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 : ■ ■ • , , ; ■ " 
 
// 
 
 [ /'(•/(•./(<■.] 
 
 \- 
 
 MIXUTF, 
 
 SI! II M IT IF, I> TO T II K 
 
 rilKSIDKNT or TIIK UNITED STATES 
 
 <ix iTii: sni.ii-.cr or 
 
 RECIPROCAL TRADE WITH CANADA, 
 
 A C'llMMITTI'.H OK TIIK NATlONAr, llOAIU) OK TKADK. 
 
 I -f 
 
 At llio last anminl niootinj^ of the Natioiiiil Board 
 of Tiado, hold in ]\Iil\vaiikoc', in August, 1(S77, a 
 RCMMC'S of rcsohitions was adopted, rospoctfully asking 
 the President of the United States to consider the 
 expediency of ojjcning i.egotialions for the renewal 
 of reciprocal trade with the Dominion of Canada, 
 and of making refci'ence to this subject in his annual 
 message to Congress. 
 
 These re oliitions, with the report of the commit- 
 tee which prepared them, are presented herewith in 
 print. 
 
 The Tioard had previously taken similar action at 
 annual meetings held in St. Louis, New York, Phila- 
 delpliia, and again in New York; and this action 
 had been duly laid before President Grant and the 
 appropriate committees of Congress. Nothing hav- 
 
 382.0973 
 N2Z7m 
 
 >} 
 
 .«ov.K«M,-':r' 
 
 yfCfOl**^ 
 

 r'^ 
 
 ^SSfi*" 
 
 iiiL? I)c('ii ac('oiH|tli-ili -(1, li )\v\'Vt'r, tin' (|iiosti(Hi rc- 
 ci'ivc'l altciiliini oin'c m >:t .'it tlu' iiii'i'iiii'j; in Mil- 
 wiuikcr. ami llii' rcsuhili.)!!-; fi'l'i'iTcil to were ail'tpti'd 
 uitli iiw-M heart 'mi.'--i. aii'l with ahiiost iibsohite 
 iiiianiinity. 
 
 The ri'siiliitloiis ask thai a CDinmissloii uny bo au- 
 tlioii/.cd and apimiiitt'd. on hilialf of tliis (lovci'ii- 
 im'iit,"lo co-oprratc with a coiniiiis.Nioii, to he a|>- 
 |ii)iiit(d liv till' ( ioN (•rniiiciit ol' (iicat Uiitain, in ihc 
 lU'U'otiation ol'a trcafv oi'irci|iro!'al trailc hctwccii tiic 
 Tnitcd Slati'-^ and the I ).)iiiiiiion oi' ( '.iiiada."' 'V\\\r^ 
 is in till- lini.' of ilir ircoiiinirndation-* of tlu- Com- 
 mit ti'c on ( /oinnu'ici' ol' ihc I luiisc oj' lu'|>iT^ciila(ivi's, 
 IVoni time to time. Thr IJoard, howcvci', would not, 
 wish lo he iiiidci'^tood as [irt's^hiL:; any [laiticnlar 
 method oC |)ri)C(iIui'(' t\\> >\i tii ■ adininUtiMtlo i. It is 
 the iMid which it has hi view: the mum, is and in 'th > U 
 it clu'crrully icavi's to the wisdom ol' th ise up >n 
 whom the ri'sponsiiiiliiy ol' action iH'st^. 
 
 It may he hcttcr thai 11' iicl;- itiatloiis arc to hi; 
 oi)i'iic(l. thv'y >hall lie canied on. In the usual 
 manlier, ln'tween ilu! S.'ci'ctary of State and thu 
 ])lcnlpotentiary rcpri'>cntlni;- the ( Jovernmcnt of 
 CJrcat IJritaln. In this casi>, the l.oard would 
 i-opectliilly sll^•o•e-^t the appoint nieiil , on cillicr 
 side, of a coiinnU-ioii, representing- the com- 
 mercial and lndii-.tiial Interests ol' the country, to 
 sit in an ad\ i-oiy capaciiy, and to act as a medium 
 orconiamnieatlon betwem the diplomatists cii'-'a-'cd 
 in ''<e negotiation of the n.'W treaty, and the inlcr- 
 L'.sts to be allcclcd by it. Sucli a cuinmls.sioii, in 
 
 ' W. ». 
 
 V.I.: 
 
3 
 
 cither country, would hotli roprcsciit and inlluciicc 
 jinblic opinion, and woidd assist <,nvatly in sccurin-- 
 tlu; ratilicalii)n of any treaty wliicli mi^^lit l)e i-on- 
 chKk'd iiy liolli conntrii's. 
 
 The Hoard would vi'nlmv a sutrj.'f'^tiou al;<o as to 
 the scope which should l)c aimed at in any treaty 
 wliicli it may l)e (h'cicU'd to ni';^otiate. It is recom- 
 led that, at the outset, sucii concessions on liolii 
 
 men( 
 
 1 h 
 
 sides slionUt be secured as are 'ienerally reeot,nii/,ed 
 as (U'siral)lc, and ns ai'i' iunnediat<'ly altainal)le, leav- 
 iutj; it to time and expt-rieiice to indicate l)y wliat 
 I to what extent, I'urthei' ii-ee(h)m ofcom- 
 hetwcen the rnitetl States and 
 
 lue 
 
 thod."' 
 
 an( 
 
 nieivial intercoui-se 
 
 Cana(hi may l)e obtained in tlie I'uture. Il'loo inucii 
 l)e attempti'd in thi' lirst place, ahsoiule laiiure may 
 follow; hut let the principle of reciprocity once he 
 reeo<''nized in the commercial interc(»ui'se hetwei'U 
 tlie two countiies, and, by the operation ol' tlu' laws 
 
