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Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mAthode. y errata )d to nt ne pelure, 1900 A 1 2 3 32X 1 2 3 4 5 6 ^. 1 ^ompliments of the U. S. Deep Waterways Commission. , A / ,yO ^ James B. AnffclU ^^^^hrU^JLAdy - uMjr. Chicago, October, 1897. REPORT OF THE llTi STATES BEEP WATERWAYS WMMl PRrPARED AT DETROIT, MICHIGAN, DECEMBER 18-22, 1896, BY THTi: COMMISSIONERS, JAMES B. ANGELL, JOHN E. RUSSELL, LYMAN E. COOLEY. ACCOMPANIED BY THE REPORT ON TECHNICAL WORK AND THE SEVERAL TOPICAL REPORTS AND DRAWINGS PERTAINING THERETO. Januaky 18, 1897. — Referred to tho Committoe ou Interstate and Foreign Coiumerce, with accompanying pai)er8, and ordered to be x>iinted. WASHINGTON: CK)VEBNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1897. .^alocC •><1>1T UN :*.liTn CoNGRESf?, ) HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. ( Document • 2d Hessian. ] \ No. 192. REPORT \ OF THE PREPARED AT DETROIT, MICHIGAN, DECEMBER 18-22, 109G, »Y THE COMMISSIONERS, JAMES B. ANGELL, JOHN E. RUSSELL, LYMAN E. COOLEY. ACCOMPANIED BY THE REPORT ON TECHNICAL WORK AND THE SEVERAL TOPICAL REPORTS AND DRAWINGS PERTAINING THERETO. January 18, 1897. — Referred to tho Committoe on Interfitato and Foreign Commerce, with accompanying papers, and ordered to be printed. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1897. t. u CONTENTS. #<« I • \Mta M^ Page. Lcttorof traiiHiiiittal from tlio rresiduiit of the (Iiiited StatcH 5 Letter of Hocretary of CoiniiiiHsion (> Keport of Ibe I'lutctl StateH Deep \Vaterways Coiumission 7 T«xt of joint reHoliitioii creatiuj; Comiui8.-iiou 7 I'ersouuel of Coiniuissiou 7 Suiuiiiary of dcductioiiH 14 Tho trunk route 11 Torniinal routes It> Limiting conditions 18 Capacity 22 Projects 24 Miscellaneous 28 Conclusions 29 Keconunendations yo Report on technical work 33 lutroductiou 33 Scope of work 33 Exhibit A— Proliles and maps of water routes 31 Tho Lakes and Atlantic waterway 31 rrofiles and maps, list of 31 Introduction 31) (ieneral profile 11 Lake Superior to Lake Huron through the St. Marys River 42 Lake Michigan to Lake Huron through tho Straits of Mackinac 4:{ I^ake Huron to Lake Erie through tho St. Clair River, Lake St. Clair, an;l Detroit River 43 Lake Erie to Lake Ontario through the Niagara River and proposed ship canal and Welland Canal 45 Lake Ontario to Lake St. Francis ^jhrough the St. Lawrence River 45 Lake St. Francis to Lake Chanipluin and to Montreal 47 St. Lawrence River from Montreal to deep water below Quebec 48 Tho Champlaiu-Hudsoii Valley from St. Johns, Provin<'e of Quebec, to Troy Dam, New York 40 Hudson River from Troy Dam to Atlantic 0<'ean 49 Lake Ontario to Hudson River through the Oswego-Oneida-Mohawk Valley from Oswego to Troy Dam 50 (ieorgian Bay to Lake Ontario through Lake Simcoe 50 The Ottawa route from Georgian Hay to Richelieu River 51 Early canal systems 52 Inter lakes route 5-1 Western New York (no profile) 5H New York and Pennsylvania (no profile) 57 Conclusion 57 Appendix '. 58 t CONTENTS. Report on toL-hiiical work — CoutiniuMl. P»ge. Kxhihit A— Profiles nnd iiiapH of water routes— (Ntntinnetl. Ap])en(lix — Con tin nod. DiatancoH — Luko-Hi'uboanl vontcs 58 Wpetiul report on Oswogo-Oneiflu-Mohawk routo 59 St. La\vrout;e-Champlain route 63 Exhil. it B— Hydrology 36 Exhibit IJ 1 — Klovatiuns for the Great Lakes and for the St. Lawrence and Hudson rivers 69 Introduction 69 Part I — Primary leveling 70 Part II — Special discussions 83 Part III — Notable elevations; ])laues of reference and bench marks. 87 Exhibit B 2 — Water levels for the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Kiver for tho years 1860 to 1895, inclusive 97 I )iagranis '. 122 Memoranda 123 Tables of water levels for tho Great Lakes and St. Lawreni'e Kiver. .. 129 Exhibit U 3 — Basin of the Great Lakes and of the St. Lawrence and Hud- son rivers 145 Tables appended 148-154 Exhibit B 4 — Effects of gales on Lake Erie 155 Table showing eflfects of gales on Lake Erie 160-162 Exhibit H 5 — Water levels for tho Great l^akcs and St. Lawrence Kiver prior to 1860 1 69 Data furnished and documents consulted 174 Deduced tables 176-178 Exhibit C — Practical problems ; the ice season ; basin of the Great Lakes and surrounding territory 36, 193 General index table — ice season 196-200 Addenda — ice season 201-263 C*«. ^^y r 58 59 R3 36 69 69 70 83 87 ib LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. To the Senate and House of Reprenentath'es : I transmit herewith the re)K)rt of Messrs. .Jaines B. An^ell, of Michi- gan, John E. Russell, of Massachusetts, and Lyman l). Cooley, of Illinois, who were appointed Commissioners imder the authority of a law passed Man-h 2, 1895, to make inquiry and report, after eonlerence with such similar commissioners as miji^ht be ap|)ointed on behalf of Great Britain or the Dominion of Canada, concerning the feasibility of the construction of such canals as will enable vessels engagcil in ocean commerce to pass between the Great Lakes jind the Atlantic Ocean, and the most convenient location and probable cost of such canals, together with other facts and information in said act specified relating to their construction and use. The Commissioners have prosecuted tlie work assigned them with great zeal and intelligence, resulting in the (collection of a .uass of information, embodied in their report and its accompanying exhibits, which is of great importance and interest as related to the project sub- jected to their examination. The advantages of direct and unbroken water transportation of the products of our Western States and Territories from convenient points of shipment to our seaboard ports are plainly palpable. The report of the Commissioners contains, in my opinion, demonstration of the feasi- bility of securing such transpoitation, and gives ground for the antici- pation that better and more uninterrupted commerce through the ])lan suggested, between the great West and foreign jmrts, with tlie increase of national prosperity which must follow in its train, will not long e8cai)e American enterprise and activity. It will be observed that the report of the CommissionervS, though as comprehensive as the time and facilities at their disposal permitted, does not definitely deal with the cost of the work they were called ui)on to consider, and omits some of the other details related to it. Thus far they have labored without compensation, and a ])art of the small sum appropriated for the payment of their eNi)c!i8es still remains unex- pendetL I suggest to the Congress the i)ropriety of making economical pro- vision for such further prosecution of their work as will m(U'«' fully develop the information necessary to an exact and complete under- standing of this interesting and important subject. Gkoveu Cleveland. Executive Mansion, January 18, 1897. <«l)MM,1|||gm|^f I (1 W AHTimcTO-N, Jfnniarj/ S, ISOT. The Prertbent: By iustnictioii of tlio Denp Waterways Commission, I herewith trans- mit its report made in pursuance of the joint resohition of Congress which became a hiw March 2, 1895, under which the Commission was appointed November 1 foUowing. Kespectfully, yours, JOTTN E. llTTSSELL, Member of the Comwission, and Us Sevrciitry, 6 >7. ana- ;ress was y- •4> I f w REPORT OF THE UNITED STATES DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. On the 8th day of February, 1805, Senator William P. Vilas intro- duced the fuUowinju^ Joint resolution, authorizing a preliminary inquiry conceriiin{j^ deep waterways between the ocean and the Great Lakes, and providing commissioners therefor: Resolved hij Ihv Senate anil Ilouxe of Hepresentaiiven of the United States of Ametica in ConijrcHH aancmhled, That tho PicHitltiiit o( the I'uitod >Statea ia antborixod to appoint iiiiiiiodiiitoly ul'ter tlio pjiHuago of tliiH Joint rcHolution tliree porHoiiH, who shall have jiower to meet antl conter Avith iiny Hiuiilar committee which may be appoiut«Hl )iy thu (lovcrnmeut of (ircat Britiiin or the Dominion of Canada, and who shall make inquiry and report whether it Ih feaHiblo to build such canals as shall enable voasela engaged in ocean commerce to pass to and fro ])etweeu the Great Lakes an«l the Atlantic 0<-6an, with an adequate and controllable supply of water for continual use, where hucIi canals can be most conveniently located, and the probable cost of the same, with estimates in detail; and if any part of tho same should bo built in the territory of Canada, what regulations or treaty arrangements will be necessary bet veen the United States and Great Kritain to preserve the free use of such canals to the ]ieo]>Ie of this country at all times; and all necessary facts and considerations relating to the construction and use of deep-water channels between the Great Lakes and the Atlantic Oc«'an. The persons so appointed shall serve without compensation in any form, but they shall be ])aid their actual traveling and other necessary expenses, not exceeding in all ten thousand dollars, for which purpose the said sum of ten thousand dollars, or so much thereof as may be necessary, is hereby appropriated. The President nmy, in his discretion, detail as one uf such persona au otUcer of the United States Navy or of the Army. This resohition having itassed the Senate (S. Res. 1.30) was favorably rejjorted to tho ITouse by Mr. Wise from the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, and was incorporated in the sundry civil appro- ))riation bill and became a law on March 2, 1805 (H. S. Pub. Doc. 122, J). 44). On November 4 the President announced appointments, under the law, of Commissioners: James \^. Angell, of Ann Arbor, Mich. ; John E. Uussell, of Leicester, Mass.; Lyman K. Cooley, C. E., of Chicago, 111. Soon after the Government of the Dominion of Canada appointed Commmissioners: Oliver A. Howlaud, M. P. P., of Toronto; Thon-aa C. Keefer, C. E., of Ottawa; Thomas Monro, C. E., of Coteau )<; nding. The United States Commission met at Detroit January 13, i.i' J, and organized with Mr. Angell as chairman and Mr. Russell as secretary. The time and place of meeting were chosen on account of the annual meeting of the Lake Carriers' Association. A week was spent in taking the testimony of ship owners, masters, and merchants, who were present at this meeting. On the 18th of January a Joint meeting was held with the Commis- sioners of the Dominion of Canada. The United States Commission made a plan of the work necessary to accomplish, so far as its means would allow, the purpose of the law. The exhibits of detailed reports, 7 •*-» 8 REPORT OF U. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. dra\viii::is, niui>s, and the report upon the technical work of examina- tion will show what has been done. The material discovered in all quarters wliere search has been niadci has proved to be of far more importance than was conjectured, and the Commission has been directly- led to make recommendations for the action of Congress. The Canadian Commission has furnished all the matter, much ot it of great importnice, contained in the public offices of the Dominion, cordially responued to all inquiries, and made special surveys on the route from Lake St. Francis to Lake Champlain by the Richelieu Itiver, the results of which have been laid before our Commission. Examination of the statistics of lake traflic, increasing with a rapidity but little understood, except by those occupied in it, must lead the staiesnian to consider what assistance Government can give to promote an internal commerce of such direct benetit to the whole country. The most profound economic changes of modern times have been brought abciut by the improvements in transportation. These began with small c mals and later with railroad construction, in the first half of the century, and have proceeded Avith accelerating speed to the present time. The railroad of to-day bears .about the same relation to the transporta- tion of tiiirty years ago as that did to the stage coach and freight wagon of the first quarter of the century. The general use of steel has given an efficiency and security to railway traffic far surpassing even the prophesies of enthusiasts. This has been accompanied by the utiliza- tion of steel in shipbuilding, which may be said to date from 1878, as in that year less than 2 per cent of steel was used in construction of ships in Great Britain. Minor inventions in the improvement of marine engines and locomotives have accompanied the greater changes, and resulted in aflfecting the living and exchanges of tlie whole world, and greatly broadening the line of separation between progressive and unprogressive peoples. In the first half of the century each nation practically depended upon its own agriculture for the subsistence of its people. States or com- munities isolated by distance or mountain ranges might suft'er from famine. A bushel of wheat raised far west of the shore of Lake Supe- rior and now consumed by cotton spinners in Lancashire, r),000 miles away from the field of its growth, might have its value exhausted by a wagon haul of a hundred miles. Now the combined stock of the world is the daily visible supply; its amount is known in every city and its accessibility is fully understood. In 1869 occurred the opening of the Suez Canal, which brought the East into competition with Western civilization by reducing a voyage of six or eight months to thirty days, virtually destroying the value of the fleet of sailing vessels previously employed, and making it necessary toreadjust ancient systems of distribution and all the capital and labor incidental to them. A part of the eflect of this rearrangement of the world's commerce upon the business of this country may bo seen in the reductions of the freights ui)on grain about 75 per cent, and enabling India to enter the markets of lO'rope with wheat to the amount of ;U,000,()0() bushels annually from 1881 to 1885. The magnitude of commercial change or disturbance in reduction of values maybe estimated from the fact that in 18(5!) the value of the total trade of India with foreign countries was $5L'7,()00,0()0. Five years later it hud fallen off $ro,(K)0,00() in value, but had so increased in volume as to employ an increase of 250,000 tons of steam shipping, an e(iuivalent of 500,000 tons of sail. rOt fA rj »^» )y a of .' n f vu REPORT OF U. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. 9 The future of this commerce between the western world iiiid eastern nations, increased by the introduction of better nietho 1H8!». W9U. No. «if , .'180 7, 41'4 0, 355 7, 8o:i 9, 57!» 10,557 3- 035. 9;i7 •«. 219, ,197 ■*. 897, 698 S. lao, 659 7,221,935 8, 454, 435 •■' 250, fi28 ■1 "'27, 759 5, 494, 04!» 6.411,423 7, 516. 022 ». Oil, 213 1891... ' .„ 1892 10.191 1892 1893 1894 J 895 12, 58(» 42, 008 14,491 17,9.56 ^«««---":::::< Ik^ 'J^unuiif^v 8. (00, 685 10,647,2113 ,8,949,754 ly, i: 0,306 Ifi, 3(16,781 17,249,418 , Not toi.8 8,888,7.59 11,214.333 10, 796, 572 '•'. 196,860 '5. 062, 580 16, 239, 061 ,.^i; J^^O t,.e ';;:;i t.^;: ::;^^;f -/- ti;; -^^'^ earned by ^^^^-^^r.^e^^:^;^l!^rt''^'^^^ po7t ;,f Kow" V^'", '■' ^^"'^'^ times )^'«<3 trad;, o? uio r. nd' r'""^' ^^'"« "'^e " < u, tL t- """'^"^ ^^^ates "'^/'t- n.e Lala. S ,W ^'verpool «trc,it was t^fS •^d ;i^"^ f«!'^>tl,e t, , inde^^^.^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^ the :^a8 0.«^ora ud^^^?J;',irf'^-^'-^«- T e't^^,'('\;'*^«f '« Dashing l'".-iillo»s tl,,.,- . I„V; , '"^ "'"'■« "oiili L .,, " ' ".1"'"' Sll,00(( i„ ,,„ ,' ?^7, 2.^5, ICO i'''>. !»fl8, 0f»5 iW, 088, 84J t?» - c • . * I fkt) 1~ REPORT OF U. S DEEP WATEKWAYts COMiilSSION. 11 hr- |). /•*• \ , i, •J* \. At lUifliilo bulk has t > bo brokcMi, tlio {jraiii clovatoil aiul traiisCened to cars or canal l)oat.s, an«l tlio saiiio tiling', with o(jual expenses, is repeated at New York. The hike (reiyht from the I'arthest shore of Lake Snjterior and of Lake Miehiji'an to liunalo is from 1 to 1.] <'ents a bnsliel. Tlie ocean iVei miles. The whole cost from ("hicap» orDnluthto I'^uroju' is fi'oiM U to 10 cents for a bushel of wheat. Therefore nior<> tliaii half the cost is in ehnator char<«es, commissions, and canal lVcif>hts. to which must l)caU])ply to make up the deticiency in the world's markets, notwithstandinji' that the opening of the Suez Canal in 1S<»1> had brought India into conijteti- tion with us, and the IJritish East Indian (lovernment had l»y railways, canals, and irrigation greatly stimulated the growth of wheat. I'rom LSSl tolS85 the aversige exi)ort from the rnited States in grain and Hour was 122,157,01.') bushels. In the same tiuu' the average^ •''"ipply from our competitors was — Canada 2, !tOfi, L'ls Arj-eiitiiia L', (115, 118 Urnjjii,ay 77, L'lK! RiiSHia 7(>, lS!t, "W ludia :M. 5X0,707 Five years later changes of a most ominous character had taken phwe. The world's supply had greatly increased, prices were on a much lower level, and the comjietition was from an unexpected (piartei . From 1891 to 189."> the exporting (!oun tries j)oured into the maikcts as follows : United States (wheat and ilonr in Itnsliela) 171, THI, ISO Canada 10, llKi. COl Argentina ;U, (117. ;>S1 IJrngnay 1 , (lilt, lS!t Russia 105, 581 . (1 1 7 India li!>, li5l, SlilJ This shows a yearly average increase from IS'M to lS!)."»()f 11 l,0()0,(l()(» bushels over the years from 1881 to \f^>^i). The ]>erccntage of increase, is nearly divided l»etween the United States an i 111 bj ui SI] Wl at nuait k *rr' REPORT OF TI. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. 13 Liose past ain, )are our the the ron iod md I ' u»^ 1»-W increasing the jnobperity of the whole. At the same time, furnaces and rolling mills on the lakes could inoduce iron and steel that, water borne, would irresistibly invade the nnirkets of the workl. The foregoing remarks upon the present (commerce of tlie lakes are capable of wide extension. We append hereto as a part of this report tlu^ leport of Mr. Cooley upon the technical work which has been carried on under his immediate supervision, accompanied by certain detailed reports and drawings, which are set forth in three exhibits. Exhibit A consists of profiles and maps of water routes with explan- atory texts, comprising profiles Nos. 1 to 14 inclusive, two maps, a gen- eral report, and two special ropoi'ts. Tliis exhibit coni])rehends the several routes which have been considered and advo(!ated by diverse interests, and iiractically covers the available information. In com- piling them recourse has been had to all sources of information, as sur- veys and examinations made by the two Governments, by State and provincial authority, by corporations, and by individuals. It was found necessary to make special examinations in the field of the Mohawk route and of that portion of the St. Lawrence-Champlain route between Lake Ontario and Lake Chaniplain, and these are covered by special rei)oits. No attempt has been made to define projects, the presentation being limited to the characteristic physical features upon a uniform scale for purposes of comparison. Exhibit B consists of five special topics, illustrated by one map and seven diagrams, designed to develop the considerations ati'ecting ripa- rian interests of unprecedented magnitude, and tlie conditions limiting the capacity and character of works. The first topic reviews the data pertaining to elevations and data planes, to which all records and plans are referred. The second sets forth the fluctuations of the several lakes and the St. Lawrence Kiver from 1800 to October, 189(!, inclusive, and is a(;companied by complete tables and by diagrams showing graphic- ally the record and the important deductions. A discussion of these data determines a certain common plane, or standard low water, through- out the bodies of water under consideration, to which all profiles and Avater levels have been ret in relation to tlie ice season. This comprises a large number of tabular records for varying periods upon the streams and lakes of the United States and Canada, and the more signilicant features in their bearing on water routes are partially l»resented in live diagrams. This topic is compiled from material, the larger part of whi(,'h has been collected for the ubHshe) The Ottawa route via the Ottawa and St. Lawrence rivers to Montreal and via Lake Champlain to Troy. This line omits Lake I'aie and Lake Ontario. 3. The (ieoigian ]iay line is not considered an available alternative for the Lake l'>rie route: (fl) The work of construction is miicli more serious, and the same t>- I m3 m\ iiri' tioiis ior, ;hc(l are th(5 'loy ious orsc itlW- ai) ida rect to liii'ie pivo iiue REl'OllT OF U. S. DEEI' WATERWAYS COMMISSION. If) l^a nJa. money will develop the liake Eric route for a capacity wliicli will more than offset the sa^iiij? in distance. (h) The water snpjily is limited lor a navi{>ation of the lirst class, the summit level being drawn ui)on in both dirtuttions, which exacts hr^-ks of moderate lifts. The excess of lockage, the nnnd)eiof locks, and tlic amount of restricted <'hannel increase the commercial Icngtii or time on tlu; loute, the saving in distance! being apparent rather tlian real. (c) The ice season is sensibly longer on Lake Simcoe, the proixtscd sunnnit level, and at (ieorgian Bay ]»oints. ((I) Tjake Erie is the greatest Irallic lake, and its i)Osition will always make it an imijortant factor. The construction of an alternative liiu^ would not obviate tlie necessity <»f develojting tiie Lake Ihie route. 4. The Ottawa route is a short, inde))endent line which may have great value for future development, but its consideration is not now Justified : {a) It is the shortest through route between terminals ami is unques tionably adapted to a navigation of considerable cai)a) For a large i)ortion of its length it runs through a region nieage: in resources and the ice season is considerably longer than on the Lake Erie route. {<■) The function of the Ottawa route is as a future loop line for through business when traffic conditions shall have been sulhciently (levelo])e'3ction. (b) Except as opening up an increased territory, extension of naviga- tion eastward gives very little advantage over J^ake Erie for the trans- 8hipi)ing and forwarding business until Lake Champlain is reached, which is more favorably situated for a part of the through service. (f) An extension of lake commerce to Lake Champlain would add 40 to oO per cent to the length of ])resent lake routes, and a nearly pro- portional amount of territory in direct service, and would largely increase the total water movement. Lake Champlain is a uo.'mal part of the Great Lake system. \). The St. Lawrence route is justified as a seaboard route on its mer- its and independent of all other considersitions: (a) Lake navigation at the head of the St. Lawrence rapids below Ogdensburg is ill miles from ocean navigation at M(^utreal, with a present length of 40 miles of intermediate canals and 220 feet dilier- ence in level. The artificial channel reijuired for a navigation of the first class is mu(;h less than that of either the Suez Canal or the North Sea-Baltic (^'aiial. This route is capable of develojiment to any useful capacity tor nmch less money than any other. {b) It is the shortest li e lor direct trade with the north of Europe to the maritime Provinces < f Canada. It is recognized that the foreign movement is largely incidental to the lines of domestic commerce, and that by comparison the ratio of domestic movement in this direction is destined to be small ; so tlie St. Lawrence route is not to be taken as a solution of the sealioard pioblcin. (c) Half of the work rc»iuired to open tlie St. Lawrence route is also half of that required to reach Lake Champlain. Considering Lake Champlain as a part of the lake system justifying development, the cost of making the St. Lawrence outlet is very small in proportion to its piobable utility. The works to reach Lake Champlain and to reach Montreal should be regarded as i)arts of one project. 10. The development of the St. Lawrence seaboard outlet and the making of Lake Champlain a part of the lake system in nowise lessen the importance of an outlet to the Atlantic seaboard through the Hud- son River: (a) The predominant seaboard movement on this continent is to and from the Atlantic Coast between Portland and Norfolk. This 's likely to continue the major factor in domestic commerce and the controlling element in foreign movement. «»f REPORT OF U. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. 17 ew York ilue as a Oneida- al course lawrence tlaiu aud oy. ) system ard : Su])erior y favor- e trallic ; to and ■ uaviga- le trans- reached, vice. lI add 40 irly pro- increase it of the its mer- s below , with a it ditt'er- of the le North useful I Europe foreign [ce, aud Motion is leu as a is also Lake Int, the Itiou to ' reach lid the 1 lessen Hud- to and likely roUiug I 4 (h) Frou! Lake Erie northeasterly, the Lakes and St. Lawrence exteud parallel to the trend of the Atlantic coast and at a distance of 2r)(> to 400 miles. The detour via the Gulf of St. Lawrence to reach this coast is an average trip of 1,830 and 2,001) miles, as against feasi- ble cross routes of 370 and 330 miles. If Lake Ontario were an arm of the sea, the situation wonhl not be materially changed, in other words, lor the movement in (luestion, the St. Lawrence route would be of very doubtful utility. (<•) The situation is not unlike and more emphatic than that of France between the Mediterrauean and the Atlantic, with physical conditions, such as France does not possess, inviting a water route of the first magnitude. The economic conditions warrant an expenditure several times that ressil»ilities not lu'reloloro anfi(!ipated, and warrant an exhaustive consideration I'roni linal data. l.'J. Macli of tlie three routes from Lake Ontario seems to have inde jiendeiit m<'rits justilyinj; its «'onstru<'tion, and no one of tlicni can ho elimi'ia^" ' without saciidcinj'- material advantajjes. it is easy to believe thai. ontmd growth of <-ommerce will furnish business for all. Mcaii.ii...-, I he determination of tlu^ I'ontb for initial ply is ad('(|uat«^ to a project of any <'hara<'1er on all available routes, except the Mohawk, which may r4'e fed both ways from a summit, while on tlu^ other rcmtes the feed is continnously in one direction. !.■». Assuming' .'»0 feet at standard low water as the limit of depth for Ji navif^ation o'" the ]ar;;est nseful capacity, the ])roi)ortion of channel to be actiuilly constructed or deepened on any of these rontes is rela- ti\('ly small: (d) In this consideration", it is assumed to be feasible to control the level of ]Mke Ihie so as to i)roduce J(» feet on tlui miter sill of the \V el- land ('anal at Tort Colborne, or raise standard low water L'.28 feet, by works ])la('ed in the Niaj-ara l{i\ er at Tonawanda and in the Caiuuliaii (channel opi)osite, and that the Lake J^irie level, less the slope reipnred in the Miagara River, will extend to Tonawanda; and further, that the Niagara Ship Canal is to be constructed from Tonawanda to Lake Ontario at Olcott harbor, via Lockport. (/>) It is jissumed that the St. Lawrence River below IMontreal has been deepened to .30 feet. The pres(Mit improvement is for a depth of 27. L* feet and covers a length of 4.'} miles of dredged channel. A depth of .'^0 feet involves oO miles of Avork, and this has already been nntler- taken. {<■) It is assumed that the HudvSon River below the State dam at Troy has been deepened to •'>(> feet. The i)roject now under way is for 12 feet and covers 12 miles. A dejjth of 30 feet involves 31 uiiles of improve- ment. (((') Between Lake Michigan and Lake ITnron, through the Straits of JMackinac, the dei)th is ample; but a change in the sailing c(mrse will be recpiired over a somewhat longer route. Between Lake Sui)erior and Lake Huron, through the St. Marys River, a dei)th of 30 feet involves 27 miles of channel and 1 unle of the St. Marys Falls (5anal. (e) From Lake Huron to Lake Erie are 43.5 miles of channel of less than .)() feet; and between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario, .^.5 miles of channel and 25. 3 miles of canal. y') From Lake Ontario to Ml>('lit»vo ior iill. t should jM'ltM' on ' special > ii cliaii- city of 1 liiAvrt'iice 1 likes oi •roviile a cd water s, as tin's or routes leptli for channel J is rela- itrol the he Wel- I'cet, by anadian •etjuired er, that to Lake 'cal has llepth of 1\ depth under- I at Troy 12 feet inprove- jraits ot Irse will luperior |3(> feet anal. I of less liiles of REPORT OF U. S. DEKP WATERWAYS COMMISSION, 19 deepened channel will be approximately as Ibllows (the const ruded channel may be classilied as actual canal and us artilicial channel formed by impoundiiif; water): Kroportion of work is as follows: ClmnictLTofwurk. I ^ll"'"- <'lMin,,lai., M„l,:,«k ri'iiri' iiiiilr. imiti . idnlr. I Acfiiiil cnnnl Art ilii'ial chaiiin'l lJei'i)L'iR'(l cliaiiiiel Total work I'equirt'd Total iliHtanrt' IVrcontage Milfs. Mile.-<. Mil>.i. 07. K 02. ;i 11II..T •JO 80 70 65 i(ii.;t Gl \'>2.S •J7:i. f. ' •jii.:t 1,'JHl.,-. l,4l' St. I^HwrnncK Troy— Cliniiipli.. Ji roiilt' Allaiitlr Oi'i'iin i.tu'j. :■ i i,w« 1,44U rro]ior tioii. Pfr eetif. 17. r> i».a 2;t. 4 24.8 2:1. 25,4 In the above tublcM canal tlistiiiHiessiroiiKjliult'tl in restricted fluinnel. 17. Tlie capacity of canals rcer cent: (a) This statement applit^s to tlie canal work jiroper and assumes that channels in open water will be r )>\ii)'ii(iitiireH. For draft of— 20 feet. 27 frt t. Fixed charges I)eej> outtiiigs Ordiuary work, structures, etc Total I'er cent. I'cr cent. •M 30 35 35 100 40 66 135 (c) This ratio is taken for the Champlain route, including that por- tion of the St. Lawrence necessary to it. It will be greater for the St. Lawrence route as a whole. The i)ro.ject for the Mohawk route is not sufficiently obvious for comparison, but if a radical solution is adopted the ratio will be about the same. The results will vary on diU'ereut sections and with difference in treatment. 18. The deepening of channels in open water, when necessary, will be relatively a minor factor. Thedeeiieniug of the St. Lawrence below Montreal, and of the St. Marys River and the passage between Lakes Huron and Erie, furnish sufficient precedent. The material for the most part yields to ordinary dredging operations, and alternative chan- nels offer special facilities at the most serious rock cuts. 19. The question of dei)th and width of channels between the several lakes and to the seaboard is solely one of cost. Up to channels sutti cieut for a draft of 27 or 28 feet, every condition seems to lend itself. Beyond this limit the difficulties rapidly increase, and the proportion of restricted channel will be so large as to make tlie result of doubtful efficiency. Happily, there does not appear to be any economic reason In sight that seems to require provision for a larger draft. 20. The season of navigation is limited by ice, and this varies greatly in different years. The body of tlie several lakes is capable of winter navigation, and through navigation would be feasible if intermediate I'ropnr tiiiii. Per cent. 17.5 19. fl 2;i.4 24. H Zi. i» 2!). 4 Icliannel* iiiul tide [' times ut lines tliiit aiulcd by vessel of of L'7 feet irpacity. ►st of the ary inate- [l by deep ?nt. The tiucturea, e of cost. draft of— t. I 27 fct. I'lr ee7it. 3(1 49 56 135 lat por- the St. ;e is not adopted ili'ereut aiy, will [!e below u Lakes for the /e cliaii- several Is Sllffi 1 itself, portion oubtful reason greatly winter ediate HEPOKT OF V. 8. DEEr WATERWAYS (COMMISSION. 21 lid be iicpt opiMi. The ict^ interruption dilVcrs tor the Moiitiral and the is from hceomber !M' to tlu^ iVee/.in}; channels coiiii several ronti's ((0 Tim ice season for tlir St. Iiii\vr«'n('r ln'twecn sea is given by the rvcoi'd at Montiral. TIh' averagi' 10 to April 1!>, a perio«l of 1.50 days. 1 In- clo.-iing is ( of dritt and anch<.r ice accninnlation.s and holds out little luipc that the season can be shortened. (h) The average ici^ .season for the llndsoi: Kiver at Albany is from December I'li to March IMI, or IH (lays. Tlu^ St. liawrence riiamplain route is governed by tlie St. Lawrence at < )gdensl>nig and I . ke St. J"'rancis, which may l)e taken from December l.")to Apiil 11, or l".:)days. The data Ibv Lake Champlain indicate tlu' possibility of shortening this period by ten t.ays to two weeks. (v) The iMohawic i-onte is governed l»y ()nei«la Lake with an average ice period frtun Decendiei- 1«» to April 7, or 1 IL* days. Tin' rivers are usually free betbre tlu^ lake is open, and tiie ice sea.son can probably bo shortened. ((I) Whenever Lake Ontario «an be reached it will be possible to rea(!li Lake ICrie. Lake St. < 'lair is the ''ontfolling point between Lake Erie and Lake Huron, tlu^ ice season averaging from December 17 to April r>, or 10!> days. The. closing is about tlie sivme, and the opening about two weeks later than the Detroit Uiver and west Lake Erie points, which are nearly the same as Albany. Whether this period can be abridged or not depends on how far Lake St. Clair is comidi- cated by drift accumulations from Lakeriod of 111> days. The i\Iackinac ice is umlerstood to be largely the accumulated drift, dne to winds on on the two lakes. (./■) The ice season of the St. ]Marys River is from December 8 to April 11, or 124 days, as indicated by the record at the mouth of the river; from December 4 to April 25, or 142 days, as indicated by the opening and closing of the canal, and from December 'A to April 27, or 145 days, as indicated by the record at Sanlt Ste. Marie, Ontario. The canal record may be taken as the ])ractical limit of ice for the river as a whole. This is over a month earlier a:ul over a week later than at the Straits of Mackinac. ((/) A throngh route from Lake Michigan will be (closed from Decem- ber 10 to April 15, or 120 days, by the Mohawk route; from December 15 to April 15, or 121 days, by the St. LawrenceChami>lain route, and from Decend)er 10 to Ai)ril 10, or l.'iO days, by the St. Lawrence route. From Lake Superior the ])eriod is 142 days, ch)sing six days earlier and oi)ening six days later than at INIontreal. From Lake Huron the period is governed by the routes east from Lake Ontario. (//) Ice boats are now in operation that Mill break 10 inches ol solid ice at 5 miles ])er hour and claims are made of ability to handle 18 inches. The great car ferries operate across Lake Michigan and even across the Straits of Mackinac at all seasons and are able to break any held ice encountered and i)low through several feet of drift ice. It would seem to require no great development of resour(!es to reduce the ice period to DO or 100 days from Lake Huron by either the Mohawk or B ,-fI" 21 KEPOIJT Ol' U. I)Ki:r WATEHWAYS COMMISSION. i Cliiiinpl;iiii ionics, aiul il' Miickiiiac proves Iraclahh' this jx'i-iod will apply to Lake .Michigan. It is possible St. .Marys Jiivcr W(»ul(l also yield to proper ellorts, but no inducouient can be hohl out for the St. Jiawronce lictwcen ISIontreal and (Jne.bec as conditions are n<>w under- stood, unless it be feasible to i)revent the actual closing of the river as has been suggested by a coniinission of engineers. II" connuercial necessil ies shoidd evei' s(t demand, means arc^ likely to be found I'oi' still shortening the ])eiiod, and tiu', experience in high latitudes in the north of I'hirope is not anuss in this connection. IV. ("APAdlTV. 2\. It is assunu'd that the cliaiacter of wcuks is to be ade(puvte to vessels of llii> niosl econondcal type,, not only for the coasting or domes- tie trade, ]»ut also for the foreign niovenuMit. so that commerce may be carried on directly between lake jtorts ami other domestic and foreign ])orts without transshipment: (^0 \'essels vary in si/e -with the trade in which they are <'ngaged and with the length of route. The ability to obtain cargoes an(l to deliver tliem at ])oints capable of e of vessel. In this consi«lerati(Ui it is assunu'd that harbors are im])r()ved to meet trade recpiirenu'uts, ami this has usually followe«l closely on actual needs. [b) "^riie o])ening uj) of the hike system to foreign commerce will increase the length of many important trade routes ui)ward of 10 i»er iv\\[^ and will reach ilirectly the i)ro(lucing and consuming interi(n'of the continent, in which, relatively, tln^ largest future growth is to be antici])ated. These conditions will make advantageous the largest type of vessel tbund useful in any trade of the worhl. (c) The ])resent type of lalce vessel is of Hat bottom and broad beam, and is an outgrowth of the demaml tor large carriers on the small d«'pth of water through the in termed iat<'. channels. The limit of economical carrying caii)acity seems m)t to have been reached even on the shoit lake routes. TIk^ typc^ of vessel is not the most economical to con- Htruct and oi)erate, and would doubtless be modified in favor of larger draft were there no limit to the dei)th of chantu^Iways. -U. Tiie reipiirenients as now delined demand a limiting draft of 2? orL'S leet: {<() Thirty feet is now recognized as the standard depth for tlrst -class harlxir entrances. This is intended to luovide some maigin of dej)th, depending on the tide, i'.gainst jjounding the bottom in a seaway. [b) The North Sea- Halt ic Canal is built- with, a depth of 'JO.'):} feet (0 meters). The North Sea- Amsterdam has a depth of U7.8.S feet, and an evi'ntual de])th of .'{."». r» tcet is ])r(;i«'eted. The Sue/ was originally cou- strncted for li(i.L*4 feet (S meters), anL* leet in dilfci'ent sections, and the Nicaragua ])roJeet 2(S and .'50 feet, ('or- inth and ManclM'ster each has lit! feet. The North Sea Maltic ami the North Sea-Amsterdam nia\' be taken as the lati'st type, with depths of L'!>.r»2 and liT.SS feet, resp(>('ii\<'ly. 'J'o tloai tln^ same boat in fresh water, these canals would riMpdre to be .'5()..'{ and L'S.'J f(>et in depth, on account of less density. {(•) In 1S8<; lil.T per cent w niuler- »- riv(M' as •iiiiiKM'i-ial <1 ioi- still tln' iiortL cqiiatoi to or (loiiios- •o may be d Cureign ciijicajjcd 's and to iiiji' them st tyne of Tliere are te type of im]»rove(l I'losi'ly on ier(!e will of 40 i)ei' Interior of is to be lar.uest ad beam, I depth momical i". short to eon- r larger lit of L»7 rst-class (le])tli, >.V- L' feet ({) , ami an lly eoii- 'iilaiiLie- >.r>L' leet Mnd he jjdhs of li water, lieeoiint lo Suez KKPOHT Ol' U.S. DEKP ^VATKi{^V.\^S COMMISSION. Canal exceeded a draft of L'L' feet. 1 1 inches (fresh water, :'.'>St leet), the linnting draft beiii<«; 21 feet 7 inches. In 1S!M), L".i..'> per ,«'iit exceeded the above, and in lS!>r>, ,'i(!. i percent. Tlie liniitinj; draft was fixed on April 15, IStJO, at L'o feet 7 inches (fresh water, LMi..) feet). The propor- tion of larj^e vessels betwi'cn a dralt (fresh water) of -',\S> ami LMI.IJ feet, has rapidly increased until in IStr* it was .it!. 1 per <'eiit. of the niiniber and about It per cent of tll(^ t(Miiia^':e, as inferred from tlu^ usual pro- portion between draft and toniiaj;e. Half of this tonna.ue exceeded a freshwater draft of L'l..") feet. ((I) Kreij^ht vessels ar(> in commission witli a loaded sea draft of 'J»l to 2S feet eqiiivah'iit to a freshwater draft (tf L'ti.tJ to 2S.7 feet. l',"{. Assumiu,n a fresh water draftof L'7 feet. e(|uivalent to a sea drall of 2(!..'{ feet, a <;<)od type of boat will have a breat'eet, with a car^o capacity of 11, (UK) to l."'.,Ot>(> net tons. ( lu^t tons. The same jiractiee {"ivt's maximum car,i;'o capacity at per cent of the displacement. I!" taken at 70 per cent, the al»ov(> boat would carry a maxiinuiii carji'o of ir>,;>09 tons. This type may betaken as the extreme limit. (/>) for fi'eiuMal service' tlu^ coelVicieiit inay l>e taken at 70 per cent and the . locks of the Wellaiid Canal, tlu'ir extreme widtli bein;;' .'» feet less than tliatoi' the lock, while their length is but 1 foot less than its net length and their draft is piac- tically the depth on miter sills. (//) Fiach of tli(^ several canals can be so designed as to bring the locks in the same locality so as to save (U'lay. The single indi\ idiial lock is considered better than tlu^ lleet lock and can be operated nioie <|ui<'kly and the maximum facilities may be pr(»vided by duplicate locks. ((') The lilt of locks should be made as great as possildt^ where con ditions permit, as time is consumed by the inimber of locks rather than by the lilt. It is believed to be practicable lo coiistriicl (iiiick-actinu' locks, with girder gates and lifts of 10 feet, and much of the canal W(M'k can be better laid out for large lifts. ((/) With the least possible number of locks, (piick op«'iation. and pi'ovision for the speedy bin dling of boats into and out of the lock, inmdi of the objection on accinint of delays will he obviated. 25. TMie »|Uestion of canal prism and channel depth is important, and asidci from the (piestion of lockage, the eliliciency of works lor \t'ss«ds of the largest class dei»ends thereon : ((0 The subject of ship resistance in restricted chanin'ls is a inalter reiiiiiring comprehensive investigation in view of tln^ proportion of such channels on lake-seaboard routes. In addition to i suilicieiit ratio of cross section of canal to the midship secti(»n of the boat and ample 24 Rp:P()ItT OF U. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. width for two bo.ats to pass, the sha])o of the section is important. Experience sliows that within certain limits and with sutlicient width of prism, depth beneath the boat is essential b(>th to speed and (!arry- inj( capacity. (b) As a trial section a minimum ])rism of 10,000 s(iuare feet is sug- gested, or a ratio 5.0 times that of tlie lock prism and 0.2 times that of the boat, with a depth of about 20 ])er cent in excess of lock depth and 25 per cent in excess of draft of boat, say a dei)th of .53.^ feet anr of the new lock is sutlicient it changes can be made so as to utilize the limit, as in the Canadian lock opposite. {(I) The present limit to Lake Sujjerior is 17.9 feet and between the other lakes 1S.8 feet. By controllinj>tlie levelof Lake ICrioand by con- tinuing the policy of channel deepening at the other points, the stand- ard of 21 feet may be obtained, and all in line with the policy of ultimate development. The extension of this depth over any route i the sea- board involves no extraordinary works except in the construction of canals. As already set forth, these car. be made in essential parts on an ultinuite basis without extraordinary increase in cost. 27. As a measure of early utdity and i)endinjj: the execution of new projects, it might be feasible to so amend the Canadian canal system, now uearing completion, as to be adecjuate to nearly all the lake lleet as develoi)ed uj) to the recent deepening of nniiu channel: (a) The Lake Superior trade has develoi)ed on a depth of 1 1.2 feet at standard low water as detined on the lower i)Iatform of the lock of 1S81, and that of the other lakes on about IL") feet. The depths on the sills of the terminal h)cks of the We" >nd Canal are i;i.7 feet at Lake Erie and 14..'i feet at Lake Ontario, and the canal has been oi)eu since the spring of 1887. The St. Lawrence canals now constructing between Prescott and ^Montreal vary from 11.4 to 1G.2 feet on the sills of the several terminal locks. {!)) No sutlicient reason appears for the failure to develop a greater trade to Lake ' 'utario points excei)t the length of the locks, as the upper lake boats had outgrown these before the enlarged canal was opened. The number of locks and the length of time in passage and the lack of an adequate (mtlet from Lake Ontario may havecontributee and cheapness with which this could originally have been done, con- sidering its value, encourages the ho])e tliat it nuiy still be feasible to anuMul the work in i)i'ogress and completed. A St. Ijawrence-Chani])- lain canal could thus furnish an early and valuable service to New En- gland points. 28. The project outlined contenq)lates a llrst-class navigation for the largest type of ocean (carrier now in use and also a navigation of the second class adapted to thepresent interlake trade, to coasting, aiul to the secondary foreign movement. The several considerations advanced are designed to determine a policy in accordance with which all schemes of ) ■'! 11 26 UEPORT OF U. S. DKEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. work insiy be projected lo some consistent and ultinmte end that shall coniprehcud the jiieatest possible utility: (^0 I*: is coui^eived that with the ))rogressive inipiovenient of inter- mediate channels some of the capital works will be undertaken and that the development will be in the direction of extejidiiig the area of lake navijiation as securing;' the largest immediate beuellt from the invest- ment. It is believed that this may be doiui in harmony with the ulti- mate i)olicy without uudue increase in cost. In other words, the Niagara Ship ( 'anal could be built on the ultimate design, but deferring such work as can be developed i)rogressively or built as reijuired with- out detriment to the linal ])lan. How far this may be feasible in respe(!t to this and other works can only be told as a tinal project is matured from detailed information. (/>) These remarks ai)ply to other capital works and also to the ques- tion of expediency involved in the improventent suggested for the present Canadian canal system annding to !(» feet in the Wellanu (Janal, and is w^ell within the limits of high water, so no extraordinary «|uestion of damages is involved, but otherwise is not necessarily a measure of wduit can or may be wisely done. With due allowance for the slope in the Niagara Itiver, the water at Tonawauda would be raised 7 to 8 feet above standard low water. (/>) To ac(;omplish the above result would recjuire a material improve- nient in the throat at Black Kock and a deepening of 5 to miles of river aiul entrance in order to secure 30 to 83 feet of water. The sum- mit level of the canal between Ton.vwanda and the mountain ridge near Lockport would be materially reduced in (vvcavation. {<•) The general route for the canal as i)rop()sed in 188!> seems i)refer- ablo to any other, with a possible moditication in favor of a location ahmg the general course of Tonawauda Creek and the i'-rie (.>anal between the Niagara Jviver aiul the "gorge" at Lockport. No other KEPOUT OF U. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. 27 011(1 that sliall route that luis been surveyed I'roin the Niagara River to a lower point has equal avaihibility oil account of the continuous rock bed and limited depth below Tonawanda and the inipraeticability of farther down- stream extension of the Lake Erie level. (l)vi- onsly desirable, and it is believed on superticial exaniiuation tha( it will be louiul within the doniain of feasibility. .'}(►. Is'o experimental work is involved' in the development of any nsefid deptli through the intermediate channels of the upper lakes: [(i) In a route of over \)0() miles between Chicago and liull'alo tlie obstructions to a dei)th of 'SO to .i.'J feet are about 44 miles, or about the same as the improved St. Lawrence below Montreal on a depth of L'T.'J feet. Of this, 18 miles are through Lake St. Clair, which is undeistood for the nu>st part to be of the easiest class of dredging and not more ditlicult than was Lake St. Peters on the St. Lawrence. Ten lo 11 mih's are near the mouth of the Detroit Iliver and in i)art is known to be rock. Methods for this work have beeir develoi)ed. If these are too tedious and expensive, it will be feasible to unwater the AnuMican channel and execute the work more cpiickly and satisfactorily and at less probabU> cost. The remaining 15 miles m- scattered shoal stretches which are not known to involve any spei i.J ditticulties. (h) The route into Lake Superior thnmgh the St. Marys River involves some 27 miles of deepening aside from the canal. Portions of this are known to be a friable and laminated sandstone, which in i)art yields to dredging, and it is probable that machines would be devised to handle it elliciently if a radical improvement warranting the same were to be undertaken. .'il. Eastward from Lake Ontario, the data are in part suggestive only, yet certain features are obvious anroduce .'iO and ^3 feet. The intprove- ment of Lake St. Louis and Lake St. Francis is the continuation of work of a ditferent character, but of much less extent. The imi)rove- ment of the shallows of Lake Champlain is believed to be less ditlicult, as the material in large part is ])robably alluvial. No reason np])ears why the Hudson River below the State dam at Troy .should be more ditlicult as a whole than that of the St. Lawrent^e, and the extent of work is nunh less. (/>) The American shore along the rapids of the St. liawrence between Ogdensburg and St. Regis seems to be most available for a shij) canal of the tirst class, and it is anticii)ated that a. full survey will dcvel(»p sjjecial adaptation. IJetween Lake St. Erancis and Lake ('hami)lain, the southern route explored by Mr. Barstow seems to have advantages in being some 2G miles shorter than any other and with that much less of shoal water. Detailed surveys will be recpiired to develop its nuuits. A ship canal from Lake Champlain to tidewater of the Hudson involves a formidable cutting and the damming of the valley above Waterford. Aside from its magnitude there does not a])i)ear any obstacles of moment, and the seriousness of these great "Uttings, whii'h has grown less formidable in the last few years, may greatly diminish on linal study with a view to ])ractical woik. {(■) Little further can be mentioned in regard to the Mohawk route. The divide west of Little l-'alls is a lilled-in valley, ami this discovc'ry \ 28 REPORT OF U. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. t i pvomisea a betted a more lavorable opinion respecting tliis line, but tiie best treatment is not yet obvious, and conclusions must await the test of final surveys and a matured project. VI. MISCELLANKOrS. 3l'. Tlie ice recjord is incomplete and general to 1830 there appears to have been lower water in all the lakes tlian the period now passing, except Lake Cham- plain, ■which has had the lowest and highest water of seventy years within the last thirty. Condntions do not seem to be normally similar in all tlie lakes, and it is rare that all cooperate in a low or high water, which fact tends to equalize conditions. 34. No etiectson levels have appeared from the progressive deepening of channels except at Montreal, where the water has been lowered h)cally by a foot or more, and this is obviously due to special conditions in thi' Aicinity. Special study has not been given this matter, however, but it is anticipated that the radical improvement of the passage between Lake Iluron and Lake Erie will produce a sensible eHect on the level of Lake Huron-Michigan. As most of this effect will occur in the delta of the St. Clair and in the lower reach of the Detroit liiver, it may be largely masked by the raising of the level of Lake Erie. The improvement of the St. Mary's liiver may have lowered the water at the locks, and this effect may be anticipated from further enlargement. The radical project lierein considered will bring the level at the locks well down toward the level of Lake Iluron. 3a. The raising of Lake Erie by 2.2H feet will raise the level of Lake St. Clair by about 1 foot, so far as can be inferred from a study of gcauge relations, and tlie etfect would disappear at the head of the St. Clair delta. The investigation has, however, not been sutticient for a final determination so as to conclude the matter. No antficient reason has ai)peared for the control of the level of the lakes other than Erie, and thisis justilled in large iiart in connection with the Niagara Ship Canal. 30. It may be said in regard to iuture works of navigation that expe- rience in the last few years in this country and ICurope has been revo- lutioimry in the development of ai)pliances and in the methods for handling large cuttings, and these can now be undertaken with confi- dence both as regards cost and time of completion ; and, further, that canals in rock <'ut tings can be so planned as to cost but little more ])er mile than in the kind of drift so common to canal locations. L'urtlicr ad] ati| is dr( kill adl is IIU nej no I knowledge i favorjible •t obvious, I matured B not war- 'My ywirs change of Mity years y years or natic and rtli to the ho course r are also ^e records precipita- )ears that ligh and »er hikes, akes and Ben lower keChain- ity yeiirs y similar •h water, Bepening lowered ►nditions jowever, l)assage ifli'ect on occur in liiver, it ie. The ivater at genient. le locks f)f Lake f gauge pt. Clair ' a iinal K)n liiis ie, iind > Canal, it expe- iii revo- o(ls for h eonli- iv, that or<^ ])er nrtiier REPORT OF U. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. 20 advances in earth removal are to be anticipated in some fsivorable situ- ations. In underwater work the advance Inis been notable, and nuicli is yet to be anti -iijated from the further development of liydraulic dredging. Machines are also in operation capable of handling many kinds of friable and stratitied rock. In (construction, a desirable advance has been made in the direction of monolithic; masonry, which is cheaper and much superior for much of the \v()ik in (piestion, and most anything may be attempted in the way of metals. While recent developments have furnishecl tried resources tor every problem, the next series of great works is likely to ])ro('uce further af woik, but is >s usually prac- iiny margin of a part at least ests involved, icts and carry d with certain may be ei)it- nd all needful the i^iagara REPORT ON TECHNICAL WORK. ition, supple- l>e continued UY UNITED STATES DKKl' WATKKWA VS COMMISSIOK. CTIIOACiO, DKCHMHKK, IHiM). 31 t I REPORT 0\ TECHNICAL WORK. INTUODIKrnON. At the January meeting of the Commission it was recjognized that the means phiced at its disposal were inadequate to the entire subject- matter. It was therefore decided, so Jar as practicable, to make a systematic i)resentatiou of existing data, supplemented by special inquiry and recounoissance where the same was known to be «leticieut. It was assumed that thereby certain general conclusions would be obvious, the possibilities would be developed, and the character of a project so far determined as to justify recommendations in regard to the final surveys and investigations for a specific project, with estimates of cost. The scope of the work was considered in outline and the duty of carrying out the s?/.ne was intrusted to the writer. The scheme of topics has been elaborated into the several schedules hereinafter presented. Work began ou February 1 with a small force of assistants skilled in this kind of research, and was vigorously pushed in the expectation that such matter could be prepared as would warrant the Congress then in session in further appropriation. By the end of IVIay a rei)ort was deemed inexpedient, and the investigation has been followed since with a reduced force. A great mass of information has been brought together and digested. Nevertheless the ground has not been covered as fully as anticipated. For many years the writer has been following the line of inquiry and has supervised investigations in several directions, and the field of these former explorations was rapidly covered. No sufticient credit was given for the time and labor involved in these earlier researches, and con- sequently the newer toi)ics have been quite underestimated. Had the appropriation been adequate to a larger force it is probable that the work mapi^ed out would have been completed, as topics which have not been reached could have been taken under advisement. At the same time, some topics recjuire time which no increase of fo've couhl reduce. It was recognized at the outset that all matters germane +0 the inquiry could not be considered and efforts were therefore largely restricti^d to those topics about which the least is generally known by those who are called upon to consider the subject of this inquiry. It was also deemed Avise at this stage to make data exhibits only and to defer conclusions until all essential or obtainable evidence had been examined. I SCOPE OF THE WORK. The topics requiring consideration have been arranged in four char- acterisicic schedules. The first of these was designed to present, by means of profiles and maps, the physical conditions on all routes which have been considered 33 H. Doc.192 3* ! 3t liEPOUT OF U. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. \ SIS available for waterways Ih'Cwjumi tlu' HrvMMal lakes iind fiam tlio laki's to the Atlantic Heaboard. Tiie seeond sehediile pertained to the li.vdr()l(>{iy of IIhi basin of the lakes and of the St. Lawrence and Hudson rivers. The third seliedule relati'd to a class of toi)ics whi<'li determine the character ol' a ]>roject and the relative utility of routes. The fourth schedule was to endiriure the historical, statistical, and economic topics wlii«h Justify an undertakinj;. No spe(;ial w(U'k has been und«Mtaken under the I'ourtli sciiedule. Tlie bearinj-' of these topics is better understoo to tiie jdiysical determinations. This schedule was therefore deferred. Some topi(!S of the first schedule are incomplete f MAI'S. 1. General profile. With distance diagram. la.General-ronte map. 2. Lake Superior to J^ake Hnron. 3. Lake Michigan to Lake Huron. 4. Ijake Huron to Lake Erie. With sketch and profile — St. Chiir and Erie ship canal. 5. Lake Erin to Lake Ontario. With outline map. 6. Lake Ontario to Lake St. Francis, through the St. Lawrence River. With out- line map. 7. lAiko St. Francis to Lake Champlain aiid to Montreal. With outline map. 8. St. Lawrence River from Montreal to deep water below Quebec, 1). The Champlaiu-Hudson Valley from St. Johns, Province of tjuehet^, to 'I'roy Dam, New York. 10. Hudson River from Troy Dam to Atlantic Ocean. 11. Lake Ontario to Hudson River through the Oswego-Oneida-Mohawk Valley. 11a. Map (same), with profile showing also Cham plain-Hudson Valley. 12. Georgian Bay to Lake Ontario through Lake Simcoe. (Half scale.) With out- line map. REPORT OF IT. W. VKKV WATERWAYS COMMISSION. 35 Toni tlio in of tlie niiiir tlio iciil, iiiid >t',lHMlnle. U' of llu', to to tlio I. Some mt tlu'sti IS. Two Icrtakeii, ji. Only ^ |)i'(>liini- bor than IS. L ftcneral aljowiii}*- )ii(litions caffo and Hnds«)n nniforni data arc loan sea li on the lowinji' is son P'.er. lEi'io slii]> kvith out- to Troy IV.illey. kvith out- 13. TIk' Ottawa route, from C!oorniaii Hay to K'iilinljuii Uivt-r. ( llallHcalc. ) 14. Karly canal HyHtoiiiH, (Ono-fonrth Hcalt". ) ilrio of Now York, Uiiitfd StalcM; Kiilcaii-Tn-iit ot Ontario, Douiinion of ('aiuilin(>atflSui)orior and (iit'cn Kay Caniil; (irand Ha;;inaw ronte; .Mi('lii;;an and I'.iio route. Western New York. (No prolile.) Now York and rennsylvania. (No prolile.) It was discovered at an early day that the data for a preliminary )>" file by the()8we}i;o-()nei(hi-IMoliawk N'ailey from Lake Ontario at Osw to the Hudson River at Troy was entirely iiisutlicient. The c«)oi»ei tion of i\Ir. William I'ierson .Jiidson, of Oswego, N. Y., was secured in the compilation of existing data and in securing further data in the< held, which has enabled a map and i»rolilo ot high degre*' of accuracy to be i)roduced. iVlthough the utility of this valley for ship canal pur- imses has been disciussecl for a long time, this is the (list attempt to show its physical features by a map and protile.' Mr. Judson's map also shows the (Jluimi)lain- Hudson Valley. The data for a route from the St. Lawren<'e lliver at the foot of Lake St. Francis to Lake Ohauiplain was also very unsatisfactory. The Deei) Waterways (Jommissiou of Canada- undertook careful surveys via St. Johns and the Kichelieu River, but the results were received too late for incorporation in the exhibit (profile No. 7) further than to determiiui the route on the map. Meantime a reconuoissance was made for the Commission by Mr. F. M. Barstow, of Burlington, Vt.,of a route farther south and some2rigiiial records have been referred to wherever possible. It is believed that further information will reward an exhaustive research, and that when all possible data have been collected and digested, important conclusions may be drawn in regard to the conditions existing prior to the iuhabita tion of the watershed in compariscm with the present. As the final completion of this topic may involve several months, the results are presented in hopes that thereby new sources of data may be discovered. REPORT OP U. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. 37 (Man Il- ly best ersbeds of the linty in I as can egions. iam T. ind of money haiac- n view is tlie tiginal II tbat wben insions labita iiual ts are ^ercd. Tbe distribution of rainfall and its relation to lake Huctuation is a subject of much interest, but in view of the very great labor and time required to handle this topic it has not been undertaken. The outflow of the lakes is a matter of primary importance in regard to which the data are very meager. A study of the available material has been made on former occasions, and the discussions are accessible.' Some new material has since been obtained, but it has not been jiossible to undertake a new digest of existing information, which is admitted to be very unsatisfactory. The whole question of ; iie outflow of the lakes and its variation with stages of water — and its relation to rainfall as weU — is conceded to be of the very first importance. Many conclusions are thus left to infer- ence which demand the most complete demonstration — a condition that is intolerable, considering the magnitude of the (juestions involved. A knowledge of the above series of topics is essential in order to value the effect of any projected work ui)on these bodies of water and on riparian interests of very great magnitude. EXHIBIT C. — PRACTICAL PROBLEMS. The topics under this schedule are as follows: 1. The ice season, basin of the (Jreat Lak'.s au»l Hiirroanding territorv. Notes; tables, 176 in nnuilier ami general (lata; diiij^rains, 5 in number. 2. Winter commerce. Notes. (Not (■ompl;^'te(l.) 3. Steam-carrying Ueet. Dimensions and draft. (Not comi)letod.) 4. Resistance of ships in restricted channels. (Not completed.) r-i. Canal prisms, locks, methods of construction. (Not taken up.) The first topic only has been sufficiently completed to warrant pres- entation. It comprises 17(5 tables and 5 diagrams. This has in- volved very great research and extensive correspondence. The topic has developed with the progress of the inquiry and is regarded as emi- nently worthy of further and exhaustive research. The subject has given rise to many new ideas and its practical and scientific importance cannot be overestimated. It is found that heretofore very little sy»tr;m- atic data have been collected in this field. It has not been thought wise to attemi)t general conclusions until the data could be more fully digested and reenforced by further records from inland jwints, Preliminary consideration has been given to the other topics in prep- aration for a systematic investigation and some general ideas formed, which, however, are entirely tentative. The subject of winter commerce is likely to develop possibilities quite unanticipated, except by the very few who have had some prac- tical experieiue in this direction, and the season of ordinary navigation may be materially proh)nged. No general compilation has been made of the steam-carrying fleet giving outside dimensions and i)rop('r draft, and no sufficient study has been given the nuitter in its relation to the future development of the lake, seaboard, and foreign trafiic. Tlie resistance of shii)s in n-stricted channels is in itself a nuitter of l)rinie imj)ortance, not only in determining the relative value of routes, but in fixing the dimensions and character of channels that should be jnovided. The existing knowledge on this subject is at best in very unsjitisfactoiy shajjc, and special data may be required for a ])roper solution. Thematter has been i)ursued farenongli toin(li<'ate the neces- sity for a radical revision of the old formnhe. In view of the amount ' .Tournal of the Assoi^iation of Kngineoriug Societies, March, 188'J. Chief of Euginocrs, U. S. A., 18l>o, itagel301. Report ot the i 38 REPORT OF U. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. It of canal prism and shallow water incident to any route for lirst-class navigation, the matter requires exhaustive treatment if results are to be obtained which may not prove disappointing. The subject of canal prisms and locks and methods of construction is undergoing a revolution, the outcoine of which is likely to render l)rqjects jjracticable whi<;h heretofore have been regard(^d as a little more than visionary. A discussion has not seemed warranted until the investigation of ante(!edent topics has determined the reciuiroments. It will be i)ercoived that Exhibit is the key to pra. GENERAL REMARKS. A careful consideration of the nmtter presented under the foregoing heads makes clear the real magnitude oithe inquiry and the need of a comprehensive i)resentjition of the physical conditions to be dealt with in any proposition for the radical development of navigation. In view of the very great proportions of the problem and the large cost of any radical develoi>ment and the relation of such a develo[»ment to the future ol" the country, it has seemed frivolous to venture mere opinions, and it has been preferred to develop the data topics as fully as the means would permit, in the expectation that thereby the main questions would be obvious to the discerning. In undertaking this investigation, it was not anticipated that it would be feasible to more than collate existing material and clear up the gen- eral subject, so that the direction of final surveys and inquiries could be pointed out. This may be done at least tentatively and in part. In closing this report I must commend the uniform interest siiown in the work by persons in ofticial and private station. Every request Cor data has met with 'prompt and full response, often at the cost of much labor^and time. Had it not been for this, the inquiry would have been fruitless in many airections. What this means may be inferred tiom the fact that some of the material furnished runs back thirty to forty yeai's, and has required much care in reduction. Pains have been taken in the drawings and manuscripts to credit this data to the })roper authority. I must also commend the devotion and ability of my assistants, Edgar Williams, A. E. Kastl, J. E. Maloney, and Charles Poore, and the skill and care of my draftsmen, G. A. Lichtenburg and Hermann Heinze. Although I have given all the work my close personal super- vision, this does not detract from their credit for whatever merit may attach to the matter submitted. The ('ommission is under special obligations to Maj. W. S. Stanton, Lieut. Col. .hired A. Smith, and Ca])t. Smith S. Leach, in permitting the cooperation of their assistants, Mr. William Picrson .ludson, Mr. William T. Blunt, and Mr. I'\ M. liarstow, whe.i not oc('U])ied with olli- cial duties, and these gentlemen have reiulered service of high character at very little cost. I take iileasure in acknowledging the uniform courtesy of the several de])artments ol the Canad'an Government in responding fully to every request for information. Very respectfully submitted, Lyman E. Cdoley. Dr. .Tames P>. Angell, Chairman Ike}) Waterways Comvilssion. 1 t < KXIIIBIT A. THE LAKES AND ATLANTIC WATERWAY. CHICAGO AM) DULUTH-SUPERIOR TO THE SEABOARD, THROUGH THE GREAT LAKES AND BY THE ST. LAWRENCE RIVER AND BY THE HUDSON RIVER. iintoii, littin Ji- ll, IMr. li olli- I'iM'fcr K\ NOTKS TO ACCOMPANY I'UOFILES AND MAI'S. ' I'lolilo No. 1. General jirofile. With distiuue tliagrtim. MiipNo. 111. (ienenil-iouto map. I'loHle No. 2. Lake Superior to Lake Htirou. i'rofile No. 3. Lake Michigan to Lake Huron. I'rofilo No. 4. Lake Hurou to Lake Erie. With sketch and prolile— St. Clair ami Erie Ship Canal. I'rofile No. 5. Lake Erie to Lake Ontario. With outline map and sketches of alter- nativo rout«'8. rrotiloNo. H. Lake Ontario to I.. i'rolile No. III. The Ottawa nuito, from (Ieorgian Hay to Hichelieii Uiver. Prolile No. 11. Early canal systeiiis. Erie of New York, United States; Ridean- Trent of Ontario, Dominion of Canada. I'rolile No. 1.'). Interlako routes. (Omitted.) Superior aud (jlroen Bay, (Jraud- Saginaw, Michigan and Erie. INTRODUCTION. A Hcrie8 of profiles and niap.s Iuih been compiled for the purpose of exhibitiiij;' the possibilities of deep-water routes through and between the several lakes and by the Bt. Lawrence and Hudson rivers to the Atliinti(; seaboard. This series comprehends the lines of past develop- ment, of works now in i)rogress and jiroimsed, and the lines feasible for future development, including alternative routes and looi)s for sUorten- ' Com]uled in the ollice of the Commission from memoranda mall(^ iu working up the several ]tri)tileH and maps for the United States Deep Waterways Coniniission, Cliicago, August, 18'J6. 40 REPORT OF U. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. I I ing (listanco. Tlie object is to present once for all, regardless of relative merit, an exhibit of all routes having any elements of feasibility, for uniting the several lakes and reaching the eastern seaboard. All routes for merely tributary projects, or for connecting the lakes with other water systems, have been excluded. This woik has involved some new examinations in the field and a jiainstaking research for the data of early surveys, and has required great labor and i)atience in digesting the material and reducing the same to a uniform standard for presentation. But for the cordial cooper- ation of all in custody of original information, the work would not have been practicable. These notes are intended to catalogue the several profiles and maps of the series and to authenticate and explain such matter as may not otherwise be sufliciently exhibited. In entering upon the work, the necessity of deducing standard water levels that would have an equivalent value throughout the bodies of water traversed by the i^rofiles was apparent. For the seaboard, the level long since adopted is mean low tide. For the several lakes and the St. j.awrence, the standard low Avater is deduced from the record of the thirty six years from 1800 to 1895. The plane of standard low water is the plane at or below which monthly mean water has stood not more than an aggregate of ten months during the season of navigation, which excludes the months of January, February, and March out of the aggregate of eighteen lowest monthly mean waters occurring during the period of thirty-six years, 1800 to IS!)"). To this plane all the profiles of water surface have been reduced. The deduction of standard low water is fully elucidated in the "Notes on water levels for the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Kiver." Actual standard low water is a plane at or below which the water has ranged for six to ten months, out of a total of three hundred and twenty- four months, or for 2 to t3 per cent of the navigable period of thirty-six years. Lonjjer records do not indicate that the ratio will be materially changed. The standard high water as adopted on the several profiles is the highest water of record for the several lakes and rivers, as set forth in the "Notes on water levels," etc. The elevations used on the several profiles are also set forth in "Notes on water levels," etc., and the nianner in which these are derived is specially treated in " Elevations for the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence and Hudson rivers." The main profiles have all been platted to a uniform scale; approxi- mately, 2i miles to 1 inch horizontal and 2.") feet to 1 inch vertical. Subordinate profiles and those lacking ('ata to justify the standard scale, are platted to one-half or one fourth scale. The explanations necessary to the understanding of each i)rofile and ma]) of the series are entered thereon. These notes add such further memoranda as will enable those who may be interested to verify any data used and the ai)plication of the same. In making up the i)rofiles all i)roject8 and treatment have been omitted, the purpose being to submit conditions as they now exist in nature or as they may have been modified by works actually executed. In the improved channels the original bottom is shown in outline. The entire exhibit is the data for consideration, rather tium the con- sideration itself, which requires several other lines of infornnition. These notes have been compiled from the memoranda of the assist- ants who worked up the several profiles and nnips. !' )roxi- ticiil. scale, beon ist in nited. itlinc. cou- REPORT OF U. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. 41 GENERAL TROFILE. (Protile No. 1, accompanied l»y route map ami distaiiro ay route, and Ottawa route. The main diagram is that of the Lake P]rie route, and it makes apparent at a glance the relative distances between various important points from Chicago and Duluth-Superior out by the St. Lawrence River, ami by both the Champlain and Mohawk lines out by the Hud- sou liiver. The diagram by the (Jeorgian Uay route shows the same combination of termiiml lines. The diagram by the Ottawa route omits the Mohawk line in the <.ombination. 'Thd general profile, j^oneral route map, and distance diagram were compiled and drawn by Mr. C. E. IsboU. f II 42 REPORT OF U. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. Those (liagiams rc'inesent tlio, jictual distances as developed in ])ro tilinj;' the several lilies, and the jn-incipal items are entered in llj;ures on the diaj^rams. A table is appended to these notes giving a fuller schedule of the distances developed. LAKE Sr I'KRIOI? TO LAKE Ul'UON TIIRoriflL TJIE ST. MARYS RIVER. (I'nililo No. 1.'.) This ])rohle, compiled by JMr. lOdgar Williams and drawn by Mr. G. A. Jiichtenberg, shows the available depth of water through the St. Marys Itiver froiu deep water of J^ake Sajjcrior to deep water of Lake Huron. The route begins near the southeast corner of Lake Superior, Ij miles northeast of VVhiteiish Point, and runs in a direct line to a point I'^s, miles northeast of Point Iroquois, and theiu-e follows the line of deei)est water through the river, canal, and improved channels to Point i)etour Light, at the northern entrance to Lake Huron. The water level elevations of Lake Superior, St. Marys Kiver, above and beh)w the locks, and Lake Huron, were determined by Mr. A. K. Kastl. (See " Water levels, etc.") The low-water line from the locks to Lake Huron was drawn ])arallel to the nu^an water line, as the total lalls at the two stages are j)rape of the water surface from the northeast })ier to Station G, near the hea of Hay Lake, and the slo[)e of the channel from the locks to the angio below Frechett Point, as nearly 0.8 foot. Py comparison with the water level at the locks, an el('\ation of 580.00 feet was deduced for low water of llay Lake and 5813.50 for mean water. ^Vs no reliable data could be found for the sloi)e between Hay Lake and Lake Huron, the total fall of 1.30 feet was distributed, 0.70 loot to the channel at the Middle Neebish l{a])ilatte(l (Voiu the somulings on tlie lollowing- eharts of the United States hike survey: Scaloof — La1y Mr. Edgar Williams and drawn by Mr. (1. A. Lielitonltorfi. ■■"'riie Levels of the Ijakes." — .lournal of the Association of En, pay;c \~u\. li 44 REPORT OF U. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. J. Ji. Cavanaugh, Corps of Engineers, Uuited States Army,' in com- parison with Ijake ]''rie for the same period. The mean elevation of Lake Erie for June and July, 1895, was 571 .(Jl feet above mean tide at New York City, or 0.26 foot above standard low water. The standard low-wat<'r slope for the J)etroit Kiver was fcmnd by subtracting ().20 foot IVoni the gauge readings. The mean gauge leadings and the standard low water aie given in the following table: Locality. Mean gaiigo read- ill);, Juiii) iiud Julv, 1895. Grosae Point, Lake St. Clair 574.52 Detroit 574. 10 TrMitoii 572.80 Gibraltcr .571.80 Lake Erie, CleveLiiul ' 571.61 Stiindanl low water. 574. 26 573. 84 572.00 571. 54 571. 35 The grades of the bottoms of the improved channels Avere obtained as follows: For each channel, the elevation of the stage of water corresponding to a given depth was furnished by the Corps of r^ngineers, United States Ariny.2 For all the channels except the Lime Kiln Crossing, the stage was given at the channel, and the bottom grade was found by deducting from the stage its corresponding depth. For the Lime Kiln Crossing, the stage of Lake Erie was given, and the elevation was found by adding to the Lake Erie stage the slope between Lake Erie and the Lime Kiln Crossing, as shown by the standard low- water eleva- tions. The grade at the Lime Kiln Crossing was then deduced, as in the case of the channels at other localities. The elevation at Ballards Eeef and at foot of Bois Blanc Island were assumed to be the same as deduced from the observations at Trenton and Gibralter on the American side, and the standard low-water eleva- tion at the Lime Kiln Crossing was estimated in proportion to the distance from these points. The ])rotile was compiled from the charts of the United States lake survey, as follows : Scale of^ South end of Lake Huroii iiud head of St. Clair River 1 : 120, 000 St. Clair River 1 : 40,000 Lake St. Clair 1 : 50,000 Detroit Ri\er 1 : 40, 000 Lake Erie, Coast Charts Nos. 6 and 7 1: 80,000 The maps and profiles on a reduced scale of the St. Clair and Erie Ship Canal illustrate the ])roposed channel for shortening the distance on the through route and avoiding the difficulties in the navigation of the Detroit liiver and the west end ol Lake Erie. They were compiled from the following material : Sketch (with profile) of the Detroit River Passage aud the St. Clair and Erie Ship Canal, liy D. Farrand Henry, chief engineer. Chart of J.,ake St. Cl.air, by United States Lake Survey. Chart of lakes Erie and Ontario, by llydrograpbic Otlice, United States Navy. ' Letter of February 11, 18!)6, Detroit, Mieh. -Letter of Lieut. J. li, Cavanaugh, February '3, 1891}, Detroit, Mich. T «*«« l f s T REPORT OF U. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. 45 LAKE ERIE TO LAKE ONTARIO THROUGH THE NIAGARA RIVER AND PROPOSED SHIP CANAL AND WELLAND CANAL.' 574. 26 573. 84 572. 60 571. 54 571. 35 ?llip mtaS: (Profile No. .">.) Three main profiles are delineated, all bejjfiiining at a coninion point of origin in Lake Erie and terminating at a coniiuon point in Lake Ontario, a.s shown on the accompanying sketch of "Niagara Ship Canal Territory," viz : The Wellaud Canal route as now operated ; the natural course of the Niagara River, and the Niagara Kivcr in conjunction with the Tonawanda-Lockport-Olcott route for the proposed Niagara ship canal, as favorably recommended in 1889 by Capt. Carl F. Palfrey, Corps of Engineers, United States Army.^ In addition, subordinate profiles show the alternative routes surveyed in 1867 by Lieut. Col. 0. E. Blunt, Corps of Engineers, United States Army. The water-level elevations of Lake Eric and Lake Ontario were deter- mined by Mr. A. E. Kastl. (See "Water levels," etc.) The approximate elevations of mean water at Black Eock ship lock, head of Grand Island and Tonawanda, were furnished by Capt. Thomas W. Symons, Corps of Engineers, United States Army. ' The elevation given for Lake Erie was 0.07 foot higher than the level adopted for mean water of Lake Erie. The dift'erence, 0.07 foot, was therefore deducted from the eleva- tions given in determining mean water. The elevation of mean water at Schlosser was based on the two pro- files of Lieut. Col. C. E. Blunt, terminating at Tonawanda and Schlos- ser, the difference in level being deducted from the elevation adopted at Tonawanda. Estimates were also made of the slope from Black Rock and from Tonawanda to the falls, based on the measured slope and discharge of the Niagara River at Black Eock, and com])arisons were made with the contour elevations shown on the charts of the United States Lake Survey and the United States Geological Survey. The elevation of mean water at Lewiston on the chart of Niagara Falls by the United States Lake Survey is given as about 2 feet above Lake Ontario. The high and low water lines from Black Rock ship lock to Niagara Falls and from Lewiston to Lake Ontario were assumed to have the same slope as the mean water line. The range of variation between mean, low, and high water in the river above the falls, in comparison with Lake Erie, was deduced from the relation between the gauges at BuflFalo and Black Rock, established by the discharge observations at Black Rock.