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 With the Compliments tff 
 President LotidoTi. 
 
 Mi____ 
 
 CONVOCATION ADDRESS 
 
 lUniversiti? of XToronto, 
 
 OCTOBER 14th, 1898. 
 
 BY THE PRR81DRST, 
 
 JAMES LOUDON, LL.D. 
 
 1^^ APRl M3 
 
 '^sny OF TO^ 
 
 ^^^ 
 
 ''^^, 
 
 TORONTO: 
 ROVVSKLL & HUTCHISON, PRINTERS. 
 
 ^-^^^^ii^a^^sssi*^^' 
 
 1898. 
 
 -5 
 
;i- 
 
 Convocation Address. 
 
 p- 
 
 5 u^ / 
 
 !# 
 
 IN accordance with a custom of more than fifty years' standing, 
 it is ray duty on this occasion to address you on some 
 aspects of the educational work which is being carried on by the 
 University. 
 
 Allow me first of all to express the gratification which I feel in 
 seeing before me so large and representative an audience, a proof, 
 I take it, of undiminished interest in and sympathy with the 
 great cause of higher education in this Province. 
 
 We have awarded for the first time to-day the Glashan Medal 
 in Mathematics, the Ottawa Medal in Physics, and the prizes for 
 Italian, donated by the Italian Minister for Foreign Affairs. The 
 Glashan Medal has been established by Mr. J. C. Glashan of 
 Ottawa, a distinguished alumnus of this University, who is 
 widely known for his researches in Mathematics, and whom I 
 rejoice to mention as an old personal friend of my own, and a 
 right loyal friend of the University. The Ottawa Medal is the 
 gift of eight alumni of the University, resident in Ottawa, Mr. 
 Glashan being one of the number. The remaining seven gentle- 
 men are John Lorn McDougall, W. D. LeSueur, William Fitz- 
 gerald, Otto J. Klotz, Frederick Hayter, Alexander H. McDougall, 
 and S. B. Sinclair, all names familiar to us in the civil service 
 or in educational circles. It giv^s me great pleasure to convey 
 publicly the thanks of the University to these gentlemen, and 
 to the Italian Government for their generous gifts. 
 
 Turning now to our record of progress during the year, I am 
 happy to state that the University continues to prosper. We 
 receive, from time to time, most gratifying evidence of the success 
 which attends our graduates in after life, as the result of the 
 efficient training and high standard of scholarship which it has 
 
always been the aim of the University to maintain. Especially 
 is this true of those who go abroad to pursue post-graduate 
 studies ; the most recent compliment which has reached me being 
 the remark of an eminent German Professor of chemistry, who 
 figuratively refers to the students we send him as " lights out of 
 the darkness of the western world." 
 
 The attendance of students during the last session showed a 
 slight decrease — a total of 1,322 as compared with 1,353, or a 
 decrease of two per cent, in round numbers, due to a diminution 
 in the Freshman class. Two circumstances tend to operate 
 against an increase of students, though it is impossible to exactly 
 estimate their effect. The first of these is the increase of ten 
 dollars in the fees, which has been made during the last two years. 
 Let me assure you that this measure has been adopted with much 
 regret by the authorities, and is one of expediency, not of 
 principle. The fees were increased because the money could not 
 be had from any other source. Any movement in the direction 
 of withdrawing the privileges of university education from the 
 poor and placing them in the power of the rich is a national mistake. 
 It is surely undesirable to bar the intellectual progress of the 
 talented son of the poor man by a prohibitive fee, it is surely 
 wrong to set up a standard which discriminates against the poor 
 and in favour of the rich, and it is just as surely a national loss 
 if the talents of any man fall short of their legitimate development. 
 
 Unfortunately, this question is but imperfectly understood, 
 and there is, I observe, in some quarters a tendency to increase 
 the High School fees. Of course it is a rough and ready way of 
 meeting objections to say, " If people want higher education let 
 them pay for it." Many of those who use this argume it are the 
 very persons who have everything to lose and but little to gain 
 by its application. If education were a possession which a man 
 might acquire md use for himself alone, the argument might 
 have some foioe, though it still would be a mistake and an 
 injustice to bar out the poor man's son ; but in education no man 
 liveth to himself, and what he acquires redounds indirectly to the 
 profit of the community and the nation as a whole. 
 