 )!' trade, this intercourse is certain 
 
 to 1 
 
 )eci)nie more 
 
 an( 
 
 more iutimatt^, ami more and nmre eouipre- 
 hensivi' in its scope. Canada is not \v\ ready loi- 
 a Zollverein, perhaps not ibr recii)roeity in the I've' 
 intercliauj^e ol' fabrics to any consideralde extent. It 
 to be so under other cii'cumstanci's; 
 and it may become so !'v and liy, if IVeedom oC trade 
 betwci'U the two count rii's l)e permitted onvv ■.\i:;:\\n 
 to ^^et a start. I'l'ihaps in any ncwti-eaty which may 
 
 uuuht have come 
 
 I 
 
 be ni'-otiated, it mi-ht be pro\ide(l that, ifthe pernu 
 ol lime covered l)y it be, for example, twi'Uty-onc 
 years, the eoutractin,;^ partit's should 
 at the eu( 
 
 com; 
 
 tou-etlier 
 
 1 of the Beveiith and the fom'teentli years, 
 
 k,VJV6b8 
 
#■ 
 
 fur ilic |)iii|»()S(', not of iillciiiii:; ;inyllilii;j^ fixed inid 
 (K'tonuiiicil alrcaily In- tlu! treaty, cxcciit, |u'rlia|)s, 
 
 with till- I'oiisi' 
 
 lit of I)oili, Itiit of making inoi-c hroad 
 
 ami coiiipli'tc, as mitjlit iniitiially ln' aL:;i'iH'(l on, tliii 
 
 n|i|)l*K'atioi) of tlic priiicipK' of coiwiiicrcial I'l'ciprocity. 
 
 'I'lii' National r>oaril of 'I'lailr seeks to avoid |)olit- 
 
 1 llu' (lis('ii>,sion of the various 
 
 leal eon>i(lerations ii 
 questions which eonie hel'oiv it. It is well aware that 
 a p;ovei'nnient cannot always (hi this, wlien dealinj^ 
 with purely eoinuiereial (piotions; hut it ri',i;'ar(ls 
 it as a misfortune when ii cannot do so. as, in such 
 in>lanccs, the eommeicial intci'ot almost always suf- 
 fers. In the case hefori' us. the Hoard cannot help 
 I'celiu^' that the liusincss inti'i'ots of the rniti'd States 
 and Canada have heeu compromised hy the introduc- 
 tion (if political considerations, and hy the unneces- 
 sary introduction of them. It would hope that tlu; 
 (piestiou ol ri'ciprocity may he kept free from all su(di 
 complications iu the future. 
 
 In this connection the Moai'd would ask pci'mission 
 to mike some reference to the coin'eution of IS")1, 
 — the ^[ai'cy-I']ln-in ti-eaty, — and to its ahi'o,:.^iition. 
 This treaty, at the time of lis ne,L;otiation, was cor- 
 dially su|)ported iiy mo>t (d"the prominent statesmen 
 of the day, (d' both parlies; hut loni^ hel'ore tlu! ex- 
 piration of the shoi'test period in which it was to hu 
 operalive, according' to its terms, all the conditions 
 in the United States had been altered by the civil 
 wai', the enlii-e course of trade h:i 1 been chau>;-eil, 
 and the whole fiscal and m metary system of tlu; 
 countiy had been ivvolulioni/'d. Vo wonder, then, 
 
lliat, undcf tlicsi' (•ii'ciiinstiiiuTS, some modiliciitioii of 
 the treaty was called for; yet iio one, lieyoiiil a liiu- 
 ileil eirele ol' piililie iiK'ii, tlioii'^hl of piillin-- :iii end 
 to it allo-ellier. 'I'lie Hon. Tl^.s. I). Kliot, of Miis- 
 saelitisells, in tlie course .>!' ilie debates in llie House 
 of Kepivseiitatives, said (May li"), KSlil): — 
 
 " We hiivf hiiil iiK'UKiriMls :.i:d pctiii.MH !ui<l r.-prpsniitn- 
 tioiis iiiid rcsoliitidiis tVciii our cniwiiliicnts in diircTeiit parts 
 of lli(! (•oiiiiliy ill ir;.';ird to this snlijeit. all of wliicli liavo 
 Ik'cmi lelcireil to till' Coininilli'c on CoiminMcc ; and I liiivo 
 yet to si'c llii' lii>t one tliiil iiM> ie|ilc-tid lis to <:ivo notice of 
 a pei-cinptoiy al>iii,i.':ition oftiii^ ticiily." 
 
 ri'ihaps tlie -tfoiio-est oppo>ition to tiie treaty, so 
 lai- as its working was {■oiieei-iied, caiiie li-oiii tiie liiiii- 
 l)er iiitei-ests of Maine; yet tlie re>ole''on a<lopteil by 
 the lA--islatiti'e of that Stale. ,t;iviii-- exptvssion to tho 
 views ol" its people, and ooinauinieated to Congfcss, 
 was as follows: — 
 