* The range at Lewiston has been assumed as eqial to the range on Lake Ontario. The elevations of the miter sills of the locks of the Welland Canal at Port Colborne and Port Dalhousie were furnished by Thomas Monro, department of railways and canals of Ca.iada and engineer of the Sou- langes Canal.^ The elevation of the upper miter sill of the guard lock of the Erie Canal at Black Rock, with respect to canal datum, was furnished by Mr. J. L. Little, division engineer, western division of Erie Canal;" and canal datum, with respect to the mean water of Lake Erie, as used by ' Compiled by Mr. Edgar Williams and drawn by Mr. G. A. Liclitenberff. -See Report Chief of Engineers, United States Army. ^Letter of February 5, 1H96, IJntfalo, N. Y. *See Report of Chief of Engineers, United States Army, 1893, pat^e UU)8. « Letter of February 10, 1896, Coteau Landinjj;, Province of Quebec. ^Letter of February 15, 1896, Rochester, N. i. I 46 REPORT OV U. S. I)EEl> WATERWAYS COMMISSION. the lJiiiteiven in the repoi'ts of I lie State engineer and sur- veyor of New Vork.- The proliles and map were compiled from the Ibllowing charts and documents: Uiiitod States lake survey : Sialo of — Lake Erie, coast chart No. 1 1:80, 0(tO Lake Ontario, coast cliart No. 5 1 : SO, 000 Niaj^ara Falls 1 : L'O, 0(M) Niagara Falls 1 : ;"., 000 Hul!alo Harbor aud head of Niagara Kivcr 1 : 1'0, 000 ITnitcd States Geological Survey: Hiitfalo 1 : (52, 500 Niagara Falls and vicin ity 1 : 02, 500 Department of mil ways ami canals of C.uiada: MapofpartofthcNiiigara peninsula, showing line of the Welland Canal (including protile) lietwoen l^akes Ihio and Ontario, ISHO 1:36,000 Niagara Ship Canal, witli ni.ip and profiles; rtqxnt on surveys for a shij) canal to coniu!Ct liiikes Erie and Ontario, Lieut, t^ol. Charles E. l$lunt. Corps of Engineers, I'nited States Army, ISdS. Profile of ship canal to connect Lakes Erie and Ontario, Eighteen Mile Crook route, revised project, !>> Capt. (!arl F. Palfrey, Cor))s of Engineers, I'nited States Army, ISSO. Scale: Horizontal, liucho([ualsonc fouitli mile; A-ertical, 1 inch (([uals 50 le'ct. Itepcut of State engineer and surveyor of Now York, 1«75, maj) aud prolilo of the western division of the Erie C'aiuil. Scale, 1 inch eiiuals 13 nnles. LAKE ONTARIO TO LAKE ST. FRANCIS TIIHOUGII THK ST. LAWRENCK RIVER.' (Profile No. (5.) The protile begins at a i>oint in Lake Ontario opposite Oswego and the same distance from the terminus of profiles No. 5 and Olcott Har- bor as the Oswego light-house, which is tlie origin of protile No. 11. It extends through the nuiin channel of the St. Lawrence and through the AYilliamsburg and Cornwall canals to the lower end of Lake St. Francis below JMcKies Point, and to a point at which the protile to Lake Champlain diverges from the St. Lawrence route. The protile shows the river channel (►pposite the several canals, and the Canadian channel from Kingston to the foot of (Jrenadier Island is shown by a broken line. An outline map shows the canal territory between Ogdensburg and St. llegis, (iovering some 45 miles of difficult river, and over half the length in canal. The elevations of the standard water lines at the ])riiicipal points were deterndned by Mr. A. E. Kastl (see " Water levels," etc.). Below Ogdensburg the protile as furnished by Thomas Monro, member of the Canadian Deep Waterways Comnussiou and engineer of the Soulanges Canal, was substantially adopted, the water lines being moditied to conform to the standard elevations as deduced in the water-level investigation. On the outline map are shown certain lines that indicate possible routes for ship canals. The characteristics of the territory in regard 1 Letters of March 10 and April 16, 1896, Rochester, N. Y. -' Annual Re])ort for 18SS, pages 2()7, 208, ^Com]»ilcd by Mr. Edgar Williams and drawn by Mr. G. A. Lichtenborg. 'Okl )int8 slow the ngcs Ll to level lible lard REPORT OF V. S. DEKP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. 47 T » ll I to its availability for canal location are set forth in a special report of a reconnoissance made lor tlie ( 'oiiiniission l»y Mr. I'\ M. liarstow, C I']. The profile and map wia'e compiled Irom charts and maps as follows: United States lako siirvov : Sculo oC— Liiko Oiitiirio, c.mst chart No. 1 1:80,000 St. JiUwrouco Ix'ivcr, Nos. 1 lo ti 1 : ;{0, 000 St. J^awroiice Rivi r Olrtail sheet s), Nos. 1 lo S 1 : 10, 00(» Ilydrographic, oilicf, ITnitcd States Navy: St. Lawrence l»iv»T, Cornwall to McKics I'oiiit, si'ale of 2 inriu's equals 1 naiitiral inilc. Canad'/in Dooj) Watfi ways Commission ; rrolile of the .St. i.awrenco Rivor and canals, 18!(U(lHdowl'rescott). Si-ale: lloii/.ontal, I incli itpials Ki.UOO li-i-t; vertical, 1 ineli eqnals 50 feet. Sketch of rcM-onnoiHsani-e, hy 1". M. liarstow. Map. )»ost route, United States. LAKE ST, FRANCIS T(» LAKE OHAMPLAIN AND TO MONTREAL.' (Protlhi No. 7.) Bejjinniiij; at a <'ommoii ])oint below JNIcKies Point, near the lower end of Lake St. Francis, the same l)ein}; the terminn.s of ])rolile No. (», two main profiles are shown. The sontherly profile leads ont by nnn}»ry Bay at the southeast angle of the la lie and across the Chateiiugay Val- . ley into and np the valley of English Ifivcr and Norton Creek ; thence leads Simtheasterlyover a summit, (!rossing the international l)oun ratht'r tliaii oh'Viitious on a precise loeation. The portion east of the ( 'hateaugay Kiver is, for the most part, based on well ascertaiued elevations, while that wrst of the river is probably within conditions known to exist iu this vicinity. The map shows the routes of the two i)rotiles, and also the location of the Caujihnawaga line, exhibited as part of i)rorile No. 13, and the loca- tion of the north end of profile No. \). The locality of depressions dis- closed by the reconnoissance of J\Ir. Barstow are also shown. The available data regarding elevations arc entered on this ma]). Those determined by ^Ir. Barstow in the territory between English Iviver and Ivouses Point and those along the Canada Atlantic liailway are well ascertained, while those along the other railway lines are from general profiles, and are to be regarded as approximate.' The characteristics of the territory between Lakes St. Francis and Chaniplain, in regard to its availability for canal location, are set forth in a special report of a reconnoissance made for the Commission by Mr. F. M. Barstow, C. E. The profiles and maps were compiled from data as follows: Ciinadian Deep Waterways Coiimiission: Profile of the St. Lawrence Kiver and .Canals, 189t!. 8fale, horizontal, 1 inch eciuals 13,200 feet; vertical, 1 jnch eciuala 50 feet. Hytlrograpliic Office, United States Navy: St. Lawrence River, McKies Point to eastern entrance Beaiiharnois Canal, and eastern entrance lieanharuois Canal to Montreal. Scale, 2 inches el. Sketch map of the country between Lake St. Francis and Lake Champlain, south of the Canada Atlantic Railway, made for the Commission by F. M. Barstow, C. E., accompanied by a preliminary i)rol\le. Map ol' the (Jreat Cliazy River from Champlain to the lake, from surveys under the direction of Maj. M. 13. Adams, Corps of Engineers, United States Army, 1889; the same showing profile of bottom. Maps of the geological survey of Canada, and by the United States Geological Survey. Map, international boundary. Report State engineer of New York, 1891. Maps, Ijost route. United States. Profiles: Detail, of Canada Atlantic Railway; general, of lines of Grand Trunk, Canadian Pacific, Ogdeusburg and Lake Champlain, and St. Lawrence and Adiron- dack. ST. LAWRENCE RIVER FROM MONTREAL TO DEEP WATER BELOW gUEBEC.'^ (Profile No. 8.) This profile shows the available depth in the St. Lawrence Kiver from the foot of the Lachine Canal to deep water, some 60 miles below Quebec. Between Montreal and Quebec it is based on the profile prepared by It. Steckel, engineer, department of public works of Canada. The standard high and low water lines were obtained by reducing the elevations as given by Mr. Steckel, by his elevation of mean tide at New York City, which is 4.441 feet. The two intermediate flow lines of '< High tide during low water," and " Low tide (springs) during freshets," shown on the profile below Pointe du Lac, are approximate. They were obtained from elevations given in Mr. Steckel's " Tables of 'The location of the lino surveyed under the direction of Thomas Monro, Commis- sioner, for the Canadian Deep Waterways Commission, has been entered on the map from data received iu November, 1896. The profiles were received too late for com- pilation, but have been ]»ublished under the auspices of the Canadian Commission. * Compiled by Mr. Edgar Williams and drawn by Mr. G. A. Lichteuberg. f KJft t^ I REPOUT OF U. S. DEEl' WATEUWAYS COMMISSION. 49 tidal fluctUiitioiKs Ibr low water season of 18S7, and hi{.,'li-watt'r season of 188.S." The protile was <'oiiipiled from the following charts and docuiiieiits: Kojiort, with n\n\)n aiid prodh'H, (lepiutiiicut nl' imlilii' works of Caiiinla. Water LovoIh, Kiver St. Lawrence between l^uobee aiul Moutreal, bv li. Steckel, ciiginrtM', 18(10-91. II.V(lroj,'rai)bi(' Ollice, United States Navy, Cbarts of tlie River St. Lawrence IVoni Qni'bec to tiie K'ivcr S.igutMiiiy. Re]>()rt, witb prolilo, of tbe harbor coiuniiMHioniTs of Montreal, Canada, .lobn Kennedy, rbief engineer, 1882. THE ClIAMl'LAIN-m USCJN VALLEY, FROM ST. .TOHNS, I'ROVINOE OF QUEBEC, TO TKOV DAM, NEW YORK.' (ProiileNo. !>.) This i)rotile shows the lino of deepest water and lowest elevation from the entran(;e of the Chainbly Canal, at St. Johns, I'rovniee ol" Quebec, through the liiver Kichelieu, Lake (Jhauiplain, the Chaniplain Hudson Divide, and tlie upper Hudson Kiver, to tidewater, at Troy Dam, New York. The location of the route at the northern end is sliown on the outline map of profile No. 7, and from Lake Charnplain, at Whitehall, to Troy, on map No. lla. The Mohawk Kiver below iScheuectady, which belongs to i)rotile No. II, is also shown. The water-level elevations for Lake Chaniplain and the River Kiche- lieu were determined by Mr. Kastl (see ''Vv^ater levels," et(;.). The deduction of the data for the profile of the upper Hudson Kiver involved some jierplexities, but it is believed that material errors, if any, are limited to the portion of steep slope above the pool of the Troy Dam, where the effect upon a project would be a minimum. A route has been suggested from South Bay to Fort Ann in lieu of the one delineated by way of Whitehall. Levels have been run over this line in order to cheek up the elevations shown on a sketch furnished by the United States Geological Survey. The results indicate greater elevations than shown on map No. Ila, but the data were not sufficient to warrant a profile for an alternative route. The results of this recou- noissauce are presented in a special rei)ort. The profile was compiled from the foUowing charts and documents: Charts of Lake Chaiui)lain by the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey. Map and profile of the Richelieu River, report of K. Steckel, engineer, department of public works of Canada, 1884-85, 1890-91. Profile of i)ropo8ed ship canal from Whitehall to FortEdwardandof Hudson River from Fort Edward to Troy Dam. Report of State engineer and surveyor of New York, 1875. Report and map of survey by Samuel McElroy to State engineer in 1867 — Hudson River from Troy to Fort Edward — Senate Doc. No. 37. Report of Chief of Engineers, United States Army, 1875. Reports, State engineer and surveyor of New York. icing ideat 1 lines iring late. (es of imis- map com- ■siou. 1 «::« HUDSON RIVER FROM TROY DAM TO ATLANTIC OCEAN (Profile No. 10.) This profile shows the available depth of the tidal portion of the Hudson Kiver, and is extended through New York Bay and across the bar as now improved to deep water of the ocean. The low and high water lines shown are those of mean low tide and mean high tide as adopted by the Corps of Engineers, United States > Compiled by Mr. E. A. Kastl and drawn by Mr. G. A. Lichtenberg. H. Doc. 192 4» 50 REPORT OP TJ. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. Army, and the 1 hiitcd States Coast and (leodetic Survey. Freshet high water as determined at .Vlbany, is also shown ou the profile, ^^o infor- mation could be obtained in regard to the elevation of tide lines between Coxsackie and Dobb's l-'erry, and the lines shown are approximate and probably not materially in error. The authority for the elevations used is i)roHlt! below Schenectady is delineated on the sheet showing profile No. 1), and is to be considered as j)art of sheet ^'o. 11, The mnp shows also the Oliamplain Hudson Valley anurposeoi utilizing this information ami obtaining other material from j)rivate sources and new data in the lield, sullicient to sV;ow the i)lij^sical eomlitions as they actually exist. The result was Ix^yond anticipation, and ji i>rolile of a high «l('grce of accuracy has l)een ]U'oduced. Incidentally a map was ])iepaicd showing the valley by contours, a iiost iui])ortant addition to the i)iofile, and a duplicate of this map has been mi.ilein the oHice of the Commission (No. lla), ^Mr.. ludson retaining the or;;;inal. Tiie, s|>ecial report by Mr. . ludson states the source of the data and the manner of ay via Lake Simcoe, which has been considered the summit level in all projects, and is ])o])ulaily known as the (leorgian Bay or Unrontai'io route. The original survey embrax'cd alternative lines for i)art of the route, one of whiiJ*JSi.S:, REPORT OF U. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. 51 Lake S iiiid Tho 1)110 of MIO of iuid led in I (J. A. iMarri, The elevatioLs for tlie water levels ou Lake Huron and Lake Ontario were determined by I\lr. A. E. Kastl (see "Water levels," vtc). The elevation of Lake Siincoe aliove Lake Iluron is stated to be 131.07 leet in the General lieport of the Public Works of Canada (ISO? to 18S2, p. 822). r>y ad«lin^' this rise of 131.07 feet to the standard low water for Lake Huron an elevation of 7 13.<>7 leet was obtained lor Lake Simeoe. The jiroflle was reduced Iroiii a profile by Kivas Tally, (J. K., dated 1858, and made from orij;iiial surveys by i\Ir. Tully, after distributinj;' the correction for the height of Lake Simcoe and a discrepancy in the relative elevation of Lakes Ontario and Huron. The plans used in the preparation of the profile and mai) were as follows: Map showing tlio route l)ctwcon Lakes Ontario and Huron in the vicinity of Ti mm I o, by Kivas Tally, engineer, March, lSi»2. Scale, 1 inch eipialH 2,500 leet. Prohle of tho Toronto ainKJeorgian 15ay Canal liy Kivas Tully, engineer: I'oronto, January 15, 1858. Scale, horizontal, I inch ecjuals 2,500 feet; vertical. I iucheciiials 100 feet. Map, Province of Ontario, Department of Crowu Laud, 1895. Scale, 1 inch equals 8 miles. THE OTTAWA ROUTE FROM GEORGIAN BAY TO RICHELIEU RIVER.' (I'rolile No, V.i.) This profile extends from Georgian Bay up French Iviver and through Lake Nipissing, and crossing the divide to Trout Lake descends the Matta\van River to tho Ottawa River, and throngii tlui Ottawa to the St. Lawrence River at Lake St. Louis, thence reaches tln' Richelieu Kiver at St. Johns by the proposed Caughiiawaga canal, joining prolilc No. 9 at St. Johns and crossing No. 7 in Lake St. Louis. The location of the protilo from the Lake of tlieTwo Mountains, via the Caughiiawaga route to St. Johns, is shown on the outline map of prolile No. 7. The prolile is drawn to one-half the standard scale. The profile was jilatted from elevations derived from levels in the report of Thomas C. Clarke, C. E., on tiic projiosed Ottawa navigation, and a pajier by R. W. Ells, LL. I)., and A. E. Harlow, M. A., on the route of the proposed Ottawa Caiiai. The elevations were derived as follows : The elevation of standard low water of Lake St. Louis at the head of the Lachine Canal, as determined by Mr. A. I'). Kastl (scm^ "Waiter levels," etc.), is 07.8 feet above mean tide at New Vork City. I'lom this point to Ottawa Harbor Mr. Clarke's rises through the reaches, which depend on estimate, were corrected in Lake St. Louis, in the Lake of the Two M«uiiitains, and from the head of the (ireiiville Canal to Ottawa. The rise in IjakeSl. Louis, from Lachine to St. Anne, was taken at 1.70 feet, as it is generally stated in the Canadian reports at 1 to 3 feet. 111 place of 0.5 foot, as givi'U by Mr. Clarke. The rise in Lake of the Two Mountains was taken at (Kr) foot in jihu'e of 1 foot, and flic rise from (he Crenville Canal to Ottawa was taken at 1 foot in place of 2.3 feet. With these corrections an elevation of 130.5 feet was ol)taine«l for Ottawa ILirbor. ['"roin Ottawa, to the mouth of the Ma<^t!>wan KMver the elevations of Mr. Clarke were corrected so as to agree with the elevations adoi)ted for Ottawa Harbor and the mouth of tlu^ Mattawan River, a, iliscrc^p- ancy of 0.(1 foot in total rise being «listril)iited between tlui head of Deep River and Mattawa,over whu*h distance the levels are most uncertain. From the nioulh of the Mattawan Kiver to the Tetites Halles of 'Compiled hy Mr. I'.dgnr Williams and drawn hy Mr, (', E. iHhell. i REPORT OF U. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. French River, the first rapids above Georgian Bay, the corrected levels of Messrs. Klls and Harlow w re used, and for Georgian Bay the stand- ard water levels for Lake tinron. From Lake St. Louis to the Petites J)alles the bottom of the chan- nel, shown on the profile by a dotted line, is approximate only, and has been drawn from the few approximate depths given in the reports. From the Petites Dalles to deep water in Georgian Bay the bottom was platted from soundings on the charts of the Hydrographic Office, United States Navy. From St. Anne to Caughnawaga, across Lake St. Louis, the bottom was also platted from charts of the Hydrographic Office. The high-water line was platted from the difference between high and low water, as determined by Mr. Clarke, on the Ottawa and F/euch rivers, and from the elevations determined by Mr. A. E. Kastl for Georgian Bay and Lake St Louis. (See "Water levels," etc.) The profile of the proposed Caughnawaga Canal was platted from data ill the reports of the Chief of Engineers, United States Army, and the department of public works of Canada. The profile as platted is substantially the profile of Mr. Clarke cor- rected for datum. In the paper by Messrs. Ells and Barlow it is stated that "the elevation given for Lake Nipissing is the same as that given by the corrected levels of the Northern Pacific Junction Eailway (now l)art of the (Jrand Trunk System), and that the elevation at the mouth of the Mattawau River agrees with that deduced from the profiles of the Canadian Pacific Kail way." If 10 feet be added to the elevations as given in the table in the original report of Mr. Clarke, they will not difler at any ])oint over 2^ feet from the profile as platted, after making ilue alloNsance for the summer water of 1859 on Lake Huron. In compiling this profile the following charts, maps, and documents were used : Report on Ottawa Navigation (with prolile), by Thomas C. Clarke, C. E., engi- neer Ottawa survey, Qnehec, 18fi0. The Physical Features and Geology of the Proposed ( )ttawa Canal between the St. Lawrence River and Lake Huron, by R. W. Ells, LL. D., and A. E. Barlow, M. A., Ottawa, 1896. lieport on the Montreal, Ottawa, and Georgian Bay Canal, by Marcus Smith, M. Inst., C. E., Ottawa, 1895. Charts of Georgian Bay, Mouth of French River, and Lake St. Louis, 1 dro- graphic Office, United Stiitea Navy. Report of Chief of Engineers, United States Army, 1875 (p. .587), and General Report of Department of Public Works of Canada, 1867 to 1882. Prolile between Lake Nipisaing and Ottawa, compiled by Edwin A. Forwai'd, Ottawa, and received tlirough the Hon. McLeod Stewart, of "The Montreal, Ottawa and Georgian Bay Canal Company." NoTK.— The prolile furnished through Mr. Stewart on November 25, 1896, presum- ably covers the available data to date, and prolile No. 13 has been amended accord- ingly.— L, E. C. EARLY CANAL SYSTEMS: ERIE OF NEW YORK, UNITED STATES; RIDEAU— TRENT OF ONTARIO, DO.MINION OF CANADA.' (ProtlleNo. 14.) The first of the two canal systems delineated is the Erie Canal sys- tem, com[)rising the Frie, Oswego, and (^hamplain canals, by which routes are opened fVom the Hudson River at Albany to Lake Frie, to La've Ontario, and to the St. Lawrence Hiver via Lake Champlain and the liiehelieu Kiver. These canals have acquired renewed importance «i^ • tv 'Compiled by Mr. A. E. Kastl and Mr. ,] . E. Maloney, and drawn by Ilormuun IIoiu/.e. The prolile is projected to one-fourth the standard scale. REPORT OF U. S. DEEP WATERWA.YS COMMISSION. 53 engi- iTES! sys. rliich lie, to and taiice Imuuu •# on account of tlie enlargement authorized by vote of the people of the State of New York in November, 1895. The datnm for the Erie Canal system is mean low tide at Albany, which is taken as 7,443 feet on the lower miter sill of Lock No. 1. ' The United States Coast and Geodetic Survey in 187G-77 determined the elevation of miter sill of Lock No. 1 as 6,145 feet below mean tide at New York by levels from the benchmark on the grist mill at Grcenbusli.^ <3anal datum is, therefore, 7,443 — 0,145==1,298 feet above mean tide at New York. The arbitrary, 1.30 feet, was applied to canal elevations in reducing same to mean sea level. The l!^rie Canal was carefully leveled in 187G, and the results are published in the reports of the State engineer for the years 1888, 1889, and 1892. In tables are given the length of reaches, bench marks, and elevations of canal bottom from which, after correcting the elevations for sea level, the profile from Albany to Buffalo was platted. The results given in successive reports of the State engineer have been critically compared, and all agree at Black Kock with the elevation as dednced by Mr. Searles in the report of 187G, although there are dif Sciences in the assignments of slopes on the reaches with grades between Montezuma and Black Rock. Canal levels at Buffalo are 0.07 foot higher than by the Lake Survey. (See " I"]levations for the Great Lakes," etc.) The levels for the Oswego Canal are given as far as Van Buren Dam, 01 to within 7 miles of the terminal lock, in the report of the State engi iieer for 1891. The miter sill of the terminal lock is as furnished from the office of the division engineer. From these and the tables of lock lilts and reaches, after correcting the elevations for sea level, the pro- file was ])latted between Syracuse and Lake Ontario at Oswego. Canal levels at Oswego are O.OG foot higher than by the lake survey. (See "Elevations for the Great Lakes," etc.) Thei)rofileof theChamplain Canal was platted from the tables in the report of the State engineer for 1888, after correcting the elevations for sea level. The elevations terminate with the upper mitor sill of Lock 21 , and the elevation of the lower sill of Lock 23 ; the entrance lock was furnished by Albert J. Himes, resident engineer, eastern division, Erie Canal. Canal levels at Whitehall are 0.30 foot higher than by the Coast and Geodetic Survey. (See "Elevations for the Great Lakes," etc.) The continuation of the profile from Whitehall, N. Y., totheent.ance of the Chambly Canal at St. Johns, Province of Quebec, was reduced from profile No. 9. The ]m)file of the Chambly Canal and of the Bichelieu River from St. Johns to the St. Lawrence River was reduced fiom the profile of R. Steckel, engineer department of ])ublic works of Canada (rejyorts, 1885 and 1891), which was referred to the same datum through the international bench mark at Rouses Point. Tiie second of the two canal systems delineated is the Rideau and Trent Canal system, comprising the Rideau and Trent ciinals, by which a route is opened from the Ottawa River at Ottawa to Lake Huron at (ieorgian Bay, via Lake Ontario at Kingston. This route was projected at an early day, and the Kideau Canal from Ottawa to Kingston opened, wliich, with short canals at the rajtids of the Ottawa River at Grenville and Carillon, the lock at St. Anne and ' Roiioit of Stiito Kiij-inccr of Now Yorl< for 1888. '^ Apitoiulix No. 7, Report lor 1887. 54 REPORT OF U. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. tlie Lacliiiie Ciinal, furnisbed ii navigation iVom Montreal to Lake Ontario. Some work was done in connecting the npper lake reaches of tiie Trent, and thi.s lias lately been resumed with a view of opening this section of the route. Asbotii sections are on the same scale of magnitude, they art^ treated as ]»arts of one system, united through the Bay of ())uinte. The profile of tlie Kideau Canal was platted i'rom data in the reports of the .'5, to ,Iune, 1895, with the gauge readings at Oswego. The result is 2.'}7.81 feet above mean tide at New York (Mty. It was assumed that the lifts of the locks are from miler sill to miter sill, and (hat the reaches are level. '!'lie elevation of the h er miter sill of entrance lock at Ottawa Ear- bor, as thus deduced, is i .0.8*.) feet above mean tide at New York Cit^'. The standard depth < f the canal is r» feet. Low water at Ottawa Har- bor, with 5 feet on the lower sill, wouhl therefore be lla.SO feet above mean tide at New York. The elevation of tlu^ harbor as deduced from the profile of i le Ottawa route (profile No. J.')) is 130.50 feet, or 14.G1 feet liigher. Various (;omparisons hav been made to determine the source of this discrepancy, and letters wt e sent to Mr. ThonmsC. Keefer, nu'mber of the Canadian Deep Waterways Commission, and to Mr. R. St6v kel, engineer de[>artment of public works, but no sufMcient explana- tion has been found. The profile from Ivingston to the mouth of the 1'rent River, through the Ray of Quinte, was jdatted from the chart of the Hydrographic Oltice, I. nited States Navy. The i)rofile of the Trent Canal was platted from data in the reports of the department of public winics of Canada.^ These data, were brought down to date from tlie latest reports of the department of railways and camils (1805). Those portions of the route upon which works are still undetermined are shown by a broken line. The plane of reference to which the elevations were referred in tiie above reports is ordinary low water of Lake Ontario, which is taken at 12.5 feet above the bottom of the ]\I array Canal, which unites the west- ern end of the Bay of Quinte with Lake Ontario, and is the same as the zero of the Toronto gauge. This elevation was d<'termined as 245.40 feet above mean tide at New York City (see "Water levels," etc.) and this quantity was used in reducing the iirofile to sea level. The elevation of (leorgian Bay on this ])rolile is 582.15 feet, or 2.55 feet above standard low water and 1.72 feet above ordinary low water (assumed eciual to that for Lake ( )ntario). Corrected to the Lake Huron level, the elevatitm of Lake Simcoe is the same as on profile No. 12. INTEK I.4KI; WolTTES; SI 'PEUIOU ANT) (iREKN UAY CANAL; (iUAND- SAOINAW IJOITTK: MlClfHIAN AND KRIK HOIITK. (Prolile N... 15 Nol (loliiicnti^d. ) The data procured in regard to these routes wd'einsuflicient to justify a iirofile. It Avas anticipat»>d that parties especially interested would comp.lete the information. ' Uoport (if 18t)7, ])ii};os Hf)-!)!, iiii»l Aiiiicmlix No. 7, |);ii;c.s .MMIT; alHo, (ii'iici'iil Roport, 1S(;7-1882, paj;(>H SUi, S17. ' I\'t'i)()rt, of 18(!7, |i;i;;i',s 7(»-7!t, mid Apiniiidix Nom. II and 15, pages lL'L'-l_'!l; mIho, General h'oport, 18(17-1882, piinoH 818-82.';. #.* REPORT OF V. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISISION. 55 ^AND- stify I'ouhl I'llCIIll alsu, 1 The Superior aud (irecn Bay Camil was advocated some years siiiee, but the surveys supposed to have beeu luacU'. have not been found. The route is from Au Traiu Bay u|) Au Train River and down Wliit'^hsh River to Little Bay de ^'o(iue, the northerly arm of Green Bay on whi(!li Escai'iba is situated. This is recognized as the lowest pass between Lakes Superior aud Michigan, and is also the lowest in the watershed of Lake Superior west of Sault Ste. Marie. Mr. Lucius L. Hubbard, State geologist of .Michigan, writes: Tho only iulbmiation Avt^liave in tliiw olllico is contained in Vol. I, Micliigan Oooloj^fioal Reports, Part III, page 75, and is as followH: "Also Mud Lake and tiie Hciiivs of con- nected lakes and niarslics from which Au Train Kiviu- n)ak(;s its exit (jn the north .side and Whitelisli River on tlic south side have their hasins eroded through the drift down to tho older rock hcds. The level of tlie lake lies from (10 to 10 feet helow tho to)) of the ])lateau. » * * This waterslud lies, as has been mentioned before, in a valley eroded into the drift, to the de]>tli of perhaps 70 feet, but tlii; solo of this valley is at least oOO feet above liako .Superior." The agent of the Munising Railway and of the land company at Munising undertook to furnish further infornuitiou, but without results. TheClraud-Saginaw route is through the great dei)ression that crosses Michigan fromdrand Haven via the Grand River and through a summit swamp and Saginaw liiver to Sagiuaw J>ay at Ray City. The route appears to be available for a navigation of considerable (!a])a(;ity. A survey of Grand River has been nnide from Lake Michigan to Grand Jfapids, and of Saginaw Biver lo Saginaw. Some intermediate ])oints Avere obtained from railway profdes. Mr. George A. Xettleton, chief engineer Ann Arbor Railroad, writes: '"The general elevation of the swamp between Ashley and Bannister is from O.'i to Do feet above the water level of Lake Michigan.'' Low water at Grand I{ai)ids, as determined by United States engineers, is 7 feet above standard low water of Lake Michigan. A small contour map by Rrof. Alexander Winchell, late State geolo- gist of jMichigan, shows that the drainage of a large section of the State is higher than the valley and may be nuide tributary to the sum- mit level. The following extract from '* Ivendall's ^Michigan, its geog- raphy, histf l> miles sciji.irating tlie waters tlowing in ojiposite direistions. The spot was chosen in 1S,')7 lor a canal connecting Sagiuaw Bay witii l^ake Michigan. The iNIichigan aiul Lake Erie route is from tho head of Lake Michi- gan to the Wabash Valley, between La Fa/ette and Logansport, and tiienceby the Wabash, the Fort Wayne summit, and the Alanmee N' alley to Lake Va'w, at Toledo. Surveys from Lake Mi(?higan to tlic Wabash River were made in I.Sol by ('/apt. Howard Stansbury, and these were reviewed iind addi tional e\aini!iati<».is nnide by Maj. (i. L. • Jillespie in \S1^k' From thesii and from raihvay elevations it api)ears that there are two ridges and an intermediate valh^y to cross on a ])robable location, tlu^ northern ridge some KJT fcv't, tlie Kankakee Valley sonu^ 70 feet, and the south- ern ridge about ll^S feet above llu> le\«'l of Lake Michigan. The Wabash at Lafayette i.'. 7."» feet below Lake Michigan, and at Logans port at the level of the lake. 'Report Cliief of Engineers, I'liited States Army, ISTfi. 56 REPORT OF U. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. From Lafjiyettc to Toledo the Wabash and Erie Canal and the Miami and Kric Canal furnished a water route at one time, and the iNIiami is still in operation. This route was examined by Maj. John M. Wilson in 1881 and a report with inolile and estimates submitted' for a canal on the scale of the i)resent Erie Canal. The summit level at Fort AVayne was fixed at 18,3 feet above Lake jNlichigan. Those early surveys were all for high level lines and small prisms. Some additional field work is required to produce a profile along the lowest line. The route appears to be available for a waterway of mod- erate cai»acity. Mr. William T. Harris, of Defiance, Ohio, has promoted a route lead- ing north of Fort Wayne and through a series of depressions and lakes at the head waters of the Eel, Tii)i)ecanoe, and Elkhart rivers to the valley of St. Joseph lliver, via Elkhart aiul South Eeiul, and thence to JVIichigan City. The summit level projwsed for this route is about 284 feet above Lake Michigan. WESTERN NEW YORK. (\o proiile.) Tn 18S5 Mr. Elnathan Sweet, formerly State engineer, proposed the radical enlargement of the artificial waterway between Lake Erie and the Hudson Eiver.^ The route suggested was substantially along the present route of the Erie Canal with a detour to the higher ground south between Lock 57, east of Newark, and the end of the Rome level at Syrj.cuse, so as to feed the canal continuously from Lake Erie. The ])Ossibility of a lower level at Rome ami a more favorable location lor the high level east of Xewark was suggested. East of Rome it was proposed to canalize the Mohawk River. A moderate enlargement of the Erie Canal Avith the high-level loca- tion has also been suggested as a feeder to the Rome summit for the proposed ship route from Lake Ontario at Oswego. To ascertain what positive in brmation might be available for these projects, a letter was addresset to Mr. Sweet, to which he replied in part ai3 follows, under date of March 3, 1896: My 8ug,';estioii8 were based ou the Erie Canal profile ami my intimate knowledge of tiie _i)UKtry along its route, and I explicitly disclaimtd the possession of definite enj^iiieering data in the paper to which you refi r, which was in fact a plea for thor- ough and comprehensive surveys to dctcruuno the elementp of the undertaking. Every ed'ort to secure such surveys through State or national legislation has thus far proved abortive, and without the fact to be dineloped by them, nothing can be more frivolous or I'utile than the discussion of the engineering siue of this (luestiou. The small ])rofile of the Erie Canal (No. 14) shows the sag through the lake country of New York between Newark and Syracuse, which was to be avoided by a high-level line on the slopes south of the pres- ent location. It was expected to test this proposition by a careful instrumental reconnoissance and an approximate location, had the available funds permitted. In the original location of the Erie Canal west from Irondequoit, Mr. Geddes considered a route south of tlie nu)untain ridge through the valley drained by Black Creek and Oak Orchard and Tonawanda creeks. It was thought that this ]>ropo8ition might appear less for- *( i SI tl tl V I R('])ort Chief of Engineers, United States Army, 1881. • Truusactions, American Society of O'"'! Engineers, 1885. REPORT OF U. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. 57 pres- the Mr. tlio laiulii tor- [ miilable to modem resources in canal building and avoid side hill loca- tion across drainaj^e lines. Accordin<;ly, elevations were obtained at the Tonawauda feeder dam and the protile of the West Shore Kaihvay from Tonawanda crossing' to the (Jenesee River, which traverses the route in part. A i)rolile was also obtained of the line of the Lehigh Valley Hail way from the Genesee River to Seneca Lake. The results were inconclusive as to the possibility of a route south of the present location between Tonawanda and Cayuga Lake, but the indications were very doubtful. If this coudusion is found correct by future examinations, the only nuiterial niodiru-atiou in route is along the lines suggested by Mr, Sweet, unless the Rome summit is radically modified. NEW YORK AND PENNSYLVANIA. t»i (NoprolUe.) A possible water route of moderate capacity is from Lake Ontario to Chesapeake Ihiy, starting at Sodus iSay and by either Cayuga or Seneca Lake, thence crossing the southern divide into the valley of tlie SusquehaiMia and through the same to its mouth. The Chemung Canal at one time extended from the head of Seneca Lake over the summit to the Chemung River at Elinira, or to within less than 10 miles of the North Branch Canal of Pennsylvania at the State line. These early canals of very small prism were abandoned before a through route had been opened lor the mineral traftic of eastern Renusylvania. No sufficient data for a protile of the route was obtained. CONCLUSION. The foregoing exhibit presents the available routes for uniting the several members of the lake system with each other and for connecting the same with the eastern seaboard. The available passes througli the heights of lands are really few in number, and these are now quite well understood in their relations to the basiu of the lakes and to the valleys leading out therefrom. In order to cover more fully the subject of possible routes from the lake basiu, the elevations of the characteristic passes that cross the watershed of the lakes and of their valley extensions have been eutered on the basin map (IJasin of the (irreat Lakes, etc.), and these may be comi)ared with the routes along which ])rofiles have been developed or to which refereuce is made iu the foregoing notes. tJm 58 KEPOKT OF U. S. DEEP "NVATEKWAYS CUMMlbSION. Appendix. distances — lake-seakoalld koutks. The I'oUowiiiji- .sclie«lulc jj;iveH (he inincipal distiiuces in statute miles on the routes as shown on (lemu-al Ivonte Maj) No. la, and as used in comi)iling the distance diaj^rani on ]»iolile No. 1: Chicaso (Miulison s(rcot) to Miickiiiaw 'J + 'Ml.r, 319.5 Ai.ickiiiiiw to Eiik(i Hiinju Junction SH. 5 ('Iiic!if>o to Liiko Huron .Junctiou lil'.l.B-f SIV.") iS'S Duluth-Sujiorior to Siiult St(^ Mario 3i»7. 5 Sanlt Sto. Mario to Lake Huron .luiKtioii 103 Dulutli-Superior to Lako Huron Juui tion Ii!l7.5 4- 103-1500.3 lUkt' rinroii ■Tuiirlion via l.iilio V, Fort (initidt l-i^'lit Oetroit Kiiiit.'. ic niiiii Iiitcrmo- ! (liiUu. I Dolroit liiMT l-iijlit < •liftin, Niajiiirji rioliln ( No. U) liulfalo , 'roiiiiwaiHlii (»lcc)ll, >.'ia';ai;i Canal rtmlo LaliK Ontario ilniictinn Orijiiii, Kia^'ara I'lnlilo (No. r>) I'ort ( 'ollionio J-i^lit ( WcUanil ( "anal) Port Dallioiisie I.ifilit (Wi^Uand (Jaiial) Lako Ontario .Timet ion, \\'cllan - 319.5 . . . s;{. 5 ... 3!»7.r) ... 103 3 = 500.5 'J'otal. Milcii. 170.5 2;tr; 20U 409 406 507 533 569 40U 481.. T .""X)!). 7 574.3 87 170 270 340.5 VO 256 410 438 100. 5 ItiO. 5 2;it). 5 201.5 304. 5 4.')8. 5 (>1'-'. 5 G40.5 LMfi. 5 •J()7. 5 1170. 5 440. 5 550. 690 87 13'.'.5 'JSO 447 5'<2 58(i. 5 010.5 »-. <|^« 1 REPORT OF U. 8. DEEP WATEKWAYS COMMISSION. SlIMMAUV. 59 Chii'.a;;<> to Aiiiui'ioiiii Httalioanl. (Diiluth and Superiur, adil Soulnvfl, Nimv Vork G7.5iiiil(!a.) Trov. fiiv. Mihs. Lako Krio ami Mohawk route 1, li.'iH Lake Kvie ami St. I.a\vri-iii;i''C'lianii)laiii rcmli' 1, liio. 5 (irorgiaii liay and Mohawk routt( l.O'J'.t. 5 (icortfian Buy and St. Lawreutr-Cliani plain loult^ 1. L'il'J Ottawa aud Clianiiilaiu runte I, 'J 10. 5 .i/;/,.v. 1. 11 J 1,014. r. I. i«:t..'. 1 , ;wo 1,370.5 Chi4>ag(iti)Canudiati scalMiard. (liii'iil hand ,Sii|it rhii'. add 07.."> inih'.H.) Sfalcvfl, .Mimli'ual. 1 UiM'|i wairr, ' .'^aiiiii'nav liivii-.' .Vtlantic < )rpan. .l/i7c'». 1,440 l,ii4'J.-5 l,'J11.5 1,414 l,:;i)8. 5 CiilloCSt. l.awi't'iU't!. ' Miles. Mihtt. I.ako Erin and St. Lawrcnco rintto 1. '281. .'> 1, ri.'i8. 5 (icMirjiian liay and St. Law re net) route l,o,'i:i l,:);io Ottawa and St. Lawrcnt'ti ronio !i!i7 1, -74 Milfs: 1,608 1.4110.5 l,4l:t.5 SPECI.M. KKPOKT OX OSWFX.O-ONEID.V-MOH.VWK ROUTK. OswKtio, N. Y., May 20^ JS!)(i. Gentlemen: The accompanying map of the Oswcoo-Oneidii-Moliawk Valley, and also the jnotilo of t lie most favorable line throtiyli it for a ship canal from Lake Ontario at Oh ego, N. V., to tide water in the IJudson River at Troy, N. Y., have been prepared by me in <'omi)lianee with your re(|uest of February 5, ISIJG, for "eooi>eration with the Com- mission in determining and obtaining essential inlbrmation'' regarding this route. The purpose of these examinations and surveys, and of this compila- tion of the results of the various former snrveys of i)ortions of tlie route, has been to exhibit the existing natural features of these con- necting river valleys through which the (Ireat Lakes formerly found au outlet to the sea. HISTORY. From 1750 this has been recognized as the natural line for a canal from the lakes to tidewater. During the llevolutionary war (leneral Washington examined parts of it, and about 1700 was himself the head of a company formed for canal construction from Lake Ontario, by way of the Oswego and Oneida rivers, Oneida Lake, aud Wood Creek, to the Mohawk River at Rome. Beginning in 1790, with a capacity for boats of 15 tons ea(!h, three successive systems of navigation have been constructed on this line, each larger than the preceding; but all have been too small to utilize the full size of the rivers or to re(!eive or (lontrol their Hoods, and the canals liave, therefore, been built along the banks of the Mohawk and the Oswego and above their tlood line, crossing the Mohawk's tributa- ries by a(|ueducts. The ditferent surveys for greater jtroposed enlarge- ments (to 0, 10, and 11 feet depth, respectively) have also been along the same high-level lines, and thus it results that no definite knowledge has heretofore been obtained as to the real adaptability of this valley, or series of valleys, to the construction of a ship canal (or chain of canalized rivers), which must be made wide and tlceit enough not only to pass through its locks the great steamers of the lakes and of the ocean, but also to receive and control within its banks and over its movable dam crests the yearly Hoods and ice of the rivers and of their tributaries. It has, therefore, been repeatedly and justly said that the data did not exist for Miaking estimates for such a ship canal, aud that its details could not be discussed without them. f :i M 60 KKPOET OF U. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. DATA NOW SUPPLTED. It is considered that tho inap and profile now ])resonted ■will supply all that is needed for any ])reliniinary comparison and discussion, and also for niakiiifj approximate estimates of <'ost of any desired canal construction upon the line which is hero selected and indicated, and ■which is adaptable to a shij) canal of the larj^'cst size. DESCRIPTION OF LINE. This line follows the Oswego River channel from Lake Ontario for 21 miles southward to a point near its junction with theOneidaand Seneca rivers, where the water surface is 114 feet above extreme low-water level of Lake Ontario. Here the line cuts across the interveninj;' ridge to the Oneida Kiver (which is here from 2~) to 40 feet in dei)th) and takes the most direct line eastward to Oneida liake, cutting olV the great bends in the Oneida liiver and redm-ing its length from 18 miles to 9 miles. ONEIDA LAKE. A special survey was made of Oneida Lake which forms an important feature of the route. The United States Oeological Survey charts show only that its length is 21 miles, its average width 4.1 miles, and its mean-level elevation above tide at New York 370 feet. The depths are found to be 9i feet at the outlet at Brewerton, gradu ally increasing to 20 feet at about 3 miles eastward, and 25 to 4t) feet for the lemaining IS miles to the eastern end of the lake. Hero the f.hore, in the vicinity of the common outlet of l^^i li Creek ami Wood Creek, is of fine sand and has a slope of 1 per cent, reaching a depth of 20 feet at 2,000 feet offshore. This was the original entrance into Oneida Lake of the branch of the 3i feet Erie Canal as surveyed in 1808 and built in 1832-1836; but the shifting sands made it so ditticult to maintain the unprotected entrance that this branch was abandoned when the canal was enlarged to 7 feet in 1803-04. A permanent entrpaice would now be assured by sand-tight jetties carried out to 20 feet depth, through which the valley of Wood Creek may be reached and thence followed by the most direct line, cutting off' all its crooks and bends, to the heed of the IMohawk Valley at Home through the dividing summit, 444 feet above tidewater and just 200 feet above extreme low-water level of Lake Ontario. Here the two historic streams are within 1,000 yards of each other, and the line of the j)ort age of colonial times, over which all the commerce of the West then passed, is now the main street of the town. BRIDGES. The location of line at Eome is such as to avoid crossing the four- track New York Central liailroad. Elsewliere the number of draw- bridges which would be called for is at a minimum. Those which now exist and whicli would be needed to cross the route between Oswego and Troy are as follows: Existing railroad bridifes: Foiir-trark (ouo iioiu' Utica and ono at Sclionoftady) 2 Two-trark (one at ( )H\vego and one at West Troy j 2 One-track 4 • ► *t^f til on ril o| tal lef btl dil I four- Ira w- now 2 2 4 REPORT OF U. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. fil %i* II Additioniil iiiilroad l)riri(l>;cH 41 Additiouiil hij^hwiiy InidgeH 14 In all 55 MATERIAL. At Little Falls (100 miles from Lake Ontario by the line selected) the first rock, in the Mohawk Valley, appeals and the first marked fall of the Mohawk liiver oiunirs, being about AO feet within 15 miles. The river surface just above the falls is about on a level with the surface of Oneida Lfike, 50 miles distant, and this has often suggested the advan- tage of cutting tlirougli the intervening ridge down to the Oneida Lake level. For the consideration of this enormous excavation there liaa been needed a mon; detiiiite knowledges of the material forming the dividing ridge. This has now been obtained from the record of a number of deep-well borings which have been made at various places between Kome and Little Falls, and which give assurance that only glacial drift exists above a line 330 feet above tide water, or 40 feet below the surface of Oneida Lake. The same character of material was found to form the bottom of Oneida Lake, most of which has a depth of 40 feet or more. To determine this, every sounding was made with a specimen dredge, which brought up -0 cubic inches of clay, gravel, sand, or mud at each of the 100 or more soundings which were distributed over its Avhole area. MOHAWK VALLEY. From Rome eastward tiie line follows the general course of the jVlohawk liiver, which from here to Little Falls meanders from side to side of the Mohawk Flats, which vary from half a mile to 1 mile in width and are bounded by the hills on either hand. From Little Falls eastward the Mohawk is closely bounded by rocky hills on either side and the line more nearly follows the actual riverbed as far as the Falls of Cohoes, where the IVIohawk descends into the Hud- son. Here the present line of the Erie Canal is taken to accomidisli the descent of 140 feet to the Hudson just above the State dam at Troy, where tide water is reached, 177 miles from Lake Ontario, and where the Hudson liiver is available thence for 154 miles to the Battery in New York Harbor. WATER SUPPLY. This examination has not included the all-important feature of water supply for the summit level at Rome, which is recognized to be the only doubtlul leaturc of this otherwise obviously desirable route. The writer has however satislied himself that the necessary water for the operation of any ship canal on this line can be su|)plied in three dif- ferent and praoticable ways: first, by reducing the demand by the use of balanced caisson locks at each end of the summit level (the lower levels being amply sui)plied by inflowing streams) and by utilizing, for purposes of navigation only, the whole of the present stored supi>ly of the summit level of the Erie Canal; second, by increased storage in the lakes and valleys of the Adirondacks, supplemented, if need be, by a moderate- si zed high-level feeder bringing Lake Erie water for 70 $2 ItKF'ORT OI' V. H. DKKP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. miles IVoiii (lie i>r«'S('n( ICriii Oiiiial ;il Miicedoii jiroiunl on (lie liillsidos lyinff HouMi of the iircsciit lowtn- levels ol' tlu^ Krie (Jsuiiil, iiml tliiis roiieliiiij;' the. Jtoiiie level; rotile made in 1S20 by Civil I'iUgineer JJates, while the river was iu its natural state and before the building of thetirst eanal iu 1825-1S28. IMost of its bed being of rock, tlui main changes have beeu due to the dams, aud th(%se changes were obtained from au ecjually complete pro- lile nuule iu 1S!>G by Mr. Henry (J. Allen, C E., who isuieutioned later. The i)art showing the valley of the upi)er I ludscui from Lake ( 'hamplaiu to Troy has beeu prepared iVom the records of all the uunuu'ous surveys which have beeu uuide of it — larg«^ly fiom one made iu 18"),') by William A. Perkius, resident engineer New York State canals, checked by the protile prepared by JNlr. Jsham Itandolph, 0. E., of Chicago, aud issued iu Jauuary, 189(5, by tlie Western Society of Civil Engineert). The remaining parts were made up Irom the uiost reliable sources available aud from characteristic cross sections of the valleys made for this pur- pose with stadia and hand level at one hundred or more imints between Oswego and Troy. Particular uR'ut ion is made of Mr. Albert J. Himes, associate member of the Anu'rican Society of Civil Engineers, of Albany, and ^Ir. Henry C. Allen, associate member of the American Society of Civil I'iUgineers, of vSyracuse, each of whom has supplied most valuable material iu addition to that obtained by the writer. ICE RECORDS. The ice records of Oneida Lake, which also accompany this report, show that the lake is free from ice for an average of 25,') days' per year. The average dates during the past tifty years on which (Oneida Lake has closed iu winter and opened in spring aie December 17 and April 0, while the rivers usually close later and open earlier. OBJECT OF THIS REPORT. It is u(>t the present purpose to offer any general arguments upou the need for a great canal from the lakes to tide water, nor to make estimates for any specitic canal construction along this particular ' The aliovo is iiuToased to 255 days by omitting one of the terminal daya aud the odd day in February. — L. E. C. i hillsides mil tliiis >ino siiiii- rapjuity. . Whicli li <'{iii bo ctioii are iMal('t(5 pro- led later, lamplain i surveys William <1 by the (I issued The vailable lis pur- Ibetween Ilinies, leers, of nierican lupplied I report, 's' per pueida 17 and U])on make ticular lud the REPORT <»l' U. S. DKKP ^VATFJ^^VAVS COMMISSION. (13 « route; tli<^ Intention is inei'ely to hIikw tlin rxistiufjf conditions mI" «'ssen tial features for use in niakiny; I'utun' estimates for tlie()s\v«'j,'<)-()ncida- Mohawk \'alh\v route from Lake Ontario to the Hudson Kiver. llespeetfnlly subniitte*!. William I'ikijson .Ii dson. The LInitki) Staths I>eki» Watkhwavs ('<>m>iissi<>n. ST. f.\\VRKNCK-C MAM PLAIN ROrTlv. Si'KCIAI-UKl'OUro.N- l*Ki:i,I.MIX.\UYRr,i:ONNOISSANCK.H MAW. IIV I'. M. I'.AItSToW , ('. K., AM> Thomas A. Patiiisox, C, K. I. St. Liiwrcnco L'liiiids, Of^dtiisltur.u' tn St. !{«>';'''• II. St. lYiincis iuiil (ii:i'ii(ilain (anal route. III. SiiiiMi May rout*', ('haiii|ilaiu-lIuilH(>h I'ivitl)-. IN'I'UODIM'TION. The object of these reconnoissances was to determine the availability for ship-canallocation of certain territory, which has not heretofore been utilized or examined in detail Ibr this i)nrpose, on the roul«^ from Lake Ontario to tide water of the llu1.3 i'eetby a series of ra])ids from the level of Lake Ontario at 0<>(lensl>nrji' to the level of Lake St. Francis at St. Uejiis. This series of rapids is overcome on the Canadian shore by the Williainsburg and Cornwall canals, consi.^ting of four distinct canals — vi/, tin; (iaiops, 7.(!0 niih's; the Kai)ide Plat, .'{.70 miles; the Farrans lN)int,().7r> mile; and the('orn wall, ILSO miles — ag.ure<;atinfi' 2.">.5r> nules, and intermediate reaches of water, ag<:Te<>atin<'' 10 miles, a total of 42.5.") miles. The conditions are somewhat rugged for tlu^ develoi)nuMit of canals of larger capacity along the Canadian shore, and it was determined to exannne the Ameri- can side for a more favorable location. (2) Some 45 miles lying north of the outlying spurs of the Adiron- d.acks, between the southeast angle of Lake St. Francis and the level of Lake Champlain in the (Ireat Chazy Iviver, southwest of House Point, and descending some 58.5 feet. IJoutes had bciMi surv(\ved from Lake St. Louis to the Ilichelieu Ifiver at St. .lohns, and also fiom Lake St. Francis to tlu^ same point, and it was desired to de\'eloi»tli<>e\trenu», southern and the slM)itest i)ossible line across tli(>, base of the Canghna- waga triangle, bounded on the sides by the St. Lawrence aiul liichelieu rivers. (3) Some 35 miles of the Champlain-lludson divide between the IkmhI ot Lake Champlain and the Hudson lliver at Saratoga Dam, at whi(;li the river drops below the Champlain level, l-'or that ])ortion of the divide north of Fort Ann an alternative line to South Bay, a westerly arm of Lake Champlain, has been suggested, the proposed location being somewhat shorter and more direct than tlie line by Avavof Wood Creek to Whitehall. The funds available were entirely inadequate ior making any proper surveys, and so the examinations were limited to rapid reconnoissances, H 64 REPORT OP U. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. which it was anticipated woU'd develop sigiiilicaut features, justify surveys, and determine their proper scope. Tlie following notes and reports i)reseut tlie results obtained on the three divisions in their natural order: I. ST. LAWRENCE RAPIDS, OGDENSBURG TO ST. REGIS. The reconnoissance on the south shore or American side of the St. Lawrence between Ogdensburg and St. Eegis was nnide by JNIr. V. M. Barstow, C. E., in the latter part of INIay. He was instructed to "take a critical view of the territory in the (juickest and most convenient manner, and form a judgment as to how favorable it may be as com- l)ared to the Canadian shore, having in view some probable solution for each rapid that may require n separate canal. In this connection the utUity of islands and by-channels claim considerativai, and also the l)ossibility of crossing over to the valley of Grass liiver from the head of the Long Sault, or of actually canalizing the American channel itself." Mr. Barstow's report is given below. The information on his sketch map is compiled with other material on the outline map submitted as l)art of profile No. 0, to which reference is made in the report. The detail charts of the United States Lake Survey are elaborate in respect to soundings and the immediate shores. The information regarding elevations is meager and is jiresented on profile Ko. 0. It appears that the most difficult i)r()blem is presented at and below the Galops Rapids, and that elaborate surveys will be required to i)ro])- erly develop the utility of the south shore and the back country for canal location. IJuHi.iXGTox, Vt., Mail J?'-', isrte. Siu: I bavo tlio honor to submit tlio following? rojiort on a ])roliniin;iry rcfionnais- sancti made on tlio south bank of tho St. Lawrcncti liiver, bctwiMMi Ofrilensbni'^j; and St. Regis, to (loteriuine tho l'easil)ility of can.il location thero, as < onipaied with the now existing works on thi> Canadian side, as instrn( tod l)y yonr lottor of May 1."). The time allowod for tho work was so short and tho dilhcnlties of tho conntry so great thiit I am not able to jiresont any location, bnt can only describe the general lay of the conntry and visrify tho maps already in existence. Over the entire distance from Ogdcnsbiirg to St. Reikis the banks of tho St, Law- rence River are 8t;ible and abrii])t, rising from 150 to 10 and 00 foot above tho water. This is also shown by contour linos on printed charts made from surveys of tho north- ern and northwestorn lakes by Maj. V, B. Comstock, Corps of Engineers, United States Army, in 1S71, St. Lawrence River sheets Nos. I to 8, k, aio 1 :10,0()(). The material is clay, bowlders, and sand. The only solid rock showing on the sur- face is in the inmiediato vicinity of St. Regis, although of course a groat portion of tho Itottom of the St. Lawrence K'iver is rock. The (ialops Rapids are tho lirst rapids below f)gileTisbnrg and are now passcnl by tho (ialops Canal, Morristiurg Can.al, about I miles long. To KISS Ihem on tho American side Ogdens Isliind and a chain of smaller islands might )e utili/od to canali/e the Anu'rican channol, or a canal would have to he cut in excavation with )iaidong Sanlt Island and Barnharts Island. Then cutting through banks averaging 30 feet high, and in places from 40 to 80 feet high, is .5 miles to slack water. There is also another way of passing the Long Sanlt Rapids shown on the accom- panying sketch map.' There are two rivers — the (Irass River, about 2 miles back in the country, and the Racket River, 1 mile still farther back, that flow through great valleys parallel to the St. Lawrence — which might be utilized. The (Jrass River, at a point opposite the head of the Long Sault Rapids, is 2 miles distant and about 40 feet lower than the St. Lawrence River, but separated from it by a ridge which, ill places, must bo 100 feet higher than the St. Ijawi'ence. The mouth of Grass River is in swift water of the St. Lawrence. The Racket River is about the same elevation as (Jrass River, anarstow\s rejmrt is given below, ah)ng with a sni)pleniental report in res]»onse to farther instructions regarding the territory between ]iake. St. h'rancis and the Cliateauj>ay River. The intbrnia- tion given in liis sketch nia]) and i)ro(ile lias been compiled, along with -o X X - 1 7---"--f-i other iulbrniation that could be secured, in the outline map aiu l)rolile designated as ])rolile No. 7, and to this rel'erence is made in coii all other set uection with the report. Thedat t incorporated in protile No. 7 art forth in "Notes on proliles," etc. Mr. Uarstow's work has developed a feasible route, and a full sui\ cy is amply ,justiti<>d. The inforuuition available is insullicient ibr a sp(^- citic ])rqiect or to determine relative availabilty, though the shortening of distaiice in restricted navigation invites iavorable consideration. UiTKi,iN(iT()N, \r., April ;.'S, UV.n',. Sik: I have the honor to mako the followinjjj ic]M)rt. on a itieliminary icoonnaiH- Banco of the St. Lawicn««'-('lianii)laiii ronic, to iisccrlnin il' any final surveys wore loaHiltli', niadtMUulor vourtliicction and in accordanco witli your letter of instrnctions of Marcli L'S, ISlXi. From \'allcyiicdd sonlliwostorly for 5 miles, and as nuich fartlwr as one could see, tlio HhorcN of Lake St. I'ranciH are low, licii .y; only from li l.o 5 fort liif^her than the prcNont It^Vfl of the lake; and iiernuincnt onilianknuiit wallH, for this distanco at least, would l»o rt'(|iiired if tlie level ofllio lake was raised. From near Lake St. Francis to the junction of llnjilish Iviver and Norton Creek, aloufi; tho lino of Iho Canada. Atlantic Kailway, as is shown liy the aceouipanyiin;- )irolile, tlie land is lower than th«^ level of Lake St. Frantus. 'I'liis country luint;' ho jie,n(>rail\ level from west to east and liaviufj; a licntle slope up toward the south, very little time Avas spent upon it. 'f wo lines lor survey are indicated on the aeconi])anyin}j; skctcli nwi]),' onii on wl at I judfi'c to lie the. Lake St, l'"rantis level, from 1 to 8 mi Ich south of the Canad.'i At hint ii' Kailway to the I'.iif^lish Iviver, tluMi uj) tiiis river to the month of Norton Creek iit Aultrey. The other line leaves Lakti St. l'"rauciH aliont M miles farther south, ^joiuj'- near St. liarlie, SI. St:inisliis, and Dewittville to the Chateanj^ay h'iver, lollowiny; down this river some It) miles to its intersection Avith the first line, thence hy same location as the first line to Aultrey. I''rom Anlney to the Ix'ichelicn K'iver and Lake (Jhami)lain lour liiu's are indicated, two of them entirely in Canada and two partly in Canada and partly in the I'nited States, with Ww locks in the I'niltMl States. The lirst follows up Norton Cre(d< Ji miles, and thence on the wcstt-rly slopt^ of hifj;her country to St. ,lohns on the I.akc'St. l''ran(ns level. Th(< second follows nj* Norton 'rt!ek 7 miles, keeidnj; nor h of Canada Atl.antlc, IJailwas . and crosses Hun Moutrcii .Innetion and(Jrand Trunk K'ailway U mih's nortii of Canada Atlantic ln'ailwax', then easterly to the Little Monlrcjil lvi\er, \\\ miles north of Canada Athinti<' Kailway. l''rom tho Little Montreal l>iv«>r the line leads snnthcasterly aiross a. ridji'c of unknown hei,u;ht into Lacollc L'iver, then follows down Lacollc K'iver into the L'icheli(>n L'ivcr. 'I'he thii'd follows np Nortcm Creek H)niil«'s, then crosses (Msterly into the Little Montreal L'ivcr, followinjj nj) this river aliout 1 mile, then southeasterly through w conlinnous swamji into the Creat Cha/.y L'ivt'r near I'errys Mills, then down the Great Cha/y K'ivci' into Lake Chiimitiain at I third line, and then follows location of third lim< let Kinys I lay. Two ol' these roulet I'oi' jiossilile suivey— the St, .lolius route, forreasou of its f;reat. len};tli and the ureal imount of dred^-iny' re(|nircd in the K'icludi(Mi Ifivi^r, and the lOn^ilish L'ivi'r route, on account of the hij;licr eieviititnis over s^imeH miles of its eonrse and the j;ieat amount of rock and nufavorahhisoil encountenMl — ma.\ he (diini- iiated from any discnssKui as lo whether any linal surveys ar(^ feasilile or not, and only the Lacoll(^ ,ind the Norton Cre(dc routes eonsider(^d at this time. If it is fe.'isihle lo huild a canal any wher<' on earth it would seem to 1"' thronnh the 2^) miles of countiy tVom Lake St. Francis to the Junction td" tin- F.n;j;lish iCivcr and Norton Creek at .iuhrcy. The soil is clay, with very few bowlders and no rock leil>?es ill sijiht, and almost any desired level can be found. ' See outline map, profile No. 7. II KEl'OKT OF U. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. I'^rom Aubrey both the* La<;ollo and Norton Crook linos follow up Norton (Jreek Viill«y about 7 niilos and thou sojuirato. 'I'lio l.acollo routn kooi)s al)out li.V luilo.s north of tlio Canada Atlantic. Uailway, on an olovation avora,i;iuf? about 'M) foot liijjhor than Lake St. Francis, for 10 miles, to tlio Litilo Montreal Jiivcr; it then cir- cles southeastorly ovor a ritlf^o of unknown elevation, probably not very liiju;li, for 7 luilos into tho Ijacollo Kivor near Jiacollo, then follows down Lacollo Uivor 2 luihw to Uw Ricludieu River, then up the Riclieliou Rivor, whcro ii jfood deal of (Irod^inj;' will b(j r('i[uirod, into Lake Chaniplain, uiakin;;jf some 20 nules of excavation besides the drodifiuf^ in tho Richelieu Rivtir. This route follows the two lef^s of a riyht anjifle triiiuf^lo, of which tho Noiton ('ro. Tho Norton Crook route follows up Norton Creek N'alUsy about 11 miles. throu.<;h clay soil for 7 miles, and then (Iiroui!;li 1 miles of a lilaek muck boj;. Leaviu;; Nor- ton Crcok at an elevation of 17IJ feet, it crosses southoaslerly for 2 miles ovtu- tho rid^o botwi^on Norton Creek anil Little Montreal K'iver. at au average olovatiou of about 184 feet. A liinestoue ledj^e (iomes lo (iu» surface ou this ridn'o. Tin* {.greatest ])art of tho material, however, is clay and black miuik. It then follows up tho Lit- tle Montreal Rivor for about I mile throuirli cjiiy aud liowlders; higlu'st eiova'iou, liOO feet. It th»m bears southcastoi'ly fori miles throui;h a blaclv muck swamp, cross • inii' ou this 1 miles tho hoijj;ht of iaud, «devation of 210 feet. This liijj;h el(>vation is Hhort, only about 1 mile. It now bears nearly south ou doscondium lau miles throujuh a coulinuatiou of this black muck swamp iutt> IIk* Croat Cha/.y River near I'erry's Mills; elevation ai)out the sauie as Lake St. I'rancis, uiak'.n.n' some 17 mib's of elevation above Lake St. l-'rancis, of which it is safe to say that 1 1 miles are uudtu* ;U) feet above the lake, aud only 2 mihs roachiuf^; au elevation of 50 feet above the lake. From I'erry's Mills for ;"> miles to Cooperville tho (iroat Cha/y River is between liif^h and stable (day banks, autl no excavation or embanlcuuMit is lu-edod — siuij)ly to dam the river and ]iut in the locks wlu^rti nmst eoiivenient. From Cooperville for I nnle to the lake the banks are low, and (Iredfiini;- will bo necessary. Final ami acc^urate surveys will undoubtedly cliauji;o some of the data and dis- tances }:;iven in this ])rclimiuary rccouuoissaucc, but llie levels run upon the Norton CrtHik routii are reliaido. ;V sketch map :ind approximate protile accompany this report, aud are lo be con- sidered a |)art of it.' N'ery respectfully submitted. F. M. Baustow. Mr. Lyma.v F. ('(M(m;v, C. F,., Enijini'cr L'nitcd iStatcs iJvip Ifalerwaiia Comininaion, Itl.'intift north miles ' leads lollowH J Little In tho Istcrly Iheuco lliiy. fi-reiit I the l>i' its limi- I, and f)U,i;h Kjver Irock lU'ur.iNr.TOX, Vt., Jnnr .'>, ISOd. SiK : T liavo the honor to report thnt I made the trip as directed in ycmr last letter. I went from llowick on the Crand Trunk Railway up the banks of the Chat(!iiujiay River to llnntiuf'ton, then drove back to Dcwiitville, and thence through St. SlanishiB do Kostk.i to Lake St. I''ranci8, s(unt^ 5 miles jiboNc N'alloylield. 1 ciiu rei)ort nothing more favorable tlmn in my lirst report. In fact, this lust trip oidy conlirms what was then reported, vi/,, a gtuifle up slope toward flui s(mth from the'CiinatIa Atlantic Kail way. Thocouutry is not level to au abrupt hillBi«le, as you h()|)c«l it might be. The banks of tho Chateangay ]{iver iiro from lit to 2.5 feet high. Itscnrn'ut is slow, there being three dams and two snuiU rapids betwtMii llowlck iimi I 'ewittville; so I would Judge that the river at Dowittville is m)t over 25 feet higher than it is at Jlowick. Hetween Dewittvillo and St. Stanislas do Kostkji (Uio is I'ar enough south to be beyond the level plain-like country that the Canada Atlantic Riiilway runs through. Tho c(Mintry is rolling, ami one goes over souui I'onsidoriibh^ hills. If it is desirable to use a ])ortiou of tht^ Chateiiugay River lor the caiuil it wonlil seem advisable to keep sonui ii or 1 miles to the north of St. Stanislas d(^ Kostkii and cuter the Chateangay River A or 5 miles ncuth of Dowittville, thus keeping iii a more unel (U)nntry and avoiding the rolling land and hills farther south. No solid rock showed on tho surface, but the tops of all the ridges were covorod with bowlders, the soil being usually clay. Tlu» shores of Lake St. I'rancis UIO low, as I have heretofore rei)orted. Very respectfully subiuittcd. F. M. Hakstow. Mr. !;YMAN F. Cooi.KV, C. F,, Eiiijiiiar I'liilid Slatfx lUrp U'(ili>rit".ii» ComiiiixNion, Compiled on sheet, protile No, 7. 68 REPORT OF U. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. III. SOUTH BAY ROUTE — CHAMPLAIN-HT^DSON DIVIDE. The leconiioiss.ince between l\)rt Ann and South Bay was limited to checking a line of levels run along the highway by the United States Geological Survey. This was done for the Commission by Mr. Thomas A. Paterson, C E., Whitehall, N. Y., and from his memoranda and other data the following notes are made up. This location was suggested by Mr. Chanuey N. Dution. It leads nearly duo north between Putnam and Fort Ann mountains from a point north of Fort Ann some 7 miles to the vicinity of South Bay village, 2 miles from South Bay, and to which the waters of Lake Champlain back in times of high water in the lake. The valley is described as a preglacial channel tilled with glacial debris, the removal of which may provide '' a feasible route for a ship canal with water run- ning directly from Lake Champlain to the Hudson.' The sheets of the United States Geological Survey had not been extended through this valley, but a sketch was furnished showing the line of levels above mentioned. The accuracy of these levels had been (juestioued by par- ties who had been on the ground. j\lr. Paterson started from a bench mark at Fort Ann, the elevation of which had been determined by the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey. He found that the plane of reference of the Geological Survey was some (J feet higher than that of the Coast Survey, which has been adoi)ted for the woik of the Commission, and that with this reduction the levels of the Geological Survey were substantially correct. Tills line runs for considerable distances above the lowest groujid, but the ruling points are given. It ap])ears that for G miles or more of this route the elevation is 100 feet and upward above the "vel of Lake Champlain, and that it is much higher for a short distaUvC, with a maximum exceeding 200 feet. The remaining distance is over low- lying ground, that at the north end being but little elevated above South Bay. INlr. Paterson's observations lead him to doubt the filling in of the valley at the north end, but he thinks that " tliere may have been some tilling washed in" at the south end. Fe aoubts the utility of the line as compared to the present route by Wljitehall, and suggests a full survey if the route is to be considered. Map No. 11a shows by contours the South Bay route. These con- tours, as ted eleva- tions are based, and to catalogue the principal points and planes of reference. All elevations are referred to average sea level, specifically to mean tide at New Y^ork City, sometimes stated as at Governors Island, and again as at Sandy Hook. In the present investigation all elevations depend on a certain bench mark at Greenbnsh, N. Y., as determined by the Coast and Geodetic Survey, and ado])ted by the Lake Survey in 1880. This bench is the starting point for all levels for the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River. Leveling o])erations were conducted by the several authorities in his- torical order as follows: (1) Hudson River from New York to Greenbnsh by spirit level. United States Coast and Geodetic Survey. (2) Greenbnsh to Lake Ontario and througli chain of lakes by spirit and water levels. United States Lake Sur^ (.'{) Greenbush to Lake ('hami)lain and to llou« ^ oint, by spirit and water levels. United States Coast and Geodetic ^ui vey. (4) Rouse Point, along Richelieu River and the St. Lawrence River, from (^Hiebec to Lachine, by spirit level. Department of public works of Canada. (5) Rouse Point to the St. Lawrence Hiver, at Valleyfield, and thence to Kingston, by spirit level. Department of railways an) St. Lawrence Kiver, from House Point aiul from Lachine to Lake Ontario, at Kingston. (•4) Mississippi Kiver, from Gulf of Mexico to Lake ^Vricliigan, at Chicago, and Lake Superior, at Duluth, by Mississippi Iviver Com- mission. In the following digest the data east of Lake Va'w are presented as a whole before proceeding to the upper lakes. miles. A the VM I'AllT 1. PUIMAIIY L]:VELINO. IMEAN T7.DE OU AVERAUIS SEA LEVl'lL. Mean tide or average sea level at New York City has been established by the following observations of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey:' (I) Governors Island, N. Y., 1852 to 1870, inclusive. (L>) Sandy Hook, N. J., 1S7G to 1SS1; .lanmiry, 1882, to August 31, 1884; December 1, 188G, to March 31, 1889, all inclusive. The mean tide as established at (Jovernors Island was transferred by water level to a mark oa the tidal gauge at the foot of I'iighteentli street, New York, and used as the plane of origin for the line of levels run up the Hudson IJiver in 1857-58. The mean tide as established at Sandy Hook and n^ferred to <'on- venient bench nuirks, has been used as the plane of origin for all levels since. Levels of ])recision have been run and a chain of bench marks established about New York Harbor aud vicinity, and from the bench nuirk established at Hobbs Ferry, levels of ])recision were run up the Hudson Eiver in 181)1. The Sandy Hook jdane was also used iis the origin of the transcontinental line. All th(- elevations in the following ])ages are given as above mean tide at New Y^ork City, unless otherwise stated. 18r)7-58. 1K75.... 1877.... 1889.... 1801.... HUDSON BIVIOR LEVl'VLS. In 1857-58 Mr. .1. V>. Yose, of the ('oast and Geodetic Survey, ran a line of levels up the east shore of the Hudson liiver from the 1 ide gauge at Eighteenth sticet, New York City, to a bench mark on tin; gristmill at Greenbush, N. V.- An ordinary wye level was used, and a double line run between stations. When tiie check was not satisfactory, the line was rerun. The elevation of the bench mark is given as 15,37 feet, with a probable error of i 0.20 foot as assigned by Mr. Vose, ' and of rl 0.10 foot by the Superintendent of the Coast and Geodetic Survey.' The distance covered was alxmt 147 miles. In 1875, Lieut. J. B. Willard ran a check line between the Coast and Geodetic bench mark at Stuyvesant and the bench umrk on the grist- 'Ri'poi't Coast and (icodctic Hnrv(\v, 1887. AiJpciulixes 7 ami 14. ■OtlHM' l)oncli marks >v(mo cstablislu'd, l)iit all liavo beou destroyed excejit the bench mark on the gri.stmill. lioport Chief of Engineers, 1870, part li, page 71, ct He<|. Report Coast and Ceodetic Survey. 1857, page ',\')2. 'Report Chief of Engineers, 187(j, i)art '3, page 71, et seq. lUJ '"•<(«i REPORT OF U. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. 71 mill at flreenbusli, iiiul notes an agreement within 0.51) foot, 'riiislinc was run "/ith an ordinary wye level and covered a distance of about 20 miles.' A line of levels in connection with the location and construction of the West Shore Kailroad, and starting from mean high water at Wee- hawken, N. J., as established by the Coast and (ireodetic Survey, was connected with the plane of mean low water at Albany by the Tnited States engineers. This line was run with the ordinary wye level. The elevation of mean low water at Albany was determined at 2.58 feet.^ The elevation of the bench mark on the gristmill, as deduced irom this value, is 10.0 L feet. The distance covered was about 14S miles. In 1877 Mr. (). II. Tittman, of the Coast aiul Geodetic Survey, went over i)art of Mr. Vose's line, using i^ precise level instrument and employing precise methods. ^Ir. Tittman ran to the bench mark on the gristmill at Groenbush, and also established an elevation on the lower miter sill of TjOcIc No. 1 of the Erie Canal at Albany, and gives the elevations as follows: ' Foet. Boiich iiiiirk ou gristmill It. 728 Lower miter sill of Lock No. 1 -(i. M5 In 1891 the Coast and Geodetic Survey ran a line of precise levels along the Hudson iUver, starting I'rom the bench mark at Dobbs Ferry. The superintendent gives the elevation of the bench mark ou the grist- mill as 13.015 feet, with the following note: "The dilTerence between the above (13.645) and any former results is probably due to the more perfect determination of tidal level than to any other cause." ' The following table shows the elevation of the bench mark o irist- mill at Greenbush, as determined at different times: Diito. 1H75... 1877... 188!)... 18U4... Authority. Air. J. T5. Vosp, Const ami Ooodotic Survej' Lieut..!. 15. Williinl, TnittMl States KnKJiu'cr.s.. Mr. (). U. Tittiiiim, Coast anil (Jcodetic, Survey. Deduceil IVom West Sliore Railroad levels..... Coast and Geodetic Survey Klevation. Fei't. l,^ 37 15. 37 I 0.50 14.728 16.01 ! 13. 64,') The elevation (11.73 feet) for the above bench mark has been adopted by the United States i3eep Waterways Commission, for the following reasons: The Lake Survey used the value 14.73 in deducing the elevations of the Great Lakes, and all [)ubli8hed elevations are based on this value. The Coast and Geodetic Survey used 14.73 in deducing the elevation of Lake Champlain, ami all published elevations are based on this value. Less confusion was likely to arise by adhering to the value hereto- fore accepted until such time as the entire system of levels could be systematically redetermined. Meantime, elevations can be reduced to the latest determinatioii of the bench mark at Grceubush by subtract- ing 1.08 feet. 'Keport Cliiof of Enginoora, 1870, part 3, pago 71, ct ,so(|. •Keporfc Chief of Eiif^iiicers, 18!)0, part 1, page Oill. •'Report tJoast and (joodetic Survey, IHHi), Appendix 7, page 171. liottor of Mr. W. W. Diinicld, Siiperiiitoudout United States Coast and C!eodeti(5 Survey, dated March 30, 18'J6. 72 REPORT OF U. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. ELEVATIONS AT ALBANY BASIN. The elevation of the lower miter sill of Lock Xo. 1 (west lock), Vlvie Caiiiil, lit Albany, has been determined as follows: In 1875 Lieut. J. B. AVillard determined the difference of elevation between the miter sill and the bench mark on jj^ristmill as 20.80 feet; elevation of miter sill is, therefore, 14.73— L'().81) feet, or — G.IG feet. At the same time tlie lake survey determined the dilferen(!e as L'0.9i> feet, and elevation of miter sill 14.73-20.99 feet, or —0.2(5 feet.' In 1877 the Coast and Geodetic Survey determined the elevation as -0.145 feet. This is equal to a diflereiice of 14.728+ ().145, or 20.873 feet between the miter sill and bench mark.'^ Using the Ijench mark as determined in 1894, or 13.045 feet, aiul the ditterenarty checking on benches established by the lirs md eliminating ditt'er- ences, as far as possible, by rerunning. The difference of elevation between the ben \i mark on gristmill and bench mark at Oswego as established by the two i)artie8 is its Ibllows: Feet. Party No. 1 2S0. 76 Party No. 2 237.71 For the first 70 miles from Greenbush the total discrei)ancy between the two lines was but + ^^l^ foot. But for the remainder of the dis- tance to Oswego, 117 miles, the plus sign predominates, and the total discrepancy increases to + U.Uo foot. The value adopted "' <8 a mean of the tw(j, or 237.2^5 I'eet, with a prob- able error of J 0.32 IV /£. The resulting elevatiou ^" bench nuirk A at Oswego is 237.23 + 14.73, or 251.96 i 0.32 fe< :. and this is the value adoi)ted by the Lake Survey. From this value of l»ench nnirk A (251.90) the elevation of the lower miter sill of Lock Nc. 18, Oswego Canal, at Oswego, has been deter- mined by Mr. W'Uam Fierson Judsou, G. K., as 2"^7.07 leet.- LAKE ONTARIO TO LAKE ERIE. From bench mark A, at Oswego, elevations were carried by water levels to bench mark B, at Port Dalhousie. The water leveling comprised a connection between the zero of gauges and the bench marks, and realane of mean low water at Albany Basin. In using canal levels elevations have been reduced to mean tide at New Y^ork City by adding 1.30 feet, as heretofore determined. From the canal bench marks the lower miter sill of Lock No. IS at Oswego has been determined as 230.43 feet above canal datum or 230.43 + 1.3 feet = 237.73 feet above mean tide at New York City.'' The mean surface of Lake Erie (18G0-1875) and of the upper and lower miter sill at Llackrock have been determined from canal levels and their corresponding elevation above mean tide at New York are as follows :^ Feet. Upper miter sill of guard lock at Black Rock 501. 59 1^0 wor niitcr sill of guiird lock at Black Rock .'501.(53 Mean surface, Lake Ih-ie, 1800-1875 573.53 Beuck mark ou Butt'alo light-liouso 590. 48 ' Report Uuited .States Lake Survey, Professional Papers, Corps of Engineers, United States Army, No. 24, l)ago 595 et seq. - Letter Capt. T. W. Symons, Corps of Engineers, l-nited States Army, dated Buffalo, March 25, 1896. ''Report Coast and Geodetic Survey, 1887, April 7, page 171. ^Letter from .Mr. A. .J. Himes, C. E., dated April 9, 1896. (■'Reports of State engineer and surveyor of New York, 1888, 1889, and 1892. •^Letter, Mr. A. J, Driscoll, first assistant eiiginoer New York canals, dated August 25, 1896. "liCtters, Mr. (>. \V. h'aftor. ('. !•]., engineer Xew York canals, and of ,J. L. Little, division engineer, dated Rochester (Feljruary (o March), 1896. Tl \ 1 REPORT OF IT. S. DEEP WATERWAYS OOMMTSSTON. 7n mi \ The elcvfitiou of the lower miter sill of Lock 2.'J at Whitohiill, as deter- mined from canal levels by Mv. Albert ,\. Ilimos, resident engineer, New York canals," is 84.081 ieet above canal datum, or 8 1.0S+l.;i=.S0.28 feet above mean tide at New Vork City. Tliis value 8(5.1*8 is conected by the di8cre])ancy discovered inreviewinjj^ the Champlain ('anal levels, as noted by Mr. Ilimes. On the Welland (.'anal there are no data at hand to show any line of levels. The general rejmrt of tlie minister of public works for Canada, 1807 to 18S2, page 29!