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SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS.
181
REVIEW
07
AMERICAN BIRDS,
IN THE MUSEUM OP THE
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.
PART K.
S. F. BAIRD.
'f-
WASHINGTON:
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.
1864—1872.
\
I
ADVERTISEMENT.
The Review of American Birds, of which the present work, by
Prof. Bairil, constitutes tlie first part, is intended to serve as a
descriptive catalogue, willi critical commentaries, of the species of
American Birds in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution;
giving, at clie same time, ;i list of the specimens, tbeir localities,
and donors. As indicated by the date at the beginning of each
signature, it was published, sheet by sheet, between Juno, IStit,
and June, ISfiG, and has been extensively in use by ornithologists,
although not regularly distributed to Libraries and Societies. It
is now reissued for that purpose, and, for the first time, with the
list of species described, and with an alphabetical index
JOSEPH HENRY,
Secretary S. I.
Washinot.in, D. C,
NOVKMBBK 21, 1 872.
PmLADBLPRIA:
OOLLina. PRIMTBB.
INTRODUCTION.
The primary object in undertaking the present work was to
furnish a list of American Birds iu the Museum of the Smithsonian
Institution, with their localities and donors; and, as many of thera
are of considerable rarity, and others new to science, the opportu-
nity has been embraced to give synoptical tables and descriptions
of some of the genera and species. The signatures were distributed,
as printed, to the leading ornithologists of the day, beginning June,
18G4, and ending June, 18G6 ; and the "Review" has beeu exten-
sively quoted by writers.
It was at first proposed to confine the "Review" to North' and
Middle America, but gradually the plan was extended until, in the
later monographs, all procurable American species were included.
The present part of the "Review" includes all the slender-billed
Oscines, with the exception of the Gserehidte, which -would have
been added but for the difficulty of presenting a satisfactory defi-
nition of the genera, as compared with the allied forms.
A second part of the " Review" will be published as soon as it
can be prepared.
SPENCER F. BAIRP,
Assistant Secretary S. I.
SmFTHSONMAN T.\9TITnTI0IT,
November 20, 1872.
' The southern bonndary of the United States, bnt also including the
whole Peninsula of Lower California, is here taken as tliat of North America ;
while by I'idille America is to be understood the region intervening between
the United States and the southern end of the Isthmus of Darien, and em-
bracijg the whole West Indies, excepting Tobago and Trinidad.
(Hi)
Ihl
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Advbhtisemknt
ISTBODtJCTIOir .
Pa em
. ii
. iii
Tprdidjb . « ,
TUBCINA . . ,
Catharas, Bon.
Catharus, Bon
Malacocicfala,
Tardus, L.
Hytocichla, B
Planesticus,
Merula, L.
Hesperocichla
Platycichla, Bd.
Seniiuierula, Scl.
Mimocichla, Scl.
Raiuphocinclas, Lafi
MlMINili ...
Margarops, Scl.
Oreoscoptes, Bd.
Uarporhynohus, Cab
Mimus, Boie
Oaleoaooptes, Cab
Melanoptila, StL
Melanotis, Bon.
Donacobius, Sts.
ClNCLID^S
Cinclas, Bechst.
SAXICOMDiE .
Saxicola, Bechst.
Bialia, Sw.
Stlviidjb
Regulna, Ctin. ,
Polioptila, Scl.
CnAM^AD^ .
Chanuea, Gambel
Scl.
ird
Bon.
Bd.
Pam
1
4
, 6
, 7
, 10,
, 11
, 13
. 28
. 81
32
. 32
. 33
. 35
. 41
. 4
. 41
. 42
. 43
. 48
. 54
. 66
. 66
. 67
. 69
. 69
. 61
. 61
. 62
. 64
. 65
. 67
. 75
. 76l
Pahida . . . «
Parirjb ....
Lophophanes, Kamp .
Panis, Linn. . .
Psaltriparus, Bon. .
Auriparoa^ Bd.
Bitting . , , .
Sitta, Litin. , ,
Cebibiada ....
Certhia, Linn. .
TROOIiODYTIDiB
Kh od i noc i ucl a, Hard .
Heleodytes, Cat).
Caiupylorhynchus, Spix.
Salpinctep, Cab.
Cathorpes, Bd.
Cinuic«rthia, Less. .
Cyphorinus, Cab, .
Microceroulus, Scl. .
Heterorhiua, Bd.
Tbryothorus, Vieill.
77
77
77
79
84
85
86
86
£9
89
91
91
95
96
109
110
111
112
113
115
120
Thryotliorus, Vieill. 123
ThryoniaiMjs, Scl. . 12(j
Thryopbilus, Bd. . . 127
Pheugop"diu8, Cab. . . 134
Troglodytes, Vieill. . . 137
Troglodytes, Vieill. 138
Anorthura, Reuvie . 144
Cistothorua, Cab. . . 14(5
Cistotl.orus, Cab. . 146
Telraatodytea, Cab. 147
MoTACIlIilD* . . • .160
Motacilla, Linn. • 151
(V)
▼i
TABLE OP CONTENTS.
'I
i4
Pahi
•
Paoi
Anthns, Bechl. , ,
. 102
Progiie
•
. 271
Aiithu», Bechat.
. 153
Progne, Dote
•
. 272
Neocofj'P, Sd. .
. 155
I'liaanpiogiiH,
Bd.
. 2H3
HouHMioryB, Ud.
. 166
Petrochelidoii, Cab.
•
. 286
Pediooor;'8, liJ.
. 167
Uiruudo, Linn.
«
. 293
Stlvioolidx . . .
. 160
Uiiundu, Linn.
. 294
SiLVICOLINA . . .
. 167
Tachycineia,
Cab.
. 296
Mnioiilteie . . •
. 166
Calliuhtflidou
,Bryu
nt 803
Muiotilta, Vieill.
. 166
Attitjora, Hole .
•
. 305
Paralu, lion. . ,
. 168
Atticora, IJoi
«
. 305
Vermivorece , . •
. 166
liotioohelidoii, Bd
. 306
Protonotaria, litl.
. 173
Ntfochelidon
S<1.
. 307
Ileliuinthophaga, Cab.
. 173
Pygoclu-lidoi
,Bd.
. 308
Helmithurud, liaf. .
. 179
Stelgidopteryx, Bd.
•
. 312
Sylvi'-olem
. 166
Cotylf, Loie
•
. 318
Pt^ri8,sogIo.-»3a, IJd. .
. 180
VlBBONIDiV .
•
. 322
Dendioica, Gray
. 182
Vireotiylvia, Bon.
•
. 826
Gbothi.ypiN/« . . .
. 214
Vireosylvia,
Bon.
. 327
^eiuna . . .
. 166
LnwiviTin), Buird
. 345
SeiuruH, Sw.
. 214
Vir«o, Vii^ilt. .
•
. 350
Oporornis, Jid. ,
. 218
Vireo, Vieill.
•
. 353
Geothljipeiii .
. 166
Vireouolla, Baird
. 369
Qeothlypis, Cub.
. 210
Ne>5cliloe, Scl. .
. 371
IOTBRIAtli«
. 228
Hylt)philns, Temm.
. 372
Icteriece . . ,
. 166
Laletes, S-luitr
. 682
Icteria, Vieill .
. 228
CycloihlH, Swains
. 384
Granptollua, Dtibus .
. 230
Vireolauius, thibus
. 395
Teretrigieoe , .
. 166
Ampeuid^ . . •
. 400
•"tristis, Cab. .
. 233
Duiiia^ .
. 401
SaropiiAoiN.E .
. 335
Duliis, Vieill. .
. 401
Myiodiocte3, And.
. 238
Ampblin^ . .
. 403
Basileuterus, Cab. .
. 241
Ampelis, Linn.
. 403
Basileaterus, Cab
. 241
Ptilog(«iatin«
. 408
Idiotes, Bd. .
. 247
Ptilogoiiys, Sw.
. 410
Myiothlypis, Cab.
. 251
Ptilogonys, Sw.
. 412
Setc^haga, Sw. .
. 253
Sphenot^'lus
Bd.
. 412
Setophaga, Sw.
. 256
Phaenopepla, Scl.
. 416
Myioboffus, Bd.
. 257
Hyiadestina .
.417
Euthlypia, Cab.
. 2(32
Myiadestes, Sw.
. 418
Cardellina, Duhus
. 263
Cic)ilo]i8is, Cnh.
. 433
Cardellina, Dubua
. 263
Platycichla, Baird
. 436
Ergaticns, Bd.
. 264
LkHUVM
. 437
HlRUNDINinS
. 267
Collurio, Vig. .
. 437
List of Species described .
•
. 451
Alphabetieal Index . ,
•
. 465
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS.
181
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS
IN THE MUSEUM OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION/
S. F. B AIRD,
PART I.
\ KORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA.
liVVT/i
OSCINES.
J.^ "; Family TURDID^.'
The American liirdidsp, Saxicolidse, and Cmclidse are all closclj
related to each other by the presence of common characters, which
distinguish them from the other allied American families of Osciriea
' The present work is intended as a catalogue of the birds of Northern and
Middle America in the Mu«euin of the Smithsonian Institution, with such
critical notices of the same as appear to be called for, and a list of the speci-
mens, or of such of them i s best show the geographical distribution of the
species. Species not in the Smithsonian collection, but which I have had
the opportunity of personally examining and comparing, are also included.
Specijs mentioned oy authors, but which I have not seen, will be mentioned
at the end of the genera or families to which they are supposed to belong.
As understood in the present work, the term " North America" is intended
to cover the region in and north of the valleys of the Rio Grande and Gila, or
north of a line drawn from the raouth of the Rio Grande on the Gulf of Mexico,
to that of the Yaqui, near Guaymas, on the east side of the Gulf of California,
and embraces the peninsulas of Florida and of Lower California and Greenland.
Middle America extends f"om the same line southward to the continental
part of South America, including Mexico, Guatemala, San Salvador, Nicaraguii,
Honduras, Costa Rica, the Isthmus of Panama and of Darien, and the whole
of the West Indies, excepting Trinidad and perhaps Tobago.
Any specimens which may nerve to extend the list of the species enumerated
as belonging to the Institution, or furnish additional material for invistigation,
will be thankfully received.
' For a synopsis of the American Tunlidx, See Sclater, Pr. Zool. Soc. 1859.
1 June, 1864.
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS,
[I'AllT r.
havinpj uncovered nostrils and with ten pr'niaries, tlie first, of vvliich
is eitiior spurious or much shorter thiiii tlic second, agreeing in this
respect with the Si/ltncoltdee having nine primaries only. The moat
striking of these common characters is seen in the deeply cleft tt»es,
of which the outer is united by the hasal joint alone to the middle
toe, while the inner is separated almost to the very base of its first
joint.* The frontal feathers extend, with rare exceptions, to the
very nostrils. The bill is elongated and subulate, moderately
slender, and usually notched at tip ; the culmen moderately curved
from the base, and the mouth well provided with bristles, except
in a few cases. Usually the sfutellie covering the front and sides
of the tarsus are fused into o>ie continuous ]>late, or else scarcely
appreciable, except on the inner edge oidy ; in the Mocking Thrushes
they are, however, distinctly marked. The lateral toes are nearly
equal, the outer rather the longer. With these as some of the prin-
cipal characteristics, they may be distinguished from each other as
follows : —
m
iiil
A. Nostrils oval. Loral and frontal feathers with bristly points, or inter-
spersed with bristles ; rictus with longer or shorter bristles.
Bajclcolldaa. Wings very long and much pointed, reaching beyond the
middle of the shirt bqiiare or eraarginated tail, and one and a half
times or more the length of the latter. The spurious primary very
short, the second quill longer than the fourth. In the closed wing tlie
outer secondary reaches ouly about two-thirds the length of longest
primary.
Turdidae. Wings mo<lerate, more rounded, not reaching beyond middle
of the often rounded tail, and not more than one and a third the
latter, usually more nearly equal. Spurious primary sometimes half
the length of second quill ; the second quill shorter than the fourth.
In the closed wing the outer secondary reaches three-fourths or more
the length of longest primary.
' In a perfectly fresh specimen of TnrHus muxtelimts, the basal half of the
first phalanx of the inner toe is connected with the 1st joint of the middle toe
by a membrane which stretches across to within two-fifths of the end of the
latter; there appears however to be no ligamentous adhesion. The basal
joint of the outer toe is entirely adherent, and a membrane extends from nearly
the basal half of the second joint to the distal end of the first joint of thu '
middle toe. When this connecting membrane becomes dried the division
of the toes appears considerably greater.
When t toea are all extended in line with the tarsus, the hind claw
stretches u attle beyond the lateral and scarcely reaches the base of the
middle claw.
The plates at the tipper surface of the basal joints of the toes are quadraa-r.
gular and opposite each other.
TUnDID^.
8
B. NoHtrUs linear, fn lower eflge of nasal menihrano. Loral and frontal
feathers soft and dowuy, and no bristles or bristly jwinta whatever
about the month.
CinoUdaB. Body very short and broad. Wings short, rounded, and
concave.
The American Sybnadse are in some respects very closely related
to the Saxicolidae, but may \m distinguished by their much smaller
size, more slender and depressed bill, more strongly bristled rictus,
etc. ; on which account they are more strictly " fly-catchers," taking
their prey in great part on the wing.
Of the three families, the Tiirdidee contain a great variety of forms,
and exhibit widely different characters, rendering it exceedingly diffi-
cult to arrange them in any systematic or regular seciucnce, or to
accurately define their boundaries. In my work on the Birds of North
America, I placed the Mocking Thrushes among the Wrens, on ac-
count of the distinct tarsal scutellue, and other characters. I am
now, however, inclined to believe, with Dr. Sdater, that their place
is with the recognized Turdidae ; and among other reasons, on the
ground o. .heir more deeply cleft toes, and greater extension forward
of frontal feathers. On the other hand, I have included Dnnacohiua
among the Thrushes, on account of the deeply cleft toes ; although,
as in the Wrens, the open nostrils are considerably in advance of
the frontal feathers. . ,..:• ,...,. .t,
The following .synopsis of such American forms of Turdidse as I
have had the opportunity of exaniining, may serve to determine the
genera artificially, even though their natm<il affinities be somewhat
violated. Nowhere is it more difficult than here to furnish in linear
series, trenchant and positive characters which shall at the same
time express and illnstrate their true relationships. Cichlerminia
and Cinclocerthia, which I have not seen, are placed by Dr. Sclater
the one b-itween Turdus and Margarops, the other between Rham-
phocinclus and Harporhynchus. The primary division is into
Turdinse, or species with the tarsi "bootod." that is, having all the
scutellae fused into a continuous plate covering the front of the tarsus
and extending half way round on the two sides ; and Miminae, or
those with this same anterior half of the tarsus covered by a suc-
cession of imbricated overlapping scales, usually seven in numl)er.
In one species of Mimocichla, jilaced in the first section, the division
of the scutellae are appreciable, although they are all fused into one
plate ; while in the Cat-bird the scutelliB, in some specimens (as No.
20,396), are quite indistinguishable — the leg here being as much
" booted" as in the true Thrushes ; in others, however, they are per-
■-
m
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I.
r .
fectly distinct. Even in the first section individuals, in nearly all
the species, may be noted with indications of separate scutellae.
The Turdus gigas of Fraser has been placed among the typical
Thrushes, but realjy differs in many important points, as does still
more the 2T aurantius of Jamaica, in shorter wings, much longer
1st primary, very long tarsi, and other characters of Mimocichla.
I have accordingly been obliged to consider as a good genus the
section Semi.nerula of Sclater, although I would prefer to consider
aurantius as the type rather than gigas and its allies : —
A. Turdinae. — Taraua covered anteriorly with a continuous plate.
1. Wings decidedly longer than the tail,' which is nearly
even. Bill considerably shorter than the head.
First quill one-half to one-third the second. Wings
rounded. Tarsus longer than the head ; out-
stretched toes reaching beyond the tail . . Caiharus.
First quill usually not one-fourth the second. Wings
pointed. Tarsus hardly the length of head, but
yet longer than middle toe; outstretched toes
falling short of tip of tail .... Turdus.
Wings as in 2'urdus. Tarsus shorter than middle
toe. Bill short and very broad ; width greater
than distance from nostril to tip . . . Platycichla,*
First quill more than one-third the second. Wings
rounded. Tarsus considerably longer than
head ; outstretched toes falling short of tip of
tail. Bill lengthened ..... Seinimerula.
2. Wings about equal to the tail, which is somewhat
graduated. Bill stout, nearly as long as the head.
Tarsus lengthened, considerably longer than mid-
dle toe and claw.
First quill more than one-third the second. Rictal
bristles very short ...... Mimocichla.
S. Wings longer than the tail, which is considerably
rounded. Bill longer than the head, and slightly
decurved.
First quill more than half the longest . . . Ehamvhocinclus.
B. Miminea.' — Tar?» scutellate anteriorly ; scutell» seven.
4. vViii^s deriiiedly longer than the tail, which is nearly
even. Tarsus as long as the head.-
Tarsus hardly longer than middle toe and claw.
Bill about equal to the head, decidedly notched ;
• In the present work the length of the tail is measured from the coccyx,
inside of the skin, and not, as usually the case, from the base of the quills at
their insertion. The wings are measured from the carpal joint, with dividers.
* Possibly CichlopsiSf Cab., but diffeiiu'^ much from his description.
TURDlDiB.
Margarops.
Oreoscoptes.
wings rounded ; 1st quill more than half the
second ; 5th longest. Claws very strong and
much curved. Rictal bristles very short .
Bill decidedly shorter than the head, scarcely
notched ; wings pointed ; 1st quill less than
half the second ; 3d and 4th longest. Claws
not peculiar. Bristles prominent. Tarsus con-
sideralily longer than middle toe and claw
6. Wings decideiily shorter than the tail, which is con- '
siderably graduated ; lat quill half or more than >j
half the second.
Tail firm, the feathers moderately broad: the ex-
terior with outer web near the end, less than
one-tl ■ 1 the inner.
Bill lengthened ; sometimes much decurved ; no
notch at tip ....... Ilarporhynchus.
Bill notched, shorter than head ; straight.
Bcutellse very distinct
Scutellse more or less obsolete , . .
Tail rather soft : the feathers broad ; the exterior with
outer web near the tip rather more than one-
third the inner (except in Donncobius),
Rictus without any bristles whatever . . .
Rictus with well developed bristles
Divisions of tarsus mostly obsolete. Rictus well
bristled. Lateral tail feathers scarcely more
than half the central ; width of its outer web
half the inner Donacobius.
Mi mux.
Galeoscoptes.
ifelattoptila.
Melanotis.
•
iclus.
bcyx,
lis at
iers.
Of the family Turdidm, as here given, the genera arc all peculiar
to America, with the exception of Tardus; and even here our species
belong to sections scarcely if at all represeute^d in the Old World,
except by stragglers from the American Continent.
The sexes are all similar in the American species, except in some
divisions of I'urduH, in its most genijral sense.
A very remarkable pecnliarity of form is observable in some of the
species of Oreocincla, an Old AVorld genus of Turdidse, consisting
in the possession of more than twelve tail feathers, a character
quite unique, I believe, among the land birds.* Sundevall, in a
communication on the subject to Cabanis' Journal fiir Ornithologie
(1858, 159), gives 0. varia and malaynna as having fourteen tail
feathers : the other species twelve. A specimen of O. varia, how-
ever, in the Smith;^onian collection, received from the Philadelphia
, Academy, and of uncertain locality, has fifteen tail feathers, and has
probably lost a sixteenth.
' See also Cabanis' Museum Heineanum, I, 1850, 6.
f
REVIEW or AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I.
Hi;
ili;
CATHARUS, Bon A p.
t
Catharus, Bonap. Conap. I, 1850, 278. (Type Catharus immaculatus, Bonap.)
Malacocichla, Gould, Pr. Zool. Soo. 1854, 285. (Type M. dryas, Gould.)
The genus Catharus has been made by Dr. Sclater to include two
groups: Catharus proper, in which the species have a close re-
semblance in coloration to the small American Thrushes, as T. fiis-
cescens, etc., but without any spotting on the breast, and without
crest; and Malacocichla of Gould, in which the upper parts, or at
least the head, are black, and Avith the feathers of the head above and
nape, moderately elongated, so as to form a bushy, rounded crest.
The species of Catharus proper, as just stated, closely resemble
such small ThrurJies as Tardus fuscescens, nanus, etc. in coloration
and external appearance. The bill is very similar, both in shape
and character of bristles, which are perhaps not quite so long in
some, longer in others. The plumage is, however, softer and
fuller ; the tarsi appreciably longer, the tail shorter, the feathers nar-
rower. The principal difference is in the wings, which are short,
rounded, and concave. The 1st quill in G. melpomene is nearly or
quite half the 2d, which about equals the 8th quill. In C. occiden-
talis the wings are more pointed, the 1st quill about one-third'-'the
2d, which is between the tth and 8th in size. Here the bristles are
shorter ; while in C. frantzii they are unusually long. G. occidentalis
forms the transition to the smaller spotted Turdi. In C. (AlalacO'
cichla) maculatus the 1st primary is shoi'ter.
. In all the skins I have seen the outstretched legs r^ach either
very nearly to the tip of the tail or beyond it.
In one specimen of C. melpomene, from Mr. Lawrence's collec-
tion, the divisions of the tarsal scutellce are distinctly definable on
the anterior face, while they are confluent on the sides. It is possible
that at one stage of development the tarsi, which are covered with
a " boot," or a continuous plate, are distinctly scutellate — the scutellsB
meliing subsequently into a single plate. The occasional persistence
of this immature feature in an adult bird may thus be explained
without invalidating the importance of the character as Kaup has
endeavored to do in the case of Turdus migratorius.
As Dr. Sclater has furnished an excellent synopsis of the species
of American Turdidae (Pr. Zool. Soc. 1859), it will not be necessary
here to do the same.
CATHARUS. T
i
Caf.harus.
Catliarus melpomene.
Turdus melpomene, Cab. Mus. Hein. I, 1850, 5 (Xalapa). — Cntharua
melpomene, Scl. P. Z. S. 1859, 323.— Ib. Cat. Am. Birds, 1861, 1,
No. 1.— Cabams, Jour. 1860, 322.— Salvin, Ibis, 1^60, 29.
Cathurus aurantiirostris, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, 294 (not of Uartlaub).
Hab. Mexico (Cordova, Orizaba, Oaxaca) ; Quatemala ; Costt^ Rica.
Specimens vary somewhat in the shade of colorfttion and the in-
tensity of the rufescence of tail and wings. The bill is generally
(in the dried skin) bright yellow, sometimes orange, a little dusky
towards the tip above ; sometimes this latter shade encropches on
the culmen ; in one specimen (No, 22,3G2) the whole upper mandible
is light brownish, and in No. 2 of Mr. Lawrence's Collection it is
nearly as black as in C. occidentalis. Some specimens have a shade
of grayish in the feathers of the chin ; but in none is there any in-
dication of the yellowish-brown of the jugulura of occidentalis. The
legs are always yellowish, though varying in the shade of this color.
The rump and tail are always more rufous than tlife back, as in
Turdus pallasii and its allies, ihough the contrast is not so striking.
A specimen (30,484) from Costa Rica, in imperfect plumage,
differs in the prevalence of a grayish olive shade in +he back, ai.d a
less intense shade of rufous on the rump and tail.* It is not im-
probable that this may be the true C. aurantiirostris of Ilartlaub,
which is said to differ in the more olive buck. Although Ilartlaub
describes the whole upper parts as uniformly olivaceous, including
the wings and tail, his figure represents the latter as being more
rufous.
If the species of Hartlaub and Cabanis should hereafter prove to
be the same, it is somewhat of a question to which of their names
the priority should be assigned. The date of the aurantiirostris
is March, 1850, exactly coeval with Bonaparte's "inwiaculatus."
The name " melpomene^^ appears on page 5, of sig. 1, of Museum
Heineanum, but without any signature date affixed — this practice
not having been introduced until the appearance of the fourteenth
signature, where the date of Jan, 1851 is printed at the bottom of
page 107. There is nothing whatever to show tl/^t even if the first
signature was published in 1850, it appeared as e^ as March.
' Tardus aurantiirostris, Hartlaub, Rev. Zool. March, 1850, 158 (Vene-
zuela) ; Ib. Jard. Cent. Orn. 1851, 80, pi. Ixxii. Catharua aurantiiroHris,
S( LATKR, P. Z, S. 1859, 323. Catharua immaculatua, Bun. Co^». March, 1850,
276 (Caraccas).
8
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I.
u
ii' t
m
Note. — Additional specimens received from Costa Rica — none in
very perfect plumage — agree in being all rather grayer, with less con-
trast of back and tail coverts than Mexican and (j. uatemalan. They,
however, vary considerably among themselves — some being quite
decidedly olivaceous on tho back. Tie most olivaceous specimens
have the most brightly orange-foloreu bills. In some of the others
the bill above is light horn color. No. 33,259 has an unusually
large first primar)' — more than half t longest.
List op Specimens.
Sm(th-
Collec-
Sex
When
Hiininn
tor's
Hnd
Locality.
Received from
Collected by
No.
No.
Agf.
22,3ii2
.3.1,122
..
Cordova, Mex.
VorroHux.
l(i.84l
, ,
, ,
Moxit'o.
. . >
J. Ooiilil.
20,201
68
, ,
OrizHba, Mex.
. • •
Prof. Suinlchrast.
Prof. Suioicbnist.
32,4.')1
322
, ,
t(
■ • •
n
ii
S2,4r.3
68
, ,
(<
• . .
l(
4*
7,9.")1
Juv.
Guatemala.
• • •
J. Gould.
13,661
, ,
, ,
ti
• . •
Dr. Sclater.
soerio
30
, ,
BuenHKf Qiiat.
Sept. 1862.
0. .Snlviii.
Salvin & riodmao.
30,482
11
, ,
San J()8e, Costa
. . .
l)r. KruiitziiiH.
J Caruiol.
, ,
1
, ,
Moxioi). [Uica.
...
Cub. ofG.N. Law-
D'Oca.
, ,
2
, ,
Ouaceraala.
■ . >
" [reace.
33.2/>8
10!)
.t
ti
. . .
Dr. Franwius.
3.3,2-)6
110
. ,
K
. . .
1,
*J.2r>i>
, ,
1(
J. Carniol.
83,25.-.
, ,
, ,
U
...
4i
S3,2.'i7
••
•*
1(
...
(t
16,841. Upper mand. black ; rufouH oi' wlags very iatense. — 29,201. Bill orange red, iu
yellowUb. — 3.3,259. lat primary very large.
(kia
Catharus occidentalism
Catharua occidentalis, Sclatkr, P. Z. S. 1859, 323, 370.— Ib. Cat. Am.
Birds, 1861, 1 (No. 2).
Hab. Mexico (Oaxaca and Totontepec (Sclater) ; Orizaba).
This species may readily be distinguished from C. melpomene by
several characters. The general color above is much the same ; but
while the rump, tail and wings are little, if at all more rufous than
the back, the head above and nape are decidedly so. There is an
indication of streaks on the jugulum and throat, the feathers being
pale buff at base, broadly streaked centrally, and tipped with plum-
beous ; while in melpomene there is no indication of the buff, nor of
streaks, the feathers being pure plumbeous, except where the whitish
basal portion shows on the chin and throat. The legs are darker
and more olivaceous. The bill is dark brown, almost black, except
the yellowish basal portion of lower jaw. The wings are longer and
more pointed, the longest primary exceeding the 10th by .65 of an
inch, instead of .35 to .40. The spurious primary is smaller and
narrower, its raposed portion reaching over scarcely more than one^
CATHAUU8.
i
^m.
tin
ng
ra-
of
ish
ier
ept
ind
an
md
ne-
third of that of the 2d quill, instead of nearly or quite one-half. The
bill is shorter and more slender (.3(> or lens from tip to nostril, instead
of .42). The tarsi and toes are absolutely and relatively about the
same length as in nwlpomene (tarsus 1.25, middle too and claw .85
iu No. 22,3(;i ; a little less in 29,202).
It will be seen from the speeimens indicated as from Orizaba, that
this species is not confined to the west coast, as supposed.
List of Specimens.
1 ;
Smlth-'Collno- Bex
When
Collectod.
soaiao tor's i aod
Locality.
R'»tolved from
Collected by
No. No. i Age.
22,.1»il 40,700
Mexico.
Verreanx.
29,202
202
Orizaba, Mex.
Prof. Sumichra&t.
Prof. StimlcbraHt.
3i,ir>i
202
'*
"
32Ar>r>
202
((
It
32.4)6
202
■ <(
ti
32,4o7
202
It
II
32,4,08
399
II
11
22,361. Not exactly like type.
Cathariis frantzii.
Catharns frantzii, Cab. Jour. Orn. for Sept. 1860 (pub. Jan. 1861), 323
(Costa Rica).
nab, Costa Rica.
No. 30,482. First primary about half the 2d. Above rufescent
olive, a little more rufous on the rump and tail, still more so on ihe
head above and nape ; the outer edge of primaries a little grayer
than the back. Beneath plumbeous gray, darkest on the front and
sides of the breast, under wing covers, and thighs. Edges of tliroat
feathers perhaps a little lighter. Sides of head grayish. Flanks,
middle of belly and anal regions white ; under tail coverts pale rusty,
some of the feaihers faintly edged with plumbeous. Upper mandible
black ; lower yellow, but rather brownish at tip ; legs pale brown.
Length, 7.60; wing, 3.30; tail, 3.20; bill, from nostril to tip, .41;
tarsus, 1.3(5; middle toe and claw, 1.00; 5th or longest primary,
.47, longer than the tenth.
Another specimen (No. 30,483), although quite different, appears
to be a more immature stage of the same si)ecies. The upper parts
are darker and tinged with a more brownish rufous ; the breast anu
sides are also strongly marked with the same.
The Calharus frantzii is intermediate between C melpomene and
occidentalis. The back is more olivaceous and darker than in the
latter, the head of much the same color. Different frt>m either, the
outer webs of the primaries are grayer than the back, instead of
m
UEVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I.
more rufous. There are no streaks on the throat as in occidentalis,
or else t' ey r.re very faintly indicated ; and the plunilx ous of the
under parts is much darker than in melpomene. Tlie bill and feet
are colored as in occidentalis, the feet still darker than in the latter
species. The bill is proportionally as large as in melpome.ne ; the
bristles apparently very long.
u
List op Specihenb.
Smith-
RODiaii
No.
30.482
33,2.H
30,483
Collec-
Sex
tor's
aod
No.
Age.
89
Ad.
SO
148
Juv.
Locality.
Costa Uicu.
When
Collected.
Received from
Dr. Fraatzlus.
Collected by
Dr. Fraalziuti.
Malacocichla.
Catharus dryas.
Malacocichla dryas, Gould, P. Z. 8. 1854, 285, pi. 79 (Gnateraala). —
ScLATBR & Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 7.— ScLATER, P. Z. S. 1859, 324.
Hab. Guatemala.
Above slaty olive-green ; the top and sides of the head, including
lower ^.aw, continuous and deep black; beneath light ochry yellow,
becoming yellowish-white on the belly and anal region ; crissum
tinged with brown ; sides of body and inside of wings somewhat like
the back ; small indistinct spots of olivaceous on the chin and throat,
which become larger and more rounded on jugulum and breast. Bill
and legs yellow.
Length, 6.00 ; wing, 3.fi0 ; 1st primary, .96 ; tail, 2.*r5 ; bill from
nostril, .40, from gape, .92; tarsus, 1.40; middle toe and claw, .96.
This species is easily distinguished from G. maculatus^ of Ecua-
dor, by the much more olive back (not dark ash) and ochry yellow
breast. The wings are longer and the tail shorter in proportion (in
maculatus measuring respectively 3.50 and 3.00).
I am indebted to Mr. Salvin for the opportunity of examining his
cabinet specimen of this species, lent me for the purpose. (No. 31,
Salvin coll. Tileman, Rio Potochic, Guatemala, Jan. 1861.) It does
' A sjwiiiinen of Malacocichla, in Mr. Lawrence's collection, from the Napo,
with a general resemblance to a type Napo skin of M. maculatus received from
Mr. Verreaux, is in some respects more like M. dryas. Thus the uj)per parts
instead of being grayish sooty, are more olive, the under parts more ochrace-
ous yellow. The crissum, however, instead of being yellowish-white, like the
anal region, is v.'^ a .snuflfy brown. The tail is much longer (3.30).
^ii.^^f]
TURDtJ8.
\\
not agree exactly with Mr. Gould's dujcrlption, but is probably ihe
saiue species. ,j-;av *
Catharus mexicanas.
Malacocichla mexicona, Bon. Comptea Renuas, XLIII, Nov. 1856, 998
(Xalapa). — Catharun inextcmun, Sclatkb, P. Z. S. 1859, 324. — Ib.
Catal. i:-Gl, 1, uo. 4.
Hab. S. Mexico ; Guatemala.
Above yellowish olive, with a tinge of rufous in the rump and
base of tail. Top and sides of head black, this color not extending
to sides of lower jaw, which are dark ash. Beneath ashy ; the chin
and tliroat whitish ; middle of belly and crissum white ; breast and
sides tinged with olive. Bill yellow ; dusl:y along culmcu ; tip
brownish yellow or very pale corneous.
Length, 6.00 ; wing, 3.55 ; 1st primary, .90; tail, 2.80 ; bill, from
nostril, .40, from gape, .90; tarsus, 1.30; middle toe and claw, .88.
Specimen examined, No. 32 of Mr. Salvin's collection, Rio Poto-
chic, Tileman, Guatemala, Jan. 1801 (lent by Mr. Salvin).
This species is easily distinguished by the combination of the yel-
lowish olive back, black head, and absence of spots beneath. The
olive has a more gamboge tinge than in dryas, and the black of the
head does not extend over the lower jaw. There is nothing of the
ochry yellow of the under parts, nor the spots of dryas.
TURDUS, LisN.
Turdus, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 10th, 1758, 1G8. (Type T. viscivorus of Europe.)
The genus Turdus is an exceedingly cosmopolitan one, embracing
species from nearly all parts of the world excepting Australia.
There are many minor variations in external anatomy and style of
coloration ; but the transition is so gradual from one form to another
as to render it exceedingly difficult to separate them generically to any
considerable extent. They agree in the conical subulate bill, shorter
than the head ; the tip gently decurved and notched (except in
Hexperocichla) ; the rictus with moderate bristles ; the wings rather
long and pointed, with small 1st primary (less than one-fourth the
second) ; considerably longer than the tail, which is firm, nearly even,
with broad feathers. Tarsi variable, seldom as long as the skull,
the scutellae fused into a continuous plate ; only in rare individual
instances showing indications of the lines of separation.
The following arrangement of the genus is proposed as expressing,
with some accuracy, the characters of the American species : —
■^
19
REVIEW OP AMERICAN BIRDS.
11
[part I.
bires similtir,
Hylocichla. Smalhnt Bpeoiea. Bill sliort, broad at ba? e : tnnch depressed.
Tttfrti long and Hlender, Iciger than middlo tO') uiid olaw bv the additional
lengtl) of the claw ; outslietched legs reaching nearly to tip of tail.
• Body slendei. Color: above olivaceoua or redtlish, buueath whitish;
brtast spotted ; throat without spota.
Turdus. Bill atouter and higher. Tarsi short, scaroelj lonjjer than niiddK
to" and claw. Bo<ly stout, g'juerally whitish beneath and spotted. (2d
quill longer than 5th?).
Flanesticus. Similar to preceding. (2<1 quill shorter than 5th ?). Beneath
mostly unicolored ; unstreaked except the throat, which is whitish with
dark streaks.
Sexes dissimilar.
Morula. Similar to Tardus. Male usually more or less Mack, especially on
the head ; females brownish, often with streaked throats. Bill distinctly
notched.
Hesperocichla. Similar to Turdus. Male reddish beneath, with a black
collar. Bill without notch.
I
Of the prnceding sections into which I have divided Turdus, the
first one is possibly entitled to full generic rank. It is intended to
include the small North American si)ecies, with Turdus mustelivus,
Gm., at the head as type, which are closely connected on the one side
with Catharus, by their lengthened tarsi, and with Turdus l)y the
shape of the wing. The bills are shorter, more depressed, and broader
at base than in typical Turdus, so much so that the species have
frequently been described under Muscicapa.
Tl\p section Turdus, as well as the entire genus itself, has as its
type Turdus viscivorus of Europe. "We have no native represeiita-
tive of this group — one species only, Turdus iliacus, coming into
the American fauna from i*3 occurring in Greenland.
Planesticus, first announced, as far as I can ascertain, by Bona-
parte in his Notes on Delattre's Collection, 1854, 2t, appears to have
as its type T. jamacensis (T. lerehoulleti of Bonaparte, erroneously
credited to Colombia instead of Jamaica). It is among these species
that we find the closest relationships to the large European Thrushes,
as viscivorus, etc. The legs are short and stout. In the best known
species — T. migratorius — there is an occasional indication of sepa-
rate scutellaj on the lower part of the tarsi, to which Kaiip has
called attention in the Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte. I find the same
feature in a specimen of T. viscivorus, No. 18,716, in T. lorquatiix,
18,944, and many other species, and consider it merely a cuuditiou
of immaturity of development.
jjl^jjl,), TURDU8.
11
The type of Merula (Leach, 1810) is Tardus merula of Europe.
It differs from the American upeciea 1 have seen iu having the claws
mucli longer and less curved.
I'urdus nieviua should be removed from its position among the
PlanesUci and placed >.ither ainonj-; Merula, o" even assigned to a
separate division. It agrees with Merula in the dissimilarity of color
in the sexes ; but differs from all the American true Thrushes in a
much more subulate and slenderly conical bill, without any notch at
the tip. The claws are longer and straighter than in 2\ mifraturius,
more like typical T. merula. In form it is perhaps nearer T. tor-
quatuti than other species of Merula.
It is somewhat of a question as to what name should be given to
the section of Tardus, of which naevius is the type. Bonaparte,
in his Notes on Delattre, state that Tardus nsevius, Gm., is the type
of his new genua Ixoreus, and that it is not a Thrush at all, but a
true Tseniopterien. Dr. Sclater, to whom Bonaparte exhibited his
supposed species, T. nsevius, states (Pr Zool. Soc. 1859, 331) that
it proved to be the Taeuioptera rufiventris, of South America, a
bird of an entirely different order. Now, on the one hand, Turdus
nsevius, Gm., is positively stated by Bonaparte to be the type of his
genus Ixoreus. Dr. Sclater, however, explains Bonapar^^e's errone-
ous ideas of its affinities by showing that he had in view an entirely
different species, a fact which only accidentally comes to light.
Under these circumstances, if Ixoreus is not to be applied to nsevius,
must it not be assigned to Tsenioptera rufivenlris, in case that
species should need a new generic appellation ; or should it be
dropped altogether? On the whole I am inclined to adopt the latter
view, and accordingly propose thr name Hesperocichla.
It will be understood, of course, that the preceding arrangement
of Turdus is only provisional, and merely intended to hint at the
affinities of the American species. Without a full series of the Old
World Thrushes, I can only base my notices on the species I have
before me. _ , .1*
Hylocichla. ,t ,, ,
Turdus mustelinus.
•:.-;H.f
Tardus mtistelimis, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 817. — Aonnnoir, Orn.
Biog. I, 1832, 372, pi. 73.— Ib. Birds Am. Ill, 1841, 24, pi. 144.—
D'Orb. La Sagra'.s Cuba Ois. 1840, 49.— Baird, Birds N. Am. isr)8,
212.— Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, 294, and 1859, 325.— Is. Catal. 1801,
2, No. 6.
Turdus mdodus, WiM. Am. Orn. I, 1808, 35, pi. ii.
Turdus densus, Bonap. Comptes Rendus, XXVIII, 1853, 2. — Ib. Notes
Delattre, 1854, 2G (Tabasco).
1<I
REVIKW OP AMERICAN BIUDS.
[part I.
in '
m
Additional figures: ViBiLtoT, Ois. Am. Sept. II, pi. Izii. — Wilson, Am.
Orii. I, pi. ii.
Hah. V. S. eaHt of MiRaonri plains, south to Quatemala. Cuba, La Saoba ;
Honduras, Mt)oRE (Pr. Z. S. 1859, 55).
This species varies loss in its markings and shade of color than
perhaps any of our small spotted Thrushes. In some there is a faint
tinge of pale buff on the undc^r parts, which are nearly pure white in
others, with the wash of buff restricted to the breast. Some s[)eei-
niens appear n\ore spotted beneath than others, but this is the case with
Northern skins (as 15G9, from Carlisle) equally with more Southern ;
in fact specimens from Guatemala and Mexico exhibit precisely the
same variations in this respect. I am, therefore, not disposed to
consider 'Tardus densus, of Bonaparte, as a good sj^ecies, unless
possessing distinctive characters not mentioned by that author, and
other than that of being more thickly spotted beneath, with the spots
larger and the bird smaller.
The young Tardus mustelinus is like the adult, except in having
rusty yellow triangular spots in the ends of the wing coverts.
Dr. Sclater gives Jamaica as one of the winter localities of this
Thrush. Mr, March has never met with it, and is of the opinion
that the bird referred to by Gosse is the Mimus hillii, at one time
supposed by the Jamaican Ornithologists to be the T. mustelinus.
List of Specimens.
Smlth-
Bonian
No.
Collec-
tiir'a
No.
Sex
and
Auie.
Locality.
When
Collected.
Received from
Collected by
4,6.J0
8,3ni>
22,3.-)B
7,947
20,392
*96
34,414
"s
377
?
Foi t Pierre. Neb.
Iiidepeudeucc, Mo.
Mexico.
Guatemala.
Coban, Vera Paz.
MayS.lS.W.
June 22, '67.
Col. Vaucban.
W. M Magraw.
Verreaux.
J. Gould.
Cab. Lawrence.
0. Salvia.
Dr. Hayden.
Dr. J. 0. Cooper.
Constancia.
8,390. Iris brown.
Turdiis pallasii.
Turdus pallasii, Cabani?, Wiegmann's Archiv, 1847 (i), 205. — In. Jour-
nal f. Orn. 1855, 470 (Cuba).— Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 212.—
Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, 325.— Ib. Catal. 1861,. 2, No. 7.
Turdus solitaritts, Wii.soN, Amer. Orn. V, 1812, 95 (not of Linn.«us). —
Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1^57, 212.
Turdus minor, Bon. Obs. Wilson, 1825, No. 72.
Turdus guttatus, Cabanis, Tscliudi, Fauna Peruviana, 1844, 187 (not
Muscicapa guttata of Pallas).
M
-4
TURDUS.
yk
Additional figures : Acd. Birdn Am. Ill, pi. oxlvi.— Is. Oro. Biog. I,
pi. Iviii.
Ilab. Eastern North America. Cuba, Cab. Mexico f , ;
A large series of speeimens from the nortliern parts of the United
States shows considerable variations in color, etc. In all, of course,
the rump and tail are rufous, in decided contrast with the rest of tho
upper ))arts. The shade of color here varies considerahly, however:
generally it is of reddish olive, sonietimes as bright and of tlie same
shade as in T.fuscescens (as in 7591, Washington), t5;ongh generally
a little less intense. In two specimens only does the back have tho
olive rather than reddish shade predominant (28,22.5, Washington ;
29,649, Maine), as in T. swm/ifionii and nanus. These s])ecimens are
almost as small as nanus, but have the large bill and fulvous tinge
of sides and crissum of pallasii. In many specimens there are vestiges
of the lighter spots on the ends of the wing coverts.
The under parts do not vary mr?h, although sometimes the tingo
of pale buff across the breast is more decided ; sometimes nearly
wanting. The size is pretty constant ; the wing rarely exceeds .3.75,
ill one case only (2,092, Carlisle) measuring 3.85 ; in half the speci-
mens it is about .20 less. The bill, too, is pretty constantly .40
from tip to nostril. The tarsi measure about 1.15.
A young bird has all the feathers of the head, back, and wing
coverts streaked centrally with drop-shaped spots of rusty yellowish.
I have seen no specimen of this bird from south of the limits of the
United States. Mr. Sclater quotes one from Orizaba ; but it may
be the audubotv', as Prof. Sumichrast has sent a specimen referable
rather to the latter variety. . .„ '_Z' ,^;i . '_
List op Specimens.
}'■>
Smlth-
soniaQ
No.
22,610
31,413
Collec-
Sex
tor's
Hiid
No.
Age.
505
, ,
••
• •
Locality.
When
Collected.
Received from
Fort Simpioii, R A. Sep. 6,1860.
Kort, Poel'K River
Ft. Rue, Slave Lake.
Ft. Resulutiuo, "
B. R. Ross.
C. P. Oaudnt.
L. Clark, .Jr.
J. Lockhart.
Collected by
Turdus nanus. -rJ^r -^'^ s---- '■■ -' ■''■■' .^' ■= ;'^'- ■- ■■
Turdu.1 nanus, Ann. Orn. Biog. V, 1S39, 201, pi. coi. — Bairp, Birds N. A.
1858, 213.— Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859.— In. Catal. 1861.
f Tnrdns aomilnschlca, Gmei.in, S. N. I, 1788, 808.
if Muftcicapa guttata, r'ALLAS, Zoog. Rosso-Asiat. 11,1811,465.
Hah. Western North America (south of Columbia R. ?) to Rocky Mountains,
south to Cape St. Lucas.
m
If
¥
IlL
i\ ■
I
16
RKVIEW OP AMERICAN 1HRD8.
[I'AHT I.
1 have littlo to add to th« remarks on this Hpocios in tlio Birds of
North Amuriua, except that the predoiniiiunt Khudo in the back is
tlie olive of Hwaintionii ratiier than the reddish of /««<•(»«<•? n«, ns in
T. paUasii. I have, however, not mentioned the difference in tiie
bill, V, liieh, besides beinj^ sniallcr, is much more deprcHsed, as in
AnthuH. The heij?ht of the bill ut the base juHt back of the nostrils
in jiaUtiHn is from .17 to .15) of an inch, while in vanuts it is only .15. .
The distance from tip of bill to nostril is .35 or .36 ; the lengtli of
tarsus, 1.07 to 1.10; the win}?, 3.30 to ,S»48. The clear plumbeous
east of the flanks and thijfhH, anil the white crissum of variua, con-
trast characteriitically with the rufous tinge of the same jjarts in
j)allanu. The legs are rather (hirker and considerably more slender.
Pallas, in his Zoographia liosso-Asiatica, I, 1831 (?), 4<55, de-
scribes a Muscicapa (jultata from Kodiak, an island of the Russian
American Archipelago, collected by Billings. This was, in all pro-
bability, a young Thrush in the inmiaturc spotted plumage, and if
any described North American species, may, from its size and colora-
tion, be referred to Turdun nanus, rather than to any other Thru.sh.
Should this be substantiated, the name gutlatun must take prece-
dence ; but as there is still some uncertainty on the subject, I prefer
to make no change at present until young birds of the species can
be procured. A youtig T. pallasii shows some rather marked differ-
ences from Pallas' description.
LiBT OP Specimens.
gmith-
Collec-
Sex
NnniHD
tor'H
and
No.
No.
Age.
8,1B8
..
, ,
1(!,1-1H
353
V
10,881
. ,
d
8.170
, ,
32,16.5
10,781
<f
Locality.
Sacramento Valley.
Fort Crook, Cal.
Fori Brid){er.
Frontora, Tex.
San Gertrude Mt.,
Cape St. Lacas.
When
Collected.
May 20, '.19.
April 29
May 8.
Jan. 1861.
Received from
Lt. Williamson.
J. Fellner.
C. Drexler.
Major Emory,
J. XatttuB.
Collected by
Dr. Newberry.
Cbas.' Wright.
Turdus auduboni.
Turdiis auduboni, Baird.
Merula silens, Swainson, Philos. Mag. I, 1827, 369 (not Turdus silevs of
ViEiLLOT, Ercycl. Mi th. II, 1823, 647, based on T. tnustelimis, Wils.
= T. fuscescins). — Ib. Fauna Bor.-Amer. II, 1831, 186. — Baird,
Birds N. Amer. 1858, 213, and 922.— Sclatkr, P. Z. S. 1858, 325
(La Parada), and 1859, 325 (Oaxaca).— Ib. Catal. Am. Birds, 1861,
2, no. 9.
Ilab. Rocky Mountains, from Fort Bridger south into Mexico.
Since my article on the genus Turdus was published in the Birds
. ) v.n ^'4
TUKDU8.
IT
of North America, I have 8i'«>n several other specimenH of the larj?e
race of Turdut pnllaxii. The back is rather more olivaceous llian
in pallaHii, the rump pulcr and h^ss rufous, and the colors jfi'iiorally
much as in nanux. In the largest specimen (10,88fi, from Fort
IJridgcr) the wing is 4. 18 inclicn ; tail, S.fiO ; bill, from tip to nostril,
.45; tarauu, 1.2(5. Other specinienB from Mexico and Ouat'niala
are a little pmaller, but all exceed pallaHii in size.
This species or race np'Kars to belong to the high table lands of
^rth America; the skin coll«>cted by Mr. Drexler, at Fort liridgcr,
•.hat from Cantonment IJurgwyn (both localities in the Rocky
Aiouii ains), being however the only specimens recorded from the
li.iited States. On the other hand, it seems to be rather common
in Mexico and (juatemula.
A specinien from Orizaba agrees with the others referred to in the
grayer plumage above, although not larger than many of the true
pallasii. It is probably the same variety that Dr. Selater refers to
as T. pallasii from Orizaba.
^^'hether the present bird be specifically distinct from T. pnllasii
or not, there is no doubt of its being a decidedly marked race, of
larger size and grayer plumage above. While, as defined, the true
T. pallasii is confined to eastern North America, possibly not mi-
grating south of its limits, the 2\ aiiduboni belongs to the ct-ntral
North American plateau, ranging from Fort Bridger to Orizaba.
As the name of T. silens is pre-occupied in the genus by A'ieillot,
I have ventured to affix the name of T. auduboni to the present bird,
basing the name upon the largest specimen from Fort Bridger
(10,886).
LiBi' OF Spbcihers.
Smith-
Collec-
Sex
Roniiin
tor's
and
No.
No.
Age.
10,8S6
483
(f
11,7.34
, ,
7,9.i0
, ,
^..-STfl
i3,aso
.32,459f
3dd
Iiocitlity
Fort Brldtferf
Cantonment Bnr-
Mezico. lgyiyu,H.lL.
0ii»ba.
I
When
CoUected.
May 28, '58.
Received from
C. Drexler.
Dr. W W. Ander-
J. Gould. [son.
Prof. Sainl<)bra§t.
Collected liy
10,886. Type. No. 11,734. 8; 11 28; 3.74.
Turdus fiiscescens.
Turdus mustelivus, Wilson, Am. Om. V, 1812, 98, pi. 43 (not of Cmrliit).
Tardus fuscescens, Stephens, Shaw's Gen. Zool. Kirds, X, i, 1817, 182.
Cab. Jour. 18.').'), 470 (Cuba).— Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 214.—
ScLATER, P. Z. S. ?ri.')9, 32().— Ib. Catal. Am. Birds, 1861, 2, no. 10.
Turdus silens, Vibill. Encyclop. M6th. II, 1823, 647 (based on T, muite-
linns, WiLs.).
2 June, 1864.
18
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.
Ik
m
[part r.
Turdus wthonii, Bon. Obs. Wils. 182t), . a. 73.
Turdus mhior, D'Orb. La Sagra's Cuba Ois. 1H40, 47, pi. v (Cuba).
Hab, Easttfrn North America ; Cuba ; Panama (winter).
There is not mnch variation in the color, and but little in the size
of thJR species. The spots on the breast are sometimes more distinct
than common, but less so than in 2\ udulatus, and they never extend
so far back.
It is a matter of some geographical interest that Mr. Drexler
obtained the true T. fuscescens at Fort Bridger, in the Rocky
Mountains, instead of T. ustulatua, its v/estern representative.
The collections of the Smithsouiari Institution do not contain
specimens of this species from any point north of Port Garry, ucr
south of the limits of the United States, although Mr. Lawrence has
a skin from the Isthmus of Panama I do not find it quoted as from
beyond the United States by recent authors.
List of Spbcimrws.
6mUh-
Collec-
Sex
When
Collected.
Boaiaa
No.
tor's
No.
HDd
Age.
Locality.
Received from
Collected by
22.299
Halifax, N 3.
W. 0. Wlntfp.
"^
18.683
ie
, ,
Portsmouth. N. H.
...
E Couen.
13.132
, ,
, ,
Red Kiv.or Settle-
...
C. 8 Hubbard.
18, .122
23
^' [ment.B..^
D Oiinn.
13,698
4.713
••
.BjinyLake.
Mo7or Veriiiillon.
May 29.
U. Kenulcott.
Lt. Wiiiren.
Dr. Haydon.
10,881
^
Fort Bridger, Utah.
May 27, '98.
C. Drexler.
••
8
Fauama.
...
Cab. Lawrence.
M'Lean. & Oalb.
I !■
13,132. No. 2,2S6. Eg|{8. No. 8. Cabinet of 0. N. Lawrence.
! - !5
till
mm
m ,?
Turdus ustulatua.
Turdus ustulatus, Ndttall, Man. 1, 1840, 400 (Columbia River).— Baird,
Birds N. Am. 1858, 215, pi. Ixxxi, fig. 1.— Cooper & Sdckley, P. R.
Rep. XII, II, 1860, 171.
Additional specimens of this bird, received since the publication
of the "Birds of North America," have satisfied me of the validity
of this species. Of the diagnostic characters there enumerated, I
find that of the fulvous or yellowish brown of the axillars (and to
some extent of the tibine), as compared with their purer ash in fus-
cescens to bo a constant one. The spots on the breast are much
better defined, darker, and extend farther back on the breast. The
sides are more of a yellowish-brown. The bill is much darker,
being dark brown except at the base of the lower niniidil)le, which is
yellowish, and m marked contrast to the remainder ; while in /usees-
TURDU8.
in
cena the lower mandible is yellowish, only tinged with brownish
(sonii'tiuH'S scarcely uppreciublc) lovvurds the end.
This species hitherto has not been noted as found outside of tho
limits of Washington Territory and Morthern Oregon^ nor as far east
as the Rocky Mountains — tlie most eastern pc'''it being Chiloweyuek
Depot, of the Northwes(ern Boundary Survey (as 15,931. July 3,
18.')9, Dr. Kennerly), where it was found breeding very abundantly.
The eggs bear a close resemblance to those of T. swainsoni, being
thickly spotted, instead of being plain blue, as in its u;>arest relative,
T. t'uscescens.
-Baird,
t, P. R.
[licatiou
.validity
rated, I
l(and to
lin /»s-
re much
The
Idarker,
,'hieh is
lyusces-
Turdus svrainsonii.
Turdua swainsonii, Cab. Tschudi, Fauna Peruana, 1844-46, 188. — ? Scla-
TKR & Salvin, Ibia, 1859, 6 (Guatemala). — Bclatbk, P. Z. S. Ib58,
451 (Kouador) ; lb6P, 32(J.— In. Calal. 18ljl, 2, no. 11.— Baikd,
Birds N. Am. 1868, 216.— Oundlaoii, Cab. Jour. 1801, 324 (Cuba).
Tardus minor, Qmklin, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 809 (in part).
Tardus olivnceus, Giraud, Birds L. Island, 1843-44, 92 (not of Linn.).
(?)7'i -^ • minimus, Lafrbsnayk, Rev. Zool. 1848,5. — Sclater, P. Z. 8.
1854, 111.— Bryant, Pr. Boat. Soo. VII, 18(50, 226 (Bogota).—
Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lyo. 1863. (Birds Panama, IV, no. 384.)
Ilab. Eastern North America ; westward to Ft. Bridger and Upper Columbia,
north to Arctic Ocean, south to Ecuador.
There is not much difference in the color and size of specimens of
this species from different parts of the United States. There is a
strong fulvous tinge on the throat, breast, and side of head and neck,
a tawny yellowish ring round the eye, and a decided line of the same
extending from the nostrils to the eye. The upper parts are of uni-
form olivaceous, and pretty constant in shade ; sometimes a little
grayer, sometimes with a faint tinge of rufous, though this is usually
almost inappreciable.
Sometimes the fulvous tinge of the breast is so slight as to induce
a resemblance to " alicise ; but here the persistence of the yellowish
ring rouhd the eye, and the line from eye to nostril, will generally
determine the species. In a few instances the ring round the eye
and loral line are very pale, but I have considered the distinct ex-
istence of the latter as inclining the decision in favor of swainmnii.
It is quite possible that some of these doubtful specimens may be
hybrids of the two species, as they invariably come from the regions
where both breed abundantly.
The bill is generally rather small, on an average measuring .35
from front of bill to nostril ; in one or two specimens in the series,
as 22,250, from Washington, it measures .40, or nearly as much as
20
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I.
m
I' 'I
M
llh !'
I 1
aliciae. One specimen (5,657) from Kansas, has the bill oulj .30
from nostril to tip; thf i, .99; winj?, 3.80; tail, 2.88. In an
average specimen from ? (2,639) the bill is .40 ; tarsus, 1.12 ;
wing, 3.75; tail, 2.85.
A specimen from Panama, belonging to Mr. Lawrence's collection,
and which he refers to the Tardus minimus of Lafresnaye, is smaller
than the average of northern specimens, with shorter bill. It is a"
very little less than the Kansas specimen, with the bill a little longer ;
but several Carlisle and other northern specimens have the wings
und tail still shorter. I am, therefore, disinclined to consider the
(Specimen as anything more than T. swainsonii, perhaps a short
billed variety to which the Kansas specimen may also belong.
If the Ikirdus minimus of Lafresnaye be properly described, it
would appear to be ditierent from any of the varieties of T. swain-
sonii.
This species has been found to occur farther to the west than was
formerly supposed. Mr. Drexler obtained specimens at Fort Bridger,
Dr. Cooper in the Bitterroot Mountains, and Dr. Kennerlv of the
N. W. Boundary Survey, found it in Washington Territory. ^ -r th-
ward it reaches almost to the Arctic Ocean, along the Mat- jnzie,
and across from there to Fort Yukon ; in fact it occurs throughout
the whole northern heavily wooded region. I have seen no speci-
mens from Labrador, where, however, T. aliciae seems abundant.
Having had the opportunity of examining the specimen from Bo-
gota, which Dr. Bryant referred to the species of Lafresnaye (no. 92
of Dr. Bryant's collection), I am able to corroborate the remarks of
the former relative to its peculiarities. The spots are larger than
common in the North American birds, and appear to extend farther
back on the breast and sides, where, in fact, they are as dark as those
on the jugulum, instead of being fainter and grayer of tint. The
flanks are darker, and colored like the back, instead of being much
lighter. The line from bill to eye, and probably the ring round the
eye, are of a much more brownish-yellow. ,
I am, however, not ready to conclude that this specimen is specifi-
cally distinct from Tardus swainsonii, as North American skins
vary a good deal in their characters, some of them approaching
it in one direction and some in another. The size is nearly equal to
tl?e average of swainsonii, the skin being pressed up so as to seem
shorter than it should be. It measures but 5.90, but should be at
least 6.50; the wing is 3.80; the tail 2.95; bill to nostril, .36;
tarsus, 1.04 ; all dimensions readily paralleled in the North American
bird. The bill is fully as large.
E;it!
TURDL'S.
SI
The Tardus minimus of Mr. Lawrence, from Panama, is even
more like typical North American birds.
It is quite possible that neither of these specimens belongs to the
trae T. viinimus of Lafresnaye, as this author speaks of his bird
being of a smoky brown tinge above, "just as in Seiurus aquaticus
(noveMracensia),^' a decidedly dififereut color.
List of Specimens.
Smlth-
Collcc-
Spx
When
Collected.
KUDiaa
ti)r"«
and
Locality.
Received from
Collected V
No.
No.
Age.
21.622
, Moose Factoty, H.
J. Mackeujie.
20,616
79
, ,
'= [Bay.
Julys, '60.
C. Drexler.
C. Dr<^xler.
20.614
483
, ,
Fort Oeorije.
July 11, '60.
14
23,2S,S
, ,
^_8t."§te|.¥ei.g, W. B.
. • *
G. A. Boardman.
2,200
, ,
rT
CarllKle, Far
May3,184.->.
8 F. Baiid.
22.2.VI
.'>44
WashliifitoQ.
• • •
D. W PreiitlHS.
27,180
86
?
Fort Yukon.
June 20.
Jkh. Lockliart.
27,1.S2
1,190
fT
14
it
R, Keniiicott.
23.2-.n
, ,
Fort Good Hope.
• ■ ■
R W M'Fuilane.
27,188
9
F'>rt SimjiBon.
• > •
B R. Ro88.
22,612
649
Bi(f Island.
44
Jno. Reid.
19,479
, ,
Fort Rctiiilution.
May 2.
R. Kennicott.
17,380
«2
Siskatchpwau.
l8of).
*'
ll,.58J
, ,
Red River Sftt.
« . .
D. Gunn.
6,81S
rf
Black Hillg. •
Sept. l.S.
Lt Wnrien.
Dr. Hayd<>D,
8,.30'
Ifi
Inde)ieiiileiice, Mo.
Mir. 27,".')7.
W. M. Magraw.
Dr J. G. Cooper.
e.Ofi.l
, ,
'rf
St. Louis, Mo.
May U, "37.
Lt. Biyau.
W. 8. Wood.
4, .124
, ,
CalcaKien, La.
18.54.
0. Wurdemann.
12,199
••
-•
Red Fork of Arkan-
xaH.
...
Dr S. W. Wood-
tiouse.
8 215
147
, ,
Fort Laramie.
Sep. 10, '.'57.
Dr. J. G. Cooper.
10,887
rf
Fort Bridifor.
May 27, '.'>S.
C Prexler.
22,o;j7
93
..
Bitter Ko,.t V»lley.
Sep. 3, '60.
Dr. J. 0. Cooper.
21,916
S49
<f
Clark's Fork of Col.
• • •
A. Campbell.
Dr. Kenaerlr.
21,917
538
V
[Ri?er.
. • <
"
41 '
13,,'577
, ,
Mexico.
• ■ •
J. Gould.
7,948
K
• . 1
44
vi.r,n
, ,
, ,
Guatemala.
• • ■
(4
20,393
Coban, Vera Pai.
• • *
O. Salvin.
S
■•
Panama.
1S62.
Cab. Lawrence.'
M'Leanaau.
(2,206.) 7.40; 12.08; 4.08. (8,302.) Iris brow*.
Turdiis alicio.
# Turdm alicim, BAiftn, Birds N. Am. 1858, 217, pi. 81, fig. 2.-
Acad. Nat. Sci. Aug. 1861, 217 (Labrador)
-CouEB, Pr.
The validity of this species, first established in 1858, in the "Birds
of North America," has since been substantiated, and its geographical
distribution ascertained by numerous specimens in the Museum of
the Smithsonian Institution. Labrador and the Lower Mackenzie
River, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and the District of Columbia, and to the
south, Costa Rica, have all been added to the regions known to be
inhabited by it. It is, in fact, a very remarkable circumstance, that
for two or three years past it has been more abundant around Wash-
Type of minimus of Lawrence.
4
t9
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I.
I
i'
! ■•'
|i:i
:il:
"i ! •
I
ington than swainsonii itself. It certainly is mnch more common
now than formerly, as none of the older collections embrace it among
their species, while it is frequently met with at the jJresent time.
As originally described, it differs from awainavnii in larger size,
longer bill, feet, and wings especially, straighter and narrower bill.
The back is of a greener olive. The breast !.r,d sides of the head,
are entirely destitute of the buff tinge, or at best this is very faintly-
indicated on the upper part of the breast. The most charicteristic
features are seen on the side of the head. Here there i'- no indica-
tion whatever of the light line from nostril to eye, and scarcely
any of a light ring round the eye — the whole region being grayish-
olive, relieved slightly by whitish shaft-streaks on the ear coverts.
The sides of body, axillars, and tibiae are olivaceous gray, without
any of the fulvous tinge seen in swainsonii. The bill measures .40,
from tip to nostril sometimes more; tarsi, 1.21; wing, 4.20; tail,
3.10 — total, about T.SO. Some specimens slightly exceed these
dimensions ; few, if any, fall short of them.
At the time that this species was described, in 1858, the only
known localities were Illinois and the line of the Missouri River
along the mouths of the Vermilion and the James Rivers. Since
that time its distribution has been found to be much more extensive.
Although not yet found west of the Missouri, nor on it above Fort
Union, it is abundant along the Lower Mackenzie, and especially
about Fort Anderson, on Anderson River. It is rare on the Youkon,
as well as on Slave Lake, except perhaps at the western extremity.
Mr. Coues found it abundant in Labrador. It is now particularly
common in the spring about Washington, and a few specimens have
been obtained about Philadelphia.' South of this it has not been
noticed with the single exception of the specimen recorded below.
Dr. Bryant, however, thinks he has seen it in Dr. Gundlach's Cuban
collection. #
In a word, its distribution in North America, as at present known,
la from the Missouri River and the Mackenzie on the west, to Wash-
' Mr. J. A. Allen, in a paper on the Birds of Springfield, Mass. (Pr. Essex
Institute, IV, 1864, 56), speaks of Turdus aliciae as abundant about Springfield,
and as grading so insensibly into the T. swainsonii, as not to be entitleil to
consideration as even a strongly marked variety. I am inclined, however, to
think, from the nature of his remarks and comparisons, that he has not seen
what I call T. aliciae.
During the many years I collected birds about Carlisle, and in the course
of which I killed large numbers of T. swainsonii, I never saw an aliciae, although
I observed the same variations in shade and color of the former referred to by
Mr. Allen.
TURDUS.
88
iugton and Philadelphia on the east, and northward to the shores
of the A'ctio Ocean, where, however, it is conliued within narrow
limits of longitude.
Smlth-
Collec-
Sex
Wlien
Collected.
SOUiUD
No.
tor's
No.
aud
Age.
Locality.
Received from
Collected by
27,:128
194
9
Fort Youkon.
J 11 uo 30, '61.
J Lockharl.
27,2()3
1,420
la PierfWH TTuuse.
TorlXiidpr-oii.
...
B K. RoKH.
K. Mhci arlaoe.
J. Flett.
22,607
V
Fort Sitn|)so"ri.'
Sept 10, '60
B. R. Ro-8.
18,072
100
rf
GroBvaterKiy, T,ab.
istai.
Elliot Cones.
4,708
, ,
rf
Ko. orvFrnrnnrn.
May 8, '06.
Lt. Warren.
Dr. Hayden.
10 0,S1
, ,
W. Northfleld, 111.
. . .
R Keni'lcott.
Alice KeuDicott.
22.2''8
, ,
Ohio.
• • •
J. M. Wheaton.
22,246
, ,
, ,
WanliinKton, D. C.
• • •
C. Drexler.
.S0,485
91
••
San Jose.CoHtaKica.
...
Dr. A. V. F.-antiiu8.
(27,323.) 7.20; 12.10; 4.10. (10,084.) Type.
Turdus iliacus.
Tardus iliacus, Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 17.58, 168, and of European
authors. — Reinhakdt, Ibis, 1861, 6 (Greenland).
The occurrence of this well known European species in Greenland
brings it within the limits of the American Fauna. Two Greenland
specimens are recorded by Dr. Reinhardt : one of them shot at
Frederickshaab, Oct. 20, 1845.'
Planesticus.
TuMus jamaicensls.
Turdus jamaicensis, Gmelin, S. N. I, 1788, 800. — GossE, Birds Jam.
1847, 142.— Bon. Consp. 1850, 271.— March, Pr. A. N. S. 1863,
292.— ScLATEB, P. Z. S. 1859, 327.— In. Catal. 1861, 3, no. 13.
Turdus cnpucinus, Hartlaub, Bp. Consp. 271.
Turdus lereboulleti, Bp. Comptes Rendus, XXXVIII, Jan. 1854, 3.
Hab, Jamaica.
Smith-
sonian
No.
Collec-
tor's
No.
Sex
and
AgH.
Locality.
When
Collected.
Received from
Collected by
22,144
••
••
Spanish town, Jam.
W. T. March.
' This species is smaller than our Robin {T. miijratoriua'), but of a similar
grayish-olive above, including tlie head. The under parts are white; the
ft'athers of the lower throat and breast streaked with brown. The sides,
axillars, and inner wing covert are reddish cinnamon. A conspicuous white
streak over the eye and extending as far back as the nape. Bill black, yel-
low at base of lower jaw. L^gs pale-colored. Second quill longer than fifth.
Length, about 8.25 ; wing, 4.64 ; tail, 3.45 ; bill, from gape, 1.07, from nostril,
.44; tarsus, l.ltt; middle toe and claw, 1.15. Specimen described: 18,718,
% , received from the Royal Artillery Institution, Woolwich.
24
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I.
::
Tardus lencaucheit.
Tardus leucauchen, Sclatbr, P. Z. S, 1858, 447. — Sclater, Ibia, 1859,
6.— Ib. Catal. Am. Birds, 1861, 3, no. 1(J.
Hab. Guatemala. Mexico?
Description of No. 30,64t. (Compared with type.) Above black-
ish ash, with tinge of olivaceous; wings and tail blackish brown,-
almost black. Beneath pale brownish ash ; axillars and under wing
coverts tinged with yellowish ; flanks rather darker ; middle of abdo-
men and crissum white. Inner edges of the quills towards base not
lighter than elsewhere, but brown. Chin and upper throat white,
the feathers streaked centrally with black ; a conspicuous pure white
patch at lower end of throat. Legs horn color; bill yellowish,
tinged with brown along culmen towards the tip. • fi-f^
Length, 9. 25 (skin) ; wings, 4. 80 ; tail, 4. 20 ; bill, from nostril, . 50 ;
tarsus, 1.16; middle toe and claw, 1.10; longest primary (4th and
5th), 1.10, longer than the shortest; 2d intermediate between 6th
and nh.
Specimens from Costa Rica, compared with 30,64*7, are smaller;
the back more olivaceous ; the median line of the belly whiter ; the
crissal feathers longer and more edged with plumbeous ; the bill
more tinged with brown. A triangular yellowish spot in the larger
coverts apparently indicates a slight immaturity.
[jl:
Smith
Collec-
Sex
When
Collected.
Itunlan
No.
tor'«
No.
and
Agb.
Locality.
Received from
Collected by
22,360
43. 4H.')
"Mexico."
E. Verreaux.
32.684
43.468
V
"
•'
20. .^S8
i.wa
Choctuu, Vera Par.
Jan. i860.
0. SalTln.
30,647
3,011
7
••
[fluat.
Guatemala.
Cab of G.N. Law-
S3,26,S
23
rf
Dota Mts., CoNta
.Ian. 27, '64.
J. Carntol. [rence.
33,264
23
d
[Kictt.
It
30,647 " Compared With type." 33,263. Length, 9; extent, 13. Ills yellowUh-brown.
3.3,264. Iris brown.
!|i!
II'
Turdns assimilis.