 " Romlved, As tlic sentiment of tlie people of Miinc, t!iat 
 sound p.licy mid eii!Mr:,'ed states nanslip dictate a Jiidicions 
 etlorl to scciiH! just \\\v\ e pi li couininnication of trado 
 JH'twccn all the eonntiics of Noitii Anieiica; and that it is 
 tiie interest of this State, as \v<li as of the whole cmmlry, 
 to (ailtivate fiieihlly rehitions with the |)roviiices of !'>ritish 
 America liy siieh reiralatioiis as shall secure an alvan- 
 taL'eoils reciprocity hctweeii the iiilialiit ilits of these prov- 
 ince: and tho citizens of t!ie I'liite.! States; and for that 
 <mh1, it is the (hity of the Fe leral (Jovenunent. while ahro- 
 j^.iling the oxis'iiiL,' treaty, to pr 4) >se and if p 'SsihK; secure 
 sucli iiiiw a^'reeniMils an I stipul itioiis a. will remove thii 
 

 
 ohii'otioiis tliMl li;iV(> lincp (li'Vt'lii|»i'il liy <'\|i"ri(Mici', iiml inoro 
 pcrfc'lly scciiri' tlio ulijccts liclil in view wlii-ii llic im'-ciit 
 li'inl iii'o, Miiil ticMly liiviiiLT 'i|h'imI('i1 with 
 
 trciilv WHS I'll 
 
 iiiri'^l- (it M:iiii 
 
 pci'lllijir li:n'i|-liiii lljiDii tlir il 
 
 Tlio Irt'Mtv \v;is ntt.ickril (liii'ini:;- llic dchiitcs in 
 the two ll()iisc> (if ( 'i>ii;^rc>'', ill IS'lliiiiil IS').", on | In- 
 ^m'ouikI, cliirlly, tliit il worked iiiu'(niiiliy, iiml tiiat il 
 •lid injustice in il^ ()|iii';itio!i to tiic people o|' tiie 
 I'liiled Slates, ll'lhis were true, il is s(r:iii^'e tliil it 
 had so few eiieiiiie-^ aiiiouL;' the Im^iiies^ men of tiio 
 romitry. The |irin(i|i;d ('haiiilH-rs ol" ("ouiiiieree and 
 Hoards of Ti-adt', and tlie Di'ti'oit ( 'oniniereial (Jon- 
 vi'iilioii of Isd.', Were in favoi- of any iiiea>iii-es whicli 
 would improve it and inaUe it uioi'e p ; I'eet ; Init ihcv 
 all pi'otcsted a;uaiu>t the aliiupt and u' ler It'i'ininatio'i 
 of reciprocal eouiuiereial intercoiu'se with tli ■ l»iitis!i 
 I'roviuces, which had lieen deternrmed upon hy eer- 
 taiu iiilhieiitial men in Congress, The action of the 
 Committee on ('ouimeree of the II)nse of liep- 
 rcsentatives, also, was, as we reineinlier, always in 
 favoi- of a lU'idilic itioii (d' the I I'eaty, never for its 
 aliroi;ation. When the re-ojniion lor tenninatiii;;- 
 the treaty on a year's notice ii'aehed the .Senate I'roiu 
 thi3 House, an endeavor to nder it to the Conimittee 
 on CumiTUMTi! was ovt'rruk'd, and it was sent to the 
 Conimiiti'c on Foi'einii Kelations. 'I'lie coinniercial 
 beariu'^s of the ijiiotion were not reco^ni/ed, and it 
 Avas dealt with >iinply as a polilical measure. 
 
 It was shown ovt'r and over a^aiii. hotli in thi3 
 eon,i;'ressioii,il debates and in the reports of ihc vari- 
 ous eoinmereial hoilies, that the Italancc of trade 
 
 s,V 
 
 

 and tlic liiilaiii'f ol" ii(lviiiit;i"^'(' in tlic \V(»rkin;^ oC llic 
 trcMlv wi'i'i' lint a,i^.iiii-iL llic InitiMl Stales. Wo 
 Meed not K-n^^tlu'ii tlic present paper hy a recital >il" 
 llif facts and H^j^iiits wliicli were addnced ti> pri>ve 
 this, as tiicy are all accessihic in oHiciid dociiiiier.ts 
 and ill otlier foriiis. It is eii(iii;4li imw to say that they 
 pi'oduced no impression upon the niiiids of those who 
 soiiLjlit the ahro^jfatioii of the treaty, and for t lie reason 
 that other consiih'rations than those of a coiiiniereial 
 nature, or than those relatin;^' to the exi>.tinLC lininecs 
 ol" the eonntry, controlled tliein in their ; ctioii. < )iie 
 of'lhes(- considerations, thinly veiled, hut manifesting^ 
 itself at almost vwry stauj'c of the |troeecdinu-s, had 
 lelcrt'iice to the conduct of the Canadian authorities 
 and till' sympathies of the ('aiiadian people, which, 
 as was cliar^'i'd, were altogether ojiposcd to the cause 
 of the I'nion, in coniieetion with the events of the 
 civil war then in pro^^^rcss. Two extracts from the 
 C'>ii(/r(.<siniHi/ (i/'ifir will illnsti'ate what we mean. 
 
 On the 1 Itli of Deceinher, IS()I, the day followinu^ 
 that on which the vote adversi- to tlii' treaty was 
 taken in the House of liepresentatives, a ineiiiher 
 who had heeii ahsent rosi' and asked for peniiissioii to 
 record his vote, when the lollowin^j;' conversation 
 took phici': — 
 
 " Ml!. Srr.vr.N.i, ol' I'ciiiisylvntiia. — I would iiko Id iiii|iiiro 
 wliftlicr it IS Irui! that tlic Cuiiiidiaii aiillKnitit's li.avc ilis- 
 cliarjT-'ii ill! tlic ri'lu'N wlio^c ciiscs have' ln'cii uiiilor invcsti- 
 gatiiiii? 
 
 ".Ml!. WAsiiiiriiNK, (if Illinois. — It is so stutcil in a di- 
 ^p:lt(•ll t'loiii foronti). 
 