>, gives the absolute ditterence between miter sills of the locks at Port Dalhonsie and J'ort Colborne as 327.90 feet. IVlr. Thomas Monro, engineer Soulanges Canal,- gives the (devation of the sills of the two locks as follows: Lower miter sill now lock at Tort Dalhonsic 230. 20 Lower iiiitt!i' sill new lock at I'ort Colliorne 557.03 This makes the difference .'i27.4.'5 feet. These elevations of miter sills are deducted from tiie United States Lake Survey elevations of bench marks. In the letter mentioned above, jVlr. IVlonro gives a depth of 13.40 feet on the sill of old lock at Port Dalhousie as corrcsimnding to the mean lake surface (18(iO-1875) as established by the United States liake Survey. The old lock sill is 2.02 feet above the new, hence the sill of new lock is 24(J.G1— (13.40 + 2.92) or 230,20 feet above mean tide at New York. RICHELIEU AND ST. LAWRENCE RIVERS (ROT'SE POINT, LACHINE, AND CiUEIJEC). In 1883-84 Mr. 1?. Steckel, C. E., engineer iu charge of geodetic leveling for the deijartment of public works, Canada, ran a line of pre- cise levels from the bench mark on tlie ( Miapman block at Pouse Point to Sorel, at the mouth of the Hichelien lvi\er, and continued the line in 188a-8() to Lachiiie and (Quebec on the St. Lawrence Piver. Mr. Steckel refers all his elevations to an assumed mean tide at thedulf of St. Lawrence, as established by him from tidal observations at (Quebec iu 1881-82.-' The bench mark on (Jhapmau block, liouse Point, N. Y., is common to Mr. Steckel's and the Coast and Ceodetic levels, and its elevation as established by the two lines is as follows: Feet. By tlie United States Coast and Geodetic Snrvoy, ahovo mean tidoatNow York 110.06 Hy tlie department of iinblic works, Canada, above mean tide (Jult'of St. Lawrence 1 14. .'50 As shown by the comjiarison, iMr. Stecikel's datum ]»lane is 4.44 feet below mean tide at New York, and all his elevations should be reduced by this amount. In the following table all elevations arc given in two columns, one referred to mean tide at New York and the other to Mr. Steckel's datum plane. 'Letter of Mr. A. J. lliiiies, C. E., dated September S, 18U6. '^ Letter of Mr. Thomas Monro, C. K., dated September 2, 1896. 3 Reports minister of public works, Canada, 18S1-85 and 1S90-91. ssc Eaca ! i 76 REPORT OF r. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. JCleriilioiis on the SI. I.awrince Rirrr at l.achinc, Mmilriitl, utiii <>iiv.h(C VuHcriptioii. Lowor miter hIII I.ook Xo. 6, lit Larliiiio: New, iii>rlli sidn Old, .south Hjilo Lower miter hiII Locli Nii. 1, iit Moiitrciil: New Old Zero i>r hurlxir roriimi.ssioncru' umit;" "t Sonl, iicai ly /(TO of(^iioli('c ImrlHjrciimiiii.sstoiicrH' K-'i'S" y.vrn of Levis, (iraviiitf Dock L'aii^io Mean tidolovcl at (^tiiclico I'or low water Heason tt Mian lii^htiilo level at. (^>iiel>e(! lor low- water season Lowe.st Ironuh ol' tides at (Quebec, (siirinjis or neajis) at time of lowest ' I I'eet oil miter Hill Look No. I) Mr. Sto(!k()rs diitnui. normal water (lU I Mean tido at Now York. 5;i. 34 58. :'.9 5. 17 7.10 — 4. U — I. 10 — i:i. (10 I 'J. .'•.5 + 1)..'')0 — G. 11 ((Keiiort minislei'dl' imlilie works, Canada, 18110-91. Mean amplitude of tides at (^)nebec (low-water season), l.'i.SS feet; and half tide, ().!)4 feet. The elevations of tides at Quebe<^ and at A 11 >aiiy, referred to mean sea level at New York, are as follows: Tid.s. <^Ua'l)(c. Albany. Moan 2.55 — 4.:iO 2.46 Aleaii low 1.30 Moap liigli Amplitude ol" 1H.iit8 woro of the ordinary kind, and no attempt ^vaa luatlc at proriae levcliufj, but there were three through lines run, Honietiines ,six, between bench marks ■where there was any considerable discrejjancy. Concerning the balance of the line from Prescott to Lake St. Fran- cis, Mr. Monro says: Continuiuo; the levels to T.ake St. Francis, we make tho total inll to bo about 91.50 feet (fall from Luke Ontario to Lake 8t. Francis at Valleylieldj. Thus l."4.80 + 91.50--— 240.30 feet instead of L'Ki.Ol feet(21C.0L feet is tho mean level of Lake Ontario for tho period 1800-1875), This, under the circumstances, is a fairly accurate close, and it ])ro('hides the possibility of serious error. The above comparison is between mean water surfa<*es for ditt'erent periods and exhibits the general result only. 'Letter Mr. Thomas Monro, engineer Soulangcs Canal, dated September 2, 1890. -Profile St. Lawrence Kiver, by Thomas Monro, engineer SouLmges Canal. ■'Letter dated September 4, i895, through .Mr. .John Keuuedy, chief engineer, Montreal harbor eouimissiouers. orlld "*! Ul REPOUT OF r. DKEI' WA'l'KKWAY.S COMMISSION. 77 I wM ■^^im Under date of SepltiiulxT i], 189(), .Mr. Monro Siiys: 'I'lio lines coutiuuod I'roiu Itoiiso I'oint to KinjjHton Hhowcd Iho zero of the ganj^e at tln) tlry dock thoroto bo "Jl 1.81 ffct over iiicaii title at New York. A eoiuieetion was luado ltet\v(!Oii this point and both Charlotte and Oswego, as shown.' The zero of yauge at Kinj^ston dry dock i.s j^iven as liH.'Sl feet above mean tide at ^cw York. A mean of the water level of i^ake Ontario for fonr years, 18{)1-1.S!H, at Kingston, as furnislied l»y Mr. Monro, gives an average reading of 0.02 foot above zero of gange. Tiie same period at Oswego gives an averages reading <»f !.(»!> feet above zero; lienee the Kingston zero of gange is l.(»9 — U.tL*, or 0.77 foot above tlio zero of gauge at Oswego, and is at an elevation of 244.21+0.77 = 211.U.S feet by United States Lake Snrvey le\-els. The elevation as determined from Oswego is 0.17 foot higher than given by the St. Lawrence levels. The slope in river snrface from Kingston to Prescott is given by ^Ir. Monro as 0.25 foot.'- The elevations used by the United States Deep Waterways Connnis- sion iov the St. Lawrence River from Ogden.sburg to Lake St. Louis are based on INlr. Monro's determination, and from Lachine east the elevations depend on Mr. Steckel's levels corrected by the ditlereuce iu datum i)lan<'S, or 4.41 feet. LAKE ERIE TO LAKES HURON AND MICHIGAN. From J*ort Colborne the Lake Survey carried elevations by water level to the Avcst end of liake Erie to a gauge at Kockwood, and trans- ferred to bench mark 2 at (lil)raltar (about 2 miles) by spirit level. Elevations were also established at several otlier [)oiuts about the lake and are noted in table of elevations.' For the purpose of eliminating wind eft'ects, observations were made as to the direction and force of prevailing winds during the period May to August, 1875, in order to determine a correction. The results deduced are given by the Lake Survey as probably correct within ± 0.10 foot. From bench mark 2 at Gibraltar the Lake Survey ran two lines to bench mark 2 at Lakei)ort, Lake Huron ; the first, a double line in 1875 with ordinary Avye levels; the second, in 1877 by precise leveling. The results obtained iu 1877 have been adopted, and the elevation of bench mark 2 at Lakeport is 500.8(i i 0.35 feet. Bench marks were established at Detroit and are given in the table of elevations appended. From Lakeport the elevations were carried by water level to bench mark I at Escanaba, and the elevation determined as 51)3.01 feet. Bench marks were also established at several other i)oints, and are noted in the table of elevations. In transferring by water level, Lakes Huron and Michigan were assumed, for reasons given in the hnal report of United States Lake Survey,' to be level. In regard to this assumption it should be noted that, taking the twenty-five years — 1871-1895 — the average of the monthly means for the two lakes shows Lake Michigan to be from 0.04 to 0.11 foot above Lake Huron for the mouths September to January 'See Part II. '-8ee letter Seiitember 2, 1896; also " WatCi. levels, Great Lakes," etc. •\Reitort United States Lake Snrvey, rrofessional Papers, Corps of Engineers, United States Army, No. 21, page 5!J5 et see], ^ Report United States Lake Survey, Professional Paper.s, Corps of Engineers, United States Army, No, 24, page 595 et seq. ~"''-"'"'""^""" 78 REPORT OF U. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. inclusive; at about the same level I'or February; from 0.0a to 0.12 foot below from March to June inclusive, aud at about the same level during July aud August.' LAKE 3[I0ni(lAN TO LAKE STPEUIOR. From bench mark 1 at Escanaba a double line of ])recise levels was run in 1877 to bench mark I at Mar(inette. The resulting elevation ot bench mark I is given as (JOO.OSI- 0..'iG feet. From the bemth mark at jMarcjuette the elevation was carried by water levels, as on the other lakes, to several points alxmt the lake and to St. JMarys IJiver at Sanlt Ste. Marie. The transfer of elevations from jManjuette to the canal at Sanlt Ste. Marie was nnule on the assuini)tion that there was no slope in tlui rivei'. This assnniption is now known to be in error, and the sh)pe, at the time the elevations weie established, has been determined as 0.r>.S foot. (See " Water Levels of the ( ireat Lakes," ete.) This cor- rection of — 0.58 foot ai)plies to bench marks established al»ont Sault Ste. Marie by t]w, Lake Survey, and to all deductions for water levels, elevations, aud planes of references nuule ther; from. GULF OF MEXICO TO LAKE MICIIIOAN AT CIIICAOO. In 188;> the Mississii)|)i IJiver ( 'ommission continued its line of precise levels to Chicago, 111., and established bench nmrks. The lesults obtained are comi)ared with the results of the Lake Sui-vey at .Alil- waukee by the following method: A bench mark designated l>. ^I. No. 90 was established by tiie Missis- sippi Kiver Commission levels on the stone freight depot of the Illinois Central Ivailroad at Chicago, with an elevation of (ilLlf) feet above Cairo datnni. The mean level of the Gulf of INIexico at I»ih)xi, Miss., above Cairo datum is given at LJl.LMi feet. (This is to be taken as a pre- liminaryvalue.) Hence, bench mark No. 09 at Chicago is 011.45 — 21.20, or 590.19 feet above mean (inlf level. The plane of reference for water levels. Lake 3Iichigan, or observed high water of 18.'>8 at 3Iilwaukee, has been determined as at an eleva- tion of 584..'M feet above mean tide at New York City. (See "' Water levels of the Great Lakes,'' etc.) The water h'vels observed on the United States engineers' gauge at Chicago are compared with the recorded ol)servations at iMihvaukee for the years 1892 to 1895, inclusive. The records are as follows : 1802. I ( 'liirii)j;o. Milwau kee. 1893. 1804. 1895. Chi cup). Milwau- kor. Cliicugo. Milwau- kee. CMiic iTaiiuiiiy ... i'l'tiruary . . March April May Juiie Jnly AtlgUHt September . Octolier ... Noveiuber . Dereuiber . Mean 12 4.87 0.05 4.75 10 4.08 .09 4.01 00 4.78 .17 4. !:m 08 4. V2 .48 4. (14 ar. 4.:io .88 ;t.74 72 :i.85 i.2;t 3.41 95 ;t.84 i.r) 3. ;i9 Oli ;}. 70 i.:ii :i. 30 70 ;). or, 1.01 3.88 54 4.2(1 .7n 4.02 ;u 4.47 .:i4 4.41 (18 4.74 .10 4.48 0.21 4.47 .29 4. 44 .42 4.18 .74 4. (i:i 1.17 3. 49 i.r. 3. 33 1.47 3. ,30 1.33 3. 38 .05 3.81 .00 4.(12 .49 4.29 .20 4.04 - 0. 02 - .10 - .24 .02 .07 .08 .02 ^ .08 - .28 - .59 - .84 - .93 Milwau- 4 82 4. 93 4.90 4.70 4.00 4. 5.-. 4. 00 4.78 5. 05 ,'.. 42 5. 04 5. 75 J mt*, En gin enee .1 .41 . 05 4.07 .77 3. 95 — .24 4. 99 Zero of I'niled Slates euKiiieer.s hiimkc at ('hicat;ii helow hluli water, 1838: In 1892,4.70 I'eet ; in 1893, 4.72 feet; in 1894, 4.72 feel ; in 1895. 4.75 feet. Mean for the lour year.s, 1892 1895, 1.74 leet. 'Seo " Water levels of the Groat Lakes," etc., aud diagram No. 3 REPORT OF U. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMxMISSION. 79 Taking the mean of tlic four years, the zero of the I'liited States engineers' gauge at Chieago is 4.71 feet below tlio high water of 1838, and its elevation is 584:..''»4 — 4.7-4, or 57'.».'.)\.'22 JJciich murk No. 99, (Jliicago, l)y Mi8si8sii)](i lviv(M' ('ommisHioii, iilmvo mean level, Gulf of Mexico ' '. ','M). 19 GULF OF MIJXICO TO LAKE SUPERIOR AT DrUTII. The line of precise levels by the Mississip])i liiver Commission was continued to St. J*aul in 1891. A line was thcni run from Duluth, on Lake Superior, to St. Paul, connecting with the main line of levels there.' A comparison of the elevations of bench mark I at Duluth, as estab- lished by the Lake Survey and by the ]\Iississii)pi IJiver Commission, is made as follows: Jn a letter from Maj. Clinton B. Soars, Cor])s of ICngineers, U. S. A., dated March 0, 189(5, tlie low-water datum is described as 25.528 feet below beiudi nuirk I at Duluth, and tlu> " High water of 18;58," as used tor plane of reference by the Tiake Survey alter 1874, is given as 3.57 feet above the low-water datum; henc(>, bench mark 1 at Duluth is 25.53 — ;}.57, or 21.9(i feet above the i)lane ol' refer- ence, or " High water of 18;58," as established by the Lake Survey. The " riigh water of IS.'JS" is described (See "Water levels of Great Lakes," etc.) as being 5.17 feet below bench mai-k I at JNIariiuette, or at an elevation of G09.9.'{ — 5.17 = 004.7(5 feet. IScTich mark 1 at Duluth is, therefore, at an elevation of 004.7(5 + 21.90 feet, or 020.72 feet above mean tide at New York City. From the line of precise levels by the Mississipj)! River Commission, the elevation of bench mark 1 at Duluth is given as (i J 7.09 Icct above Cairo datum, and as Cairo datum is 21,2(5 feet (preliminary value) above mean Gulf level, bench mark I at Duluth is 047.09 - 21.2(5 feet, or (525.83 feet above mean level of Gulf of Mexico.- The comparison, therefore, is : Foet. Bench mark I at Dnluth, by Lake Survey, .ibove me.nn tide at \o^ York tIL'li. 72 Bench mark I at Duhith, hy Miasissi])})! River CommiHsion, abovo moan level (ulf of Mexico G25.83 DISCUSSIONS OF DIS(!1{KPAN(UES. All the work of the Commission is based on the elevation of the Coast and Geodetic Survey bench mark on the gristmill at (rreenbush, N. Y., which is taken as 14.73 feet above nuian tide at New York City, as adopted by the Lake Survey aiul as used by the Coast and (Jeodetic Survey in their Chami)lain line. The Canadian levels have been reduced to correspond to this elevation. It will be usel'ul to compare the determinations by diiVcrent lines. The latest determiiuition of the Greenbush bench mark (1894) by the Coast and Geodetic Survey is by methods of precision, and lowers the elevation by 1 .08 feet. 'Report of MiHsissippi River (.'omiiiiHsidii, IHitl. •ReporfM ol' Chief of Jingiueers, 1883, 1884, and 188".. CouuiiiHsiou, 18U1. ivoport (if Mississippi River 'iifmnfrr 80 REPORT OP U. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. I i The lines of the Mississippi River Conmiission from the fhilf of ]\[oxico at Hiloxi, Miss., lo Lake Michifjan at (Chicago and to l^ake Superior at ])uhith, are by methods of precision. The reference to mean {•ulf kn-el is provisional, hut it is not anticii)ated that it will be materially changed by the final determination. The com])arisoii heretofore made gives elevations at (Chicago, referred to mean gulf level, as 1.03 feet lower than when referred to tlie plane of the Lake Survey. If the Lake Survey plane is corrected by the latest determination of the (ireenbush bench mailc, then the comparison is, 1.03 — 1.08 = — 0.05 foot, or elevations at Chicago are 0.05 ibot higher, referred to mean gulf level. A second (*()nii)arison may be made at Duluth. This is less direct as the Lake Survey determination involves two stretches ( ^' water levels, Chicago to iOscanaba and iMarquette to Duluth, aggregiiing 4(10 miles, and levels of i)re(!isiou between Escanaba and Mar(|uelte, 105 miles; while the levels of precision of the Mississippi Eiver Commission from Chicago to Duluth extend, via Savanna and St. Paul, 5S5 miles. The comi)arison gives elevations at Duluth, referred to mean gulf Icxel, as 0.8!) foot lower than wlieu referred to the plane of the Lake Survey. If the ])lane of the l/.vke Survey is corrected by the latest determination of the (Ireenbush bench mark, then the comparison is0.8!> — 1.08 = — 0.1!) foot, or elevations at Duluth are 0.19 foot higher, referred to mean gulf level. Considering the two lines as originating at Chicago, the close at Duluth is, L03 — 0.80=0.11 foot; or tlie water and hind line of the T^ake Survey gives an elevation of 0.14 foot less f its two lines, or 222..'J4 feel for difference of bench mark and miter sill aiul 24.'i..'{3 for difference in miter sills. If the canal line be regarded as having equal weight, the mean of the three Mohawk \ alley lines Avould be 222.5(1, an increase iu elevation at Oswego of 0.22 foot. Between Albany and Little Falls several bench marks have been identified as on the copings of the same locks as canal bench marks, and although these are not known to be identical, they probably do not dif- fer more than a lew hundredths and may be used for an ai)proxiinate comparison. The following t ai)le gives tlu^ discrepancy of the two Lake Survey lines in relation to the canal line: No. 2. No. 1. Mnon. -0.02 — .78 -1. 13 -O.nn - . 57 _ .08 M.ixinium diacrejiancy, Looks'*, r>ii inilen I'roni (JroenbuRli —0.88 Discrepaney al Loek illi, 87 miles (lasteommon H. M.) ! — .30 lHscrei>aney, miter sill, Oswego I — .18 The 'wo Lake Survey lines chock closely to Lock 28, where they differ only o.Ol foot, but tliey have sysleniatically diverged frotn tln^ canal line until the mean discrepancy has reached 0.00 foot. The two lines H. Doc. 102 G* Ji m REPORT Ol-' r DI.E;' WAIERWAIS CO^L^fTSSIOX. continue to dieck closei}- nn* 20 luiies I'ai tlipr, will- u uillerenco of 0.13 foot when tliey show ii system) i^ic dive grnco amounting to O.-ID foot at Lock 3(5 and 0.05 i'oot ; ; Oswcg ?.!;!; Dtiiiie, one of tlie lines (No. 2 above) has very nearly conic buck lo she canal elevation at Oswego ( — 0.18) and the otiier has increased its discrepancy by 0.21 foot but has held more nearly parallel to the canal determination. The canal levels, Oswego to Syracuse, arc part of a circuit elosing with the Lake Survey at Bulfalo, and are assumed to be correct. No material error should exist in the canj 1 levels over tlie long reaches between Syracuse and Franki'ort, 14 miles Avest of Lock 3(1, the last common benchmark. It maybe as-nmed, therefore, th;it the canal levels are more nearly correct from th s ])()iiit at whicli the. lines of tlie Lake Survey diverge. The following com])arisons may be made: 1. ]\Ieaii of Lake Survey lines to Lock 28 and canal line thence to Oswego, 223 — 0.90 . : 222.10 feet. 2. JVleau of Lake Survey lines to Lock 28 and mean of Lake Survey No. 1 and canal, thence to Oswego, 223 - .] (0.!)0 +1.11 ) =222 feet. The lirst result lowers the adopted i)lane at Oswego by 0.24 foot and the second by 0.34 foot. The ])re(*ise-level line from (Ireenbush to Lake Ciiamidain gives the miter sill at Whitehall 0.3(> foot lower than by canal levels. No reason a])pears for questioning the d( termination. Any effect of southerly winds on the water levels l)etween I*utnam Station aiul Itouse I'oint would give the Kouse J*oint elevation ap])arently too low. From House I'oint to Kingston ordinavv methods ^yvY^i used, but discrei)au- cies were eliminated by rerunning. The Chamidain-St. Lawrence chain of levels, as an individual line, would seem to be entitled to more confidence than any one of tliC Mohawk Valley lines. These determinations ma;\ be c(mii»areliiin-St. Liiwrenco liui! 222. 17 J>ake Survey mean line — adopted value U2'i. 31 It Avould seem as if the Lake Survey determination had l»een taken too high No sullicient reason api)ears for ado]>ting a new value, and a liuai '■ UMUiination is not likely to greatly change the result. <;f)N('LITHl()N. The foregoing discussion indicates the levels between (ireenbush and LakeOntaiio and through Lake lOrie as the weakest links in the chain of levels extending by the Lakes from the Atlantic Ocean at Sandy Hook to the (rulf of Mexic.i at lUlo.xi. To give the line e(iual valuer throughout, levels of ])recision are reciuired between (ireenbush and Lake Ontario and between Lake Ontaiio and (ieorgian Hay. Until final determinations are closed it will n(»t be known how far results ari^ ap])arent only, and how far they luay be actual. ."..'eaiitime, if the i)lane of reference adojtted by the Ijake Survey and as used in the investigalions of the Deep Waterways (Commission is lowered by an even foot, it will be O.OS foot higher than the latest deter- mination of (heOoast and (ieodetic Survey at (ir<'enbush, N. Y., 0.03 foot higher than thedeterminationof the Mississip))i IJiverCommission at (Chicago, and 0.1 1 foot lower than the :e of the gulf for sixteen lunations, Sei)tember S, 18!)1, to October 10, 1SU2, reads o.'oo'A feet above zero of the Port Eads .u'auge, and according to JVlississijipi lliver Commission precise levels of 18'.>2 and 181)3, the zero of the Tort Kads gauge is 17.7.'{;> fei^t above Cairo datum. Hence the mean gulf level at Port ICads, La. (mouth of the Mississipi)i Elver at South Pass), is ir.7.'5.> + .'{..i.^o, or 21,080 feet above Cairo datum.' The three determinations comp-are as follows: I'lCt. 18SL', lit IJiloxi, Miss., by Mississippi Rivi'V Commission LM.LTtS ISSl-HJ, iit Biloxi, Miss., by Coast and (U'udctif Siu'vcy 2(1.81(1 18;tl-92, at Port Ea«ls, La., by Mississippi Rivei. Coiumis ion ^ 2L(iS(i The lirst result (21.258 feet) has been used as a provisional value in reducing the levels of the ]Mississipi)i 'iiver Corvmissioii. Some uncer- tainty lias atta<;hed to the value ot ihese '. ^terminations owing to instability in the Mississippi delta. TIDES OP Tin; ST. i..\VRENOE RIVER. From tidal observfitions made in i,;>.-^3 at asses opprjsite the ancient caiiital, it partakes already much mor''ortlie nature of a wav(M)f translation (lian of that of oscillation, considering that on an average al)out ten eleven tiis of its total amplitude are above the level which tlie river would assume if abstracted from ridal inlluence, o^- say the level of the tidcle.>s river, and only one-elev«'nth below it.'" Mr. Steckel's datum is 1,11 feet below that of the Pniiecl States Lake Survey as used in these investigations and r».."i2 feet below mean tide at New York aecoit' 'ng to the lutest determination of the United iritates Coast and Ceodotic ourvey. 'Report Mississijipl Kivor Commission, ISKi. '' lU'jtnrt Coast and ' looilftic Snrvi\\ , 1S87, Appondix Jl. •'Roporl Chit'Cor l';nKin<'<'!'s, ('nit^'d Slatt's Army, iS'tt, pafj" -'Till ot sou. 'AiiiM.il report ol Iho iiiijijsttu- "f piililic works, Camda, 18i,tO-',U. 84 REPORT OF U. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. The following record of the tides of the St. Lawrence Iviver is taken from a report by Mr. It. Steckel, engineer in charge of geodetic level- ing, and published inlleport of the Minister of Tublic Works, Canada, 181)0-91 . Two series are given : Daring a low-water season, October lli to November 10, .1887, and during a high- water season. May 4 to June 3, 1888. The average depth of water on miter sill of old Lock No. 1 at Mon- treal during the tidal observations of 188 7-S8 at (Quebec was as follows: October, 1887. May, 1K88 .... Loto-waler ncasoti. Mile.s. i:!. 5 ,17. 5 48.8 ,fi4 01.8 60 80.8 Station, Moiin tulu !lllO\ i« St. l.iiwrencu (latum. (Jueljoc, Lnvia Crraving Dock . St. Nidi Ilia s I'oiutc riiiton Groiidint's SI. .fisaii Ues t'liaillons Batiscan . L'liaiiii>laiii — Threo KiviTH , Feet. 0.987 7.474 9. 5;i9 11.85,'') i;t.2Ul 1,5. 149 16. (191 ^loan tide abovo iiiiian lido at Now YoiU. Ffct. 2. 546 :t. 033 5.098 7.414 8. 760 10. 708 il.nso Aloaii am- iditude. 13. 877 13.413 1 1 706 7. 499 .5, 333 2. 532 1.887 0. ,50-1, 20 Iligh-waler season. iles. 1 13,5 37,5 48.8 54. 61.8 69,0 80.8 Station. Qnobpr, Levis Grarlng Dock. St, Nit.li<.la.s Pointo riatoii Grondiiie.s St, Joan Do.s Cbailloiis Hat is< an Olianiplain Throe K' vers Mean tido ISI oan tido al)ovt< SI. ab )vo nil an Moan am- Lawronco till at New plitude. datum. York. Feet. Feel. Feet. 8,955 4.514 13. 279 10.352 5.911 12, 766 13,688 9. 247 10. 438 18.13(1 13.589 4.753 19, 900 15.459 2.980 22, 529 18.(188 1, 275 23. 750 19. :io9 .900 0, 15-0, 58 _, ...^_ T| belt on H plaij and A at \i for i| mg Maximum amplittido at Quebec: Foot, Low-\vat!»r snason 17, f)H8 Higli-wiitor NOiison It;, 111 Miniiimiii aniitlitiulo at Quebec: Low- water .season 10, !»!!l J Fifjb-wator season 10, 751i These results (excepting that at Three liivers) are deduced from observations of 114 tides, 57 during the low-water season, and 57 dur- ing high water. Tlie results have been corrected for diurnal inetiuali- ties. A comparison of the tides at Quebec and those at Albany is given in Tart 1. II \ •et. 13. 279 12. 7fi6 10. 438 4.753 2.980 1. 275 .900 -0. 58 'I'Ot. ,(;s8 ,111 , !llf) ,752 oin Ml'- laii- REPORT OF U. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. KATTLT HTK. MARIE. m The plane of reference at Sault Sic. Marie has heeu reduced 0.58 foot below that heretofore in use for reasons described in full in the paper on "Water levels for the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence liiver." This plane was orijifinally established by the Lake Survey by water levels and assumed tlie St. Mary's liiver above the canal to be without slope. A line of jirecise levels had been carried from the canal to a fi'auge at Waiska Bay at the head of the St. Maiys IMver, and the gaii}>eread for ninety-six consecutive days in 1802. The averaj;e of these rcadiuj^s was compared with the averajje for the same ])eriod at Marquette. Thus by means of the water line and precise levels a complete connec- tion was made between the beiudi mark at Marquette and the hench mark on the coping of the lock at Sault Ste. Marie, and it was found that the latter bench mark had been taken 0.5S foot too high. In regard to this determination the following extract is from a letter by Lieut. J. B. (Javanaugh, lTnite- ing works within 0.019 %)t. The latter has doubtless suffered some settlement owing to the green masonry on which it was originally taken. This plane may therefore be considered as the original canal datum. Th(^ bench marks generally about Chicago are subject to many dis- crepancies, due in ])ait to the unstable substrata of the city. Other than those above described, the most reliable are the group at the lake shore, at and near the Chicago Avenue Bumping Station, which have been checked on the bench mark on shaft of tlie crib, 2 miles from shore, by water levels determined by hook gauges through the water tunnels. Originally the crib bench was carried from the shore by s|)irit levels tlu-ough the tunnel. The elevation was not checked from the West Side I'umping Works by hook gauges in 1878, as was done between the shore and the crib. _^j I :ii 80 KEPORT OF U. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. The bench marks jit tlic, Chicaft'o Avenue I'umping' Station were nsed by tlie Mississi])))! I'iver ( 'oniiiiissiou in their bnc^ of ])reci.se levels as tbo deteiinination of city datum and in comparison witli JMilwaukoo for a connection with the plane of the Lake Survey. In this compari- son the gauge readings as taken inside tbo cril) were given a constant correction due to the iniinx of watci' tbrougb tbe ports. This correc- tion is, however, very uncertain, owing to tbe variation in tbe volume of water pumped at different bours of tbe (lay and on dilferentdays of tbe week. Tbe comparison berein made (see Tart 1) is free Iroiii tbe above error and is to be taken as a more reliable (b'ternn'nation. Jt ap])ears from tliis comparison (see Water Levels, etc.) tbatCliicago datum, or "low water of 1817," corresjwnds to tlio mean of eiglit montbs, April to Novend)er, inclusive, of 1817, as observed by Dr. I. A. La])ban) at Milwaukee. Tlie precise levels of tbe sanitary district of 189()-!)1 develops a ', old lock, Port Coll)orii(>, aboV(> nican level l-ake Krie, 1860-1875 8. 15 Datinu oC Wei land Canal survey above mean surface, of Lake ( )ntaiio, 1860-1875. 0. 05 The elevations of tbe mean level of Lakes Krie and Ontario for tbe years 18(10-1875 are as follows: Fcot. Lake Ontario , 216. (il Lake Erie 572.86 The elevations of tbe new miter sills at tbe entrance locks are: Foi't. Lock No. 1, Port Dalhonsie 246. 61 — (13.40 -f 2.02) 230. 20 l'',n trance lock, i'ort ( 'oil torn e 557. 61! Datum of Welland Canal survey is (246.61 -j- 0.05) 24f',(iti Tb minal bcncl Tlul at tb( neersl ThomI Ml .Tiinii.iryl Febrim'ti Mmvli Ai)ril . Miiy.. .fio'io ... .Inly.... All^illHt . .SeptiniilK Octdlicr. NllVIMIliiC Ucceinbi'i M( Part KEPOUT OP U. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMIHSION. 87 These elevations :ne all based on United Stales liai,or zero of yaiijic at I'ort Dallionsie, and of beueli niarlc on eustoin-house at INtrt Colborne. lal lo- re, ot ■I. ly u 2'^ .15 , ().-) lie 8(i It'll) ]ClN(iSTON (lAU(iK (COMPARISON. The following comparison is made to establish the zero of the j;aufje at the Kinjiston diy dock relatixe to the zero of United States enyi- neers' gauj^e at ()s\vej;<). Tiie record at Kingston is furnished by Mr. Thomas Alouro, engineer Soulauges Canal. Mouth. Jiinnary FebniaVy March April May .IllllO July Aiiy:iiHt Si'iitoniher Octolpcr Niivcinhur Uecemher Mian DiH'ereiico 1891. 1892. 189;!. 1894. Oswego. Kingston. Oswoffo. Kiii^islon. Oswcijo. Kiii;;sli)n. Oswchk. Kiiii;Htou. Fi'vt. 'J. 07 \ •l.X\ ' •1. 87 j ;i. i:t I 2.7! I •.>.-i:t i 1.911 : 1.50 .9'J .29 IWI. 1.2:1 1 ;;o 1.8l> •J. M) 2. 1:1 1.91 1.7'. . ;t2 . 911 .17 .19 IWt. (I. ao . M) .19 1.07 1. 1;! 1.09 2. 20 2.12 1.92 1.48 1.21 1.08 .00 1.24 1. 2ti 0.70 Fi'ct. - 0. 02 .12 -- . 07 .02 .28 .84 1.47 l.:!!l 1. 1:1 .02 .40 .27 (». .'■)4 0.72 r,rt. I 0.7.'. .04 I 12 1 1.87 I 3.0:! I!. 2r. 2. 99 2. 45 2. 18 l.«0 1.25 1.10 Fat. I 0. 10 I .20 I .28 .01 l.fiU I 2. ;i4 2.20 I t.Ot I i.:to 1. 10 I .85 .;w 1.44 1.02 1.92 1.97 2. 1.'. 2. 1)8 2. 48 1.90 i.:;9 I. 14 .81 .40 ft. (i.4:t .07 1.00 1.28 i.:i8 1.77 l.UO 1.17 .59 . :i5 .14 -.25 1.80 1. 05 1.00 0.85 0.81 0.81 Mean ol' the four years, 0.77 It. As the elevation of the zero of the Oswego gauges is 244.21 feet, the elevation of the zero of the Kingston gauge is 244.21 + 0.77, or 244.98 feet. Part III. — Notable Elevations — Planes of Kefekence and Bench Marks. The following elevations have been used in the work of the Commis- sion, and are assembled for convenient reference, as they are the i)rin- cipal planes for reference in considering questions pertaining to the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence and Hudson rivers. The plane to which all elevations are referred is tiiat adopted by the Lake Survey, and corresponds to an elevation of 14.73 feet above mean tideatNew York forthebench mark on the gristmill at(lrcenbush,N. Y. This plane is l.OS feet above average sea level at New York, by the last determination of the Greenbush bench mark by the, Coast and Geodetic Survey, 1.03 feet above averages Gulf level (preliminary value) as determined at Chicago from the level of the Mississippi Kiver Commission, and 0.89 foot above mean Gulf level as determined at Duluth. REPORT OF U. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. LAKK Sni'KltlOU. Stanilard Invr wnter Slaixlnril hi{,'li wiittT (I-aku Survey iilaiio of rd'ort'iiuo I'oi' watrr IovcIb) Mj'Uii liiko level, 1H(1()-I«i(5 ." Mean lako level, 1871-lHi),'-. I'lano (if roleience lor harbor iiiiitrovoiiiontB; low-wator (latum, 25.5;i feet bulow lieiich mark No. 1 at Uuliitli Diiliilli and Superior City datum (same us low-water datum) lieneli marks: No. ]. Dululli (by Lake Survey lovelw) Js'o. I. M arq net t(3 (1871), southeast eorner of the ti)i> of the foundation stone of (r race fmiuieti No. 2. Mari|Ui Mo (1874), (TOMS on the window Hill of llie Man|uette eity wattTwork.s, north side cei ter window, west .side of building '. Klevation. Feet. 000. 09 U04 70 (iOl.r.'.t (iUl. 57 001. m 001. I'J C'JO. 72 r.0!». 93 60«. 43 ST. MARYS RIVEK. Standard low water: Above the lock. s Ilelow the locks Mean surface, 1K71-18'J5: Above tim locks Held \v t h(^ locks Standard liiKh water: Above the locks Iiclow the locks I'lane of reference for water levels: Above the locks Melow the locks ITiiiled States eamil datum (120 feet below bench mark 2 at Sault Ste. Marie) I'lane of reference for I'nited Slates Channel Imitrovements, .selected so as to };ivo 20 or 21 Icet uavij^alion at a mean stajje of water: 20 feet in May Iiak(! Channel, water at the locks 21 feet in chuunel improvements, water above locks fiOO. O) 581. 08 (iOO. 05 583. 27 004. 18 580. 71 604.18 -0.58 485. 20 583. 79 001.29 ST. MARY'S CANAL. American lock, 1881 American lock, 1897 Canadian lock, 1895 Upper sill. Feet. .')H3. 116 677. 79 576. 54 Lower sill. Feet, rm. 90 501. 42 561.37 I'latfonn. Fei't. 507. 40 511.79 Floor. Feel. 505. 79 500. 29 561.54 Benchmarks: Feet. No. 1. Sault Sto. Marie (1807), a cross on stone near Indian ajrency 588.02 No. 2. Saull Ste. !Marie, on the coping of the south wall of the ^nard gates of St. Marys Canal 005.29 The coping of the Oiinadiau lock is the same as that of the American lock, viz, 005.139 feet. LAKES AIIdlKiAN AND IIUKON. Standard low wat/^r Staiulard high water (Lake Survey plane of reforonco for water levels; observed high water of 1838) .' Mean lake level: 1800-1H75 1 800-1 H95 , 1871-1895 I'lane of reference for Harbor Improvements : For Chicago and Calumet (iilaiui 1 foot above Chicago city datum) Harbor.s on west side of lake (plane 4 feet ladow hinh water, 183K) Harbors on east side of lake (plane 3.00 feet below high water 1838, or mean lake level, 18(iO-1875) Chicago city datum (low water of 1847; see I'art II) , Illinois and Mioliigau Canal, and Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal datum. (See Part II) ■ Milwaukee city datum (low water of March, 1836) Bench marks: United States bench mark No. 99, Chicago (11.022 above Chicago city datum) Bench mark No. 1, on Dr. I. A. Lapham s bouse at Milwaukee (now destroyed) Bench mark No. 5 (1870), Kilbourn gristmill. Milwaukee Bench niaik No. 2 (1H75), cross on stone at Lakepoit, T,ak(\ Huron Bench mark No. 1 (1H74). at Escanaba, Lakt^ .Michigan Bench mark (1873) at I'ort Austin, Lake Huron Elevation. Feet. 579. 00 581. 34 581.28 581. 20 581. 20 580. 00 580. 34 581.28 579. 00 579. 55 580. 34 591.22 5!)2. 07 590. 19 590. 86 593.01 590. 53 rhiil 21 feef The The ia obtii (leten f REPORT OF U. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. 89 ST. CLAIU UIVEK. Piano of reference for channel improvements, selected so as to give 21 feet in channel at foot of Lake Ilnron. The correspondinj-- stage in Lake Huron is 581.17 feet. The standard high and low water of the St. Clair \l\\vv at Port Huron is obtained by deducting 1.33 feet (estimated value) from tlie elevations determined for Lake lluron. LAKK ST. CLAIR. Stnmlard low wator (drrtiirprt from T)ptroit Rivor) Stniulanl high water (drduccil t'rmii Detroit River) Mean hlkl^ level, 1H71-18K5 {dtuluoed from Helroit River) Plane of reference for channel iniprovenientH corrreHpomlH to a stage of water in Lake St. Clair at au ulevatiuu uf DETROIT RIVKR. Standard low water (foot of Mount KUiott avenue, Detroit) High water (Lake Survey i)lane of reference for water levels) Mean level, IStK) 1895 (loot Mount Elliott avenue) deduced from Lake Krie Mean level, 1871-1895 (fool Mount Elliott aveuue) deduc<'d from Lake Erie riano of reference for channel improvumeutB is the equivalent of water levels in Lake Erie at the following elevations : Limekiln Crossing, 20 feet depth (Lake Erie surface) Aloulh of river, 21 feet depth (Lake Erie surface) , Bench marks: United States honch mark, Detroit, 1871, at Detroit, on new light-bouse depot United States bench mark, Detroit Junction (1877), Detroit, on Michigan Central Railroad shop Detroit city datum LAKE ERIE. Standard low water Standard high water (Lake Survey plane of reference for water levels) Mean lake level : 1860-1875 1860-1895 , 1871-1895 riaue of reference for harbor improvements, mean lake level, 1860-1875 , Cleveland city datum (observed high water of 1838) "Wolland Canal, upper mit«ir sill, entrance lock. Port Colborue , Erie C/'anal, upper miter sill, guard lock. Black Rock Beuch marks : B('nch mark 2 (1875), at Gibraltar, on doorsill of ligbt-house Bench mark on custom-house (1875), stone foundation of cuHtom-bouse, Port Colborue Bench mark at Hud'ah), on light-house IVmicIi mark at Cleveland, on top ot wall of Ohio Canal, lock at juuctiou canal and river Benchmark 1 (1873), Erie, Pa., ou top of stone post Elevation. Feet. 571. 20 r7H. M 575. 75 575. U 573. 84 577. d'i ■575. 4-J 575. 34 57'J. (18 572. 58 584.78 59:' 68 480. 30 571. 35 375. 20 572. 86 572. 88 572. 7i» 572. 80 57."). 20 557. 03 560. 06 584. 97 584.64 589. 81 581. !,0 575. 60 NIAGARA RIVER. 20 ;i4 28 iO Plane of reference for channel and harbor improvements below Ship- lock at Black Hock is taken as 1.04 feet above standard low water as estimated for the Niagara lliver, and is the equivalent of mettu water (1800-1875) for Lake Erie. .i* 'W. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) , /.Q 4^0 1.0 I.I l^|2£ 125 ■so ■^~ III^H Ui Uii 12.2 lu ... MB ui lU i!S U 140 12.0 R i'-^ ii^ < 6" ► Photographic Sciences Corporation 33 WIST MAIN STRUT WCBSTH.N.Y. USSO (716) •72-4503 90 REPORT OF U. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. I.AKK ONTAUIO. Stniiilnni "low water StaiKlai'il liifili watiT (mean (or May. 1870) Lakf Survey iilaiic, of rcl'crencti Cor water Icvt'ls: Mraii lake level — 1«(JU 187r> IHliO IHltS iHTi-iH'.ir) Plane of refereiiee, I'liited States harbor iniprovumenta, the zero of eugineer's gauso ut Oswe I'liiiie liur ( D.iliiii l.iiwer Lower r.inver I'leiieli lie l!e He lie Elevation. of refereiiee for Cauadian harbor improvcinuiitH, takalliousie. • miter sill. Lock 18, Krio (,'aiinl at 0»wej;o iiiiter Bill, entraiieo lock, Well.ind (Janal nt Port Ualhousie Ill il(-r sill, entraiieo loek, Uideaii Canal, Kingston (approximate) liiark.s: neli mark A, Oswojio neli mark at Charlotte, on liglithuuse iieli mark J5, Port Ualhousie, name as zero of gauge mil mark 1 (1874/ Sacketts Harbor, N, Y Feet. 244. 53 ■J49, U4 240. 01 240, 48 24»J, 20 244. 21 24.S, 40 240. 00 237. 07 230. 20 237. 81 251.90 283. 23 2..8, 05 252. 02 II III a letter dated September 2, 1890. Mr. Thomas Monro gives the elevation of the zero of this gauge a.M LM5.:iO deduced from a eomparisuii of sixteen years, 1800-1875. ST. LAWKKNCK UIVKli. Stniuliiid low and high water and the miter sills for the several points between Lakes Ontario and INlontreal are ;i8 foHows: Ogdonsbnrg, N. Y (■alojis ('anal: Oldlotk'27 Old loek'J5 Kajiide I'lat Canal: Old lork '-'4 Oldli.ek 23. FariMiis Point Canal, old lock '.'2 Cornwall ('anal: Old lock 21 New lock 15 Vallevlield, Province of (j)uebec, lock 14 . Meloeheville, hiek Laeliiiie, old lock f' Montreal, old lock 1 Standard low water. Vert. 244. 28 243. 40 228.01 I •224.51 I 212.81 201.72 I 201. 13 I 183.00 i 153.50 70.00 i 07. 80 i 'J3. 10 i .Standard high water. Feet. •248. 57 247. 82 234. 10 218. 40 204. 00 157, 28 155, 04 35,78 Plane of reference. Feet, a '245. 33 ft 235. 15 b 218. 52 6 217.33 6 •205, 82 b 193, 77 6192,53 b 139, 28 b 142. 52 f»00.83 b 58, 30 6 7,10 a Zero of gauge, h Miter sill. The standard planes are also referred to the tbllowinff points: PI bnrg 245.; PI sills P the Locli P R. S Low Zero Lake Ontario, Kingston, sill of tiraviiig Dock ( ialops Canal, iipiier eiitraiiee, new sill Kapide Plat Canal t Upjier eiit rniii'o, new sill Lower ent ranee, new sill Cornwall Canal, upper entrance, new sill Sonlanges Canal : I'pper eiil ranee, new sill Lower entranee, new sill Lnchine vJaiial, upper entrance, new sill Keading, standard Plane of low reference. water. IS, 33 14,75 16.18 15,03 15. 02 10,18 10, 18 14.40 2'29, 20 228.71 209. fa 100. 88 188,11 137, 32 63, 82 63.34 K. 5:1 :i9. 28 r>. 52 GO. 83 5S. ;m i7.10 ■of 'life. REPORT OF U. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. 91 Plane ofreference for chaunel and harbor improvenuMits near Ofjdena- bnrg is taken as the zero of the Ogdeusburg; gaujie. The elevation is 245.33 feet. Plane of reference from Ogdensbnrg to Montreal is taken a.s the miter sills of the several locks. Plane of reference nsed by the harbor conunissioners at Montreal is the water surface having a depth of 10.33 feet on the miter sill of old Lock No. 1. Plane of reference or low water at (Quebec has been det«!iniined by Mr. E. Steckel, C. E., and the following elevations are given: i-'ft-t. Low water — fi. 1 1 Zero of harbor ('oiuinissiuners' gaujje at Levis Oraviny dock ~ 13. 00 . LAKK C'l£ AM PLAIN. Standard low water Standard lii||;h water (May 4, 1809) Mean liiko level (1871-189.^) Mean lake level (1871-1882), by Coast and Geodetic Survey Plane of reference of harbor iuiprovemcntH ; low water taken an tlio y.eru of the engineer's gauge at Fort Montgomery LAKE tmAMPLAIN AND KICHELIEU KIVER. International benrli mark on Chapniaii B'ork, Honnon Point Lower miter Bill, Lock No. 23, Champlain Canal (Coast and (ieiKletic Survey) at Whit.' hall : : I'pper miter Hill, Lock No. 1, Chanibly Canal Coping, Loek No. 1, (niainbly Canal Lower miter sill, Lock No. 9^ Cbambly Canal at Chanibly Kasin Ijower miter sill of St . Ours Lock, Kielielieit J{i ver " (.'oping, St. Ours Lock, Kicheliuu River HFTDSON RIVEK. Standard low water, mean low tide, Albany basin Erie Canal datum, mean low water Miter gill of Lock No. 1 at Albany Reuch mark on gristmill at Ureenbush, N. Y Elevation. Fivt. i>5. (13 103. 7H (•". 20 97.17 1)4.53 110.06 85. 02 H7. 41 102. t!i 111. .->8 8. 22 33. tiS 1.30 1.30 -0. 14.-. 14. 7M Part I V.~Keference Planes and Depths for Channel Improvements. UAUBoK AND The following notes give the i)lanes of reference to which tle]»ths are referred in the improvements of the harbors and channels of the (ireat Lakes, the St. Lawrence and the TTiidson rivers; the tlcpths ni' the several harbors and eluannels below these reference planes, and also the depths referred to standard low water. Tlie relative dejith available in harbors and channels is properly exinessed at standard low water, as this is so tlediiced as to Inive an ecpiivalent value for all the bodies of water considered. It will be seen that there are diverse jilanes of reference in use, some lakes having as many as three, t)r a separale plane for each harbor district, while main 8hi|) channels are variously referred in dillerent localities. These notes nrv made up from the latest oflicial reports. The dejiths given have not been secured in all cases, but represent the adopted project iu accordance with which wtuk has been or is being <:iiiientonai;on, Mirh Kiifilt! i I arbor, Mich M an|MOt t«\ Mi»ih (irand Maraia (harlior of rofiiKe) Waterway from Keweenaw IJay to J^aku Suiiuriur, Mich Depth he- low |dano of refer- ence. Depth he- low stand- ard low water. Feet. 15.50 15.50 15.50 10.50 11.50 1».50 14.50 15 15.5 a Ample depth. fi Approximate. CanaiUan harbort. [Plane of reference, taken the same as for the United States harbors.] 1 ort Arthur, Ontario Kaiuinit,ti(|uia River, Ontario. 10 10 lu.6 15.5 LAKES MICHIGAN AND HURON. XJnited Utaiet harbort. [Plane of reference, mean lake level (1800-1875), 3.00 feet belnw high water, 18.18, as ubserveil at Milwaukee.] Itlack River, Port Huron Snnd Heach (har)>or of refuge) (;heboy(;an, Mich Charlevoix, Mich I'Yaukfort, Mich Miinisteo, Mich I.iidin);lon, Mich Pent water, M ich White Lake, Mich M UHkef;on. Mieh Holland, Mieh Saugntuck, Mich Soulli Haven, Mich St. Joacidi, Mich , Milwaukee city (latum, ur 4 feel Wlow IiikIi wuterof 1838, asobserveepth be- low plane low Htand- of refer- ence. ard low water. Feet. a 16 17 17 rt20 ' al7 n 18 re 18-1 5 n 17-11 10 10 12 , I 18 13 a 19 Feet. 14.49 15.49 15.40 18.49 15.49 16.49 49-13.40 4»- 9. 40 8.40 8.49 10.49 7.40 16.40 11.40 17.40 a Ap])roxin)ate. Canadian harbors. I PliMU' of refereikcc, low water, taken as 14 feet on miter sill of entrance lock at Port Colbome, or 0.28 foot above standard low water.] Kinssville Port Rowan Port Stiinley Port Doveri I'oil Maitland iiiiudcau (harlior of refuge). 12 11.72 12 11.72 LAKK ONTAKIO. United Slates harbors. [Plane of reference, extreme low water, taken as the zero of engineer's gauge at Oswego,] Oswo-.o. N. Y CharlcUe, N. Y Sncketts Hiirbor, N. Y. Little Sodus Hay, N. Y (ireat .Sodus Hay, N. Y Piiltnevville, N. Y 15.32 16.32 10.32 15.32 16.32 10.32 [Plane of refereuce, mean lake level (probably from 1860-1875), or 2.43 feet below Lake Survey plane of reference.] ■Wilson, N.Y OliotI, N. V Oak Orchard, N, Y 12 13j 13 9.02 11.42 11.42 Canadian harbors. [Plane of n-ference, low water, taken as zero of harbor commissioner's gauge at Toronto. Tnia piano may imt be absolutely correct for the entire lake, but is taken as approximately correi-t. | Trenton Toronto K i ii^st on ti rav ing Dock KingHtiiii Hownian villo Ke wcast le Port Hope N apancn Itellcvillo Cobourg a Approximate. 10 0.13 16 15. 13 10 15.13 oil 10.13 14 13. 13 14 1.1. 13 12 11.13 10 9.13 11 10. 13 12 U.13 . Feet. 14.49 15.49 15.49 18.49 15.49 16.49 11.40-13.49 '>. 4»- 9. 49 8.49 8.49 10.49 7.49 16.49 11.49 17.48 11.72 'ii.'72 15.32 16.32 10.32 15.32 16.32 10.32 rey plane 9.02 11.42 11.42 iiiH piano t.| 9.13 15. i:« 15. 13 10.13 13.13 11). 13 11.13 9.13 10. 13 11.13 REPORT OF U. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. 95 LAKK ON rAUIO-Coiitiiiiied. Canadian harbors — CoDtiiiuoI. [Piano of reforoncp, low water, taken as /.ore of liarhor coniniis.sinnor'n rinugo at Toronto. Tliin plane may nut he absolutely rorrect fur the entim hike, but in taken ?..■• uppruxiMiatoly rorn><'t.J Norl'.iport Uath Wolfe Island, Xwtnl St. Luwienco liiver. (ianano<|iie, St. Lawrence Ki vur I'ic'lon I'ort Credit AVhitl.y Hamilton or Kurlin^^ton Bay Channel... Pickering Oakville Depth lie- Depth Ito- low plane low Htand- » r.f.r- anl low ont'L'. water. F,H. F,rt. 9 8.13 1 n. 13 H T.n ii; 11.13 10 it. i:t 10 it. 13 I 'J li. i:t 14 i:i. Ill 11 10. i:i 12 11.13 I.AKK CHAMPLAIN. [Plane of reference, extreme low water, taken a.s the zero of I'nited States Kn^iiueern' ;;an(;e at Kort Montgomery.] Plattsbnrg, N. Y Great Chazy liiver, N. T Ticonderoga, N. Y Burlington, Vt Otter Creek, N. Y Narrows of Lake Champlaiu, New York and Yerniont . - - -■ - 8 8.50 5 a.M 8 8.50 H 8.50 8 8. .SO 12 12.50 CHANNEL IMPROVEMENTS. ST. MAUYS KIVER. Above the locks New Uay Lake Channel. wio..„*i«n ' Depth be- Depth be- fclexation ,„,; |„„„ Uns- Hf.nul- reference. | ^^^,^ ^^,,„.^ Feet. Feet. IWI. 601.29 -11 lit. 76 683.79 2U I 17.89 ST. CLAIR UIVKK. At foot of Lake Huron Belle Uiver, Marino (Mty, Mich, (harbor). Pine Kiver at St. Clair, Mich, (harbor) . . . 581.17 21 I 10.43 10 8.07 10 8.07 LAKE ST, CLAIK. Sliip channel and canal Clinton Kiver, Mich, (harbor). 575. 44 DETROIT KIVER. Limekiln Crossing At mouth of river . 572. 08 572. 58 20 10 20 21 CANADIAN H.\RB()RS. [Plane of reference, same as by the United States at Limekilns. Anderson Amherstburg. .1. 12 16 18. 82 8.82 lit. 27 19.77 11.87 15.27 NIAGARA RIVEK. [Plane of reference, taken as 1.04 feet above the estimated plane of standard low water.] Bntfalo to Tonawauda... Touawanda tu Port Day. Tonawandii Harbor 505. :o 18 ; 1(1. U6 12 I 10.90 10-18 ' 14.!I0 Itl.M I 96 REPORT OF U. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. UPPER ST. LAWRENCE-. (Plane of reference taken aa tlie zero of the OgJcnsburK gauge.] Chnnnel, Lake Ontario to ()Ki1nnsburg . UgdeiiHbiirg Harbor, ^N'ew yl rk Waddington Ilurbur, New York Elevation of plane of reference. Feet. Depth be- low plane of refer- once. Feet. 18 16.5 12 Deptli be- low Htaud- ard low water. Feet. 10.95 15.45 10.95 CANADIAN HARBORS. [Plane of reference, low water, estiuiatcd an 1.50 feet below Rtandard low water.] Cliateaugny Itasin, Lake St. Louis. Dorvul 9.50 8.5U LOWER ST. LAWRENCE. [Plane of referonco, low water, 10.33 feet on miter sill of old lock No. I.Montreal.] The harbor improvements at Montreal appear to have lowered the water about 1 foot with respect to the stage below, or the present equivalent of 16.33 feet on the gauge is about 15.33 feet. Montreal Harbor Channel iniiirovement, St. Petera Flats. Deptli belov plane of ref- erence. Feel. 'i7.50 27.60 Depth below standard low water. Feet. 27.17 a 2l 17 aikpproximate. HUDSO.J RIVER. [Plane of reference, mean low tide, or standard lov water elevation is 1.30 fee£ at Albtiny. Channel improvemeutH, from Troy Dam to Uudso-i City, 12 feet below standard low water.] Canals. Sault Stfi. Mario : Amerif'nn ^oM , Aiiiuricaii, 1897 Canadian, 1895 AVclland : Port Colliorne Port DaDioiisiu St. Lawreuci) canals : Galops KapidoPlat Cornwall Soulanges Lachino Erie and Oswego Chuniiilain (-"Iiambly SI. < lurs Lock Kidoau -Trent, nn v i K»t ion Depths. I At stand- Nominal. I ard low I water. Feet. 10 21 21 14 14 a 14 a 14 14 14 14 7 G 7 7 5 Feet. 14.22 10.89 20.14 13.72 14; 33 14.75 15.18 15.93 15. 02 14.71 10.18 16.18 14.40 17.93 Dimension of lock. Feet. 515 bv 8P 800 by 100 900 by 60 270'by 45 270 by 270 by 270 by 270 by 45 45 45 45 270 by 110 and 220 by 18 110 bv 18 118-125 by 22; 5-24 200 by 45 184 by 33 Lower Ottawa navigation, Uom Ottawa to Lachino, comprising the Greenville and CariUou canals, and St. Anut'M Lock. Depth, U teet; dimensions of locks, 200 by 45 feet. a Present depth 9 feet, but enlargement to 14 feet in progress. Depth bo- low Htnnd- ard low water. Feet. 10.95 15.45 10.95 9.50 8.50 J, I EXTIIBIT B2. WATER LEVELS FOR THE GREAT LAKES AXD ST. LAWRENCE RIVER FOR THE YEARS iHOo TO 1805, IXC\USIVE.' Notes liy Ai.E.x. E. Kastl, C. K. i il.) ered the I present )epth below standard low water. Feet. 27.17 27.17 y. Channel \r-] ■ion of lock. Feel. 515 bv 80 800 by 100 900 by 60 270'by 45 270 by 45 270 by 45 270 by 13 270 by 45 I 270 by 45 220 by 18 110 bv 18 by 22: 6-24 1 200 by 46 184 by 33 Ion canals, NOTES TO ACCOMPANY TAHLKS AND DIAOKAMS. Talile No. Table No. Table No. Table No. Table No. Table No. Table No. Table No. Table 'No. 1— L.oko MirhiRan at Milwaukee, Wis., 1800-1895. 2 — Lake Huron at Point Aux liartiueH, J'ort Austin, an«l Sand Reach, Mich., 1 860-1 85».'>. 3 — Lake Superior at Superior, Wis., and Marqnetto, Midi., 18nfl-lh9,'). 4 — St. Marys Kiver at Sault Ste. Marie, Mich., altove the locks, 1871-189."). 5— St. Marys Kiver at Sanlt Ste. Marie, Mich., below the locks, 1871-1895. 6— Detroit River at Li^ht-house Dejiot, Detroit, Mich., 18G7-1881. 7— Lake Erie at Cleveland, Ohio, 1860-1895. 8— Lake Erie at Erie, Pa., 18«)0-1895. 9— Lake Ontario at Oswego, N. Y., 1860-189.5, Table No. 10— Lake Ontario at Charlotte, N. Y., 1860-1895. Table No. 11— St. Lawrence Kiver at Valleyfiold, Province of Quebec, 1860-1895. Table No. 12 — St. Lawrence Kiver at Montreal, Province of Quebec, 1860-1895. Table No. 13— Lake Chaniiilain at Port Montgomery, N. Y., 1871-1895. Table No. 13a — Kiver Kicheliea at St. .Johns, Province of Quebec, 1863-1870. Table No. 14 — St. Lawrence Kiver at Montreal, Province of (Quebec, 18 0-189.'. Table No. 15 — St. Lawrence Kiver from Prescott to Montreal, provinces of Ontario and Quebec, for the years 1870 and 1895. Supplemental table — Water record for 1896, Diagrams No. 1 and'Na. la — Water levels for the Great Jjakcs and St. Lawrence River. Diagram No. 2 — Water levels and slopes— rivers connecting the lakes. Diagram No. 3 — Mean annual var». at ion. Diagram Ntfi 4— Varii.^tiou of annual means. IJfTRGDUCTION. The folioTvHnff notes have been prepared to accompany the " Tables of water levels for the Grsat Lakes and St. Lawrence lliver," numbered from 1 to 15, and the diagrams in illustration of the same. The tables are compiled from official sources. Every etlort has been made to make the record complete and reliable for the i)criod of thirty- six years, from 1860 to 1895, inclusive, and to make sure that no errors have been introduced in the planes of reference. The notes give the authority for all data used. The tables are based on the monthly mean readings. The yearly means, the means of tthe months for the thirty-six years, 18(»0 to 1895, 'By Assistant Alex. V,. KasM, under the direction of L. E. Coolej, C. E., for the United States Deep Waterways Commission. H. Doc. 192 7* 97 98 REPORT OF IT. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. and lor Ivoiity-fivo years, 1.H71 to ISJ)5, and the mean level for each period, are {iiven. Certain dednetions are made in rejjard to staneruid are also noted. All elevations j>iven herein depend on the bench mark atdreenbush, N. v., as determined by the (^oast and (Jeodetic Survey and adopte<'ial diajjram is compiled to show the varia-. tion in sIojjc throufjh the St. Marys l{iv Huron, and thron<;h the St. Clair and Detroit rivers between Lak(^ Huron and Lake ilrie. The water icnels from 18(10 to 1S71, for the several lakes, as kept by the Hniled States l^ake Survey, are not <'onsidered as reliable as those of subseciuent years. The rei)ort of the Chief of I'higineers, l). S. A., for l.STli states: Botwceii 1S()0 and 1X71 luif, lit.tln attoiitioii was paid to llie <'liockiiijj of zoroH ftinl lioiich inarlvK. Siiico 1S71 it li^is Iic(m> ('ai-cfiiliv att(Mid«Ml to and IuvoIh run t^acii yoar. The twenty-live year means cover the most authenti«' ])art of the record. l.AKK MKMIIOAX (TAHLK No. 1). The data for the table of monthly nutans of water levels for Lake Michigan at Milwaukee, Wis., were obtained as follows: From danu- ary, 18(»(>, to June, ISDl, from the annual reports of tlui (!hief of Engineers, i'. S. A., 187(1 to 18!>4, inclusive; from .Inly, 1804, to Decem- ber, ISiJi"), fr Koport of Chiofof F,!i}iin<'ora, I'. S. A., IS7(>, part, It. ])a;j;(>.s H'.l and SI. •S('« Final l»«port of Uiiili'd Statrs J>ako Survey, ProfcHsional Papers, Corps of Engineers, IJ, S. A., No. 2i, page G17. REPORT OF IJ. S. DKEP WATERWAYS (.'D.MMlSyiON. JM) MUtraiikct^ monlUhj iiicnn^ it/ iniltr Ui'vln Mow tlif pitiiif uf ivfin tuf or h'tiiU inilir of July, JS.IS, J'rom AfirU ^» SHi'iinhir, /s'/,\ hilt'liili(>l'. OlIollIM- NdVfiiilii'r . Mciiii l''«et. 4.45 J. 77 4.H8 4.74 Tlio cloviitioii of the plilIH^ of staiidiird low Wiitcr is, tluMt'foic, nSL.tl— I.TI, or r.TJMJO feet above mean tide, at iNew VoiU ('ity. Tlii.s plane is 0.71 feet below Milwaiiiiee city «latmn, and is tlu' same as ridea^'o eity (httnm and the (bitiim of tlu^ Illinois and Michigan Canal and of tlio Cliicafjo Sanitary and Sliip Canal.' An examination of tlie table of nu)ntldy mean of wat«'r levels sho\\ s tliat diirinj'' tlie i)eriod of thirty six years, from l.S(l() to l>S1»5, monthly mean water has stood at or beU)\v this jdane an aj;j;rej;ate of eighteen months, eonntinj;' all the- nninths of every year; oi* an ajijurej-ate of t(ni nn)nthH, ('(Minting; the nu)nt1is of the season of navigation, which exeludes the months of flannary, February, and IVlarch of every year. This statement is e(iually true for the period of twenty-live years, ItJll to 1895, Tl; - foUowiug i» the record : taken 1 1 there It New taken Ison of I. A. loi'ps of Milwaukee monthly means of water levels iit or hehiw a plane 1.7 1 fei t heloir the plane of reference or hiyh water of July, 1S,' Miinli .'.. 1895 April .... 1895 Ali;;u.sl .. I89r> I Soptrinlicr 18'.I5 ! Ocloli.r ... 1895 1 NdvciiiIi.t. 1895 DocniilpiT. KlMclllI I'let. 4 K2 4.9;i 4.!Mi ■1.7li I.7H 5. (ir. 5. 12 5.flt 5.75 'I The number of mouths is IS. The number of months, exeludinji; January, February, and JNlareh, is 10. The above record has been i)reparcd with a view of determiuing equivalent standard low-water planes for the other lakes. The mean surtiu^e of Lake Michigan foithe period of thirty-six years from 18G0 to 1805 is ^.08 feet below the i)lane ol" reference, or a81.L'0 feet above mean tide at New York City; for the jieriod of twenty-live years from 1871 to 1895 it is 3.14 feet below the i>lane of reference, or 581.20 feet above mean tide at New York City. The mean surface as determined by the United States Jjake Survey ior tlie ])eriod of sixteen years from 18G0 to 1875, is 581.28 feet above mean tide at New I'^ork City, and this is the generally accepted value. As regards annual variation, the lake is generally highest in the month of July and lowest in the month of December. ' It is found tli:it raiial flatnin dilVer.s sliphOy from i\w altovo. vatious lor the Great Jiake«,'' ete. — L. K. C. See Tart II, " lulc- 100 REPORT OP U. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. An exaniiiuitioii of the record for the period of thirty-.six years from 18G0 to 1895 develops the foUowiiig: Foot. Ruii^u ill niuitu aiuuial variation i). 98 Moan annual ranj^o 1.32 (injatcMt annual ranges (in 1H71) 2. L'H Least auunal ruugc (iu 1877) 57 lligliL'st nioutbly mean water, .June, 188»> (below plauo of roCerence) 1. 1(! Lowest Uioiitlily mean water, iJecomber, 181)5 (below ulano of refereneo) 5.75 (IreateHt ran;{t^ in monthly mean waters 4. .5!) HiKhest annual mean water, 1880 (below plane of reference) 1.77 Lowest annual mean water, 18!t5 (below plane of reference) LDi) (ireuttst raugo iu annual mean waters 3.22 LAKE HURON (TABLE NO. 2). The data for the table of monthly means of water levels for Lake Huron were obtained as follows: From January, ISliO, to ,hiue, 1894, from the annual rei)orts of the Chief of Engineers, U. 8. A., 187C to 1894, inclusive; from luly, 1894, to December, 1895, from table furnished by Lieut. ,). B. Cavauauj,'h, Corps of Engineers, U. S. A., at Detroit, Mich. The table has been checked with the mamiscdpt table for the period since 1871, and the discrepancies compared with the original record by Lieutenant Cavanaugh. A change has been nuide in the record of one month as published in the annual reports. For reasons given in the final report, of the United States Lake Sur- vey^' Lake Huron is assumed to be at the same level as Lake Michigan. Therefore the planes adopted are the same as those for Lake Michi- gan. They are as follows: Plane of reference, high water of July, 1838, 584.;{4 feet above mean tide at New York City. This is also the jdane of standard high water. Standard low water, 579.00 feet above mean tide at New York T'ity. For the same reasons the mean surfaces of Lake Huron for difterent periods are assumed to be the same as those of Lake Michigan for the corresponding periods. They are as follows: For the period of thirty-six years, 1860 to 1895, 581.20 feet above mean tide at New York City. For the period of twenty-five years, 1871 to 1895, 681.20 feet above mean tide at New York City. For the period of sixteen years, 1800 to 1875, as determined by the United States Lake Survey, 581.28 feet above mean tide at New York City. As the plane of reference was transferred from Milwaukee on fjake Michigan to the stations. Point Aux Barques and Port Austin, Mich., on Lake Huron, and from Port Austin to Sand Beach, Mich., on Lake Huron, on the assumi)tiou that the lakes are level,- the Lake Huron table of water levels simply serves as a check on the Lake Michigan table. For the period of twenty-five years, 1871 to 1895, it Avill be seen that the mean of the annual means is the same as that for Lake Michigan. For the i)eriod of thirty-six years, 1860 to 1895, the mean of the annual means differs by only 0.01 foot from that of Lake Michigan. It should be noted that from 1805 to 1870, inclusive, there was no record kept on Lake Huron, and for these years the Lake Michigan record was used. ' SiMi Professional Papers, Corps of Engineers, \J. S, A., No. 24, pages 607 and (508. « See Reports Chief of Engiueers, 1876 au^i 1892. Tl Sup( folloi the* toDl Corp checl recoi sam( ThI UnitI high rior and level level Unite bencl The high 1871.... 1871.... 1872.... 1872.... 1879.... 1879.... 1879.... 1881).... 1880.... Poot. .... 0.98 .... 1.32 2. 1'U ...'. '.h .. 1.77 .. i.yi) 3.22 mean >y the York that ligaii. Iiiiual lould )t ou Ised. REPORT OF U. H. DEEP WATERWAYS COM. MISSION. LAKE 8IJPERIOU (TABLE NO. 3). 101 Tho (lata for tho table of monthly luoaiis of water levels for Tjuko Superior at Superior, Wis., aii, and is the phiiu^ of an as.sumed high water of 1838 found by comparing Lake .Michigan and Lak*' Supe- rior water levels during the months of June, July, and August, 1871, and assuming that higli water of 18.'{8 was as mu»!h above the mean lev'el of Lake Superior during these months as it was above the mean level of Lake Michigan during the same months.' Ac(!or at New V(n-k City. The mejin surface as determined by the United States Lake Survey for the period of live years, from 1871 to 1875, is (J01.78 feet above mean tide at New York City, and this is the generally accepted value. As repirds annual variation, the lake is {generally highest in the month of September and lowest in th<^ month of March. An examination of the recrnd for the period of thii'ty-six years, from ISOO to 1895, develops the following: Feet. RaiiRO in moan annual variation 0.99 Mean annual ianj;o 1. 18 Greatest annual ran<>-2 (in 18t)l>) 2. G7 Least annual ran.ne (in 18!! I) 0.53 Uigliost nrmtlily moan water, September, ISfii* (below plane of rel'erenco) 1. 13 Lowest monthly mean water, Mareli, ISSO (below plane of roCereuee) 4. 57 (ircatcst ranjje in monthly mean water 3. '14 IlighesI annual mean water, 187(5 (below plane of reference) li. 2(5 Lowest annual mean water, 187!l (below plane of referenee) 3.89 (iroatest range in .innual mean waters 1. C3 .ST. MARYS laVKU AHOVK THE L()(JKS (TAIJLE ^0. 4). The data fin* the table of monthly means of water levels for the St. Marys Kiver above the locks at Sault S(e. Marie, INlich., were obtained as follows: From .Tanuary, 1871, to .luno, 18!>4, from the annual reports of the Chief of l"]nginecrs, U. S. A., 187() to 1894, 'uclnsive; from July, 1894, to December, 18i)5, inclusive, from table furnished by Tiieut. J. B, Cavanaugh, Corps of lOn^ineers, IT. S. A., at Detroit, ]\Iich. The i)lane of icference for the water levels is that adopted by the United States Lake Survey, anve mean tide at New York City. The elevation of the plane of reference would be 005.87 — 1.11, or 001.70 feet, which is the same as that of Lake Superior. It appears that when the elevations of the bench nnirks were deter- mined by the United States Lake Survey, no allowance Avas made for tlie slope in the St. JNlarys Uiver from Lake Snperior to Sault Ste. Marie. lu order to get the true elevations of the bench marks and plane of reference at Sault Ste. Marie, it becomes necessary to determine the mean slope in the St. IMarys liiver during the months of .Line, .Inly, and August, 1871, when the comparison was made between Lake Supe- rior at Manpiette aiul St. Marys Kiver at Sault Ste. JNlarie, and this mean slope has been determined as follows: On page 3427, part 0, of the lte[)ort of the Chief of Engineers, U. S. A., for 1804, is given the elevation of the mean level of Lake Superior at Waiska l>ay from June to September 0, 1802, inclusive, as 001.82(5 feet above mean tide at New York City, the elevation of the zero of the water gauge at Waiska liay being determined by alineof pre().■). 872 feet. I'roni information furnished by Maj. Clinton 15. Sears, Corps of Engi- neers, U. S. A., the mean reading of Lake Superior below the ])lane of reference at Marcpiette for the period June to September t», 1802, inclusive, was 3.51 feet, or 004.70 — 3.51 = 001.25 feet above mean tide at New^ York City. Combining the foregoing results, it appears that the jnean slope in the St. j\Iarys Uiver liom Lake Superior to above the locks at Sault Ste. Marie during the njonths of June, July, and August, 1874, was 001.820 — 001.25, or 0.58 feet. Therfcue it is" assumed that the plane of reference of tlie United States Lake Survey at Sault Ste. Marie is 0.58 feet lower than that at Manjuette. Now, the elevation of the plane of reference at Marquette being 004.7(5 feet, then the ele- vation of the plane of reference at Sault Ste. Maiie is (501.7(5 — 0.5S, or 004.18 feet above mean tide. All the elevations usually yiven at the St. IVIarys Falls Canal and vicinity are corrected by the arbitrary td"— 0.58 feet. The jdane of standard high water for the St. Marys Kiver above the locks at Sault Ste. ^larie has been taken the same as the i)lane of ref- erence. Its elevation is 004.18 feet above mean tide at New York City. The plane of standard low.water loi- the St. .Marys liiver above the locks at Sault Ste. Marie is equivalent to that for Lake Michigan, and is the plane at or Ixdow which monthly mean water has stood not more than an aggregate of ten months during the season of navigatitm out arate of nineteen h)west moni JVfiJ »iy during the period of twenty-live years, 1871 to 1805. Although the Sault Ste. Marie record does not begin until January, 1871, it was deemed safe, tor the puri)Ose of deriving stainlard low water, to use the record as if it began in 18(50, because the Lake Superior and Lake Mich- igan records do not show any monthly mean waters lower than their standard low water previous to 1871. The following is tlu' reconl. ' Sf,^ I{«'j)<)rt of ('liit'f of l'".i)fj;iiic('iH, V . S. A., lH7t>. jmrt W, \n\\i,i\ Kk •PlofuBsiouul ruiiers, Corps of Euyiiiccrs, U. S. A., No. 21, pagu 018. t 104 REPORT OF U. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. Niitelicn lowest monthhj means of water levels below the plane of refeirnce of United /States Lake Survey dnriny the period 187 1 to 1805. Year. Month. Reading. Veet. 4. 13 Toar. 1 Mouth. Kujidiuj^. 1872 1 1888 February Feet. 4 17 April K'ibriiiirv 4.18 4.;u 4.58 4.45 18!tl April 4 i:i 1379 Murcli 4 13 Mfircli Iij92 Kebrnary 4 31) \|)ril March 4.48 4.24 April 4.33 1880 4.4:{ 4.47 4. 5*i 4.53 1893 4. 17 4.37 4.30 April Properly, the above table slionld contain only eighteen months in order to make it correspond with that of Lake Michigan, but inasmuch as 1.13 would be the next reading to reject, and as there are three such readings, therefore nineteen readings make the nearest approximation. The following are the lowest monthly means during the season of navigation which excludes the mouths of January, February, and March : Year. !Mouth. Keadiug. Year. Mouth. Reading. 1872 April Feel. 4. 18 1880 April Feet. 4. 53 1879 April 4.45 4.24 1 18HH April 4. 13 December ......... 1802 April 4 33 The reading 4.13 of April, 1888, determines the ])lane of standard low water, and its elevation is (104.18 — 4.13, or 600.05 feet above meau tide at New York City. This plane is 16.09 feet above the upper miter sill of the American Canal lock of 1881 ; 22.26 feet above the upper miter sill of the American Canal lock of 1897, and 23.51 feet above the upper miter sill oi' the Canadian Canal lock of 1895. The depths on structures are deduced from data furnished by Lieut. .1. B. Cavanaugh, Corps of Engineers, U. tS. A., at Detroit, Mich., and Thomas Monro, engineer Soulanges Canal, Coteau Landing, Quebec;. The mean surlace of St. Marys Kiver above the locks at Sault Ste. Marie for the period of twenty-five years, from 1871 to 1895, is 3.23 feet below the plane of reference, or (J00.95 feet above mean tide at New York City. A table giving elevaticms above mean tide at New York has been coinjiiled by the United States engineer oilice at Detroit, and is i)ub- lished in the annual re])<>rts of the Chief of Engineers, IJ. S. A. This table contains many minor variations from Table No. 4, njost of which are within the limits of ditt'erent methods of reduction. These varia- tions are both plus and minus, ami six of them exceed 0.10, the largest being 0.22. None of the results given in the foregoing discussions are aflected except the mean level, which would be 3.25 feet below the i)lano of reference in i)la('e of 3.23 feet. No explanation for the discrepancies has been found. ST. MARYS RIVER BELOW THE LOCKS (TAHLE NO. 5). The data for the table of monthly means of water levels for the St. ]\larys Hiver below the locks at Sault Ste. Marie, ]\Iich., were furnished by Lica I.. 1.1{. Cavanaugh, Corps of I-higineers, U. S. A., at Detroit, Mich. Retiiliuur. Feet. 4 4 4. 17 i:< i:i 4. ;io Readiug. Feet. 4.53 4.13 4.33 This which vaiiu- ;cst Ins are ])lano tiucies lie St. lisliod iMich. REPORT OF U. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. 105 Thi.s table agrees with tlie record as printed in the annual reports of the Chief of Engineers, U. S. A. The plane of reference for the water levels is a plane 0.58 foot below the plane of mean tide at New York City. On the original table the plane of reference was given as mean tide at New York City, but for reasons given under the head of "St. Marys River above the locks," all elevations usually given at the St. Marys Falls Canal are corrected by an arbitrary of — 0.58 foot. The plane of standard high water for the St. Marys Kiver below the locks at Sault Ste. Marie has been determined by taking the standard high water (high water of July, 18;}8) of Lake Michigan, which is r)84.34 feet above mean tide at New Y'ork City, and adding thereto L'.37 feet, which was the mean slope in the St. Marys Hiver from below the locks to Lake Huron in Angust, 1870, when the waters of both Lake Superior and Lake Huron were simultaneonsly the highest during the period, 1800 to 1895, which ai)pears to have been the case in 1838. An exami- nation of the tables of water levels will show that in the summer of 1870 lalies Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario wore all high, aiul such was the case in the summer of 1838. The elevation of standard high water is, therefore, 584.31 + L'.37, or 580.71 feet above mean tide at New Y^ork City. The plane of standard low water for the St. Mary's Kiver below the locks at Sault Ste. Marie is equivalent to that for Lake Michigan, and is the plane at or beh)w which monthly mean water has stood not more than an aggregate of ten months during the season of navigation out of the aggregate of eighteen lowest monthly mean waters occurring during the period of twenty-live years, 1871 to 1805. the record : The following is Elijhhen lowcxt monthhi mcaim of watet' leneh ahore a jihiiie of trference C.-'iS fvui bvlow Ihv plane of mean tide at Xetv York City. Year. Month. Ituuding. Year. Month. Uvadiug. 1891 Feet. .582. :)5 582. 21 581.79 582. 04 582. 25 581.81 .581.09 582. (15 582. 16 1893 April May Feet. 5H2. 11 nt't'**iiibtjr 1894 582 2(1 1802 April April Aiiril 582. ;t9 Mny 1895 582. 20 Novoiubrr Mny 582.01 DpotMuhrr ,1 lino 582. 28 1893 tlniiuarv .Tilly 582 42 I''«l>rimry Murch N<>yomlMT 582, 03 Docciiibiir 581. 89 The foUowing are the ten lowest monthly means during the season of navigation which excludes the mouths of January, February, and March; Yiar. Month. Koading. Year. Month. Kuadiug. 1801 Feet. .582. 21 .581.79 582. 04 1 582. 25 ' 581.81 1893 April Feet. ■582.11 1892 April 1895 Mny 5K2 20 May May .582.01 N(»y*'Mil>or NnyoniluT 682. 03 DeceiubiT Doci'iiiber .581.80 The reading, 582.20, of May, 1893 (also of April, 18!)5), determines the plane of standard low water, and its elevation is 582.20— 0.58, or 581.08 /. f 10(1 REPORT OF U. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. feet, ahove mesiii tide .at New York City. Tiiis i)liviio is 14.22 feet above tlie lower ])lii.tforin Jiiul 14.72 feet above the lower miter sill of the Amer- ican Canal lock of 1881; V.).H\) feet above the lower i)latrorm and 20.2(i feet above the lower miter sill of the American Canal lock of 1S«)7, and 20.14 feet abovci the iloor and 20.3 1. feet above the lower miter sill of the Canadian Canal lock of ISOo. The depth on struct ares are deduced from data furuished by Lieut. .1. IJ. Cavaiiau};ii, Corps of Kngineers, at I )etroit, and Thomas Monro, engineer Soulauges Canal, Coteau Lauding, Quebec. The mean surface of St. INIarys Kiver below the locks at Sault Wte. IVhirie for the ])eriod of twenty livt> years, from 1871 to 18t)r», is 583.85 -0.58, or 583.27 feet above mean tide at New York <'ity. DETROIT RIVHR, AT DETIIOIT, MlClf. ('I'AniJ'; No. ti). The data for the table of monthly nunin of water levels Ibi- the Detroit LMver at the light-house depot, at foot of Mount IClliott avenue, Detroit, Mi»'h., were obtained as follows: Vvom May, 18(;7, to September, 1881, from the annual reports of the Chief of Engineers, U. S. A., 187G to 1882. The plane of leference for the water levels is that adopted by the Cnited States Lake Survey in 1870, and is the i)laiie of the high water of 1838.' According to the Ihiited States Lake Survey,' this plane is 7.10 feet beU;\v the benc^h mark, U. S. U. M. Detroit (1871), on the new light house depot at Detroit. The elevation of this bench mark is 584.78 feet ^ above mean tide at New York City. The elevation of this bench mark was determined by a branch line of ]>recise levels from t he main line of i)reciso levels between Lake Erie and Lake Huron.' The elevation of the jtlane of reference is, therefore, 584.78 — 7.10, or 577.02 feet above mean tide at New York City. The plane of standard high water of the Detroit lliver at the loot of Mount I'illiott avenue, Detroit, has been taken as the high water of 1838. Its elevation is 577.02 feet above mean tide at New York City. The plane of standard low water for the Detioit Kiver at the foot of Mount l^jlliott avenue, Detroit, has been taken as eijuivalent to the standard low Avater for Lake lOrie, and is equal to the standard low water for Lake Erie increased by the mean slope mi the Detroit Kiver from the foot of INIount lOUiott avenue, Detroit, to Lake ICrie during the mouths of June and July, I8!)5, when the mean level of Lake Erie was at about standard low water. The mean level of the Detroit River at foot of Mount Elliott avenue during the months of .lune and July, 18t)5, was 574.10 feet' above mean tide at New York City; the mean level of Lake Krie during the same ])eriod was 571.01 feet. The mean slope is, therefore, 574. 1() — 571.01, or 2.49 feet, and the elevation of standard low water at Detroit is 571.35 (standard low water for Lake r'rie) -|- 2.49, or 573.84 feet above mean tide at New York City. Standard low water for Lake St, Clair has been determined by adding to the standard low water for the Detroit Kiver at foot of Mount lOlliott avenue the mean slope' in the Detroit Kiver between the foot of Mount 'So.' Report of Chief of EiiKinoerH, U. 8. A., 1S72, imj-c* lOnO, luul 1«7fi, i»uit '^, pn^^e Ki. '•'S<>o Kiiiiil Report of United StateH Lake Survey, rrofessijual rai)oi'H, Corps of Enj^ineeiH, U.S.A., No. '2\, pajjo (Mli. ^Seo Report of Cliief of KiiKiiieerH, U. S. A., 1H7H, jiail ■'», pa-je IJOit. 'From letter of liinit. .1. H. Cttvauanj;!!, CorpH of Eutfiuoora, U. S. A., Detroit, Mich., dated Eobiuary 11, 1890. Lake REPORT OF U. S. DEKP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. 107 Elliott avenue and Lake St. (nairdniinfj tlie niontlia of June and July, 18!)5. The elevation of standanl low water for Lake iSt. Chiir is, there- fore, 57.1.S4 4- 0.42, or r>71.-(» feet above nu'an tide at New York City. The mean surface of the Detroit River at tiie foot of Mount I'jlliott avenue for tiie ])eriod of lifleen years from IS(»7 to 1.S81 is li.L'S feet below the plane of reference, or r>7r)..'{4 feet above mean tide at New York City. The niean surface ibr the ])eriod of thirty six years from liSdO to ISO."* is eciuivalent to tliat of Lake I'^rie for the same jieriod and is (bund by <'orrecting the elevation of the mean suila('e()f the Detroit Kiver tor tiltei'n years by the difference between the eiiivations of the mean sur- face of Lake Krie tor the periods of thirty six years, LS(I() to 18*.>r>, and lifteen years, 18('>7 to 1S81. Tlie correction is -f 0.08 foot. Therefore, the elevation of the mean surface of the Detroit IMver at foot of Mount Elliottavenuetbr the periodof thirty six years, lS(;oto 18t>r), is.57r».;54 -f (K08, or 575.413 feet abov«^ mean ti«le at New York City. The mean sur- fju'c for the ])eriod of twenty live years, deduced in a simihu- manner, is 575.34 — O.OJ, or 575.."J3 feet above mean tide at New York City. 1} s > Jake ling iott junt It ;{, »s of T.AIvI'; VAUV. (TAHLKS XOS. 7 AM) 8). The data for the table of monthly means of water levels for Lake Erie at Cleveh'nd, Ohio, were obtained as IbMows: l"'rom .ranimry, ISOO, to flune, 18JH, from the annual rei)ortsof the Chief of I'^ngineers, V. S. A., 1870 to 1S04, inclusive; Irom .July, ISOl, to December, 1895, from nnui- uscript furnished by liieut. Col. .lared A. Smith, Corps of I'^uffineers, U. S. A., at Cleveland, Oiiio. This table has been <'heeked with the original recA)r 187(), and is the plains of the high water of 18;{8 as observed at Cleveland. According to the I'nited States Lake Survey,' the plane of reference is 0..'iO feet Ix^low t\u\ bench mark on the top of tlie coping of the lock of the Ohio Canal between Merwiu stieet and the Cuyahoga Kiver. The elevation of this bench mark is 581 .50 feet.'- The elevation of the plane of reference is 5S1..">0 — (>..'?(►, or 575.20 feet above mean tide at New York City. This plane corresponds to Cleveland 8, that being the highest of which there is any reconl. Its elevatioji is 575.20 feet above mean tide at New York City.' The plane of standard low water for Lake I'>rie is eiiuivalent to that for Lake Michigan, and is the plane at or below whicrh monthly mean water has stood not more than an aggregate of ten nn>nths during the season «)f navigation out of the aggregate of eighteen lowest monthly nteau waters o(!cnrring during tlie period of thirty-six years, 1800 to 1805. The Ibllowing is the record. I St'i' l»('|)()rt (»r('lii('r<)f l',ii}^iii(>i'rH, l'. S. A., 1H7(), ])art .'5, ))ii< % ' fll- * ii I 108 REPORT OF U. S. DEEP WATERWAVS COMMISSION. Eighteen hnvent monihhj mcann of water lei'eh below the plane .f reference of United States J.ake Surveij during the period ISCOto lSOr> Yi'ur. Montli. Reailing. Year. Month. Reading. 1868 Kcbninrv ......... Feet. 4.07 3.80 X85 3.95 3.U4 3.87 3..00 4.01 3.97 1893 tjiiniiarv. .......... Feet. 3.04 187VI Marrh 181(5 I***'briiiirv ......... 3.80 l.)(!rt*iiibi'r (Tiiiiiiiirv. - ...... 3.88 1873 tifiiuiiirv ......... K**briiiiry .... 4.11 K('l)riiurv Alarcli 4. 10 3.85 18i)l OiitobtT 4.31 181)2 I'V'bniary Novi'inbi^r 4. fl 4.25 Tlip following f M'C tlio lowest monthly moans (luring tlio season of navi- gation, which excludes the months of January, February, and March: Vi'fir. Month. 1872 Itrcmnbpr . 1891 1 Novniiber. 1895 April Iteading. Feet. 3. 85 3.90 3.85 Y«>ar. 1895 Muiitli, Octolior . . . NoveiiiliiT- Deccnibcr . liOiidiiig. Feet. 4.31 4.41 4.25 The readings 3.85 of December, 1872, ar.d April, 180j), determine the plane of standard low water, and its elevation is 075.20 — 3.85, or 571.35 feet above mean tide at New York City. This plane is 3.85 feet below Cleveland city datum; 1.51 feet below the plane used for harbor improve- ments on Lake J'irie; 13.72 feet ; bove the upi)er miter sill of entrance lock of Welland Canal ai Port Colborne, as given by Thomas IMonro, engineer Soulanges Canal, and 10.39 feet above the upper miter sill ot the guard lo(!k of I'^rie ( 'anal at lilack Kock, as deduced from data by J. L. Little, division engineer, and (reorge \V. Itafter, si)ecial engineer, Erie Canal. The mean surface of Lake P3rie for the period of thirty six years, from 18(10 to 1805, is 2.32 feet below the plane of reference, or 572.88 feet above mean tide at New York City; for the ])eriod of twenty- five years, from 1871 to 1895, it is 2.41 feet below the i)hine of referen3e, or 572.79 feet. The mean surface as determined by the Hnited States Lake Sur- vey for the period of sixteen years, from 18(50 to 1875, is 572.8(5 feet, and this is the generally accepted value. As regards annual variation, the lake is generally highest in the month of June and lowest in the month of l^^ebruary. An examination of the record for the period of thirty-six years, from 1800 to 1895, develops the ibllowing: Foot. Range mean annual variation 1. 22 Mean annual range 1.60 Greatest, annual range (185)2) 2.28 Least annual range ( 1895) 87 Highest niontlily moan water, .Inno, 1876 (below piano of roferenco) 59 Lowest niontiily moan wattr, November, 1895 (bolow plane ol'rorcrouco) 4.41 Greatest rang«( in monthly moan waters 3. 82 llighoHt annual mean water, 1876 (below piano of reference) , 1.41 Lowest annual moan water, 1895 (below plane of reference) 15. 91 <3roatoHt range in annual mean waters 2.53 Tht Erie, Ohio,! Bluntl have The Oiitarj 18(i0, StanttJ 1^91, U.S. 8crii)t pnblis^ ollice assista The llnitec States Lake above The as the numthl to 1895 gauge, or 249.( The that fo mean v ing th( moiithl 18G0 to 1872. 1873. 1875. 1891. 