Turdus assimilis, Cab. Mas. Hein. 1850, 4.— Sclater, P. Z. S. 1857, 202 ;
1859, 370 (eggs).— Ib. Catal. Am. Birds, 1861, 3, no. 16.
Hab. Mexico (Vera Cruz, Orizaba, Oaxaca;. Guatemala.
No. 22,351. Upper parts uniformly yellowish-olive, very much
as in the brighter varieties of Turdus sv^r^ivsonii.' Wing and tail
feathers (concealed portions) brown, of similar shade, without ih©
TURPUa.
olive. Beneath pule grayish fulvous, rather darker on the flanks,
where the color is much as on the back. Belly to crissiini white.
Chin white, the feathers streaked centrally with blackish brown ; a
whitish region posverior to the streaks.
Axillars yellowish fulvous, as also to a rather less degree, the in-
side of the wings, including the basal portion of inner webs of the
quills. Bill and legs horn color, the under mandible paler.
Length, 8.75 ; wing, 5.20; tail, 4.30; bill to nostril, .57 ; tarsus,
1.20; middle toe aiid claw, 1.12; claw alone, .30; longest primary
exceeds the shortest by 1.20; second quill intermediate between the
6th and 7th (.16 longer than the latter).
This specimen, in color of upper parts, wings and tail, is very
similar to Tardus ijrayi, although readily distinguishable by the
white abdomen, darker throat-streaks, etc.
Tardus leucauchen is distinguishable at a glance from T. assimi-
lis, by its colors, almost black above, not fulvous; light pluml)eous
ashy beneath, not pale fulvous ; uniform brown of inner webs of
quills, and dark axillars, not decidedly paler and fulvous ; greater
amount of white on the throat ; yel>ow bill ; shorter and more
rounded wings, etc.
I have been thus detailed in showing the differences between what
I consider characteristic specimens of assimilis and leucauchen, to
introduce a series of specimens exactly intermediate between the two,
all labelled assimilis: 18,564 from Orizaba, by Dr. Sclater; 30,648
from Guatemala, by Mr. Salvin ; 22,357, Mexico, by Mr. Verreaux.
In 22,351, the size, proportion, and color are more like leucauchen ;
the wings and tail are nearly as dark ; the back, however, is green-
ish-olive; the under parts similar, but paler; the axillars with a
little more fulvous; the bill is as yellow. In 18,564, the relation-
ship to assimilis is shown by a still lighter tinge above, the axillars
almost as fulvous as in assimilis. Some durk shaft spots and streaks
in the feathers of the breast are indications of a certain degree of
immaturity.
The gradation of these specimens between assimilis, as described
above, and leucauchen, is so perfect, that in coloration No. 18,564
would, I think, be referred to the former, and 22,357 to the latter.
With this, No. 30,648, from Guatemala, recently received from Mr.
Salvin, also agrees quite closely — the axillars only being rather more
fulvous.
It is quite possible that these specimens referred to as intermedi-
ate forms may, as labelled, all belong to Turdus assimilis ; while
22,351 may be another species. In this case I must leave the
26
REVIKW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.
[pAr.r I.
question to be decided hereafter. Mr. Selater evidently refers to
this iutermediate form in P. Z. S. 1859, 370.
SniKh-
«uiimQ
No.
Culleo-
Cur'8
No.
Sex
Hud
Age.
LocalUx.
When
Collected.
ReceWed from
Collected by
1 «,.•>!) 4
SO,«48
40,700
40,789
"12
6
9
Mexico.
Oriiabu, Mex.
DiieiiitH, Quut.
Xalupa.
1860.
VerieHux.
1 e. Scluter.
0. Hulvio.
Cab. JLawreDce.
Bottori.
DOca!
Turdus grayi.
? Merula tristis, Swains. Philos. Mag. 1827, 369. — Turdus tristis, Scilatkr,
P. Z. S. ISSG, 2J)4; 1859, :«0.
2"urdus gniyi. Bon. P. Z. S. 1837, 118.— Ib. Conapectns, 1850, 272.—
SciiATBK & Salvin, Ibis, I, 1859, 5 (eggs). — Sclater, Catal. 18G1,4,
no. 22. — Cauanis, Jouni. for 18U0, 323.
f Planesticus luridus, Bun. Coinptes Keudas, XXXVIII, 1854, 4 (New
Grenada).
Turdus canius, Bon. Comptes Ren ■ us, XLI, 1855, '".il — Turdus cnfsius,
ScLATKR, P. Z. S. Ib59, 330.— Lawu. Ann N. Y. L^o. 181)1, 32(j
(Panama).
Hab. Mexico (Xalupa, Cordova, Oaxaca) ; Guatemala (Vera Paz) ; Costa
Rica.
In a rather large series of specimens I find some differences in
individuals, which, however, do not appear of specific value, espe-
cially as the separation in one character does not correspond with that
based on another ; nor are there any appreciable geographical rela-
tionships. The length of the wing, tarsus, and bill, as well as the color
and width of the latter, vary in specimens from the same localities.
In some the inner edges of the quills towards their bases are of the
same light cinnamon as the inner coverts ; this color sometimes
sharply defined as a margin. In others, again, this is less distinct ;
while in some these edges are only of a paler gray, with the faintest
trace only of cinnamon, and no margin is traceable.
In most specimens of this bird the edges of the inner webs of the
quills towards the base are light cinnamon, like the axillars, forming
a conspicuous and well defined edging. In No. 30,646, however
(a female bird), this character is almost inappreciable.
No. 30,559, from Acajutla, differs in being larger (length, 10.00 ;
wing, 5.15 ; tail, 4.80 ; bill to nostril, .60 ; tarsus, 1.25). The colors
are paler, upper parts more olive, and the inner edges of the quills
PAr.r I.
gfers to
icted by
TURDU8,
21
jttorl.
, SCLATEB,
50, 272.—
1. 18G1,4,
[, 4 (New
hs c.Tsiiw,
18G1, 32G
z) ; Costa
•ences in
Lie, espe-
Ivith that
ical rela-
Ithe color
icalities.
•e of the
Imetimos
istinct ;
faintest
|)s of the
[forming
lowever
10.00;
le colors
le quills
only very slightly fulvous, without any well definca edging. This
is also the case with Bome Costa Kiea skins.
Mexican specimens seem to have shorter bills than Guatemalan.
Ill all there is a decided bare space beJiind the eye, less marked,
however, especially around the eye, than in T. (jijinnujihllialmutf.
The latter species is otherwise somewhat similar, dillering mainly in
the absence of the cinnamon tinge to the under parts of the body.
Male and female specintens from I'anama, in Mr. Lawrence's col-
lection, exhibit both extremes of coloration of the quills as referred
to above.
I do not consider the evidence l)efore me favorable to the scpara-
ration of T. ceesius from the original grayi ; and therefore, for the
present, prefer to unite the two species. Planesticus luriduH, Bon.
Notes Orn. Delattre, 28, New Qrenada, probably, as suggested by
Sclater, belongs here also.
It is difficult to say to which of the Mexican Planestici the Tardus
tristis of Swainson belongs. His description of "olive brown, be-
neath whitish ; chin with black spots ; under wing coverts pale fer-
ruginous ; bill and legs brown," really suits 1\ leucauvhvn better
than grayi, to which it has generally been referred, but is too far
from the truth to admit of being identified with either.
Smith-
CoUec-
Sex
When
Collected.
BOniHU
N.).
ti)r'a
No.
HDd
Age.
Locality.
Received from
Collected by
13,HH4
..
..
Xalapa, Mex.
P, L. Sclater.
D'Oca.
33..)70
18.'5
, ,
Mirador, Mpx.
Nov. 186S.
Dr, Sartorius.
•2-i :ri!t
40,703
9
C'irddva? Mex.
Verieaux,
32,686
14,080
^
Mexico.
Jalapa. [Onat.
Tactic, Vera »a«.
...
Cab Lawrence.
t
2n,3'n4
1,449
, ,
Jan 1860.
0. Saivin.
V
30,646
3,013
V
Cobau, " [dor,
1861,
"
30,S.'i9
<f
Acajiitla, San Salva-
Aug, 11,'63,
Capt. .1, M. Dow.
3',I,4M
17
Saa Joue Costa Kica.
• • •
Dr. V. Fraulziua.
Carniol.
33.280
, ,
41
J. Carniol.
^ -
33.262
, ,
CI
"
.S3 261
147
, ,
"
• • •
Dr. V, Krantzln.'i.
8
, ,
Oaatemala.
...
Cab. Lawieuce.
> (,
,.
11
V
Pit nam a.
. ■ ■
" I
••
10
d
It
...
" 1
13,604.
4,80;
1.2.-5;
i.m.
33,.570.
22,3i59.
4 70;
1.30;
1.10.
9
4,70;
1 30;
1.13.
20.394,
4 60;
1,18;
1.1.1.
.30,646
480;
1.25;
l.l.V
30,8.>9,
fil.'i,
1 30
1,17.
30,481,
4,7.'i;
1.20;
1 12.
8.
4..W;
1 22;
1 10.
11,
4.40;
1,20;
1 0.i.
10,
4,8) ;
1.20;
1,10.
Inner edges of quilU cinnamon ; sharply defined.
ti 44 44 '44
44 44 44 II
Cinnamon ; not Hharply deflued.
" sharply difluiHl.
Paler, only a trace of cinnamon.
Cinnamon; sharply defined.
Paler, not ed^red with cinnamon.
• T. casius, Lawr.
w
I!
I'll
^jl
;.il
9S
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.
[I'ART L
TurdiiA obfloletiis.
Titriliii ohsuletii.i, Lawrencb, Ann. N. Y. Lye. VII, 18G2 ( % , Panama).
Ilab. iHthiuui) of Panama.
Male : Second quill botwoe-n 6th and Tth ; 4th and 5th longest.
Color above dark browiiiish olive, deepest on the head; beneath show-
ing a considerably paler shade of the same, but darkest on the wides ;
throat similar, but with a grayish tinge, the centres of the feathers
obsoletely darker. Region about the vent and under tail coverts
pure white. Inner wing coverts, axillars, and inner edges of the
quills cinnamon rufous. Greater coverts with a spot of cinnamon
at tho end (an indication of immaturity ?). Bill and legs uniform
brown.
Length, 8.10; wing, 4.60; tail, 3.80; bill from gape, 1.15, from
.nostril, .58; tarsus, 1.17 ; middle toe and claw, 1.15.
I owe the opportunity of examining this species to tho kindness
of Mr. Lawrence, the description being taken from his type speci-
men No. 12, collected by Mr. M'Leaunan in 1862. Tho peculiar
dark lines crossing the feathers on the back, described by Mr. Law-
rence, are purely optical in character, being similar to tho watering
of silks, etc. The under parts, too, are quite uniform, the edges of
the feathers being possibly a little ferruginous.
This species may be the female of one of the black species as
suggested by Dr. Sclater, in a letter to Mr, Lawrence ; but I am
unable to assign it to any of those described, and the bird is marked
as a male by Mr. M'Leaunan.
Turdus migratoriUB.
Tardus miijratorius, Linn. S. N. 12th ed. 1766, 292.— Sclater, P. Z. S.
1856, 294 ; 1859, 331.— In. Catal. Am. Birds, 1861, 4.— Baird, Birds
N. Am. 1858, 218.— Cooper & Suckley, P. R. R. R. XII, ii, 1859, 172.
Figures: Vikillot, Ois. Am. S«pt. II, pi, Ix, Ixi. — Wilson, Am. Orn.
I, 1H(.I8, pi. ii.— DoDoiiTY, Cab. N. H. I. 1830, pi. xii Addubon,
Birds Am. Ill, pi. 142; Orn. Biog. II, pi. 131.
Ilah. Tlie whole of North America ; Mexico (Oaxaca, Cordova) ; Cuba, very
rare (Gundlach) ; Tob.ago (Kirk).
In highly plumaged specimens from the east the feathers of the
inter-scapular region are frequently, even generally, tinged with
blackish in their centres, passing gradually into ash on the edges,
and the blaclr of the head ceases to be sharply defined. There is also
usually a well defined whitish tip, half au inch long, to the outer tail
feathers.
TURDUS. If
In Rocky Mountain skins, tlie tail Is t- itiicr black except a very
narrow whitish edge, or the white tips of eastern HpeeinienH are ro-
placed by a dull gray. The black of the head, too, is better defined,
the interscapulur feathers more uniformly ash, and the upper parts
without the faint brownish wanh so frequently seen in eaHtcrn speei-
mcns. There are, however, some exceptions to these features, in the
8eri«'s from each locality. The colors generally of western bird*
appear to be pa)er.
It may be pvoper to state that, while in spring adult specimens
the bill is yellow with the extreme tip dusky, in immature, and per-
hui).s winter dress, there is every gradation from this to a uniformly
dusky bill. The entire culmen is frequently tinged with brown.
In none of the specimens before me is the head entirely destitute
of its brown or blackish color, although the edges of the feathers
are fr('(iuently so much tinged with ash as greatly to obscure this
character.
The bills vary considerably in length — the shortest measuring ,50
from tip to nostrils, the average being barely .60.
A specimen from Mirador, Mex. (No. 23.908), agrees generally
with skins from the United States, but the throat anteriorly is so
closely streaked with black as to exceed the white in amount, this
color being restricted principally to the chin.
This species is found throughout the whole of North America,
north to the Arctic Ocean, wherever collections have been made,
and as far south as the latitude of Vera Cruz. No species are more
generally distributed in North America than this bird and Dendrceca
sediva. I find no mention of its occurrence south of Mexico.
I mention only the extra limital specimens of the many skins in
the Smithsonian collection.
Smlth-
Hiiulau
No.
CoUec-
tor'H
No.
Sex
and
Age.
Locality.
CoUected. ' Received from
Collected by
7,949
13,.'JH1
23,908
••
' •
Mexico.
Hlrador, Mex.
...
J. Gould.
4(
Dr. C. Sartorlus.
J. Taylor.
Turdiis coiifinis.
Tr^dus cnnjinis, Baird, n. 8.
Hah. Todo3 Santos, Cape St. Lucas.
No. 2.3,789. Entire upper parts and sides of head and neck uni-
form grnyish ash, with ])erhap8 a faint tinge of olivaceous, less than
in eastern specimens of T. migratorius. The central portions of the
80
REVIEW OF AMERICAN HIUDS.
[part I.
feathers of the top ofhond nro rather darker than tho odpes, though
almost inappreoiahly ho, and not imparting a general dusky apjiear-
anco. Tho chin and tlnoat are white, streaked with ashy hrown.
Tho jnguhim and breast are pale yellowish buflF; the axillurs, inner
wing coverts and sides of the breast similarly, but rather more de-
cidedly eolored. The belly and edges of tho erissal feathers are
white, ihe hinder parts of the flanks ashy. Thure is a distinet
whitish stripe from the lores over, and a (piarter of an inch behind
the eye ; the lower eyelid is also white. The tail feathers are
worn, but there is an indieation of a narrow white tip. The
feathers of the jugulum, especially of the sides, arc tipped with
ashy like the back, as in immature specimens of T. migralorius.
The greater wing coverts are tipped with dull white. The bill is
yellowish ; the upper mandible and the tip of lower tinged with
dusky. The feet are pale brown.
The length cannot be given accurately, as the skin is mnch drawn
up. The wing, however, measures 5.10 inches, its tip reaching 1.40
beyond the longest secondary; tail, 4 10; tarsus, 1.20; middle toe
and claw, 1.07 ; exposed portion of culraen, .92 ; from tip to open
portion of nostrils, .60.
The specimen with a general resemblance to ar immature T.
migralorius (especially the western variety), in the white superciliary
streak and general markings, is much lighter beneath than in any of
the many skins of T. viigralorius before me ; there being none of
the dark chestnut or cinnamon shade, but rather a light buflF; tho
belly and flanks are much more purely white. The 8U])erciliary
stripe extends farther behind the eye ; indeed in most specimens of
viigratorius the white is nearly confined to the jyelids. The bill
and v.ings are rather longer than usual in migra:orius ; the middle
toe, on the other hand, appears shorter.
The specimen lacks entirely the reddish-brown back of T. Jlavi-
roatris, in which latter also the brea.st and sides are like those of
viigratorius. The white of the belly is even more extended. It
has a whitish superciliary streak, entirely wanting in Jlavirostris.
The upper part of the jugulum is not streaked. The wings are
longer and more pointed, and the primaries extend considerably
farther beyond the secondaries. The bills are of the same size ; the
tarsus is 1.20, or longer than the middle toe and claw ; while in Jlavi-
rostris (although a larger bird) the tarsus is only 1.00, and shorter
than the middle toe and claw (1.20).
Upon the whole, it may be that the specimen before me represents
an abnormal plumage of T. migratorius ; but its rather different
lilillri;:
I
1
TURDUS.
31
proportions, mnoh paler ground color boncath, proator extent of
white on tin* l)«'ily, abHeni-c of bluclt or diislvy on tlic liciul, etc., leads
me to consider it us dintiiict. Its beiiif? u suninier bird of (.'ape St.
liUcurt is also an additional argninent for this view. It is decidedly
not to be referred to T. Jlavirodris.
Smllh-
•oulitn
No.
CoHec-
tor'i
No
Spx
nod
LooaMty.
Wlinn
Collected.
Rocelved from
Collected by
23,78»
••
Tc<lo«Saiitoii,C. 8. L
Sum.uriSW)
J. Xaiita*.
J. Xautun.
Turdus flaTirostris.
Turdiis flavirostris, Swainbon, Philoa. Mag. 1827, 369. — Sclater, P. Z.
S. 185J), 332.
Tiirdus rufnpiiUi(itu», Lafr. Re7. Zool. 1840, 259 (erroneouHly qaoted
88 from Monterey, Cal.)-
Turdua palliutus, Bonap. Conspectus, 1850, 272.
Ilab. Western Mexioo.
This species appears to be but little known to ornithologists at
the present time, none having been obtained by Boucard, Salle,
D'Oca, and other collectors. Mr. Xantus, however, procured nume-
rous specimens, in 1863, about Colima, Mex., which would seem to be
its centre of abundance. It appears to vary but little in color with
sex and season, and may readily be identified by Sclater's diugnosis.
Smith-
bodIbd
No.
12,864
26,349
29,350
29,381
29,3.')2
29,3.'i3
80,131
80,137
81,818
Collec-
Sex
tor's
aud
No.
Age.
9:}
rf
104
rf
100
rP
102
rf
101
106
V
10,^
J
103
rf
143
V
1,711
cf
Locality.
1st. Tchuantcpec.
Colemtt, Mpx.
When
Collected.
Mny 17,
Juii. 1863.
Feb. 1983.
Aug. 1863.
Received from
T. C Martin.
J. Xantus.
Collected by
A. J Cirayson.
J, XHQlUb.
29,349. Length, B.fiO. Iris brown.
29,3.W. " 8.S0. " reddish.
20,3'>1. " brown.
2{).3,W. " "
?fl,3J3. " "
29,3.14. Iris brown.
30,134. Length, 8./S0.
30.1.37. " 9.25.
31,818.
Iris brown.
Me7'ula.
Turdiis infuacatus.
Merula infuscata, Lafkes. Rev. Zool. 1844, 41. — Turdus infuscatuSf
ScLATEK & Salvin, Ibis, I, 1859, 6.— ScLATEK, P. Z. S. 1859, 334,
362.— Ib. Catal. 1861, 5 (no. 33).
Hub. Mexico (Xalapa, Oaxaca). Guatemala.
32
REVIEW OP AMERICAN BIRDS.
*
3i '\
I:
; 'iiili
ill
I'
!;ii
[part I.
Siiiitli
No
Collnc-
lor'H
No.
Hex
and
Akb.
Locality.
When
Colleoied.
Received frum
Collected by
l;i.6.J7
30,8 »9
4,440
••
Xalapa.
Vera Pax, Ouat.
j I>r. P. L. Sclater.
O. Salvin.
noca
Saivlu&Godinan.
Turdus riifltorques.
Tardus rujitorf/ues, Hahtlaub, Rev. Zool. 1844, 214. — Sclatrb, P. Z. S.
1859, 334 ; Ibis, II, 18C0, 29 ; Catal. IStil, tj, no. 35.
Hab. Guatemala ; Duenas.
Smith-
Honiaa
No.
20,391
Collec-
tor'H
No.
Sex
and
A|;e.
401
d
Locality.
When
Collected.
DueiiaH, Ouat.
I Au(f. 3, 1859.
Received from
O, Salvin.
Collected by
Hesperocichla.
Turdug naeviuA.
Turdu.i naevius, Gm. S. N. 1, 1788, 817.— Sclater, P. Z. S. 18.57, 4 ; 1859,
331.— Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 219.— Coopkb & Spckley, P. R.
R. R. XII, n, 1859, 172.
Orpheus meruloides, Rich. F. B. A. 11, 1831, 187, pi. xxxviil.
Other figures : Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, pi. Ixvi. — Aud. Om.
Biog. IV, 1838, pi. 369, and 433.— Ib. Birds Am. Ill, pi. 143.
This species is not recorded as found elsewhere than on the north-
west coast of America, from California northward to Russian America,
Richardson obtained a single specimen on Great Bear Lake, described
as Orpheus meruloides ; and Mr. Kennicott found another in the
Rocky Mts., on Porcupine River (No. 27,221, August 28, 1861, col-
lector's number 1,612).
It is proper to state that the specimen collected by Mr. Kennicott
(of which only the head and wing were preserved) exhibits a decided
notch in the bill. Nothing approximating to this character, how-
ever, could be discerned in over fifty other specimens examined ; in
all of which, if any indication of notch existed, it was of the most
obsolete character, and was, in most instances, not to be found at all.
PLAT7CICHLA, Baird.
Platycichia, Baird, n. g. (Type P. hrevtpes.')
Among the South America!. Thrushes in the Museum of the
Smitiisonian Institution is one (No. 23,954) for which I am unable
' PIntjjcinhIn hrrvipes, Bairii. The .ipper parts are greenish-olive, with an
apiieurauue of darker edged tu the feathers of the head aud back. The under
PLATYCICHLA — 8EMIMERULA.
33
to find a name generic or 8j)ecific, and which differs so very con-
siderably from any other I have met with as to be well entitled to
a new generic appellation. It was obtained by Dr. G R. Horner,
U. S. N., during the cruise of the Delaware many years ago, on the
coast of South America, probably in Brazil. Two specimens similar
to it are in the Philadelphia Academy. This may possibly be the
Cichlopsis leucoyenys, Cab. Mus. Hein. 1850, 54, or an allied species;
but I cannot reconcile it with the description of either genus or
species by Cabanis.
With the general appearance of a Planesticus, it differs markedly
in having a short and very broad deeply cleft bill, muf-h depressed
at the base, and with moderate bristles. The diameter of the jaw
across the base of lower mandible is .42, much greater than the
length of gonys (.31), and at least equal to the distance from
nostrils to end of bill, very different from what it is in Turdus migra-
torius. The feet are weak. The tarsi are very short, being less
than the middle toe and claw ; they are booted, or without transverse
divisions. The wings and tail are much as in Turdus migratorivs.
In external form this bird exhibits quite an approach to the Ampe-
lidae, especially to Myadestes, although evidently a Thrush ; but its
short broad bill and weak feet, with short tarsi, distinguish it from
all others.
SEMIMERX7LA, Sclater.
Semimerula, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, 332. (Typo Turdus gigas.)
Size large. Wings rather short and rounded, decidedly, but not
considerably longer than the tail, which is slightly rounded. First
quill in T. gigas nearly one-half the 2d, in aurantius two-fifths ; 2(1
about jqual to the 8th, or shorter than 7th ; 5th longest. Bill large,
in some specimens as long as the head. Legs stout and strong.
Tarsi decidedly longer than the head. Color dusky all over. Sexes
similar.
parts are jellowish-olive ; crissum palur , the middle of belly and anal region
whitish aah ; the throat feathers witli shaft streaks and arrow spots of dusky,
obscurely indicated on the jugnlum ; under wing coverts cinnamon ; middle
coverts with an occasional cinnamon spot. Total length, o.40 ; wing, 4.45 ;
tail, 3.80 ; exposed portion of first primary, .9r> ; of second, 3.05 ; of longest
(fourth, measured from exposed base of first primary), 3.30; hill: length
from forehead, .80; from nostril, .43; along gape, .95; width of gape, .55;
Z'"'/''- tarsus, .95; middle toe and claw, 1.00; claw alone, .29; hind toe and
claw, .()8; claw alone, .35.
3 July, 1864.
ii;
34
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part f.
m
Among the species of Tardus, of Dr. Sclator, I find in his section
Semimerula a group which, in its characters, differs so widely from
Tardus and Merula proper, that I cannot hc^Io considering it of
generic rank. At one end of the section is Lr. Sclater's type, 1\
giyas of Ecuador, in which the wings dilfer most from Tardus in
being broad and much rounded ; the 1st primary very large, and
almost half the 2d, which about equals the 8th — the 6th quill longest.
The bill is shaped like that of T. migratorius, but rather larger.
The legs are stout and strong. In T. aurantius the wings are rather
more pointed, but considerably less so than in T. migratorius. The
lengthened tarsi, considerably longer than the head, form a conspicu-
ous feature. The general appearance of aurantius is very like that
of Mimocichla, the principal apparent difference being in the shorter
and less rounded tail. The style of coloration, too, is much the
same.
Mr. George R. Gray places Cichlopsis, of Cabanis, among the
Thrushes, with T. aurantius as the type. The true type, however,
is Tardus leiicogenys, Licht. Berlin Mus., which is generically very
diflFerent from the Tardus leucogenys, Latham {=^T. aurantius, Gr.).
Semimerula aurantia.
Tardus aurantius, Gm. Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 832.— Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859,
333. — Ib. Catal. Am. Birds, 1861, 6, no. 37. {Semimerula.)
Turdus leucogeni/x, Latham, Ind, Orn. I, 341. — Gosse, Birds Jam. 1847,
136.— Ib. Illuat. no. 23.
Hab, Jamaica.
The sexes do not appear to differ in this species, although the bills
vary greatly in size. Thus in 24,340, %, the bill measures .60 from
tip to nostril; while in 22,142, 9, it measures .76, with the same
width at base or even rather narrower. Thus, as in other large
Thrushes, I find that the bill varies considerably in size, although
the average in a large number of specimens may furnish good specific
characters.
A youngibird exhibits nothing of the spotted plumage of the im-
mature North American Thrushes, differing from the adult merely in
a wash of ferruginous on the under side, as well as on the top of
head and back.
Measurement of 24,340, % : Length, 10.00 ; wing, 4.80; tail, 4.3.5;
bill from head, 1.00, from nostril, .60, from gape, 1.20 ; 1st primary,
1.10; 2d primary, 3.20; tarsus, 1.54; middle toe and claw, 1.28.
ir
MIMOCTCHLA.
35
Bmith-
Colleo-
Sex
Kuiiian
lor's
aud
No.
No.
AKe.
13,670
, ,
2;}. 3(12
cf Jnv
22,140
(f
22,141
i
22.142
22,143
..
24,340
28
<s
Locality.
When
Collected.
Jnmalca. '
Trelawney, Jam.
SpauisbtowD, Jam.
" [Jam.
Ooshea, St. Anoes, Oct. 10, '61.
July 9, '69.
Received from
Dr. Sclater.
W. ThoH. March.
Collected by
W. Otiburn.
MIMOCICHLA, ScLATER.
Mimocichla, Sclatek, P. Z. S. 1859, 336. (Type Turdus ruhrtpes, Temm.)
Form. — Bill large, about as long as the head, without apparent
notch in some species. Bictal bristles inconspicuous, those near the
angle of the mouth reaching scarcely more than half way to the
nostrils. Tarsi lengthened, equal to the middle toe and two lengths
of its claw, either entirely smooth (or " booted") anteriorly, or with
obsolete indications of scutellae on the exterior face. Wing a little
shorter than the tail, rather pointed ; the 1st primary large, broadly-
falcate, more or less obtuse, and contained from two and a half to
three times in the 2d primary, which is nearly equal to the 8th quill ;
the 4th and 5th quills longest, the 3d and 6th little shorter. Tail
somewhat graduated; the lateral feathers. about three-quarters of an
inch shorter. A naked ring round the eye,
Color. — In the four species known to me the prevalent color is a
uniform slaty or plumbeous, as in the Cat-bird (Mimus carolinensis).
The extreme chin is white, the throat with a black patch, either uni-
form or interrupted with white. The lores and space beneath the
eye blackish. The lateral tail feathers have a terminal patch of
white on their under surface for nearly half the exposed length,
obscured on the outer web by a plumbeous tinge on the upper sur-
face. All the feathers of wings and tail black, the former with the
exposed or outer surface margined broadly with plumbeous in abrupt
contrast (the black shows externally on the ends of the quills). First
and 2d quills black, without external margin. Tail feathers margined
at the base.
The species may be thus distinguished : —
Bill black ; whole nnder parts, including vent and crissam,
aniform slaty plumhea.
Bill reddish-black ; ander parts plumbeous, except vent and
criBsnm, which are white schistacea.
Bill reddish-black ; beneath plumbeons ; lower abdomen and
thighs cinnamon red ; crissum white .... ruhripea.
86
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I.
!ri
IN
Bill yellow ; breast light cinereous, shading into a white ab-
domen and oricsum ; throat white, with narrow central
streaks of black (in all others uniform black) . .
ardosiacea.
This genus — a strongly marked one among the American Thrushes
— is confined to the West India Islands, and may possibly include
more species than those here enumerated. These have been in a
state of much confusion until disentangled by the discovery, on the
part of Dr. Bryant, of the true 2\ plumbeus, of Linnteus, as shown
by him in his paper presented to the Boston Society of Natural
History.
Mimocichla plumbea.
Tardus plumbeus, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. X, 1758, 169, not of ed. XII, 1,
294 (except reference to Catesby), nor of Gmelin, 814, 12, which
does not belong to the series at all, being a mixture of different
forms.
Mimus rubrtpes, Bryant, Pr. Bost. 8oc. VII, 1859, 114. (Blue Jay and
Blue Thrasher of inhabitants.)
Mimokitta plumbea, Bkyant, Pr. Bodt. Soc. N. H. 1863.
Tardus viscivorus pluvibeus, Catesby, Carol. I, tab. zxx.
Bab. Bahamas.
Bill from base of skull about as long as the head. No indication of a ter-
minal notch, or at best a very faint one. Commissural edge of upper jaw
straight as far as the nostrils, then concave to the tip. Bristles about gape
very short and inconspicuous, those at the angle of the mouth extended for-
ward, reaching only half way to the nostrils. A narrow membranous ring
round the eye, with a small naked space behind.
Tarsi lengthened, rather more than equal to one and a quarter times the
length of middle toe and claw. Scutellse indistinctly evident, almost oblite-
rated and fused together, most distinct on the external face, eight in number
to the base of middle toe. Outer lateral toe and claw the longer, reaching to
base of middle claw, about equal to the hind toe and claw.
Tail graduated ; lateral feathers .60, shorter than the middle ones. Wings
a little shorter than the tail, moderately rounded ; 4th and 5th quills longest ;
3d and 6th little shorter; 2d intermediate between 7th and 8th, .45 shorter
than the longest; l&t quill with its exposed surface oi^e-third the length of
the 2d, slightly falcate, broadest in the middle, but with the sides about
parallel to the end, where it is obliquely truncate with the corners rounded.
Oeneral color slaty gray (like that of Afimm caroliiiensis), including crissum,
tibiae, inner wing coverts, etc. ; rather lighter beneath. Feathers of crown
with concealed dark central streaks. Lores, space beneath the eye, fading
out behind and a broad square patch on the chin and throat widening
a little behind, black, without any edging of white. Space between the rami
of lower jaw, and a patch on its outer side white ; the latter duller in color
and continued beneath the eye, becoming more plumbeous, and forming an
Sudistinct line of separp.tion between the black of throat and that below the
MIMOCICIILA.
B1
eye. Wings and tail black, the coverts and onter edges of the quills light
hoary plumbeous, margining and abruptly contrasting with the general black
(1st and 2d primaries not margined). Rather more than the terminal fourth
(1.20 inches) of lateral tail feathers with a white patch, the portion on the
outer web plumbeous ; this patch diuiinishea in size on the others until on
the two inner on each side it forms only a slight plumbeous tip. The bill is
black ; the legs reddish.
Tarsus, 1.40; middle toe and claw, 1.10; claw from base, .30; bill from
base of head, 1.09, from nostrils, .61; commissure, 1.10; wing, 4.G8 ; tail,
5 ; 1st quill, 1.00 long, .20 wide.
As shown by Dr. Bryant, this is the true Turdus plumheus of
Linnaeus, based upon the TurduH visvivorus plumbeus of Catesby
(I, pi. xxx), a Bahama bird not recognized ..y naturalists until the
visit of Dr. Bryant to the Bahamas, in 1859. In the 10th edition
LinntBUS confines his citations entirely to Catesby; in the 12th, he
includes Brisson's description of Merula americana cinerea, a differ-
ent species. In their endeavors to find in Catesby's bird one or
other of the species belonging to the West Indies, authors found
a great stumbling block in the black bill represented in his figure
and description ; and Vieillot insists that Catesby must have been
in error. This is, however, one of the most strongly gnarked
characteristics of the species.
I 1
Smith- CoUec- Sex
enaiaa
No.
33,16S
tor'8
No.
15
and
Age.
Localtty.
NuHsau, N. P.
When
Collected.
Ap. 22, '64.
Received from
Collected by
Lt. Fitz({erald.
Cab. l)r. Bryant.
33,ltf8. Legs, luside of bill, aud iria orange red ; bill black.
niimocichla scliistacea.
Mimocichia schistacea, Baird, n. B.
(17,713.) Bill very large and stout, about as long as the head ; commissure
very nearly straight. Bill decidedly notched. Rictal bristles short ; not
reaching as far forward as the nostrils. Legs stout ; tarsi longer than middle
toe and claw ; no indication of acutellation anteriorly. Wings rather shorter
than tail ; Ist primary much developed, almost half the 2d, broad-falcate,
rather pointed. Tail somewhat graduated ; lateral feathers .70 shorter than
central.
Color dark plumbeous, scarcely paler on the rnmp. Centres of feathers of
head and back darker (concealed). Tibiee plumbeous, vent and crissnm
white. A broad patch on throat extending to the jugulum, lores, and space
beneath the eye, black; chin and short stripe along the side of lower jaw,
with concealed basal edges of the throat feathers, white. Tail feathers with
a terminal while patch, largest externally, and diminishing to the central
88
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I.
:i.
! Hi
!M'- I
::.' ^
ones. Wings and tail black. Outer edges of wing feathers, except Ist and
2d primaries, and of tail feathers at the base, plumbeous. Bill iu skin red-
dish-black ; legs apparently reddish. Iris in life light brown.
Length of skin, 10.50 ; wing, 5.00 ; tail, 5.10 ; longest quill, .50 longer than
2d; Ist quill 1.55 long, .20 wide ; 2d, 3.40 ; bill from forehead, 1.20, nostril,
.71 ; commissure, 1.31 ; tarsus, 1.50 ; middle toe aud olaw, 1.21, claw aloue,
.30 ; bind toe aud claw, .81.
I have not been without a suspicion that this bird might be the
M. rubripes, without any reddish on the belly. In view, however,
of the close resemblances among the West India species, and certain
apparent differences of form, I am more inclined to the opinion that
they are distinct. The size is about the same, but the bill is
conspicuously larger and heavier; middle and hind toes longer, with
their claws longer ; the 1st primary longer. There is none of the
cinnamon red of the belly ; the plumbeous of the belly extends
farther down to the vent, and includes the flanks and tibiaj. The
general color of the body is much darker, and the rump is scarcely
lighter than the back.
It is, however, proper to state that, while two of the three speci-
mens before me are as described, a third (No. IT, 11 2) shows but
little pHimbeous on the thighs, which are of a dirty whitish. Both
the Monte Verde birds, nevertheless, were killed in May, and are
apparently in full plumage, and none were met with having cinnamon
colored bellies. In a large collection of the true rubripes, from
another part of Cuba, all the individuals were fully marked, as above
indicated, with cinnamon red.
One specimen of this bird is in the museum of the Philadelphia
Academy.
Smith-
so uiau
No.
Collec-
tor's
No.
Sex
and
Age.
Locality.
When
Collected.
Received from
Collected by
17,112
17,113
••
Monte Verde, Cuba.
it
M*y 6.
Chas. Wright.
(17,112.) Length, 10 25. (17,113) Length, 10.00.
mimociclila rutiripes.
Turdus rubripes, Temm. PI. Col. 409.— Vigors, Zool. Jonr. Ill, 1827, 439.
— Db la Saora, Cuba, Ois. 1839, 46, pi. iv. — Qukdlach, Boston
Jour. VI, 1853, 318. — Mimus rubripes, Bp. Consp. 276. — Galeoscop-
tes rubripes, Cab. Mus. Hein. 1850, 82. — Id. Journ. Ill, 1855,
470.— ScLATER, P. Z. S. 1859, 336.— Ib. Catal. Am. Birds, 1861, 6,
no. 40 (J/jHJoc/c/i/a).
Hab. Cuba.
'=.
r ■
MIMOCICHLA.
89
(31,978.) Bill from base of skull about as long as the head, with a distinot
teiiuiual notch. Riotal bristles short ; those at the nngle of mouth reaching
scarcely more than half way to the nostril. A distinct membranous ring
round the eye.
. -si lengthened. No traces of scutellse in most specimens ; the faintest
possible (perhaps fallacious) indications in others.
Wings rather rounded, shorter than the tail ; 4th and 5th qnills longest ;
2d between 7th and 8th ; Ist quill slightly falcate, rather obtuse at the end,
contained a little more than two and a half times in the 2d quill. Tail
moderately graduated ; lateral feathers .70 shorter than central.
General color slaty or plumbeous gray, marker on the back and head. Lores,
space beneath the eye and extending on the ears, and a large patch on thu
throat, black ; chin, and a short patch from the side of lower jaw as far back
as its articulation, together with the concealed bases of the black throat
feathers, white. Posterior part of belly and flanks, with the tibia, light
cinnamon red. Crissum and terminal half of exposed surface of tail white.
Wing and tail feathers black, exdept as described, abruptly margined ex-
ternally with plumbeous (in the latter on the concealed bases of the feathers).
Legs apparently red in life, fading into yellowish. Bill in the dried skin
dusky, possibly in life of a dark reddish color.
Length, 10.20; wing, 5.00; tail, 5.20; longest quill, .60 lonper than the
2d; Ist 1.25 long, .21 wide; tarsi, 1.50; middle toe and claw, 1.12; olaw
alone, .28; bill from forehead, 1.08 ; nostrils, .65 ; gape, 1.25.
In a considerable number of specimens before me I find quite a
variation in size (No. 31,979 measuring 9.20, wing, 4.75), with but
little in form ; the 1st primary is sometimes rather smaller in pro-
portion than as described. The colors, too, are very constant.
Smith-
sonian
No.
Collec-
tor's
No.
Sex
and
Age.
Locality.
When
Collected.
Received from
Collected by
1,S16
31,978
31,979
••
Cuba.
(I
!!.
S. K. Baird. Dep.
J. Ashhurst.
Mimocichla ardosiacea.
Turdus plumheus, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. Xll, I, 1766, 294 (not of 10th ed.
exol. reference to Catesby). — Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 2,
pi. Iviii.— Ib, Nouv. Diet. XX, 1818, 242.— f Galeoscopfe.i plumheus,
Salle, Pr. Z. S. 1857, 231. — Galeoscoptes {Mimocichla) plumheus,
ScLATER, P. Z. S. 18.'59, 336.
Turdus ardosiaceus, Vieill. Encyclop. M6th. II, 1823, 648 (St. Domingo).
Le Merle cendri d*Am^rique, Bkisson, Ornithol. II, 17G0, 288 (St. Do-
mingo).
Hah. St. Domingo.
Bill from base of skull shorter than the head. Lower edges of upper jaw
straight to the middle, and then scarcely curved to the tip where there is a
40
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BlUDS,
[part r.
1 •
I
very slight notoh. Briatlea at base of bill very inconspioaoua. Bat a slight
indictitiuu of the oonspiouous membranous riug rouud the eye of jilnmbea.
Tarai long, about one and a third times the length of middle toe and claw.
Scutellae visible on the exterior side, but the edges there fused; seven observ-
able to the base of the toes (one less than in plumbea). Outer lateral toe the
longer.
Tail graduated ; the feathera rather obtusely pointed ; the lateral about half
an inch shorter than the central. Wings a little shorter than the tail, moder-
ately rounded ; 6th quill longer than 4th, 6th, and 3d ; 2d between 7th and
8th ; 1st quill falcate, broadest in the middle, but pointed (not obtuse, na in
plumbea) ; exposed portion 1.14 in length, .21 iu breadth, contained three
times (or one-third) in the length of the 2d.
General color rather dark plumbeous gray above and on the inside of wings
and axillars. Beneath with the jugulum, upper part of breast, and flanks light
ashy gray, passing insensibly into the almost pure white of the middle of the
belly, anal region, and crissum. Tibia plumbeous. Throat and chin white,
with narrow V-shaped streaks of black on the central third of the feathers,
which extend a little into the ashy of the lower throat. Loral region b>iu space
beneath the eye dusky. An indication of a white streak from the side of
lower jaw, margined below by a rather continuous line of black. Wings
black, with their upper exterior exposed surface abruptly like the back, but
lighter. Tail black, with a terminal patch of white on the outer feather
(about 1.20), becoming less on the others, the posterior edge nearly trans-
verse ; the upper surface on the outer webs dark plumbeous. Bill and feet
apparently bright yellow, perhaps faded from red.
Bill from base of skull, 1.14; from nostril, .70; gape, 1.34; tarei, 1.55;
middle toe and claw, 1.15 ; claw aloue, .31 ; wings, 5.20; tail, 5.25.
Tlie only specimen I have seen of this species is in the museum
of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, where it is
labelled " T. plumbeus, South America."
In form this species exhibits a close resemblance to M. plumbea ;
but the colors are very different. The bill is yellow, not black, and in-
stead of a uniform slaty gray over the whole body above and below,
including the crissum, the middle of the belly, vent, and crissum are
white. Instead of a uniform square black patch on the throat, this
has white as its predominant color, with narrow central streaks of
black.
Vieillot figures and describes this bird quite accurately and un-
mistakably, giving it as an inhabitant of the Antilles ; but his
accounts are evidently based on the species as observed in St. Do-
mingo, and to which it may possibly be confined. The specimen
belonging to the Academy has no indication of locality other than
" Amer.-Merid."
Vieillot gives the bill and feet as red.
Mm
\m ■■ ■
RAMPHOCINCLUS — MAUGAR0P8.
41
RAMPHOCINCLUS, Laprbsnatb.
liamphocinclun, Lafr. R. Z. 1843, 6G. (Type Turdus brachyurm, Vieill.)
Uill longer than the ht^ad, notched ; culiuen and oommiHBure considerably
(Ifcurved from the baae ; gonya Hlightly ho. HiotUH with uhort bristles. Tarsus
lengthened, longer than the bead or the middle toe ; the soutellce fused into
one }ilate, or faintly indicated. Wings rather pointed, longer than the tail ;
1st primary more than half the longest ; 2d about equal to the 9th. Tail
rounded, the lateral feather graduated ; the feathers generally rather narrow,
with quite narrow outer web. ^
Tills interesting genus is well marked among its fellows, and will
readily be recognized The single species in pattern of coloration
(closely resembles Melanotis Jiypoleucits, and should perhaps be
l)laced very near it, having sooty brown where the other has blue.
It differs, however, in much more curved, and longer bill ; shorter,
narrower, and less rounded tail, with narrower outer webs, etc.
Ramphocinclus lira city iiriis.
Turdus brachyurus, Vikill. Nouv. Diet. XX, 255. — Ib. Encycl. M6th.
1821, GSf). — Ramphocynclas brachyurun, Lafr. R. Z. 1843, 6i). —
ScLATBR, P. Z. S. 1859, 338.— Ib. Catal. 18(il, 7, no. 4A.— Cinclo-
certhia brarhyurn, Sclater, P. Z. 8. Ib55, 213. „
Zoothera cinclops, Bp. Consp. 259.
Total length, 8.00; wing, 4.00; tail, 3,50; graduation, .4.'5 ; outer web of
lateral feathers one-fourth the inn«#; exposed portion of Ist primary, 1.60;
of 2d, 2.50; of longest (measured from exposed base of 1st primary), 3.00;
length of bill from forehead, 1.15, from nostril, .70 ; along gape, 1.34 ; tarsus, '
1.20; middle toe and claw, 1.00; claw alone, .30; hiud toe and claw, .72;
claw alone, .37.
Smlth-
Kuuiau
No,
Conec-
toi 'b
No.
Sox
»nd
A^e.
Locality.
When
Collected.
Received from
Collected by
32,690
46,887
d
Martiniqae.
Ed. Verreaujt.
MARQAROPS, Sclater.
Marf)arops, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, 335. (Type Turdus /uscntun, Vieill.)
Cichlalopia, Bon. R. Z. 1857, 205, not of C. R. 1854, XXXVIII, 1 (which
was based on Turdus vufpinus, Hart. =-: Rhodinocincla rosea).
Bill very large and stout, with a distinct notch ; longer than the head ;
culmen curving gently from base, and more abruptly towards tip ; commis-
sural edge of upper jaw also much curved, so that the whole lower jaw,
except at the base, falls inside of the chord connecting the two ends of the
arc. Rictal bristles short, and scant ; more so than in Mimocichla.
49
BEVIEW OP AMERICAN BIRDS.
[PAHT I.
tr
Mil
Wings rounded ; the inner secondary quillx apparently unooinmonly long ;
4tli <|ui>l longest, next 3d and 5tli ; 2d between the 6th and 7th ; Ist iiuill
more tliau lialf the 2d, broad and rather falcate ; 2d quill .70 Hhorter than 4th.
Tail rather Hliorter than wings, rounded ; the lateral feathers half an inch
shorter than the central ones.
Legs short and stout ; tarsus barely longer than middle toe and claw ; dis-
tinctly scutellate over anterior half of circumference, the plates well defined,
and six or seven in number ; claws all very stout and much curved, almost
like those of a Woodpecker; hind toe and claw decidedly longer than the
lateral.
Margarops fuscatiis.
Tardus fuscutus, Vikillot, Ois m. Sept. II, 1806, 1, pi. Ivii, hh. — Ib.
Enoyclop. Meth. 11,1823,639. — Civhlertitiniaf'uscala, Nkwton, Ibis,
1859, 141, eggs, pi. xii, fig. 8 (Sta Cruz).— Cashin, I'r. A. N. S.
1860, 376 (St. Thomas). — Manjaropi fuscutus, Sclatkk, Pr. Z. S.
1859, 335.— In. Catal. 1861, 6, no. 38.
Colluricinilafusca, Gould, P. Z. S. 1^36, 6 (see Newton, Ibis, 1859, 142).
Hub. St. Domingo and Porto Kico (Vieill.) ; St. Thomas ; Santa Cruz
(Newton).
Length (of 30,405), 11.40; wing, 5.20; bill from head, 1.30; nostril, .78;
gape, 1.50; tarsus, 1.41 ; middle toe and claw, 1.30; claw alone (chord), .35 ;
hind toe and claw, .95.
Iris pearly white ; bills varying much in size ; eggs blue (Newton).
Sinith-
KUUiHU
No.
CoIIbc-
tiir's
No.
Sex
Hiid
Age.
Locality.
1
C.Tfe«ed. Kecelved from
Collected by
30,40.1
30,4U6
i4
8c. Thoiaai.
Acad, Nut. ScieDcex.
Cab. Lawrence.
K. Swift.
tl
OREOSCOFTES, Baird.
Oreoscoptes, Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 346. (Type Orpheus montanus, Towns.)
Bill shorter than the head, without distinct notch. Bristles prominent,
their tips reaching beyond the nostrils. Wings pointed, equal to, or a little
longer than the tail. First quill not half the second, about two-fifths the
longest ; 3d, 4th, and 5th quills equal and longest ; 2d between 6th and 7th.
Tail but slightly graduated ; the feathers narrow. Tarsus longer than middle
toe and claw by an additional claw ; scutellse distinct an'teriorly.
Only one species is at present known of this genus.
Oi'eoscoptes montanus.
Orpheus montanus, Townsknd, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. VII, ii, 1837,
192.— AuD. Birds Amer. II, 1841, 194, pi. 139.— Tardus moutanm,
Ann. Orn. Biog. IV, 1838, 437, pi. 369, fig. l.—Mimus montanus.
HARPORHYN0IIU8.
iS
BosAP. Consp. 1850, 27<). — Onotropieit montnnut, Baird, Birds N.
Aiiier. 1858, 347.— Solatek, P. Z. S. 185i>, 340.— lu. fatal. 18U1,
8, no. 30.
Jlab, Rocky MtH. of Duited Status, west to Paciflo, south to Cap« St. Luoas.
Specimens from Capo St. Lucas, as usual, are smaller than muro
nortluTii ones.
A young bird from Ft. Bridger is precisely like the adult, differ-
ing only in having the edges of the dorsal feathers lighter, causing
a streaked appearance. The wings aud tail are considerably darker
than in au 'dult.
Smltli-
Tollec-
Sex
■uniiiii
ti)i'»
and
N.I.
N...
AKe.
8,2.'il
213
8,821
, ,
V
11,070
d
19,2 J
21
lfl,347
, ,
, ,
V.K.m
39
^
13,.10S
30
12.44*!
, ,
^
11,. '.;u
68
fT
u.r>:ii
48
rf
8,i4:i
, ,
V
8.129
, ,
d
2j,7ni
3,348
cf
82,104
2,429
cT
LocaHty.
Flirt Iiaiiimle.
niack IlillH.
Kort Bridger.
KattlexUHke Uills.
Willow SpriuijH.
K.'ho Valli'y, (Uah
8. F(irk of Hiim-
Zuui Mt^. [holdt.
Lower Colorado.
Fort Yuma.
LoM AogeleH.
Cape St. Luoas.
When
Collected.
Sept. 28, 'm.
April 18, '58.
Mny 10.
May 14
May 22, 'f>fi.
May HI, '.'i!».
Sept 26, '57.
Nov. ."S, '59.
Nov. 11, '69.
Received from
Dr. J. O. Cooper.
Lt. Warren.
C. Drexler.
Capt. lii-ynoldB.
Capt. SinipHuu.
Capt. Sltgreavea.
Lt. J. C. Ives.
Lt. Williainsou.
John Xantus.
Collected by
Dr. Haydim.
Dr Hayden.
0. 11. Trook.
(J. S MCarlhy.
Dr. WoodliouHe.
MolllmiiKoa.
Dr. Heeriuaun.
11,531. Irig yellow. 32,164. Leugtb, 8 60. IrU orange.
HARPORHTNCHUS, Cabanis.
Toxogtoma, Wagler, Isis, 1831, 528. (Type T. vetula, Waol., not
Toxostoma, Raf. 181 G.)
Harpes, Gambel, Pr. A. N. S. Phila. II, 1845, 264. (Type Ilarpea redi-
vivus, Gahb., not of Goldfuss, 1839.)
Uarporh/jnchus, Cabanis, Archiv f. Naturg. 1848, f, 98. (Type Ilarpes
redivivus, Gahb.)
Bill from forehead as long as, or much longer than the head ; hecoming
more and wore decurved in both jaws as lengthened. No indication of a
notch. Rictus with the bristles extending beyond the nostrils. Tarsus long
and stout, appreciably exceeding the middle toe and claw, strongly scutellate
anteriorly. Wings- considerably shorter than tail, much rounded ; the 1st
quill more than half the 2d ; 4th or 5th longest. Tail large, much graduated ;
the feathers lirm.
There are few genera in Ornithology where the difference in the
comparative length and shape of the bill is so great in the different
species ; and yet the transition from the short straight form in H.
rufus to the very long aud much decurved one in H, redivivus is
44
REVIEW OP AMERICAN RIRDS.
[part I.
li ' ■ .
BO pontln that few porsons would ever think of sopnrntinj? thcin
geniTically. Even in individual spccinionH of th« lonf? I)ilii'<i species
there is miieii dinVrcnce in tiiis rcHpcct, allowing that so far from
furnishing generic characters, it is not entirely available oven for
specific iudlcutiuns.
Ilurporliynchus riifus.
Turdw ru/iiH, Link. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, 169, based on CATEsnT,
tab. 19.— Ib. SyHt. Nat. I, 17tf(i, 293,—IJnrporhynchus rii/mi, Cab.
Mu». Heln. 18.')0, 82.— Baird, BirdB N. Am. lf«68, 3fi3.— Sclatrr,
P. Z. !S. 1859, 340.— Ib. Catal. 18G1, 8, no. 4».—AIimua ru/us, Pa.
Max. Cab. Jour. 1858, 180.
Figures : Vikillot, Ois. Am. Sept. II, pi. lix. — Wilson, Am. Orn. II, pi.
xiv. — AuD. Orn. Biog. pi. cxvi.
Sab. United States, east of Rocky Mts., north to Lake Winnipeg.
In the "Birds of North America" I have called attention to the
fact of the larger size, with disproportionat* ly longer tails, and
rather more curved bills of specimens from the high plains beyond
the Missouri River.
Smith- CoUec-
Sox
When
Collected.
■UDlaa
No.
tor's
No.
and
AKe.
Lockllty.
Received from
Collected by
1,377
1
Carlisle, Pa.
April 22, '44.
S F. Baird.
S. F. Baird.
2,261
44
May 16, '43,
44
44
12.182
rf
WaRhinKton.
May 1, 'flfi.
C. Drexler.
32.264
rf
Maciin, Oa.
March, 1848.
Prof. JoR. I,eoonte.
^ ,
6,948
Ft. Garry, Red Rlv.
• ■ •
nuuald Oann.
32,392
••
44
...
44
EC. Bid well. [son.
4.433
Qua'sqiiiron, Iowa.
13 311
8
, ,
Fort Leavenworth.
. . .
Capt. J H. Siinp-
C. S. M'Carthy.
8,292
, ,
Indepeudeiice, Mo.
May 26, '/i7.
W. M. Magraw.
Dr. Cocipir.
8,819
Loup Forks
AiiK. 8.
Lt. Waneu.
Dr. Uayden.
fi,283
ff
Flirt Lookont.
June 22, '86.
44
'•
S,«.W
357
Repiibllcau Fork.
Sept. 26, '06.
Lt. Biyan.
Capt. Reynolds.
W. 8. Wood.
19,346
, ,
, ,
Stiaking It., Sa^e
June 13, '60.
0. H. Trook.
[Creek.
^7.) 11.20. (2,261.) 9.79. (8,292.) 12.75. Iris orange. (8,819.) 12.00. Iris yellow.
■Mil
^■i-:
.aarporhynchus longirostris.
Orpheus lorifjirostris, Lafr. R. Z. 1838, 55. — Ib. Mag. de Zool. 1839, Ois.
pi. i. — Toxostoma longirostre, Ca3. Wiegm. Arch. 1847, i, 207. —
Mimus longirostriK, Sclater, P. Z. S. 185(5,294 (Cordova). — Uarpo-
rhynchus lontfirostris, Cab. Mus. Hein. 1850, 81. — Baird, Birds N.
Am. 1858, 352, pi. lii.— Sclateb, P. Z. S. 1859, 339.— Ib. Catal.
1861, 8, no. 47.
Ilab. Eastern Mexico ; north to Rio Grande, Texas.
Among the specimens before me i.s one (28,030) from iSIirndor,
Mexico, which differs from the rest in rather deeper rufous above ;
ii
HAUI'OUilYNCIIUB.
46
the foatherg of criHsuni rufous, edged with palo brownish-yellow
(instead of their being dirty white). Tiie bill ia very difl'erent,
being longer, slenderer, more pointi'd towards the end, and more
gently decurved than that of II. curvirostria. Its dinu'nsion8 aro
an follows: From forehead, 1.40; from gape, 1.52; from nostril,
1.00, mea.sured with dividers. In 4,01(5, from IJrownsville, tho
measurements are: From forehead, 1.25; from gape, 1.32; from
nostril, .M3.
Without more specimens to cHtablish a permanent difTcrcnce in
these respects, I do not feel at liberty to suggest a diflerenee of
species, especially as the skin referred to belongs to the region in-
habited by typical H. longirontris.
Smlth-
Collec-
Sex
RUUlaD
tor'*
and
No.
No.
Ai<e.
4,0H)
1
<f
8, 111)
22,3!»0
29,742
'<f
,S'il,4tH)
o:j
T 28,03()
20
••
LocaUty.
When
Collected.
BrowoHvllle, Tex.
Lower Kiu Uraode.
Mexico.
Orl/alia, Mex.
El Mlrador, Mex.
Xulapa.
Sept. 1853.
Received from
Lt. D. N. Couch.
Major Einorjr.
Veireaux.
PioC. SiiiiiichrRHt.
Dr. 0. SHi'torliiK.
Cab. Lawrence.
Collected hj
A. Sibott.
D'Oca.
(4,01«.) 10.25. Hj'M browDlih-yellow. (28,0:iO.) Long biUed variety.
Harporhynchiis curvirostris.
Orpheus cnrviroatris, SwAtNSox, Philoa. Mag. 1827, 369 (eastern Mexico).
— M'Call, Pr. A. N. So. May, 1848, 63. — Mimas curriros/rls, Gray,
Genera, 1844—49. — Toxostomn atrvirostris, Uonap. ConHpectiis, 1850,
277.— acLATER, P. Z. S. 1857, 212.— Ifdrporhynchus curvirostris,
• Cab. Mua. Hein. I, 1850, 81.— Baird, Bi ds N. Am. 1858, .351, pi.
li.— Herrmann, P. R. R. Rep. X, Parke's Rep. 1859, 11.— Sclateb,
P. Z S. 1859, 339.— Ib. Catal. 1861, 7, no. 46.
Pomntorhinus turdinns, Tbmm. H. Col. 441.
t Toxostoma vetula, Waglbr, Isis, 1831, 528.
Hah. Mexico, from the United States line, southward (Oaxaca, Cordova,
Orizaba, Mirador) ; Mazatian ; Colima.
Specimens from Mazatlan and Colima differ from those in the col-
lection from eastern Mexico, in having heavier and thicker bills, and
perhaps stouter legs. In 31,819, the height of the bill at the nostrils
is .28 of an inch, while in 4,028 it is .26— both being females. The
wing in 31,819 is longer and more pointed than u.sual, measuring
4.50. I, however, cannot think that there is any specific difference :
a large number of specimens from either side of Mexico probably
exhibiting the same variations.
The specimen, No. 8,128, mentioned on page 352 of the Report
m
n:"\
t
r
'
^i,;. :
1
i .
%- .
I
., "il
46
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I.
on Birds as differing froin the others in the collection, still renuiins
quite unique in reference to some characters.
Smlth-
Collec-
Sex
When
Collected.
80IliHD
No.
tor's
No.
and
Age.
tocRllty.
Received from
Collected by
4,02.)
24
V
Brownsville, Vex.
Feb. 18.^).
Lt. D. N. Couch.
7,200
••
d
KinKKold Bur'ncka,
Tex.
Mnj. W. H. Emory.
J. H. Clark.
7,101
, ,
Eii({le PaHg, T< x.
• • •
it
A. Schott.
4022
, ,
V
TainaulipHx, J'-^x.
18.W.
U. Couch.
?8.12S
, ,
..
New Mexico.
Lt. J G. Parke.
Dr. HeeriiiaDn.
Si:i.7sa
, ,
Mazatlan, Mex.
ISlil.
J. Xauius.
.■n.sif)
1,001
<i
MtH. of Collma.
Jane, 1863.
1.
IS MiS
, ,
Eastern Mexico.
. . ■
P, L. Sclater.
22,391
17,36.'?
rf
"
...
Veriemix.
••
19
Orizaba, Mex.
...
Cab, Lawrence.
(4,023.) 10,00. (7,200.) 11.50. (4,022.) 10.00. Eyea yellow. (31,819.) 11.00. Iria oraofce.
narporhynchits cinereus.
Ilarporhynchus cinereus, Xantus, Pr. A. N. So. 1859, 298. — Baird, ib.
303.— Sclater, Catal. Ife61, 8, no. 49.
12,960. Bill as long as the head ; all the lateral outlines gently decnrved from
the base. Bristles not very conspicuous, but reaching to the nostrils. Wings
considerably shorter than the tail, mach rounded. First primary broad,
nearly half the length of the 2d ; the 3d to the 7th quills nearly equal, their
tips forming the outline of a gentle curve ; the 2d quill shorter than the 9th.
Tail considerably graduated, the lateral feathers more than an inch the
shorter. Legs stout ; tarsi longei than middle toe, distinctly scutellate, with
seven scales.
Above ashy brown, with perhaps a tinge of rusty on the rump ; beneath
fulvous white, more fulvous on the flanks, inside of wing, and crissum. Be-
neatli, except chin, throat, and from middle of abdomen to crissum, with well
defined V-shaped spots of dark brown at the ends of the feathers, largest
across the breast. Loral region hoar/. Wings with two narrow whitish
bands across the tips of greater and middle coverts ; the quills edged ex-
ternally with paler. Outer three tail feathers with a rather obsolete white
patch in the end of inner web, and across the tips of the outer.
Spring specimens are of rather purer white beneath, with the spots more
distinct than as described.
Length of 12,960 (skin), 10.00 ; wing, 4.10 ; tail, 4.65 ; Ist primary, 1.60 ;
2d, 2.50; bill from gape, 1.40, from above, 1.16, from nostril, .90; tarsus,
1.2G ; middle toe and claw, 1.12; claw alone, .30.
This species is curiously similar in coloration to Oreoscoptes mon-
fanus, from which its much larger size, much longer and decurved
liill, and the graduated tail, of course readily distinguish it. It
agrees in some respects with H. riifus and longirosfris, but it is
smaller, the bill longer and more curved ; the upper parts are
ashy olivaceous brown instead of rufous, etc.
HARPORIIYNCIIUS.
47
Smith-
Coll«c-
Sex
soniau tor'n
HUtl
Ni. No.
A({H.
Irt.flll
1,0!H)
9
12,0.'i7
4ft6
rf
IS.OOO
704
(f
2B,310
1,089
<f
Locality.
When
Collected.
Cape St Lucas.
IS-W.
SpriDg, '99.
Received f^om
Collected by
J. Xaotus,
(12,0:»7.) lO.aO. Iris orange. (13,090.) 11.00. Irii orange.
Ilarporhynnklus lecontei.
Toxosioma lecontei, L.\WR. Ann. N. Y. Lye. V, Sept. 1851, 109 (Fort
Yuma).— //ar/»or/i,ync/iu,« lecontei, Bonap. C. R. XXVIII, 18r)4, 57. —
Ib. Notes Delattre, 39.— Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 360, pi. 1.
Ilab. Gila River ; Fort Yuma.
The specinum upon which the species was based by Mr. I^awrence,
collected at B'ort Yuma, by Dr. Leconte, still rcinains unique, and
of H. crissalis a second specimen only has been obtained. It is not
a little remarkable that two species so large and conspicuous should
be both from the same region, and so very rare. With nuich the
same shade of coloration, H. crissalis is a little darker, the under
tail coverts deep chestnut instead of rusty fulvous ; the bill is much
longer and more slender, the tail also much longer.
No. 53. Fort Yuma. Cab, of Geo. N. Lawrence.
Ilarporhynchus crissalis.
Harporhynchiis crissalis, Henrt, Pr. A. N. So. May, 1858. — Baird, Birds
N. Am. 1858, 350, pi. Ixxxii.
Hub. Regiou of the Oila River, to Rocky Mts.
A second specimen (11,533) of this rare 'species is larger than the
type, but otherwise agrees with it. Its dimensions are as follows: —
Lenftth before skinning, 12.50; of skin, 12.50; wing, 3.90; tail, (5.50; its
graduation, 1.45 ; Ist quill, 1.50 ; 2d, .41 ; bill from forehead (chord of curve),
1.65, from gape, 1.75, from nostril, 1.30; curve of culmen, 1 62; height of
bill at nostril, .22; tarsus, 1.30; middle toe and claw, 1.12.
The bill of this species, though not quite so iong as in rcdivivus,
when most developed, is almost as much curved, and much more
slender — the depth at nostrils being but .22, instead of .26. The
Gize of this specimen is equal to the largest of redivivus (3,932) ; the
tail absolutely longer. The feet are, however, considerably smaller,
the claws especially so ; the tarsus measures but 1.30, instead of
1.52; the middle claw .29, instead of .36. With these differences
in form, however, it would be impossible to separate the two
gcuerically.
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS,
.. r
[part I,
I
M
It) •
^1
r ■ ::
lit
I:
fli
M t
mi .
i*;' "•
ll ,„ ■
i
If- ■
Smith-
huniau
Collec-
tor's
No.
Sex
Locality.
When
Collected.
Received from
Collected by
8,127
11,633
32
d
Mimbres
Fort Yama, Oal.
...
Dr. T. C. Henry.
Lt. J. C. Ives.
H. B. MiillhuuBeu.
8,127. Type ; now in museum Phila. Acad. (11,S33.) 12.50. Ir's yellow.
Harporhynchiis redivivus.
Harpes redioiva, Gambbl, Pr. A. N. S. II, Aug. 1845, 264. — Torostoma
redivivu, Gamuel, J. A. N. Sc. 2d aer. I, 1847, 42. — Cabsin, Illust.
I, 1855, 2(i0, pi. xlii. — llarporhi/nchus redivivus, Cabanis, Arcliiv
Naturg. 1848, 98. — Baibd, Birds N. Am. 1858, 349.— Sclaxeb,
' P. Z. S. 1859,339.
This species has hitherto only been found in the coast region of
California, whence numerous specimens have been received by the
Smithsonian Institution. . ., ,;, jr
MIMUS, BoiE.
Mimus, BoiE, Isia, Oot. 1826, 972. (Type Tardus poly/jlottm, Linn.)
Orpheus, Swainson, Zool. Jour. Ill, 1827, 167. (Same type.)
Bill not much more than half the length of the head ; gently decurved from
the baae ; notched at tip ; commiaaure curved. Gonya atraight, or alightly
concave. Rictal briatlea quite well developed. Winga rather ahorter than
the tail. First primary about equal to, or rather more than half the 2d ; 3d,
4th, and 5th quills nearly equal, tith scarcely shorter. Tail considerably
graduated ; the feathers stiff, rather narrow, especially the outer webs, lateral
feathers about three-quartera of an inch the ahorter in the type. Tarsi longer
than middle toe and claw by rather less than an additional claw ; tarsi con-
spicuously and strongly scutellate ; broad plates seven.
Mimus polyglottiis.
Turdns polyglottus, Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, 169 ; 12th ed. 1766,
293.— il/tmus polyglottus, Boie, Isis, 1826, 972.— Sclater, P. Z. S.
1856, 212.— Ib. 1859, 340. — Is. Catal. 1861, 8, no. 61. — Baied,
Birds N. Am. 1858, 344.
i Orpheus leucopterus, Vigors, Zool. Beechey, 1839.
Figures : Wilson, Am. Orn. II, 1810, pi. x, fig. 1. — Aud. Om. Biog. I,
1831, pL xxi.— Ib. Birds Amer. II, 1841, pi. 137.
Hab. North America, from about 40O (rare in Massachusetts, Samuels), south
to Mexico. Said to occur in Cuba.
No. 12,511. The general proportions will best be illustrated by the table of
measurements. The 3d and 4th quills are longest ; the 2d equal to the 8th ;
the 1st more than half the 2d (in some specimens about half, in others half
the 3d, as in No. G14.)
MIMU8.
0"
The upper parts are ashy, with a tinge of brown, the color purest on top of
head. The lores are dusky. The under parts are white, purest on throat
and middle of belly ; a tinge of ashy across the breast, of yellowish-brown
or faint fulvous on flanks and crissum. There are some obscure shaft streaks
of brown on the flanks, mostly concealed under the wings. There is a slight
indication of a dusky strijw on each side of the chin, caused by a range of short
black bristles, the feathers themselves not appearing to be colored.
The wings and tail are dark brown, not black ; the large feathers edged
externally with ashy. There are two bauds of white on the wing on the tips
of th'» greater and middle coverts ; the ends of the secondaries are also edged
with white. In addition to this the basal portion of all the primaries is
white, restricted to the extreme base in the outer ones, and encroacliing suc-
cessively in the rest until in the three innermost ones it occupies the basal
two-thirds of the feather, or more, extending farthest lorward on the inner
web, the shafts remaining black. The small coverts overlying the bases of
the primaries are also white, with a brown streak near the ends ; this forms
a conspicuous white patch on tlie outer surface of the wing.
The outer tail feather is white, slightly mottled in one or two places with
brown, especially along tlie shaft near the end, and towards the base of the
inner web. The next feather is white at the extreme base, and for about the
terminal third of the inner web, and the end of the outer web. The third
has a similar but much smaller patch of white along the middle of the inner
web near the end ; the fourth has no white. The bill and legs are black.
The markings of the wings are as described in most specimens, although
in some the amount of white is less. There is, however, considerable diffei-
ence in the white of the tail feathers. In a small proportion only of the
whole number examined from eastern North America, is the outer feather
pure white, and again sometimes the faint mottling on the inner web near the
middle web becomes a conspicuous dusky patch. In several specimens the
whole inner web of the second feather is white, with slight mottling along a
portion of the inner edge (32,162). In 12,445 the white spot in the end of
the 3d feather extends along the inner side of the shaft into a patch at the
.base. In this specimen the ouler feather is entirely white; the whole inner
web and the basal portion of the outer web of the second. In all the speci-
mens before me the outer web of the second tail feather is black, except at
the extreme base and tip. In none is there any white on the fourth feather. '
No. 12,511. Length, 9.00; wing, 4.10; tail, 4.90, its graduation, .70; 1st
primary, 1.50 ; 2d primary, 2.70 ; bill from above, .63, from nostril, .50 ;
tarsus, 1.25 ; middle toe and claw, 1.00; claw, .30.
' Since writing the preceding description, I have met with one specimen
(19,089, male, from Arkansas) which differs very considerably from any other
I have seen in an unusual amount of white, which extends farther along
the primaries so as to be very conspicuous. The two outer tail feathers are
entirely white, except a slight edging at the end of the second ; the third is
white on the shaft and along the greater part of the inner web. The fourth
has a small white patch ou the end. The dimensions are : Length, 10.00 ;
wing, 4.70; tail, 5.00.
4 July. 1864.
50
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I.
!:■. i:
"til
• I have not had an opportunity of examining the supposed 3r.
polygloUu8 of Cuba. If, however, the description of Orpheus po]'/-
gloltus, in De la Sagra's Cuba (Oiseaux, 53), be correctly drawn
from a Cuban specimen, it may very readily be different, as tho
North American bird can certainly not be said to have the tail
brown with a white spot towards the extremity of the lateral tail
feathers, nor is there any white on the secondary quills. The rump
cannot be called grayish-blue, in contrast with a pale grayish-brown
of the remaining upper parts,
Mr. Richard Hill, in the Proceedings of the Philadelphia Aca-
demy, has suggested the idea that the name of polyglottus shouKI
be applied to the Jamaican rather than to the North American bird.