:\ri!. Sti:vi;\-*.— Th.-ii I Inp • l!i:il nil ;:.Mill.'iirMi wlio 
 voted ;ij:.iiii>l III!' I'"'l vvill cIimii:.'!' their voles, tiiiil iiiaUe Clic 
 
 HMS-(l|j;e til' till' llill lllKlllilllllll^." 
 
 Wlicii till' rcsdlulinii \v;is i'c|H)rtcil l)ack In tin- 
 
 SeiKitr l)V the ( 'i)iniiiitlrc (ill I'\piHi,uii IM'itioiis, Mr. 
 
 Hiilc, oi' New llalll|i.Nirnt.', .^jinUe ii;;irni>t il :is lul- 
 U)\\s: — 
 
 "'I'lli-- i-i M :'t.'|) tllMt llie Se:i:i(e (illLTllt IH'I I" I il-e. Mini imr- 
 licul.'irly I'lej'lil IIu'V llwl to l ike ll uiiiIiT mII eveilc'il >l:iti' (if 
 I'ei lin;j' uliiill e\i-t - iiiiVi ill eiiii«c(|iii'hie (il'wiial We ediieeivo 
 to iie .'l ^leiit \M-iie,p; ilillieleil nil ll> I'V llie lllll lliilil iex of 
 nmile el' llio-e |ir(i\ illcc.-' tlillt Mre liirllillllll ly llll'i'deil l>y 
 tlli^ ll'e;it\. I klluw llill ulieii llii- treaty was lle;:..| iated, 
 wlieli the reeipr. icily ]il'i iiei|)le was e-taMiMlieil , it Was 
 limkeil ll]iiill liy llie elilii,''litciH' I -I ile-liieii i>l tilis edillltry alul 
 of l']iii;laiiil Mn a:i advairc jn ilic xirjal |irii;:re,s-i of society, 
 iui<l as a 'li'|i III llie oiiwai'd iiiareli wii.ili >lioiild iiiiilo the 
 sliaejde^ of I'oiiniieree, ai|(| i:i\'e iTlealc r liliel'ty aud j:i-eater 
 jiri'i^icss 1(1 <Mi|iiliiereial iliteleulirM' lirlueell li;is eolinlry 
 
 and tiio.-e iiroviiiees. . . , The iialieii is aliniil to ic- 
 
 traxe ils weil-enlj-idered >li p^ fri.lil a linsiliuli wiiieh it l<iok 
 so loMjr MUD : and at who-e in-taiiee ? N'nl at liie iii-.taiite ol' 
 the ( 'oiuiiiillet' on ( 'oinnieree, althoii'_di ihr idiniiieieial in- 
 tei'c-i, are tho~e that are to i)e nn -I \a-lly alleeled liy it. 
 -Not at the Mii;i:c-.|ii)ii u[ llie ( 'iiinmillee mi l''inaiiee, fr.in 
 whieli it .-hoiild have iireii appr-in i ili'ly advi>ed, if the real 
 reason lor the measure \va> the one thai was hiiiied at li}' the 
 lioimiMMe senator ( Mr. Siniiai'r), — that the treaty onu'lit to 
 he ahro^'ated al a time like tlii~, when we were loukill,:: ali.)llt 
 lis to lind -.uhircls («•' la\,ilioii to repleiii-h and to aid olir > X- 
 liaii-ted treasury. If that was tlm ground oil whieli this 
 res(duti(jii was [daeeil, I would not say a word against it. 
 
If il IimI (.liL'illilt.'d iVom M [.Uip.-ii- It'l-l :l il'--il" lo lli'l til" 
 
 „,,lini. ,1 liiMsiiry in l!ii^ Imnr ol (li- <• ..inliy'^ l'"iil. In >niii>ly 
 „„.„ ,„■ inoury r..r Cio "i-mli.' i-i\' vi wlii<'l< "r m .• n .vv 
 iiiikiu'r for iiMl'hHiil csi-l.'iir.. iiii'l imliHiiil lu.ui.r. I iuvt 
 uouM li;ivc Hiii.l one Wdi.l or cnir s> llnLl.' :i,i.'.iin-t It. I'.nl. 
 
 lllllt is iml lilc LM-ollM.l. TIh' Cuillllliltc.' .Ml (" IH !•..• llilVO 
 
 „„, 1, ,.„ 1„,;,p1 tV,Mii. 'I'll.' C.-inmill.v <Mi Kiinii.' ...vcnot ■ 
 iMrii ii.'i.nl tV.MM. It .■(iiii.s li.ini lin- roniiiiitt.c on 1' .iviirii 
 
 IJrlaliull-. iml tll.TrlolV lli.il.k it 111 ly I- .•.>!. pi.n'.i MS 
 
 (•oiiiiniv. not tV..;n tin- conim.T.i:!! iioi iVoo tli,' llu .n i il 
 inUiv-ts, n..r IV.mii tii.».' "Iw. ninwht tlios,. int.T.-i . 
 ir y,,i, iil.r.i-Mtc liiis tivaly. it \\ill '"• lo.ilio.l 
 „,„,n ill ('.nM:i, il "ill I- looked upon I'y <ir.':it i'.ritain, 
 ,„i.| it will !..■ iuok.'.i MiMMi in tills .■.Minlry liy soiii.^ ccilMinly, 
 MS II iii.'iMin' ol' r.'liili.itioii spriiiiiiMi: onl of m rc-.Mitinriit 
 MJiicii. 1 ,;:ri'nt voii, is jiiM J'nr >oini! wion.us we linvf .-.iir.'ml 
 lit the liiin.ls of these colcnies." 
 