 
 
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 IHMHI 
 
a 
 
 3 
 
 The second circumstance which I fear has robbed us of many 
 a promising matriculant is the nature of our entrance examination. 
 It should not be the aim of a university to keep out the largest 
 number of students, but rather to turn out as many as possible with 
 general or special talents fully developed. It is not wise, nor is 
 it right, to set up a barrier to be overl'^iipcd, which, while appar- 
 ently smooth and straight, contains one or more projecting though 
 invisible spikes upon which the unfortunate candidate is liable to 
 be impaled. What we want is a fair and uniform standard of 
 difficulty in all subjects required by the curriculum, such a 
 test, indeed, as is exacted in the great universities of the 
 world, and not a standard calculated to trap the unwary, or 
 those who have not special aptitude in certain subjects. Ample 
 provision is made in our honour matriculation for students with 
 special talents. This desirable uniformity, in spite of all our 
 efforts, we have not been able to attain, and its attainment is one 
 of the problems which still await solution. 
 
 Among the indications of progress, I refer now to the success 
 which has attended both our post-graduate work and the public- 
 ation of researches by members of the staff and graduate students 
 in serial form, under the title of " University Studies." And I 
 take occasion here to acknowledge the encouragement given by 
 the Minister of Educp.tion in this new enterprise, which without 
 his assistance would hardly have been possible. Although much 
 work of this kind has been done by members of the staff in the 
 past, the University has failed to receive due credit for it. These 
 " Studies" will put us as a University into touch with the scien- 
 tific world, and serve to obtain for us abroad that recognition of 
 our intellectual resources and development which is just as 
 important in its way as the costly advertising of the material 
 resources of Canada. They are also useful from a pecuniary 
 point of view as library exchanges for scientific journals, many of 
 which would otherwise require to be purchased. Exchanges have 
 already been arranged for with sixty-four British and foreign 
 universities and twenty-four foreign academies of science. The 
 cost of these exchanges, if obtained by purchase, would amount 
 
to several hundred dollars a year. The publication, then, has had 
 a most gratifying success, although we are without the contribu- 
 tions of some members of the staff, who find it expediert to 
 publish their researches in other scientific journals. 
 
 Now, as to research in general, I may say that we recognize the 
 fact that a university is not fully performing its functions if it is 
 content to be solelv a transmitter of knowledge, however efficient 
 it may be in this essential work. It must go further, and add its 
 mite to the sum of human science. This is the highest function 
 of a university. I need not enlarge upon the advantage to the 
 individual who engages in research work — the joy and stimulus 
 to effort from the discovery of new knowledge, the training in 
 methodical and independent thinking, the enlargement of his whole 
 mental horizon. These things are universally admitted, but I 
 make bold to assert that the student who makes a real contribu- 
 tion to the advancement of knowledge, does as much or more for 
 his country, than the man who discovers a gold mine. 
 
 During the past year, we have had in our class-rooms and 
 laboratories, twenty-five graduate students, and of these several 
 were in training for the degree of Ph.D. We have been censured 
 by some for the establishment of this degree, in the belief that it 
 would prove a cheap and empty honour. There is little to fear on 
 that score. The country is not likely to be overrun with Doctors 
 of Philosophy from this University, and we may be depended upon 
 to maintain for the new degree a standard which will enhance 
 the reputation which the University has already earned for sound 
 scholarship. 
 
 Of late years, in certain departments, research work has been 
 attempted even by some of the undergraduates of the Fourth 
 year, and I am glad to saj the experiment has given some 
 very promising result?. In no other way does it seem possible to 
 awaken in the student an absorbing interest in his subject. I 
 hope to see ^^his kind of work more general among Fourth year 
 students, though it should be remarked that it is easier in some 
 departments than in others to find appropriate problems— in some, 
 indeed, almost impossible for beginners. 
 
By a rather sudden transition, I come now to speak of the sub- 
 ject of athletics, in its proper place and in due moderation, a 
 valuable auxiliary to university work. This University has done 
 a great deal for the physical development of the student. I think 
 I may say without boasting that it has done more in this way 
 than any other educational institution in Canada, It has provided 
 the commodious and well-equipped Gymnasium Building in which 
 we are now assembled, and it has increased, at considerable ex- 
 pense, the field accommodation for outdoor sports. During the 
 past summer we have put into order an additional large plot of 
 ground admirably adapted for this pvirpose, to be known as the 
 " University Athletic Field." May I express the hope that the 
 students will maintain in this new field the honourable record 
 which has already been made by them for University athletics? 
 I might mention as a sign of the athletic tendencies of our times 
 that we have organized an Athletic Board made up from the 
 Faculty and the Athletic Association, with the hope that the 
 interests of all the clubs will be still further advanced. 
 