The first citation of Linnaeus is to Sloane's Jamaica, the second to
Catesby, and the third to Kalm. As, however, the only locality
given by Linnaeus is " Virginia," and no mention is made of Jamaica ;
and as his next species is the Jamaican orj)heus, it will perhaps bo
no violation of the most rigid mica of nomenclature to pass over
the citation of Sloane as irrelevant, and confine the reference strictly
to the continental species. The Turdiis orpheus, of Linnseus, is
based on the species of Brown and Edwards, both unmistakably the
small Jamaican bird, and not the larger, 31. hillii, as intimated by
Mr. Hill.
In the " Birds of North America" I have adverted to the pecnli-
arities of western specimens in having a longer tail than eastern.
The tail is more graduated also, the lateral feathers being 1.25
inches or more shorter than the central. The whole bird, in fact, is
larger ; the wings being also longer, but the disproportionate length
of the tail is quite decided.
Smith-
CoUec-
Sex
Kouiaa
tor'a
ftnd
No.
No.
AKe.
12,443
, ,
cf
12,u4,j
, ,
(T
l!t,0S9
fi7
(f
19.001
141
20,29/)
48
20,298
4
. •
11,530
61
..
17,120
17.445
3,317
<f
2:!,7.')0
, ,
23.013
28
33,870
IflS
V
Locality.
When
Collected.
Pennsylvania.
...
Washington, D. C.
Fort C'.bl).
May 24, '60.
Adaline Creek
June 18, '60.
Foi t Stockton, Tex.
May 2(5, '60.
"
Mar. 12, '60.
BlgCanon,Col.Rlv.
• > •
Cape St. Lucas.
ISiJO.
It
Oct. 31, '69.
W. const AD3orica.
. . t
El Mirador, Mex.
• • •
"
Nov. 1863.
Received from
Nat. Institute,
J. H. Clark.
ti
P. Duffy.
Lt. J C. Ives.
John XantUH.
it
Nat. Institute.
Dr. C. Sartorlus.
Collected by
Dr. G. Leib,
J. F. Ciillan.
C. S. M'Carthy.
MoUbausen.
19,089. Unusual amount of white on wlngii aa<I tall.
mimiis orpheus.
Turdus orpheus, Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. I, 175S, 169.— Ib. 12th e.L
1766.— ViKiLLOT, Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1^07, 12, pi. Ixviii.— Oosse,
MIMU8.
&l
Birds Jam. 1846, \44.—^rimns orpheus, Sclatrr, P. Z. S. 1P59, 341.
— Ib. Catal. Am. Birds, 1861, 9, uo. 52.— Makcu, Pr. A. N. So. 18(J3,
290 (eggs).
Mimus poly<jlottua, Hill, Pr. A. >J. Sc. 1853, 304.
Tardus sp. 2, Bkownb, Nat. Hist. Jam. 1756, 469 (Jamaica).
Tardus cinereus minor, Edwaeds, Av. II, tab. Ixxviii (Jamaica). — Selio-
MANN, IV, pi. li.
f Turdus dominicus, Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. I, 1766, 295 (based on
Merula dominicensis, Brisson, St. Domingo).
Bab. Jamaica; St. Domingo?
(No. 22,159. ) In form, size, and coloration this species is exceedingly similar
to M. polyglottm ; the only marked difference in shape being an api> "ntly
more graduated tail than in the eastern specimens of the latter — the uffer-
ences between the lateral and central feathers amounting to from one inch to
one and a quarter. The differences in coloration between the two are much
as if an additional tail feather entirely white had been provided for M. orpheus,
the 2d, 3d, and 4th feathers being marked as the 1st, 2d, and 3d in M. poly-
glottus. There are the same variations in markings in the corresponding
feathers of these two series in both species. The two outer feathers are usu-
ally entirely white ; the 2d sometimes a little streaked ; the .3d sometimes
entirely white, always so on the inner web, generally partially so on the outer.
The 4th has sometimes the whole inner web white ; sometimes this is restricted
to a patch towards its end. There is a very small spot of white on the end
of the fifth feather.
The under parts are of a purer white than in polyglottus, and the ash of the
breast is less distinct. The loral region also is conspicuously whiter. The
two species can, however, at once be distinguished by the dusky outer web
of the second tail feather in polyglottus, which is entirely white in orpheus.
Length, 9.90; wing, 4.35 ; tail, 5.20; bill from nostril, 1.00; tarsus, 1.25.
This species can hardly be considered as less in size than poly-
glottus; indeed, the measurements of the specimen selected fcr de-
scription are larger than those of the type of my description of the
eastern variety of polyglottus. I have, in fact, not met with a
s'iin so small as that described by Dr. Sclater.
I have never seen a specimen of M. dominicus, from St. Domingo,
and can express no opinion as to its relationships to M. orpheus.
It is described as having the outer three tail feathers white as in
orpheus.
Smlih-
Collec-
Sex
SDDiaa
tor's
and
No.
No.
Age.
22,1.16
22,1,')7
, ,
d
22,lfl,S
. ,
2t,.S71
30
?
24,378
30
Locality.
Spanlshtown, Jam.
When
Collected.
Oct. 10, '61.
Received from
W. T. March.
Collected by
I
r ,
:ii
'^ti
62
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I,
Mimiis bahamensis, Bryakt.
Mimus hahamensis, Bbyamt, Pr. Host. Soc. VII, Sept. 1859, 114.
Bill shorter than head. Rictal bristles reaching rather Imyond the nostrils.
Curvature of oommissure gentle from baae to near the notclied tip, where it ia
increased. First primary large, rather falcate, just half the 2d ; 4th quill
longest ; 3d and tlien 5th but little shorter ; 2d intermediate between 7th and
8th, half an iuch less than the longest. Tarsi distinctly scutellate ; plates
seven. Tail moderately graduated (.70).
Color above brownish-gray, each feather showing a brown centre, and gray-
ish or asliy edges less distinct and more soiled on the lower part of the back.
Beneath soiled grayish-white, the breast more gray, the feathers being ashy
with lighter tips. The feathers of under parts with brown shaft-streaks, want-
ing on the throat and middle of the belly, partially concealed across the
breast, more evident on the sides of belly, and broad and conspicuous ntidur
the wings, where the axillars are similarly streaked. Wing feathers brown,
all margined with pale ashy ; the greater and middle coverts with white,
forming two bands. Tail feathers ashy above, suffused with brownish towards
the borders, and edged with whitish. All have a whitish patch at end, ou
the inner web, and on the extreme tip of outer. This white is about half au
inch long on the outer feather, a little less on the rest. Bill and legs black.
There is an obscure dusky line on each side of the throat ; the ear coverts
are dusky ; the space between bill and eye is grayish-white. The whitish
feathers of the cheeks are edged with dusky at the tips.
Length, 11.00 ; wing, 4.80 ; tail, 5.70 ; graduation, .70 ; Ist quill, 1.70 ; 2d,
3.28; bill above, 1.10; from nostril, .72; tarsus, 1.50; middle toe and claw,
1.34 ; claw, .35 ; hind toe and claw, .85 ; claw alone, .50.
Smith-
soulau
No.
Colleu-
tor's
No.
Sex
and
A«e.
Locality.
When
Collected.
Kecelvfld from
Collected by
13,.i0.-.
••
Bahama Key.
18J9.
Dr. H. Biyaut.
13,30j. Type.
Mimus hillii.
Mimus hilUi, March, Pr. A. N. Sc. Nov. 18C3, 291 (Jamaica).
Mimus urpheus, Hill, Pr. A. N. Sc. 18tJ3, 304.
(No. 24,376.) General form and characters as in M. hahamensis. Fifth
quill longet>t ; 4th and 6th a little shorter, then 3d; 2d shorter than 8th,
about equal to the 9th, .65 shorter than the longest. Tail considerably
graduated.
In some specimens the 3d quill is a little longer than the 8th ; in all it is
shorter than the 7th.
The colors are as described in M. hahamensis. The only appreciable differ-
ence is in the purer white of the under parts, and especially across the breast,
where the feathers are of the same soiled white to their plumbeous bases, or
for half the length, instead of being ashy to the scarcely appreciable lighter
edges. There are no faint dusky shaft streaks on the feathers in front of the
MIMUB.
fi8
Collected by
h ; in all it is
jngnlum, the shafts heing wliite ; on its sides alone are there indications of
theae, which on tlie sides of the breast and belly become more distinct than
in M. bakamensis, owing to tlie purer white of the under parts. There is
rather more white on tiie end of the tail feathers, this covering .70 in the
outer one.
An immature specimen (26,802) is similar to the adults, but has a little
more white on the end of the tail, and the feathers of the breast and jugulum
show triangular spots of brown at the ends.
Length (of 24,37(3), 11.75; wing, 4.90; tail, 6.30; graduation, 1.00; Ist
quill, 1.50; 2d quill, 3.00; bill from nostril, .70; tarsus, 1.51; middle toe
and claw, 1.22; claw, .35.
This Species is very closely related to the M. bahamensis, hut
appears to diflFer in some appreciable features. The distinction in
coloration has already been adverted to. It is a larger species, and
the tail is more graduated — the difference in length between the
lateral and middle feathers being 1.00 instead of .70. The wings
are more rounded ; the 5th quill longest instead of the 4th ; the 2d
shorter than the 8th, instead of longer.
A larger series of specimens of M. hahamensis will perhaps be
necessary fully to ascertain the relationships between the Bahaman
and Jamaican birds, and prove whether they be really distinct or not.
How they stand in reference to M. gundlachi, of Cuba, it is even
more difficult to determine, as our only guide is the brief comparison
by Cabanis of his species with M. safurninus of Brazil. To this,
however, there is very little resemblance on the part of the Jamaican
and Bahaman birds, as shown by comparing them with a specimen
presented by the Berlin Museum. Cabanis speaks of the white
tip of the tail feathers being but 3-4 lines long in gundlachi ; in the
others it is from one-half to three-quarters of an inch.
Of the South American Minii in the museum of the Smithsonian
Institution, the relationship is closest to M. thenca, of Chile, much
more than to satiirninus.
Mr. Hill thinks that this species is the Titrdus orpheus of Linnaeus.
A careful examination, however, of the descriptions of Brown and
Edwards, upon which the species was founded, will, I think, show
conclusively that both authors had in view the small Mocking bird
of Jamaica, rather than the large one.
Smlth-
«oniaa
No.
dollfic-
toi's
No.
Sex
and
ARe.
Locality.
When
Collected.
Received from
Collected by
24,376
24,377
2li,804
211.8(12
26,s(t3
2.1
2!)
29
29
i
Juv.?
Port Heuderson.
•' [.lam.
a. Salt Poad, Jam.
Nov. 20, '61.
Oct. 1862.
Nov. 1. '«2.
Oct. 31, '62.
W. T. March.
U
tt
tl
I"
1'^-
iJi"'
-4
Um
54 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PAKT I.
M' uus gracilis.
Mimua gracilis, Cabams, Mus. Hein. 1850, 83 (Honduras). — Sclatke &
Salvik, Ibis, 1859, 5.— Sclatkk, P. Z. S. 1859, 343.— 1b. Catal. 1861,
9, no. 68.— Cab. Jour. 18G0, 410 (Costa Rica;.— Taylok, Ibis, 1860,
110 (Comayagua).
Hub. Honduras, Quatemala ; Costa Rioa.
Bmith-
(•oiiian
No.
S0,6j1
I
Col lee-: Sex
tor'8
No.
43
and
Ako.
Locality.
Saa Gerouimo, Ouat.
When
Collected.
Dec. 18o9.
Received from
0. Salvln.
Collected by
OALEOSCOFTEB, Cabams.
Galeoscoptes, Cabams, Mus. Hein. 1, 1850, 82. (Type Muscicapa carolinensis, L.)
Bill shorter than the head, rather broad at base. Rictal bristles moderately
developed, reaching to the nostrils. Wings a little shorter than the tail,
rounded ; secondaries well developed ; 4th and 5th quills longest ; 3d and 6th
little shorter ; 1st and 9th about equal, and about the length of secondaries ;
1st quill more than half the second, about half the 3d. Tail graduated ;
lateral feather about .70 shorter than the middle. Tarsi longer than middle
toe and claw by about an additional half claw ; scutellate anteriorly, more or
less distinctly in different specimens ; scutellse about seven.
The conspicuous naked membranous border round the eye of some Thrushes,
with the bare space behind it, not appreciable.
I find little difference in form between the single species of Galeo-
scoptes and Mimus polyglottus, beyond the less degree of definition
of the tarsal plates; and but for the difiFerence in coloration (uniform
plumbeous instead of gray above and white beneath), would hardly
be inclined to distinguish the two generically.
Galeoscoptes carolinensis.
, Muscicapa carolinensis, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 328 Turdus caro-
linensis, LiciiT. Verz. 1823, 38.— D'Okbioxy, La Sagra'a Cuba Ois.
1840, 51. — Mimus carolinensis. Gray, Baird, Birds N. Am. 1859,
346. — Galeoscoptes carolinensis, Cab. Mus. Hein. I, 1850, 82 (type
of genus). — Ib. Jour. Orn. 1855, 470 (Cuba).— Sclater, Catal.
Birds, 1861, 6, no. 39.
Figures : Aod. B. A. II, pi. 140.— Ib. Orn. Biog. II, pi. 28.— Vieillot,
Ois. Am. Sept. II, pi. Ixvii. — Wilson, Am. Orn. II, pi. xiv, f. 3.
Hab. United States, north to Lake Winnipeg, west to bead of Columbia,
south to Panama R. R. ; Cuba.
In some specimens there is a tendency to obsolete narrow trans-
verse bars at the ends of the uter tail feathers. The shade of colora-
OALEOSCOPTES — MELANOPTILA.
55
Collected by
tion varies somewhat. Ilocky Mountain specimens appear a little
larger tlian others. The emallest is 29,222, from Orizaba; in this
the wing measures 3.40, the tail 3.80. A female, 10,352, from
Florida, is also very small. There is considerable difference in tho
length and thickness of the bill in dilferent specimens. In somo
specimens the tarsal scutella) are perfectly well defined, in others
indistinct on the sides of the tarsus.
Smith-
CoUec-
Sex
Wben
Collot'ted.
loniun
tor's
and
Locality.
Received from
Collflcted by
No.
No.
Age.
1,123
^
CarliHle, Pa.
July l.'i, '43.
8. F Baird.
S. F. Balrd.
10,3i2
, ,
9
lodlan Kpv, Fla.
Jail. 12.
0. WiirdiMnann.
11,883
, ,
^
TorlUKaM, Fla.
"...
Capt. Woodbury.
13,137
6
rf
Fort Oarry, K«d Ulv.
C. A. Hubbard.
18,.'M)6
32
"
July \'o.
Douaid Guuu.
13,306
, ,
, ,
Leavoii worth, Mo.
May 16.
Capt. J 11. Simp-
ft. 285
,
rf
Kt Lookout. Mo. Kiv.
Juue t, '30.
Lt. Warreu. [.sou.
Dr. Hayden. v
22,04.'>
120
Cceiir il'Alene iMIh'u.
Dr. J. G. Cooper.
2l,9tf0
481
(f
Siayakwuteeu Ue-
p.it, W. T. I June 27, '60.
A. CampbeU.
Dr. Keunorly.
21.961
fiOfl
cf
CauipouKootonayR.
July 28, '60.
**
21,002
667
**
li
3.), 170
11
NaHNau, N. P.
April 22, '64
L*. Fltzjjerald.
2n.631
Cuba.
C. Wri^jht.
.30,868
76
El Mirador, Mex.
Dr. C. Sartoriug.
2:>,222
300
Orizaba, Mex. [iole.
Prof. SuuiicbraMt.
16,838
is
Panama R. R. Frl-
Guatemala.
J M'Lt'auiinn.
Cab. Lawreuce.
(1,12.1.) 9; 11.00; 3.50. (10,3.02.) 8.25. (11,683.) 8.00. (13,137.) With egija, 2,208. (»,280.)
Eyes brown.
MELANOPTILA, Sclatek.
Melanoptila, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1857, 275. (Type M. glabrirostris.)
As there is but % single known species of this genus, I give the
generic characters with the specific.
' Columbia,
melanoptila glabrirostris.
Melanoptila glabrirostris, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1857, 276 (Omoa, Hondura.9,
with figure of head and wing). — In. 1859, 337.— Ib. Catal. Am.
Birds, 18(J1, 7, no. 41.— Sclater & Salvin, Ibis, I, 1859, 7.
Hab. Honduras.
Bill shorter than the head ; quite similar in shape to that of Mimus caro-
liiiensi:!, but apparently without any trace of rictal bri.stle8 (the specimen
before me has the tip broken so tliat I am unable to speak as to the notch).
Tarsi rather longer than the middle toe and claw, scutellate on the 'anterior
half, though not very distinctly ; claws rather weak.
Wings broad, much roumled, a little shorter than the tail ; secondaries
elongated, longer than the 2d quill ; 5th and tith quills longest, forming the
middle of a gentle curve with the 3d and 4th on one side; the 7th and 8th
on the other; 2d quill shorter than the 9th, and rather less than secondurie.-t ;
1
i *
If
! :
1 '
1
t
1. 1 r*
',■*'■
i,
r
■
i
' ■
m
REVIEW OF AMERrCAN BIRDS.
[part I.
lat quill rAtlier more than half the 2d. Tail rather broad, graduated ; the
lateral feather .60 shorter than the central ; the feathers rather soft and
broader than usual on the outer webs.
Color gloHsy black ; winga and tail with a greenish lustre ; rest of bodj
glossed with steel blue. Bih and legs black.
Length, 7.60; wing, 3.55; tall, 3.90; gape, .87; tarsus, 1.05 ; middle toe
and claw, .92.
Bmlth-
■ouiau
No.
Collec-
tor's
No.
Sex
nod
Locality.
When
Collected.
Received rrom
Collected by
30,652
33
.. i Half Moon Koy, Br.
1 [HoiiJuraH.
May 10, '62.
O. Salvia.
Halviu k Godman.
MELANOTIS, Bonap.
Melanotis, Bonap. Conspectus, 1, 1850, 276. (Type Orpheus caerulfscens, Sw.)
Bill elongated, rather slender, compressed, as long as the head. Commissure
nearly straight to the decurved, notched tip. Rictal feathers moderate,
reaching to the nostrils.
Wings decidedly shorter than the tail ; 4th and .'')th quills longest ; 6th and
7th a little shorter than the 3d ; 2d shorter than the secondaries ; nearly as
much shorter than the 4th as it is longer than the 1st ; Ist quill two-thirds
the 2d, half as long as the longest. Tail long, broad, and graduated ; the
ft^athers soft, with outer webs unusually broad, as in Mtlanoptila ; lateral
feathers 1.25 less than the central.
Leg.s rather weak, but the tarsus longer than middle toe ; distinctly scutel-
late on anterior half, with seven broad scutellse. Claws strong, and well
curved.
The type of the genus is the Orpheus ceerulescens of Swainson.
The second assigned species, M. hypoleitcus, dififers somewhat in
form. The bill is shorter and less attenuated ; the wing apparently-
shorter and more concave ; the legs and the claws are stouter,
and the tarsus is but little longer than the middle toe and claw.
Both species are slaty blue, with the side of the head black. In
caerulescens the blue extends over the inferior surface, which in
hypoleucus is white with the exception of the blue crissum.
Melanotis caerulescens.
Orpheus caorulescens, Swainson, Phil. Mag. 1827, 369 (Mexico). — Mimus
cxiulescens, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, 294. — Melanotis cxrulescens,
Bonap. Consp. 1850, 276.— Sclateu, P. Z. S. 1859, 337 (Cordova,
370; Oaxaca).— Ib. Catal. 1861, 7, no. 42.
? Turdus eryihrophthalmus, Light. Preis- Verzeich. 1830, no. 83.
Turdus melanotis, Temm. PI. Col. 498.
Hab. Mexico generally.
MELANOTia P0NAC0B1U8.
b1
MeaRurement (2B,374). Length, 10.75; wing, 4.80; tall, 5.40; bill from
gape, 1.35 ; noHtril, .70 ; tarsus, 1.1b ; middle tot) and claw, 1.10 j oiaw tiluiie, .30.
Bmlth-
Col lee-
Sex
Whfln
kuiiian
lor'ii
nud
LocHltty.
ReoAlved from
Collected by
No.
No.
Age.
2i\.Vi
..
Xulapa.
■ • ■
Jolin Krider.
DOca.
2!t..W4
4,282
,,
Mexico.
...
Berlin MiiNeum.
2n.7in
J ,
,,
"
. . .
De SaUKBiiie.
2S.031
3A
, ,
Mlmdor, Mex.
Dr. C. Sartorlu*.
'2f.KX>-'>
99
ff
Cullmti, MeK.
Jan. 18«J.
J. Xantui.
:m).ix>
UX
i
"
Feb. Ihfl3.
it
••••••
M4.i>i;)
183
Mazatlaa.
June, 1802.
A. J. OrajTRon.
31,014
184
rf
'*
ti
■ I
••
17
Xalapa.
...
Cab. Lawrence,
D'Oca.
(29,3^3.) Length, 10. Iris brown. (30,13A.) Length, lO.fiO. Irlt brown.
nielanotis hypoleiictis.
Melanotic hypoleur.us, HARTLAun, R. Z. Oct. 1852, 400. — Ib. Jour. f.
Ornith. 1853, 30.— Sclatkh & Salvix, Ibis, I, 1850, 7 (eggs).— In.
II, 1860, 29.— ScLATKK, P. Z. S. 1851), 337.— Ib. Catal. 1861, 7, uo. 43.
Ilab. Guatemala.
Total length, 10.00 ; wing, 4.00 ; tail, 4.90 ; difference of tail feathers, 1.25 ;
exposed portion of 1st primary, 1.50 ; of 2d, 2.40 ; length of bill from forehead,
1.15, from nostril, .68; along gape, 1.32; tarsus, 1.2(); middle toe and claw,
1.10; claw alone, .30; bind toe and claw, .75 ; claw alone, .37.
Bmith-
sotilan
No.
Collec-
tor's
No.
Sex
and
ARe.
Locality.
tVhPn
Collected.
Received from
Collected by
20.39.5
10,813
373
is
• •
Cuban, Vera Paz.
Ouateuiala.
...
0. Salvlu.
J. Oonld.
Cab. Lawrence.
DONACOBIUS, SwAiNSOK. : . ,- -;^,i
Donacohins, Swainson, Class. Birds, II, 1831, 236. (Type D. vociferans,
Sw. = Tardus atricapillus, L.)
Bill as long as head, notched. Bristles distinct, reaching to nostrils. Nasal
groove broad, filled by a plane, tense, naked, thin edged membrane ; the
nostrils pervious, occupying the anterior extremity of the groove, bordered
behind only by membrane ; broadly oval, the axis rather oblique. A large, bare
naked space on each side the neck. Wings shorter than the much graduated
tail. First primary about half the longest (fifth) ; 2d shorter than the
secondaries. Tail feathers broad ; outer webs of lateral feathers having their
outer webs half as wide as the inner. Graduation excet^sive ; outer feather
about half the middle.
Tarsi little longer than middle toe and claw, with six scntellie anteriorly
fused into a continuous nngrooved plate on the outer side. Claws lengthened,
moderately curved. Inner toe cleft to base.
w
58
BEVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I.
ri. I
i.^
' 1
.! .'■■It
Total length, 8.00; wing, 3.30; tail, 4.20 ; graduation, 2.00 ; exposed por-
tion of Int primary, 1.27, of 2(1, 1.90, of longest (meaHored from exported baHe
of Idt primary), 2.45 ; length of bill from forehead, LOfi, from noHtril, .63;
along gupe, 1.20; turHUH, 1.32; middle toe and olaw, I.IU; olaw aloue, .37;
Liud toe and ulaw, .00; olaw aloue, .43.
Tho genua Donacobius lias been variously placed by authors, by
some among the Thruslies, by others among tho WrenH. Tho notched
bill, the bristled rictus, and above all the deeply parted toes, with
the general coloration, appear however decidedly opposed to tho
latter view of its affinities ; and I have accordingly instM'ted it here.
It is a very strongly marked genus, and the only one of the family
without any representatives iu ><orthern or Middle America.*
Having thus enumerated the species of T\irdidse from the region
embraced in the present work, which 1 have had the opportunity of
examining in the museum of tho Smithsonian Institution, or else-
where, I i)roceed to mention the remaining species which have been
given by other authors. Tho names used are generally those of Dr.
Sclatcr's Catalogue of American Birds, where tho precise syuouymy
will be found : —
Turdus pinicola, Sglater, Catal. 18G1, 6, uo. 36. Xalapa.
plebeiUS) Cabanis, Jour. 1860, 323. Costa Rica.
Iiigrescens, Cau. Jour. 18''0, 325. Costa Rica.
' Most authors admit of but one species in the genus Donacobius, placing
the Bolivian D. allio-vittatim, of D'Orbigny, as a synonym of D. atricapillus.
Specimens in the Smithsonian collection, however, seem to indicate a decided
differonce in the much larger size of the Bolivian bird (length, 9.00 ; wing,
3.50 ; tail, 4.50— instead of 8.25 ; 3.20 ; 4.00). There is also a very con-
spicuous and distinct white stripe from the upper edge of the eye along the
side of the head to the nape. This stripe is only faintly indicated, generally
not at all in the atricapillus. The syuonomy will be as follows : —
1. Donacobius atricapillus. Hab. Eastern South America.
Turdus atricapillus, Linn. 8. N. I, 295. — Donacobius atricapillus, Bos.
Consp. 277. — Buhmkister, Th. Bras. Aves, II, 129.
Turdus and Donacobius brasiliensis, vociferans, etc.
Fig. : SwAiNUON, Zool. 111. n. s. pi. xzvii.
Specimens from Brazil.
3. Donacobius albo-vittatus. Ilab. Bolivia.
Donacobius albo-vittatus, D'Ohb. Mag. de Zool. 1837, 19.
Donacobius albo-lineatus, D'Orb, Voyage, IX, Atlas Zoologique, 1847,
pi. xii. — BoN. Notes Delattre, 1854, 40.
Specimens Nos. 16,832, 16,833. Bolivia, W. EvanM.
0INCLU8.
69
9Iargarops denHiroHtrlii (Vikill.), Sclatrb, P. Z. 8. 1^5!^ 33C. Ouada-
l()U|i<t uikI Martiiii({ue.
moutanUH (Lakh.). Scl. P. Z. B. 1859,330. Guadaloape..
Clcblermiiiia boiiupartii (Lakb.)i Sclatku, P. Z. S. 1»59, SSS.
Uuu<liiloui)e.
Ciuclocerthia riiflcaiida (Oodld), Scl&tkii, Catal. Ib61, 7, uo. 45.
Ouiidaloupn.
gutturaliH, Sclatgr, P. Z. S. 1859, 358. Martinique.
9IilUU8 dominicils, Ii^clatek, P. Z. S. 1859, 341. St. Dotnin^o.
guudlaclii (Cau.), Sclateh, P. Z. S. IS.W, 342. CuUi.
Ilarporliyncbus ocellatus, ISclateb, Catal. 18U2, 358, no. 49. O&x-
aca. Mux.
Thft following species are mentioned as occnrring in Tobngo and
Trinidad. All of them arc in the collection of the Institution from
South America: —
Tardus pha»opygIIS, Sclater, Catal, 1861,3. Tobago ; Venezuela, etc.
gymnoplithalmus (Cab.), Scl. Catal. 18Gi, 4. Tobago;
Venezuela, etc.
xantboBcelis, Jabokvb, Scl. Catal. 1861, 5. Tobago (Bogota,
Verreaux).
IVfimus melanopterus, Lawb. Scl. Catal. 1861, 9. Trinidad ; Venezuela.
Family CINCLID^.
CZNCLUS, Bechbt.
Cinclus, Bechst. "Gemein. Naturg. 1802." (Type Sturnus cinclus, L.)
Bydrobata, Vieill. Analyse, 181(i.— Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 229.'
There are three well marked species of this genus in America :
one entirely dusky (G. mexicanus) ; one dusky, with white head
' After a careful consideration of the subject I have come to the conclusion
that as followers of the Linnsean hmominl system of nomenclature, we are not
authorized to adopt any genus which is not based by its author upon some
particular object having a specific name avowedly used in the Liunaean bi-
uoraial sense. For this reason I begin my referen e to tho genera of Liunseus
with the 10th edition (1758) of the Systema Naturaj (the first in which the
binomial system is presented) ; not adoptini? a name from an earlier edition
of tho same author, where it would conflict with the one mentioned. This is
substantially the rule of the British Association, which, however, selects the
\
1
60
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I.
and throat, from Bolivia (C. leucocephalus, Tschudi) ; and one dusky,
with white head, back, and under parts, from Ecuador and New
Grenada (C. leuconotuH, Scl.). Of these, specimens of leucocephalus
are in the Smithsonian collection, from Bolivia ; and Mr. Lawrence
possesses C. leuconotus, from Ecuador.
ifli:
■:!'■■'
'i^.
•*:,
Clnclus mexicanus.
Cinclus pallatii, Bon. Zool. Jonr. II, 1827, 52 (not the Asiatic species).
Cinclus mexicanuSfSvi. Phil. Mag. 1827,308. — Sclateh, Catal. 1861, 10.
— Hydrobata mfxicana, Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 229. — Coopek
& SucKLEY, Rep. P. R. R. XII, ii, 1859, 175 (neat).
Cinclus americanus, Rich. F. B. A. II, 1831, 273.
Cinclus unicolor, Bon.; C. morloni, Towns.; C. townsendii, "Aud."
Towns.
Figures: Bonaparte, Am. Orn. II, 1828, pi. xvi, fig. 1.- -Aud. Orn.
Biog. pi. 370, 435.— Ib. Birds Amor. II, pi. 137.
ITab. Found tlirough the mountainous region of the central part of North
America, from Fort Halkett south into Mexico. None received from the coast
region of California.
A Mexican specimen, from Xalapa, representing the species as
established by Swainson, is rather darker below than skins from the
United States, and the feathers exhibit none of those whitish edgings
fio common (but not universal) in the latter. The smoky brown of
the head and neck is sharply defined against the plumbeous of the
back, but below shades oflF insensibly in a wash over the breast.
The bill is blcck ; the legs dark brown.
In a young bird from Chiloweyuck Depot, the chin and throat are
of a dirty white, and the head is plumbeous without any of the
smoky brown tinge.
^3:
Bmith-
Ci.Uec-
8..X
■onmu
t(»r'«
.«Dtl
No
No.
A;.. .-.
31,119
8()0
31.120
8<a
. .
11.419
..
11,808
21.1
, ,
lfl.lft7
227
U,467
••
Loealltj.
Fort Halkett, B. A
FrMPf'uRlv. B. Col.
CTiiloweynck.
Dpf r freek, N«>b.
Fort Mam. N. M.
When
Collected.
Dec. 10, '62
Mar. 18A8.
Jau.'i.'OO.
Received from
J. Lockliart.
A. Campbell.
C«pt. RaynoldH.
Capl. Bowman.
Collected bjr
Mr. Brass.
Dr. Konnorly.
Dr. Ilaydea,
12th edition as the starting point, instead of the 10th, though without any
apparent good reason.
As Moehring is not a Linnman binomialist, only adopting the generic or uni*
nomial idea, and not the binomial, I do not consider liis names as tenaMe,
iind consequently do not find that his use of the name Cinclus, in 1752, for
another genus, is a pre-occupation, as rigidly understood.
SAXICOLA.
61
, Family SAXICOLID^E.
SAXICOLA, Becubt.
jaxicola, Bechstkin, "Oemein. Naturg. 1802." (Typo Motacilla cenanthefL.")
8axicola «enanthe.
Motacilla aenanthe, Linn. Syat. Nat. I, 1758, 186. — Saxicola ananthe,
Bechst. "Gsniein. Naturg. 1802," and of European authors. —
HoLBiiLL, Orn. Grain. (Paulsen ed.), 1846, 23 (Greenland). — Baird,
Birds N. Am. 1858, 220 (Europe).— Jonks, Nat. Bermuda, 1859,
28 (Bermuda).— CouES, Pr. A. N. S. 1861, 218 (Labrador).— Rein-
, HAKijT, Ibia, 1861, 5 (Greenland).
f Saxicola ananthoides, Vigoks, Zool. Blossom, 1839, 19 (N. W. Ame-
rica). — Cassin, 111. I, 1854, 208, pi. xxxiv (Nova Scotia). . ;..r.
Hah. A European bird abundant in Greenland, found as an autumnal mi-
grant in Labrador, Canada, Nova Scotia, Bermuda, etc. Occurs also in Behriug
V Straits. I have not seen any from the United States. •
This species of late years has been frequently detected in the
eastern portions of North America, and may be legitimately con-
sidered as belonging to our Fauna. The specimens collected all
appear to belong to the Greenland race (see Couea as above), which
is considerably larger than that of central Europe, and it is most
probable that they have reached North America by the Greenland
route. I have never seen a full plumaged spring specimen, all being
in autumnal livery, and it is not at all in^probable that those hitherto
detected in America are merely winter visitors from Greenland
(where it is abundant), and to which they return to breed. The
bird may, however, nest in Newfoundland and Labrador.
The specimen described by Vigors, from the N. "W. coast of
America, is considerably smaller even than skins from central
Europe, aid may be distinct, as suggested by Mr. Coues.
Smith-
HuaiKU
No.
CoUeo- Sex
tor's 1 and
No. 1 Age.
Locality.
When
CoUected.
Received from
Collected by
18,074
!J(),331
208
43
<f
Orosvitcer Bay, Lab.
.Quebec. [land,
d'jdthaab, Qroen-
Aug. 24, '60.
Elliot Coues.
W. Couper.
WllllauiH Coll. Lye.
(18,073.) 7.00; 12.60: 4,30.
pi
' ..9
62
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I.
i\ V,^
I i:
SIALIA, SwAiNSOiT.
Sialia, Swainson, Zool. Jour. Ill, Sept. 1827, 173. (Type Motacilla sialis, Linn.)
Sialia sialis.
Motacilla sialis, Linn. S. N. 1758, 187 (based on Catesby, I, pL 47). —
Sialia sialis, Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 222.— Boardman, Pr. Boat.
I r :?, Soc. 1862, 124 (Calais, Me. ; very rare).
Sialia wilsonii, Swainson, Zool. Jour. Ill, 1827, 173. — Cab. Jour. 1858,
*^ 120. — GuNDLACii, Cab. Jour. 1861, 324. — Jones, Nat. Bermuda,
'"'' ■ 1859, 28, 66 (resident in Bermuda).
Sylvia sialis, Lath. ; Ampelis sialis, Nutt. ; Erythraca wilsonii, Svr.
^v' Figures : Vieillot, Oia. Am. Sept. II, pi. ci, cii, ciii. — Wils. I, pi. iii.
J.'; — Add. Orn. Biog. II, pi. cxiii. — Ib. B. A. II, pi. 134. — Doughty,
Cab. I, pi. xii.
Hah. Eastern United States ; resident in Bermuda ; Cuba (rare), Gundlach.
As far as the indications of the large number of specimens in tlie
Smithsonian Museum extend, this species is confined to the eastern
<aunal region of the United States and the Provinces, not extending
up the western tributaries of the Missouri into the region of the sterile
plains, nor northward beyond Lake Winnipeg. It is a rare bird in
the West Indies — Gundlach recording it as scarce in Cuba. It is
resident in Bermuda, whence the eggs have been received by the
Institution.
From the fact of the rarity of this species as a winter migrant in
the West Indies, and its not occurring at all on the western plains,
I am inclined to believe that the difference in shade of color shows
the Mexican and the Guatemalan species to be distinct from the
North American, and entitle it to a specific appellation.
I
Smith- CoUec-
enaian tor's
No. j No.
I
27,01.-5
8,882
13,163
1,28.^
3,863
23
Sex
and
Age.
Locality.
When
' Collected.
Received from
I
Collected X>y
.. I Selkirk Settlement.
(f I Loiip Fork of Platte.
cf i St. .losoph'R, Mo.
. . I Fort Riley, Kaasag.
.. I Carlisle, Pa.
Prairie Mer Roui;e L.
July 3.
Mar. 9, '44.
Donnld Onnn.
Lt. Warren.
Lt. Mnllan.
Dr. W. A Ham-
S. F. Balrd.[mond.
Jaa. Falrie.
Dr. Hayden.
J. Pearsall.
It;'
i ■
If?-*
Sialia azurea.
Sialia azurea, Swainson, Phil. Mag. I, 1827, 369.
Sialia wilsonii, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, 293 (Cordova).— In. 1858, 299
(Oaxaca — high lands). — Ib. 1^59, 362 (Xalapa). — Sclater, Ibis,
1859, 8 (Guatemala).— Ib. Catal. 1861, 11, no. 65.— Taylor, Ibis,
1860, 110 (Honduras).— Owen, Ibis, 1861, 60 (Guatemala), nest.
Hab. Eastern Mexico and Guatemala.
SIALIA.
65
(28,021.) Similar to S. sinlis, but diflering in shade of blue, which is
greenish, not purplish. Whole upper parts, with sides of head and lower
jaw, greenish-blue ; beneath brownish-red, except abdomen to orissum, which
are white. Female with the plumage duller, the outer web of second primary
abruptly edged with white.
Total length, 6.70; wing, 4.00; tail, 3.20; bill from nostril, .35; along
gape, .80 ; tarsus, .80 ; middle toe and claw, .84.
I was not a little surprised, on comparing a series of four Mexican
and Guatemalan Blu«» Birds with about fifty from the United States^
to find certain uniform differences in coloration and form, warranting
the specific separation that Swainson hints at in the reference cited
above. The shade of blue is appreciably different : instead of being
of the rich dark purplish pure blue of S. sialis, it is of almost
the very shade of greenish-blue scm in S. arctica, without the
]»urplish lustre of the latter. The abrupt white margin of the outer
primary in female (?) specimens I have not noticed in the North
American bird. Of about the same length of body and wing, the
tail is decidedly longer, measuring in the type specimen 3.20, instead
of 2.75 or 2.80, the usual length in S. sialis.
Although Swainson did not describe this species in such manner
as to entitle him to it, I have preferred to adopt his name rather
than present a new one.
' ■•■J;;'"' ■ -X ii . V,; ii:ii-.'i
Smith-, CoUec-
soaian 1 tor's
No. j No.
Sex
A|;e.
Locality.
When
Collected.
Received from
Collected by
28,021
28,022
28.02.3
30,661
11
11
11
.■
Mlrador, Mex.
Tactic, Vera Paz,
[(iiiat.
Nov." 5, '59.
Dr. C. Sartorias.
it
0. Salvia.
Sialia incxicana.
Sialia mexicana, Sw. P. B. Am. II, 18.31, 202.— Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856,
293 (Cordova) ; 18.57, 126 (California) ; 1859, 362 (Xalapa).— In.
Catal. 1861, 11, no. 66.— Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 223.— Cooper
& SncKLEY, P. R. R. XII, II, 1859, 173.
Sinlia occidentalis, Towns., Aud. ; .'^ialia cieruleocolli.i, Vioors.
~ Figures: Add. B. A. II, pi. 135.— Ib. Orn. Biog. V, pi. 393.— Vigors,
Zool. Beechy Voy. 1839, pi. iii.
Hah. Western United States, from the Rocky Mountains to Pacific. Not
noticed on the Missouri plains, Brit sh America, or Cape St. Lucaa. Found
at Xalapa and Cordova, Mex. (Sclater).
64
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.
[PAKT I.
I m
urn
Smith-
Collec-
Sex
sonian
tor's
aud
No.
No.
Age.
7,617
266
1,930
, ,
?
4,903
.,
7,833
, .
1S,313
766
'(f
13,282
rf
a,0.jl
, ,
4,020
••
••
Looalttjr.
Fort Stfillacdom.
Columbia Kiv.
San Die)(o, Cul.
Oila River.
HellKalP, Idaho.
Sweet Wator.
Fi.rtKillm >ro, N. M.
SaltiUo, Mex.
When
Collected.
Mar. 18d<.
Dec 30, '34.
1S60.
Aug. 19, '68.
May, 18.")3.
Received from
Dr. Sucklejr.
8. F. Balrd.
Lt. Parke.
Major Emory.
Li. Mullan.
Capt. J. H. Sirap-
Ciipt Pope. [son.
lit. ('oiicli.
Collected by
J K. Town«end,
Dr. Heermann.
A. Schott.
J. PeaiHiili.
C. S. M'Carthy.
Sialia arctica.
Ertjthraca (Sialia) arctica, Swaihs. F. B. A. II, 1831, 209, pi. 39.—
Sialia arctica, Ncttall, Man. II, 1832, 573. — Baird, Bird.s N. Am.
1858, 224.— ScLATER, Catal. 1861, 11, no. 67.
Sialia macroptera, Baibd, Stanabury'a Rept. 1852, 314 (larger race with
longer wings).
Bab. Central table lands of North America, east to month of Yellowstone.
One individual collected at Fort Franklin, Great Bear Lake. Not common on
the Pacific slope ; the only specimens received coming from Simiahmoo, Fort
Crook, and San Diego. Not recorded as found in Mexico.
Bmith-
Collec-
Sex
sonlan
tor's
and
No.
No.
Age.
1.87.5
^
3,700
. ,
cf
21,918
487
27.428
, ,
, ,
17,999
406
28,131
207
cf
4,423
••
Locality.
When
Collected.
Received from
Fort Union, Neb.
Salt Lake City.
KodtenayRiv. W.T.
Simiahmoo, W. T.
Fort Crook, ChI.
San Diego, Cal.
July 1, '4.1.
Mar. 21, 'SI.
Mar 10, '62.
April, ISo.'J.
S K. Baird.
Capt. Staiisbury.
A. Campbell.
.John Keilner.
D. F. ParkiiLson.
Lt. Trowbridge.
Collected by
J. J. Audubon.
Dr. Kennerly.
(3,706.) Type of S. rmwroptenu.
Family SYLVIID.iE.
1:1 •
ir'
Bill slender, broad and depressed at the base, distinctly notched and de-
curved at the tip. Culmen sharp-ridged at base. Frontal feathers reaching
to the nostrils, which are oval, with membrane above, and overhung — not
concealed — by a few bristles or by a feather. Rictal bristles extending
beyond nostrils. Tarsi booted or scutellate. Basal joint of middle toe
attached its whole length externally, half-way internally. Primaries ten •
spurious primary about half the 2d, which is shorter than the 7th. Lateral
toes equal.
The birds of this family are readily distinguished from the Paridse,
liv the slender bill, notched and decurved at tip; much bristled
gape, sharp-ridged culmeu, exposed oval nostrils, less adherent toes,
[part t.
lected by
REOULUS.
66
l. TownHPnd.
Hftermann.
jchotl.
'earwiU.
i. M'Carlhy.
), pi. 39.—
rds N. Am.
iT race with
ellowstone.
common on
klimoo, Fort
ullected by
J. Audubon.
Kennerly.
)d and de-
3 reaching
hung — not
extending
niddle toe
aries ton •
Lateral
Paridae,
bristled
i-eat toes,
etc. They are much smaller tlinn thn Tiirdidse and SaxicoUdse,
with inuth more slnidnr, depressed bill, longer rictal bristles, etc.
The short outer primary, with the primaries ten in number, distin-
gui.sh tiiem from the HyloiecAidse.
Of the two subfamilies, Jiegulinse are more nearly related to the
Saxicolidse, and Pulioptilime to the Paridse ; and have, by many
authors, been respectively thus assigned. I agree with Cabanis,
however, in uniting them into one family. They may thus be dis-
tinguished : —
Regulinas. Wings longer than the eraarginate tail. Tarsi booted or with-
out scutellar divisions.
Folioptilinae. Wings about equal to the graduated tail. Tarsi with dis-
tinct tiuutellie.
REGULUS, Cut.
Regtihs, Cnv. "Lemons d'Anat. Comp. 1799-1800." (Type Motacilla
rccjulus, Linn.)
RegaUiides, Blyth. 1847. (Typo "R, proreijulus, Pall.," Gray.)
Phyllohasileus, Cab. Mus. Hein. I, 1850, 33. (Type Motacilla calen-
data, Linn.)
Reguliis satrapa.
Retjulux salrupa, Light. Verz. 1823, no. 410. — Raird, Birds N. Am. 1859,
227.— ScLATER, p. Z. S. 1857, 212 (Orizaba).— B^deker, Cab. Jour.
' IV, 33, pL 1, fig. 8 (eggs, from Labrador). — Pr. Max. Cab. Jour.
1858, 111.— Cooper & Suckley, P. R. R. R. XII, ii,. 1859, 174
(winters in W. Territory).
Sylvia regulus, Wils. ; Regulm cristotus, ViEiLi. ; R. tricolor, Nutt., Aud.
Figures: Aud. B. A. II, pi. 132.— Ib. Orn. Biog. II, pL 183.— Vieill.
Ois. Am. Sept. II, pi. cvi.
Eab. United States aBd the Eastern Provinces. ■ '•
This species is found throughout the entire region of the United
States and the Provinces, though hitherto not noticed in the fur
countries. On the Pacific slope it is abundant from the Paget
Sound country (where it is found in winter), south to Fort Crook ;
but no specimens are in the collection from more southern points,
not even Fort Tejon, nor any from the middle table land or Rocky
Mountain region anywhere.
The western specimens are much brighter and more olivaceous
al)ove, especially on rump and tail, than the eastern, and may
possibly constitute a different race, or variety olivaceus. Sciater
records it as found at Orizaba, Mex. This may, however, prove to
he a different species.
Young bird?, as with R. calendula, are without the colored crown*
6 July, 1864.
68
REVIEW OP AMERICAN HIRDS.
[part I.
emlth-
BOuiuU
No.
10,237
82S
32 224
11,801
7,176
16,151
Colloc-
till '8
No.
200
130
244
Sex
Hud
Ak6.
Juv.
Localltj.
Sherburn, Ma88.
CarliHit), i'a.
Liberty Co., Oa.
Simlahinoo, W. T.
Steilacoora.
Fort Crook, Cal.
When
Collected.
Oct. 22, '42.
Nov.' 23.
Received from
O. 8 Babcock.
8. F. Balrd.
Prof. Lecotlte.
A. Campbell.
Dr Huckley.
Capt. J. Fellner.
Collected by
Dr. Kennerly.
I ' '
Regulus cuTieri.
Reguhis cuvieri, Add. Ora. Biog. I, 1832, 288, pi. 55, etc. — Bairo, Birds
N. Am. 1859, 228.
Hab. "Banks of Schuylkill River, Penn. June, 1812." Aud.
This species continues to be unknown, except from the description
of Mr. Audubon, as quoted above.-
II "'
■f
iCijl .
Regulus calendula.
Motacilla calendula, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 337. — Regulus calendula,
Light. Verz. 1823, no. 408.— Baird, Birds N. Amer. 185S, 226
ficLATER, P. Z. S. 1857, 202.— Ib. 1858, 300 (mountains of Oaxaoa).
— Ib. 1859, 362 (Xalapa). — Ib. Has, I, 1859, 8 (Guatemala).—
Cooper & Scckley, P. R. R. XII, ii, 1859, 174. — Reinhaedt, Ibis,
1861, 5 (Greenland).
Regulus rubineus, Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 49, pi. civ, ov.
•Other figures ; Wils. Am. Orn. 1, 1808, pi. v, fig. 3.— Dopohty, Cab. II,
pi. vi.— Aud. Orn. Biog. II, pi. 195.— Ib. Birds Am. II, pi. 133.
Hab. Greenland ; whole of North America, and south to Guatemala.
This species of Regulus appears to lack the small feather which,
in satrapa, overlies and conceals the nostrils,, which was probably
the reason with Cabanis & Blyth for placing it in a different genus.
There is no other very apparent difference of form, however, although
this furnishes a good character for distinguishing between young
gpeciraeiis of the two species.
Smlth-
' — 1
Collec-
e«
When
Collected.
BOnlan
No.
tor's
No.
and
Age.
Locality.
Received from
Collected by
18,063
157
?
OroKvater Bay, Lab.
Aug. 6, '60.
Elliot C.)ue8.
a).62i
486
rf
Fort GeoTfte, H. B.
July 11, '60.
C Drexler.
19.482
4.')9
rf
Fort ReHolution.
May 17.
R. Kennicott.
27.222
1,339
ti
S R RoHs.
1,343
..
'<f
Carlisle, Pa.
April 10,'44.
S. F. Baird.
»2.2e2
i
Liberty County, Oa.
Mar. IS 18.
Prof. LecDQte.
13,620
^S
Simialimoo Bay.
April 23,'59.
A. Camiiboll.
Dr. Kennerly.
, ,
^ ,
Port Tejou, Cal.
. ■ •
J. Xaiitiis.
4,fi64
, ,
, ,
Sau Diei;», Cal.
■ . ,
Lt. Trowliriilge.
7.172
,
..
Espla, M»x.
• • .
Maior Emory.
Dr. Kennerly.
13,631
••
••
Ouatemula.
J. CiiMild.
POLIOPTILA.
W
POLIOPTILA, SCLATBB.
Polioptila, ScLATER, Pr. Zool. Soc. 1856, 11. (Type Motacilla casrulea, L.)
Since the note on this genus was published by Mr. Sclater, in 1855,
enupierating four species, their number has greatly increased, as at
the present time at least nine or ten may be considered as perfectly
well established, possibly more. The species are very closely allied,
and can only be readily distinguished by an examination of the
males. In all the upper parts are plumbeous gray ; the under white,
more or less tinged with plumbeous. The tail feathers black, with
the outer three or four more or less varied with white ; the quills
black ; the primaries edged with ashy, the secondaries with white.
The males all have black on the head ; either the whole hood is black,
or else gray, with a narrow line of black margining it above the eye,
or a broad line through the eye.
The following synopsis may aid in determining the males of the
different species of American Polioptila; —
Whole top of head above black. , ? '
No white between eye and bill or above it.
Outer tail feather black, except on outer web and extreme
tip (about one-sixth or seventh). Hab. Rio Grande ' " *
and Gila melanura.
Outer tail featLdr white, except portion hidden by under
tail coverts. Second feather white for terminal third ;
outline of white oblique, or along the fibres of the
feather. Tarsus, .75 ; tail, 2.20. Hab. N. W. Mexico nigriceps.
Outer tail feather black at base, but with more white than
last; outlines of white directly transverse. Tarsus,
.69 ; tail, 2.45. Hab. Brazil Uucogastra.
Outer tail feather entirely white ; 2d and 3d white nearly
to base. Hab. Guiana and New Grenada . . buffoni.
Lores white ; eyelids black. '
Outer tail feather black at the base. Hab. Central Amer. albiloris.
Lores and short supra-ocular stripe white.
Inner web of outer tail feather white almost to base ; next
with basal third black: this color extending little
further on the inner than the outer web. Hab. Panama superciliaris.
Inner web of outer tail feather black for ba^al third ; next
with basal half black : this color extending much
more on inner than outer web. Size considerably
larger. Hab. Carthagena bilineata.
Sides of head black ; top gray.
Under parts plumbeous, lighter than back. Hab. Eastern La
Plata States dumicola.
Under parts white, tinged with plumbeous. Hab. Bolivia . boliviano.
Ir'!;
[■
' i,' ■ ■ ' '
['Ml ■:
1
.11 . '..
■■ 'li
68
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I.
Top of head gray; sides whitish,
A black frontal line extending backwards over tbe eye. Lateral
tail feather white, except at the base. Tail slightly-
graduated. First primary much leas than half the
Becoud. Hub. North America
A black crescentio lirie beginning at top of eye and bordering
tlu) ear coverts. Lateral tail feather black for basal
half on inner web. Tail much graduated. First pri-
mary more than half the second. JIub. Cuba .
A black line above the eye, not reaching the bill or ear coverts.
Lateral tail feather black on nearly the whole of inner
web. Tail moderately graduated. First primary more
than half the second. Hub, Arizona . . .
cmrulea.
lemh
eyii.
plumbea.
Polioptila melanura.
Calicivora atricapilla, Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lyo. V, Sept. 1851, 124
(not of Swainson).
Culicivora mexicana, CASSfN, lUust. 1, 1854, 164, pi. xxvii (not of Box.).
Polioptila melanura, Lawuence, Ann. N. Y. Lyo. VI, Dec. 1856, l(i8. —
Baikd, Birds N. Am. 1858, 382.— Heermasn, P. R. R. R. vol. X
(Williamson), 1859, 39.
Hab. San Diego to Fort Yuma and Cape St. Lncas.
Specimens of this species from Cape St. Lucas differ from those
of San Diego described in the P. R. R. Report (7191), in having
the whole of the outer web of the outer tail feather white, and in a
rather larger white tip. The colors beneath are a little less ashy,
though not of a pure white. The ash of the back is rather lighter
and purer. The lores are rather lighter. The 1st primary is a little
larger and broader.
It is possible that the restriction of the white of the outer web
of the exterior tail feather to the outer half only is an unusual
circumstance, as both Mr. Cassin and Mr. Lawrence, in their de-
scriptions, speak of the entire outer web being white — the second
feather being of the former character. Under these circumstances
there will be little specific difference between the tails of P. melanura
and plumbea. The female bird will then be separated by the light
superciliary line and much shorter tarsi of P. plumbea — the latter
measuring .63, instead of ncxrly .TO of an inch.
Smith-
sonian
No.
Collec-
tor's
No.
Sex
Hnd
Age.
Locality.
Wlien
Collected.
•
Received from
Collected by
7,191
7,192
12,986
16,961
3*23
1,346
San DlBKo, Cal.
Cape St. Lucas.
...
Lt. Williamson.
J. Xantus,
Dr. Heermuau.
rOLIOPTlLA.
69
Polioptila nlgriceps.
Polioptila nigriceps, Baird, n. B.
^ . Above clear pure light bluish gray ; beneath pnre white, including the
flanks. Entire top of the head and sides, including lower eyelids, luHtroua
black. A slight ashy tinge on the sides of the neck. Only a few leathers
in the eyelids white. Outer tail feather white, except for the basal con-
cealed third, as is also the outer web, except at the base, and the terminal
fourth (or .(i5 of an inch) of the next. Third feather with the inner web
tipped with white for about a quarter of an inch : perhaps in the unworn
feather extending a little on the outer web. First primary broad, about half
as long as the 2d. No white on secondaries, or else worn olf in this specimen.
Length, about 4..50 inches; wing, 1.95; tail, 2.15; bill above, .48; from
gspe, .32; tarsus, .75.
. .. a
Hah. Mazatlan.
This interesting new species of Polioptila resembles P. melanura
in general appearance, but will be readily distinguished by the white
outer tail feather and much purer white of the under parts. The
gray above is lighter and clearer ; the bill is larger (equal to that of
cserulea), and the tarsi are longer. The black cap seems to extend
farther down the side of the head, and along the nape.
The species appears well characterized by the length of the tarsi,
which exceed those of any other species known to me ; the bill is
not so stout as, and decidedly shorter than that of P. albiloris (32,550),
and there is no trace of white in the lores, or between eye and bill.
The tail is longer; the 1st primary only half the 2d.
From leucogastra it differs in the smaller size, .shorter bill and
longer tarsi, narrower tail feathers and less amount of white on the
tail, as well as different geographical distribution. P. huffoni has
the outer tail feather entirely white, and the 2d and 3d white almost
to the base. The tail is considerably shorter.
Smlth-
coDiaa
No.
23,781
Collec-
tor's
No.
294
Sex
and
Atfe.
Locality.
Mazatlan.
When
Collected.
July, 1861
RecelTed from
J. Xautus.
Collected by
23,781. Typo.
Heermaua.
Polioptila leucogastra.
Sylvia leucof/astra, Max. Beit. Ill, 1830, 710. — roliopttla leucntjastra,
ScLATKB, P. Z. S. 18.'')5, 12 (in part).— In. Cat. 1861, 12, no. 74.—
Culicirora lei(co;iaxlrn, BruM. Th. Bras. Vo el, 1856, 111.
Cnlicivora alrictipilla, Sw. Zool. 111. N. S. pi. Ivii (not of Lawrence).
Culicivora dumecola, Bo«. Cousp. 1850, 316 (not of Vieillot).
TO
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIKDS.
[pa IT I,
(No. 67, Mr. Lawrenoe'n collection, fro-n liahia.) Above lead gray, darker
towards tlie ruiup ; top of head and sides to lower edge of the eye glossy
black. Beneath clear white, with a tin^e of pluiubeuns across breast and
sides. Qaills black, edged like the back, tlie alula and inner secondaries
broadly with white. Tail feathers glossy black, except th«) three exterior,
of which the outermost is black on the basal half of the inner web (rather
less ou the outer) ; the next has the black extended nearly half as much more
(on the basal two-thirds) ; the next ia black, with the terminal fourth white.
The shafts throughout are black.
The length of the outer primary cannot be given, as the wings are not quite
perfect.
Total length, 4.60; wing, 2.00; tail, 2.35; bill from forehead, .57, from
nostril, .35 ; along gape, .64; tarsus, .71 ; middle toe and olaw, .45.
Polioptila buffoni. ,■:.,.■
Polioptila buffoni, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1861, 127.— Ib. Catal. 1861, 12, no. 73.
This black-headed species I have not* seen. It is said by Dr.
Sclater to differ in a considerably smaller size (length, 4.00 ; wing,
1.90; tail, 1.80; bill from gape, .60), a long(ir bill, and in having
the outer tail feather entirely white, the second and third white
almost to the base. In leucogastra the black is much more extended,
as will be seen above.
1 1 .i|i|:
■»*»
Polioptila alliilorls.
Polioptila albiloris, Salvin, P. Z. S. 1860, 298 (Guatemala).
" This species has the pileus black, the loren white ; the outer three tail
feathers tipped with white, decreasing gradually in amount (none entirely
white). There does not appear to be a superciliary stripe. Length, 4.30;
wing, 1.90; tail, 2.00."— Sa/vin.
Bab. West Coast Central America. '
In the collection before rae are several skins from Central America
which possess, to a certain extent, the characters of the specimen
given above — the one coming nearest to it (32,556) having the back
of a light gray color, the whole top and side of the head down to
the lower edge of the eye black. There is a short white line from
nostril towards, but not reaching the eye ; the lores themselves are,
however, black. The outer tail feather is white, except on the con-
cealed base of the inner web, which is black ; the next has this black
reaching beyond the middle of the feather ; the third has an oblique
white tip. The bill is long ; the 1st primary is little more than half
the 2d. Length, about 4.00; wing, 1.85; tail, 2.00; tarsus, .67;
bill from nostril, .35.
A second specimen (30,555) is very similar, but shows only the
*»::-
POLIOPTILA.
n
gliphtest trace of the white near the bill — an occasional feather only
Iwiiig tipped with this color.
A feniiile referred to this species is similar in general character,
but without the black h(^ad ; the bill rather larger. The whole
loral region to bill and the eyelids are white.'
Smtth-
Colleo-
Sex
8011 iau
lor'N and
Nn.
No. Age.
32,.-|.Vl
24S
cf
3(). .■).')■'■)
, ,
i
.Sii,.->.14
. .
34,101
"
Locality.
When
Collected.
Qrenadn, Nicar.
W. coant Ctiiit. Am.
Eealejo, C. A.
July Ifi. '6,1.
Kob. 18ti4.
Received from
Arad. Nat. Set
Cupt. J. M. Dow.
Collected by
Polioptila Buperciliaris.
Polioptila xuperciliarit, Lawrb:(Cb, Ann. N. Y. Lyo. 18C1, 304, 322,
(Faiiama). ' ' . , ;;
First primary broad, and more than half the second, which is equal in
length to outer uecondariea. Color above light ashy (paler than in leuco-
gantrii); secondaries margined wit!* white. The top of the head and nape
are glossy black ; the sides, however, are white, excepting a short black line
from the eye backwards, runnini.] into the black of the nape. In other words,
a conspicuous white line from the bill over the eye (which is situated aboi^t
opposite its middle) and involving the whole loral region. The tail is glossy
black ; the outer tail feather is entirely white to the base ; the next is white,
except for the basal third ; the next white for rather less than the terminal
third ; the fourth feather has a narrow whit* tip. The shafts of the whita
portions of the tail featliers are white.
• Since the preceding article was written Mr. Salvin has kindly transmitted
to me for examination his type specimens of P. albi'nris, from Guatemala, and
skins labelled P. buffoni, from La Union, Salvador The former agree very
well with the first described specimen of " albiloris,^^ except that the bill ia
not so large nor so much decurved at the end, the lores are more nearly
^jiite — there being only a few blackish feathers in front of the eye (more
perhaps on one side than on the other) ; the white of the tail feathers extends a
little farther towards the base. No. 34,101, also received recently, agrees with
the type, except in having the larger bill. I can see very little diflTerence
between Mr. Salvin's specimens of " albiloris" and of " biiffoni," excepting in
the color of the lores, and those described above, form two stages of inter-
mediate gradation. I am, therefore, not disinclined to the impression that
they all form one species. They all diflfer from P. buffoni, of Cayenne and
Bogota, as first described by D^. Sclater, in having nearly the basal third of
the inner web of outer tail feather black, not white ; the basal half of the
inner web of the second, and the basal three-fourths of that of the thini
feather black, Instead of being white, almost to the base.
The P. nigriceps differs from all these spec'mens in the longer tarsi and the
oblique markings on the tail.
m
li
BKVIEW or AMKRICAN niUDS.
[part I.
Th« femaln reHemblwB the male, except In having the Mack of heail replacwl
by ash, like tlie reuiaiaiug upper parts. The while ou the side uf the head
is not BO distinotly detiued aa in the male, but the short superciliary stripe is
distinctly appreciable.
Total length, 3.80 ; wing, 1.76 ; tail, 1.7B ; exposed portion of Ist primary^
.63; of 2d, 1.15 ; of longest (measured from exposed base of 1st primary),
1.40; length of bill from forehead, .50, from uoatril, .33; along gape, .55;
tarsus, .57.
Ilab. Isthmus of Panama.
This beautiful species, perhaps the least of the genus, is closely
related to P. bilineata, from Carthngeiia. Sclater, however, describes
this as having the tips of the outer lateral tail feath«T white, on
which account Mr. Lawrence makes it distinct. As, however, Bona-
parte, in his diagnosis of P. bilineata (Conspectus Avium, I, IH.'jO,
16), gives the outer tail feathers as white, the question remains to
be decided by reference to the type in the Berlin Museum.*
Smlth-
touiaD
No.
Collec-
tor's
No.
S«X
and
Aije.
Locality.
When
Collected.
Received from
Collected by
84,097
J51
61
li
9
d
UtbiuiiA PauHnia.
14
.;;
Cab. Lawreuce.
Oeo. N. Lawrence.
J. H'LiBannan.
61. Type.
I
.i|l
Polioptila bilineata t? .*
CuHcivorn bilineata, Bp. Consp. 1850, 316 (type from Carthagena, in
Berlin Museum) — Polioptila bilineata, Sclateh, P. Z. S. 1855, 12;
1860, 273.— Ib. Catal. 1861, 13, no. 75.
TTab. S. America: Carthagena; Ecuador (Esmeraldas, Bababoyo, Sclater),
A female specimen (No. 9,110) received from Mr. Yerreaux, and
referred to in the " Birds of North America," 381, as possibly the
bilineata, has the characters of the species in the white lores and
' Since writing the preceding I have been favored by Dr. W. Peters, Direc-
tor of tlie Berlin Museum, with a diagram of the outer two tail feathers of
the type specimen of P. bilineata, and of their markings. He states that
"the two outer tail feathers are white except at the base, which is black, in
Buoli a manner that the black extends much more on the inner part at the
vexillum than on the outer part." The diagram represents much broader
tail feathers than those of superciliarii^, with considerably more black at the
base ; this color on the inner web extending a quarter of an inch further than
on the outer, in the first feather covering more than one-third, in the second
about one-half of the web. In superciliaris the amount of black is consider-
ably less, and extends little more on the inner than on the outer web.
Pt»LIOPTILA,
t8
the Biiporciliary Ktripn; hut the locality aflwifjftuKl, of "Mexico," is
oppoHi'd to tlie i(l*-a of itH being tho true biliueata. It m much
hirjrcr than tho foiniile o{ nuperriliarin, with tlic wliite on side of liend
iiiiich ])iin'r, though otherwise giiuilur. The outer tail feather is
entirely white, except at the concealed base ; the next has basal
liiilf of inner web blaek, this color extending much beyond tlielthiek
of outer web ; the third is white for the terminal fourth or fifth. Tho
1st quill is more than half the 2d. It is Hpeeifuially distinct, with-
out doubt, from iiu])crcilinrit<, and if not biUiwata and nudly from
Mexico, probably indicates the existence of a third species with
black h(!ad. Com})ared with a supposed female of /'. olhiloria, the
bill is weaker, size larger, more white on tho head and tail, etc'
Total length, 4.50 ; wing, 1.85 ; tail, 2.10 ; exposed portion of 1st primnry,
.88, of 2(1, 1.2^, of longest (moasnred from exposed liase of Ist primary), 1.44 ;
lengtli of bill from forehead, .55, from nostril, .33 ; along gape, .GO ; tarsus, .70.
CI
i'
A'
Smith-
KUIliBD
N...
9,110
Collec-
tor's
No.
:ii,3uo
Spx
Age
v?
Locality.
"Mexico.'
When
Collectttd.
Received from
Verreaux.
Collectnd by
Polioptila diimicola.
Sylvia dumicola, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. aI, 170. — In. Enoycl. M<5th. II,
1823, 433.— Polioptila dumicola, Sclatek, P. Z. S, lh55, 12. — Cu/i-
civora dumicola, Bdum. Reise La Plata, II, 1861, 473 (Montevideo
and Parana).
fCulicioora boliviana, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1852, 34, pi. 47 (Bolivia).
Uab. La Plata States ; Bolivia ?
I am by no raeais satisfied that the boliviana, of Sclater, is not
a diirerent species from dumicola, at least Smithsonian specimens
from the two localities are readily distinguishable. The La Plata
bird is nearly uniform lead gray below, including the lining of the
wing; on the throat and breast not very much lighter than on the
hack, becoming paler posteriorly, but nowhere white. In the IJolivian
the under parts may be called dull white, with a slight tinge of
plumbeous on the throat, and a rather deeper shade of the same
across the breast ; the cheeks below the black patch are quite clear
white, and not dark plumbeous. The light edgings on the wings
are more conspicuous.
' The tail feathers are almost too much worn for comparison with the dia-
gram furnished by Prof. Peters, but they do not appear materially different.
^^.''- ' -
74
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I,
Rihitli-
Colloc-
Snx
HliUlllU
tur'ii
uud
N...
No.
Atf.
l2,.i7H
8
rT
12,;i7'J
8
iB,;i;i8?
m
6
10 xw
Bi
§
IS. 848
*
rT
lti,8-17
■•
9
LncRlity.
BueuuH Ajres.
Paraguay.
RrHiiI.
Bolivia.
When
Collected.
June, IS.'SQ.
Oct. is-ig.
Beovlved from
Capt. T. J. Page.
Walter Evani*.
Collected by
12,376. Steamer Argentina. 12,372. Do. 16,338? £]cpl. of Parana. 16,33U. Du.
Polioptila plunibea.
PMoptila plumbea, Baikd, Pr. A. N. So. VII, June, 185"^ 118.— Ib. Birds
N. Am. 1858, 382, pi. xxxiii, fig. 1.
Hab. Arizona.
The only specimeas received additional to those mentioned in
Birds N. A. are Nos. 11,541 find 11,542, collected at Fort Yuma,
by Lt. Ives. The species appears to be confined to Arizona.
Pelioptila ceerulea.
Motacilla cierulea, Linn. Syat. Nat. I, 17G6, 337 (based on Jfotacilla
parva caerulea, Enw. tab. 302). — Culicivora citrulea, Cab. Jour.
1855, 471 (Cxxhu^.—Polioptila cierulea, Sclatbk, P. Z. S. 18i>5, 11.
— Ib. Catal. 1861, 12, no. 70.— Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 380.
Motacilla catta, G.M. S. N. I, 1788, 973.
t Culicivora mexicana, Bon. Consp. 1850,316 (not of Cassin), female. —
Polioptita mexicana, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, 363, 373. — Ib. Catal.
1861, 12, no. 71.
Figures : Vieill. OIs. II, pi. 88. — Wilson, Am. Orn. II, pi. xviii, fig. 3.
—Ann. Orn. Biog. I, pi. 84.— Ib. B. A. I, pi. 70.
Hab. Middle region of U. So, from Atlantic to Pacific, and south to Guate-
mala. Cuba, Gundlach and Bryant.
A winter specimen, from near Cape .St. Lucas, of P. cserulea, has
the ash of the back washed with a brownish tinge. I have not seen
this in any other specimens to anyi'uir.^ like the same extent.
After a careful examination of Mexican specimens, labelled F.
meoncana by Mr. Yerreaux, nnd of others received from Gwateniala,
I am unable to distinguish them from P. cserulea. One of thesi',
No. 22,418 (.38,658 of \erreaux), has the black frontal line, and the
game pure bluish ash of northern specimens. The lores are perhaps
a little whiter than usual, not more ho than iu specimens from
Taniaulipas and Illinois.
All these specimens from the south agree with northern cserulea
in the oiuall, rather narrow, falcate first primary, scarcely two-tliirds
CHAMiEADjE.
15
the exposed portion of the second. In all the other species before
me this primary is larger, broader, and as long as or longer than the
remaining exposed portion of the second.
I
Smith- iCoUec- Sex
soniaul tnr'8 I nnd
No. No. I AKe.
004
1,S3,3
615
616
29,4S3
2,401
8,071
in.'2I3
10.214
4,682
8,641
7,188
7,in.}
4,iW.3
21,. 171
23,748
13,742
.S1,8S8 I ..
16,B60 1 «,249
lY,2nO I 3,409
,S.98.) ! ..
31,82.)? 1 1,648
9,2a} ! ..
22.418 38,6)8
9,222 I . .
Locality.
1,164
IS
31
1,790
209
6
<f
Ir
d
d
d
Now York.
PhilailiMpliia.
Wusbiugtou, D. C
ti
t(
SnvanQHh. Oa.
ludiaii Kry, Fla.
Union 'oiiiity, 111.
4011111 IllilloiH.
Bald iHhituI, Neb.
East of Fort Rilev.
Fort ThoiD, N. M.
Organ MIh., Tex.
Colo-ado Riv., Cal.
Yieka, Cal.
Maryvill' . Cal.
Fort Tejon, Cal.
S.in DieKo, Cal.
Capo St Lucas.
TamanllpaR, Mex.
Coliina, Mex.
Mexico.
Coban.
Quatomala.
When
Collected.
April 6, '42.