 AiLitluT foiisi.U'i-ati.m t.) wliifli rcCiTviK-c niiHt he 
 
 made, iM-l ivIiiti.Mi t.) tlu' stn.u-' (K'sin- Iclt i.y ina-iy 
 
 ,,„hli.- HUM. \\ tlio Unit. Ml Slut. -s, ill tlut limo, t.. l.nn- 
 
 ,,|„,iit tin- iimu'x;it;.)ii ..I' liiitish N'.irlli Amrri.-a. This 
 
 was not all.iwi'd to npiu'ar on tlu; surl'acc, as .li.l ilio 
 
 „tluT wWu-h has hei'ii nanu'd, l)nt porhaiis il was tho 
 
 nioiv i.oti-ntial ..C tlu" tu'o. Dillieult as it may !.<• t.) 
 
 exphiin tlic tact, it is rurtii.T tnie liial, incou-nimis 
 
 as ill.' two coiisiiUTatioiis w.iidd seem to liavi- iieiMi, 
 
 tlu.y wiTc in many vasrs inlhicntial with the same 
 
 indivi.lnal at the same time. Of ronrsr tin- .lursliin 
 
 ,,r aniu'xati.m conid not lie opLMily discussed on tlu' 
 
 llior of (JonoTcss; iml it rrcnrriMl con-^tantly in coii- 
 
 viTsation in (•..nnodion willi tin' pr.ii) iscd ahro;j:ali.iii 
 
 of Ihc tivaty; and tin; maj )nly, i)r..hal)ly, of those 
 
10 
 
 who vdti'd ill liivor of tliis incusiiiv I'litcftaiiu'd the 
 hc'licithat in some way, as the (•(iMsrqiK'iici' oC it, the 
 aniK'xaliou dI' Caiiachi woiihl in' hn)ii<;-ht ahout. As 
 slutwiiig the i)a'vailiii,u:('i'crnii,'<)l'tlie tiiiu' in ixditical 
 circles, it may he saiil that (hirinji^ tiic session of tiie 
 Detroit Commercial Convention, the prosidinj^- ollieer 
 received a desjiatch from Wa'^iiini^-loii, Irom an ex- 
 cahinet niini.sti'r, to the Ibiiowin'' I'il'ect: — 
 
 "Sii-tiiiii r('i-i|)r(icity, miiiI ymi iicriiKiiwiilly c-laljlisli iiioii- 
 ircliv ill r>riti-li Xorlli Anirrici : dclrat it, Mini you insure 
 
 the ti 
 
 ill of rcniiliiiiMnisiii over this (•(Uitiireut. 
 
 And tl 
 
 lis IS onlv I'Me illii 
 
 >1ration of the iiiitiire of the 
 pressure which was made to hear on the Convention 
 I'rom without. 'I'lie ( 'onsul-Cieneral of the United 
 States lor Canada (Mr. I'ottcr) actnally came to 
 
 ]) 
 
 eiroit, and exei 
 
 ted 1 
 
 iimse 
 
 If ii 
 
 1 everv possiDIc wj 
 
 Avitlioiit till' positive sai 
 
 De s 
 
 let ion of Mr Seward, we 
 fth 
 
 m; 
 
 iii'e. to ])reveiit action in lavorol therenewa 
 
 modilicat 
 
 room ( 
 
 Km o 
 
 fth 
 
 e treaty. In a speech ni tlie public 
 
 d and 
 1) 
 
 an 
 
 )f the Detroit Hoard of 'I'rade, addressed to an 
 dieiice composetl of lioth Caiiadiaiis and Americans, 
 
 le was indiscreet eiioii'ni to sav 
 
 ■that I 
 
 lUDiic o|)in!on in 
 
 Canada was ripe for annexation, and it needed only to 
 destroy the treaty to make it an accomplished fact. It 
 was ill reply to this intimation, that the lion. Joseph 
 Iloweof Xova Scotia, himself more than half American 
 by family connections ami by personal sympathy, made 
 the followinir remarks: — 
 
 I have hear 1 it said, siiiro I c line tn this v'oiivciiti'iii, that 
 
 if tlio rcciprixal} treaty is aiiniilliMl, tlu' Uritisli I'r 
 
 OVIIK'CS 
 
11 
 
 will 1)1' so criinpcil t!i;it llicy will lio coinpello 1 to sook aii- 
 iH'XMlioii to the I'liifcMl St.itcs. I Ik-;.' leave to In" allowc] to 
 t^ny on that [xiiiit, tiiat F know tli(> fV-ciiiijj in the Lower 
 Provinecs pretty tliciroiiirlily, and lieiieve 1 am well enouu'li 
 ac(|iiainte(l with tlie Caiiailiaiis to speak for theni al-,o, anil 
 speak for them all, with sueh exceptions as must he inado 
 when speakiiiir for any entire popnialion, when I ni.iiai the 
 assert i(in that i 
 ha I; 
 
 lo eon^ideral inns of liiianee. no (]lll■^tiolls of 
 iiicu for (M' a<jrainst them, nixm intercliani^('s of coiinnodi- 
 
 ties, can have any inllneiiee upun the loyalty of the inliali 
 
 tants of the Hrilish I'rovinci 
 
 (lp(jreo 
 
 alienM 
 
 te Ih 
 
 ilfeeli 
 
 lend 
 the p 
 
 in the sliirhtest 
 
 )le \h 
 
 )m tllell' 
 
 cotMitiy, their institniions 
 
 tl 
 
 leir jrovernnient, and their 
 
 (^neon. There is not a loyal man in the liritish American 
 Provinces, no man W(nthy of the name, who, whatever may 
 happen to the treaty, will liecoine any tln^ less h>yal, any the 
 less trne to his conntiy, on that .icconiit. Tiiero is not ii 
 man wiio dare, on thc^ ahroiration of the treaty, if sneh shonkl 
 be its fate, take the hnstinir:' and appeal to any eonstitneney 
 