1892. Feet. U.04 8.80 9.88 t\ 4.25 J'Wt. 4.31 2.26 from feet ^enrs, 2.71) Siir- jind the Foot. l.L'2 1. 60 2.28 .87 . 59 4.41 3.82 l.Il H. J»4 2.53 REPORT OP IJ. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMxMlSSION. 109 The (liitii for the table of monthly mean water levels for Lake Erie at Erie, Pa., were obtained from the same sources as those at Cleveland, Ohio, and the same has been checked with the original record by Mr. Blunt. Three errors in monthly means as printed in the annual reports have been corrected. LAKE ONTARIO (TABLES NOS. 1) AND 10). The data for the table of monthly means of water levels for Lake Ontario at Oswego, N. Y., were obtained as follows: From January, 18;5 feet above mean tide at New York (Jity. Tnis plane is 0.,'?'2 fooi, above the zero of tin'. United States enj>ineer water j;ani;e at ()8wej»<), N. Y.; 1 4.3.'{ feet above the low«'r miter sill of the eiitrar.i'i^ lock to the Welhuul Canal at I'ort Dalhousu', as j>iven by Thomas i\b.nro, engineer Son- langes Canal; 0.87 foot below the zero of the iniibor conunissioner's water gauge at Toronto, as deduced from «lata furnished by K. 11. Keating, city engineer; 0.;{U foot above tiu; jilane used for United States harbor iniprovements for Lake Ontario, and 7.40 feet above the lower miter sill of Lock IS, of the Erie C;uial at Oswego, as determined by William I'ierson Judson, C, 10., for the ('ominission. The mean surface of Lake Ontario for the period of thirty-six years from 1860 to 1895 is 2.27 feet above the zero of the Oswego gauge or 240.18 feet above mean tide at New York City; for the period of twenty- iive years from 1871 to 1895 it is 2.05 feet above the zero of the Oswego gauge, or 24().2(J feet above mean tieriod of sixteen years from 1800 to 1875 is 240.01 feet, and this is the gen erally accepted value. The United States Lake Survey result was obtained from the Charlotte water level record. As regards annual variation, the lake is generally highest iu the month of J uie and lowest in the month of l)e('end)er. An exanumition of the record lor the j»er'.od of thirty-six years from 1860 to 1805 develops the following: Foet. Kanjj;o in inoiin annual variation 1.15 Mean annual i anfjo 2. 02 (itreatoHt annual ranjjo ( Mil) 'A.Oii LeuBt annual range (1872) 1 llifihost iuontlily moan water (May, 1870 alM»v«* zero of Ohw^k" giinjio) I.s;{ howoMt monthly mean water (November, IHilf) below /.rvo of Oswego gauge) .. .71 (Ireatest range in monthly mean waters 5.54 Highest annual mean water (1802) 8. 51 Lowest annual mean water ( i8'J5) 17 (ireatest range iu annual moan waters 3. :tt The data for the table of montbly means of water levels foi- Lake Ontario at ('harlotte, N. Y., were obtained as follows: From .lanuary, 1800, to .lune, 1804, froni the annual reports of the Chief of Engineers, U.S.A., 1870 to 1804, inclusive; from ,Iuly, 185M, to Decend)er, 1805, from manuscript furinshed by Major Stanton. The monthly mean readings from June, 188.'{, to .lune, 1804, in(;liisive, are0.15 foot less than those given in the above-mentioned reports of the Chief of Eiigiueers. This ( State at Ne Fert. -(». 12 - .4tl - .71 - .08 was Vvat. 1. 15 2. Oli :?. ()5 1 .71 :.. r.t 3.51" .17 3. :m Lake uuary, ineors, 1S<).~), mean s than ueers. REPORT OP IT. 8. DRIOP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. Ill This correction was niado b('r;,usii previous to June, IHS.'J, the I'nitcMl States Lake Survey phme 01 refeience is L*49.0Meet above mean tide at Now York City, and ni'Ur and inehuliu}; June, JSS.'?, the I'nited States }>iif>ineer oMiee at ()s\v<'};o used a phme ol" reference wiiieh is 24U, 19 leet above mean tide at New York City. The 5, were reduced to the United States Lake Sur- vey ])lane of reference, whose eleviition is L' 19.01 feet. The plane of reference for the water levels at Charlotte is that a, and is the plane of an assumed hi{j:h witer of 1' the breakwater. This masonry was fornded upon the ledjieof ro(!k formii;}>' the shore from whicl'. the breakwater starts and has thus been free from any possibility of settlement." The information in this paraj;ra]di has been furnished by Mr. William IMeison rhidson, ('. IC, Oswejio, N. Y. , In view of the fact that no question has ever bean raised in refjtird to the stability of the Oswej^o jjauge, while there has been in rej»aruebec, were furnished by Thomas Monro, engineer Sonlanges Canal, at(3oteau Landing, Province of (Quebec. In the original record the readings are given in feet and inches, but in this table the monthly mean readings are given in feet and decimals of a foot. The monthly means were reduce(l from the daily readings and checked in the oflice of the (Commission. The plane of reference ibr the water levels is the ujiper miter sill of Lock No. 14 of the lieauharnois Canal. The elevation of this miter sill is 14l*.52 feet above mean tide at New York City, for which Thomas MoKio, engineer of the Soulanges Canal, is the authority. ' Soe l\oi)ort Cliiof of Knjrinoors, IT. S. A., 1870, part H, p.ajjo 81, for ]>Iaii« of rcforoiice, and i'iiiiil Ix't'port. of riiitc.d Stat(\,s I,!iko Siirv(\v, I'rofcsHional I'aixMH, (!ori)Hof Mii- giiioors, IT. S. .\., No. 2\, puf^o (ill, for tikivatioii of bciuli mark at ("linrlottc. Also sco Report Chinf of Kii;;iii(!«rs, V. S. A., 18S7, part !{, page l'H7, and Report Cliiof of Engi- neers, II. S. A., 18!»L', part 0. page i:!82. - Soo Report of the ('liief of EngiiioerH, IT. S. A., 1870, ))art .'{, ]»age 81. 'See l'rofesHi.»nal Papers, Corps of iMigineers, 11. S. A., No.'il, j.ageOlt. 'Re(orly the sntniner or autumn water, mh the lowest water of 181}! aj.pcars to have been eonsiderably lower (see Water Levels, etc., Prior to 1800)- L. E. C. Ii I \ ^ 112 REPORT or u. s. dki:p watkrways commission. ' ■u 1 - 10.74 10. Ha Year. t8»:i. 1H!»5. Month, Kobrnary . Fcliriiary . March .... July August .. Scpti^nihcr ()t'tol)or ... NovcMihi'r. Ueceuiber . ItiMiiliiiK. Fivt. 10. r.;t 10. r.7 10. 08 10.00 10.08 I0.,''>4 10. :iu 10.17 10. 47 Projierly the above table should contain only eighteen months in order to make it corresiwnd with that of Lake Michigan, but inasmuch as the next reading to reject would be 10.08, and as there are two su(!h readings, therefore, it is immaterial whether eighteen or nineteen read- ings are used. The following are the lowest monthly means during the season of navigation, which excludes the months of January, February, and March : Year. Month. Kea;! 10. r.7 lO.tirt lO.iltl 10.(18 10. ,'^14 ]o.:i(' Lork 11).. Hi. 7(> LowoHt munthly moan waUir ( March. IHH't, alutvo upper iiiitor hHI of l.orii 1 1 ) . . 10. o;{ OroateHt raugo in monthly moan wator 'A.T.i Ilighoflt annual moan waior (ISOl) IH. 07 LowoHt iinnuul moan wator (1805) 10. !tl OreatoHt rango in annual moan wator 2. 10 ST. l.AWRKNCK RIVKK AT MONTKKAL (TAMI.K NO. IJ). The table of monthly nu»anH of water h'veistfor the St. liawreiice IJiver at Montreal, Province «>f (Quebec, was eompih>d*from o table furnislicd by John Kennedy, chief enjjineer harbor eommissioners Montreal, and wliich is piven in fnll as Tal)h»- No. 14. The plane of reference for the water levels is the lower miter sill ot old lower lock of the Lachine Oainil. The elevation of this miter sill is 7.H> feet above mean tide at >Jew York City. This elevation is deduced from that {jiven by K. Steckel, enfj^ineer in charge of Canadion jieodetic leveling;.' The Canadian gjeodetic levels are referred to an approximate mean tide of the Atlantic Ocean, which is 4.441 feet below the mean tide at New York City. This dilference was fonnd wIkmi tlie Canadian levels were connected with the United States Coast and Geixletic Sur- vey levels at Rouses Point, New York.' The plane of standard hi{;fh water for the St. Lawrence lliver at Mon- treal is "the highest water possible during the season of navigation (at springs) with weather and atinosi)herie pressure in a normal condi- tion." Its elevation is 35.78 feet above mean tide at New York City.-' The plane of standard low water for the St. Lawrence Kiver at Slon- treal corresponds to a stage of 1(5 feet abovi^ the lower miter sill of ohl lock (No. 1) of the Lachine Canal, and is the same as that deduced by li. Steckel, engineer in charge of Canadian geodetic leveling.' The ele- vation of this i)lane is 7.10-f lO.OO, or 23.10 feet above mean tide at New York City. This plane is 0.33 feet below the ])lane used in the Mon- treal harbor and ship channel improvements. The latter plane is 1(1 feet 4 inches, or 1(5.33 above the lower miter sill of old lower lock No. 1.' Extreme low water occurred in October, 1895, when the reading was 13 feet 2 inches, or 13.17 on the miter sill. This (corresponds to an eleva tion of 20.27 feet above mean tide at New York City. The plane of standard low water is also 0.08 feet below the ecpiiva- lent plane of standarc^ 'ow water deduced in a similar nninner as the plane of standard low water tor the several Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River at Valleytield. The equivalent plane of standard low water would be the ^)lane at in* below whi(!h monthly mean wat«'r has stood not more tlnin an aggregate of ten months during the season of ' See Annual Report Minister of Public Works, Canada, 1890-01, Part II, pagoH 10!) and 8, 'Ibid., pages 8 and 117, and Plato XXIV. 3Soo Annual ReportMinister of Public Works, (Canada, 1800-1801, Part II, pagoU;. ^Seo Annual Report of the Harbor Coiumissionors of Montreal, 1805, page 80. H. Doc. 192 8* I 114 KEPORT OP U. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. navigation out of tlic a^^frcjjatoof oi};lit(^eii lowest monthly iiioiin wators occuiriiifidnrinj; tlu' period of tliirty-six years — ISdO tolSUa. The fol- lowing is tho record : Kightei'ti loweal luimthly meariHo/ u-alcrleveh nhoir thv lower milrr niH of nld Lock So, /, l.ccliiue (anal, duriuij the period ISiio lo ISU'i. Year. IHflg 1871 IH74 IH7II 1881 1887 Month. Ortolipr ... NdVllllllMT Novoinlicr Novonilinr «)i:t(>lMT ... Novoinbcr. I)t'(!('iiil)«r . S<'|il((nil>of Novoiuber. Uoailing. hWI. 10. 42 10.42 10.42 10.118 I. I. 75 10. 08 10.25 10. OH 10. 7 I Ynar. 1889.... 1«»1.... 181)4.... 1805 Miinth. N'ovombiir. Oi'tolipr ... Nov«'iii1h(|'. S«i>l<"iiilior •■"l.V AiiKMHt. ... Sitpti'iiibcr Octobrr . ., iJovoiiibor. UitiiiliuK- Vert. 10. 1.1. 15. 10. 15. 15. 14. l.i. :i3 1(2 07 17 8;i 50 8:i 8.'t Tlie following; are tlie ten lowest monthly means dnriiiy- the season of iiiivijjfation, which excludes tho months of ilannary, l-N^bruaiy, and March: y.ur. Month. Ui'ailiiiK. Vciir. otolith. Keuilin;;. 1881 Ootobor VeH. 15. 75 10.08 10.08 15.02 i 15.07 181(5 .Tnlv IWt. 1.5.83 Novoiuber 15. :i3 1887 Snnti'iiibor SrptonibiT .. Oi'tolicr 11.50 1801 October i:{. 83 13.83 NoviMuhor xlie reading 1(»,08 feet of November, 1881, and September, 1.SS7 (also of November, 1879), would determine the equivalent i)lane of standard low water, and its elevation would be 7.10+1<>.()8, or L'3.18 feet above mean tide at New York City. As rejjarda annuiil variation, the St. Lawrence liiver at Montreal is generally highest in .Tanuary and lowest in October. LAKE CHAMl'LAIN AND JtlVEK KICTIEJJKU (TAHLES NOM. 13 AND 1.1a). The data for the tjiblo of monthly means of water levels for Lake Champlain at Fort Montgomery, N. Y., were furnished by Oapt. Smith S. Leach, Corps of Engineers, United States Army, atlUirling- ton, Vt. The table, as compiled, has been compared with the original record in the oflice of Captain Leach by F. M. Barstow, United States assistant engineer. The plane of reference for the water levels is the zero of tlu^ United States engineer gauge at Fort Montgomery, and its elevation is !>4.53 feet' above mean tide at New York City. The plane of standard high water for Lake Champlain lias been taken as the high water of May 4, 18G9, which is tho highest on record. The elevation of the plane of standard high water is 1().'>.78 feet above mean tide at New York City. This was obtained as follows: The records of the Central Vermont Railroad show that the high water of May 4, 18C9, is 9.!>5 feet above the low water of October Ki, 1880. The rociord furnished by Captain Jjoach shows that on October 10, 1880. tho water ' See Ap])oii(lix No. 7, Report of United States Coast aud Geodetic Survey, 1887, page 172. was a cry. fe(!t. Comp high ^ The to tlia mean the N(! month 187J U Hii/hliri 1870. 1877. 1880. 1882. 18811. 1870. 1880. 1882. 188;i. Fett. iti. :i;i i:..ii7 Iti. 17 I.'.. h:i iri. :i:i 14.50 1:1. h:i i:t. m;i y,'it. 1-1.83 1. ■..:!:! 1 1. .ID i:i. h:i lit. 83 \v Lake Capt. furliiiff- niftiual States |i taken The mean )rd8 of May 4, I record water kv, 1887, REPORT OF IT. S. DEEP WATERWAYS C0MMLS810N 115 was at the zero of \\\v riiited Statos enjjim'ei- jiaiij^e at Kort Moiitjfoiii- ery. The elevation of tlie lii;;h water is, tlieret\)re, !>4.r);;-f J>.l'."», or li>.{.7.S feet. Ah a cheek on this the records of the Oliaiiiphiiii Tiaiispoitation (loinpaiiy, kept at Shelbunie Harbor, near lUniiii^floii, Vt., show that hijjh water of May, ISO'.), is !>.17 feet above h)w water of Octobi'r, 18S0.' Tlie i)hme of standard low water for hiike ('hamplain is et|uivaleiit to tliat for hake Mieiiipin, and is tlie plane at or below whit^h monthly mean water has Ht(M)d not more than an a}>^rej;ate of ten months durini; the season of navi|?ation out of the aj;j?re};ate of ei;;hteen lowest monthly mean waters o<<'urrin;; dnriny; the perio«lof twentyli' ' years, I.S71 to 1H1>5. The following; is the record: Kiijhlt'en loin at nioiitlih) mei(nn (»/" wulfr Icn In aliore lltr -ero t>f the I'niUil Siaiis lu-jineer Haiijia III I'ort Moiilijtniin'y .110 .'.'0 . ,'■.0 .4U Vit»r. Moiitli. 18811 NovcmlMT., Oi-n'mlicr . . 1884 I .liiiiiiiiry.... I Ortiilici' 1887 OiIoIht .... NovcmlHT. . 1801 Noveiiilur . 181)4 S««|>lombcr Ovliibur ..., Ki'iiiliiiK. Feet. (1. 4(1 .4(1 .58 .48 .r)8 .47 . r>() .no .50 The followiiifj; are the ten lowest monthly means durin}; th • season of navigation, which excludes the months of .lanuaryj I'ebruaiy, and March: Year, Moiitb. I 187(i. 1880. , Dt'ccmbtT . Sojttrmbcr i OctoluT . . . 1882 j DiMciiibiT. 188;i Octobi'l' ... HontUiiK. Firt. 0.48 .;il . 1:. .;io Yeiir. i88;t. 1884. Mont Novpnl)- licau, riattsburg, N. V., and Gcorf^o Itiishlow, )neiieial niaiia,oerCli!imi)laiii Tiansitor- tation Company, Burlington, \t. -See Appendix No. 7, lieport of United States Coawt aiitl (jeodetic Survey, 1887. I 116 REPORT OF U. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. y- ii"i The lueau surface of Lake Champlain for the period of twenty-live years, from 1871 to 1895, is 2.07 feet above the zero of the Fort Mont- gomery gauge, or 97.20 feet above mean tide at New York City. The mean surface as determined by the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey' for the period of twelve years, from 1871 to 1882, is 97.17 feet above mean tide at New York City. As regards annual variation, the lake is generally highest in the month of May and lowest in the month of October. An examination of the record for the period of twenty-five years, from 1871 to 1895, develops the following: Feet. Range in mean annual variation 3. 59 Mean annual range 1.22 (ireatcst annual range (in If^Tti) 6. 13 I^east annual range (in 1872) 2. 36 Highest monthly mean water (May, 1870) 6. 61 Lowest monthly mean water (October, 1880) 0. 15 Greatest range in monthly mean waters 6. IH Highest annual mean water ( 1890) 3, 65 Lowest annual mean water ( 1883) 1. 80 Greatest range in annual mean waters 1.85 The data for the table of highest and lowest de]>th of water on the upper miter sill of Lock No. 1 of the Chambly Canal, liiver Itichelieu, at St. Johns, Province of Quebec, were obtained from the annual reports of the dei)artment of public works, Canada, 1867 to 1871, except for the "highest" in April, 1809, which was taken from the annual report for 1885, where it is given as 13.87 feet, by 11. Steckel, engineer in charge of Canadian geodetic leveling, instead of 13 feet 10 inches, as given in the annual report for 1809. This table (13a) is given as supplemental to that for Lake Champlain, there being no water-level record obtainable for Lake Champlain l)revious to 1871. The slopes in the River Richelieu from Lake Champlain, at Fort Montgomery, to Lock No. 1 of the Chambly Canal, at St. Johns, are given by R. Steckel, engineer in charge of geodetic leveling,^ as follows: Feet. At extreme low water 0. 38 At extreme high water, about 2.00 The corresponding elevation of Fort Montgomery would be as follows : Above mean tide at New York City : Feet. At extrenie low wal sr 93. 67 At extreme high water 103. 28 The plane of standard high water for the River Richelieu at St. Johns has been taken as the high water of April, 1809, and its elevation is 10L28 feet above mean tide at New York City. The plane of standard low water for the River Richelieu at St. Johns is equivalent to that for Lake Champlain and it is derived by subtract ing the low-water slope of 0.38 foot from the standard low water for Lake Champlain. The elevation of the plane of standard low water is therefore 95.03 — 0.38, or 91.05 feet above menn tide at New York City. The elevation of the upper miter sill of Lock No. 1 of the, Chambly Canal is 87/11 feet above mean tide at New York City. This eleva- tion is derived from the Canadian geodetic levels, which give the eleva- '8eo Ai)])enilix \o. 7, Report of United Stat<'H Coast and Geodetic Survey, 1887. ■^See Annual Report Miuistorof Public Works, Canada, 1881-85, Appendix No. 7. tion Ocea levels datui atNe feet. Cana( corres other below year, Feet. .... 3.59 ... 1.22 .... (5.13 .... 2.36 .... 6.G1 .... 0.15 .... 6.16 .... 3.65 .... 1.80 .... 1.85 Feet. 93. 67 103. 28 JollllB )tra(!t Iter for later is City, lainbly lelova- eleva- 1 1887. io. 7. REPORT OF U. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. 117 tion as 1)1.85 feet above an approximate mean tide of the Atlantic Ocean. Tlie connection between the Canadian and United States levels at Eouse Point, near Fort Montgomery, shows that the Canadian datum is 4.441 feet below the United States daium, which is mean tide at Xew York City. The Canadian levels are, therefore, corrected by subtracting 4.441 feet.' In the annual report of the minister of public works, ( 'anada, the Canadian levels are referred to another datum 100 feet l)elow, which corresponds to 94.63 feet above mean tide at New York City, or, in other words, the elevation of mean tide at New York City is 104.03 feet below the Canadian datum used in annual re])ort of 1884-8;'). ST. LAWRENCE RIVER AT MONTREAL ( TAHLH NO. 11) Table No. 14 is a copy of tlie record furnished by John Kennedy, chief engineer, harbor commissioners, Montreal. The table gives depth of high, low, and mean water level for each month on the miter sill of Lock No. 1, Lachine Canal, for the forty-six years from 1850 to 1895, inclusive. In the original record the readings are given in feet and inches, but in this table the readings are given in feet and decimals of a foot. This table has been checked with the original record in the ollice of the harbor commissioners by the chief engineer, IMr. J(jhn Kennedy. ST. LAWRENCE RIVER FROM PRESCOTT TO MONTREAL (TABLE NO. 15). This table has been comjiiled for 1870, a ciiaracteristic high water year, and for 1895, a characteristic low- water year, in order to determine standard high water and standard low water at ruling jjoints of the St. Lawrence River between Lake Ontario and Montreal. The com- plete record for Lake Ontario and for the St. Lawrence at Valleylield and at Montreal has been presented in Tables No. 9, 10, 11, 12, and 14, and has been discussed for ea<'h point under its i>roper head, and it remains to deduce the equivalent results for the intermediate points. The record of Ogdensburg, N. Y., op])osite Prescott, for 1870, is com- piled from the Report of the Chief of Engineers, United States Army, for 189.">, Part VI, page 4385; for 1895, from manuscript furnished by John C. Churchill, jr., C. E., of Ogdensburg. The record at the termi- nal locks at the several canals, except at Yalleyfield and Montreal, is furnished by the department of railways and canals of Canada. The approximate determination of the zero of the Ogdensburg gauge is as follows: The mean reading of the Oswego gauge for a period of six months, INlay to October, 1895, is + 0.2!) foot, and lor the same i)eriod at Ogdensburg, — 1.08 feet. The slope of tlu^ river from Kingston to Prescott, as given on profile comi)iled by Thomas Monro for the Deep Waterways Commission of Canada, is 0.25 foot, and the elevation of the zero of the Oswego gauge is 244.21 feet above mean tide at New York City. The zero of gauge at Ogdensburg is therefore 244.21 + 0.29 — 0.25 + 1.08 = 245.33 leet above mean tide at New York City. The elevation of bench mark on doorsill of light Ikmisc reads 0.75 feet on gauge, and its elevation is therefiu'e 245.33 4-0.75 = 252.08 feet. Tlie records given for the other ])oiiits of the tables are tiie depths on the miter sills of the several locks, which are all referred to mean tide at New York. The elevation of the miter sill of ol«l Lock 5 at Lachine is deduced from the line of jnecisc levels from the internatioiuil 'Soe Auuunl Report MinisttM- ul' Public WorkH,* (Canada, 1890-91, Part II. 4 ■ ! 1) 1 ll ' 1 118 REPORT OP U. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. bench mark at Roiiso Point, N. Y., as run l»y R. Steckel, engineer in charge of Canadian geodetic hoveling. The elevation of the miter sill of old Lock 1, at Montreal, is as given by the same anthority. The elevations of the reference miter sills at the several other points are as given by Thomas Monro on the prolile heretofore mentioned. In deducing resnlts it will be convenient to consider the St. Lawrence River in two divisions: First, between Lake Ontario and Yalley field; second, between Valleyfleld and JVFontreal. Standard elevations have already been independently determined for Lake Ontario and for Lake St. Francis at Valleyfleld. It remains, there- fore, to determine the etiuivalent stages at Ogdensburg and at the ter- minal locks of the Williamsburg and Cornwall canals. Standard high water is the monthly average for May, 1870. For Lake Ontario it is the highest water of record at Oswego. For the St. Lawrence River at Valley field, it is 0.0."i fot lower than the monthly average for May, 187(1, although the genera' average for the year 1870 ruled higher. The following table gives the "esults: Locality. I.ako Ontario, Oswogo, !N . T ()^cl(jisl)iir>;, N. V ( iiil'ijis Canal, ( )1(1 L()cU 27 (laJDiis Canal. Olu Lock 25 Kapitlo I'lat Canal, ( )ltl Lock 2;! Farraiis Point Canal. Old Lock 22 Cornwall (.'anal, Olil Lock 1") Vallt'.ylielil, Province of (Jiioboc, Lock 14 l{ea,lin«!ri«n«of El';;;;',!;™ rcct. 4.81! ;t. 24 12.07 15.07 12.58 10. SU 12.42 i;!.42 Feet. 244. 21 245. :i;) 235.15 218. .'i2 205. 82 193. 77 144. 80 142. 52 Feet. 240. 04 248. .57 247. 82 234. 19 218.40 204. GO 1.57.28 1.55.94 The average reading for six months at Oswego, from May to October, 181>r), is O.L'l) foot, which is 0.0,') foot below standard low water as deter- mined for Lake Ontario. The average reading for the same period at Valleyfield, is 10.!>.'} feet, which is 0.0") foot below standard low water as determined for Lake St. Francis at Valleyfield. This is a practical agreement, and an arbitrary of O.O.i foot is therefore added to the averages for the same period at intermediate points in determining standard low water. The following table gives the results: Locality. L,iko Ontario, OsirPffo, JT, V Ofrdcnslnirj;, N. V (ialoji.'* Canal, Old Lock 27 (ialoj>H (^ainil, Old Lock 25 Uapido I'lat Canal, ( )ld Luck 24 Kajiidc I'lat Caniil, ( )|d Lock 23 Farraiis Point ("anal. Old Lock 22 Cornwall Canal, Old Lock 21 Cornwall Canal. New l,(ick 15 N'allcylicld, Province oK^iiolicc, liOck 14. j Ucadinf; Avorafjc ■ .standa.d readiny;. low water. IWI. 0.29 - - 1 . 08 8. 28 0.4U 0. 90 7.92 14.08 10.03 IWt. 0.32 — 1.05 8.31 9. 49 (7. 18) 0. 09 7.95 (8. 0(1) 14.71 10. 98 Elevation. Plane of refortmco, hWt. 244.21 245. 33 235. 15 218. 52 217. 33 205. 82 103.77 192. .53 130. 28 142. 52 Standard low 1 water. 244. 244. 243. 228. (224. 212. 201. (201. 1.53. 153. 53 28 40 01 51) HI 72 13) 99 50 The iiiteriiolated ([uantities areapin'oximated from the extreme read- ings in the report of the minister of railways and canals. Extr^ tioned, reading! Lak*' Ontarl O^rdi'iLslinrJ (■alo)).M ('anl (■ulo|>H Can I Kapidn Pli Ka]iidc I'latl Farran'H I'(| C'ornwiilK! Cornwall (Jii Valleylicld,! a Aa deter btiivcn fo cTli« low^ diacusHion, The in ings giv< Tlie u.^ fiehl occ Decembf lietwe two poin head of Lac)) in e. The hi the jnnci high wat standard old Ivock elevation reading < or 77.50 J The ex Montreal '28.08 feci in det( ber, ( )ct( alouH res iiiver an season, are less s The re: The etpi given in for four years 18! points. m: ^ /' )' Feet. 240. 04 248. 57 247. 82 2:14. 19 218.40 204. 01) ir.7. '2H 155. a4 )ctober, (leter- i()(l at Avater ictical to the uining iwi. L'44. r<:i ■2U. is 2411. 40 2L'8. 01 (224.51) 212.81 201. 72 (201. i;t) l.".:i. <)i) 15:1.50 I'cad- REPORT OP U. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. 119 Extreme low water, as piven by Thomas Monro on ])rofiU^- before men- tioned, in coniparison witli standard low water and lowest monthly readings, is as lolh)ws: LiHiality. L.akP Ontario, O.s wpgo, N. V Olidfiisluir};, N. V ]i.H(/'iiii;tl,t. lOlllltrll, Novciii- licr, 1W)5, hWf. -((.71 2. 08) 7. 42 7. 8;i (.S. ,58) 5. 50 ti. 07 (7.54) 1:1.02 10. 17 K\ Ironic low wat Canal at Laeliine, the foot of the lake. Tlie high water of May, 187(5, is the highest wat«M- of r«M'oi'd b«'low the juniition of the Ottawa Kiver an feet above mean tid<^ at New York City. The extn^mo normal reading on the miter sill of old Ijoek No. 1, at Montieal, as given by Mr. St<'ckel in the report above refiM-red to, la 'J8.(i8 feet, or .■>5.78 feet above mean tide at N(nv York ( 'ity. In detcriniiiing slandard h>\v water, the months of August, Hei)tem- ber, October, and Noveniber are used. The earlier months giv(^animrt., 1H1I0-<»1. MiiiiHlcr of riil.lic. W.irkH. (IjuiiMltt. •iinxioi't, 1871), Minister ul' I'liblic Woi kw, Cuiiutia. 120 EEPOKT OF U. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. are compiled was fiirniphcd by John KtMincdy, chief enj^iiieer, harbor commissioners, Montreal.' Tlie arbitrary for each of the readings at Valleylield is obtained by taking therefrom the reading of standard low water, and this is applied in coiiipnting the equivalent standard low water at Melocheville and Lachine. The arbitrary is ninltiplied by 1.(50 in eomiMiting the eqnivahint stand- ard low water at Monti'eal, as tliis is about the ratio of the amplitude of the lluctuatious in stage at low water between Montreal and jwiuts above. Di'MiHiuitiiiii. Vallo.vllcl.l : A vcriifro roiuann |- Arliltriiry lIclnrJH'villi' : .\ vciji^c loiiiliii}; ( 'orii|)iiU'il .st.iiiilard low water L.'ii liiiii': A \(iiiKc rnudinii ('oTii|iiili(l sliiiMlanl low water Miiiitrcal : A \ ti ii;.'i' inailili;; ( I A rliil rarv > 1.6 0 feet. Standard low water at Lachiiui is, therelbie, 0.41+rKS.,'{0= (17.80 fee* above mciin tide at Mew York ('ity. TIm^ table gives {\h\ efpiivalent at Montreal of stan, at on. 17 feet 8 ()0.8;{ 0.8;; =70 9 at 9.41 •r sill is ■ 5S.;{9= val«M' at sland- hine is : 1879. 10,(18 9.79 REPORT 01' U. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. 121 9.41 feet on miter sill of old liock No. 5, and the equivalents on the miter sill of old Lock No. 1 at Montreal are as follows: ■Feet. August, 1895 15.19 August, September, October, aud iNoveuiber, 1895 15. 18 Siiiue, four months of 18G8 16.05 Same, four mouths of 18G5 16. 10 The mean of the determinations for 18GS and 18G5 is KJ.OS feet, which is the same as startlard low water at Montreal as heretofore determined from the record of thirty-six years in the same manner as for the several lakes. The determination for 1895 is less by 0.90 foot. Extreme low water, as j>iven by Thomas Monro on profile before men- tioned in comparison with standard low water and lowest monthly read- ing, is as follows: Localitv. Meloclieville, Lock Lachino, old lock 5.. Montreal, old lock 1 Standiird low water. Feet. 0.17 9.41 a 15. 18 Iiowest ' month, Novcm- , l)er, 1895. Extreme low- water. Feet. Feet. 8. 33 7. 82 8. 50. 8. 03 13.83 M3.2'i Time of extreme low water, 1895. No .ember 5. Kovomljer 9. 'ovember 5. n Standard adopted, 16 feet. 6 Extreme low water of October, 13.17 feet, as given in Table No. 14. In the "Annual reports of the harbor commissioners of Montreal," for 1895, page 85 et seq., Mr. John Kennedy, chief engineer, presents and discusses data in regard to the low-water condition. The following table gives the .absolute fall from canal entrance to Maisonneuve about 18,400 feet, and between Maisonneuve and Longue Point about 15,000 feet: Date. Can.il en trance to Maison- neuve. Feet. 2.80 2. 53 1.80 1.71 Maiaon- noiive to Longue I'oint. Canal en- trance to Longue Point. December 3, 1888 Feet. Feet. November 8, 1889 0.40 2.93 September 18, 189.") November 8, 1805 0.21 1.92 This table confirms the deduction previously made, and would seem to show a change of ibout 1 foot within iSh miles of canal entrance and mostly within 'dh miles. In this vicinity there is naturally a local con- centration of slope, which the harbor works seem to have greatly reduced. The standard low-water plane at Montreal, as heretofore determined, covers the ten lowest months of the .season of navigation, out of the aggregate of eighteen lowest months occurring in thirty six years, and corresponds to the planes determined for the several lakes. In reality it is the plane of the highest of the ten months. If the actual plane had not changed, several of the low-water read- ings wtmld have been higher. An inspection of the record, however, shows several additional months within two or three tenths of the adopted plane, so that the change would not have been great. On the other hand, had the conditions lunv obtaining existed throughout the thirty-six years (1800-1895) the jilaiie deduced wouhl have been lower by about 1 foot. It would seem, therefore, that while the stundard low water adopted f . li 122 REPORT OF U. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. is an 5i|)i)roximate eiiuivsiloiit of past conditions, it is not applicable to the future when material chanj;es in channels of discharj-e are taking l)lace. The following table gives standard low water as referred to other points not mentioned in the foregoing discussion : liOcality. watlr. '•...eroncc. Kiiifjston, sill of Graving dork (i!il(>|i.s Ciiiiiil, uppur outi'iiHce, now sill liapidii I'lat ('niial, upper fiitrMiicc, new sill . Kiipido I'liit Cannl, lower (^ntranrc, nnw nill . ('oriiwall Canal, npiicr ontran<'i'. now xill SKulangcs Canal, ii])pi)r ont ranco, nill Sonlanjjes Canal, lower onlranco, sill Lai'hiuu Canal, upjier entrance, now Hill i,-;. :i3 I 229. 20 14. 75 1 228.71 (15.18) 209. :t:! 15.93 l!)(i. 88 {\r,AVi) 180.11 1«. 18 i:t-. 32 Hi. IK , 53. 82 14.40 53.34 DIAGRAMS. WATER LIVELS FOR THE GREAT LAKES AND ST. LAWREN(.'JO RIVER. (IMngiJiuis No. 1 iiiul No. la.) A series of diagrams has been prepared showing the annual water- level curves for Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario, St. Lawrence Kiver at Valleylield and at Montreal, and Lake Cham- plain. Each of the curves covers a period of thirty-six years, from 1800 to 1895, except that for Lake Champlain, which covers the period of twenty-flve years, from 1871 to 1895. The data ior the curves are gi v-en in the tables of water levels aud each curve is referred to the plane of reference noted in its table. ' SLOPES IN THE RIVERS CONNECTING THE LAKES. (Diagrain No. 2.) . A perics of diagrams has been prepareetroit, and Lake Erie. The l)eriod covered is for twenty-five years, irom 1871 to 1895, except for Detroit River at light-house depot, where the i)eriod is eleven years, from 1871 to 1881. The curves are shown in two series; in one, the absolute heights of the monthly mean water level above mean tide at New York are platted, and this shows the variation in the height of water surface and the slopes in the several rivers; in the other series, the up])er lake or body of water is assumed to be level, and the ordiuates of the curves repre- sent the sh)pe or fall to the lower lake or body of water. The slope diagrams in the St. Marys River and in the Detroit River between i)etroit and Lake Erie show the effect of ice in the winter months. This influence is not apparent in the total fall between Lake Superior and Lake Huron and between Lake Huron aud Lake Erie. 'The roconl for tlio ten months ending with October, 1896, has been uddecl to the diagrams. — L. E. C. A sell months! change! In tli^ and thel in or del lakes. In th( curve f(| dotted comparil these nf approxi the St.] For p Ottawa from the of the 1^ and fro minister A seri annual r I have who has carefuUj Very] Note.— the memo Specii addition States e vey, in . discussi which is minor \ enginee tion of An in Hou. Cs 229 20 2'J8 71 20!) :(:; l!l.L'3 feet above iiieau tide at New York City. The elevation of the zero of the Charlotte gai'MO i*^? therefore, 2.s;}.23 — ;;8.9.jr^.l>44.2S feet. This is 0.07 feet above the zero of the Osweji'o gauj>e and is the same as heretofore deduced by comparison of Avater levels. These two determinations confirm the original determination of the light-house ben<'h mark as nuule in 1, to December, 1895, inclu- sive, shouhl be further reduce, to June, 1895, inclusive, with the mean at Oswego for the san\e ])eriod. The mean of all tho readings at Kingston Mills is 7.85 feet. The mean for the sanie months jit Oswego is 1.45 feet; the miter sill is, therefore, below zero of Oswego gauge 0.40 feet; the elevation of the nuter sill is 244.21 -().40-^237.81 feet above mean tide at New York City. 'Mr. Thoa. Monro, from a comparison of tho records for sixteen years — IXdO-lST")— obtaiua au elevatiou of 245. 30. (See "Elevutious of Great Lakes," etc.) — L. E. C. 4 ^ f U' TAIll-ES ( Tiiblo No. 1.- 'I'iiblo No. ') _ Tnlilo No. :?.- 'Iiil.lo N(.. 4.- Tal.Io No. .5.- 'I'lihli* No. (!.- TiihloNo. 7.- TiiIiIk No. X.- Tiil.lc No. !».- Tablo No. 10.- 'I'iil.l.^ No. 11.- 'ralilo No. 12.- Tal.Io No. i:{.- Tal.Io No. 13a. Tal.Io No. 11.- Tal.Io No. 15.- Sn]i|iIonioutal 1 Mi.iiMilv iiitmii < (iC i,s;i8). Klf Year. lHf.0 IKOl WYi 1H(KI I«ti4 lS(i.-. 18(>(! 18(i7 1808 IHti!) ■1870 1871 1871! 1871! 1874 1875 187(> 1877 1878 ... 187i> 1880 1881 1H82 188:i 18K4 188.') 18K(i 1887 1888 18K0 18iK) IHJtl mri i8it;i 1894 1895 Mt)nii(;tr).v('ir Moiin ('jr.'voii 1871-189r>) H.I TAMUvS OF WATER LEVELS KOR THE GREAT LAKES ANP ST. LAWRENCE RIVER.' -Lako Michigan ut Mihvuiikoo, WIh., lHr>(^lW(B. -liiiivo lliniiti lit Point Aii\ Hiir<|U(m, Tort Anstin, iiinl Hiniil lU-acli, Mich., l«(10-l«it'>. -Lake iSuitoiior iit Superior, Wis., nnil Maninottc, Midi., IMIIO-Lkji."), -St. MiiryH River at Sanit Sto. Mario, Midi., aliovo the lorkH. \H1\ IS!t,">. -St. Marys K'ivt'r at Kaiiit Sto. Mariit, Midi., Iidow tlm Iiidi:i, 1S71 lS!ir». -Detroit Kivir at Lijilit-HoiiHo Depot, Detroit, Midi., 1«()7-I«H1. -Lake Krio at CluvoiaiHl, Ohio, !><(«)- l«yr). -Lake I'.rie at Kric, Pa., IHOO-IWIS. -Lake Ontario .it Onweyo, N. Y,, 18r.0-18!».'». -i. — Kivor h'idielien at St. .lohim, Province of (/neboc, ISllll-lHTO. -St. Lawrence Kivcr at Montreal, Province of (Jiuehec, lsr>( )-!><'.>.'>. -St. Lawrence River from Prescott to Montreal, ProviiiccH ol Ontario anil (Quebec, for the years 1870 anil 18!tr). table.— Water Recorilii for 18!)G. Taulk No. 1. — Lake Mivhlijaii, at Milivauket; Wis. Table No. 1.- Table No. •> _ Table No. :i.- Table No. 4.- Table No. 5.- Table No. »>.- Table No. 7.- Table No. 8.- Table No. It.- Tabic No. 10.- Table No. 11.- Table No. V2.- 'I'able No. i:».- Table No. 13a Table No. 11.- Table No. 15.- Snp|)leniontal [Nb)iitlil.v iiumii of waller IcvcIh Iiclow llin |)liiiie of rct'tironro of I'liitrd Stilton I.nke Survey (Ii'ikIi wiitor 111' ls:i8). Ktoviition III' tiKi ]iluiin <>•.' rt'lrreuco itbuvu in<'v<»ar.'<, 1871-1805) ... Virt. 'J. (10 •2. 77 2. 51 2. 51 :i. 14 4.U4 4.41) a. 75 4.28 4.:i7 ;i.48 :i. 20 4. ;i4 4.78 2. it2 :i. ill) ;i. 10 2. 40 2. 78 :i. 5:i ;i. 08 .•I. 5.-) :i. 04 11.21 2. 54 2. 44 2. 04 2. ;io :i. .s;i H. (18 4. 12 4. 45 4. (iS 4.01 4.44 4. !i:i iwt. 1.07 2. ;i8 2. 21 2. ,52 2.80 :i. 87 4.41 :(. 57 ;i. «o 4. (i:i li. 18 2. (iO 4. 5(1 4.47 2. 77 :t. o.. 2.77 2.40 2. •i2 ;t. 40 :i. 04 :i. 2(i 2. 87 ;i. 12 2. 20 2. 48 1.7(1 2. 14 :i. ;i5 y. 70 4. 14 4. 2(> 4.78 4. 50 4. 18 4. 0» :i. 511 ;t. ,50 :i.5o ;i. ;!4 :i.n4 .1.41 Ai)r. May. June. July. Feet. Ann. Fi'ft. Kiilit. Fevt. Oct. Feet. I-Wt. F.-ct. Fei't. 1.84 1.72 1.00 1.50 1.75 1.05 2. 20 2.28 1.80 1.70 1.57 1.33 l.Ot 1.70 1 2.05 1.80 1.07 1.77 1.78 1.85 1.00 2. 52 2.31 2 22 2. 27 2. 40 2. 58 2.07 ;i. 18 2.07 2. (18 2.78 2. 00 3. 23 3. 02 ;i. ;t8 y.22 3.18 2. 75 2. 73 2. 85 3. 00 ;«. 00 :t.78 3.40 3. 23 3. 17 3.32 3. 43 :i.28 ;i. 00 2.75 2. 00 2.07 2. 04 3.27 :i.70 :).42 3.21 3.18 3.52 3.70 3. 00 4.20 3. 03 3.40 3. (12 2. 70 2.87 3. 23 2. 70 2.42 2. 28 2.17 2. 20 2. 12 2 52 2.40 2.05 2.01 1.08 2.LM 2.88 3. ;".7 4. :ti 4.0U 3. (10 3.00 3. 08 3. 75 3. 87 ;i. 00 3. 34 2.71 2.75 2. (15 2.84 2. 00 2.87 2.80 2.52 2. 50 2. ,58 2. 83 3. 18 X.57 3.01 2.77 2.80 2. 113 2.70 2.86 2. f)7 1.05 1.54 1.20 1.27 1.32 1.00 2. 02 2. 13 2. 00 2.00 2.21 2. 42 2.41 2. (10 2. 30 2. 10 2.15 2. 47 2.07 2. 78 ;!. ,50 3. 37 3. :io 3. 21 3.40 3. 52 3. 74 :i.77 3. 43 2.80 2. (17 2. (14 2. 04 3.28 2. ;t5 2.84 2. 01 2. (.4 2.04 2.87 2. 54 2. !)4 2.44 2. 17 2.11 1.02 2. 04 2. 45 2.01 2. ,13 2. 07 1.47 l.M 1.00 1.01 2. 11 1.00 1.74 1.00 2. 04 2. 20 2. 20 2.20 1.03 1.72 1.03 1.42 1 . 50 1.70 1 . 40 1.23 1.1(1 1.35 1..5H 1.82 1.02 2. 10 1.00 1.S0 1 . 02 2. (1(1 2. 40 2. K5 ;i. 14 2. 7C. 2. 40 2.48 2. (10 2. 75 3.00 ;t. 00 3.(11 3.15 2. !'7 3. 21 3. 38 3. 03 ;i. 82 3. 50 3.18 3. 11 3. 10 3. 30 3. 50 ;t. 05 3.85 3. 70 3.87 3.94 4.17 4. 53 4.72 4.30 3. 85 3.84 3.70 3. 0(1 4. 20 4. 04 3.74 3.41 3. 30 3. 50 3.88 4.(12 4.o;t 3. 40 3. 33 3. 30 3. 38 3. HI 4. 02 4.70 4.00 4. 55 4.00 4.78 5. (15 5. 42 ;i. i:t 2. 87 2. (13 2.57 2.03 2.83 3. 00 X 18 2.03 2.67 2.03 2.08 2. 02 ,.,,,. Nov. , Dec. Mean. Fe,'t. 2. 50 1.00 2. 35 3.11 3.70 3. 05 3. 52 3. 73 4. 0(1 3. 35 2.02 3. (12 4. 10 3. 13 3.38 3. no 1.80 2. 53 2.01 3. 00 3. (10 2.71 2. 00 2. 30 2. 65 2. 00 2. 20 3. 18 3. (15 3. OK 3. Ml 4.03 4.47 4.41 4.20 .5.01 /■' 1 ■rt. ' ,l '* 10 '> 40 •J, 77 3 02 3. Oil 3 78 4. 08 4 34 3 27 1 21 4 82 3 17 'i "•• 3 25 2 27 2 50 3 03 ,3 77 *) M 2 00 *l 14 »l (i,^ »> ,50 3 311 4 10 4 10 4 00 .] 71 ,i IS 4 (14 5 (.1 Fi',1. 2.01 2. 03 2. 07 2. 54 3. 10 3. 40 3. 73 3. 20 3.78 3. 00 2. 75 2. K2 4. 10 3. 45 2. 00 3.21 2. 08 2.31 2. (12 3. 54 10 2. HS 2 .M 2. :!0 2. 20 2. 01 1.77 2.41 3. 02 3. .57 3. (18 4.21 4.35 4.07 3. 05 4. 00 3 3. 32 3. 30 3. .55 I 3. 08 3. 03 3. 14 'Compiled by Assistant Alex. i'\ Kaatl. If. ])«)c. 102 <)* m ! : ( 130 REPORT OF U. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. Tablk \o. 2. — Lake Huron, at Point Aux Barques, Port Austin, years, 1871-1895) ... Feet. 2.02 2.86 2.41 2.49 3.06 4.13 4. 22 3^80 4.24 4.44 3. -.7 (2. 83) 3.86 4.25 3.13 3. 69 3.11 2.39 2.79 3.32 3.80 3.69 2.90 3.12 2.29 2.38 2.18 2.59 3. 51 3.00 4.07 4.32 4.92 5.01 4. 62 4.82 Feb. Mar. Feet. Feel. 2.07 1.93 2.82 2.68 2.42 2.51 2.64 2.69 3.10 3.10 4.04 3.87 4.46 4.41 3.75 3.57 4.28 3.60 4.37 4.63 3.48 3.18 (2.91) (2.31) 4.06 (4. 17> 4.28 4.21 2.99 2.85 3.75 3.71 3.13 3.00 2.40 2.47 2.96 2.79 3. 50 3.60 3.80 3.87 3.30 3.29 3.13 2. 99 3.17 2.44 3.13 2.40 2.47 2.47 2.11 1.92 2.40 2.19 3.00 3.43 3.68 3.70 4.19 4.21 4.43 4.46 4.98 4.92 5.00 4.98 4.01 4.40 4.94 4.93 Apr. Feet. 1.96 2.48 2.30 2.62 2.90 3.38 3.96 3.28 3.70 4.26 2.76 (2.11) 4.14 3.80 3.00 3.52 2.72 2! 39 2.86 3.57 3.80 3.27 2.77 3.12 2.09 2.36 1.63 2.28 3.29 3.77 4.07 4.13 4.84 4.60 4.23 4.83 3.46 3.49 3.50 : 3.41 3.54 3.46 3.25 3.33 May. Juno. July. Feet. Feet. Feet. 1.91 1.07 L.'iS 1.86 1.52 1.40 1.93 1.81 1.70 2.30 2.17 2.26 2.47 2.46 2.51 3.22 3.18 2.75 3.78 3.49 3. 23 3.06 2.75 2.60 3.42 3.21 3.18 3.93 3.40 3.02 2.42 2.28 2.17 (1.76) (1.72) (1.69) 3.74 3.34 3.24 3.30 2.90 2.70 2.95 2.01 2.45 3.17 2.86 2.07 2.12 1.63 1.19 2. 22 2.26 2.08 2.46 2.29 2.25 3.44 3. 30 3.26 3.46 2.97 2.06 2.95 2.78 2.03 2.00 2.37 2.23 2.55 2.13 1.05 1.87 1.81 1.73 1.96 1.67 1.01 1.30 1.21 1.37 2.08 1.90 1.88 2. 85 2.55 2.52 3.63 3.30 3.04 3.76 3.33 3.14 3.89 3.94 3. 91 4.71 4.18 3.89 3.97 3. 22 3. 50 3.83 3.53 3.38 4.60 4.59 4.62 2.93 2.08 2.55 3.01 2.74 2.61 Aug. Sept. Feet. Oct. Feet. Feet. 1.00 1.85 2.23 1.29 1.37 1.59 1.78 2.00 1.72 i 2.25 2.39 2.65 ! 2.62 2.94 (3.47) 2.73 2.85 3.09 3.17 3.32 3.43 2.67 2.94 3.27 3.62 3.76 3.99 2.70 2.87 3.23 2.20 2. 12 2.52 2.29 2.61 3.11 3.27 3.37 3.49 2.09 2.80 2.89 2.56 2.72 2.90 2.70 2.60 2.85 1.25 1.36 1.76 2.18 2.45 2. 59 2.35 2.64 2.03 3.39 3.47 3.71 2.77 2.88 3.24 2.80 2.90 2.71 2.17 2. 29 2. .')2 1.45 1.77 2.10 1.85 2. 20 2.04 1.46 1.50 1.79 1.52 1.70 1.83 2.09 2.44 2.00 2. 18 2.78 3.07 3.10 3.27 3.04 3.14 3.41 3.62 4.01 4.20 4.57 3.81 3.98 4.19 8.64 3.93 4.14 3. 05 3.84 4.08 4,71 4.84 5.13 2.61 2.79 .1.01 2. 09 2.89 3.09 Feet. 2.35 1.90 2.04 2.69 (3. 64) 3.65 3.52 3.73 4.06 3.35 2. 92 3.32 3.79 2.99 3.23 2.96 1.91 2.64 2.82 3.83 3.36 2.58 2.77 1.99 2.39 1.98 2.10 3.11 3.25 3.U8 3.H2 4.88 4.52 4.37 4.27 5. 52 Dec. Feet. 2.05 2.03 2.33 2. 92 (3.77) 3.96 3.78 4.08 4.34 3. 03 3.27 3.09 4.08 3.15 3.48 3.23 2.10 2.09 3.02 3.85 3.56 2. 75 2. 92 2. 10 2. O,-. 2.18 2.42 3.40 3.40 4 14 4.12 4.94 4.70 4.57 4.57 5.70 Mean. 3. 23 3.30 3.45 3. r.o Feet. 1. 99 1.98 2.08 2.51 3.00 3.40 3.73 3.29 3.78 3.06 2.75 2.53 3.71 3.34 2.91 3. 15 2.11 2.40 2.00 3. 53 3.36 2.98 2.6k 2. 36 2. 1.^. 1.99 1.77 2. 42 3.07 3.57 3.74 4.31 4.48 4. 25 4. 09 4.95 3.07 3.14 a Point Anx HarquoH, Mich. 6 Milwaukee, Wis. cTort Austin, Mich. d.Siind Keueh, Mich. Note. — Interpolated Tnoulhly means are indicated by parentheses, and are found for any year by taking the corres]iondiug monthly numnsat Milwaukee, Wis., and corretMiuL: the same by tlie average djtl'orenee between the oDserved 'monthly means at Point Aux Barques or I'ort Austin for that year and the eorrcspoudiug observed monthly moans at Milwaukee, Wis. ► RE Tabli [Monthly mean o of 1838). Ele Year. IHOOa 1801a 18«2a 1863a 1864a 1865a 1866a 1807a I8680 1869a 1870a 1871a 18726 18736 18746 18756 1876 6 1877 6 18786 1879 6 1880 6 1881 6 18H26 1883 6 18846 1885 6 18866 18876 18886 18896 18906 18916 1892 6 18936 1894 6 18956 Mean (30 yean Mean (2'i year 1871-1895) . Note.— Tntcrr are found for an 1862 to 1871, and for that year ant This method v "There is an 1 th.'years 1860-lE niitlv(> would ni; Maj.Clinttm H.! The Supeiior, Interp 2. 48 2.65 3.00 3.11 3.61 ! 3.54 3.52 3.36 3.21 3.12 3. ■; 2.96 3.22 3.41 3.56 ; 3.75 .3.88 3.44 2.95 2. 54 2. 22 2. 14 2. 13 2. 34 2. 87 3.18 '' 3.68 3.68 3.23 2.98 2. 79 2. 50 2.27 1 2.54 2. 52 2. 85 2.74 3.12 3.31 3.09 3.09 2.49 2.16 2. 28 1 2. 20 2.22 i 2.05 2.97 3.72 3.36 3.17 2.77 2. 86 2. 64 2. 72 , 2. 59 2.62 2.48 2.89 3.35 3.80 3.22 2.82 2.81 2.44 1.98 1.13 1.65 1.99 2.64 3.10 3.09 2.99 2.66 2. 85 2. 66 2.66 2. 49 2. 65 2.83 3.76 4.45 4.03 3.53 3.00 2. 88 2. 81 2.75 2.65 2.72 2.79 3.53 3.96 4.08 4.18 3.53 3. 15 2. 88 2.71 2.55 2.65 2.80 3. 10 (3. 65) (3. 62) (3.61) 3.01 2.71 2.42 2. 24 2. 18 2.28 2.42 2.72 3.19 3. 23 1 3. 13 3.06 2.86 2.48 2. 39 2. 29 2. 23 2.41 2.72 3.08 3. 04 3. 04 2.82 2.46 2.47 2. 38 2. 15 2.30 2.44 2.64 3.05 3.14 ! 3. U 2.57 1.89 1.50 1. 39 1. .'•lO 1.83 1,09 2 27 2.87 3. 13 3. 21 3.22 3.00 2.62 2.56 2.72 2.72 2.93 3.00 3.00 3. 77 3. 80 3.53 3.25 3.18 3.30 3.47 3.40 3.00 3.92 3.86 3. 56 3. 95 4.31 4.08 3.84 3.72 3.83 3.74 3.82 (1. 12) (4. 48) (4. 57) (4. 54) (3. 85) 3.02 2.87 2.88 2.88 2. 93 2.99 3.25 ' 3.61 3.70 3.79 3.49 3.05 2.99 2.94 2.71 2. 37 2.44 2.72 ! 3.32 3.43 3.51 3.35 3.33 2.88 2.76 2.72 2.89 2.91 3.10 1 3.62 3.62 3.37 3.36 3.26 3.01 2. 99 3. 03 3.23 3.38 3.49 (3.59) (3.71) 4.00 3.78 3.58 ; 3.44 3.43 3.10 2.80 2.90 3.11 ; 3.52 3.60 3.65 3.32 3.04 2.80 2. 68 2. 75 2.92 3,07 3.40 ! 3.73 3.79 3.70 3.45 3.31 3.24 3.33 3.35 3. 25 ! 3. 40 3.54 : 3.83 3.62 3.35 3.56 3. 40 3. 12 3.04 3.18 3.25 I 3.40 3.71 1 3.81 3.88 3.88 3.41 2. 63 2. 44 2.30 2.35 2. 44 2. 58 2.93 3.47 3.64 3.63 3.28 3.16 ; 2.97 2.78 2.H5 2. 81 3. 12 3.42 3.69 3.93 3.96 3.75 3.30 1 3.00 2.85 2.72 2. 75 2. 96 3.32 3. 81 3. 85 3.89 3.69 3.64 I 3.44 (3. 37) (3. 43) (3.38) (3.49) 3.90 1 4. 18 ' 4. 31 4.30 3. 97 ; 3. 59 i 3. 56 3.44 3.39 3. 49 i 3. 66 3.94 i 4. 31 4. 26 4.16 3. 66 3. 14 2.84 2.78 2.87 2.90 ' 3.06 3.29 3. 65 3. 56 3.41 2. 63 2. 41 2.35 2.22 2.30 2.28 2.33 2.52 3.04 3.21 3.31 2.94 "2. 62 2.42 2.37 2.23 2.18 2.47 2.80 Mean Feet. 2.43 2.38 2.68 3.02 3. "4 2.93 2.94 2.72 2.91 2. 58 2.89 3.25 3.29 2.84 2.70 2. 05 2.26 2.88 3.4i 3.89 3. 50 3.11 3.11 3.31 3.42 3.17 3.47 3.44 3.04 3.18 3. 32 3.63 3.81 3.46 2. 76 2.70 Mean (36 years). I 3.37 ! 3.54 Mean (25 "years, i 1871-1895) .... 3.48 3.63 3.60 3.60 3.51 3. 20 : 2.95 3.68 I 3.38 i 3.07 2.75 2.05 I 2.61 2.86 ! 2.78 I 2.76 I 2.66 2.85 3.15 3.07 2.79 2.94 3.22 1 3.19 a Superior, AVis. 6 Marquette, Mich. Note.— Interpolated monthly meanH are indicated by parentheses, and for the Superior, Wis., record are found for any year by taking the mean of the monthly means for each month in the ten-yenr scries, 1862 to 1871, and correcting the s.-rmo by tlie average difference between the observed monthly m--an8 for that year and the corresjtonding means of the monthly means in tlio ten-yeur series. Til is nletliod was adopted because there are no corresponding records at other places. " Tliere is an uncertainty of 0.4 foot in the elevation of the zero of the gauge at Superior, Wis., lor the years 1860-1871 (see IJe'port Chief of Engineers, U. S. A., 1873, pji. 1.57, 150), and the jiossiblo altor- nativ(< would make the water surface 0.4 foot lower than is given in Table No. 3." (From letter of Maj. Clinton H. Sears, Corps of Engineers, U. S. A. .dated Juno 30, 1896.) 'I'he Superior, Wis., record here used is tliat finally adopted by tlie United States Lake Survey In 1876. Interixdated monthly moans, indicated by parentheses, for the Marquette record are found for any year by taking the corresponding monthly means at Sault Ste. Marie, Mich., and correcting the same \)y the average difference between the observed monthly means at Maniuotto lor that year and the correupoudiug ubserved luuutlily means at Sauk Sto, Mario, Mich. i It J" ( '^ .1 1 : l.')2 llEPORT OF U. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. I'Aiii.i', N(». 1. — f reCerelice iiC I'liitotl Sti»te« Luke Survey (liiflli « lUer id' I8;i8) . lOlevation of the i)liiiio of reJcroiico above iiioaii lido at Xow York ( 'ity i« 0(11.18 feol . | Vear. 1H71 .. 187'J . ISIJ . . 1874 . . 1875 . . 1K7C . . 1877 . . 1878 . . 187!) . . 1880 . . 1881 .. 1S8'J . . 188:t.. 1881 .. issr. .. Jail. reel. ;i. (io ;i.8i ;i. 17 'A. 2!) :i. oc 'i. !»2 188(). 1887 . 1888. I88!» . I8!t() . 18111 . 18!12. 18!i:i . 18!lt . KSU.") . Meaii(i;r)years) 4. 4:) ;t. ri(> :t. 29 ;;. c.i :(. 0.-) ;t. 34 :i.75 :t. 82 :i. 82 :i.4:! :t. 48 4. 1(1 ;i. !).') 4. 17 ;!. 7;i 2. !)(( a. r>i) J'"«ll. ^lar. Feet. May. Feet. June. Feet. July. Fe, t . Auk. Feet. Sept. Feet. Oct. Feet. Nov. Feet. Dec. t - Feel. Moan. iwt. Feet. Feet. a. 75 4. (12 a. 89 3.31 2.90 2.73 2.81 2.75 2,95 3. 18 a. 57 3. 29 a. m 4. la 4.18 3. 29 3.11 2.72 2. 39 2. 33 2. 48 2. a. 04 3. 00 a. 01 3.13 3. 02 3. 00 3.35 a. 23 3.32 3.5t 3. 37 4. a4 4. r.8 4.45 4.08 3. 93 a. 70 3.01 3. 09 a. 00 3.84 4. 24 4.01 4.47 4.50 4. 5a 3.84 a. (13 2.80 2. 93 2.77 2. 99 2.07 3. 24 3.55 a. CO a. oa 3. 75 3. ,'12 3. 09 2. 89 2. 97 2.79 2. 32 2. 43 2.81 a. 10 a. 4'j a. ".9 3. 03 3.24 3.14 2.80 2.71 2.79 2.80 2. 92 3.21 3. 14 a. 72 a. 70 3. 04 3. 03 3. 29 3.09 2.74 3. 02 3.18 a. 33 3. 53 3.37 a. 08 a. 80 4.08 3. 01 3. 02 3. 38 3. 34 3. 28 a. 19 3. 14 3. 33 3.51 a. oa a. 70 3.94 3.39 , 3.02 2.84 2. 03 2. 88 a. (13 3.11 3.41 3. 27 a. i)2 a. !'2 3. 94 3.40 1 a. ao 3.11 2.90 3.13 3.15 3. 10 3. ,57 3. 45 3.92 a. 99 4.12 3.70 t 3.32 2. 05 3.00 3.21 3. 03 a. 20 3. 07 3.51 4.17 4. 12 4.13 3. .52 , 2.08 2. 52 2. .52 2. 00 2.02 2. 82 3. 10 3.22 :i 72 a. 70 3.71 3.14 2.97 2.70 2.09 2.70 2.84 3. U 3. ,53 3.19 4.(ia 4.0J 4. 10 a. 04 3.02 2.70 2.70 2. 90 2. 04 3. 10 3.41 3. 32 a. 99 4. la a. 90 3.53 3. .58 3.47 3. 40 3. .52 3. 47 3. .58 3.84 3. 72 4. a« 4.48 4. 33 3. 82 3.40 3.32 3.31 3. 25 3. 3« a.ti4 3. 92 3. 70 4.a7 4. ao 4.11 3. .54 3.00 2.81 2. 72 2. 85 2. 91 2. 07 3. 50 3.44 a. 81 a. 92 3. 53 2. 50 2. 32 2.18 2.17 2. 30 2. 20 2. 30 2. flO 2.82 a. (19 a. ao a. 32 2.91 2. 53 2. 20 2. 27 2.10 !.!i8 2.50 2.71 2. 00 a. 70 a. 85 3.83 3. 'M 3.02 2.78 2.73 2.70 2.78 2.05 3. 28 3.23 Tv'ori:. — A tiihlo yi villi; elevalioii.i ahovo mean liile at 'New York han heeii ei)iii|iile(l hy (he riiilod Slates I'liiuineer olliee at Uetiiiil ;i\:i\ ciuilaiuH many minor variatiiuis I'roiii the a hove. Most of t hese aro small, ami such as may bo duo to a dilloront method of reduction, anil only six e.vceed O.lo, tlio largest bein); 0,22. 'Iaiii.!; No. T). — »S7. Martj^i llivvv hctoir the htchx at Saul I S!i\ .Marh , Mich, |Miiiillily iiieiin of water levels above a jilaneof rcfereiM'o wlihli is 0,,58 feet below the ]dane of mean tide at New York City. | "Year. Jan. 1S71 1872 1873 1,'<74 1875 1870 1.877 Ih78 1879 18,80 1.^81 1882 1883 1881 1,885 18,><0 1887 18,88 1889 1 800 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 i Fee 584. .583, .585. I''ob. AInr. Aj»r. May. June. . 580. . 58(1. . 584. . .585. . ,583. . ,581. . ,583. .581. . .■)«4. . 581. . ,584. . .584. . .584. .583. .1583. .|583. . 583. ..583. . 582. .'581. . 582. .,583. /. Feet. 20 584. 20 88 ,583. 70 U) ,585, ,54 04 585. 27 35 585, 88 92,581,91 29,581,78 08 583. 77 30 ,583. 00 14 583.30 29 ,58 1, 38 71 ,581,51 ,52,581,01 OOfW. 13 92.5,><,5. 51 28 ,584. 35 91,5,83,94 30 583. 30' 70 ,583, 57 mean('.'5years). 584, 10 583. 50 ,583. 10 ,582, 47 ,582. 05 582. 02 ,583. 50 Fret. ,584, 20 5,83, 70 585, 23 585, 10 585, 8!) 585, 30 584. 00 .583. 55 ,583, .52 583. 28 584,30 .584. 24 584. ,59 ,584. 43 585. ,39 .584.47 ,584. 03 583. 04 583, 42 ,583. 47 583. 01 .582. 48 ,582. 10 ,582. 70 ,583, 07 Feet, i Fee 583 81 ,584. .583. 37 .583. 584. 31 583. 584. 47 ,i83. 584, 92 .583. 58,5,19,584. .58 1, 28 ,584, 583, 52 .583. 582.04,582, ,582, 79 ,583. 583, 01 ,583. ,583. 78 .583. 583. 84 58,3, 583. 72 ,">83. ,584.87,581, ,584.47.581. 584. 02 583. 583. 70 583, 582. 74 683. 582. 85 582. 582. 74 .582. 581.70,582. 582.11 ,582. 582. 39 582. 582. 20 682. t. I Ftet. 23,,584, 45 Inly. Aufj. ;i9 ■)83. 03 ,58.'. 00 .584, 14 584, 33 5a5, 47 131,584, 33 79 584, 06 70'582, 82 12 583. 88 683. 87 .584. 02 584. 07 584. 09 38 .584. 49 47 584. 00 89 584. 02 ,50 ,583. 85 00 583. 30 73.583. 18 ,59 ,582. 54 04 ,582. 53 20 582. <- 87 .583. 07 01 582. 28 Feet. .584. 70 ,583. 01 .584. 48 .584.41 584. 47 585. 91 ,584, 07 ,584, 24 .583. 14 584.25 584. 00 584. 40 684, ,55 ,584. 12 581.07 58 1. 00 ,58'. 28 ,583. 8" ,583 71 ,583. 55 582. 70 "'3.00 ■ ,3. 09 o83. 18 582. 42 Feet 584. 00 ,584. 15 .584.74, 584. 05; 584. 67 ,580. 04 584. 75; 584. 13 ,583. 251 .584. 10 584. 05 584. .53 584, 71 ,584. 19 .584. 77 .584. ,57 581.19 ;>8.1. ,".' ,583. 82 583, 58 582. 79 583. 12 582. 9.1 583. 13 ,582. 53 Sept. Feel. ,581.28 .584. 27 584.75 .584. 00 ,.584.81 '585.91 .584.51 ,,583. 94 1,583, 10 584.12 .584. 17 ,584,47 584,, 54 584,27 ,584.82 584. ,54 583. 08 583. 93 ,58,1 81 ,583. .Mi .582. 0. ,583. (,8 ,582.81 ,583. 02 ,582. 04 Oct. ' Nov. i Dee. Mi'an. I ! i Feel. ,583. 08 ,584,11 ,584, 70 ,584. 02 584. 68 585. 54 584.46 584 02 .583. 13 .584. 08 584. 40 .584. 28 ,584. 33 ,584. 48 .584. .54 .584. 47 ,583. 80 ,583. 92 583. 43 583. 38 582. ,52 ,5 •!. 71 58-J, 82 582. 93 582 00 I Feet. \ Fn ,583. 44 .584. 584. 00 584. .584. 43 ,584. 584.38,584, ,584. 02 ,584. 585. 23 580. .584. 22 584. 583. 52 ,583. 582. .85 582. 583. 94 584. 584.50 581. 581,00,583. 584. 17 584. ,584. 24 5><4. ,584,2^ 581. 584. 22 .583. ,583. 35 5 :i, 583 04 ,583 582. 05 582, 583. 21 582. 582, 35 582. .582.25,581. 582. 72 582. 582. 82 582. 582.03.581. t. 1 Fret. 04 584. 19 .53 ,583. 88 31,5,M,02 45,584,00 95 584, 90 19,58,5,47 12 .584, 51 73 .583. 85 99 ,583. 20 21 583.00 10,584,13 92 .584, 22 (I7,,58l.30 13 .581. 15 01 ,584,72 99.584.43 15 583. 88 51,583.08 08 ,5,S3. 30 08 583, 34 21 582,09 81,582.48 5r.-.82. 53 ,59 582. 84 80;582. 54 ■i84. 03|584. 00'583. .54 ,583. 45 .583. 76 ,584. 02 584. 07 584. 03 583. 03 .583. 06 583. 65'.583. 83 III 11 reI TauJ [Mont 111 V mean water i)f 1838). Vear. 1867 1808 1800 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 , 1870 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 Mean (15 years). I NoTR. — Interpol,' tnUiiifi till- corre.s])( ditlerenee between means at (JIttveland IMontlilv mean of of 1.838). Kle Year. 1800 1801 1802 1803 1804 ... 1865 1800 1807 1868 1809 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1870 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1880 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1802 1893 1804 1895 Mean(36yearH). Mean (25 veins, 1871-1805) .... NoTic— Interiioli taking tlie correMpi encc between thee luoiithly iiieuiiH at REPORT OF U. R. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. Taui.k No. G. — Detroit Hirer al Liijht-Uouse Dvpot at Delroil, Mi8) (.•I. 07) ...V-'.'.2«) ... (•J.;i2) ...i(2.98) ...' ;i.60 ...I 2.4:1 ...I 2.7(i ...I 2.52 ... 1.01 ... i.ao ... 2.58 . .. 2. .')',» ... ;t. 51 Feb. Feet. (2. 70) (:i. 9(i) (:i.74) (2.o;)) (2. cr.) 0.22) ;i. 40 ;i. 14 2.89 2. 20 a2. as hW. 04 3.08 I). 02 ;i.07 Miir. Apr. feet. (2.;io) Ci. ;t7) (:i.20) (2.20) 1.73 (3.31) 3.40 2. 33 2.78 1.04 3. 85 2. 33 2. 8i» 2. GO 3.05 Feet. I.!I8) 2. 5!) 2.91 2. 03 1.81 2.98 2.23 1.88 2.81 1.30 2.30 l.Oi 2. 49 2.44 2. 44 May. I June. Feet. 1.70 2. 15 2. 93 :.03 1.57 2. 75 1.97 1.94 2.40 .93 2.11 1.47 2.38 2.20 2. 119 Feet. 1.35 1.85 2. 22 11! 55 1.54 2. 34 1.85 1.78 2.20 .79 1.70 1.42 2.20 1.88 1.80 July. Atig. . Sept. Feet. 1.39 I i.ilO I 1.77 1.29 1.40 2.28 1.72 1.58 2.02 : .57 1.50 1.33 2.10 1.72 1.79 Feet. 1.00 2. 22 UTl 1.35 1.64 Feet. ■ 1.91 I 2.47 i 1.05 i 1.57 1.92 Oct. Nov. 2. 35 2. 55 1 . 75 2.10 1.08 2. 04 1.97 2.11 .74 .95 1.01 1.70 1. 55 l.(i5 2.31 2. 50 1.H4 2.09 1. 91 2. 19 Feet. 2. 29 2. 8(i 2.41 1.91 2. 49 2. 71 2. 33 2. 38 2. 17 1.45 2. 04 1.90 2. 79 2.44 Feet. 2. 78 3. 08 Dee. Mian. Feet. ' 2.98 ! 3. 12 i Fee 2. 78 (2.07) 2.22 I 2.30 2.08 '(3. 11) i 3. 35 i 2. 19 3. 14 2.47 2. 83 2.48 2. 87 2. 53 1.48 II \. 2. 09 2. 13 3. 10 2. 01 2.14 1 . 70 2.87 1.97 (2.44) (2.02) (2.41); /. 11 7(i 07 87 08 83 43 24 45 38 Oli 90 00 29 44 Mean(15yoar.s). 2.08 ] 3.05 i 2.70 I 2.20 j 2.02 1 1.77 i 1.03 1.75 1.98 I 2.33 I 2.57 2.53 1 2.28 n Kiver <1ainnii>il up by ioo below II10 <'ity. b At I'ort Huron tlio St. ('lair Hiver was dainiiied up by ice. Note. — Tntly moans are indieuted by parenlheseH, and arc found for any year by takiu); the eorreHponding monthly means iit l'',rie, I'a.. and eorreeting the same by the average dilVer- eiiee between IhitoliHi^rvi^d nionlh'ly means at. Clevidaud for (hutyeur and lliu uorruHpunding obser ed uioiilhly lucuim at Krie, I'a. t i i' i t II ■ i 134 REPORT OF IT. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. Tablk No. ».—Lake Erie at Erie, Pa. [Monthly mean of water levels below llic piano of reference of United States Lake Survey (high water of 1838). Klevatiou of the plane of reference above mean tide at No' - -- s'ew Yorlc City is 575.20 feet. Year. Is \l' It I I860.... 1801.... 1862.... 1803.... 1804.... 1865.... I860.... 1867.... 1868.... 18«9.... 1870.... 1871... 1872.... 187:i.... 1874.... 1875.... 1876.... 1877.... 1878.... 187!).... 1880.... 1881.... 1882.... 188:1 . . . . 1884 . . . . 1885 . . . . 1880 . . . . 1887.... 1888.... 1889 . . . . 1890 . . . . 1891.... 1892 . . . . 189;t.... 1894.... 1895.... Jan. Feet. Feb. Feet. Mar. Feet. 1.51 2.25 3.02 3.72 1.90 3.02 2.34 2.30 2. 23 2.21 2. 53 3. 39 1.73 2.48 1.90 2.37 1.20 2.43 2. 84 2.07 2.33 2.78 3.43 3.73 3.01 3,41 I 1.50 2.26 (3.58) 3.94 1.95 (3.51) 1.8*1 2.M 2.20 2.65 2.11 3.28 1.84 2.30 1.97 2.75 1.90 1.85 3.33 2.81 2.30 2.72 3.97 3.70 3.20 3.82 63 21 61 61 07 34 42 55 05 2.56 2.24 2.96 1.44 2.21 1.70 2.92 2.30 1.49 3.24 3.12 2-10 2.48 3.80 3.49 3.21 4.01 Apr. Feet. May. Feet. 0.83 .76 2.10 2.49 2.37 2.13 2.46 3.11 1.66 1.98 3.59 2.55 1.99 2.97 .83 2.34 1.59 2.17 2.00 2.26 27 ,16 .20 .12 .50 1.51 2.58 2.79 1.86 2. 51 3.30 2.8( 2.90 3.85 1.40 2.07 2.18 1.85 2.31 2.42 1.56 1.73 3.16 1.89 1.78 2.37 .55 2.01 1.28 2.12 1.83 1.98 1.15 1.69 .93 1.37 1.00 1.30 2.41 2.66 1.40 2.70 2.56 1.90 2.53 3.55 June.! July. Aug. Feet. Sept. Feet. Feet. Feet. 1.20 1.08 1.49 1.19 0.78 0.96 .83 .78 1.16 1.55 1.25 1.76 1.93 2. .VJ 1.37 1.78 2.17 2.54 1.98 2.04 2.04 2.07 1.97 1.80 1.92 1.97 1.78 2.14 2.35 2.33 1.84 1.69 2.13 2.39 1.91 1.43 1.53 1.74 1.53 1.39e 1.38 1.75 1.60 1.63 1.98 2.10 : 2.77 2.68 2.73 2.90 1.88 1.65 1.97 2.22 1.59 1.03 1.86 2.15 1 2.21 2.11 2.14 2.18 i .51 .54 .90 1.19 ; 1.98 1.71 1.83 2.03 1.32 1.30 1.54 1.68 2.02 2.03 2.30 2.54 1.75 1.70 2.01 2.14 1 1.84 1.66 2.12 2.43 .77 .92 1.15 1.50 .91 .70 ,91 1.36 .97 .90 1.05 1,48 .8(? .90 .90 1.00 .90 1.12 1.66 1.89 1.20 1.42 1.90 2.14 2.11 1.90 1.97 2.38 2.13 2.04 2. 35 2.09 1.17 1.55 2.01 2.31 2.56 2.50 2.85 3. DO 1.84 1.64 2.02 2.37 1.74 1.96 2.45 2.73 2.04 2.24 2.08 2.90 3.49 3.59 3.04 3,07 Oct. Feet. 1.93 1.30 1.76 2.91 2.60 2.38 2.00 2.67 2.84 1.96 1.88 2.58 3.27 2.47 2.32 2.43 1.40 2.31 1.91 .69 ..53 .40 .78 .57 1,74 1.20 2. 07 2.37 2.00 3.16 2. 37 3. 39 2.70 2.90 3. 00 4.01 Nov. Dec. Feet. Feet. 1.84 2.07 1.45 l.OJ 2.03 2.01 2.97 3. 05 2.40 2.31 2.53 2.77 2.31 2.16 2. 85 2.87 3.14 2.84 2.44 2.13 2. 20 2. 33 2.84 2.88 3.31 3.60 2.53 2.16 3.22 2.85 2.74 2.59 1.48 1.69 2.22 2.26 2.11 1.54 3.09 2.99 2.61 2. 95 2.18 2.23 2.15 2. 23 1.50 1.60 2.02 2.16 1.11 1.00 2.11 2.24 2.75 2.74 2. 00 2.00 3.18 2.93 2. 23 2. 40 3.00 3.48 3. U 3.21 3.11 3.11 3.15 3. ;t > 4.25 4. 00 Feet. 1.70 2.17 3.19 2.55 2. (18 2 03 1 22 2.17 1.73 2.45 2. 20 2. 39 1.49 1.02 1.50 1.5» 1.06 1.93 2. 55 2.71 2 01 2.89 2.84 2,81 2.85 3.78 Note. — Interpolated monthly mja.^a are indicated by parentheses, and are found for any year by taking the corresponding monthly nieans at (Mevelund, Ohio, and correcting the sunie by the average ditfereuee '— t"! y.«: ].7i 2. »( 1!. :i( 2.71 3.11 ■J. 42 2. 3rj 2.32 1.80 •» 1J 1.62 2.04 3. 0.'! 2. (Mi 2.07 3. (i!» 3. 0.^) 3.25 4.70 2. CO 2.83 REPORT OF U. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COM3MISSION. 'I'ahi.k No. 11. — St, Lawrence Jiivcr at J'ltlleyt'teld, Province of Qiiehcv. 137 I Aloiitlily iiuaii 111' wiitir Irvrl.s iibovo llio upper miter Hill of T.ork. No. H (if tlio lieiiiilinrnnia Canal. Klovatioii tif iiiitur sill la 1 12.52 feet iibovo iiiean ti(I0 years), Tilean (25 years, 1871-1895) ... Jan. :i2. 7 33.1 3.!. 5H 28. 5(1 33. 42 32. 92 29.25 33. 02 27.67 28. 58 33. 08 31. 33 27. 25 25. 02 33.58 27.83 28.00 30. 33 26.02 23.92 30. 33 27.25 25. 83 26. 33 34.17 31.58 34.42 30. 08 29. 67 28. 33: 20. 67^ 28. 67 24.17! 29. 58! 30. 83! 28. 92 l'"cb. Feel 28. 83 30.58 31.58 30. 00 31.00 31.17 26. 02 32. 33 25. 17 26. 17 32.17 20. 17 25. 33 24. 75 31.00 24. 25 26. 83 28.92 30. 83 30.50 27. 9-J 25. 08 20.92 25. 00 31.42 28. IK) 31.75 28 83 25. 67 20. :i3 32.92 27.17 28.50 25. 92 26. 92 21.67 Mar. I A[ir. May. Fert 28. 7^> 30. 92 31. 08 28. 42 20. 58 31.17 27. 00 31.17 27.17 25. 58 29. 83 30.1 25.75 25. 30. 5(1 25. 75 28. 58 28. 33 26. 58 28.83 27. 08 2U. 33 28.67 25. 75 31.08 26. 50 29. 33 29. 50 26.58 27.67 31. 42 29. .'13 25. 75 26. 33 20. 00 23. 08 Fret. 22. 83 30.50 30. 17 :i0. 17 25. 60 27. 33 20. 75 30. 08 21.17 20. 02 30, 25 23. 33 27. 75 31.42 28. 28. 25 30. 83 26.08 19.75 28.50 25. 83 23.50 22.17 28.42 ,30. 75 30.92 31.67 33. 08 29. 50 24. 67 26. 42 28. 25 23. 33 £7. 42 23.83 25. 33 Feet •.>:!. 08 26.25 21. 83 23. 58 2,5. 42 24. 08 21.83 25. 00 20. 92 2.-). 25 21.42 21. 42 21.17 24.17 22. 17 22.75 27. 42 19. 02 20. 50 21.00 23. 08 21. 33 21.83 21.58 21. 08 24.50 23. 42 25. 58 22.02 21.17 23. 58 22. 92 18.58 23. 75 22. 00 20.50 rlune, Feet 20. 50 23. 07 21.50 21.25 21.42 21.08 21.67 23. 83 20. 0'- 21.83 20. 07 20. 50 20. 17 22. 25 21. 21 20.17 24. 33 18. 5(1 19.08 20. 75 21.42 10. 22. 58 22.17 20. 02 21.75 21.08 21.08 21.83 22.08 23. 75 19.50 19.42 22. .50 20. 50 18.58 July. Aug. Feet, i 10.42 21.58 19. 75 10. 75! 10. 25| 20, 33 10. 75; 20. 83l 17. 921 20. 42! 19.33 18.92. 17.07 10. 07: 20. 58 18.08 21.25 18.08 18.25 18.75 18. 92 17. 75 20.75 21.42 10. 25 20. 07 10. 83 10.25 19. 00 20. 08 20.83 18.25 19. 33 19. 58 10.17 15.83 Feet. 18. 83 20. 08 19. 25 18.83 18. 33 10. 17 18.83 19.00 17.17 19.75 18.75 17.83 16. 75 18. 33 18.42 17.50 18.83 17.50 18. 33 17.67 17.58 17.00 10.08 10. 50 18.75 18. 83 18.83 18.08 17. .50 18.50 19. 00 18.00 18. 25 18.08 17.00 15. 33 Sept. Fert. 18.50 19. 08 10. 42 18. 25 18.00 17. 75 10.50 18. 00 16.92 20. 00 18.08 17. 0(1 16. 83 17. 25 17. 25 16. 83 18.08 16.07 17.83 17.00 10. 83 10. 17 18. ,50 18.17 17.67 18.08 18.00 16.08 17.17 17. 08, 19. 00 17.00 17. 08! 17. 83 16.17 14.50 Oct. 1 Nov, Feet. 1 18.75 10. 08j 10. 08 18. 2,51 18. 83| 17.00 18.831 17.58 16. 42 20. 25 17.67 16. .50 17.58 18.17 10.83 16. 92j 17.83| 16. 50 18. 33' 16.50 16.67 15. 75 17.50 17.92 17. 58 19. 33 18. 00 10. ,58 10.75 10.83 18. 00 1,5. 92 10. ,58 10. 83 16.58 13. 83 Feet. 19. .5(1 2i>. 67 19. 42 19.08 10. 07 10.75 20.08 10. 7.'> 17. OK 18. 50 18.50 10 42 17. 17 18. .50 10. 42 16. 75 18.17 16. 92 19. .50 16.08 18.08 16.08 17. 25 18.42 17.92 18.08 18.08 16.17 18. 00 16.33 17. 02 15.67 17. 08 16. .50 16. 83 13. 83 Dec. Mean 29.77 28.51, 28. lOJ 27. 42| 23. 08j 21.24| 10. 43^ 18.20, 17.60 17.43 17. 02 20.00' 28.02 27.73 27.17 22.05 21.10 19.25 18.02 17. 2o' 17.03 17.13 Feet. \ 24. 00 21.00 21.,'')K 22. 08 22.17 19. 83 22. 17 25. 58 23. 83 25. 67 18. 75 27. .50 19. 75 25. 75 21.50 28. 83 26. 17 17.58 20. 50 20. 02 22. 50 16. 25 22. 50 23. 08 22. 08! 21.751 25. 58 18.00 20. 33 17.58 26. 58 17.50 20.17 20. 25 17. :!3 21.08 22. 05 21.88 Feet. 22. 98 2 1. 72 21.27 23. 18 23. 55 23. 22 22. 72 24. 51 21.20 2.1. 40 23. 10 22. (i7 21.10 22. 02 2.x 31 21. 99 23. 80 21.28 21.. '17 21.05 22. 19 20. 15 2'* 22 '£. 31 23.81 23. 33 21. 17 22. 09 22.08 21.61 24. 00 21.52 20. (i9 22. 55 21.34 19.02 22.55 22. 18 REPOR Tahi, [Monthly moan of wa Ycai-. 1871.. 1872.. 1873., 1874. 1875. 1870 . 1877- 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885 . 1880. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891 . 1802 . 1803 . 1804 . 1.S95 . Ft (2. (I. .(3. .i 3. 2. 2. 4. 3. Mean (21 voars, 1875-1895) ... Moan (25 years, 1871-1805) ... 2. 1. 1. 1. Note.— Interpolated January and Kebniiuy om> year series, 1875 1 monthly means for 1871 1 87 1 , and J annary, Veb her, 1871, and May, 187 one year series, and in and'Deeemher, 1873, b; TAltLK No, 13a.- [Depth of water on tin Year. 1803. 18C4. 1805 1800. 1867. 1808. 1800. Stage. fHigliOst \ Lowest. I Highest \ Lowest. (Highest (Lowest. I Highest (Lowest . jllighi'st (Lowest. (Highest t Lowest . (Higliest \ Lowest . ., (Highest 1"' ' (Lowest. Note.— The slope Montgomery, to St. J 13.H7 feet. The slopi to .St. .lohns, was 0.3 arc the highest and li of K. Steckul, eugiue tvtni, i af M ^, m. .... J .." i Mean . r ■ct. 22.98 2 .72 Hi •^: .27 8 2: .18 7 2: .,55 ■I 2: »"> 7 22 .72 8 2J .'•\ J 21 .20 7 2.1 .4!) ■> 2:1 .40 22 07 ") 21 10 ■) 22 02 D 2.1 111 1 21 99 7 Zi 86 i 21 28 ) 21 .■)7 i 21 95 ) 22 19 ) 20. 15 ) 22. 22 22. :il 2:1. 81 2:!. ■Xi 21. 17 22. 09 22. 08 21. 64 24. 09 21. 52 20. 09 22. 55 21. ;i4 19. (i2 REPORT OF U. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. 139 Tahi.k No. 13. — Lake Champlain at Fort Montgomrrn, X, Y. [MoiiUily iiicnii of walor Icvtils nlxtvo tlie zoro of tlio irnildd Stales Kii^Iiumt K"";i"'i the olevatinii of which zero in 94. .")3 feet ahove iiienii tiilo at New York Cilv.l .Mar. Apr. Feet. Feet. :i. 95 4.45 (2. 50) (4.01) 2. 70 5. 99 (4.40) (5.00) l.,59 4.38 3.01 5.10 1.47 4.36 2. 54 4.42 3.01 4.44 3.58 3.88 3.00 3.40 3.80 3.50 1.02 4.05 3.30 5. 68 1.94 4.48 3.43 5.20 2.81 5. 30 2.77 5. 40 3.13 4.02 4.30 4.70 5. 30 0.31 2.32 4.57 1.87 3.05 3.04 3.93 1.23 4.01 May. Jiiiiu. Feet. 4. 28 4. 32 6.49 5. 13 4.91 0.61 3.89 4.84 6.00 3.54 4.63 3.20 4.98 5.30 5. 00 4.39 0.37 0.57 4.47 5.72 0. 23 3.92 4.96 3.30 4.86 Feet. 2.70 3,94 4.15 i 5.00 3. .57 4. 73 2.43 3.02 3.73 2.33 3.21 3.89 4.02 3.03 3.40 3.00 4. 45 4.51 3.98 .5.27 3. 13 4.37 3. .53 2.72 .3.13 l\ily. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. i Feet. Feet. Feet. Feet. Feet. Feet. ' l.HO l.,50 1.94 1.45 1.50 (1.91) 2.97 3.03 4.00 3.80 3. !I0 3.40 2.50 1.81 1.0:1 1.38 2 17 (3.15) 3.88 3.34 2. 10 1.04 l.dO .89 < 2.41 1.80 1.42 1.74 2.59 2.31 ! 3. 00 1.78 .97 > 1 f .68 .48 i fi ,»,i 2.00 1..56 1.39 ,»o 2.00 1,99 2.82 2.71 I., 55 1.75 4.05 2. 50 1.04 1.02 .06 .81 2. 24 1.51 .87 .31 .15 1.70 1.47 1.99 1.38 .94 .02 1.06 1.54 3.01 1.80 1.25 1.13 .03 .30 2.93 1.80 .86 .40 .40 .40 2.05 1.03 .63 .48 .70 1. 45 2.41 1.85 1.88 1.90 3.79 3.70 2. 05 1.39 .83 .84 1.48 2.82 2 91 1.94 1.19 ..58 .47 1.87 2.77 1.72 1.93 2.43 3. 38 3.05 3.41 2.76 1. 85 2. 30 2. .52 3.32 3.07 1.80 3.13 3.01 3.12 2.88 1.94 1.43 1.10 .01 .50 1.13 ] .5.41 4.27 3.42 2. (10 2.25 «» '»*( 1 1.89 1.37 2.46 1.51 .90 .99 1.88 1(13 ..59 . 50 1.06 1.11 1.70 1.20 1.13 .00 1.00 2. 07 Feet. 2.47 3.43 3.14 3.41 2. 35 2.84 2. 10 2.78 2.07 2.06 2. 03 2.30 1.80 2.25 2.fl8 2.74 2.70 3. 29 3.37 3. 65 2. 75 3. 37 2.17 1.98 2.01 Mnaii (21 vfiarH, 1875-1895) ... Muau (25 vear.M, 1871-1896) .... 2.13 2.24 2.24 2.33 2.81 4. .55 4.92 3.62 2.53 1.8! 1. 49 2. 93 4.60 4.94 3.68 2. 57 1. 05 1.64 1.21 I 1..58 2.01! 2. .58 1.35 I 1.07 I 2. n 2.67 Note.— liite.rpolatod inoiitlily mean.s aro iniUcatod by p.iroiitlie.siw, anil aro found a.4 foUuwit: For January and February, 1871, by taking tlio corresponding moans of tho niontlily means in the twenty- ouo year series, 1875 to 18i)5, and correuting them by the average ilillereuiu) 'helweeu the observed monthly means for 1871 and tlie corrospimdiiig means in the twenty -one year seriiss; for December, 1871. an'd January, February, .March, and April, 1872, by pr.tportioniiig tho'dill'erenee between Novem- ber, 1871, and May, 1872, .'iccordiug to the dill'erence between the corresponding months in tlio twenty- one year series, aiid in the same manner for February, Mansh, ami April, 1874 ; for J a, .nary, February, and December, 1873, by direct interpolation. Tahlk No. 13a. — Hirer Jlichelieu at Lock Xo. 1 of the Chamhly Canal at St. Johns J'rorince of (Jiiebec. [Deplli of walcr iiu the ui)jier miter sill of Lock No. 1. The elevation of the upper milir sill is 87.41 feet above mean tide at New York Cilv.l Year. Stage. /Highest .... Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. Feet. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. (let. Nov. Dec. Feet. Feet. Feel. Feet. Feet. Feet. Feet. Feet. Feel. 9.83 Feet. 9. 33 8.42 9. 75 8. ,58 7. 25 0. .50 9. 83 8 83 Feet. 1863 8.42 8.07 7.83 8.25 6.75 9.42 9.00 iHiirheat. .. 11.33 10.92 8.68 10.07 9. 25 10. 00 0.17 12 33 8. 75 7.83 9.33 8. 07 9. 25 8.42 7. 92 7.42 8. 92 7.83 8.67 8.08 8.00 7.17 8. (10 7. 25 9. 75 8.25 10. 00 1804 1 Lowest 1Q.07 11.50 10.07 10.50 9.07 12.75 11.50 10.79 9.00 13. 83 12. 25 12. 33 10.17 9.75 (Higlu'st 1805 \ Lowest . . . . 11.67 /Higliest 1806 (Lowest ( lliifliest 10. 50 9. 92 1867 10. ,50 10.92 9.25 12. 17 10.17 10.25 8.75 ;::::: ::: :: 1868 (Highest I Lowest 10. 25 9.58 13.87 9. 33 12.07 10. 17 9.33 8. 25 10. 25 9.(18 9.08 8.17 8. .58 7. ,58 9. 33 8. 33 8.25 7.33 8. 25 7.08 8. ,58 8. 25 8.08 7. 17 9. 07- 7.17 11.42 8.17 9.50 7.00 9. 75 7. 33 11.08 9.83 9. 00 7.50 9.42 8. 75 1869. . . (Higliest \ 1.0 west / Highest.... \ Lowest 9. 33 8.07 10. 23 9. 42 9.00 8.83 1(1. 33 9. 58 9. 25 8. 75 10.00 9.17 10. 25 187 :i7. 75 :ti.75 39. 50 34.50 38. 1!5 36.42 34. 25 30. 33 30. 50 33. 17 37. .lO Jtfl. 83 32. 42 37.67 29. 25 31.00 36. 50 34. 75 29. 00 27. 42 34. 67 30.00 30. 00 32. 33 34. 25 33. 33 32. 33 30.75 33. 83 28. 50 38.45 35. 25 39. 50 32. 42 33. 67 35. 50 30.75 3,1. 50 32. 67 32. 75 33. 08 32. 33 28. 75 2.".. 58 31.,'iO 27. ,58 27. 00 29. 25 24.00 30.50 30. 17 31.33 27. 42 23. 08 32. 00 24. 42 27.67 29. 25 25. 50 20. 83 25. 08 26. 75 26.00 24. 58 32. 33 25. 75 26.42 28. 42 17.08 19.42 28. 33 24. 25 16.75 24. 25 30.58 28. 83 28.00 28. 42 20. 25 23. 92 18. 83 20. 92 16.92 26. 58 28. 92 27. 00 32. 42 31. 33 32. 42 32. 08 32. 75 ! 33. 17 I 33. .58 28.50 33. 42 32. 92 29. 25 33. 92 27.07 28. 58 33. 08 31.33 27. 25 25. 92 33. 58 27. 83 28.00 30. 33 26. 92 23. 92 30.33 27. 25 25. 83 20. 33 34.17 31.58 34. 42 ;to. 08 29. 67 28. 33 29.67 28. 67 24. 17 29. 58 30.83 28.92 Fei'l. Fell. Fevt. Feet. I Feet. Iklean. H!;:li. I.ow Feet. 29. 92 33.25 32. (18 27. 33 30. 92 31. 25 33.17 30. 83 29. 92 31.42 32. 67 31.83 32. 58 32. 58 28.67 33.00 25. 92 27. 42 33. 75 31.08 26. 42 25. 67 32. 17 27. 92 27. 75 30. 83 33. 50 33.17 29.83 25. 83 32.50 20.25 33. 25 29. 92 33. 75 30. 25 28.08 31.50 34.75 29. 17 31. 92 27.58 28.75 27. 42 r.. I 16. 92 31.58 29. 25 25.00 29. 00 28. 75 30.00 28. 00 27. 17 28.75 30. 08 28. 33 29. 75 20. 50 25. 75 31.58 24.08 25. 25 31. 25 28.00 24. 33 24. 08 29. 67 23. 00 25. 83 27.42 I 29.25 28. 25 26.67 24.00 28.08 24.25 30. 58 26.07 28.67 27.08 24. 00 20. 58 31.33 25. 92 24.50 25.08 25. 08 23. 08 29. 25 30. 08 31.. 58 20. 42 28. 83 30. ,58 31.58 30. 00 31.00 31.17 20.02 32.33 25.17 20.17 32. 17 29. 17 25. 33 24. 75 31.00 24.25 20.83 28. 92 30. 83 30.50 27.92 25.08 2;). 92 25. 00 31.42 28. 00 31.75 28. 83 25. 67 29. 33 32. 92 27. 17 23. 50 25. 92 26. 92 24.07 29. 92 32.17 32. 00 27. 33 29.50 30. 58 32. 00 30. 42 29. 50 32. 33 31.67 29. 25 30. 25 33. 42 27.75 31.83 29. 42 20. 83 32. 33 32. 00 26. 75 26. 17 31.58 26.75 29. 58 29. 75 29.67 30. 00 28.50 28. 50 31.25 26.75 34.58 28.08 30. 25 30. 25 28. 50 29. 00 32. 92 31. 67 26. 92 27. 83 30. 33 24. 50 16. .58 31.25 29. 83 24. 75 20. 25 S 28.07 ! 29. 50 i 28.00 t 28. 17 29.83 30.50 27.58 28.67 29. 00 20. 42 30.42 24. 92 24.50 28.00 28. 42 24. 42 24. 50 28.75 23. 83 27. 17 27.25 20.33 28. 25 25. 75 24.75 27. 08 24. 58 29. 25 25. 00 28.33 28.83 24. 75 26.07 29. 75 27.75 24. 50 25. 00 2.'). 92 22. 00 27. 50 29. 33 30. 75 30. .58 28.75 30. 92 31.08. 28. 42 29.58 31.17 27.00 31.17 27.17 25. 58 29. 83 30.17 25. 75 25. 25 30.50 25. 75 28.58 28. 33 20. 58 28. 83 27.08 21). 33 28.07 25.75 31.08 26. 50 29. 33 20. 50 26. 58 27. 67 31.42 29. 33 25.75 20. 33 29. 00 23. 08 Feet. •Si. 33 32. 83 32. 17 32. 00 34. 50 30. 75 32. 50 36. 50 29. 58 28. 58 41. ,58 35. 42 36. 75 32. 50 40.75 33. 17 33.00 32. 83 40.42 36. 83 32.00 30.50 38.67 33. 00 30.75 35.17 31. 33 20.42 34. 25 33.58 30. 17 31.00 33. 42 38. 50 40.07 44.33 43. 12 36.50 34.08 35. 08 33.92 30.50 33. 08 31.50 •1.07 Fei't. 21.8 1 23. 50 22.17 25. (10 24.. 58 21.00 21.00 2.'. 17 21.75 20. 50 24. 25 25.17 25.25 21.42 22. 75 22.67 24.00 19. 00 24. 75 26. 25 21.011 21. 25 26.42 22. 00 24.42 26.92 21. 0() 18. 83 22. 42 22. 25 17.83 19. 33 22. 25 22. 42 26. 17 25.42 27.58 22. 17 19. 83 21.67 24. 08 17.00 22. 08 20. 25 20. 83 M.Mll. IWt. 28.25 27. 58 2,5. 42 21. «3 22. 83 :!0. 50 30. 17 30. 17 25. 50 27. ,13 20. 75 30. 08 24.17 29. 92 30. 25 23. 33 27. 75 31. 42 28, 25 2.-i. 25 30.83 26. 08 19. 75 28. 50 25. 83 23. 50 22. 17 28.42 30. 75 30. 02 31.07 33. 08 29. 50 24. 67 20. 42 28. 25 23.33 27.42 2:1. 83 25. 33 REPOR Tami.k No. II.- Year. 18.50 1851 1852 18,5;i 1854 1855 1850 18.57 18.58 1859 1860... 1861... 1862... 1863... 1864... 1865... 1866... 1867... 1868... 1869... 1870... 1871... 1872... 1873... 1874... 1875... 1876... 1877... 1878. . . 1879- . . 1880... 1881... 1882. . . 1883... 1884... 1885... 1886... 1887... 1888... 1889... 1890... 1891... 1892... 1893... 1894... 1895. . . High Feet. 26. 25 24. 75 25. 75 25. 00 27. 00 24. ,58 22. 00 25. 42 23, 58 24.50 23. 75 27.17 28. 33 24.83 26. 33 24.58 23. 75 20. 42 23.00 20.83 26.83 24. .50 21.83 25. 25 24. 50 24. 83 28. 67 21.25 21. 25 25. 58 23. 83 22.58 22. 83 22.67 24,42 34. 08 25.08 27. 00 24. 67 23. 08 24.58 24 25 19. 33 25.42 23. 25 21, 58 REPORT OF U. 8. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. 141 Taiilk No. II. — SI. Lawrence River al MontrvaJ, I'rorinre of (Jiiebee — Coiitinut^d. Year. i8r)0 18,"il IH.VJ iHr.ii 1854 1855 1850 1857 1858 1859 1800 1861 18fl2 18t);t 1804 1865 1800 1807. 1808. 1809. 1870. 1871. 1872. 187a. 1874. 1875. 1870. J 877. 1878. 187!). 1880.... 1881.... 1882.... 1883.... 1884.... 1885.... 1880... . 18S7.... 1888.... 1889.... 1890.... 1891.... 1892.... 18U;!.... 1894.... 1895..., May. High. Low. ^lean IWI. 20. 25 24. 75 25. 75 25. (10 27. 00 24. 58 22. 00 a5. 42 2:t. 58 24.50 23, 75 27. 17 26. 33 24.83 26. 33 24.58 23. 75 26. 42 23. 00 20, 83 20. 83 24. 50 21.83 25. 25 24. 50 24. 83 28. «7 21.25 21. 25 25. 58 23. 83 22. 58 22. 83 22.07 24.42 34. 08 25. 08 27, 00 24.67 23, 08 24. 58 24 25 19. 33 25. 42 23. 25 21.58 Feet. 21.75 22. 33 23. 00 22. 58 23, 17 22. 3.3 20.17 20.42 22, 33 22. 17 20.58 25.42 23. 00 22.00 24. 00 23.25 21.25 24. 58 10.08 23.92 21.58 22.00 20. 00 22.75 20.17 20.25 25. 42 10.25 19.75 22.50 22. 00 19.17 20.17 20.83 22. 83 22. 83 21.92 22. 75 20.83 10.58 22.08 21.00 17. 92 20. 75 20. 75 19. 25 Feet. 21.08 23. 83 23. 00 23. 67 23. 08 26. 25 24.83 23. 58 25. 42 24. 08 21. 83 25. 00 20.92 25.25 24. 42 23. 42 21.17 24.17 22.17 22.75 27.42 19.92 20.50 24.00 23.08 21.33 21.83 21. 58 24. 08 24. 50 23. 42 25.58 22. 92 21.17 23. 58 22.92 18.58 23. 75 22. 00 20. 50 June. HiKh. Low. Mean Firt. 23. 75 23, 8.3 22.75 24. 00 23.67 23. 110 20.00 23. 83 23. 83 23.75 22. 42 25.75 22.83 22. 83 23.92 23. 25 22.83 25. 50 21. 83 2.1. 50 21.83 22. 17 21.08 25.08 24.42 22. 02 26. 83 19.25 19.67 22. 42 22.67 21.25 23. 50 23. 08 22.58 23. 17 21,67 22.58 23.00 22.60 24. 25 21.00 20. 92 24.00 21.50 10.50 Ffct. 10. 00 21. 17 21.42 21.25 20.58 21.00 19.08 23.00 21.75 21. 92 20. 33 21.58 20.33 20.08 19.83 10.92 21.00 21.83 18.67 21.17 19.83 19.58 18.33 20.50 22.00 17.75 22.75 18.17 18. .-.8 19.58 10. 92 18.17 21.67 21.07 19.75 20. 83 20. 50 19.67 20.92 19.75 22.33 18.58 18.50 20.75 19. 83 17.42 Frrt. 19.42 23.50 22.58 22.67 20.50 23. 67 21.50 21.25 21.42 21.08 21.67 23.83 20,00 21.83 20.67 20.50 20.17 22. 25 23.25 20.17 24,33 18.50 19. 08 20. 75 21. 42 19.25 22. 58 22. 17 20. 92 21.75 21.08 21.08 21. 83 22.08 23.75 19.50 19. 42 22.50 20.50 18.58 July. High. Low. Mraii Fert. 19. 75 21.17 22.00 21. 25 20. 67 21.17 19.25 22. 75 22. 42 22.00 20. 33 22.25 20.33 20.17 20.00 20. 42 20.75 21. 83 18.67 21. .50 19.67 19.50 18.42 20. 50 22.17 18. 83 22. 42 18.33 18.75 19.67 19.92 18.17 21.75 22. 50 19.58 21.42 20.58 19.58 20.50 21.17 22.17 18.58 21.25 20.58 20.17 17.25 Feet. 18. 25 19. 50 19.33 19.00 18.83 18.92 18.83 21.00 20.58 20. 33 18.67 20.58 19. 33 19.25 18.50 19.83 19.00 19.67 17.50 19.83 19. 08 18. 42 17.17 18. 83 19. 33 17.75 19.75 17.92 18.00 18.50 18. 33 17.42 19.50 20. 50 18.75 16.67 19. 33 18.67 17.83 19.17 19.42 17. 92 17.92 18.75 17. 75 15.17 Fiif. 19. U8 21.58 21. 42 21.00 19. 42 21. 58 19.75 19. V> 19.25 20. 33 19.75 20.83 17.92 20. 42 19.33 J8.92 17.67 19.67 20. 58 18.08 21.25 18.08 18.25 18.75 18.92 17. 75 20. 75 21.42 19. 25 20.67 19.83 19.25 19.00 20.08 20.83 18.25 19. 33 19. 58 19.17 15.83 Aiigii«t. lUgli.l Low. I Moan. Fert. 18.83 19. 92 20. 00 19. 01) 18.83 19.08 19. 00 21.42 20. 02 20. 33 10. 25 20. 67 19. 75 19. M 18.58 19.75 19. 25 19. 75 I 17.07 I 20. 17 19. 17 , 18.50 * 17.08 ' 18.83 19.58 17.92 19. 07 17. 92 18.07 18.50 18.33 17.42 19.67 20.58 19. 33 19.75 19.50 18.58 17.92 19.58 19.58 18.42 19.50 20. 25 17.92 15.67 Firl. 17.00 17. 83 18.08 18.58 17.42 18.00 18.00 20. .W 19. .■.8 19. 25 18.58 19. 33 18.75 18.33 18.00 18. 33 18.42 18.42 16. 07 19.33 18. 25 17.08 16. 00 17.42 17.42 17.25 18. 25 17.17 18. 00 17.17 16. 83 16.25 18.83 18.58 18. 08 18.08 !8.08 17. 33 17. 25 17. 67 18.58 17.33 17.42 17.17 16.25 15.00 Fret. 18.33 21.. '■.8 20. 33 19.83 18.83 20. 08 19.25 18. 83 18. 33 19. 17 18. 83 19. 00 17.17 19.75 18.75 17.83 10.75 18.33 18. 42 17.50 18. 83 17.50 18,33 17.67 17. .')8 17.00 19. 08 19.50 18.75 18.83 18.83 18.08 17.50 18. .50 19.00 18.00 18. 25 18.08 17.00 15.33 S t if 142 REPORT OF IJ. a. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. Taulk No. M. — SI. I.awnnm Ktvcr ttl Montreal, I'rovincc of (Jitehir — C'oiiliimcd. M Year. 18511.. IKM.. 185:'. . i85;i. . ia'.4.. is:>:<. . 1856. . 1857.. 1858.. 1859. . IKtiO.. 1801.. 18Gi.. 18(K).. 1804.. 18ti5.. IKfifi.. Wi7. . 1868.. 181(9. . 1870.. 1871.. 1872.. 1873.. 1874.. 187,-.. 1876.. 1877. . 1878. . 187».. 1880. . 1881.. 1882.. 1883.. 1884.. 1885.. 1886.. 1887. . 1888.. 1889. . 1890.. 1891.. 1892.. 1893. . 1894.. 1805.. S<'i)t«iiilMir. \Utih. Low. Mi-Hii Fert. 17.50 17.58 IH. 58 19. 33 17.07 18.17 18. 42 20. 50 21.42 19. 50 19. 58 19. 75 20. 17 18.50 18.50 18.25 20. «7 18. 50 17.17 20.92 18.58 17.75 17.33 17. 5(1 17. 50 17.25 18. 25 17. 25 18.25 17.17 17.08 16.50 19. 00 18. 58 18.08 18.25 18. 25 17.50 17.50 17.58 20. 08 17.67 18.08 20. 33 16. 42 15.00 Feel. 17.00 17. 00 18. (Ml 18.08 17.08 17.75 17.75 19.50 20. 00 18.83 18. 00 18. 75 18.67 18.00 17.58 17. 25 18.58 17.58 10. 58 19.00 17.58 16. 42 16.50 17.00 17.00 16. 50 17. 75 16.42 17.58 18.67 16. 33 15. 67 18.00 17.02 17.42 17.83 17.83 16. 50 16. 75 16. 83 18.25 16. 25 16.67 17.00 15.92 13. 83 Oct(»l)<>r, JiIkIi. Luw, j Moan. /'(■<•«. 18.00 19. 83 20. 75 10.17 18.50 10.08 19.42 18.25 18.00 17. 75 19.50 18. 00 in. 92 20.00 18.08 17.00 16.83 17.25 17.25 16. 83 18.08 16.67 17.83 17.00 16.83 16.17 18.50 18.17 17.67 18.08 18.00 16.08 17.17 17.08 19.00 17.00 17.08 17.83 16.17 14. 50 Fert. 18. 33 17.58 19.00 10.42 17.50 19.68 18.83 20. 42 21.17 19. 50 19.00 20.83 19.67 18. 50 19.58 17.33 20. 17 17.8:1 16.92 21. 50 18. 33 16.92 18.17 19. 08 17.08 17.50 18.17 16.92 20. 00 16. 92 17.17 15.92 18.67 13. 33 18.00 2a 00 18.25 16.92 17.26 17.42 18.42 16.33 17.08 17.17 17.08 14.33 November. High. Low, Mvun. lliKh. Low. Moan Fret. 17.00 16.02 18.17 18.58 17.08 18. 00 17. 58 10.17 19. 33 18.58 18. 42 19.83 18.75 17.83 18. 08 16. 33 17.83 17.25 16.00 19.25 17.17 10. 17 16.58 17.25 16. 42 16.50 17.58 16.17 17.76 15.83 16.25 15.42 17.08 17.00 17.42 18.08 17. 75 16.25 16.33 16.08 ir.75 15.50 16.00 10.42 16.00 13.17 Feet. 18.33 19. 58 20. 42 19.08 18. 75 19.08 10.08 18.26 18. 83 17.00 18.83 17.58 16.42 20.25 17.67 16.50 17.68 18.17 16. 83 16. 92 17.83 16.50 18.33 16.50 16.67 15.75 17.50 17.92 17. .^8 19. 33 18.00 16.58 18.75 16. 83 18.00 15.92 16.58 16.83 16.58 13.83 Feet. 18.33 17.67 19. 83 20.00 18.25 22.00 17.83 21.58 20.17 22.17 20. 00 21.25 20.17 20.17 20. 50 17. 50 22.17 17.08 17.83 19.00 18.92 16.83 17. 83 19.50 10.58 17.58 18. 33 17. 83 20.25 17.00 19.08 16.33 17.67 19.25 18.75 19.17 18. 75 16. 50 20.08 17.17 18.75 17.50 18. 25 16.92 17.33 15.60 Feet. 17.00 10. 92 18.42 18.75 17.08 18. .58 17.00 10.58 18.75 18.25 18.83 20.00 18.83 18.00 18. 83 16.25 18.50 16.42 16.33 18.00 18.17 16.08 18.38 17.83 16.17 16.17 17.67 16. 42 18.92 15. 42 16.60 15.58 16.75 18.08 17 33 17.50 17.67 15.83 16 58 15 67 17.50 14 92 16 25 16 17 10. 00 13.25 Dw.eiiilicr. 17.50 20. 50 19.58 19.75 19.50 20.67 19.42 19.08 19.67 16.76 20. 08 10,75 17.08 18. 50 18.50 16.42 17.17 18. 50 16. 42 16. 75 18.17 16.92 19.50 18.08 18.08 16.08 17.25 18.42 17.92 18.08 18. 08 16.17 18.00 16.33 17.92 15.67 17.08 16.50 16.83 13.83 Feet. 33. 00 13. 33 24. 25 30. 07 30. 25 25.68 34. 83 23. 08 3;i, 50 35. 92 32.68 26.42 28.17 32. 00 25.75 28. 17 25. .50 32.75 31. 83 32. 17 25.25 31. 42 27. 25 34. 58 20.58 32.83 34.92 17.92 21. 83 32.26 31. 42 16. .50 30.17 36.83 34.17 30.75 33.50 31.00 27.00 18.67 33.92 18.50 33.00 35.50 27.17 29.50 Feet. 17.58 17.00 19. 25 18.33 17.02 19.00 17.08 19. 83 18.17 20. 25 18.75 19.83 18. 07 18.75 20.33 16.67 21.42 16.58 16.67 18..'>0 17.67 Ui. 17 16. 17 20.25 10.17 19.17 17.75 17.08 19.42 10. OK 17.58 10.00 16.50 18.75 17. 25 18.08 18.00 16. 00 16.17 16.50 17.33 16.42 16.67 16.08 16,92 14.76 / V et. 23. 75 20.50 23. 42 26. 33 21.00 21. 00 21.. 58 22. 08 22. 17 19.83 22. 17 25, 58 23. 83 25. (,7 18. -,5 27. .50 l'.t.75 25. 75 21.50 28. H3 26.17 17.58 20. 50 20. 92 22. 50 16. 25 22. 50 23.(8 22. I 8 21. '.5 25. .'8 18.(0 20. 33 17.58 20.58 17.50 20.17 26.25 17.33 21.08 UEPOU Tahlk [Monthly iiiraii ol' \v. Klevalions of tho bp\ OsiletiHliiii')! (ialH, iilil Lrv'k 27 . . . (iiilopH, iiltl Lock 25.. liapiilo riat. old Lock ; Fill laiiH roiiit, old Loc Cornwall, old Lock 15. Mondi. 1870. OK'I Fe January ... Fcliniary . . March Aitril May Jui'lH .Inly Au);iiHt SHjitunibcr. Octoln'r... Novonibcr . DeccinlMsr.. 1895. .Tannary Feliriiary March Ainil May •I line July All^llMt I - 1. Septtsinbcr — 1- October a— 1. November December ' XoTK.