(i
Aprin8,'61.
184.'i.
Auk. 27, '57.
April 20.
May 15.
April 2.'i,'.'58.
Juno 16, '68.
May 26.
April 24, '63.
Decii,' '61.
Oct. 10, '59.
la-sk
Aug. 1863.
Received from
S. F. Baird.
E. Coufg.
8. P. Baird.
G. Wuid(>inann.
R. Kenuicott.
Lt. Warren.
Lt, Bryan.
Dr. T. C. Henry.
Major Emory.
W. Vnllle.
F. Ci rubor.
J. Xuntiis.
Geol. Siuv. Cal.
J. XantuM.
Lt. Couch.
J Gould.
Verreaux.
J. Gould.
Collected by
Wm. M. Baird.
Dr. Ilaydon.
W. .S. Wood.
J. n. Clark.
A. Schott.
Dr. J. 0. Cooper.
»,223. " P. nuxUxma,'
FAMTtT CHAM^AD^.
Bill compressed, short, rather conical, not notched nor deonrved. Culmen
pharp-ridged. Nostrils linear, with an incnmbent scale. Rictal bristles reach-
ing bt'yoiil nostrils which are scantily overhung by bristly featliers. Loral
feathers bristly and directed forwards. Tarsi booted, or covered with a con-
tinuous plate anteriorly, with faint indications of scutellae on the inner side.
Basal joint of middle t -^ attached for about half i'.i length on either side.
Primaries ten ; 6th quill longest. Plumage very lax.
I have found it impossible to assign the genus Chamsrn to an'
recognized family of American birds, and have accordingly been
oljjigcd to give it independent rank in this respcict, although it may
properly belong to some old world group with which I ai not ac-
quainted. In its general appenranci! it approaches the Paridse in
loose plumage, bristly lores, want of notch to bill, etc. ; lint differs
ill the very much bris* d k iCtus, sharp-ridged culmen, linear no.strils.
booted tarsi, leas t^i'iouni of adhesion of the toes, etc. It approaches
T6
nEVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I.
the Syloiidie in t!ie sbarp-ridgod culrnen and bristly gape, but is
otherwise very ditfercii;;. The excessively rounded wing is a peculiar
feature, the sixth primary being the longest.
The family may, perhaps, be best placed between the Sylviidee and
Pai'idae.
CHAM.SA, GAMBEii.
Chnmxa, Gambel, Pr. A. N. So. Ill, 1847, 154. (Type Parua fasciatm.)
Bill much shorter than head, conical compressed. Culmen much curved ;
gonys less so. Nostrils linear, covered and nearly hidden by an incumbent
scale, as in some Wrens. Wings much rounded, about two-thirds the tail ;
the 6th primary longest ; the 3d equal to the secondaries. Tail very long and
much graduated, the lateral feathers not two-thirds the central ; feathers nar-
row, with narrow outer weba.
The genus, as far as known, embraces but a single species.
Ctaamaea fasciata.
Pams fasciatus, Gambel, Pr. A. N. So. Aug. 1845, 265 (California). —
Chamxa fasciata, Gambel, Pr. A. N. So. Ill, 1847, 154. — Ib. J. A.
N. So. 2d series, 1, 1847, 34, pi. viii, fig. 3. — Cabams, Wiegmann's
Archiv, 1848, I, 1U2.— Cassin, Illust. I, 1853, 39, pi. vii.— Baird,
Birds N. Am. 1858, 370.
Hub. Coast region of California.
(5,924, %, California.) Total length, 6.20; wing, 2.30; tail, 3.50, gradua-
tion, 1.20 ; exposed portion oi 1st primary, .85. of 2d, 1.30, of longest, 6th
(measured from exposed base of Ist primary), 1.80; length of bill from fore-
head, .i)2, from nostril, .30 ; along gape, .60 ; tarsus, 1.05 ; midule toe and claw,
.78 ; claw alone, .23 ; hind toe and claw, .55 ; claw alone, .30.
Bmith-
Collec-
£i)iiian
tor's
No.
No.
3 33!)
7.163
, ,
fl,924
, ,
2->,36!»
607
S1,80U
6fl9
Spx
and
Age.
Locality.
California.
Sacramputo Valley.
Sta. Clara, Cal.
Fori, Tejon, Cal.
San Diego, Cal.
When
Collected.
Sept. IS.'??.
Dec. 5, '61.
Received from
S K. Haiid.
Lt. Williamson.
Dr. Cooper.
John X:intnn.
Oeol. Surv. Gal.
3,339. Type specimen. (31,890 ) 6.60; 7.12; 2.2fi, "Iris white."
Collected by
Dr. Gamliel.
Dr. Heeriiiaun.
Dr. Cooper.
LOPHOPHANES,
TT
Family PARID^.
Bill generally short, conical, not notched nor decurved at tip. Culmen broad
and rounded, nut sliarp-ridged at base. Nostrils rounded, basal, and con-
cealed by dense bristles or bristly feathers. Loral feathers rough and bristly,
directed forwards. Tarsi distinctly scutellate ; basal joints of anterior toes
abbreviated, that of middle toe united about equally for three-fourths its
length to the lateral : in Parinse forming a kind of palm for grasping ; outer
lateral toe decidedly longer than the inner. Primaries ten : the 1st much
shorter than the 2d. Tail feathers with soft tips.
With Cabanis I include the Nuthatches in the same family with
the Titmice, and have prepared the above diagnosis to include both
groups. They agree in having a conical bill, not notched nor de-
curved, with much ;ounded culmen, and nearly straight commissure,
and rounded nostrils covered with dense bristles. These charactera
will readily distinguish them, in connection with the ten primaries,
and tarsi with scutelloe on the anterior half only (as compared with
Alaudidse), from any other American Oscines.
The two subfamilies may be thus distinguished : —
Farinae. Body compressed. Bill shorter than the head. Wings rounded,
equal to, or shorter than the rounded tail. Second quill as short as the
loth. Tarsus longer than the niiddle toe and claw, which are about
equal to the hinder ; soles of toes wi ' ned into a palm. Plumage rather
soft and lax.
Sittinas. Body depressed. Bill about equal to, or longer than the head.
Wings much pointed, much longer than the nearly even tail. Tarsus
shorter than the middle toe and claw, which are about equal to the
hinder. Plumage more compact.
•
Among the Parinse are several exti-eraes of form, but the American
species are sufficiently allied to allow them to be united into one
subfamily.
Subfamily PARINiB.
LOPHOPHANES, Kaup
Lnphnphanes, Kaup, Entw. Gesch. Europ. Thierw. 181 . (Type Parus cristattis.)
Baeolojhun, Cabanis, Mus. Hein. I, 1850-51, 91. (Type Parus bicolor, L.)
Cabanis, as quoted above, makes a new genus for our Tufted Tit-
mouse, on the ground of a difl'orouce in the crest, and in having
1%
REVIEW OP AMERICAN BIRDS.
stouter bill and foet, and longer legs,
vary considerably in this respect, I
more than specific diflFerences.
[part I.
As, however, our other species
can hardly consider these as
'•'112
liliiBltllli
Lophophanes bicolor*
Farus bicolor, Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. I, 1766, 340 (based on Pants
cristatus, Catesby, I, pi. 67). — Ph. Max. Cab. Jour, VI, 1858, 118. —
Lophophanes bicolor, Bon. List Birds Europe, 1842. — Baird, Birds
N. Am. 1858, 384.— Sclatkr, Catal. Ife61, 14, no. 9>1 .—Bxolophus
bicolor, Cab. Mu9. Hein. I, 1850, 91 (type of genus).
Lophophanes missouriensis, Baibd, Birds N. Am. 1858, 384 (var. from
Missouri River).
Figures : Wilson, Am. Orn. I, pi. viii, fig. 5. — Add. Om. Biog. I, pi. 30i.
—Is. Birds Am. II, pi. 125.
Hab. United States, from Missouri valley eastward.
fimith-
CoUec-
Sex
When
Coilected.
tonian
No.
tor'8
No.
and
Age.
Locality.
Received from
CoUeoled by
823
rf
Carligle, Pa.
Oct. 20, '42
S. F. Baird.
8. F. Baird.
1,292
, ,
?
"
May 11. '44.
14
28,9r)8
675
rf
WashiDgtoD, D. C.
Jan. 16, '60.
Dr. E. Coues.
29,9A6
t4
Sept. 24, '60.
D. W. Prentiss.
32,^81
, ,
V
Liberty Co., Ga.
...
Prof. J Leconte.
20,321
, ,
Illinoix.
. • ■
R. Kennicott.
29, W,--,
, ,
SpriDKfield, HI.
■ * .
P. M. Springer.
4,730
, ,
Fort LeaveQWortb.
April 21, '.-54.
Lt. D. N. Couch.
6,7.W
,.
"
Jan 20, 'M.
t(
,4,731
••
St. Joseph, Mo.
April 22, 'ae.
Lt. Warren.
Dr. Ilayden.
(823.) 6.2.5: 10; 3.17. (1,292.) S. 66; 9.66 ; 3.08. (28,9fl8.) 6.30; 10.30; 3.20. (32,281.) 8.80;
9.fi0;3 00. 6,702. Type of var. mt««<n(rien«is. 4,731. Syes darli-bruwn.
Lophophanes atricristatiis.
Parus atTlcrista(us,CASMti, Pr. A. N. So. Phil. V, lP50,103,pl. ii (Texas).
Lophophanes atricristatus, Cassin, 111. Birds Texas, etc. I, 1853, 13,
pi. iii.— Baird, Birds N. Am. 1868, 385.
Hab. Valley of Rio Orande, south.
eraith-
Collec-
Sex
sonian
tor's
and
No,
No.
Age.
12,107
, ,
rf
6,756
3.974
96
?
3,97.i
97
9,111
29,713
22,416
29,856
••
Locality.
San Autonio, Tex.
Fort Clarice, Tex.
New Leon, Mex.
Mexico.
When
Collected.
April 1,3, '51.
Received from
Capt. Sitgreaves.
Lt. J. G. Parke.
Lt. D. N. Coach.
Verreaux.
Collected by
Dr. Woodlionse.
Dr. Heermann.
1
Ml
'*
I..ophophane8 inornatiis.
Parus inornatiiSf Gambel, Pr. A. N. So. Phil. Aug. 1845, 265 (Upper
California). — lu. J. A. N. Sc. new ser. I, 1847, 35, pi. vii. — Lnpho-
PARU8.
79
phaneti inornatiu, Cabsin, 111. 1853, 19. — Baibd, Birds N. Am. 1858,
386.— ScLATEB, Catal. )861, 14, no. 68.
Bab. Southern United States, from Rocky Mta. to Pacific.
Smith- Collec-
Sex
When
Collected.
(toriiau
tor's
Hud
Locftllty.
Received from
Collected by
No.
No.
A({e.
.5,sia
rf
Petalama, Gal.
...
E Samuels.
->,923
Santa Clara, Cal.
• . •
Dr. J. G. Cooper.
12.904
104
, ,
Napa Valley, Cal.
A. J. Grayson.
■l.B.ll
18
, ,
Saa Jose, Cal.
• . .
'*
2),3.)4
1,496
rf
Kort Tejon, Cal.
Jan. 1858.
J. Xantus.
13,106
<f
Saa FraiiciHco Mts.
Oct. 9.
Capt. Sitffreaveg.
Dr. Woodhonse.
11, .043
81
rf
Fort Defiance, N. M.
. ..
I.t. J. C. Ives.
H.B.MiillhauHen.
0,753
Fort Tliorn, N. M.
...
Dr T. C. Henry.
Lopliophanes ^pvollifreberi.
Lophophanes wollweberi, Bon. C. R. XXXI, Sept. 1850, 478. — Westeh-
HANN, Bijdr. Dierkunde, III, 1851, 15, plate. — Baibd, Birds N. Am.
1858, 386, pi. liii, fig. 1.— Sclateb, P. Z. S. 1858, 299 (Oaxaca,
high lands),— Ib. Catal. 1861, 14, no. 89.
Parus annexus, Cabsin, Pr. A. N. He. V, Oct. 1850, 103, pi. i.
Lophophanes (faleatus, Cabanib, Mus. Hein. 1850-51, 90.
Hah. Southern Rocky Mountains of U. S., and along table lands through
Mexico, to Oaxaca.
No additional mutf.nals relative tc this species have been received
since 18^8.
Smith-
Collc<
Sex
sonian tor's
and
No.
No.
Age.
6,794
3
$
6,797 1 ..
6,793 1 50
9,221
■•
••
Locality.
Copper Mineb, N, M.
Fort Thorn, N. M.
Pueblo Creek, N. M.
Mexico.
When
Collected.
Jan. 22, '54.
Received from
Col. J. D. Graham.
Dr. T. C. Henry.
Lt. A W. Whipple.
J. Gould.
Collected by
J. H. Clark.
Dr. Kennerly.
PARUS, Linn.
Parus, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1735. (Type Parus ma/or.)— Ib. Fauna Suecica,
238. (Type P. major.)— Ib. Syst. Nat. 1758, 189. (Type Parus
cristatuH. )
Parus septentrionalis.
Parus septenlrionalis, Harris, Pr. A. N. So. II, 1845, 300.— Cassin,
must. I, 1853, 17, 80, pi. xiv.— Baibd, Birds N. Am. 1858, 389.—
ScLATER, Catal. 1861, 14, no. 82. — Parus septenlrionalis, var.
albescens, Baibd, Birds N. Am. 1868, xxxvii.
f Parus atricapillus. Pa. Max. Cab. Jour. VI, 1858, 119.
Ilab. Region of Missouri River to Rocky Mts.
80
REVIEW OP AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I.
Thus far I have seen none of the common Blaek-cnpped Titmouse
(P. atricapillui^), from the line of the Missouri River and westward
to the Roclfy Mountains, thpc wt-re not reforablo to the long tailed
species. Specimens vary in amount of wliite on the wings and tail,
but the real characters are pretty constant. The specimens at
present in the collection, however, are not in sufficiently good con-
dition, nor numerous enough, to exhibit the exact limitations of the
two species.
I have already referred (B. N. A. 389) to specimens from the
southern Rocky Mountains (Fort Massachusetts), in which the
white markings are of a plumbeous tinge. Some others, since re-
ceived, exhibit this same character, and it is not impossible that it
may indicate a specific form. The specimens, however, are not in
sufficiently good condition to settle the question, but their general
appearance is more that of Parus vieridionalia, than the Xorth
American Black-caps.
Bmith-
Collec-
Sex
When
Collected.
Boulaa
No.
tor'H
No.
aud
Akb.
Locality.
Received from
Collected by
ift.sr)?
147
?
Ft. Simpson, H.B.T.
April 2.S. '60 n. K. K..ss.
20,266
2.54
It
Oct. 19, 'no. R. Keniiicott.
19,fl.'58
306
Fort Liard.
Jiin. 12, '60.
11
).S,700
, ,
Lake Wiuuipeg.
June 6, V>9.
11
27,049
, ,
Fort OftTry '
■ • .
Donald Giinn.
6,765
, ,
Port Leavenworth.
. . t
Lt. (Imidi.
4,733
, ,
Mo. of Bi(f Neuiaba.
April 2, '66.
Lt. WiUien.
Dr. Hayden.
20,338
, ,
Fort Randall.
Ciipt. J.P. M'Cown.
f),873
, ,
Fort Riley.
18 i6.
Juo. Xaiitus.
13,175
89
Near Fort Benton.
■ ■ .
Lt. Mullan.
J. PearsaU.
17,5.il
261
Teton River.
• • .
11
II
11.082
, ,
Fort Bridifer.
April 10, 'iiS.
C. Drexler.
22.049
78
Hell^ate, Idaho.
Aug. 28, '60.
Dr. Cooper.
......
8,828
, ,
Black HiUs.
Sept. 15.
Lt. Warren.
Dr. Hayden.
13,779
13
Fort JUassachust tts.
. • •
Capt. A. W. Bow-
13,780
a .
[N.M.
. • ■
" [man.
11,472
11.473
, ,
11,474
••
«i
...
II
(8,828.} 6.60; 2.76. (11,472.) Plumbeous variety. (11,473.) Do. (11,474.) Do.
«a|5
Parus atricapillus.
Parus atricapillus, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 341 (based on Parus atrica-
pillus canadensis, Bklsson, III, 5.53, tab. xxix, fig. 1). — Baird, Birds
N. Am. 1858, 390.— Sclater, Catal. 1861, 13, no. SO.—Pacila atri-
capilla, Bon. Consp. 1850, 230.
Parus palustris, Nutt. Man. I, 1832, 79.
Figured by Ai'dcbox, Wilson', etc.
Hub. Eastern North America.
PAIIUS.
81
Smith- Colloc- Spx
suuian , tor n
No. I No.
aud
]S,6!)4
12,891
8:)0
20,676?
2!i,ti68?
32,344
9
LocHlity.
PortKtnoutli. N. H
Brook ly II, N. Y.
CarliHlo, I'h.
SpriDKlleld, III.
Teiiimcaiuiugiio,
Can. ~ [H. B.
MoohO Factory,
When
Cullecced.
Jan. S.
Oct.'2i'42.
1862.
Received from
Collected by
Elliot (Vues.
J. AkliiirHt.
S. K. Buird.
P. M. 8pi'luger.
ThoH. RlchardH.
J. Miicki'uzie.
(MO.) 5.00; 7.78; 2.60.
Pariis occidentaliM.
Parun occUlenlulis, Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 391 (W. Tenitory). —
ScLATEu, Catal. 1861, 14, no. 82.
Hub. Northwest coast region of the United States. .
No specimen of this speciea has been received for several years.
Parus nieridionalls^
Parus merklionalis, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, 293 (El Jacale, Mex.). — Ib.
1857, 81 ; 1858, 299.— Ib. Catal. 1861, 14, no. 83.— Baikd, Birds
N. Am. 1858, 392.
Not figured.
Hah. Eastern Mexico.
As already shown in Bifds N. Am., this bird is very different
from the United States species in the absence of any lighter edgings
on the greater wing coverts (seen in all the others), in the almost
entire absence of whitish edging to the quills and tail, and in the
ashy, instead of the rusty, flanks and crissum. The size is about that
of the Parus atricapillus.
Smith-
sonian
No.
Collec-
tor's
No.
Sex
and
A^e.
Locality.
When
Collected.
Received from
Collectod by
10,20,3
32,470
32,736
.S02
44,730
••
Mexico. [region.)
Orizaba. (Alpine
Mexico.
...
Dr. P. L. Sclater.
Prol'. F. Sumichrast.
Verreaux.
Pariis carolinensis.
Parus carolinensis, AtjD. Orn. Biog. II, 1P34, 474, pi. 160. — Ib. Birds Am.
i:. .841, 15i,, pi. 127.— Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 392.— Sclater,
Catal. 1861, 13, no. 81. — Pcecila carolinensis, Bon. Consp. 1850, 23U.
Bab. South Atlantic and gulf region of U. S.
6 August, 1301.
1'
'I
i !
I
82
REVIEW OF AMERICAN RIRDS.
[part I.
Smlth-
CollPC-
Spx
lonlHii
t«l'8
1111(1
No.
No,
A|,'0.
If.,.'il4
, ,
BO?
, ,
d
7n(V
, ,
11.971
. ,
9
2^,982
301
9
19,088
(M)
d
Locality.
Ciipn May Co., N J.
WaxhlugtuD, U. C.
Fort Cobb, Ark.
When
Collected.
F.'l), 22, '42.
April n, '42
May 1, '39.
May '20, '60.
Received from
.T K. Tdwnseud.
W. M. Baird.
C. Drexler.
D W. PrentlHH.
J. H. Clark.
Collected by
C. 8. M'Carthy.
(007.) 4.2S; 6.S0. (706.) 4.60; 7.00. (11,971.) 4.80; 7.32.
Pariia niontanus.
Parns montanus, Gambel, Pr. A. N. So. April, 184!^, 259 (Santa F6).—
In. Jour. A. N. Sc. new ser. I, 1847, .^5, pi. viii, fig. 1. — Baird,
Birds N. Am. 1858, 394.— Sclater, Catal. 18G1, 14, uo. 84.
Hab. Mountain regions of Middle and Western United States.
Several variations in coloration and other characters will be foniul
mentioned in tlie Birds N. Am., as quoted above, but nothing appa-
rently of specific value.
1
Smith- CoUec-
Sex
1
When
Collected.
Bouiaa tor's
and
Locality.
Received from
Collected by
No. : No.
Age.
4,.390 i 171
2],9.?9 ' 082
21,937 ' 093
! Fortl)alle», Oretfoa.
Feb. 18.'.3.
Dr. Snckley.
••
■Colville Depot, W.T.
Mar. JO, '60.
Julyl.i, '60.
A. Campbell.
Dr. Kennerly.
2'2,041 ' ..
,.
Bittei-root Mta.
Sept 3, '60.
Dr. J. 0. Cooper.
17,.V>6 1 614
1 1*
• . .
Lt. Miillau.
J. Pearsall.
16,206 ; 60
9
Fort Crook, Cat.
■ . .
Juliu Felluer.
21,466 1
(«
D. F. Parkiuson.
2.5,710 1,266
FortTejon, Cal.
Dec. \860.
.Ttilin Xantus.
10,544 1 64
rf
< San FrauciHCo Mts.
Capt. J. C. Ives.
Mollhausen.
3,643 1 222
9
1 Medecitie, BowCr'k.
Aug. 6, '56.
Lt Bryan, [man.
W. 8. Wood.
11.47.) i ..
1 Fort MaaiwchuKetts.
Capt. A W. Bow-
10,712 I ..
. ,
Ft. Burgwyn, N. M.
...
Dr. W. W. Ander-
[son.
(22,041.) Iris brown.
P.4
Parus liudsoiiicus.
Parus hudsonicus, Forster, Philos. Trans. LXII, 1772, 383, 430.— Acd.
Orn. Biog. II, 1834, 543, pi. 194.— lu. Birds Am. II, 1841, 155, pi.
128 —Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 395.
Ilab. Northeastern portions of North America.
Specimens from the most northern localities appear larger than
those from Maine and Nova Scotia, with proportionally longer tails
(3.00 inches, instead of 2.40). I can, however, detect no otluT
difference, although I have access to but a few skins from soutliern
points. This difference is much the same as between P. atricapillus
and septentrionalis ; to which variety the original F. hudsonicns
PARUg.
88
8. M'Carthy.
Collected by
l)eloiip.'?, yet remains to be determined, and to which, if any, a new
name is to be given.
Tlio Parus sibiricus, of Europe, is very similar in coloration and
characters to the P. hudi^oincus. The principal diifercnce is seen in
the cheeks, which in sihiriciis are pure white, this color extending
along the entire side of the neck, widening behind, and extending
round towards the back. In hudsonicus the checks behind the eyes
and sides of neck are ash gray, the white being confined to the region
below or near the eye. The smoky gray of the upper part of head
and neck in sibiricus is in a stronger contrast with the brighter
rufescent gray of the. back, and is separated from it by an obscure
concealed whitish dorsal half collar, represented in hudsonicus only
by a dull grayish shade in tho plumage.
Smtth-
souiau
No.
Collec-
tor's
No.
Sex
and
Age.
LocalHy.
When
Collected.
Received from
Collected by
18,087
17,101
2,926
27,319
19,5,59
27,346
19,553
19,566
22,276
157
1,.368
256
1,918
313
820
9
1 Riirolet, Lab.
Eaotern N. America.
H. Youkon.
FT. SlfflpB<m.
It
yrxiard.
BiglKland, G. 8. L.
Kt. Rae, G. 8. L.
July 1.3, '69.
Fobrnary.
Oct. 19, '59.
April.
JaQ. 20.
May', 'i860.
E CouHH.
J. R. Wlllig.
8. F. BHird
R. KeDDicott.
It
B. R. Rons.
R. Kennicott.
J. Roid.
L. Clarke, Jr.
J. J. Audubon.
t:>\
,f;l
Parus nifescens.
Parus Tufescens, Townsend, J. A. N. So. Phil. VII, ii, 1837, 190.— Aud.
Orn. Biog. IV, 1838, 371, pi. 353.— Id. Birds Am. 1841, 158, pi. 129.
— Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 394.— Cooper & SucKLKy, P. R. R. Rep.
XII, II, 1859, 194 (neatiug).- ScLATER, Catal. 1861, 14, no. 86.—
Pvecila rufescens, Bo^AP. Consp. 1850, 230.
Hab. Wqstarn United States near Pacific coast.
Smith- ICollec-
Sex
When .
Collected. '
BODlan
tor's
and
Locality.
Received from
Collected by
No.
No.
Age.
17,444
4.37
?
Simiahmoo, W. T.
Dec. 23, '59.
A. Campbell.
Dr. Kenuerly.
11,812
222
Chiloweyuck, W, T.
Sept. 27.
**
II
21,955
, ,
Koutenay Camp.
II
II
6,778
, ,
Ft. 8teilacoom,W.T.
Mar. 1856.
Dr. Geo. Sni^kley.
6,786
41
Ft. VaDcouver.
Dec. 29, '63.
Gov. I I. Slovens.
Dr. Cooper.
2,931
, ,
Columbia River.
. . .
8. F. Baird.
J, K. Townsend.
1,924
, ,
, ^
II
II
6,781
, ,
San Francisco T
. . .
Lt. Willlam3on.
Dr. Hoermann.
22,415
40,752
d
California.
...
V'erreanx.
84
REVIEW OP AMEUICAN BIRDS.
PSALTRIPARUS, Hon a p.
[part I.
Pgaltripnrus, BoNAP. C. R. XXXI, 1850, 47H. (Type P. melunotiii.)
jEijilhaliicuH, Oabanih, Mus. Ueiu. I, 1850, 90. (Typ« Purus erythrocephalus.)
U '
Psaltriparus melanotis.
Purus rnelunoliii, Haktladb, Rev. Zool. 1844, 21G. — Pacilu melanotis, Bp.
ConHp. 1850, 230. — ^Eijithalisrua milanotia, Cab. Mus. H«in. I,
1850-51, 90. — Psallfia melanotis, VVk8Tkkma.nn, Bijdrag. Dierk.
18bl. — Psaltriparus melanotis, Bonap. C. R. XXXVIII, 1854.—
Sclatek, p. Z. 8. 1868, 299.— Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 386, pi.
liii, flg. 3. '
Psaltripartis personates, Bonap. C. R. XXXI, Sept. 1850, 418.—P»uUra
personata, Westeumann, Bijd. Diurk. 1851, 16, plate.
Hah. Eastern Merico.
Htnith- .Colleo- Sex
itunlan tor's and
No. No. Age.
Locality.
29,711
54
<f CayiiUalpam, Mex.
Mexico.
When
Collected.
Dec. 1860.
Received from
A. Salli'.
Cab. Lawrence.
Collected by
Psaltrlparus minimus.
ParuS minimus, Townsknd, J. A. N. Sc. VII, ir, 1837, 190. — Ann. Orn.
Biog. IV, 1838, 382, pi. 382, figs. 5, 6.— Ib. Birds Am. II, 1841, 160,
pi. 130. — Pcecila minima, Bon. Consp. 1850, 230. — Psaltria minima,
Cassin, lUust. 1853, 20.—Psaltriparus minimus, Bon. C. R. XXXVIII,
1854, 62.— Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 397.— Coopbb & Suckley,
P. R. R. Rep. XII, II, 1859, 195.
Hab, Pacific coast of United States.
Sialth-
Bonian
No.
6,780
12,895
as), 745
22,417
Collec-
Sex
tor's
and
No.
Aije.
338
rf
],i91
f
40,844
d
Locality.
Ft. Stellacoom,W*T.
Sacraneutu Valley,
Napa Valley. fCal.
Auburn, Cal.
Fort Tejon, Cal.
Califuraia.
When
Collected.
Received from
Dec. 10, '62.
Dr. Suckley.
Lt Williiimson.
A. J. Orayson.
Ferd. G ruber.
J. Xantus.
Verreaux.
Collected by
Dr. Heertnann.
Psaltriparug plumbeus.
Psaltria plumbm, Baird, Pr. A, N. S. VII, Jnne, 1854, 118 (Little Colo-
rado). — Psaltripnrus plumhcus, Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 398, pi.
xxxiii, fig. 2.— ScLATER, Catal. 1861, 398, no. 77.
Hah, Southern Rocky Mountain region of United States.
MAI.Tnir.\RirS — .VtlRTPAIlUS,
85
*
Hniltli-
hOlllUU
No,
Col lee- Sox
iiir'8 ' and
•No. |Ak«).
Locality.
When
Culleoind.
ReeolTed from
Collected by
6,77-1
6,777
3:t,iM).J
11,720
6,770
94
6.1
4U
••
Camp 120, Arizona.
" 111,
' Little Colorailo.
CaiitoniiiHUt Hur-
Kwyti.
Fort 1 Uorn, N. M.
Kfb. 12,',')4.
Knli. 1, '.11.
Nov. 18.03.
Ll. Whipple.
[Hon
Dr. W. W. An<l«r-
Ur. T. C. Henry.
l>r. Kennerly.
II
'■■.■'•<i
»■:.'
(6,774 ) Irli yellow. (6,777.) IrU black. (33,003.) Irla black.
Heermana.
AURIPARUS, Baird.
Auriparus, Baird, u. g. (Typ« ^yilhalusjlaviceps, Sund.)
In the " Birds of North America," p. 309, while defining the generic
characters of Paroides, I showed tliat the jEijithalus Jlamvepa, of
Suudevall, diflfered very materially from the P. pendulinus, the type
of the genus. The discrepancy, in fact, is too great to permit tho
two species to be associated, and I have consequently been obliged
to cstabli.sh a new generic name. The peculiarities authorizing this
course will be found detailed in the work cited above. They con-
sist, as compared with other American forms, in the long pointed
quills, and the very small claws ; the tarsi are much shorter than
iu Psallriparus.
The single known species of the genus builds a covered nest of
stiff, short pieces of grass, with a hole in the side, in bushes. The
eggs are spotted, as in the Black-headed Titmice, not white, as iu
Psallriparus minimus.
Auriparus flaviceps.
^yithalus Jlavlceps, SnxnEVALi, Ofversigt af Vet. Ak. Forh. VII, v,
1850, Ud.—i'saUriaJiai-iceps, Scl. P. Z. S. XXIV, March, 1856, 37.
— Psaltripmus Jiaviceps, Scl. Catal. Am. Birds, 1861, 13, no. 79. —
Parotdesjlai'iceps, Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 400, pi. , fig. 2. —
* Auriparus Jluviceps, Baird.
Conirostrum ornatum, Lawrbnce, Ann. N. Y. Lye. May, 1851, 113, pi. t,
fig. 1 (Texas).
Hab. Valleys of the Rio Grande and Colorado : Cape Pt. Lucas.
This interesting species appears confined to the basins of the Rio
Grande and Gila, extending to Cape St. Lucas,- where it is very
abundant. An immense number of its curiously shaped nests were
collected by Mr. Xaiitus. Cape St. Lucas specimens of this, as
of the other species, are much smaller than those from the more
uorthcru localities : thus, in No. 12,907, %, the wing measures 1.90,
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
1.0
I.I
1.25
2.5
Z2
2.0
11=
U IIIIII.6
^^.
P-y^.
m
/}
"c>l
^r
'c*l
/J.
J
^^
''■^
^
^^
iV
:\
iV
\
^\^
\.
>^ X. -^rl\
^i^
y>
rv
^
%
f . %:^
-.0
V
■x
m^f: ^'
^— :r
I
m
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BlRDa
[part I.
the tail 1.80; while in C>,1C^■i (l?), from El Paso, the wing is 2.15,
and tlie tail 2.25. The Cape St. Lueas specimens are brighter, and
the top of head just behind the forehead has the feathers strongly-
tinged with reddish-orange.
Emitb-
Collec-
Sex
V/hen
Collected.
aoDiau
No.
tor's
No
uud
Age.
Locality.
Received from
Collected by
..
Matainoras.
Lt. Couch.
Dr. Bei-Kiiidieir.
6,774
24
, ,
El PaHo, Mex.
Dec. 26, '54.
Maj. Emory.
J. H. Clark.
4,015
218
, ,
SaltUlo, Mex.
Lt Conch.
11,54.^
, ,
9
Fort Yuma, Cal.
Lt. J. C. Ives.
Ml'llhausen.
11,S46
. ,
«i
tt
li
12,967
11
rf
C&pe St. Lucas.
John Xautas.
12,968
72
d
11
It
^■■onj.-
I'ii.i.' .C'.»'.
,!•■. -d
Hi
M|i'
Sdbfamilt SITTIN.E.
SITTA, LiNNiEus.
Sitta, LiNN.«DS, Syst. Nat. 1735 and 1758, 115.
Reicuembacu, Handbuch, No. IX, 1853, 149.
(Type S. europaea.y —
(Mouogrnph of genus.)
Sitta carolinensis.
Sitta europasa, var. y, carolinensis, Gm. S. N. I, 1788, 44f .
Sitta carolinensis, Latu. Ind. Orn. I, 1790, 2f)2; also oi' all other Ame-
rican writers. — Reichenbach, Handbuch, Abt. II, 1853, 153, tab.
dxiii, figs. 3,563-4.— Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 374, pi. xxxiii,
fig. 4.— Max. Cab. Jour. VI, 1858, 106.
Sitta melanocephala, Vieill. Gal. I, 1834, 171, pi. clxxi.
Other figures : Wilson, Am. Orn. I, pi. ii, fig. 3. — Aud. Om. Biog. II, pi.
152.— Ib. B. a. IV, pi. 247.
Hab, United States and the Provinces ; west to valley of the Missouri.
Smith-
Collec-
Sex
When
Collected.
Koiiiaa
No.
tor's
No.
and
Age.
Locality.
Received from
Collected by
26,9.34
..
..
Nova Scotia.
W. 0. WJnton.
1,645
. ,
Carlisle, Pa.
July 11, '44.
j. F. Baird.
1,761
V
tl
Jan. 1845.
"
28,9.54
1,004
Washington, D. C.
Oct. 13, '60.
E. Couea.
29,9,'52
602
V
11
Oct. 14, '61.
D. W Prentiss.
.Sn,990
115
f
(1
Oct. 28, '62.
C E Schmidt.
29,785
Peoria, III.
Bishop.
8,.S:!7
62
0.
Independence. Mo.
June 6, '57.
W. M. Magraw.
Dr. J. G. Cooper.
6,802
17
, ,
Fort Leavenwoi Lh.
Dec. 24, '54.
Lt. Conch.
6,871
28
cT
Kant of Fort Kiley.
June 18, '66.
Lt. Biyan. [mond.
W. 8. Wood.
6,871
••
Fort Riley, Kaus.
Dr. W. A. Ham-
(1,645.) 6.08; 10.89; 3-68. (1,761.) 6.00; 11.25; 3.75.
fi.80; 10.90; 3.60. (30,996.) 6.00; 11.00.
(28,954.) 5.90; 11.10; 3.40. (29,252.)
§itta aciileata.
Sitta ariileata, Cassin, Pr. A. N. So. VIII, Oct. 1856, 254.-
N. Am. 1858, 375, pi. xxxiii, fig. 3.
-Baibd, Birds
Smith-
Ic
soniau
1
No.
21,918
2I,!)4f)
21,9.10
6.SI1
16.18.-)
22,os:t
3,5(12
6, Sim
4,944
2"),.'i'28
2<l.747
1,
18,4'23
\7MS
f
11,081
19,228
1
11,731
12,11)2
(ii.'sO?
13,673?
13,589
*i1'>^
8ITTA.
8t-
f Sitta carolinensis, Sclatbb, P. Z. 8, 1856, 293 (Cordova) ; 1858,300
(Oaxaca) ; 1859, 363 (Xalapa), 373 (Oaxaca;.
Hub. Western and Middle United States, south to Cordova, Mex.
As remarked in Birds N. Am., the only appreciable difference
between this species and the preceding is in the much slendticr bill.
The Mexican White-bellied Nuthatches seem to belong here rathor
than to the carolinensis ; at least the specimens I have seen do so.
It is very difficult to express this difference appreciably ; but a coni-
parisoa of large series from the two localities will readily illustrate
the fact as will the figures cited in B. N. A.
Mr. Sclater calls attention to the inferiority of size of his speci-
mens from Oaxaca ; this might be anticipated from their southern
locality as resident birds.
Sinith-
Collec-
Sex
When
Collected.
souiiia
No.
tor's
No.
aad
Age.
Locality.
Received from
Collected by
21,9»8
590
ff
Colville, W. T.
Mar. 1S60.
A. Campbell.
George Gibhs.
21,114!)
601
MooKie R., W. T.
Aug. 1860.
tt
Dr. Keuuerly.
21,9.W
6n4
V
Kootenay R., W T.
ti
ti.SIl
2.')8
Ft. Slfiliico..in,W.T.
Dr. Suckley.
Ki.lS.-)
274
'rf
Fort Crook, Cal.
Jno. Feiluer.
2-.',ns:i
SO
11
. . .
D. F Parkinson.
ii,jC>2
280
, ,
Petaluma, Cal.
. . .
E. Samuels.
6,Sl»6
, ,
, ,
Sail t'rancisco, Cal,
R D. Cutts.
4,944
. ,
San Jose, Cal.
. . .
A. J. f> ray son.
2-),328
113
rf
Fort Tejoii, Cal.
June, 18.J7.
J. Xantiis.
2!l.747
1,161
Auburn, Cal [Idah.
Dee. 1,'62.
Ferd G ruber.
18,423
12
, ,
W. of Fori BontoH,
April, I860.
Lt. Mullan.
Hlldrcth,
n.-MS
618
V
Bitterroot Valley.
11
J. Pearsall.
1 l.OSl
rf
Port Urid({er, Utah.
May .30.
C. Drexler.
19, 228
166
<f
Sheyenne River.
Oct. 29.
Capt. Raynolds.
Dr. Hayden.
11,731
••
Caniunmcnt Bur-
Rwyii. N. M.[Ariz.
Dr. Anderson.
12,1112
. ,
<f
S:in Fraucisco .Mts.,
Oct. 14. '52.
Capt. Sitgreaves.
Dr. Woodhonse.
6,807
26
ICl niilBH west of
Albu<{uerque.
Lt. Whipple.
Dr. Kennerly.
13,673?
.,
. .
Xalapa, Mex.
• . ■
P. L Sclater.
R. M. D'Oca.
13,u89
••
••
Mexico.
...
J. Gould.
> i.
Sitta canadensis. • "'
Sitta canadensis, Linn. Syat. Nat. 1, 176(5, 177.— Ann. Orn. Biog. II, 1834,
pi. 108.— Ib. Birds Am. IV, pi. 248.— Reich. Handb. Abt. II, 1853,
152, tab. dxifi, figs. 3,561-2.— Baikd, Birds N. Am. 1858, 3V6.—
ScLATKR, Catal. 1861, 15, no. 91. ; /.. '
Sitta varia, WiLS. Am. Orn. I, 1P08, 40, pi. ii. . ,•
Hab. Whole United States and British Provinoes.
fittiis.
'I'M}-. • '
p
i
l:y\-r::
■ "! -■ ■ ■
if : • :' ^
1' 1
)■ 1. ■
88
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I.
emith-
Collec-
Sex
■oiilaa
tor's
II ud
No.
No.
AKe.
20,878
..
818
ff
28, 109
13,190
(f
11,608
6,937
ii
17,5 13
609
V
18,424
1
11.078
, ,
rf
8,840
, ,
.5,280
rf
21.9.51
, ,
22,0i6
49
, ,
16,1911
273
, ,
6,838
, ,
. ,
11,338
••
Locality.
East Bethel, Vt.
CarllHle, Pa.
WaHlilDKtoa, D. C.
Upper Geortfia.
Riceboro', Ga.
Selkirk Settlement.
Bitteri'oot Valley,
Kocky Mt».
W. of Fort BentOQ.
Fort. Bridner.
Black Hilk.
Cetlai' iHlaud, Mo.
Kooteiiay R., W. T.
Kocky MouDtains.
Fort Crook, Cal.
Siicratneuto Valley.
Fort Yuma, Cal.
When
Collected.
Received from
Oct. 19, '42.
Feb. 6, '60.
May 19, '58.
Sept. 30.
C. S Paine.
S. F Baird.
C. urexler.
A Gorhardt.
Prof. Leconte.
Donald Guan.
Lt. MuUan.
(1
C. Drexler.
Lt. Warren.
April, 1860. A.Campbell.
Aug. 15, '60.] Dr. J. G. Cooper.
Jno. Feilner.
Lt. WilliaiUHOQ.
Lt. Ives.
Collected by
J. Pearsall.
Hildrelh.
Dr. Hayden.
George Oibbs.
Dr. Heermann.
Miillliausen.
tJ
Sitta pusilla. ,. ■■ .
Sitta pusilla, Lath. Ind. Orn. I, 1790, 263.— Wils. Am. Orn. II, 1810,
105, pi. XV.— AuD. Orn. Biog. II, 1834, pi. 125.— Ib. Birds Am. IV,
pi. 249.— Reich. Handb. 1853, 153, tab. dxiv, figs. 3,567-8.— Baird,
' Birds N. Am. 1858, 377.— Sclatek, Catal. 1861, 15. v
'Oil' .
Ilab. South Atlantic — and Gulf States.
Smitli-
SODiaD
No.
Collec-
tor's
No.
Sex
and
Age.
V
Locality.
When
Collected.
Received from
Collected by
3,086
2,399
••
Liberty Co., Ga.
Savaonah, Ga.
1846.
1845.
8. F. Baird.
14
W. L. Jones.
Jos. Leconte.
UH
!\f,-
Sitta pygniaea. •
Sitta pygmwa, ViaoRS, Zool. Beechey's Voy. 1839, 25, pi. i7. — Avn. Orn.
Biog. V, 1839, pi. 415.— Ib. Birds Am. IV. pi. 250.— REinn. Handb.
*■■'■' 1853, 153, tab. dxiv, figs. 3,365-6.— Newberry, P. R. R. Rep. VI,
IV, 185,", 79.— Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 378.— Sclater, P. Z. S.
1859, 3'J3 (Xalapa).— Ib Catal. 1861, 15, no. 93.
Hab. Westera and Middle United States; south to Xalapa.
Smlth-
Collec-
sex
When
Collected.
•onlan
No.
tor's
No.
and
Age.
Locality.
Received from
Collected by
6,g40
Wnshingtoii Terri-
Oct. 18.53.
Gov, I I. Stevens.
Dr. J. 0. Cooper.
21,953
8S4
Kooteuay Rlv.[tory.
Mar. 20, '60.
A. Campbell.
Geo. Gibbs.
22,047
82
, ,
Bitterroot Valley.
. . .
Dr. J. G. Cooper.
16,192
199
rf
Port Crook, Cal.
. . .
Jno. Feilner.
21.448
, ,
"
. . .
D. F. Parkinson.
.8.729
? Monterey, Cal. [Ar.
W. Mutton.
6,803
43
, ,
Sau Fiancisco MtH.,
Dec. 27, '63.
Lt. Whipple.
Dr. Kennerlv.
11,7.30
••
••
Cantonment Biir-
[gwyn, N. M.
Dr. W. W. Ander-
[son.
I (HA'! 3
.»11.1JUH
CERTUIA.
88
' '/'■[■'jH''.} ' j i.nitxl ft«»Yh--t'-)'
Family CERTHIAD.^.*
CERTHIA, LiNNJKus.
Certhia, Linnaps, Syst. Nat. ed. 10th, 1758, 112. (Type C. familiaris.)
(See Reicue:.'u.ich, Handbuch, I, ii, 1853, 256, for a monograph of the genus.)
Plumage soft :iud loose. Bill as long as head, not notched, compresled ;
all its lateral outlines decurved. Nostrils not ov srhung by feathers, linear,
with T r incumbent thickened scale, as in Troglodytes. No rictal bristles, and
the loral and frontal feathers smooth, without bristly shafts. TarsUs scutel-
late anteriorly, shorter than middle toe, which again is shorter than hind toe.
All claws very long, much curved and compressed ; outer lateral toe much the
longer; basal joint of middle toe entirely adherent to adjacent ones. Wings
rather pointed, about equal to the tail, the feathers of wh'ch are much pointed
with stiffened shafts. Primaries ten ; 1st less than half the 2d.
Of the Certhiadm but one genus belongs to America — Certhia,
with its two recognized species. The characters above given include
both family and generic characters, derived from this one genus.
This is readily distinguished by the decurved, compressed bill ;
absence of notch and bristles ; exposed linear nostrils with incum-
bent scales ; connate middle toe, very long claws, short tarsi, pointed
and stifiTened tail feathers, etc.
Certhia americana.
Certhia familiaris, Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 70 (not the European
bird?) ; also of Wilson and Auddbox.
Certhia americana, Bonap. Comp. List, 1838. — Reich. Handb. I, 1853,
265, pi. dcxv, figs. 4,102-3.— Baird, Birds N. Am, 1858, 372.— Max.
Cab. Jour. 1858, 105.— Cooper & Suckley, P. R. R. Rep. XII, ii,
1859, 192.— ScLATSK, Catal. 1801, 15, no. 94.
With much additional material to that used in preparing the article
on this species in the Birds N. Am., I find it still difficult to make
the specimens from western America different from eastern. The
bill is perhaps longer on an average, although single eastern speci-
mens may be found exhiliiting the maximum condition in this respect.
The white of under parts appears purer, the light line over the eye
' See Reichenbach, Handbuch der Orn. I, ii, 1853.
w
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS,
[part 1.
1 ■>
li (
m.\ •*
i;L!
more distinct; the colors above possibly a little da-ker, with more
reddish.
The series at my coininand of the European G. famUiaris is
not sufficiently large nor perfect enough to permit any ver) satis-
factory comparisons. The bill, however, appears longer and liigher
than in eastern G. americana. The claws arc longer, and the tai[
shorter, not equalling the wings, instead of exceeding them. The
first quill is longer, its exposed portion being half that oi the si;cond,
instead of considerably less. The coloration is exceedingly similar;
the central light streaks of the feathers above are, however, less
distinct, being not so white, and more pervaded by the ferrugiiious.
The under parts are more ashy, and the rusty of the crissam perhaps
less prominent.
Gerthia costae is, in reality, more nearly related than G. faviiliarU
to our species in color and length of tail. This differs again in still
larger bill and claws, and in a purer white of the under parts. The
three, however, are so very close! related as almost to be eutitled
to consideration as races of one species.
Smith-
CoUec-
Sex
8UUIHU
tDr's
and
^0.
No.
Age.
827
1,337
••
28.bl8
728
rf
29,947
109
V
82,283
rf
11.987
..
20,920
17,430
461
^
7,1.JS
16,174
174
'<i
22,0S0
67
12,.S23
'<i
13,743
144
i
11,.S14
, ,
7,154
47
Locality.
Carlisle, Pa.
WiVshlnKton, D. C.
Liberty Co., Ga.
Ked KiverSottlein't.
Illiuoih [Siiuiid.
Siniiahmoo, Puget
Ft. Stoilacooin, "
Fort Croolc, Cal.
Fort Tejoii, Cal.
" tKwyn, N. M.
Cantoiiinpiit Biir-
Pueblo Creek, N. M.
When
Collected.
Oct. 22, '-12.
April .l, '44.
April 24. '80.
Dec. 28, '59.
AprlVo.
Jan. 1860.
Jan. 22, '54.
Received from
8. F. Baird.
E. Couec
I). W. Prentiss.
Jog. Leciiute.
D. Giinn.
K. Keuiiicott.
A. Campbell.
Dr Suckley.
Jolin Keilner.
U. F. Parkinson'.
J. XaiitUH.
" [son.
Dr. W. W. Auder
Lt. Wliipple.
Collected by
Dr. Kennerly.
Dr. Kennerly.
(S27.) .'5.40; 7.80; 2.00. (1, , 337.) .VOO; 7.60 ; 2.50. (28,948.) 5..30i 8.00; 2.50. (29,947.) 5.00;
7.30; 2.30. (32,283.) 6.60; 7.80; 2.70.
i-'-iti )..U nil •*.' i'ii jO...'.*j )■• ■ 1 ■ • - •■•!-■■ .'• ' '■>" ' .'/' ;
Certhia mexicana.
!■'
Certhia mexicana, "Glookr, Handbuch," Reichenbach, Handhiich, I,
.;■ . 18S3, 26."), pi. dlxii, figs. 3,841-2.— Sclatek, P. Z. S. 1856, 290;
I .ri'ii. 1858, 297; 1859, 3()2, 372.— Ib. Catal. 1861, 15, no, 95.— Baird,
f*'np ■ Birds N. Am. 1858, 373 (under C. onieriraiia), pi. Ixxxiii, fig. 2.
Hah. Mexico; perhaps extending along the table lands into the U. States,
This species will be readily recognized on comparison with the
United States s])eries by its much darker color above, and especially
the deeper shade of brown on the rump, and apparently its greater
• ■$
f
Hi 'A'
>f.iXit TROGLODYTID.B.
i'\.:
'M
cxtonslon up tlie hark. Tlic throat ulone is white ; the rcmaiiiiiif^
under parts, the fianlis espt cially, having an ashy brown tiiijje, not
111)1 ; 'I'd in tlie other speeies. ,, , . ,,,.., , .; , „. ,. ,
Siiilth-
flillliltU
Xo.
CollBC-
l.ir'n
No.
Hex
iiiul
Aye.
Locality.
CoUm"d. : K<>«elved from
Collected hy
si:«
i:!,n»8
••
Mpxico.
... J. (iould.
■. i.i ..- y- -..'•
vi'ii,r.'-i.;.
'4i
Family TROGLODYTIDyE.
' " ' ' ',1, ',!'.''>) '••',:•}*■
< >^
Rictal bristles wnntiui; ; tlie loral feathers with bristly points ; the frontal
feathers generally not reacliing to nostrils. Nostrils varied, exposed or not
covered by feathers, juid generally overhung by a scale-like membrane. Bill
u.-iually without notch. Wings much rounded, about equal to tail, which is
graduated. I^'riaiaries ten, the lirst generally about half the second. Basal
joint of middle toe usually united to half the basal joint of inner, and the
whole of that of thm outer, or more. Lateral toes about equal, or the outer a
little the longer. Tarsi scutelUvte.
The impossibility of defining any hirge group of animals, so as to
separate it stringently and abruptly from all others, is well under-
stood among naturalists ; and the Troglodijlidse form no exception
to tlie rule. Some bear so close a resemblance to the Mocking
Thrushes as to have been combined with them ; while others again
exhibit a close approximation to other subfamilies.*
' The genus Rhodinoctihia has, by most of our systematic writers, been
placed among the DemlracolajitidiP, and tlms as not belonging to the Oscines
at all. Taking all this for granted, I deferred any investigation of the species
until I had finished the Oscines. A casual examination has, however, recently
convinced me that the genus is truly Oscine, and possibly one of the Tioylo-
ilitidr. Dr. Sclater coincides in this view, and is inclined to place it very
near lleleodijtts. As it is now too late to introduce it in its proper place, I
il. fer furllier consideration of the subject to the Appendix, and merely give
the principal synonyms : —
Rhodinocichla rosea. x r
FnriKiriiig riiscus. Li:?so\, 111. Zool. pi. v. — Ti/todlnocichia rosea, Hartl.
tab. Jour. Ib53, 33.— Scl. Vr. 1855, 141 ; 184G, 140.— lu. Catal.
• i
ii:
I
mm"f-
t--'^
92
REVIEW OF AMERICAN RIRnS.
[rART I.
Tho stnu'turo of tlio feet, howpvcr, as far ns my observations
ext<'n(l, fiirnislies a jyood clniructor for liiniting tlic family, and espe-
cially of (li.stiii{^uisliiiig it from the Turdidve. In the latter tho basal
foint of the outer hitural toe is united to the middle toe ; sonietinicsJ
only a part of it and ihe inner toe is cleft almost to its very base, so
as to be opposable to the hind toe, st^parate from the others. In
tht Trixjlodytidfe, on the contrary, the inner toe is united by half its
basal joint to the middle toe ; sometimes by the whole of this joint,
and the second joint of the outer toe enters wholly or partially into
tliis union, instead of the basal only. In addition to this character,
the open exposed nostrils, the usually lengthened bill, the generally
equal lateral toes, the short rounded wings, the graduated tail, etc.,
furnish points of distinction. In the skins before me there appear
to be considerable differences in the structure and appearance of
the nostrils, which may serve to aid in defining the genera with con-
siderable precision. The exact characters, of course, cannot be very
readily ascertained from dried specimens, and I ma/ liave erred in
the interpretation of the appearances presented ; although a careful
examination of a large number of repvesentatives of the species has
been made. All the forms agree pretty well in the character of the
wings and tail, which differ in relative size and in shape less than
in most families; the feet are quite similar, and the bills only
moderately varied ; so that, without an examination of the nostrils,
it would be difiicult to establish intelligibly some of the genera.
In general there is a thin, vertical, imperforate septum in tho
median plane of the nose, separating the nasal cavities of opposite
sides. Some skins of Campylorhynchus exhibit an aperture in this
septum, but I am unable to satisfy myself that this h.is not been
caused artificially by passing a string through the nostrils to fasten
the two jaws together. Besides this, however, there is what may
be called the lateral septum (a modification of the turbinated bones
of the nose) on either side of the median, which either projects a
short distance into the posterior portion of the nasal cavity, with a
nearly vertical edge (seen in ThrxjoUwi'us), or is continued along
18*j1, 147, no. 891.— Lawkenck, Ann. N. Y. Lye. VII, 292.— Cab.
& Hein. M. H. II, 18!59, 23.
Tardus valpinus, Hartl. R. Zool. 1849, 27(5.— In. P. Z. S. 1850, 276, plate.
Originally described from Venezuela and Caraccas, Mr. Lawrence lias
received it from the line of the Panama R. R., while tlie Smithsonian Insti-
tution possesses specimens from Colima and MazaUan. A note hy (^)l. fJray-
son, attached to a Mazatlan tkin, states that it is one of the sweetest singers
of that vicinity, fully equal in thid respect to any specieb of Thrush.
r:t'-I
TROaLOnYTIT).B.
1):
93
tile roof of the cavity to its upper luiterior extremity, constantly
diuiiiii.sliing in depth (as in TlivjiuphHun), or is carried still lurtlier
ruiiii.l to the lower anterior end, as in S(ili>i>u-les, where it is arched
outwards so as to be parallel with the extcauuil scale. This septum
is not noticeable in the specimen of Ildeodytes before me ; in all
others where the nostrils are suiiiciently open it is cpiite apprecialdo.
This lateral septum is sometimes vertical or parallel to the median
septum ; in Cinnirerthia, however, it is slightly revolute, snowing a
liTc edge perpendicular to ti^e median plane, which forms a low wall
dividing the oval nasal cavity into two parts, but not conung to the
surface. In JJeterorhina this wall is higher, reaching the level of
the n(»slrils, but not adherent to the edges; while in Microarculus,
if tilt! indications of the poor specimens of M. bambla before me are
nut misinterpreted, this septum is united to the edges, forming a
bridge separating two cavities.
In most forms of Truylodylidse the nostrils occupy the lower side
of the nasal groove, and are more or less elongated, and overhung
by a valvular convex or vaulted projection of the nasal membrane,
which is thickened and rounded at the edges. This variet in de-
velopment, least in Campylorhynchus, more distinct in T/iryolhorus ;
while in Pheuyopedius, it seems almost to close the aperture. In
Thryophilus, however, this scale-like projection appears to be
entirely wanting, leaving the nasal cavity broadly open, and the
lateral cavity nuich exposed. In HehodyUiH, and in some forms of
Cam]>ylorhynchuH, the nasal aperture, as in JJopavobiua, has its
anterior half resting in the end of the nasal groove, bordered only
behind and by thin membrane only, and with no lateral septum visi-
ble. In Cyphorinus, the nostril is snmll, circular, and entirely sur-
rounded by membrane. In the others, it r(!sts against the lower
side of the nasal groove at its anterior extremity, with membrane
aijove and behind it only.
The bill, in most spoci'js, is long, slender, subulate, and decurved ;
in Cinnicerthia, it is more conical. It is generally without notch
at the end, except in Cyphorinus, Microcer cuius, Heterorhina, and
Thri/ophilus. The feathers of the forehead do not corns as far for-
ward as the nostrils, as a general rule.
The lateral toes are about equal, the outer very little the longer ;
in Salpincles and C'atherpes, however, the discrepancy is very
I'.uirked. In Keleodytes the tarsus is as short as the middle toe, or
shorter ; in all others it is longer, generally considerably so. The
ItM's are very stout in Heleodytes, Campylorhynchus, and Cinnicer-
thia; in the others they are more slender.
•
M
'-:\
h
li
^ii
94
RKVIKW OP AMERICAN DlllDS,
[I'AIIT I.
Contrary to the opinionH of nuist Ornitlnjl(»Kista, I liavj; i)lu(»(|
tlie gonus JJonavobiuH among the Thrushus, rutlior than the Wr<!iis:
the reasons for this .*re given on page 58.
With these prcliniinar) general reniarits, I proceed to present ii
brief synopsis of the genera and siihgenera of American Trorjlody-
tUtfv, wiiich, however urtifieial, may serve to aid in their determina-
tion. The fuller characters will be found detailed under each genus : —
A. Nostrils broadly oval, not overhung ; anterior half rest-
ing in the end of the nasal groove ; no lateral septum
visible. Bill not notched. Tarsi as short as inidde toe
and claw. Legs stout .......
B. Nostrils quite broadly oval, without distinct lateral sep-
tum, this being concealed liy the narrow scale which
margins the nostril above. Bill not notched. Lega
stout ; claws strong, much curved ; tarsus longer than
midille toe and claw. Tail about equal to wings .
C. Bill slender, not notched. Nostrils elongated, in lower
side of nasal groove, overhung by an arched portion of
nasal membrane, thickened, with rounded edges. Inner
lateral toe considerably shorter than outer.
a. Inner lateral toe equal to hind toe. Lateral plates
along posterior half of tarsi divided into smaller
' ' ones .........
b. Inner lateral toe considerably shorter than hind
toe. Pl.ii.es of posterior half of tarsus continuous,
■■' "■ "- not divided into smaller ones
D. Nostrils wioadly oval, divided by a low wall perpendicu-
lar to the median nasal septum, but not coming to
the surface ; bordered above by scarcely thickened
membrane, placed in end of nasal groove. Legs very
stout. Bill short, broad at base, without notch. Cul-
men much curved. Tail much graduated, about equal
to the wings
E. Bill distinctly notched at end (not notched in any other
Troglodytidx),
a. Bill distinctly notched, very high, and much com-
pressed. Nostrils small, truly circular, opening
in the middle of the nasal membrane. Tail much
shorter than (about two-thirds) the wings .
' b. Bill distinctly notched, quite high and compressed.
" " V Nostrils apparently double, the single aperture
''•v'' being divided by a bridge. Tail scarcely more
'"'"'' than half the winjs .....
c. Bill faintly not'-hed, scarcely higher than broad at
the base. Nostrils broadly oval, with membrane
above, but no thickened scale ; divided by a
eeptum coming to the surface, which, however,
1-,'.:^
Hetendytex,
Campylorhyn^hus.
Salpinctes.
Cat herpes.
Cinnicerthia.
, ll-.r.
CyphoritiHS.
Microcerculun,
?>:o-.' ■■It; . .,
iM^'f i
HO'lf/l
HELE0DYTE8. ',:ia
■I •>
Hill
r>'i:
ThryophiluSm ^
does not form a bridge. Tail about two-tliirdB
the wings Ilelerorhina,
<l. Nostrils iiroftdly open, and exposed ; not overhung
by a Bcale, and Htiowing a lateral vertical septum
extended forwards above; anterior half in thj
' end of nasal groove. Hill distinctly notched.
Tarsi longer than, middle toe and claw. Tail
about e(|ual to the wings .....
Bill not notched, slender, or very deep. Nostrils linear,
on lower edge of nasal groove, and overhung, sometimes , ■',:;..,; ,i
concealed, by an arched or vaulted thickened mem- • . ,
brane with rounded edges. Lateral toes about equal. ;, •
a. Bill very stout and deep, as long as the head ;
height about one-third the length above. Wings
about equal to the tail . . • . . . Pheugopedius,
b. Bill slender. Tail about equal to the wings, or, if
shorter, only moderately graduated (outer at :.., . , ,.
least four-fifths of central). Hind claw shorter ,, , ,
than the rest of the toe. A lateral nasal septum, <•,,, ■
vertical and projecting into the posterior portion ■ \
of the nasal cavity. (,,. i,> .
1. Bill as long as the head. Tail iVaihers , .. ;
broad, about as long as the wings.
Tail equal to the wings ....
Tail longer than the wings
2. Bill shorter than the head. Tail feathers
narrow. Colors plain. , , , , .
Tail equal to the wings ....
Tail shorter than the wings
c. Bill slender. Tail shorter than the wings, very
much graduated. Lateral feathers about two-
thirds the central. Hiud claw as long as rest of ^ ,-,,,.
toe.
1. Bill as long as the head. Hind claw longer
* .han rest of toe ...... Telmntodytea.
2. Bill shorter than the head. Hind claw
eqnal to the rest of the toe .... Cistothorus.
Thryollinrtis.
Thryomanes.
TTyletnnthrous.
Trcjloflytes.
'"■.*.
-.'i
\,
HELEODTTES, Cabanis.
Heleodytes, Cab. Mus. Hein. I, l!-50, 80. (Type Furnarius grisetis, Sw.)
Bill longer than head, without notch oi rictal bristles. Nostrils broadly
oval, in the anterior extremity of nasal groove, bordered behind by a nake I
membrane as in Donacohiu.t. Commissure curved gently, not angulated ;
gonys straight. Wings about length of tail. First primary considerably
more than half the longest ; second longer than ■secondaries. Tail moderately
graduated ; outer feather about five-sixths the middle ; outer web of exterior
feather about one-third the inner. Tarsi scarcely longer than the middle toe.
Colors plain, without dark spots or bars.
»., !
K-^SS
'I
I
9i
REVIEW OP AMERICAN RIRPS.
[part I.
Altlioujrii the gcnuH IlehnMlylen is not represented within the
region covered by the present review, 1 introduce a brief nioiitidn
of it witli the view of conipieting the liistory of tlie family, as well
lis of illustrating the jjeculiurities of the speeies of Cani/ii/lnrfii/iirhi
having very siniilur nostrils. The relutionnhips between the two
genera are very close, and it is almost a (jueation whether they can
bo separated trenchantly from each other. 'I'lie specimen before me,
from Mr. Lawrence's collection, is from Hogota; and, as it may be
different from the species of Guiana and Venezuela, I subjoin a brief
description.' , .
|t;
iii
CAMPYLORHYNCHUS, Snx.
Campt/torhynchus, Spix, Av. Bras. I, 1824, 77.
Snx = Tuidus vurie(jatus, Omel.)
(Type C. scolopacetis,
:l|'f?i'i.'' •:
Bill stout, compressed, as long as, or longer than the head, without notch
or rictal bJstles ; culmen and commissure curved ; gonys nearly straiglit.
Nostrils in the antero-iuferior part of nasal groove, in advance of the frontal
feathers, with an overhanging scale with thickened edge, as in Thii/oihnnis ;
sometimes, as in the type, reduced to a slight ridge along the upper side of
the nasal groove. Lateral septum not projecting below or anteriorly into the
nasal caviiy, but concealed by the nasal scale. Tarsus a little longer than
middle toe and claw ; claws strong, much curved, and very sharp ; middle
toe with basal joint adherent almost throughout. Wings and tail about
equal, the latter graduated ; the exterior webs of lateral feathers broad. In
size the largest of the family.
' Heleodytea griseus.
Furnarius griseus, Swainbon, Anim. in Menag. 1838, 325 (2| Centen,
No. 134), flg. ()7, 6 (bill), Guiana. — Cnmpylorhi/nchns r/rineus, Cab.
Schomburgk, Reise Guiana, III, 1848, 674. — Heleodytea griseun, Cab.
Mus. Hein. 1850, 80.— Sclatbk, Catal. 1861, 16, no. 97.
Whole upper parts, including wings and tail, plain brown, without bars
or other markings, as also a line from behind the eye ; the nape and inter-
Bcapulum blackish-brown, the top of head lighter, the lower back and rump
reddish-brown. Elntire under parts, including lining of wings, tibia, and a
broad line from bill over the eye, soiled white. All the tail feathers, except
the two central, with a broad sutiterminal bar of white, diminishing in width
from the outer feathers to the inner, but at the same distance from the tij)s.
Total length, 8 ; wing, 3.30 ; tail, 3.45 ; graduation, .45 ; exposed portion
of 1st primary, 1. , of 2d, 2.15, of longest, fourth (measured from exposed
base of Ist primary), 2.45 ; length of bill from forehead, 1.16, from nostril,
.GG; along gape, 1.26 ; tarsus, 1.10; middle toe and claw, 1.10 ; claw alone,
.30 ; hiud toe and claw, .87 ; claw alone, .38.
CAM I'Y I-OIUI YNCHU8.
97
Thoro aro Homc points of (liHerciice in diBV-ront proups of Camjnj-
hirh'iitvhMti in tlit' clianiclcr of the noHlrils and some otiiiT It'iilurcs.
Ill tli(! type, HH iTiniirixwl, tiiu nasul wcalo is reducLMl to a nu'iv ridgo
(111 till) upper sido of tlie nasul groove — the cavity being oval, lu
jiicoHm it is alniilar, with tho cavity more liiu-ur. In innjalojjtrrait,
nnialus, bruniieicujnllus, and their allies, the scale is more developed,
us in tropical Wrens. In C. rapidrulux, rujinurha, huiiuii)i,vlc., the
nostril is more like Jtonacolnus and IlfleodijlcH, namely, at the an-
terior end of the nasal groove, bordered behind by membrane, and
not above. In these the tail ia shorter and less graduated than in
the tvpe. C. capitflratuH is placed by Cabunis under Jleleodi/fex, on
account of its i)ecnliarities of nostril ; it differs, however, in .'shorter
(uil, siiorter bill, weaker legs, and the middle toe shorter than thu
tarsus, not longer.
The followiii!' table exhibits the peculiarities of the species before
luo in reference to the nostrila : —
A. Nostrils rather linear, liorizontal, in lower side of nasal groove, and over-
hung broadly hy uie-'ibraue thickened at edges : C. hrunHeicdpillus, uffiuis,
ixilltscens, baltetitus, mfi.yiilopterus, zoiuitns, purdus.
B. Nostrils more oval, the overhanging men^brane reduced to a ridge on tipper
edge of nasal groove : C. vurie</atus, brevirustria, zonutoidtSyjocosuit (nodtriLs
more linear), albibrunneua,
C. Nostrils as in Ileleodijtes ; broadly oval or rounded, in anterior end of nasal
groove, with thin membrane behind : C. capiatrutuK, rujinucha, humilis.
The transition, however, from one to another form, is vf "y gradual,
(inil it is quite diflBcult to say, in regard to some species, whether they
belong more properly to one secti«m or to another. Without more
specimens therefore at my command, I prefer to consider all as
identical gencrically.
The following fynop' is may aid in determining the Middle Ameri-
can species, and their nearest S. American allies, by their colors : —
TvV^^r^^
A. Upper parts uniformly brown, without bands or spots.
Head and neck with whole under parts white
B. Top of head and post-ocular stripe reddish-brown ; back
streaked longitudinally and linearly with white. All the
feathers beneath conspicuously spotted. Crissum and
flanks with rounded or elongated spots. Nostrils in-
ferior, linear, overhung by a scale.
a. Spots much larger on throat and jugulum than
elsewhere. Inner webs of 2d-.'jth tail feathers
(betweea middle and outer feathers) black, except
at tips
7 August, 1864.
C. albibTunneus.
bruniieicapillus^
.* ■■
D
Wfl
iii 'i ■
If
D,
E.
98 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIUDS. [PAIIT I
h. Spnta on tliroat and jui;uluin littln larger than else-
wliere. Inner webs of internifiliate tail featbura
))an<le(i with white like the outer .... nffinis,
C. Top of head nearly uniform yellowish-gray. Upper parts
ai l all the tail feathers banded transversely with
brownish-black and whitish. Rounded black t<pot.-i on
' the throat ami breast.
a. Body beneath reddish-brown posteriorly, with
sparse rounded spots on belly and crissum ; gemi-
nate rounded spots on flanks ..... zonatia.
b. Hody grayish-white beneath, and conspicuously
banded transversely everywhere posteriorly.
Wings longer than the tail palle.icens.
Wings shorter, or not longer than the tail . . halteatux.
Top of head with vvall defined streaks of whitish and
brown ; otherwise much as in two last species . . mcyalopterun.
Top of liead and post-ocular stripe blackish. Tail feathers,
except the central, black, terminated broadly by soiled
white.
a. Nape rufous.
Interscapulum unicolor. Beneath entirely unspot-
ted (or unicolor), as are also the outer webs of the
intermediate tail feathers ..... capistrdius.
Interscapular feathers banded with black spots,
separated by whitish streaks. Crissum banded.
Outer webs of intermediate tail feathers banded
with whitish rufinucha,
Ik Nape streaked black and white, not rufous. .
Beneath with conspicuous rounded black spots.
Crissum banded. Tail tipped with soiled white . jocosus.
Beneath plain whitish, immaculate. Tail without
white tips ........ nigriceps.
Top of head reddish-brown. Back with geminate black
spots, not with linear streaks. Bill very short. Nostrils
anterior, rounded, in end of nasal groove.
a. Post-ocular stripe reddish-brown. Beneath un-
spotted. Crissum banded. Exterior lateral tail
feather alone spotted on both webs . . . humilis.
b. Post-ocular stripe black? Beneath with rounded
black spots. Two outer tail feathers spotted on both
F.
webs
gularis.
Campy lorhynchiis albibrunneiis.
lleleodytes albobrunneus, Lawr. Ibis, IV, .Ian. 1862, 10. — Ib. Ann. N. Y.
Lye. VII, 18ti2, no. 322 (Isthmus of Panama).
Not jured.
JIab. Line of Panama Railroad.
Head and neck all round and under pnrts, including lining of wings, pure
white; rest of upper parts, with wings and tail, i lifoim liver browu. The
CAMPYLORIIYNCIIUS.
99
ft-itlKTS of crissnm are tinged with rusty, and with a central brownish streak.
Hill iiorn-color, lighter along tlie coniuiissiire and beneath. Legs light-brown.
Total length, 7.60; wing, S.JiO; tail, 3.00 ; graduation, .82; exposed jxirtion
of 1st primary, 1.32, of 2d, 2.20, of longest, 4th (measured from exposed base
of 1st primary), 2.60; length of bill from forehead, 1.00, from nostril, 1.65 ;
along gaps. l-K'; tarsus, 1.00; middle toe and claw, .85; claw alone, .23;
Lind toe and claw, .74 ; claw alone, .36.
This species is quite closely allied to G. iinicolor, of Lafresnayc,
which is pretty uniformly brown above, dirty white beneath, with a
few brownish spots on the crissum.