 Some years ago the old company of University Rifles was 
 disbanded owing to causes which need not be entered upon now. 
 This would surely not have been done had the services which K 
 Company rendered to the country directly and indirectly been 
 estimated at their true value. Some of those who know of these 
 services took steps more than a year ago for the organization of a 
 University battalion of rifles and engineers, and I had hoped to 
 be able to announce the success of the project to-day. Unfor- 
 tunately, the answer to an inquiry addressed to the Government 
 does not usually come by return post, and I have to report the 
 matter as still under serious consideration. I regard military 
 drill as one of the most useful of athletic exercises, both in 
 its physical and moral eflects, and I hope that we shall yet attain 
 our object. 
 
 Coupled with this project was another to replace the Memorial 
 Window, destroyed in the fire of 1890, to those University 
 students who fell at Ridgeway in 1866. This scheme need not 
 wait upon the other, and I would urge especially old members of 
 
6 
 
 the University Rifles, quorum pars parva fui, to see that there 
 is no more delay in commemorating the names of McKenzie, 
 Mewburn, and Tempest, who lost their lives on that occasion. It 
 is but right that their courage and patriotism — a patriotism of 
 deeds, not words — should have a public and lasting recognition, 
 a memorial that would show what University students have done, 
 and, if occasion should arise, would again do in defence of their 
 country. 
 
 I should like to go on to tell you of what we should do if we 
 had unlimited funds, but in the absence of any visible means of 
 supplying all the wants of the University I shall refer only to 
 the department of mineralogy and geology. In addition to the 
 temporary arrangements which we have made since the retirement 
 of Professor Chapman, we have also drawn upon the resources 
 of the School of Practical Science for the instruction of our 
 students. This institution has a strong department of Mining 
 Engineering, amply equipped for training students in all branches 
 of their profession, including of course mineralogy and geology. 
 In view of the splendid facilities provided by the Province at our 
 very door, I have often been asked why University students can- 
 not obtain instruction in mineralogy and geology in the School, 
 just as students of engineering receive instruction at the Univer- 
 sity in mathematics, physics and chemistry. As a matter of fact the 
 University course and the Engineering course in mineralogy and 
 geology do overlap, and theieforc it is reasonable to suppose that 
 our students can obtain instruction at the School to some extent. 
 But it should be remembered that the two institutions should 
 approach the study from different points of view. The mining 
 engineer selects only those parts which have a direct and practical 
 bearing upon the work of his profession, just as he selects similar 
 portions of the mathematics and physics of our courses. The 
 University student of geology, on the other hand, must take up 
 the subject in its broadest aspects, and pursue investigations 
 which may or may not have an immediate economic value, and 
 in doing so may find questions of the highest scientific importance 
 jn what the mining engineer ignores. Ip short, while th? 
 
University student may receive at the School all the instruction 
 which he requires in mineralogy and lithology, for example, still 
 the University must make provision for the complete treatment 
 of geology— dynamic, structural and stratigraphic. To make this 
 teaching effective a Geological Museum must also be established, 
 not necessarily a vast assortment of specimens, but a teaching 
 museum arranged to illustrate the work in geology, and affording 
 facilities for the student of geology similar to those already 
 provided in the Biological Museum for the student of biology. 
 
 This is but one of the ways in which the University must 
 expand in the near future, if it is to keep pace with the general 
 progress of learning and the needs of Ontario in higher education. 
 It is the province of the University to maintain that high stand- 
 ard of knowledge in science and literature to which the standard 
 of secondary instruction and primary instruction are infallibly 
 proportionate, and which just as infallibly marks the intellectual 
 power and progress of the country as a whole. This truth which 
 cannot too often be reiterated is, I think, making headway, and 
 I hope that the time will soon com when the Province will 
 fully realize its responsibility in the matter by granting the finan- 
 cial aid necessary to the maintaining of all departments on a scale 
 worthy of an intelligent and progressive community.