 Tl 
 
 le 
 
 on annexalinii jirinciples throni:lioiit the (>ntire domain 
 man who avows snch a sentiment will he scouted from society 
 i)y his hest i'rien<ls. What other treatment wonld a man do- 
 serve, who should turn traitor to his soviM'ciijfn and his ijov- 
 ernmeiil. and violate, loi' pecniiiary advaiit ijje, all ohliirations 
 to tiie eoniitry which <:ave him hirth? Yon know what you 
 eall copperheads, and a nice life they have of it. (Laiiiih- 
 ter. ) .Inst snch a lif(! will the nnui have w . talks tieason 
 
 on the other 
 
 the Ii 
 
 (AppI:, 
 
 mse.) The very hoy 
 
 of mine, to whiini I have aihnU'd as havinuf fonj^ht minfiilly 
 
 un ter 
 
 Ih 
 
 stiirs an 
 
 I stl 
 
 II pes, w 
 
 oiihl rather hlow his own 
 
 father's hraiiis out than haid ilown the honoreil llaj^ mid 'V 
 which lit! was Ikiiii, the llii; of his nation and of his father- 
 land. (Cheers.) 1 do not h. lieve there is a young Cana- 
 dian in t\n' ainiv, who does not honor his own llaif as vou 
 
lioiKir vDiirs, ainl (licv 
 
 If MM}- iiiciiilK'r (if the Coiivciitioii li 
 
 lel'iHinir rccii 
 
 12 
 
 (I lu' (l('si)i-c'(l if tlicy dill not. 
 
 riii'it V to Iiiiiifii A 
 
 u'liors tlic iilca that, 
 I! n 
 
 111 
 
 iiii'iica, thi'V will niKlciiiiino 
 
 tlif liivai feeling- 1)1' till' [UMiiilc (if ihn-i' ciii^.nii's, lie is lahor- 
 i-ioii, anil (loiiiLT iiijiisticc tn a jicdplc wliuso 
 
 mix iiiuliM' a iirh 
 
 son 
 
 tiiiu'Mt ol' ii)yalty is as imloliblL' a.s yoiii' (iwa. (Loud and 
 
 continued aj)|)laiiso.)" 
 
 Wo Mfc in a jxisitidii to jiid^^o to-dny, twelve years 
 or more after these earnest wcji'ils weii' spoken, liow 
 saj^aeioiis tiiey were and liow true. On the aliro^a- 
 tion of the treaty ol' 1>." I, ami on the failure of the 
 ]5i'ili>li ( iovciiiiiieiit in its etVorts to (ipen nen'oliatioii.s 
 for a new one to tike its ])!aee, tiie statesini'ii of 
 Canada fimnd it eo!n|)aratively easy to earry the 
 .scheme of confederation, to which, under the continu- 
 ance of reciprocity, tlie marilinie |)i-o\inees would 
 
 never have conscMitcil 
 
 T 
 
 le coloiiK's ht'c.'inie a coiii- 
 
 jiact nation, independent m fVerythinn' hut iiaine. As 
 we (U'terinined to kee]) them at arm's lcnj;-th from 
 ourselves, they jniiied more closely with each other; 
 and as we took from tlu'in the freedom of access they 
 had enjoyed to onr markc'ts, our routes of transpor- 
 tation, and our harhors, they were compelle<l to de- 
 velo[) new industries de>i;j,ne(l to rendi'i' them 
 indepemh'Ut of us, and to seek out for tlu'instdves 
 new markets and new routes, in this view of the 
 suhjeet, the termination of the trealy in the way in 
 which it was Icrmiuatcd, would seem to Inive heeii a 
 political hliindcr on the part ol' the Tnited .Slates. 
 .Some of us who hclievi' that under reciprocity the 
 rrovinces would have het'ii leadv, hefoie this, to enter 
 
13 
 
 into .i Zollvi'i'i'in witli iis, cannot avoid the conviction 
 lliiil it was no less a coinmcrcial blunder. 
 
 TIr'I'l' wore a few, aniony^ tliose wlio were most, 
 strenuous in tlieir opposition to the treaty, who, IVom. 
 their kiiowK;(lj;e ol" (Canadian sentiment and character, 
 were able to foresee that annexation was not ,i:;oin^ to 
 foMow, as all around them were predicting'. Mr. I'ike, 
 
 )f M: 
 
 line, speaking of the "provincial," in the 
 
 llou 
 
 so 
 
 of Jiepresentatives, said: — 
 
 "lit; 11," »■ l)c ii liluM.'d, but lie runs in id over tlic iilci (if 
 loyMlty. Till! sciitiinciit of devotion to lln' I'ritidi Cr.nvn is 
 iiiiicii iiiorc iiilcii.se in C'i'iic Town or Ilalilax lliiii in Pall 
 MmII or t.'li:iriii.!^ Cross, and tlu; idi-a of sciiaratioii Iroiii llu; 
 ISriti.sii (iovcniiiii'iit would .-iiock tlic nerves of eviTv [iro 
 viiiei;il lejii-lilor this ^ido (lie Atlanlie, while it would Ik; 
 received wish the utmost C'onii)l!ieency in the inii)erial I'arlia- 
 nieiit.' 
 