There is very little in the species to distinguish it gcnerically from
tlie type of Campylorhynchus.
Smlth-
fciiniaa
No.
Collec-
tor's
No.
74
Sex
und
1-0-"'^ cou^;.*;.".!.
Receive J from
Collected by
16,8,^2
d
Frljole, P. K. K.
Panama K. K.
...
J M'l.i'aiiiiHn.
Cub. Lawrence.
(74.) Type.
Campylorhynchus brunneicapilliis.
Picolaptes hrunneicdjiillu^, Lakresnaye, Mag. de Zool. 1835, 61, pi. xlvii.
—Lawk. Ann. N. Y. Lye. V, 1851, 114.— Cassin, Birds Cal. Tex.
- 1854, 156, pi. XXV.— Heermann, J. A. N. So. II, 1853, 263. — C.
• ' brunneicapilltis, Gray, Genera, I, 1847, 159. — Bp. Consp. 1850, 223.
— ScL. P. A. N. S. 156, ?:64.— Baihd, Birds N.,Am. 1858, 355.—
Heermann, P. R. R. X, 1859, Williamson's Report Birds, 41 (nest-
ing). (E. of Tejon Pass, etc.)
ITab. Adjacent borders of the United States and Mexico, from mouth of Rio
Grande to the valley of the Colorado ; San Diego. Replaced at Cape tit. Lucas
by C. affinis.
I find it quite impossible to reconcile Lafresnayc's description of
C. brunneicapillus, much less his figure with the North American
bird. This is described as having five white spots on the outer web
of the lateral tail feather, and three on the inner; the next with
two on the outer and three on the inner web (perhaps throe outer
and two inner) ; the third and fourth with marginal points instead
of spots.
This particular pattern of coloration I have not observed in any
specimens of our bird, and the spots are larger than as described,
iiltliough the markings of the tail vary a good deal. Lafresiiaye,
however, describes he under parts as pale rufous from the upper
l)art of the breast to the tail (represented also in the plate), instead
of having this rufous confined to the abdominal region. The speci-
IIH
':'.fH
w
* ■' ' :•
'■: ■"'' \
■ ■■■: ■ v
m
:/M
', ,•
±t
100
REVIEW OP AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I.
men described is said to have probably come from California, though
possibly from Peru.
I do uot feel warranted in changing Lafresnaye's name, though
it will not be at all s'lrprising to find that ho had quite a different
species from the North American bird before him. It may be that
Gould's species guUatus belongs more particularly to the latter.
Sniith-
CoUec-
Sex
soniAD
No.
toi's
No.
aud
Age.
7,148
••
3,906
7,149
7,150
31,894
173
776
Locality.
Ringgold BarrackH,
Tex.
Monterey, Mex.
California.
LoH Augeles.
Sail Diego.
When
Collected.
April, 1853.
Mar." i '62.
Received rrom
Major Emory.
Lt. Conch.
Lt. Williamson.
Prof. Whitney.
Collected by
J. H. Clark.
Dr. Meermunn.
Dr. Cooper.
(3,966.) Eyes reddlBh-yeUow. 8.00; 10. 7i>; 3.60. (31,881.) 8.00; ll.AO; 3.7i). Irlti blood-ied.
i '
I
r:
11^
Campylorhynctaus aflUnis.
Campylorhynchus affi.nk, Xantus, Pr. A. N. So. 1859, 298 (Cape St.
Lucas).— Baikd, Pr. A. N. So. 1859, 303.— Scl. Catal. 1861, 17,
no. 108.
Not figured.
Hah. Only observed at Cape St. Lucas, Lower California.
Cap of head reddish brown ; the concealed centres of feathers dusky. Rest
of upper parts grayish-brown, all the feathers of body and scapulars with
broad central or shaft streaks of whitish edged with black ; the streaks
irregular in outline, on some feathers nearly linear, in others widening at
intervals along the shaft Outer webs of the wing feathers crossed by about
seven rows of whitish semicircular spots, with corresponding series of more
circular ones on the inner web. Tail feathers black, all of them with a series
of about eight quadrate white spots on each web, which are alternate to each
other, not opposite, and extend from or near the black shaft to the edge ; the
extreme tips of the feathers black ; the two central feathers, however, more
like the back, with irregular mottling of grayish aud black. Upper tail coverts
barred transversely with black.
Under parts white, faintly tinged with rusty posteriorly ; each feather
spotted with black, excepting on the immaculate chin. These spots are rather
larger and more quadrate on the jugulum, where they are sometimes on tlie
sides of the feathers (on one or both sides) ; posteriorly, however, they are
elongated or tear-shaped, and strung along the shaft, one or two on each. On
the crissura they are large and much rounded, three or four on each longer
feather. Legs rather dusky. Bill lead color, pale at the base below ; " iris
reddish-brown." A broad white stripe from bill over the eye and nape,
edged above and below with black ; line behind the eye like the crown ; cheek
feathers white, edged with blackish.
Immature specimens exhibit a tendency to a whitish spotting in the ends
of the feathers of the cap. A very young bird does not, however, differ ma-
ir^
CAMPYL0RKYNCHU8.
101
terially, except in having the spots less distinct bent^ffii ; the white strsalts
less c«ii.spiuuous above; the white of the vings soil-j.' with rufous. Speci-
nieiH vary considerably in the proportional as well4|P^ absolute thickness
and length of the bill ; thus, No. 32,1()7 measures .bO from nostril to end
of bill, instead of .60, as given below for No. 12,9 5.
12.9u'5. Total lengih, 7.50; wing, 3.30 ; tail, 3.40, its graduation .45 ; ex-
poseu portion of 1st primary, 1.42, of 2d, 2. If), of longest, or 4tii (measured
from exjiosed ba.se of Ist primary), 2.45; length of bill from forehead, .90,
from nostril, .60; along gape, 1.07; tarsus, 1.02; middle toe and claw, .90:
claw alone, .25 ; hind toe and clan, .76; olaw alone, .35.
This species is most nearly allied to C. brunneicapillus ; the most
apparent difference at first sight being in the greater concentration
of black on the throat and jugulum in brunneicapillus, and the much
smaller size of the remaining spots on the under parts, with the de-
cided light cinnamon of the posterior portion of the body. The outer
and central tail feathers alone are marked as in G. ajffinis, the inter-
mediate ones being entirely black, with the exception of a white
Bubterrainal band.
This is one of the most characteristic birds constituting the
isolated Fauna of Cape St. Lucas. Like nearly all the species
peculiar to this remarkable locality, it is exceedingly abundant,
breeding in immense numbers. It has not yet been detected else-
where, though it may possibly be found on the lower Colorado.
Smlth-
Collec-
Sex
soaisn
tor's
and
No.
No.
ak«.
12,961
632
ff
12,96.)
190
rf
12,!i(.:{
«.")6
V
1B,9;W
i,4ia
Jav.
32,1 BO
4,988
rT
32,167
••
d
Locality.
Cape St. Lucas.
Whea
CoUecied.
Received from
April 2i% '60.
18U1.
J. Xaiitus.
Collected by
(12,963.) Iris reddisli-browu.
Campylorhynchiis pallescens.
Campylorhifnchat pnllescens, Lafresnayk, Rev. Zool. 1846, 93 (Mexico) ;
not of SciiATEU (=C halteafus).
Campj/forhi/nchiis merinlopterns, Sclatru, P. Z. S. 1858,298 (Oaxaoa) ;
1859, 363 (Xalapa) ; 371 (Oaxaca).— In. Catal. 1861, 17, no. "105;
not of Pr. A. N. So. Phila. 1866, 264 (which is true megalopterus).
Ilab. Southern Mexico.
(No. 13,659.) Body varied with brown and soiled white; no reddish. Top
of head brownish-ash, showing more or le-^s the pure brown centres of tlie
feathers ; nape streaked with black and white ; rest of upper parts banded
transverstily with soiled white and blackish in about thirteen or fourteen
I
J-S
'mi
102
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I.
nearly eciual zones of each color from nape to end of tail coverts ; more obscure
posteriorly, and the white changing rather to ligl brownish-ash. Wings
blackish, with about five series of brownish- white sjots exten ling over outer
webs ; quills edged iuternally (not sp()ttK<l) with the same. Tail feathers
black, with about sevnu transverse light bands, narrower than their inter-
spaces ; whitish on the outer webs and ed.ee of th' innei ; sometimes obscured
and irregular medially ; most distinctly transverse on the lateral feathers, and
most objolete on the inner webs of th<,* central " others. Beneath whitish ;
cuin immaculate ; throat and jugulum first with te rounded, then cordate,
light-brown spots, which, on the breast, become liu.sverse bands or zones
covering the remaining under parts to end of crissum ; more obsolete, with the
ground coloi' soiled with brownish, on the middle of the belly . these bands
quite similar iu size and proportion to those on the back, A white band from
bill over the eye to nape, with a brown one behind the eye ; sides of head
finely streaked with brownish.
(13,659.) Total length, 7.00 ; wing, 3.50 ; tail, 3.40 ; graduation, .60 ; exposed
portion of 1st primary, 1.30, of 2d, 2.30, of longest, 4th (measured from ex-
posed base of Ist primary), 2.()5 ; length of bill from forehead, .85, from
nostril, .53; along gape, 1.00; tarsus, 1.00; middle toe and claw, .82; claw
alone, .27 ; hind toe and claw, .80 ; claw alone, 37.
This species is veiy similar in markings and coloration of the
upper parts to C. zonatus ; the principal diftcreuce being in the
absence of the rufous tinge of the rump, a more distinctly banded
tail, and the inner edges of the quills being continuously edged with
brownish-white, not spotted with reddish-white. Beneath the differ-
ence is very strongly marked, in the continuous transverse bands on
the body : the absence of the reddish color of belly, flanks, and
crissum, etc. : the longer wings, and other peculiarities of proportion.
To C. zonatoides, of Bogota, the resemblance above is almost per-
fect, and beneath it is quite close ; the spots of black inste.rd of r)ale
brown, absence of zones on flanks and crissum (although the spots
are transversely elongated), and the rufescence of the posterior region
of body will, however, distinguish them. G. zonatoides also lacks
the longitudinal streaking of blackish and white on the nape seen in
palleacens, megalopterns, and zonatus.
In the museum of the Philadelphia Academy I find specimens of
a Campylorhynchus, labelled " Picolapies megalopterus, Lafr.,
Amerique Mcrid.," which agree perfectly with Lafre.snaye's descrip-
tion, and are those referred to by Dr. Sclater, in his paper published
in Proceedings Phila. Academy, 1850, 204. These differ very
appreciably from the present species in having the light bands above
of a purer white and more sharply defined, the feathers of the hood
dark-brown, conspicuously streaked centrally with grayish-white
(with a reddish tinge on the occiput) ; the nape similar, the central
CAMPYL0RHYNCHU8.
103
lio-ht stripe, however, wider and whiter. The under parts are very
KJinilar. Tlio bands on the tail are not so decidedly transverse, but au
edging of Ijrown along the shafts often divides the light bar. In tlm
otlier vspecies it is the concealed centres of the liood feathers that are
bruwn (showing only occasionally), with yellowish-gray edges. The
nape is much less conspicuously streaked. C megalopterun \n con-
siderably larger also, measuring 8.50 inches, the wing ,?.V0, tail 3.90.
Tins may be a Mexican bird, as stat(^d by Lafresnaye, but more
probably it is South American.
1 am by no means decided as to what is the true name of this
Mexican species, after setting aside that of megalopterus. A
specimen in the Phila. Acad., from. Guayaquil, and labelled " pallea-
cens,^^ by Mr. Sclater, agrees very well with a Smithsonian skiu
from Piura, Peru, No. 11,748. This differs from the Mexican bird
in a larger size, and in having a longer tail and shorter wings — tail
half an inch longer than the wingji instead of being a little shorter
or not longer. The top of the head is purer gray, or with less of a
yellowish-red tinge ; the nuchal streaks much wider and more promi-
nent. The most striking differences, however, are in the proportions
above mentioned, as well as the very different geographical distri-
bution.
The question now remains as to which of these two species the
nanic pallesccns should be applied. As, however, Lafresnaye, in
comparing pallescens with zonalhn, says that it differs especially in
form from the latter by longer wings ; and as while the Mexican
bird has much longer wings than the South American, which are
just equal to those of zonatus, it seems proper to name the Mexican
bird pallescens, especially as Lafresnaye gives Mexico as the pre-
sumed locality of his species. The South American bird (the G.
pallescens of Sclater's Catal.) may then be called Campylorhynchus
baUeatus.
Gampylorhynchus nuchahs is easily distinguished by smaller
size ; broader stripes on the neck, extending on the back ; the rounded
marginal white spots, not bands, on the tail, etc.
\ \
■^': j:,-;
Smitli- Collec-
«oiiii(n tor's
Ko. No.
Sox
and LocaUty.
Ah'e. 1
When
Collected.
Received from
Collected by
13,Br)9
i:V(i72
2li,3««
;2,471
76
377
Xalapa, Mox.
" [reitioii.)
Orizaba. ;Alpiue
Dr. Sclator.
J. K rider.
Cab. I.iiwrenco.
Prof. Siiiiilchrugt.
U'ltca.
If
1«
Ill
^^
104
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I.
CampylorhynchiiH zonatiis.
Picolaptea zonntus, L/;skon, Centurie Zoologiqun, Jan. 1831 (at end of
description), 210, pi. Ixx (erroneously "California"). — Ctimpi/ln-
rhynchus zonntus, Quay, Genera, I, Mar. 1847. — Bonap. Consp. IH.'Jd,
223.— ScLATER, Pr. A. N. So. 1866, 264.— Ib. P. Z. S. IH.'ig, 290 ;
ISfiP, 363.— 1b. Catal. 1861, 17, no. 103.— Scl. & Salv. Ibis, H,
1860, 29 (Gnatemala).
Ilab. Southern Mexico and Qaatemala.
Bmlth-
Col lec-
Sex
■oniaa
tor's
and
No.
No.
Akb.
18,, WO
30.870
123
20,;W7
1,44.-)
30,053
93
80
Locality.
Mnxico.
Mirador, Mex.
Clioctuu, Vera Pnz
Alotep<>c|iio, Ouat.
Guatemala.
When
Collected.
Jan. 1R63.
Jiiii.lSHO
Dec. 18«2.
Received from
P. I,. Sclater.
Dr. C. Sartortna.
O. Salvin.
Cab. Lawrence.
Collected by
F. Suiniclirast.
Salvin & Oodraan.
(30,870) IrU brown.
Campylorbynchiis capistratua.
Picolaptes capistratus, Less. Rev. Zool. 1842, 174 (Realejo). — C. capii-
tratus, Gray, Genera, I, 1847.— Scl. Pr. A. N. Sc. 1856, 264.— Ib.
Catal. 1861, 17, no. Ill (in part).
Eab. Confine'^ to Pacific coast region of Central America ?
(30,654.) Wholt top of head and nape black. Sides of the lower neck and
dorsal surface of body uniform cinnamon red (darkest anterioily), with the
upper tail coverts only obsoletely banded with blackish. On raising the
feathers, however, those on the lower part of the back are seen to be streaked
longitudinally with white, having the usual blackish suffusion externally.
Greater wing coverts and, to some extent, the scapulars, like the back, biU
with one or two pairs of rather obsolete rounded black spots, separated
ob.scurely by a pale shade of the ground color. Alular feathers black, edged
with wliitish. Quills black, with five or six pale yellowish-red spots on the
outer webs ; internally edged irregularly with whitish. Innermost or expotied
secondaries with transverse dusky bars. Tail feathers black, broadly termi-
nated by white, which is much soiled with brownish at the end ; the lateral
feathers with quadrate white spots on the outer web ; the central feathers
hlack with rather narrow transverse bands of pale brownish.
Whole under parts uniform yellowish white, without streaks or spots, soiled
with reddish behind ; throat purer white ; a conspicuous white line from
nostrils over eye to nape ; lores, and a broad line behind the eye, blackish ;
rest of cheeks white. Bill black ; the inferior edge of lower jaw at ba.-^e
whitish. Legs dark plumbeous.
A second specimen, 29,428, is very similar, excepting In having concealed
spots on the dorsal feathers, similar to those described on the scapulars and
wing coverts of the preceding. The under parts are entirely immaculate.
This probably represents the spring plumage — tlie former the autumnal
Young specimens not yet fully fledged, in the museum of the Philadelphia
Sin
th-
'c.
8011
lan
(
i\
».
'
3(1,6.1.'
20,42S
'■^-^
CAMPYLORIITNCHUS.
105
Acaileniy, from San Carlos and elsewhere, exhibit not the allghtest trace of
spots or otlier markings on the under surface, and no longitudinal light st-eaks
oil tiie Imck.
(■M<,li:A.) Total length, 6.00 • wiug, 2.70 ; taU, 2.65 ; graduation .35; ex-
jMHed portion of ^st primary, 1.10, of 2d, l.tiO, of longest, 4th (measured from
exposed base of lit primary), 2.00: length of bill from forthead, .92, from
nostril, .5t) ; along gape, 1.06; tarsas, ].06; middle toe and claw, .80; claw
alone, .27 ; hind toe and claw, .70 ; claw alone, .30.
Smltti- Cnllec-
eouiaa' tor'ii
No. No.
Sox
HDll
Ago.
Locality.
Whfln
Collected.
Received rrom
Collected by
30,8.5)
20,42S
84
■?■
SavBiia G ran(te,0 uat.
Punta Arenas, C. K.
1862.
May, 1863.
0. Salvin.
Capt. J. M. Dow.
Salvia jii (joiln)aa.
i'>!
Gampylorhynchus ruflnucha.
C. rujinucha, Lafr. R. Z. 1845, 339 (Mexico). — Picolaptcs rufinucha,
Lkss. Descr. 1847, 285 (Vera Cruz). — C capistratus, Sil. P. Z. S.
1859, 36." (Xalapa).
Ilah. Eastern and southern Mexico ?
I am unable to say whether the following" references belong to ca-
jnstratus or rujinucha : —
Picolaptes capistratvs, DesMdrs. Icon. Om. pi. Ixili. — Campi/lnrht/nchint
capislratm, ScL. P. Z. S. 1859, 371 (Oaxaca).— Ib. Ibis, I, 1859, 9
(Honduras and Belize).
Authors have, I think, been mistaken in referring the Picolaptes
rujinucha, of Lafresnaye, from eastern Mexico, to the P. capistratua,
of Lesson, from, and apparently confined to the west coast of Central
America. The specimens before me are not in very good condition,
but thoy indicate, both in coloration and proportion, differences which
are noi readily reconciled. In both species the whole top of the
head, with the line back and in front of the eye, are blackish. In
rujinutha, however, the exposed feathers of the back and scapulars
are streaked conspicuously with soiled whitish, with the blackish
external suffusion, the black sometimes forming large rounded spots
on each side the shaft. The spots on the wings are whitish, riitlicr
than brownish-yellow. The tail feathers are black, broadly ended
with white, vSoiled at the end, but the outer webs of all (exccjit the
two centra!), exhibit a series of six or seven quadrate white spots,
instead of being fewer in numJier and confined to the outer feather.
The under parts are soiled whitish ; each feather, as far as can bo
ascertained, except perhaps the chin and throat, with two or three
very small spots, usually in pairs. The crissum shows conspicuously
' • \, '''IV
" • <n
-)
lOfi
RRVIEVr OF AMERICAN BIRDS,
[part I.
thrc(! (»r four black l)aM(ls on each feather — sonusthing similar beiii^'
seen on the libiaj. Tliere is a small narr >w blatk liiio ahmg the
edge of the lowc jaw. Noihiiig like thcHo irarkings arc viniblr in
the Smithsonian specimen of C. capidraius. The eyes are red,
aceorilirig to Fr. Surtorius.
The differences in proportion are still more striking. The tail is
consideraldy longer, exceeding tlie wings; and the tarsus is much
shorter, being but little longer than the middle toe and claw. The
bill is rather longer. The first primary also longer.
Of the two s[)eeimens in the collection one has the feathers worn,
and is prol)ably in summer dress. The other is moulting and in
autumnal livery, thus matching the two Central American skins of
vajii><(rutiii<.
Total length, 6. .'50; win^, 2.60; tail, 2.80; exposed portion of Ist primary,
1.1.'), of 12<1, 1.70, of longest (measured from exi)Osed base of 1st primary),
2.00; length of bill from foreliead, .i),'>, from nostril, ..57; along gape, l.Vft;
tarsus, .87; middle toe and claw, .78; claw aloue, .24; hind toe and claw,
.62 ; claw aloue, .30.
Siiiith-
soiiian
No.
CoUec-
toi's
No.
Sex
uiid
LocaUty.
When
Collected.
Received from
Collected by
28.041
30,869
124
••
Mirador, Mex.
Oct." 1862.
Dr. SiwHorius.
(30,889.) Eyes rod.
Campy lorliynclius jocosiis.
C. jncoKua, ScL. P. Z S. 1859, 371 (Tehuacan, Oaxaca).— Ib. Catal.
18U1, 17, uo. 109.
Not figured.
Hab. State of Oaxaca, Mex.
(No. 22,381, type.) Bill lengthened. Upper part of head, line from bill to
eye, and a stripe behind it blackish-brown ; a little lighter towards the occi-
put. Upper parts grayish brown, the feathers of the back and scapulars
white, with one or two pairs of large rounded blackish spots, separated by
whitish or white shaft streaks and shaft spots. On the nnpo the black and
white in streaks, rather than spots, predominate to the exclusion of the ground
color. Wings showing six or seven bands of Itrownish-white across outer
webs ; inner webs edged with grayish-white. Tail feathers (except central)
black above, broadly tippeil with white, soiled at the end with brown ; the
outer webs with four or five quadrate spots of white ; the lateral feather with
a white patch at end of inner web, next to the terminal white. Markings of
central feathers much broken, without regular bands. Upper tail coverts
banded transversely. Beneath (juite pure white, a little brownish behind,
and each feather, except ou the chin, with a conspicuous but isolated rounded
S9
v-'*
CAMPYIORHYNCHUS.
KT
tipot of lilnok, becoming a trannverse bar on the flanks and cris.onm. Ni>
(listinct bumlH on tho thigh. Sides of lieail wh'to except the post-ociilar
striix", anil another along tlie h>wer edge of the lower jaw. A vhite line from
bill over eye. Hill blaek, rather paler at the base below ; legs dark-l>n)wn.
Total length, (i.M) ; wing, 3.00; tail, 3.0(1; .adnation, .41 . e-xported jxntiou
of 1st primary, 1.2(), of l2d, 1.90, of longest, 4lh (measured trom exjiosed base
of 1st primary), 2. UO ; length of bill from forehead, 1.05, from nostril, .tiO ;
along gape, l.lli ; tarsus, .!i4 ; middle toe and claw, .78 ; claw alone, .21 ; hind
toe and claw, .(58 ; claw alone, .31.
This species will be readily distiiijjiiished fntin its bluck-lieaded
allies by lacking tho rulbius and unstreak'.'d nape, and by having
conspicuous black spt)ts beu'jath. The bill is longer than in the rest
of its allies, and the shape of the nostril is somewhat diU'ercnt.
k
Smlth-
No.
Col lec-
tor's
No.
Sex
hikI
Locality.
•Wlion
Collected
Kecetved from
Collected by
2-2,381
4U,ni
?
S. W. Mexico.
'
Vei-reuux.
Boiicurd ?
(22,381.) Type.
Campy loi'li^'nclius liiiinilis.
C. humilis, ScL. Fr. A. N. So. Phila. 185(5, 263 (Mazntlan).
Ilali. Both coasts of Mexico ? Ou west side north to Maz.vtlan.
(2!),225.) Top of head and nape light brownish-red, the feathers anteriorly
pointed, and with conspicuous black centres. Back light grayish-red, tlw
feathers with rather irregular black spots in pairs on oppo.site sides of the
webs, with occasional much lighter intervals. The n.arking much as in C.
rnfinucha, but showing less of the linear streaks, except behind. Markings
generally of the wing, tail, a:id under parts much as ir this species. Under
parts soiled brownish-white, purer anteriorly, with very obsolete indications
of transverse darker bars, and occasional spots on the flanks. Crissum dis-
tinctly banded with blackish, tibiie less so. A conspicuous white line from
bill over eye along side of liead edged above and below with black. A nar-
row dusky line from bill to eye, and a reddish-brown one behind it, streaked
on its edges with black ; sides of neck streaked with black, and a short black
line along lower edge of the lower jaw. Bill dark plumbeous black, paler at
the base below. Legs dusky.
Total length, 6.40 ; wing, 2.75 ; tail, 2.80 ; graduation, ,40 ; exposed portion
of 1st primary, l.OtJ, "''2d, l.()5, of longest, 4th (measureil from exposed base
of 1st primary), 1.95 ; length of bill from forehead, .80, from nostril, .fjS ; along
gape, .9-^; tarsus, .94; middle toe and claw, .75 ; claw alone, .20 ; hind toe
and claw, .66 ; claw alone, .30.
This species is readily distinguished from C. capistratus, rnfinucha,
and /oco.sii.s, by the reddish head and post-ocular stri])e. Its banded
erissum and the spots ou the outer webs of the interior tail feathers
-.\ 1
'.
p
1U8
RKVIKW or AMKlllCAN HlllKS.
[part I,
sepamU) it from capiHtralnn. It Ih Icsh Bpolted benruth tliun niji-
nucha. Tlie bill in coiiHidembly shorter than in any of those rfpocit's ;
the tarsi as short as in rujinncha.
The siteciuR'iis before nie agree .sufTicieiitly \\'»'ll with the «Ies('ri|)-
tioii l)y Dr. Sclater of C. huinilis, ba.sed on a bin! in the imiscum
of the I'hila. Academy. Although No. 2y,225 is larger than the type,
a .skin received from Mr. Verreaux, 22,382, agrees more nearly with
it in this respect. A skin collected by i\lr. Xantus, near Colinip, and
belonging to the same region as the Mazatlan specimen, is undis-
tinguishable from the Orizaba skin, npon which the description abovo
given is ba.sed. In this the iris is said to be reil-brown. In the
brown head and other characters, as well as the short bill and tarsi,
it is related to C. gularin, of Sclater, although this appears to pre-
sent other distinctive characters.
NoTK. — Since writing the preceding description, I have had the
opportunity of examining ^Slr. Sclater's type in the Phila. Academy,
from Muzatlan. The species appears to me the same, the type differ-
ing only in being of rather duller plumage above, the markings not
I'lO well defined, and in having the bars of tlie crissum less distinct,
aid externally reduced somewhat to a central spot. There are no
di itinct spots on the flanks.
Smith-
Bnr.i".u
^o.
.91,.S20
22,-?82
29,22.)
tor's
No.
Sax
and
Axe.
1,013
40,710
2,5
Locality.
When
Collected.
Co 1 1 ma, Mex.
Mexico.
Orizaba.
Judo, 18G.3.
Received from
J. XantuM.
Verroaiix.
F. SuniichraHt.
Collected by
(31,820.) IrU red-brown.
The following species of Campylorhynchus I have not had the
opportunity of examining : —
Campylorhynchus giitfatns, Lapk. H. Z. 1846, M.—ThrijothoTus
(/utfdtus, Gould, Pr. Z. S. 183(j, 89 (Mexico).
This species, which has not been referred to by recent writers,
belongs to the same section as C. brunneicapillvs, etc., with rcddi.«Ii-
brown head, and back striped longitudinally with white. The
throat and breast are said to be spotted with black, the abdomen
and sides with smaller spots of the same. Ijength, 6.75 (i)r()bal»ly
more) ; wings and tail three iuv-hes each. The description of tlio
tail is not very distinct; but in several respects there is a close re-
lationship to C. brunneioapilluft, of liafr., and it is not impos-sihle
that it refers to the same species. If from Tamaulipts, like the
mh ■ ■
.T TH/.Tl
SAUMNOTKS.
109
TrnijIiKh/fea leuco(]axtra (It'Hcrll)oil by Mr. OoiiM on the sumo i)ttf?e,
it is rortainly tlio hiuiu', as the C. hrunneicapillus is the churacU'ristic
species uf thut region of Alexieo.
iuiiipylorliyiicliUH iiiKiicepH, Sci.atbk, P. Z. S. 18C0, 4G1.— lu.
Catal. 18, no. 112 (uenr V«ni Crux, Mex.)-
This spcx'ies has a hhieiv lieud and post-ocular Htripc like capis-
Iruliiti ttiiil rufmuvha, but dilTcrs in the black nape Wka jovohuh. Tlie
buck is reddish, barred transversely with black. The budy is un-
spotted white l)eneath, reddish jxjsteriorly ; the tail feathers black,
liarn'tl on the outer webs, and more obsohjtely on the iniu'r web of
the lateral, with fulvous, but without the white tips Bceu in the allies.
C'amiiylorhyncliiiH {(Ularis, Sclatkr, P. Z. S. 1860, 402 (Mexico).
This is a very short-billed species, closely allied to C. humilis in
this respect, as well as in the r"ddisli-brown head. The post-ocular
stripe, however, is said to be black, as well as a rictal oiw. The
tail is broadly tipped with white. The two lateral tail feathers have
large white spots on both webs (not on the outermost only). The
under part, except the throat, with rouud black spots ; iu this also
dilfering from humilis.
i; - y.
8ALPINCTBS, Cab.
Salpinctea, Car. Wiegiuaun's Arohiv, 1847, i, 323. (Type Troglodytes
obsoletus, Say.]" >
This genus is sufficiently characterized in the " Birds N. Am.," as
well as in the general synopsis of the family in the preceding pages,
for my present purposes. It is, however, especially peculiar among
all its cognate genera by having the usual two continuous plates along
the posterior half of the inner and outer faces of the tarsus divided
transversely into seven or more smaller plates, with a naked interval
between them and the anterior scutelloe. At the upper end of the
outer plate these divisions or lines of junction are obsolete, becoming
more distinct below, and near the inferior extremity the plates are
reduced to oval scales. The plate along the inner face is also divided
into two or three plates, sometimes more, usually less distinct than on
tiie outer. The posterior edge of the tarsus, instead of being sharp,
is usually, though not always, blunted by the bending round of the
outer plate. The lateral toes are quite disproportionate in size, the
inner with its claw scarcely reaching beyond the end of the second
«
I
no
RKVIEW OF AMERICAN UlUnS.
[I'AUT I.
))liiilaiix of th(> middle Uw. Tht; tuil feathers are aH in Culherpen,
\ivoud and soft.
t
NuliiiiicteH obHoletiiH.
li.'ilodyte» ohfoletut, Sat, Long's Exped. II, 1P23, 4 (South Fork of
Platte).— Aui.. Orn. Biog. IV, pi. 3i!0.— In. H. A. II, pi. lit;.—
Nkwukhry, 1'. R. U. Rep. VI, iv, Ibbl, H(».— IIrkkman.n, I». R. R.
Rep. X, ISSi), 41. — Stilf)incU'» ohsoleliis, c'ah. WlHgmaiiii'H Arcliir,
1847, I, 323.— Baird, Birds N. Am. 1>*68, 357.— Sclatkk,' P. Z. ti.
ISf)!), 371 (Oaxaca).
fTrogloilytes lntisj'a»cvitu», LiCHT. Preis-Verzeicli. 1831, no. 82.
/Tirifr, Central regionn of the United States, to Mexico. Cape St. Lucas. Not
recorded from Pacific slope. > ,•
Mexican specimens pccm to differ in having the under tail covert.s
more distinctly and broadly banded ; the outer primary half the
longest, instead of being eouHidcrably less than half. My materials,
however (two skins), are not sufficient to decide whether these differ-
ences are characteristic, and acconii)anied by any others.
Young birds, fully grown, dilfer from adults in the entire absence
of any marking on the under surface, not even on the crissum.
A specimen from Cape St. Lucas is decidedly smaller than the
more northern ones.
No specimens have been received from the Pacific slope of Cali-
fornia, excepting from Fort Tejon, which is near the dividing line.
Dr. Ilecrmann speaks of its being common throughout California.
Smlth-
Collec-
Sex
When
Collected.
«>iuiaii
No.
tor's
No.
and
A(iCe.
Locality.
Received from
Collected by
1,8.^7
rf
Fort Union, Diik.
.Inly 8, '4.3.
8. K. Haiid.
J. J. Audnbou.
8,832
, ,
Black IlillH.
Sept. 10.
Lt. Warren.
Dr. Hayden.
11,074
9
Fort Brliiger, Utah.
.Inlyl.'., '.-iS.
C. Drexler,
22,044
63
Hplltfate, Mah.
Aug. 22, '60.
Lt. Mullan.
J. Pearsall.
IL.'i.'U
, ,
i
Fort neflanpe, N. M.
• ■ •
12,116
, ,
San Francinc.i Jits.
Oct. 9. 'ftO.
Capt. SitKreaves.
Dr. Woodhons*.
2.">,.367
1,090
Fort Tejoii, Cal.
Nov. 29, '.-i?.
J. XautUH.
32.160
2,882
V
Capo St Lucas.
Jan. 1860.
**
2.1..3S.3
40,722
rf
Mexico.
Verreaux.
2J,387
40,723
V
(4
(hftiilu
instead
C'nthr
Smith-
Colic
koijIhd
lor'
No,
No
7,116
66
.'(.flfl!)
17.)
31,S2i
2,04(1
ai.87i
26
CATHERPES, Baird.
Catherpes, Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 357.
canus, SWAINSON.)
(Type Tliryothorus mexi-
This genus shares with Salpinrtes the great inequality of the
lateral toes. The sides of the tarsi, however, as in all the Trojio-
CATIIEllPES— CINNICKRTIIIA.
Ill
dijliitsp, oxcoptiiij? HnlpincteH, nrc covered with a continuous strip,
instciui of bring dividi'd into Hniull plutos.
(ullicriu'H niexicaiiiiH.
Tlirifiiihorut tHtxicnnu*, 8wAix«ns, Zool. Ill, 2d HorieB, I, 1829, pi. xl
(Kealdel Moiitw, Mux.). — Sitlpimte* mixivanun, Cah. Wl«gin. Arch.
1H47, I, :V23.— ScLATKU, P. Z. 8. 1857, 212; 18r)8, 297 (Oaxnt-a).—
' Troijlodijlin mexlciiniis, Hkbuma;.n, J. A. N. So. 2<1 aer. II, IHIi;}, 63.
* — Ib. 1'. R. U. Rh|). X, 1859,41.— Cahsin, IlUiHt. Birds Cal. 1, 1854,
'' pi. XXX. — Cntfiprpin ihixiratim, Uaiki>, Hirda N. Am. 1858, 35(5.
. Catftl. 1861, 18, no. 115.
fTrni,'..J,' « mitrnriun. Light. Preia-Verzeich. 1831, no. 80 (^'(/e Cab.,
Hj^'Aka of liglit-blue taill).
TImjothonis ffiitlatus, Lakr. R. Z. 1839, 99 (Mexico).
Cerlhin tilhifroiis, (iiKAro, Texas Birda, 1841, pi. viii (N. E. Mexico).
Ifab. Central region of North America, from boundary of United StUv ?8
sotitliward into Muxico. Oaxaua. Kxtenda up valley of Colorado.
Tlicre is a very great difference in tlio length of the bill In different
siu'ciniens of this species. The longest (20,871) measures .75 from
nostril, and 1.15 from gape; while in another the bill is .15 shorter.
I have not seen sp(!einiens of this bird from any point west of
Fort Tejoii, although it is said to occur in the Sacramento A'alley.
' J
Smlth-
Collec-
Snx
Bonina
tor's
ami
No.
No.
Atje.
7,116
66
;t,08fi
M:>
rf
.11,S21
2,040
a), 871
20
••
Locality.
Koit Tejon, Cal.
New Mexico.
New Leon, Mex.
nio Coahnnynna,
Mlrador. [Culima.
When
Collected.
Feb. 4, '54.
Sept. 186.').
Oct. 1882
ileceived from
J. XHntuK.
I.t Whipple.
Lt. Coiicli.
.1. XllltUH.
Dr. SaitorinH.
Collected liy
Dr. Keuneriy.
(3,969) Eyex dark-brow u. (31,821.) IrU browa.
CINNICERTHIA, Lkssox.
C'lnnlcerthin, "Lesson, 1844," Okay. (Type TJmnornis unirufus, Laph.)
Presbys, Cabanis, Mus. Hein. 1, 1860,80. (Type P. c«n//Wms = preceding?)
Bill short, conical, high at base, not notched at tip. Culmen mnch curvei*.
Nostrils in anterior extremity of nasal groove ; broadly open and oval, but
with a narrow membrane above. Internal lateral septum apparently revolute,
so aa to be perpendicular to the central septum, its exposed edge crossing
the nasal aperture obliquely forwards. Legs very stout ; hind toe and claw
nearly as long as the middle, which are much shorter than tarsus. Wings
about equal to the much graduated tail. Plumage Wren-like ; uniform brown,
with (l..'>ti;v ]:nes on wings and tail.
I introduce the diagnosis of the genus merely to complete the
its
REVIKW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.
[I'AUT r.
'^1
■■i
history of the family, a.s no species beloiif? t»^ lidtlle or Nortli
Amurica. 1 <juote llie dalo of tlio f^t'iiiis from (J ray, not Jiiiowiiij^
where it is described, unless it l)e in the Desc. Alaiiiui. et d'Ois. of
Lesson, a hook to wliieh I have not access.
Two well estal)lislied Hi)ec'ieH are (J. vniriifa (Lafr.), ]>ogota, and
G. unibruniiea, Lafr., Ecuador, both of which 1 have had the oppor-
tunity of examining.
A younjf l)ird of (-'. ii»il>ri(nn)'n dilfors from the adult in Iiavinir
the anterior portion of l)o(ly brown, instead of reddish; the bassal
poj'tion of gape and lower jaw yellowish, not black.
CYPHORINUS, Cah.
Cyphorlnus, Cabakim, Tscnrni, Fauna P**riiana, 184.')-4fi, 183. (Tji)e
C. thoracicus, Tscii. = Thri/olhonis modulator, D'Okb.)
Body short and stout. Tail roundod, very short, scarcely more than half
the wings, and falling short of the outstretched toes. First priujary aliout
lialf the longest; secondaries developed, nearly as long as tlie ]>riu)ai'i('S.
Bill distinctly notched, but without rictal bristles ; about as long us the head ;
much compressed, and elevated at the base (greatest depth about ono-tldrd
length), where the culnien is angulated and (juile sharj). The nostrils am
not in the anterior emi of the nasal groove, but in tliti nnddle of tiie nasal
membrane against its upper edge, and forming a small, truly circular tuliular
oj)ening, surrounded by a low wall, tlie ayi« of the oiHMiing directed ajiparently
obrupioly downwards (not horizontally). Li'^-i well developed ; tarsi rather
longer than middlu toe and claw ; lateral toes eijiial, hind toe shorter than tliu
middle. Tarsi <t-scutellate. the scutellre not very <listinct; the sides of Jejrs
in one plate. Outer lateral toe with basal joint, and balf the next, adherent
to basal joint of middle toe ; inner lateral with half its basal joint similarly
adherent ; or, to express the relation otherwise, the whole outer edge of basal
joint of middle toe, and half the inner, adherent to the lateral toes.
1 have not the opportunity of examining the si)ecies upon which
the genus was based by Oal)anis, but iuiv(> seku ted a near ally, ('.
lowrencii, Sol., as probably having the same peculiarities. The
genus is a very remarkable one, and not easily mistaken for any
other, on account of the characteristics of the circular nostrils sur-
rounded by membrant?, etc.
The genus (Uji)hoi'inu», ns given by Dr. Sclater, inclndes two
eubgenera — Cyplioriiiua and Mivroccrculni^. 1 lind, among his
species of Microcercvlua, two (juite strongly nuirked sections, of
which hamhla and prnstheleiwiis are respectively the types, and for
tliu latter I propo.se the name of Hctvrorhina. A larger nuiidicr of
specimens will be rc(|uired to decide as to the i)eriininence and value
of the cliaracter-s which appear to present themselves in the skins
MICR0CERCULU8.
113
before me, and to detormine wlicther the sections shall be considered
o.s of j^cneric or nuTcly Hubgcneric importance. For the prcsuut it
will be more conveuieut to consider thuni as geiioru.
(Tyi.e
C'yplioriniis la^vrencii*
Ct/phorinus canttms', Lawr. Ann. N. Y. Lyo. VII, 293 (not of Caranis).
Cyphorinus lawrencii, ScL. MSS. Lawukncb, Ann. N. Y. Lye. VIII, 18«3,
no. 373.
llab. Isthmus of Panama.
Aleve rtiddish-oHve, tlie feathers very obsoletely, almost unappreciaMy,
Btnaked and waved with dusky. Kxpoaed surface of wing and tail barred
distinctly with black. Featliera of forehead tinged with reddish at l)as«>.
Chin, ears, throat, and upper part of jngnluni lirownish-n-d ; rest of under
parts grayish-olive, tinged on the sides and crissuni with rufous. Lining of
wing like throat, hut paler. The angle of the chin and tho side of the lower
jaw dusky. A female specimen is similar, but smaller, and lighter on the
middle of tlie belly.
Total length, r).0(>; wing, 2.50; tail, 1.55; length of bill from forehead, .90,
from nostril, .GO; along ga|)e, . ^; tarsus, 1.00; middle toe and claw, .93;
hiud toe and claw, .72; claw alone, .35.
This species was first referred by Mr. Lawrence to C. cantons (r=
?n».t/r«.s), but on sending specimens to Dr. Sciaicr, this gentleman
decided them to belong to a new species which he named C. law-
rencii. C. musicus (Cuyc^nne) difltu's in having the breast and bidly
yellowish-white; the ears streaked with black and white (Hiir-
ineistcr). C. vioJulator (Peru, etc.) is more like it, but much larger,
uiul has the rufous of throat extending further down the body, and
passing into whitish.
or any
•ils sur-
ios two
)iig liis
ons, of
and for
iil)er of
d valiio
le skins
Bmltli-
Konliin
No.
Collec-
tor's
No.
87
87
Sax
anil
Ago.
Locality.
When
Conootud.
Received from
Collected bjr
••
^
Paoama K. U.
••
Cab. Lawreuce.
II
M'LoHii k Uulb.
(S7.) Type.
, ' ■' 1 ' M.>
' ' MICROCERCULUS, Solatkr.
Mkrocerciilus, Sclateu, Catal. Am. Birda, 1 8(51, 19. (Type Tiiriius hamhla, Bonn.)
Otiueral appearance of Cyphorinus, the tail still shorter, in type less than
half the wings, the feathers soft; the end of outstretched tibia reaching the
tip of tail. Bill compressed ; the lieight about one-fourth the length ; culmen
nearly straight, not angulated or gibbous at base ; tip notched, quite abruptly
deeurved Nostrils apparently double^ or with two openiuga ou «ach side.
8 August, 1804.
R ; . t
lU
REVIEW OF AMERICAN B1RD8.
[part I.
! -U
I have not had the opportunity of examining the M. banibla —
type of the genus — and have ta^ " the philoinela, a near ally, as
the standard of reference, T %s the general appearance of
CyphormuH, but with still shortei .tud more rudimentary tail ; a bill
less compressed, and elevated at base, and more decurved at tip ; the
wings more rounded. The most remarkable peculiarity is seen in
the nostrils, which, instead of being single, as is usual among birds,
are double, or with two openings. The specimens of j)hilomela do
not show the characters very satisfactorily, but one opening is appa-
rently crescent-shaped, against the lower side of the nasal groove
near the anterior extremity ; the chord of the arc nearly parallel
with the commissure. The upper border of the aperture is thus
formed by a semi-lunar valvular scale, which may fit down close,
leaving only a free rounded aperture behind. Above the posterior
end of this opening is another one, shorter, more circular, and
against the upper edge of the nasal groove. The septum or bridge
between the two is narrow : sometimes reduced to a subjacent ridge,
in which case the nasal aperture appears single externally.
It is possible that I have misinterpreted the indications of the
specimens before me, and that the characters of the nostrils is suffi-
ciently like that in Cyphorinus not to authorize generic separation.
The species assigned by Sclater to Microcerculus, excepting C.
alhigularu, which is a Pheugopedius, form two sections : one with
bambla as type, with tail soft and less than half the wings ; the bill
higher ; the culmen more elevated and nearly straight above. The
second with leucodictus as type : the tail firm, and two-thirds the
wing ; the bill still lower than in the last, and more Wren-like ; the
nostrils not so much doubly perforate, as with one large oval aper-
ture in the anterior extremity of nasal groove divided by a nearly
horizontal septum, which shows in the aperture without being
'United to it, constituting a free septum rather than a bridge ; some-
times reaching up to the level of the aperture, and sometimes low
and inconspicuous. The tarsal scales are sometimes distinct on the
outer side, sometimes completely fused into one with the lateral
plates (leucophrys). To this second section, perhaps generic form,
I propose to give the name of Heterorhina.
Microcerculus philoniela.
Ciiphorinus philomela, Salvin, P. Z. S. 1861, 202 (Guatemala). — Pn.
Catal. 1861, 358 {Microcerculus).— LfLvrR. Ann. N. Y. Lyo. VII,
1862; Birds Panama, III, no. 311. — C)j]>horinus bambla, Lawr. Aun.
N. Y. Lye. VII, 1861, 320, no. 185 (iria browu).
Hah. Guatemala to Isthmus Panama.
h'h*^.
HETERORHINA.
115
A specimen, apparently of tliis species, in Mr. Lawrence's collec-
tion, from Panama, differs from a type specimen and Mr. Sulvin's
description in being entirely without the fuliginous shade of the
under parts ; these are grayish along the median region, obso-
letely varied with dusky ; the sides much like the back, the same
color tinging all the under parts of body. The blackish margins
of the dorsal feathers are scarcely or not at all appreciable ; the
spots on the coverts are very obsoletcly indicated. It is probably
a more adult bird than as described by Mr. Salvin.
M. philomela is said by Mr. Salvin to differ from M. hanihla in
having the wing coverts spotted, instead of being banded with white.
M. albigularis, of Sclater, is said to differ from both in the white
throat, and from philomela in the white bands of the wing.
Total length, 4.00 ; wing, 2.05 ; tail, 1.15 ; graduation, .33 ; exposed portion
of 1st primary, .80, of 2d, 1.30, of longest, 4th (measured from exposed base
of 1st primary), 1.60; length of bill from forehead, .76, from nostril, .48,
along gape, .82 ; tarsus, .80 ; middle toe and claw, .74 ; hiud toe and claw,
.65 ; claw alone, .30.
Stnlth-
Koniaii
No.
Collec-
tor's
No.
Sex
and
Age.
Locality.
Whra
Collected.
Reocived from
Collected by
30,660
101
68
Vera Paz, Ouat.
9 ' Panama.
O. SalTin
Cab. Lawrence.
Salvin &6odniaii.
H'Lean. & Oalb.
1,' .>*
'f:v
'A' .
#1 ■
HETERORHINA, Baird.
Ileterorhina, Baikd. (Type Scytalopna proHhelencus, Sclater.)
In the introductory synopsis, and in the preceding remarks rela-
tive to Microcerculus, I have sufficiently indicated the characters
of this genus. The following ., . opsis may serve to distinguish the
allied species : —
A. Back brownish-red ; head darker ; sides of head black,
spotted with white.
a. Throat pure white, continuous with pure white on
the breast and belly ; wing coverts spotted with
white.
1. Top of head reddish-brown, or like the back.
Breast and belly soiled white; tarsus .84 . prostheleuca.
Breast and belly pure white ; tarsus .90 . leucoiticta.
2. Top of head black. (Specimen from the Napo.)
6. Feathers of throat white, edged with black ; breast
plumbeous ; coverts unspotted.
1. Topof head reddish orolive brownish; tarsus. 90 griseicolUs.
2. Top of bead black ; tarsus 1.00 . . . Uucophrys.
116
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I.
li^
:*
4 i'
. Ifl
B. Back and top of head nearly uniform grayish-brown ; sides
of head whitish, varied with light-brown. Size very small pusilla.
Heterorhina prostlieleuca.
Scytalopus prostheleucus, Sclater, P, Z, S. 1856, 290 (Cordova). — Cypho-
rinus pmatheleucus, Sclatek, P. Z. S. 1858, 64, 96 ; 1,859, 363, 372
(Oaxaca).— Ib. Catal. 1861, 20, no. 125.— Salvin, Ibis, II, 18G0,
272 (Guatemala).
(28,042.) Above brown, passing into deeper rufoua to the upper coverts,
and into reddish olivaceous on top of head. Chin and throat pure white,
passing into a duller white behind ; the sides of breast plumbeous ; sides of
belly, with the crissum, rufous brown like the rump. A distinct white line
from bill over eye to nape, bordered above by an obscure black band. All
the feathers of side of head and neck are black, with a rounded white spot
near the end ; thera is quite a distinct black line from base of lower jaw
margining chin and throat ; the lores are black. The tail feathers and ex-
terior webs of secondary quills are rufous, with narrow black bars (these bars
narrower than the interspaces). The primaries black, with brownish-gray
spots along their outer edges (outermost edged continuously \«ith gray). The
greater and middle wing coverts are blackish, many of them with a small
white spot near their tips. The bill is black ; legs brown.
Total length, 4.40 ; wing, 2.20 ; tail, 1.60 ; exposed portion of 1st primary,
.85, of 2d, 1.35, of longest (measured from exposed base of 1st primary), 1.7U ;
length of bill from forehead, .65, from nostril, .44, along gape, .80 ; tarsus, .84;
middle toe and claw, .70 ; hind toe and claw, .61 ; claw alone, .27.
In No. 28,042, one of the tail feathers is entirely white, and there
is a white feather on the seapulars ; this, however, is evidently
abnormal.
Other specimens, from Mexico and Guatemala, are similar, but
vary somewhat in the degree of purity of white beneath, and in the
shade of rufous above. One (91, Lawrence collection) has the black
band margining the top of head wider, so as to leave only a small
central interspace of brown. This specimen, too, has the bill longer
than in others.
Bniith-
Bonlao
No.
20,339
22,389
28,042
Collec-
Sex
tor's
and
No.
Age.
1,431
, ,
, ,
rf
27
91
1
•■
Localitjr.
Cbnctam, Vera Paz.
Mexico.
Mirador, Mex.
Guatemala.
Whoa
Collected.
Jan. 1860.
Received from
Collected by
0. Salvia.
V^erreaux.
Br. C. Sartorins.
Cab. Lawrence.
HETERORniNA.
117
Heterorhlna leiicogticta.
t'yphorinus leucostict is, Cab. Wiegm. Archiv, 1847, i, 206 (Guiana and
Mexico). — ScLATEB, P. Z. S. 1858, 63, 96. — Lawbence, Ann. N. Y.
Lyo. VII, 1861, 320 (Panama).
Hab. Isthmus of Panama, to Guiana and Ecuador.
A specimen from Panama, in Mr. Lawrence's collection, labelled
C. leucostictus, has the breast and belly pure white like the throat,
and the white spots on side of head larger. The size is considerably
less than in prostheleucua, while the tarsi are longt;r. The shoulders
are less spotted with white.
Another specimen from the Napo (32,G93), labelled G. leucostictus,
differs from the last in having a longer, slenderer bill. The whole
top of head is black ; the black bars on the inner or superior secon-
daries are quite obsolete, those on the outer webs of the exterior
ones being changed to dentations. The spotting of the shoulders is
restricted to the alular feathers and edge of the shoulders.
Cabanis, in his description of G. leucostictus, gives Guiana and
Mexico as localities, thuti refeiTing also to G. prostheleucus. The
small size of the specimen described, and the whiteness of all the
under parts, would appear to show that the description was based
on the Guiana specimen.
(No. 90, from Panama.) Total length, 3.50 ; wing, 2.00 ; tail, 1.30 ; exposed
portion of 1st primary, .75, of 2d, 1.25 ; length of bill from forehead, .67, from
nostril, .43, along gape, .76 ; tarsus, 90; middle toe and claw, .73 ; hind toe
and claw, .62.
(No. 32,693, from the Napo.) Total length, 4.00; wing, 2.10; tail, 1.30;
length of bill from forehead, .73, from nostril, .45, along gape, .83 ; tarsus,
.91; middle toe and claw, .76.
■ ■■■■■■,%'.
'i.m
■¥.■ 'i-
Smith-
sonian
Ho.
Collec-
tor's
No.
Sex
and
Ago.
Lo«alil7.
When
Collected.
Received from Collected by
32.893
3»,92.'i
90
Rio Napo, Ecuador.
Fauaiua K. H.
...
Verreaiix.
Cab. Lawrence. M'Lean. k Galb.
Heterorhlna grlseicollls.
Merulaxis griseicoUig, Lapresrate, Rev. Zool. 1840, 103 (Bogota). —
Cyphorinus griseicoUis, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1860, 64 (Ecuador).
Ilah. Ecuador ; Bogota ; Guatemala to Mexico ?
(30,658.) Above reddish-brown, with the top of head and nape grayish-
olive. Chin and upper part of throat white, passing insensibly into plumbeous
gray on the remaining under parts, excepting sides of belly and crissum, which
are reddish-browu like rump. A distinct white line from bill over eye to nape,
»
il.
«il!j
118
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I.
with a sufTusion of black above it on each side of the vertex. Cheek feathers
white, narrowly edged all round with black ; lores and stripe behind eye black.
A black line on each side the uhin and upper part of the tiiroat, all the feathers
of which are faintly and inconspicuously edged with black. Exposed surfaces
of secondaries like back, with obscure transverse lines of black, still more
indistinctly seen on the greater coverts. Tail feathers similarly marked.
No white spots on the coverts, and but faiut indications on the alular feathers.
The grayish feathers of the belly have generally a lighter tip, or obscure
terminal light spot ; sometimes with a faiut appearance of broad bars of
whitish and gray.
Total length, 4.00; wing, 2.25 ; tail, 1.30; exposed portion of Ist primary,
.87, of 2d, 1.33 ; length of bill from forehead, .65, from nostril, .40, along gape,
.75 ; tarsus, .90 ; middle toe and claw, .7ti ; hind toe and daw, .(i4.
A specimen in Mr. Lawrence's collection, from Guatemala, differs
in a much deeper and more purplish rufous on the back.
Specimens from Mexico are similar, but difter in having the top
of the head and nape reddish-brown, similar to the back, only a shade
lighter, instead of olive-gray. Should this be constant, as a geo-
graphical difference, the Mexican form will be entitled to a distinctive
name. None of the specimens agree very well with the description
by Lafresnaye of his Merulaxis griseicoUis, and may all be really
distinct, especially in view of the widely different localities.
This species, with a close resemblance to prostheleucus and leu-
costicius, may be readily recognized by the plumbeous ashy under
parts, the narrow, scarcely appreciable black edgings of the throat
feathers, the absence of white spots on the wing coverts, etc. The
bill is smaller and more slender.
Smitb-
«ouian
No.
Collec-
tor's
No.
Sex
and
Age.
d
Locality.
When
Collected.
Received from
Collected by
26,369
22,389
80,658
37,661
55
i:«
92
Xalapa, Mex.
[Gnat.
Volcaa de Fuego,
Guatemala.
Nov.'l861.
J. Krlder.
Verreaux.
Cab. Lawrence
0. Salvia.
Cab. Lawrence.
D'Oca.
D'Ocft. *
Salvin&Oodm.
(22,389.) " O. prostheleuoua."
Ileterorhina leucoplirys.
Troglodytes leucophrys, Tschudi, Conspectus Fauna Peruana. — Cypho-
rinus leuco])hry.i, Cab. Wiegm. Arch. 1847, i, 206. — Sclatkb, Catal.
1861, 19, no. 123.
Troglodytes guttalus, Hartl. Verz, Mus. Brem. 1844, 26.
Hab. Peru to Costa Rica ?
(30,486.) Above dark rufous brown, brightest towards the rump; top of
hgad dusky blackish, the feathers obscurely suffused at the ends with olivace-
HETEUORHINA.
119
0U9. A white line from bill over the eye along nape ; lores, and a stripe back
of the eye, black ; all other feathers of the cheeks, chin, and throat, white,
narrowly bordered with black. Jugulum dark a«hy, iui(idle of breast paler;
wliole sides of body from and including axillars, the po^^terior j)art of belly,
anal region, and crissum, dark rufous cinnamon. Exposed surface of secon-
daries and tail feathers rufous, with transverse dark lines; primaries similar,
externally dentated with black and rufous. Bars on tail much broken up.
No spots on the coverts ; the alular feathers and bend of wing streaked with
yellowish-brown.
Total length of skin, 4.80; wing, 2.35; tail, 1.55 ; exposed portion of 1st
primary, .91, of 2d, 1.30; length of bill from forehead, .72, from nostril, .45,
along gr-pe, .81 ; tarsus, .98 ; middle toe and claw, .82 ; hind toe and claw, .67 ;
claw alone, .32.
This species is readily distinguished from H. leucostida and
profitheleuca, by its ashy jugulum, want of spots on the coverts,
and streaked throat. From them and grheicollis it differs in larger
size, much greater extent of rufous ou the sides and anal region,
darker head, etc. The feathers of chin and throat are edged much
more conspicuously with black than in H. griseicollis. The outer
face of the tarsus forms one continuous plate without division or
groove of any kind.
I refer this species to the G. leucopJirys of Tschudi, although the
locality of the specimen is much farther north than heretofore given,
and the bird has not been recorded from I'anama. As I have not
seen a South American specimen, it is possible that a careful com-
parison may reveal a specific difference.
Smith-
eoniau
No.
30,486
CoUec-
tor's
No.
80
Sex
and
Age.
Locality.
Vfheu
Collected.
Received from
Sua Jose, CoHta Rica.
Dr. V. Frautzius.
Collected by
r^^:
Ileteroi'Iiiiia pusilla.
Cyphorinus pusillua, Sclatke, P. Z. S. 1859, 372 (Oaxaca). — Ib. Catal.
1861, 20, no. 126.
Hub. Western Mexico (Oaxaca).
Of this diminutive species, which differs considerably in appear-
ance from its allies, the only specimen before me is somewhat de-
fective, especially about the bill, so that I am unable to say how
closely it agrees, if at all, with the other Heterorhinse in their peculi-
arities. The upper parts are of a grayish-brown, rather brighter
behind ; the wings and tail obsolctely marked with transverse dark
lines. A line from bill over eye, and under parts dull white ; the
• ^1
190
EEVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I.
flanks, anal region, and crissum somewhat like the back, hut pahir ;
the sides of the breast tinged with plumbeous. Length, 3.50;
wing, 2.05 ; tail, 1.35.
Bmlth-
soulau
No.
22,386
Collec-
tor's
No.
40,727
Sex
and
Age.
Iiocalitf.
Mexico (Oaxaca?)
When
Collected.
Received froio
Verreaux.
Collected by
(22,386.) Type.
;
THRYOTHORUS, Vieill.
Thryothorus, Vieillot, Analyse, 1816, 45. (Type Troglodytes arundi-
naceu8, " Troglodyte des Roseaux," Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807,
55 =: Sylvia ludovicinna, Lath.)
Bill compressed, rather slender ; height ahoiit one-fourth the length above.
Culmen and commissure gently curved throughout ; goiiys straiglit ; tip very
obsoletely notched. Nostrils in the lower edge of imterior extremity of the
nasal groove, narrowly elliptical, overhung by a stiflF scale-like roof of the
thickened membrane of the upper part of the nasal groove, ''le crescentie
edge rounded. The septum of nostrils imperforate ; the poste.- r part of the
nasal cavity with a short septum projecting into it parallel with the central,
not perpendicular as in Mi crocer cuius. Wings and tail about equal, the latter
moderately rounded ; the first primary more than half the second, about half
the longest. Tarsi rather short, scarcely exceeding middle toe. Anterior
scutellse distinct, rest of each side of tarsi in a continuous plate. Lateral
toes equal.
The type of the genus, as established by Vieillot, is his Troglo-
dytes arundinaceus, by G. R. Gray and others referred to the Cisto-
thorus palustris, but while the account of the nidification and general
habit applies best to the latter, the description and figure unquestion-
ably relate to T. ludovicianus. (See also Baird, Birds K. Am.
1858, 359.)
As remarked elsewhere, the Wrens formerly included in the genus
Th.ryothorus are found to embrace several distinct groups character-
ized by the form of the nostrils, and to some extent by the shape of the
bill and the degree to which this is notched at the tip. As restricted,
the species of Thryothorus, characterized by the linear nostrils
moderately overhunpf by a thickened scale, all belong to North
America, and constitute two sections : one with T. ludovicianus as
type; the other (Thryomanes, Sclater) with slenderer, longer bill,
and the tail longer than the wings, its feathers broader, best repre-
sented by hewickii. The other divisions — Pheugopedius and lliryo-
philus — are peculiar to Middle and South Anerica.
TORYOTIIORUS.
121
The characters of these two divisions will bo found detailed in
tho introductory remarks, and under their respective heads. Tro<il<h-
(hjtcx, with its two sections, is very closely related to T/iryothoruH,
as restricted, so much so that it is very difficult to draw the line.
The supposed differences referred to by many authors resulted from
the comparison of Troglodyten with Thryophilue, rather than with
true ThryothoriiH.
In the following synopsis I present an artificial key to the species
of Thryothorus, Pheugopedius, and Thryophilus, l^und in North
aiul Middle America, with their nearest South American allies, and
based entirely on color and markings. T. 2)leuro)ilictus I know only
by description, and may not have worked it in properly. A more
natural arrangement, based upon the peculiarities of structure, fol-
lows the first
Synopsis of Species.
A. Head above and back of inuvh the same color.
a. Crissuiu barred transversely ; rest of under parts
spotted or banded conspicuously with black (ex-
cept in/e/«a:).
1. Outside of wings banded ; head like the
back.
a. Throat white; rest of under parts black,
finely banded with white
0. Under parts pure white ; sides from
neck to crissuin banded with black
2. Outside of wings plain ; head more rufous
than the back. Sides of head and neck
white, conspicuously streaked with black ;
wings longer than tail, except in/e//a:.
a. Beneath white, spotted with black from
chin to belly. Flanks rusty
B, Chin and upper throat black, spotted
with white ; rest of under parts plain
rufous ......'
y. Beneath whitish, unspotted ; on sides
Jirown, Upper tail covert barred. Tail
longer than the wings ....
b. Crissum barred transversely ; rest of under parts
plain.
1. Upper tail coverts and exposed surface of
wings barred.
a. Tail feathers reddish-brown, barred
with black. Greater wing coverts spot-
ted with whitish.
1. Beneath rusty white . . ,
2. Beneath rusty brown . . .
fasciato-ventris,
plcurostictus.
maculipectus, '
rutilus.
felix.
fi ' ' ^". ■
ludoviciaius.
berlandiert.
122
REVIEW OP AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I.
H >
I
i>iv
F
mi
0. Tail fuath«re, exoept central, black ;
the expoHfd Hurfaoe and tips only varied
trith white.
1. Bill and le^a very stout, the former .
longer than the head. Wings longer
than tail. A concealed nuidiul half
collar of white Htreakd.
Color much as in 7'. bewickil, but
whiter beneath. Outride of
wings very obsoletely banded petenicua,
2. Bill and legs more slender ; some-
times the bill sliorter than head.
Tail longer than the wings, ^'ocou-
cealed nuchal half collar.
Above dark rufous brown ; be-
neath plun)l)eouswhitn; flanks
tinged with brown. Hump and
exposed secondaries distinctly
banded. Quills and middle
tail feathers brownish-black . bewickii.
Above ashy-brown ; beneath, in-
cluding flanks, clear white ;
rump ashy, and, like seconda-
ries, very obsoletely barred.
Quills and middle tail feathers
grayish-brown . . . leucogaster.
Colors intermediate between the
two last. Bill longer, from
nostril, .50, from gape .81, in-
stead of .39 and .70
2. Exposed surface of wings barred ; upper tail
coverts not barred. Beneath white. Tail
feathers reddish-brown, banded with black,
except in pe.tf ulcus.
a. Above quite uniform reddish-chestnut.
1. Sides ashy .....
2. Sides brownish ....
B. Grayish-brown above, ramp rnfescent.
1. Sides brownish .... ainaloa,
c. Crissum plain, without bands.
1. Outside of wings obsoletely banded. Beneath
white ; flanks and crissum fulvous.
«. Bill shorter than tarsus . . . modestus,
2. Outside of wings and wing coverts distinctly
banded. Beneath white ; dauks and anal
region very pale fulvous.
a. Bill longer than tarsus . . . albipectus.
3. Similar to last above ; throat white ; rest of
under parts fulvous.
spiiurus.
■ the
H Th
I Th
polinpleura.
■ Trc
rtifalbua.
■
THRY0TH0RU8,
123
m. Wingii ooiieideral)ly longer than tail ;
bill ttliui'tur than tarttuti . .
g. Wings litttu longer than tail; bill
longt)!' than tuiHUs ....
B. Iluad black, with whitu uhtittk-paloh ; r«)8t of uppur part
deep uhextuut.
((. Thriiiit white, pa».ting into obudtnut behind. Sides
ob.suletely bunded with biuik ....
b. Beneath white, tinned with rntouM on abdomen.
Throat plain ; loxt of under parta barred trans-
verHely witii black ......
c. Beneath white, tinj^ed with chestnut on flanka and
anal region. Whole under partH from bill to tail
banded trausveraely with black
gnlbrnilhi.
luiiijirDstris.^
caataueua.
ui(fricaj)illu$.
nchottii.
The following is the more natural nrrnngomont of the sitocies just
mciitioiK'd, us based upon their peculiarities of form : —
ThryophilUB" mfalhus, p')liojileur(i, sintdoa, vnxlestun, nihipectus, galhruithi,
slnoliiliis, InnijiroHtria, castanens, niijricdpHlus, srholtii,
PheugtpediUB: fasciato-ventris, pleutosUctuaf maculipectua, rutilua, /elix,
curai/d, melaAoa.
ThryothoruB : ludoiicianua. berlandieri, petenicua.
ThryonaaneB : bewichii, npilunta, leucoyuster.
Tlif'st' lire followed by the species of TroglodyteB, Anorthura, ClBto-
thorus, and Telmatodytes, synopses of which will be given
further on.
The following species of the group of Troglodytidae I have not had
the opportunity of examining: —
ThryothoruB pleurostictuB, Sclatbr, Ibis, 1860, 80 <'Guateraala). — In.
Catal. 18dl, 21, no. 13G. See page 121 (" (iulf of Nicoya," Salvin in letter).
ThryothoruB murinuB, Hautlaub, Rev. and Mag. Zool. 18.52, 4 (Rio Frio,
liolween I'uebia and City of Mexico). (How ut^nr petenicua and <il hi nucha f)
TroglodyteB albinucha, Cabot, Pr. Boat. N. H. Soc. II, 1847, 258 (Yuca-
tan). I'ostiibly T. petenicus, and if so, prior to it.
a. TlIRYOTHORUS.
Thryotliorus ludovicianus.
Sylvia ludoi ciana, Lath. Ind. Orn. II, 1790, 548. — Tro(;lo<lytes ludo'
vicianua, LicuT. Verz. 1823, 35 ; also of Bonaparte and Audubon. —
Prince Max. Cab. Jour. VI, 1858, 110. — Thryothorus linlovicianus,
BoN. List, 183<<, etc.— Cab. Mus. Heln. I, 1850, 78.— Baikd, Birds
N. Am. 1858, 361.— Sclater, Catal. 1861, 20.
' See note on lonyirustris and its allies, under T. gulbraithi, p. 132.
fl
124
RKVIKW OF AMrUICAN 111111)8.
[PAUT I.
Tro<j1odijtri> nrunilinncfUit, ViKin,. Ols. Am. 8«pt. II, 1807, r>8, pi. cviH,
(('urtainly tliirt HpHvi^H : tliu liuliitH tlidtiu of ('. i>nliisiriH.)
('fflhiii cnrolininiKi, Wii.mi.N, Aui Orn. 11, 1810, <!1, pi. xii, fig. 5.
Thryothorui littomliM, ViKiLt. Noiiv. Diet. XXXIV, 1819, 5«.
TlirjinihtiTHs luuininnx, Lkhhon, K«v. Zo<»I. 1^40, 2(>2.
Adilitioiuil tigurua: Avu. Orn. liiog. I, 18.'il,pl. 77. — In. BirdH. Am. II,
1841, pi. 117.
Hub, Eastern Province United States, from New York southward to the Gulf.
I
■m
Smith- Cdlluc-
Bex
When
Collectod.
■onlaii tci'M
No. , Nil.
and
AKe.
Locality.
Received from
Collected hr
7,113
I>hiladnlphla.
...
John (lAhHln.
1,7«.)
, ,
Miiiyluiid.
• * •
8. F. Balrd.
1.007
rT
WaslilDKtoD, D. C.
Jnnel2, '43
"
Wm. M. lialril.
2S.o;u
(f
•'
Auk. 0. '''»*
Dr. E. Cont'H.
S2,2.S.'>
(f
Maco 1, Ob.
I'lof. J I.ecoute.
7,1 a)
Kiickiioii, III.
.Tan. 2. '.VJ.
Dr. Klrtland.
10,20-J
cf
Hoiith lllindlR.
Miy ».
It KiMinlcutt.
7,118
Ft. Lcavpnwoi th.
.hill '-•«, W).
lit. Conch.
12,113
?
Kod l-'ork or Ark.
I H.'iO.
Capt. HitKreavei.
Dr. Woodhoune.
12,111
d
Clierukoe Nation.
Ant; ^1 '*<*■
*.
1.
wt
Thryotliorus berlandieri.
Tkryitthorm lierhindieri, CorcH MSS. Baibd, Birds N. Am, 1858, 3()2, pi.
Ixxxiii, fig. 1 (New Leon).
JIab. Valley of Rio Oraude.
!No additional specimens of this species have been noticed sinre
the publication of the "Birds of North America." The ditferences
th(!re indicated appear sufficient to distinguish the spedes from the
allied T. ludovicianus. The characters of the two are as follows:—
Common CiiARArTKRS. — Above reddl.^h-brown ; rump, eyposed surface of
wing.s and tail rather faintly barred with black. Cri.ssuin strongly barred
with the same. White supra-ocular stripe bordered above by black. Sides
of neck much spotted with the same. Wing coverts spotted with whitish.
Beneath whitish, with an occasional wash of reddish.
Bides plain. Bill from nostril, .45 . . . . ludovicianus.
Beneath rufous ; lighter on throat and on median line.
Sides obsoletely barred with dusky. Bill from nos-
tril. 56 berlandieri.
5i« ■
K
Smitb-
Collec-
Sex
Houian
tor's
and
No.
No
A^e.
7,122
142
V
7.12.1
143
ff
7,121
12.)
Locality.
New Leon, Melc.
San DieKO, Hex.
When
Collected.
April, 18.M.
Mar. 1853.
Received from
Lt. Couch.
Collected hy
(7,122.) EysH brown.
TIIRYOTHOllLH,
125
n. M llitlH.