— Interpolated Jiilv, 1895) at Cornwall slojle betweou the two j Water lei [Monthly mean of wate Date. 1800. January . . . February . . March April May June July August September. October La: Su] rioi Dull a Throe-tenths foot c river. b Six-tenths hundred 11^ KEPOKT OF r. fl. DKKI' WATKRWAYS COMMISSION. Tahlk No. 1."). — SI, Lawrence River from Prescotl to Moiitrral. 143 [Montlily iiifaii of wmIit IbvcIh itliovoor bitliiw (liu zero nt' k'^oK'^ f*'' OuiliMiHliurj; rikI itbov*< iiiilcr Mlh III' till' Btn'fi'iil lockH at I lie )iliiri'H iiiiiiiriV. | Elevations of tlio apvoral jilanoH of rcfurcncp, in feet, nlmvo iiiran ti»lu at Now Vork City : OgiletiHliui't; 245. 3.1 (iaIiipH, olil LiKk '21 2;t.''>. IT) (iiiloiiH, iilil Look 'A'i 21H.,VJ ltii|ilil The main divisions in Canada were determined and marked on the maps by Dr. G. M. Dawson, deputy head and director of the geological 8urveJ^ and Mr. Hugh V. Payne, chief of the meteorological ollice, Canada. The areas of a few of the subsidiary watersheds were taken from actual surveys and are so noted in the tables. The areas of the several main watersheds are as follows: Ifame. Lako Superior LiiKr M it'.liifran i^nke Hiinin Lake St. ( Hair Lake Krio Lakt' Ontario St. Lawrence River (exclusive of Ottawa huMu and Clianiplain waterHhed) Uudrtou River Ottawa River (total lia«iu) LaketJIuiniplaiii Total area of wateraliedH Area in H(|uare miieH. 48, 600 4r., 700 r.2. 100 c, 320 24, 480 2r., .'■>30 120, 385 i:i, 140 00, 470 7, 900 409, 085 REPORT The area of the of the watershed mary and also in The elevations the office of the The elevations ot and divides are elevations are iu The following appear in detail Lake Superior Lake Michigan Lalie Huron Lake St. Clair i-iko Erie Lake Ontario St. Lawrence River (Gal Total to Montreal Ottawa River (head to n Lake (Miamplain St. Lawrence River (Mo St. Lawrence River (Qu« Total, Montreal to Lakes and St. Lawrence From Montreal to nioutl Total to mouth St. Hudson River an by No. 1 gives th( laterals. No. 2 is a list ( No. 3 shows a Mr. L. Y. Scherc published in Ai Lake Huron bas the Province of ( ligure it, is large merhorn gives other differences Tables Nos. 4 and the areas of Respectfully s Mr. L. E. (Joi Untjinee KEPORT OP U. S DEEP WATERWAYb COMMISSION. 147 AREA OF BASINS. The area of the basin is made up of the area of the water surface aud of the watershed, and the areas of the maiu basins are given in tha sum- mary aud also in detail in Tables 4 to 13. ELEVATIONS. The elevations given in the tables and on the map were reduced in the office of the Commission, ami are from the best obtainable data. The elevations of the Great Lakes and of many points on the rivers and divides are given in the tables, and also on th3 general map. All elevations are in feet above mean tide at New York City. GENJ3RAL SUMMARY. The following is a general summary of the several areas which appear in detail in the tables: Name. Areatof water iu square miles. I Area of Area of ; watershed basin ! iu square iu square j miles. miles. Lake Suiierior Lake Michigan Lake Huron Lake St. Olair i-ike Erie Lake Ontario St. Lawrence lUver (Galops to Montreal). Total to Montreal 31,800 2-2, 400 23, 200 495 10, 000 7.450 220 95, 5«5 Ottawa River (head to mouth) , Lake (Miamplaiu St. Lawrence Uiver (Moutreal to Quebec) . St. Lawrence River (Quebec to mouth) — Total, Montreal to mouth St. Lawrence River. 400 375 4,800 5,575 48, (ibO 45, 700 52, 100 6,320 24, 480 25, 530 5,710 80, 400 es. 100 75, 300 C, 815 34, 480 32, 980 5, 930 208, 440 304, 005 7,960 37, 475 86, 200 a 56, 470 8, 360 37, 850 91, 000 131,635 193, 680 RECAPITULATIOK. 95,565 208,440 i 304. 0( (5 From Moiitroal to luouth St. Lawrenco liiver 5, .')75 131,035 193,080 Ti)tal to month St. Lawrence River 101,140 340,075 1 497,685 6 140 1 13, 140 ' 13, 280 a Total basin ; water surface and watershed not separated. 6 Water area from Troy to mouth only. TABLES APPENDED. No. 1 gives the elements used iu figuring the areas of the quadri- laterals. No. 2 is a list of the charts, maps, and other data consulted. No. ({ shows a comparison of the results with those determined by Mr. L. Y. Schermorhorn, assistant engineer. United States Army, and published in American Journal of Science in 1887. The ditt'erence in Lake Huron basin is probably due to the placing of the divide through the Province of Ontario, as the area of the watershetl in Ontario, as we figure it, is larger than the total watershed for the lake as Mr. Scher- merhorn gives it. Ditt'ereut terminals may account for some of the other differences. Tables Nos. 4 to 13 show the water and land areas, with elevations, and the areas of the different subdivisions. Kespectfully submitted. J. E. Maloney. Mr. L. K. CooLEY, C. E., Engineer, Deep Waterways Commission. !i i 148 REPURT OF U. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. N(». 1. — Table of distanceH oil vierldiana and parallelH for 3i)' of arc, and areas of quadrilaterals formed hij ,"0' arcs. [Ai'oaH ll^iireil Ity iiiiildl*; (liRtiiiicrH.] Lenijth nf .10' of am of Latitude, tlio iiicriil- iivii iiiHtat- I tito IIlilUB. Latitude. ;i9 m :io 39 39 15 3!) ;t4. 492 45 40 00 :i4. 495 40 15 40 ;i0 .34. 498 40 45 41 00 34. 501 41 15 41 '■'O 34. 504 41 45 42 m 34. 508 42 15 42 :iO 34.511 42 45 4;i 00 34. 514 43 15 4;i ;!0 34. 517 43 45 44 l)!l 34. 520 44 15 14 111! .34. 523 44 45 4r) 00 34. ,'i25 45 15 45 ;jo 34. 028 45 45 l(i 00 31.531 40 15 40 ;;o 34. 534 40 45 47 00 34. 538 47 15 47 ;io 34. 541 47 45 48 00 34. ,">44 48 15 48 111' 34. iJ47 48 45 40 (0 34. 550 49 15 40 :io 31. 5.53 49 45 ,')() 00 34. nrm 50 15 .^.0 :io 34. 559 50 45 hi 00 34. 502 51 15 LcncHiof Area of 30'of arc. of 30' quatlri- tlieitarni Latil udi«. latoral in IbU in stilt Hquari) uto uiilo.s. miles. 1 26. 819 o 30 t (10 26. 628 39 30 925.1 26. 435 40 00 018. 5 26. 230 40 30 911.9 26. 041 41 00 905. 3 1 y'- 842 41 30 808. 5 '. 669 42 00 891.8 J.:> 4.37 42 30 881.8 2S. 231 43 00 877.9 25. 023 43 30 870.9 24. 814 44 00 863.8 24. 604 44 30 856. 7 24. 390 45 00 849. 3 24. 175 45 30 842. 1 23. 959 4<; 00 834.8 23. 740 16 30 827. 4 23. 520 47 00 819. t 23. 298 47 30 812. 4 23. 074 48 00 804. 8 22. 847 48 30 797.1 22. 620 19 00 789.4 22. 391 49 30 781.0 22. 160 .50 0(1 773. 7 21. 927 50 30 765.8 21. 693 51 00 7.^>7. 8 Kemarks. — Distau(U!H on inrridians and parallels taken from rojiurl of Coaut and Geodetic. .Survey, 1884, Ai>iKndi.\ No. «. No. 2 — Table of maps, charts, and other data consulted. CANADIAN DATA. Maps; Peiiiirtnirnl of railways and eanals. (ieologiial .survey. Crov^nland depafrnu'nt in tlio Provinces of (Quebec and Ontario. Lake Sinicoe, showing walcrsliods. Rcjiort and map of tlic(icor{;ian liay route. Letters: Dr.ti. M. Pawson, doput.y head and director of the geoh)gical survey. Mr. Hugh V. I'ayue, cliiof of meteorological oUico. V.NITED 8IATK8 DAIA. Maps: Lane'. Ofliro, T)ppartmpnt of Tnl«rior. l*o.4lal route, rostOlliiT Depart uiont. Geolo;{ical siirvfv of Wisconsin and Michigan. United States (i(!ologic:d SurvcNs. New York State surveys (geoloKieal and Adirondack). New .lersey geol();;lcal survey. Sanitary district of Cliicago (watersheds in Illinois, Wisconsin, and Indian;)). Charts: I'nited Slates Lake Survey, (^'harts of tlie Great Lakes and the St. Liiwrenee Kiver. Hvdro;rr;ipl\i(; Otllco, rniti>d States Navy. riiited .Stales (Joiist and Geodetic Survey. Charts of Lake ('hamplain, lltid.sou Uiver and .Vow Vork liay. Keporls; (!hief of Kiigiiu'ers. Tnited States Army. Stale engineer and surveyor of New Vork. SI. Louis liiver .valer power project. Lakes and Gnlt waterway, liy L, K. (.'ooley, C. V,. Ma)is of surveys of lakos in Oswego Ilasin. Letter: TroL K, T, Clarke (lakes In Uswogo Uasiu). REPORT No. 3. — Table showin States Name of lake. Superior. . Michigan . Huron Sl.Cliiir .. Krie Ontario . . . Area I (' 1 United I Commi r a3 hi 'rotiifarea of aii basins.. a Liike Superior inclnd bLakoilMron includes cl.ake St. Clair ;::;'!nd (I Lake Erie includes t <■ Liike Ontario includt the heiid to head oi (i:do /Lake Ontario probab Tables show'nuj the w Description: Term inala— West en lOlevation— Stanilartl Limits— Latitude, 40 Length— 3.54 mih^s oi Hreadth- 102 miles f Area: Ari'iiof w;iter surl'a A I e:i of Wiltersli'Ml- (tntario Minnesota Wis(^onsin rpper Michigan , Total artion ; Teiniiniils — South e Ciiy Mght-llinise Klevation— Stfliidan Limits— Latitude, 4 Length— 310 miles 'i. lUO (i, 320 21, 480 25, 530 L. T. Srlier- nierliorn. .51,600 37, 700 32, 500 8,400 23, 000 21,600 A rea of aggroj;ato basin (square miles). United States ComiiiisHion. 80, 400 08, 100 75,300 I 0,815 34,480 32,080 ' li. y. Srher iiiorhorn. 82, HOO (iO, l.JO .lO, 4!'>() 8. HOO 32. !)7.-> 2K, 840 298, 075 70, 075 a I.ukc Su;ierior includos the St. Marys River to the Sault Ste. Marie. b Lake ll'irop. includes the St. Mar.TH Kiver from Sault Ste Marie to the month, aiid (tiMir^ian I'.ny. (sLake St. Clair ir.vlndes the St. U. .. and Detroit rivers. (/Lake Krie incliidcH the Niagara River to the falls. e Lake Ontario includes the Niagara River from the falls to the mouth, and St. Lawreucf UiviT from the head to head ol (iahiiis Rapids. /Lake Ontario pi'obably doe.s not include any of the St. Lawrence River. Tahles showing the water and land areas, with eleralions, and the arias of the di(l'ereiit snhdirisions. No. 4.— LAKK SDPERIOR. De.sciiption : Terminals — West end at inontli of .St. Louis River; east end .it Sault Ste. Marie. Elevation— Standard low water, OOO.OO feet; standard high water, CO4.70 fci-t. Limits— Latitude, 4(i,J^' to 49^ north : hmgitude, 84J=' to 02^-^ weet. Length -1154 miles on right line (from St. Louis l!ay to Miehipicoten Huy). Kreadtb— 102 miles on right line (about on meridian 80^ 40' west). Area: Sq. miles. Ari'iiof water suiface ..t 31,800 Area of watershed— Ontario 30,780 Minne.sota 800 Wisconsin 3, 1(10 1 ■ ppcr Michigan 7, 8t(0 .»8, GOO 'i'ot al ii ir inlniiiln 140 A rcii o( (li'tnclied buy n, vW 1, 930 Lake Winnoltagn- - Klevatioii, 7.10 (Vet. Armi of water siirfaco 210 Area of wulrralied 5,840 Total area of bsHiii 6, 050 Graiiil Uiver- IClevutioii at (irand Kapida, 58C.(i feet. Ari'ii of baalu uliove Uraud Jvai>ids 4,870 St. Joaejdi Ulver — Klevatioii 'it South i5end. Area of basin above South lieiid, Ind.— iM ieh i Ran 2, 000 ludiaiiu 1,550 TotijI area of baain 3, .ISO No. C. -LAKE HURON. Desri'iptir,',! : Tc^niiinals— North end at Sanlt Ste. Afarie; west end at. meridian throiigli Mackinaw City Lij^ht HoMse; south and oast end at ])arallel through Vnrt Huron, juHt below mouth of ISIaek Hiver. Klovation — Stanihird low water, 579.0 feet; stand.iril liiah water, 58 1. HI feet. Liniils— Latitude, 43^ to 401° north ; h)n}jitnde, TilJ*^ to 843° west. Length— 207 miles on ri^lit lino (from I'ort Harris to Driiunntind Lsland). Breadth--101 miles on right lino (about 44° 35' north). Area: Sq. miles. Area of water 8nrfac<\ 23, 200 Area of watershed- Ontario 35,400 Miehiuau 16.700 52,100 Total area of basin 75, 300 Memoranda : Area ol islands 1.703 Area of detached l)ays, ote. — Georgian Ha v . - -'- 5, 000 North Channel . 1,000 St . Marys Ki ver 150 Saginaw Bay 1, 050 Tota' area 8,400 Lake Nipisaing— Elevation (Ells & Bnrlow), 642 and 049.5 feet. Area of water surface 330 Area of watershed 3,000 Total area of basin 3,930 Lake Simooe — Elevation (i)nblie works profile), 714 feet. ' Area of wa( er surface 300 Area of watershed 1,750 Total area of basin 2, 0.'iO Saginaw Kiver, area of liasin above Saginaw 6,000 No. 7.-LAKE ST. CLAIII. (Inelnding St. Clair and Detroit rivers.) Description : Teiininals— 'North and west end at parallel through Port Huron Just below mouth of Black River; east end al jiarallel through Bar Point, mouth of Detroit River. Elevation — Lake St. Clair, standard low water, 574.26 feet; standard high water, 578.04 feet. Limits— Lake St Clair, latituife42V to423'; longitiule 82J'^ to 8;P. Length— St. Clair Kiver, 37 miles (fnun United States Ship (Janal to Port Huron) ; Lake St. Clair, 20 miles (on right lino about 82 ' 45') ; Detroit River, 27 miles (from Wind Mill I'oint to parallel through Bar Point); Lake St. Clair, 24 miles (on right line about pniallul 42 25'). Area : Area of water surface— Sq. miles. St. Clair Ri ver 15 St.(Jlair Lake 445 Detroit Kiver 35 Total area of water surface 495 REPORT Tablen showin Area- Continued. Area of watiersliod" Ontario Michigan ... Total area of Total area of l\teinoranda: Are:i of islands. Note.— The area of S Description : Terminals— West en Elevation— Standan Limits— Latitude 41 Length— 239 miles o Breadth— 59 miles oi Areii : Area of water surfac Area of watershed- Ontario Ohio Michigan New York Indiana Pennsylvania. Total area of b Memoranda : Area of islands in Ki .\reu of islands in L; Niagara River— From head to th< Area of wnterslu Now York. . Ontario Total area of bi Description t Terminals— West en' Elevation Standard Limits- Latitude, 43 Length— 193 n iles ci (about en meridiai Area : Area of water surfac Niagara River . . St. Lawrence Ri' Lake Ontario . . . Area of watershed - Ontario New York Total area of 1 Memoranda Trent Kiver - Elevation lialsai Area of hasin al Genesee River - Elevation Genet Area of basin al Black River- Area 1 Oswego Kiver— Arc k^ REPORT OF U. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. 151 Tablen ahoivimj the water and land areas, with derations, rlc. — L'ontiuued. No. 7.-LAKK ST. CLAIR-C'oiitimieil. Area— Continued. Areiiitf wiitershort— Si|. miles. ( (iitario 4. IfiO Micbigun :!, 16U Total area of watorsUed (5, ;i20 Total area of basin 6, 815 IMtMnoninda : An-a of inlauda 80 Note.— The area of St. Clair Kiver is taken from Port Huron to Toint Aiix (Mieve.s. h No. 8.~-LAKE EKIK. De.scription : Terniinals— West end nt mouth of Detroit River; east end at Nia;:arii Falls. Elevation— Standard low water, .'iTl.ll.^ feet; standard high water, 575.'_'() feet. LimitH— Latitude 41J" to 43'^ north ; I-.-n-iilude 78jc^ to 8:tJ'- west. Length— 230 miles on right line (from liiill'alo via Point Pulee to west end). ISreadtli — 59 miles ou right lino (from Ashtabula to Point Talbot). Area: Sq. miles. Area of water surface 10, 000 Area of watershed- Ontario f), 480 Ohio H,i)50 M ieh i pan 'J, 900 New York L', LMO Indiana 1 , '270 Pennsylvania .'i80 24,480 Total area of basin 34, 480 Memoranda : A roa of islands in Niagara Uiver 29 Area of islands in Lake Erie 55 Niagara Kiver — From head to the Falls, area of water surface 21 Area of watershed- New York 789 Ontario 420 1,209 Total area of basin 1, 230 No. 9.— LAKE ONTAKIO. Description : Terminals— West end at Niagara Falls ; east end at head of Galops Kapids, St. Lawrence Kiver. Elevation Standard low water, 244.53 feet: standard high water, 249.04 feet. Limits— Latitude, 431'^ to I4i ' north ; longitude. 76^ to 80° west. Length— 193 n iles on right lino (liurliugtou liay to Sacketts Harbor) ; 53 miles on right lino (about en meridian 77^ 35' west.) Area : Area of water surface— Sq. miles. Niagara Kiver 5 St. I^a wrence Kiver 185 Lake On tario 7, 260 7,450 Area of watershed - Ontario 11, 255 New York 14,275 25, .530 < ■ , , Total area of ba.sin 32,080 Memoranda : Trent liiver - Elevation Ilalsam Lake summit level, Trent Valley route, 835 feet. Area of basin above mouth 4,750 Genesee Kiver - Elevation Genesee Alleghany Canal summit, 1,490 feet. Area of basin above mouth (from State survey) 2. 44B Black Kiver— Area of basin above Watertown 1, 900 Oswego liiver— Area of basin above mouth 5, ooo 11 ttr m 152 REPORT or U. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. Tablna ahowimj the water and land areas, with elevariona, elr. — Coutiuued. No. ;i.-LAKK ONTAJaO-ContiiiUfd. Ari^a and elevation of lakes in Oxirerjo batin. Name. Tioke Onpida L;ike iSenoca Liiko (Jay iigii liiike (Jiinandaiciia I/iike Skaiieatelos Lake Crooked (n' Keiika) . Lake Owasco Tiaku ()iion(la;;a Lake Otisco Lake Cuzuiioviu Area. Klevation. Sq. mileg. J'i'et. 80 ;«!!). 4 08 442. a 00 :!79. a 10 082 M 802 27 720 10 705 5 3(i0 4 a 1,177 No. 10.— LAKE CHAMPLAIN AND OTTAWA KIVEU. Lake (-hamplain. Description: Terminals -South end at Whitehall; north end at St. Johus on Rit'lielieii River. Klevation -Low water, 9.5.o:i feet; high water, loa.78 feet. Length— 125 miles (from Whitehall t'l St. Johus) ; breadth, Kl miles. Area: Area of water surface Area of watershed — (Quebec 740 Vermont 4, 270 Now York 2, 050 Si|. miles. 400 , 000 Total area of basin 8, 300 Memorantla: Lake George — Elevation low water, .'i20 feet. Area of water surface 50 Richelieu River— Froui luturnutioual Boundary to St. Johns, .are.-i of water surface 16 Ottawa River. Description: Terminals — From headwaters to mouth at Isle of Montreal. Elevation.s— A t Ottawa, by Rideau Canal, llti feet; by Ottawa River, ia0..'> feel ; Lac (Dawson), 848 feet; Lake Temiscamiog (Dawson), 088 feet; mouth of Matawau R Barlow), 409-513 feet. Area : Basin— >'rom heml waters to month of Matawan River Krom mouth of Matawan River to Ottawa City From Ottawa City to mouth of river des Qiiinze iver (Ells &. S(i. miles. .... 18,430 .... 27,100 .... 10,880 Total area of basin 56, 470 No. 11. -ST. LAWRENCE RIVER. [Omitting Ottawa and Champlain basiihs.] Description : Terminals— liead taken at Galops Rapids; cast end at line acro.ss mouth at Poiute des Monts. Elevations- Location. Ogdcnsbnrg Lake St. Francis, at Valleyfiold Lake St. Louis, at Melocheville Montreal Standarart of basin lying south of line from St. Johns to La Prai -ie, (,)uebec .. 105 New York 3 Total area 1U8 No. 12. -HUDSON RIVER. Description: Terminals— Head waters up about 44° north parallel; mouth at New York City, Battery Park. Elevations— Troy Dam, mean low tide, 3.37 feet ; mean high tide, 4.17 feet : Fort Edward, low water, 116.4 feet : Cbamplain-Hudson divide, 146 feet ; lUack-Moha wk summit level of caual at Boonville, 1,122.7 feet; Oneida-Mobawk summit level of Erie Canal at Rome, 420.7 feet. Area ; Sq. miles. Area of water surface from Troy Dam to mouth 140 Area of watershed- New York 12,250 New ilorsoy 180 Vermont 520 Massachusetts 175 Connecticut 15 13, 140 Total area of basin 13,280 Memoranda: Divisions >.i the Hudson — Hudson River above Fort E<1 ward, area of basin 2, 700 Huds(Mi River above Troy Dam (exclusive of Mohawk), area of basin- New York 4,010 Vernumt 520 Massachusetts 160 Total area of basin 4, 690 Hudson River from Troy Dam to mouth — Area of water surface 140 Area of watershed- New York 4,760 New Jersey 180 Massachusetts 15 Connecticut 15 4,070 Total area of basin 5, 110 Muhawk River — Area of basin above Cohoes 3,480 Area of basin above Amsterdam 3, 180 154 REPORT OF IT. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. Tables shoiving the water anil land arcan, with elevations, etr. — Continued. No. IJ.-GVLV OF ST. LAWKENCE AND NEW YOKK HAY. Ou^f 0/ St. Latorencf. Descrip'.inn : TuiminalH— Moiitli of St. Lawronco Kiver at Ptodu MouU; Straitb ut Belle Islo about at (/'ape N trman ; iit a lino from Cape Ray to Cape North. Lim.ts-Latitudti, 40° to Sip ; lougitudo, 50° to 07'^. Area: Si). iiiileH. Area of watiir Hurfacr. 87, -00 Area of watersLod '.10,500 Total area of basin 183, 700 Area of priucipal inlauds iu Gulf T), 300 New York Hay. Description: Torininala— Moufb of Hiulion Kiver at tlio Battery, New York City; line from Tlirogs Nock acro.MH Loug lulaud Sound to WilletH I'oiut; line from Sandy ilook to west end Uuckaway Beaub. Area: Siin> ^i>' A"^., c~4s-« ^ i»»ii»> ,:.y 7»* ?«• 77° 7B- 78* 7*" 73* 72* 71' AUTHORITY Crmipiled fiyAssr'-sMrtt t/^JS'-J^f/oi/ey . un*/er f/te cffrcctio7t ofZt.K. Cooley , C'.S^. yhe Mft/i is iff.ver/ on the. rn ^5 i\i a-^( l,S.OEEP,WATeRWAYS COMMISSION :Map INT SI Chicago, April, 1896 o jW«tlXsjiaflfiLN»-:«Ki. 1\ A, s Vi1 jt ^ .,^ , \ V )(««•• 1^**' ^(g*(^___?_ TpirMnhxig'''^ 01i;J Chiefs PV ^'r r.ji^^S?^'"^'' ;:ssr ■^M X ^ =r^ii v^nhtugh'^ a OHjihMi mfluimiAnr i.fs P«/ ^7 j(m ^' !iV>t:icmo! H Doc /fZ 54 2 '.imii^iA^^^t ^'fimim.^ I V > Of all the f of surface in 1 WSW. iiiMl !*: to W. by N. J invariably fn tivcly slioal, tliis,"tlio, Hlial and tlie lact loads diiertl able and ini| Strong AVi every storm Hocky Moui b.' felt. K\| Atlantic <'()| ally, as in (| (ienerall: cti'r) pass be from tli| ^v'inds will \\y far tl northward! nsnally <«' elose the naturally in the ear The etll jri' eater t from the iJutValo: while the| il'ropaii aci'tiinpaui KXHIBTT B4. EFFECTS or GALES OS EXKE ERIE. ByWj INTHODrOTION. ^ I 4-1 laropst fluctuations of surt:u-. in ^-V^^ ^ ^^ ^iln body, . ifb - ^ ;;:;^Son arc almost invariably V" '^^^^^'iVt- tbe wind nviII bo, '^^ a n<^^^^, ^^, luivigatovs tivolv sbo''«*' ^^'^' ^^^ • ti Mike and consequent^ lau^t „ovtbNvest li:isAl.esbanow,.es.o^tW.la^^^ and tbe fact that ^^'^ -J^;^ ^ Jud t.> make ^'^'""^^^^ * \,„ other lakes. loavtant. evji ., ^^,■^^^^^^ are n"''^^/'V' g-askatebewan, Strong ^vestevly am aste. y^ , ^^^'^'*^'^:/:Cig to l.vke Kri. ^^o every storm evossun, . ,,ses '^^^^ .'^ " \^ ,^^^^ny follow ni- tl.3 t.ter)pass to tbe no t > NjU ^^^ ^,^^ Houtbv nd, , tvin. the westNvaul, H >t 1 ,i,turbanees pass to the winds will result ^^. iuM^ortant d st rba^^^^ .l,,,,,,e Uy far the 5i''''^^^y .."," ^vest.-rly ji'ab'S are the 'Vf .^^. '' \aeavoring to ,„,{l.vvar.l..onse.UUM y^^^ ^^,J^. vv^^^"' messes ^^.^';,,,, nee is usually e early f^V^." J ''L,.|v winds ui)«)U ho w at .jp^voaebniii The enert o ^^^'^^J^^.terly winds. T^'^^^V-lVledo earlier thau at .reater than tha ^^ ^ .,i, to befjin at » ^»^;\^^., ,,,ead of it. Un tbc ^vestward causes ^ ^^^^^ f^'^^^^^^^"^; nt In ddition to this, liurtalo: ••""T'^V^^'Xdn the water towar.l it. .Uile the e-terl, gale a ,_.... Toledo. Ap.. i-- I' fl'f i V, V' 1 I': > ]')G REPORT OF U S. DEEP WATERWAYS (.'OMMISSIoN. tlu' barrier tbrined by tlio close lino of islands near tlio Avest, (m\(1 undoubt- edly acts in tlie same direction, ])artially turning' back tli<^ l>road wall ol' water t'loni tbe eastward, bnt allowin ])assji;4<^ oi" the smaller amount from the westward into the larjuer expanse to the eastward. It is <;eiun'ally true that in each year the most severe «>asterly .ualo occnrs in or near April, raisin-^- the water 4 to (> feet at the west end of the lake and h>weiin,<;' it al)out the same at iho east end; an' the nortli shore is also a ])rinu' necessity. So far as 1 hav<' belan(^ adopty tlur I'nited Stat(^s Lake Survey lor reduction of its soundinjjs was the nu^an level of tne lake during the sixteen years 1.S to ISTo, inclusive, as observed on the ('leveland liauge; and while the mean level will be varied somewhat by tlu; addi tion to is;."). Before the determination of lake elevations above inean tide at Xew York, a ''i)laiie of reference"' was used for Lake I'^rie, which itiiiported to be the high water of June, IS.'JS, as lixed witli inoi'e or less accuiacy at Oleveland. This assumed horizontal plane was referred to bench marks, and the n^an lev<'l (lS(t()-LS7rj) was found to be L'.'!! feet below it. It is still (juile generally used lor coiuenient comi)arison with past records. Since the connection of tlu^ Hudson River le\r*ls with those of the lakes in ISTo the referenc(> to mean tide at New York has come into general ui^e. While this reference plane is itself deternunate. and while instrniiicntal levels have connected it with tlu^ east end of Lake Ontario, ;he rigid deternnnation of points along the lakes has never been iiM If. s<» llij.t all heights referred to mean tide must still be held as a)ipro\iHK((e. In the survey of the Northern and Northwestern Lakes tU^i assumpnon was made that the mean suitace of each lak(^ Mas level witliiii i:i' lindt <»f possible instrumcMital ei-rors in traversing its leiigrh, ai.d all in ights ami gauges west of Oswego have been based on this aHsnm}>tion. The iictual period of observations used to transfer tli(^ le\el by !'>ke surface was from May 11 to August M. 1S7."»; and while it is certuin that tlse emini^nt ollicer then in (diarge of the surve.\' took every i)re<'aution to obtain accurate results, it will still b(^ a mattt?!' of scientilic if not of i>ractical interest to have a verili<'ation of theses ele\ations. When we (tojisider the nmrkeositi(Ui that even the hjcan surla<'.o is level appears Somewhat clouded; it at least requires veritiiiation. REPOK' The following r.ureau, at Tole I Kroi H* Montli. .liiniinrv, IHO'J-or. . I'ol.niMr.v, 18112.(15 Manh, ia'."2 '•>''••■ April, lH'->- '•'&.--- Mi.v, lH'.>'J-'.>5 JliW, iH'-ii-y^ .r.iiv. tsiii !ir. \il"iisl.lH'Jl '.b. S.'pTrnilM'r, 1K91 1 OitoliiT, IHltl Ul Nnvfinlicr, IH'.tl '.' Uocciubcr, 18'Jl-'-»' •:.. A vtrnjio ■ NdiK. Dmiiiji I JiinuiiiT- <"""*' i'"'"' I'diriiaiv, lour .v»i' Miirili. toiii' vfais Aiiril, loiH' >'''"'' ■ May, t'oiii" yt'iii's • ■linio livt' vtara ■liilv. livo .Y«'iii'»*- Aiiiiiisl.livo years St'iitcnilifi-. live >!■ Octol'i'V. four year NovoiiilnT. It'll Ufceiiilier, iDiir yi AviM-ap'..- IJcsMllaiil iiiiivi Kesiultaiil tliri( SO (lay iiiiiiilli The folloN First. Th cent (»f the- and covers the live olli Second. \V., and N movement, than in tin Third. '1 as a whoh are compi' from SW, predonunt winds. REPORT OF U. S. DEEP AVATERWAYS OOMMIKSION. fi- ll lie, r'" jst hi |er :i loi' lid to Jy- •11 'ff .lo %y 157 Tln' lollowiiiiL; I able is coiiii)!!!}!! lioiii thuoirieo records of the Weather Ijiireaii, at Toledo, Ohio: I l''i(»iii roiLtiiiiiciiis Mi'll'icniHliTiiif; irciird, lip;;iiiiiiii;; in .liiiir, IHII|.| Moiitli. .laminrv, IKn'J-O').. r'tsltriinVy, IKirj-Hr). Miinli, iki'J !ir. I 4 April, 18!)L' !I5 1 4 Miiv, I8!"'J-!»5 4 .riilic, 18!II-U5 r. July, IHill itri fi Aii'^iist. 1H!)I !•'>. ... r. Scltli'inlii'r, 1K9I il.'i. .". OitdliiT, IHIM iM ... I Novfiiihcr, 18ill '.14 4 Uu(:<;ml)cr, 18Ul-!»4. . 4 Total « wind *•* IIIOVI'- inoiit 5 (liiriiii; IIIDIlthsi -• IIRIIIUll 1 'A 1 (iiiili'H).i I'niiiortioiM of total iiiovcim^nt IVoiii (liUcniil iioints of'conjpuHs (iirr cunt) 4 1 ;t2,718 ;ii,(w:! f) IM.Klll li :i(i, tioi 11 no. 'iu;i .1 :;(!, :>62 t •M, 7tiO !) Xi. <.M4 li ■M. ti7() ( ;i'j, ri-J4 ~ :i4. w.i '.} NK. i n o w m : 2 1 ( ( ;i 1 7 f) III III 10 11 11 i:: II A VI rnjir I j 7,^0!) I fi* 8 I' £ S ^ O ^ (—1 ."i 5 9 11 ;:! 15 IH 20 \2 i;i 10 Hi a 12 14 14 11 i:) 7 « '1 4 »i ** 10 u RK III 14 s. SW. W. r. ■f. tn X t V 3 JS 3 3 << w ?^ W <1 W ' « : 7 25 21 30 :io 4 5 20 17 17 i« IM li i:t ii; xw ?! W !) Ill 10 10 r. Ill II 12 9 li i 9 li .'t (i 7 : 8 10 ! 9 10 I 10 20 I 20 29 I 29 21 ': 20 Iti , 12 10 I 11 i 19 I 19 20 17 , 15 ; 10 10 20 17 14 , 20 ; 20 Hi 15 18 15 I 2;! ! Z\ \ 19 Hi 1.1 i;t I 18 ■ 10 1') 14 19 I 10 I 19 I 19 1 18 18 24 19 I 20 ' 21 I 25 21 29 211 1 17 I 17 I 27 : 27 ;t9 32 i 17 I 18 10 ' 10 7ii 74J 2U! 18 I 18jl 19 I 2li», lO.i, NoTK. — Diiiinn I jiiT ifiil (pf tiiiir wind was l('>nve mean tide at New York 'yl'y. 20 And that the mean levels used at all Lake Erie harbors are actually at tiic same height above mean tide. On the general subject of Lake Erie levels, it is well here to refer to an extremely valuable and exhaustive pai)er written in 1859 by Charles Whittlesey and i)ublished in the Smithsonian Contributions to Knowl- edge, Vol. \ll. It is entitled "Fluctuations of level in the Nortii American lakes," and contains the results of his researches among records and traditions as far ba(;k as 1788. lie refers his levels to the miter sill of the enlarged Erie Canal at Buffalo, and his context shows this to i)ave been 11.4 feet below high water of .June, 18.38. The mean level ot" Lake Erie for November, 1805, Avas lower by three- tenths foot than that for any other month since the record began in 1S.")0, viz, 4.4 foot below high water of 18.')8; and in only nine years of that jieriod has the lowest monthly mean been as low as the highest of IS95, which was in dune, .{.5 feet below high water of 18.'{8. Heferring now to IMr. Whittlesey's i)ai)er, his tables show that the only records of monthly means between 1788 and 1857 which were as low as that of November, 1895, were: h Speaking of Whittlesey say Coverniuent liai iliff ])erte(!t refjist and tliiTO would 1 woiild.juHtify Hiie that always folio Again, as to III diseuHHiufi; t iiotHtrietly level water at ditVercn water ih att'ected northeast keep one or two inont weHt and sonthv ajiitroaehiut; eac of Eundy. On the 18th of fromthenorthe Burlaeeoi" Oetol Following storms of th( ft.s Above miter sill. I Feet. June, 1819, Clpvelnnd fi. 3 Winter nf 1H18 Ht, Dpfroit (Dr. Hoiightona ohRorvation) 4.7 .r iiniiarv, 1840 ft. •Iiiniiarv, 1841 . « OctolnT. Novcinlier, and Oet'oniber, 1841 fi. !> !• iliniarv. 184r> 7 M.in h, 1846 0.0 Below hifili water of 18B8. Feet. 5.1 6.7 4.5 4.7 4.8 4.5 4.4 4.5 Of these, even, only that of 1819 is more than slightly lower than that of November, 1895. The present low stage of water is therefore unequaled in the past fifty years, and seldom reached since 18 L9. jl REPORT OF U. S. DEKP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. 159 Id •y pie [II Ins mi he |i(' o,x])eiiHe; anil tiiero would bo littlo (lini(;ulty in ])ointiniii<'fci(^al results that Avoiild justify Hueli a systcin of observations, without re^ardinK the nnspen lienelits that always follow llio acquisition of seientitic kn(twledfr«. Ayain, as to clianges in surface: In diseussinfj; the data hero presented, it is apparent that the surfaee of the lake is not stric^tly level, and thus there are discreiiantries as to the lime of hijjjii and low water at ditlercnt ]>laceH. The form of the eoastat Hufl'alo is such that the lieij;ht of water is atfected l>y it in c(mnoction with certain winds. Those from (he ciast and northeast keep back the waters and cause a depression that may ho observed for one or two months at a time. The rtiverso occurs with jtrevailinj;- winds from the west and southwest. The waters driven eastward between two shores constantly a|)proaehiug each other aro raised above the fjeneral surface like the tides in the Bay of Fundy. On tho' 18th of April, 184S, it ap)>ears from the rofjister of Mr. Lothrop that a gale from tho northeast reduced the level of the lake to a point 15 feet inches below the Burfaeeof Oetolu^r 18, 18'lit, when a terrible storm occurred from the southwest. Following is a tabular statement of information relating to various storms of the past ten years and to tlieir ctieet on the lake surface. »1> iJ rii 1(10 REPORT OF TT. S. DEKP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. i li V' I •9 I ■& V 1^ . 2 — c B ., j= ^ C~ ■i. « *j %- — T. ^ ; Cl' -M -^ ^ i 5 ■'■ -^ T. — s c; •- C i. o ►« ^ _:; « B -1 »«■»* rO f^ ^~* a la K, r i- I cs a « 2 s& a ^ i c = • =^ •£ •- <~ a c ■■ 111 c n a o fco '■5 U = (. S H « = « s (e E ^- rt « a ^ B C 5!- c -i r! S S £ *-* u, C-5 4 ? ,. «," < 33 "3 ' ' E € K 1 1 1 r— ?X r^ rr P5 j; X l- ^o - ■^ O C B K 5 - 1* -S •' S s i- ^ S H ,• C ^ B H a = i ^ K E ? S .• = 3 3 C = n *- H *- ■• ^ — 1 ^ ?5 ?5 W S s •c s .i B k> a< I g < o StJC B 1-1 '^ fc I- esc:™ — * f^ ^— ^ ^ ! ."^ s CI ^ B i?i CI n ^ •" »:*t. ■*!» 1» r;M9IX 4*1 — • .- « 51 ~ 1? •♦• QC _? .-? * 5 - a IT' CI ^ & " ^- ■♦ &-»'* in •Jl t~ r^ M C a a B § 5 «ii * '^. B' = OS R 1- i- Z 4/ __ ' I- 1* S-. . I - "♦• r i » -.' «(" i» B"*«f 53*9 r^ u u u ti C u e. c — B o- 5 o S — -^ -■ — fl M S-SI'Sl c,-*! ; 1- t; tl u u C c B 1 'A ! T. ^ •* s B X s -^ !? i 5 H f< R ^ K! — — « 1— • ^ r-i M^ — * ■ O ;^ ^ *- „• ct >- J CI *~^ n ■^ wti = c 11 cc i t; t* •^ t. ;_, 1^ ;) t-t '^■~ sE TS - - p B '" " 7i -^ - ':t — *- -r •tCl •T i c C? •+ ?l Tl ,^ - ^1 t; '51 B it I -1 5 I -f -J in M I- « III! '— I- c Co 1- 1- f ir > r- 1." ■6 I- h. cc c» QC CC CC & 00 OD 00 CC X X 00 X oc fx a. -r. 3". X X oo I I I I -^ CI Tl 71 cv c. c C-. X X X X « aici i-'d sT e-tCl CI rH ^ a a ?, '^s u $ II ^i 2 1 1 1 1^ « * a UK1>()1{T OF U. S. DKKV WATERWAYS COMMISSION. IGl ^ =4 i*in a U 3 f- .^m ' = i:l< = k _ JH= 75-5 = 3 ' O u -H i n o 3 >: i ., S to = i- = S. .c::t. Oi '^ 2. = V « •■ = ;;*-- ci ; i:.X.i- ■A ~z.~i z. - fc< flH " 3 S n rt if 5 •' X _ a _ M _ n s s = s a 5 o ;i 5 = 5 C L. ■-' 1. -^ t, ^ ;^ P^ •- a, 4J V ;= S'- . l> 00 3 ^- = o ^ ii a 1^ „ 4( c a i«t ! C-: 1- ^ |J ^ 4 c>^ -->4 ih » I- 1- I- I- "f-^'lZ* i-~- ci i I §5 ^ •-• ri CI CI <►; v; ;«; 3-^ ^ci 3. o o o •"*•-< i-*^i CI ■* 3.C c.' t* — i L-* t-i 1^ I-) H o "0 -<* Ol t' + + 1 i i 00 00 00 o> 00 00 00 00 »•« OI n <1 ® . 3 a 3 C8 h>>-s > c i 3 3 3 Si 9 CI "f -^ I I I C rJ r-c 00 00 QO P4 IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) 4 {./ < v. %^ /. « 1.0 I.I iM 12.0 us u IL25 m 1.4 1.6 6 m, /. rVv,> ^''^4 ^J ■% Hiotographic Sciences Corporalion 23 WIST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14510 (716) •72-4903 S = S B S ^ ^ a ti re - *' I - ja t~- ^* I - n — M ,_; M,^ M 3 ? ~ ~ . M CI . — -3 '*■ ss.:;!.::'-' -• re ;;r; W CI- - l-l-l- j^ I-' 1- -< ^ ♦ 00 » — i « oi ti I - tj •«?' 1-^ 3i 91 b d I - r.; , - S i — d d d 1- ci I- 71 I ^ : 1 I- 1.-: I- I- - i-_^ pi-ij o fi ci ri.*_; b b b b id-' B a ei « r- I- .~: i-ifi —of I- J t-f c^i b b 31- b— b b = B 3 = .re .re I- -71 3 O *-• 3 I- — - a 1-^ ; _J i-[ 71 d. re 't 5 ■= 'f :- r-I b I - ~ b « -' "^ ^ C u C u ti ■- £d ee B « « - 4 re re s. « t: Bi- I'- i-_^ W :;: 10 -r 1- b re 1- ft. re ft. C u U u k! u U L V. ^ u u u U k- ; J 1 a i , [ 1 I : ; 1- ; ! J ; • 1 ; IH A Ot 0> O A 'XJ "Xl CO > ctj tJ'O ) .-■ ,n '-: J3 (>4 I aa ^^ ^5 1 I J. REPORT OF U. 8. DEE1» WATERWAYS COMMISSION. 163 • • Tliit'c tracings accompany this paper, one showing a chart of Lake Erie with contours ^^i' bottom, one the wind movements and their result- ants, and the third the changes in surface at ditterent points on the soutii shore during storms. From the hirge number of storms tabuhited, those of nu)st (complete gauge record are selected — twelve westerly aiul seven easterly gales. The greatest change known at each point from the prevailing general level of the lake is noted for each storm, also the l)osition of that general level relative to mean level. The regular thriu'- readings per day seldom show the nuiximum change; in one (!as«^ of record at Hulfalo the maximum attained was r>.l feet higher than the extreme regular reading. It will thus be seen that any c«)mparisons made without the nuiximum being known will show always less than the actual variations. Wifitrrly .stnniix. — >\'hile in several cases there is a recorSin: I hiivi- (h<- lionor to ,siil)iiiit Mid rollowiii^ rcpurt upon tho variatiooH iu the Burt'aie <>!' Lake Erie duriiiv; tlie westerly giile (t( Oi-vober 14, 1893: PUKLIMINAHV AND (iKNKUA; , TIh' I'xtoiit. of LaliP Erie may In* divided into tiivee well-delined l)asins: 'the west husin, west of tlie "Islands," contiiiuing about 1,L'()0 S(|nare miles, and having a compiiiativily ilat Itottom at 5 to t! fathoms when away from the imnie- diat<^ vicinity of the shore. Tho main basin, between the "Islands" on the west and tho narrows at Krio and I.on, pcrsoually or to iiive8tij;ato guueially the cuuiUtiuiis atteudiug such storms. CONDITIONS OCToBKK 14, 1S!)3. On the morniiij: of this day, while the steamer Sivanmi was t ied up without steam, cleanini; Itoiler, the win-l!<7r» as used for our datum plane. This general level must of «'ourse be used in discussing the elVects of this storm. The variations from this level at dilleieiit points, together with notes showing their reliability, are given below : |-Ia('< AinlifTHtlmrg. iiiHiilc iiiiiiith lit' Detroit Kivor. Miiiirou Kott'8. Time. 4 p. III. Toledo West .Sisitr Inlaml .. (Jrerii ThIuihI .Suiiiiii»kv Unroll . ViTiiiillioii . lilaok Itivi'i' Oevcliiml Fairporl . . . . AHlitaliiilii . (Joillirailt ... I''.rii' ISiillalo (iaii^e niaiiitaiiiod liy Gen. I'oo: Hliowed extrenie at 4 p. III., and iioarly thexaine nt 11 a. iii. to 0.30 p. in. l-ijjlit ktM'iicr iiifinsiirpd at noon,— 0.2 fpet, and tliinks it wan nliii.it U.fi t^) 1.0 foot loworiii the afternoon. Measured l>y writ<>r nt .Vtiains street, 5 miles from liay .... .'!.,'((> p iii . . EHtimate al'nioiithof river, liy appearance of liaiikN. ."i p. in Kstiiiiate by li^lit. keeper at main crib in t)ny 4 p. m Liirlit keeper walked dry-Hhod around the jtior, wliero p, m dejilh at mean level isalioiil (i feet. Liglit keeper sayn 54 fi-el below usual; eoiild have walkeil around pier but for sea. In«])ect(ir's I'stimate at )iier, 2.8 I'eet. Criblijjlil keeper took Hoiimlinc in boatlioiise ; sounding aflrrwardH at known stage nlves — Iji>;lit ki'e|>i'r says at leant 11 I'eet below ordinary; oI1;-"m saiii"; could walk halt' way to li^'lil lioiiHe; ^sollndiliKs hIiow bi!;lit keeper cHtiniated 1 ffwit ImjIow bottom of Ksinpe p. in Inspectors «'Mtiniale, U feet or more below mean level; ji. in others, 4 feet. ■ach Vai i- alioii. p. m ]i. Ill 4 |i. III. p. Ill Ke;;iil;ir j;au;{e reading at 12 and fi o'clock All Hiiy very low: lijjlit keeper thinks H to 10 inches be- low former level. Inspector's fiaiiKi': Noon, -0.1; p. m., — 1.3 Inspector's piujie: Noon, :i.4; 4 p.m., | 11.4 rr.'m . Iti p. m fl2m .. i4 p. Ill (Jaiicc reading furnished by Ma,,. Uull'iier as extreme 1 p. m. do 10 H. Ill -5.0 0.8 -0.8 7.:i -0.8 -5.-i -5. ;i 2.8 2. .■( -2.8 1.2 1.0 -1.3 2.0 5. :i It is also to be noted that both Krie and Hulfalo show a minimum gaujfo of -0.8 and — L'.H, respectively, at 'J a. ni., giving a range of 8.1 at Itutl'alo during this storm It will further be noted in the weather record below that at lintfalo the wind was from the eastward until 2 a. in., and about the saiui^ at Krie. .\ tracing accompanies this report showing a contour map <»f Lake Krie and a ]iro- tile ol the w;itcr-surlacc curve along its south shore. During this storm the weather conditions, as courteously furnis'ned me by the vari- ous observers, were as follows: I'olciln. — Light easterly winds on 13th, rain in evening. Wind backed to north and northwest about miduigiit, increasing in force, and blew from northwest contiuuonsly T r Vaii- iitioii. -5.0 0.8 -0.8 -l.-.i -0.8 -5.3 -5.3 -2. 5 .. I o —2. 8 1. o 1. 1. :i i;i 1 •1 5 REPORT OP U. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSfON. 165 T till n ]). III., ir>tli, when it l)flcamfi variable and dropped to G-inil» velocity. Maximum veiority Its inilo.s iioithwoHt at. 10.30 a. m,, lltli ; jjeuoral velocity, 20 to 30 inihis iiorf h- ucst; niiiiiiiiiim bni-oinetur, 2S.4(>, 2 a. in., 14tli. Sdiiditxk!/. — Easterly winds, 13tli, lifjlit. Wind increased and backed to nortiiuast in altcrnoon. His'' westerly winds from 2 p. in. to midnight, Ittli, and continued till (ivcninfj, l">tb. when shifted to northerly. ( 'hvcliiiuL — Harometrr, midnight 13th, 28.33. At 7 p. m., 13th, increasing .sontbeast wiixl bad bu(^kt>d to northeast 27 miles. AtK|>. m. backed to northwest and increased to V'l miles; backed to sonthwest 35 miles and reached Ki miles west at 2 a. m., 1 Itb, and 18 sonthwest at 2.10 p. in., 11th. Minintinn barometer 2S. 20 at 2 a. m., llth. tlicn rose steadily, (iale continued on 15t.h from southwest and northwest tl miles max- ininm at 2.50 p. m. /•>(>. — Wind sontbeast forenoon of 13th backed to northeast in afternoon. Havom- ctcr fell rapidly. Windstorm began early in morning, maKimnm 31 miles southeast at 4.15. Another windstorm began at 8.30 ]i. m. and reached maximum of 42 south- west at 10.40 a. m., llth. High wind began 5.30 a. ni., velocity 30 to 35 mihts, max- innim 42 sontbwest. Aliated after 2.30 ]>. in., 15th. lUiffaht.—Vnnw 5 p. m., 13th, to 2 a. m., llth, barometer fell 1.05, reaching 27.80, the lowest known here. Wind shifted from northeast to southwest at 3 a. in. and blew a gale till after midnight, llth, maximum 01 miles southwest at 4.10 )>. in., 13th. C>a1e c.ontinuetl till 4 ]>. m., I5th. This storm is noted by the Weather IJnrean to have been a typical West India cyclone, developing east of the West Indies. It was one of the excejiiioual cases, when such a storm i»asscs inland, the storm center being near Charleston on morning of i:!th with 00-iiiile velocity, immediately west of Washington, evening of VMh, 38 to 48 miles velocity, thence ]»asBing rapidly over Ibilfalo and being north of Lake Ontario on nnuning of llth. A very steej) gradient existed mi morning of 14tli over the whole country east of Missouri Hiver, which was not dissipated until evening of lalli. Ordinarily all storms a]>]>roach this region from the westward, so that the gale does not commence at east end of the lake (|iiitc as early as at west. end. In tliis case its whole fury struck Lake Erie over its entire length at once. Its unusual course also i»roduced the erratic ])henomenon of a "backing" win.l ludding steadily from one ilirection (see Toledo record) i»v forty hours. Many «>rlia]>s mor(t sound conclusions. A discussion of otlu^r points of intert.'st than those touched upon in this report, though tempting, is, I feel, hardly justilied by tiie data now at hand. It must also be noted that all data we have was recorded along the south shore of the lake and that the times of record are not coincident, thougli generally nearly so, l'(»liowing now the jirotileof water and surface in connection wilh tbe above data, we lliid that in the West Itasin the fall in tlu^ funnel-shaped end, containing Monroe and T(dedo, was (i.S feet; in the open it was 5.3 feet. In tbe main basin, immedi- ately wo iiassed the Island barrier, the fall was but2.0 feet forall points until Cleve- land is reacluMl, at the wiilest part of the lake. Hero we find a tail of but 1.2 feet, and practically the same at Ashtabula. Detween Ashtabnhi and Coniieaut, a dis- tance of 13 miles, we meet a solid wall of water 4.7 feet liigh, there having been a ris'i of :t.4 feet at Conneant. At Erie the rise was 0,8 foot less than at C miles. This is not liorue out by tlw data, uh it is as largo as the maxiiuum height at liutfalo. and twice as lar^ro as lliat at Erie. To show its absurdity, we have really au average rise of jterhaps ;j.7 feet over IJ.OOO square miles, which leaves uuat-couute*! for a body of water aniountiu;:; to 16,0()0,0()0,()(M) of cubic feet, enough to sujqily the ordinary outflow of Niagara for 20 hours. Tiiis amount is beyond that already aicounUid'for by tiie re<'ordcd rise at BulValo, which by itself would scarcely the ouV.fiow even while it lasted. Wiien we consider tiie prosaiue wiiicli must have existe«l in connection with the change of olevivtuiii ni' 4.7 teet in \'.\ miles between Ashtabula and Conneaut, and consider also the immense volume of water displaced west of them and not fomul to the eastward, it suggests the idea of an enormous eddy or nwirl, more or less forcible, in that ]>ortiou of the lake, the current setting down :>.iong the south shore and up along the ( 'anadian side. The observations, though cvu A. Smith, Jgnintiml UntjiHicr. Corjin of I'hujineers, V. S. J. While the profile of extreme ehange.s in this storm of Oetober 14, IS'.Ki, hiys no <'hiim to exji(!tm-ss, the j>enenil ajireemeiil oC dtita is siuh lis to indicate eonc^liisively tliat there ar*'! four distinct j?eneral steps in the resultant 8urfa(^e due to a westerly ^ale. First. In the small shoal basin west of the isliinds. Second. In the small l>ij;!it immediately east of them. Third. In the broad expanse of the lake. Fourth. In the east basin, after the choking begins off Ashtabula and Conneaut. The grade.s between these steps are somewhat abrupt jit tlie islands and near ('onnejiut, Jind at these jioints dangerous currents must surely exist of unknown an«l varying directions and velocities. Undoubtedly much the same conditions obtain in all westerly gah^s, though at jnesent, with only 4. At lUitfalo the extreme actual level was feet below nuian level and the fall from the prevailing level was 5.1 feet. At Toledo the extreme actual level was 7 feet above mean level and the rise was 7.0 feet. This storm was, like tln^ westerly storm of Januaiy 1(>, 1881), of Texas origin, but passed across Ohio south and east of the lake, the gale reaching an extreme velocity of 88 miles per hour, with a nuiximum of 00 miles at Toledo. This record shows a dif fertince of level of l.i feet between the two ends of the lake. Othei easttM'ly storms may have caused greater change, but unfortunately their re<'oids are not comi)lete. For instance, on April 20, 1803, a rise at Toledo of 5.0 feet is recorded (5.4 feet above mean level), whih' at Buffalo we have no record of extreme. At other times we hud tlie extreme record at BulValo, but none at the west end of the lake. A comparison of the two storms causing the largest effects in easterly and westerly gales shows that the nuiximum recorded liuctuation is at Buffalo, 13.8 feet (7.8 feet above to feet below mean level); and at Toledo, 14.5 feet (7 feet above to 7.5 feet below niean level). Occasionally a severe but short easterly gale precedes a (lontinued wcsteily storm, causing a detnded change in surface in both directions. On October 14, 1803, at Bulfah), with a short northeast gale, the water fell to 3.5 feet below mean level at 2 a. m. The wind shifted to south- west at 3 a. m., atul the water reached a height of 4.(i feet above mean level at 10 a. m. The rise was thus 8.1 feet in eight hours. On Novem ber 25, ISO."), at Butt'alo, with a northeast gale, the water fell to 3.4 feet below mean level at 7 a. m. In a southwest gale on the 2(ith it rose to 6.(» feet above mean level at 11 a. m., then fell again to 3.1 feet below at 4 J), m. This gives a fall of 8.7 feet in live houri? These largo tluctuatious of surface due to storm winds can not of i 168 REPORT OP U. 8. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISBIuN. course be controlled, but a kiiowlege of tlieir action and i)robable limits, including' the (;urrent8 induced by tbem, will be of large benefit in the consideration of any s(!benio for control of tbe general level of the lake. For tlieir proper study data must be obtained in much more : >-ur,o,uf i*'jhei.nti caJiri'. TAtrt amtcTioM or mi- "i"'^ w ^t ^^a r s ! S ' S ^ Jl — J 1^ . IV. If Jtts \ il*ant, cOu-ectuin.. or.^lf., V.aiut -^-^ iriivj^-. \ \ / / MOVtMCNT. Fiflurfs skow perctnt^^M af nurvvment rmm th» varioius dirccOftui CncUiMOtd^, in. tJm M'era^e itt^nth. haviruf eutotxvL -nove-nent' of 74-00 ntiies. fv /Si \ H Doc /f^ 54 2 ,(J. \ i ri or ON TTE. w H»? s -r e: ^ t- V \ '•' 1 MaffMLO. "1 *■* 1 1 I.' 1 1 "1 1 ' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 { , 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I ... \ duUifiitk < ( 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ( 1 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 \ \ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 \ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 , 1 1 1 1*^ 1 *' 2 ' £RI£ ' \a» OJ '•*/ It i< 1" i" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 1 1 1 I 1 8 • • 1 1 1 1 n !' 1 - % 1 1 1 1 \ \ 1 \ 1 1 1 / 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 CONNtHUr 1 / 1 1 \ 1 / 1 \ 1 \ t 1 1 1 s 1 1 1 1 ( 1 ' ' Y w 1 ■ - 1 MSHT/iaVLM 1 •• «* p\ d> •I s \ \ 1 1 ; 1 : 1 1 I \ "^ 1 i' ' - i FHIRPOftT 1 1 1 1 ; ■ ■ t f 1 \ 1 1 1 1 1 % \ « 1 \ 1 % ~ 1 f S 1 1 1 1 •5 1 i \ , 1 1 1 \ ' J 1 ^ 1 1 1 t r 1 1 1 1 \ 1 1 1 J 1 1 1 "1 '\ "' CLEVILHND 1 / •• -1 «.• o.< 1 \ 1 \ ' 1 1 1 ::\. ' % r * T 1 1 1 1 1 f 1 I 1 < 1 i { 1 1 1 h 1 1 1 < 1 / / / 1 1 1 1 \ 1 1 1 <• 1 ( 1 \ 1 1 1 1 1 BL/tCH mvCR 1 / / 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ' ' \ 1 t 1 1 I jr \ i' 1 1 1 1 1 VEIfMIL \LlON \ \ ^' ' 1 ] 1 1 ^ 1 1 I 1 . \ '■ i' 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 f 1 \ 1 ' 1 1 1 1 1 1 f i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 \ SMNOUS Hr ' \ » ' / 1 ..1* 1 ;, 1 i :■ -.f 1 '^ ' 1 1 1 1 1 1 f \ / 1 1 1 1 ' tHttH /JUHVOI t 1 1 I i ■ 1' 1 1 ' 1 ; 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ' .f i 1 1 1 - \ ■ ' mtsT siart^ 1 1 (.' 1" 1 I 1 1 1 1 ' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 \ 1 ^ 1 ) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 • St 1 «' \ L-^'— i-rM/^ ' *•* 1 .. ..wl I 7» i" h.' 1" . J- -' ► H Doc /fM. 64 2 J KSKi'Sa *.!-■!» i k- KXIIIJ5IT J5 5. WATI'R iJi VELS I'OK THE GREAT LAKES AXI) ST. LAWRENCE RIVER (PRIOR TO i.SOo)/ INTUODUCTlON. This piesentation covers all obtainable information rcsjxM'tinj"' the levols of the several (Ireat Lakes prior to 1800. It c(>ini)ris(s three (Icduced lables whicii jjivc the results for three lakes. Michij^iin Huron, Erie, and Ontario, so far as justitied by the data and tiie study jjiven tliesiuneup to this time; and a table of characteristic; hi}j;h and low waters from the earliest records to date, is included — and all are referred to tlie same planes of refereuce as used in recordinj;' tlie " Water levels for the (heat Lakes and St. Lawrence Kiver" for the jKuiod, ISOO-l.SDo. The record proper is set forth in the accompanyinj>- tables, pajics 00 to 00, inclusive. No attempt is made to i)resent data resjiectinj^ the St. Lawrence lliver and Lake Champlain, except as hereinafter noted. In niakinj? uj) this record great pains have been taken to obtain tlie t^ame in each case and, when imssible, as originally recorded, and this has involved much research and extended correspondence. In ea<'h case the plane of reference has been given where it could be deduced, so that the record can be referred to the standards now in use. Should subsecjueut information change .any of the arbitraries, the record as thus i)resented enables the correction to be readily applied. The i)res(;ntation includes considerable matter not heretofore ymb- lished, as the record made by J)r. I. A. Lapham at Milwaukee, the record of IH')S for Lake Erie «at Cleveland by Whittlesey and Staninird, and the early record at Port Colborne, and the reccnds at I'ort Dalhousie and at Kingston Mills for Iiake Ontario. This is also tiie tirst attempt to jnesent a comideto collection of data in the original form, and to systenuitically refer the same to the i)lane8 now in use. An endeavor has been made to follow all clues to a iiiuil determimition. This has not been inconclusive in some cases, but in all such the results have been negative and of a character to indicate that the anticipated data did not exist. There yet remain possible sources of infornnition which will take much time and labor to examine, and Avhich have been beyond the available resources to attei .pt. The results are likely to be very meager, but in view of the value to be attached to all authentic information of this character, it seems desirable to completely exhaust the tield of infjuiry. Jt has not been thought expedient at this time to attemi)t important conclusions. This should await the more exhaustive research aiul tuller compilation suggested above, and a careful study of all collateral evi- dence. It is believed that it will be found feasible to reproduce api>rox- 'Compiled from antliontic sources, iiinler llie direction of L. E. Cooloy, ('. 1',., by Absistaut J. E. Alalouey, C. E., uccoiupuuied by seventeeu tables. 169 170 KEFOUT OF IT. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. iiiiiiU'lyJhe sipiili(!iiiit I'eatnresof tlie rt'cord for the jiivjitei' |»arl of the tinst half of tlie centuiy, and lo mako the same suhstaiitially complete siiu'c the remarkable low-water period, iiicliuling 1847, if not back to the high water of 1636, SOURCES OF DATA. The following notes give the direction in which inquiry has been made witli negative results for the most j)ait, and the probable avenues of further iiifornnition if the Hanie is in exJsteuee: Ijuic Superiot: — Mr. Lucius L. Hubbard, JState geologist of .Mi<;higan, in letter on the question." Miij. ('linton M. Sears, Oorpsof lOngineers, United States Arfny, on November !►, 180(j, forwarded the report of Mr. G. A. Marr referred to by Mr. 1j. L. Hubbard. There is nothing in the report referringto water levels prior to 18(H). Mr. Marr, in letter to MaJ. C H. Sears, dated Novendjer !>, 18!H;, says: "I iiy, taken between 1S4J> and isr»l, I liii.ve, to inform yoii that llu're sire no records in this ollice of any such {fange being kept for the time mciitioned." Mr. (i. H. IJenzenberg, eity engineer of Milwaukee, in response to an inqiiiiy for records prior to 18(10. furnisiied a partial profile of water level from 18.'»«», taken from the n'cords of the late Dr. I. A. liapham. Mr. I. S. Jiradley, librarisin of tiie State Historical Soc iety of Wis- consin, in letter dated ()« tober 1, l.S!l(», slates: "We hav(i made a very thorough search for nuiterial on the subject in this library, an«l, am sorry to say, have not ln'en .success* il." Mr. N. S. Uoynton, mayor of Port Huron, Mich., states: "I do not know of any re(U)rds, and can not lind that any of our r<'sidents, even among the sailing iVaternity, have kept a record iclative to water levels ])rior to ISol. I have made iu(|uiries \ f persons win) miglit i)ossibly kee]) track of matteis of that kind, but can not gather anything which would be at all reliable/' In<|niries for records ()f the Illinois and Michigan Caiml, supposed to have been kei)t at the Bridgepcut lock, were not successful. TIm' fol- lowing statcnuuits are noted: Mr. Horace M. Singer, superintendent of repairs for several years alter the canal was opened, (ialled at the oi1i«e of the ('ommission a>id stated that he had no knowledge of any records being kept. He believes that theie ar<^ none. Mr. VVni. Thomas, Ibrmerly superintendent of canals, referred to Mr. BntuT, of Lockport, formerly clerk to the collector at Bridgeport. Mr. C. L. Harrison, ('. K., in letter of Xovend)er 2, 1S{M», states: '• 1 have seen Mr. Butler and he inlbiins me that he did not keei> any re<'ord of the water levels;" also, '"• there seems to be no infoiniation on this subject in the canal office." Mr. VVm. Milne, formerly clerk of the canal board, in letter of October 17. 1S()(>, says: " 1 have no distinctt recollection of any record such as you desire. Think jsossibly aimmg the ])apers returned from the Bridgeport office to the general office at Ijoikpoi t some data might be found." The records of the canal office at Locki»ort have been examined by Mr. V. L. Harrison, C K., but without result as noted in his letter. A lettei- dated Xovembei- r», l.SiH], from Mr. l^'rank H. Desuoyers, mayor of (Jreen Bay City, indicates the (^xistenye of some iiH'('r, "ity ol" Iliilfiilo; .Mr. M. M. ItiiwHoii, cliicf ciijiiiUM'r, city of ('U'vclaiid, jiihI Mr. J. L. Jiittlc, «li\ ision t'lij^iiicer, iSew ^ Oik Stat«', canals, and tlie answers show liiat no records prior to ISOO arc in any of tlu'sc olliccs. Mr. Little: in his letter notes the destriiction by fire of the records in the (saiial ollice at Rochester, N. V. A letter adi) of the sill is 1 foot S inches abov(M he level <>t the highest water ever known, and about o feet S inches abo\ c the present surface.'" Mr. llngli \'. Payne, Rni)erintendent meteorological ollice, Toronto, Canada, states in letter of August IS, 1890: " I find we have norec(n'ds of the lake hovels here, either in this oilice or at the. harbormasters 8. Abstracts uiade at New Yoi'k State Library by courtesy of the secretary and director, Mr. IVFelvil Dewey. I'roiii 1S15 to 1S21 iiiy oltaervationa wero not iiuiile with a rojjiilarity, i'leqnency, or ])ie<;iNi<)ii to insme exactnese aw to tlit' yearly rise and fall of tlio lakt^ waters; and as set down in the annexed taltle they may, tlleref(H'(^, occasionally vary in a small (lefjree I'roi'i corre('tne-*8 ; bnt from tiie attention I <;avo tin; snltjcset. ami tin' i)aiiis I tuuk to make the tuble u near approximation to faet, I am coniident the errors in no ^ ^• Rlil'OKT OK V. S. DEKP WATKIIWAYS COMMKSlSION. 17;} •^. I cast'H oxrt'cil ;t iiu'licH. l"r<>iii IH'JI to lH'27 my ulmcrvatioiiH \v«'H> inaili' iiii tlii^ lakr, will, near llii> Nia;;aia, >oiiii>- tiiiii'H iiiaKc ii ililVi-KtiKM) of iK-arly u loot uliovi- or liciow tiii^ 1 111 live!, mh tli«i wintl lia|i|)<-nH to favor an a<'riiiiiiiluti<)ii or r*><-t'Hsioii of tlio waters, 'i'lii-sc uiiservatioim went reconli'il with ininiiln uxaetimss; and, liosides tliese, I toolv interniedialit iiieas- iiri'inents w lieiicv er tlio tdian;^« of level made it necessary, so that the niasiniii antl minima for these yeaiH, as recorded in the talde, may lie dupended njion assrni|in- lonsjy exait. The taldudoi^s not contain tho monthly llnct nations, nor is it neces- Kary ; they am exceedin>;ly small, and, conii)ared with the yoarl\, are like the small waves th;iti ride iijiou tho hea\ y hwcIIs of the ocean. The principal Hood, as will Im seen liy the taldu, altainH itH maximinii in .Inne or .Inly. I'rom October, ISliT, to Anj;nst, IS iH, a period of m-arly eleven years, I took no measnreniei.(s ati olmervations whatever, an my reimival from the lake reiideied it inconvenient for mu to atti-nd longer to asnhject in which, however, 1 took no little interest, and which I was in hopes of eontinnini; withont interrnption. On the "jsth of August, iH;{-<, I a;^ain took a. ineaHuremcnt, and ascertained from it, in connection with the concnrrent testimony of the noi^^hliorin); residents and the water marks njion ohjeitson the mai'^in of the rivt^r, hoth the I ime and I lie i|nantily of th<« maximum for the present year, whi( h may he f(mn may he fonnd this fall or winter, and fiom the »)xtra- (iri'Mi, but from all the inlbrmatioii 1 can ;;ather on the snitject worthy of credit, am of the o])inion that from 1S2H to \K>\, both inclusive, they did nut materially dill'er IVcnn those of the jireeedin;;' seven years; but sinc(( l)s:>l the Hoods hii\ e invariably exceeded the ebbs, a eonset|uent yeaily rise of the waters has ensucil, until tlu; ])resent summer has I'ound them hi;;her than they have belbre been know n foi- lilty years, accordin^f to the testimony of an »»ld and res|)e(!table uentlc- man w ho has resided duriny that jieriod on tlm lake bolder, 'i'he hij;hest llooils, dnrinjj the i)ern)d of my residence at the lak*;, were those of IHl'i ami |S17, but by the table it will be seen that of IH3S far exeeoded either of them, bein;; 22 inches above that of ISI,") ami 25 above that of 1S17, 1 also learn that tho tloods reached their nni.xinni iibcnit midsniunier, as was almost invariably tho case during tho years of my oliservatious. There ,iro some other facts connected with this subject which oufjlit not, perhajis, to be, i>assed entirely unnoticed. Tho yearly rise of water is almost invarialily more rapid than the Jail. When the yearly Hoods attain their height they do not remain stationary there, but connnence ebbing immediately. Not so witli the ebbs, they are often stationary for mouths. The causea of the liiko lluctnations are too manifest to raise a shadow of doubt. They are tho ascent and descent of water evaporation, rain, and snow; but the pro- jtortiou of inllucnce exerted Ity each of these is the true »|uestion at issue, and nnist remain undecided, or at least involved in more or less doubt, until meteorology is better understood than it is at present, Mr. Cii (1(1 ill j's'.s record is com piled among the Jippeiided records for Lake Ontario. Mr. Tliomas Monro, in letter of October li8, 18!»0, gives the lollowing information regarding the low water on Lake Ontario: In Octolicr-Novendter, IStiT, in connection with the projected Murray Canal, I made souHt iminiries and took measurements having IVh' their object the determination of lowest water of J.ake (Ontario, Satisfactory information was obtained as to the level of the water during the year ISIS, atwh'.h period it was said to ha\e lieeu lower than it e\er has been since. This wa*; found to be 1 foot inches lower than the water in October-November last (18(57), highest water mark being o feet over the level at that time, thus show iug tho dilference between these extremes to have Ijeeu ■I feet t) inches. Hut it was stated l)y several of the oldest residents that a lower level even than this had occurred alxnit the year lSlS-1820, when certain shoals (which had in < teto- ber last about 2 feet of water on them) were said to ha\e been dry. Thus the low(!st water level at the above ])eriod seems to have been (J inches ]oW(!r than it was in 1818, and a[»pears to establish the greatest lluctuation at 5 feet, as above stated. This extreme variation is corroborated by the record kept at Tort Dalhousie and Oswego 174 KlOroKT OK U, H. DliEl* WAIKKWAYS COMAll.SSlUN. i Yoii will SCO tlijtt (lio above Ih very iinitliiiiti' uiiil liaiii^H dm tlio ]ilioalH wri'c (liy. i raniHlatnl into our IiuuIh, the low wtitor of I, as j^ivon by Mr. >lii(lsoii (s<^e i'C'(!(ir(l), \vli(» liiiH {>iven (lie elevation at liil.L'l i'vvi. TliiH i.s probably the h'vel (Imiii}; the fall of the year, ami is not iii(!oii.sist«'nt with IMr. (ii«leis mjiy still be in existence which would leward a research, and it may be that other points around Lake Ontario would r)." As noted the additional sourci's of inl'ormation are very doubtlul, being ccmlined to the i)ossibility of unknown records in coniu'ction with tlui camils at Whitehall and St. -lohns. It has been suggested that the marks of characteristic waters nuide at Shelburnc r>ay since 1S2(), by llu' Chanii)lain Transportation Company, should be leveled up while thii siinu'. can be identilied. aS7. iMwrcmr h'ircr. — A record at Ogdensburg from IH.'iO to 1857 is available and is noted in Lake Ontario reirords ai)pen(led. On the camils of the iSt. Ijawrence Kiver, a record has been kei)t since 184!>, the higlusst and lowest of each month being published in the annual repiu'ts of the minister of public works of the department of railways and camds, Canada. An inquiry was sent to Mr. John Kennedy, «!hief engiiu'er, harbnr conmdssitiiu'rs of Montreal, in regard to records previous to 185(1; Mr. Kennedy in his reply states: I regret 1 can not give you any informa tion respecting low water ])revious to 1850; in fact, we have lu) records whatever beyond those already sent you.'' The rec(nd at Montreal from 18r>(> t() l.S!>5 is i)ublishcd as Table No. li in "Tables of water levels for the Great Lakes, etc., 18G0 to 180.5." The St. Lawrence offers little luobability of further data, as thecanal system was not undertaken until sometime in the forties, the only sources being the very minor works undertaken in a'^u early day above Montreal at the two ends of Lake St. Louis. (HIaira Hire): — A record lias been kept at tbe entrance lock of the lti(»-lHii:i) ; from lb«i New York State Library, by eoiirtesy of Mr. .Sleivil |)e\vi'y, Hoc^'etary anil (liiector. Ameriiaii AHMoeiation for Ativaiiceiiioiit of Sciunee; Proeeedin^'*, \K'.\, IS7."), IS.-dj, and vol. :t7. American .lonrnal of Scionee, vols. Id, 'JO, L'7, '»(», .^»7, (>!t, 7<>, 77, 1 !<>, and 111. Hunt H Mercliant Ma^axine, voIh. K and 'JH. Aninils of Seionco, vol. 1. 'i'raiiNactionH and Proeeodingw of Koval .*artment of railways and canals, Canada. Kec(trd at Oswe;;o, by J. W. .ludson, C. K., by conrtosy of Mr. \Yilliam I'ierHon Judsoii, C. K. Record at Mihv.aukee, by conrte.sy of Mr. O. TI. Ponzenborp;, city en},niicer, Piimphlot )MibIisln!d Ijy Kdw. (iiddin^) 1K2I 1822 1823 1824 18''iJ 1820 1827 1828 61.84 1.78 1.84 ]82!l 1H30 61.84 1831 1832 1833 . 1834 . .. 1835 1 1836 4.00 61.00 60. 59 (0. 00) 1 1837 3.20 1838 0.00 61.33 62. 02 183!l ('1 88) 63' 23* 63.38 63. .50 63.07 18411 /<4. .'iO b:\. 71 /,3. 07 62. !»C 62. 88 63.79 ' IHIl 4.43 1842 1843 1844 1 181.') 3 50 1810 1.S47 1848 184'.l (4. 40) 5.38 5. 2!t 4.80 4.42 5. r.o 5.34 4.70 4. 27 3. 7i) 5.28 5. 19 (••'■). 35 5. 110 4 90 f4 701 3. 43 4.98 5. 30 M KCW 3.44 (3.3S) 4.57 4.51 5. 05 1 4. 47 (4. 05) I 3.75 3.05 4.50 4.40 3.75 4.13 4.45 4.0i 4. .38 4.77 4. 72 4.00 4.88 4.82 5. 03 5. 09 4.77 4.08 4. il3 4, 03 18,''.il 1851 2.57 2. 30 1.50 62. 43 1.90 I8r)2 2. 02 2. 10 1853 18,J4 . 3. 70 3. 05 (2.78) (2.40) (2. .50) 2.01 2.48 2.87 l..')fi 1.33 3.18 2. 01 :i. 00 1,49 1 J8 3, 45 2,81 3 12 2, 30 (1.81) 3. 53 2.71 3. 35 2. 20 1.79 18.").'; 18,'iO 18.'-.7 18.')8 3. 79 2. 0,'-. 3. .15 2.33 2. 28 (3. 82) 3.14 3.27 2. 02 2.15 3. 75 3. 07 3,12 2.99 (ii. 14) 2.08 2 7(1 2 18 3.10 2. .'■.0 2.33 1 711 2. f 7 2. 08 2. 03 2. !)0 2.03 1.00 1.28 0.89 1 M) 11 or> l..)0 2.57 2. 75 1.41 0. 93 0.95 3. (iC 2.90 2. 30 1. 75 ISiV.I 2 nr, I, A. liapbaiii luake.s tlie foUowiu}? .statonieiit : "Slilwaukee zero (.\Iareli, 1H30) i,s iilmut 3 fei-t iiliove low wiilerof 1819-20." Mn.j. K. hacblan (jives 1819 as feet below 1H3S: Mr. A. W . IW'AjZ'mn ffive.s 1819 as 5.25 fret below 1838. but tliis i.s not stated lis lowea,' water, 'fables iiivinrf inaxiinniii and niiiiiniMiii reailiiifis for au.v year bave boon used bypMtliii.ii tbe iiiaxiinuiii in .liil.vand tlie iiiiiiiinuiii in Deieinber or .lauuary. .lul.v aiiil .Vujfiist, 1828, from observations by (iovernor Cass at (Jreeii I lay; 1830 to May, 18,54, ineliisive, willi tli(> ('xe(\ptioii of tlu)8(! marked 6. readings from Hr. I. .\ . I.apbaiil's oriKiiiiil record : Sej)! ember, 1854, to Heeiunber. 18,55, iiirlusive, from (Nd.il. U. (ir'ibam'soriuiiial reconl ; 18.')0 to 18,59, iiiehisive, from record by Mr. W. J). (Mark, assistant engineer, board of public works, ('liicayo. Inserted (2.88) for August, 1840, as approximately correct. Interpolations are indicated by pareutbeses and are oldained as follows: January, 1840: From llio mean ol Febriiarv, 1847 1849, tako IVliruary, 1810, and subtract tnis dillereiice from Ilieine;.n fortlanii- a ry, 1847-1849. .fuly, 1840; From tlie nieaii for dune anil Autiust, 1847 1848. take ini'an of .1 unc and AuiiMst, 1S(0, .and Hubtractdill'i'veiicefroni mean for .Inly, 1847 1S18. .\i)ril. May, ami .lime, 1S(9: I'rom tlmmondilynii'ans for live monilia of 1840 1848 take correspond inu readini;sfor 1849 and .iinily 111' aver np-diU'ereiice to ■nontlily means for .\|iril-.Tuiie. February, 1855, and March, 1857: l''rom tlic nicanol mciiitlis on eilbi'r side fuv oilier years take readiiij; on oltbcr side foi' same year and apply t !i'> :;vcra'. « dilferencc> to tlie mean of the same monllis for olliei' years. iTnne, .1 iily. and ,\iii:ust. JS'il: from the mean of mniilbs on eithi'r side for the years 1855-185'.) take rcadiniion either side lor same yeai' and apply the average 7 2. 41 2 11 '' ll'.l 18,-)5 1850 2.72 1.80 3. 37 1.20 1.03 3. 03 2. 07 2. 20 2. .59 2.08 2.10 "\'.h2 0.27 2.16 2.14 1.61 1.26 0.39 1.8^ 1.70 1.23 -0.10 0.42 1.38 1.73 1.14 —0. 05 0.30 1.10 1.81 1.88 2.13 1.57 1..^0 2. 79 2. !il 1,22 2.01 1857 1858 1859 3.34 l.fiO 1.25 i.'oij' 0,84 1.18 0.04 COO 1.43 0. CO 1.20 1.89 0. 70 1 . 05 1 :!.•) i.;i.^i 1.12 1.02 0.89 1.23 1,43 0.85 aUntfalo Commercial Advertiser: 1838 wan 5.33 feet above 1819 in June, and 5 7,"> feet in August; accordiuft to Dr. Ilougliton it might l)n feet. Mr. A. W. Uiggins gives 1838 as 5.25 feet above 1819. 6 Juno 25 tlio reading vas 0.00 (C. Whittlesey). ItEMAUKS.— Maj. U.Lachlan: 1815 and 1810, 2 feet below 1838; 1817 and 1818, fallinir. Cliarles Whit- tlosev : 1822, 5 feet below 1838; 1825, 4 iVot below 1838; 1826, 2.83 feet below 1838; 1832, 2.83 feet liclow 1838;' 1833, 3.17 feet below 1838. General level 1830, same as 1828, Maj. U. Laeblan. (Inuralndt n.- \'8S to 1815, no records, but reports froju old settlers (Iroiii (Jharles Wliilllesev's table). From table by Maj. K, haclilan: 1790, 5.150 feet above 1819; 179,'>-96, deserilied as low; IHl'lO 1802, high; 1800, low ; "1810-11, feet below 1838. The readings in this tal)le aro taken from the original records by Whittlesey at Cleveland. Conimer- ciiil Adv(>rtisei' at, Hlack Keck, and J. Lathrop, ('. K., at lUaek Itoek, The deduced tables of Iklessrs. Whittlesey and Laeblan were used when no original data wa.-* at hand. From 1854 to 18,59 is taken from table in report of Chief of Kngineers, 1870, and in appended tables. I'art of 1857 and all of 1858 are covered by observations by Charles "Whltdeney, at Clove'ajvl. H. Doc. 192- -12* 178 REPORT OF U. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. LAKK ONTAiaO. (Dediu'ed tiihlu.) [ReadiiigH aro above the zero of TTuited States Eiijiinecr's giiuj;o at Oswejiii, N. Y. Elevation =; 244. J I Irct.l Year. Jan. i8ir>.. If Hi.. 1817.. 1818.. 1810.. I8'.0.. 1821.. 1822.. 1823.. 1824.. 1825 . . 1820 . . 1827 . . 18H7 . . 1838.. 1839.. 1840.- 1841 .. 1842 . . 1843.. 1844.. 184").. 1840 . . 1847.. 1848.. 184'.l.. 18r)0.. 1851 .. 18.72.. 18r>3 . - 18r>4.. 18.15 . . 1850.. 1857 . . 1858 . . 1859.. ! I I Fob. Mar. Apr, May. June.; July. 0.23 0. 00 0.73 Aug. Sept. -0. 09 -1.19 .23 i.. -0.77 3.33 (2.91) 2.50 (2. 09) 1 2.00 \ 1.00 1.30 1.16 1.15 0.75 1.00 2 58 1.C5 0.78 0.00 1.07 2. 32 2.01 0.02 0.83 0.24 3.54 3.79 -0. 52 -0. 44 -0. 27 -1.77 -1.77 (2. 42) (2. 80) (2. 10) 1. .50 1.90 1.29 (1.18) 1.17 1.38 0.50 1.50 2.17 1.01 0.90 0.70 1.12 2.40 1.77 0.47 0.32 0.54 3.41 3.06 «2. 59) (3.03)1(3. (2.27)1(2. 2.08 I 2. 1.75 I 2. 1.07 1.65 1.37 1.07 1.00 2.00 1.42 1.81 1.22 I. 25 1.40 2.41 1.84 0.02 0.82 l.OI 3.31 3.35 95) 39) 63) 58 00 80 (2, 53) 97) 2.89 1.73 2.04 2.00 1.73 Oct. ' No^ . Die. Moau. 1.73 2.06 0.73 !. 2. 39 I . 0.48 2.39 (3. 98) (4. 42) 21) (3. 66) 29 I 3. 75 21 17 67 2. 07 2, 25 1, 00 2. 83 1. :. 17 I 2, 1.54 ! 2, 80 00 61 22 43 54 ! 2 55 I 2 57 i 4, 01 I 4 23) 25 50 67 50 58 83 79 02 12 89 29 91 06 31 43 47 42 3.33 2.00 2.83 2. .50 2.00 1.75 2. 92 1.92 2.83 2. 2*? •I 24 3. 38 4.25 3.25' 2. 24 ' 3! 19 3. 39 I 4.75 4.71 2. 23 0.73 3.10 4.75 3.33 3. 58 3.04 2. 50 2.07 2.52 2. 33 1.75 2. 92 1.83 1.77 1. 90 2. 12 3.28 3. 75 3.31 2.30 3.34 3.50 4.01 4.78 ,3. 62) 3.64 3.41 3.33 2. 63 2.17 2.19 2.58 1.87 1. 50 2.92 1.75 1.36 1.46 1.91 2. 89 2.82 3.13 2.22 2. !I0 3.91 4. 0.1. 4.62 (3. 12) 3.77 2. 92 2.80 ,2. 161 2.00 1.71 1.25 1.67 1.25 2. 00 1.33 1.00 1.29 1.79 2. 49 2. 55 2. 68 2.48 1.08 3.62 4.20 4.17 1.73 2.67 3.00 2. 38 v2. 49, 1.50 1.65 1.63 1.29 1.33 1.25 1.75 0. 92 0.69 0.91 1.28 2.27 2. 24 2.01 1.95 1.41 3.25 3. 95 3.57 I (2. 56) (3. 0(1) 2. (10 2. 26 0.78 !.40 1.54 (1.20) 0. 96 1.00 1.42 0.50 0. 65 0.51 1.16 2. 22 2! 10 1.31 1.20 0. 90 3.21 3. 85 2.99 (2.45) (2. 89) ,2.13) I 2.07 ] 0.60 ! 1.08 I 1.17 ! 0. 83 Id. 22) 1.25 1.17 0. 58 0.55 0.57 1.08 2. 22 2.14 0.61 1.22 0.20 3. 51 3.82 2.57 3.0:! 3. 4, 2.71 2. 6« 2. 09 1.74 1.77 1. 0; 1.80 1.23 2.01 1. 56 1.58 28 51 27 75 25 1.41 1. 57 2.51 4.01 3.89 Kem ARKS.— "1795, yearly change of level 3 feet, the lake reported to he higher than for the pii.st thirty 1815 to 1827, tnini record kt'pthy FIdward nrd kept by J. W. •hubon at Oswego, aiul Vfiirs." Tlio following data aro used in deducing the table: 1815 to 1827, from record kept by FIdward Uidilings, at mouth ot Niagara Itiver; 1837 to 1845, from record kept by J. W. •hubon at Oswego, and a record by Mr. Ousteu at Uull Island, and a few readings from a deduced table by Charles Avhittle scy ; 1840 to 1848, from record kept by regents of New York University at mouth of (ienesee Kiver; 1849 to 1859, from record kept .it l'ort"Dallionsie. Interpolated monthly means are indicated by ])arunthe.sea, and aro found for any ye.ar by taking tlio mean of the monthly mean for each month I'or the fourteen years, 1.S40 to 1859, and correcting tho sanu! by the average dill'erence between theobservoil monthly means for tliat, year and tlu'ccuTespond- ing mean of the monthly niuun iu the fourteen-year series. Kecurds previous to 1849 depend ujion s i 45) 3. 1 8!t) 3. 4, 13) 2.71 37 2. 00 60 2. Oil 08 1.74 17 1.77 8:! 1. 07 2'2) 1.80 25 1.23 17 2.01 5H 1. 56 55 1.58 57 1.28 08 1.51 22 2.27 14 2.75 CI 2.25 22 1.41 20 1. 57 51 2.51 82 4.01 57 3.80 REPORT OF U. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. OHARACTKRISTIC IIIGU AND LOW WATEKS. 179 Tlie following table gives tlie (jliaracteiistic liigh and low waters, so far as they can be assigned, from the earliest leeords down to the pres- eiil time. These may be accepted i)rovisioiially as au indication of the nature of the conclusions from the record. Characterintiv lii(/li and low ivaicr> HIGH AVATERS. -/,9i5 to 1S95. Year. liUke ^Michigan j (below liiKli water > of 1838). Detroit River (below bigli watei- of 18:)8). I-ake Erie (lielow bigli water of 1838). 1814 and 1815 | Unusually high... TTnusuallv high 1838 July .... 0.00 ■ 1853 1858 Nov . 1859 Julv. 1862 June. 1870 Sept. 1870 .Tilly 0.6!) 0.05 1.67 2. 12 1.20 1886. June. July July Summer . . . July June July 1.10 June Lake Ontario (above zero of Oawego gauge). July, 1815.. 2.89 July 4.75 Sept 3. 77 June 4.25 June 4.75 July 4.78 May 4. 76 May 4.83 July 4,2,-) Mav 4.52 LOW WATERS. 1819. 1S20. 1,S'J5. isn 1846. 1847. 1818. 1857. 1806. 1868. 1869. 1873. 1881. IStl. 18!'2. 1895. Fob fi.67 June 4.67 About same as 1819 Mar 6. 67 June 5.82 About8anieasl819 Oec Dee Feb Mar. 6 Jan Feb Dec Mar Jan Jan Doe. Jan. Dec. 4.43 5.03 5. 50 5. 05 3.55 4.46 4.34 4.03 4.82 3.70 Oct. 6.15 Jan 3.32 Fob. Jan . Jan . Jan. 3. 96 3.67 3.66 3.51 .... 4.99 .... 4.87 .... 5.75 1810 and n. (lO 1811, gen eral. June 5.33 Aug 5.75 Aug 5. 04 (J en eral 4.00 level. Oct 4.47 Mar 4.47 Mar (3.88) Mar (4.22) Jan 3.37 Feb 3.49 Feb 4.07 Feb 3.53 Jan 3.95 Jau 3.50 Nov 3.90 Feb 4.01 Nov 4.41 Mar., 1816. . (I. 06 Mar — 0. June 1. Mar — 1. Mar — 1. Dee 0. Mar (lO. Jau 1. Nov oA). Jan ,?an 1. Jan 0. Jan 1. Jan 0. Feb 0. Dec 0. Fob 0. Nov — 0. 69 73 19 77 60 00 0(1 00 24 .34 39 10 19 01 29 30 71 a From tlie original record of ^Ir. J. W. Judson, ('. K., March, 1817 and 1818, for Lake Krio aro approxiiiinte. Wv.MWiK.^.— 11 i(jh H'ali'rs: 1700, Lake Erie i- 5.50 foot above 1819. 'I'lie high water of 1838, referred to as a jilane of referouce, ih the plane adopted by the Lake Survey. Low watem: 1822, Lake Erie, 5 feel below high water of 1838; 1826, Lake Ontario in March — — 1.77 feet. THE RECORD. The record is a])[)endod, and is com])iled separately for each lake and river, and exhibits all the intbrmation obtainable cxceiit in regard to the St. Lawrence and Lake (Jhami»lain. The list is as follows: liakt^ Superior, 2 sheets; Lake Michigan Huron, 4 sheets; Detroit Itiver, 1 sheet; Lake Krie, 5 sheets; Lake Ontario, 5 sheets. No diagram has been drawn to exhibit tlie graphical record, as it has been thought wise to defer this until the tinal digest has been made. The authority for the information is set forth iu connection with the several collections of data. ^'ery respectfully submitted, J. E. Malonev. 180 UEPOKT OF U. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. WATEIi LEVELS PRIOR To 18G0 FOR THE GREAT LA'vES. LAKE SrPKIJIOU. ] Pliiiif of rclcrctici- is IlitMuitcr sill, lioutl of t;:inal, Siiult Stu. Mario. {A ••tide It.v Chiirli s Wliittlesoy, Siiiith.sdiiian (Jontril)utioiis to Kiiowlfilgp, Vol. XII, 18ti0.)| Year. .Ian. Feb. , Mar. Apr. 1827i;8<( 18386 .. I isiau..] 1847 1' ..I 10.00... I ! ! I 1851/ isr.'j/..! ' i85;j.(/.. ' — l«.-)4/i..' 9. 7.5 10. •.!-) la.'.r.i: .. u.osii.'ji ii.'J9ii.2'j 1836 i May. June Jul.v Aug. 11.58 9.02 10. .'■.8 II. 00 10. iV) Sept Oct. Nov. 1 Dec. Liicality. S.StP. Marie diirin}; month under direction of Mr. Hurt, superintendent of canal. Till! oil viitioii of (lio tipper miter siil of lock is oi\ei, as BSS.JJO feet by Mr. E. S. Wiiet'ler, I'liitetl Stiite.s iiH.sistmit eiijjiuoer, Sault Sto. Miirie, in litter dated Oftober 2ti, IHi'li. Thi.s is aaHiiiiied to be the siuiie iia the tiiiter hIU referred to by W'hittlesey. (ii;M'.i!.M, .NoTKs liY W111TTLK.SKY.— Ill 1847, trees 100 years old witliiii 1 feet of level. Ill 18.")1, tlii.s beiiij^ at the time the hij;lie8t then known, state of water and mark as abo\e with (•om|)ari8on of 7 months of i855-56, corresponds to 12 feet 3 inches in th(! fiiiial. All those whojotirneyod along the shores of this livke in 184.")-4() observed that the siiniiiier months were nniisually dry. Fires oecnrred in swiimps that held water long enough for cedar trees to grow np and die of old tige. Surface of lake declined in tlume years and still more in 1817; according to general estimate, 3 feet. Register of Messrs. I'inney and Sherwood at Sanlt Ste. Marie show the etfect (»f wind.-! in a narrow crooked strait connecting two bodies of water. K'eiidings were taken at upper and lower locks 185.5-56, and show a diilerouco of 2 feet U inches in b hours, the wind htiviug shifted ISO'^. LAKE SUrEKIOI!, AT SUrRKIOU. [l'"riim liepipit of (/'hii^fof Kiijiineer.-*, V. S. .\., 187(5, Tart III, p. 91. Ueadings are lif-low lake Hurvey |daiie of reference or liigli water of 1838. (Elevation, <)O4.70'fcet.) | Year. l^b\) . r "" 1 Jan. 1 Feb. Mnr. Apr. May. June, • July. Aug. Sei)!. Oct. Nov. ! 1 1. 25 1. 16 1.23 1.51 1. ,50 I Dec. Mean This jieriod is also covered by records at Ontonagon, Mar<|nette, and Sault Ste. Marie, iitiblished in reports of the Chief of Engineers for 18t!() and 1870. The several records do not ajfice, and the record at Superior is given as the least liable to be in error. (JENEKAL NOTE.S. From Foster and Whitney's l?eport of Land District of Superior (Senate Kx. Doc. ,Xo. I special session, 1851.) Article by Charles Whittlesey: The surface of Lake Superior was, on I2th August, 18W, 23^ inches higher than in May, 1847. At tliis time (November, 1851) Lake Superior is nniisually high. During the summer of 1S.")1 it was about 3 feet above the general level of 1847, when it was unusually low. From Maj. 1'. Laehlan's article in American Journal of Science, vols, (ill and 70, pp. ()0-l()|. 4."', i8ri.">: Sui)ori(n', in 1838, 3 feet higher than usual and 1 foot above 1837. In 1644 all the lukes vuusiderud low. lu Lake Superior, 1845, a ruck appuared above icr« fc^:^ REPORT OF U. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COAfMISSION. 181 water at tbo entrance to Kaglo Harbor, ue.\t year (IcSI;;) was 1 ^ foot liigli, and next yciir (1817) Btill higher. From article by J. W. Scott, in Hiiut's Merchant Maga/inc, vol. 8, ]>. 77, 1S|;{: 'i'lio waters of the lakes became stationary, or, as some say, began to fall in the t niimior of 18IW, since which time tliey have constantly receded. From article by J, J, Bigsby, Physical Geography of Lake Superior, Litte,ir.s Liv- ing Age, 1852, vol. 35, p. 7: Lake Superior is lowest in April and highcHt by a li^w feet ill September. The great annual variations of rain in these eountries ^jiodiico (•orre8))ondiug changes of level. Tliere are no tides and no eyclo of years lor lake level.s. From report of the superintendent Sanlt Ste, Marie Canal for 18.")() an<\ Wis. I'laim nl' rffi'vciirc is Milwaukee (."it y 7.ui'0, or low water Milwauki'i! Iliver, March, lS:i(i, lieiiig I Icct below the II. W . ls:iK. lliailiiigs are -)- above or -- below Uiiw plane.] Year. .Ian. ]'-eb. Viiir. Apr.' Mjiy. ! j 0.00 '■ June. .Inly. Aug. .Sejit. (let. 1 Nov. Dec. Mean 183C ! II 18:17 ' 0.80 ■ m.w 4.00 IH;)!) 1840 1 1841 . ... ' 43 1841; 1 ]84;i 1 1844 1845 no. 50 i : 184(i .. n— 0.42 - 1..50 -1. ;t4 n--(>.70 --0.27i 0.21 0. 57i 0.50 — 1.28 -1.19-0. il8—0.. 57 rt_1.35 —1. 00 —1. ;io —1. 05 0. 90 (i0.6fl)| 0. :i5 — 0. 13 0..'W- twh—i. ii:; 1847 \ -1.38 1848 -1.2!) 1840 a 80 -0. 51 —0.47 aO. 25 -0..56 -0. 46 0. 25 — 0. 45 —0. 77 — 0. C4 —11. 72 - 0.88— I.(i'.i-0.',I3 — 4). 82i— 0. 77 —0. '.t3 IS'iO 1851 1 al.43 rt 1 . 70 o2. .50 18,52 1.98 1.90 2. 04 1K.5;( . . 18,')4 . 1 30 0. 95 ]8,5."i 18.")(i 18.'.7 18.58 0.92 cl.20 2.04 2.72 2.28 3 31 15:1 185it l.!»7 2.n 1,78 1 2. 51 2. 34 2.11 1 1 1 1 . aMai'cli 0, 1848, lowest water— 1. 05 fe(!t. Uosult of hut (nie or two ob.servations. 'I'liic yauge observfttion.s from Septenilier, 1859. /iihli8li('7 fe.-t; 1887, 4.08 feet; 1838, 4.67 feet; 1839, 3.!>j feet; 1810, 2.58 loet. Frf)in article by MaJ. Henry Whiting in Anierical .lonrnal of Science, vol. 20: A few observations by Governor Cass on Green Hay, above an arbitrary y.ero: .Inly, 1828, 0.64 foot; August, 1828, 0.58 foot. In normal Unctnations, Angnst is tlie same as ,Inuo. — J. E. Maloncy. From article by Charles Whittlesey in Smithsonian Contrilmtion to Knowledge, Vol. XII, 18t)0: Lakes IFnron ami Michigan have not received inucli attention, but are Icnown to have be<'n liigh in 1838 and low in 1819. It does not necessarily follow that the highest «)r lowest level of diU'eient lakes will occur at the same time nor that the <(nantity of rise and fall will be the same. Frimi Foster and Whitney's Report, Land District of Wisconsin (article by Charles Whittle.sey ) : At this time (November, 1851) I.,ake Hnron is stated to have bt^en 2\ feist higher at the detour light than in 1847. Lake Michigan is reported to have been higher the past antnmu than for several years. From article by J. W. Scott in Hunt's Merchiant Magazine, vol. 8. 1813 : The waters of the lakes became stationary — or, as some say, began to fall in the summer of 1839, since which time they have constantly receded. From article by Ma.j. R. liachlan in American Journal of Science, vols. 69 and 70, 185.5: In 1819 and 1820 the central and lower lakes described by Messrs. Miggins and Whittlesey as unusually low, while J>r. Houghton and Coloucd Whiting state that the Detroit River had resumed its n.sual level. In 1838 Lake Hnron higher than for two centuries. In 1838 Lake Michigan 6 feet liigher than in 1820. In 1811 all the lakes low. In 1845 Lakes Huron and Michigan much lower than usual. From article by Charles Whittlesey in American .Journal of Science. vr. Il()u;;ht()ii <;ivt'., tll»^ Ibllowing table of lu'i;;lits from a onipariHon "f liis own observiiti(»i;H on Mioliiyaii, lliiroii, aiul Sni»«rior witli thoso cf Ilijjffiii.s, Whitiufj, jiiul iliitliau loi" mouth of .Juno cucli year, takiu<^ lowest 8ta<.;o of water, 18iy-2U, aa a zero : I'Vet. Kfol. .lime, lHll)-20 0.00 .luue. l«28 2.83 .1 line, 1830 2. 