 These last words, probably, were not far from the 
 truth at tile time tlu'y wero s[)i)keu; but in this con- 
 nection, it ought to be borne in mind tiiat an un- 
 doubted change has been lakinn [Aiicv of late in the 
 color.ial i)olicy of Great Urilaiu. Xot many years 
 ago it seemed almost a matter of iudilfereuce, both to 
 the Government and the [)eopK> in tlie mother coun- 
 try, whether tile various colonial possessions perma- 
 nently uiaiiUaiued their nominally de[>enden( position 
 within the em[)iro or not. If is ipiite olhei'wise now; 
 and the changed fc(ding has been strengthened by 
 the success of confederation in lii'itish North Amer- 
 ica. It has been sliown tlieiv how a gi'oup of distant 
 dependencies, like those of South Africa ami of Aus- 
 
14 
 
 tralia, — constitutional colonics, as tluy arc called, to 
 (listinf^nisli tlicni fVoni the Crown colonics, — may bo 
 brought togcthci' into a federal union ; and how, by 
 this means, liieiion among lliemselves may be over- 
 come, tlie relations between them and the Home 
 Govenunent simi>lilied, and their position befoic the 
 rest of tlie world made more dignilied and secure. 
 In an address delivert'd to a Conservative association 
 in 1S72, Lord Heaconsfield (tlien ^^r. Disraeli), while 
 admitting that the alfairs of distant colonii's could 
 not be carried on except by self-government, ex- 
 pressed the opinion that the gi'ant ol" sflf-government 
 ought to have been accompanied by an imperial 
 tarilV, by securities to the ])eople of ICiigland for the; 
 enjoyment of the unapproi)riatcd lands which be- 
 longed to the Sovereign as their ti'ustee, by a military 
 code which should have defined precisely the respec- 
 tive duties of the colonics and the mother country 
 in relation to national defence, and by the institution 
 iu London of a Council represL'iiting the colonies, 
 and conununicating conlideiitially with the Home 
 Government. AVhether such conditio 
 
 ns. 
 
 if tl 
 
 lev 
 
 could have been made, would have strengthened the 
 tie between the motlier country and the various col- 
 onies, or the reverse, and wlu'liier the vision of an 
 united empire caii ever be realized or not, we will not 
 attem[)t to dcteriuinc in this pa|)cr; but it seems im- 
 portant, in the cr)nsi(leration of tlie subject before us, 
 thai we should take notice of the direction to which the 
 opinions of the Prime Minister of Lngland appear to 
 point; and that we should recognize the fact that, to 
 
all outwar.l viow, ti.e rc'h,ti...is betNveon the mother 
 
 country iui.l Canada wcm-o novor .so liarmon.ons as 
 
 th.'y are to-.lav. Tlu- imiH-nal sontinu-nt is rcM-tainly 
 
 very stron- in the Dominion. It is prohai.leju.w- 
 
 cver, that the national or 7"^'>''" >^=""""»''' sentmu-nt 
 
 there, as the .nore ,>ra.-ti<-al an.l the less re'uole m its 
 
 ..eneral relations, will, in the pro-ress of tune, asset 
 
 itself more .leehle.llv an.l heeome the more e..ntro - 
 
 lin-r „r the two. Under sn<-h an inllucnee, Canada 
 
 wiUeventuallvsir it to be for its interest to enter 
 
 into a Zollverein with the United States, and the 
 
 Home (iovernmentwiil not be likely to interpose 
 
 anv serh.ns objeHion, - certainly it will not prolnb.t 
 
 the arrangement in positive terms For all this, it is 
 
 l,,lieved, a new reeipr..<'ity treaty, however moderate 
 
 i„ its immediate seope, will prepare the way. 
 
 The relations of our subjeet to the fishery (inestion 
 arc. mentioned iu the accompanying report, and peud- 
 i„<. the result of the Ilalilax Commission, need not be 
 further dwelt upon. It is enou-h to say that, dur.n- 
 the debates and diseussions of 181)4 and IS'm, it was 
 foreseen by many of our merchants and by some ot 
 our statesmen that all the old diirerenees of opinion be- 
 tween the two governments, in the defmition ot their 
 ,espective rights on the lishing-grounds, and in retei- 
 on.-o to th. c.ustrneu >u of the ..Id treaties, w.uld be 
 revived. Ou the abrogation .-f the treaty ol 1N>1, 
 the British (iovernment lost no time in plaemg its 
 views and its elaims upon the reor.l. In a .lespatch 
 reviewing all the later history ..f the treaty, addressed 
 by Lor.l' Clarendon to Sir Fr.nlerick lirnce, on the 
 17th of March, IHCK), it was said: — 
 