WoodhouM,
(lovicianus.
TlirjotliortiH petenicus.
Thryothorui petetiicus, Salviit, Pr. Z. S. May, 1863, 187 (Peten).
(Mr. Salvin's type, No. 112.) Bill longer than the head; tail and wings
about tKiual, Color above reddiwh-lirown ; more rufouH on the rump. Upper
tail coverts grayinh-brown, rather obriuurely banded with hluck. ( inter eilges
of priiiiarieH marked with ksruyitih and black, of HecondarieH and wlioltt exjxjsed
surface of wing with very obsolete, almost inappreuiable du.tky bars. Under
part.t whitish, nearly pure on throat and middle of belly, tinged with fulvous
(and with the feathers "e.y slightly tipped with dusky) across the breast ;
the sides more like the back, but pa'.er. Crissura with broad white and black
bars ; Hanks obscurely barred with dusky. A broad line of white, edged
with black, from bill over eye to nape : tho^ie of opposite Bides connected by
a cQUuealed series of blaok-edged v.iite streaks on the nuchal feathers, which
form a half collar with more distinctly marked feathers on the side of neck
behind the ear coverts, whii h are lik^ the back. Lower part of cheek feathers
wliite, edged with dusky. Tail feathers black ; the outer webs and tips
flpotted or blotched with dirty white ; the middle feathers ashy-brown, with
spotted broken bars of black, about one-third their interspaces. Rump with
concealed spots of white. Bill longor than the head.
(Type.) Total length, 5.30; wing, 2.25; tail, 2.25; graduation, .2(i ; ex-
posed portion of Ist primary, .'lO, of 2d, 1.40, of longest (measured from
exposed base of lat primary), 1.70; length of bill from forehead, .85, from
nostril, .55, along gape, .92; tarsus, .Sii ; middle toe and claw, .80; claw
aloue, .23 ; hiud toe and claw, .65 ; claw alone, .27.
This species is very similar in coli)ration and general appenraiico
to the typical styles of T. hewuhii, from the eastern United States.
The bill, however, is much larger and longer, the legs nuicli stouter,
and the wings and tail about equal, instead of the latter being longer.
In these points it agrees more nearly with T. ludomviaiiuH, as well
as in the character of the nostrils. The white spots of the nape are,
however, wanting in hewickii, in which also the wing is more dis-
tinctly barred ; the bands on the upper surface of the tail twice as
numerous ; the white markings quite similar ; the crissal bars nar-
rower and less prominent.
This species appears closely related to Thryothorvs alhinucha, of
Cabot, and murinus, of Hartlaub, though differing in some respects
from their descriptions. It is quite possible that the two latter may
prove to be the same species, even if different from petenicus. All
8eem to agree with T. hewickii in the black tail feathers, varied a
little with white.
For the opportunity of examining th''% species I am indebted to
Mr. Ralvin, who kindly transmitted his unique type for the purpose.
(No. 112, Sakleek River, near Peten, Guatemala, April, 18G2.)
#:,
IIP''
^
126
REVIEW OP AMERICAN BlllDS.
[part I.
Niu -
K
i I
IP
'• -
|:
b. TlIRYOMANES.*
There are three strongly inarkod geographical varieties, if not
epeeies of " Bewick's Wren," separable by quite constant characters.
Of these the Mexican {leuco(inder) and the typical form from eastoru
North America {bewickii) differ most in coloration, while the western
(spilurus) is intermediate in this respect, but with a longer bill than
in the other two. The peculiarities of the three forms may bo ex-
pressed by the following diagnosis : —
Var. be'97ickil. — Above dark rnfous-brown ; rump and middle tail feathers
sometimes a little paler, and very slightly tinged with gray, and together
with the exj)Osed surface of secondaries distinctly barred with dusky.
Beneath soiled p' ibeous whitish; flanks brown. Crissum banded;
ground color of quills and tail feathers brownish-black.
Var. leucogaater. — Above ashy-brown ; rump and middle tail feathers
brownish-ash — the former nearly pu'» ash; without appreciable bars;
bars on secondaries obsolete. Beneath, including inside of wing, jnire
white, with little or no brownish on the sides. Crissum banded ; ground
color of the quills and tail feathers grayish-brown.
Var. spilurus. — Similar to bcwickli in color, the bill considerably longer.
Length from nostril, .50, gape, .81, instead of .39 and .70.
Young birds from all the localities differ from adults merely in
liaving the feathers of the throat and breast very narrowly and in-
conspicuously edged with blackish.
Thryothoriis bei^ickii, vai. beiirickil.
Troglodytes hewirkii, Am. Orn. Biog. I, 1831, 96, pi. xviii. — In. B. A.
11, lf41, 120, pi. \\b.— Thryothorus hewirkii, Bonaf. List, 1838.-
Baikd, Birds N. Am. 1858, 3G3. — Telmatmhjtes bewickii, Cab. Mus.
Hein. I, 1850, 78.
Hab. Eastern province of United States.
ernitli-
sunlan
No
Collec-
tor's
No.
Sex
.iiid
Age.
2-1,262
U,722
J2,282
• •
Locality.
CarllHle, Pa.
Liberty Co., Qa.
Macon, Oa.
When
Collected.
April .SO, '46.
Oct. 1848.
Received from
S. F. Bfttrd.
Prof. Lecoute.
Collected by
Thryotlioriis liewickii, var. Kpilxirun.
Troglodytes spilurus, Viooiis, Zool. Boechey's Voyage, 1839, 18, pi. iv,
fig. 1 (California).
' Thryomnnes, Sclater, Catal. Am. Birds, 1»61, 22. (Type Troglodytes
bewickit, var. spilurus.)
TUUYOPIIILUS.
127
Troglodi/tps hewlrkti, Nkwbkbrt, P. R. R. Rept. VI, iv, 1857, 80.— Coopbu
& SccKLEV, ib. XII, II, 18(iO, ]i)0. — Thryuthorua bewickii, Sclateb,
, Catal. 1861, 22, no. 141 (in part).
ffdb. Paciflo slope of United States.
Smlth-
Collec-
Buumu
N,>.
tor's
No.
(»,.M7
7.)'-'«
7,1. 1.1
a,.')18
14
7,127?
• •
Sex
nud
Locality.
Age.
.
Siintiilitnoo, W. T.
Ft Stellaoom,
, ,
San KrRnciHCo, Cal.
9
IVluliirna, Cal.
Kort Ti'joii, Cal.
■•
LuH N(i),'nl(>N, Mrx.
When
Collected.
Oct 10, '.W.
Feb. IMG.
Mar. 8, 'S6.
Jan. 1835.
Received Trom
A. Campbi-ll.
Pr. 0. Suoklejr.
E. Samuels.
,1. XaiiluH.
Major Kinory.
Collected by
Dr. Kouiierly.
Dr. Kennerly.
lerably longer.
Thryothorii» bevirickii, var. leiicogaHter.
Troi/lodi/tea leucogantra, Oodld, P. Z. S. 1836, 89 (Tamaulipas). — Bov.
Notes Delattre, 1854, 4.3,
?Thry(>thnrus bewickii, Sclatku, P. Z. S. 1859, 372 (Oaxaoa).
Ilah. Southern borders of United States, into Mexico.
Snilth-
Collec-
Sex
When
Collected.
soaiau
No.
tor's
No.
and
Age.
Liicallty.
Received from
Collected by
12,11.'5?
,-r
San Antonio, Tex.
Aprlli:),V)l.
Capt Sltffreaveg.
Dr. Woodhon»e.
7,l.iO
RiuKUold narracks,
Jan. 15, '53.
Major Emory,
J. U. Clurk.
3,971
41
V
Sla. UoHiilio, [T<ix.
TamanlipaR, Mox.
Mar. 185.1.
Lt. Conch.
3,970
1.18
, ,
New Loou, Ciuya-
April, 18.'i;i.
44
9,119
29.908
. ,
Mexlcu. [puco.
. . *
Vorreaux.
22,388
29,907
(f
44
...
44
• •••■•
(3,971.) Eyes dark-brown. (3,970.) Do.
le Tro(jlo(hji(s
THRYOPHILUS, Baibd.
Thri/ophilus, Bairi>. (Type Thryothorus rufalhas.)
Bill of Thryoihoriis, but more notched. Nostrils iraperforpte, broadly oval,
situiited in the anterior extremity of the niisal groove, bounded behind by
bare membrane, but elsewhere by the bony outline of the nasal groove (at
least apparently so in the dried skin). The ovt-rhanging membranous scale
of Thryothorus appears thus to be entirely wanting, or reduced to a very rudi-
mentary condition. The vertical septum spoken of in Thryothorus as project-
ing into the iwaterior extremity of the nasil aperture here appears to be con-
tinued forward along the upper edge of the interior cavity of tlie nostrils to
the anterior extremity. Other characters much ab in Thryothorus.
Ill the introductory roniarks on the Troglodytidae I have already
iiUiidod to a genus of American Wren.s, the spccieH of which luive
hitherto been inchidcd in the genus Thryothorus. They ditt'er, how-
ever, in having a much more di.stinctly notched bill, and in the
peculiarly open nostrils, which seem to lack the overhanging scale
•
I I
i
. Ji
128
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I.
or membrane of Thryothorus and Pheugopedius, lea ,ing the nasal
aperture to occupy the anterior extremity of the nasal groove, with
the internal lateral septum exposed, but vertical, and e- tending for-
M'ard to the anterior extremity of the nostril, not ending abruptly
behind. This is a peculiarity very easily appreciated in most cases.
The generic name of ITiryothorua belongs to T. ludovicianus as
type. Prince Maximilian has used Hylemathrous for a South Ame-
rican Wren (his platensia) ; which, however, Cabanis assures us is
strictly congeneric with Troglodytes aedon (Journal fiir Orn. 18G0).
Finding, therefore, no name ready at hand for this group, I am com-
pelled to make a ueu one.
The geuas differs from Campylorhynchus in having a notched bill,
and a more open nostril, lacking the supra-nasal ridge or sometimes
scale seen in nearly all excepting G. capistratus, and its allies ; and
from this it differs in having the lateral septum exposed, not con-
cealed by the nasal membrane behind ; the legs also are much more
feeble. Heleodytes has much stouter legs, an unnotched bill, the
tarsus not longer than the middle toe and claw.
A synopsis of the principal species will be found under Tliryothorug.
Thryophilus rufallius, var. rufalbus.
Thryothorus rufalbus, Lapresnaye, R. Zool. 1845, 337, Mexico? (more
probably S. America). — LAWRENrE, Ann. N. Y. Lye. 1863 (Pana-
ma). — Cabanis, Jour. Orn. 1860,408 (Costa Rica). — Sclateh, P. Z.
S. 1856, 140 (David, Chiriqui;.
i Troglodytes cumanensis, Light. Cab. Jonr. 1860, 408 (Carthageaa).
Hah. Isthmus Panama ; New Grenada ; Costa Rica 7
.«
Thryophilus rufalbus, var. poliopleura.
Thryophilus poliopleura, Baird.
Thryothorus rufalbus, Sclateb & Salvin, Ibis, 1869, 8 (Guatemala) ; not
of Lapresnaye.
Hah. Guatemala.
I find, on comparison of a series of Wrens labelled T. rufalbus
from different localities, some important differences which appear,
taken in connection with the geographical distribution, to be almost
of specific value. Cabanis has already suggested a difference of
species, although not exactly on the same grounds that present them-
selves in the specimens before me.
As Cabanis remarks, the typical species of Lafresnaye is probably
to be found from northern New Grenada — the locality given of
" Mexico" being most likely erroneous. The Bogotan specimens
differ in smaller size, less extent of white beneath, and greater
THRYOPHILU8,
:tTv:ifi
m
amount of rusty brown on the sides ; the sides of the head and neck
more streaked with black. These differences are, perhaps, not in-
compatible with an identity of species, but the Guatemalan bird
diflfers from both in some decided characteristics.
A fine adult Guatemalan specimen, received from Mr. Salvin, has
the under parts ashy-white, the flanks almost pure ashy. The under,
tail coverts are white, banded sharply with black. In all the more
southern specimens before me, the under parts are more yellowish-
white, the flanks conspicuously pale rufous ; the white interspaces
of the black crissal bars more suffused with rusty. Tiie legs of the
Guatemalan bird appear lO be shorter, and the bill lower and smaller.
The following diagnosis may serve to illustrate these differences.
In all the specimens the upper parts are bright reddish, or cinnamon
brown, less vivid towards <he head; the wings and exposed surface
of the tail with black bands, much narrower than their interspaces.
The upper tail coverts without bands. Beneath white, without any
bands, except on the crissum, which is broadly marked with black.
A white line from bill over eye, and a brown one behind narrowly
margined with black ; the sides of the head with the white feathers
edged with black ; a black line from lower edge of lower jaw bor-
dering the chin : —
Var. rufalbuB. — Beneath clear white ; the sides washed with reddiah-brown ;
blauk bands on tail abont half tlie width their intervals.
Var. poliopleura. — Beneath ashy-white ; sides ashy without rusty wash ;
black bands on tail about one-third their inteivals.
As already suggested, the Bogotan bird differs from both the pre-
ceding, though most closely allied to the former.
(93, nfalbus, Panama.) Total length, 6.80 ; wing, 2.80 ; tail, 2.45 ; length
of bill from forehead, .86, from nostril, .53, along gape, .97; tarsus, 1.02;
midille toe and claw, .88.
(30,656, poliopleura.) Total length, 5.90; wing, 2.70; tail,. 2.50; length of
bill from forehead, .80, from nostril, .48, along gape, .91 ; tarsus, .93 ; middle
toe and claw, .80.
if V
lie :,']
If '>'-Vifl
t:M
^ ••,
Smith-
Collec-
Sfx
«>iniau
tor's
aud
No. 1 No.
AKe.
Locality.
When
Collected.
Received from
Collected bjr
piiHnplfuro.
Sft.fl'i'i I ins 1 Juv. I Refalenlen, Gnat. I Sept. 1862.
■W. 6.56 I 104 I Ad. I SavaiiaGrande, " | 1S02.
rn/iilhu».
0. Salvia.
Salvia & Oodm.
.. 1 93
.. ! 93
;««»4 38.3BO
nmi .,iA»H
1
Panama R. R.
Cote ferme.
BoKola.
• • •
Cab. Lawrence.
Verreaux.
It
McLean. & Oalb.
9 September, 1864.
130
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I.
f -
f •
■•*
Thryophilus sinaloa.
Thri/ophilus sinaloa, Baird, n. s.
Hab. N. Western Mexico.
(Type 23,786, d".) Bill shorter than the head. Gonys straight. No scale
over the nostril. Tarsus longer than the middle toe. Tail well developed ; tlie
feathers hroad, nearly even, the lateral only graduated ; the tip extending a
little heyond the outstretched feet. Wings but little longer than the tail.
Above dark olive-brown, with slight reddish tinge ; the rump rufous or dark
cinnamon ; the tail feathers with a shade of the same, still slighter on the
outer webs of the secondaries. Tail feathers with six or eight pretty well-
defined narrow, transverse black bands (each about half the width or le«s of
tlio interspaces) ; these most regular on the outer feathers, and apt to be
broken near the tips of some. The outer primaries edged with grayish ; the
outer webs of the other quills with a series of dusky spots. The under parts,
lores, and a stripe over the eye are white. Tlie feathers of the sides of the neck
are white, edged with black, as are the posterior feathers of the superciliary
stripe running into this neck patch. The ear coverts are grayish-white, ob-
scurely and faintly edged with dusky. The flanks are plain brown, rather
lighter than the back. The under tail coverts are white, with three or four
well defined black bands, not quite no wide as their interspaces, and suffutied
along their edges with reddish-brown. Bill light horn color; the lower
mandible, except the tip, whitish. Legs lighter than the bill.
(23,786, male.) Total Usngth, 5.00; wing, 2.45 ; tail, 2.15 ; graduation, .22;
exposed portion of Ist primary, .90, of 2d, 1.30, of longest, 4th (measured
from exposed base of 1st primary), 1.80; length of bill from forehead, .72,
from nostril, .40, along gape, .84; tarsus, .83; middle toe and claw, .70; claw
alone, .20 ; hind toe and olaw, .60 ; claw alone, 26.
This species is most closely related to T. rv/albus, in the white
under parts and banded crissum. It is, however, much smaller ; the
upper parts are grayish, invstead of cinnamon red ; the sides of the
neck much more conspicuously streaked with block. The lores are
whitish ; the greater coverts spotted with whitish. T. ludovicianus
has different nostrils ; upper parts purplish red ; beneath tinged with
yellowish. T. petenicu», besides many other dift'^rences, has the
tail black, the outer feathers varied only with white. The banded
and white crissum, more striped neck, deeper bars on the wings, etc.,
distinguish it from modesius.
Smlth-
CoUec-
Sex
KoaUa
tor'8
aud
No.
No.
AKe.
23,780
287
d
2S786
280
rf
.84,016
. ,
rf
29,381
120
<f
31,822
1,6.57
6
Locality.
Mazaciaa.
it
n
Collma.
Whpn
Collected.
July, 1S«1.
.lune, 1862.
Feb. 1863.
Received from
J. XaiituH.
Col. A. .1. Grayson
J. Xuatuit.
Collected by
t23,786.) Type. (34,016.) In» brow u. {29,3fil.) IrU browu. (31,822.) Iris reddish browD.
THRY0PHILU8.
131
H
Thryophilus modestiis.
Thryothorus modestus, Cab. Jour. 1860, 409 (San Jose, Costa Rica). —
Lawkenck, Ann. N. Y. Lyo. 1863, no. 375.
Hab. Guatemala to Panama.
(No. 33,266.) Above reddiah-brown ; grayer on the top of head ; brighter
behind. Exposed surface of winga obsoletely barrt^d with dusky, scarcely
appreciable except on the inner (superior) secondaries. Upper surface of tail
reddish-brown, with narrow bars of black, about one-third the width of the
interspaces, the upper tail coverts plain. Beneath, iucluding bend and inside
of wings, with sides of head, white ; the sides of body, anal region, and
crissum fulvous, without any bars. A white line over the eye, and a black-
ish one through it. A few of the ear coverts scarcely appreciab'v edged with
dusky.
Total length of dried skin, 5.10; wing, 2.30; tail, 2.30; graduation, .75 ;
exposed portion of 1st primary, .85, of 2d, 1.30 ; length of bill from forehead,
.72, from nostril, .47, along gape, .77 ; tarsus, .91 ; middle toe and claw, .74 ;
hind toe and claw, .60; claw alone, .25.
Mr. Lawrence's specimens, from Isthmus of Panama, are similar,
but smaller and paler, with shorter bill.
Smlih-
eoQian
No.
Collec-
tor's
No.
Sex
and
A^e.
liOcality.
When
Collected.
Received from
Collected by
30.6.I7
33,266
120
SI
98
Daeflag, Guat
San Jose. C. R.
Panama R. R.
1S62.
0. Salvin.
Dr. V. Fiantzins.
Cab. Lawrence.
Salvia & Godm.
M'Lean. i Galb.
Collected by
IriB reddish- brown-
Thryophilus galhraithi.
Thryothorus galhraithi, Lawrbnce, Ann. N. Y- Lye. VII, 1861, 320, no.
192 (Panama R. R.).
Thryothorus , Cassin, Pr. A. N. So. 1860, 193.
Hah. Isthmus of Panama and Carthagena.
(No. 100, % .) Above reddish-olivaceous, nearly uniform, except towards and
on the tail coverts, which are more rufous. Entire exposed surface of the wings,
including coverts, conspicuously barred with black, this color rather narrower
than the interspaces ; lesser coverts more obsoletely. Chin and throat above
white; rest of under parts, including lining of wing, at first pale fulvous,
becoming much deeper on the flanks, anal region, and crissum. No indica-
tions of any bars beneath. Sides of head, including a line from bill over the
eye, white ; a brownish line behind the eye, scarcely continued through the
whitish lores. Ear coverts white, obscurely edged with dusky. Tail reddish-
hrown, lighter than the back, with rather broad transverse bars of black about
half the width of interspaces. In the male the upper tail coverts are obsoletely
barred, like the tail ; the female shows no traces of it.
Specimens from the Atrato region are similar, but less intense in coloration,
paler beneath, and in this respect approaching alhipectus.
(No. 100, %, Mr. Lawrence's type.) Total length, 6.10; wing, 2.45; tail,
^^™
132
BEVIEW OF AMERICAN lUnDS.
[part I.
f-
m'-'^'v\
I ,1
R -t
^1
2.10 ; graduation, .40 ; length of hill from forehead, .72, from noHtril, .60, along
gape, .85 ; taruutt, .92 ; middle toe and claw, .82 ; hind toe and claw, .C8 ; claw
alone, .30.
This HpecioH will be niadily distinj^uiHliod from T. mofJeduH, l)y
tiio very distinct bars on the wings; the broud«!r l»urs on the tuil;
tiie deeper fulvous color beneath, extending over the belly and
breast ; and the fulvous, instead of white, edge and lining of the
wing. The tail is shorter; the toes longer. It is somewhat similar
to a species from I'araguuy ; but is larger, more rtifous above,
redd('r, and more regularly barred on tlu; tail, etc. In exteniiii
appearance it is vt^ry much like the Thryo}jhilu» lonyiroalriH, hut
the bill of the latter is much longer.*
Kmith-
Collec-
8«x
When
tfillllBU
tor'B
and
liOcaHty.
Received from
Collected by
No.
No.
Age.
21,744
,3,«)
..
Turbo, N. UreuHila.
U. Mlcliler.
A. Schott.
121. tmn
:m4
r/
"
2l,tlS7
.'i4«
(1
ai.dita
:j()9
y
li
21,UU.'i
, ,
9
rartbaKnoH.
, ,
100
i
I'aiiaiuH K. K.
Cab. Lawrence,
M'Lean. U Uiilh.
••
100
.1
li
(100, d.) Type. (100, ?.) Do,
' I And, in the collections of Mr. Lawrence and of the Philadelphia Acadciny,
three quite well marked KpecieH of long-billed Wrens (with the bill loiifter
than the tarsus). Tliey all agree in the entire absence of bands or spotH on
the under parts, and in having the top of head more dusky than the back,
rump, and tail coverts. They may be characterized as follows : —
T, ■trlolatUB (Max.). — Dark reddish-brown above, but little lighter be-
neath, except that the throat and cheeks are white; the Jugulnm and
middle line of the abdomen yellowish-brown. Cheek feathers edged witli
black. Tail with broad black bands wider than their reddish intervalH;
those on wings about as wide as their intervals. Bill from foreheiirl,
1.12, from nostril, .78 ; tarsus, about .95. Ilab, Rio Janeiro. Cab. A. N. Sc.
T. longlrostris (Vieill,).— Generally similar to preceding, but mnch paler.
Lining of wings fulvous. Dark bands on wings and tail much narrower
than their interspaces. Cheek feathers edged with black. Bill from
forehead, 1.05, from nostril, .76; tarsua, .90. Ilab. Bahia. Cab. 0. N.
Lawrence.
T. albipeotUB (Cab.) — Above still paler than preceding. Top of head appre-
ciably more dusky ; bands on wings and tail about equal to their inter-
spaces. Beneath, including lining of wings, white, slightly soiled with
brownish-yellow on the sides and behind. Cheeks pure, continuoaH
white. Bill from forehead, .91), from nostril, .fi5 ; tarsus, .98 IIiil>. i
Cab. A. N. So, (This sixjoinion dilFors somewhat from Cabanis's descrip-
tion, especially in the pure white cheeks, and may really be diOerent.)
TIIUYOPKILUS.
l.]3
,e»n, & Uulb,
ThryopliiluH caHlan<>iiH.
'J'hryothorun cattiinem, Lawu. Ann. N. Y. Lye. VII, 1861, 321, no. 198
(I'iiuaina K. K.).
]l(th. Line of lanaiua R. R.
(No. 99, % .) Above dark nhentnut-brown ; tlie wings and tail black, tb«ir
«xt)()H«<l HiirfaoHH, exoHpt ptirhapM nii<l(ile and IwHSHr covnrtH, bandod with
cliustiiut; llifl two HetH of bandit aliout ecpial on the wingn ; on tlie tail tlie
blacic oiieH nearly >lout)ltf the othnrH. The second and third lateral tail
fttiitliHrH not banded internally, except at tip. No l<andH whatever on back
anil rump. T"]) and Hide« of head black ; a line from bill over eye, cyelidH,
and a band from Bi<le of lower jaw curving round over the ears, white — the
latt«r bounded inferiorly by a black lino from lower jawu bordering the ear
bHiiInd, and running into the black of the nape. Chin and ui>per throat
white, pa.-4Hing inHenuibly into reddish-fulvous on tlie Jugulum, and posteriorly
into deep chestnut. The breast, sides, and crissum are barred transversely
with black, less distinct along the middle line. Inside of wings cliestnut.
Tlie white rescent on the side of bead is separated from the white lower
eyelid by a black space.
Female similar, but srialler, with Hhorter bill.
Male: Total length, «.(!() ; wing, 2.75; tail, 2.40; graduation of tail, .70;
iBnKth of bill from forehead, .90, from nostril, .(JO; along gii]m, 1.00; tarsus,
l.(i;{; middle toe and'claw, .90; hind toe and claw, .74; claw alone, .35.
Female: Bill from forehead, .80; nostril, .49 ; gajw, .91.
** >■.,
Kmllli- Collec-
win 111 II
(4ir'a
Sm.
K...
■M,iW
9ii
Oit
8«x
ami
?
LueKlltjr.
fuiiuniii U. H.
<»», J) Type. (99, 9.) Da
When
Collectttd.
Received from
(l<io. ti. i.iiwriMiot.
Cab. Lawreace,
Collected by
.1. M'linuMiiitii.
M'Luaii.&Oalb.
Thryophilus schottii.
Tlirynpbilui srhotlii, Rairu, n. 8.
Thri/othorut uifjricdpilluji, Cauhim, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1860, 193 (Truando).
Not of SCLATKB.
Hah. Isthmus of Darien.
Markings above and on the head precisely similar to those of T. caHtnnevs.
Undur parts, from cliin to anal region, wliite, tlie flanks and crissum tinpted
with chestnut; the wliole extent from chin to tail, including inner wing
covert, barred transversely and distinctly with black, the black bars a little
tlifl narrower.
No. 17,901. Total length, 5.60; wing, 2.70; tail, 2.25; graduation of tail,
.85; exposed portion of 1st primary, .95, of 2d, 1.50, of longest (measured
from exposed base of Ist primary), 2.00 ; length of bill from nostril, .50 ; along
gape, .90 ; tarsus, .96 ; middle toe aud claw, .85 ; hind toe and claw, .70.
134
REVIEW OF AMEKICAN BIllDS.
[part I.
M
'
M
:!! ,'1
^
As stated, this species is very similar above to castaneus ; tli«
black bars on the tail are rather more continuous. The under purls,
however, are white, except flanks and crissuin — not chestnut ; the
bars riuch more decided, and extending forward over the jugulum,
throat, and chin, instead of being unmarked. The resemblance to
T. niyricapillus, Sclater, from Ecuador, is still closer ; this, how-
ever, has the throat pure white, instead of being barred with black.
Sriilth-
K.iiiiau
No.
CoMee- Sex
tor'H aud
No. Ab^.
Locality.
When
Collected.
Recuived from
Collectetl 1>y
17!)0I
21,688
172
218
••
TrniiniloKiver, N. G
Tiuando KrIIh, "
Lt. N. M'chler.
11
A. Kcholt.
FHBnQOPEDinS, Cabams.
Pheuffopedius, Cab. Mua. 3ein. 1860, 79. (Type P. genibarhis ss melanos.)
General characters of Thryo'horus. The bill, in typical species,
much thicker and stouter, as in Cyphorinus ; height about one-tliird
length above ; culraen nearly straight to the rather abrupt extremity.
Owing to the greater breadth of the nasal membrane, the overhang-
ing roof of the nostrils becomes more valvular ; and, in the drieJ
specimen at least, is very apt to close the nostril, or to leave a very
narrow crescentic slit, thus distinguishing the genua very readily
from Thryophilus. The tail appears more graduated, and exhibits
a tendency towards being slightly decurved or arched above and not
plane.
I have taken the characters above given partly from P. melanos,
the type, and partly from P. fasciato-ventris. The transition, how-
ever, from Thryothorus to Pheugopedius is quite gradual, through
such species as rutilus and macxilipectus. 2\ felix is more like
a Thryothorus in the bill, and nearest Pheugopedius in the tail. A
synopsis of the principal species will be found under Thryothorus.
Pheugopedius fasciato-Tentris.
f Thryothorus fasciato-ventris, Lafres. Rev. Zool. 1845,337 (Bogota).—
Cyphorinus fasciato-ventris, Lawrence, Aun. N. Y. Lyo. VII, 1861,
320, no. 186 (Panama).
Cyphorinus alhigularis, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, 76, pi. 88 (Panama).
Hah. Bogota to Isthmua of Panama.
(89, % .) Above rather bright reddish-brown (eapecfally on the lower
back) ; the exposed surface of winga, including greater coverts, and upp«r
PHEUaOPEDIUS.
135
tail coverts, barred obscnrely with black. Lores and ears sooty. Chin, throat,
anil juKulutu white — tiilM color fxteiiding round behind the ears. A scarcely
aiipreciable white line over and but little hehind tlie eye. Rest of under
imrtH, iiioliidinir orisBuin, sooty black, barred transversely and narn)wly with
wiiite ; t)ie flanks strongly washed with rufous. The upper part of the breast
almost uniform blackish — this color extending forward so as tr iiargin the
wliitH of the neok, bnt, not crossing the white of 'he cheeks. The tail ia
blackish, the exposed surfaces narrowly barred with reddish-brown (about
one-third their interspaces'). Inside of wing spotted with blackish, fiill above
blackish ; the tip, touiia, and under side horn color. Legs blackish.
The bill in this species is considerably stouter, perhaps higher, than in
the type, P. coraya, but is otherwise much the same.
Females similar, but smuller, with the white of neck scarcely bordered with
black ; the white bands beneath less distinct.
(8!), %.) Total length, 6.00; wing, 2.65; tall, 2.60; its graduation, .80;
length of bill from forehead, .90, from nostril, .54; along gape, 1.00; greatest
height, .27 ; width at angle of mouth, .40 ; tarsus, 1.00 ; middle toe and claw,
.92; claw alone, .28 ; hind toe and claw, .72; claw alone, .35.
Female: Length, 5.80; bill from nostril, .47; gape, .91.
A Rivoli specimen in the coli«;ction of the Phila. Academy, from
South America, agrees well with those from Panama.
Smith-
Collec-
Sex
kUDian
tor's
and
No.
No.
Age.
89
89
i
34,dfl3
••
Localit7.
Pauama K. K.
(I
Santa Martha, N. O.
When
Collected.
Recetved from
Cab. Lawrence.
Oeo. N. Lawrence.
Collected bjr
M'Lean. & Oalb.
^,*','!
m
'.'i'i^m
Plieugopediiis rutilus.
Thnjothorus rutilus, Vieill. Nouv. DLt. XXXIV, 1817, 66.— In. Nouv.
Diet. II, 627.— Bdkm. Syst. Ueb. II, 1856, 134 (Brazil).— Sclateb,
Catal. 1861, 21, no. 134.— Lawkbnck, Ann. N. Y. Lyo. VH, 1861,
320, no. 189.
Thryothorus rutilans, Sw. Birds Braz. pi. xv.
Hub. N. Brazil and Venezuela, to Isthmus of Panama.
Smith-
Huniao
No.
Collec-
tor's
No.
97
Sex
Hnd
A(fb.
Locality.
When
Collected.
Received from
Collected hj
d
Panama K. K.
• • ■
Cab, Lawrence.
M'Lean. St Oalb.
Pheiigopedius maculipectuH.
Thryothorus macnlipertns, Lakr. Rev. Zool. 1845, 338 (Mexico). — Scla-
TKK, P. Z. S. 1856, 290 (Cordova).— Ib. 1859, 363 (Jalapa), 372
(Oaxaca). — In Catal. 1861, 21, no. 133. — Sclatkb & Salvin, Ibis,
II, 1860, 30 (Vera Paz, Guat.).
Hab. South Mexico to Guatemala.
136
REVIEW OF AMERICAN HIRDS.
[part I.
^
i ■ J
4
li
g\ m
Siiilth-
Collec-
Sex
KOntllD
tor'*
aad
No.
No.
Akb
22,.S8»
10,721
..
10,*Jl)'i
2(),31W
l,4H7
liooallty.
Mexico.
UuHteinBlB.
Cajabou, VoraPai.
Uuateumla.
When
Collected.
Jan. 1860.
Recelred from
Vorreaux.
J. Uould,
O. HalvlD.
Cab. LawrenM.
CollMted bjr
Pheuffopedius fellx.
Thryothorus J'elix, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1659, 371 (Oaxaoa). — Is. Catal.
18G1, 21, no. 136.
Hah. West coast of Mexico (Oaxaca to I ^zatlan).
(No. 15, Coll. Salv.) Bill about the length of head; tail longer than the
wingH, much graduated, the lateral feathers about two-thirds the central.
Color of the upper parts light-brown, with a very slight tinge of rufous, which
becomes very decided on top of head. Upper tail coverts obscurely barred ;
wings, however, perfectly plain throughout. Chin and throat white, gradually
becoming soiled with fuIvou.s on the median line of body ; the aides and lIuiikH
of a uhade of brownish, paler than the back. Kdge of wing white, iu!<i(lH
tinged with fulvous. Crissum ashy-white, barred about equally with black.
All the feathers of sides of head and neck (including side of lower jaw)
white, edged with black, either on both sides or on one only ; the black some-
times involving the whole web on one side. A superciliary while stripe from
the bill is obscured by the black and white markings. Upper surface of tail
feathers light- brown, like the back, with transverse bars of black, one-half to
one-third their interspaces, generally interrupted along the median line, some-
times broken up into spots, especially at the ends, the intervals between the
bars in places sometimes paler than the groundcolor. Legs and bill daik
plumbeous.
Total length, 5.70 ; wing, 2.30 ; tail, 2.70 ; exposed portion of 1st primary,
.90, of 2d, 1.38, of longest, 5th (measured from exposed base of 1st primary),
1.75 ; length of bill from forehead, .68, from nostril, .45, along gape, .83 ;
tarsus, .82 ; middle toe and claw, .68 ; claw alone, .18 ; hind toe and claw,
.59 ; claw aloue, .25.
This species is closely related, in coloration, to P. rutilus and
maculipectus ; especially in the color of the back, becoming more
rufous on the head and not on the rump ; the peculiar and very
distinct black and white markings of the entire side of the head, the
l)erfectly plain wings, the banded crissum, the much graduated tail,
and wings (the 5th or 6th quills longest), etc. It will, however, be
very easily distinguished from rutilus, b) the absence of black spots
on the chin and throat, and of the red of the jugulum ; and from
■maculipectus, by the lack of black spots on the breast ; from both
by the presence of bars on the upper tail coverts. The bill has less
of the characters of Pheugopedius — being lower, and nearer typical
TR()OL0DYTE8.
187
Ttinjothnrug ; in fact, connectlnf? Wui two; the tail i« oonsidcruhly
loiifTfrtlian in tlic twuspcciuH inentiuiied, iiioru U8 in 'T. ludociiiaiiuH.
Fur tiiu oppurtunity of tirHt examining this species, I am in-
(icl)ted to Mr. Onbert Salvin (No. 15, Salvia's collection, from
Ouxiioa, type specimen received from Salle). Since the above de-
.scriplion based on this specimen was written, the Institution has hud
u skin from Mazatlau, agreeing in all essential respects.
Smlth-
Honliin
No.
Cullee-
(iir's
No.
Sex
mill
Auf.
Locality.
When
Collected.
KeoeWed front
Collected by
.14,01.)
S
cf
MHZutlan, Mex.
Jiiue, 1802.
A. J. OrayHOD.
A. J. Urayxoa.
(34,U1J.) Iriii brown.
:^:
i''-,
t
.''•v..
TROOLOD7TI3S, Vieillot.
Troglodytes, Vibilwt, Ois. Am. S«pt. II, 1807, 52. (Type Troglodytes ardon.)
By most European authors the European Wren is considered as
the type of the genus Troglodi/tes — Gray giving 1807 as the date
of its creation by Vieillot. In the Ois. Am. Sept., however, the
true type is the eedon there first named — the European species not
being mentioned at all.
The characters of the genus are difiicult to define, as they differ
but little from Thrt/othorus, and some species connect the two very
closely. The nostrils are as in ThryolhoruH, having an incumbent
thickened scale overhanging the rather linear nostrils. The bill is
shorter, or not longer than the head ; straight, slender, and without
notch. The tail is considerably graduated, generally shorter or not
longer than the wings, which are much rounded.
The bill is straighter, shorter, and more slender than in TfiryO'
IhoruH ; the size of the species much smaller; the colors plainer,
more uniform, and almost entirely without the distinct light super-
ciliary line so general in I'hryothorus and Thryophilus.
The Winter Wren, T. hyemalis, agrees with the European species
in proportionably much smaller and narrower tail, only about two-
thirds the wing. T. brunneicollis agrees with it, to some extent, in
this respect. In the others the wing and tail are nearly equal.
The following synopsis may serve to illustrate some of the peculi-
arities of the species : —
m^^
138
REVIEW or AMEUIOAN BiaD8.
[PAKT I.
1
!
*n
ll
i J
B.
Tail Hiul wingn about f(|ual.
a. tiuiieatli grajrittii-whitv. CrinRuni and flankii dts-
tiuutly barred. Wing uovvrU Kpottfd with whit-
iah. Dark bant uf tail abuut halt' the width of
their interMpacert.
First primary nearly half the longest. Color
above dark-brown, rufous towards tail .
Wing similar. Above paler brown
First primary half the second. Above paler
browa .......
Somewhat similar iaadon, bat darker. Sides
of head dark, without obscure superciliary
BiruAK •••••••
b. Beneath all over yellowish-brown. Crissum band-
ed ; Hanks indistinctly so or not at all. Wing
coverts not spotted. Dark bars of tail more
numerous, about equal to their light inter-
spaces. Inside of wings plain.'
F'irst primary little more than half the second.
Beneath darker fulvous. Bars of tlauks in-
appreciable
First primary more than half the longest.
Beneath pale fulvous. Flauks quite dis-
tinctly barred
c. Throat and breast dark yellowish-brown, con-
trasting with the whitish belly and strongly
barred flanks. Inside of wings banded. Bars
on tail one-fourth their interspaces. Wing
coverts spotted, and scapular::, banded with
whitish ........
Tail very short ; only about two-thirds the wing.
a. Pale reddish-brown ; dusky bars of upper parts
with whitish spots or interspnoes
6. Dark rufous above and below ; upper parts with
few or almost no whitish spots . . .
anion,
trdon, var. attfcm,
parkvianni.
amencanus.
intermedius.
inquietus.
brunneicottia.
hyemalit,
hyemnlis, var.
pacijicus.
\ '
rtlf'
It-i
;
m
. '\ ■ .
•
a. Troglodytes.
Troglodytes aedon.
Tro(jlodyte$ apdo», ViBiLL. OiB. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 62, pi. evil.— In.
Nouv. Diet. XXXIV, 1819, 506.— Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 366.-
ScLATER, Catal. 1861, 22, no. 145. — Hylemathrous eedon, Cab. Jour.
1860, 407.
' The South American species resemble those mentioned in this division;
but beneath are either banded slightly on the crissum only, or not at all even
there.
Tar. attecui.
TROGLODYTES.
lao
Sylvia domtHtica, Wilhow, Am. Orn. I, 1808, 129, pi. tU.
Tn>ifli>dyle$/ult!H», Nutt. Man. I, 1832, 422.
Other JlgureH : Aud. Orn. Biog. I, lb31, pi. 83.— In. B. A. II, 1K41, pi. 120.
y/(i&. KuHteru provinut* of Uiiitud tStatei*, from AUuutiu to the MiMHouri Uivur.
Autiiiiiiial and winter Rpccimcns have sonititimes a sliglit fulvous
liiijrt' (»ii tlio breuHt.
As u.sual, HouthiTii spccimcim of this species arc the .smaller, as
iliustralod by the following moasurcments.
(28,944, I , Waahington.) Total length, 4.30 ; wing, 2.02 ; tail, 2.05 ; ex-
posed portion of lat primary, .74, of 2d, 1.30, of 3d, 1.50, of louge.-d (ineusured
from exposed baao of l»t primary), 1.51 ; length of bill from forehead, .61',
fruiii iiOHtril, .^7, along gape, .70 ; tarttuu, .6U ; middle toe aud ulaw, .04 ; hind
toe and claw, .50 ; claw alone, .25.
(8,(541, %, Florida.) Fresh Hpecimen before being skinned: Total length,
4.50; expauHo of winga, 5.75 ; wing from carpal joint, 1.75. Prepared speci-
men: Total length, 4.20 ; wing, l.SO; tail, 1.7(1 ; exposed portion of Ist pri-
mary, .70, of 2d, 1.22, of 3d, 1.35, of longest (uieaBurod from exposed base of
Irit primary), 1.38, length of bill from forehead, .01, from nostril, .3!*, along
gape, .70; tarsus, .65; middle toe aud claw, .01; hind toe aud claw, .50;
claw alone, .24.
Smith- IcoHeo-
Sex
When
Cullncted.
■onma
No.
tor'H
No.
nud
Ajfe.
Locality.
Received from
Collected by
1,0S4
ff
C'HrliHlo, I'h.
JiineU, •4;»
8. F. Bulrd.
12.110
, ,
rf
Wusbingtun, U.C.
May 1, ',')9.
A. J FalU.
28,«-ll
113
<i
June 12, 'oS.
Elliot Cones.
28,404
, ,
K
t • •
C Drexler.
32,28«
V
Miicon, On.
• ■ •
Prof Leconte.
6,,'il2
, ,
Indian Key, Fla.
0. Wuidemt^in.
8,612
, ,
. .
Cupe Florida.
Oct ."JO, '.'i?.
It
8,641
, ,
rf
u
Oct. 2.1, '.')7.
ti
l.).IS4
.-r
•VobraHka city, Neb.
. * .
Lt. MuIUd.
J. Pearsall.
l:i,18u
••
'i
Sioux City,
...
t»
'■>"ll#-
k; • V,'
I '■ ■ '
1. * ■
Troglodytes aedon, var. aztecus.
Troijlodytes xdoti, var. aztecus, Baikd.
Hub. Eastern Mexico, from Rio Grande southward.
In a scries of Mexican "Wrens before me, in addition to well
marked specimens of T. hypsedon and brunneicollis, I find a number
wiiieli I cannot distinguish satisfactorily from T. aedon. They have
the same proportions with aedon, as compared with parkmanni —
approaching the latter in a paler shade of upper plumage, in which
respect there is a slight difference from aedon. In most specimens
there is a brownish tinge on the breast (very different, however, from
hypsedon) not common in the skins usually seen of aedon, but agree-
ing very well with autumnal skins (u.^ 728, Carlisle, and winter skins
ii . •
VTf
140
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.
[PAUT I.
from Florida). No. 26,368, however, probably killed in spring, Ims
the brea.st gray, and, as in sotue spccinujns of ssdon, the featliers
faintly spotted with brownish.
From the paler shade ol" the upper parts, and possibly a rather
snaaller size, I am inclined to consider these Mexican specimens as
residents, and not migrants from the north.
A specimen (7,139) collected south of the Rio Grande, by Lt.
Couch, agrees better with the Mexican variety, than with T. parL-
manni, to which 1 had referred it.
-Ml'-^ . y
1
Uj^^'
Siuith-
CoUec-
Sex
8U!iian
tOl'H
aud
No.
No.
Age.
7,139
^4
cf
29.206
106
30>72
.,
2e,3(J8
lio
Locality.
Cbarco EKCondidd
TaniHulipas.
OHzaba, Mex.
Mirador, Mex.
Xalapa, Mex.
Wlien
Col levied.
Dec. 1862.
Received from
Lt. D. N. Couch.
F. Suniicliraxt.
i)r. Snrtorius.
.1. Krider. /
Cab. Lawrimce.
Collected by
D'Oca.
(r.iao.) Eyoiidai'k-brown. (30,872.) IriH brown
Troglodytes parkmanni.
Troglodi/tes parkmanni, Aud. Orn. Biog. V, 1839, 310. — In. Synopsis,
18.39, 76.— Ib. Birds Auier. II, 1841, 133, pi. 122.— Baird, Birds
N. Am. Ib58, 367.— Cooper & Suckley, P. R. R. Rep. XII, u, 18G0,
191 (nest).— ScLATER, Catal. 1861, 23, no. 146.
Troglodytes sytvestris, Gambel, Pr. A. N. Sc. Ill, 1846, 113 (Californi.i,
quotes erroneously Aud. T, atnericanus).
nab. Western and Middle provinoes of United States,
Although the diflFerences between the eastern and western House
Wrens, as stated in the "Birds N. Am.," are not very appreciable;
yet a comparison of an extensive series shows that they can hardly
be considered as identical. The general color above is paler and
grayer, and there is little or none of the rufous of the lower back
and rump. The bars on the upper surface are rather more distinct.
The under parts are more alike, as while sedon sometimes has flanks
and crissum strongly tinged with rufous, other specimens are as pule
as in T. parkmanni.
Perhaps the most appreciable differences between the two species
are to be found in the size and proportions of wing and tail. Tlu'
wing in parkmanni is quite decidedly longer than in mhn, measur-
ing, in males, 2.12 to 2.15, instead of 2.00 to 2.05. This is due not
HO much to a larger size as to a greater development of the primaric.'^.
TUe first quill is equal to or barely more than half the second in
TROGLODYTES.
141
Collected liy
mrkmanni ; pnd the diflFercnce between the longest primary and the
tenth amoiiUiS to .32 of an inch, instead of about .20 in adoti, whrre
the first quill is nearly half the length of the third, much luore than
half the length of the second.
The original description of T. parkmanni mentions a more reddish
tiiiire than I detect in any specimens before me, perhaps because the
type was younger, or i\ autumnal dress. The dimensions agree
very well.
(7,136, % , Steilacoom.) Total length, 4.50 ; wing, 2.12 ; tail, 2.12 ; gradna-
tioii, .32 ; exposed portion of 1st primary, .67, of 2d, 1.34, of 3d, 1..53, of longest
(measured from exposed base of Ist primary), 1.65 ; length of hill from fore-
head, .1)5, from nostril, 40, along gape, .7<) ; tarsus, .67; middle toe and claw,
62; hind loe and claw, .53; claw alone, .24.
5 (California,
gmitli- Collec-
Sox
When
Collected
touiao tor's
and
Locality.
Received from
Collected by
N.I.
l!i,96n
No.
A^,'e.
317
9
ChUoweyuck Depot,
W T.
June 17
A. Campbnll.
Dr. Kennerly.
7,'^« 368
fT
Ft. Steilacoom, W.T.
May 3, '66.
Dr. Sufltley.
1«,72
366
Ft. Crook. Cal.
Lt. Feilnor.
25,:l.')l
2;J7
FortTejon, Cal.
June 30, '59.
John Xautus.
i:i,67S
Colorado Rlv., Ar.
Lt. IveH.
MiillKauHen.
32,170
3,448
,-f
San JoKe, C. St. Lu-
Dec. 3, '59.
John Xiintnit.
1,S,7S1
8
Ft Mass., Col. [can.
. . .
Capt. Bowman.
17,109
Cant. Biirnwyn.
. . .
Dr. AnderNon.
11,07.5
, ,
-r
Fort Briduer. Utah.
.Tune 10, '58.
C. Drexler.
4,7.1!)
, ,
Council Bluffs.
April 29.
Li. Warren.
Dr. Haydon.
«,27S
••
Blackfoot Country,
July, 1835.
.t
(32,170) I ri8 dark-brow a.
Troglodytes americaniis.
Troglodytes americanuH, Aun. Orn. Biog. II, 1S34, 452; V, 1839, 469, pL
179.— Ib. B. a. II, 1841, 123, pi. 119.— Baihd, B. N. A. 1858, 3G8.
Hub. Northeastern United States.
I am unable to throw any more light upon the relationship of the
Wood Wren to the Common Wren, than that presented in " Birds
N. Am." It is somewhat similar to 7\ parkmanni in size and pro-
portions, but instead of being paler than aedon is much darker.
Smith- CoUec-
siBian tor's
No. No.
Sex
and
AKe.
Locality.
When
Collected.
Received from
Collected by
1,008
7,'iV5
••
United States.
II
. . .
S. K. Baird.
u
J. J. AuduboD.
It
J. Cassln.
r*:
142
REVIEW OP AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I.
fvi
ja
1 ]
■
\ . ■ '
iw
m'
Troglodytes intermedins.
Troglodytes {Htjietnathrous) intermedius, Cab. Jour. 1860, 407 (San Jose,
Costa Rica).
Troglodytes hypasdon, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1861, 128 (southern Mexico and
Guatemala).— In. Catal. 18G1, 23, no. 147.
Troglodytes tedon, Sclater, P. 2. S. 1859, 363 (Xalapa).— Sclater &
Salvin, Ibis, I, 1859, 9 (Ouatemala).
Bab. Costa Rica, Guatemala, and southern Mexico (Oaxaca, ScL).
(No. 33,265.) First primary very nearly half the third. Tarsus and middle
toe about 'lual. Above reddish-brown, with a tinge of olivaceous ; very
obsoletely banded with dusky ; a little brighter on the rump. Wing and tail
very dark-brown, banded with the color of the back, the black bands rather
the narrower ; dusky bands rather more conspicuous on upper tail coverts.
An obscure line over eye and the under parts brownish-fulvous, paler on
throat and middle of belly, darker on sides ; entirely free from bars, except the
faintest possible indic.xtion on the side of the anal region. Crissum similar,
with distinct black bars ; the light interspaces whitish in spots. Bill dusky,
yellowish at base below.
Total length of the dried "pecimen, 4.50; wing, 2.00; tail, 1.72; gradua-
tion, .35 ; exposed portion of let primary, .74, of 2d, 1.26, of 3d, 1.48, of
longest (measured from exposed base of 1st primary), 1.50 ; length of bill
from forehead, .62, from nostril, .40, along gape, .71 ; tarsus, .73; middle toe
and claw, .69; hind toe and claw, .55 ; claw alone, .25.
A type specimen of hypiedon, labelled by Dr. Sclater, and received from M.
Sall6, agrees in general appearance with the Costa Rican bird, but the bill is
stouter and plumbeous below. The color generally is lighter ; the quills paler,
and their inner edges instead of being ashy, are grayish-white. The wiugs
arc shorter.
This species may be easily distinguished from T. sedon, and all other
more northern allies, by the decided fulvous tinge of the under parts,
and the almost entire absence of bars on the flanks or under parts,
excepting crissum. The upper parts are more faintly barred. The
quills and tail feathers are much darker, without the whitish spotting
on outer edge of former ; the dark bars on tail more numerous, and
nearly as wide as. their interspaces, instead of half the width, etc.
From most of the smaller South American Wrens, which closely
resemble this species in color, it differs in the more decidedly barred
crissum, more numerous dark bars on tail, etc.
Smlth-
Hiintaa
1
Colloc- Sex
tor's and
No. !A«e.
1
Locality.
When
Collected.
Received from Collected hj
27.948
29,710
1
Sau Jo.ie, 0. K.
Mexico ?
Tntontepec, Oaxnca.
Jan' 1858.
J. Carnlol.
P. L Sclater?
A. Sallu.
(29,710.) Type of hypadon, labelled by Dr. Sclater.
TROGLODYTES.
143
Troglodytes inuuietus.
Troijlodiftes inquietus, Lawkence, MSS.
Troylodytes hypxdon, Lawubnce, Ann. N. Y.
(Panama R. R.).
Hah. Isthmus of Panama.
Lye. VII, 18G1, 320
(109, 9 .) First primary much developed ; more than half the longest. Colour
above brown, with a grayish tinge towards the head, and slightly rufous on
the rump. Exposed surface of wings and tail barred with black (more obso-
letely on wing coverts), the dark bars rather the narrower. The back faintly
barred. Beneath pale fulvous whitish, lighter on throat and middle of belly ;
tinged with brown on sides, the posterior parts of which are faintly barred.
Crissum barred conspicuously with black, the interspaces yellowish-brown to
whitish. Quite a distinct superciliary line. No spots on wing coverts.
Of the two specimens, the "£ la considerably lighter, almost white beneath.
(109, 9 , Panama R. R.) Total length, 4.50 ; wing, 2.05 ; tail, 1.85 ; gradua-
tion, .45 ; exposed portion of 1st primary, .85, of 2d, 1.31, of longest (measured
from exposed base of Ist primary), 1.55 ; length of bill from forehead, .67,
from nostril, .43, along gape, .76 ; tarsus, .76 ; middle toe and claw, .72 ; hind
toe and claw, .59 ; claw alone, .26.
This species was at first considered by Mr. Ijawrence to be the
same with hypeedon (intermedius) ; but a careful comparison with
type specimens has shown their distinctness. It is considerably
larger, with longer bill and legs. The first primary is much larger.
The colors beneath are paler ; the lower part of sides distinctly
barred. The upper parts are considerably grayer.
None of the other small American allied Wrens before mo (except
T. brunneicollis) have a first primary decidedly more than half the
length of longest, and their tails are longer. The coloring above re-
sembles almost exactly that of T. parkmanni and the Mexican var.
of T. sedon, although the dark bars are more numerous. The under
parts arc more fulvous; the bars on sides anteriorly less distinct;
the bars on the crissum more regular, and better defined. There
are no light spots on the wing coverts as in the North American
species.
This species comes nearest sedon and its allies ; while intermedius
is more like the South American species, with their comparative
absence of bars.
: «■«';'. >-■! •
Smith- CoUeo-
sonian tor's
No. ; No.
Sex
and
A|;e.
Locality.
When
Collected.
Recelred from
Collected bjr
109
i
Pauama K R.
...
Cab. Lawrence.
M'Lean. & Oalb.
(1
y09,) Type.
*i . •
.<" .:
if
]■' ,■
m
: A
Ui
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I.
Troglodytes brunneicollis.
Troglodytes brunneicollig, Sclater, P. Z. IS. 1858, 297 (Parada ; Oaxaca).
Hab.
—la. Catal. 1861, 23, no. 150.
Southern Mexico.
Bill short, compressed, and straight. First primary more than half longest.
Upper parts reddish-brown, brigliter on the ruiup. The back, rump, and
wings barred rather distinctly with dusky. The dark bars exhibit a ten-
dency to be succeeded by another bar lighter than the ground color, on the
ticapulars almost white. Greater wing coverts with a spot of whitish in the
end. Beneath, from chin to breast, brownish-buflF; middle of belly dull white,
with scant spots of brown. Lower part of sides and crissum tinged with
dark-brown, banded with suffused whitish and dusky — the dark hars, as on
the scapulars, being succeeded by a whitish bar lighter than the ground color.
Inside of wings similarly banded. Tail feathers reddish-brown, with zig-zag
narrow bars of black ; innermost (superior) secondary quills with contour lines
of dusky, instead of transverse bars.
(29,709, %.) Total length, 4.40; wing, 1.90; tail, 1.85; graduation, .45;
exposed portion of Ist primary, .83, of 2d, 1.26, of longest (measured from
exposed base of Ist primary), 1.45 ; length of bill from forehead, .60, from
nostril, .35, along gape, .69 ; tarsus, .70 ; middle toe and claw, .71 ; hind toe
and claw, .59 ; claw alone, .27.
This species somewhat resembles T. hyemalis, from which, how-
ever, its larger size, much longer tail, and browner breast distinguish
it. In none of its allies do we find the bands on the under side of
the wings, the whitish bars on the scapulars, and the general ten-
dency to have the dark bars succeeded by a whitish one. The legs
are unusually stout, the middle toe lengthened, and the Ist primary
longer than in any others, except inquietus.
Smlth-
Hoalan
No.
Collec-
tor's
No.
Sex
and
Age.
Locality.
When
Collected.
ReceWed from
Remarks.
29,709
29,208
7
131
d
La Parada, Mex.
Orizaba, Mex.
Jan. 1861.
A. Sall«.
F. Sumichrast,
Type.
m'
■i '■
b. Anorthura.*
Troglodytes hyemalis.
Si/lvia troglodytes, Wilson, Am. Orn. 1, 1808, 139, pi. viii, f. 6.— Troglo-
dytes hyemalis, Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. XXXIV, 1819, 514. — Add. Orn.
Biog. IV, 1838, 430, pi. 360.— In. B. A. II, 1841, 128, pi. 121.—
Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 369. — Sclatbr, P. Z. S. 185(1, 290
(Cordova, Mex.).— In. Catal., 1861, 23, no. 152.
' Anorthura, Rennib, 1831. (Type Motacilla troglodytes, Lirr.)
hii
:m.
v«i.'i;> TROGLODYTES.
riYSW*
145
Troglodytes europseus, Bon. Obs. Wils. 1825, no. 127. — Ndttall, Man.
I, 1832, 427.
Ilab. Eastern United States, from Mississippi River. Cordova ? Sclater.
(No. 31,045, % , Washington.) Fresh specimen before being skinned : Total
lengtli, 4.10 ; expanse of wings, (j.OO ; wing from carpal joint, 1.90. Prepared
as dry skin : Total length, 3.00 ; wing, 1.86 ; tail, 1.31 ; graduation, .20 ; ex-
posed portion of Ist primary, .06, of 2d, 1.20, of longest (measured from ex-
posed base of 1st primary), 1.42 ; length of bill from forehead, .55, from nostril,
.35, along gape, .65 ; tarsus, .72 ; middle toe and claw, .65 ; claw alone, .18 ;
hiud toe and claw, .66 ; claw alone, .26.
Sraith-
Collec-
Sex
boaiaa i tor's
and
No.
No.
Age.
127
..
1,379
V
29,04.^.
025
cf
3l,04;i
d
10,206
10,207
Locality.
CarliHle, Pa.
Washingtou.
Cook Co., 111.
Miss. Bottom, III.
When
Collected,
Oct. 13, '40.
April 22, '44.
Nov. 14,61.
Dec. 28, '00.
Received from
8 F. Baird.
It
D. W. Prentiss.
Clias. K. Schmidt.
R. Kennicott.
Collected by
■»??.■
r^^v
'MM
!::«i:1
■■."!;»*'■ ,
■ ,«j..''i'J:l
Troglodytes hyemalis, var. pacificus.
Troglodytes hyemalis, Coop. & Sock. P. R. Rep. XII, 1860, 191 (W. T.).
Ilab. Pacific coast U. S.
I find, on comparing series of eastern birds with those from the
Pacific slope, that the latter are considerably darker in color above,
with little, or almost none of the whitish spotting among the dusky
bars so characteristic of eastern specimens. The under parts are
more rufous, the tarsi appear shorter, and the claws decidedly larger.
The two forms seem quite as distinct as T. aedon and parkmanni ;
and there is usually no difficulty in at once deciding from which of
the two regions any specimen has been derived. The diflFerences are
certainly greater than those existing between the eastern T. hye-
inalis and the European Wren, which, as far as I can judge from the
single specimen before me, consist mainly in the rather paler colors
of the under parts in the latter species, which also are perhaps not
so much spotted and barred beneath. The superciliary stripe, too,
is lighter and more distinct.
(No. 17,434, %, Puget Sound.) Total length, 3.60; wing, 1.84; tail, 1.31;
graduation, .28 ; exposed portion of 1st primary, .62, of 2d, 1.20, of longest
(measured from exposed base of 1st primary), 1.40 ; length of bill from fore-
head, .56, from nostril, .35 ; tarsus, .68 ; middle toe and claw, .65 ; claw alone,
.22; hind toe and claw, .64 ; claw alone, .27.
10 September, 1864.
a^-'.
\ u:
•4
146
REVIEW OP AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I,
Smith-
Collec-
Sex
sonian
tor's
and
No.
No.
Age.
7,143
267
17.4.S4
438
d
4,(101
10,637
l,li7
d
Locality.
Ft. Steilacoom.W.T.
Slmlahmoo, W. T.
Columbia River.
Fort Tejou, Cal.
When
Collected.
Mar. 1K.'>4.
Dec. 22, ':>a.
Jan. 27, 'S6.
Kecelved from
Dr. Snckley.
A. Campbell.
J. Xautus.
Collected hy
Dr. Kennei'ljr,
CZSTOTHORUS, Cabams.
Cistothorus, Cab. Mas. Hein. 1850, 77. (Type Troglodytes stellarh,
LicHT., Naom.) — Telmatodytes, Cabanis, Mus. Heiu. 1850, 78.
(Type Certhia palustris, Wilson.)
a. Cistothorus.
Cistothorus stellaris.
Troglodytes stellaris, " Light." Natjmann, Vogel Deutschlands, III, 1823,
724 (Carolina). — Cistothorus stellaris, Cab. Mua. Hein. 77. — Baird,
Birds N. Am. 1858, 365.— Sclater, Catal. 22 no. 142 (in part).
Troglodytes brevirostris, Nntr. Man. I, 1832, 436. — Aud. Orn. Biog. II,
1834, 427, pi. 175.— Ib. B. A. II, 1841, 138, pi. 124.
Hab. Eastern province of United States.
(No. 3,073, Georgia.) Total length, 4.40 ; wing, 1.75 ; tail, 1.75, its gradua-
tion, .70 ; exposed portion of Ist primary, .65, of 2d, 1.06, of longest (measured
from exposed base of Ist primary), 1 25 ; length of bill from forehead, .4S,
from nostril, .29 ; tarsus, .65 ; middle toe and claw, .61 ; hind toe and clan,
.55 ; claw alone, .26.
Smith-
sonian
No.
Collec-
tor's
No.
Sex
and
Age.
Locality.
When
Collected.
Received from
Collected by
2.510
3 073
8,829
••.
Carlisle, Pa.
Wberty Co., Ga.
Loup Fork of Platte.
Sept. 20, ■4.'5.
1846.
Ang. 30.
S. F. Baird.
It
Lt. Warren.
Jos. Leconte.
Dr. Hayden.
"
'. ... *■
':'^
ll"'-
iivS ■
1 &,-
If!' "
h-
i'-..
;]'•: ■
Cistothorus elegans.
Cistothorus elegans, Sclater & Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 8 (Guatemala).
Hab. Mexico and Guatemala.
I have not a very good series of specimens before me, althougli
they seem to indicate that the C. elegans of Sclater & Salvin is really
distinct from the northern bird, and that these authors have bera
hasty in re-combining them. If not different species they at least
are well-marked varieties. The bill of elegans is considerably
stouter and larger than that of stellaris, and the tarsi decidedly
longer — the birds themselves being of much the same size. On tlie
back the white streaks do not reach so far back (nearly to the rump
[part I,
CI8TOTHORU8.
147
Collected bjr
l)r. Kenaei'ljr.
oghdytea stellaris,
Hein. 1850, 78,
ichlands, III, 1823,
Hein. 77.— Baird,
1. 142 (in part).
UD. Orn. Biog. II,
24.
1, 1.75, its gradiia-
longest (measured
rom forehead, .4S,
liind toe and claw,
Collected by
JoH. LecoDte.
Dr. Hayden.
[Guatemala).
re me, althougli
Salvin is really
[hors have been
lies they at least
lis considerably
tarsi decidedly
le size. On the
Irly to the rump
in steUaris), and the rump and tail coverts are plain, or with very
ob-solete markings.
The characters derived from my present materials are as follows,
and will probably be substantiated by additional specimens : —
C. itellaris. — White dorsal streaks extending to the rump, which is con-
spicuously banded with brown, and somewhat spotted with whitish.
Beneath, including lining of wings, light ciunamon-brown ; throat and
belly paler, almost white ; sides and crissum very obsoletely barred
with darker, and faintly spotted with whitish. Feathers of jugulum like
sides, but with the color obscured by the paler edges. Tarsus, .05 long.
C. elegana. — Streaks on back confined to interscapular region ; rump and
upper tail coverts almost plain reddish-brown. Beneath mucli paler than
in s(ellaris, without any appreciable indication of bars or spots on sides
and crissum, or of the fulvous of the jugular feathers. Inside of wings
snowy white. Tarsus, .72 long.
(No. 29,207, Mexico.) Total length, 4.20 ; wing, 1.72 ; tail, 1.70 ; graduation,
,60; exposed portion of Ist primary, .65, of 2d, 1.09, of longest (measured from
exposed base of 1st primary), 1.35 ; length of bill from forehead, .55, from
nostril, .31; tarsus, .72; middle toe and claw, .62; hind toe and claw, .54;
claw alone, .27. ,
v.. '■
JSo."
Col lee- Sex
tor'H and
No. I A({e.
Lotality.
cZeTei. Kecelvedfrom
1
Collected by
30,6«9
29,207
HO
46
••
Duenas, Guat.
Orizaba, Mex.
Aug. 21, '59. O. Salvia.
F. Sumichrast.
Salvia & Oodman.
(30,689.) Type.
b. Telmatodytes.
Cistothorus palustris.
Certhia palustris, Wilson, Am. Orn. II, 1810, 58, pi. xii, fig. 4 (Penna).
— Troglodytes palustris, Bon. Obs. Wils. 1824, no. 66. — Aud. Orn.
Biog. I, 1831, 500, pi. 100.— Ib. Birds Am. II, 1841, 135, pi. 123.—
Rbinhardt, Ibis, 1861, 5 (Godthaab, Greenland). — ThryiAhorus pa-
lustris, NuTT. Man. I, 1832, Ai^.—Cistothorus {Telmatodytes) palus-
tris, Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 364.— Sclater, Catal. 1861, 22.
Thryothorus arnndinaceus, Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. XXXIV, 1819, 58 (not
Trog, •nrundtiiaceus, Vieillot). — Thryothorus arundinaceus, Bon.
Consp. 1850, 220. — Telmatodytes arundinaceus, Cab. Mus. Hein.
1850, 78.
Hab, Eastern United States, from the Missouri River; Greenland (Rein-
hardt) ; Mexico, and Guatemala ?
(No. 1,456, % .) Total length, 6.00; wing, 2.05 ; tail, 1.95 ; graduation, .62;
exposed portion of Ist primary, .78, of 2d, 1.22, of longest (measured from
exposed base of Ist primary), 1.50; length of bill from forehead, .67, from
? ■
$■' '
..-^S,.
F'
■V^
%
■'-/■■'■'J
^''
t
', .■^''
'I-.-
i:
■•. '..■''"V''
■I
\ -
■•'h
■^■^ *
: ■■■>
148
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part 1
lio:>tril, .46, along gape, .83 ; tarena, .84 ; middle toe and olaw, .76 ; olaw aloue,
.22 ; bind toe and olaw, .63 ; olaw alone, .32.
Bmlth-
Collec-
8«z
(oaiHQ
tor'«
aad
No.
No.
Age,
1,4»6
..
i
^S.W
. ,
28,036
891
ff
12,111
, ,
fT
11,886
, .
4,744?
••
••
Loeality.
CarliHie, I'a.
WashlDKton, D. C.
WhitfloUl Co., Ga.
Mouth of Big Sluux.
When
Collecled.
May 4, '44,
May 20, '44.
May 21, '60.
May 19, '89.
May 4,' '86,
Received from
S. F. Baird.
Dr. E. Cones.
C. Drexler.
A. Oerliardt.
Lt. Warren.
Collected \>y
Dr. Hayden.
in
Clstothoriis palustria, var. paludicola.
Cistothorm palustris, var. paludicola, Baird. — Troglodiftes paltistris,
Nkwb. p. R. Rep. VI, iv, 1867,80 (Pacific region).— Cistothorm pa-
lustris, Cooper & Scckley, P. R. Rep. X, ii, 1869, 190 (W. T.),
Hab. Faciflo coaat United States.
In comparing a series of Marsh "Wrens of eastern North Aniprica
with western, I find that they differ appreciably in certain chanicter-
istics, which may perhaps be expressed by the following diagnoses :—
Var. paluBtrls. — Bill lengthened, equal to tarsus. Tail coverts above and
below eitber perfectly plain, or with very obsolete bands, reduced to
obscure spots beneath. Bands on tail broken ; scarcely appreciable on
the middle feathers.
Var. paludioola. — Bill shorter than tarsus. Tail coverts distinctly banded
all across. Bands on tail quite distinct ; appreciable on the central
feathers.
How far these differences in size of bill, etc., will bo found persist-
ent through larger series of specimens, I am unable to say.
I am unable at present to say to which variety the Mexican bird
(Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, 290), and the Guatemalan (Sclater & Salvin,
Ibis, 1859, 8) belong.
(No. 7,141, Washington Territory.) Total length, 4.70; wing, 1.96; tail,
2.00; graduation, .45; exposed portion of 1st primary, .63, of 2d, 1.25; of
longest (measured from exposed base of Ist primary), 1.50; length of bill
from forehead, .60, from nostril, .38, along gape, .70; tarsus, .78; middle toe
and claw, .61 ; claw alone, .20 ; hind toe and claw, .50; claw alone, .26.
Smith-
sonian
No.
Collec-
tor's
No.
Sex
and
Age.
Locality.
When
Collected.
Received from
Collected by
7,141
16,173
7,140
25,350
HO
81
Shoalwater Bay
9 Fort Crook, Cal
J Sacramento Viil. • .
Fort Tej on, Cal.
Oct. 31, '64.
Oct. 'ii '37.
Gov. Stevens.
Lt. Feiioer.
Lt. Williamson.
Jiio. Xantus.
Dr. Cooper.
Dr, Heermann.
CISTOTIIOIIUS.
149
E4,J.'-tH
From a careful examination of the data furnished by the tables
and indications of localities in the preceding pages, it will be seen
that a few species, as Tardus viustelinus, fuscescens, swainmni,
aliciiv, and mifjratorius, Galeoncuples carolinenHia, Mimus 2>oly(jlot-
/«.x? of tlie Turdidse, with Sialia xialis, of the Haxicolidae, and Poli-
iiplila cuenilea of the Si/lviidse oc^ur in the West Indies as winter
visitors. The remaining species of these families (except some
iicciiliiir to tho islands), with the whole of the Ginclidm, Paridae,
Cerlliiad/p, and lYoghdi/lidse, are entirely wanting. Even the
species just named appear to be confined to Cuba — none of them
occurring, as far as known, in Jamaica or the other islands, and
l)rol)iil)ly visiting Cuba only as stragglers from Florida, or en route
to Mexico and Guatemala via Yucatan.
Of the Turdidse there are several genera peculiar to one or other
of the West India Islands. Of North Anterican genera, ^liniua has
peculiar species in the liahamas, Cuba, Jamaica, and St. Domingo,
and Volioptila in Cuba.
It will be seen hereafter that these generalizations of distribution
are widely diiferent from what prevails among the Sylmcolidep, a
mucii larger proportion of the species being spread in winter over
many of the West Indies, with several resident species peculiar lo
\ one or more of the group.