83 .June, 1836 3.67 .1 une, 1837 4. 08 .June, 1838 4.67 If figured from l"'oliruarv, 1820, to .luue, 1838, the total amoiiiit would he ahout 6.67 feet. (( Jeoh)jj;ieal Ke|i., Mich., 183!t, p. 24. ) Mr, S. W. llingius, in the Miehlgau (leologieal Keport ahove referred to, uses the same zero .'18 Dr. Jloughtou iii 1838, but (littering slightly as fo the extreiuo rise of 1838 above the depression of 1819. Feet above low water, 1810: 1838 .^).2.-. 1830 ( minimum) 1.58 1830 (uiiixiiuum) . 3.92 1840 (minimum) 0.75 I'eet iibove low water, 181fl— Coutiuued. 1840 ( maximum) 2. 63 1841 0.54 1840 (above low water of 1810-20). Year. 1 Jan. ! 0.75 O.'ii Fub. Mar. Apr. 2.17 May. 2.29 June. 2.37 July. 2.50 Aug. Sept.; Out. Nov.' Dec. 1 1 1840... 2.02 1 1.87 l.fi'.l 1.40 1841 . . . 1 1 DKTUOIT KIVEH. [l'"roMi record I'lirnLslied by cuginecrs of Detroit waterworks, tliroiigli Mr. (i. Y. Wisner, (J.K.) Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. .Apr. : 1 May. June. 8.50 6.50 4.83 July. AiiK. .Sept. ()i-t. 1 Nov. Dec. Mean 181!) 1 1 1830 1 : ' IS.'Ki i ■ " u:i7 4.17 1838 3.17 6.58' 3.42 1 4. i7 5.33 6.00 e. 50 0. 58 7.42 8.83 5.17 6.00 (1. Ki 7.83 5.17 ]8;!9 C.92 7. 75 7.92 7.50 4.83 6.17 7.50 4. .50 6.00 7.00 1840 1841 ...... 7.92 1 8.66 6.33 7 .la 6.17 7.75 7.00 7.58 1842 18^7 : \ 1 1 0.08 IhiO 6.33 5.50 1 ; ■ IK.-iO 5.58 3. 75 4.33 4.17 4.60 3.83 2.92 3.33 1 1 8.'i3 4. .^8 4.83 5.33 4.02 5.00 4.08 3.58 '4.'75' 4. 02 4. l'> 4.42 3.75 3. 42 3.83 4.33 4.58 4.58 4.08 2.83 3.58 3. 92 4.50 4.17 4.58 4.08 1 4.42 4.75 ; 5.58 4. 42 4. 58 4. 02 5. 00 4.58 5. 50 4.58 5. 58 4.42 3. 02 4. .50 4.75 ]8.')4 5.00 ."i na ."i. .^n 5. 83 i8r.^. iwii 5. 33 : 5. 75 5. 33 4.42 4.. "in 4.75 4. 83 '■ 5.33 18.'.7 IS.'-.H 1809 (i. 00 4.33 o. M 3. 7') 4.08 4.00 5. 50 4.33 4.00 3.83 3.08 3. 42 3. 02 4. 08 3. .50 3. 75 3. 83 4. 33 4.42 4.00 3.75 lilSMARKS — UendingH iiro bolow water table of Orleans street ensiiio liuiiMfl (engine house removed from Orlean.s Htreel in !878 to llie new <;ronnds at cjisleiii city limits, and gauRe set there at the same elevation, which is 100 feet above city diitum, and .580.30 leet above nieiin tideat New York City). The ob.servation of 1819 wna made by Mig. Henry Whiting. The observatious from lKiOtol850, inclusive, by A. E. Ilathan, who was for many years the city surveyor. The observations since 1850 were nnult! daily, by direction of Jacob Houghton, Jr., superintendent and engineer lietroit waterworks. The iigures in the cidunins show the monthly moans. Theob8ervatir)ns made before the engine houst* was ei'e4 to 6. 30 1 5 j^ " Locality. liliickRock do UbBerver. 1810 t 182Ure 6.30 ]STU> j .. . ■■■ Cleveland .. Canada Cleveland.. ...do A. Carter 18'j;i<^ ■ ■ •••• .MeTiipt;art. A. W'fdwortli ]8;;iic ... iH27r ' .... Canada Cleveland.. do IHIi'Ji/ ' A. Woiwoi'tli. IH;):!/, Do. WAi ....j 8.82 8.57 8 82 do Do. 18:15 8.07 do ... Do. 1 H'MJ K :in 10 07 Biitliilo .... Cleveland.. Ulack Kock ...do do ....do .7. I. at liroit. ]8,'!8/,- 1 10. 30 11.4011.15 10.64 9. 83 10. 08 10. 13 1 10.90 10.33 10.40 9.24 8.80^ 8.30 10.10 0.33 9.30 7.75 9. 89 ... . 10.30.... 1 9. 10 ... . 6. 87 . . . . 0.46 .... .... • ',.(; DiiviM. IS'M--. 7 74 ... 0.50 10.33 9.50 9. 50 CoiniiKM'eial Adver- 1810... 1841-. 184L'.-- 1 j .'!!!!!! 8.' 65 H. ill) tisci' of iSiitUilu. Do. 1)0. Do. 184;;... 8.96 0.21 9.30 8.20 8.80 8.46 9.40 8.90 8. .59 1 do Do. 1844... I84r.j.. 184(i... 7.34 6.97 6.91 7.30 8.57 8.57 8.34 8.43 8." 27 7.' 84 .... 7.60 ....do Cleveland.. do Do. Col. T. i;. \V. .Stock- ton. Do. 1847... 8.50:....,.... 8.94 do liuttiilo .... do Do 1848.. -- 1 CoTuiuercial Adver- 184!) j i ! 1 ! tiser. Do. 1850... 8.49 7.71 7.83 k'r.n ...do ...do Clivi'land.. ...do do J. Latlu'op. Do. C. Wliitllcsey. H.Stiinard. C. Wliittlesey. Do. 18">1... 1851 7.88 7. 80 8, iO 7 4!) 8 47 9.34 9 49 9.46 9.34 !i jr. n in 9.07 0. 15 9.61 9. 13 9. 21 9 90 8. 74 18r)'2... 1853. 8. 35 8. 07 8, 4:' 9. 50 9. 40 9. 49 9. 17 10. 07 10. 07 10.15 10.30 10.20 9.97 0.35 9.10 9.07 1850. . 8. 30 7.90 0. 32 ...do ....do 18i7... ....8 15 8.15 8.78 9.65 9.90 10.15 9.00 9.60 0.55 9.32 Do. h A voraRO, 3 I'eet 2 ineheH lielow .1 luie, 1838. I Mr. Wolwortli was tir«» Ciovernuient agent at tlii.s harbor. j Knuineer on Krie Canal. A' Jury to October, nieasureMientii .several tiiiiea a d;iy. " 2 Government attentat thin iioiiit. a or 1820, but the difference between the two years was slight. At Black Rock the highest stage of water is stated to have been in August, and not in June, 1838, but at Buffalo it is given as .Tune. At BulValo and Black Rock there is less regu- larity than elsewhere, showing that winds and the form of coast produce irregulari- ties there which are local. But if weredtice the observations at Black Rock to <)ie standard, we fiufl that the low water of October, 1841, was below the level of 18i9, when It is uiiiversally agreed that this was the lowest stage known. Mr. Lathrop remarks that the depth of water on miter sill of guard lock at Black Rock is very much influenced by the •lills which are fed from that basin. The records show that tlie fluctuations are greater at Black Rock than at either Cleveland or Detroit. From History of Cleveland, Ohio, by Charles Whittlesey, ISGT: Elevation of top of east pier at Cleveland over bottom of enlarged Erie Canal is 13.42 feet. ►•'•'-•"I" '-r lii' -r I M lo . n i Mit i 186 REPORT OF U. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. IFroni Koater \ Whitney's Kejiort. on Guolotty y CliBrU'8 Wliittlcsey.)] Feef. F'jet. 5.00 1H33 .S.17 4.0 , 1834 2.:yS 2.83 I 1835 2.83 2.83 i 1822 1825 182t) 1832 Year. Jan. 1837 ---- --- 3.10 1838(1 .... I Jan. I May. I June. I July. : Aug. Sept. _1 J 2.58'. 1. 00 I 0. 33 i O.L'5 0.75 3.50 Oct. Dec. 1.75 1.96 (7 On June 25, 1838, the remllniu; wan 0.00 feet. Kkmaiiks. — A vailinj; niyHclf of infornmtion from MPtSwrs. Wolworth, Mrrchaiit, iind otlierw iit Clove- liinil, 1824-1837, I li.ivc I'onstructed the above tabic. IteadingH fir«> below liiuh wntfr of 1838, This is EHHiiiued to be tlio name as AVhiftlesoy obscrvt'd, or at an elevation of 575. 17 ft'ct. From AuKiist 18 to Oitober 18 Mr. G. C. Davis kept ii floating registor. lieadingH aro bt'low high Aviiter of 1838 at Cleveland (elevutioii of 575.17 feet). Feet. August, 1 838 0. 81 .Sei)teiiiher. 1838 1 . 22 October, 1838 1.61 Ahxiravl of Col, T. II. /('. Stovkion's rt giaiir for Vhviland, ISl.'t—ti'i, below ciro. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. 1 Aug. Sept. 2.95 Oct. 3.18 Kov. .3.47 Dec. 1845 1 1 3.80 1840 4. 05 4. 39 1 4.47 ' 4.io 3.13 2. 84 2. 89 3.00 1 i My observations at Cleveland, 1838-1851, have not been snfiicieutly nnincrons or regular to bi' of inu(;h value. TLey are as follows, below high water of 1838 (eleva- tion of 575.17 feet): Year. 1841. 1842. 1845. Dnto. Mar. 11 Apr. 14 Dec. — Feet. Year. Date. Feet. 2.75 1846. 2. M 1850. 2.42 1851. Apr. J 5 .3.50 June 20 I 3.00 Jan. 18 I 4.08 Feet. June, 1851 1.92 July, 1851 1.95 Auguist, 1851 1.94 September, 1851 2. 25 October, 1851 2. 48 [At Black Hock guard lock, from the liUlValo ('oniniereial .\dvertiser, November 12, 1841, beiii;; depth of water on the miter sill in feet (elevation of miter sill assumed as 564.80 feet).] Year. May. Juno. 9.90 8.24 July. 9. 33 7.80 Aug. 9.40 7.30 Sept. Oct. 1810 9.33 8.30 6.75 8.10 1841 8.50 5.80 Abstract from register of J. Lathrop, resident engineer Erie Canal, being height above bot- tom of enlarged Erie Canal. I- [JOlevation of botton of canal assumed as 563.86 feet,] Year. Jan. Feb. 1 Mar. Apr. May. 1 June. July. Aug. 1 : Sept.j Oct. Nov. Doc 18.")0 i 1 ' 7.73 7.83 IS.Il 7 01 7 «.l^ H ilS 8.40 8.90 9.33 9.50 1 ! i 1 i REPORT OP U. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. 187 F-.et. .... 3.17 .... 2..')8 li.83 I .Ihalravt from rey'mtti' of J. I.ulhrop, rex'tdfiit cntjimer Eri-' Canal, ♦■/(•.—( 'ontiiiiuMl. ["At I'.ln<'k Kock, from ('oiiiniurrial AdvtirliHor, Xoveiiiticr 1'-', 1841, ii'f(^rriiiti lo low wulfi- nl' IHLNi us /.ero." Date. Riae. Dtttf. Full. Feet. \ F.i't. August, 1820, to August, 1828 2.50 August, 18S8, to August, 18;i9 1.2,'i August, 1828, to August. 181)0 August, 18;il), to August, IMIo 1. •_'."> August. 18;tO, lo August, 18;!« , 1.00 i August, 1840, to August, l.SIl 1.83 August,18;m, to August, 181(7 1 .50 , August, 1837, to August, 18:18 1.08 Keot. ... 0.81 ... 1.22 . .. 1.61 .IbHlract from oriijiiial vianuHcript of Charles ]t idtileHefi,hti Mr. William T. lihint, Iniled Statf'H UHsintant emjineer. [Courtesy ol" Mr. Pi-ter Noll', serrot.try Western Koservo Historical Society. licading in Icct liclow zero or high wiiter of 1838. Observations at Clcvelaud. Year. Jnn. Feb. Mar. Apr, May. I June.jJulv i I ! I i i Aug. ! Sept. Oct. I Nov. Doc. 1857 I ! 1 79 1.85 ! 2.08 i 2.08 18,-.8 ; 1.75 ; 2.00 2.08 1.40 i O.Ol «0. 14 1 0. 15 0.59 ■ 0.80 l.L'U 1.20 1.32 ! ^ I . L ■ _ I l_ I.I.'. ...■ a June 19 rcotliug was —0.25 ur 0.25 I'eet higher tliau 1838. [FroMi article liy ^faj. U. Loclilan in Anu^riimu Journal of Science, vols. Olt anil 70, IS'i.'i. Kuailiiii'saro from low water of 1810 as ■/.vtu.\ Feet. 3.50 'A. 00 4.08 Oct. R. 10 5.86 Doc 7.83 Jm Year. Comparative Irvcl. Authorities. 1700 Professor Hall, Wbittlesev. ami oiiicrs. Weld, Wluttlesey, and others. Uiggins, Hougl:t(in, and others. Wliittlcsey. Do. 1795- 18U(I mi 1802 Described as low High I^OW 1800. 1810 11 feet below 18:i8 i8ir> 2 feet below 1838 Do. 1816 do Do. 1817 18 _.. Falling Zero Kisiug rapidly Kising, hut still low 1,S19 20 Do. 1821 Higgius, Hougliton. Dearborn, and SloTaggart. Higgins. Flougliliiii. 1822 1823 1824- 1820 2 feet below 1838 1827- '28 As hi"h as 1815 Kougliton, etc. 1830 Same as 1828 1H31. 33li;!!"!!!!!!!ll!!!!!!!!!] 1832- 2.75 lect below ISMH Whittlosov, etc. 1 835 2.83 feet below 1 8^8 1.67 feet below 18;i8 0.75 loo l below 18;i8 Higgin-i, Iloughton,and Afather. Higgins, Houglit(ni, Matlier. Whitlle- sey, etc. bo. 1830. 1837 1838. Do. 1839. 184U :t.C7 I'eet above z*'ro ;t.42 feet above zero Aniericuu Journal of Science: Pro- fessor Dewev ; Hutl'alo Express. Do. 1841 Do. 1842 1843 --- :t.58 feet above zero 2 07 feet above zero 1844 2.92 feet above zero 1845. 1840 1847 -- 2.50 feet above zero 1848 2.17 feet above /en* 1849 li 08 feet above zer j 1850 2 G7 feet above zero 1851 1852 Kising rapidly 1893 High as iu 1832. 188 IlEPORT OF IT. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION, III 1838 Lake Erit- stated by lliggins to bo 5.25 feot ahovo 181i), and by Dnffalo Advertigor 5. {{3 foet in .liino, an«l 5.75 fcot in Aiigiist, and acrordin;; to Dr. il()ii<;iit<)n it niijjht be 6 f'o(!t, Mnch land overflowed and trees of a hundred years' growtli were killed. By February, 1839, Erie had fallen to 3.67 feet and in 1810 it was biffjier than for twenty-threo years, excepting 1838. (See Itntfalo Adverti.^er April, 1851.) From a ntport on Hutfalo Harbor (House Ex. Doc, 30th Conjj., 2d sess., Vol. IV): Lake Erie unusually low in 1809, Deacon ('ollender drove cattle in Sipteinbir from Huron to Buffalo crossinjj every stream, except U(»ck K'iver, by wadinj,'. In Ortober, IHt I, water raised 10 feet by gale at Bull'alo, and at Dunkirk 2 or It feel below Buf- falo at Hood. Prevalent winds from the S\V. [Kriim I.iikii .Siirsi'y ( Uoiiort Cliiff of KiijriiipcrH, 1870, I'liitlll). or liinli water of 1h;I8. Kluvatioii ltea<1iiiU'< lulow |(luiir (>!' rcl'i'ioncB ■.75.'.'0lool.l Year. CI.KVKI.ANIi. 18-.il vour (•(ii.iKiUNK. 18.-.4 . 185,-. . 18,'')0 . 1857 . 18.-.8 . 1850 . fllUI. r.o.. 2. 72 i!no 3. 37 1.2(i 1.03 3.03 2. 20 3. 34 1.60 1.25 Mar. ! Apr. 2.97 2.50 (n) 1.03 .84 2. 08 I 2. 10 (") 1.52 i .27 May. •Iiiiio. 2. 16 1.88 2.14 I 1.76 1.61 1.23 1.26 —.^0 .30 .42 July. 0.70 1.38 1.73 Aug. 0.87 1.94 1.10 1.88 1.14 1.18 -.05 .04 .30 .60 Sept. 1.28 2. 27. 1 1.81 2.13 1.43 I .60 i 1.20 ' Oct. 1.64 2.41 1.57 2.79 1.80 .70 1.06 Nov. l)t!p. Mean. 1.98 l.OH 2.11 1.50 2.91 1.35 1.12 2.69 1.22 2. 02 1.35 1.02 2. 01 2. 23 1.23 I 1.43 .89 .85 « 'I'lie readings foi' Alarcli anil Ajiril, 18.')7, 1.75 anil 1.20, r«'spni;tively, as piililislii'l nrn assunwil to bo in error anil are omitted. I-AKK ONTAUIO AT (ISWKGO. [Uecord fiirnislied l>y Mr. Wni. Pierson iTiidsoii, ('. K., from personal lili's of liis fatlirr, Mr. .1. W. .Indson, C K.] [Measiirenipntsnitward and aliovo an arbitrary bench mark. Kluvation of lienrli mark or zero -244.21 foot.] Year. •Tan. Feb. 1 Mar. Apr. Mav. i •lllUO. July. 3.16 4.75 Aug. Sept. ()•> •2. in .02 •1. 2U ;ir> .02 .8!) .■1.1 .8f) .(10 .08 .US .00 .,S3 .8a .00 12 i _ i66Zeae;y. j/tt's £IJM52 /hrAnrtals o/'Sciertce etnei not 7oe€Shjs'hedi Lake Erie }VtX'6er' Xe^jrels /or Ztoh^ £rve /rvm or-igTZTxaZ Jl^arvujscr'i^/ot o/ CJkcir'tes JkfiteT^ jsrlZ o/" the ffuctr^dZ locTc at Jffic/VccZo^Ji^.Y. ctnct re/or^eserttetZ 7^ Curve/S. 12 JCt-TZ. :^*r i8f9 _^jft. Tni -oL Fi'gr^ o-ixth. J>^7? jijor. May Jiift a,sr>&r e^trtmrt Cs t^rt^ rek Z7ts)u£e tTiie ChlocTrtrts those J'uTze JieZy at £> le ertA Z oft he Cu r-vets. zfertetxeZ tizhe^rv MtveTJsklZ oA 0^ukr(Z Auff. I JSept Oct. yinr. Dec, orvce ce day or ot ^tene-i - t?te'ytxr, LocTc ,Buf 'fulo. New ybr/ z ex^r rjss €? 'je Tne^ xTt diep6h i yr^he d^t T'Ai'js sheet z^ a: r^/9"'y*^^eu7tebrt of a r'Ougrh e^T-er/Yon l^roivrr ^a/oer, /br^frri firtort^ ^i/^epera ofjihe ^frte Charles H^z'i^lesey, t-Tethe /oojsse:ssto^g of J1^^€^rnJ^eserve^store'ca€/Socte^,(^irelet7a^,Ohco.G^^ a.ccorc^r.TTf/' to fij^t^r'09, fvhv'ie an the ort^e':niceZ they Pirere-merefyshe/Sehed h^hzitZt throi^cgi) A Di'a^ above t? hajs6ee? "^SS^ CO? 6^' o 7 6 5 4 3 /as2... 2 ¥84f Men rei Ort4, Socti tort fur? THE WERNER CO M PANv, A KRON.O Lake Erie 12 /S. ^st . ^nx^r '. thvotcg^^ the cot4.T'6Ray of the Secretary cKru)lXzbr'ctriecTv,A^.Iki6er'J\^€fr. nr Dec, 12 /4 m Q.i856 1838 Q 18S2 i851 T97 '. i9r e«i~ r/: rtt above, thx Zopv ;srtaff€, a/" ^8fO, /8W bwn^ the yneetrv o/'ectch rrtOTtths^^rtiA ^852 co?n/:?l[efe - 3y Chocrlea WhiitZeaey. Jifectn. Tve-tgfht of the mortth 6 i8S2. fSSi. ¥841 Jam. Mitr. jipr. Mixy June *998 ^ejfkeai Aenowi r js^ie^ ' Jicfy i9SZ Allff. Se/ot. "5E?" 195v. HfeE?^ 6 Ji£emor'€t7tcta. .' - J^re^oar^ r>e ffiSZ /cr'jinruxZs o/'Srekrece centi not fsrteHusTiedi r^urrte^ ^JfJSJSftttrtAJVav //«? ^869 (C. W.) Chrt^Ttal of this co/ay a!y trt posamaauon Kif the TVkstern^JieserxreJhJstorrbcd Soct0ty, CteveittrtcZ, Qhzb. This Copy rrtatafm JVbv. //- f89€. ivrrt HSltcTtt l/'.AS.Aaat.£7t^r. H Doc y.;^ 54 2 r I T" REPORT OF U. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. 189 of knowledge of lake liiictuations, unci saw (hat a record of theiii was uecessary to iutelligont work. Among other ovideure he found au old resident who lived oil the lak4' slioro and who told him of a time about twenty years ago (evidently in 1811)) when the lake was the lowest over known, and when the rock ledges were dry far out from shore. He said he hfid there quarried the rock, and had drilled one hole around wliich 'o expected to niako a clay dam to keep his powder dry. His drill was Jammed in the hole when the waves arose and drove him away, and later broke off tlio drill. They went out in a boat and found the broken drill in the hole, and this was taken as the zero level which has .since been used." The elevation of this zero is 214.21 feet. l.'ECOHI) AT OGDKN.SBUKG, SFAV YORK. A record of water levels at Ogdensburg from 1851 to 1857 is given in Now York Meteorology, 1850-18615, by V. B. Hough (New York State Library). .\s no compila- tion of records prior to 1860 along the St. Lawrence Kiver has been attempted in this exhibit, this table is omitted. LAKIi ONiAKIO AT CUAKLOTTE, N. Y. (MOUTU OF UKNESEE UIVKK). [Monthly mean of water levela lielow a fixed ]ioint. From article by I'rof. C. Dewey in Anieiiean Journal of Seience, vol. 77, and also given in Xcw York Meteorology, "1850-1803, by F. I!, llounb ( N'ow York State Library).) Year. 184(1 . 1S47 1848 184!» . 1850 . 1851 . 1 a:,2 . 1853 . 1854 . 1855 . 1850 . 1857. 1858. 185!) Jan. Eel). ■so I 00 '■ 42 ! 17 75 67 17 92 4. 50 ;t. 50 2. 83 4.17 3. 33 4.50 4.25 2.07 3. 25 4.42 2. 92 4. 07 1.08 2. 00 Mar. Apr. May. June. 3. 25 .it.ly. 3, 25 Aug. 3. .50 1 Sept. 3.75 3. .50 3. 75 3. 00 2.42 2.08 2.08 2.08 3.00 3. 17 3. 17 3.08 3.17 3. 25 3.67 3.83 3.00 2.75 3.67 3. 25 3.75 ; 3.33 2. (17 2.42 2.83 3. 83 3.92 3.92 3.07 3.17 2. 92 3.17 3.511 3.67 2. 17 2.17 1.83 2.00 2.50 2. 08 1.07 1.17 2. 25 1.67 2.00 , 3.17 2.25 2.00 2.08 2. 25 3. (10 3. 33 3.33 3.00 2.83 3.00 3.00 2.58 1. 92 1.50 1.92 2. 50 3. 118 3.67 2.92 2.00 1.58 I. CO 1.17 1. .50 0.33 0.50 0.33 0.17 0.67 0.83 0.50 0.17 0.07 0.92 1.42 Oct. 3. 75 3. 25 4.08 3. 17 4.33 3. 92 1.92 2. 33 3.07 2. 83 3.83 0.75 1.00 1.83 Nov. Deo. Mean. 4.00 3.75 3.77 3.58 3. S3 2. 99 4. 50 4.42 3.41 3.17 3. 42 3. .56 4.58 3. ,58 3.49 4.42 4. 25 3.76 3.17 2. 83 2,89 3.17 3. 25 2. ;i2 4.00 4.17 3. 02 2. 75 2.75 3. 21 4.42 4.42 2. 90 2.00 1.83 2. 49 1.17 1.33 0. 90 2.33 2.08 1.31 Ki \rAl(K8. — These readings were taken on the first day of each month. Taken by H. T. Spencer, Iron. 1846 to 1855, and by Luther Jetlbrda, from 1855 to 1859, and reported by Trot'. Chester Dewey, of Kochester. There are some slight ditlerencea in the record as given in the two publications mentioni d, and that wliicli seemed most consistent was accepted. The average dillVirence between the record from 1846 to 1859 at (-swego and this is about 4.92 feet, the Oswego record being iibove zero and this down. Hence the elevation of the li.\.ed point u.scd as zero is approximately 244.21+4.92 — 249.13 feet. Bv comparison with Port Dalhousie for the years 1845) to 1850, incluHiv4^, the fixed poiiit is 2:5i{.12-t-(13.45+2.71)^- 249.28 feet. Adopted 210.21 as being a mean of the two determinations and exactly 5 feet above above Oswego zero. "The lowest mcfisured in February 1857, and highest in August, 18.58. This same uiaximinn and miuinnim tit Toronto in the months aiid years. I'or tliis fiiet I am indebted to the accurate observer .;t that point in Canada West, the hiirbor master. The range is f und to be nearly the some in Lake Michigan. \Yhih) force of winds make ol)8crvation8 not altogether siniultaueons iit the jtoints dilVercntly atl'ected by the winds, still a series of observations must lead to closely approximate results." LAKE ONTAKIO AT CIIAtTMONT. I Frnm a iri onl kept liyC. V. It. Ilorlon. at Chaunuuit, Jetferson County. \. V. rublishcd in New ^'l)^k Melciirology, 1S.')0-18(I3, by F. 0. Hough, New York State Library. Thedistances arc fnim tlie top of diiik down to the water." Uccora is of one or two observations', ] Y«ar. 11-'!' "I Jan. Eeb. Mar. Apr. 1 May. 1 June 1 July I.Aug. 1 Sept.l Oct. 1 Nov. 1 Dec. Mean 1859 . 0.07 0.50 0.87 1.00 1.42 2.08 .07 liKMAIlKS.— Mr. llorton remarks that the lake had been higher in 1859 than had ever hefori- been known. Owing to the small amountof rain that fell in the spring and early summer months, it began to fall earlier tlmii usual. llv . I udson record top of dork < 244.21+5.15 -219,33 feet; bv Lake Survey top of dock is 249,04) 0.3(i 249.40 feet I by I'ort Dalhousie top of dock is 233.12Hl6.6l:_ 248.63 feet. Adopted the mean, or 219.45 foot. VM) KKPORT OK IJ. S. DEKP WATEKWAYK (JOMMIS8ION. I'lohi triiililioiiiil iiccdiiiilH iiixl (h<^ retollec.tiiin of narly Hotilrr.s I Id- laUo .it (!Iihii- tiKiiil, \v;is low ill mr.i, 1«01, IWW to IHII, 1822 to 1828, IM\ in IHjK); :iii, 1810, 1811, aii»l 1851. Tlir o.vtromo cliangiw of level, incliidiii^ Hiiddoii oH(;illatioi>H, liavo huoii aInioHt 5 I'cet. Oil (ho ITiMi of .Jiiiio, 185i(, the watorw roMo and Ml 21 iii . \h:,\ . 1H.V2 . IK.M . IHri4 IH,V. . lavi IH.'i7 . IH.W. Viar. .Inn. Fill). 74 I 87 1 ll!l 1 III I 41 I III I 71 I II'J 1 ;i:i I •ll! 1 KH 1 Mar. 2. 70, l.O'.l, \.h:, 2.2l[ :t. 411 'J. HO I . .Ml' 1.41: i.r>() 4. ^:> Ajtr. May. .Iiiiio, i:i. '20 r2.o:i IL'. H!) III.OU i;i.7o i:i. ;ti II..V2 12. «;i 12. 04 14.06 \r>. 10 i;i.88 i:t. II i:i.2i 1.1. «« i4.;iH 14.00 12. l.-i i;i. 40 i:t. .w l.'i. 50 I5..'>1 Inly. I Aii^. Si'pt. Oct. { Tsov. I lire. .Menu. 1.1. 1121 i:i.;ii, i:i. Xl; 14.47 i.''i. ;i4i i4.;i<. i:i ;):i 14. 2H .48 l.-).8t l.^HI), 12.80 I2.UII i:i. 21 I4.;i7 14.84i 14.40 n.4.'i It. 4:1 ll.5» l.'i. 70 l.'i. 87 12.4.1 12. .'■.r. Kl. 110 1:1. im 1:1. or 14.221 i:t.:ii 1:1.110 l.'i.WI l.'i 70 15.71' 12. 1.1 12. :iH 12. 8H 13. .18, ]». )!4 1:1.77 13. .17 12. 17 14.71 15. 2» 1.1.20 11.78 12.00; 12. :i7 i:!.;iu 1:1. :i3 1:1. 10 13.04 12. .10 I4.:i4 1,1.04 14.60 11.74 11.011' 12.2.1! 1:1. 31 1 13.25; 12. 40, 12. 3.1 ll.iHi; 14.30 14.!I4 14.118 11.04 II. 00, 12.17 1:1. 31' 13.2:1 11.71) 12.31 ll.:i.1i 14.00! 14.01 1:1. 00 12.07 12. :i7 12. 00 13. :i« 13. K4 1:1. :i4 12. .10 12.00 1:1.00 1.1. 10 14.!W Uk.makkh. KIrviiliiiii of iniliT nlll ol'old lor.k.or pliiim of nifi'ifiiicw, at I'orl DallioiiMin i.s 2.1:1. 12 Ci'iit. 'I'lii^ ri'iuliiit; till' Si'iiti'iiilHtr, 181:1, in iihhiiiikmI in lin I I'onl in error, unci ih roriocti'il li.v thai imiioniiI. 'I'IiIh rrcoi'd liirniHlicil liy Mr. 'riiiiniiiM Monro, (sii^iiiiM'r .SonliiiiKitH (.'anal, Idler of Sepjeinlii"' M. IMIO, and in 11 niontlily nienn of vU Slate l.ihraiy). l{«adin;;H are above a eei'tain /.ero. | ^'ear. , .Ian. 1 1811 ' I'll.. Mar. '.' (17 Apr. May. .lime. .Inly. f>. .'13 AiiK. Sept. Oil. i Nov. Kee. 1 i Mean. IHIO •■■' 4.17 IHI7 5.08 4. 50 4.17 ' JHIH 2.67 \ IHllI 1.75 * ' ( 1H'20 ! 1 . 21 3. 17 4.8:1 IH21 IH'J2 1 U'i 4.17 4.50 IH2:i 'i n I8:i8 7.17 0.08 1 Ul.MAliK.s.- lii'niHter liept ill l''oil Nianara by Mr. (iiddin^H. Zero in .1 feel lielow the upper ciirfaee of till' upper end of the eap nil I of the wharf a I the iiinnth of the N iauHiii Kiver near I'ort Nia^^ara. l''i'oiii a 11 nil pari SI in of the leadiiiKH Ajiril ; in IHlllaiid 1820, (roiii Novcinlicr to Maiili ; in 1821, (Voiii Itdconilirr to Aiiril. and in 1822 lo 18'_'t) lYoiii liefiMnlier :illiiiiiMii'. 1.... 1 1 J4 II. im! ill ll.Cflj ir, 12.17 II i;i.;)i ;5 1:1.2:) 11.7it !.'■. I2.:ii Ill Ji.;m^ Id U.llll' 14 14.91 )8 1:1. (1(1 12.(17 12. :i7 12. (iO i:<. :m 1:1. H4 n. ;i4 12. .w 12. (i6 l.l. '10 1.''). Ill M.ilH > is 2:1:;. i:; Ct'i'i. ' tllllt IIIIKIIIIll. cinlic'- 1 1, IhiMi, «i;;lit iMonlliH : iIikIhoii /,iT(i, :tK, N((\v \itiU .[ Die. ..Mciiii. I I r I ■ ■ iipiMT F:iirii((i I'Oil N ill nil 111. I M /mo WIIM Id 'I'liJH icjiiMlur tiiiiiM, lull iiriv I'lircl, (lin /('III ii]iiii'iiii; July, I' til MiiK'li ; ■h; ill IHLM, •t«)My of tlio Rr.poiiT or u. s. dehp watehwavs commission. 191 LAKK ONTAIMO. [I''i'(p|ii;iniilo liy (Icn. II. A. S. 1)itiirli(irii, Aiiiim iriiii .loiiriial of Sc iciicr, vol. Hi. "In 1814 liiikt) (J aliciiil 2 t'tii;) I'li^fliiT tliau ill 18i:i." Kroui nrtii'lc b.v K. Mvrriiiiiiii in IIiiiil. Mii'ia/.ini'. vol. 2M. jip Ui^i'oi'il k(!pl liv Mr. OiiHtuii. kui^iKT of (luvi'rniiii'nt liKlit-liiiimi: oil (iiill IhIuikI. Koailiugu ..1 1 ».> 1/1 «:.... <.r ..<..... ..■.■..>|iro.<(iiiiatvly 244.71 fuiil 111 1814 Liiko Ontario 1.01 m. arc all IK4() . IK4I Year. •Inn. ■>.•>■ Kcl). Mar. .Vpr. v. hi) .(•7 1.17 May. 'i.70' 2. 00 2.17 tllllKt. ' 1 2.8:j 1 i.iio Inly. Ann. S«ipt,. ()<■!,. ; !...;. .L^.. aO.'Sa Nov. Di'C. Mran. 1 0. 7.'i ' .Ml 1«42 1.17 07 IH4:i 1 07 IM14 ...... 7.'-. 1.17 .;i:t IHI.O 1. 17 1 a I'M 14 liiclioM in tliirly-Hix hours. ItlCMAliKH.— nnnilincaaroallHinKlo olmorvatioim. KroiniK^nmpariHon williJinlMon'H original ri'corilof tliiionly iiionlli ('oinnion to till) two, tlio /(iio aiipt'iirH lo IiiM.K:I— I.:i:j or 0.50 { 214.21 214.71 I'l'i't. liy a ooinparlHonol'tliirliM'ii inontliH with .Mr. Wliiltlosi'y'HdiMlni'.tMl talilti tint /.ttro is 2.'>I.'.M! 7.05 211.0! lutit. Mr. Oii.Mtoii lifimirkH in loiiort diitcd l)(U!i(uil»or l.'>, IHKi: " Tho laintinii»il, l)«>ccni- Imm- li, at th«) cloHo of navijrtition. In August, for tlio lir.st< tiinu sinc.o I took ciiar^i; of Mio li^dit, I iMtiilil walk around tlio towttr, tlio r.uik upon wliicli it HtandH buing dry. 'I Imm- Ii, at tho cloHo ot navijration. In August, for tlio lir.st tiinu sinc.o I took 1 III)-, li^'lit, I ooiild walk around tlio towor, tlio r.uik upon wliicli it HtandH In riio lii<^li(;ut ill tlicHo rucHirds iH June 2*J, 1810, ami the lowcHt AugiiBt, IKIU," KlllKAlJ (.'ANAI. KKCOIII) as kbit AT TIIIC I.OC'K AT KiNdSTO.V .Mll,l..«. [TliiH tiililo riiriiiHliud liy tlio lli'iiartiniint ol' IlailwayH anil (JiinalH, Dominion ol' i^niiaila.] Yrar. IH.50. IH.5:i . IH.55 . IH.50. 18.-.7 . 18.58 . Jan. ; Kub. ' Mar. 7.81 8. .52 7.4:1 H. ,50 8.00 8.1)0 7.88 8. 1)2 7. 25 8,58 8. 04 8. no 7.00 9.27 7 ;i7 8.;io 8. 11:1 8. 35 Apr. ! May. Juno. July. Aii^. 8. 17 U. (12 7.77 8.50 8.02 U. 12 8 88 ' 8. 75 10.75 10.112 8. 25 8. Oil U. no 0. 00 7. IIK : 8 00 8.50 ! 8. (i7 7. 8!( ' 8. 29 10.(11 1».()8 0. 17 8.50 II. (10 8. 8:1 8. 00 8. 00 8. 50 8. HO S«pt. < )C!t. Nov. I Drc. Menu. 8. 1:1 7. 42 6. 8:1 «. 5;i 8. U3 8.;il 8. (Ill u.oo 11. Ill 8. ,50 8. 25 8.1)0 il. 00 8.8:t 8. 1:1 8.00 8. 00 8. .50 7. 03 7. 8H 8. fl ' !l. ,'-,,'^1 8.27 ; 8. Hi 8.2!! i 8.54 K. 00 8. Ill K. 1 1 8. 57 ItKMAKKH. 'I'lio roiiilini^H ^ivotln'. ilcplli of watiir on llio initor Hill of lowor lock, taken alioiil lour tliiK'H a nionlli, aiiil tliu iiv(^rat;u taki^n as a inontlily nicaii. i''roin a c<>ni))ariHoii of tho moan of tho nioaiiH of nix yoarn hutwcon Kiii^Htoii mid I'ort halhouHio, tho niilor nill at Kinf,'Hton Milln in 2:W.lL' -f- V.V.i't - K.ir, or L'H.S.OL' Icot abovo mean tido at Now York. 'riio value iiHodfor thiHiniterHill, 237.H1, dediicod from a<',< mTiHon of walcr ii'\tls, WXi t<» IHiin, incliiHivo. (Hoe Wator lovtdn for tho (iroat I .ikim, (^tc.) Tho followiiif^ iH from an artir». In contriiHt to Lake llrio from IHKt to \H'>'2, Luke Ontario waH an I'oIIowh at nioiilh of (ionosou Uivur. UiiitanccH iire from top of dock to water: Yoai. 184(> 1817 1848 DlHlaiicim, Y.iir. /•Vet. 2.25 1849 1.08 l.s.'iO 2.08 ,, 1851 DislMiir hWI. 1.75 1 . 42 I. •.12 Nori;.s. — In IS,'i2 hake Ontario 1.17 fI. In 1H.'>;1 1, ako Ontario 0.7.') fool biKlioi, and lali'iilatud to be the Hame an in IHliO and 18;i8, ond 1. 12 fVet feet above niiniiniiin of 184t). In 1838 Luke Ontario Haid to bo ti foot lU iiichcu abovo 1825. .^ 192 UEPORT OF U. 8. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. LAKE ONTARIO. [From article by Charles AVliittlesey in Smitlifloninn Contributions toKnoTvlodgr, Vol. XII, 1800. Tliis rtTord is reduced I'rom orijiinal 'Oswfgd records, but contains many rcadiuiis not in any orijiiniil talde athand.J Year, a 1837.... 1838.... 1839.... 1840 . . . . 1841.... 1842.... 1843 . . . . 1844.... 1845.... 184B.... Jan. .1 5.46 5.00 C. 75 0.45 C. 58 fl.CU 7.40 Feb. Mar. Apr. May, June. July. ' Aug. : Sept. ! Oct. ; Nov C.29 5.70 G.4G '6.' 58' 0.37 7.58 5. 67 ' 5. 17 .5.90 ! 5.23 6.17 1 5.89 6.10 j 6.38 i 7.73' 6.50 6.13 5.08 6.58 4.46 4.54 5.20 6.33 4.12 4.56 5.42 5. 05 5.25 5.08 0.35 4.50 3.04 4.42 4.17 4.71 5. 2:1 5.08 5.23 5.42 0.U8 4.40 4.42 5.12 5. .'■)8 5.56 5. 30 5.88 6.33 5.08 4. 42 5.37 'g.'25' 0.10 0.12 6.46 0.42 7.12 Dec. 5.75 5. 49 0.97 6. 35 0.21 5.08 7.(10 (i. .55 0.42 0.79 7. 4(1 0.58 Mean. a At Oswego, 1837 to 1845 inclusive, aiul at Oswego and Itoclicster, 1846. KEMARKf.— Record taken at Oswego bv Lieutenant Snieed, V. S. A., Iioni 1837 to 18-10, !ind liv J. W. Judaon, C. K., from 1840 to 1845. As tlio original record of Mr. Jndson docs not sliow nearly as full as this tabic. Mr. Whiillcsov probably had access to other data which arc not at hand in the original I'orni. Mr. Whittlesey s reduced table is tlieref'ore inserted liere. Tiie zero was the top of coping of the west pier near its Bontliern end at the boat- house, counting downward to *;he Rnrfaci! of the water. Tliis zero is stated to he the same its bench mark A. Oswego, elevation e(|ual8 251.JI6 feet. (Authority of William Pierson .ludson.) IJy a comparison of twenty monthp ommon to both registers, Mr. Spencer's or Professor Dewey's zero, or top of Hod 'ter dock is 2,83 feet below Oswego zero, or elevation is 251.!)r)— 2.«3r=24y.l3 feet. In 1795 yearly change of levels equals 3 feet by Mr. Weld (Weld's Travels in Canada). Lake reported higher than for the past thirty vears. Lowest state since 1838 was November, 1848. The following is from United States Lake Survey (Report of Chief of Engineers, 1876), plane of reference being high Avater f 1838. Elevation taken as 249.04 feet: Locality. ■^nar. 1859 1859 1859 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. i May. June. 0.12 0.15 0.56 July. Aug. 0.64 0.90 J. 08 Sept. 1.15 1.06 1.73 Oct. 1.64 2.13 2.32 Nov. Dec. Oswego Cliarlotte 1 0.46 0.46 0.79 2.23 2.02 2.74 2.24 2. 29 Fort Niagara i 2.52 1 The following is from New York Meteorology, by F. B. Hough. Measurements made by Deputy Harbor Master Smith, of Toronto. I'nbli.slicd in C.madian Year Book for 1871 and given as upward i'ron> an arbitrary point. In this table the meas- urements have been redu(!ed lo read from a point 4.37 feet above the original zero, and the readings are all down to water surface. For six years, 1854-1859, the mean at Toronto was 2.0(5 and at Charlotte 2.31 feet, the former above and the latter below. The sum of the two equals 4.37 feet. [Table prepared by Prof. fr. T. Kingston, director observatory. 1 Year. Jan. ! Feb. Mar. 1854 1 2.71 2.02 2.54 1855 3.70 3.81 3.97 1830 ' 2.73 2.87 2.95 1857 1 4,05 3.9.'. 3.40 18.58 1 1.77 1.87 2.34 1859 1 2.61 I 2.54 1 2.44 Apr. I May. i June. July. i Aug. I 2.35 3. 85 2.00 2.01 2.00 1.50 l.CO 3. 00 1.97 i.ni 1.83 0.91 1.39 2.08 1.69 1.35 1.09 0.91 1.52 2.15 1,80 0.89 0.8a 1,14 2.10 2.00 2.22 0.92 0.99 1.40 Sept. Oct. 2. 50 2. 92 2. 20 2.31 2. Oil 2.99 , 1.12 1 . 58 1.59 1.90 2. 03 2. 50 Nov. Dec, Mean. 3.48 2. 52 3.50 1.04 2. 'J9 3.05 3.02 2. 40 3. 75 . 1.25 ■ 2.04 2 85 2.44 2. K9 2. 05 2. 08 1.77 1.99 18G0. Til is inv originiil 1)te of (jlosing, the average date of opening, the character of data, the number of years used for securing averages, and the average number of days closed. There is also added the twenty years' period from the winter of 1870-77 to the Avinter of 1805-90, inclusive, showing average closing, the average opening, and the average number of days closed. In this table will also be found mis- cellaneous notes giving name of place, the latitude north, the longitude west, the altitude as far as obtainable, the estimated closing, the estimated opening, the estimated number of days closed, and the authority. If and, with tors would And when the ]>arty f,'ation has od in this )i' coopei'a- iio in large ng" data of and open- uiidei' each V, as far as iing, and at 'h)sing and 1 arc found ;s for idou- pphed with inserted in leted tahhi, ce, with its aver as long nbine tliese )er of years iirbitrary to to be inter- age closing ent periods, age number ng a yeriod some of the pening and :'anis accom- iccompanies ', number of titude as far 3 of opening, ig averages, [I the twenty of 180r)-9{), ig, and the ', found mis- he longitude dosing, the ed, and the KEl'ORT OF U. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. IHAGKAM SHEETS. U)5 1 In connection with this report arc submitted live sliects of diagrams marlvcd "ice season," and numbered from 1 to 5, inclusive. Tlicse cover in detail only such portions of the data as ix-rtains to points about tlie Great Ijakes, the St. Lawrence and Hudson rivers, and to various routes under consideration. No. 1 exhibits in the lirst cohunn the average dates of closing and oi)cning (twenty years period) and diagrams of the ice season at points which govern the routes designated. The second column contains the diagrams of the average number of days closed at the dilferent places specified during the period from the winter of 187(1-77 to the winter of 1895-90, inclusive. The thirl-»l~»tOrtosQO^!lOa)'-o=>■H'o^:t-oOlnM•>('^.'io>lB■»l«l-■. e-s t^ ti B C3 C S V » « Meg > tC GO I- « i-l -^ lO -^ O ^1 O CI ^ ^5 O ^ CI -^ 0> «0 -^ ri Oi lO c: <— Ci 1?^ o ei Cl »-4 I.T c; o> rt >.* l(^ i-H 00 I-l 1-t f-i M CI CI cj d M CM !M ?ii^ CJ c* c» ^ CO CI n CI CI u-^ — rj c CI n — CI r: ci ci « a «.2 I: a 'S -'•■•. u.^ M>-^MMI-IMH4 9>^M>— imOmCihi-immm>-ii-i>-<<-im'-i>hi-i-h>-ii-i»< o>o:Olft^5C1»-^^-c:oi^n^5'^oc^«Doclft^^-t-l0^5lOu^rtOior;ocl---t■^ocol- i-«CI CI rHCOri i-Hi-i CI^»-CIC4CIC1CI CI^CIr-ICI^C4Clr-( CtCI j= e« s. c. ii a. « p. c. ft-e •s« O.P.&I &(!, &*£ s a a a o.^ 'Be.«i«»-i=- — fcZ "i S !z;aafiqR>?Qp;^h?^aaoaa'?aos>2iOOC;::h, o iHCieO'*lOWt>-(»C10^Ciri-*0Oi-iMr^-*iB»e;CC5»Or-;C3M-*i2tgl- rHiHi-H»H^f-^pHrH)Hf-4ClC^CIC5c^CIMClC1CIMeOMffO«CCr:M :S O ;S • '«** oo o cs ^ cj as • ^ .-H m «o r- r^ t* ■ Cl CO 1-" M ifS M W ' f I'- OS OS > -4 r^ !•* " ■ (M »-< I* » J5-^ if - c) -4 re I.- 1.-5 5^ rt ^ i-t 1.-^ — rH -t ^ L* c^ r: o -M .-'MMO'?Jt*o-t*(ocoesc:«D!Cinre — rt-t O t- t- 00 33 00 l- O C! l" t' CC CO tS I - 1-- X QC O 00 0>Ci\C«0OOb-0STl'MOC)--»HOC>J--('*S _ ^( ^ -^ ^^ ^^ ^1 ^^ ^( ^1 ^fl f^ f^ »J< ^ ^Jt ^ P5 ^ ^« ^ 4a (E - 3J ti ® *:,-\'~, ^\ ii V "^ V- u - Ndsauoj.SgjSoS' ."li:^ a a d a ajaj3J3JJja.5 4i o o a S £ S I 0) S Z S :3 u ' o6;;';^i)Ouo;;Qocjo:ju^PPPPPflfiwwwP=* 1 ..J : b i ►- t -— ' = o « 3J « 1; 3 •f \n O) in n \n >2 - -H M ^ =. r: ■o Si REPORT OF U. S. DEEP WATERWAYS CO.MMISSION. OS CC X 00 K U t fc ■^ V * fl 1!I7 Q IH ffl '-' C-l rt CI i-i ffirj p2 ;i u U u O Cl"« r- 74 a ; a ,-, i o ji X — If. so >H .* X M o i~ Ti o '.r M in o 00 » I o c-i :o 1.1 f cs p^ ei CO ri o •(• -p CI T 1 F-1 o CO TT lO il i, ^ <5 'I <1 -1 fc. ^ ^ 0^ 9 a> 9 s ^ I 71 — -♦ -li OC = I - l-^TJCl'-i 1151 •^ .~ Ti fi ej = '- N « Tj in g I - flco.~:ro«Kr:« moo»o h >> ki t4 Art P«& •- u 1. •- « ia • UwOuiouaoS— "JUiioooiov-. i:a-ji:.ov»i-u;" ac^aa-ji'iji.w — Ml— 'h^lHMi— 'l-HH-(wwN-i-.ii-— (1— (»—wi-H-H^-NHi-t'— It—M MMl-Hl^i— ti-HMi-il-f CO 1.1 X o cs Ti r^ in 53 s; 00 f ?i X CI ?i I" 11 X '.3 ^ ?i -t ri I* X -*" o r* ii :o t— ro -^ C5 o in i^ o x c i- ^ r- ^ :i r^ CI 1-1 CI CI 1-1 r^ ^ CI -* CI 1— CI rt CI F-1 " ^ - r-( CI .— ^ ^ Tl^^ri fti.-g P.CS p.c.c-p.si.x^j-'S'Sa =-~J5 ftci-ft--» — ^3 ca.ia.j3 iS-?l« P ^ ^ ^ > C ;j C ij > :i C > s a ^ "^ s '-^ a "^ '-^ '-^ ^ ^ C C>^ C > C > _ _ _ _ o )— cif0^iieDr^«C50^cin'^i^wt'XOso--cirr-fiicDt'-xcnOi-ici?5'^ " -t -f *!! ■4- -^ "^ -t -r -t 11 11 lO 11 11 1.1 11 11 11 m ^ O s^ CD CD 13 — O O CC I., t- t^ I- I- ' t^ CC n -t CC -11 i; ii i; i; o u r ® i -. c -* . O CS S 1ft O 2 00 • OC© COCOAS o ro 1 1.-^ o OS •-• 03 lO bl . op Q t- I- <^ ^ to . iS 3 1.^ ift »'^ *« CC t- C" "M *~ ® t^ '^ aot~*o 00 00 CO j;^ CJi-'CO'f'— O-T-r C) i-H M O *f5 ff^l »ft t~ :^ I -K' §iS ; :2'?iri : CO t- ir: • 1- X t^ o 3 QOr-i'' t' o irs --JO co 7i ^ t- t- -+■ im c; ini> »fs ?o o it: i.'i 4C iTi "-H ^ ri -t lo t* -^' »ft m «o gs .-1 in > r i :r; cs -^ ci «c cJ o • -^ I' 1- c- 1- ira c; o - I- »0 ift M O t* «) « irt -^ ir: vo ifi ci; f o I.- ift ir: -f -^< cj CI -H ro '^ to O rt '^ i."? ^ M o rt ^• M O t^ Cl 1^ f >rt ^< ^* ^j( ^Ifl ^^ ^f( ^f* ^J4 ^^ ■= ? P= - 3 ? be a' c S ;*i ^■t --a u-ss:^ to •,aS S>'.'^~ feSrfs 4 >iH to c3 3 c a >-*^ KUOti Vn ■Ei:-cs ^S o o o a> c tS (< >' w t. o :S : «s it: ; 2 nS r. 1) u i; > J< a cs a a 9 ; S . en >■ ; ^ >■ (^ rt H a H — o a o ■^ a 3 ^ o *-< ♦J .3|S2 U a b. h c« ca 3 a a .,-1 ■<: -^ ,. •■ :! CO — ^ = .2 = §5 £2 /| s !r— M 5 9 g fe.a Il 108 UEl'ORT OF U. S. DEEP WATEUWAYS COMMISSION. ! "a H •S,; S-- 1* O n ♦^ S :i-5 s ^s s .r:^ b - 3i il' a-. V a h"? t. >- »■ ? .r - - t ^ - - c: 5-^ il t \ U; 1 f * 1 -< o _ l_ U 1^ ^ ao 't 5 It o> is « I • -»• * M » " -'f 1 — Jl o i-i 3; ;-; -< n « I- — 00 :•: r- M =■ * •* -» » M -1 'J = ai 2? o"- -" "' o> L: '^ '* - "' " ^ "•"" I! ~ I - '"S I- CIrt r-.CO el ^1-1 CI"-" ^U^ u C C >.C u ^ -^ u ^ C a A ^*i^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ u C ^ -^ C u i^ ^ '*-• u ^ u ^ s e, i::. i. =- n d ft-r; -t; 0.t.s.S 5i- — — — ^J5 O. i. (X —1 c" S. — — a,£5 Ph lO'j ',\ cr. 1-. C! lomj", X -< "ft- rii- .^— * i->i-rc cso o — ir. ri = — , -/: —tc le ro •^ 3i- o rr -H|.ir. -M- I- rr rr rii- Cl -I rH f-. CI CI f-t r^ CI <-< r-" « CI rl .— CI CI •— -- ^ CICI I '^ . I CI i-> .1 mClCICI CI Clrl r-r1i-l CI — CI r-CICl — 4i ^ f o o ►'=^ f to ift :*•-:- ti - o L c^ ;, o -,-* ■- p>f; -:>'.zx;::;c; ><;c;>'^^^'^QCi c,c;;::ciQC, ;;:z ;!,-:: r-c >'.;:;;=. - S^'y^S'"^' =^ '*'"^*^'^ JC c- ^ -^ Ti r: -^ '- '-T I' X r; r; —•Ti CO '^' i- oi- x '*♦« r; o o t — o o 5D (D ;- i.-f tc CO cj '— '-C i-< =; o o o ;s — -^ r: :^ •^ ci c' o 51 r-^ -t Ci r-i — ' ci ci «D X x' r-I ir: rj r*: c: — i c ri OS — c: i^ 1^ -r I- I- - I' r* i to o ■* o i- x i' i- o ■^ «o o o o o ri in o o ift ift I -^ ir; o o ;o »* in w '-5 iJ T L/. "^ i! '^ •* r^ Ti I'- -M o 00 X rt ir. CO CO -^ lO o ri i.- n i- ci o r: »^ c x rt -r I.. . 1 1 . c^i :- r: ^ •*** r-i c: ^ c^ m f-H ^ n iH 7 » m I" r- (?i -^ r; c^i 1^ o r^ -^ M r 'c in -f 3 5 -* o s ■* Ti o = w C! CI = QC ci — ' CO o lnxmoxx.-lftl- cl r- irt I- r; i-i CI -^ ec -^ CI rt 1^ CI -r -^ u-e w ■* It ^ re -^un o Clin r; m in c^ -^ i3'^J32ll'S££:£?2">^ = '*oo-*ciMrecioi.eift >:l ==;< - ^-o ■2 .-=< Ill ooo CO C 2 to E i^ ir C ^ 9 v: o e ,B c £ J ■w J' o t. ■5 ES c-tj . 5^ 5 s !^.i^ rr^"~^ t-i ^ — .2 ._ t. - n a^ .:; ^ -^ g , • +5 if ->^" CP^P^p1p ^ ^ f-l M ■• ^ JICI ri f I = 'i '• i i i r i S o s .= ■H. o> c ri o '^ « — o ri ?i 'J ci x 1*^ rs -f i'5 -* ^ ?i ■m ?i i- x i^ ti ?i -*• -^ ^ C5 S-c-.-rc. — — — -t-j.-3-ri-:3i = 3) i:;«frH — J-, ai — — -i---icoio *o r: ro 1*^ ?i i.-^ « -r ir. t- X -^ 1" . t 0> » Tl a> C S". >1 f 1 ?^ 10 -"Tl -< to I' *' S> Tirt lO TllQ M 71 C. lO ?H» O Tl lO c X ^ 1' f * ? ?■ V i 1 it "Ij i I . . r '': • ' : : 5 i ; : mm M HH ^ 1-41— If— iitii f 1^ cironrirH ci r- n ji r- ^ ffi M 1-1 FH cip-c ^ cirjcir-iffi • t* .• !_• -J C - t-* ^ -* - s-i ^ t- t- ^ u C ': ^ C C C C C C u ^ C C >. -c — . ^1 -ice i-iM o 1": oo> 'rl^a>'K^5 r- wfio -♦ om mih- — . '^ H5iri iMM CI i/ S = » J. i 1> t = -.^ -. 3 '- m - ^ ci ^: -t iri -i r- X r. o — Ti rs -I- i.-: s i - x r. =: -' ri rs -t i- « t- x sj s X X r- I- r> rt r: ^ c inO-^CJI-Xl-l-O ■«■ ir. in ,.-5 -J 1- lO W tt l; s -= S3 -' « - .JI2 c^ t. — tjc.s p- p a 253 iSSi SB? ;SiS ; S3§ ;-i'-?,=3 • 3 ^5 ;!?§§ :S 1- O ■-** irs m -r . 3-. — -C :gS ■ re -r c ' t^ c-} in ■ L-S t'- T-H • 00 ^ c^i t'- Ti -f o lo — '?:i '?! '?» re -f '-O 1^ r^ -jd i - «+ o — -* o -t* tn -fo ?( oo to x o Tl ?J M rt Tl >-* -r t -r ir^ r-i Tl — t r- --< ;i ri ffu.-: *-i M ?i rt c Tl i.^ o o ci ri o X » X 'J rv x c. X oi c. c x - . X X *, Oi o -f »^ -r, Ti to ri tft lO X ir -^ rt !- o o f ;•-<'-'">«'» "^ ^: "^ '^ •"•" '-"^ ~f "^ =' ci -^ ^ -c CI >*. X n -t c> X — X i(^ -f -r- -«■ -f —. o »ft •-< rt ti v.*^ rt -ri ti Ci -m t- Oi 'a? ' I-. - ;a ; Ui -. -' ■ -IJ '•^ is rt I - s "T" ^ — -''_! 2Ti*^ .i'^i « .5 .^ X3 *■''- " " fe :,- ■«3 a ^ ■_■>-< -ti .— n (,; r" ^ "5 ^ ,? ^ .i: •= ~'- i^ 5 ? o > I — it JSS ^- .- 3 = .n ■= - ti a XiX. .X c « ^ « - => S — r3 z - « J3 :2 -S 5 S s cStH •;* ? c = tr1i'='s =-^^ i s i- •: 5 ^"^ = .= .5 T^r./.Jir^T.JiJiJl xHriHr-HHr- ^?^i o -s ;::o >-. 2 ■f. *2 ' = a = o ■5 £ -" i j 5 rt 2 »: , TO ^ — ^ — •■• .~ 71 ^'^ — ■!-« ■=- = s = '?i:a'^' = > = S = ': = 2^S'^--C3 a %. ~ ■- ~ u~'^ T..Z. it -J QJrt-C — — o -^i ^ ^ ^ MUUi)-;,'^MMWM'J 200 REPORT OP IT. 8. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. Si OCoi tiri B 05,5 a "^ rt S 1^^ --3 a u p. 'S 5 5 f^di" da ri^ S-a SOW'S S f- M I a bio-^'l'eOT-t-t-^ci =s <3 .0 H o 13 « .s •♦a g o I 8 i s o S3 bC -^ «D 1-H -^ iO "<* «0 U-^ "^ -«j« r-i -H* ri ir^ cl OS cd ca^2.^,^.^.2.*^.'^ rt « c3 'o '3 '« 'o *o 'S '« 'C '5 'v 'G '5 '^ '0 occooccocccoco 9 i 6 £^ Qtf rt C^ CL ol C^ C^ Ou C^ ^" ^^ C^ ^^ V -J > C "> > ^^ > C ''' C C > C •— '• ;d «D CD to :D I- t" I-- b- b- b- b- W O O W t* 10 O r- ■^ ir^ 01 00 " 00 ^^ t-^ lO :0 IC CI "*J< CI .= .= 1.5.5 =.= .= .= = § '■♦^ -C W *43 15 '+J '-5 '+3 *Xj 4J '^ -■^OlftCiMOiftCl-^O CI CI r-l i-l ?) rl rt t* > !«» >■ - (t s y oj o • CI ^r oc i>-i -^ rt • ■-♦ Ci 10 OS W-M • ^ M Si C4 O O '^ o o ■ J ^ SO g B iT (£> j: J. ;-; .. D 5) - ^ I c = rt :; u.;;— >, 1 ftKi >^ h! 35 H r. 12 l)r. 24 — Nov. 23 Nov. 26 Doc. I Dec. 1 number of days J AN. pcned. Closed. pr. 4 Dec. 25 pr. 5 Dec. 17 ar. 14 Dec. 29 pr. Dec. ;io pr. 4 . ... 3 niiiiiber of days ars' period, )ened. ( 'losed. 13 Nov. 30 12 Nov. 13 17 Nov. 28 i;i Nov. 28 23 Nov. 18 2 .\(.V. 28 2:1 Dec. 1 'rMI number of days 'IlieDepiirtrneiit rks, Duiuiuiun of No. 7.-11ISMAKCK, N. DAK. [46° 47' latitude north. Altitude, 1,018 feet. lOO'J 38' lunsitnde west. Year. Opened. Closed. Year. Opened. Mar. 30 Alar. 29 A\n\ 5 Apr. 10 Mar. 29 Apr. 4 Apr. 8 Mar. 26 Apr. 9 Closed. Year. 1889 Opened. Closed. 1 1871 Apr. 3 1872 Apr. 15 1873 Mar. 17 1874 ; Apr. 13 1875 Mar ''5 ' 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 Nov. 18 Nov. 17 Nov. 11 Nov. 15 Dec. 14 Dec. t! Nov. 17 Nov. 23 Nov. 14 Mar. 21. Apr. 4 Apr. 3 Apr. 4 Apr. 3 Mai. 20 iMar. 28 Mar. 29 Nov 13 Dec. 11 Dec. 5 Nov. 17 Nov. 19 Nov. 15 Nov. 29 Dec. 10 Nov. 27 1890 180' 1892 1893 Dec. 3 Nov. 5 Nov. 21 Nov 23 187C : Mar 25 1894 1895 1890 Dec. 23 1877 , Miir. 30 1878 Mar. 10 187U Mar. 29 j 1880 1887 1888 Dec. 1 .\verage date of opening, March 31 ; average date of clo.sing, November 25; average number of days clo.sed, 120. Autboritie.s : United States Weather Bureau, 1890; Missouri River Commission (''Stages of the Missouri liiver," 1894). No. 8.— BRAINERD, MINN. [400 29' latitude north. Altitude, 1,150 feet. 94^ 10' Icmgitiule west.] Year. (Jpened. Closed. 1870 1877 Apr. 18 1878 Apr. 20 1870 Apr. 19 1880 ■ Apr. 18 1881 ' Apr. 15 1882 Apr. 10 Year. Opened. Closed. Year. Nov. 17 1883 Apr. 20 ' Nov. 15 Nov. 18 1884 Apr. 17 Nov. 16 Nov. 10 1885 Apr. 10 Nov. 20 Nov. 15 ; 1880 ' Apr. 19 Nov. 22 Nov. 15 I 1887 1 Apr. 18 Nov. 21 Nov. 17 1888 Apr. 20 Nov. 19 Nov. 18 1889 Apr. 17 j Nov. 20 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1890. Opened. Closed. Apr. 15 Nov. 20 Api. 16 Nov. 21 Apr. 17 Nov. 22 Apr. 10 Nov. 23 Apr. 15 Nov. 24 Apr. 15 Nov. 25 Apr. 14 Average date of opening, April 17; average date of (^losing, November 20; average niiinber of davs closed, 149. Authority: Mr. K. K. AVhiieley, C. K. No. 9.-BREWEKT0N,N.Y.— ONEIDA LAKE. [430 14' latitude north. Altitude, 309 feet. 70*^ 11' longitude west.] Year. 1874 Closed. Year. Opened. , Closed. I Year. 1875 Apr. 10 Nov. 25 1876 ■ Apr. 21 Nov. 30 1877 Apr. 20 Dec. 31 1878 Mar. 14 Dec. 15 1879 , Apr. 24 ' Dec. 17 Nov. 30 1882 Mar. 19 I Doc. 2 1883 Apr. 20 1880. f Mar. 8 ••\ Apr. 4 1881 / Apr. 22 1882 t 1884. 1885. 1880. 1887. 1888. 1889. Apr. 3 Apr. 25 Apr. 1 Apr. 24 Apr. 18 Apr. 12 Dec. 8 Dec. 31 Dec. 17 Dec. 17 Dec. 7 Dec. 2 Dec. 23 Dec 17 Dec. 4 Doc. 30 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1890. Opened. .Ian. 13 Jan. 21 Eeb. 5 Mar. 20 Apr. 5 Aiir. (i Apr. 13 Mar. 19 Apr. 18 Apr. 19 Clo.ted. .Tan. Jan. .Ian. Eel). Doc. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. 11 17 23 7 4 17 17 3 25 28 Average date nf ojtening, Ai)ril it; average date of closing, December 13 ; average number of day.s closed, 117. Autliorities; Mr. E. N. Emmons, Syracuse, N. V.; Mr. AViii. Piersoii .lud.'71 foit. 78^ 0;i' longitude wewt.] Year. I Opened. Closed. 1807 1808 180!) 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815. 1816. 1817. 1818. 1819. 1820. 1821. 1822. 1823. 1824. 182r). 1826. 1827. 1828. 1829. 1830. 1831. 1832. 1833. 1834. 1835 . 18 JO.. Aiir. Ajir. Alay Mn'v May A])!-. May Apr. Mar. May Apr. Ai)r. May Apr. May Ai)r. Apr. Anr. ftiay Apr. Year. 1837.... 1838.... 1839.... 1840.... 1841.... 1812.... 1843.... 18-14.... 18'5.... 1846.... 1847... 1848.... 18!'i .. 1851 ... 1851.... 1852... 1853.... 1854. . . . 1855.... 1850.... 1857.... 1858.... 1859.... I860..., 1861.... 1862.... 1803.... 1804..-. 1865.... 1866.... Opened. Mav Mar. Apr. A ])!•. Apr. ^lar. Mav Mar. Apr. Ai)r. AJir. Aiir. Mar. Mar. Apr. Apr. Apr. Ai)r. Aiir. May Apr. Apr. Apr. Apr. Apr. Apr. AJir. Apr. Apr. Ai)r. Clo.sed. Year. 0])eiied. Closed. 31 '^ i 7 ; 6 i H ' 3 i i 9 ! 2.-) ! 25 • o 1 20 14, 29 I 21 I 27 15 I 17 13 15 3 13 '^tj 28 18C7.. 1808.. 1809.. 1870.. 1871.. 1872.. 1^73.. 1874.. 1875.. 1876.. 1877.. 1878.. 18" . 18: . UM . 1882.. 1883.. 1884.. 1885.. 1886.. 1887.. 1888.. 1889.. 1890.. 181U.. 1892.. 1893.. 1894.. 1895.. 1890.. Apr. 21 1 A pr. 19 ... May A pr. '1 ' 10 ■ 1 1 Aiir. Dec. 27 Mav Wt Dei'. 18 A])!'. 29 Nov. 28 Apr. 18 Dec. 5 Mav 12(T \h'V. 11 May lOrt Dec. 17 A])r. 20 Dec. 13 Mar. 10 Dec. 7 A i(r. 24 Dec. 14 Mar. 19 Dec. 8 AI as- 1(1 Dec. 30 hlar. 20 Dec. 1 Ajir. 25 Dec. 7 Ai)r. 21 Dec. Mav 2« Nov. 9 Apr. 15 Dec. 7 Apr. 17 Dee. 14 Apr. 28 Dec. 6 Apr. 12 c. 14 Mar. 31 cc. 28 Mar. 7 Dec. 14 Alar. 15 Dee. 24 .'\ \n: 15 Dec. 16 Apr. 1 Dec. 25 A pr. 10 Dec. 21 Apr. 19 a First vessel arrives. Average date of opening, Aiiril 9; averafte date ol" closinij. December 12: average number of davs clo.sed, 118. Authorities: Fifth .Annual Ueiiort df tho State AVe.itlier Bureau (X. Y.). 1894: >'onthlv Weather Review, 1875-1896: Mr. William Thurstone. No. 11.— CAIUO, ILL.— MISSISSIl'l'l lilVEK. 137'5 00' latitude north. .Vltitude, 279 foot. 89° 10' longitude west.] Year. Opened. ! Clo.-sed. Year. 0]ieued. Closed. Year. 1874.... 1875 I Feb. 21 1870 Open. 1877 Feb. 4 1878 ' Open. 1879 1 Jan. 30 1880 Jan. 3 Dec. 1 Open. Dec. 31 Open. :n>c. 23 Dee. 18 Dec. 27 I 1882. 1883. 1881. 1885. 1881. .| Feb. 25 Open. Open. ., Fob. 13 . Feb. 4 . Feb. 4 18^-0 Feb. 17 1887 : Feb. 8 1888 Jan. 2 1.S89 Open. De<'. 9 Dec. 20 Dec. 18 Dee. 7 Dec, 1 Dec. 29 < )pen. (Jpen. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1890. I Opened. Clo.sed. Open. Open. (il)en. (>i)eu. Open. Feb. 23 Open. Open. open. Open. Open. De.'. 29 0])en. Average date of opening, February 5; average date of closing, January 9; average numbei closed, 27. Authorities: Fnited Stales Weather llurean. 1S9C: ('ol. AVilliani lluUiday. .No. 12.— C.VIKO, ILL.— OHIO lUVEK. [37 • GO' latitude north. Altitude, 279 feet. 89^ 10' longitude* west.] of davs Tear. Oi)cn 1874 1875 Feb. 1870 Open 1877 Jan . 1878 Open 1879 ilan. 1880 Open 1881 Jan. Closed. lear. I 20 20 19 Feb. Dec. 0|)en Dec. < )i)en Dee. Open 29 Opened. Closed. Year. Ojiened. Closed. 1882 Open....; 1883 Open.... 1884 ! Oi>en.... 1885 i Open.... I8S0 ; .Jan. 19 1887 j Open 1888 Open 1889 Open....; Open tljien ojien. . . . Dec 9 Open. . . . Open 0|peM Open 1890 Ope 1891 Ojii 1892 Ope 1893 Ope 1894 Ope I8'.l5 Fel 1890 Ope n. . . n. . . n. . . u. . . n. . . Open. ojien. OJien. Opi'U. Dec. 30. Open. Aveiage dale of opening, February 3; average dati* of closing, January 20; average number of da\s ilnsed, 8. Authorities: United States We-ither llureau, 1890; Col. AVilliam llalliday. 3SI0N. REPORT OF " S. DEEP WATL..WAYS COMMISSION. 205 est.) Opened. ' Clo.sed. Apr. 21 Apr. lit ..] May u' A],r. ir> '■ -\1>''- 1 I Der. ""i}; AJfiy f.« Doc. 18 A])r. L'lJ Kov. 2« Apr. 18 ]),.,.. 5 ^Jay ]2rt ]),.,.. ji J>lay lOn Dec. ]; Aw. 2U Dec. 13 Jlar. ](i D,,p 7 Apr. 24 Do,-: u War. 1!) Dec. 8 ^|".V 1" Dec. 30 ^lar. 2(i Dec. i Ajir. 25 Dec. 7 ;\l>r. 22 Dec. fi ; -yay 2ff \„v. y I Apr- 1") Dec. 7 : -^Pr. 17 Dec. 14 Apr. 2,S Dec. C Apr. 12 ■ c. 14 -Mai-. :ji ,,e .)y ^[■•ir. 7 Dec. I4 Mar. ],, Dec. 21 •Apr. 1.-, Dee. 10 Apr. 1 Doe. •>-, Apr. ](i Dee. 21 Apr. ]9 \go iiuiiilier .)(• (lays ; Vonthly W'eatljur ^^j] •»P''iie.I. CliKsed. Dpon. Open. )pen. Open. 'P''"- , Op,„. 'P""- Open. ^P''"- ; Dec. 2'1 'el). 23 Open, 'pen. re nuniI)crorIav 1884 Alii-. 27 188,'; , May (i 1880 ■ May 26 1887 .May ti 1888 , May 8 Closed. Nov. 2:1 Dee. 10 Dec. 1 Dec. 4 Dec. 12 Dec. 10 Dec. 4 Dec. 1 Nov. 18 1880... 1890... 1890... 1891... 1892... 1893... 1894... 1805... 1890... . . . ' Apr. 25 I Nov. 2(5 ...\ May 6 ! Dec. 1 • V I Jan. .-./ Dec. 8 i Dee. Apr. 23 .\\n. 27 Ajir. Apr. 27 j Nov. Apr. 27 Nov. May 1 ' I 12 '24 2 19 23 .\veraKe (i:'1e of ojiening, Mav 1 ; average date of closini;, Deceinber 0; average number of da.vs closed, IJ". Authority: Dejiurtuieiit of Puulic AVorks, Dominion of Canada, 1890. No. 14.-(;^' ■••: VIN'CENT, \ .V. [43^ 51'»latitude north. Altitude, 244.53 feet. 70^ 19' longitude west.) A'ear. Opened. 1 Closed. I I 1876 ' Apr. 23 Jan. 1 1870 1 i Dec. 21 1877 f A.pr. 6 I 1878 Mar. 9 Jan. 1 1879 Apr. 19 Jan. 1 1880 Apr. 1{ 'J^y^; 2^ 1881 \ Apr. 13 1882 / Jan. 6 Year. 1882 \ Mar. 19 1883 i 1883 Apr. 20 1884 Aiir. 12 1885 Mav 1 1886 Apr. 12 1887 Apr. 17 1888 Apr. 24 Closed. Jan. 1 Dec. 25 Dec. 25 Dec. 28 Dec. 28 Dec. 26 Dec. 27 A'ear. 1889. . . 1890... 1801... 1892... 1893 .. 1804... 1895... 189i... Ojieneil. Clos. •d. Mar. 28 Dec. 27 >Iav. 31 Dec. 21 Apr. 4 Dec. 20 Apr. 4 Dec. 20 Apr. 12 Dm'. 16 Apr. 7 Dec. 17 Apr. 20 Dec. 19 Apr, 21 Average date of opening, .April 10; average date of cloHiiig, DeceMiber 20; average number of dayH cloned, 11 1. Authority: Rev. S. W. Strowger, rector St. John's Church, Cape Vincent. No. ].5.-CA/EN0A^IA, N. Y.— LARK OAVAHGENa. [42° 56' latitude nortli. Altitude, 1,177 feet. 75^ 54' longitude west.) Year. Oiiened. Closed. : Year. \ Opened. 1835 1836 1837 1838 18,39 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1840 1847 Apr. 12 Apr. 21 1848. 1849. 18,")0. I8.M. 18,52. 18,53. 18,54. 18,-)5. 18.-i6. .Apr. 12 -Apr. 11 A|pr. 8 Apr. 25 :\Iar. 21 Apr. 26 Apr. 12 Mnr. 31 Ai)r. 8 Apr. 26 Jan. 1 A pi. A pr. AJir. Mar. Apr. Apr. 17 Apr. 8 Apr. 24 Aiir. 20 Dec. Dec. Nov. Dec. 7 15 30 5 Nov. Dec. Dec. Dec. Jan. Dec. Dee. Dec. Dee. Dec. Dee. Dec. Dec. Dec. 30 7 10 21 7 27 21 14 12 22 20 8 12 8 18,57. 1858. 1859. 1860. 1861. 1862. 1863. 180-,. 1865. 1866. 1867. Ui08. 1869. 1870. 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. 1878 1879. a Apr. Apr. 3 Mar. 20 Mar. 27 Ajir. 10 Apr. 22 Apr. 23 Apr. 17 :\Iar. 29 Apr. 11 Apr. 15 Apr. 3 AJir. A pr. Mar. Apr. A))r. -AJir. Apr. Apr. Apr. Mar. Apr. Closed. Year. Dec. 13 Dec. a Dec. 11 Dec. 10 Dec. 25 Dee. 7 Dec. 11 Dee. 13 Dec. 10 Dec. 15 Dec. 10 Dee. 10 h Nov. 26 Dec. 17 Dec. 1 Dec. 5 Nov, 27 Dec 5 Nov, 30 Dec. •! l.'T. 29 i)ec. 17 Dec. 18 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1880 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891. 1892. 1803. 1894. 1895. 1895. 1896. 1890. Opened. Apr. 4 Apr. 24 .Mar. 3 Apr. 18 Apr. 3 A]ir. 25 Mar. 31 Apr. 23 Apr. 14 Apr. 16 Apr. 10 Dec. 22 Apr. 5 Ajir. 12 Mar. 18 Apr. 21 Dec. 21 Closed. 21 11 Nov, Dec. Dec. 5 Dec. 15 Dec. 17 Dec. 7)ee. Dec. Dec. 16 4 23 14 Jan. Dee. Doc. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. 17 7 19 31 18 5 2! 9 Apr. 10 Jan. ffLake opennlmont entirely in Fe'iruary." b " Tn winter of 1809-70 tlieru v a.s a ;..rge'oi)en apace near Beckwii!'n Hay and Kvorgreeii Point until February, and tlie cause is a mystery, a.' the ice at thi^ soutli and ninth ends of the lake was Hrin enough to bo driven upon." Average date of opening, April 12 1 average date of closing, December 13 ; average number of days closed, 120. Authorities ; Mr. L. AV. Ledyard, Mr. W. S. Siuylh, .Mr. Charles btebbins. ! I 206 REPORT OF U. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. Ko. 16. -(JIIAUITY ISLAND LKJHT-llOUSK, SAGINAW HAY, MIUUIGAN. [44° 02' latitudti north. 83^ 2«' longitude west.] Year. 1874 187.'i 1870 1877 1878 1870 1880 1881 Opened. Closed. Mar. 20 I Nov. 20 Apr. 21 Dec. ".9 Apr. l^ Apr. 2H Miir. 14 Apr. 7 Mar. 25 Apr. 26 Nov. 20 Deo. 28 Dee. 7 Dec. 10 Dec. Dec. U Year. 1882 i88;i 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 Opened. Closed. Year. Mar. 6 Apr. 16 Apr. 10 Apr. 24 Apr. 17 Apr. 17 Apr. 8 Mar. 24 Dec. 16 Doc. 18 Dec. 16 Dec. 15 Dec. 14 Dec. 21 Doc. 18 : Doc. yi 1890 1891 1892 18S3 1894 1805 1896 Opened. | Clo.'icd. Mar. 16 i Dec. 24 Apr. Apr. 6 Apr. 8 Alar. 17 Apr. Apr. 3 Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. 2J 2;J 28 2:t yi Avora^e date, of opening, April 6; average date of closing, December 17; average number of daya cloHcd, 110. Authority : Commander William Folger, XT. S. N,, Kleventh light-house district. No. 17. -CaAKLESTON, W. VA.— (iUEAT KANAWHA KIYER. 1 383 21' lal'tude north. Altitude, 619 feet. 81° 35' longitude west. | Year. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 Opened. Open. Open. Jan. 25 1 1 Kcl). 20 Dec. ;n Jan. 13 Dec. 31 Jan. 17 Dec. 31 Jan. 7 Open. Closed. Open. Open. Jan. 19 Feb. 10 Dec. 9 Jan. 1 Dec. 25 .lau. I Dec. 20 Jan. 1 Open. Year. Opened. 1883 Open. 1884 Open. issr- /: Jan. 30 ^''"■^ I Feb. 28 ( Jan. 25 1880 1 Feb. 10 K- Dec. 13 1887 i Dec. 31 !««« {I'^.i 1880 Open. Closed. Open, Open, Jan. Feb. Jan. Feb. Dec. Dec. Jan. Jan. Open, Year. Opened. (!loaed. 1890 ' Open. 1891 Open. 1892 ■ Dec. 31 1893 Jan. 30 1894 Open. 1805 Jan. 5 laoR / dan. 12 ^^^ i Feb. 25 Open. Open. Dec. 26 ilan. 1 Open. Jan. 1 Jan. () Feb. 20 Averag(» date of opening, January 28 ; average date of closing, January 20 ; average number of days closed, 8. Authority: Mr. Addison M. Scolt, resident United States engineer. No. 18.— CIIARLOTTETOWN, PKINCJE KDWAKD ISLAND. 146'^ 14' latitude nortl. 63° 07' longitude west.) I U i Year. ! Opened. I Closed. !! Year. 1867. 1868. 1869. 1870. 1870. 1871. .. Apr. 10 ..: Apr. 24 .\ Apr, 15 ■ I Apr. .j Mar. 20 1872 Apr. 20 1873 Apr. 22 1874 Apr. 18 1875 Apr. 5 1876 Apr. 23 1877 Y Apr. 12 1878 /: Dec. Dei'. 7 10 Jan. Dec. Nov. Dec. Dec. Dec. Nov. D(!C. 10 23 30 20 11 19 29 15 Jan. 1878.. 1879.. 1880.. 1881.. 1882.. 1883.. 1884.. 1885.. 1886.. 1886.. 1887.. 1888.. 1889.. Optned. Apr. Apr. Apr. Apr. May Apr. Apr. Apr. Apr. Apr. Apr. Closed. Dec. 30 Dec. 19 Dec. I Dec. 27 Dec. 20 i Dec. 23 : Dec. 20 1 Jan. ' Dec, 20 Dec. 27 Jan. 12 1 j Year. Opened. 1880. 1800. 1801. 1802. 1802. 1893. 1804. 1895. 1896. 1896. Mar. 30 Apr. 10 Apr. 15 Mar. 20 Apr. 8 Apr. 11 Apr. 24 Apr. 12 Closed. Dec. 31 Dec. 13 Jan. Dec. Dei-. Dec. 25 24 lit 24 Jan. 27 Average daie of opening, April 15; average date of closing, December 23; average number of days closed, 113. Autlioritie.s : (ieneral report public works, Canada, 1807-1882: .Vnnual Reports of Itailways and Canals Department, Dominion of (.'anuila, 1883-1889; Department [of Tubliu Works, Dominion of Canada, 1886. ON. lUOAN. •P'lied. I CloHcil. lar. Ifi Dec. 84 .pr. 9 Dec. h;j pr. « Dec. «;t pr. H D<<-. 28 liir. J7 Dec. 2,t pr. '' Dec. 31 pr. 3 number of days REPORT OF U. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. No. 19.— CltEBOYiiAN LKiHT-HOUSK, MICniOAN. [45° 40' latitude nortli. Altitude, r)79.C0 I'let. 84" 2.V buigitudc west.] 207 Year. Opened. Cloned , 1880 ' Dec. 8 1881 ' Ajir. 29 Dec. 31 1882 Mar. 20 , Dec. 12 1883 Apr. 11 i Dec. 15 1884 Apr. 15 i Dec. 8 1885 Apr. 29 , Dec. 9 Tear. Opened. Closed. 1880. 1887. 1888. 1880. 1890. 1891. ; Apr. 15 ! Dec. 13 ' Apr. 22 i Dec. 19 1 Apr. 29 Dec. 18 Apr. 1 ! Dec. 31 Alar. 30 ! Dec. 15 Apr. 13 I Dec. IC Year. Opened, j Closed. 1892 ; Apr. 3 1893 Apr. 13 1894 Mar. 17 1H95 1 Apr. 7 1890 ■ Apr. 7 Average dale of oiieniuK, April 11; averajje date of clo.sing, Decoinber 1 7 : average nnnibc closed, 115. Authority : Coniniandci- William Folger, TT. S. N., F.levenlli liglit -liou.se dLstrict. Note. — Coinp.ired witli Alpena, Micli., for interpolation for twenty years' period. N.). 20.-CHEKKY ISLAND LlOnT-HOrSK, QUEBEC. De.' 31 Dec 17 Dec 18 Dec 10 r..f davs )euod. CloHod. )on. )en. !C. 31 n. 30 len. u. 5 n. 12 b. 25 Open. Open. Dec. 26 -fan. 1 Open, Jan. 1 .Ian. li Feb. 20 number of days I I Year. Oitened. i Closed. 1862 1863 1864 1865 1860 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 .1 Dec. Apr. Apr. Ai)r. Ai.r. Ai)r. Apr. Alay Apr. Ai)r. ]^Iay Apr. Dec. 9 Dec. 9 Dec. 9 Dec. <) Nov. 27 Dec. 2 Nov. 25 Dec'. 9 Nov. 30 Oec. 2 Nov. 26 Year. Opened. 1874 Apr. 28 1875 May 3 1876 May 1 1877 A])!'. 30 1878 Apr. 17 1879 Mav 1 1880 Ai)r. 22 1881 ■ Apr. 26 1882 Apr. 24 1883 May 1 1884 Apr. 26 1885 May 6 Closed. Nov. 29 Nov. 27 Dec. 4 Dec. 2 Dec. 3 Nov. 30 Nov. 25 Nov. 27 Nov. 30 Nov. 30 Nov. 29 Dec. 1 Year. 188C... 1887... 1888... 1889... 1890. . 1891.-. 1892... 1893... 1894... 1895... 1896... Opened. Closed. May May May Apr. AJir. Apr. Apr. 22 May 1 Ai>r. 23 Apr. 29 Mav 1 Dec. Nov . Nov, Nov. Nov. Dec. Dec. Dec. Nov. Nov. 2 30 25 30 30 1 3 4 30 30 Average date of openini;, April 27 ; average date of closing, November 30; average jiuinlicr of days closed, 148. Autliority : Mr. V. (iourdeau, deputy minister inariiU! and lisheries, Dominion of (.laiuida. lied. Closed. 20 8 11 24 12' 30 Dec. 31 10 I Dec. 13 15 Jan. 25 Dec. 24 Dec. li) Dec. 24 Jan. iinl)er of days Kailways and Dominion of No. 21.— CHICAGO. ILL. [41° 53' latitude north. Altitude, feet. 87^' 37' longitude west.] Ye.ar. Opened. Closed. Year. Opened. Closed. Year. 1883 - Opened. Fob. 13 F'eb. 16 Feb. 17 Mar. 21 Feb. 9 (^'lo.sed. 1847 .... Open. May 12 Open. Nov. 27 Dec. 22 1865 1866 Mar. 17 (Dec. 19) (Dec. 12) /.(an. 15 (Dec. 24 1848 1884 1849 1867 bee. 26 1 Nov. 20 Feb. 8 Dec. 1 Dec. 18 Dec. 9 Dec. 1 Nov. 20 Open. Nov. 20 Ol)en. Dec. 1 Open. Nov. 14 0])en. (Nov.30) 1885 - 1868 1809 1870 Mar. 4 /Jan. 10\ iMar. 22/ 1850 1886 1887 1888 •i r l«"il Dec. 1 1852 Open. 1 1853 Open. Feb. 8 18.54 1871 1888 Feb. 18 Open. Open. (Open.) (Ian. 27) (Feb. 28) Open. Open. (Open.) 1855 Dec. Dec. 1 "Fob' 'is' Open. Dec. 20 Dec. 3 Dec.'"::' 1872 , 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 ■ 1880 1881 1882 Mar.18) (Mar. 9) Jan. 10 Apr. 20 Open. Mar. 20 Open. (I'Vb. 1) Open. Apr. 2 Open. 1889 1856 Mar. 20 Feb. 18 1890 1891 1892 1892 1893 1894 ■ / 1857 \ 1858 i Jan. 9 1858 :859 1860 Mar. 15 Onen. Feb. 26 Mar. 1 Dec. 26 Feb. 12 1861 1894 '- Mar. 3 Feb. 24 Dec. 27 ]8(i2 1895 :} 1863 Feb. V Feb. 8 1896 Jan. 4 1864 1896 ..1 Mar. 1 Averagedatcof opening, February 27; average date of closing. January7; averiigenumhcrof days closed, 51. Authorities: Mr. Ossian Guthrie, Mr. John .'>. .S.argent, Messrs. Tiper Sc Co. Note.— Compared with Seneca, 111., for interpolation for twenty years' period. The above dates are for ice closings ou streams in the near vicinity of Chicago. 208 REPORT OF U. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. No. 22.— CINCINNATI, OHKI. [:tii'- dO' liititiulo uorlli. Altitude, 4:U feet. 84^ ;!0 longitu(Ir. 15 Apr. 20 Apr. 10 Apr. 10 Ai)r. 27 Apr. 20 Dec. 2 Dec. 1 Dec. .! Nov. 29 Nov. 30 Dec. I Dec. 14 Dec. 3 Dec. 5 Average date of opening, April 25; average date of closing, December 2: average number of ilnvp closed, 144. Authority ; Department of Public Works, Dominion of Canada, 1806. SSION. REPORT OF U. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. 209 rest. I Opened. I Cloaed. :\, Feb. Jan. 27 Feb. li! Feb. 11 Feb. 20 Feb. 20 Jim. 20 Jan. 13 Feb. 8 b'eb. Ti Jan. 4 Dec. 29 Jan. 14 Jan. 22 Jan. 3 Jan. 31 Open. Open Open. Open Open. Ojien Open. Open Dec. 23 Feb. ■1 Open. Ojicn Feb. '.) Feb. 23 Open. Open verajje number nf days west.l Opened. Clo.sed. :}' Open. Dec. Mar. 12 Jim. 7 Mar. 28 Dec. 10 :Mar. 28 Dec. 1-i Miir. 10 Dee. 31 Apr. C D.'c. 27 Mar. 30 rerage ininiber of days west.] Ojjeued. Clo.sed. .. Apr. 20 Dec. 2 . Apr. 30 Dec. 1 ., Apr. 22 Dec. ,! . Apr. 18 Nov. 29 . Ajir. 1,') Nov. 30 .; Ai)r. 20 Dec. 1 . Apr. Hi Dec. U . Apr. K) Dec. 3 .! Apr. 27 Dec. b .; Apr. 20 No. 2.5.-CONSTANTIA, N. Y.— ONEIDA T.AKK. [43° 17' latitude nort li. Altitude, 309 feet. 76° 03' lonsitudo west.) Ye.ir. 1845. 1846. 1847. 1848. 1840. 1850. 1851. 1852. 1852. 1853. 1854. 1855. 1850. 1857. 1858. 18.59. 1860. 1861. Opened. I Apr. 3 Apr. 10 Apr. 1 Apr. 12 Apr. 9 Apr. j5 Apr. 3 Mar. 28 Apr. 4 Apr. 15 Apr. 5 Apr. 2 Apr. 8 Apr. Apr. 1 Apr. 7 Clcsed. Dee. 15 Dec. 8 Dec. 28 Dec. 25 Dec. 14 Dec. 22 Feb. 10 Dec. 13 Dec. 24 Dec. a Dec. 17 Dec. 2[) Dec. 10 Dec. .S Dec. 17 Dec. 20 Dec. 15 Year. 1862 Apr. 3 1803 Apr. 9 1864 1 Apr. 2 1865 1 Mar. 20 1860 ] M.ir. 30 1807 Mar. 24 1808 ! Apr. 2 1869 1 Apr. 5 1870 Apr. 1 1871 !.\pr. 3 1872 I Apr. 12 1873 i Apr. 1 1874 A]>r. (i 1875 Apr. 2 1876 Mar. 27 1877 Apr. 3 187H Apr. 1 1879 Apr. 7 Opened. Closed. Dee. De<'. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dee. Dec. D."c. 4 , 1880. 20 ' 1881. 13 ,1 1882. 5 |l 1883. 11 25 10 25 10 2 24 3 13 24 15 19 3 25 1884 . . . 1885... 1880... 1887... 1888... 1889... 1890... 1891... 1892 . . . 1893... 1894 . . . 1895... 1896... Apr. 1 Apr. 25 Apr. »> Apr. (! Apr. 2 Anr. 3 Api. 2 Apr. 1 Apr. 5 Apr. 3 Apr. Apr. 25 Apr. 4 Apr. 1! Apr. Apr. 19 Apr. 19 Dec. Dec. Dec. Dee. Dec. De.'. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. lU 3 15 24 7 13 25 13 25 22 16 Dec. 1 1 Dec. 21 Dec. 17 Dec. 28 Averajre date of opening, April, 5; average date of eloHing, December 10; average number ol' day.s closed, 110. Authority : Mr. Wm. Pierson irudson, ( '. E., Oswego, N. V . \o.2fi._COPONANINr,, ONTAIJTO, FUENCII KIVER. [46^ 00' latitude north. Altitude, .579.00 Ceet. 80' 45' longitude west.l Year. Opened. May 5 Apr. 7 Apr. 21 Apr. 28 May 5 Apr. 13 May 4 Closed. ; Nov. 29 1 Dec. 1 Dec. 1 Nov. 27 Dec. 1 Dec. 2 Dec. 1 Year. Opened. May 5 May 8 Apr. 24 Apr. 29 May 12 Apr. 21 Apr. 18 Closed. ■ Dec. 10 Dec. 6 Dec. 3 Dec. 1 Dec. 4 Dee. 4 Dee. 2 Y. ar. 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1890 Oivoiicd. At.:. 18 Apr. 16 Apr. 24 Apr. 18 Ai)r. 24 Ai'r. 22 Closr;; 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 Nov. 30 Dec. •« Dec. 2 Dec. 2 Dec. 2 1883 Average date of opening, April 25; average date of closing, December 3 : average number of day closed, 143. Authority I Mr. H. U. Elliott. No. 27.— DAVENPORT, lOTVA. [41° 30' latitude north. Altitude, 541 feet. 90^ 38' longitude west.] Year. Open< Closed. Year. 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. 18/8. 1879. Feb. 25 I Dec. 5 Mar. 23 Nov. 29 Mar. 15 Dec. 28 Miir. 10 Apr. 2 Mar. 7 Mar. 30 Mar. 9 Mar. 10 Nov. 30 Nov. 23 Dec. 1 Nov. 30 Dec. 18 Dee. 14 1880 ' Mar. 6 1881 . Apr. 16 1882 Mar. 10 1883 M:ir. 27 1884 Mar. 24 1885 Mar. 31 1886 Mar. 22 1887 Mar. 14 1888 \ Mar. 23 1889 / Closed. ■ 1 Nov. 22 ' Dec. 29 Nov. 22 Dec. 2 : Nov. 22 Dec. 5 I Nov. 24 , Dec. 21 '{ Jan. 9 Year. 1889. 1890. 1890. 1891. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1896. Opened. Mar. 14 Closet'.. Mar. 22 Mar. 25 Mar. 22 Mar. 27 Mar. 13 ^\i\V. 1 Feb. 25 Jan. 15 Feb. 4 Nov. 29 Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. 23 2 29 1: Average date of opening, March]'.); average date of closing, December 12; average number of dayrt closed, 97. Authorities: United States Weather Rureau 1890 ,■ Keport.s of the Chief Signal OtHcer. H. Doc. 192 14* erage innnber of d.ivs i 210 REPORT OF U. 8. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. N(i.28.-DKS MOINKS U-XI'IDS, MTSSISSIIM'I KIVKK, MONTROSE, IOWA. [40-' Cr liitittidi' north. Allitudf, iiOO foot. 91" 25' lonKitudo weHt.] Vciir. ' Opened. (HoHcd. I Year. 187,". ! Mar. ! Jan. 7 18711 ! Open. '■ Dec. 15 1877 1H7K ! 187'.i I Mar. fi 1^80 Jan. 5 1881 ' Miir. 21 1K,S2 Upon. Feb. 17 , Dee. 10 Dee. 20 Dee. 26 Dee. 8 Open. Dee. 15 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1880 1800 (Opened. Closed. Mar. 1 Mar. 15 Miir. 14 Mar. 15 Fob. 11 Mar. 1 Mar. 3 Dec. 27 Dec. 3(1 Dec. 14 Dee. 2 Dee. 21 Open. Feb. 24 Jan. 28 : Jan. 21 Year. I Opened. 1891 1802 1893 1894 "*"'' \ Dee Open. Feb. 2 Mar. 10 Mar. 1 Clo.sod. Open. Dec. 23 Dee. 4 Dec. 29 189G. / Jan. 16 l Feb. 23 I Dec. ■ Jan. ; Feb. 3 21 Averaire date ofopenin<;, February 20; avernjje date oCclo.tinjt. January 3; average number of days closed, 18. Antlioritiea: Report, nl' Seenitary of War, Engineers, 189',{-94; Mr. Fred. Z, (ioelniacb, observer WeatlierBnroan, Keokuk. >fi.. 20. - DKTorU LKiHTHOn.SK, MOHTir OK ST. MARYS RIVER, MICHIGAN. 1 45" .''9' latitude nortb. Altitude, .570.60 feet. 8;) • 54' longitude west.] Year. Opened. : Closed. Year. 1874 1875 1870 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 ilay 12 ! Dec. 5 Apr. 20 Dee. 10 Apr. 20 I Doe. 10 Apr. 20 ; Dec. 8 Mar. 23 \ Dee. 8 Apr. 14 Dec. 8 Apr. 6 Dec. fi Apr. 26 I Dec. 8 1882 1883 1884 1885 1880 1887 1888 1889 Opened. Closed. ; Year. Opened Apr. 5 ' Dee. C Apr. 18 Dec. 10 . Apr. 12 1 Dec. 10 Apr. 30 I Dec. 7 ' Apr. 17 j Dec. 19 Apr. 20 I Dee. 7 Apr. 23 Dec. 7 Mar. 28 i Dec. :| 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1890 Opened. Closed. Mar. 30 Apr. 11 Apr. 7 Apr. 12 Ai>r. 3 Apr. 4 Apr. 14 Dec. De(!. 10 Dec. 7 Doc. 8 Dec. 7 Dec. 14 I Averaj;(Mlati^ of opening, April 13; average date of closing, December 0; average number of day.s closed, 125. Authority: Commander "Williiini Kolger, V. S. N., Elev(mtb light-liouso district. Nu. 3(1.— DKTROIT RIVER, MAMAJUDA ISL.WD LIOHT-STATION, MICHIGAN. [42'^ 20' latitude north. Altitude, 573.84 feet. 83'' 03' longitude west.) Year. Opened. Closed. Year. Opened. Closed. ! i Year. Opened, Closed. 1872 . . Apr. C .. Apr. 7 .. Mar. 24 .. Mar. 29 .. Mar. 5 .. Mar, 10 .. Mar. 7 .. Mm: 9 .. Mar. 8 .. Apr. 18 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 ■ 1887 1888 ■ 1889 1890 1 1890 .. Mar. 13 .. Apr. 7 ... Apr. 1 . . . Aj>r. 5 ... Mar. 15 ... Mar. 20 ...■ Mar. 27 ... Mar. 22 './'Mar. "2" 1 Dec. 10 ' Dec. 16 Dec. 17 Dec. IC Dec. 10 Dec. 17 Dec. 18 i 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 Mar. 1 Mar. 16 JVIar. 29 Mar. 16 Mar. 31 Mar. 30 Doc. ,30 1873 Deo. 23 1874 1875 1876 1877 Dec. 15 Dee. 17 Dec. 8 Dee. 21 Dec. 24 Dec. 15 Dec. 6 Dec. 30 Di-c. 15 Dec. 26 Dec. 23 1878 1879 1880 1881 .Ian. 1 ' Dec. 11 Average date of opening, March 20 ; average date of closing, December 17; average number of days closed, 93. AuHiorities: Reports of Fnited States Chief .Signal Oflicei', 1871-1886; Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers. United States Army, 1884; Mr. Jared A. Smith, lieuteuaut-coluuel, Unitecl States Army Engineers, Tenth light-Louse district. ON, C, IOWA. Opened. Closed. Olion. Open. I'd). 2 De(\ 211 Mar. 10 Dec. 4 Mar. 1 Dec. 2» Kelp. 27 Doc. 17 Doe. 5 Jiin. 10 Jau. ;t I'\'li. 2;t Feb. 21 ut;e iiiiiiiber oCdaj'H (M-Iniacli, observer MICniGAX. !8t.] Opened, , Cloaed. Mar. 30 Dec. G Apr. 11 Dec. 10 Apr. 7 Dec. 7 Apr. 12 Dec. 8 Ajir. 3 Dec. 7 Apr. 4 Dec. 14 Apr. 14 ... ifje nnmltt^r of days MICHIGAN. est.] Opened. (Jloscd. 1 Mar. Dec. 30 Mar. 1« Dec. 23 jMar. 29 Dec. 15 Mar. 16 Dec. 2« Mar. 31 Dec. 23 Mar 30 age number of days Keport of tlie Clilef )uel, United States REPORT OF U. S. DEEP WATEKWAY.S COMMlbBlON. \n. 31.-Dri!()l.STO\VN, I'A. [41" 14' latitude north. 77 ' 08' loni;itiidi> wosi.] 211 Year. , Opened. Closed. Year. 1880 Open. Nov. 21 1880. 1881 Ian. 12 Open. 1890. 1882 Open. (Dec. II) 1891. 1883 (I-Vb. 8) (Dec. 27) 1884 Miir. 10 Mar. 1 Opened. Open. OJ)on. Jan. 2'.» 188,'; 1880. 1887. 1888. (Apr. 4) (l-'eb. 1) I (Feb. l(i) Jan. 12 1892. l (Mar. 8) .. Feb. 8 .. Dec. 19 Dec. 3 Nov. 22 Dec. 15 1893 (Jan. 14 Mai Mar. 12 Closed. Open. Dec. 3 Open. Man. 2 Feb. 13 Year. Opened.! Closed. \Mar. 30 IMar. 21 (Dec. 22 (Nov. 27 \Dec. 5 1894. 1895. 1890. (Fob. 11 ^Feb. 20 ilFeb. 28 '(Jan. 9 niar. 31 (Dec. 22 '(Feb. 17 ,\Mar. 22 (Jan. l''eb. iFeb. I Feb. I tian. I Dec. I Dec. Jan. ; Mar. 13 »» 17 23 I'.t (i 28 5 13 Av(-rase date of opening, February 12; average date of clo.sing. December days clo.sed, 44. Autlmrity: Mr. J. L. Wliceler. NoXK,— Compared with IlarrisburK, Pa., for interpolatiim for twenty years' 30: average number of pcrjpd. No. 32.— DTTBrQFK, TO\VA. 142'" 30' latitude north. Altitude, 585 feet. 90'^ 44' longitude west.] I Year. Opened. I Closed. 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1870 1877 1878 1879 Alar. Apr. Apr. Mar. Apr. Mar. I''eb. Mar. Mar. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Dec. Nov. Nov. 14 18 I 19 I 21 ' 19 ! 26 23 I 12 ' 23 Year. i Ojiened. | Closed. Year. ; Opejicd. ! (Mosed, 1880... 1881... 1882... 1883... 1884... 1885... 1886. . . 1887... 1888... i Mar. 5 Nov. 16 1880 Mar. 15 Nov. 29 Ai)r. 12 I Nov. 24 Mar. 2 Nov. 21 Mar. 29 , Nov. 23 Apr. 1 i Nov. 21 Apr. 5 ; Nov. 18 Alar. 27 i Dec. 3 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. De. Apr. 1 Mar. 3 : Nov Mar. 5 Mar. 25 Alai'. 5 Mar, 11 4 15 Dec. 10 No\, 24 Mar. 12 Nov. 9 189(5 Mar. 22 Apr. 3 ! Dec. 21 Dec, Nov. 29 25 Average date of opening, Marcli 21 ; average datoof closing, November26 ; average number of days dosed, 115, Authorities: United States AYeather Hureau. 1890; Mr. H;irry Claj'k, Diamond Jo Lijie sleamers. No. 33,— DTTLUTII, MINX. [46'^ 47' latitude north. Altitude, 600.69 feet. 92^ 06' longitmR) west. ) Tear. 1855. 1850. 18,57. 18,58. 1859. 1860. 1861. 1862. 1863. 1864. 1865. 1866. 1867. 1868. 1869. Opened. Apr. Apr. May Mar. May Apr. June Apr. May Apr. Apr. May Ai)r. Apr. Ai>r. 15 16 27o 20 25rt 7 12fr 28 10 23 22 5 19 1 Cloaed. Year. Dec. Nov. Nov, Nov, Nov. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Doc. Dec. Nov, No\ 1 1870 '• 1871 1872 1873 ■ 1874 1875 ! 1876 I 1877 ' 1878 \ I 1879 ) 1879 1880 1S81 . 21 i: 1882. . 12 : 1883. Oi)ened. Apr. Apr, Mar, Alay Ala'y May May Apr. Mar. Closed. Nov, Dec. Nov. 10 I Doc. Dec. 12 De( Dec. 25 I Dec. 23 ! Apr. May Alay Apr. Apr. Jan. Dec. Dec. Nov. Dec. Dec. Tear. 1884 1885 1880 18.S7 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1890 Opened. May 1 Apr. 27 May 7 M.a'v 4 .May 11 A])!-. 11 Apr. 16 Apr. 30 Apr. 20 May 1 Apr. 18 Apr. 27 Apr. 7 (Jlosed. Dec. 25 Nov. 29 Dec. Dee. Dec. Dec-. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. 14 28 31 4 8 8 5 10 (( First boat. Average date of opeuing, April 24; arenige date; of closing, December H: average number of days closed, 139. Authorities: United States Weather Bureau and Miirine Heview, 1896; postmaster, Duluib, 1890; Mr, Henry Truelseu, mayor, 1896. n 212 REPORT OF r. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. ( IB No. .U.-EAOLK nH-Fl" LIGHTHOUSE, WISCONSIN. [45° 10' latitude uortli. Altitude, 579.6U t'cot. 87° 14' longitude wcat.| Yoar. 1887.... 1HH8.... 1889.... 1890.... Opcued. CloHed Apr. 2ri Dec. 21 Alnv 1 Dtc. 22 Apr. 3 Dec. 24 Apr. 15 I Die 24 Vi'ur. 1891. 1892. 18i)3. 1894. Opoucd. (JIoHod. I ! ■N ciir. Opened. Cloned. Apr. 21 I Dfc. 19 Apr. 12 l)pc. n Apr. 18 Doc. ];i Tklnr. 30 I Doc. 24 1895... 1890... Apr. in Dec. 25 Apr. i:i Il Average datp of opciiinf;, .Vjiril 14; iivora>?o dale of cloHinii;, December 20; iiverau'c number of days cloHcd. 115. Aiitlu)ritv: ''omittiindor J. U. Dayton, l'. S N., Ninth light-liouHO dintrict. NoTK.— ('oniparcd with K.Hcaiiaha', Micli., for interpolation lor twenty years' period. No. :i;-).-ERIE, I'A. [42° U7' latitude iiortli. Altitude, 571.35 feet. 8U° OS' longitude west.J Year. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1870. 1H77. 187K. 1879. 188(1. 1881. Open ed. Apr. 17 Apr. 4 Apr. 1.-) Apr. 12 Ai)r. 22 Ajir. 1 .\pr. I Mar. 20 Apr. 27 ("loged. Dec. 15 Dec. 15 Dec. 15 Dec. 10 Dec. 15 Dec. 15 Dec. 15 Dec. 15 Dec. 15 Year. Opened. Closed. Year. Opened. Closed. 1882 Apr. 4 Dec. 8 1883 Apr. 25 ' Dec. 15 1H84 Apr. 19 Dec. 13 1885 Apr. 30 t Dec. 10 1880 Apr. 13 i Dec. 7 1887 Mar. 15 Dec. 23 1888 Apr. 25 ' Dec. 5 1H89 Apr. 10 Open. 1890 Open. , Dec. 15 1891 Apr. 11 Dec. 30 1892 Apr. 3 Dec. 7 1893 1 Mar. 25 1894 ( Tan. 17 1894 Mar. 13 Dec. 21 1895 Apr. 3 Dec. 28 1806 i Apr. 7 Avera);e date of opening, Ai)ril 8; average date of closini;;, December 21 1 average number of daya closeil. 108. Authorities: IfuKed States Weatlier Bureau, 1896; Mr. Itohert ,1. Salesman. No. 36.— ESCANABA, MICH. [45° 48' latittule north. Altitude, 579.6 feel, 87° 05' longitude west.] Year. Opened, (nosed 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 Apr. 27 1877 \, Apr. 18 1878 / 1878 ! Mar. 5 1879 1 Apr. 25 Year. j Opened. ; Closed. 1880.... 1881.... 1882.... 1883.... 1884.... 1885.... 1886 Apr. 23 1887 Apr. 28 1888 May 2 x\.pr. 13 Nov. 20 May 4 Dec. Year. Apr. 1 Apr. 24 A pr. 9 Mav 5 Dec. Dec. Dec. Deo. Dec. Dee. 15 Dec. 28 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1892. 1803. 1894. 1895. 1896. Opened. Closed, Apr. 4 ' Dec. 31 Apr. 16 ; Dec. 27 Apr. 27 /...: Tan .j Apr. 15 Dec. .. Apr. 27 Dec. Apr. 16 Dec. Apr. 16 I Dec. Apr. 17 1 22 19 27 28 Average date of opening, April 20; average date of closing, December 6; average number of days closed. 135. Authorities: Mr. Edward C. Carter and Monthly Weather Review, 1871-1889. No. 37.-FORT BENTON, MONT. [47° 48' latitude north. Alti, 'ide, 2565 feet. 110° 46' longitude west.] Year. Opened, j Closed. 1876 \ (Feb.22) i 1877 / (Jan. 3) 1877 \ (Feb. 26) 1878 ( (.ran.l7) 1878 \' (Feb. 12) 1879 / (,ran.28) 1879 \ (Feb.25) 1880 J, (Jan. 14) 1880 \, (Feb. 27) 1881 (■ 1881 1: (Feb.25) 1882 / (Jan. 5) 1882 Mar. 15 Jan. 2 (Jan. 6) Year. Opened. Closed. Mar. 15 Dec. 22 Feb. 24 (Jan. 22) Feb. 28 I (Jan. 24) Feb. Hi 1883. . . , 1884..., 1885..., 1885.... 1886 / 1886 \ 1887 /I I (Jan. 5) 1887 \| (Feb.22) : 1888 / I (Jan. 15) 1888 il (Mar. 8) ' 1889 l\ I (Jan. 19) 1889 \l (F'eb.H) ; 1890 /I ' (Jan. 3) Year. Opened. (Jlosed. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1892. 1892. 1893. 1893. 1893. 1894. 1894. 1895. 1895. 1896. (Mar. 3) Feb. 1 \ Mar. 20 I Deo. 26 / i Feb. 15 Feb. 7 Nov. 21 Feb. 24 Jan. Mar. Mar. 12 Feb. 27 Jan. 25 Jan. 3 Jan. 1 Average date of openin.g, February 27 : average date of closing, January 3 ; average number of days closed, 55. Authority: Missouri River C(mimiasion. (Stages of the Missouri River, 1894.) Note.— Compared with Bismarclj, N. Dak., for interpolation for twenty years' period. \ i ( )d. I Cloned, 1(1 Dec. 25 n luiber of days ed. i Closed. 1 1 Deo. 30 ■J Dec. 7 25 ... Jiin. 17 i:i Dec. 21 ;t Dec. 28 7 umber of days ned. •. 4 •. 16 '. 27 Cloaed. Dec. :n Dec. 27 r'.'i.^" ■. 27 r. lf> '. ic. r. 17 .liiii. 1 Dec. 22 Dec. 11» Dec. 27 Dec. 28 lumbi jr of days ned. (Jloaed. r. 3) -. 20 . 24 Feb. 1 Deo. 26 Feb. 15 Nov. 21 .3 Jan. 25 f 10 r* 12 Jau. 3 .27 Jan. i number of days I REPORT OF ir. S. DEKP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. .\c>. 3H.-KOItT lU'FORD, X. DAK. [48° 02' latitude norlli. Altitude, 1,855 feet, lilt til' lougiluile west,] 213 Year. Ojioned. Closed. Year. ()l)ened. I Closed. Y'enr. Opened, (MiiHcd. 1879. IHHO. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885 Apr. 10 Nov. 8 , Apr. 25 Nov. 12 1 188II.... Apr. 16 Nov. 9 I 1887.... Apr. 6 Nov. 1888.... Apr. 13 Nov. 8 1H80.... Apr. 20 Nov. 8 1890.... Apr. 28 Mav 5 Apr. 13 Mav 24 (Miir. 7) (.Mar.2G) Nov. 9 Nov. 14 Nov. 10 Oct. 19 (N'ov.22) Doc. 4 1802. 1893 1894. 1805. 189G. Mar. 19 Nov. 14 Alar. 29 Nov. 2t A pr. •1 \cv. 20 Mar. :n Nov. 18 ilav. 20 Nov. U Ai.r. 1 ... Averaco date ol iipnning, April 13; average date of closing, Novrmlier 13; average iiumlier ut' days closed, l!"!. .Viithorities: Tnited Stato.s Weatlier Itiireaii, 1896; T'uited States F.ngineor's (ttlice, Si(iu\ City, Iowa, 1896; Missouri l{iver Coraiuissiou (" Stages of tlio MiHSouri Kivor," 1894) ; .Mr. Ueorgo lir(tug;;er, postmaHter, AX'illiston, N. Dalt. Note,— Conipured willi liisniarck, N, DaJi., for interiMilatiim for twenty years' period. No. 30.-FOli'r ClSTJUt, .MONT. [45" 46' latitude north. Altitude, 2,727 feet. 107° 48' longitude west.] Y'ear. Opened. CloHed. 1876 |(Mar. 12) (Nov. 30, 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882. (Mar. 17) (Dec 14) (Mar. 3) (Dec. 25) (Mar. 10) (Dec. 12) (Mar. 17) Nov. 17 (Mar. 16) (Dee. 2) Mar. 29 Nov. 12 1883 Mar. 15 Due. Y'ear. Oi>ened. 1884 Mar. 19 1885 : Mar. 12 1880 1 Fell. 28 1887 ! Mar. 13 1888 i Mar. 19 1889 , Apr. 25 1890 \ Mar. 22 1891 / , ( io.seil. Year. Opened. I (MoHcd. Do.!. 17 Dec. 10 Nov. 20 Nov. 24 Dee. 25 Nov. 17 Feb. 1 1891 |(Mar. 21) (Nov. 29) 1892 '(Mar. 22) {Dec. 0) 1803 j(Mur. 21) (Dec. 8) 1894 1 (Mar. 13) 1895 /I (.Ian. 7) 1895 ;(Mar. 15) (Dec. 10) 1896 j(Mar. 10) Average date of opening, March 18; average date of closing, December 9; average number of days closed, 99. -Vutliority : I'nited .States Weather liureau. NoTB. — Compared witli IJism.irek, N. Dali., for interpolation lor twenty yeans' jieriod. No. 4'J.-F0nT GRATIOT KANGK LKIHT-IIOUSE, MICH. [43° 00' latitude north. Altitude, 579.60 feet. 82^ 25' longitude west.] Tear. Opened. Clo8e'■) 187.'! Apr. 12 1874 Apr. ;iO 1870 May 1 1870 May 4 Closed. Dec. Dee. Dee. Nov. Dee. Nov. Doc. Nov. Dee. Dec. Year. j Opened. 1877 Apr. 20 1878 Apr. 1879 Apr. 12 1880 Mar. 20 1881 Mar. 1 1882 1 Apr. 3 188:i Apr. 26 1884 1 Apr. 20 10 1885 May 6 1 1880 May 19 Closed. Dec. 4 Dee. 10 Dee. 1 Dec. 10 Dee. 1 Dec. 7 Dec. 3 Dec. 15 Dec. 4 Nov. 30 Year. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1890. Opened. Mav 2 Apr. 28 Ai)r. 8 ilav 5 Apr. 4 Apr. 4 Apr. 2X Mar. 15 Apr. 20 Apr. 13 Closed. Nov. 23 Nov. 24 Nov. 28 Dee. 16 Dec. 5 Dec. 3 Nov. 27 Dec. 4 Nov. 23 Average date of openin;;, April 10; average date of closing, December 4; average number of days closed, 133. Aiitliorities: General Keporl riiblie Works, Canada, 1867-1882; .luuiial Keports of the Department of Itallways and Canals, Dominion of Canada, 1883-1889; Department of Tublic "Works, Dominion of Canada. 1896. No. 43.-GItAND FOKKS, N. DAK. [47^^ or.' latitude nortli. Altitude, 784 feet U7^ 01' longitude west.] Closed. Year. Opened. Closed. Year. Opened. (Uosed. Year. Opened. 1870 1879 1888 ■ 1889 Apr. 15 1871 1880 1872 .... 1881 1890 Apr. 14 Apr. 16 Apr. 17 Apr. 18 Apr. 15 Apr. 6 Apr. 20 1K73 ... Oct. 29 1882 Nov. 11 Nov. 12 Nov. 19 Dec. 5 Nov. Ill 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1890 1874 1883 1875 1884 1876 1885 1877 1886 1878 1887 Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. >«1)V. Nov. Nov. 14 5 12 12 14 4 10 1 Average date of ojieuing, April 15; average date of closing, November 8; average number of days closecl, 1,')8. Authority: Mr. A. O. I'owell, as.sistaiil engineer, United States. (1890.) St. Paul, Minn. No. 44.— GRAND HAVEN, MICH. [43° 05' latitude north. Altitude, 579.0 feet. 80^ 13' longitude west.] Yeur. Ojieiied. Closed. A'ear. ; Opened. 1 Closed. leCS Dee. 2 1870 \ Ja)>. 15 1871 ) ' Jan. 1 1871 \ Jan. 22 1872 / Jan. 27 1872. 1873. 1873. I'el 1879. 18S0. 1880. 1H81. .\' Mar. 7 .Tan. ilau. Jan. Jan. 1 Jan. 10 Dec. 26 ). .... Mar. 25 1874 Open. 1H75 Ian. 21 Apr. 4 Open. 1870 1877 \ Ojien. 1878 / 1878 \ Jan. 28 1H79 1 Jan. 29 Ojieli. ojieii. en. Open. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Open. Feb. 4 16 19 15 17 Averngp date of opening, February 18; average date of closljig, February 4; average number of das .-< ehmeil, 1-1. .Authorities: Mr. A. li. At water, superintendent Grand Trunk iiaihvuy i Mr, Jacob Kour, Gooduriuh 'i'i'uus|iorttttiun Company. cd. , 1875 1894 1895 1896 ... Mar. 5 ... Mar. 10 ...| Mar. 2 31 1870 '.'H 1877 1887 .Vverage date of opening, Marcli 22: average date of closing, November 29; average number of days closed, 113. Authority; Capt..Tolin Miiir, sdainer II'. //. Ilnrritt. No. 48.— GUAND I'U A VEKSK l.IGHTHorSK, MK.'IIKJAN. [45 ' 12' latitude north. Altitude, .')79. tin Itrl. 85 ■ 34 liingitu(h; west. | Year. Opened. Closed. Year. 1891 l,S9i! Opened. Apr. 1 Apr. 1 Apr. 10 Closed. Year. 1894 1895 1890 < Opened. ... M;ir. I!l ...; Apr. 11 ...| Api. 1 1 Closed. 1887 Apr. 10 Dee, 18 Apr, 27 Dec. 10 Mar. 24 ; Deo. 10 Mar. 25 j Dee. 22 Dec. 21 , Dec. 22 Dec. 18 Die. 1H 1888 Dec 21 1889 1893 1800 Average date of opening, April 3 ; average date of closing, Deci'iiibrr 21; :ivrrage ininibei- of days closed, 103. Authority : < 'omnia). li.r .1. II. Davlon, C S. N., Nhitli light I sr dislrirl . NuTE.— Compared v.iiii Alpena, Mich,, for Interpolation for twenty gears' period. "m 216 REPORT OP U. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. Year. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1878. 1879. 1880. X(.. 4!).— GKEENI3A Y, WIS. [44° 31' latitude north, .\ltitudo, 57il.60 leet. 88" 00' lougitudo west.] Apr. 15 Apr. 28 Apr. 17 Apr. 10 Mar. 13 Apr. 15 Apr. 1 Closed. 1 Nov. 11 28 l' ^ov. 28 Dee. 1 •Tan. 23 Dee. U Nov. 30 Nov. 20 j Year. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. i88r). 1880. 1887. 1888. May C ' Apr. 1 Apr. 16 I Aiir. 24 I .Apr. 29 I Apr. 20 i < Apr. 24 ! I May 2 Closed. Dee. 14 Dee,. 4 Dee. 15 1 Dec. 3 i Dec. 6 Nnv. 26 Nov. 7 Dec. 12 1889. 1890. 1801. 1892. 1803. 1894. 1895. 1890. Year. I Opened. Closed. Apr. 8 Dee. 7 Apr. 1 1 I Dec. 4 Apr. 23 No\ :J0 Apr. 11 I Dec. 1 Api'. 15 Mar. 31 Apr. Hi Apr. IC Dec. 15 Dec. 10 Dee. 2 Averiicc date of opening, April 15; average date of closing, December 6; average number of days closed, 130. Authority: Mr. F. "W. Conrad, ob.server ^'eather ISiireaii. r Xo.50.— UUEEN ISLAND LIGHT-HOr.SK, WISCONSIN. [450 03' latitude north. Altitude, 579.60 feet. 87° 29' longitude west.] Year. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. Opened. Closed. Dee. 24 ' Dec. 31 Dec. 31 Dec. 24 Year. 1801 1892 1893 Apr. 23 May 1 Apr. 4 Apr. 5 Opened. Apr. 22 Apr. C Closed. Dee. 27 Dec. 15 Year. Apr. 14 i Dec. 13 1894. 1895. 1894. 1896. Opened. Closed. Jlar. 22 ! ! Feb. 2 Apr. 1 i Dee. 31 Apr. 9 1 Averc^ifo date of opening, April 9; average date of closing, December 29; average number of days elosm, 101. Aiitiiority : Coniinander J. H. Dayton, I'. S. N., Nintli lii:ht-liouNe district. Note.— Comparod with Escauaba, Midi., lor interpolation for twenty years' period. >•,.,. .11.— (IKOSSK I'OINTE LUillT-IIorSE, LAKE ST. FRANCIS, QI'EBEC. [Altitude, 153.50 feet.] Year. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. 187U. 1880. Open Bd. Mav 2 Apr. 20 May 1 Alav 3 May 1 May 3 Apr. 20 May 1 Apr, 29 Closed. Doc. 1 Xov, 25 Nov. 2'i Nov. 27 Nov. 30 Oec. 2 Dec. 14 Dec. 3 Nov. 25 Year. <)l)ened. Closed. Year. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884 Apr. 30 1885 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. Apr. 28 Nov. 29 Apr. 28 I Dee. 2 Aiir. 29 I»ee. 13 Dec. 14 4 3 2 2 1 Jlay 6 I Dec. May 1 1 Dec May 1 •■ Majy 1 Apr. 22 Dec. Dec. Dec. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1H05. 1896. Opened. Ch)Hed. May 1 I Dec. Apr. 28 I Nov, .Ma- 1 A pi. 29 .\pr. 26 Ai>r. 20 Nov Dec. Nov. 2 ;io 30 2 30 Nov, 30 Averiipe date of i)])0uiug, April 29; average date ot' elo(,seil. 149. Authority: Mr. F. (lourdean, deputy iiiiuister miirluu and Usiieries, Dominion of Canada. E S^^ppyt: REPORT OF U. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. 217 1. 3 Closed. Dec. 7 I Dec. 4 i Nov :jo 1 Dec. 1 5 Dec. 15 I Dec. 10 B Dec. 2 " .ber of (lays Closed. Feb. 2 1 Dec. 31 9 iber of days SC. 1. CloHed. 1 8 1 6 i» Dec. 2 Nov. :iO Nov. ;to Dec. 2 Nov. 30 Nov. ;(0 uber of r Hartford and New York Transportation Company. No. .W.-HENNEIMN, ILL. I tl • 1.-.' latitude iiiirtli. .Mtitude, 438.61 feet. 80 ' 22' longitude West.] 1. ('losed. 2 Dec. 1 1 Nov. 30 8 Dec. 1 7 Dec. 4 1 Dec. 3 :i Dec. 1 8 Dec. 1 1 lll>er of days ila. Year. j Opened. Closed. 1870 1877 , (Feb, 14) 1878 ' (Open.) 1879 (Mar. 1«) 1880 (Jan. 14) 1881 1 Mar. 20 1882 Mar. 17 1883 Mar. 2 (Nov. U) (Open.) ( Nov. 2.'i) (Nov. 24) Nov. 17 Nov. 26 Dec. 5 Nov. 10 Y'ear. 1884 1885 188(1 18H7 1888 1889 > 1890 S 1890 Opened, Mar. 15 Mar. 27 Mar. 6 Fob. 17 Mar. 16 Mar. 5 Mar. 11 Chised. Nov. 26 Dec. 7 Nov. 25 Nov. 28 Dec. 20 Ja'ii,' 'Ji Year. Opened. , Closed, 1891. 1892. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. Dec. 5 1896 ' Mar, 20 (Mar, 18 > Nov, 18 ^Uec. 18 I > Jan, 3 M«r, 2 ; Nov, 23 Mar, 21 Nov. 24 Mar, 3 j Nov. 19 Feb. 28 Doc. 3 Average date of opening, March 8; average dale of chining, November 28; average niiiiiber of days closed, 100. AiitWitv: Mr. \y. Durley. Ni'TK. (\mipiired with Seneca, Til., for interpolation for twenty years' period. 218 REPORT OF U. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. i| Ix). ne.-JEFFKKSON CITY, MO. [38'5 36' latitu4e north. Altitude, 523 feet. 92'3 14' longitadu west. Year. Opened. 1878 (Feb. 6) 1879 (Feb. 7) 1880 \,(Jan. 7) 1881 /i 1881 .\ Feb. 7 1882 jl 1882 \|(Feb. 25) 188:< / 1881! \ Feb. 17 1884 /I 1884 \| Jan. 30 1885 /I Closed. Dec. (Deo. 28 27) Jan. 22 (Jan. 10) Jan. 31 Jan. 5 (Jan. 3) Year. 1885. 1886. 1886. 1886. 1887. 1887. 1887. 1888. 1888. 1888. 1889. Opened. Closed. (Feb. 0) Feb. 14 Dec. 11 Jan. 24 Jan. Feb. Jan. Dec. 11 4 Jan. Dec. I 28 Jan. 16 Feb. 24 Year. 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1896. Opened . Mar. Open. Open. 1 Jan. 26 Feb. Open Feb. Open 20 27 Closed. Open. Open. ! Open. fJan. \Dei;. 26 I Ojn'ii. : Dec. 31 I Open. Average date of opeiynf;, February 2 ; average date of cJo-sing, January U ; average number of days cloned, 22. Autliorities: Report of United .States Kngincors, 1888-90; Missouri Kiver Commission ("Stages of the Missouri Kivcr"), 1894; Capt. J. E. Sanford, United Stattis Engineers, secretary Missouri Kiver CJomniission. !NoTE.— Compared with Kansas City, Mo., for interpolation for twenty years' period. No. .57.— KANSAS CITY, MO. [390 05' latitude north. Altitude, 716 feet. 94° 37' longitude west.] Year. Opened. 1874 ' 1875 Mar. 11 1876 Open. 1877 \ Ft'.. 6 1878 / 1878 Feb. 3 1879 Feb. 4 /Jan. 4 •■•\Dec. 8 1881 Feb, 22 18«2 ) Keb. 20 1882 } Deo. 11 1883 J 1883 Feb. 15 1884 1 Feb. 24 I 1880. Closed. Dec. ( )pon, Dec. Jan. Dec. Dec. Nov. Dec. Dec. Dec. Jan. Dec. Dec. 3 19 22 Year. 1885. 1885. 1886. lo86. 1886. 1887. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1889. 1889. 1880. 1890. 1890. Opened. Closed. Feb. Dec. 6 Feb. Dec. Feb. Feb. Feb. Mar. Dec. 13 •Ian. Doc. 7 4 Dec. 9 Jarf. Feb. 27 , 20 1 Jan. 13 Feb. 20 Year. Openud. | Closed. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1806. :::K' (Jan. 27\ \Mar. 91 Opi'u. Oi)cn. Feb. 21 Dec. 15 , Open. Opili, Dei'. 20 Doc. 3 fJan. 20 ,\Feb. 18 Juu. 14 Doe. 31 Jnn. 26 Average date of opening, February 12; average date of closing, January 5; average number of da;, s closed, 38. Autliorities: Keport of I'nitcd States Missouri River Commission, 1887-1890; Missouri Kivcr Coni- inissiou ("Stages of ttie Missouri River"), 1894; local forecast olllcial, United States Weather iiureau, 1896. Nw. 58.-KF,OKTTK, lOlVA. [40" 22' latitude north. Altitude, 477 feut. 91 ■ 29' longitude west.) Year. Opened. 1871 1 1872 1873 Mar. 14 1 Mar. 10 ' Open. Mar. 28 Open. Feb. 17 Mar. 19 Mar. Jan. 5 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1881/ Cloned. Dec. 4 Dec. 4 Open. Ojicn. ilan. 5 Dec. 11 Dec. 10 Dee. 20 Dec. 25 Dec 8 Year. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. Open ed. 6 Mar. ( )pen ^lar. 1 Mar. 16 Mar. 14 Mor, 14 Feb. 10 Mar. 1 ' Closed. Open. Dec. 17 Dec. 27 Dec. 20 Dec. 14 Dec. 2 De-. 21 Open. Feb. 24 Year. Op«ned. 1890. /Jan. 28 •• \Mar. 12 1891 Open. 1892 Open. 1893 1 Mar. 9 1894 i Feb. 27 '*"'•' >I)ec. 17 ^™" AFob. 23 Closed. 21 Jan Mar. 1 Open. Dec. 26 Doc. 31 Dec. 30 Dec. 5 Jan. 3 Feb. 21 Average date of o]iening, February 2!i; average date of closing', .Taiuiary .'>; average number of days closed, 51. Authorities; Reports of the United States Chief Si-ual OlHcer, 1872-1888; Mr. J. U. Cde. I I. Closed. Open. Open. Open. |.Ian. » \Dcc. 20 OlICM. Dec. ;u Opcu. nlier of days on ("Stages ry ilissouri il. Closed. !1 5 Open. Open. Dei. 20 Dec, 3 26' S Doe. 31 Jan. 26 u niber ol'dir, s i Kivcr Cotn- thcr Bureau, d. Closed. 28 12 9 27 n Jan. 21 Mai'. 1 Open. Dec. 2(i Dec. 31 Dec. 30 17 13 J3 Dec. ,') Jan. 3 Fob. 21 mberof ilays >de. 3 4 i 1 REPORT OF U. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. N(j. 59.— KINCAKDINU, OXTAKKJ. 144° 10' latitude uerth. Altitude, 579.60 feet. 81^ 37' lonKitudo west.] 219 Year. I Open,.'d. 1875 Mar. 27 187n Mnv 5 1H77 Mai-. 2 1878 Apr. 26 1870 Apr. 1;! 1880 May 7 1881 Apr. 28 1882 Mar. 27 Closed. Year. 1 Opened, j Closed. Nov. 20 Oct. 27 Nov. 12 Nov. 16 Nov. 20 Nov. 5 Nov. 23 Nov. 30 li 1883 1884 1885 May 1880 i Apr. 3 1887 Apr. 20 1888 May 2 1889 1 Mar. 20 1890 ! Apr. 18 Year. Apr. 23 I Doc. 28 | 1801 Mav 6 I Nov. 24 h 1802 Nov. 30 ' 1893 Nov. 28 : Nov. 15 ; Dec. 4 Nov. 6 Nov. 10 |, II 1894. 1895. 1890. Opened. Apr. 22 Apr. 5 Apr. 2 Apr. 4 Apr. 10 Apr. Closed. Nov. Dec. Nov. Nov. Nov. 15 26 6 26 20 Average date of opening, April 15 ; average date of closing, November 21 ; average number of days closed, 143. Autlioritv : Department of Public AVorks, Dominion of Canada, 1896. No. 60.-KINGSTON, ONTARIO. [443 15' latitude north. Altitude, 244.53 feet- 70" 29' longitude west.] Year. Opened. Closed. Apr. .\ Ai)r. 1831... 1832... 1833... 1834 / 1834 Mar. 10 1835 Apr. 1830 Apr. 23 1837 \i A]r. 11 1838 J 1838 j Apr. 1839 1 Apr. 8 18411 ! Mar. 19 1841 Apr. 23 :Mar. 24 Apr. 23 Dec. 19 Dec. 4 Jan. 1 Dec. 22 Dec. 31 Dec. 20 Mar. 9 1812 1843 1844 1844 1845. .. 1845 \ Apr. 2 1840 / 1846 Mar. 31 1847 \ Apr. 11 1848 / 1848... 1849 .. 1850... 1851... 18,">'2... 1853... 1853... 18,54... 18.54 \1 Apr. 10 1855 / Apr. 3 A\)T. 3 Apr. 5 Apr. 2 Apr. 19 Apr. 4 Jan. 10 -Doc. 18 Dec. 20 Dec. 23 Dec. 31 D'^c. 31 Yea- Opened. \ Apr. 17 I] Apr. 8 Apr. 2 Jan. 3 Jan. 12 Jan. 9 Jan. 6 Dec. 30 Dec. 31 Dec. 26 Dec. 22 Apr. 2ti Apr. 15 Apr. 12 ' 1855. I 1856. 1850. i 18,57. 1858. 1858. 1859. 1859. 1860. 1801, 1861, 1862 1802 1863 1863 1864 /l 1804 \ 1805 /' ' 1805 \\ Mar. 28 1806 / , 1860 \ Apr. 11 I 1867 / 1807 Apr. 8 ' 1868 ! Mar. 31 1809 \ Apr. 17 1870 j' Apr. 8 Apri'ii Apr. 10 Apr. 5 Jan. 14 Jan. 5 Jan. is 1870.. 1871.. 1872.. 1873.. 1874.. 1874 \\ Mar. 28 1875 J Apr. 13 Mar. 10 Apr. 22 Apr. 24 Closed. Jan. Dec. Year. Feb. J.in. Dec. 25 I Jan. Jnn. Jan. Jan. Jan. 10 '4' "i\ "4' Jan. Jan. Dec. Dec. 18 24 Jnn. Dec. Dec. Dec. 8 31 25 ' 21 I Jan. 14 Jan ■ 1 1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1878, 1879. 1879, 1880, 1881 1882 1882 1883 1883 1884 1885 1886 1886 1887 1888 1889 1889 1890 1890 1891 1892 1892 1893 1894 1895 1890 Opened. Closed Apr. 19 Apr. 18 Apr. 9 Mar. 11 Apr. 21 Mar. 23 Apr. 12 Mar. 7 Apr. 19 Apr. 19 Apr. 28 Apr. 9 Apr. 19 Apr. 12 Apr. 2 Mar. 31 Apr. 3 Dec. 23 Dec. 20 Jan. 8 Jan. Dec. Doi'. 2 28 21 Jan. 12 Jan. Dec. Dec. 4 31 31 Jan. Dec. Dec. 8 30 30 Jan. 19 Jan. Dee. 23 20 10 26 Jan. Dec. Dec. 30 Open. Jan. 10 .Ian. 2 Average date of o|)ening, Ajiril 8; average dale of closing, January 2; average nunihcr of days clo.-ied, 96. Authorities: (ieneral Kcporl I'ublic Works, Caiuula, 1H07-18."^2; Anninil liepoit of tlic Department of llailways anil I'anals. Dominion of Canada, 1883-1889; Department of I'ublic Works. Dominion i)i Canada, 1890. rwjm i m" 220 REPORT OF U. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. No. fil.— LACROSSK, "WIS. [43° 49' latitude north. Altitude, 628 feet. 91 "> 15' longitude west.l Y<'ar. f Opened. Closed. Yiar. 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 Opened. Mar. 7 Apr. 9 Mar. 4 Apr. Mar. 29 Apr. 1 Mar. 28 Apr. 5 Apr. 9 Closed. Nov. 19 Dec. m Dec. 8 Deo. 18 Nov. 24 Dec. 7 Nov. 29 Nov. 28 Dec. 21 Tear. Opened. Mar. 30 Mar. 20 M.ar. 21 Mar. 25 Apr. 3 Mar. 10 Mar. 24 Mar. 21 Closed. 1871 Ife72 1873 1874 1875.... 1876 1877 1878 1879 Mar. 13 Nov. 22 Apr. 8 1 Xov. 22 Mar. 19 Nov. 27 ' Mai-. 28 Nov. 29 Apr. 7 Nov. 22 ' Apr. 7 ■ Nov. 30 : ilar. 27 Dec. 2 Feb. 22 Dec. 11 Mar. 26 ; Dec. 12 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 Nov. 29 Dec. 3 D.T. 26 Dec. 10 Nov. 28 Dec. 27 Dec '> 1887 1888 Average date of epeniii{;, March 26; Average date of closing, December 5; average number of days closed, 111. Authorities: IFnited States Weather liureaii, 1896; Mr. AV. U. Simons, observer, Weather I'.ureau, Lacrosse, Wis., 1896. No. 62.— LAKE CHa:MPLAIN, OPPOSITE BURLINGTON. [44° 30' latitude north. Altitude, 95.03 feet. 73^^ 14' longitude west.) Year. Opened. Closed. Year. Opened. I 1816 : Apr. 5 1817 Apr. 16 1818 Apr. 15 1819 Apr. 17 1820 1 Mar. 12 1821 1 Apr. 21 1822 Mar. 30 1823 1 Apr. 5 1824 Feb. 11 1825 ' Apr. 1 1826 Mar. 24 1827 : Mar. 31 1828 ; Open. 1829 1 Apr. 4 1830 ' Apr. 12 1831 Apr. 10 1832 Apr. 17 1833 Apr. 6 1834 1 Apr. 21 1835 1 Apr. 12 1836 Apr. 21 1837 Apr. 28 1838 Apr. 13 1839 Apr. 6 1840 Feb. 20 1841 Apr. 26 1842 Open. 1843 Apr. 23 1844 i Apr. 11 Feb. 9 ,7an. 29 Feb. 2 Mar. 4 Feb. 3 Mar. 8 Jan. 15 Jan. 24 Feb. 7 Jan. 22 j Feb. 9 Feb. 1 Jan. 21 Open. Jan. 13 Jan. 15 Jan. 16 Feb. 6 Feb. 2 Apr. 14 Jan. 10 Jan. 27 Jan. 15 Feb. 2 Jan. 25 Jan. 25 Feb. 18 Open. Feb. 26 Jan. 25 1845 Mar. 26 1846 Mar. 30 1847 Apr. 24 1848 Mar. 31 1849 Mar. 30 1850 Open. 1851 Mar. 30 1852 Apr. 21 1853 Apr. 10 1854 1 Apr. 11 1855 ' Apr. 20 1856 Apr. 18 1857.... 1858.... 1859.... Closed. Year. Opened. ' Closed. Apr. A])r. Ajir. 9 6 2 i 18f)0 Apr. 2 1 1861 Apr. 14 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 Apr. 23 A pi'. 26 M^f. 13 Apr. 5 Apr. 11 Apr. 8 Apr. 15 Apr. 20 Apr. 12 Mar. 12 Ajir. 22 Apr. 25 Mar. 27 Feb. I'eb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Open. Feb. Jan. Jan. Jan. l'\'b. .Ian. ! Jan. j Feb. ; Jan. ; F<-b. .fan. Feb. Feb. Feb. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. < Jan. ; Fell. ! J. in. Jan. 1 Jan. ! Feb. 3 10 15 13 7 1 18 28 28 4 22 12 11 2 23 5 4 17 17 30 20 7 10 25 24 H 29 1 1875 1 Apr. 1876 Apr. 1877 , Apr. 1878 ! Mar. 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1383. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1H94. 1895. 1896. Apr. Mar. Apr. (Feb. \Mar. Apr. Apr. Apr. Apr. /■Jan. \Apr. Apr. Mar. Feb. Keb. Mar. f.L"\u. I Feb. lAjir. Apr. Apr. Feb. Apr. Apr. Jan. Feb. Jan. •Tan. .Tan, 24 Feb. 21 Jan. 10 5 Keb. 4 4 Feb 22 Jan, 19 Jan. Jan. 29 Jan. 24 Jan. 25 15 12 27 I Feb. 22 Jan. 27 Feb. 1 1 Feb. 28 Fob. 12 Mar. 31 i Jan. 27 1 Feb. 2 3 9 i Jan. 15 Feb. 17 Feb. 16 2 15 29 29 2 26 8 9 13 22 7 10 21 7 27 14 Mar. 8 Feb. 14 16 6 30 Feb, 17 Average date of opening, April 1 ; average date of closing, January 26; average nunibof nl' days closed, 64. Autlioriites: Mr. Charles V., Allen and Mr. Thomas U. Canliuld. ■';=''-»: -^m REPORT OF TT. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. 221 Closed. Nov. 29 Dec. 3 D.r. 26 l)f'.'. 10 Nov. 28 Dec. 27 Ih'i-. 2 mbtn-ot'days tber r.ureau, .1.' CKmetl. 30 Jan. 16 24 Feb. 2 .5 ilaii. 15 1 Jan. 29 22 Jail. 29 24 1 Fob. 2 21 i Jail. IG 5 i Kel). 4 4 Feb 25 22 Jan. 26 19 Jan. 8 2.'> Jan. 29 15 tlan. 24 12 Jan. 9 27 I Feb. 13 22 ' Jan. 22 27 Feb. 7 11 Feb. 10 28 Fob. 21 12 Mar. 7 31 J an. 27 27 Feb. 14 2 Mar. 8 3 Feb. 14 9 Jan. 16 V) Feb. 6 17 Feb. ', 30 1 Feb. 17 inil Of of ilay.s No. r,:i.- LAKE PEI'lN, LAKE CVrX. MINN. [44° 30' latitude north. 92° 26' longitnde west.] Year. | Oiiened. Closed, l' Tear. 1849 ' Apr. 9 18.")0 Apr. 10 Itifil ! xVpr. 1 IK.-.2 Apr. 16 IM3 Apr. 11 18.>! I Apr. 8 1K55 1 Apr. 17 18,')6 1 Apr. 18 1857 i May 1 1858 ' Mar. 25 1859 Apr. 19 1860 Apr. 7 1861 ' Apr. 7 1862 Apr. 8 1863 Apr. 5 1864 Apr. 14 1865 Apr. 15 Nov. 24 Nov. 27 Nov. 28 Nov. 28 Nov. 21 Dec. 4 1866, 1867. 1868, 1869 1870, 1871, 1872, 1873, 1874, 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 Opened. Apr. 19 Apr. 19 Apr. 4 Apr. 20 Apr. 15 Apr. 17 Apr. 25 Apr. 17 Apr. 22 Apr. 20 Apr. 22 Apr. 16 Mar. 9 Apr. 4 Apr. 10 Apr. 3 Apr. 6 Closed. Doc. 4 Nov. 29 Dec. 1 Nov. 19 De< . 16 Nov. 21 Nov. 19 Nov. 14 Nov. 24 Nov. 19 Nov. 27 Nov. 29 Dec. 6 Dec. 9 Nov. 18 Nov. 22 Nov. 2 Year. Opened. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1896. Apr. 11 Apr. 16 Apr. 21 Apr. 14 Apr. 15 Apr. 22 ! Apr. 3 Closed. Nov. 15 Nov. 19 Nov 21 Nov 27 Doe. 17 Apr. 15 Apr. 17 Apr. 6 Apr. 14 Mar. 24 Apr. 8 Apr. 13 Jan. 14 Dee. 3 Nov. 23 No.. 21 Nov. 24 Nov. 19 Nov. 23 Avcrafje date of opeuhij^, April 12; averaj;e dat« of closiuj;, November 25; averaue number r. 17 Closed. Dee. 31 Dec. 28 Dee. 21 Dec. 25 Dec. 16 Dec. 26 Dec. 17 Doc. 13 Dee. 13 1 Dec. 19 Dec. 19 Dec. 22 Dee. 27 Dee. 20 1 Dec. 12 !| Year. Opened. 1869. 1870. 1871. 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1.881. 1882. 1883. 1884. Apr. Apr. Closed. 29 Dec. 25; Year. Opened. Closed. 6 Ajir. May May May May May Apr. Mar. Apr. Apr. Apr. Apr. May May Jan. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. 24 I Dec. 30 Dec. 29 ' Dec. 15 Dec. 27 , Dec. 13 ! Dec. 5 Dec. 6 Dec. 13!: 11 15 : 30 i 1 > 31 ' 27 24 9 , 19 16 29 1 19 i 1885. 1880. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1889. 1890. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1896. 1896. May 6 , Apr. 23 I Apr. 30 1 May 1 ' Apr. 19 Apr. 17 I Apr. 22 , Apr. 10 Apr. 22 Apr. 13 Apr. 22 Apr. 19 Dec. 26 Dee. 23 Dee. 24 Jan. 19 Jan. 14 Dec. 24 Jan. 3 Dec. 25 Dec. 13 Dec. 27 Jan. 4 Average date nt' opening, April 24 -, average date of closing, December 22 ; average number "f days closed, 123. Authorities: lion. Judge Ardagh; The Barrie Examinei-, Barrie, Ontarin. No. 65.-LAKE ST. FRANCIS, (;ANADA. [Altitude, 153.50 feet.) Year. Opened. , Closed. Year. 1886 {• 1891. 1887 ' 1892. 18K8 i ' 1892. 1889 1893. 1890 1894. Opened. Closed. I Jan. 11 Dec. 28 Apr. 14 Dec. 14 Apr. 1 ' Dec. 28 Year. 1895. 1895. 1890. 1896. Opened, j (Jlosed. Ajir. 15 ; Dec. 14 Dec. 20 I Jan. 4 Apr. 16 ' .Average date of opening, April 12; average date of closing, December 24; Average number of days closed, 109. .\ntlioritv : Mr. F. (loiirdeau, Deputy Minister of Marine anil Fisheries, Dominion of Canada. Note.— Compared witli Itouses Point, N. Y., for interpolation for twenty years' period. 222 REPORT OF U. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. No.fiti.-L.VNCASTKU I'lEli LIGHT HOTSK, LANCASTEU. <)NTAU1(». Tear. ' Oponed. ('losed. 1862. . . 1863... 1864... 1865... 1866... 1867... 1868... 1869... 1870... 1871... 1872... 1873... Apr. Apr. A pr. Apr. Apr. Ai)r. May Apr. Apr. jMay Apr. .... Dec. 28 Dec. 23 , Dec. 24 I Dec. Dec. Nov Dec. Kov Dec. Nov Dec. 28 Nov ' 9 , 27 I 2 25 9 30 2 23 Year. 1874 Apr. 28 1875 May 3 1876 May 1 1877 Apr. 30 1878 ! Apr. 17 1879 ! May 1 1880 Apr. 22 1881 Apr, 26 1882 Apr. 24 1883 May 1 1884 Apr 26 1885 May 6 (JIOH ^d. N..V. 29 Nov. 27 Dec. 4 Dec. 2 Dec. 3 Nov. 30 Nov. 25 Nov. 27 j Nov. 30 Nov. 30 Nov. 29 Dec. 1 Year. ' UpeiKHl. TSIay 1 May 4 May 1 Apr. 22 Apr. 17 Apr. 28 Apr. 22 May 1 Closed. Dec. 2 Nov. 30 Nov. 25 30 30 I 3 4 Nov. Nov Dec. Dec. Dc. \pr. 23 ' Nov. 30 Apr. 29 . Nov. 30 Mav 1 Average date of opening, ^ ri! ^1 ; .\ verag^. date of closing, December 1 ; average iiiiiiiber of days closed, 147. Authority: Mr. F. Gourdt . > ;;ut ''nister murine and flsheries. Dominion of Canada. .) 67.— LEAVENWORTH, KANS. Tear. [39" 18' latitude north. A.: • ide, 742 feet. 94 ' 57' longitude west.] Clnsed Opened. Feb. 20 Feb."'i 1871... 1872... 1873... 1874... 1875... 1875. . . 1876... 1876 i Fob. 1877 V Feb. 1878 / 1878 1879 1880 1881 .\\ Mar. 14 ■r Mar. 27 Feb. 10 Jan. 6 Mar. 14 Year. Opened. 1882 \ Jan. 21 1883 / 1883 Feb. 25 ..j' 1884 ' Feb. 2.=i 5 ! 1885 \' Mar. 10 1886 1 Feb. 4 1886 j Feb. 20 Dec. 31 1887 Fob. 17 I 1888 \\ Feb. 19 Jan. 4 ; 1889 / Jan. CloHed. Dec. 18 Dec. 14 Dec. 6 Doc. 30 1889. 1890. 1891. Mar. 4 Open. Jan. Dec. 31 Dec. 18 Year. Opened, Chweil. Jan. 7 Dec. 26 Dec. 20 Feb." 24 Open. Feb. 3 1891 \ Mar. 12 1892 / ' Jan. 1892 Jan. 31 i Dfr. 1893 V *'e^' '^7 ! Doc. 1893 Dec. 15 i... 1894. 1894. 1894. 1895. 1895. 1896. 1896. Jan. Feb. 7 27 3 13 28 I Jan. 18 \ Feb. 28 Dec. 12 Feb. 25 Jan. 20 Dec. Dec. Jan. 28 3 Average date of opening, February 18 ; average date of closing, January 7 ; average number of days closed, 42. Authorities: United States Weatlier Bureau, 1896; Missouri River Commission, ''Stages of the Missouri River, " 1894. No. 68.-LITTLE TRAVERSE LIGHT-HOUSE, ^MICHIGAN. [45'^ 25' latitude nortli. Altitude, 579.60 feet. 84° 58' longitude west. ] Year. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. Opened. Apr. 29 Apr. 30 Apr. 12 Apr. 9 Closed. Dec. 12 Dec. 12 Dec, 14 Dec. 18 I! Year. 1891. 1892. 1893. Opened. Ai)r. 15 Apr. 5 Apr. 14 Closed. Year. Dec. 22 Dec. 17 Dec. 12 1894 1895 1896 Opened. , Closed. Apr. 7 ^ Dec. Apr. 16 ! Dec. Apr. 14 17 13 Average date of opening, April 14; average date of closing, December 15; average number of days closed, 120. Authority; Commander J. H. Dayton, U. S. N., Ninth light-liouse district. NoTii.— Compared witli Alpeua, Mich., for interpolation foi' twenty years' perior. 15 Dec. 7 number of days id. REPORT OF U. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. No.70.-LOmsVILLE, KY. [38" 15' latitude north. Altitude, 394.45 Let. 85^ 45' longitude -west.] 223 Year. 184C... 1847... 1848... 1849... 1850. . . 1851... 1852... 1853. . . .854... 1855... 1850... 18,57... 18.58... 1859... 1H60... 1801... 1802... 1803... Opened. Closed. Tear. Open. 10 days] Open. Open. <)l)en. Jan. 28 Open. 12 dayM] Open. CI days 49 days Open. Open. Open. Open. Open. Ojien. Open. [Closed Open. Open. Open. I Dec. 17 Open. I [Closed ' Open. j (Closed i [Closed Open. I Open. Open. Open. Open. Open. Oi)en. 1864. 1865. 1866. 1867. 1868. 1809. 1870. 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1875. 1870. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. Opened. Open. Open. Open. Open. Ol)en. Oi)en. Open. 21 days H5 d ays 21 days Open". Feb. 21 Open. Jan. 13 Open. 30 days] Opeli. Closed. Open. Open. Open. Open. Open. Open. Closed ("lo.sed Closed Open. Jan. 10 Open. Dec. 9 Open. [Closed Open. Dec. 28 Tear. Opened. 1881 .Tan. 31 1882 i Open. 1883 ! Gdiivs 1884 , 22 days 1885 22daVs 1886 1 23 days 1887 '27davs 1888 6 days 1889 ! Open. 1890 Open. 1891 1 Open. 1892 ' 8davs] 1893 44diiy8j 1894 ; Oiien. 1895 i43davs] 1890 Opeii. Closed. Open, ('losed Closed Closed Closed Closed Closed Open. Open. Open. Closed [Closed Open. [Closed Open. Average number of days closed, 11.6. Authority ; Col. W. W. Hito, president Louisville and Evansville Ma (impany. Nu. 71. -MACKINAW (UTV, MICU. [4.5" !)2' latitude north. Altitude, 579.0 feet. 84<^ 52' '■ gitud" \. Rst.] Year. Opened. 1871 1872 1873 leW , 1875 , 1870 , 1877 , 1878 1878 1 Mar. 1879 V Apr. 1880 J 1880 i Apr. 1881 i Apr. Apr. .Apr. May Apr. Ai)r. Apr. Apr. Closed. Nov. 28 (Dec. 27) (Jan. (Dec. 23) 25) Year. Opened. Jan. 15 ' Dec. 15(1 Dec. 15 1882 1883 1883 1884 1885 1885 \ 1880 / 1886 1887 1888 1888 1889 1890 il Apr. Apr. ^5 Apr. 24 May 1 AytV.'ii Apr. 24 May 4 Mar. 27 Closed. Jan. 1 Dec. 2 Jan. Jan. Dec. 27 Jan. 2 Dec. 18 Jan. 4 1890 1891 1892 1893 1893 1894 1894 1895 1895 1896 1890 a Mail carried across the ice December 22. Average date of openinc;, April 15 j average date of closing, December 31; average number of days closed, 105. Aiiihorities: United i^tates We.athor Bureau, 1890; Mr. Geo. "W. Marshall, keeper Old Ma(!kiuaw J'oint light-house; Mr. J.^mes Davenport, keeper McGulpin Point light-house. Note,— Compared with Alpena, Mich., for interpolation for twenty years' period. No. 72.-M.\NKATO, MINN. [44° 08' latitude north. Altitude, 750 feet. 94° 00' longitude west.] Year. 18.55 18.50 1857 1858 1859 181)0 1801 1.^02 1803 1804 1865 1866 1867 1808 Opened. Apr. 10 Apr. 11 Apr. 24 Mar. 18 Apr. 13 Mar. 21 Apr. 1 Apr. 11 Mar. 30 Apr. 7 Ai)r. 8 Apr. 12 Apr. 14 Mar. 28 Closed. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Dec. Nov. Dec. Nov. Dec. Nov. Dec. Nov. Dec. Nov. Tear. 1809 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 Opened. Closed. Te.ar. Apr. 12 Apr. 3 Apr. 3 Apr. 16 Apr. 10 Apr. 10 Apr. 18 Apr. 15 Apr. 10 Apr. 13 Apr. 14 Apr. 7 Apr. 8 Apr. 3 Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Dec. Dec. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. 1883, 1884, 1885, 1886, 1887, 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 Opened. Apr. 13 Apr. 9 Apr. 14 Aj.r. 10 Apr. 13 Apr. 13 Mar. 30 Apr. 17 Mar. 23 Apr. 14 Apr. 23 Feb. 28 Mar. 14 Mar. 2 ('lo.sed. Nov. 13 Nov. 19 Nov. 23 Nov. 17 Dec. 3 Doc. 29 Dec. '> Dec. 9 Doc. 6 Nov. 28 Dec. 18 Dec. G Dec. 4 Average date of opening, April 6; average date of closing, November 27; average number of days closed, i;iO. Aniliority: This table is nnide from the table for St. Taul, using the .statement of Mr. John C. AVise, iiostnnister at Mankato. 'Usually we are from several days to a week later in closing, and as mucb earlier iu ox>euiug here than at St. Paul.' 224 REPORT OF U, S. DEEP WATERWAYS fOMMISSION. No. 7;i.-MARQrETTK LKiHTHOl'SK, MTCITICAN. [46° X\' lat itiul.^ north. 87° 22' longitude went . ) Year. Oponed. t'loaeil. Yonr. 74 May 3 Bcc. 12 7.1 Ma'v 10 Hec. J>ec 18' 18 187G Mav 10 Dec. 8 1877 Apr. 2:1 Dec. 5 1878 Apr. 2 D.t. 7 1879 Miiv 1 Dec. 11 1880 Apr. 21 Dec. 24 1881 May f Dec. 5 1882. I88:i. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1880. Opened. Closed. Apr. 18 ' Dec. 7 Mav 5 Dec. ,'1 Apr. 30 Dec. 20 Mav 8 Dec. 2 Apr. 28 Dec. Mhv 1 Nov. 30 Mav 10 Nov. 30 Apr. 7 Dee. 31 Year. Opened. Closed. 1890. 1891. 1892 18911 . 1894. \m> 1890. Apr. V> Dec. 21 Apr. 27 iJee. l:t Apr. 18 Dec. lo May 7 1). A|>r. 17 Ai>r. 2,-. Ai)r. 20 Dec. 4 Dee. 10 Average date of opening, A]>ril 27 ; average date of closing, December 10 ; average nuinlter of day.s closed, 138. Autho '.iv: Conunander Williani Folirer. T.S. N., I'',l<-ventli liglit-hoiiso disirict. No. 74. .MAKvrKTTi:, .MICH. [4fi ;U' latitude uortli. Altitude, tlOO.69 feet. «7 24' longitude west.) Year. I Opened. Closed. Year. Opened. 1 Closed. Year. Opened, ('losod. 18G4 : Mav 8 : 1875. ISCf) i Ai)r. 28 ' ' 187(5. 186C. 1807. 1868. 1809. Mnv May Mav May 1870 Apr. 30 ! 1871 Mav 1) ! Nov. 22 1872 Ma'v 13 j Nov. 2r> 1873 Mav 21 i Nov, 22 1874 May 13 j Nov. 27 1877. 187.S. 1870. 18H0. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. .May 20 Mav 12 Ma'v 5 Apr. 18 May 8 Mav 4 May 11 Apr. 25 Mav 5 Apr. 30 Mav 11 Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. 24 20 28 20 25 29 23 Nov. 27 Nov. 28 Dec. 5 Doc. ■. 1880 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1890 I Apr. 28 Mav 5 MaV 11 Ap"r. 21 Ai>r. 23 Mav 1 Ai)V. 21 Ma\ 7 Apr. 20 Apr. 29 Apr. 22 Dec. 1 Dec. 1 Nov. 26 Nov. 30 Dec. 3 Doc. 2 Dec. Dec. :i Dec. 4 Dec. 8 Average date of o]iening, May 3; average dat« of closing, November 28; average number of days closed, 156. Authority: T'nited States Weather Hurcau, 1890. No. 7.1.-MENOMINKK LKJnX ITOITSE, MICHKIAN. [45^ 06 latitude nortli. Altitude, 579.00 feet. 87"= 35' loiigituile west.] Year. 0|>ened. i Closed. Year. Opened. Clo.sed. Year. Opene«l. (/'losed. 1887 Apr. 23 ! Dec. 2.3 1891 1 Apr. 1.5 Dec. 26 I 1894 1 Apr. 18 1888 Mav 2 Dec. 27 1892 Apr. 6 Dec. 20 1895 / .Ian. 31 1889 Apr. 4 Dec. 31 1893 Apr. 23 Dec. 12 1895 Apr. 1 Dee. 31 1800 Apr. 15 Dec. 21 | i 1896 Apr. 8 Average date of opening, April 14 ; average date of closing, December ^8 ; average nuirilier of day.s closed, 107. Authority: ("onimauder J. H. Dayton, U. S. N., Ninth liglithouae di.strict. Note. — Conipare (L" latitude north. Altitude, 579.0 feet. H~" .ll' longitiulo west.] Yi'iir. Ujicncd. ('limed. Year. ^ 1871 ; Open. 1871! I Open. 187;i i Open. 1874 Open. 1H7.1 : Open. 187(i Open. 1877 Open. 1878 Open. 1870 Open. Open. 0|)eii. Open. 0|)t'n. Oj)en. Open. 0]>en. 0i)en. (>])en. 1880. 1881. 188'J. 188;). 1884. 188:). 1880. i 1887. I 1888. Opened. Open. Open. Open. Open. Open. Open. Open. Open. Open. C'loHcd. Open. ( )pen. Open. Open. Open. Open. Open. Open. Open. Year. Ojiened. Cloned. Open. Open. 1889.... 1890.... 1891.... 1892 1 Apr. LI I89:t Apr. 13 i 1894 \\ .Ian. If. ; 189.'-, I I 1895 1 Fob. 20 1890 i Open. Open. Dec. Dee. Dee. Dee. linn. Open. lU 10 8 14 .V venipe diite oCoitening. Mareti 10-, iiverajte diito of elosinj;, Febrnarj* 1! 1 ; avera;;e ininilnr of (l:iv« eld.sed.ll. Aiitliiirities : rnitetl States Went her Murcaii ; Mr. M. .T. Dunn, liii' department. No. 78 -MISSION I'OTNT M(i IIT-HOirSK, MIOHIOAN. [44'> .Ml' latitude nortli. 85^ L'H' longitudi' wciit.l Year. 1887. 1888. 188<.t. 1890. Opened, j ( 'lowed . i Year. Apr. 22 ' Dee. 10 Apr. 20 Dee. 19 Apr. 1 I Dec. 20 Apr. 1 ; Dee. 15 1891. 1892. i89;i. Opened. Closed, i; Year. ij Apr. 1 Dec. 17 1894. Apr. 1 Dec. 18 1895. Apr. 7 Dec. 15 ]8Ut!. Opened. I Closed. Mar. 16 ' Doc. 17 Apr. 14 Dec. 15 Apr. Average date of opening, April 5; average date of closing, December 17; average number of days closed, 109. Authority: Commander J. H. Dayton, I'. S. N., Ninth lighthouse district. NoTK.— Compared with Kseanaba, Alich.. for interpolation for twenty years' i)erio(l. No. 7'.».— MONROK, MICH.— UAISIN RIVKR. [41" .52' latitude north. Altitude, 571.35 feet. 8:P 10' longitude west.] Year. Opened. Jan. 7 Closed. 1 Year. Opened. Closed. : Year. 1 Opened. Closed. 1876 Dee. 9 1884 Mar. 19 Dec. 10 1891 Mar. 11 Dec. 18 1877 Mar. 22 Dec. 28 1885 Apr. 1 Dec. 5 1892 Mar. 1 Dee. 20 1878 Mar. 1 Doc. 22 1880 Mar. 9 Nov. 25 1893 M.nr. 11 Dee. 2 1879 Mar. 9 Dee. 17 1887 Feb. 11 Dec. 22 1894 Mar. 5 Doc. 25 1880 Feb. 21 Dec. 6 1888 Mar. 20 Dec. 18 , 1895 Mar. 24 Doc. 7 1881 Mar. 15 Dee. 31 1889 \ 1890 / Mar. 17 1 1890 Mar. 21 1882 Feb. 13 Dee. 8 Jan. 21 i 1883 .Mar. 18 Dec. 15 1890 ilar. 8 Dee. 4 ji 11 A verage date of opening, March 7 ; average date of closing, December 13 ; average nunilier of days closed, 84. AutiioritN : l.ieut. Col. Jared A. Smith, ITnited States Army Kngiueers. H. Doc. 102- -15* H^ 22G REPOKT OF U. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. f^^ Year. Nu.so MONTItKAI., I'UOVINCK (»K l^rKHKC. (45-^ ai' liilitiub' iiortli. Altitii(U«. 211.0 feet. 7:i ' 33' l(>n){ltiub< went.) Year. 1W8. 1840. 18r.O. 1851. 18;V.'. 18r.H. 18,14. 18.'').">. 18.')0. 1857. 18,''.8. 1H50. I860. 1861. 1862. 186.1. 1864. ()|M>Ilt»c. 22 Ai)r. 13 Dec. 7 A pr. 15 Dec. " i Apr. 11 Dec. " Apr. 25 Dci'. 18 Apr. ^^ Dec. 15 Apr. 25 Dec. 6 Apr. 28 Dec. '■- 1 A ))r. 24 Itoc. 3 1 Apr. 18 Dec. y^ \ A pr. U Dec. 1- , Apr. 4 Dec. 11 Apr. 10 Dec. 7 A|)r. 24 Dec. 22 AJir. 23 Dec. 7 1^ Ajir. 25 Dec. 12 Apr. 13 Doc. 11 ll OpeiKtil. i'liiHciI. ilaii. 2 Der. It Dec. 16 Dec. 18 Dec. 7 De.'. 4 Deo. 23 Dec. 14 De.'. 20 Dec. 3 Dec. 17 Dec. 23 Der. 4 De.'. 26 Dec. 5 Averape date of opoiiiiiB, Ai)rll 20; avernRe date of cbwlnK, December 13; nvernge number of days closed, 128. Authority: ^Ir. Alexander Uuliertsuii, secretary barbor coiumiHBtoner.s. No. 81.-AIO()UHKAD, MINN. [46° .'•.2' latitude uortb. Altitude, 86C feet. 06° 44' longitude west.] Year. j Oi)cned. ! ( 'o«cd. V.'ar. Opened, i ('losed. Year. 1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. 187'.l. 1880. 1881 1882. (Apr. Ai)r. (Mar. 1 Ajir. Apr. Apr. 18) Nov. 27 I Nov. 20 (Dec. 15) (Nov. 6 (Nov. 12 (Nov. 23 Nov. 12 Nov. 10 4 4) 3) 5) 15) 15 11 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1880. 1890. Apr. 16 Apr. 19 Apr. 24 Apr. 12 Apr. 12 Apr. 26 Apr. 15 ! Nov. 17 ' I Nov. 10 I Nov. 25 (Nov. 27) Oct. 26 i Nov. 17 I (Nov. 19)' 1891. 1802. 1803. 1804. 1895. 1896. Opened. I Apr. (Apr. (Apr. (Apr. (Apr. Apr. ("loaed. 13) (Nov. 18) (Nov. 27) (Nov. 16) (Nov. 5) (Nov. 20 21) 12: 22) 13) 0) (Apr. 13) (Dec. 4) I Averafie date of openini;, April 18; average date of cloning, November 14; average ti umber of day i cloHcd, 1.15. Autboritv: T'liited St.iteH Weatbi-r Bureau. NoTK. — C'ompurcd witli St. Yincent, Minn., for interpolation for twenty yt^aru' i)eriod. No. 82.-MOUIMS, ILL.-ILLINOIS KIVEU. (41° 23' latitude nortb. 88^ 25' longitude woMt.] Year. Opened. Closed. ■ Year. 10)6 18,57 1858 1850 1860 1801 Opened. Feb. It- Mar. 14 Mar. 1(> Winter. Open. Closed. 1 Dec. 2 : Dec. 1 Mild. Open. Year. 0|)enpd. (Mosed. 1830 Mar. 1 1 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1880 1889 1800 1891 1892 1 ■•} Mar. 8 (Dec. 23i 1R34 Mar. 3 Mar. 5 Feb. 5 Mar. !) Mar. 21) Mar. Ill ( Ipeii. (Feb. 8 1 A pr. 8 Feb. 26 Mar. 15 (Open.) (Feb. 7) ( Nov. 22) 1835 Feb. Mar. Mar. 1 20 20 (Open.) .Intl. 16 (Dec. 29, 1836 1837 Dec. 19 1 381)8 (.)an. 18) 1839 1862 1863 1804 ! 1865 1866 1867 1868 1809 ' 1870 Mar. 10 Mar. 1 Mar. Mar. 10 Mar. 6 Feb. 20 Mar. 7 Dec. 28 Dec. 31 Open. Ig40 , Dec. 27 1841 I'eb. 15 1842 1843 Mar. Apr. Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar. 12 9 15 is' 17 7 11 5 Nov. 16 Dec. 1 De.^ 2 ' ' ' Nov. 20 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 'i)e<'. "i' Dec. Jan. 12 (Ol)eli.) (Open.) 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 Feb. 24 Mar. 10 Mar! '29" Open. Oi)en. Open. Open. (Dec. 24) (.Ian. 10) 1849 i892 1893 1894 1895 1895 1896 1896 . . . (Feb. 4) (Dec. 301 1850 1851 Dec. (Mar. 8) (Dec. 8) (Feb. 0) 185'2 (Mar.l) ■("Feb.28)" (Jan. 8) 1853 Mar. Mar. Mar. 10 1 8 1854 (Jan. 8) 1855 Average date of opening, March 10; average date of cloHing, January 0; iiverage number of days closed, 63. Authority: L. W. Claypoole. Note— Compared vrith Seneca, 111., for interpolation for twenty years" period. 7 1803. 1861. 18(15. ^m>. 1807. 1868. 1869. 1870. 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 .... 1830... 1840... 1841... 1842... 1843 .. 1844... 1845... 1846... 1847.... 1848. 1849. 1850.... 1851.. 1852.. 1853. . 1854.. 1872.. 1873.. 1874... 1875... 1876.... 1877... 1878. . . 1878. . . 1879.... 1880.... ■ f^ KEPOUT OF IT. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. 227 No. H3.-NKBKASKA OITV, NKIU5. [40" 40' latitude north. Altitiulo, 907 feet. O.'i ' Til' longitude went.] Ve,i t 1863 1801 IHOa 1866 1807 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 (>|iOUed. (.'loHed. ! Mar. 1 rFeb. 2 \Dec. 12 Kel). 23 Dec. 10 Fell. 20 Doc. 8 Fell. 28 Dec. Ill Aiir. 2 Dee. 18 F..1.. 23 Dec. Kcli. 28 Dec. 24 Feh. 15 De(. 21 Feb. •»■> Nov. 20 i I'-el). 24 Nov. 28 : Mar. 3 Dee. 3 ; ' Mar. IG Nov. 28 (Mar. \Uec. 25 22 JNov. 22 i i Year. 1876 1877 \ 1878 / 1878..., 1879..., 1880..., 1881... 1882..., 1883... 1884... 1885... 188«. . . 1887..., 1888... 1689. Opened. CloHed. Nov. 30 Open. Feb. 16 Jan. 6 Jan. 19 Dee. 18 Mar. 6 Dec. 11 Jan. 11 Nov. 10 Mar. 24 Dec. 18 Feb. 11 Dec. 8 Mar. 4 Dec. 19 Mar. 15 Dee. 18 Mar. 9 Dec. 7 Mar. 17 Dee. 5 Mar. 9 Nov. 27 Mar. 17 Open. Mar. 1 Jan. 13 Year. 1890. 1801. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1896. (Jpeuwl. (/'loflember 14; average number of dav.s elo.sed, 7.'!. Authority : Tiie Nebra.ska City News, Decaniber 20, 1895. No. 84.-()GDKNSBUKG, N. Y. [44 43' latitude north. Altitude, 244.28 fuet. 75'^ 30' longitude west.) Year. Opened. Apr. 12 A pr. 2 Apr. 4 Apr. 20 Apr. 20 Apr. 12 Apr. U Apr. Apr. Alar. May A pr. Apr. Apr. Apr. 20 Apr. 4 Apr. 14 Mar. 311 A pr. 5 Apr. 5 Apr. 4 Apr. 13 Closed. Dec. Doc. Nov. Dee. Doc. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dee. Dee. Dec. Dec. Dee. Dec. Dee. Dec. Dee. Dec. Dec. Dee. Dee. Year. 1855. 1856. 1857. 1858. 1859. 1860. 1861. 1862. 1863. 1864. 1865. 1866. 1867. 1868. 1869. 1870. 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876. Opened. Apr. 21 Apr. 29 Apr. 25 Ajir. 8 Apr. 12 Apr. 9 Apr. 12 Apr. 11 Apr. 14 Apr. 18 Apr. 13 Apr. 11 Apr. 17 Apr. 1 Apr. 14 Apr. 11 Mar. 21 Apr. 17 Apr. 15 Mar. 31 Apr. 27 Apr. 14 Closed. Dec. Dec. Dec. Doc. Dec. Dec. Dec. Vw. Dec. Dec. Dee. Dee. De«;. Dec. Dec. Dec. Year. Opened. I Closed. 1877.. 1878.. 1879.. 1880.. 1881.. 1882.. 1883.. 1884.. 1885.. 1886.. 1887.. 1888 . . 1889.. i 1890.. 1891.. 1892.. 1893.. 1894.. 1895.. 1896. . Apr. 10 Mar. 21 Apr. 19 Apr. I Mar. 26 Mar. 28 Apr. 13 Apr. 7 Apr. 23 Apr. 10 Apr. 15 Apr. 11 Apr. Apr. Ai)r. Apr. Apr. Apr. Apr. Apr. Dec. 12 Dec. 18 De(-. 14 Dec. 25 Dee. 15 Dec. 18 Dee. 6 14 15 17 20 18 15 Dec. Dei'. Dec. Dee. Dec. Dec. Dec. 20 Bee. 18 Dec. Dee. Dec. 13 15 15 ^ .\v(;raKo date of npcning. April 10; average date of closing, December 15; average number of days cld.sed, 116. .Vutboritit'H; Fifth Annual Report of the State AVeather Bureau. New York; Mr. ATilliam Petus, special deputy collector. No. 86.-OMAHA, NEBR. [41 ' 16' latitude north. Altitude, 960 feet. 05'^ 56' longitude west.] Year. Opened. Closed. ! Year. ■■] Opened. Closed. Year. 1 Opened, Closed. 1872 Apr. 10 Mar. 10 Mar. 19 Mar. 30 Apr. 3 Mar. 2 Feb.' 19 Mar. 9 Apr. 5 1881 1882 Apr. 13 'Jan.' "'2' Dec. 1 Dec. 29 Dec. 17 1 Dec. 9 Nov. 30 Nov. 20 1889 Mar. 4 Mar. 19 Mar. 22 "Felj."26' Mar. 12 Mar. 4 Feb." Nov 28 1873 Dec. 4 Nov. 22 Nov. 23 Nov. 24 'Jiui.""4 Dee. 18 Dec. 10 Doc. 28 1890 --- Dec. 8 1874 1882 Mar. 10 Mar. 9 Apr. 5 Apr. 14 Mar. 17 Mar. 12 Mar. 16 1891 1892 1892 1893 1894 1 1895 ' 1895 1896 1 ::} ... ;:} 1875 1883 Feb. 4 1876 1884 --. Dec. 10 1877 \ 1878 . J ' 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 "\ Dec. 1 1878 1879 Jan. 4 Dec. 2 1880 Jan. 18 Feb. ; Average date of opening, Mareli 16; average date of closing, December 14; average number of days closed, 92. Authorities: I'nited States AVeather Bureau, 1896; Mr. Lucius A. \Yelsli, observer, "Weather Bureau, Omaha. H 'jmw^ 228 REPORT OF U. S. DKEP WATERWAYS COMMKSSIU.N ^7 Xo. «6.— (ISHKOSII, WIS. -LAKE AVTXNKUAt ;(>. |44^ Oli' latitude north. Altitude, 750 tort. )<8 ' li'J' lonuitudf west. | Veni'. Oix'iit'd. Closed. Year. Opened. Closed. I ^'eaI•. Oi (lied. rlrscd. Apr. -JO Nov. 17 '! 1879 ! Apr. 17 I ' 188!) I Apr. .^ ■ " '■ Mar. :!0 Nov. Hi 18!i() ' Ajir. II May 2 Nov. 24 18'.l| Apr. Is Mar. li) Nov. -j;) lMt2 Apr. IL' 1869 1870 .\pr. 11 Nov. U ,i 1880. 1871 Apr. li: 1881 1871: Nov. 10 > 188'J 1873 188;) Apr. II Nov. 20 lH!i:i Vj.r. P 1874 ' Apr. 21 Nov. 23 I 1884 Apr. 22 ' Nov, 24 is;i4 Apr. T) 1875 '' 1 1885 Apr. 27 Nov. 28 181I,". Apr. i,") 1870 1880 Apr. 21 Nov. Ml 1800 Apr. i:i 1877 Apr. 20 N»v. 28 i 1887 Apr. 21 Nov. 21 1878 ■ Apr. 6 Nov, 20 li 1888 Apr. 21 Nov. 17 Nov. Uec. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. 28 2 27 r.) 11 19 22 .Vvcrasic date of openiuc, April 14 ; average date of ( losiii;:. Noveiidier 22 : average iiiiiulier (d' days <.l(isi'd, 14:i. Authority: The Cook aii.i Mrowii Lime Company. Oshkosh. Wis. No. 87. -OSWEGO, N. Y.— LAKE ONTAKIO. ;43'^2n' latitude north. Altitude, 244.");) feel. 70" r.' lon^ilude west.l Year. Opened. Closed. Year. Oi»eued. (."losed. Yea I'. Opened. Cloned. 18,35 1K36 I8;i7 1838 ; 18,39 i 1840 184i 1842 184:1 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 { 1849 IftW 1851 1852 1853 j 1854 { Apr. Apr. Apr. O 10 1 Apr. Apr. Apr. Apr. Mar. 3 4 8 7 Apr. Mar. 8 15 Mar. 28 Mir. 24 Mar. 25 Jan. 8 Apr •'■> Mar. 28 Mar 21 Mar. 20 Apr. Jan. 1 19 Mar. 12 ■fan. 18 I'eb. 27 '**''•' \ Feb. 1850 Apr. 18,57 Apr. 18.'.!) Apr. 18.^9 Apr. 1860 Mar. 1801 Ajir. 1802 1 Apr. 1863 Apr. 1804 Apr. 1865 Apr. IHCfi Mar. 1867 Apr. 1808. Apr. 1809 A))r. 1870 Aiir. 1871 Mar. 1872 ' Apr. 1873 Apr. 1874 1 Mar. 1875 1 Apr. 1876 i Apr. Apr. 14 I1.T. 20 Mar. 11 Dee. 10 .\pr. Dec. 10 Mar. 10 AverayP date of opening, April 4: avera^je date of clo.Minn, cloned, 108. DcccMilicr 17; averHKc nuniher of da\ s Authorilie.m Eiftli Annual Ueport of llii> State Weather Hureaii, ISOI: I'lilted State IJiireau, 181)0; Mr. Alh'u W. I'oucher, special deputy colleitor; New Viuk Moterolo;;y. secoiul aeries, iiy K. H. IIoukIi. Note. 'Ihc river at Oswcfjo Holdoni freezes, except when tlio tloatiinf ice jjcts lodjjcd for at a timt> ii. midwinter, and owasioually v cs^ol-'arrisoaiul tk'i)art in all tin; u inter months. of 1850 was exceptionally late, ami on the lOdli (d Apiil tis.lms "iryssod thonvcr near ItrAmou lake wa.s I'ruzcu ae I'ur us cuuld be Been. A propeller Hiavleft tli8 harboi on Uio lHUi was in HiKlit.. s Wc.itlier 185(1-180;!, a fow days 'I'LCujirin^ Ih, !\:n\ llie tljrouii.tya tl 1840..., 1SI7.... 1848... 184!)... IH.'ill 1851... 18,52... 18,5;i..., 1854..., 1855.... 18,50..., 1857 .. 18.58..., 18,511..., 1800.... 1801.... 1862.... 1841... 1842. . . , I84:t... 1844..., 1815... 1840. . . . 1847..., 1848.... 1849.... 1S50.... 18,5(1.... 1851.... 18.52 .. 18.5;! . . . 18.53. .. 1854 . 18.54.. 18.55.. 18,50.. 1856.. 1857.. 1858.. 18.58.. 18.59 . 18.59.. J80y... 18lil. ISOl 1802 1S02. 180;!. REPORT Ol' U. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. 220 B N,,. KS. -OTI'AWA KrVKI!, OITAWA, ( »\l' A 1!I( i. [45 Iti' hititudi! iiorlli. Alliliidi', llil Coot. 7.'> • 42' longitude west.J Vrar. Oiiciicd. Cliiscd. 184») Ajir. ISIT May IMH Aliv. 184it Apr. 1K-,(I Aiir. .1H')I Apr. ]85i; A])!-. ]8r>:i Apr. 18r,4 Vpr. ]85r. Ai)r. iar.C Apr. 1857 Apr. 1858 Apr. 185".> Apr. 1800 Apr. 18()1 Apr. 180J Apr, II V<'iir. OiM'.ncd. (!lo.st!d. Vciir. ; Opened. I CIosimI. Nov. Nov. Nov. Dec. Nov. Nov. Nov. Dee. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Dec. Nov. 20 2S> 4 2;t 24 ;«) 2 21 liO 25 20 28 20 2 24 180;t.... 1864.... 1865.... 186C.... 1867.... 1868.... 186!).... 1870.... 1871.... 1872.... 187:i.... 1874 . . . . 1875.--. 187f..... 1877.... 1878.... ?879.... Apr. 26 Apr. 20 Apr. 10 .\|ir. 23 Apr. 25 Apr. 25 Apr. 27 .\pr. 18 Apr. 11 Apr. .\pr. May .May May A pi'. Apr. Ki Mav ;i Nov. Dec. Dec. Deo. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Dec. Nov. Nov. ao I 1 1 :t() lit 18 30 27 20 16 15 20 ■M) 1 ;io 20 1880 Apr. 20 1881 Apr. 20 1882 Apr. 27 1883 Apr. 27 18S4 May 2 1885 1 May 7 1880 Apr. 26 1887 Ai)r. 28 1888 Apr. 30 188!) Apr. 20 1890 Apr. 20 1891 Aiir. 20 18'.t2 Apr. 28 1893 Apr. 27 1804 Apr. 23 1805 Apr. 19 1890 Apr. 27 Nov. 22 Nov. 19 Nov. 28 Nov. 24 Nov. 22 Nov. 26 Nov. 27 Nov. 24 Nov. 22 Nov. 29 Nov. 24 Nov. 20 Nov. 24 Nov. 20 Nov. 22 Nov. 21 Avorage date of oponing. April 25; average date of closint;, Noveiiilier 20; averaui' 7inml)er of days closed. l.'iO. Aiitlioritle.s; Mr. I'", (iourdeaii. deputy iiiiniater marine and lislieric's, Canada; Mr. It. W. Slieplicril, luunagin}; director (Htawa Kiver Navigation (lonipany. N...80.— OTSKtJO LAKK, COorKUSTOWN, N. V. [42° 50' latitude north. Allitiido, 1,300 feet. 74'^' 54' longltudo west.] Year. ' Opened. Closed. Year. 1841 Apr. 25 • 1863. 1842 Mar. 30 1,1804. 1843 Apr. 20 1, 1864. 1844 Apr. 13 1805. Opened. .\ Apr. 23 • J Closed. Year. ' Opened. (Mosed. I Apr. 21 Jan. 3 .Jan. ""« 1845 Ap-'. 1 1846 Apr. 7 1847 Apr. 25 1848 Apr. 10 1849 \ Aiir. 7 1H50 / Fell. I 1850 Apr. 24 Dec. 30 1851 Mar. 30 Dec. 24 1852 \ Apr. 26 1853 / Jan. 17 1853 \ Apr. 9 1854 ( Ian. 2t 1 1871. 1854 Apr. 20 Dec. 20 I 1872. 1855 ) Apr. 24 ! 1873. 18()3. 1866. 1806. 1867. 1807. 1808. 1808. 1809. 1870. 1870. 1871, Ai)r. Jan. 7 Ai)r, 14 Jan, 3 \' Apr. 15 I i Jan. Apr. 10 Dec. 27 Apr. 21 ' Jan. 8 Apr. 10 I .Ian. 4 Dec. 21 .Vpr. 2V I Dee. 24 Mav 4 .1 Jan, Apr. 20 Dec, 18 Ajir, A])r, 18.56,., 1850. . . 18.'-'7... 1858,.. 18.58,.. 1859 1'....: Ian 18,59 1 Mar, 30 Dii 3860 \^ Apr 18G1,,, 1801... J882 ., 1862, . , 1863... 1874 1 ; .Ian, 26 Feb. 5 1881. 1882. 1882, 1883, 1883. 1884. 1884. 1885, 1885, 1886. 1886. 1887. 1887. 1888. 1889, 1889, 1890, 1890, 1891. 1892. 1892. .\ Apr. 25 I ■-)■ \ pr. .\ Apr. 20 ■ I .\ Apr. 22 I \ Apr, 26 ,\ Apr. 11 l^ \\ Apr, 14 1874 ; Mav 5 | Dec, 31 : 1875 \: Mav 7 I I 1876 / ....: ! Jan, 13 .'( 1893 1876 1 Apr, 26 j Dec. 17 1894 !> 1877 1 Ajir. 27 i 1894 28 . 1878 / 7 ,i lrt78 \| Apr. 1 ' Jan. 8 il 1879 l\ . . Apr, 8 .\ Apr. 15 Apr. 5 Apr. 17 1879 \ Apr, .to .fan. 5 II 1880 J W Apr, 32 il 1880 J Jan, J7 Mar. 22 1 1 Apr. 19 Apr. 7 Jan, 29 i 1895,.. j. 1396 1 .Fan, 3 ' 1890 Apr, 18 I I Foil. R I Doc 29 ;, .Ian. ■Ian. •Ian, Jan, •Ian, •Ian, ,\ Apr. 14 - . A pr, 28 j 1 >ec ,1 Apr, 30 Jan. Dec. dan. D.C. Jan. 6 19 ii 30 Ian. 19 Feb. 22 Dec, 25 20 28 1 1 29 C\ Avei'.igoiliilo uf oponiMir, Apiil 17, iivei-ngo duto of lOosIng, JamiHry Tj average number of duy.s imo, WIS. 146 50' latitude north. Altituilo, 000.0'J J'eet. UU 2:>' lougitudc woat.) Year. Opened. | Closed. Year. Opened. Closed 1874 May 5 IHT.'i Mav 17 lh7() Muv 20 1877 A\)r. 27 1878 Apr. 7 1879 ' Apr. Y~ 1880 May 2 If^l Mav Nov. 28 Nov. 29 Dec. 1 Kov. :w Nov. :iO Dec. 12 Nov. 16 l;i Nov. 22 1882 Ai>r. 28 1883 Mux 8 1884 Mav 10 188") May 12 1886 Mav 7 1887 May 10 1888 Mav II ;889 Apr. 17 Year. Opened, i Closed. Nov. 28 Nov. 2i» Nov. 2>.t j Nov. 2!) Nov. 28 Nov. 2i> Nov. 27 Nov. 2'>• lonRitude we.st.] Vear. Opened. , Closed. Year. 1(^67. 1808. 1809. 1870. 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1876. A pr. Apr. AJir. Ajir. Mar. May M ay- Ma V May Mny 10 1.". 24 18 2'* "it 7 4 15 4 Nov. Dee. Nov. Dee. Dee. Dee. Dee. Nov. Dee. Pec. 29 28 1 11 31 2 6 1877 1 Mav 1 1878 Mar. 19 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1S8.''.. 1U86. Ai>r. Mar. Ajtr. Mar. Aiir. Aiir. May A pi-. 20 20 20 20 3 15 D.e. 8 Dee. 14 Dee. 4 Dee. 1 Dee. 31 Dee. 13 Nov. 17 Dee. 1 Dee. 10 Dee. 11 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891. 1802. 1893. 1894 . 1895. 1896. (Jpcned. Close d. Apr. 30 D,e. 8 Mny 4 Dee. 4 Apr. 14 Dee. 1 Apr. 14 Dee. 8 Apr. 18 Ncn. 30 Mav f. Uvc. Apr. 12 De.'. 4 Mav. 17 Dee. 3 Apr. 2(1 Dec. 28 Apr. 20 . . ■ A\ erai;i' date of ojienins, .Vpril 19; average date of closing, Di'ceiiiher 0; aver;ine niinilier of days cloHed, 134. Aiitlioritits : Oeiieral Keiioit I'ulil c Works. Caiiiid;i, 18()7-1882; Anniiiil l!c|)orts oC I lie I)c));nliiient of Itailwaysand Canals. Dominion o'' Ciiiiaiia, 1883 1H89; Dejiarluient of I'lililic Works, Doiiunion of Canada, 1890. No. 92.— PASSAOI'; ISLAND LIOHT IKll SK, I.A IvK sri'KHlOK. f48°14'latitndenortli. Altitude. 600.09 feet. 88' 22 longitude \v.st.| Year. 1883. 1884. 188,-.. 1880. 1887. Opeiiod. I Closed. Year. i Ojtened. Closed. Mav Mf»'v Mav .Mav Ma'y Nov. 30 Nov. 21 Nov. 15 Nov. 11 Nov. 10 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. Mav 14 Apr. 30 Apr. 28 Mav 8 May 1 Nov. l.l Nov. 12 Nov. 28 Nov, 28 Nov. 20 Year. 1893.... 1894.... 1895.... 1896.... Opened. Closed. Mav May Ajir. Apr. 20 Nov. 2 Nov. 18 Nov. i;.( 22 21 23 Average date of opening. May .I; average «ned. (Jlosud Vear. Ojiened. Closed. Year. Opened.! Closed. 1879. 1880 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884 .Ian. Mar. 3 Open. Feb. 24 Feb. IK 1885. 1 Dee I Nov . Ojivii Doc. I 0|i«li /Jan. I Dee. I"'""- " '1 Ian IHHO IW17. 1R88. (Feb. ■ (Dec. .: Feb. .| Feb. lH« Fob. 20 Mar. 3 Feb. 20 Mar. 6 10 Feb. Fob. 17 Alar. 1 Mar. 6 Mar. 14 Fob. 20 Mar. 15 Feb. 14 Year. Opened. Closed. Closed. ; Doc. 14 Nov. 19 Jan. 21 Dec. 15 Nov. 24 , Dec. 21 I)e.>. 6 De.^. 9 D.!C. 9 Dec. 12 Dec. 14 Dec. 8 1 Dec. 20 Dec. 4 Nov. 25 Dec. 26 Dec. 21 Feb. 3 Dec. 3 1877 F'eb. 15 Open. 1878 Open. Doc. 15 1879 Mar. 12 Dec. 12 1880 .Jan. 2 Nov. 26 1881 \ Mar. 17 1882 /. ; Jan. 12 1882 ' Jan. 20 Dec. 8 1883 Mar. 7 | Dec. 16 1884 Mar. 16 ! Dec. 15 1885 Mar. 19 i Dec. 7 1886 i Mar. 15 Dec. 1 1887 Fel). 21 I Nov. 28 1888 (Mar. 19) | Dec. 15 1889 (Mar. 19) Open. 1890 Open. Open. 1891 Feb. 4 Jan. 12 ijqo Vi.i, (1 /Jan. 2 ^'^^- ^'^"- •' \Dec. 19 1893 Mar. 14 Nov, 23 1894 Mar. 10 Dec. 24 1895 Mar. 15 Nov. 26 1896 Fob. 24 Averaj;o date of opening, February 21 ; average date of closing, December 17; average number of days clo.-ied. i. Caiit. Ilenrv Dctweiller, Aliss Mary K.Cleveland, river observer. Noi'E.— Compared witli t^eneca, 111., for interpolation for twenty years' period. No. 95.— PEKCfi, QUKISEC. [48<= 31' latitud(! north. 04^ 13' longitude west.) Y'ear. Opened. Closed. 18(i7 I8r)8 181)9 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1870 1877 May 11 Nov. Mav 11 .Nov. May 10 Nov. May Nov. .May 4 Nov. May 9 Nov. May 9 Nov. Mav i Nov. Mav 17 Ih-r. Mav 12 Dec. May 3 Nov. 9 14 27 15 10 Year. 1878.... 1879.... 1880 1881.... 1882... 1883.... 1884.... 1885.... 1880.... 1887.... 1888.... Opened. I Closed. Year. Opened. Closed. Apr. 11") Apr. 15 Apr. 19 Apr. 21 Apr. 29 -Apr. 23 Ajtr. 25 May 1 Apr. 12 .\pr. 20 Apr. 22 Dec. 2 Nov. 27 Dec. 1 Nov. 1 Dec. 7 Nov. 2;i - I Doc. Nov. Doc. Nov. Nov. 1 18 1 5 23 23 1880.... 1890.. . 1891 . . . . 1892... 1893.... 1894.... 1895.... 1896.... 1890.... Apr. 20 Ajtr. 17 Apr. U Apr. 15 Apr. 10 Apr. 10 Apr. 15 Apr, ■' Dec. Dec. Dec Dec. Dec. Die. 20 21 24 5 5 22 .Jan. Average date of opening, April 25; average date of closing, November 2'J; average number of day* closfd. 14". Authority: Departnieiil of I'uldic Wiuks, Dominion of Canada, 1890. No.90.-1'ICTOU, NOVA SCOTIA. |45 41' latitude north. 02 ' 42' longitude west \ear. Opened. Closed. 1807 1 1808 I8tt!) \ 1870 / Juu. 14 1870 1871 1872 Apr. 15 Mar. 23 Apr. 25 Ai>r. 19 Apr. 1 .May 3 Apr. 15 Aiu'. 7 Apr. 15 Doc. 27 Dec. 15 Dec. 24 1873 Dec. 18 1874 Dec. 28 1875 1876 Dec. 1 Dec. 'J7 1877 Dec '-'8 1878 Duo. 28 .'1 Year. Ol)ened. 1870.. 1880.. 1881.. 1882.. 1882.. 1883.. 1884.. 1885. . 1880.. 1887.. 1888.. 1889.. Apr. 2 Apr. 30 Apr. 18 Apr. A pr. .Vpr. Apr. Ajir. .Vpr. Apr. 24 10 17 21 3 11 15 ('losed. V Dec. Dee. •Ian. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. 4 30 23 24 31 30 Jan, 14 1889 1890 1890 1891 1892 1892 1893 1891 1895 18U0 18UU II A\ eragi < I'ised. (Apr. 7) (\ov, it)i 1890. (Apr. 17) Nov. 2ti I im»l. H74 Mar. 24 Nov. 18 1882 i875 Apr. 10 Nov. 10 i 1883.... 1876 Nov. 22 1884 Mar. 20 Dee. It 1877 Mil r. 27 Dee. 10 1885 Miir. 18 Dec. 7 1893 1878 M.ir. 18 Dee. 7 1880 Mar. 23 (Oct. 31) 18'.)4 1879 Mar. 23 (Oct. 1,")) 1887 Apr. 18 Nov. 20 18!),'> 1880 (Apr. II) (Nov. 4) 1888 Apr. 17 Nov. 10 1896 1881 (Apr. 12) (Nov. 8) 1889 : Apr. IS Nov. 25 i I ll ' I I .\pr. 6 i N.n-. 3r Mar. 12 ^ Nov. 21 1802 Mar. 27 Dee. 2 .Apr. 7 Nov. 12 Apr. Nov. 18 Mar. 21 Nov. 22 Mar. 27 i Average date of opv ning, Marc^h 30; average date of closing, November 28: averagenuuiberof dav:' closed. 122. Autliorities: I'nitt'd States Weutber Hiireau, Mr. Frank O. Stetson, observer \Yeather P.iireau, Pierre. NoTK. — Dat<'8 from 18" 1-1889 are for Fort Sullv.wben station wan removed to Pierre. Dales from 1890-1890 are for Pierre 12 miles below Fort .Sully. Compared witb Maukato, Minu., for inteii)ola- tiou for twenty years' period. No. 98.— PITT.SI?URa. PA. [40° 32 latitude north. Altitude, 699 feet. 80" 02' longitude west.] Year. Opened. CloNcd. 1870. 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1870. 1877. 1878. Open. Ojien. Open. Open, (•lien. Open. Oiien. ojjeii. Open. Open. Open. OJieii. Oi)en. Olien. OJien. 0])en. Open. ()])en. Year. Opened. Clo.sed. 1879 Open. Open. 1880 Open. Open. 18X1 Open. Open. 1882 ; Open. Open. 188:t Ojien. Open. 1S84 Olieii. Open. 188r. Open. Open. 1880 : Oi)eu. Operi. 1887 1 Open. Oiien. Year. 1888. 18H9. IHOO. IS'.M. 1S92. 1S!)H, |Ki»4. W.K>. 1890. 1 ipei.eu. t loseu. O ten. F t;;. ice. ritg. ieo. Open. Open. < »jieu. Open. M|„ u. Open. l>tv. 28 .Ian. 28 < ijii'ti. (»peii. < 'pen. l"eb 2S Feb. 3 .Jan. .Ian. 4 Average date of opening, January 29; average date of elonng, .lanuary 27' average number of days closed. 2. 2. Authorities: Keport of United States Cliief Sign:d Ollieer; Mr. T. I'. Koberts. 1872.. is;:i., 1H7I.- 187;'). lH7ii. 1877.. 187S. 187S.. 1879 . 1879. 1880. 1881. 1K82. 1883. 1884. No. 99.-POINT PLliASANT, \Y. VA. -KANAWHA UIVICK. |38- 53' latitude nortli. Altituv<>r;u.'e number of days ibmed, 12. , utiioiitieh: i'ol.(; H. Thonins, Ml. II. Fry, Mr. Uob.Mt Kiger. KuiK.— CoMip ■. «hI with (;iiiiileston. NV, Yu',, for interpolation for twenty years' period. I«fi7.... i8i;rf 18ii9.... 1870... I,s71.... 1X72.... 1873... 1H74. . . 1H7,'. .. 1870. u'-f UEPOKT 01'^ V. S. DEKP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. 233 %^ ^■|^.•1|■. .\i.. 100. I'oll'l' .\KTIirK, O.NTAlMi). [48 2-»' lalilmle iiorlli. Altilude, 600.00 feet. SO 'J8 ',iint;ituil.' ucst. | (ipciicd. CIi .^<1. 1872... 187:!... 1874... 187.''.. . 187(! .. 1877... 1878. . 1878 Apr. 2:! 1879 Apr. 25 M:iv jMiiy Apr. Mar. !l II II) •JH 17 I )cr 1.-) D.c 9 ! \Ur 2:i Dec 27 .1 Jill). Dec. Dec. 10 :iO 28 ^'^:I^. 'Ipi'liicl. ('l(/si'(l. 1880... 1881... 1882... 1883... 188,5... 188(5... 1887... 1888... Apr. 28 Apr. 25 A 1)1-. 28 May H Mav 10 May U Apr. 29 May 11 iMii'v 21 Dor. Dec. Dec. U(;c. Doc. Dec. Dec. D.'c. ;;o 111 27 u 27 20 22 29 Vciir. 1880.... 1890.... 1891.... 1802 1891!.... 1894.... 1895.... 1890 > )lll'lR'll. (, i().>.. .1. Apr. Hi Mav 2 May 2 M;iy 1 MaV 22 Mav :i .Vpr. 2!) Apr. 27 Uer. Dec. Do.'. Dcr. Des', Dec, Dec, 21 2,'; 1.-I 1 \<: 2U Average (l:ite ipf i>peiiiiii.f, Ma\ 1: a\iTaf;(^ dato nf i lo.siii;;, December 21; aver:ig(> luiiiilii r of dav.s closed, i:il. ' ' .\ullii>rilie.H: .\iinual Iteixirts of the Department of IliiilwavH and Canals, Dominion of C'liiada, 188;i-lfit>l'ii. — Ooiupared with I'oit liomn. Slich., for interpobilioii for twenty sears' period. ! No. 102 - I'OK T DOVKK, ().\ I'AKlO. [42 ' 47' hilitnde north. .Mlitude, 571.3". feet. 80 111 ^.ll.^'itode we.sl. Year. Opened, Closed. 1867. 1808. 1800. 1870. 1871. 1872. ... Apr I) ... Ai)r. 10 ... Apr. 24 .... Apr. 22 ... Apr. 3 .... Apr. 30 1873 Apr. 28 IH74 Apr. 15 \Hl!i .Mav 1876 \pr, 19 Dec. Dec. Dee. Dec. Doc, Doc, Nov, Xov. .Nov. Dee. fov. 18 A pr. n No\, 6 ,\l)r. H Dec 20 .\ pr. 4 Do -0 Ai.r. 2i; Di V 2 -Vpr, ;; Dec, 15 .\pr. 1., I.'cc. 12 Apr. 3 . . . . .\\er,ij.'e dale of openin^j. .\iiril 1 'i : avciiijic ibiie of rlosio'.; December 4 , avera:;ti nomber of dayH closeil. 132. Authority; Deparliipenl of I'liblic \\drU«, Dominion of Cauaila, 1896. u *# 234 REPORT OP U. S. DEEP WAFERWAYS COMMiaSION. 1 Xo. 10;i.— roKT llOl'K, ONTAUIO. [4;t° 56' latitude north. All initio, ;;44.5;i t'vvt. 78^ 15' Uingittuto woat.] Year. | Ojiened. I Closed. 1867 Apr. 1 I l)<>c. 1808 Apr. 1 ! Dec. 1869 Apr. 1 I IVc. 1870 ; Apr. 1 Di'c. 1871 ! Miir. 21 Dec 187J Apr. I : Dec. 187;i j Apr. 1 l»ec. 1874 Apr. 1 1 Dec. 1875 1 Apr. 1 i Dec. lS7tl : Apr. 1 I l)e«'. 1877 ' Apr. 1 Dec. 11 7 11 i:i 4 II U Year. 1878 187U 1880 1881 1882 188:t 1884 1885 188(i 1887 1888 ()])ened. Closed. Ajjp. Ai.r. .Mar. Apr. Mar. Apr. Apr. Ajir. A pr. Apr. Apr. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. I).'C. Dec. Dec. Dec. 8 9 15 (i 8 13 I 12 I ^?' 12 10 I Y'car. Opened. I Cloned. 1889. . 1890.. 1891.. 1802.. 189:i.. 1894.. 1895.. 1890.. A pr. Mar. Apr. Ajtr. Apr. Open Ai)r. Apr. 2 20 Dec. R Doc. r> Dec. 15 Dec. 12 Open. Open. .Fan. 2a Dec. G Averafjc date of openinj;, Ajiril :!; avera;;i- dale of clo.sinfj, December 15; avcra;;e number of days dosed, 109. Antlioritio.-*: General Keport I'ublic Works, <^inada. 1807-1882: .Vnnual IJt>portM of tlio Dcparlmont of Kaihvavs and Canals, Dominion of Canada, 1883-1889; Department of I'liblic NVorks, Domiuiou of Canada, 1896. >4 1874.... 1875.... ]87(i.... 1877.... 1K78.... 1879.... 1880 1881 . . . . No. 104.- I'OKT HUKOX, MICH. [43C 00' latitude north. Altitude, 579.0 feet. 82° 26' longitude west.] Year. Opened. Close*!. 1871 Mar. 10 Nov. ,10 1872 Apr. 12 : Nov. 21 1873 Apr. 14 ' Nov. 19 1874 1 Mar. 23 Dec. 2o 1875 Apr. 10 Dec. 11 1876 Apr. Dec. 10 1877 Apr. 2.1 Dec. 9 1878 .. Mar. 24 Dec. i:> 1870 : Apr. 3 Dec. 14 Year. Opened. Closed. Mar. 7 Apr. 18 188(» Mar 1H8I Apr. 27 18^2 1883.... 1884.... 1884.... 1885.... 1886.... 1887.... Opened. Closed. Apr. 8 Apr. 2.1 Mar. 28 Ajir. 12 Mar. 10 Apr. 1 Mar. 30 Apr. 19 Apr. 2 AjSr. Mar. Ai)r. A pr. 1 11 7.-c. 10 De. Det '>3C Dec, 1). IJ ..• Dec Dec 20 5 .'•) ."> 20 !(( HI 1881. 1882. 1883. .. Ajir. 10 ... Apr. 1 ... Apr. 14 1884 Apr. I 1885. 1880. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1889. .\ jir. .. Mar. 21 . . Apr. 4 .1 :Mar. 31 ..1 Mfvr. 15 Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Yiiar. Ojioned. ('loaed. Dec. 24 i 18!M) Mar. 27 1891 1 Mar. 17 j ! 1892 1 1 d.in. 12 1892 Fob. 26 I Dec. 25 i 1893 \ Mar. 25 ; 1894 (\ lau. 10 1894 Mar. 14 Dec 1895 Apr. 4 Dec. , 1830 Mar. 29 Feb. I) Dec. 28 27 lU I Average diite of openinv, March 30; average datti of closing. December 18; average number of da.vs closed, 102. .Author. 'ies: Oeneral report i'ublio Works, CmiiihIm. 1807 18H2: Annual Report of the De|iarlnient ot Railwu,>^ (Hid Cmials, Domiuiun of Canada, 1883-1889: Department of Public Works, Dominion of Cauuda', xa90. I 9^*9 1887... 1888... 1889... 1890. . . 1891... 1887.. 1888 . 1889.. 1890.. "\ REPORT OF IT. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. 235 ^ I m^ No. 100.— l^ORTAOE TilVER MCnT-nOTTSK, MICHIGAN. . [4tr ,W lulitude north. Altitude, 000.69 fret. 88" 24' longitude west.] 1874 1875 1870 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1 Closed. Dec. 4 1 Nov. 30 Dec. 4 Dee. 5 Dec. 15 Nov. 30 ' Dee. :' D<'e. 1 Year. 1890... 1891... 1892... 1893... 1894... 1895... 1890.,. Opened. I Closed. Apr. 21 Deo. Apr. 20 I Dec. Apr. 21 Dec. May 7 Doc. Apr. 20 Dee. Apr. 19 Dec. Apr, 20 , .Vverage date of opening. April 25; averuge date of elo.sing, December 3; average number of daj'8 closed, 141). Authont.v : Coniiuander AVilliam Folger, I'.S.N., Eleventh light-Louae distrii't. No. 107. -PORTE DE.S MORT.S LIGHT-HOUSE, WISCONSIN. [45'' 17' latitude north. Altitude, 579.00 feet. 80^ 55' longitude we.st.] Vear. Opened. Apr. 20 Apr. 22 Apr. 2 Apr. 8 Aftr. 20 Closed. Year. ! Opened. Closed. Year. Opened. Closed. 1887 D«c. 15 Dec. 31 Dee. 15 Dec. 9 Dec. 16 1892 1893 1894 1895 ... Apr. 10 ... Apr. 18 . .\ Mar. 28 Dec. 18 Dec. 13 1895 \ 1896 ( 1896 Apr. 15 Mar!':ti 1888 .Tan. 9 1889 189(1 Feb. 4 1891 Average date of opening, April 10; average date of closing, December 24; average number of days elosed. 107. Autlioritv : < 'oinmander J. H. Dayton, U. S. N., Ninth lijjlit.honso district. NoTii.— Compared with Escanaba, Mich., for interpolation for twenty years' period. No. 108.-POVERTY ISLAND LKIHTIIOTSE, MICHIGAN. [45° 31' latitude north. Altitude, 579.00 feet. 80 ' 40 longitude west.] Year. Open Apr. Apr. Ai)r. Apr. •d. 25 24 1 5 (Jloned. Dec. 6 Dec. 6 Dee. 8 Dec. 7 Year. 1891 , 1H92 1893 1894 , Ojjened. } Apr. 14 . Anr. 12 . Aj.r. 22 . Apr. 7 (Hosed. 1887 1888 1889 1890 Doc. 7 Dec, » Dee. 7 Dec. 10 Opened. Closed. Apr. 14 Apr. 14 Dee. 10 Average date of opening, April 13; average duteof closing, December 8: average number of days closed, 126. Autlioritv: Commander J. H. Dayton, V. S. N.. Nintli light bouse district NoTK.—Ooiu pared with Alpena, lilich., for interpolation for twenty years' period. 23G UKPORT OF U. S. OEKP WATi:RWAYS COMMISSION. 4 Yfiir. N.I l(il). (.iKKIiKC ri(()VlN("K OK t^UKUKC.-S'l". {MlAKl.KS lUVKH. I HI ;i!i iMlilmlr Miirlli. Allitiiilc, C.ll IVt'l. 71 l-" tniiiritiul.' uost. ) ()|«'ln'il. Clii.m.l, Yriir. I>1H'|1Im1. CldSltl. Vcar. Opi'Ilrcl, CloHcil, 1814 Apr. 1815 Aj.r. isiti Apr. Itr. l.'^2G \pr. 1827 Ai)r. 1828 Ai>r. I,x2n \pr. ]8:!0 Apr. 18J1 Apt. 18:t2 Apr. 18:!;! Aj.r. l.>-;)4 \pr. 1835 Mav 18:!ti Ma'v 18:!7 Xlav 18:!8 Mav I8;i9 < Apr. 1840 ; Apr. 1841 1 Mav 28 D.T. 7 28 Dec. 5 ;t Nov. 2H tl(( Dec. :< 27 Off. 1 :io \h'i'. 7 24 I 1 ).■<•. 1 29 fi)("-r."';i' 25 2(1 Die. II 10 22 i IVc. 2i 14 ! is:::::::::: 17fr Do.'. 4/. 21 Nov. :!U/- 29 ' X(tv. ;itW' 19 ' N.iv, •2:>h 18 Dec. 9 4(1 Dec. 1 ]0(( Dec. 1 2i/ Dec. 12 1(1 Nov. 21) 2;t Doe. 19 21 Dec. 2 4n Dec. 14 1S12 Apr. 20 Dec. 1811! Mav ;:t Apr. 2t) Dec. 18,J4 May 5i( Dee. 18.Vi Miiv 8(1 Niiv. 18,'.(i Apr. 22 Dec. 18.'i7 AJir. 28(' Dec. 18:>8 Apr. 10 Dec. 18.^9 Apr. 20 Nov. 1811(1 Ai)r. 2(1 Doe. 1801 Apr. 20 : Dee. I8ii2 Apr. It Dec 18():! May la Doc. 1801 Apr. 19 Dec. 180.-. Apr. 18 Dec. 1800 Apr. 27 Dee. 1807 Apr. 17 Nov. 1808 Apr. 2:!r Dee. 18(i9 Apr. 27o Niiv. 2 1870.. 1 1871.. 29 I 1872.. 2 I87;i.. 9 1874.. 3 187.'... 5 , 187G.. 7 ! 1877.. 10 1878.. 5 1879.. 19 1880.. 3 1881.. 5 1882.. 27 1883.. 2 1884.. 4 188,''.. . 3 1880.. 29 1887.. 8 i 1888.. 17 1889 . 5 189(1.. 4 1891 . 13 1892.. g ! 1893.. 15 I 1894.. 29/) ; 1895.. 1 1890.. 3(1 I Ai.r. 10 Dec. 2^ Apr. 17c Dec. 1 A|.r. 27 Nov. 206 Apr. 28 Nov. 226 Apr. 28 Xi.v. 2.-.6 Apr. 20 Nov. 236 Mav 6(( JsoN . 216 A,.r. 25 N(.v. 2116 Apr. 20 Nov. 25 A,.r. 29 Nov. 28 Apr. 3 Nov 27 Apr. 1 Nov. 28 Apr. 22 Dec. •> A jir. 23 Dec. 1 Apr. 20 De.'. 14 Apr. 29 Dee. ( A pr. 11 Dec. 4 Aj.r. 30 Nov. 28 Apr. 19 N(.\ 23 Apr. 13 Dec. 4 Apr. 23 Dee. 1 A))!'. 20 Dec. 17 Apr. 19 Dec. 20 A pr. 30 Dec. 4 Apr. 19 Nov. 27 Vpr. 17 Doe. 2 Apr. 27 .... a l'"irst .steamer. Aveiage date ol' oiieiiiiiy;, April cl..se.l. i:i8. .\ (illioritie.-*: (ieiioral Kejiort 1' J;;iil\va\ s ai)(l CaiiiiU Doniiiiimi cominissioiiers, 187(1; Dcpartr.ieiil tary iiiid f reasdrer l^tiiebec harbor 6 I.a.«t steamer. ^1 ; average date of e.losiiij; (•Sliii)8 from soa. Deceinliir 4 , aNcrajle iidinlior of d; iiv.4 iiblic Works, Canada. 18(57-1882: Aiiniml Reports, De|iartiiioiil of of Canada, 1883-1887; Mr. .Simons, eiiiriiieor to the (Quebec liarbor of I'lil.lic Works, Dominion of Canada. 1890: Mr. Jas. Wood, soerc. (•(.nimissioners. Nu 110.- (JL'INCV, ILL. [39^ 55' laliKidc n.»rlh. Allitiide. i:,H feet. 91 • 25' longitude west.] 1851 18.VJ .... 18;-.3 I8f,4 ... 18.55 ... 18,50 18.57 18.58... 18,59 180(1 1801 1802 1803 1804 1805 .... 1800 1807 1875... 1870.... 1877.... 1878.... 1879 ... 1880.... 1881 ... 1882.... Year. (tpeiie.1. Closed. Year. (»pcned. Clo.sed Year. Ojienod. Closed. 1870 1877 Feb. 19 1878 Ian. 14 1879 Mar. 7 1880 .Tan. 10 1881 .M;ir. 21 1882 .Ian. 29 1883 Mar. 5 1884 :Mar. 23 Nov. 30 Dec. 29 Dec. 13 Dec. 11 \.,v 10 Dec. 27 Dee. 9 Dec. 8 Dec. 12 1885 Mar. 13 Dec. 5 1886 ^lar. 8 ' Nov. 24 1887 Feb. 27 '■ Dec. 4 1888 Mar. 14 i Dec. 11 1889 .Mar 10 ; Nov. 25 1890 Mar. 19 | Dec. 6 1891 1 Mar. 19 , 1892 I ! Jan. 7 1892 Feb. 5 Dec. 20 .\ Mar. 2 ■ I 1893.. 1894.. 1894 Mar. 1895 Feb. 28 1890 Feb. 21 Jan. 25 Dec. 29 Doe. 9 Average date of opciiiii;;, I'ebrnary 27; :iv(ram' .late of closing. December 13; average luiniber of da,\ s closed. 70. Aotborities : Mr. J. M. Hyniaii, superintendent railro;(.l bridee: Mr. K. .1 . Hlake. chief engineer Cliicago. Hiirliiiiitoii !ind fjnin.y Kailroad Company. N... lll.-l;OCIIKSTKK, N. V. [43' ()s liiiilii.l.- north. .Mtitmh, 508 feet . 77 ' 42' longitude west.] Year. Opened. Closeif Year. 1874.. 1S75.. 1870 . 1877.. 1878.. 1.-79 . 1880.. 1881.. Mar Ai.r .\pr. Apr. Aj.r. Apr. Mar Mar. 23 19 8 Dee. Dec Doc. Die. Dec. De. . Dec. Dei. 17 3 1 •Jl 1 19 Opened. Cl..selo.sed. 1890 \ (Mar. 26) 1891 i 1891 1892 1893 1 1894 1895. . . . 1890.... (Apr. 5) (Apr. C) (Apr. 0) (Mar. :il) (Apr. 20) (Ai»r. 15) (Jan. 1 (Doc. 2 (De. . 1 (Dee, I (Dec. 1 (Do. . 1 it ..(.eniii;;. Aiiiil5: :i\crage dat.' ..f .losin;^, D..iinl.er 9; average iKKober of days A \ era;;.' d;(t cb.H.'.l 117. Antboritv: I'liiieil Si;it.s Weaih. ] lliireaii. NuTK.— Ooiui>ared with Osweg.., N. V., lor interpolation lor twenty years' period. I 1 1874. 1875. 1870. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. UEruKT OK IJ. S. DEKV WATER WAYS CUMiMib«lUN. 2^7 \(.. IIL'.^ I!(M'K ISLAND, II, I,. Id'J'.l' l;itltu|| In I . !iil :i7' loii^'iliiili' \m .s|. « Year. Opi'iiid, <'l(),s('(l. Vi'iir. (>|iiii('(l, (i(>,s((l. V.iir, I8r>l Dec, IHf.J I Mar. 4 Dor. 18r);i Mar. It Dec, 1854 Mill-. I D.r, 18r)5 M;ir. It) D.c. Ifififi Mar. lit Doi-. IH57 Miir. 'JJ Open I8r)8 Open. Oi)en 18,W Open. Uee. 18(10 Mar. '< Dee. 1861 Mnr. r. Doe. 1862 Apr. I Open 1863 Open. Dee. 1864 , Mar, r> Dee. 180,"> M.ir. l(i Dec. 1866 A pi', I Dee. 1867 Ai)r. 6 Dec. 16 17 ■J.''. :il 111 'JO 21 12 7 II 2:1 1868. 186!>. 18T0. 1H70. 1871. Mnr. 12 Feb. 14 Dee. 28 Mar. Fel). 28 1X72 1 Mar. '.'7 15 I87r!... . 1874 187,'". 1876 1H77 [ Mar. 28 1878 Open. 18711 .Mar. 10 Mar. Mar. A pr. •Ian. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. .Ian 111 Apr, 20 Ol)en, Mar. 21 Jan. Dee. Nov Nov, Dec, Dec, D \\cni;;n diile of opening, Marcli 14; avoraup date of closinir, Deci'niber :'.>*■. .iverai^e iininlier ol' i\ii\r. I'liKsed. 70. .\ III liDiilies ; Mr. (MI, Stoddard; Mr. T.J, KobiiiBon. president Itock Island .National HiinU. No. llH.-KOrSK rnlNT. N. Y, [44^ 59' latitude norlli. Altitude, 9,').UI1 I'eet. 711 22' lon;;itiido west,] Year. Opened. , Clo.sed. Year. Opeucd. (.'lo.sed. Year. Opened. ' (Jloscd. Nov. 25 1 1875 1H7I) Dec 1877 Apr. 17 ' Dec. 22 1878 Dee. 17 1879 Mav 2(1 Dec. 3 1880 Apr. 10 Nov. 22 1881 Ajir. 4a Doe. 10 1882 1 Mar. 28(7 Nov. 28 1883 Mav 'ia' Nov. 30 1884 Apr. 19 Dec. 1 1885 Apr. 18f( Dec. 3 1886 Apr. 19 Doc. 11 1887 Mav 1 l>oe. 2 1888 May 7« Dee, 19 1888 Apr. 18 Dec. 13 1890 i Apr. 7 Dec. 4 1891 Ajir. 13 Dec. 1 1892 Apr. 12 Nov, 29 1893 Apr. 25 Doc. ,"> 1894 Mar. •JH(( Nov. 2K 1895 \])r. Hfi Dee. 3 1890 Apr. 20 a First Itoat jiassed bridnf. Average date of opening, A]U-il 17; :ivcrage dale of elosinj;, Decenibei- ,'i: avenige iitinilier of days clo.sed, Kill. , , ., ,, ,. II •, 1 Authorities; Mr. V.W. Baldwin, general niai-.acer Vermont (,entral Kailway; Mr. !•.. U. .S(arK.s, bridge tender, Vermont Central Kaihvay at Kicbelieu K.iver. No. 114.— SAtilNAW KIVF.i; LIOHT i;AN(i KS, MICIIKi A N. 143" 118' latitude north. 8I> .'ill loiijiitiide west. | Year, 1874... 1875... 1876... 1877... 1878... 1879. . 1880... 1881 . . . Opened. Closed. Year. Opened, (lo.sed. Mar. Apr, A pr. 24 20 15 Apr. 18 Mar, 7 Apr, li Mar. 2 Ai)r. 25 Deo. Dec. Dee. Dec. De<'. Dec. Nov. Dee. 7 2 2 111 14 17 23 111 1882 ' Mar, 6 Dec. 7 1883 Apr. 16 Dec. Hi 1884 , Apr. 12 Dec. 12 1HH5 Apr. 24 Die. 9 1880 Apr. 17 Dec. 4 1887 Apr. 18 Dec. I 1888 Apr. 16 Dec. 17 18!<9 Mar. 29 Dee. 30 \'ear. Opoued. 1800 i Apr. 1 1891 Apr. 7 1892 Apr. 1893 \pr. 14 1894 \pr. 1 1895 Apr. 20 1896 Apr, 8 Clo.sed, Dee, Dec, Dec, Dee. Dec Dec, 4 14 12 A\cra-e date of opening. April 7: average diito of closing, December 10; average number of days Authovitv ; Commander William Folger, U.S. N., Eleventh lighthouse district. '. »l I 1 238 BEPORT OP U. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. ii»* No. n.'-.—sT. PAnr, minn. [44° 58' latitude uorth. Altitude, 083 t'cot. 93" 03' loiiKitude west.] Year. Opened. Closed. l«ti'.) Apr. 19 1870 Apr. 10 1871 Apr. 10 1872 Apr. 23 1H73 i Apr. 17 1874 1 Apr. 23 1875 ' Apr. 25 1870 i Apr. 22 1877 Apr. 17 1878 Apr. 20 187S> ! Apr. 21 1880 Apr. 14 1881 Aj.r. 15 1882 Apr. 10 Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Dei ( »ct. Nov. Nov. Nov. Year. 1883 1884 188.'. 1880 1887 1888 188U 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1890 ('lOHPll. Average date ol' opening. April 13 ; average date of closing, November 21 j average iiunilier of days dosed, 143. AutLoritioB : United States Weather Bureau, 1871-1895 : Mr. 1*. V. Lvonw, St . I'aul WeatlierBureau. J896. 4 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883 1884. No. 110.— SAND UKAcn LIGHT HOUSE, .MICUIGAN. [43"' 51' latitude north. Altitude, 579.60 feet. 82' 37' longitude west. Year. ' Opened. Closed. Ve.ir. Opened. I Closed. Year. Opened. Closed. 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 Apr. 4 ' Dec. 17 ' 1885 ' Apr. 25 ! Dec. 10 i Mar. 22 Dec. 9 1880 Apr. 1 Dec. 10 1 Aj.r. 26 Dec. 31 1887 Apr. 12 Dec. 22 Mar. 8 Dec. 9 1888 Apr. 5 Dec. 21 < Apr. 18 Dec. 14 1889 Mar. 31 Dec. 31 j Apr. 9 Dec. 18 | 1890 Mar. 14 j Dec. 25 1891 Apr. 1 Doc. .30 1892 A]>r. Dec. 31 1893 Apr. 8 Dec. 19 1H94 Mar. 10 Dec. 27 1895 Apr. 7 Dec. 19 1896 , Apr. 8 I I Average date of opening, April 3; averaj^e date of dosing, December 20; average number of days closed. 104. a Authority; Commander William Foljicr, C S. N., Eleventh lightliou.r. 2r> Dec. 3 1888. . May 1 Nov. 30 1889. . May 1 : DtH-. 1890. ! I II Opened. CloHfld. Year. Opened. Closed 1891. I May 1 ; Dec. Apr. 27 ' Do.!. (! i, 1892 \ Apr. 21 May 2 Dec. 1 1893 \ May 8 iMav (1 I Nov. .30 I 1894 Apr. 21 Apr. 10 ' Nov. 30 i 189r) ' Apr. 23 Apr. 21 I Nov. 30 i 1890 Apr. 19 Dec. Dec. 10 Dec. 4 Nov. 30 l>ec. 8 Average date of opening;, 'April 27; ttvcrafto date of closin};, DeccmlM'r2; averaKc number of days closed, Uli. Aiiiimrity: Coiiiiiuinder William Kolper, V.S. N., lOltventli liclit-lioiise district. .N'o'iK.— (,'(iiiipared with I'orlaue lti\ ei- lii^litliouse, Micliiiii'ii, lor interpolation for tu-enty years' period. No. 1I9.-.SAI;NIA, ONI'AKIt). [42 .19' latitude north. Altitude, .Wt.tio I'oet. 82- 24' longitude ^ve8t.] Year. Opened. Closed. Year. Ojiened. Closed. Vear. 1807 Mar. 80 1808 Mar. 10 1809 1 Apr. 1 1870 i 1870 < Mar. 29 1871 : Mar. 1872 Mar. 18 1873 \ Mar. 18 1874 / 1874 Mar. 17 187". Mar. 29 1870 Mar. 20 1877 1 Aiir. 7 1878 ; Dee. 30 Dec. 12 J nil. 12 Dec. 24 Dec. 18 Dee. 18 Mar. 20 Mar. 20 Mar. C Apr. 4 .Ian. 12 1878 1879 1880 1881 \ 1882 / 1882 \1 Mar. 11 1883 jj 1883 \ Apr 5 1884 / 1884 Mar. 31 1885 \' Apr. 14 1880 / 1886 Mar. 22 1887 Apr. 4 Dec. 24 Dec. 20 Dec. 18 Opened. Jan. io' Jan. 8 Jan. Doc. 3 25 Jan. Dec. Dec. 8 15 4 1888 Apr. 9 1889 \: Apr. 15 1890 J , 1890 Mar. 25 18!il Apr. 23 1892 ! Ai)r. 5 1893 1 Apr. 3 189') i Mar. 10 1895 : Apr. 1890 Apr. 3 rioBed, Dec. 17 Jan. 4 Dee. U Dec. 3 Dec. 18 Dee. 11 Dec. 28 Dec. 12 Average date of ojiening, March 28 ; average date of closing, December 24 ; average numlier of days closed, 94. Aiitliorities: General Jleport Public 'Works, Canada, 1867-1882; Annual liejiorts of tlie Department of liailwaysaud Canals, Dominion of Canada, 1883-1889; Department of Public Works, Douiiiiion of Canada, 1890. No. 120.-SAri.T STE. MARIK, ONTAKIO. [40" 30' latitude north. Altitude, 581.41 feet. 84° 22' longitude west.] Year. Opened. Closed. Year. Openeil. (nosed. Year. ' Opened. i ... Closed. 1807 May 4 1808 May 2 1809 . M;iv 4 Dec. 3 Dec. 3 Nov. 29 Dec. 1 j Nov. 29 No\. 20 Nov. 18 Dec. 2 Dec. 2 Nov. 20 1877 1878 1879 i 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 May 2 May 8 May 2 Apr. 28 'Api'."2i' May 2 Apr. 25 May Apr. 26 Nov. 30 Dec. 3 Doc. 3 Nov. 15 Dec. 5 Dec. 3 Dec. 9 Dec. 10 Nov. 20 Dec. 4 1887 1888 1889 May 1 Alay 8 Apr. 17 Apr. i'O Apr. 28 Apr. 18 Apr. 29 Apr. 17 Apr. 23 Apr. 18 Dec. 1 Dec. 4 Dec. 4 1870 1871 1872 I87;t Apr. 29 May 8 May 11 May 5 May 12 May 12 May 8 1890 i 1891 1 1892 1893 ; 1894 1895 1896 Dec. 4 Dec. 4 Doc. C Dec. 1 1874 Dec. 6 1875 Dec. 11 1870 Average <^ % // > '^ > » ^^ /J Hiotographic Sciraices Corporation 33 WIST MAIN STRilT WHSTIR.NY. MS80 (716) 1:2-4303 -^^ k V ^ k ;\ \ 240 HEPORT OF U. S. IJEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION ' f^^^ No. I21.-SK\K("A, 11,1,. [41'' W liititmlo iiortli. 8M :i7 lon^itiiilr woHt.] Yt'iir. <)i>0!u*(l. (UiihcmI. (>|M iu'7 Deo. 10 18.".ii Vv.h. U IV«-. 1851 Fell. 20 Deo. Ill 185'.' i Open. 185:t OjU'ii. Dec. ;!0 1854 ( Mar. 1 185.-) J .liiii. 2'J 1855 Mar U Deo. 1!» l.-^Sti Foil. '-'!( Doc. -J 18.-.7 1 Fob. Nov. 2il \i"i \ Dfo. :i 1.S58 ) Foil, lii 18.^8 Fob. 10 Opou. 1850 OjiPii. Dec. « 18«0 Fob. 23 Nov. 24 1861 Deo. 2 18'i2 1 Alar. 10 180:t J 18fi3 Fob. ir. 1H04 Fob. 1 Jim. 17 Doo. ;)0 Doo. 111 186j Fob. G l>oo. 14 1800 Fob. 24 Doo. 25 1867 Fob. 14 Nov. no 186H F.'b. 20 Doo. 1869 1'.liin. 5 Mar. 1 1869 \ Mar. 15 1870 .] ,Iaii. 18 1870 Fob. 10 Doo. I'.l 1871 Fob. 15 Doo. 1872 Fob. 25 Doo. 9 187;» \ 1874 / Jan. 10 1874 Fob. 20 1875 ' Mar. 20 Opon. 1870 Open. | Deo. C 1877 1 Fob. 5 Open. 1878 ' Opon. I Deo. 20 1870 Mar. 7 Doo. 19 1880 Jan. 5 Nov. 18 1881 Apr. 2 0|)en. I 1882 Opon. ' 188;i Mar. 1 1884 Mar. 18 1885 \ Mai. 2 1886 / 1880 Feb. i:t 1887 j Feb. 8 1888 \! Mar. 15 : 1880 / I 1889 i Mar. 15 I 18'JO Open. I 1891 .\ (Fob. ;i) ! 1892 J j 1892 1 Fob. 1 ; 1893 1 Mar. 5 I 1894 1 Fob. 1895 V '• • 1895 \\ Feb. 20 1890 jl 1890 Fob. 25 1)00. G Doo. 2.". Doo. 18 Jan. 10 Doo. 20 Doo. 20 Jan. 12 Opon (Ojion.) Jan. 15 Doo. 20 Doo. 4 Jan. 4 •lull. 4 .\ voratfo ibite of oponin^, Fobriiary 21 ; avora){0 ilato of oloHinj;, .lannarv 2; avorajjo nnniborof days closod, 50. Aiithoritv : Mr. D. I,. Carjientor. KoTK Coniparod willi Poori.i, 111., for iritorpolatioii for iwonty years' periotl. No. 122 -SHEDIAC, NFH' JUM'NS\\'I(K. [40'^ 1.V latitiido norlli. 04° :i2' longUiulo wosl.) Voar. 0|iene4l. ('losod. Voar. Opouod. 1807 1868 1800 1870 1871 1872 187:i 1883 Apr. 23 1874 1884 May 12 1875 1885 ....." 1870 Mav 10 Do<'. 1880 Apr. 27 1877. 1H78. 1879. 1880. 1881. 18X2 Apr. 25 Apr. 29 May 1 Mav 20 Alav 10 .Mav Cb>sed. Deo. 15 1 Nov. 17 Dec. 13 Nov. 22 D.O. •> Dec. 7 Deo. 1 Year. Deo. 7 Deo. Ill 1887. 1888. 1889. 1800. 1891. 1802. 1893. 1804. 1895. 1890. Oiiencd. i Closed. Mav 7 Mav 8 Apr. 18 Apr. 21 Apr. 23 Apr. 7 Apr. 14 Apr. 20 Ajir. 22 Apr. 25 Doo. Doo. Doc. Deo. Deo. Deo. Doo. Doo. Doo. 23 12 13 2 13 21 11 8 10 A\ oraso dale of oiionin;;, April 2il; average date of closing, Deconibor 8; average nnnibor of dayw closed, 142. Aiilliorilios of Kailwavs ii Canada, 1890. lOSOU, 14.'. Aiiliiorilios: ('■onoral Kei>orl I'liblio Work.M, Canada. 1867- 1882; .\nnna1 IJeimrt of tlie Departniont of IJailw ays and Canals, Doniinimi of Canada, 1883-1889; Doparttnont of rublio Works, Dominion of No. 123. -SIOUX CITY. IOWA. [42 20 latitude iiortb. Altitude, 1,000 foot. 96^ 24' longitudo west.) Year. 0|M'liod. Closed. Year. ' ()pouenod. Closed. !l Year. 1887 ' Apr. 18 Dec. 12 1888 Apr. 24 Dec. 11 1889 Apr. 1 Dec. 10 1890 Mar. 28 i Doc. 12 1891 1892 1893 1894 Openud. Closed. Ai)r. Dec. 7 Apr. 6 Dec. 9 I Apr. 12 Dec. 8 ! Apr. 5 Dec. 13 , i 1 l| Opened. Closed. Apr. 11 Doc. 19 Apr. I Avcrngodate of opening. April 7; average date of closing, December 12; average number of days closed, lie. Aiitliority: Commander J. H. Dayton, T. S. N., Nintli light-honne district. NuTE.— IJoniparod witli Alpeiiii. Midi., for interpolation Tor twenty years' periiMl. No. 125.-ST. CHARLKS, MO. |:i8° 40' lutittide nortli. Altitude, 416 feet. 90° 45' longitude west.] Year. i Oj.enod. Closed. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882. 188:i. 188:1. 1884. 1884. Jan. 20 Doc. 27 Feb. 12 (Open.) Dec. 2U (Open.) Feb. Jan. 15 Jan. 12 31 Jan. 0]i«n. Year. 1885. 1885. 1886. 1880. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891. 0|>ened. Dec. 25 Feb. 12 Jan. 22 Jan. 8 Open. Open. OJien. Closed. Dec. 11 Jan. "ili Dec. :n Dec. 30 Open. Open. Open. Open. Year. 1892. lK9;i. 1894. 1 895. 1895. 1890. Opened. ' Closed. Jan. 28 Feb. 16 Open. Jan. 20 Feb. 25 Open. Jan. Jan. Open. J, 111. Feb. 19 13 3 Average date of opening, January 29; average date of closing, January 10; average number of days closed, 10. Autliorities : Re])ort of United States Missouri Rive? Commission, 1887 ; Missouri River (JoniinissiDii. "Stages of the Missouri River," 1894; Unite Apr. 17 A jir. 6 Apr. 21 Apr. 4 Apr.' 11 Apr. 15 Nov. 26 Doc. 3 Nov. 25 Doc. 2 Nov. 24 Nov. 24 Nov. '24 Nov. 21 Nov. 25 Average date of o|>enlng, April 9; average date of closing. November 20; average number of days closed, 140. Authorities; Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers, I". S. A., 1884; Mr. A. O. I'owoU, lutslstaut engineer, I'nited States Engineers, St. I'liiil, Minn., 1896. H. Doc. 192 10* 242 saz ?«tS3! REPOUT OF U. 8. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. t .Nn. 128. -ST. .lOSKl'lI. MO. 130° 45' latituilo north. Altiliidc, 700 tV-ol. 04 ' 62' longitude w«'at.| i ' ' ' ! \ c-iir. Opt'iivil. (Moscd. Tear. • (tpfiicd. Closed. Vrur. Opened. (MoHi-d. 187.-I l«7rt. . . . 1870 1870 .liin. 11 1877 1877 1878 1878 187H 1879 1870 1880 1881 1 IKSl I 1882 I .Inn. Ki'b. I'fb. 1>.T. 15 10 12 Ntiv 1 :to .Ian. 10 I'-.b. Mar. Jan. F.I.. .Mar. Mar. 2;n 24 ( "I 20 1 15 1 ; tinu. l)e<-. Si an Doc. •Tan. Mar. .Nov. Jan. 4 14 21) 11 ;io 14 18H2 I'Vli. <; IHs:! .Mar. :! 1884 ) Mar. 11 1884 } Nov. 27 I8S5 ) 1H8.-. ) Mar. 12 1885 UiT. 27 1880 ) 1887 Mar. 8 1H.H8 I (Mar. 10) 1880 \ - 1880 ( (I'Vli. 28) ISOO IHOO Vvh. !! 1800 •! Mar. 15 l)i>c. 24 Dl'l!. Dec. Nov. Ja:i. Dec. 7 18 2 10 1801 ■Ian. Nov 20 Dec. 10 (De.' 7) Fell. 17 Jan. i:i I'Vli. 20 iiiV.' "a 1802 I80;t. 1S04. l.><05. 1890. Mar. Mar. Nov. Doc. Dee. Dec. Feb. Mar Jan. Mar. Dor. Feb. Doc. Feb. Feb. 10 20 :i 11 :tl 2;i Jan. :i Mar. :t No\ . 18 Nov. :io Doc. 8 Doc. 26 Jan. :< Mar. 20 Doc. 26 J IJan. „:J (Dec. .Jan. ;io n»oc. 3 Deo. 28 Nov. 27 Avera({e dnfp of oponin};, Fobrnai-y 10; average date of cbwinj;, December 19; avornKo number of dayrt I'loMed, 62. Aiitbiiritie.'4; Heporl of the I'nited SlalOH ^lixit'inri Itiver ('oniinis.sion. 1887-1800; .Mi.ssonri IJivcr ConiniiHsion "Stajjosof the Missouri IJiver," 1H04; I'niled Stales Weather Ituroan, 18ori. NuTK.— Coiupar'tl with Nebraska City, Nebr.. for interpolation for twenty years' period. N«). 129.-ST. I.Ori.S, MO. [38'=' 38' latitude north. Altitude, :i84 feet. Oi) ' 12' longitude west.] Year. Ol>ened. f'loHod. Year. Opened. ('loscd. Year. Ol)pned. (/losed. 1805 Doc. 15 ! 1877 1806 i Jan. 12 Dee. 20 1H78 1807 \ Feb. 3 IHTO 1808 ( Ian. 8 1880 1«08 1 Feb. 18 Open. 1881 1809 Open. Dec. 21 1800 \l Dec. 28 1883 1870 / Dec. 21 1871 Jan. 23 Nov. 20 1872 Fob. 24 Nov. 20 187.1 Jan. 20 0)K'n. 1874 Open. Dee. 30 1875 Feb. 27 Open. 1870 Open. Dec. 8 Feb. Open. Jan. 31 .Ian. 1 Feb, 15 1882 ' Open. Open- Dec. 17 Doc. 18 Nov. 1,H Open. Dec. 7 .liin. :iO Dec. 10 1887 Ian. 27 Dec. 19 |N8.8 Jan. 31 Open. 1880 Open. Open. 1800 Open. Open. 1801 \1 Open 1802 / Ian. 1>0J Feb. I Dec. 20 ,„ ( Feb. 5 I,, ,„ 180;! Feb. 15 , Open. ''*''* ( Doc. 30 /' '" 1804 \ Open 188.-1 ) Doc. 10 1805 / Jan. 1 1885 } Deo. 23 1880 ) l«8fi ' ''"''■ "' '"■^" \ Dec. 14 I Jan. 7 Doc. 1 Dec. 24! 180.-I Mar. 1 , Open. 1800 Open. j Averngedateof opening, January 20; average date of iloHing, Dcconibcr 19; average number of days cliisod .(2. AiilliorilioR; Keport of the ('hief Signal Otlicer; Annual Statement of the Trade and (Commerce of St. Louia, Mo., 1895, No. 130.— ST. MARYS FALLS CANAL LKHIT IIOfSK, MrClIKl AN. [40'^ 30' latitude north. 84 ' 23 longitude west.] Year. Opened. Closed. Year. 1882 1883 1884 1885 1880 1887 1888 1889 Opened. Apr. 21 Mav 1 Apr. 27 Mav 8 .Apr. 25 Mav 3 May 8 Apr. 11 Closoii. Year. Openml. Closed. 1874 1875 1870 1877 1878 1870.... Mnv 11 May 1 May 6 Mny 1 Apr. 8 May 1 Apr. 20 May 7 Dor. 2 Deo. 5 Nov. 30 Nov 30 Nov. 30 Nov. 5 Nov. 16 De<'. 7 Dee. 2 D.C. 10 Doc. 10 Dec. 7 Dec. 4 l»r. 1« 187'.' Apr. -JO 187:( Apr. 2.') 1H74 Apr. I'.i 1875 ' .\itr. 'il 1870 Apr. 22 1877 1 Apr. 23 IS78 Mar. 18 187!) I Apr. 12 Nov. 30 1881) Apr. 24 Oct. 28 1881 Apr. 25 Nov. 7 1882 Apr. 17 ()(!». 17 1883 Apr. 21 Nov. 4 1884 Apr. 19 Oct. 10 188.-. Apr. 21 Dec. 1 \xm I .Ajir. 1.^ Oct. 30 1887 .\pr. 17 Nov. 2 1888 Apr. 19 Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. (Nov.18) Nov. 20 i 12 13 11 11 22 13 24 1880 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 189G Opened. (Mar.28) (Apr.l6) (Apr. 10) Apr. 21 Apr. 30 Apr. 19 Apr. 8 Apr. 16 Closed. Nov. 16 Dec. 1 Nov. 17 Nov. 8 Nov. 18 Nov. 10 Nov. 6 .\vcraf;c (late ol'opciiinj;, April 18; average (lute of closing, November 10; average niiniher of days ilosed, 159. Aiitlioritie.s: Tiiitcd Stales 'NVeatlK^r liiireaii. 1890; Mr. N. (i. Deacon, New Kra, St. Yiuoent. NOTK.— Compared with Winuipe;.', Manitoba, for interpolation for twenty years' period. 9 20 Closed. Dec. 4 l)t>c. 8 Dec. 7 Dec. (1 Dec. 17 Dec. 11 Nn. 132.-STKA1TS OK MACKINAC. [45' 43' latitude north. Altitude, 57».« feet. 84° 46' longitude west.] Year. Opened, j Closed. ! Year. Opened. Chjsed. \'ear. Opened. 1853. 1854. 185;-) . 18:i6. 18,'-.7- 1858. 1859. 1800. 1801. 1802. 1803 . 1804. 1805. 1866. 1807. Apr. Apr. May May May Apr. Apr. Ajir. Apr. 25 Apr. 18 Apr. Apr. Ai>r. Ai)r. Apr. 17 25 1 2 1 6 4 13 17 28 21 28 23 1868.. 1869.. 1870.. 1871.. 1872.. 1873.. 1874 . . 1875. . 1870. . 1877.. 1878 1 1878 Mar. 15 1879 Apr. 22 1880 ; Apr. i 1881 j May 2 ■1 Apr. A|ir. Apr. Apr. Apr. :..ay Ai>r. Ai)r. A i)r. Ai)r. 19 28 18 *2 28 1 29 28 28 18 (Dec. 21) (.Ian. (Dec. (Dec. Dec. Feb. 17) 19, 24) 15 1 1382.. 1883.. 1884.. 1885.. 1886.. 1887.. 1888.. 1889. . 1890.. 1891.. 1892.. 1893.. 1894. . 1895. . 1896.. Apr. Apr. Apr. May Apr. Apr. May Apr. Apr. Apr. Ai>r. Apr. Mar. Apr. Apr. 3 28 25 5 24 17 4 6 9 17 9 17 29 11 16 Closed. Dec. 30 Dec. 25 Dec. Jan. Jan. Dec. Dec. Jan. Jan. Dec. 26 Dec. 24 Jan. 1 Dec. 31 21 8 15 27 30 1 5 Jan. 1 Average da'e of opening, April 17; ."verafie date of closing. January 9; average number of days chmed, 98. .\uth(irltieB: Montlily Weather Keview. I'nited Slates; KeiMirts of the Chief Signal Officer of the Tnted Stale.-^i Kcporl iif Ihe New York Produce ICxchaiige; Mr. ^Ym. Kitch, general manager Duluth, South Shore and xMlantic Uuihvav; Mr. J. II. P. liuu'harl, general manager (irnnd Uapids and Indiana Kailroiid. Noxa.— Compared with Alpena, Midi., for interpolation for twenty years' period. No. 133.-STIK01':0N POINT I.IOHT-IiOUSE, MICUKIAN. |44^ 47' latitude north. Allitiule. 579.00 feet. 83^ 15' longitude west.) Year. Opened. Clos ed. I.-. Year. 1882 Open»Ml. 1 Closed. Year. Opened. Closed. Dec. Mar. 10 Dec. 15 1890 Mar. 17 Dec. 20 1 )ec 12 13 188:1 Apr. Ajir. 12 5 Dec. Dec. 20 18 1891 1882 Apr. Apr. 6 5 Dec. Dec. 17 Dec. 1884 19 Dec. 18 1S8,-. Apr. 20 Dec. 15 1893 Apr. 10 Dec. 15 1)(M'. 10 18.'<0 Mur. 29 Dec. 10 1894 Mar. 19 Dec. 23 Dec. 18 1887 Apr. 11 Dec. 12 1895 Apr. o De(. 21 Dec. 11 1.'<88 Apr. 5 Dec. 18 1896 Apr. 6 . . . Dec. 29 1889 Mar. 11 Dec. 31 1874 Mar. 20 1875 Apr. 19 1870 Apr. 12 1877 Apr. 13 1878 Mar. 10 1879 Apr. (I 1880 Mar. 1881 Apr. 27 Average comberl8; average number of days closed, 105. Autliorily: Commander William F(dger. U.S. N., ICIuventh light-house district. 2U KLroKT OF U. S. DEKP WATERWAYS CUMMl.SSION. 1 No. i:U.-SVl)NKY, NOVA SCOTIA. [46-' in)' laliluilo iiiirtli. 60 ' III' l(iiit;iliist.| Yfur. 18«7 1868 \ 1860 1 186a 1870 1871 1872 187;i 1874 1873 1K76 1877 ( 1878 ( 1878 \ 1870 ) 1870 1880 0|K)llf Apr. 21 Apr. 11 Apr. 21 Miiv :t Apr. 28 Mav 1 Ma'v 12 May 7 Apr. 7 i '1 Jan. 10 1 Dec. :il ; 1 ■ ' Doc. 2:t Jan. 8 I .1 Apr. 20 1881.. 1882.. 1882 i Apr. 24 188:i ) 1883 \ Apr. 10 1884 ; 1884 ^ Apr. 26 Apr. 6 Jan. Hi Apr. 10 Dw. ;t0 May 6 l)c.'. Ill 188ri. 1885. 1886. 1886. 1887. 1887. 1888. 1888. 1889. .( • l May .( • 1 Apr. 10 .\ Apr. 26 Apr. 25 Closcil. Year. > 0|teiit'(l CIohlmI. .Ian. 5 J nil. 6 .Ian. 3 Jiin. '6 .Ian. i4 ■Ian. 7 .Ian. 10 i'eb.'s' Apr. 4 1880 1800 1800 \\ Apr. 11 1801 j 1891 \! Apr. 20 1892 ( 1802 \\ Apr. 26 1803 (i 1893 li Apr. 2(i 1804 )' 1894 t Mav 2 1805 ) ....: 1895 \ Apr. 25 1806 1 1806 Mar. 28 ilan. n .Jan. 9 ivi».""4 Jan. io .Ian. 10 .lini. 27 .lini' 2:J Average ilatc of opcnint;, April 22: average date ol' closing, January 13: average number ol' days cli»sei. 29 Dec. 31 1880 Apr. 8 Dec. 31 1800 Apr. 13 Dee. 24 1801 Apr. 21 Dec. 31 Year. Opened. Closed. Year. Opened. (Mosctl. 1892. 1803. 1804. 1895. Apr. 6 Dec. 18 1805 Apr. I Dec. 31 Apr. 14 Dec. 15 „ 1806 Apr. Mar. 21 J»n. 8 Average date of opening, .\i)ril 10; average date of closing, December 27; average number of davs closed. 101. Authority: Comiuaudcr J. II. Dayton. U. S. X., Ninth light -liouse district. NoiB.— Compared with Green Bay, Wis., for interpolation for twenty years' periml. \(). rJ6.-TAWAS LKJHT HOISK, LAKK HURON, MICHIGAN. [44° It' latitude north. Altitude, 579.60 feet. 83° 27' longitude west.) Year. Opened. Clo.sed. Year. 1874 Mar. 18 Dec. 16 1882. 1875 Apr. 15 Dec. 11 1883. 1876 Ap>-. 7 Nov. I 1884. 1877 \i:r. 10 De<'. 29 1885. 1878 Mar. 9 ! Dec. 14 1886. 1870 '.pr. 4 Dec. 15 1887. 1880 .Mar. 2 Dec. 10 1888. 1881 Apr. 20 Dec. 31 1889. Opened. Closed. Mar. 4 Dee. 13 Apr. 16 Dec. 18 Apr. 10 Dec. 10 Apr. 25 Dec. 14 Mar. 30 Dec. 8 Apr. 10 Dec. 23 Apr. 5 Dec. »>•> Mar. 10 Dec. 31 Year. Ojiened. Closed. 1F10 Mar. 14 Dec. 27 1891 Apr. 1 Dec. 27 1892 Apr. 4 Dec. 10 1803 Apr. 8 Dec. 12 1894 Mar. 18 Dec. 20 1895 , Apr. 8 Dec. 30 1896 Apr. 5 188'1. 18.-8 18.59 18(i0. .. 1861. 1802... 186;i... 1804... 1865... 1860... J 1800... 1807... 1808... 18ii0... 1870... 1871... 1872... 1873... 1874... 1874.... 1875.... 1876.... 1877... 1878.... 1879... 1880.... 1881 ... Average date of opening, .\])ril 2 : average date of closing, IVocember 18 ; average number of da.\ » dosed, 105. Authority: Commander William Kolger, U. S. N., Kleveuth liglit-huuHe district. 1 RKPORT OF T'. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. 245 ClORt'll. t .. Jiiii. 9 I .. .Jan. n •» .. IVl>. 4 (i . Jim. Ill i> .. .IlUI. 10 2 ". Auu. 21 '..'ihiu. 2-f. 18 , iilier of «lii.v9 Dt'imrliiu'iit Duniiuiuii of (I. Cliiscd. 