 
 L 
 
 ^\)i^ 
 
 r)8 
 
IG 
 
 "By tlic tcrniiiiiitioii of llic trciity of 1^.')1, two iiiiiiortiiut 
 iiiul iiii<]i)iiliti'(l liirlits of this country, llic cMjoyKiciil of 
 wliiili, tlii()ii,i.'li tlic oi>ciMli..ii of tlic trcMly, were tciiiporji- 
 rily ccdi'd to lilizciiri of the riiitcd States, r.vi it ;iI)soliitcly 
 to the Biilisli Cfowii. Tlio-ic liulifs iin-, tiist, the exclusive 
 riL'lit of li>liin;r liy its snhjccts on liie sc:i-cn:ists muiI slioics, 
 niid in tlie l);iys, ii.irliors, iuid cre(dis of tlie IJiitisli posses- 
 sions of Xorlli America, except in so iniicii Jis cert nn 
 restricted privileges tn;iy have lieen conceded hy the c<inven- 
 tiou of IJSI.S to American citizens; and secondly, tin' ex- 
 clusive rigiit of navipitioii hy its su'ijec'.s of ihc liivcr St. 
 liawreiice, and the canals comnninie;itinjr liel.\cen the (ircat 
 Lakes and the canals in Cinad i. AVith rciranl to ilic navi'.'a- 
 ti(ni of the St. Lawrence and the (inals, it i> not the inten- 
 li(Hi of Her Majoty's (Jovernmcnl t.> interfere for the pre-int 
 with the i)rivile,LM's which the ci. i/.eiis of the Tnited States 
 have enjoyed durimr the time the treaty lias heeii in opera- 
 tion. As reirards the priviicL'cs of ii-hi.iL', and of 1 indiiiu'' 
 upon the shores and coasts of llcr .Majesty's posscssimis, for 
 the i)nri)ose of dryinj: their nets and ciirinir their li-h, which 
 have iieeu enjoyed i)y ( ili/ens of the United Slates under 
 the treaty. Her Majesty's (iovcr.iinenl are veiy de>ir.>ns to 
 prevent the injury and loss which may he inlluted n[ioii the 
 citizens of the United States hy the sudden withdrawal of 
 their privileges. Tiiey are, however (now that the treaty 
 hiis come to an end), hound l>y the Act .')!!.( ieorge HL 
 Cap. 08, as well as hy tlie Acts of the Le-islat 's of Xcw 
 Biun.swick tuid Nova Scotia, whi h have olitained the im|)e- 
 rial sanction. ]?y tiiose Acts, which were oidy suspended 
 during the cxi>tence of the tre!ity, severe pcnidties, extend- 
 ing to conliscation of their vessels, with the cargoes, tackle, 
 btores, etc., .are iiillic ti d upon all persons, not Ihilish sid)- 
 jeets. wiio shall he fomid lishing, or to have heen lishing, or 
 j>re|iarinu- to li.~h, witliin the (li.>tance of '[. 'c miles ol tiie 
 coast of Her Maje-ty's Mosscssions in Xorlh Auieiica." 
 
 r 
 
 •¥ 
 
^ 
 
 17 
 
 It has been slated i-ccciitly in an olliclal IJritish 
 (locuiiiriit, that iliniiii^ thu iu';j;otiati()iis whlcli Icil to 
 tlic Trialy of ^\'ashin^■t^n, tlic American eoiniuis- 
 KJoners proposed iveiproeal IVee trade l)et\veen the. 
 United States and the Dominion, in coal, salt, iron, 
 and Uinil)er, in settlement of all ([nesiions of dill'er- 
 enee a.s to the vaine ix'spectively ol'lhe lisliim;- lights 
 to l)e coneedi'd hy tile two eonti'aetint^' |iarties. It is 
 greatly to he r(.';j,Ti'lted tiiat this lihi'ial |)ropiisal was 
 not aeei'pted by the Uiitish eommisNioiiers. Not only 
 wonld a di'lieate and dillicult ([iiestion have been 
 withdrawn (Voni the diplomatic relations of the two 
 ^•oveiaiments, bnt a j^i'eat advance woidd have l)eeii 
 gained towards a broad and eomprehen>ive treaty, 
 siieli as the bnsiness men of the I'nili'd States and 
 of Canada so ^-reatly (le>ire. 
 
 In KS71 an atlem[)t was made by the Dcpaitment 
 of State, in eonnection with Sii- Ivlward 'riioiiilon, 
 and Mr. (Jeori^e Brown, of Canada, to nc^'oiiate a 
 new reciprocity treaty, and a draCt was sent to the 
 Senate, which was tacit i/ I'eji'cted, althongh no action 
 upon it, for or a,n-ainst, was ever taken. The terms 
 of this draft tri'aty diil not satisfv the meirhants and 
 nianufactnrei-s of the United States, or nl' Canada, or 
 of (Jreat Hi'itain. II' these interests could have been 
 represented, even informally, dui'iii,^: the pre])aration 
 of the treaty, |)er!iaps the I'csult ini.i^ht have been 
 more satisiactoiT. 
 
 It was .John Ivandolph, we believe, who sni'cred at 
 what he called "countini;-honse adniinisli'alions." 
 The people of the United Slates, to-day, have no sym- 
 
IS 
 
 ])!itl)y with any such fccliiii.-; what lie dcpivcahul, 
 (hoy desire, and helieve that they now possess. 'I'lio 
 National Uoard ol" Trade, spcakinj; (or the l)iisiiiess 
 nu'ii, elu'erfiilly U-aves tiie <|iiesliuii of reciprocal tra(U' 
 with Caiwuhi, and other great commercial and liiiaii- 
 cial measures, in the hands of President Ilayi's and 
 Ills administration, and conlideiitly anticipates such 
 ■wiseaition as will pi'oniote tlu'liest mati-rial intiM'ests 
 oC onr ])eloved and now united couiiti'v. 
 
 In hehall" ol" the Committee on Keciprocily of the 
 -Xational IJoai'd ol'Traile. 
 
 ^TT 
 
 rHKDi:i!I('K FK'ALKV. 
 
 I>V I'miMT.l I'lilA, 
 
 {Pr> .fitlriit of til,- 1! Ill- 1), 
 
 C'/iU'r/iKiii . 
 
 f 
 
 IIAMILTOX A. HILL, 
 
 HI-' linSldV, 
 
 t'^ccnlari/. 
 
 Wamuncto.v, Xi '■. 7, 1<S77. 
 
 A 
 
f 
 
 A 
 
 'QVINCIAIl LiaHAMT 
 VICXORIA. B.C