Thryothoraa albinncha. — Since the preceding sheets on the
Tr()(jl<j(hjtklm were printed, I have had the opportunity of exam-
ining the type specimen of Dr. Cabot's Troglodytes aUnnucha^
I'r. IJost. N. H. Soc. II, 1847, 258, from Yalahao, Yucatan, April,
1842. I find it agrees almost exactly in size and proportions with
Thryothorus pete nicus of Mr. Salvin, being only a very little smaller.
The coloration and markings are precisely similar, the only difterence
being in the tail. The middle (exposed) feathers in petenwus are ashy
brown, with spotted or broken bars of black, most distinct and con-
tinuous across the middle. The other feathers are black ; the exterior
webs of the outer two find the ends of outer three marked with quad-
rate spots of whitish, sometimes tinged with plumbeous. In albinucha
the upper surface of the tail has a slightly more reddish tinge, and
the bars are more broken and irregular. The quadrate whitish or
[grayish blotches on the inner webs of lateral tail feathers extend
nearly to the middle of the feather, instead of being confined to the
lips. I do not observe any trace of the dusky tips to the feathers of
breast, nor of the obscure dusky bars on the flanks seen in petenicus.
Tiiese (litferences are, however, not incompatible with the identity
lU* October, 1861.
^m'
% *s
■ . * ■ ■ ■ " !,■■■
;' f^r?^
. **"*•"
I\ >•
iW^
t-ljli'-'*'
1-
r't^l^^lH
■ V"
m
' ^«
■ ^^m
150
uEviEvr or American nmna
[part I.
of the two species, being fully rcpreseiitetl iu specimens of T. bewitkii,
uiid I tliiiik it will -be necessary to nmke petemcua a Hynouym of a/6i. |
nucha, and to call the species 'nirtjotlwrus alhimivha. The ap.
proxiiuation, too, of the localities, is an additional argument in I'uvur |
of this conclusion.
Total length, 5.10 ; wing, 2.20 ; tail, 2.15 ; exposed portion of let primarj,
.00, of 2d, 1.40, of longest (nieaHured from exposed base of Ist primary), l.ii'j,
length of bill from forehead, .82, from noHtril, .r)4 ; along gape, .90; tarsus,
.84 ; middle toe and claw, .74 ; claw aiuue, .20 ; Uiud toe and olaw, .til ; ckf
alone, .2ii.
Family MOTACILLID^.
Bill slender, conical, nearly as high as wide at the base, with slight notch
at th«7 tip ; the culmen slightly concave above the anterior t xtremity of the
nostrils ; short bristles at gape, which, however, do not extend forward \i>
nostrils. Loral feathers soft and dense, but with bristly points ; nasal groove
filled with naked membrane, with the elongated nostrils in low^r edge ; the
frontal feathers coming up to the aperture, but not directe<l forward nor over-
hanging it. Wings lengthened and sharp-pointed ; the primaries nine (with-
out spurious first), of which the first three to five, considerably longer tkn
the succe, fedingorm the tip ; the exterior secondaries generally much euiargi-
nated at the ends ; the inner secondaries (so-called tertials) nearly equal to
the longest primaries. The tail rather narrow, emarginate. Tarsi length-
ened, scutellate anteriorly only, the hind claw nsnaliy very long, acnte, and
but slightly curved (except in MotaciUa). Inner toe cleft almost to the very
base, outer adherent for basal joint only.
The combination of naked nostrils, notched bill, and nine priiuaries,
with the tarsi scutellate anteriorly only, will at once distinguish the
Anthinfe of this family from the Alaudidse, which they so closely
resemble in coloration, habits, and lengthened hind claw. The j
lengthened, slightly curved hind claw, much pointed wings, cniargi-
nated secondaries — the inner ones nearly as long as the primaries-
distinguish the family from the Sylvicolidas, with which also it has
near relationships.
The following synopsis will serve to define the American genera
or subgenera of Motacillidfe, although it will not apply to the family
as represented in all its old-world members : —
[I'ART I,
MOTACILLIDill.
151
Z'. bewivkii.
lyiu of o/4i.
. The ap.
iut iu luvor I
let priniarj,
uiary), l.Gll;
.90; tnrsuj,
I slight notch
rtioiity of the
d forward to
uaaal groove
nr e'lg« ; tlie
*rd nor over-
niiitt (witk-
loug««r X\m
inch eiuftrgi-
arly equal to
arsi length-
apn(e, and
to the very
priiutines,
iiiguish tlie
so closely
aw. The
js, cniargi-
riniaries—
also it has
lan jrenera
the I'aoiily
Motaollla.
Tail longer than the wings ; hind claw comparatively short,
and couHiderably curved. Feathers of back without lighter
edges ; no spots nor streaks on breast. Tail doubly 'jrked, or
the central feathers nearly equal to the lateral, and longer
than intermediate ones. Tip of wing formed by outer three
piiraaries ; the distance between the 3d and4tU about one-
third that between the 4th and ^tli. Tarsi lengthened ;
claw Muiall ; hind toe and claw shorter than the middle, its
claw short, considerably curved, less than the toe alone ;
lateral toes nearly equal MotacUla,
An thus.
Tiiil decidedly shorter than the wings ; less than half the whole
length of bird ; simply emarginate and rounded. Hind claw
lengthened ; only slightly curved. Feathers of back with
paler edges ; breast streaked with dusky.
a. WitKjK much pointed, and lengthened.
Point of wing formed by four outer primaries, of which the
4tli sometimes a little shorter than 3d. nin<l toe and claw
as long as middle, shorter than tarsus, tiie claw alone
usually a little longer than the toe itself, and slightly
curved ; inner toe and claw longer than the outer ; out-
stretched toes falling short of the tip of tail ; hind toe and
claw shorter than tarsus Anthus,
Point of wings formed by four outer primaries, the 1st
longest, or as long as others. Legs stout, the outstretched
toes reaching almost to tip of tail. Hind toe and claw
longer than tarsus, the claw very long, but equal to the
I toe proper . . . Neocorys.
h. Wings short, rounded.
Point of wings formed by four outer primaries of nearly
equal length ......... Notiocorys,
Point of wings formed by five outer primaries, the 1st shorter
than 3d • . Pediocorys.
MOTACILLA, Lmsr.
Motacilla, Linn. S. N. 173.5. (Type Motacilla alhn.)
The first mentioned species under Motacilla, in the 10th edition
of the Systema Naturae of Linnseus, is luscinia, or tlie European
Nifrhtingale, If this work be talien as the starting point of the
LiiHuean binomial nomenclature, it will be necessary to find some
Other name for the genus, perhaps Fallenura, Pallas (fide Gray).
J, «.'
rv^
***'.*- ^'
■:*'■
rf!«v'f H
m
Mi
^
4
152
RKVIKW or AMEIIICAN UIRD8.
[part r.
Motacilla alba.
Motacilla alba, LiNN. Byst. Nat. 12th ed. 1700, 331.— Krth. & Di.am.
Wirb. Europ. 1840, xlix, and 174.— Dboland, Orn. Europ. 1, 1849,
433. — Rkinhakdt, Isis, 1801, 6 ((}re«nlatid). — Nkwton, Baring.
GouUl'rt Iceland, 1803, App. ("ratbur pluutiful").
Figure : Gould, Birda Europe, 143.
IJah, Continental Europe, rarer in England ; Iceland; Greenland (only two
speoimeuB Been) ; Siberia ; Syria ; Nubia.
(9410, %f Nlirnberg.) Forehead as far back as above the eyes, with Hides
ftf head and neck, white ; the remaining }M)rtion of head and neck above niid
below to the Jugulum, black ; the rest of under parts white. Upper )>arts tishy
gray, including rump; the upper tail coverts tinged with black. Wini^s with
two conspicuous bands and tlie outer edges of the secondaries white. Tail
feathers black; the outer two white, edged with black internally. Bill aud
legs black.
Length, 7.30; wing, 3.45; tail, 3.90; bill from nostril, .37; tarsus, .86;
hind toe and claw, .50.
Motacilla yarrelli, a closely allied species, by some considered a
variety only, diflFers in having the rump black, the ashy of the back
glossed with blackish, and with the black edging of the lateral tail
feathers broader.
I have given a description of this species on account of its occur-
rence in Greenland, and thus ^ member of the Fauna of North
America. The specimen described is from Niirnberg, Germany.
ANTHUS, Bechst.
Anthuii, Bkchst. Gemein. Naturg. Deutschl. 1802 (Agassiz).
Alauda spinoletta). — Bairo, Birds N. Am. 1858, 232.
(Type
I do not find the generic characters employed by European authors
to subdivide Anthus very satisfactory or constant. They consist
mainly in the varying size of the bill, the relative proportion of the
innermost secondaries to the longer primaries, and that of the liiiid
claw to the toe proper. In examining series of the North American
species I find considerable variations in this respect among ditferent
individuals : in Neocorys, for instance, one specimen has the longest
secondary equal to the 6th primary ; in another nearly equal to the
4th. Similar differences occur in Anlhus ludovicianua, where also
the hind claw is sometimes shorter than the toe itself, sometimes
longer.
The most permanent and appreciable characters seem to be those
based on the length of the outer primaries : thus in one group, to
which we may restrict the name Anthus, this tip is formed by the
ANTIIU8.
153
outer four quills, the fifth heiiig abruptly shorter. To this Ik long
A. luiloricidnux, and tlio Kuropcan Hpinoli'Ua, uhxcuriix, prulrnxis,
iiiid (rrvinus. In a si'cond section, of which there appear to be no
Aiiifricun repreHentalivcs, the tip is formed by the outer three
rciitluM's only, and to it belong arhoreuH, campextrix, and rirhardi.
KuL'li of tiieso has been made the type of a genus : Pijxixtus, A(jro-
doma, and Cori/dalta, rcKpectively, of which the latter has priority
of (lute. A. arboreua has the hind claw rather shorter and inoiu
curved than the rest.
All the American species of Titlark that I have been able to see,
oxc('iiting Anthiis ludovicianuH, appear to belong to (piite a diflerent
type from the European. First among them is the northern Aeo-
airiftt, much like typical Anthus in the long pointed wings, and the
outer four primaries abruptly longer than the 5th, but dilTcriiig in
considerably shorter tail, and longer legs, which actually reach the
tip of tail instead of falling considerably short of it. Most of the
South American species again, while most nearly related lo Neovorifs
iu these respects, differ from both Neocorys and Anlhun in the less
pointed wings. Here again there are two sections, one with the tij)
of the wing formed by four primaries (Noliocori/H) ; the other {Pvdio-
corys), in which five primaries enter into this tip, the whole wing,
the inner secondaries especially, apparently unusually broad ; of
this last a specimen from Quito (30,912), doubtfully referred to
A. hogotensis of Sclater, may be considered the type, and to it
belongs another species from Uraguay, which I have not attempted
to identify, as I cannot make it agree with any described species.
Properly, however, to define the characters of the American Tit-
larks will require a more complete series of the species than I have
at present access to, and for the present I merely indicate the sections
above named. If, however, Neocurys be retained as a genus, in dis-
tinction from true Anthus, 1 cannot well avoid considering the South
American forms as again different, and to leave the whole question
on a basis for further investigation, I propose to make use of all
thetie names in a subgeneric sense only.
•.:;.v-
^ ' ^ :.;>:,
■/■•.^^
■.,■' 1,J'-
' f
a. Anthus, Bechst.
Authu:^ ludovicianus.
Alauda ludoviciana, Om. S. N. 1, 1788, 793. — Anthug ludoidcianus, Light.
Verz. 1823, 37 ; also of Audi'bon & Bonaparte. — Baihi), Birds N.
Am. 1858, 232.— CouEB, Pr. A. N. S. 1861, 220 (Labrador).— Sci.atkb,
P. Z. S. 185G, 29G (.Cordova).— 1b. Catal. 1861, 24, no. 153.— Sou
WTTT'
154
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I.
ft . :
J..
f^Bf
& Salt. Ibis, 1859, 9 (Guatemala).— Jonk8, Nat. in Bermuda, 1859,
29, autumn. — Blakihtun, Ibia, 1862^ 4 (SaskatL-hewau).
Alauila rubra, Gm. ; Alauda rufit, Wil». ; Antltus spinolettu, Bon., Am, ;
Alauila jienusi/luanivu, Bkibb. ; f Alauda penmi/lvanica, Bonn. Kncycl.
Meth. I, 1790, 319.
fMvincilla huhonka, Lath. Ind. Orn. II, 1790, 503. — Vieillot, Encycl.
MetU. 11, 1823, 447.
Anthus pennsylvanita, Zanpeb ; Anthus aqnnticus, Acd. ; Anthus pipiens,
AuD. ; Anthus ruheiis, Merrem. ; Aiilhus reinhardtii, lliiuiuLL, Fauua
QroBnland, (ed. Paulsen), 1846, 25 (Greenland).
Figures : Aud. B. A. Ill, pi. 140.— Ib. Oru. Biog. I, pi. 80 — Wilson,
V, pi. 89.
Hah. Whole of North America; Greenland ; Bermuda : south to Orizaba,
Guatemala, and even Peru? Heligoland, Europe. {(Jiilke). Not noted in
West Indies.
Ill spring the colors are purer than in autumn ; the upper parts
more grayish-brown, especially on the head and nape, lacking almost
entirely the autumnal olivaceous. The reddish tinge of the under
parts seems peculiar to the spring dress. The bill and legs also
appear blacker than in autumn, and the dark streaks on the breast
more confined. The shade of color of the under parts in autuninal
specimens varies considerably from whitish to fulvous, as does also
the size of the spots. Cape St. Lucas specimens are smaller.
An Atilhus labelled A. rupestris {obscurun), from Greenland, is
not appreciably dift'erent from true ludomcianus; the legs being
paler merely than in some specimens, and agreeing exactly in this
respect with others. The markings of the tail are precisely the
same. As the obacurus is not recognized by Reinhardt as a Green-
land bird, and the ludomcianus {reinhardtii of HolboU) is said to
be common, I presume there is an error in the label.
This species has a very wide range, extending over the whole of
North America, and probably far into South America, as there arc
specimens in the museum of the Phila. Academy from Peru, whicii,
in their somewhat defective condition, I am unable to distinguish
from typical ludovicianus. A single instance is recorded of its
occur 'ence in Europe ; namely, in the island of Heligoland, in the
North Sea, where Herr Giitke has found so many stragglers from
America and Asia, many of them unknown in other parts of Europe.
Specimens are in the collection from various localities througlioiit
the United States, from the Atlantic to the Pacific const, as also
from Moose Factory, Rupert House, Grosvater Bay, Lal)ra(ior, Fort
Good Hope, Fort Simpson, Fort Rae (not received from the Yukon
or Fort Anderson). Others are as follows: —
i'.''.'i^
ANTHU8.
155
siLLOT, Encycl.
Sniilli-
miuimi
No.
Collec-
Ci>l''()
No.
Hex
iiDd LocHllty.
Aife. i
When
CuUecied.
Received from
Collected by
lS..W2y
32,17ii
3iJ,4»J
IS'.
Nov.'-ii, '59.
Oc)pouhH);pu MuH.
J. Xlllltlln.
Prut', ijuuiicbrast.
cf
(!u|>it iSt. Lucas.
Orixaba, Mox.
J. XaiitiiH.
Prul. tSuiuicbraHt.
(18,S92?) LtibeWed A. ruptstria.
Aiitliiis pratensis.
Alauda prntensis, LrNN. Syst. Nat. 1766, 287. — Anthw pratftisis, Bechst.
Deutsoh. Vugel, III, 1807, 732.— Keys. & Blas Wirb. Kuropa-s
1840, 172.— Zander, Cab. Jour. I, extra ed. het't, IS."):?, 60.— Paul-
sen, tid. Hiii.KuLL, F'aun. Uibiilands, 1846, 24. — Reinuakot, Ibis,
1861, 6. — Newton, Gould's Iculaud, 1863.
Figures : Gould's Birda Europe, pi. 136.
H'lb. Europe generally ; accidental iu Greenland ; couimon in Lapland
(Newton),
This species in general form resembles the A. Ivdovicianus, the
fifth primary in both being abruptly and considerably shorter than
tli;' outer four ; the bill and legs quite similar. The average size
tippt'urs nmcii the same. The upper parts are, however (especially
the head and back), more distinctly streaked with dusky ; the edge
and inside of wing greenish-yellow, not white, and the upper plumage
and outer edges of the quills decidedly olive-green. The shafts of
the middle tail feathers above are whitish, not dark-brown ; the under
parts greenish-white, conspicuously streaked with dark-brown. The
bill is dusky, the base and edges paler ; the legs dusky flesh color,
not dark-brown.
I introduce this species here as having been found in Greenland,
although lleinhardt mentions only one instan :e of its occurrence.
The specimens examined are from Denmark.
Neocorjfn, Sclatkr, P. Z. S. 1H57, 5
Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 233.
b. Neocorys, Sclater.
(Type Alauda tpragnei, AcD.)—
Antliiis spraffuei.
Atiitula spraguet, Aud. B. A. VII, 1843, 33.^, pi. 486. — Agrodomn xprngnei,
Baird, Stansbury's Uep. 1S52, 329. — Neocorys spraguti, Sclatkr,
P. Z. S. 1857, 5.— Bauid, Birds N. Am. 1858, 234.— Blak^stos,
Ibis, 1862, 4 (Sa'katobewan).
Hdb, Plains of Yellowstone and Upper Missouri to Saskatchewan.
Wfy-
IM
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I.
•4
t
i
■*
The description of this species, as given in the Birds of North
America, was taken from a type specimen received from Mr. Audu-
bon. A second skin, collected by Capt. Blakiston on the Forks of
the Saskatchewan, differs in having the tertials nearly as long as
the primaries (about one-tenth of an inch shorter). The hind claw,
too, is considerably longer, measuring .53 of an inch, instead of .46.
In other respects the specimens appear similar. A similar discre-
pancy in length of hind claw is seen in Anthm ludovicianus, where
it is sometimes considerably longer than the toe alone.
Bqiitli-
aootnu
Ho.
Collec- 8«x 1
tor'R and ! LocaUty.
No. ; Ane. ;
When
Collected.
Received rrom Collected by
i,68l
18,766
Fort Union, Dae.
1843.
S. F. Baird
Capt. Blakiston.
J. J. Audubon.
(l|88i.) Type specimen.
c. NoTiocoRYs, Baird.
Notiocorys, Baijid. (See page 151 of present work.)
Anttaus rufu8.
fAlauda ru/a, Qst. Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 798 (based on petite Alouette de
Buenos Ayres, Bdff. pi. enl. 738, 1).
?Anthus rufus, Bukm. Syst. Uebersicht, III, 1856, 118 (Brazil).
Anthiis rufus, Lawuence, Ann. N. Y. Lye. 1861, 322 (Panama R. R.).
Hab. li^thmus Panama (and eastern South America ?).
(277, Lawr. coll., % .) Outer four primaries very nearly equal and longest,
the 5th mediate between 4th and 6th. Inner secondaries nearly equal to
primaries. Hind toe and claw nearly equal to the tarsus ; the claw rather
longer than its digit, sharp, moderately curved ; outstretched toes reaching
the end of tail.
Above dusky brown, the feathers edged laterally with pale fulvous ; most
so on the hind neck, least on the middle of the back. Beneath soiled white,
with a faint tinge of yellowish ; perhaps very faintly fulvous on crissum and
on breast. A pale line over the eye ; ear coverts and sides of neck as de-
acrilMid on the hind ne<tk ; rest of cheeks slightly specked with dusky.
Jligulum and sides of breast, and edge of wing on the inside, with shaft
streaks of dusky, which at the ends widen into arrow-shaped spots. Wing
feathers edged as described, the Ist primary more gray, the secondaries more
olivaceous. Outer tail feathers white, with a streak of dusky along the edge
of inner web for basal half, the next similar, with the dusky streak extending
nearly to the end of the inner wel(, and nearly as wide as the white portion.
(Third feather wanting in the specimen.) Bill dusky above, pale below, be-
coming darker to the tip ; legs liesh coior.
J. Audubua.
ANTIIU8.
157
Total length, 4.35 ; wing, 2.26; tail, 1 94; difference between 1st and 6th
quilUi --^^ ; length of bill from forehead, .51, from nostril, .35, along gape,
.til; tar-sud, .77; middle toe and claw, .66; claw alone, .20; hind toe aud
claw, .70; claw alone, .40
This species is much like Neocorys spraguei in appearance, though
much smaller (an inch and m. half shorter), and with a greenish-yellow
gloss on the under parts, wanting in the former. The coloration is
otherwise very similar. The wings are shorter and not so much
poi'iU'd, the 5th quill being half way between the 4th and 6th, instead
of being two-lifths of the total distance from the Oth, and three-fifths
from the 4th. The hind toe and claw are perhaps not quite as long,
but still about equal to the tarsus. "\\''J>atever, therefore, be the
validity of the genus Neocorys, the N. rpraguei appears to be the
nearest relative of the present species, agreeing with it in shorter
tail and longer legs compared with Anlhua, but differing from both
ill tiie shorter, more rounded wings.
I am by no means certain of the correctness of identification of
the specimen. No South American birds are, perhaps, in a greater
state of confusion than the Titlarks ; and in the absence of accurate
indications of the proportions of the quills, etc., so necessary in de-
fining species which vary so little in color, it is exceedingly difficult
to come to an accurate conclusion on the subject. It is not at all
improbable that the present species may prove to be undescribed, as
it is its diminutive size, rather than anything else, that has caused
its reference to the Alauda rufa of Gmelin.
Smith-
►ouinn
Collec-
tor's
No.
Sex
II nd
Ave.
3
Locality.
When
Collected.
Received from
Collected by
' '•*
86
Panama R. R. ... i Cab. LiuitMice.
M'Lean. & Oaib.
d. Pediocorys, Baird.
Pediocorys, Baird. (See page 151 of the present work.)
Although there are no members of the present section known with
ct^rtainty to belong to North or Middle America, I describe the two
South American species before me as a contribution to the history
of the genus.
AnthiiA bogotensls.
Anthnx linfjotenKis, Scr.ATER, P. Z. 9. ISS.*), 109, pi. 101 ; 1858, 550 (Bo-
gota and Ecuadrr).
PfT^rnT^^^
153
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.
^Kii .: i'
[part t.
Anthus rnfescens, D'Oru. & Lapr. Mag. Zool. 1836. — D'Orb. Voyag«,
226 (Bolivia). Not nifracens of Temminck.
(30,912, Quito.) Plumage very dense and full on the under parts ; wings
broad, their point formed by the outer five primaries, of which the 4th is
longest ; then 3d, and 5th equal 2d, little shorter ; the first .14 shorter than
tlie 5th, and .20 longer than Gth, about equal to the longest secondary. Tail
moderately forked, rather shorter than the wings. Iliud claw quite consider-
ably curved, and short, about equal to its digit.
Feathers of upper parts light brownish-yellow, streaked centrally and con-
ppicuously with dark-brown ; scarcely appreciable on the wing coverts, which
are more rufous. Ocular regions with under parts pale buflf, lighter posteriorly
and on chin and lores ; darker on the inside of the w ings. Sides of neck streaked
with dark-brown, and a series of scarcely appreciable dusky spots in the tips
of the feathers across jugulum, very few in number (scarcely more than one
row). Quills broadly edged internally with dull cinnamon. Outer tail feathers
rufous, or brownish-white at tip and for al)out exterior half, including the
region both sides the shaft ; second feather with slight streaks of the same
along the end of the shaft ; other feathers dark-brown, edged like the back.
Bill brown, whitish at base below. Legs flesh color.
A second specimen (35,035) agrees mnch better with Dr. Sclater's descrip-
tion, in being paler on the belly and crissum ; darker above ; the liind claw
longer (.55). The wing formula differs in being 2, 3, 1, 4, 5, and the 6th quill
is exactly midway from the 5th and 7th (.17 of an inch).
Total length, 5.75; wing, 3.35; tail, 2.90; length of bill from forehead,
.62, from nostril, .37 ; along gape, .80 ; tarsus, .90; middle toe and claw, .83;
bind toe and claw, .75 ; claw alone, .40.
Bmith-
Buniau
No.
80,912
3d,03A
Col lee- ' Sex
lor'H ! and
No. I Akb.
Locality.
CoUeoted ! K«ce'>'e'' f^°"^ Collected by
Quito, Ecuador.
Eciitulor.
1 C. R. Biiclialew.
{J. Akhui'Ht.
i 1
*^ r, / \*
Anthus
(21,035, % , Uruguay.) Wings not much longer than the tail ; the rounded
point formed by five outer primaries ; wing formula 3.4=^2, 1, 5, the latter
which is one-fourth the distance from 4th to 6th. Inner secondaries rather
shorter thau the 5th quill. Feet much as in Neocorys ; the hind claw nearly
straight, rather longer than its digit.
All feathers of upper parts blackish-brown, conspicuously margined on each
side (but not at tips) with brownish-yellow, which becomes grayish towards
the ends (except perhaps on the lower back) ; these margins proportionally
widest on the hind neck. Under parts soiled white, with ,i pale brownish or
bnff (not yellow) tinge ; palest on throat, crissum, and middle of belly, deepest
on itiside of wing and inner margin of quills ; the feathers of jugulum, upper
breast, and sides of body with conspicuous shaft streaks of blackish-brown ;
feathers on the sides tinged throughout with pale l|)owuish. Loral, ocular,
'.<i
ANTnUS.
159
and superciliary region grayish-white ; rest of cheeks speckled with brownish.
TliH blaclvish ground color of upper surface of wings almost concealed by the
broad edgings of yellowish-browu, varying in shade of color, and becoming
much paler on the outer primaries, inner secondaries, and greater wing coverts-
Tail feathers dark-brown ; the outer brownish or soiled white on the outer web,
and on the inner web along the shaft from neai the base, widening to the end
so as to embrace the tip ; next feather with outer web and a short terminal
streak only white, the remaining feathers narrjwly edged externally with the
same. Bill dusky, except at base below ; lego flesh color.
Total length, 5.70; wing, 2.95 ; tail, 2.G5 ; iifference between 3d and 5th
quills, .10; between 3d and Gth, .36 ; length of bill from forehead, .5(5, from
nostril, .35; along gape, .65; tarsus, .90; middle toe and claw, .75; claw
alone, .22 ; Iiind toe and claw, .96 ; claw alone, .52.
A specimen (26,302) which was sold to Dr. Leidy, as from western
North America, is scarcely distinguishable in any respect, except the
))arer white of tail and rather paler colors ; and I am inclined to
tliink that it really came, like the preceding bird, from Uruguay, as
it is of precisely the same " make up" of skin, and was obtained
from the father of the collector (Chr. Wood), who accompanied
Capt. Page. It is, however, proper to state that a brother of this
same collector (W. S. Wood) obtained many specimens of birds
from the plains east of the Rocky Mountains ; and if the bird in
question really came thence, it will be necessary to introduce the
species into the Fauna of North America.
This species is quite similar in external appearance to Neocorya
spraguei, and of about the same size. The wings are, however,
considerably shorter and more rounded ; the point of the wing
formed by five, not four quills. The legs are much the same. There
is a much greater preponderance of reddish-brown on the upper
parts, and of buff below ; the axillars are brownish, not grayish-
white, and there is much less white (and of less purit}-) on the tail.
Smlth-
einiaa
No.
1
CoUec-' Sex
tor's 1 and
No. ' Age.
Iiocality.
When
Collected.
Received from
Collected by
21, 0,'?)
28,362
100
cf
UruKiiay.
Uruguay f
Aug. 1860.
Capt. T. .1. Page.
Dr. Leidy.
Chr. Wood,
r ?
»,v
■ ,wf
^M
■
: ■■
HH
160
EEVIEW or AMERICAN BIttDa
[part I,
Family SYLVICOLID^.*
The Sijlmcolidsp. are essentially characterizod among the Oscineg
with nine primaries," by their small size, the usually slender and
conical insectivorous bill, shorter than the iicad, without angle in
the gape near the base ; the toes deeply cleft fio as to leave the inner
one free almost to its very base (except in Mniotiltese), etc. The
shallow notch at the end of the tongue, instead of a deeply fissured tip,
distinguishes the family from the Cserehidae, to some of which tlmre
is otherwise so great a resemblance. The absence of abrupt hook
' A diagnostic table of families will be given as an appendix to tbe work.
» Altbough we speak of the absence of the outer or first primary, and tlie
presence of nine only as characterizing most of the O^cinrs, the exprt-ssion u
not strictly correct, as in all cases where I have made a careful search, I have
never failed to find the first primary in a rudimentary condition. Indeed
the gradation from the very short, though evident spurious primary of soiuh
of the Vireos, to the stage in others of the genus where tliis primary appears
entirely wanting, is merely the difference between its being placed so as to rest
on the inner side of the basal portion of the shaft of tlie outer large feather
or moved round so as to lie on its outer side. It occupies the terminal
joint of the wing, just as when well developed, and is only overlooked be-
cause confounded with the coverts of the primaries. Its presence can easily
be demonstrated by comparing the wing of a Thrush, with distinct first pri-
mary, and that of a Sparrow, Swallow, or other bird, in which this primary is
wanting (very veil seen in Quiscalus). In the Thrush, for instance, there will
be seen the usual coverts on the outside of the primaries, each one with its
sheath inserted into that of the corresponding primary, and resting a little on
the external side of the barrel of the quill. The first quill lacks a covert;
all the rest, nine in number, have one each. The first covert is usually much
shorter than the rest, and stands singly when there is a distinct, though
abbreviated first primary, as in Tardus. In a Sparrow, however, or Quisralus,
there appears to be a second short covert, immediately beneath the one jnA
referred to, but which, on examination, is seen to occupy the true place of the
deficient first primary. Whenever, therefore, there are apparently only nine
primaries, it is probable that two of these short stiff feathers will be toumt,
and with ten distinct primaries only one will be found. When there is any
peculiar coloration of the primaries, not seen in the other feathers of the
wing, this second of the short feathers will have it, and not the out.-ide one,
as will be referred to more particularly hereafter, especially under Vireo
Jiiinifrom,
8¥LVIC0LIDiB.
161
nnd notch in both mandibles separates it from such of the Vireonidse
us have nine primaries. To the Tanaijridae, through the slender-
billeii forms as Ghlorospimjus, Neviosia, Chlorovhrysa, etc., the
relationship is very close ; so much so that, by many, both families
are included in one. What the real diflerences are, 1 may hereafter
be able to point out more satisfactorily than I can at present.
The American Motacillidee are distinguished by the emargination
of the outer, and the great elongation of the inner secondaries, as well
as by other features referred to under that family. Anthus, in par-
ticular, differs in the lengthened and slightly curved hind claw.
There is, perhaps, no family to which the relationship is closer
than to the Cserebidse. Of equally small size, and, to some extent, of
a somewhat similar style of coloration, it is not to be wondered at
(hat many species in each family have been indifferently assigned to
cither. The genus Ilelminlhophaga, for instance, can scarcely be
so cU'lined as to distinguish it from Conirostrum, excepting by the
ciianicters of the tongue, so rarely preserved in a skin. What the
external features of distinction are, I hope to show hereafter. I am
by no means sure that some species even now retained among the
Hijlvicolidae would not be more appropriately placed in Cserebidse,
as Helminlhophaga bachmani, Parula guUuralis, etc.
The tongue in the SylcicoUdae is horny for the greater portion of
its extent ; more or less deeply bifid at the tip for about one-fourth
or one-fifth the length, the branches fringed or lacerated along their
external margin. It is short and rather broad at the base, and not as
extensible, as in the Cserebidse. The essential difference in structure
from that of the Cserebidse seems to be that, in some of the latter,
as Glos.-iiptila and Certhiula, there is a second vertical plane erected
along the inner edge of the bifurcation or division of the tip of the
tongue, and more or less perpendicular to it, which is itself lacerated
or fringed, so as to increase materially the size of the terminal brush.
In Chlorophanes and Dacnis this vertical plane is folded outward
upon the horizontal lamina, and perhaps partially or entirely ad-
hcn-nt, and thickening considerably the inner portion of the fork.
The primary bifurcation of the tongue, however, in all the Cserebidse,
is also much deeper (about one-third the whole length), and the
lateral fringe extends much further along the base. There are other
differences in the tongu'^s of the Cserebidse, of generic import, which
will hereafter be dwelt on more at length.
To the general character of the tongue in the Sylvicolidse, however,
that of "Dendroica tigrind''' forms a striking exception in its approxi-
mation tu the Cferebine character, especially that of Certhiola. The
11 November. 1864.
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1G2
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I.
tongue, in this instance, is miich longer, and narrower than usual;
bifid for more than one-third its length, and fringed at the end, luueh
as in Certhiola. It differs from other Sylvk-olidae, also, in having
the sides of the tongue, from the middle, folded over and down on
the upper surface, though not adherent, nor does the lap extend (|iiiie
to the tip. This characteristic of the fold, and the absence of a vor-
tical fimbriated lamina adherent to the inner edge of the horizontal
bifurcation of the tongue, appears essentially peculiar to this bird.
This diifcrence of the tongue in "Dendroica tigrina" is so funda-
ment-ally great, as compared with all other Sylvicolidee, that were
the other characteristics of seasonal changes of plumage, geographi-
cal distribution and migration, pattern of coloration, etc. more
similar, it would almost warrant our removing it to another family,
if not making it the typo of a new one. As it is, it becomes neces-
eary to establish a new genus (Perissoglossa) for it, left now among
the Sylvicolidfe, but perhaps hereafter to be transferred elsewhere.
The following diagrams of tongues of some of the Cserebidsi,
Sylvicolidae, and Vireonidae have been drawn, at my request, on
wood under the microscope by Dr. W. Stirapson ; to whom, also, I
am indebted for the accompanying remarks' relative to their charnc-
' " The tongues are all flsanred, or bifid at the extremity, hy a slit of variabln
depth; one-thirl thelengtli of the tongue in Glossiptila, Certhiola, and Periim-
glossa, but only one-sixth its length in Vireo; in the others averaging about
one-fourth its length. By this slit two forks are formed, which are depressed,
corneous, laminiform, and incised along the extremity and outer edge by
more or less numerous fissures which form a fringe of flattened setse con-
tiguous at base, but becoming narrowed and thus separately projecting in the
Bame plane at their extremities. The lateral setae are transverse or even
curved backward in Glossiptila, but point obliquely forward in all the other
species.
"The inner edge of the fork is always much thicker than the external
laminar expansion, and generally ends in a sharp spine, far stronger than the
• proximate setae. But in Glossiptila and Certhiola this inner edge is itself
expanded upward into a narrow lamina, which is either in a plane perpen-
dicular to the lateral expansion or folded over toward it, and this second
lamina is also divided into oblique or longitudinal setae toward its extremity.
At the extremity of the fork the two laminae are continent, continuous, and
regularly fimbriated around the curve.
" In Certhiola and Perissoglossa the sides of the tongue at the base of the
forks are folded over and inward, but in Certhiola the folds are soldered down
to the base and inner edge of the forks ; while in Perisscglossa they are not
Boldered, but open outward again anteriorly before the edges become fimbri-
ated, so that the extremity of this tonj;ue {Perissoijlossa) is broad, and the
setae nearly longitudinal.
f^.^..'
6YLVIC0LIDJB.
168
teristics as they appeared to him from a purely microscopical poiut
of view.
1. GlnnHptiln riiJleoUis. Jamaica.
2. Verthuilti bnhamensis. NasHau.
3. (JIUorophanes airicapUla. Trinidad.
4. Dacnis cnynna. "
5. PerUfoglosna tigrina. Nassau.
6. Dendrnim Mrintn. -Vassau.
7. Hclminilutphaga r lain. Arctic America
8. TerttrUitis fornsii. Cuba.
9. Vireo barbatula. Nassau.
The following figures represent one branch of the bifurcated tip
of each tongue more highly magnified. The references are the same
as in the preceding figures.
Nos, 2, 3, 4, and 6 were drawn from alcoholic specimens ; 1, fi, 7, 8, and 9 from tongues
removed from the dried skin, and therefore perhaps not perfectly accurate.
" The base of the tongue is bifid and armed with teeth pointing bacltward
to prevent the escape of food. The largest teetli are at the extremities of the
two points. In Certhtola, Perissoglossa, Dendroicn, and Teretristis tlie teeth
are all sharp, with the intermediate teeth nearly as large as the terminal
ones, and there are two or three teeth on the outer sides of the points. In
GInssiptifa there is only one tooth on these outer edges. Vireo differs from
all the rest in having a broad and shallow excavation between the^ two points,
which are short, stout, and blunt ; and the edge of this excavation is armed
with very minute, equal teeth, while there are no true teeth on the outer
edges of the points." — Stimpson.
.-*.** :t.
'4-.
w
w^
104
REVIKW OF AMKBICAN 1JIUU8.
[I'AIIT I.
MElii^-
4
In further illustration of the charaottT of the tongue in tho Hi/lvi.
volidw, 1 here prenent the result of an exaniiuution of aleohojic
8pec'inic>n8 of other families, some of these, uufortuuately, iu puor
coudiliou.
TTJiiDiDif!: Turdus migratorius and awawHoni have the tongue
rather acute, and fle.sliy, with horny edges and tip, whieh is almost
entire or very slightly bilid, and its sides very little, if at all, laeerated.
Saxicolid^ : Sialia aialis. Tongue similar to last, perhaps still
less laeerated.
SvLViiD^i: EeguluH mtrapa. Tongue rather broad ; vory Rlightly
lacerated around the ends of the horny part, but apparently not bilitl.
These three families seem to agree pretty well in having the tongue
either entire at the end, or very slightly bilid or notched, with the
edges nearly entire. The appeara'nee of laceration may, to a con-
siderable extent, be due to the softening. of the membranes of the
horny portion of the tongue, which allows the apparently fibrous
basis to be liberated around the edges.
In the Motacillidae and Sylvicolidae the tongue differs in being
more horny, more deeply bifid at tip, and the outer edges and tip
of the two portions lacerated or coarsely divided into a fringe, usu-
ally in the ends, to a less degree on the sides, and in a direction
nearly parallel with the axis of the tongue, or radiating from tlio
bottom of the notch. The horny part of the tongue is quite con-
siderable, and the notch involves generally about one-third or one-
fourth of it (less of the entire tongue). In making this generaliza-
tion I have examined the following species : —
MoTACiLLiDiE : Anthus ludovijianus.
SvLVicoLiDiE : Mniotilta varia ; Parula americana ; Profo-
notaria citrea ; Geothli/pis (rich as ; Ideria virens ; Teretrislis
/ornsii ; SeiuruH aurucapillus and noveboracensis ; Dendroica
X'lrens, canadensis, coronata, blackburnia, castanea, penn sylvan ica,
striata, aestiva, maculosa, " tigrina,^^ palmaruni, discolor; Helminlho-
phaga celata and ruficapilla; Myiodioctes mitratus, pusillus, cana-
densis ; Setophaga ruticilla — twenty-six species in all. I have not
had the opportunity of examining any species of Helmilhe.rus or
Oporornis ; nor of Dendroica superciliosa, which I much regret.'
' I am indebted to Prof. Agassiz for the opportunity of examining Htlmin-
thophaga rujicapilla.
.1 TUA<]
SYLVTCOLiniB. vynv:»j«
ir>5
Icteria and Teretristis do not difler from the rest, although it )iub
been suggested to place the latter genus in Cwrabidie.
The rAiuUiiii (ParuH scptentrionalin, Auriparua Jlavicepn, Psal-
(rwarus minimus, Sitla canadensis) have the tongue thicker and
ujoro lie.sliy than in Hylmcolidse ; only moderately horny at ends and
tips, and only slightly bifid and lacerated, much less than in Sylvico-
lida, and about as iu Turdidse, but less horny.
The HmuNDiNiDiE {H. horreorum and bicolor) have the tongue
short, broad, triangular, quite fleshy, with a shallow notch at end, the
sides scarcely or not at all lacerated.
Tlie ViRKoNiDiE (F. crassirostris and harhatula) have the tongue
more like the Paridse than the Sylvivolidse.
The characteristics of C^bebidvE, as far as I have been able to
examine their tongues, I have already referred to in detail. The
other families of Oscines will hereafter be referred to.
Ill the Tyrannid^ the tongues of Muscivora mexicana, Pitangiis
derbianus, and Todirosirum are horny for most of their length,
nearly linear, or gently tapering to a blunt, almost truncated tip,
whicii is not bifid, but has several short incisions iu the end.
Ill the ToDiBiB the tongue of Todus viridis is broad and linear
to the blunt tip (shaped like the bill), and throughout horny, thin-
edged and entire.
In GALBULiDiE a Galbula from South America has the tongue
equally horny, but long, narrow, tapering gently to a point, an(f
without any incision whatever. ,.- !•. <;..,;^)'. ; ^^ .)
Iu the " Birds of North America" I have dwelt at much length
upon the characters by which the North American genera of Sylvico-
lidse are distinguished, and refer to that work for particulars, repro-
ducing here only some of the diagnostic tables, with a few modifica-
tions. These can doubtless be much improved ; but I have not time
at present to attempt to work them over again, and must content
myself here with dwelling in detail only on the forms of Middle and
South America. It will be noticed hereafter that while the Sylvico-
linse proper belong essentially to .North America, it is in Middle and
South America that the Hetophaginae have the greatest development.
The following synopsis is an attempt at defining the higher sub-
divisions of the Sylvicolidae. In the large number of species, their
close relationships, and the very gradual transition from one form to
another, I have found it very diflScult to make any arrangement by
f,:^*v;-
1--:r4
:\4'- ■■ ". '
s.^^^
ffTTf
^
^■! ,
100
IIKVIKW or AMKKU'AN lilltDS.
[I'AIIT I.
which one unucqiiainted with the Biibject can readily detcrmiuc the
gruup to which a species or gcuus luuy buioug.
f^i
1' ',
fi
Bill conical ; its hriitle» very short, or wanting,
Sylvlcolinee. Bill conical, or about as high as wide, or even
higher, oppcmite the nosilrila. Qape with short bristles, not
reaching beyond the nostrils or none. Tip of bill not hooked ;
with or without a faint notch ; coiumissure nearly straight. .
Wings long and pointed ; considerably longer than the
narrow, nearly even tail. Legs short and weak ; tarsi uot
as long as the head (except in MniotiUa).
Bas{^l Joint of inner toe adherent for its basal half; basal
Joint of outer toe, and part of the next, adherent (in all
other SyU'icdlidii' the inner toe cleft nearly to the base,
and second joint of outer toe free). Hind toe lengthened,
nearly equal to the middle ; the digit considerably longer
than the claw. Creeping Warblers. Oenera : MniotiUa,
Parula Mniotiltta
Hind toe but little, if any, longer than the lateral ; Uie
digit about equal to the claw.
Bill entirely without notch, except Protonotariua ;
no rictal bristles. Swamp WarhUrg. Genera : /Vo-
tonotariuSf IJelminthophagn, Ilelmitherua . . Vermivoreie.
Bill notched. Rictus with distinct bristles, reaching
nearly to the nontrils. IVoud Warblers. Qenera :
Perissoglossa, Dendroica ..... SylvicolM;.
Oeothlyplnsa. Bill much as in Sylvicolince ; with distinct notch ;
slendor, or stout, the cu'.men gently curved ; the commis-
sure nearly straight. Legs much developed ; tarsi longer
than the skull. Bristles of rictus short, but appreciable.
Ground Warblers.
Wings pointed ; longer than the nearly even tail. Qenera :
Seiurua, Oporornis ....... Seuirece.
Wing9 much rounded ; shorter than the graduated tail.
Genus : Geothlypis Geothlypece.
Icterianas. Bill without notch, or riotal bristles. CulmeQ and
commissure mucli curved. Wings much rounded ; shorter
than the tail.
Bill very high. Tail graduated. Outer toe deeply cleft.
Genera : Icteria, Granatellua ...... Icteritae,
Bill slender. Tail nearly even. Outer toe adherent for
basal half. Genus : Teretristia Teretriatws,
^
MNIOTILTA.
U1
mil drpregnal ; rictus with long hriatlet.
SAtophaginas. Hill muuli (leprt^riitud ; uoiiHiiluralily broader tliau
liigli ; tint tip mure or lent) liooktxl, witli diHtiiict notch.
HrJHtlui) lt)i^tht)iit)<l, rtrauhiiig half wa/ or luoru froui tho
iiONtriU to tip of bill.
The Hyiiopsirt of the sections and generic characters of the Sdo-
jihtujiiiw will be found riirliici" on under the head of tliat subfamily.
As already reniaikcd, the species of Hylvt lidee, as Iiere re-
stricted, are all «)f very small size, scarcely exceeding six inches ia
length, usually less ; Ivteria alone is larger.
Sdbpamily SYLVICOLlNifi.
MNIOTILTA, ViKiLL.
Aliiiotiltn, ViEiLLOT, Analyse, 1810, 45. (T/pe Figuier varU^ Buff.
{Molncilla varia, Linn.)).
IMuiotilta varia.
MutacUln varia, Linn. S. N. 1, 1766, 333. — Certhia varia, Vieillot; An-
DUBON. — Miiidlitta varia, Vieili,ot, Gal. Ois. I, 1834, 276, pi. 169.
— AuD., GossE.— Baiud, Birds N. Am. 1858, 235.— Sclatkb, P. Z. S.
1858, 298 (Oaxaca, Xalapa) ; 1859, 363 (Xalapa) ; 1855, 143 (Bo-
gota) ; 1856, 291 (Cordova) ; 1864, 172 (City of Mex.).— Ib. Catal.
1861, 25, no. 162 —Scl. & Salv. Ibis, 1859, 10 (Guatemala).— New-
ton, Ibis, 1859, 143 (Santa Cruz ; winter).— Cab. Jour. Ill, 475 (Cuba ;
winter). — Bkyant, Fr. Bost. Soo. 1S59 (Bahamas; April 20). —
GossB, Birds Jam. 134 (Jamaica; winter). — Josks, Nat. Bermuda,
1859, 29 (October).— Cab. Jour. 1860, 328 (Costa Rica).— Law-
rence, Ann. N. Y. Lyo. 1861, 322 (Panama R. R. ; winter).—
GuNDL. Cab. Jouru. 1' 61, 326 (Cuba; very common).
Certhia maculata, WiLs. — Mniotilla bvrvalis, Nutt.
Mniotilta varia, var. loiigiroslris, Baikd, Birds N. Am. 1858, xxxi, no.
167.- 1b. Catal. in 8vo. lt>59, no. 167*.
Figures: AuD. Orn. Biog. V, pi. 90; Birds Am. II, pi. 114. — Wilson,
Am. Orn. Ill, pi. xix.
Ilnh. Eastern province of North America, and north to Fort Simpson.
Until coasts of Mexico (as far north as Mazatlan, on west side), and south-
ward to Bogota. Whole West Indies and Bermuda.
Localities (pioted. Bahamas ; Bermuda ; Cuba ; Jamaica ; Santa Cruz ; W.
Indies ; Cordova, Xalapa, Oaxaca, Mex. ; Guatemala ; Panama R. R. ; Bogota.
-- vUf^^
.<- .
i;'r!f' i >
^W^
168
REVIEW OP AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I
I have nothing especial to add to the account of this species con-
tained in the " Birds of North America," except to say that tlie
dilferences there referred to in the length of the bill are seen in tlio
more recent specimens, and belong more particularly to soutlicru
skins. Dr. Brewer considers the eggs of the southern birl so ditl'er-
ont as to warrant their specific separation. I find it, ho\/ever, vory
difficult to express the differences other than as consisting in longir
bill and less degree of black beneath.
This species is remarkable as occurring at Mazatlan and Coliniu,
and not in California or the Rocky Mountains.
Smith-
CoUec-
Sex
Whep
Collecteu.
sonlfin
No.
tiir's
No.
and
ARe,
Locality.
Received froir
Collected by
32,622
997
liiirl_SiiiipsiM|^
May 2S, '61.
\i. K. iCoKs.
1S,68.'5
, ,
cf
PurtHinoutli, N. II.
• • •
Dr. E. Ooueg.
^,680
, ,
Mo. of Vormiliuu.
May .5.
Lt. Warien.
Dr. Haydeu.
68
, ,
rf
CarllBle, Pa.
May, 1839.
8 F Buird.
10,10.5
, ,
S.xitli llllaoiR.
April.
R. Konnicott.
32,2i7
, ,
rr
Liberiy Comity, Ga.
• • •
Prof. Leconte.
8,(573
, ,
Cape Florida.
Sept. 26, '67.
G Wn denmun.
22, u;
, ^
V
SpaiiUhtowa, Jam.
• • •
W. T. Miirch.
24.3.56
26
<f
tt
Nov. 4, '61.
'■
23,.308
••
d
Trelawnpy, Jam.
Santa Cnu
Jan. 1.3, '59.
Mar. 21, '57.
Dr. Sclater.
Alfred Newton.
"W. 0:;l>urn.
2.1.316
rf
Monte Veide, Cuba.
Jan. 17, '61.
CliaH. WriKht.
.S4.0lfl
126
Mazatlan.
• • *
A. J. GrayHou.
29.3.57
122
^
CoUma. Mex.
Feb. 1863.
Joiin XantU8.
80.666
179
Rftaleuleu. Guat.
Sept. 1862.
0. Salvlu.
Salvia & Godman.
.SO. 667
177
Diieaae, Gnat.
ti
34.102
, ,
rf
I'unta Arenas, C. U.
Jan. is64.
Capt. Dow.
33,2(38
61
San JoK.3, C. K.
■ * •
Dr. V. Frautzlas.
S4,646
••
d
AuK08tura, C. R.
Mar. 9, '64.
J. Carniol.
PARULA. Bon.
Chloris, BoiB, Isis, 1826, 972 (not of MasuniNO, 1752). (Type Pur\u
americnnus, L.)
Sylvicola, Swainson, Zool. Jour. Ill, Jnly, 1827, 160 (not of Humphrey,
Mu8. Calonnianuni, 1797, 60). (Same type.)
Parula, Bon., Qeog. Comp. Cat. io3C. (Same type.)
Compsoihl ypis, Cai. Mus. Hein. 1850-51, 20. (Same type.) (Parula
rejeotod as contrary to the Linnsean canons of nomenclature.)
If Moehring's genera are rejected as made prior to the establish-
ment of the Linaajan binomial nomenclature, and by a non-binomial
author, there is, perhaps, no reason why Boie's name Chloris siioiild
not be adopted for this group. I, however, leave the matter in
abeyance for the present.
PARVLA.
1C9
Tlio following synopsis may aid in dcitcrmining the species of
rarula: —
A. Color above plumbeous blue, with a triangular interscapular
patch of olive; beneath yeJow anteriorly. Lateral tail
feathers with a square patch of white on inner webs.
Yellow reacliing only to breast. Feathers of jugnlum
clouded with dark orownish. Eyelids only white.
White patches on three lateral tail feathers. Two white
bands on wings americana.
Yellow extending over the belly. Jugulum only slightly
varied with ochraceous. No white on side of head,
white patches on two lateral tail feathers. Two white
bands on wings. Forehead and lores black . . . pilyayumi.
Similar to last, but without white on the wings. Jugulum
not ochraceous ........ irwrnata,
B. Above ashy. No white on wings and tail, except on inner
margins of lateral tail feathers. Beneath yellow or red
anteriorly.
From chin to breast yellow, with a well defined brown
creHcent on throat. Whole back olivaceous. A stripe
over eye, and eyelids white ...... superr.iliosa.
From chin to jugulum plain orange-red. A crescentic
saddle of black on the back. No white on oide of head.
Lores black gutturahs.
' -.•' 'y ' ■' V ^
* ' -,<:".■ ■• •
> ■ ^»^
Pariila americana.
Parus americanus, Linn. S. N. 10th ed. I, 17.')f, IflO. — Motacilla am.
Qmelin. — Sylvia am. Lath., Am. — Sylvicola am. Rich., Ann. —
Jones, Nat. in Bermuda, 1839, 59. — Pariila am. Bon. List Birds N. A.
Ib38.— GoBSE, Birds Jam. 1847, l')4 (Jamaica).— Baird, Birds N.
Am. 18.58, 238.— ScLATER, P. Z. S. 1857, 202 (Xalapa) Ib. Ibis,
lb59, 10 (Guatemala).— Ib. Calal. 1861, 26, 163.— Newton, Ibjs,
1859, 143 (Santa Cruz; winter).— Cassin, Pr. A. N. S. 1860, 376
(St. Thomas). — Gdndlach, Cub. Jour. 1861, 326 (Cuba; very com-
mon X- — Com/m lypis am. Cab. Kus. Ileiu. i650, 20. — Ib. Jour. Ill,
1855, 476 (Cuba).
Ficedula ludoficiana, Brisson. — Motacilla lud. Gm. — Motacilla eqiies,
BoDD. — Sylvia torquata, ViEiix. — Thryothorus torq. Stephens. — •
Sylina pusilla, Wils. — Sylvicola pus. Swains.
Figures : Aun. Orn. Biog. I, pi. xv. — I>t. B. A. II, p!. 91. — Vieill. Ois.
Am. II, pi. 99. — WiM. Am. Orn. iV, pi. xxviii. — Buffon, ^,1. enl.
731, fig. 1 ; 709, fig. 1.
Uiih. Eastern province of Un?*-»d States, north to the Lakes, west to the
Miisouri Valley; in winter . Ui to (Uiatemala (not seen on the west coast
of Mexico). West Indies Bahamas ; Cuba; Jamaica; St. Croix ; St. Thomas.
B^^^TT
ITO
KEVTEW OF AMERICAN KjnrS.
[rAKT
Stnitli-
Collec-
Snx
Whpn
CollecieJ.
HOIIIIIII
No
tiir's
Nu.
aud
Locality.
Received from
Collected by
22,301
'i
LHttlifax, N. 8.
May'.'!,' '4.i.
May 1, '41.
W. G. Winton.
S F. Balrd.
2,219
3;i8
tJarlUle.
11
8.6-17
Cape Florida.
Si'iit. 27, o7.
0. Wurdcmann.
4,IJ71
, ,
Mil. of I'lHtie River.
April 27,'56.
Lt Warren.
Dr. Huydeu.
2i),(il'9
V
Kermina, Cuba.
Feb. IH.
C. Wright.
24,311
3J
d
Spaniflitown, Jam.
Santa Cniz.
Nov. 6. '61.
Mar. 24, 'CiT.
W T. March.
A. & E. NewCon.
30,669
132
••
Cubau, Vera Paz.
Nov. 18, '59.
U. Salviu.
Salvia iiGudman.
Pariila pitiayumi.
Sylvia pitiayumi, Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. II, 1816, 276. — Compsolhli/pU
pit. Cab. Mus. Hein. 21. — Parula pit. Sclater, Cat. 26, uo. 165
Sylvia venusta, Temm. PI. Col. 293, fJg. 1.— D'Orb. Voy. IV, 1844; Ois.
j 218.— Sylvicola ven. Burm. Uebers. Ill, 116.
Sylvia plumhen, Hwains. Zool. 111. II, 1821- J, pi. 139.
Parula hrasiliana, Bon. Coiisp. 1850, 310.— Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, 137;
1860, 273. — Cvmpsothlypis bras. Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1655, 143 (Bogota).
Hah. South America, generally to Paraguay ; Ecuador ; Bogota ; Trinidad.
(20,972.) Above plunibeouH-blue, with a patch of olive-green in middle of
back, as in P. americaua. Beneath rich yellow ; slightly ouhraceous on llie
jugulun ; tiie inside of wings, anal region, and cris.suni snowy white. Frontal
band a.id loral region black ; ears duHky. Two pati-hes of white or the wing.
A square patch of white on inner wen of outer tail feather near the end ; a
smaller one on the next feather. ^>.uialed scarcely different, though duller
and smaller.
Length, 4.25 ; wing, 2.15 ; tail, 2.00.
This species differs from P. americana, to which it is nearly allied,
by the greater extension backwards of a deeper yellow, and absence
of the decided brown mark of jugulum ; the black frontal and loral
patch ; less amount of white ou wing, and the spots on tail not ex-
tending to the third feather.
A specimen from Trinidad, belonging to Mr. Newton, has the
breast and jugulum more ochrafceous than any other before me.
mf
Rml'h-
Collec-
Sex
tODIiiU
tor's
aud
No.
No.
.'>6
A(?e.
20,!)72
o
16,33J
99
5
1,S19
, ,
32, fins
40,4*)
<f
24.0ii7
, ,
30,612
•••
••
Locality.
Parana River.
Brazil.
Bogota,
Trinidad.
When
Collected.
Mar.. 1860.
Aug. 18.'>9.
Received from
Capt. Page.
S. F Balrd.
Verreaiix.
L do Cieofroy.
M. (jalody.
Collected by
C. Wood.
PARULA.
m
Parula inornata.
Parula inornata, Baird.
Parula brasiUana, Sclater & Salv. Ibis, 18G0, 397 (Coban, Guatemala).
Not of LicuT.
Ilah. Guatemala and Costa Rica.
I3y tlio kindness of Mr. Salvia I have been enabled to examine a
specimen of tlie supposed P. pitiayuvii, from Guatemala (no. 18T
(1,488) Salvin's coll., Choctun, Vera Paz, Jan. 1860), and find that
it differs sufficiently from the South American bird to entitle it to a
sppcific name. Mr. Salvin's specimen is probably a female ; but
compared with females of the old species it is decidedly smaller, the
tail especially, and with its feathers narrower. The tarsi are shorter.
Tiie under parts are paler yellow, with very little or no ochraceous
on the breast. The edge of the wing is blue, not white, and the
wing lacks the two sharply defined white bands across the coverts —
their presence being oniy indicated by a scarcely appreciable lighten-
ing of the blue in the region of the bands.
Total length, 4.20; wing, 1.95; tail, 1.75; width of outer feather, .20;
lengtii of bill from forehead, .45, from nostril, .29 ; tarsus, .62 ; middle toe
and ulaw, .48 ; hind toe and claw, .37.
The comparison of this specimen has been made with an extensive
series of P. pitiayumi, from Bogota, Trinidad, Brazil, and Paraguay.
Note. — Since writing the preceding article, specimens received
from Mr. Carmiol fully substantiate the distinctness of the Central
American Bird. One of these shows a '.tie whitish on the edges of
the greater coverts, but none on the median.
Smith-
SOlliHU
No
Conec-
toi's
No.
Sex
and
Age.
LocaUty.
Wliea
CoUecled.
Received from
Collected by
M,649
1S7
1.488 \
i
ChoctuD, Vera I'az.
AnKUHtnra, C.JL.
Dota, C. K.
It II
Jan. 1860.
Mar. 8, '04.
Aug. 27, '64.
11
Cab. 0. Salvia.
J. Cara\lul.
II
II
Parula superciliosa.
Conirostrum superciliosum, Hartlaub, R. Z. 1844, 215 (Guatemala).—
Parula auperciliosa, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1858, 299. — lu. Catal. 18(jl,
26, no. 164.— Sclater & Salvix, Ibis, I, 1859, 10.
Parula mexicnna, Box, Consp. 1850, 310. — Compsothlypis m^xicana,
Cabanis, Mus. Hein. 1850, 21.
Ilih. Mexico (La Paradj, Oaxaca, Orizaba) ; Onalemala.
Upper parts ashy ; iutersoapiMum and whole back, except upper tail coverts,
olive-green; this color tinging the lesser wing coverts. Beneath, from chia
■ '>■•'•
^^^^TT
;•
Its
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.
[i'a;;t I,
to breast, yellow ; posterior to this whitish, the sidea tinged with ashy. ,{
brown or chestnut crescent across the tliroat. Line from l)ill over the eye
along side of liead, with eyelids, white. No white markings on wing and tail,
Length, 4.50; wing, 2.45 ; tail, 2.20 ; tarsus, .(i7.
I liave seen no skins marked female, but what I consider to lie
such dilTer only in a smaller patch of brown on the tliroat.
Smith- C >l1ec- Sex
8 llllllU
No.
32,03(1
tiir'8
No.
lO.Sdi
l,l.-)9
and
Locality.
Mexico.
Orizaba. (Alplue
When
Collected.
Received from
Collected by
J. Gould.
V«'i reaiix.
Prof. Sumichraat.
i; *
I . '
I.
■'•■■,-
fW
Pariila gutturalis.
Comp^othli/pis gutturalis, Cab. Jour. Om. 1860, 329 (Costa Rica).
(30,499.) Above ashy plumljeous ; the whole interscapulum crossed by a
black crescent, the convexity posterior and extending a short distance down
the back. Beneath, from chin to breast, bright orange-red ; rest of uiidtjr
parts, including lining of wings, white ; the sides and concealed centres of the
crissum light plumbeous. Lores and cheeks below line of the eye blackish.
Quills blackish; tail feathers not so dark, edged externally with the pluiiihi»-
ous of the upper parts. The inner webs of lateral tail feathers narrowly
edged with white. No other white markings whatever ou the wings and tail,
and none appreciable on the side of head. Bill black, yellow at the base
beneath ; legs plumbeous brown.
Total length, 4.80 ; wing, 2.55 ; tail, 2.20 ; length along culmen, .50 ; from
nostril, .33 ; taraus, .72 ; middle toe and claw, ,66 ; hind toe and claw, .40;
claw alone, .22.
This — one of the most beautiful of the American Warblers— is
so peculiar in coloration as not to require any comparison. It re-
sembies Dendroica blackhurnia in the coloration of the tliroat, but
is otherwise very different. The specimen upon which tiie siiecics
was based by Dr. Cabanis, was probably a female, or else in autumnal
dress.
It is not at all impossible that anatomical examination may show
this species to be more nearly related to the Gserehidae than to the
HylmcoUdae.
1 !
Smith- CoUec- Sex
noniau tor'g and
No. ' No. Awe.
Locality.
When
Collected.
Received from
Collocted by
:r\4!)4 14
8J,2TO 1 .. J
CoKla Kifii. [r. R,
Raiicho Redoudo,
Sept." 17, '64
Dr. Kraiilzlus. i J. Ciumuil
J. Carmiol. 1 "
PttOTONOTAUIA./^SIYSH
173
PROTONOTARIA, Baird.
Protonotaria, Baikd, Birds N. Am. 1858, 239. (Type Motacilla citrea, Bodd.)
Protonotaria citrea.
Motacilla citrea, Bodd. Tabl. 1783 (PI. enh 704, fig. 2).— Protonotaria
citrea, Baikd, Birds N. Am. 1858, 239.— Sclatek, Catal. 18G1, 2(j,
no. 166. — Gundl. Cub. Jour. 1861, 324 (Cuba; very rare). — Ilel-
mintlinphagd citrea, Cab. Jour. 1861, 85 (Costa Rioa).
Motacilla prolonotariun, Gm. — Sylvia prot. Latu. — Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept.
II, pi. Ixxxiii. — Wilson, Am. Orn. Ill, pi. xxiv, fig. 2, — Aud. Orn.
I Biog. II, pi. iii. — Vervii i-ora prot . Bon. — Helinnia prot. Aud. — Heh
mitherus prot. BoN. — Compsothlypis prot. Cab. Jour.
Motacilla auricollis, Gmbl. I, 1788, 984. — Sylvia aur. Lath., etc. (based
on Le Grand Figuier du Canada, Bbisson, Ois. Ill, 1760, 508, pi.
xxvi, fig. 1). Female. — Sylvicola aur. Nctt. Man. I, 1840, 431.
n<ih. Eastern province of U. S. (soutliern region) ; Cuba, Costa Rica, and
Pauama R. R. Not recorded from Mexico or Guatemala. .Accidental in New
Brunswick (G. A. Doardman in letter).
Sniitli-
tooliin
No.
Collec-
tor's
No.
Sex
and
Age.
Locality.
When
Collected.
Received tcora
f CoUecteo by
10,112
7,.')16
1«,6R1
12,146
3i,102
••
d
S. llliuoi".
Independence, Mo.
Neosho Falls, Kans.
Cherokee Nation.
I'linta Arenas, C. R.
Panama.
«
May 9.
1857.
Jnno 2.'>.
Jan. 1864.
1863.
R. Kenuicott.
W. M. Mrtgrnw.
B F. Ooss
Dr. Woodiiouse.
Capt. J. M. Dow.
Cab. Lawrence.
Dr. J. G Cooper.
(34,1U2.) Iris dark chestnut.
HELMINTHOPHAGA, Cabanis.
Helmintlwphaga, Cab. Mus. Uein. 1, 1850-1,20. (Type Sylvia ruficnpilla, Wils.)
The discovery, since the article on Helminthophaga in " Birds N.
Am." was written, of two new species, allied to ruficapilla, in having
a concealed brown patch in the crown, renders a new diagnosis de-
fiirable of section B.
B. Tail without any conspicuous white patch, and wings without
light bands.
Concealed patch in crown orange-brown. Color uniformly
olive green above and yellowish beneath . . . cetata.
Concealed patch in crown chestnut-brown.
Olive-green above ; the head and neck ashy. Beneath,
including lining of wings, bright yellow. Wing and
tail feathers edged with olive ..... rvjicapillc.
Cinereous above ; the rump and crissum yellowish.
Beneath, with lining of wings, dirty white, tinged
Wt
lU
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.
[PAHT I.
," 1^
y ■
:.:■
m'
with yellow on throat and breast. Wing and tail
feathera edged with ashy vtrghi(f.
Cinereous above ; whitish beneath. Upper tail coverts
chestnut-brown, as in the vertex. A dull patch ot
white on outer tail feather . t • . • lucia.
No concealed patch in the crown.
Olive above ; the head and neck ashy. Beneath, with
lining of wing, white. A dull patch of white on
outer tail feather peregrlna.
From an examination of the recorded localities of Helmivthophagu
it will be seen that, of the eight known species, one (celata) belongs
to the western and middle provinces — straggling into the eastern,
especially along its borders; two (virginiae and lucise) are confined
to the sonthern region of the middle province ; while the other five
belong exclusively to the eastern province, most of them rather
southern in their range. Of these five, pinus and rxificapilla have
no West Indian localities given ; the others, chrysojitera, hachmmi,
and pere.grina are very rare there, and found only in Cuba. Their
distribution in Mexico and Central America is varied ; but they
hardly belong at all to western Mexico. The most notable featuro
in the distribution of both Helminth ophaga and Ilelmitherus, is
their not occurring in the West Indies at all except in Cuba, which
may be merely a stepping stone in the migration between Florida
and Central America, by way of Yucatan.
Helminthophaga i»inu8.
Certhia pinus, Linn. Syat. Nat. 1, 1766, 187. — Sylvia pinus, Lath., Vikiii,
(not of Wilson). — Helminihophaga pinus, Baird, Birds N. Am, 1858,
254. — ScLATER & Salvin, Ibis, I, 1859, 11 (Guatemala). — Sclater,
Catal. 1861, 28, no. 176.
Sylvia solitarin, Wilson, Am. Om. II, pi. xv. — Acd. Orn. Biog. I, pi.
XX. — Sylvicola sol. Rich. — Vermivora sol. Sw. — Helinaia sol. Add,
B. A. II, pi. cxi. — Ilelmitherus sol. Bon. — Sclateb, P. Z. S. 1856,
291 (Cordova). — Helminihophaga sol. Cad.
Hah. Eastern province of U. S. (rather southern) : Eastern Mexico; Guate-
mala. Recorded localities : Cordova, Mex. ; Coban, Guat. Not noted from
West Indies.
Smtth-
Collec-
Sex
Hiiuiau
tor's
and
No.
No.
Age.
2.22!)
rf
6,983
61
f
12.103
. ,
30,670
3,817
32,708
32,620
d
Iiocality.
Carlisle, Pa.
St. Louis, Mo.
Creek Nation.
Cohan, Vera Paz.
Mexico.
When
Collected.
Received from
May 6, '45.
May 12, '37.
1862,
S. F. Baird
Lt. Hryaii.
Capt. Sitifreaves.
O. Saivin.
Vor remix.
Collected by
S. F. Baird.
W. S. Wood.
Dr. Woodlioiise
nELMINTIIOPIIAOA.
in
Helminthophaga chrysoplera.
Motacilla chrysoptera, Linn. S. Nat. I, 176G, 333. — Sylvia chr. Latb.—
WiLS. Am. Orn. II, pi. xv, fig. 5. — Bon. — Sylvicola chr. Bon. —
Uelinaia chr. AoD. B. A. II, pi. cvii. — Ilelmitherux chr. Bon. —
ScLATEK P. Z. S, 1855,143 (Bogota). — Helmintho}>hu(/a chrysoptera,
Gab. Mus. H«)in ; Journ. f. Orn. 1860, 328 (Costa Rica). — Baird,
Birds N. Am. 1858, 255.— Sclatkii & Salvin, Ibia, II, 18(J0, 397
(ChoDtum, Guatemala). — Scl. Catal. 1861,28, no. 177. — Lawkenoe,
Ann. N. Y. Lyo. VII, 1861, 293 (Panama).— Gdndl. Cab. Journ.
1861, 326 (Cuba, rare).
.Motacilla JlaviJ'rons, Gmelin. — Sylvia Jlavifrons, Lath.
Hal. Kastern province of U S. : Cuba (rare) Guatemala ; Costa Rica ;
Panama ; Bogota. Recorded in West Indies — Cuba only ; not from Mexico.
graitli- Collec-
giiiiian tor's
No. No.
Sbx
and
Ak«.
Locality.
When
Collected.
Received from
Collected by
2,;)65
A
10,1.')6
6,9S2
in.2.-.i
.'!0.fi72
30,671
32,702
4.^030
d
cf
CarliHle,'Pa.
Racine. Wis
Union Connty, 111.
St Luuig, Mo.
Lil)ert) County, Oa.
Cuban, Ouat.
Choctum, Guat.
Bogota.
July 8, 184.5.
May'ii.
May 13, '57.
1862.
Jan. 1S60.
S. F Baird.
Dr K P. Hoy.
R. Koniilcott.
Lt. Bryan.
Prof. Jos. Lecoate,
0. Salvin.
*t
Verreaux.
S. V. Baird.
R Keiinicott.
W. S. Wood.
Salvin "ioodm.
(A.) Nesteggi.
Helniiiithophaga baclimani.
Sylvia hachmani. Add. Orn. Biog. ll, 1834, 483, pi. 183. — Sylvicola b.
Rich. — Vermivora b. Bon. — Hclinaia b. Aud. Syn. Birds Am. II,
1841, 93, pi. cviii.— Lembeye, Av. Cuba, 1850, 36, pi. vi, fi^. 1. —
Helmilherus b. Bon. — Hdminthophaya h. Cab. Jour. Ill, 1855, 475
(Cuba, in winter). — Baikd. Birds N. Am. 1858, 255. — Gondlach,
Cab. Jour. 1861, 326 (Cuba, rare).
Hab. Coast of S. Carolina and Georgia ; Cuba in winter.
Smith- Collec-' Sex
Bonian tor's \ and
No. [ No. : Age.
Lortllty.
When
Collected.
Received from
Collected by
2,903 •• \ S Charleston, S. C.
...
S. F. Baird.
J. J. Audubon,
Helmintliophaga nificapilla.