1 D.r. 31 !» inberof (lays NO. i:i7. TKIiUK HAItTK, TNI). f30' L'T l;i;;tiulf iiorlh. Aitiliuh', 447 iH-t. s7 '.M' lony;iliiilf west.] Vnir. ()|Muit'tl. (JliigtMl. Yeiir. i 0|ien«»1. (Jloscd. Vrar. (>|ii>ni!(I. ('IohimI. 188!. Veil. IK ( Jiiii. 2 i 1887 l\'h. 7 Nov. y.^ 1892 Mar. Hi l)c;r. 'J2 i Dec. '20 11888 .Ian. 17 Open. 18!»;i VpU. 15 , Nov . 2J 18H» Jan. 21 Due. 1« ^ lS8it Open. , Nov . IK) 1894 F.l.. 28 JVc. 27 IKsr. F«>lt. 22 Dec. 21 1890 Fob. 15 Dim-. 20 1895 Fo!.. 20 ih'r. 4 188(5 Feb. 11 Due. 27 i 1891 ! Ftsb. 19 ! Nov. 27 1890 Feb. 24 _' i _.i I iL...__. .' \ Avorafii! «lato oC opi'iiin;;, Ft-hniary Iti; avnraffo ilato 7!».ti0 feel. 8 P 11' longitude west.y Year. Opened. Clo.sed. 1874. 1875 1870.... 1877 Apr. U> 1878 Mar. 16 1879 j Apr. 6 1880 1 Mar. I 1881 May 2 Apr. 15 I Dec. 15 I Apr. 15 Dec. 14 ■ Dec. 10 Dec. 15 Dee. 10 Dec. 10 Dec. 13 Year. Opened. Clo.sod. \'ear. Opened. Closed. Mar. 20 ! Dec. 13 1882. .. Mar. iiO Dee. 14 1890 Mar. 22 Dee. 14 1883 Apr. 14 Dee. 12 1884 Apr. 8 Dee. 10 1885 xVpr. 22 Dee. 12 1880 Apr. 1 Dee. 9 1887 Apr. 13 Dee. Id 1888 Apr. 15 Dee. 15 1889 Mur. 27 , Dee. 14 |; I I I' 1891 Apr. 1 Dee. 17 1892 Apr. 7 Dee. 31 1893 Apr. 11 Dee. 17 1894 Mar. 13 Dee. 24 1895 Apr. 11 Dee. 19 1890 Ajir. 10 Average date of opening, April 5; average date of elo.sing. Deeember 14 ; average number of ilays closed, 112. Authority; Commander William Folgor, U. S. N., Klovenlh light-house district. 24G REPORT OK 11. S. 1»EEI» WATERWAYS COMMISSION. No. 1411. - I'di.KHn, (»h..i. 141 ' 4l»' liititiulo iii.rlli. Alliliulr, riTl.aO I'rti. 83 ' iU loilKitudu WOBt.] Tear. | OiMincd. ("loscil. Vrar. Mpciicd. Closid. Vfur. Oiioind. CIhbciI. 1857. 18r.8. 1 «")!•. IHdo. ISfit. iafl4. 1805. 1800 1807 1808. 1809. 1870. Mnv Aim. A pr. A jir. Ajir. Apr. A|ir. Apr. Ai)r. AJir. Aj)r. A pr. AJir. Apr. 1 (I I 18 i:t 17 'Jl 1871. 1X7'>. is7;i. 1874. 187.'>. 1870. 1877. 1878. 187!>. 188(1. 188). 1882. 188:«. 20 i 1884... Mnr. 10 1 )•><■. 4 -Apr. <) Nov 29 Mar. 28 Dir. r. Mar. 1!) Die. •1 Apr. i:i Dcr. 1(1 Apr. »> !>.f. ,'■. Apr. 17 Dtf. Ill Mar. 28 I>IC. IS Apr. 1 1 ».'«•. 1.^. M.ir. :! DlT. 1 Apr. t Uff. "7 VrU. •2-< DlT. 10 Apr !t Doc. JX Mar. 2".l D.c. 1.') 188.'i... 1880... 1887... 1888... 1889... IWtO... 181)1... 18112... I8!U... 18il4... 18itr). . . A pr. Mar. A pr. Mar. Ai.r. Apr. A jir. Ai)r. Apr. Mar. Aitr 18'JO Mar. 21 l)w. . 7 Dec. ' 1 Der. 1.S DlT. :t I )<•<■. t Di-c. 1 I)(T. 10 Dec. 'l Doc. '} !).(. 27 Nov. 21 Avcrnpc date, of opcninj;, .\pril 1 ; :ivirii).;i' tlatc nt" cInHiii);. l)cccml>cr lO; averajic niimbor of . IKIO. 1h;i7. l8;iH. IKtll. 1W4(). 1841. 1.-42. 184;i. 1844. 184"). 1840. 1847 1S48 18l',l. iXM IS,')! 18^2 185:1. 1H54. 18,5.5. Apr. Mar. Mar. Aiir. A i)r. Ai>r. Aiir. Mar. Aitr. Mar. Ai)r. 4 14 :i() 2:. 10 Dec. 1 iiec. ii Dee. Dec. IH Apr. Apr. Mar. Mar. Apr. Alar. Apr. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. De(. Dec. Deo, l>e'.'. .la... 13 18 :i 14 20 1:1 Apr. Dec. V, Dec. l9 -— - \9o(i Apr. \»!i7 Fel,. IWK Mar. IH.'-U) Kel.. 180(1 dan. 1801 .Ian. 1802 Jan. 18(i:t .Ian. 1804 |-.l.. 1805 Mar. 18(«! Apr. 18ti7 Mar. isort Apr. 1M09 Apr. 1870 Apr. 1871 .Mar. 18.-2 Apr. 187:!.. .. A pr. Mar. 1874 ui:< .\pr. 1.'^70 Apr. iH77 Mar. 1878 .Mar. 1(1 De<'. Dec. Dec. De<. Dec. Dec. D.f. Dec. Dee. De-. Dt" Dec. Dec. De.. Dec. Nov. Dec. Nov. De.'. N..V. De.'. D.M'. 1 »e.'. :i(i 21 III) ;ii :il :!<> 21 29 ;» I . i ■.0 1(1 20 20 Itll 9 19 10 1879 1880... . 1881 1882 1882 18h:i 1884 \XH't 1880. 1880 1887 18H8 18S9 1890 , i891 1H92 1892 1H93 1S94 1H95 , 18UG , Mar. leb. Aj.r. 25 19 1 T>ec. Dec. 24 8 Fel). Ajir. Mar. Apr. dan. Dec. D..C. Dec. 9 21 19 Mar. A pr. Ai)r. V T. Mar. Mar. Mai". A])r. Mar. Ai)r. Mar. 2U 12 7 15 5 22 :n' 7 17 5 28 dan. Dec. Dec. Doc. De;. I'ec. 8 4 24 20 27 24 I'an. Doc. Dee. Dec. Dec. 5 22 ;io 23 9 Average date of openinj;. Mar.li 21 ; average date .if .loHin;:, Dcccnili.r 19: nveraj;.' nunilier.if days cloHe.l, 92. Antli.irit'es: (len.'ral Kep.irt Pnlilic Works, (.'anada, 1807 1X82; It.'port of II10 Department of Itail- wava and Cunak, Dominion of (Canada, 1883~18K9; D.pariiii.'nt of I'lildii' W.irks. Dominion of (/'anada, 1890. No. 142.-TfftNEI{S FALLS. M ASS.-COXNKCTICDT KIVKR. 1887.... V-'Hii... 1889. . . 1890. . . 1858. ]S.')9. 1800. 1801. 1802. 180:!. 18(U. 1805. 1800. 1807. 1808 1809. 1870. 1871. 1874. 1875.. 1870.. 1877.. 1878.. 1879.. 1880.. 1881.. 142'3 34' l;ilitii.lf north. 72 ' 34' lonpitnde w.'sl.) V'enr. Opened. Clos.-d. Closed. 1884 Dec. Dec. 15 1885 Mar. 10 r> 18Hfl Apr. 29 Dec. 2(» 18H7 .Mar. 10 D.'c. 15 1888 Mar. 15 Dec. 10 Average date of opening, March 10; av.'r:i(5e date of .'LiHinir, D.'.i iiih.T 9; aver.nge nnniher of days closed, 97. Antiioritv: Mr. F. M. Stongliton. No'iK.— Compared with Hartford, Conn., for in torpolntion for twenty years' period. REPOHT OF r. S. T)EKP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. 247 Nn. Ill.-WAGOSIIAXCK MlillT-HOI'Sr,, MH'JIKiA.N. 14r>' IT' latJluUi' north. Altituilc, .ITO.OO fort. Hj-- Oj' l Dec. ;to Dec. 2;i Dec. ibercif (lays I'lit of Kail- III' (^iiiuda, Closed. I te<'. 4 Dee. 11 Iter of (lays Yeui'. OpeDed. ' ( 'loHcd. Year. 1887 ! Apr. 10 Dec. 7 ' 1801... I'JSS Apr. 28 Dec. 8 1W12.., ISHil >!ar. 24 ! Dec. Itl I8l»:i... IHOO 1 Apr. 4 ; Dec. 1804... OpeiuMl. CloMpd. Dee. 10 Dec. 10 Dee i;i Dee. 11 V. •ai'. (tpened. .\lir. 10 Apr. 19 Closen. Ajir. 8 Ai.r. 1 Apr. it Apr. (i 1805. 1800. Dec. 9 Average date iif npeiiinj,', AprilO; average date ofreloBiug, Deeeinlier 12; average number uf days cloned. 118. Antliority ; Conmiander .1. If. Dayton, V. S. X., Xintli liglit-lioime district. Note.— Compared with Alpena, ilicli.. for interpolation for twenty year.s' period. Xo. 144.-\VUITEHALI., N. A'. (4;jo 34 latitude north. Altitude, 95.03 feet. 73^ 24' l4. 18tir.. IStiti. 1807. IWi.S 1809. 1870. 1871. Apr. 10 Apr. 9 Apr. 7 Ajir. 20 Apr. '.'O Apr. Apr. Apr. Apr. Apr. A jtr. Apr. Apr. Apr. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dee. Nov. Dec. Dec. Dec. Nov. Dec. Dec. Dec. Nov. 4 3 1 7 26 12 8 l.'i 2.'i 2 2 10 30 1872. 1873. 1874. 187,'). 1870. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1H83. 1884. Apr. Apr. Apr. Ai)r. Apr. .Mar. Apr. Iklar. Apr. rFel). \Mar. Ai)r. A pr. 28 11 30 24 5 1 "7 21 5 4 22 19 Nov. Nov. •Ian. Feb. Jan. .Ia\. .Ian. Kel). .Ian. Keb. Feb. •Ian. •lau. Tear. Opened. Closed. 22 30 10 1 o 15 ! 29 I 29 ; 2 10 1 4 ; 25 I 20 I 8 I 1885. 1880. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1800. Apr. Apr. May May Apr. !M ay A pi- Apr. Apr. Apr. Apr. Apr. 25 Jan. 29 15 Jnn. 24 1 /Jan. \Nov. 9 30 1 Nov. 30 24 N()v. 30 1 Dee. 4 27 Dec. 30 28 Dec. 4 24 ' Dec. 20 j NoV. 28 ' Dec. 1 3 30 Average date of opening, April 11 ; aven^ge date of closing, December 17; average number of day closed, 115. Authorities ; 1858-187."i, Mr. (loorgo Ivusiilow, general manager Champlain Transportation Com- panv; 1875-1887. rostmaster, Whitehall, 1890; 1887-1895, Commander A. S. Snow, inspector Third ligh'thouso district; 1890. 1'ostmaster, Whitehall, 1890. No. 145-AVlXDillLL POINT LIGUT-HOL'SE, LAKE ST. CLAIR, MICHIGAN. [42sing, November 8; average number of i!avs dosed. 104. Authorities: .Vnnunl UetiortH, Department of liailwayH and Canals, Dominion of Canada, 1883; Department of I'ublic Works. Canntln, 1890. No. 148.-VANKTON, S. DAK. 142 '54' latitude north. Altitude, 1,150 feet. 97'^ 28' longitude west. Year. Opened, j Closed. .. Mar. IX Nov. 20 .. Apr. 3 Nov. 21 .. Apr. Nov. 15 .. Feb. 22 Dec. 24 .. Feb. 19 Dec. 14 .. Mar. 23 Dee. 3 . . Feb. 14 Nov. 17 . . Apr. 24 .Nov. 18 .., Mar. 17 Dec. 2 .. Mar. 13 Dec. 10 Year. i 1884 Opened. Cloned. Dec. 14 Doc. 8 Dec. 1 Nov. 23 Dec. Jii.i."l3" 1 Year. Opened. Apr. 20 Mar. 2!) Mar. 10 Mar. 18 Mar. 1 Closed. 1874 1875 1870 1877 Mar 22 Mai 14 Mar. 18 Apr. 4 Mar. 31 Mar. 10 Mar! '23' 1892 1893 1894 1895 1890 ! Nov. 24 1885 ... Dec 1 1 1880 Dee. 24 1887 Nov. 30 1878 1888 1879 18811 1881 1882 1883 1889 1890 1890 1891 1891 :} > Jan. 2 Dec. 26 Apr. 1 Average date of opening, March 21 ; average date of t losing, December 7; average mniiber of dnys chised. 101. .Vuliioiilies: I'uited Slates Weallier llureau, 1890; .Mr. I'.d. Palmer, eily engineer. f. REPORT OF U. .S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. •J4D llOtl. Closi'd. . :> l».r. 10 n. Opfli. n. (tpt'll. n. Open. n. . II. ())IC1I. u. Dtc. 5 r. 'J3 rago niiiiilMtr of incd. CloBi'd. r. 21 Nov. 3 r. 17 Nov. IS r. •JO Nov. 30 V 8 Nov. 13 V. •J I .Nov. U T. rt Nov. 25 r. L'rt miinltcr of i'..t,v8 f Canada, 188;ij )DP4l. riosoil. 20 Nov. 24 29 ; Dec. 11 10 Do.-. 24 18 Nov. 30 1 iiiiiilx'i' of (liiys No. 119.- YORK FACTOHV, HAYKS lUVKlt. [57° 00' Itititiulo nortli. 112' 28' lon^itiidn wi-st.] Yoar. ()|ii'ni'd. I 182S Juno 1 1H2!I MllV 10 18:i0 Mnv 17 18111 AIiiv 22 18:i2 May 25 18;i:t Mav i:i 183; Mnv 27 18:i5 May 2-4 18.18 May 10 18117 Miiv 11 18:)8 May 23 1830 Alay 22 1840 May 12 1841 May 10 1842 Mnv 17 1843 Mav 2it 1844 May 13 to 20. 1845 Mav 22 1840 May 7 to 9. 1847 May 9 1848 May 21 1849 May 18 to" 24. IS-IO Mnv 31 1851 Mnv 31 cioKed. X.iv. 15 Nov 11 DlM'. 2 Nov. 28 Nov. 20 Nov. 22 1 Nov. 20 1 Nov. 18 Nov. 29 Nov. 25 Nov. 22 Nov. 19 Nov. 10 Nov. 13 Nov. 11 Nov. 10 Nov. 20 Year. 1852. I«,'i3. 18.-i4 18,'i5 IfM 1857. 1S,j8. 18.59. 1800. 1801. 1802. Nov Nov. Nov. Nov. 24 25 15 28 1803. 1804. 1H05. 1806. 1807. 1808. Nov. 27 Nov. Dec. 28 9 1H09. 1870. 1871. ()]M'ii('d. (Mo.scd May 10 Mav 20 to 30. May 23 Mny 25 .Mav 2(1 to'22. Mav 14 tIteiicd. , CIoHcd. Nov. 24 19 10 14 23 Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. 30 20 2i) 28 21 Nov. 29 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1SH9 1890 1891 1892 1803 Nov. Nov. Nov. 27 23 ... May 21 ... a.liily 15 1804 May 20 1895 1896 Nov. 14 Nov. 4 a Ice iu river AuguHt 1. A veragt' date of opi'idng, Ma, '.9; average date of closing, Novcmlier 19; average ininii)er of davn closed, 181. AiUliorities: ^Ir. Woods, Yorlt Factory, in Report of Minister of l'ubl;c Works, Doiuiiiiunof (.'anaila, 1881; Department of Public Works, Doiuiuiou of (janada, 1800. No. I50.--ZAN1C8VILLK, OHIO, MUSKINGIM KIVKU. 139' 59' latitude north. Altitude, 678 feet. 82'' 00' longitude west.] Year. I Opened. Closed. 1888... 1889... 1890... Fob. 21 .Ian. 1 Mar. 4 Feb. 6 .Mar. 10 ^jj^^. ,g Year. , Opened. Closed. 1891 Jan.' 29 Open. 1892 Feb. 15 [l^ ,7 1893 Mar. 1 Dec. 23 Year. Oponeil. Closed. 1804.. 1895.. 1896.. Feb. 21 Oi)en. Mar. 5 .lau. 1 Mar. 2 Jan. 3 Average date of opening, February 25 ; average date of closing, January 3 ; nvcragi< numb.'r of days closed, ."i3. Autliority: Mr. iMlniun.l Maeser. assistant engineer I'liited States Kngiiieer OHicc. No. 151.-HKArilAi;NUIS C.VNAL. Yenr. ' Opened. Closed. Year. Opened. (Jlosod. 1845.. 1840.. 1847.. 1848.. 1849. . 18,50.. 1851 . . 18.52.. 1853.. 1854.. 1855.. 18.-.6.. 1857.. 1858.. 1850.. I860.. 1861.. 1862.. Oct. 11 Nov. 26 1803 Mav 2 Die Apr. '.. Nov. 29 ; 1864 Apr. 24 , Dec. 1 May 5 Nov. 28 1805 Apr. 25 , Dec. , Apr. 12 Nov. 30 1803 Ajir. 30 Dec. i Apr. 19 Dec. 8 , 1807 Apr. 29 Dec. Apr. 26 Dec. 4 ii 1808 Apr. 27 Dec. Apr. 25 Nov. 25 | 1809 May 3 '■ Nov. May 2 , Dec. 13 1870 Apr. 28 , Dee. Apr. 29 Nov. 24 1871 Apr. 19 Dec. May 1 Dee. 2 I 1872 May 1 Dec. May 1 Nov. 28 \ 1873 May 1 Nov. Mny 1 Dec. 1 1874 May 3 Nov. May 2 Nov. 26 , 1875 May 3 j Nov. Apr. 20 Nov. 20 | 1876 May 1 ' Nov. Apr. 19 I Nov. 29 h 1877 May 5 I Dec. Apr. 19 Dec. 3 1878 Apr. 24 Dee. Aju. 24 Dec. 3 1879 Mav 1 Dec. Apr. 30 Nov. 30 1880 \pr. 30 Nov. 4 3 2 8 2 2 3 5 2 2 24 25 25 29 •> 28 I i Year. Opened. Closed. 1881 Apr. 1882 Aiir. 1883 Apr. 1884 Apr. 1885 May 1880 May 1887 May 1888 May 1889 Apr. 1890 Apr. 1891 Apr. 1892 Apr. 1803 May 1894 Apr. 1895 May 1896 Mav 25 Nov. 28 25 Dec. 4 30 Dec. 1 20 Dec. 1 3 Dec. 3 1 Dec. 1 3 Dec. 1 1 Dec. I 17 Nov. 30 21 Nov. 3(1 24 Dec. 1 30 Dec. 1 1 Dec. 1 3 Nov. ;i(» 1 1 N..V. ;iO Average date of opening, April 28; average date of closing, December S; average number of days closed, 146. Autliorilios: (teneral Keport rubli.' Werks, Cannda. 1807-1882: Annual Kei">'l <••' <'"' Dcpariment of Uailwavsaud Canals, Dominion of Canada, 1883-1805; Department of Public Works, Dominion of Canada, 1806. n ii mj i i ii i i iiani 250 llEPORT OF U. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. No. 152.— CAKILLON CANAL. Yciir. ()|icno(l. ' ('In8f>ec- 6 Nov. 27 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1870. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. Mav 2 May 1 May May 1 May 1 Apr. 20 Apr. l)> May 1 Apr. 21) Apr. 21> Apr. 28 Apr. 28 Apr. 28 Closed- Doc. 1 Nov. 18 Nov. 15 Nov. 20 Nov. 30 1HH-. 5 He))t. U Nov. 24 Nov. 23 Nov. 20 Nov. 24 Nov. 27 Nov. 24 Year. 1885 1886 1887 1888 1880 :.soo 1891 1892 1893 1804 1805 180« Opened, ('losnd. ■"I"'" May 7 May 1 May 2 May •1 Apr. 26 Apr. 20 Apr. 23 Apr. 3U May 1 Apr. 23 Apr. 20 Apr. 27 Nov. 30 Nov. 30 Nov. 30 Deo. 2 Nov. :io Nov. 29 Nov. 28 Nov. 30 Nov. 30 Nov. 30 Nov. 30 Avfrii|;i> dato of opening;, Apvil 30; average date of rloaiu);, November 28; avorago ti\iiiilier of days floHtMl, 153. Aiitlioriliooi (""leiioral Ui'port I'liblic, Works. Canada, 1807-1882; Annual Uoportit Department of KailwiivH mill Cauala, Duuiiniou of Canudu, 1883-181)5; Department o( I'uUlio Wurk», Domiuiou of Canada, 18i>t). No. 153._CUAMULY CANAL. Year. Opened Year. Openml. 1801 Apr. 1802 May 1863 ; May 1864 Apr. •805 1 Apr. 1866 1 May 1867 j May 1868 May 1869 ' Apr. 1870 ; May 1871 May 1872 Mav 1873 : Apr. 1874 1 Apr. 1875 • May 1870 May 1877 ! May 1878 ' May Closed. Year. Dec. D» 1890 20 1891 25 1892 22 1803 28 1894 2 1895 1896 I Ojieucd. I ("loHed. May May MaV May May May May May May May Apr. May May May May Mav May May 5 Dec. 20 I Nov. 2 2 1 5 I 3 5 8 29 1 1 Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Dec. Dec. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Dec. Nov. Nov. 6 25 28 30 30 30 30 I 1 22 28 24 30 30 1 30 30 Average date of oiiening. May 1; average date of cloaing, Novi-mbcr 29; average number of days closed. 153. .AiitiioritieH; C-meral Ueport Public AVorkx, Canada, 1867-1882; Annual Ueports Department of liailways and Caiialw. Dominicm of Canada, 1883-1895; Mr. .lolin C. Cliurchill, Jr., C. U. ; Department uf I'ublic Workw, Dominion of Canada, 1806, No.l54.-CHESAl'KAKK AND OHIO CANAL. Year. Opened. ! Closed. Year. I 0|iened. (Closed. Year. 0])ened. | Closed. 1891 Dec. 24 1893. 1892 Mar. l.'i Dec. 24 ,, 1894. Mar. 15 l Dec. 20 180.^ Mar. 18 ! Dec. 22 Mar. 18 De.-. 22 1H90 ; Mar. 10 , Averagt" ditc of opening, Marrli 18; average date of do.Hing, December 23; average number of d;iy:i closed. 85. Authority: Mr. (i. I.. Niodson, general manager. Yei 1824 .. 1825... 18'J0.... 18'.'7. 1828.... 1829.. 1830. . 1831.... 1832... 1833... 1834... 1835... 1830. . 1837... 1838... i8;m.., 1840.. 1841.. . 1842.... 1843.... 1844.... 1845.... 1840.... 1847.... 1848. . . . 1843 1844 1845 1840 1847 1848 184!).... 18.')0 1H51 18,V2.... 1853.... 1854.... 1855 18:'>0.... 18,57.... 1858.... 1859.... 1800.... REPORT OF II. H. UKVA' WATKIiWAYS COMMISSION. •Jf)! N'n. i:..-.-(IIAMI'LAlN' CANAL. [43° UJ' latituiln north. Altitutlo (Huiiiiiiit), H'.'.lo fut-t. 73° 'M' lougi'uilu v,v»C Vciir. Opitnud. CWmwl. , Year. 1840 ' Mav I 1H80 : Ai.r. 22 1851 Apr. ir. I 1852 Apr. 'JD • I85:t Apr. 20 1H54 May I 1«.'.5 Miiy 1 1850 Miiy 5 1857 , May « 1858 1 Apr. 28 1850 ' Apr. 15 1800 Apr. 25 1801 Mav 1 1K02 May 1 180:t May I 1804 i Apr. Ill) 180,". May 1 1806 May 1 1807 May 1808 May 4 Irtfll) Alay 1870 May 10 1871 Apr. 21 1872 Mav i:i C'li aid. Ytmr. | Opened, i CUmeil. Dec. Dec. H.'f. D.r. Dur. D.r. D.f. Dt'i. Hue. Dcf. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. lie. Dec. D.c. Dec. Dec. Dee. Dec. Dec. a 11 5 10 21) :i 10 4 15 8 12 12 10 lU 12 12 20 7 18 8 1 I 187.1.... 1874.... 1875.... 1870. .. 1877.... 1878.... 1(<7!).... 1880 1881.... 1882 . . . . 1883.... 18rt4.... 1885.... 1880.... 1887 1888... 1889.... 18iM).... 1891.... 18U2.... 189;i.... 1804.... 189D.... 1800.... May Mav May May May Apr. Mav ApK May Apr. Mav May Mav .Miiy M.,y Mav May May May May May May May May Dec. Dec. Nov. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Nov. Dec. Dec. Dec. D<'c. Dee. De.'. Doc. Dec. Ni)V. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. De.'. 5 5 ;io 1 7 7 :;o H 7 1 1 1 I 1 a :io :m ;io :io 30 30 Averngo dale of openini;, April 28; average , C. KobinHon; Mr. John ('. Churchill, .jr., C. I').; Mr. ThoniaH II. Uautield. average number of days Canaila, No. 150.— CO UN WALL CANAL, COUNWALL 145'^ 01' latitude north. 74 > 44' hmKituile wcat. | Year. 184,1. 1844. 1845 1840 1847 1848 1840 1850 1H51 1852 1853 1854 1855, 18i>0 18,'-.7 1858 1859 1800 Opened. CloMed. Apr. 10 Apr. 24 Apr. 28 Apr. 20 May 1 A p'r. 7 Apr. 7 Apr. 20 Apr. 25 May 1 Apr. 29 Apr. 30 Apr. 30 Apr. 28 May 1 Apr. 20 Apr. 20 Apr. 21 Nov. 28 Deo. 2 Nov. 29 Dee. 2 Dec. 4 Dec. Dec. Dec. 7 Dec. 12 Dec. 16 Dec. 14 Dec. 10 Dec. 18 Dec. 6 Dec. 12 Dec. 7 Dec. 7 Dec. 10 Ai>r. 24 May 1 May 4 Apr. 27 Apr. 20 Apr. 30 May 1 Apr. 27 May 3 Apr. 28 Apr. 20 May 2 Apr. 30 Apr. 20 May 4 May 1 May 27 Apr. 22 Doc. 12 Dec. 12 Dec. 12 Dec. 10 Doc. 13 Dec. 13 Dec. 1 Dec. 8 Dec. 7 Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Year. Opened. I CloHed, 1870 Mav 2 1880 ' Apr. 20 1881 1882 1883 1884 , 1885 1880 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1890 Apr. 20 Apr. 25 ! Apr. 28 Apr. 29 May 8 May 1 , May 4 Mav 2 Apr. 22 ; Apr. 21 May 4 May 1 Apr. 30 Apr. 23 Apr. 29 Apr. 22 Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Doc. 26 Doc. 11 Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. 10 6 8 8 10 8 4 4 15 4 9 8 7 Average date of opening, April 27; average date of closing, December 3; average number of days cloRcd, 145. Authorities: Oencral Keport Public Works, Canada, 1807-1882; Annual Report of the Depiirtnient of Kailwaya and Canals, Dominion of Cuuudu, 1883-1895; Department of Public Works, Dominion of Canada, 1890. on.) M 1 1*. RKPOKT OK V. R. DEEP WATKRWAYS COMMISSION. X<>. l,-.7. DKI.AWAUr. A\l» HUDSON <'ANA1„ IJONDOf I', NY. [41 • r.r>' lalitiKlc iiDilh. Altiluilr, 0.00 (Vrt. 7'. :>- lim;;itiitl.' «-.'8l.| Vrar. OpoiK'd. C'loHi'il. VtMir, OpiMiod. I Closi'il. I Vt'iir. ISTl 1H7.' 1«7:! 1H71 1H7:. 1870 1H77 Ajir. I'J I»ci-. C. 18Hti 1S7S I Apr. II DiT. 7 1HH7.. i87'J .1 Apr. Jl DtT. 10 1S88.. Aj.r. I Nov. :i(l 1880 Apr. 1 Apr. 8 DiMv f) 1881 Apr. 1 Apr. 11 N..V. 'Jii 188'J Apr. 1 Apr. 1 Nov. ;iO 188:! Apr. 10 Apr. IJ D.f. 1 1884 Apr. .' Apr. 12 Nov J'.l l.x8,"> A)>r. No\. LT. Ui'v 7 Uvv. ti DiT. 4 Nov. l'9 Doc. r. 18S dittc I't' I'lii.siui;. Dt'i'i'iulur ." ;i\ riii'.ii> iioiiiliir of diiyH t'ldxid, rj:i. .\iillioiil,\ : .Mr. S. S. .Siiiiili, siipi-riiilt'iidriil. No. l.-.8,_l>Kl,A\VAKK AND K.VKll'AN C.WAI., I'liKN ION. \,.l. 140 Ki latiliido iiortli. 7> t.'i luii:;il ode wast, i V.ur. Ojii'IumI. ''lo.scil. 18:i4 (I Alls;. 18:t.^ A'ur. 18:t6 1K!7 I8;i8 18;i!i 1840. .. 1841. Apr. .... Miir .... Miiv A in. Apr. Apr. Mar. 20 10 18 •JO 10 D.-c. ir> 1842.... i84;t ... 1844 ... i84r..... 184«..,. 1847 1848.... 184'.1.... 18,''>0.... 18,M.... li''^.... 18,".:!.... 18r.4.... 1855. . . . Mi.r. Apr. Mar. Mar. Mai'. Mar. Mar. Mar. A pr. Miir. K.I.. Dt'p. Dir D.r. Do.'. DtT. Ja •;o 28 20 24 Di. Year. OpuiH'd. CloHcd. 18.'.(i Mar. 28 Dim'. Ja <8a7 \, Mar. 12 1858 J ,Iaii. 10 18.'">8 Doc. 2r) 185» Mar. 15 Doc. 24 18(10 ; Mar. 20 Dec. 24 1861 1 Mar. 21 Dec. 20 l«"c>i. 82. Aiitliovitov- Mr. \V. II Diliiii, .siiperiiiloi dent, and In hod Stales W'eatliei lloreaii. No. 1,511. -DKS MOINIvS IJATIDS ('ANA!,. MONTIMSi;. IOWA. |40 •'>! I.ititildi Iioitli Altilllde. 'KIO I'eet 01 '.'5 lolif^it llde wi'Hl . Yoa 1824... 1825... 1826.. 1827 . . 1,S28. . . . 1829 . 18:i0.. 18:tl.. 18112 . I8:i:i.. 1834.. 18:i5.. 18;t6.. 18.17. . I8;i8.. I8;t9 1840.. 1841.. 1842.. I8t:i . 1844.. 1845.. 1846.. 1847.. 1848.. 1848. 1849. 1850. 1851. 18.52. 185:i. 1854. 18.55 18.56. 18.57. 1858 18.59. 1860. 1861 . 1862. 18011 . 1864. Opened. ( losed. V( ( Ipeiied I losed. 1877 An:;. 22 1^7.^ .Mar. 8 1870 Mar. 17 1880 Mill'. 8 18*1 Apr. Hi 188'.> . Mar t) 188:i Apr. 1.1 Dec Nov. Dee. Nov. Oel. Nov. D.c. 10 28 10 17 I8.><4 \i>r. 1 Nov. 1885 \pi'. I .Nov. |88ti Apr. I Nii\ . XHHl Mar. 28 Nov. 1888 Mar. 29 Nov 1880 .Mr. 18 Nov , \.m \pr. I Nov . 2;i 21 21 V:i 2:1 20 \ ear. 1891... 1892 . . 1 soil . . . 1894 .. 1805... 1896... (Ipel'.ed. ("losed. Apr 1 Nov. 21 A |ii'. 1 Nov 2:1 -■Vpi . 1 Nov 15 Mar 21 Nov. 1 Mar. 15 Nov. .i>> Mar. 1 .\ voraco dale of nponliin Manli 21 : av ora:ic d.di'orelosln'^', NovciiiImt 21 : avorajro nunilior of day* closed. 12:1. .Aiitliorities Ueport (if .Soeietaiy of War, I'liited Stales I'.nKineois, 1880 181:5; Mr. Moiilnomciy Moij. I'liitoil Staten eiv il en^iiiuei' in eliiirne. 1859.... 18(i0 ... 1801.... 1862 ... I8O;!.... 1804 ... 1805 ... 1806 .. 1867.... 1868... 1869 ... 1870..., 1871.... KEPOliT UF U. S. DEKP WA TEUWAVS COMMISSIUN. 253 N... itio. KKIK CANAl,. ( 'losi'd. :,". 1).'.'. 11 1 1 >.•.•. 5 1 I).'.-. 10 ■i Di'c. H i J)io H o N«x ::o H 1 D.r. (i iilur 111" (liiVH 1. Closed. 1» Dec •> > H l).'r. 'i\ V l>.c. 2lt :> Dec, IH 1 I).'.'. i;o i l>ir. •JO i; i>iT. JO l».r. •JO (i Dim'. I'J J D.T. JO 4 Di'i'. 1!) i D.'c. •JO 1 1 ».•<•. 'JO ■ P.T. •JO 1 Mcc. U) |)f.- It) I Itl'C •JO 1 D.r •JO l).r. •JO 1H'J4. IH^Jf). IH'JC). 1H^J7 IS'J'.t IKtO. 18;U. 18TJ iK:i:t 1 8114. i8:ir. i8:to. 18.17. I8:i8. I8:i!) 1840. 1841. 1 84 J I8i:i. 1844. 1845. 1 840. 1847. 1848. Apr. 4 Apr. rj Apr. JO .Vpr. •JJ Miir. '27 May •> ApF. A jir. Aiir. Ajir. Apr. .Vjir. Ajtr. Apr. Apr. AJir. A|ir. 'JO Apr. 24 Apr. May Apr. Apr. Ai.r. M.iv Mav •JO Ki !!.'> 10 17 ir> rj •JO •JO 1 18 15 Ki 1 1 1 >.-.•. 4 Di'i . .■> D.r 18 D.r. 18 D.'.'. •JO D.".'. 17 D.M'. 17 !)."(•. 1 1 )••<•. 21 Der. 12 Die. 12 Nov. :io Nov. 2ti D... Nyv. J.') 1).<-. 1 188! Mjy Mav I Di'c. 15 1882 Apr. Aii'r. '28 I I ).'(•. 8 I88:t May Apr. 15 D.'.'. 12 1881 MaV Apr. ^25 Nov. 12 1885 Ma'\ Mav ' i l>ff. 10 1880 Mav Mav 1 J D.'c. 10 1887 May May 1 I Dir. 18^8 May Ai>'r. :u> ' DiT. 8 1880 Mav Mav I "'•'■■ 12 1800 Apr. May 1 Dtr. 12 isui Mav Mav Dec. -JO \^\r> M:i'\ Mav I 1 )»■<•. 7 I89;i Ma'v Ma\ D.f. 10 |8'.)4 Ma'v Mav 10 1).>.'. 8 : 18115 May Apr. •J4 D.C. 1 18'J0 May Mav y-i 1 ).•'■. 1 ! ■ Mav 15 Dpo. 5 i ] Die. Nov. Dt'c. D.r. D.M. Di.v Nov. D.M'. Nov. Dr.'. D.MV Die. Dim' D..'. D.M. D.M'. D.I'. D.M'. Dim. Nov. D.M'. D.M'. 1 28 I I I 1 1 Averiid." dad' ol' o|iciiiim, April 27; av.'ra^.' dal.' ol' .losiiii;, Dcc'ihIht 5; avrrajjc iiiiiiiliiT uf ihiv « .•loH.'d, Hit. A III lion I i.".'.: (i.'iicral K.'port I'liiilir Works, Caiia.la. ISO" I8s2; 1 iilcriial ('oiiiiiicrc.'.tl' I'nil.'.l Slalr,<, 1885; Marin.' Il.^vi.'w. 1890. N.i. 101. KAUKVNS rolN'l" (\VNAL. Year. (i|imi*'d. CUmiMl. Y.'iir. Opnii.Ml. CloMi'il. V.-ar. Op.Mi.'.l. Clii.si'il. 1848.. 1840.. 18.50.. 1851.. l8;-.2.. 185;i.. 18,54.. 18.55.. 18.56.. 18.57.. 1858 . 185!).. I860.. 1801 . 186'.;.. I86;i. 1864.. Apr. Apr. Ajir. A pr. Apr. May May- Apr. Apr. May Apr. Apr. A pi. Apr. .'Vpr. Mav Apr. Ui'C. D.M'. I).'.!. Nov. N..V. D.Ml. D<'ii. D.'.'. D.r. Due. D.M'. Dec. D.'c. D.T. Nov. D.M'. 1>.<\ 6 15 10 25 24 1 8 15 12 II 5 lU 10 ;io 7 10 1805 Apr. 20 D.r. 1800 Mav 1 D.M'. 1807 Apr. ;iO ; D.M'. 1808 Apr. ^27 , D.r. 1800 .Mav 1 I ><•.•. 1870 Apr. ^23 . D.M . 1871 Apr. 21 : D.'i'. 1872 1 Mav 1 ■ I)i'.'. 187;t Ma'v I D.'C. 1874 May 1 '.Hm'. 1875 May I !>«;. 1870 Mav I 1).M'. 1877 Ma'v I ; D.-i;. 1878 Apr. 'JO ; D.'I'. 1879 Apr. 28 ! Di'.'. 18,'<0 Apr, •JO ' D.'.'. 1881 Apr. 27 D.'C. i:t II .5 :t 10 7 7 12 !1 11 10 1882 Apr. 188;t Mav 1884 Ma'v 1885 ; May 1880 ! Apr. 1887 Mav 1888 i .May 1880 Apr. 1890 Apr. 1801 Apr. 1802 Apr. I80;! Apr. 1804 Apr. 1805 Apr. 1890 Apr. I I 24 1 1 4 20 III I 21 •Jii 2n D.M D.'I D.M D.'I Di'i D.M D.M D.'I D.M Dim D.M D.M D.M D.'I I ,5 10 4 12 KI i:! 10 10 lii'i 111 (la\ s CIlLSI'd. N.i\. 21 Nov 2.) Nov 15 Nov. 1 Nov. •)•) T III' .laVH III tlOIIHI'V A vi'i'ii(;i> ar. Op(>ii.'.l. Cl.)M-il. 20 Nov. 28 28 Nov. 20 ;i Nov. 29 :i Nov ;io 1 1).'.'. .) •» N..V. II') I N.)V. ;io ;i N..V. ;io 7 Nov. ;io •> Nov. ;io :i Nov. •JO 27 1 »<«.•. 1 Nov. 27 1872.... 1.87,1. .. 1871... 1875.... 1870... 1877.... 1878.... 1879.... 1880.... 1881... 1882.... I88;t.... 1884.... Mav •j;i Mav 1 May May 1 May 8 May 1 Mav :i Ma'v 5 Apr. 24 May I; Mav 1 May 1 Apr. 28 D.r. 18 .i.tv. 18 N.)v. 25 Nov . 20 N.pv. :;o D.'C. 5 S.'pt N..V. 24 Nov. 2:1 Nov. 20 Nov. 24 Nov. 27 Nov. 20 1885. 1880. 1887. 1888. 1889. 181)0. 1891. 1802. l.-iOII. 1804. 1805. 1806. Mav 1 Nov. :to Mav 1 Nov. ;to Mav 'J Nov, :io Mav 'J D.'I'. •1 Apr. •JO N.iv. :iO Apr. 'JO Nov. •JO Apr. 211 Nov, 28 .Apr. ,'I0 Nov, :io Mav 1 Nov. ;io Apr. 'j:i Nov , ;',() A pr. 20 N.)v. :io A pr. 27 . . . . av I'tamMlalt. of .'losiiiK, Ni)V.>iiiliiiiiiiini(iniil'C;iiiM 1890 iwl 1892 1 i; !893 1 i 1894 20 ' 1895...... 18 i 1896...... Mar. Apr. .\pr. Apr. Apr. Apr. A]ir. Mar. Apr. Apr. Apr. Apr. Apr. Apr. Apr. 13 Nov. 2 ' Nov. 7 : Dec. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. 1 1 Nov. 1 i Nov. 1 Nov. 1 I Nov. 1 30 25 I 25 25 19 15 15 21 22 15 15 15 15 i! A\ cra^e diito of opeiiiu;;, Ai>ril 1 ; average date of olosing, November 24; average number of dayn closed, V2X. Auliiority : Annual Ki'iiort of the Trade and Commerce of (>hicago, 1895. N... 164.— I.ACHINE (!ANAL. Year. | Opened. Closed. Year. 1835 Nov. 1830 May 1 Nov. 18117 Apr. 26 Nov. 1838 Apr. 23 Nov. 1839 Apr. 11 Nov. 1840 Apr. 21 Nov. 1841 May 1 Nov. 1842 May 2 Nov. 1813 May 4 Nov. 1844 Apr. 23 Nov. 1845 M..y 5 Nov. 184C) MaV Deo. 1847 Mav 6 Dec. 1848 Apr. 24 Deo. 1849 A\n. 21 Deo. 1850 Apr. 22 Deo. 1851 Apr. 22 Deo. 18.52 Mav 7 Deo. 1853 Mav 20 Dec. 1854 May 13 Dec. 1855 Mav 1 ■ Nov. 22 25 24 23 23 23 25 20 28 17 28 9 13 11 10 7 10 10 28 18,56. 1857. 1858. 1859. 18(i0. 1861. 1862. 1863. 1864. 1865. 1860. 1807. 1868. 1809. 1870. 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1870. Opened. Mav 1 May 4 Apr. 25 Apr. 21 Apr. 20 Apr. 24 May 4 Mav 4 Apr. 25 May 1 Mav 2 Mav I Apr. 27 May 3 Apr. 29 Apr. 24 May 1 May 5 Apr. 29 May 1 Mav 1 Closed. Deo. 4 Deo. 5 1)00, Nov. '*7 Doo. Deo. Deo. Nov. 30 Nov. 30 Nov. 30 Nov. 30 Dec. 2 Nov. 30 Nov. 20 Nov. 30 Nov. 30 Nov. 30 Nov. 30 Nov. 30 Average dalr of o])oniiig, April 30; average date of cloHing, December 2; average number of days closed, 140. Autiiorities; General Heport of Public Works, Canada, 1867-1882; Annual Reports of the Depart- ment of Railways and Canals, Dominion of Cana0U.69 feel. 88^ 17' longitude weal.] i Year. 1848. 1849. 1850. 1851 . 1852. 1853. 1854 . 1855. 1850. 1857. 1858. 1859. I860. 1861. 1862. 1803. 1804. Average closed, 141. Authoriti of Railway Canada, 18! Year. 1832. 1833. 18.34. 1835. 1836. 1837. 1838. 1839. 1840. 1841. 1842. 1843. 1844. 1845. 1846. 1847. 1848. 1849. 18.50. 1851. 1852. 1853. Average «1 closotl, 158. Authority Year. Oitened. 1882 1 Apr. 30 Deo. 1 1883 ' Apr. 28 Nov. 25 1884 Miy. 8 Nov. 28 1885 May. 11 Nov. 20 1886 Apr. 28 Nov. 20 Opened. Closed. Year. ! May 5 Nov. 27 1892 May 15 Nov. 16 1893 Apr. 25 Nov. 20 j 1894 Apr. 28 Nov. 25 1 1895 May 1 Nov. 29 , 1890 Opened, (.'losod Apr. 26 Mav 9 Apr. 22 Apr. 22 Apr. 22 Nov. 30 Deo. 1 Nov. 2S Doo. 'I Average date of o|ienliig. May 1; average date of olosing. Novenil>er 27; average num1>i>r of days olosod, 155. Autiiorities. Mr. G. A. Marr, C. K,, assistant ^engineer Portage Lake Ship Canals; Mr, J. C. Tbomp- snii, agent Anolior and Western Kteamship Lines. NuTE.— This data a]itdios to the Portage Lake Ship Canals. REPORT OP U. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. 255 No. 166.— RAPIDE PLAT CANAL. t;io8wi. Nov. 30 Nov. 2.") Dec. 1 Nov. 25 Nov. 25 Nov. 19 Nov. 15 Nov. 15 Nov. 21 Nov. 22 Nov. 15 Nov. 15 Nov. 15 Nov. 15 Cloneil. Duo. 4 Dfc. 5 !).>(■. 4 Nov. 27 ])<■<■. 1 Dec. 1 Dec. 1 Nov. :io Nov. 30 Nov. 30 Nov. 30 Dec. 2 Nov. 30 Nov. 20 Nov. 30 Nov. 30 Nov. 30 Nov. 30 Nov. 30 Tear. Opened. 1848 Apr. 13 1H49 Apr. 9 1850 Apr. 27 1851 Apr. 25 1852 Apr. 13 1853 1 May 1 1854 May 3 Apr. 20 Apr. 28 Mny 1 1855 1850 1H57 1858 1 Apr 25 1859 Apr. 30 1860 Apr. 21 1861 ;.| Apr. 24 1862 Apr. 29 1803 ' Mav 1 1864 Apr. 20 Closed, j Year. Oponod. Dec. Dec. Ijet!. Nov. Nov. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Nov. Dec. Dec. 6 15 10 25 24 1 1^1 1^1 11 5 10 1865. 1860. 1867. 1868. 1869. 1870. 1871. 1H72. 1873. 1874. Irt75. 1870. 1877. 10 i 1878. 30 . 1879. 1880. Apr. May Apr. Apr. May Apr. Apr. May May May May May Mny Apr. Apr. Apr. 10 I 1881 1 Apr. il Closed. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Doc. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. 13 11 5 3 10 2 I V 5 5 12 a u 10 : Y.nr. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1880. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1S94. 1895. 1800. Opened. Apr. 24 May 1 Mav 1 May 4 Apr. 29 May 30 May 2 Apr. 22 Apr. 22 Apr. 21 Apr. 20 Apr. 27 Apr. 2:! Apr. 23 Apr. »»'» Dec. 11 Dec. 16 Dec. 17 Dec. 6 Dec. 4 Dec. 5 Dec. 10 Dec. 9 Dec. 4 Dec. 12 Do.. 13 Dec. 13 Dec. 10 Dii'. 10 Average date of opening, April 27; average date of closing, December 7; average number of days closed, 141. Authorities: General Report Public Works, Canada, 1807-1882; Annual Report of llie Dcpartin'snt of Railwavs and Canals, Dominion of Canada, 1883-1895; Department of Public Works, Dominion of Canada, 1806. No. 167.-RIDEAU CANAL, JONES FALLS, ONTARIO. Year. 1832. 1833. 1834. 1835. 1836. 1837. 1H38. 1839. 1840. 1841. 1842. 1843. 1844. 1845. 1846. 1847. 1848. 1849. 1850. 1851. 1852. 1853. Opentid. Julv 30 Julio 7 Ai)r. 28 Apr. 23 May Apr. 30 Apr. 25 Ai>r. 29 Apr. 23 Apr. 30 Apr. 22 Apr. 29 Apr. 22 Apr. 26 Apr. 19 May 1 Apr. 20 Apr. 20 May 2 Apr. 26 Mav 1 Apr. 27 Closed. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov, Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov . Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Year. 1854. 1855 1850. 1857. 1858. 23 j 1859. 24 1860. 24 11861. 22 11862. 24 1863. 20 1864. 20 1W!5. 23 1866. 28 1867. 30 I 1808. 29 1H09. 30 1870. 30 I 1871. 30 : 1872. 12 ! 1873. 23 !l874. 27 I 1875. Opened. Clo.sed. Year. Apr. May May Apr. May Apr. May May May May May Apr. May May May May May Apr. May May May May Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov, Nov. Nov. Dec. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. 27 2 1 22 "l 20 1 2 1 4 1 24 3 1 1 1 1 20 1 1 1 4 i Nov. ! 1876. 1 1877. i 1878. 1870. 1880. ;i881. '■ 1882. I 1883. : 1884. I 1885. ! 1880. ■ 1887. 1888. 1880. 1890. 1891. , 1892. 1893. 1804. 1805. 1890. Opened. Closed. May 4 May 2 May. 1 May 5 Apr. iH Mav 2 May 2 Mav 4 Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. 25 10 29 lil 17 21 20 Apr. 28 . Average date of opening, April 23; average date of closing, Nnvcmlu'r 22; average uuuiber of diiy.s closed, 158. Authority: General Report Public Works, Canada, 1867-1882. Closed. Nov. Doc. Nov. Dec. 30 1 28 •r of dii>8 C. TUoMi])- I I 250 REPORT OF U. S. PKr? WATERWAYS COMMISSION. No. UK. lilDKAT CAXAl.. K INCSTOX, ( )NTA IMu. Yi'iir. 1848 184'.t i8r)(» 1851 185'.' IB-);'. 185! 18.". 18:.'; IS.-'.T isr.s ]8,V.) 18011 ]8«1 mv: 18ti:! 1804 Oi)ein»1. CIoHi'd. Mav Maiy- A ]ir. May Mav },U\\ Mas Mav A,.K Mav Vi'ar. Opt'iK'il. Closed. Y«'ar. (tpeiml.] Clone. 1 Apr. T^Iav Ata'v May May A l>r. 1 Nov. :ui o Nov. ;u) 1 Doc. 1 •ir> Nov. :i() Nov. :to Nov. :to Nttv. 30 Nov. 118 , Nov. •28 ' •>•( Nov. 2:1 Nov. t).i 10 Kov. :(ii Nov. •Ji) Nov. L','> Nov. ;iii Nov. :io 27 Nov. ;to 18fi.'.. 18')fi. 1867. I8C8. 18fi0. 1870. 1871. 187'J. 187;i. 1874. 1875. 1870. 1877. 1878. 187'.t. 1880. 1881. Apr. 25 1).<-. Mav 1 D.c. 4 May 1 Nov. 30 May 1 Nov. 2» May 1 Nov. 14 A i>'r. 2« Nov. 27 Apr. 21 Nov. 20 May 1 Nov. 20 Mav 1 Nov. 21 Mav 1 Nov. 20 -May :i Nov. 18 May 5 Nov •>- Ai)r. ;!0 Nov 30 May 1 Nov 30 May 5 Nov 21 Aiir. 27 Dec. 17 May ** Dtf. 20 1882. IKHii. 18K4. lH8.->. 18K0. 1887. 1HH8. 188i>. 181(0. 18!)1. 1802. 181)3. 18U4. 189,'i. 18%. May 1 Dec. 1:1 May 7 Nov. 28 Alav ,'•> Nov. 18 Mav 11 Nov. 28 May 7 Nov. 30 Mav *) Nov. 2,'> Mav 3 Nov. 21 Apr. 29 Nov. 22 May Nov. 20 May 1 Nov. 30 Mav 1 Nov. 30 May 1 Nov. 23 Ajir. 30 Nov. 19 Apr. 30 Nov. 2» May 2 . ... Avorat;t< l' ('Muaila, 188:!-lri00: Dejiartnieut of I'lihlii' W'orkH, l)oniiiiii>u of Canada', 18SW. N.I. n;;i. — IMDKAl' CANAL. OITAWA, ONTARIO. [iri n; lalitude norlli. 42' lun^jitude west. Year. opened. Closed. Vi-ar. ; Opened, j Closed. Year. ' Opmed. ' Closed. 1832... 1833.... 1834.... 1835.... 1830... 1837.... 1838... 183!t..., 1840... 1841... 1842 .. 18.3.... 1844 .. 1845 .. 1840... 1847... 1848... 1840 ... IS-IO.... 1851 ... 1852.... 1853.... ^lav •May Apr. A jir. Mav iMay May A pr. .\pr. A i)r. A i)r. May A pi-. Ajir. Ajir. May Apr. May May A i)r. May Apr. 2S 23 2 24 20 21 4 17 10 3 28 4 27 Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Dec. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Dee. Nov. Nov. Nov. Dec. Nov. Nov. Nov. i8r>4. Ih55. IH.'JO. 1857. 1858. 18.59. 1800. 1801. 1802. 1X03. 1X04. 1X05. 1800. 1867. 1808. 1809. 1870. 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. May Apr. May May May A pr. May Apr. Mav May May Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Dec. Apr. 27 Dee. 4 May 1 Dee. Mav 1 Dec. 5 Apr. 30 Nov. 30 May Nov. 27 May Dee. 5 Apr. 22 Nov. 29 May 3 Nov. 30 Mav 5 Nov. 19 ■May 5 Nov. 20 Mav 5 Nov. 22 1 1870... 1877... 1878... 1879... 1880... 1881... 1882... 1883... 1884 .. 1885... 1880... 1K87... 1888.., 1889... 1 8'.)(l . . . 1891... 1892... 1893... 1894... 1895... 1896. . . May May Alav May A pr. May Mav Maj May Mav Ma\ Mav May Apr. May Apr. May A i)i-. May Apr, M;iV Dec. Dec. D.'C. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. 3 4 23 24 23 27 27 24 30 29 25 22 28 29 28 30 30 20 30 Aver.ice date i3. 18.')4. 18,".5. 1850. 1857. l8;-.8 18,V.). 1800. 1801 1802. 1803. 1864. 1805. 3N. REPORT OF U. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. 257 No. 170.-STK. ANNKS h()(JK AND DAM. ppiutl. 1 Close i av Doc. i:> av Nov. 28 lav Nov. 18 av 11 Nov. •JS ay Nov. M) av N t)v. 2:> av Nov. 21 pr. **0 Nov. •M l.V Nov. 2(1 lilV Nov :'.o lav Nov ■M) lav Nov •s^ I pr. 30 Nov 19 ipr. lay 30 Nov 29 « niinili 1 er of lavs ts l»eitarliniMit of rkH, t)iiiiiiniou of )p»'iio lay 1 D.i'. ■J lav 1 J).<'. 4 tav .■> Nov. 2:t Vpr. 28 Nov. 2i lav 2 Nov. 2;i lav 1 Nov. 27 lav ;i Nov. 27 lav 1 Nov. 24 l.iv 8 Nov. :iu la\ ;i Nov. 29 lav 3 Nov. 'Z-, lav ;i Nov. 22 Vpr. 20 Nov. 28 lav f) Nov. 29 ipr. 28 Nov. 28 lav 2 Nov. 30 ipv. 29 Nov. 30 I;,V 1 Nov. 20 Ll.f. 27 Nov. 30 l''.V 1 . . . . ;f iiiiiiilirr of (lays DiMiarlint'ii t of irliM. Doniiiiioii of i< Year ()p»!llO(l. ClOHI'll. Year. 1843 IniKi 2fi Nov. 1844 Apr. 28 Nov. 184.') Apr 24 Nov. 184tl Ai)r. II Nov. 1847 Ma.\ 5 Nov. 1848 Apr. l(i Nov. 1849 Apr. 20 Die, 1850 , Apr. 29 , Dec. 1851 Apr. 17 Nov. 1852 Apr. 30 Dec. 1853 Apr. 24 Nov. 1854 Apr. 29 Dec. 1855. Apr. 30 Nov. 1856 Altr. 25 Dec. 1857 Apr. 25 Dec. 1858 Apr. 1!) Nov. 1859 Ai)r. 18 Nov. 1860 Apr. 21 Dec. 28 29 29 30 (i 5 24 15 28 1 4 29 28 1861.. 1802.. 1 803. . 18ii4.. 1h05.. 1866.. 1807.. 1868.. 1809 . 1870.. 1871.. 1872.. 1873.. 1874.. 1875.. 1876.. 1877.. 1878. . 0|i()iio(1. A])r. 27 Ajir. 29 Apr. 28 Apr. 23 A pr. 12 A pr. 26 May 1 Apr. 18 Apr. 29 Apr. 19 Apr. 13 A pr. 29 Apr. 24 Mav 4 May 3 May 1 A pr. 21 Apr. 15 ('limed. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Doc. Dec. (i 3 27 21 30 27 29 20 26 22 29 4 Year. 1870 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1H88 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 Opeiird. (Closed. Apr. 21 Apr. 24 Ajir A pr A jir, Apr, .May Apr. 27 4 2 18 11 30 26 7 May May May 19 Ai)r. 24 Apr. 2;-) I Apr. 27 I Apr. 'Ji i Apr. 21 j Apr. 25 I Apr. 26 Dee. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nor. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. 3 24 20 30 26 24 26 27 28 22 29 25 26 28 27 25 29 A verape date of ojienin^. Ajiril 25; averaps date of clo.sing, November 29; avera({o number of days closed. 147. AnlhiiritieM ; (ieneral Ueport Public AVork.s, Canada, 1867-1882; Aiini:al Keporta Department of IJail- vvav.s audt'aualH, Dominion of (.'anada, 1883-1800; Department of Public \Vork8. Doiuiuion of (junada, 1896. No. ni.-SAl'LT STK. MAlilK CANAL, MICHIGAN. [46° 28' latitude nortli. Sault Ste. Marie altitude, 600,05 feet. 84° 22' longitude west.] Year. ' Opened. ; Closet' 1855.... 18.56 ... 1857.... 1858.... 1859.... I860.... 1801. .. 1862.... 18(i3.... 1804.... 1805.... 1806 1867.... 1868.... Year. May May Apr. May May May Apr. Apr. May May May May May Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. D.T. Di'C. Dec. Doc. Dec. 23 28 30 20 28 26 14 17 24 4 3 3 3 3 18(i9. 1870. 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1870. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 188i. 1882. Opened. ! Closed. Year. May Apr. May May MaV May T^lay May ilay A pr, May A pr. May Apr. Nov. Dec. Nov. Nov. Nov. Dec. Dec. Nov. Nov. Dec. Dec. Nov. Dec. Doc. 1883.... 1884.... 1885.... 1886 1887.... 1888.... 1889.... 1890.... 1891.... 1892.... 1893.... 1894.... 1895 1896.... Opened. May 2 Apr. 23 May 6 A pr. 25 May 1 Mav 7 Ai)r. 15 A]ir. 20 Apr. 17 Apr. 18 Apr. 29 Apr. 17 Apr. 25 Closed. Apr. 16 Dec. 11 Dec. 10 Dec. 2 Dec. 4 Doc. 2 Dec. 4 Dfjc. 4 Dec. • > Dec. 8 Dec. () Dec. 6 Dec. 6 Dec. 11 Average date of iii)ening, .\pril 25; av<5 . .. Apr. Apr. Ajir. Apr. A pr. A pr. 18.56 1857 1W58 18,59 I860 1861 1862 Apr. Apr. 1863 Apr. Aiir. A pr 1864 . !865 14 Dec. 6 9 Nov. •>•! 10 Dec, 13 13 Dec, 4 19 De<'. 4 23 Nov. 30 18 Dec. 2 17 Dec. 4 9 Nov. 19 5 Dec. 3 4 Dec. 5 10 Dec. 3 25 Dec. '1 29 Dec. 3 7 Dec. 9 10 Dec. 9 Year. , Opened, i Closed 1866 Apr. 1867 ' Apr, 1868 j :Mar, 1809 1 A|U-. 1870 Apr. 1871 Mar. 1872 Apr. 1873 May 1874 1 Ajir. 1875 1 Apr. 1H70 Apr. 1877 Apr. 1878 1 Apr. 1879 Apr. 1880 Apr. 1881 '. Apr. CloHod. Nov 2« Nov. 29 Nov. 30 No\'. 28 Nov. 30 Nov. 25 Nov. 24 Nov. 28 Nov. 28 Nov. 30 Nov. 30 Nov. 20 Nov. 2f Nov. 2? Average date of oi>ening, April 10; average dali' of closing, November 30; average nuniberof days closed, 137. _ . ,, ,. „ ities: (iener.'ll I! and Canal.s, Do 890, H. Doc. IIL' 1 Autiiorities: (Ieneral Keport I'uldic Works, Canada, 1807-1882; Annual Keiiorls Department of Hail ways and Canal.s, Dominion of Canada, 1883-1890; Department of I'ublic Works, Dominion of ('auudu, 189*i, \t 258 HKPORT OP U. S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. Xo. nn.— ST. TETKUS ("ANAL. Vonr. Opi'iHMl. Climcd. 1870 \' 1871 / 1871 1 Ai>r. 15 1872 ' 187:i I Apr. ].') 1874 1 May ."i 1875 May 10 1870 1 Miiy ;t. 1877 I MiiK'o .luiH', 187ti. 1878 (' I O H I' Jan. 2 Jan. 30 Nov. 27 .Ian. 7 11 Apr. 28 1890 /• ! Jan. C 1800 1 A,>r. 21 1801 )1 Jan. 2(' 1891 )\ Api. 22 1802 J' 1802 .\| Apr. 1 1803.. 1803.. 1894.. 1894 I Apr. 28 1895 ....| ("losedfo Mar. 30 •\| Apr. :|fXpr:- Mar. 23 , Nov. 23 |i Hit. 24 Jan. 20 Jan. Jan. (i Dec. l.lrt r II' pairs. a For re pairs*. Avrram' date of opening, April 22: av«>rap< datu of «'lo!«■(•. . I>.r. , I).-.'. I Dec. Dec. U.T. Dec. i Nov. l).-f. D.c. 6 1.1 10 25 24 1 8 1.1 (i 12 11 5 10 10 •to 7 10 18rp5 Apr. 29 18(ifi ' May 1 1807 ' Apr. 311 1808 : Ajir. 27 18B9 .M.-v 1 1870 ' Ap'". 23 1871 , Api 21 1872 ! Muv I 187:! ; Ma'y 1 1871 May 1 1875 May 1 1870 May 1 1877 May 1 1878 Apr. 20 1879 Apr. 28 1880 J lino. '10 1881 Apr. 27 n.c. \U-v. D.c. IVc. Dor. Dfc. Doc. DfC. 1 »»'f. Dec. D«c. D.c. Der. D.M'. Di'f. Dec. D.r. Opened. Closed. 1882 i Apr. 24 I 1883 1 May 1 1884 1 May 1 1885 ! May 4 ' , 1886 1 Apr. 29 I 1887 May 30 I 1888 1 May 2 i 1880 1 Apr. 22 i 1890 Apr. 22 i 1891 1 Apr. 21 j 1892 Apr. 20 1 ; 1893 1 Apr. 27 I 1894 1 A])r. 23 1895 Aj.r. 23 1806 Apr. 22 Dec 11 Dec. 16 Doc. 17 Dec. 6 Dec. 4 Dec. 5 Dec. 10 Dec. 9 Dec. 4 Doc. 12 Dec. 13 Dec. 13 Dec. 10 Dec. 10 Averatje date ecenil>er 7; average niinileiie(l. I CloHud. .. A,«r. 21 Doc. 24 1 Jan. 2!' Api. 22 .1 , Jan. 20 Apr. 1 .Inn. ;) Apr. 24 .lull. fi Apr. 28 D.'c. l.lrr CloHeil tor repuii's. Mar. :iO veraije number of ilnyH mof Canada, 188:1-1890; Opened. Closed. Apr. 24 Dec 11 May 1 Dec. 16 May 1 Dec. 17 Mav 4 Dec. 6 Apr. 29 Dec. 4 May 3(1 Dec. 5 May 2 Dec. 10 Apr. 22 Dec. a Apr. 22 Dec. 4 Apr. 21 Doc. 12 Apr. 20 I »ec. 13 Apr. 27 Dec. 13 Apr. 23 Dee. 10 Apr. 23 Dec. 10 Apr. 22 rornKe nunil>pr of dayn M)rf of till c Works, Departmenti Duniinion of Opened. (MoHcd. Mnr. 27 Nov. 25 Apr. 20 Nov. 22 .\pr. 17 Nov, 23 Apr. 21 Nov. 24 Apr. 20 Nov. 20 Apr. 21 Nov. :>.*} Apr. 10 Nov. 27 Ajir. 5 Nov. 23 Apr. 2(1 Nov. 22 Apr. 18 ieraj;e inimber of days IS I), llrlctior, Hii|)erhi- ■pf C'aiiaila, 188;)-I890: Year. i Opened. I Closed. 1831.... 1832.... 1813 1834.... 1835 1830 1837.... 1838.... 1839.... 1840 1841.... 1842.... 1843.... 1844 1845.... 1840.... 1847.... 1848.... 1849.... 1850.... 1851.... 1852 Aj.r. Alay iMiiy A p'r. May .\l>r. A pr. X l;i 20 10 I 28 5 5 Xciv. 15 Apr. May l»-i De. Apr. May Ai>r. A))!-. Apr. A,.r. Apr. -Mar. Apr. 3 14 10 3 1 25 13 De.'. Dec. Nov. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. 4 4 20 15 9 1!) 7 12 12 14 Year. 18.53 18.54 1855 18!i0 1857 J8.58 1859 1800 1861 1862 1803 1804 1885 . . . . 1800 1807 1808 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1871 Opened. Apr. 1 Apr. 3 Apr. Ki A pr. 26 Muv Apr. Apr. 1 7 1 .■\ pr. .Vjir. 1 8 Apr. 15 Apr. A jir. Aiir. 13 1" 17 Apr. 17 Apr. 23 Apr. 15 Apr. 21 Apr. 20 Aiir. Apr. 5 0'> A pr. Apr. 2T 9 CloHed. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dee. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dee. Dec. Dec. Dee. Dee. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. I)c<;. Uov. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. 17 4 12 13 15 1 8 12 15 13 11 15 11 7 9 10 10 9 10 15 10 Year. 1875 1870 1.S77 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 l.'<80 1887 1,S8S 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 189U OpelHMt. CIosimI, May Ajir. Apr. Mav May May Api-. Apr. A 111'. Apr. May Apr. May Apr. A pr. Ajtr. Apr. Apr. Ai>r. Apr. Apr. Apr. 17 5 1 29 20 5 15 5 19 3 23 16 15 20 19 24 19 20 28 Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Nov. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Doc. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Doc. 15 15 S 14 5 30 15 5 16 4 9 1 10 1 4 10 16 12 11 11 12 Avera;:e date of opening, .\prill7; average date of clo.sing, December 1(1; average number of daj's closed, I'.M. .\iilliorities: (ieiieral Ueport Public AYorks, Canada, 1867-1882; Annual Ueportof tlie De)iartiiieiil of liailwavs and Canals, Doinliiinn cf Canada, 1883-1895; Department of Public works, Dominion of Can- U(bi, 1896. M. No. 1— HATHritST, NK\V liUrXSWICK. [47^ 39' latitude north, d't^ 42' longitude w(!st.| Year. 1 Opened. Closed. i Y.'ar. 1877 Opened. Closed. Year. 1887 1888 Opened. Open . May 8 .Mill'. 25 May 3 A III'. 21 Apr. 22 Jlay 1 May 1 Api'. 29 Apr. 28 Closed. 1867 Nov. 26 1808 ■■ '1 1878 Apr. 30 Apr. 20 Apr. 29 Apr. 20 Mav 15 May 3 Api'. 28 Open. Apr. 27 Dec 5 1809 1879 T880 1889 Dec. 4 1870 Nov. 2(5" Dec. 4 ' Nov. 29 , Open. 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 Dec 2 1.S7I 1872 1K73 1874 Apr. 24 1 Nov. 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 Dec. 18 Dec. 14 Dec. 14 Nov. 29 1875 M;iy 10 : Dec. I i 18i)5 Open. 1 1890 Nov. 25 1876 . Alav 15 Dec 5 ' .Vverjige date nf opening, .\pril 27; iiverage date of closing, December 22; iiveragc number of days closed, 126. .\utliorities; (IciH'ral Ueport T'liblic Works. Can;ida, 1807-1882; Annual Keport of tbo Department of Kaihvays and (.'aiials, Dmiiiniiiii of Canada 18X3-1889; Dipar(ni(nt oC Public Works, Dominion of Caiiaila, 1800. M. No. 2 KIUST .\ND I.A.ST TKU'S OF STEAMKCS HKLONOING TO TlIK DKTUOIT AM) CLKVKLAND STKAM NAVUJATION COMPANY, P.KTWEEN DETROIT AND CLEVELAND. (I Could iiavo gone to Clovcland on tlie 12tli had steamer been r«>udy. Average date of first trip, Manli 25; average date of hiM trip, December 5; average number of days not running, 110. •Authority : Mr. I). Carter, general manager. NiiTK.— 1878-1887. The closing of these seasons were generally on account of freezing up. 1888- 1895. Till' closing trips of these years were not governed so iiiucli by the close of navigation. All other departures wen- made as soon as could be on account of ice, e.vcept 1890, when a steamer could littvo run all winter so far as ice was coucernetl. ■ ITnti'ifiilBiifta i ) 1 ; I 1 !2G0 REPORT OF U. s. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. M. No. ;i.-Hri)SON (.'II'V, X. V. -HUDSON UI\ KK. Year. Oltuned. , Clumul. Vdiir. OiioihmI. j (Jlom'il. IHIH. 18l!l. 1 «'.»(•. 1821 . iHTi. 18'.M. 18'.'4. 1825. 18J:.. 18-JC. 181'7. U:28. 18'»). 18;i0. I8:i0. 18:!l. I8;n. 18;t'.>. I8;t:t. I8;u. 1835. Die. I)..'. n.c. Nov. D.c. D.i-. Die. 14 12 12 ;iu 5 25 I) .litii. 11 Jim. Dec. Dec. I)tc. Dec. 12 6 ■f 12 14 15 I 1 IKIfi Der I8:t7 Dc(;. I8;i8 Nov. i8:iit Dei'. 1840 Doc 1841 Dec. 1842 Nov. 184;t Dec. 1844 Dec. 1845 Dec. 1840 1847 Deo. Dec 1848 Dec. 1849 Der. 1850 Dec. 1851 Dec. 1852 \ 185;i / lH5:i Jan. Dec. 1M.^4 ]S5'i Dec. Dec. 1850 1 )ec. 1 24 2:1 25 ID 21 1!) 20 ;io i;i 4 14 27 24 17 11 Opened. ; OloHed. 1857 \ 1858 J .Inn. 15 18.58 , Dec. 18 18,5!) I Dec. 10 18fi0 1 Dec. 12 1871 1 Dec. 4 1802 Dec. 10 18(!;t I Dec. 1804 Dec. 18 1805 Dec. 19 1800 Dec. 15 1807 j Dec. 9 1808 1 Dec. 10 1809 1 l»ec. 7 1H70 1871 1872 187;i ' 1874 1875 1 1870 Aiitliorily: ('apt. A. W. Seiiniiin. M.N0.4.-MOOSK KORT, MOOSK lilVKIJ, J.VMKS HAY. I 51'^ 10" Intitude north. 80^ iiO" longitude west.] Year. 187 Opened. Clu!4ed. De 1,^78 1«79 Apr. 29 Nov. .i 188(1 May 9 Nov. •> 1881 1882 1883 Ye ar. Ojjened. CloHed. 1884 1 S85 1880 1887 1888... 1889. 1890. May Mav 9 24 Nov. 14 Nov. 5 Year. Opened. Closed. 1891 . . 1892.. 18'.(3.. i.J94.. 1895.. 1890.. >T..v 2 . Nov. 18 May May Apr. May Nov. 12 Nov. 10 Nov. 11 Nov. 20 .\verM};e date of o])ening, May 9; average date of dosinj;, Novetnlier 13; average nuuilier of days .losed, 177. Authority: Mr. Hugh. Y. Payne, Meteorolo>;icul Ollice, Tnrcmto. M. No. 5. - I'OHTAtJK, \\'i.>:. [43" 33' latitude north. Altitude, 79(1 feet. 89 ' 2.5' longitude west.] Year. Opened. Closed. 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 18.58 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1800 1867 Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar. Apr. Ai>r. A]>r. Mar. Mar. Ajir. Mar. Mar. Mar. -^ pr. AJir. I 27 3 23 I 13 U 10 31 :t ;i() 29 JO 2 11 Year. 1808. 1809. 1870. 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. Opened. Chmed Mar. Mar. Apr. Mar. Apr. Mar. Mar. Apr. Ai)r. Feh. Mar. Feh. Mar. Mar. Ajir. 10 28 3 13 10 31 30 4 22 29 24 20 5 15 Year. j <)i)ened. Closed, > 1882.... 1883.... 1884.... 1885.... 1880.... 1887... 1888.... IHHO .... 1890.... 1891.... 1802.... 1893.... 1894... 1895 .... 1890.... Feh. Apr. Mar. Apr. Aiir. Apr. Ai>r Mar. Miir. .\pr. Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar. .Mar. 14 5 28 5 2 20 24 4 27 30 5 25 25 Autliority: Portage Dally KegiHtor, March 26, 1890. Year. 1807. 18(i8. 1809. 1870. 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1870. Year. 1870. l.>*77. 1H78. 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882. Year. 1862. 1803 18()4. 1865. 1806. 1807. 1808. 1869. 1870. 1871. 1872. 1873. ION. RErORT OP U. a DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. 261 ()p(>nor. ■ pr. 6 ... 5 1... ,pr. 2 ... .pr 6 j.... li.r. 20 1... I.'ir 24 !.... pr. 4 |.... [,.r. lar. ;to ... ar. 5 :iv. 25 . . . . ar. 25 ;... 1 M. No. 6.— UIMOl'SKI, PROVINCE OF tiUEUEC, [48° 28' lutitndo iiortli. 68 ','!1' loinrituib' west.] Year. 1807. 1808. 1809. 1870. 1871. 1872. 1H7H. 1874. 1875. 1876. OpitllRd. I Cl08(!(t. Mar. Miir. Miir. Mar. Apr. A))r. Ajir. Mar. 24 V, Dec. 2(! !).:•. 19 D<-c. 18 Dec. 5 D.r. 1 Doc. 3 Dt'C. 24 Dec. 12 10 8 25 15 12 10 1 Y(!ar. 1877... 1H78... 1870... 1880... 1881... 1882 .. 188:)... 1H84... Mar. 20 Nov. 20 1885. Mar. :J0 Dec. 1 || 1886. Opened. (.'loHcd. Year. Opened. Closed. Apr. 1 Apr. 7 Apr. 10 Miir. 17 Deo. 5 1887 Nov. 28 Dec. 1 Dec. 10 Dec. 25 Dec. 15 Dec. 15 Nov. 9 Nov. 1888 \Hm 1890 .Mar. 20 1891 Mar. 22 1802 Mar. 12 1893 Mar. 15 1804 Mav 11 18U5 Ma'v 1 1896 Autliorities: Giineial Report Piililit! AVorks, ('anada, 1867-1882; Aiiiiiiiil llepoit of tlin Deimrtmeiit of Kailwnys iuid ('anals, Doiniiiiini of Canada, 1883-1889; Mr. U. Steckel, (,'. E., engineer Technical liranch, JJominion of I'lilnic Works, ('anada. M. No. 7.— ST. CLOUD, MINN. o north. Altitude, 962 feet. 04° 06' lonKitiide west.] [15= 3: ' liitit.f'o 1 Year. Opened. Closed. 1876 1 ,i<77 . 1 1H78 1S70 -- 1880 1881 1882 Year. Opened. 1883 ! 1884 , 1885 1886 1887 1888 : Apr. 16 1880 , CloBcd. Year. 1890 1891 1802 1803 1804 1895 18UU Opened. Closed. Apr. 14 Apr. 13 Apr. 6 Ai)r. 15 A])r. 5 Apr. 1 Apr. 14 Dec. 2 Nov. 14 Nov. 21 Nov. 19 Nov. 16 Nov. 20 Authority: Mr. A. Honnemann. Year. 1862.. 1863 . 1864.. 1865.. 1806.. 1867.. 1868. . 1869.. 1870.. Opened. Jan. 28 Jan. 27 1871 1872 1873 Mar. 2 Feb. 13 .Mar. 1 Closed. M. No. 8.-WILMINGrON, ILL. Year. Opened. Clo.sed. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. Y'ear. i Opened. ' Closed. 1886 1887 1888 ... Feb. ... Feb. 14 Dec. 8 Nov. 3 27 1889 , ^* o V 20 1890 1801 .... Nov. •>i> 1802 Feb. Feb. 16 Nov. 17 ; 1895. 1803 1 Nov. 24 1894 1 Dec. 28 1884 :Mar. 10 Nov. 23 1896 Feb. 21 18H5 1 Mar. 28 , Doc. 20 Dec. M. No. 9.— MISCELLANEOU.S NOTES. Location. Norway House Oxford Lake Hattleford. Sask Fort (Jliurchill Moose Fort, . I ani"» Hay Lake Nipi.-MMIII.\, I'A. SlIS(Jl!Kll.VNNA KIVKK. Year. ()|t(m«.'. 5 npcn. Doc. 2 1875 1870 Miir. 18 1877 Ffli. 3 Vi'h. 11 Mur. 10 1878 i 18711 1880 i >'«■(•. 22 Nov. 2."> !l Vciir. ()|ii'n«il. Vvh. 12 F.-li, • » K(^l.. 18 K.-b. 7 A pr. ;i 'V!.. i;i • an. K..1.. Mur. 2(1 5 Cl.«wl. I VtMir. OpUIKMl. 18IK» 18111 18112 I8ii:i Open. •Inn. 5 Open. Kxit 1(1 !)•!«. 18 I)Iar. 4 Mar. 10 13 15 8 17 13 20 2 4 26 Dec. Dec. Doc. 16 20 1 Dec. Dec. Doe, Open, De(^ Open, Dec, Open. Dec. Dec. 4 20 14 10 8 5 Author .'ty : Mr. E. F. Smith, superintendent and enginiK^r, canal division. 1864. 1865. 1800. 18(17. l,S(i8. 18(19. 1870.. 1871. 1872. 1873.. 1874.. Aut Yf 18811. IHIKI. 1891. 18112 1802. 1893. Ave doMi'il Aut iiiiitnriiinrtii tssiON. Oponi'il. Closed. pi'ii. Open Doc. H Jan. 11 Kol). 11 Mnr. 4 D.>o. K, •Mur. 1 Doc. 2 I : avoriiL'o niiiiil>ur of Opencil. Apr. Mar. Jan. Apr. Doc. Jan. •Mar. Mar. Doc. Closed. Doc. Doc. Jan. Doc. Doc Doc. Dec. Deo. 15 18 17 .l 20 :i 22 i:i Mar. 4 .1 Jan. ao Fob. Fob. Mar Doc. Jan. Feb. Doc. Doc. II 20 10 17 Jan. 24 Mar. 23 Doc. 20 Mar. 2!) Deo. 4 Mar. 7 Nov. 2!t Mar. 27 Doc. U Mar. 1 Mar. 19 Mar. 13 iittlH, Merriuiac River. u. Opened. Closed. .. Feb. 13 Doc. 16 .. Fob. 1.') Doc. 20 .. Fob. K Doc. 1 .. Fob. 17 .. Fob. K! Doc. 4 .. Jan. 2!) Dec. 20 ..1 Mar. 2 Doc. 14 ' .. Mar. 4 Opon. . Opon. Doc. 2 ,.; Jan. 5 Opon. , ( ipeu. Dec. 10 Fob. 26 Open. ; , Ojion. Mnr. 4 Dec. 8 1 Dec. 5 Mar. 10 ... REPORT OK U. S. DEKl' WATEIiWAYS COMMISSION. 263 AN(.. 4. Sl'KINOFlELD, MASS. Year. Opened. (Moscd. 1H04.. 186,'i. . I860.. 18(17.. 1S08.. 1800.. 1870.. 1871.. 1872.. 1873.. 1874.. M;.r. Mar. ( l-'oli. \Mar. Mar. .Mar. (Apr. \Doc. (Jan. \Fcl.. Mar. Apr. A iir. Jan. Dec. Dor. .Mar. Dec. Dec. De.'. 20 10 10 •JO 12 Dec. De.v 17 Nov. 20 Due. 10 Nov. 27 Jan. 'JO Year. ( (jionod. ' Feb. 'J.l .. .Mar. 16 Dec. ;i . . .\ pi-. 5 (Jan. 22 ••\Mar. 8 .. Mar. 9 .. Jan. 2:t .. Mar. 2:t .. Jan. 2i» .. Mar. .. iMar. 2 .. Mar. 28 .. Miir. 18 CloHOd. Mar 13 N .Ian. 4 lWt"> / Fob. 23 1802 Fob. •J4 Jan. 3 1H!I,-, i 1802 \i , Doc. 18 iHOii I Fob. 28 1893 / Feb. 27 ' Jan. 2 Doc. 29 Doc! "it' 1890 1897 Year. Opened. Closed. ...' Dec. Doc. 3 .\vera«odatei)f openiiij;, February J7; aver.iu'edatcDliloHiuj;, Deceniber27i average nuniborof days clo^^e(l. 02. Autliority: Jlr. 'n'^"" "Tifi Mtckinaw Cilf I A » r At t C H I 9 JIN L A H f s u f e n I O It u •"'i L A H B MICHIGAN MIL 1 »»»u muiw anin mtiiTi .9 i i ti a J t «rcz.Aza itf»a» J^JOf jftudS^nr Z,W.£lmt, mm X ^ DISTANCE DIAGRAM SCALE (MMiMiM'mxn MacKinaw City I L * nt nut lyl/rr r^/f /iOUTE rt,l.r««4.tl.t. «»j«m DITWOIT LAKE ertie .10. LAM HURON "^Hthoit Riv.cr. MMtlM MVMUn I MgOMTt •jc.i«m ji.rjui «7 LAwmtNot nivein ua^ Mt^M* i.rjsu njmai oswMo kI«»M(nt SitUm iOTTAlM Yftiit a OTTAKMRtine JCLAKCOarARIO JCl/IK( HURON .^..^.M 1 ■ »■*«.«.>>« TOM.,0 X IHRtl^N UY I A H e I M T 4 n I O jtuKinriUNia ttoaniiju. II^^M^r ^.CHAM^t^/tf ^tuuti^ ffuoaon TROY MOHAWH ff f V £ ^ HUOaOM mvlTtf NIWVORUOHT crfiafi£o 'f^ << ' WBIfai 40 liUluudOR OTTAWA ROUTE Uuliliiw Cilv LOKI (itiMotrn lilai OTTAWA mivtn T-MI •lOKia* MY Rom IW IITRI«l ^ J * "* ' ' ' ' IV MUl f llTLWU -L.i MimPlA HUM «r z .( i» fififtn a Nixojlra Ship Canaij (iVojMfed) jp ST. L/kWHtMet itnem Mt^ mi^mt LW.KUi. «♦»»» tTTAW IIMItt •JtlMll aT fJAIICO pwyTWAi OMMO ST. LAW/ltNCt Itlveit HflklMTW* L.enAiim»iii HUOaON """ n '^ ATLANTIC OOtAN rrfWWiiMi MO HA wH m I ¥ t n ##«.« Mn.ta umuM YMM mw n C *riAHTie oetAt/ mi fVIHC jt: LAwntA/ce l-CHAMHAIM UUUU^ HUDSON Tdoy WWyMKCITT '-' tr. lAmAtmct' tUAMTfC OCfAA Mnaii Tide ai New York ffvoaoAf niviTif Niwv««««rr uffl^" O ATLAAtr/C OCtAA/ IV I, tHPlAW aau.!. _l» {jct *»: ^^'>'**'"jL.^.. """f nNJMnb «V1/' 0/ ^, jr lAWPiMCt xHini^Wfi/r fir mm =c!i4S!!i!o ATiAMTie oetAH mw VM> CITY I ^ jc £; -.Mt. wyn fuM euitjTO- f -■B» HiLii >■■■ WW fn ih* fl»taile*lprv/tlfis of the Commission. and d/ycim Charts ofthtZvckt iSurvey, Corps of ffnseneers 'A.eutci ofOieJfyvlragra^hio OfTUia efJMT Vieers -— »~ ~TTg~ -TM« Him r«BH Miw^rifK «iwniwwgr- -«g" GENERAL PROFILE Accompanied by Route Map and Distance Diagraj SCAliEd HoriEonlal: Stutut«.\IUs« VerlicaJ: Feet, To accompany Special Prof iloi and Map as follow*: PRaWliBNRB.LAKE SVPERl OR TO LAKE HURON. 3. LAKE MICHMAN TO LAlffi HURON. 4. LAKE HURON TO LAKE ERIE. B. LAKE ERIE TO LAKE ONTARIO. 0. LAKE ONTARIO TOLAKK ST.rRANClS. 7. LAKE STrRANClSTOLAKB CHAMPUAIN AND MONTREAL. 8. SAINT LAWRENCE RIVKR. 9. THE CHAMPLA1N-HUDBONYAI.LEV lu HUDSON BIVBR. II. LAKBONTARJO TO HUDSON RIVER. 12 OEOROIANBAY TO LAKE ONTARIO, la THE OTTAWA ROUTE. 14 EARLY CANAL SYSTEMS. 18. INTBRH..AKE ROUTES. fOmittta J MAP LAKE ONTARIO TO HUDSON RIVER (THI OSWiaO-OMUOA-MOHAWK AMD THI CHAMPLAIN ' HUP* OH VALLVYI ) ~HW~ 7%0 South C/uinntl tt- jA own hyxfaU Ui* § -aoov- -lOO If— ■is -so g- Mean Tide at New York jii Vmh rtufm ^ ATZjUfTia OCSA/f^ Star or sAfjrr ZAWHSifcs Utitmftt tfuJ^orth ChuKntl by a ci<^tt«WW BHUMB H Doc /f 2. 54 2 ''^ iU , « i » A i at,^-mAa>kM^-m.ii '-'■'^wajSI 7^ l! ;■ 1 i il 1 1 tH ^K '■ tl H II ' H II 7Jf GENERAL ROUTF SKETCH TO ACCOM] GENERAL PROFILE ME WlANtR COM lAL ROUTE MAP rCH TO ACCOMPANY RAL PROFILE N? 1. H Di>c /f-2' 54 2 l , l .'IA ' t ' .llJ" l ".i:iV; . V V.v.il,:i ! 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MAP AND OF PRopj l^H \ AND ERIE SHIP CANAL from data by \tirand henry .-itor and Chier Engineer SCALES "^vlaontal: StatutsMilea * » * » « ^ » » " Vertlc(a:7eet ■jp » 10 ao IP M> m ie eet 7S miles. H Doc / H Doc/f.Z. 54 2 5 f I" ''J .ij \ H 1 1 I, A K h; '1 „ . ii;u R ON r T, a; 1 ERiE ! i i 1 THIfOUH S AI ST (JLf III I \V\ /e| R. I, AFE SAINT CLAIB AND DET|R0IT pi\ I 1 SCALES I i I i : E»»t.^'^*4=^'i D U=!» , aiIjth JBHY 1 1 1 Co Ttptihei iry Assu. tartt Sdfft •rTI'^t Zteirr ,s len ier A ie «z5r> 'oe^ze n o/". € .£. i ^oo^ ; CJl L.. 1 1 u^. o •l-l i s r"^"-' \ — - i . . i 1 1 i CD 5 K-^' CD U (—1 9 -V ! Si 6\i r 4>A 1 ti S A! u 55 * QQ ^ § a to irtZ.yi 1 I U-1 - - s rJSler. 67>.60 — — -- ■--1 — — .— — .— . — _ ^mm « «W ^BB 1 M^ ^_^ __ -. ■ rn ■J r.A Kl 1 Jli rn OJV ^ I-— 1 £. bA A sa:nt CiAin Rrvi'R 1 ^ K pu mJ /- \ i ^ ^ 4, \ I A 1 n y J \ il 1/^ U H / ^ k ■ i I J y" i^ \ J^ r r r \k Xk. 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' ^ — f 9 1 i ! i 1 1 ^ oi'e extrerni' tfitv staue . TJtts /itftneuf' revere S l^t fyt'/oH' t/te tii^ of mtr.viirii'y t'n/-ti/tf/ i>r't/t lorA- i.f Sniit/i Hay, and l-./iS/i'ft />e/fH' the fo, ntasonty c>l' pivot pier ot't/ie It Ji , ifratv- I €ti Pren'r'rton . 7/(e mitferid/ fhrinint/ tti/ce ttofftmi is .to/t itttfd . atitut and i/m^-e^ ■ ~r- i ) j,. AUTHORITY. I M.4.Soe.C.S.. M.Tnaf. C.S. fbr t/.S.Drefi Wftfer-nvpv fbmmi\tsum fhom data fUrnisTirtl ty the OffVce of taff ofJVi'^york,' Ijy tftr U.S.fft'olof/ifal Hitrwjr i hy^e Oorfis^'^n^ine^rs U.SA. Ifii-nngh. the Onre/fo ecta/ examinatians antt survey/f marie in J/t74' ant/ JS9d ly tnlHam Piervon •/iutson , a/ui /horn < ty Athert •/.Hintes,Aaaoc.M.' Am.Sor. CI^. arnl in. J«fS by Nenry C.AUerv Asaor.M.Am Sbc. C.S. •J, /*#*/ Bevords, Office rt/'Stnte JSngineer, JT. T. intl Examinations , JSaS atut JttltS,- jSuryeys ly V.S.Sn^ineerJt, JS74',- tVurveys of Jiome Summit , •in 0SWE(X> AND pnt.f^n^o .V William Pie for-heUS.Deep NOTK : /tyif/i.v of 0,ieii/ii ./.iiAi' tirf ,\-/u>tri) in Hi'f mean >»/rt,y<' nf' n-itter- . *^-ttir/i n-rrA '.i.4'f>et xtr-e/rir /nnr stay Tftts ^/rinenf' fr/'erenre is ■ton- the ftt/t lit nitf.vitnf-s' ftt^ti/tf/ t^/' t/te /"ifvt Sniiti, /Iny . ntirt l-./tH/'eet hetnti- the foft of '•,v of pivot pier- ot'i/te K Ji . itr-aif- triritfe %'rr'ton . iiiteriai /hfiriitttf fuhe ttotlntn is x>'lt rlay, and tl/ld y/vri-c/ . X T 1. I) THE Hudson Ri\^r )UGH 'i.ffl -Mohawk Xj^ley ko Profile iXAi. Route between Trot, XewIork IeRSON JUDSON M Am SocC e.. m ,,..rc.e. |p Waterways Commission 1896. 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I. 10. iW« ru/)t4tns Jf^v 4 yCa^ m^ «*ie/,^ <:0^/-e<4fl^ A m€ in Aa^ kelAke dnA,, 4* A 1 j? ^ ^ i UlfU 5! '^ f Ufa "il 1 a Jt idpi\ii « «^ TV**/^ (Sffutll^, Ldffcs, iM> 3'J>s /i^t i 't B4tt ^~ aV \^' t t — Ue — 1 i -, . -~|f— +f- - — i- L .. . n 1 1 1 "*" « : W i 1 F ■"J ' i !M i fe ! i 1 s ^- j:^^ ^^- ■§ ^ S J! « ! 1 \i J ^ 1 "S \ ii E^ 1 i g k ! P 1 - ^4- -LI.. I ' " i 1 s 3? — •-?- >r^j 1 tSE 1 1 i 1 s 1 1 ^ 1 1 1 ^ \ § >? fOfAL wmm% — ^1n ^ -^ 1 — \ — — \ , 1 "te" 4 1 -h m ^ ~ 1 — [-^ 5 — 1 — J - i^^ 1 ■ 4- i [ I ' ^ 1 1 i i ii j WjS.X^^.^ 1 1 j ! V a 1 — — — 1 «- 255 OTjr jJ ^^ i ' i \ 1 ; ■ .. i .. 1 , j. 1 i i — |-. ■ r ■ ■- i t 1 — ! 1 1 1 1 — . 1^^:^ n L. r-j'M .r>» A ^^Y m A fn /I" T^ Vr^ 4a7,« ^ 1 \ i- \ 1 r— --^- 1 1 ^^ ^ ^ -^ ' 1 ' H 1 1 r* / X >-, f* J j ___ L_.._ i ________ _4___k. i i 1 ! /\ / ^^^ 1 T "T ~T ' ^ 1 1 1 ^ > / i i i ■ i P '■ ■ 1 \ 1 "1 " ' 1 ! 1 ' : 1 \ i 1 1 ! ! ' i i\ / ) 1 1 ' i v 1 i ! V L -j- — 1 i' ' ^ J , 1 1 ; " ]" ■ 1 I i 1 1 r- ' ' i i ! 1 ' i 1 1 ; 1 i i ! 1 1 i f ! ! 1 ! i 1 i 1 1 1 \- i 1 .Z_£ °~~l czz p — ■ t- : — z r— z, Uk^ ION. lEEP WAT ^OMMISS ]■ o T* 1 IT* ■» «• Profllfe ^"•M. '■S T S^T •Aui yvle.- £le}r€Ui\ >ns 'i«n« ntL I n, btnchi^itar^ orv^ frisi ntil'^ at I.A irir f\ ivn AfV""^ (h fifinifush ^] :,«. oHi. >A^d tiyiKe C Hist and jfeo^Mi, ^ t-i-rt IVI!< \3 Si t AXl Tir^ *yij irve^ • an € ou Zo/t/i ^ h the. Lah 'Sui •v^ irv 1 no. -s - ] ^ Ni \ s 1 1 } ^... 00 Vr s ? 'a ! '^ F s m ' J 1 s t g iL ^. 1 J » ^ ? ^ ^ i ^ 1 •i 1 : % ■ *^ . __ _ _i *1 !; A^ .A i '>«6( ii«'. g» ^^ML^K'SmDWKM CA NA L 1 n t X ••^ p mm 1 1 H % •'3 % « >t : 1 , fi 3 \ s n \ i "• * ^ s 'i n^ A (K WJS. t22.C * ! ^ 1 ■af IM n s -1 =H "^ ^^'' Th -1 SB j 1 ig . — 1 ^\ ._ 1^ ^Oi AV -ST©: r^ \AH Al R -w- 1 §— xn ? 4 tpJUt — C/JM i ■■■■ — ■ - F n A i5- j ^M ■^ g 1 1 n IjS^ 7.88 : ! 1 1 j i i g : ' 1 iN \ ' i 1.. ._i e Mif -? .i'l «. BOJIS nln 1 1 i : 1 1 ' 1 ;: 1 " \ 1 1 ie ro a t Oi 'rtuxi '4 90 n ulei f)^m i/^ B^iti'/\y, J9 ?nrV }rk ity ' 'lU u '.aTct Vfi\trnr\laiA. -. .. jfc;WM«i,-jfcu;: ■' H Doc y^x? . 54 2 / II WATER LEVJ GAITOE 1860 1864 1865 1868 1860 1870 iiiiiMiria'anawiB*«Ma'.'awiBmnmwrana««awi innnin iinniniiir-JiiiiiiaMinf INI aiiMSaiaiinWM«Ol«BkM«.,^^ft.iitgBgg81«BgMBllgHMMMiifcM I! 1 1 1 14 1 rfrni- rtr, T± ±.l.i L-LLi-XJ-i— LJ-L-l- 1 L LJ LI 1 l^k-i-i. M l ii H I IIH-H TER LEVELS 1870 fs s^ ^ ^ 1871 ^ ^ -S Si V- 1872 «i '^ ^ ^ 1873 FOR THE GREAT LAKES AND SAI^ 1874: ITI 1875 s ^ "^ ^ 1876 h, 5^ -^^ t^ 1877 ■S ^ S^ ^ k; 5^ 1, f^ 1878 ^ !^ FFI 1879 1880 « f II I Ifl 1881 I 1882 fe< ^ -^5 r«; 1888 i i > 18841 s; ^ ^ n iinniimir-sniniiMiniinn iriiiniiminiiiariiijiiiiiiiiiiiiniiuuiiiiiiB»ninBiBmillllll8lllll SS ■BS'S'SSSS" S3"555'S5"» ■■'■■■■■Bi MWMiiB5'SBMi*SSKM*S5555img5wffi85ffiiBKMii«ii5MMBii GREAT LAKES AND SAINT LAWRENCE RIVER 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1888 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 I in 1890 1171 IIIIKl*^llllini7«/»llillKilH!^iiiiniS!9iir>^iiniiiiiiiiwiniiiiiif:^iiiiM ■,,,.,««.,.gmmimiHia»mfc^,.«iiiiiiiiiiii!!iM8iliiriMISi«M imagHaiiMlMMBIiamiHHHMIIHHMMiiiHiiimmiiiiHSigiliSHiHmHaiSSgi^^^^^ mufl -. THt WtRNtR CUN"PANV. AKRON. Q "^■■■■■■■■■■■■■^■■■■■■■■■■■■■—■^'■■■■■—■■■■■■■— ■»—■—■■■—— I •s '^ ''J n •^ <£ j: '^^ -s -»! ^ ■'s "«H ^ ^ '^ < fc- §! : A ^ -5 ^> * 2 li I'l^ •^ S ^ !5 ■'^ ^ ^ ""i aiSiSMiiili8iiifiii!igiS8RliSBBIiaiHi[§iii61[S!!!i!iSigii^ ilerfi,otn-*i M**4n%.e . H Doc Z;?'^: 54 2 ^ I I I » i :i m t ±:.:i: n: Hli 18 ii WATER LEVE GAITGE I860 ^lll W^ to N < b S^ t « t 5*5 V <5 b §! ^ '^ i^ ^ 'S g^^4|g^^''. Ilf^ F*H ''^ '^ "^ «• , b |5 ^ I til '«s ^ i ^1 TMt WtRNf.R COMPANY. AXHON.O lER LEVELS FOR THE GREAT LAKES ^IND SAIN 1870 1871 157^ 1873 ifi2i_ 1875 1876 1879 iS ill ■^^^-^ < ^ Si ^ •< ,6i Si !^ .« I ^ I :^ I' i I U < b 5i !>•■ S( b 5^ ';■ ? ^ -^ ^ 11 < t' «^ .5 ^ ^, '^^ ^. iiii in i^ -^ ^. If^ ^. > i SAINT LAWRENCE RIVER U.S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION Watei* Level Diagram N2 1? ChinaKo, August 1886. 1884 1893 18M_ 1895 1896 1897 1898 <;augk Kj '^ ^ '^ ■jternux'njn. Jfkir^e H Doc//jg 54 2 ^. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) & // <.^.**i^ /- ^ % p 1.0 I.I £f U£ 12.0 IL25 III 1.4 I IE 1.6 o%, % V % Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WIST MAIN STRUT WIBSTH.N.Y. 14S80 (716) e73-4S03 ^ iV •N? A \ ;\ % ^ ^ o *♦" f ill 19 - /f£, 54 2 //frmann Hpfnz^. ii WATER LEVELS AND SLOPES - RIVERS 18W0 PES - RIVERS CONNECTING THE LAKES U.S DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION Water Level Diafd-am N" 2 Chiugn, July ,1806. Elevations H Doc /fJL 54 2 'fftnttnn »-;■■■ i a if* 't! i 2- f t 1 20 w 2g. -St 20 Il^ i 21 w # •« e H fvJ C9 # w O H M- «r ^ t« "* h- — ^ ^^'^^ ' \ \ \ \ \ J J J f^ ^ /^ y y ^ ^ J y *\ s / ^^ > i^- - II ^^^ ^ ^ ^ X* y^ ^ K^ ^ •i ^ s ^ ^ \ ft^ \ ^s s^. S \ /^. t^ \ ^ ■>^, ^ "V \ / \ ^ \ \ ^ ^ _^ ^ ^ ^ / K ^ V / *s >f^ ■s k ^ ^^^ ^ — -, l^> 7 ■ ■ ^ 1 i 7 ^ P' L ___ \ ^ C9 \ ^ \^ ^ ^ "^ 1 \ 1 ^V ■^ ___! V^ >v |S SS , - — -^ S ^•^ ^ 10 — ^ ^S \^ ^ H ^ L.jy. — o . ---».^ « i 1 1 •^^^^^^ 1 ■^^^ s \ ^ §s Kfc ^A a ^_ y 00 00 ^/^ !? V V5 4lt « CO ^ -Sr^ \^^ '1 iH I -y- kr ^^ ■rP■t^ 00 as / ]s 5 w / ^ ^1 ^M /^ M 'S r tf- il / ^ ^ i„-. * '5 *M % / ^ ill T ^ 1 / kl pcicg ' __ _^ w \ _. L 1 --^ '^i \ # . it i |. H M #^ ^ lO © H N rt •* i^ ^ H > * CC N H C > £ \ i ^ J3 ?4 ^ S ^ J 'J H W H ■ ^H H f^ 1 - -^-'" ' ^ ^.-^ 1 / N / B ^ i»^ \ ^^. 1 /^. ^ ^,. ^ L *c, 1 © ^^-""^ s ^ ^^--' B s ^^"^-^^ fi^ kj \ H ct^ L^ ^ \ ^ \ H ^ ^ — ■ ■ii** ^ ^ ^ V, 1 .^ K y t»o J ^ ^ s 1 i ^B *^^ k ^ ^ ^^ / ^ H i^, V^ 5 \ Ss 1 "1 \ k t \ ^ 1 ^ ^ ■ K^ \. \, "^ 1 ^ ^ \ / ^ 1 /^ CW ^ f. / S H / R; Jd / ■ \ . ^ ^ V s VJ 1 ^^-^-^ !*- ^ ^ ^ l^>l ■ — ...^ ♦5- ^ ft ^^..^ ■ ^ ^ ^^^ i 1 ^ --^ w US ^^' 1 k *^ ^ s S V % L 00 \ ■ ^ *-^ :^ -ii. ■A § ^"^^^ ^ 1 / ■ '^ lO _,. -^ 05 ^» ^^^^^^ ^ 1^ *~-. i 1 1 'W a fc_ s 1 I ^ ^ § 33 -^ ^ 1 ^^ ^ ^i 1 ^, — T- o ^ ■*.,^^ ^ w $ . . %\ ^^ \ ^ b ^H i ^.^-^ ^^ ^^ ^ cc .-^ H $ ^ ^^H ^ <^ '^ s ■ ^ 1 1 ^ ..a "^ 13 V n^ 1 ^^H ^^H I S 1 .. ,^_ — ^ 1 1 1 > / V ^ -p4 ■K ?^ '^■~ ^ c / ? t « ii '^H i . . . — .|^ > ft ^ 1 \ ^H O ^ W ti H < ^ \ ^ : i 22 y s S " ^ ^ h « ■ 21 » wgmimamai f 1 « f 22 4 ■m N9I THE ICE SEASON. BASIN OF THE GREAT LAKES AND SURROUNDING TERRITORY. LONGITUDE 70* TO 109" WEST. LATITUDE 37" TO 59"N0RTH. SHOWING BY YEARS AND AVERAGES THE RECORD FOR CHARACTERISTIC ROUTES AND REGIONS. explanations: SCALE : horizontal: — DAYS MAV SIGNS. ACTUAL ICE ■^«^i^«ii.»^«« LAST AND FIRST VESSEI wih^iiim i OFFICIAL CLOSING AND OPENING __ e^^i OPEN SEASON c. . .-- . EQUIVALENT PERIOD authority. Convfiilect 6*/ CLssistcint Chat-las Poor-e , under dcr'ecitv/t of X .E. Cotyle^, C.jE., from RecofoLs at^M^Afefeorolof/lcctf Ofyit-.e- , Jfe/Kxr-itnent of Publix: WoT'fcs , J)«/tartme-Tti^ cf Jfcwine ou:«€l JFis/uiries , cuidL De/uxT-f.. TTL^rU. of M^jUfwoLifs a^nci CctrvctZs ^ ManvirvCorv of Cfomctdtx. , artd nfihe Weaifcei' Sut'e.ctu^, Sriffineer' C*onft^ U.tS.A.fJjigftt Hoiis^ J!slcd>lisfi^Tt,e./xti MTtd CoUr.cit*r-S of Cvistofrva of the. Urt^ite^ f^iai^f, frnrrt Jfathnt- Cortt.- nxissiorters , Sudsort ^ca/ Corn/tcmt/ ,vcu'U>tai clor.aritr-rUs , cuul /irira*e recorcls , ohttxrlrte^i largest/ it/ specicd corresruyytde^we^ , cuvd origi'jioilUf corrxfdle^ for the. Cortxnxission. . AVERAGES FOR THE PERIOD FROM WINTER OF 1876-77 TO WINTER OF 1895-96 INCLUSIVE^ ROUTE between CHICAGO AND ATLANTIC OCEAN. AVERAGES FOR THE LOCATIO LAKE MICHK CHICAGO, ILL .Strejirr MILWAUKEE, WIS. GRAND HAVEN, MICI GRAND RAPIDS, MIC GREEN BAY, WIS. LONG TAIL POINT L SHERWOOD MISSION POINT ll6H GREEN ISLAND •' minominle: light i eagle bluff ligh grand traverse l porte des morts south fox islanc little traverse poverty island i wa60shance l'gh" escanaba, mich. STRAITS OF MACK MACKINAW CITY, ^ PASSAGE ISl'D L.H. PORT ARTHUR, ON" GRAND MARAIS LIGH DULUTH.MINN. ASHLAND, WIS. OUTER ISLAND LIGH PORTAGE RIVER •• SAND POINT LIGHT MARQUETTE, MICH. '> LIGHT GRAND ISLAND LISI SAULT ST E.MARIE DETOUR LIGHT HOUJ CHEBOYGAN LIGHT ALPENA, MICH. THUNDER BAY LIG STURGEON POINT L KINCARDINE ONT. TAWAS LIGHT HOU CHARITY ISLAND L SAGINAW RIV. RAN PORT AUSTIN LIGHT SAND BEACH »' GODERICH, ONT. FORT GRATIOT L*G SARNIA, ONT. PORT HURON, MI LAI- ST. CLAIR FLATS L. WINDMILL POINT L'O BELLE ISLE L.H.,L.S PORT DOVER, ONT. PORT STANLEY, O WINDSOR, ONT. IAVERA6ES FOR THE PER IOD F ROM WIWTER OF 1876-77 TOW ^ ^ DEC LOCATION NOV. LAKE MICHIGAN, LAKE SUPERIOR AND LAKE HURON CHICAGO , ILL .Streams in near vicinity MILWAUKEE, WIS. GRAND HAVEN, MICH. GRAND RAPIDS, MICH. GREEN BAY, WIS. LONG TAIL POINT L.H.,WIS. SHERWOOD " " " " MISSION POINT ll6HTH'SE,MlCH GREEN ISLAND •' » WIS. MINOMINEE LIGHT HOUSE, MICH EAGLE BLUFF LIGHT HSE ..WIS GRAND TRAVERSE L.H.,WIS. PORTE DES MORTS L.H.,WIS. SOUTH FOX ISLAND •» " MICH. LITTLE TRAVERSE L.H.,MICH POVERTY ISLAND L.H.,MICH WA60SHANCE L'GHT H'SE., MICH ESC AN ABA, MICH. STRAITS OF MACKINAC, MICH MACKINAW CITY, MICH. PASSAGE ISl'D L.H., L.SUPERIOR PORT ARTHUR, ONT. ©RAND MARAIS LIGHT h1SE.,MINN. DULUTH.MINN. ASHLAND, WIS. OUTER ISLAND LIGHT H'SE.,MICH PORTAGE RIVER SAND POINT LIGHT HOUSE " MARQUETTE, MICH. V LIGHT HOUSE,MICH GRAND ISLAND LIGHT H'SE. SAULT ST E.MARIE , ONT. DETOUR LIGHTHOUSE, MICH. CHEBOYGAN LIGHT HOUSE, MICH ALPENA, MICH. THUNDER BAY LIGHT HSE., MICH STURGEON POINT L.H.^ MICH KINCARDINE ONT. TAWAS LIGHT HOUS:i, MICH CHARITY ISLAND L.H. SAGINAW RIV. RANGES L.H.,MICH PORT AUSTIN LIGHT HOUSE, MICH SAND BEACH " » » GODERICH, ONT. FORT GRATIOT L'GHT H'SE.,MICH. SARNIA.ONT. PORT HURON, MICH. LAKE ST. CLAIR AND LAKE ST. CLAIR FLATS L.H., L.ST CLAIR WINDMILL POINT L'GHT H'SE ,MICH BELLE ISLE L.H.,L.ST.CLAIR. » PORT DOVER, ONT. PORT STANLEY, ONT. WINDSOR, ONT. NTER OF 1895-96 INCL AVERAGES FOR THE PERIOD FROM WINTER OF I87G-7J LOCATION T NOV.] DEcTTjAN. MISSOURI RIVER .1 FORT BENTON, MONT. BUFORO . N D. BISMARCK, N.D. PIERRE. S.D. YANKTON, S.D. SIOUX CITY, IOWA OMAHA, NEB. NEBRASKA CITY, NEB. ST. JOSEPH, MO. LEAVENWORTH, KAN. KANSAS CITY, MO. JEFTERSON CITY, MO. ST. CHARLES. MO. YELLOWSTONE RIVI FORT CUSTER, MONT. RED RIVER OF THE N MOORHEAD.MINN ST.VINCENT, " WINNIPEG, ONT, i MANKATO,MINN. MINNESOTA RIVEI MISSISSIPPI RIVEI BRAINERD,MINN. ST PAUL. MINN. LAKE PEPIN LA CROSS, WIS. DUBUQUE, IOWA DAVENPORT, IOWA ROCK ISLAND, ILL. DES MOINES RAPIDS Kt OK UK. IOWA QUINCY, ILL. ST.LOUIS.MO. CAIRO, ILL. ST. CROIX RIVER HUDSON .WIS. ILLINOIS RIVER. MORRIS, ILL. SENECA, " HENNEPIN , ILL. PEORIA, ILL. MEREDOSIA,ILL PEARL, ILL. [HE PERIOD FROM WINTER OF 1876-77 TO WINTER OF 1895-^INd: MAY IT I ON NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MISSOURI RIVER . lONT. ;N D. [NEB. Ikan. lO. ',M0. ■™f MONT YELLOWSTONE RIVER. RED RIVER OF THE NORTH. MINNESOTA RIVER. MISSISSIPPI RIVER. L. IIDS ST. CROIX RIVER ILLINOIS RIVER. U.S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION Chicago, NovCTTiber, IH86. CANAL CLOSING SEASON. LOCATION NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE. U.S. CANALS PORTAGE LAi-£ SHIP CANALS SAULT STE. MARIE ILLINOIS & MICHIGAN DES MOINES RAPIDS ERIE CANAL CHAM^LAIN DELAWARE AND HUDSON DELAWARE AND RARlTAN CHESAPEAKE AND OHIO ezssszsi ^SSS^I rf'-j-jsa-w ^ ■■ «.- ' «j-» CANADIAN CANALS WELLAND Corrvfiilect Ay CLssistunt Charlns Paore , under cicr'evtion «/' J^.£. C'oole^, C£., frorn. RecofcLs (^"t/UAfete.o ro7.ot/iccU 0/"/t*^e- , /ie/tart/ne/ri of .Public Works , J)9/icirime.tvt of-" Jfetr'irve cuicl J'ts/mriea , cui*i.J)e/t4xrf-.. rrvenl- af £*tifu.'a.ifs oirvcl Cci^vaZs , JDom-irvCoTv of C!cui,€X.€lcL , a.rttf o/'i/te 'HHtciiK^tr SufexXJU^, Etvgirve^r Clor/t^ U.S.A^JLi^fit Hotise J^stctblisft^rt-e-ftt-, ' TOLED0,0HI0 SANDUSKY BAY,( CLEVELAND, OHK ERIE,PENN. BUFFALO, NY. LA OTTAWA ROUTE. COPONANINS, MOUTH OF FRENCH RIVCR LAKE NIPISSING.ONT Esti. OTTAWA, ONT. OKC, % NOV. 23 NOV. 25 TORONTO, ONT. OSWEGO, N.Y BELLEVILLE, ON CAPE VINCENT, KINGSTON, ONT. OGOENSBURG^t CONSTANTIA,N.Y. BREWERTON, N: ST. LAWRE LAKE STFRANCIJ MONTREAL, RQ. QUEBEC, RQ. S- ROUSES POINT, r L CHAMPLAIN, O WHITEHALL, N.Y ALBANY, N.Y. THE ARSENAL C OWEN SOUND, C COLLINGWOOD, LAKE SIMCOE YORK FACTORY WIMTin 0» lMO-\w TO WlNI THE WfBNtU COMPAN>, AKRON, STUTTSkON PUIN 1 L.N.>iLhl KINCARDINE, ONT. TAWAS LIGHT HOUSE, MICH CHARITY ISLAND L.H. SAGINAW RIV. RANGES L.H,MlCl PORT AUSTIN LIGHT H0USE,MIQ| SAND BEACH » » " GODERICH, ONT. FORT GRATIOT L*GHT H*SE,MICH as 1 ^JZ — ^ ROCK ISLAND, ILL. DES MOINES RAPIDS KEOKUK. IOWA QUINCY, ILL. ST.LOUIS.MO. CAIRO, ILL. ♦ 'E. «i mm^ ^ 1 4 ^D ^^ _^^_^ ■ : " " '— J ^, ■ ST. CROIX RIVEF SARNIA, ONT. PORT HURON, MICH. ■ — — — 1 HUDSON .WIS. 1 M LAKE ST. CLAIR AND LAKE ERIE. ILLINOIS RIVER ST. CLAIR FLATS L.H., L.ST CLAIR WINDMILL POINT L'OHT h'SE ,MICH BELLE ISLE L.H.,L.STCLAIR. " PORT DOVER, ONT. PORT STANLEY, ONT. WINDSOR, ONT. DETROIT R.MAMAJUDA ISL'D L.STA MONROE, MICH. RAISIN RIVER. TOLEDO,OHIO SANDUSKY BAY,0.,CEDARPT.L.H. CLEVELAND, OHIO. ERIE,PENN. BUFFALO, NY. ■■ ^_ mais--.^mi ■ MORRIS, ILL. SENECA, '♦ HENNEPIN. ILL. PEORIA, ILL. *R. MAY i^^ — = =. MEREDOSIA,ILL. | PEARL, ILL. 1 OHIO river. — -^" PITTSBURG, PA. CINCINNATI , OHIO CAIRO, ILL. ^"^ ^ ^^^^ .1. ...i. Mi KANAWHA RIV^ LAKE ONTARIO AND LAKE ONEIDA. CHARLESTON.W.VA. | POI N T PLEASANT , W. VA . [ «. TORONTO, ONT. OSWEGO, N.Y. BELLEVILLE, ONT. CAPE VINCENT, N.Y. KINGSTON, ONT. OGDENSBURG, N.Y. CONSTANTfA,N.Y. BREWERTON, N.Y. ^ ^^^^^^^^ ■ — 1 ^Mi^ ■MM SUSQUEHANNA Rl| ^^^^^ 1 - DU BOISTOWN, PA. HARRISBURG,PA. ., H H CONNECTICUT Rlj ..M ^MM ■ ■ ST. LAWRENCE RIV.,L.CHAMPLAIN AND HUDSON RIV. turner's falls, mass. HARTFORD, CONN. | LAKE ST FRANCIS, ONT. MONTREAL, RQ. QUEBEC, Pq. ST. CHARLES RIV. ROUSES POINT, NY. L CHAM PLAIN, OPR BURLINGTON WHITEHALL, N.Y. ALBANY, N.Y. THE ARSENAL CENrL.PARK,N.Y( . ,^, MERRIMAC rive] — — — • AMOSKEAG, N.H. j | H v/cd 1 flc-Mpo^p PI ■ ^^^ - i9C.ncoc.lL r\i v ^-'b ROCHESTER, NY. 1 —H L^UM^ 1 — IT" OTSEGO LAKE! — ^ II 1 1 1 1 ' 1 ' 1 ' 1 ' J ■ GEORGIAN BAY ROUTE. COOPERSTOWN, NY. .._ _l-l ■■ ONWAHGENA L>J OWEN SOUND, ONT. COLLINGWOOD,ONT. 1 Al/p ciftj^/^cr r\Ki'T' ^^i M WW r^ 1 I ^i'l— 1 ^ #~> ^ r^m i— i — CAZEN0VIA,N.Y. la.- ..iitLS- ■■ ■ -I -J. ■i.-.a a.-.-. :;,■: \ :: ■ :■ -.=—- ■ ,jsr- JL=; - -r=:r=r.=- — hi ^^^ ■ LAKE SIMCOt , ONT. HUOS ON& BAY . L__ 1 ■ ' " LAKE WINNEBA^ — YORK FACTORY. HAYES RIVER WIKTM or IMO-IW TO WINtlR OT «7a ■'90 lNCI.U»IVt , 1 OSHKOSH, WIS. ::-:^-=i L . DS ST. CROIX RIVER. I ILLINOIS RIVER. T OHIO RIVER. KANAWHA RIVER. IW.VA . SUSQUEHANNA RIVER CONNECTICUT RIVER. CANAL CLOSING SEASON LOCATION NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAT. JUNE U.S. CANALS. PORTAGE LAH£ SHIP CANALS SAULT STE. MARIE ILLINOIS & MICHIGAN DES MOINES RAPIDS ERIE CANAL CHAMPLAIN DELAWARE AND HUDSON DELAWARE AND RARlTAN CHESAPEAKE AND OHIO CANADIAN CANALS WELLAND RIDEAU -OTTAWA " JONES FALLS KINGSTON . GRENVILLE CARILLON ST ANNE'S LOCK AND DAM CHAMBLY ST OURS LOCK THE GALOPS RAPIDE PLAT FARRANS POINT CORNWALL BEAUHARNOIS LACHINE ST. PETERS TRENT RIVER B^aa E^SZ^ ITBSSSi ^ZZSBIS^ \S2ZZSIA TfTlfi'f't'^ MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. (ASS. ^ MERRIMAC RIVER. 1 GENESEE RIVER. OTSEGO LAKE. OHWAHGENA LAKE. LAKE WINNEBAGO. ^=^ NORWAY HOUSE OXFORD LAKE BATTLEFORD SASK . FORT CHURCHILL, Hudson's BAY MOOSE FORT, JAMES BAY LAKE NIPISSING , ONT- « ST. JOHNS /' BRECKENRIDGE , MINN. GRAND FORKS, N.D. ST. CLOUD, MINN. GRANITE FALLS, MINN. M5 GREGOR , IOWA. LA FAYETTE, IND . TERRE HAUTE , IND. ZANESVILLE, OHIO. TICONDEROGA, N .Y. ALLENTOWN, PA . LYNCHBURG, VA. WILMINGTON, ILL. JSTIM ATED Hiratvn by tier/nanri ffeinze. H Doc /f^ 54 2 U.S. DEFP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. Chicago, J^ovember, 1896 . GRAND MARAIS LIGHT HOUSE,MINN. S3~ PORT ARTHUR, ONT. PASSAGE ISLAND L.H.,LakeSuperior,WIS. H DOC /^^ 54 2 I ti THE ICE SEASON, N92 . PORT HURON, MICHIGAN. GODERICH, ONTARIO. CHARITY ISLAr MAY SARNIA, ONTARIO FORT GRATIOT RANGE LIGHT HSE.,MICH. SAND BEACH LIGHT HOUSE, MICH PORT AUSTIN LIGHT HOUSE, MICH. KWKTEROfl NOV. Dec. JAN. FEB.] MAR,| APH. MAY l885-'!9« I889-590 1879-^ AVCRAAE '"^iiHHilHEi OFITYeikRSaiM ■ ■■- SAGINAW RIV. LIGHT RANGES, MICH. IfWNTEROf NOV. . DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. . MAY 1895-198 1889-90 1879-80 1874-75 AVERASI s B p. ^ ■ JHI ■ B » S8 vi «■ l^t 'TI^iM ^LUS ■HMSaM H^^ga TAWAS LIGH KINCAR IWINTEROfI NOV. DEC. JA l89B-'96 ...^ ^ — 1869 -''90 ~ ^^s 1879 -'ao ie76-77« AVENACt 'tirimm S|B STURGEON P CHARITY ISLAND L . H., MICHIGAN, TAWAS LIGHT HOUSE, MICH. KINCARDINE, ONT. STURGEON POINT L.H.,MICH. THUNDER BAY ISLAND L.H.,MICH. ALPENA, MICH. CHEBOYGAN LIGHT HOUSE, MICH, WINTER OF NOV. DEC. JAN. [ FEB. 1 MAR. APR. MAY l895-'!96 l889-'90 1880-bl |avera6C """"S^^^^HPK^ ir'tiVit II =L^s^= MACKINAW CITY, MICH. STRAITS OF Ml KMNTFAOn NOV. DEC. JAN I 1878 -'8( IB69-7( 1859- 1853-54 AVERASe --1- yi6YEA|RS ESCAN, WIMTEROr I89B-96 1889-^0 »79-lB0| 1871 -"72 AVCRASE NOV. DEC. JA^ OFZBVRI WAGOSHANCE LI WWTEROfl NOV. I D^- l_^f 1895-96 l889-'90 AVKRAOe or 9 Y E kRS POVERTY ISLAND WINTEROf NOV. DEC. dA^ )F 9 VR» LAKE HURON , LAKE MICHIGAN AND LAk OF MACKINAC, MICH. EC. I JAN. I FEB.; MAR.i APR. MAY SCANABA, MICH |DE.C. I JAN.' FEB. I MAR.I APR MAY E LHNCE LIGHT HOUSE, MICH JAN^B dec! JAN.' FEB.' MAR.i APR. L MAY AND HsLAND LIGHT HOUSE,MICH. LITTLE TRAVERSE LIGHT H'SE.,MICH. WIKTEROf NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. aprTI MAY 1895 '96 1889 -'90 1 AVERAGE B B a L 3 OF 8YE/ .."■ ■■ ^i^ \ SOUTH FOX ISLAND L .H., MICH. mm NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY 1895 -'9« 1889 -'90 AVERAM F or 9y'r L ^ PORTE DES MORTS L.H., WISCONSIN. WINTER on NOV ie95-'!96 1889-00 :: DEC. JAM. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY GRAND TRAVERSE LIGHT H'SE, WIS. EAGLE BLUFF LIGHT HOUSE, WIS KMHTtROr NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. _APR. MAY 1895-96 I8a9-\M} ■■IHiBK AVCRAM ^l»YiA ^^ MENOMINEE LIGHT HOUSE, MICI GREEN ISLAND LIGHT HOUSE, V MISSION POINT LIGHT HOUSE, V SHERWOOD POINT LIGHT HSE., LONG TAIL POINT LIGHT H'SE., WMTEROFJ NOV.' DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. . AP^ t8»5-'de 1888 -tBO AVIRAOK tl "■ jfsy'rs ^m PH ^ ..^MBH ^s iMaa^HH ^^B^^ I^^B^RI KHMHM CHIGAN AND LAKE SUPERIOR. NEE LIGHT HOUSE, MfCH. MILWAUKEE, WIS 1 DEC. JAN. j FEB.! MAR. AP". MAY jl j 1 "Ti ■■■HH^^^ > 1 5LAND LIGHT HOUSE, WIS. POINT LIGHT HOUSE, WIS. = DEC. JAN. feT] MAR. APR. MAY „ "1 m B ■ -- SB ft 50D POINT LIGHT HSE.,WIS, AIL POINT LIGHT H'SE.,WIS. f. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY 1 EL. "i a^ R6 J- 1 1 1 Jl , 1 , ..,1 GRAND HAVEN ,MICH. NOV. DEC. JAN. ' FEB. MAR. APR. MAY 1895-^6 j|l889-'90 1878-80 l869-'70 lUvlRAOC M , 1 — Cl'ZZ '•'zz::zj^ i«4»— ^^— . mm r ,"~~^ OP 28 V lARa -.. 1— GRAND RAPIDS, MICH. GREEN BAY, WIS. MNTEROF l8d&-96 1883-190 ie79-'80 1874-75 AVKRASi NOV. DEC . JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MA' 1 jj^^B B g bb "~^^^^J iHB m- CHICAGO, ILL.,Streams innear vicinii^ WINTER l89S-'96 l889-:9ol I879-'B0 1869-70 1859-^ 1849-50 AveRA«J APR.J[jfM inn-nicTjn DETOUR LIGHT HOUSE, MICH APR. MAY jar vicinity. TT. APR. I MAY I K. I /Krw. mks^mm SAULT STE. MARIE, ONT. WINTEROF NOV. DEC. 1 JAN.! FEB. MAR. { APR. MAY | l89S-^6 ' r ' ! ! 1889 -'90 S^^^^^^br 1878 -IBO ■ isea-Vo AVERASK GRAND ISLAND LIGHT HOUSE , MICH MARQUETTE, MICH SAND POINT L.H. LVknsc , MICH. fE.MICH \n.\ APR. MAY i MARQUETTE LIGHT HOUSE, MICH. iMNTEROf i 1 NOV. DEC.^ r^AN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY 1895-196 1869-^ 1879 -'80 187+ -75 AVKRA«I ■■ ~n or 22 vV a ■ PORTAGE RIVER LIGHT HOUSE , MICH MICH. MAR. APR. MAY ^— ^ 1 1 1 1 OUTER ISLAND L.H./iear Ashland, WIS. U.S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION. Chlcago,:Nbvember. 1896 . ^ * GRAND MARAIS LIGHT HOUSE^MINN. WnNTEROFJ NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. 1 APR. , L MAY l885-'9d l889-'90 ms-'ee -^MMH^H^Bhr :..j DULUTH , MINN. ISC. MICH. MAR. PORT ARTHUR, ONT. HOUSE, MICH ASHLAND , WIS PASSAGE ISLAND L.H.,LakeSuperiooWIS. H Doc /fJi 54 2 14- |!pK ¥ I I — I * •< U.S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION Chicago Novemlier, 1896 . LLE ISLE LIGHT HOUSE, Detroit River, Mich. INT I um=m=^ J95, I89S BI689 RI87S 1866 I8S! 184! 3E nNDMILL POINT LIGHT HOUSE, Lake St.Clair, Mich. wii 1831 184 182' I8< 18" |I8U la 180^ 180 AVI ROP NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. , iji MAY 1 '96 L- -'30 ■s -80 ■i ^^ -•75 ^ 1 tAec OF22VC ^RS..Hi — ■■■'■■ — ST. CLAIR FLATS LIGHT HOUSE, Lake SLCIair, Mich. HDoc/f-^- 54 2 24 ir—wt'^wrf*'*' THE ICE SEASON, N?3. LAKE ERIE AND LAKE ST BUFFALO, NY. Lake Erie. CLEVELAND, OHIO. MONROE , MICHIGAN, Rasin Rive iwiWTEROfjj" NOV. ' P EC. | JAN. | FEB.! MArTJ^ APR.I MAY | ERIE, PENNA. It MMTEROFI NOyT^DECrTT'ANjj'EB. I MAR. APR. MAY B95-96 J88-'90||. i B79-1B0 871 -'72;, lANDUSKY BAY, OHIO.CedarPointLi^htHousc. TOLEDO, OHIO. DETROIT RIVER. Mamajuda IsI'd.LightSl WINDSOR, ONT. ERIE AND LAKE ST. CLAIR MONROE , MICHIGAN, Rasin River. i Nov: DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR.^ APR. MAY . 1 "* i: -... m^ SI ^i.s'S E- -t ^■■"^Bg^ B— ^bmJ isBaxa PORT STANLEY, ONT. MMTtROFl NOV. | DEC. 1 JAN. FEB. MAR.{ APR. MAY. — 1 l88S-'96 1889-50: i__ 1 I 1 ■ F" 1879 -'ao| ^ !8li?:^ r •ViDAei ortsYtifns ■■ U.S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION # Chicago November, I89fi. 3E1LE ISLE LIGHT HOUSE, Detroit River, Mich. 24 ROIT RIVER. Mamajuda IsI'd. Light Sta. Mich. BLOCKADE OF DETROIT AND CLEVELAND STEAMERS. WINDMILL POINT LIGHT HOUSE, Lake St. Clair, Mich. 974 -75 \vtii«ei WINDSOR, ONT. PORT DOVER, ONT. ST. CLAIR FLATS LIGHT HOUSE, LakeSt.Clair, Mich. MAY H Doc/^-?-^ 54 2 m 8C 86 87 87 wm Mrmi 189! 168] f878 1871 Aven 18 18 I8i 18! AV ^ WIHTEI 1895 < 1889- 1879 -! 1868- 1859-^ •856-! AVtllA« I8t idi 187 i hah ise i8« 'Ok 181 18 tei 18. la. 4 3 !» THE ICE SEASON ,N24. j LAKE ONTARIO AND LAKJI OGDENSBURG,N.Y. CAPE VINCENT, N.Y. KINGSTON, ONT. BELLEVILLE, ONT. OSWEGO, N.Y. l834-'a5 AVERAGE 0F36Yt<.Wa- MAY 1849- I845-; AVClAi m*- IHt WERNER COMPANY.AHRON^O. ARIO AND LAKE ONEIDA. U.S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION Chicago, Jfovember, 1896. MAY MAY I. MAY ;ONSTANTIA, N.Y. Oneida Lake. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY BREWERTON , N.Y. Oneida Lake TORONTO, ONT. LAKE ST. FRANCIS , ONT. jHflMTEWet| DEC. JAN. I PE B.fMAR^. I ARR^ MAY H Doc /fZ 54 2 awtamr^. } a 18 IS i U.S. DEEP WATERWAYS COMMISSION Chicago, NoviMnber, 1896. Q g HUDSON CITY, N.Y.Hudson River. 18 18 HARTFORD, CONN. Connecticut River. H Doc /^-f. 54 2 ,1 ' THE ICE SEASON , NS5 QUEBEC, P. Q. St. Charles River. [jWITCTOf NOV. DEC. 1 JAN. I FEB. |mAR^^ ^wTT^IA^ MONTREAL,?. Q. WHTtRoS^NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. ! MAR. , APtf. MAY 1849-50 AVIKAfet LAKE CHAMPLAIN, SAINT LAWRENCE, HUDSON, CONNECTICU' ROUSElS POINT, N.Y. LAKE CHAMPLAI^ 1 , opp. Burlington. Vt. wmnRor NOV. DEC. JAN. I FEB. 1 MAR. | APR. MAY l895-'96 |l889-'90 11879-180 1869-70 l8B9-'60 1 tl849-'B0 1839-40 1829-^ 1819 -'20 AvcRAee ^4^- M ? ^i^^^^^^^^^^^^B^^^^^y r l^t ■ 1^^ 1 1 ' ^gJH ^^^^I^^^Pi^ — a^^^^ OrSIVIi w» ..- 1 WHITEHALL, N.Y. WWTCROf NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. 1895 -'96 ie89-'ao 1879-80 1869-70 l8S9-'60 AVERAGE B CL ^^fc e- AMOSKEAG, N.H. 6are House,Merrinn THE ARSENAL CENTRAL PARK,N«wY< MNTEROFII NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR isss-'ael lOOO 3»> l889-'90 1879-190 • "^^-. ^ ' b^ 1869-70 "^I 1 -SSfl^kt l859-'60 1 n AVCDASI. t 35 Tllf US . - ■ ^■^^a ^~~ ' ^ lUDSON, CONNECTICUT AND MERRIMAC RIVERS. WHITEHALL, N.Y. ^ InOV. I DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY SKEAG, N.H. 6are House,Merrimae Riv. ARSENAL CENTRAL PARK,N«wYori(,N.Y. ALBANY N.Y. Hudson River. TURNERS FALLS, MASS. Connechcut Riv. wnmROF NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. 1 MAR. APR. I MAY ||{ l8S5-'96 1889 -"So IR85-'86 AVIWAM lfl»Y(«« ~r r 1 «ig 1 S U . S. DEEP 'VATERWAYS COMMISSION Chica'^o, Novemlicr, 1896. HUDSON CITY, N.Y. Hudson River. 26 HARTFORD, CONN. Connecticut River. H T)OC/^J 54 2