«famished s under present conditions in our city (it being developed from coal) can be produced at a much cheaper rate. Our hope for cheaper power is to bring the current from one of the great Niagara generating plants. Wo take it that there is no proba- bility of obtaining power from the same source as the Hamilton Electric Light and Cataract Power Company^ since they are not likely to generate mdre powet* than^ Hamilton can con- venientiy consume, even tbough, otherwise, arrangements'could bd effected. Neither is it probable that'We can obtain Asmnection i^th either of the great power companies on the UnitedyStates side of Niagara Falls. There are two companies organised for developing and opeiiiting plant^at Niagara on the Canadian side. One of ' these, the -Canadian Niagftra Falls Power Com- pany, is in reality pn off-shoot of the Cataract Power Company of Niagara Falls, fN. Y.) It is only niow,getting under w|^ with ite plant A new oi-gaiiization recently completed is the Ontario Power Company of Niagara Falls, Limited.' This company is about to begin operations, and alleges its intention of delivering pow^'r to To^nto. The question of long-distance transmission -of electric current has by no . means been satisfactorily solved. \ The loss is very considerable, to say nothing of the heavy cost of the installation of the lines and the expense of their main- tenance. The nearest route by land, arbund by Burlington Qeach; ivould beisome 71 milea from the power station of the Ontario .Power Company io Toronto. If a cable is found prac- ticable, the total distance fromjihe power station, coming across the lake, would be some 4l miles, 36 of ' V £B