Sylvia rujicapilla, WiLS. Am. Orn. Ill, 1^11, 120, pi. xxvii, fig. 3. — Am.
.yrn. Biog. I, 1832, 45o, pi. 89. — Helminthophatja rujicupillu, Baird,
Birds N. Am. 185«, 256.— Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, 373 (Xalapa).—
Ib. Catal. 1861, 29, no. 178.
Sylvia rubricapilla, WiLS. Am. Orn. VI, 1812, 15, General Index. — Nutt.,
Bon. — Sylvicola rub. Rich. — Vermivora rub. Bon. — Reinharkt, Vid.
■>• ■■♦'
i
176
REVIEW OF AMEaiCAN DIRDS.
[I'AKT I.
Med. for 1853, 1854, 82 (Greenland). —Brkwbu, ?t. Boat. Soc. N. H,
VI, 1856, 4 (nent and v%\i,i).—lltlinuia rub. AvD. B. A. II, j,l.
113.— Ilelmitherus ruh. Bon.— Sol. P. Z. S. 1856,291 (Cor.lova);
1859, 3tJ3 (Xalapa).— //c/»«»«M(7>Aa(7a rub. Cau.— acLATKU, P. Z. 8,
1858,298 (Uaxaoa; Feb. and Aug.). — Mniotilta rub. Rbinuauut,
Ibis, 1861, 6 (Greenland).
Sylvia leucognslra, Shaw, Gen. Zool. X, ii, 1817, 622.
^'Sylvia nunhvUlei" Vieillot. — Gkay. — Sylvia mexicana, Holboll.
Ilah. Uaatern province of N. America, north to line of BritiHh Arajriea;
Greenland ; south tu Mexico ; not in We»t ludiea. Recorded frotu Xitlupa,
(Jordova, Orizaba, and Oaxaca, Mex.
m
Smith- CoUec- Sex
When
Collected.
Hoiiian , tor'M and
No. 1 No. A|{e.
Localitjr.
Received from
Collected by
'2«,i)30
■Xjuva Si'Qtia.
W. G. Wiuton.
W. 0. Wiiuon.
•2, ISO
, ,
^
CarllKle, Pa.
April 28,'4fl.
S F Balrd.
S. F. Baird.
2,2:17
y
«4
May 6. 1S4.'S.
"
"
21). 261
22
^
~ jaJULQtlhfi Woods.
May 30, '60.
R. Kenntcott.
R. Kennicott.
■2».-im
37
, ,
't. Stockton, Tex.
May 6, 1860.
P. Duffy.
P. Duffy.
32.707
29,P3.'i
9
Mexico.
. . .
Verreaux.
S2.70,J
29,934
(f
*•
. . .
4*
20,203
Orizaba, Mex.
...
Prof. Samicbrast.
A'H
Helminthophaga celata.
Sylvia celata, Say, Long's Exp. R. Mts. I, 1823, 169.— Borf. Am. Orn. I,
pi. V, fig. 2. — Add. Orn. Biog. II, pi. 178. — Sylricola cd. Rich,—
Vermirora eel. Jard. — Iletiniiia eel. Avi>. B. A. II, pi. 112. — llelmi-
thertts eel. Bon.— Sclatku, P. Z. S. 1857, 212 (Orizaba).— ^e/wiii-
thophagn eel. Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 257. — Sclatfr, P. Z. S.
1858, 298 (Oaxaca; December); 1859, 373; 1862, 19 (La Panula).
—Cooper & Sucklev, P. R. R. XII, ii, 1859, 178 Lord, Pr. R. Art.
Inst. Woolwich, IV, 1864, 115 (N. W. Boundary).
Hah, Middle and western provinces of N. America : Youkon and McKenzie
River dist. Very rare in the eastern Province of U. S. ; Cape St. Lucas ;
western Mexico in winter.
On comparing extensive series of specimens from the Pacific coast
(including Cape St. Lucas), and those from the interior of Xortli
America, including Arizona, Utah, Rocky Mountains, Tainiuilii»a.s
and the Hudson Bay territories, I find that the former are of a nmcli
brighter and clearer yellowish beneath and olivaceous above tliaii
the latter. In all these there is much gray mixod with the yelli)\v-
ish tints, clouding and obscuring them — sometimes very oonsidonilily.
The concealed orange-brown patch of tiie crown is also more ro-
.«tricted in extent. These differences correspond with those of ma-
turity of plumage, Ijut even winter and young specimens from the
Pacific coast are more brightly colored than the others in spring.
Simlth-
Col
«iinlAD
to
No.
N
HELMr THOPIIAQA.
177
Specimens from the Youkon seem to show traces of hybriility with
perenrina, one skin cspeeially (2?, 326) in which tlie checks mid
foreiiead are as pure gray as in perecjrina, while all the other char-
iicters are those of ce lata. This same apparent tendency to iiybrid-
isni ill Youkon specimens is seen in other species, as between Junvo
hyemalia and oregonu», etc., and may be explained by the fact of tliis
region being in the boundary line of the breeding grounds of these
closely allied representative species.
A specimen of celata, from Georgia, shows no trace of orange in
the crown, and is much darker in color, and with larger bill than in
western ones.
Mr. Audubon speaks of the K celata as being common and gener-
ally distributed through the Eastern States, and breedinii;- abundantly
in Maine, New Brunswick, etc. I have myself never seen or heard
jf any specimens from east of the Mississippi Valley, excepting a
few taken in Georgia and Florida, and near Philadelphia, and these
may belong to a different species. The Institution possesses one
specimen from Dane Co., Wisconsin.
Specimens are in the collection from many localities in the Pacific
region of the United States up to the northern boundary, and east
to the Rocky Mts.
1
Smith- Collec-
Sex
When
Collected.
aiinlaa tor's
No. I No.
and
Age.
Locality,
Received from
Collected by
27,221
1,211
Ft. Youkon.
June 10, '61.
R. Keunicott.
R. Kunnicott.
27 32-^
1.300
'—— —il
June 1.5, '61.
t(
hM
m
6
Ft. Pesotnnon.
May 22, 'CO.
K
27,228
1,301
9
Dane Couuty, WIh.
GeorKia. [Lucas.
. ..
B. R. RosR.
B. R. Ross.
7,92.)
, ,
Y
...
Th. Kuralien.
12,8.-)2
. ,
J. Arklinrst.
20,442
3,408
San .lose, Cape St.
Nov. 23, '89.
J. Xantus.
J. Xantus,
32,706 40,774
V
Mexico.
...
Verreaux.
(27,32,'i.) WitheKgs. (12,852.) This and the last the only specimeus in the collection from
(ast of the MUbourl River.
Helminthophaga Tirginise.
HAminthophaga virginiae, Baibd, Birds N. Am. under explanation of
plates, 1860, xi, pi. 79, fig. 1 (Fort Burgwyn, N. M.),
Hnb, Southern Rocky Mts. (middle province U. S.).
Similar to H. ruficapilla. Top and sides of head, back, and wings light
ashy plumbeous, with an almost imperceptible wash of olivaceous green;
quills and tail feathers brown, edged with pure ashy plumbeous, the latter
indistinctly and narrowly margined with whitish internally and at the end.
Ramp, with upper and lower tail covert bright yellow, in vivid contrast with
the rest of the body. Crown with a concealed patch of orange-brown. Rest
of under parts brownish-white, with indications of yellow from chin to breast,
12 April. 18&6,
■•N--:.v~
.•
MS
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIUDS.
[part I.
perhapfl entirely yellow there when mature. Inside of wings and axillari
whitish. A white ring round the eye. Hill and legs dusky.
Length, .'). 00 ; extent, 7.2.') ; wing, 2.{)0 when fresh. Dried skin: length,
4.90; wing, 2.5U; tail, 2.20; tarsus, .(j7.
Of this interesting species, discovered by Dr. Anderson, and
named after Mrs. Anderson, but a single specimen was known to
collectors, until Dr. Couea obtained it at Fort Whipple, near I'm.
cott, in Arizona (Aug. 15, 1864).
Bmlth-
houlau
No.
10,719
3«,977
Collec- Sex
Km'h II nd
No. I Ago.
fi»2
Locality.
Vt. Biirgwyn, N. M.
ft. Whipple, ArU.
When
Collected.
Received from
iDr. W. W. Aiider-
Aug. 19, '64. Ur. E. Cuues, [xon.
[0 8. A.
Collected by
Dr, W. W. AnJoi.
Dr. Cones, [mid.
(10,71».) The type of apeoiet.
mi
i .
R t
'i l
■ i ^
Ilelminthophaga luciae.
Hdminthophaga lucice, Cooper, Pr. Cal. Acad. July, 1861, 120 (Fort
Moha\re).
Hub. Fort Mohave, Colorado River (middle province U. S.).
General form and size that of H. rujicapilla. Above light cinereous : be-
neath white, having a soiled, very pale buflF, almost wliite tinge on the throat,
breast, and flanks. A patch on the vertex, as in //. mjirapiUa, and the upper
tail coverts dark chestnut-brown. Lores to nostrils, and region round the eve,
like the throat, in rather decided contrast to the ash of the crown. Qiiillj
and tail feathers brown, narrowly edged externally with gray. An obsolete
terminal white patch on the inner web of the outer feather ; this web in most
of the other tail feathers likewise narrowly edged with white. Axillara aud
inner face of wings white. Iris brown. Tarsi blue.
Length, in life, 4.40 ; extent, 6.90 ; wing, 2.40. Of skin, 3.90 ; wing, 2?^3;
tail, 1.86; tarsus, .64; middle toe and claw, ,50; bill above, .35 ; gape, .5(1,
Of this species several specimens were collected at Fort Mohave,
on the Colorado River, by Dr. Cooper. The species is dedicated to
Miss Lucy H. Baird.
Bmith-
soQiaa
No.
Collec-
tor's
No.
S^x
and
Age.
Locality.
When
Collected.
Received from
Collected by
31,892
••
Ft. Mohave, Gal.
Dr. J. G. CoopiT.
(31,892.) A type of the species.
Helininthophaga peregrina.
Sylvia peregrina, WiLS. Am. Orn, IV, 1811, 83, pi. xxv, fig. 2.—Mr>.
Orn. Biog. II, pi. 154. — Sijhicola per. Rich. — Vermivora per. Bos -
Helinaia per. Add. B. A. II, pi. 110.— Helrnilherus per, Bo.v.-
HELMITHKRUS.
170
ffffmiiithophfign per. Cab M»ifl. Heln. — In. Jour. Om. 1801. 85
(Costa Rica).— Baihd, Hirds N. Am. IS.OH, 258.— Srr,ATBR & Sai,vin,
IbiH, 18(10, ,31 (Ouateniala).— Sclatkk, P. Z. 8. IS.IP, 373 (Oaxaon) ;
Catal. 18H1, 29, no. 18i».— Lawkknck, Ann. N. Y. Lye. ISCil, 322
(Panama). — Qpnulach, Cab. Jour. 18tfl, 326 (Cuba, very rar«).
Si/lria tetiiirsMei, Virillot, Knoycl. Meth. II, 1823, 462.
f Sylvia mismiriensis, Max. Cab. Jour. VI, 1858, 117.
flah. Eastern province of N. America : North to Fort Simpson, H. B. T. ;
Httxioo; Oaxaca t Uuatenala ; Ck)8ta Rica ; Panama R. R. Very rare in Cuba.
Autumnal specimens and young birds are sometimes so strongly
tinged with greonish-yellow as to be scarcely distinguisliable from
H. celala. The wing is, however, always longer, and the ob.scure
whitish patch on the inner edge of the exterior tail feather, near its
tip, is ahno.st always appreciable. In celata this edge is very nar-
rowly and uniformly margined with whitish.
A young bird of the year, from Fort Simpson (27,228), hna two
distinct greenish-white band.s on the wings, and the forehead and
cheeks greenish-yellow. A corresponding age of H. celata has the
wing bands more reddish -brown, the wings shorter, and no white
patch on the outer tail feather.
It is possible that Mr. Sclater is mistaken in quoting this species
from Oaxaca, the only Mexican locality mentioned by authors.
Smith
Collec-
Sex
When
Collected.
«uniaL
tor's
and
Locality.
Received from
Collected by
Ho.
No.
ARC.
2ft, 623
••
d
MooRe Factory, H. B.
June 2, '60.
July 11, '60.
C. Drexler.
C. Drexler.
20,624
tt. George, H. B.
"
30,63i»
, ,
.. [Maine.
1S63.
W. F. Hall.
W. F. Hall.
22,627
1,010
.. ^t. iiimpnQD. ...
Hay 9, 1861.
B. R Ro»8.
19,49.'i
728
cT .Ft, Resolution.
$ Ft, line.
June 17, '60
K. Kennlcott.
R. Kennlcott.
31,421
249
. • .
L. Clarke.
1,879
^ ,
cf lUpperMlRsourl, Dae.
184.3.
S. F. Baird.
J. G. Hflll.
79»
,,
(f CarllBle, Pa.
9 *'
Oct. 10, '42.
S. F. Baird.
412
..
May 21, '41.
•1
"
10,1.07
cf Crtlro, 111.
April.
R. Kennlcott.
R. Kennlcott.
30,67!!
219
, ,
Coban, Gnat. [Rica.
Nov. 18.')».
O. Salvin,
3.S.269
5
rf
Dota Mt8., Co8ta
Jan. 24, '64.
J. Carniol.
33,270
San Jose.
Winter.
(4
HELMITUERUS, Raf.
Ilelmitherus, Rap Jour, de Phys. vol. 88, 1819, 417. (Type Motacilla
vermivora, Lath.)
Vermivora, Swainson, Zool. Jonr. IV, 1827, 170.
Htlinaiit, AoD. Syn. 1839, 66. (Type Sylvia swaiHsoni, Acd.)
fielmitheriig veriniroriis.
Motacilla vermivora, Qhel. Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 951. — fSiflvia vprmivora.
Lath. lad. Orn. II, 1790, 499.— Wils. Ill, pi. xxiv, fig. 4.— Aud.
Ik
,-,:.^-. ,,.,. ,.'
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
/
O
7i
1.0
I.I
1.25
y^ 12.8
|50 "•■
u 1^
2.2
li£ 1110
1.8
U II 1 1.6
V]
/i
..^^
%
%
V
'# .^
.■^
'^ >
.^
7
#
iV
iV
\\
%
>" ^\'^c^
^V
^-^^^^ ^
%
f' . c.f
l\
mjff^l^-W^^f^f^mm
■n
> I. • .
if;
180
REVIEW OP AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I,
Orn. Biog. I, pi. xxxiv. — Sylvicola vermivora, Rich. — Helinaia rtr-
mivora, Add. B. A. II, pi. cv. — Lehbryb, Av. Cuba, 1850, 35, pi. vi
fig. 4. — Uelmitherua vermivorus, Bok. ; Cab. ; Baird, Birds N. Ani'
1858, 252.— SciiATBR, P. Z. S. 1859, 3G3 (Xalapa).— Is. Catal. 1861,
28, no. 175. — Sclatbr & Salvin, Ibis, I, 1859, 11 (Guatemala) ; Cab,
Jour. 1860, 329 (Costa Rica) ; lb. 1856 (Cuba).— Gundlach, Cab.
Jour. 1861, 326 (Cuba ; somewhat rare).
Vermivora pennsjjlvanica, Bon., Gossk, B. Jamaica, 1847, 150.
Hehnilkerus m'ujratnrius, Raf. J. de Phys. 88, 1L19, 417. — Hartlaob.
Vermivora fulvicnpilla, Swainson, Birds, II, 1837,245. ,
Hab, Eastern province of U. States (rather southern) ; southeastern Mexico;
Guatemala ; Cuba.
Specimens are in the collection from various points in the eastern
United States, as far north as Carlisle, Pa., and as far west as Inde-
pendence, Mo. ; also from —
Smith-
Kuniau
No,
Collec-
tor's
No.
Sex
and
Age.
Locality.
When
Collected.
Received from
Collected by
29,623
29,622
.30,668
33,286
33,285
3,071
d
Fermiua, Cuba.
Coban, Vera Pai.
Sun Jose, C, R.
11
Feb. 17.
11
Nov. 1839.
C. Wriglit.
0, Salvln.
J. Carmiol.
II
C. Wright,
Helniitherus swainsoni.
Sylvia suainsoni, Ann. Om. Biog. II, 1834, 5G3, pi. cxcviii. — Sylvicola
sw. Rich. — Vermivora aw, Bon. — Ileiinain sw. AuD. B. A. II, 1841,
pi. civ (type of genus). — Uelmitherua sw, Bon. ; Cab. ; Baibd, Birds
N. Am. 1858, 252.
Coast of South Carolina and Georgia ; Cuba (very rare).
Smith-
sonian
No.
Collec-' Sex
tor's and
No. Age.
Locality.
When
Collected.
Feceived from
Collected by
2,901
32,241
'J
Charleston, 8. C.
Liberty County, Ga
Cuba.
...
8. F. Baird.
Prof. Loconte,
Cab. Gundlach.
J. J. AuduboQ.
Hah, Easte
Factory ; all t
from Mexico o
r-f
r.'
PERISSOOLOSSA, Baird.
Perissoglossa, Baird. (Type MotnciUa tigrina, Gm.)
Form of Dendroicn, but bill slender, acute, with very obsolete notch ; the
commissure gently arched or curved from the base ; the gonys also straigM
or even slightly concave. Tongue lengthened, narrow, deeply bifid (for one-
ii
PERISSOOLOSSA.
181
third), and deeply lacerated or fringed externally at the end; the edge along
the median portion folded over on the upper surface, but not adherent.
On page 161 I have given the reasons for considering "Dendroica
tigrina" as the type of a special genus of Bijlvicolidee, and for re-
taining it ill this family rather than placing it in Ceerebidae, to which
there is so much apparent resemblance in the tongue. In the struc-
ture and character of this organ the species differs very widely from
other members of the family, as is shown in the cuts on page 1C3
aceonipiuiying those remarks.
The curvature of the bill in Perissoglossa tigrina is quite peculiar
among the Sylvicolidse with notched bills. Some Helminthojihagas
(without notch) approximate +'iis character ; though in none, except-
ing R bachviani, is it in equal amount — all the others having the
gonys very slightly convex, instead of straight or even slightly con-
cave. It will be of much interest to examine the tongue of H.
bachmam, should the opportunity ever offer, as it is quite likely to
exhibit some noteworthy feature.
The peculiarities of the tongue of P. tigrina, and its supposed
relationships to Certhiola, were first brought to notice by Mr. Gosse.
Perissoglossa tigrina.
Motacilla tigrina, Gmelin, S. N. I, 1788, 985. — Sylvia tig. Lath. — Den-
droica tig. Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 286. — Sclater, Catal. 1801,
33, no. 198; P. Z. S. 1861,71 (Jamaica; April).— March, Pr. A. N.
Sc. 1863, 293 (Jamaica; breeds).— A. % E. Newton, Ibis, 1859, 144
(St. Croix. Notes on anatomy of tongue). — Qundlach, Cab. Jour.
1861, 326 (Cuba ; not rare).
Syhna maritima, W^ilson, Am. Orn. VI, 1812, 99, pi. liv, fig. 3. — Box. ;
NuTT. ; Add. Orn. Biog. V, pi. 414.— D'Orb. La Sagra's Cub. 1840,
70, pi. X. — Si/lvicola mar. j..rd., Bon., Al'D., B. A. II, pi. 85. — Cer-
thiola mar. OossE, Birds Jam. 1847, 81. — Ib. Illust. — Rhitnavplms
mar. Cab. Jour. Ill, 1855, 474 (Cuba).
Hab. Eastern province of United States, north to Lake Winnipeg and Moose
Factory ; all the We^t Indies to St. Croix. Breeds in Jamaica. Not recorded
from Mexico or Central America.
It i'i an interesting fact in the history of this bird, that it breeds
in Jamaica — specimens of the eggs, as well as of the bird itself,
killed in June, July, and August, having been transmitted by Mr.
March. Tliese appear to have longer wings, a larger wiiite spot on
the tail feathers, and more orange-brown on the throat than I re-
menil)ri to have seen in North American birds ; but better specimens
will be required to substantiate any real difference.
'#
WW^
. %
182
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.
k,.,
1 '
i
( ■ .
[I'AET 1
' I
Bmith-
Col lec-
Sex
aunlKQ
tor's
and
No.
No.
Age.
20,fi;}3
33
10,167
, ,
942
, ,
?
678
, ,
84,510
23
29.624
, ,
ar.2s»
2.19
?
£),28S
&>»
26,812
22
fT
24.348
aa
<f
26 8U
237
.SO, 287
2.J9
••
36,628
••
■•
Locality.
Mm)spjf'actqi;jr.
Bricuie, wr»T
Oarliiile, Pa.
Naxsau, N. P.
Cuba
SpauUhtown, Jam.
Healthshlro, Jam.
St. Croix.
St. Thomas.
When
Collected.
May 28, '60.
May 12, '43
May 17, '42
May 14, '64
July ii, '63.
1
June 16, '62.
N»v. 1860.
Aug. 12, '62.
Jiiue, 1863
Mar. 16, '57.
Winter.
Reeelv^i from
C. Drexler.
K. Keuuicott.
8. r. Baird.
C. L. Fltigerald.
C. Writfht.
W. T. March.
" [ton.
Cab. A. & E. New-
Robt. Swift.
Collected hj
C. Drexler.
8. f'. 'Bk'ird.
W. T. March.
DENDROICA, Orat.
Sylvicola, Gray, Genera, 2d ed. 1841, 32 (not of Humphrey or SwAixgoit).
Dendroica, Gray, Genera, Appeudix, 1842, 8. (Type Sijlvia coronato,
Latu.).
"Flcedula, Cvv. 1799-1800" (not of Mcbhbiso, 1752).
Rhimamphus, Uartlacb, Rev. Zool. 1845, 342 (not of Rafinesque).
The genus Dendroica is represented by a very large number of
species, which vary somewhat in external form, but passing so in-
sensibly from one into the other as to render it exceedingly difficnlt
to subdivide them. They may, perhaps, be most convenientlv
grouped by their colors, as has been done in " Birds of North Ame-
rica," to which I would refer, as also for general remarks. Nearly
all the species belong to the United States, going southwanl in
winter ; several are peculiar to Cuba, Jamaica, or Porto Rico, one to
the West Indies generally, and three to Contra! and South America.
.Vii.
I
Deudroica ^firens.
Motacillr, virens, Gmeun, Syst. Nat. 1, 1788, 985. — Si/Ivia vi'rens, Lath.
— ViEiLLOT, Ois. Am. Sept. II, pi. xciii. — Wils. Am. Orn. II,
pi. xxviJ, fig. 3.— Nptt. ; Bon. ; Ann. Orn. Biog. IV, pi. 399.-
G/kTKR, Naumannia, 1858, 423 (Heligoland, Europe, an original
description). — Sylvkoln vlrenit, Sw. ; Add. B. A. II, pi. 84.— Reis-
EARDT, Vid. Med. for 1853, 1854, 72, 81 (Greenland).— /?A)»mn;)Jiw
virens, Cab. Mas. Hein. Jour. Ill, 1855, 474 (Cuba ; wiiiter).-
ScLATBR, p. Z. S. 18.'^6, 291 (CordovR).— Dendroica virens, Bairp,
Birds N. Am. 1858, 267.— Sciater & Saivin, Ibis, 1^59, 1 (Onate-
mala).— ScLATER, P. Z. 8. 1859, 3(53 (Oaxaca?) ; 373 (Xalapa).-
Ib. Catal. 1861, 29, no. 181.— Lawkence, Ann. N. Y. Lye. VII, 1861,
293 (Panama).— <;D.M>r,. Cab. .lour. 1861, 326 (Cuba).— .l/»ioli/(a
virens, ReiNUARnr, Ibis, III, 1861, 5 (Juliauehaab, Qreeulan
SmUb-
Colle
aoiiiau
tnr'
Nu.
No
3t),')7S
6!H
3,31.').
70.1
101
30,681
232
Hub.
DENDROICA.
183
Ilah. Eastern province of U. S ; Greenland ; Heligoland, Europe ; south to
Paniima R. K. ; Cuba. In Mexico, Xalapa, and Oaxaca ? Cuba alone in Weat
ludies.
Specimens received by the Smithsonian Institution from variou.s
localities throughout the whole eastern United States, and westwr.rd
to the Missouri ; also —
PI
Smlth-
miLiilta
N(j.
Cnllec- Sex
tor's HDii
No. ;A({e.
Locality.
When
Collected.
Received from.
Collected by
2:t.27.5
30,dS3
14
.1,112
3,130
aiirc-dor. Mex.
Tacti'i, Vei-a Paz,
Cobai, "[Guat
Guatemala.
Jan! Vsen.
Nov. 18.19.
l»r. Sartorius.
0. Salvia.
14
Cab. Lawrence.
Dr. Sartoriui.
Dviidroica occidentalis.
Sylvia occidental in, TowNSEND, J. A, N. Sc. VII, ii, 1837, 190 (Columbia
River).— In. Narrative, 1839, 340.— .Aud. Orn. Biog. V, pi. Iv.—
Sylvicola occ. Bon. ; Add. B, A, II, pi. xciii. — Dendroica occ. Baird,
Birds N. Am. 1858, 268.— Coopek & Sdckley, R. R. Rep. XII, ii,
' -^ 1859, 178 (N. W. coast).
Dendroica chrysopareia. Sclater, P. Z. S. 1862, 19.— Ib. Catal. 1862,
358 (La Parada, Mex.) (not of P. Z. S. 1860, 19).
Dendroica niveiventris, Salvin, P. Z. S. May 26, 1863, 187, pi. xxiv, fig.
2 (Guatemala).
Bab. Western province U. S., and Mexico to Guatemala. Not seen at Cape
St. Lucas.
A specimen collected in September last, at Fort Whipple, by Dr.
Coues, of what I consider to be this species in autumnd plumage,
lacks entirely the black of the throat, which is replaced by fulvous
white. The yellow of the cheeks extends over the whole chin. The
upper parts are glossed with olivaceous, and the black streaks of the
back are nearly obsolete.
Smltb-
Collec-
Sex
soiiiaa
tor's
and
Nu.
No.
Age.
■M,'tTi
6!10
a.jIS.
703
101
d
.•)0,6Sl
232
1
Locality.
Fort Wlilpplo, Ari-.
Peialuiua, Cut.
Mexico. [Gnat
Vulcan de Fuet^n,
When
Collected.
Sept. .3, '64.
April, 18.)6.
I>ec."l861.
Received from
Dr. CoiieH.
E. Sainiii>ls.
Cab. Lawrence.
O. Salvin.
Collected by
Dr. Coue».
E. Samuels.
Salvlu & Godman.
(36,978.) 4.90; 7.70. (.30,611.) Typeol'/). niveiverttri*.
Dendroica chrysopareia.
Dendroica chrysopareia, Sclater & SalvIn, P. Z. S. 1860, 298. — Is. Ibis,
1860, 273 (Vera Paz, Guatemala).
Hub. Vera Paz, Guatemala.
-^?>^::;;^-1
184
REVIEW 0? AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I.
(221, Salvin collection.) Head and body above black, the feathers with
olivu-green edges, especially on the baok, obscuiing the ground color; rump
clear black. Entire side of head (extending to nostrils and ou lower jaw),
and the partially concealed bases of the feathers on the median lin-j uf the
forehead, yellow, with a narrow black line from lores, through the eye, widt;n-
ing behind, but not crossing through the yellow. Beneath, including iiisido
of wings, white; a large patch of black covering the chin and throat, and
occupying the entire space between thb yellow patches of the two sides of the
head and neck, and extended along the sides in a series of streaks. Feathers
of crissura with black centres. Wings above ashy, with two white bauds
across the coverts, the scapulars struaked with blackish ; first quill edged
externally with white, the rest with gray. Tail feathers blackish, edged ex-
ternally with ashy, the lateral with white at the base. Outer tail feather
white on the inner »veb, except a stripe along the shaft near Ihe end ; second
similar, but the white not reaching so far towards the base ; third with a
short patch of white in the end. Bill and legs brownish-black.
Length, '1.50 ; wing, 2.50; tail, 2.40 ; tarsus, 2.75.
This species "grees with virrns and occidentalis, to which It ig
closely related in having the uni.er parts white, with a black natch
on the chin and throat. The prevailing black of the upper part,
especially of the head and rump, will easily distinguish it from both
these species. The black stripo through the eye (wanting in occi-
dentalis) is better defined than in virens, but there is no trace of an
obscure dusky cr'>scent below the eye. D. townsendii differs in a
much broader patch of black through the eye, with a yellow crescent
in it beneath the eye ; a much more olivaceous-green back, with
ashy rump; the black of the head obscured by green, and the jugu-
lura deep yellow.
The bill in chrysopareia is much thicker than in any of the allied
species.
The following diagnosis may serve to distinguish the allied species
of Warblers with black chins and throat (excluding D. nigre^cenn,
which is black, white, and gray, with only a small yellow loral spot):—
Common Characters. — Upper parts more or less olivaceous-
green, with the feathers streaked centrally with black
(sometimes concealed). Sides of head yelloTv. Chin and
throat black; rest of the under parts, including inside
of wings, white, with or without yellow on breast. Wings
with two white bands. Inner web of lateral tail feather
almost entirely white from the base.
Above bright olive-green, with concealed black streaks ; tail
coverts ashy. Sides conspicuously streaked with black ;
crissnm unspotted. Jngnlum sometimes faintly tinged
with yellowish. An obscure dusky olive stripe through
the eye, and a crescentic patch of the same some distance
beneath it ......... virans.
r
DEVDROICA.
185
Above olivaceona ashy (rump puro ash), with more distinct
bUick spots. Top aud sides of head clear yellow, the
frtithers of the cfwii tipjied with black, or clouded with
dusky plumbeous. No dai-k markiugs or stripes on side
iif head. No distinct black streaks beneath ; black of
ohroat restricted to front of neck ..... occidenlalis,
Pruviiiliug color of upper part black, with olivaceous edgings
on the back; rump and upper tail covert pure black.
Sides and crisaum streaked with black. A simple black
stripe through the eye ; no patch beneath it . . . chrysopareia.
Above olive-green. Upper tail coverts .ishy. with central black
streaks. Feathers of head above black, with olive-green
edges. A broad olivaceous black stripe through eye from
lores, involving the ears, in which is a yellowish crejcentio
patch below the eye. Black feathers of throat aud chin
edged with yellow. Jugulum and sides of breast also
yellow. Sides streaked with black. No distinct black
streaks on crisaum . townsendii.
For the opportunity of describing D. chrysopareia I ara indebted
to Mr. Salvia, who kindly forwarded to me his type specimen for the
purpose. The species has not been noted except from Guatemala
(and Me.xico?), but may not improbably be yet found in the Rocky
Mountains of the United States.* Mr. Salvin's specimen (No. xVxi)
was killed at Tactic, Vera Paz, Nov. 4, 1859.
Dendroica toiivnaendii.
Siikia townsendii, " NuTTALL," To^nbend, J. A. N. So. VII, ii, 1837, 191.
— AfD. Orn. Biog. V, 1839, pi. 393.— Symco/a t. Bon. ; Ann. B. A. II,
1841, pi. 92.— Dendroica t. Baiud, Birds N. Am. 1858, 2tJ9.— Sol.
P. Z. S. 18.58, 298 (Oaxaca hi-^h lands in winter) ; 1859, 574 (To-
tontepec; winter). — Sclater & Salvik, Ibis, 1859,11 (Guatemala).
— CooPEK & SucKLEY, P. R. R. XII, II, 1859, 179 (Cal.).
Hah. Western province of U. S., and Mexico, into Guatemala. Migratory.
I have never seen a specimen of this species in pure spring plu-
mage, and I am not sure that the throat ever becomes pure black as
in virens and its allies. Some specimens have the whole chin and
throat yellow — the feathers of the latter very indistinctly dusky in
the centre.
' A specimen of this bird, or one very closely allied, is said to have beeu
recently collected near San Antonio, Texas, by Dr. A. T. Heermauu.
186
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I.
Sniith-
Collec-
Sex
kuiiiiili
tor's
kikI
N...
No.
A((e.
2,018
21,0-23
4. ■ISO
10,720
402
8,017
Locality.
Coliiinbiu Riv., Or.
CanipMoogle. W.T
8unta Olarii,' Cal.
Kt. Iliii-Kwyii, JJ. M.
N. E. Mexico.
(iuateniulii.
Wlien
Colluclvd.
Oct. 2.S, '.-^
Mayas 'bO
1 ».■>.».
Received from
S K Balrd.
A Campbell.
l)r, .1 (J. Cooper.
l)r W. W Ander-
S. F Baiid. [son.
J. Gonld.
Collected by
J. K. Towimeuil.
Dr. Keiinerly.
Dr. J. 0. Couper.
J. 0. Bell.
(2,018.) Type uf specieit Irom Mr. Audubou'ii culloctlou.
V\
H:
♦ if
!»!■
m
Deudi'oica nig^rescens.
Si/hu'a nigresnens, Townsend, J. A. N. So. VII, ii, 1837, 191 (Columbia
River).— AOD. Orn. Biog. V, 1839, 57, pi. 39f). — V<;rmirora m,j.
Bon.; Nutt. — Sylvicola niy. Aud. B. A. II, pi. IM. — lihlmnuphui
nig. Cab. ISf-O. — Deudrolru nig. Baiud, Birds N. Am. 1858, 270.—
ScLATER, P. Z. S. 1858, 298 ; 1859, 374 (Oaxaca ; high mountains,
in March).— In. Catal. 1861, 30, no. 183.— Heermann, P. R. R. Rep.
X, IV, 40.— CooPKK & SocKLRY, P. R. R. R.'p. XII, II, 1859, IbO.
fSi/lviu htilseii, Wiraud, Birds Texas, 1838, pi. iii, fig. 1, } (suggested
by Sclater).
Uiib. Vv'estern and Middle provinces of U. States. Migratory southward
into Western Mexico (Oaxaca).
An autumnal raale from Fort Whipple differs only from No. 1,908
in greater amount of white edging to the wing feathers, wider streaks
on the sides, and absence of black on the back.
Bmttli-
Collec-
Sex
When
Collected.
■uiiiiiu
No.
tor's
No.
Hud
Ajje.
Locality.
Received from
Collected by
7,080
ays
Kt. Steilacoom.W.':'.
Jlay 6, \Vi.
Dr 0. Suckley,
Dr. G. Siickloy.
1,908
. ,
rf
Columbia Riv., Or.
JiinelO, •:«.
S. F. Bairil.
J. K. Towuseua.
2,9 l.j
, ,
rf
"
MuyU, -SJ.
"
»(
7,Gno
rf
Calaveras Co., Cal.
• • .
Lt. Williamson.
Dr. Heeriiinnn.
11, .us
80
rT
Kort Di'(l;'iice.
Lt. J C. Ives.
M llliHiiseii.
3l,s;il
802'i
rf
Sm UieK'o, Cal.
April 2, '62.
(ieol. Sui V. Ciil.
Dr. J. 0. Cooper.
36,979
566
d
Foit Whipple, Ariz.
Aug. 13, '64
Dr. E. CoueH.
(1,908.) Type of species from Mr. Audubon's ooUeotion.
Deiidroica caerulescens.
MutiiciUa canadensis, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 336 (not p. 334, rvhich
is D. coronata). — Sj^lvia canadensis, Lath. ; Wilson, II, pi. xv, iis,'.
7.— Add. Orn. Biog. II, pi. 148, 155.— Salll, P. Z. S. 1857, 231 (St.
Domingo). — Sylvicola canadensis. Swains., Jaed. ; Bok. ; Aud. B, A.
II, pi. 95. — Rhiinan/ihus can. Cab. — DeiHlroica canadensis, Baird,
Birds N. Am. 1858, 271.— Sclater, CataL 1861, 30, no. 184. -In.
P. Z. S. 1861, 70 (Jamaica).— GuNDL. Cab. Jour. 1861,326 (Cuba;
very common).
Bmith-
Co
goiiiau
to
.\o.
K
22, .'.'1 11
17. 71-.
2:i..-.l«
2:l,.-.17
21.I5.):!
2;i,.ni
'
24,34.i
^
DENDROIOA.
187
Motnrilla curulescens, Gm. 8. Nat. I, 1788, 9(50. — Syh-iu cirr. Lath. ;
ViEiLL. II, pi. 80. — Sylvia car. D'Okb. Sagra'e Cuba, Ois. 1840, 63,
pi. ix, fig. 1, 2.
i^i/hia piisillti, WiLS. V, pi. 43. fig. 3 (Juv.). — Sylvia humptera, WiLS.
Sylvia jiaiustria, Steph. — Sylvia macropus, Vikillot. — Sylvia aphtiynonu,
Bo>-. ; Nuttall; Add.
Sylvicola pannosa, Gushb, Birds Jam. 1347, 162 (fuiuale). — Ib. Illust.
uo. 37.
lldb. Eastern province of United States ; Jamaica, Cuba, and St. Domingo
in winter ; very abundant. Not recorded from Mexico or Central America.
I have been obliged to adopt the name of cserulesccvs, that of
canailejisis being a synonym of X>. coronata, of earlier date than as
used for the present species.
Specimens in the collection from eastern United States, west to
Missouri River ; also —
gtnith-
CoIIbc-
Sex
gonian
tor'8
aud
.\o.
No.
Atte.
22,;'! 11
, ,
17 71-.
, ,
2:i..<lfi
V
2;l,M7
..
cf
21,t)"i:t
rf
!B,.tll
69
d
24,343
41
d
Locality.
Halifax^N_S____
Moute Verde, Cuba.
Noiiv. Sophle.Ciiba.
Tiiabuqiie, (Ii-ba
Trelawiiejr, .Iain.
Spaniiibtuwn, Jam.
Wheu
Collected.
April 9.
Jan. 17.
Die. 21, '60.
Nov. 13.
D( c. 20, '59.
Dec. 23, '60.
Received from
Collected hy
Vf. 0. WIntou.
Chag. WrlKbt.
P. L. Sclater.
W. T March.
W. G. VViut.in.
Cbas. Wright.
W. Osburn.
Dendi'oica coronata.
Motacilla coronata, LiNN. S. N. 1, 1766, 333. — Sylvia coronata, Lath. ;
ViEiLLOT, II, pi. 78, 79.— WiLH. II, pi. 17, fig. 4 ; pi. 45, fig. 3.—
— —- Ndtt. ; Ann. Orn. Biog. II, pi. 153. — D'Orb. Sagra's Cuba, Ois.
1840, 60. — Sylvicola coronata. Swains. ; Bon. ; Aon. B. A. II, pi. 76.
— Max. Cab. Jouv. VI, 1858, 114. — Jones, Nat. Bermuda, 59 (abun-
dant in April). — Dendroica coronata. Gray, Genera, 1842, 2. —
Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 272.— Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, 363.— Ib.
Catal. 1861, SO, no. 185.- Mamoh, P. A. N. Sc. ]8(i3, 292 (.Jamaica,
in summer; breeding). — Gundl. Cab. Jour. 18G1, 326 (Cuba ; com-
mon).— Cooper & SocKLEY, p. R. R. XII, 11, 18.^9, 180 (Puget
Sound). — Rhimnnphas cor. Cab. Jonr. 1855, 473 (Cuba).
Motacilla canadensis, LiNN. 12th ed. 1766, 334 {Ficeitula canadensis
cinerea, Br. Ill, r24, pi. 27, fig. 1).
Panes rirtjinianns, Linn. 12th ed. S. Nat. I, 1766, 342.
Motacilla umbria, cincta, pi iguis, Gm.
Sylvia xanthopygia, ViEiLL. Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 47. — Sylvia xan-
thoroa, ViEiLii.
LocALiTfES Quoted: S. Greenland, Reinhardt, Ibis, 1861, 5. — Cordova,
ScL. P. Z S. 1856, 2n.—Xalapa, Ib. 1859, mX—Guaiemula, Sri,.
& Salv. 1859, 11.— Panama, Lawr. Ann. N. Y. Lye. Vlll, 63.—
'»♦ *?,,* (!*■
.^^^^^^kjk
I!" « '
■
188
REVIEW OP AMERICAN BIRDS.
t'1 !•
[part I.
Cuba, winter. Cab. Jour. HI, 4Ti.—n<iham(i», winter, Bryant, Host.
Pr. VII, 18.'»9. — Jamaica, G088B, Birds Jam. 156. — St. Domingo,
SALLf, P. L' 3. 1857, 231.
Huh. Eastern province of North America, and extending Hparseljr north-
ward along U. 8. boundary to Pacific Ocean ; Ft. Yukon ; Greenland ; eastern
Mexico to Panama R. R. ; western West Indies and Bermuda. Breeds in
Jamaica.
Tlift discovery, by Mr. March, that this species breeds in Jamaica
is an intorestinf? fact in the history of the .species: skins and egps
coilectod tlie middle of Juno have been transmitted by him to tl 1
Institution.
Specimens in the collection from all parts of the United States
east of the Missouri plains ; also —
Hnillh-
C.i
iiininii
tl
No
I
27.1W7
2.
yi.n-'i
J,
1K<,7.j1
35,037
a,
SraUh-
Collec-
Sox
When
Collected.
aoDiuD
No.
tor'*
No.
und
Axe.
Locality.
Received from
Collected by
.S0,379
Klt;.)letj Litb.
MooHe Factory, H.B.
11. Couolly.
11. Connolly.
a.i,6-2.->
, ,
J. McKonzie.
J. McKnozie.
20.H27
. ,
[Cau.
.Tnly i, '60.
C. Drexler.
0. Drexler.
20,628
IVmiHcainlniiiie.
May 8, '«0.
.4
44
27,329
1,191
2.-.2
Kurt YuYou. :
Audi rsou Kiver.
...
R. Keunicott.
K. R. McKarlane.
27.247
1,389
Viwt. rsooii (iiipii.
May 2.1.
B. R. RotiM.
J. 8. Onion.
27,248
1,4IS
^
La I'iefre'K House.
**
tt
Jm. Flett.
23,1.13
931
Kort.ttUwpiMJU.
11
31.430
3
Kort Kae.
June ,"», 62.
T,. Clarke, Jr.
L. Clarke, Jr.
7.071
3.11
ff
K' SteilttCooni,W.T.
May 1, '56.
I)r. Suck ley.
.Sl.S'/.'S
90
Miiddoi', .Mex.
Nov. 1862.
Dr. Sartr)riu«.
Dr. Sartorinx.
3i,483
3...0
Orizaba, Mex.
Prof. Sumichrast.
Prof. Sumichrast.
y >.6!)3
3,1.
Cuban, Guat.
Nov. 18.19.
0. Salvia.
3 l,8P4
2:J7
§
UuenaH, Oiiat.
Feb. 4, '.19
4i
31,212
2JS
SpaalHlitowu, Jam.
June;i,'63.
W. T. March.
W. T. March.
3J,478
Poito Klco.
WintP.-.
Robert Swift.
••
113
••
Pauama.
1162.
Cab. Lawrence.
J. M'Leannan,
(7,671.) The only specimeu seen from U. 8. west of Missouri valley.
M!
:m
F#i-
..-U,:
Deadroica aiidulionil.
Sylvia andnhonii, Townsend, J. A. N. So. VII, 11, 1837. — In. Narrative,
1839, 342.— Ann. Orn. Biog. V, 1839, 52, pi. 395.— 5///rtc«/a audit-
honii, Bon. List, 1838.— Aud. B. A. II, 1841, 26, pi. li.—D,-ndroica
audubonii, Baikd, Birds N. Am. 1858, 273.— Sclater, P. Z. S. 18.')8,
298 (Oaxaca ; October) ; 1860, 250 (Orizaba).— Ib. Catal. 1861, 30,
no. 186. — Sclater & Salvin, Ibis, 1860,273 (San Qeronimo, Guat.).
— Heermann, P. R. R. Rep. X, iv, 1H60, 39— Cooper & Suckley,
P. R. R. Rep. XII, 11, 1859, 181,— Sclater, P. Z. S. 1864, 172 (City
of Mexico).
Hab. Western and middle provinces of the U. S. ; Cape St. Lucas ; T^estern
Mexico and Orizaba f
Specimens in the collection from all parts of the western United
States, as f»r east as the limits of the high central plains ; also —
,12,713
32.62
.'i2,709
32.62
.'?l,fi84
3,71
•TO, 68,1
21
:!i),490
10
3 1.488
10.
;W,27j
10
3.1.274
10
30,439
10
33,271
••
DENDllOICA.
189
Hiullb-
■iinlau
O.illeo-
tiir'it
No.
Sex
nud
Aue.
Localltjr.
When
Cullecled.
Received from
Collected by
^7.2«"
32.17.5
2,S,7.51
33,037
2,4.54
3,40.5
2,220
Capo 8t. Ijiichm.
Shii Joho, C. 8t. L.
MhihiIhii.
Taiiilii,.Ialliicu,Mox.
Noy.'2.\'«9
Oct. Vsea.
John Xaaiuo.
4,
Nntlouiil Inntltnte
Juliu Xuutiia.
Job a Xautuit.
Deudroica blackburiiiae.
Motacilla hidckhnrnice, Gmbun, S. N. I, IISS, ^11.— Sylvia hi. Lath.;
ViEiLLOT, n,pl. 06. — Wilson, III.pl. 23.— Nutt. ; Add. Orn. IJiog. 11,
V, pi. i:}.'), Sdii.—Sylvicolu hi. Jaui). ; Rich. ; Aun. B. A. H, pi. 87.—
KhinutHjihus hi. Cab. Mua. Hein. 1850, \9.—Dendroica hi. Baikh,
Birds N. Am. 1858, 274.— Sclatek & Salvin, Ibis, 18j9, 11 (Guate-
mala).— Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, 363 (Xalapa) ; lb. 1860, 64 (Kcua-
dor). — Ib. Catal. 1861, 30, no. 187 (Pallatanga and Nanegal,
Ecuador).
fMntncilla chri/socephn/a, Omhltn, I, 1788, 971 (Piguier orangfi et P.
6tranger, Buff. V, 313, pi. 58, fig. 3, Guiana).
Sylvia parus, WiLS. V, pi. 44, fig. 3.— Act Orn. Biog. II, pi. 134.—
Syli'icola varus, AcD. B. A. II, pi. 83.
Si/lria lateralis, Stbph.
i Miitarilla incana, Ghel. I, 1788, 976. — Sylvia incana, Lath. ; Vieill.
fSyliia mrlanorhoa, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. XI, 1817, 180 (Martinique). —
Id. Encycl. M^th. II, 444.
Localities Quoted*: Bogota, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, 143.~- Panama, Lawr.
Ann. N. Y. Lyo. VII, 62.— Conta Rica, Cab. Jour. ISCO, 328.— ii«-
Jiamus, Bryant, Bost. Pr. VII, 1859.
Hah. Eastern province of U. S. ; eastern Mexico, and south to Bogota and
Ecuador ; Bahamas alone of West Indies wit)i certainty.
Specimens <Tom the United States generally east of the Missouri
plains ; none .rom north of its limits ; also from —
Sralth-
Collec-
Sex
BOUillU
tor's
and
N.)
No.
A(fe.
.12,712
32,02.5
9
.32,70!)
32.624
rf
.'!1,CS4
3,717
.S0,fl9.5
217
V
:in,490
109
3 1.488
104
.33,27.5
10.5
3.1.274
107
3n,4S9
106
3;S,271
••
Locality.
When
Collected.
Received from
Collected by
Cobau, Ouat.
Sao Jose, C. R.
San Jose, C. R.
1861.
Nov. 18i)9.
Verreaux.
0. Salvin.
14
Dr. T. Frantzlus.
J. Carmiol.
Deudroica castanea.
Sylvia castanea, WiLS. Am. Orn. II, 1810, 97, pi. xiv, flg. 4. — BoN. ; Nutt. ;
Am. Orn. Biog. I, pi. G9.—Sylrirolii castanea. Swains. : .Iahd. ; Rich. ;
BoK., AuD. B. A. II, pi. 80. — Rliimanjihiis castaneus. Cab. — Dtndroicr
190
REVIKW OF AMEUrCAN IJIUDS.
[part I,
cuttanea, Baird, Blrd« N. Am. IRSS, 270.— Sct.ater & Salvin, \\m,
1859, 11 (Ouateiiiala).— 8<tATEK, Catal. 1801,81, no. 188.— Cahmi.n,
Pr. S. N. So. 18(50, 193 (Isthmus Darien ; winter). — Lawrbmck,
Ann. N. Y. Lye. 18G1, 322 (I«t. Panama; winter).
Sylvia autumnali», Wii.8. Ill, pi. 23, fig. 2. — Auo. Om. Biog. I, pi. 88.
//(lb. Eastern province of North America to HudHon'a Bay ; Guatemala,
sontli to Isthmus of Darien. Not ruoorded from MhxIco or West ludiug ;
crosses probably iu migrating direct from Florida to Yucatan.
Specimens from United States generally east of Missouri plains ;
also —
Sinitb-
Collec-
Sex
Rontaii
tor'*
•II cl
No.
No.
Age.
20,629
, ,
rf
S2,3tl
..
, ,
112
, ,
2l,7()2
320
, ,
21,701
••
V
Localltjr.
When
Collected.
Reeelyed from
MooHO Fttctory.
"Trnrfint: — '
Tiirbo, N. G.
Truaado, N. 0.
June 2, '60.
C. Drexler.
J. McKimzie.
Cab. Liiwrnnce.
Lt. MIcliler.
Collected by
C. Drexler.
M'Lean. & Oalb.
A. Sckott.
til
Dendroica piniis.
S]/lvia pittus, WiLS. Am. Orn. Ill, 1811, 25, pi. xix, fig, 4. — Bon. ; Nctt. ;
AuD. Orn. Biog. II, pi. 111. — Thryothorus pinus, Steph. — SylvicuUi
pinux, Jahd. ; Rich. ; Bon. ; Add. B. A. II, pi. 82. — Jones, Nat. Ber-
muda, 1859, 59 (abundant in Oct.). — RLimnnphus pinug, Bon. —
Dendroica pinitii, Baird, Birds N. Am. 1!^58, 277. — Sclater, Catal.
1861,31,no. 189.— CouES, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1861, 220 (Labrador coast).
Sylvia vigorgii, Aud. Orn. Biog. 1, 1832, 153, pi. 30. — Vireo vigoraii, Ndtt.
Ilah. Eastern province of U. S., north to Labrador; winters in TJ. S. Not
recorded in West Indies or middle America (except Bermuda ?).
Specimens in the collection from United States generally east of
the Missouri plains and from Labrador ; none from south of the
United States.
Dendroica montana*
Sylvta montana, WiLS. Am. Orn. V, 1812, 113, pi. xlir, flg. 2 ("Blue
Mts. of Pennsylvania").— Add. Orn. Biog. V, 294 ('• California" !)—
Sylvicola montana, J AUD. ; Ann. B. A. II, 1841, 69, pi. 93. — Dendroica
montana, Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 279.
Sylvia tigi •, Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 34, pi. 94 (U. S. and St.
Domii /. — BoN.
The only cases on record of the occurrence of this species are
those dc!?cribed by Wilson, Vieillot, and Audubon. I am not awavQ
that any specimens are now extant in any collection, at least I have
never seen or heard of any.
T*
t
'wm
DENDBOICA.
191
m
Dendroica pcnnsilvanica.
Molacilla junnnylvunica, Likn. 8. N. I, 1706, 333, no. 19 ; Omelih.—
Sylvin }>. Lath. ; Wilboh, I, pi. jclv. flg. 6, — Dendroica p. Baird,
Birda N. Am. 1858, 27!).— Sclatkr & Ualvim, Ibis, IS&O, 11; 1860,
273 (Cobttu, Ouat ; November). — Solatkk, Catal. 1861, 31, no. 191.
Si/lvia icUrocephala, Latu. lud. Orn. II, 1790, 538 — Vikill. II, pi. 90;
Bon. ; Aun. Orn. Blog. I, pi. 59. — Sylvicola id, Swainh. ; Jaru. ;
Aui). B. a. II, pi. 8l.—Dendruica id. Sclatku, P. Z. S. 1869,' 363
(Xalapa) ; 373 (Oaxaca).
Othkk Localitibh : JJahaman Brtant, Pr. Boat. Soo. VII, 1859. — Costa
Itivii, Cab. Jour. 1860, 328. — Panama, winter, Lawr. Ann. N. Y.
Lye. 1861, 322.
n<ih. Eastern province of the U. 8. ; Bahamas ; Guatemala to Costa Rica
aud Panama R. R. Not recorded from Mexico or West Indies, except Bahamas.
Specimens in the collection from all parts of tho United States
east of the MiH^^'M^ri plains ; also —
8mllh- Collec- Sex
iiimlau loi'g Hud
.No. No. ■ A({0.
m,«i» I 3,1:27
Locality.
Tileman, . jra Pfti,
(iuuteinala. [Oiiat.
When
Collected.
Jan. 1861.
Received from
(». SalviD.
Cab. Lawrence.
Collected by
Dendroica cserulea.
Salvia aerulea, Wii.8. Am. Orn. II, 1810, 141, pi. xvii, fig. 5. — S//lvicola
c. Swains. ; Jard. ; Ricn. ; Bon. ; Aud. Orn. Biog. I, pi. 49 ; Nutt. —
>• Dendroica c. Baird, Birds, N. Am. 1858, 280. — Sclater, Catal.
1861, 31, no. 192.— GoNDL. Cab. Jour. 1861, 326 (Cuba ; very rare).
Syli'ia vara, Wilson, II, pi. xxvii, fig. 2. — Bon. ; Al'D. Orn. F'og. I, pi. 49.
Si/hia azurea, Steph. Shaw, Zool. X, 1817.— Bon. Am. Orn. II, 1828,
pi. 27 ( 9 ).— Aud. Orn. Biog. I, pi. 48, 49 ; Nutt.
Sylvia bi/asciata, Say, Long's Exped. I, 1823, 170.
Sylvia pojtulorum, Vieill. Encyc. M6th. II, 1823, 449 (from Wilson).
Other Localities: Bogota, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1857, 18. — Panama li. R.,
Lawrbncr, Auii. N. Y. Lye. 1861, H22.
Ilah. Eastern United States, north to Niagara Falls ; Cuba (very rare) ;
Guatemala, Panama, and Bogota. Not recorded from Mexico or West Indies
(except Cuba).
Specimens in the collection from the United States east of the
Missouri plains, as far north as Carlisle in the east, and Michigan
in the west ; also —
Emith-
soaiaa
.\o.
Collec-
tor's
No.
Sex
and
AKe.
Locality.
When
Collected.
Received from Collected by
12,160
32,713
34,6i4
32,7i3
1(>4
i
Cherokee Nation.
Cuban, (iiiat.
Guatemala.
Bogota.
July 4, 1849.
Dr. Woodhouse.
Verrpanx.
Cab. Lawrence.
J. H. Roome.
Dr. Woodhoune.
•W^"^
m
I .
I
(.:■
Ir,
192
REVIEW OP AMERICAN BIRDS.
[PAIIT I.
Dendroica pharetra.
Sylvicola pharetra, GossK, Birds Jam. 1847,163. — Ib. Illust. Birds .Jam.
— OsBUHN, Zoologist, 6660 — Dendroica pharetra, Sclatkb, P. Z. S.
1861, 71.— Ib. Catal. 1862, 358, no. 193.
Hah, Jamaica only.
As stated by Dr. Sclater, this is a perfectly good species, rather
similar in general appearance to Mniotilla varia, but with tin;
feet and bill of Dendroica. The resemblance to D. striata is quite
close. The specimens before me are not in very good condition, but
the colors differ from those of MniotiHa varia in having all the
feathers of the crown black, edged with white, causing a fine streak-
ing, instead of having tlie crown black with whi^e median and lateral
stripe (M varia), or entirely black (D. striata). The rump and
upper tail coverts are unstreaked brownish-olive, not black as in M.
varia, nor streaked with black, as in D. striata. The sides of/ths
head are streaked or spotted with black ; the streaks are on the front
of the jugulum as well as the sides. There is no large white patch
on the inner web of the outer tail feathers as in the two other speoiea
mentioned, but merely a dirty whitish edging at the ends of the
same feathers. This last mentioned character will probably dis-
tinguish it in any stage of plumage. Bill very stout. Length, 4.70;
wing, 2.55; tail, 2.50.
Smith-
voiiiau
No.
Collec-
tor's
No.
Sex
and
Age.
Locality.
W'I.en
Collected.
Received from
Collected by
23,310
23,309
27,942
SO
30
••
St. Armaod, Jam.
Trelawney, Jam.
Sept! Vs-W.
Aug. 24, '69.
P. L. Sclater.
W. Oabiira.
(i
Dendroica striata.
Muscicapa striata, Fobster, Phil. Trana. LXII, 383, 428. — Motacilla s.
Gmslin. — Siflvia 8. Lath. ; Vibillot, xl, pi. 75, 76. — Wils. IV, pi.
30, fig. 3 ; VI, pi. 54— Bon. ; Ndtt. ; Aud. Orn. Biog. II, pi. 133.—
Lehbkte, Av. Cuba, 1850, 33. — Sylvicola s. Swainson ; Bon. ; Add.
B. A. 11, 1'l. 78.— Reinhardt, Vid. Med. for 1853, 1854, 73 (Green-
land). — Max. Cab. Jour. VI, 1858, 113. — Afniotilta s. Reinh. Ibis,
1861, 6 (Greenland). — Rhtmanphus s. Cab. Jour. 111,475 (Cuba).—
Dendroica s. Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 280.— Couks, Pr. A. N. Sc.
1861, 220 (Labrador coast).— Sclater, Catal. 1861, 31, no. 193.—
GuRDL. Cab. Jour. 1861, 326 (Cuba; rare).
Other Localities Quoted : Bogota, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, 143.—
Bahamas, Bryant, Pr. Bost. Soc. VII, 1839.
Hab. Eastern province of all N. America to Arctic Ocean ; Greenland ; Ciilia,
in winter (rare) ; Bahamas ; Bogota. Not recorded from intermediate localities.
Smith-
Coll(
soDliin
tiir'
S«.
No.
b,0S4 1
8
20,.-.,')2
ai,639 1
•i:
27,3.30 1
1,21.
31,124
1
31,423
3j;
22,64)
iVSl
22.641
.%■
22 631 1
67:
22,800
42;
n,m
621
31,,-22
103
DENDROICA.
I»8
Landbeck, in Wiegmann's Archiv fiir Naturgesch. far 18G4, page
58 describes as new a Dendroica alricapilla, collected at Valdivia,
Chile, i» June 17, 1858. Without expressing a definite opinion on
tlie subject, I cannot distinguish this bird, by his description, from I).
driala, although tlie dimensions appear rather smaller.
D. striata, D. coronata, and D. eestiva are the only species of the
genus that occur as far north as the shores of the Arctic Ocean.
A'ery many specimens in the collection from the whole United
States cast of the Missouri plains, as well as from the interior of
British North America ; also —
Smith-
CoUec-
Sex
soalHn
tor'x 1 nnd
No.
Mo. |Ai;e.
1S,0S4
80
cf
20,.),'i2
2il,fl:t»
471
•J",3.fO
1,21. •»
V
■M.IH
71
;m,42;)
3.W
, ,
•1-m 1
rm
. ,
tim
.'<67
, ,
•a 631
672
2iS0O
427
, ,
\i>,m
621
<f
Wii
lO.'S
9
LocTillty.
When
Collecled.
Qx.QUV.aler Bay, Lab.
Lftbi-ador.
ffiirt Qflgryg, 11 R.
j|lj_ Yoiikon.
I'l'i'f'.s Kivcr.
.Fort Au4?C¥Q(!::__
Fort Oood lloiJeT
Kort Uael "
h\. Kesolatlon,"
NuH^aii, Habanias.
Bogota.
July 17, 'iiS.
July 7,' '60.
JuuelO, '61.
June 21.
Sept. 1S61.
June 1,% '61.
June 7, '60.
May 12, '64.
Received from
Elliot Coues.
WilllamH' Coll.
C. Drexler. [Lye.
R Kfnnicott.
0. P. Gaudet.
R R McFarlaae.
B. R. Ross.
L. Clark, Jr.
R. Kcnnlcotl.
C li. FitzgeralJ.
Cab. Lawrence.
Collected by
Elliot Couea.
R. Keanicott.
J. S. Oniua.
.1. Reid."
\ Clark, Jr.
R. KKUulcott.
(27,330.) Witlieggs.
Among the American SylvicoUdse is a group of what may be
called " Golden Warblers," having, as their common characters, the
body yellowish-green above, golden yellow beneath ; the quills and
tail feathers dark brown, margined internally with yellow, externally
with the color of the back ; the breast and sides streaked with
orange brown, of which color is also sometimes the head. This
combination of characters is peculiar to the group, and especially
the yellow of the inner webs of the tail feathers, which is found in
no other American Warblers. Originally represented by a single
species — (he familiar D. sediva of the United States — the list has
recently been largely increased. All except aestiva belong to Middle
America, or the northern part of South America, but especially to
the West Indies, where, it is probable, that each large island will be
found to have its own peculiar representative, as is the case to a
greater or less extent with Certhiola, Loxigilla, Saurothera, Todus,
hnd many other genera. The diagnostic characters of the male
birds of the best known species are as follow : —
13 April, 1865.
:^« -/J
^...JrrlT
194
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I.
1 ' ,
'. *' -
J . ..■
f ■ . '
.
I:-.- -
( ;..
1 fW^
Forehead and vertex, with sides of head and throat, yellow.
Lateral tail feather entirely yellow, except a dusky streak
along the shaft towards the end. Inner webs of all tail
feathers yellow to the shaft, except the sixth or central.
Wings pointed.
First quill nearly the longest, and always exceeding the 4th eestiva.
Forehead yellowish ; vertex only brownish-orange, this sometimes
concealed by greenish tips. Sides of head and throat yel-
low. Outer web of lateral tail feather (except on the margin)
dusky. Yellow of inner edge of quills not reaching the
shaft, except perhaps in petechia. Wings rounded.
Second quill longest ; 1st longer than the 5th. Larger
• wing covert edged with olivaceous, scarcely more yel-
low externally; alula brown, not margined. Yellow
patch on inner weu of outer tail feather, not reaching
the shaft ; the 5th only narrowly edged with yellow . gundlachii.
Third quill longest; 1st shorter than the 5th. The oliva-
ceous edges of larger wing coverts brightening ex-
ternally into golden yellow; alula sharply margined
with yellow. Yellow patch on inner web of lateral
tail feather reaching the shaft ; inner web of 5th feather
with marginal half yellow petechia.
Similar to last, but wings shorter. The 3d qiiill longest ;
the 1st quill longer than the 4th and 5th. Yellow of
inner webs of tail feathers not reaching the shaft . ruficapilla.
Entire head, including sides and inferior surface, orange-brown.
Yellow of inner edge of quills reaching the shaft. Tail
feathers much as in the last. Wings rather rounded.
Third quill longest; 1st longer than the 5th; edges of wing
coverts brightening into golden yellow. Orange brown
confined to the head and neck. Wing 2.75 long . vieilloti.
Similar to last, but considerably smaller. Orange brown
of head extending inferiorly to the jugulum. Wings,
2.25 . « . . rtifigula.
In addition to the species just mentioned the Sylvicola aureola
of Gould, and the S. eoa of Gosse evidently belong to the Golden
Warblers, although their precise relationships cannot be defined for
want of specimens.*
' Dendrolca aureola.
Sylvicola aureola, Qoccd, Voyage Beagle, Birds, 1841, 8G, tab. 28.
"Nape, back, and tail coverts yellowish-olive; wings and tail blackish,
Vroadly margined with yellow: front and crown yellow, with the tips of the
feathers reddish oastaneous ; hind head gray, mixed with yellow, the cheeks
and throat bright yellow ; breast of same color, each feather marked down
Dendroi<
DENDROICA.
195
Dendroica aestiva.
Motucilla cesliva, Gm. S. N. I, 1788, 996. — Sylvia astiva, Lath. ; Vibill.
II, pi. 95.— Bon. ; Aon. Orn. Biog. I, pi. 35, 93 ; TUvrr.—Si/lvicula
ast. SwAiNK. ; Bon. ; Aud. B. A. II, pi. 88. Max. Cab. Jour. 1858,
114. — Rhimamphus (f.it. Bon. ; Cab. Jour. Ill, 472 (Cuba). — Sclater,
P. Z. S. 1857, 202. — Z)e#Jt//oita aat. Baihd, BirdH N. Am. 1858,
282.— ScLATBK, P. Z. S. 1859, 3(J3.— Ib. Catal. 1861, 32. no. 194
(Ecuador, Cayenne, N. Grenada). — Taylor, Ibis, 1864, 81 (Trini-
dad).— Cooper & SucKLKY, P. R. R. XII, II, 185.9, 181 (N. W. coast).
Sylvia carolinensis, Lath. Ind. Orn. II, 1 790, 651.
f Sylvia Jlava, Vibillot, II, 1807, 31, pi. 81.
Sylvia citrinella, Wils. II, pi. xv, fig. 5.
Sylvia childreni, Aw, Orn. Biog. I, 1831, pi. 35 (young).
the middfe with pale reddish oastaneous ; sides and middle of the abdomen
whitish. Ilab, Galapagos.
"Length, 5 inches ; wing, 2J ; tail, 2^3j ; tarsus, |§ ; bill, ^\."
This species appears to resemble petechia in coloration, but to diflTer in fewer
and less distinct stripes beneath, in the gray of the head, and lightness of the
abdomeu. There is no mention made of the proportions of the quills.
Dendroica eoa.
Sylciccla eoa, GossE, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 158. — Ib. Illustration Birds
Jamaica.
Hab. Jamaica (Crab Pond, Jan. 24).
"Male. Upper parts olive, approaching to yellow on the rump; sides of
bead marked with a band of orange, extending from the ear to the beak, and
meeting both on the forehead and on the chin. Wing quills and coverta
blackish, with yellowish edges. Tail blackish-olive, with yellow edges ; the
ontermost two feathers on each side have the greatest portion of the inner
webs pale yellow. Under parts pale yellow. The crown, rump, tertials,
belly, and under tail coverts sparsely marked with undefined spots of pale
orange."
" Femalb. ^^early as in the male, but the deep orange is spread over the
whole cheeks, c/iin, throat, and breast. The head and back are dusky gray,
tinged with olive, and patched with the fulvous much more largely, but irregu-
larly, as if laid upon the darker hue.
"Length, 5 inches; expanse, 7.60; wing, 2.70; tail, 1.90; rictus nearly .60;
tarsus, .90; middle toe, .50. Irids dark hazel; feet horn-color; beak pale
horn; culmen and tip darker."
The preceding description, copied from Gosse, relates to a .Jamaica Warbler,
unknown, excepting from the preceding account, but evidently having a close
relationship to the Golden Warblers. It appears to have the head all round
orange (brown f), as also perhaps the rump and tertials; and to be marked
(streaked ?) with the same beneath, including the crissum. Tlie inner webs
of the tail feathers are yellow, as in the Golden Warblers.
..,:.f:-
196
BEVIEW OP AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I.
. Wf'
tSj/lvia rathbonia, Add. Orn. Biog. I, 1831 pi. 65. — Sylvicola r. Avd,
B. A. II, pi. 89.
fMotacilla rubiginosa, Pallas, Zoog. Roflso-Asiat. I, 18'jI, 496 (Kodiak).
Khimamphus chryseolus, Bon. Bull. Sou. jjiiin. Caen, II, 1851, 32 {li.
cestiva, from South America ; Cayeui j).
Other Localities: Xalapa, Scla"5R, P. Z. S. 1859,363. — Guatemala,
ScLATEK & SaiAIN, IbkS, 1859, 11. — PuHuma, winter, Lawr. Ann.
N. V. Lyo. 1861, 322.— Turbo, N. nada, Cass. Pr. A. N. Sc.
1860, 191.— Bo</o<a, Sclateb, Pr. 18. ^AZ.— Citi/ of Mexico, h.
1864,172. . ,
ITah. Entire North America, into South America as far as Ecuador, Cayenne,
and Trinidad. Not recorded from West Indies, where replaced by allied species.
I
No North American bird has a wider range throughout the entire
continent, or is more abundant and familiar, breeding apparently as
Air south as Mazatlan if not tlirough Central America. Its range
into South America is also quite extensive, reaching Ecuador through
New Grenada, and eastward as far as Cayenne and Trinidad. 1 iiave
sought in vain for tangible characters to distinguish more than one
species, apparent discrepancies in single southern specimens haviug
been matched by others from the United States.
A skin from Costa Rica (30,487) appears to have more yellovf
than usual on the inside of the quills, and a considerable amount of
red on the head ; not more, however, than in upper Missouri speci-
mens. Others exhibit occasional differences from the typical char-
acter, but nothing of apparent specific value. A specimen from
Guatemala, probably female, is much smaller than any other iu the
collection, measuring only 4.00; wing, 2.25; tail, 1.85.
If there is any feature apparently belonging more ti sou'ihern
than northern skins it is a greater paleness of bill, and a tendency
to a narrow line of dusky along the outer side of shaft of outer tnil
feather, reaching to its base, instead of only about half way. Evea
this, however, is not constant, and may be more a condition of winter
plumage than anything else.
I have not noticed in young birds the peculiar whiteness of the
tnroat and ash of the sides of head and nape, seen in D. petechia.
Specimens (about 200 in all) are in the collection from nearly all
regions of North America, from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and
north to the Arctic Ocean ; from Forts Yukon, Good Hope, Ander-
son, Simpson, Rae (where very abundant). Resolution; Moose
Factory, etc. (None from Cape St. Lucas ?) • also —
Smith- C»ll<"<'
h.iiiiaii, tor's
Nu. No.
.1.>,l>18
•2A-,
.•12,712
20,lti7
21,3.56
121
■.]t\,m
2.)!t
:n,m
3.hW
m.m
'2iii
■M,m
.•1IM87
VM)
M,m
17,8!I7
^iO
17,S9S
32l»
30,601
"
* •
Dendroit
fMulu
<■<
a
L
if Mot
CI
Sylviii
1
Dend,
Hah. Cubi
Wings roui
very little sli'
ht ami 2d t
characters.)
{%•) Upp
shaft of the i
yellowish to (
pouions of tl
bird having
yellow ; the
brown ; the c
back, which
in peterhin ; i
into gray ; th
sharply, with
from above,
margined ext^
defined yellow
on the outer I
others by a gi
inner margin
apparently gr
A female bi
mB
w
PEXPROTCA.
li)(
Smith- Cnllec- Sex
Xo, , No. [AKe.
Locality.
When
Collected.
Received from
.1.5,016
.•12,712
'i\SM
;iii,sS7
.•il,6SS
.■!i>,668
::il,5.W
.•M,4S7
.•H,(il«
17,8.17
17,898
30,601
a*,'!
Juv.
20,167
V
i 121
cf
1 2ii9
1 3,100
, ,
203
, ,
V
i30
••
310
*
329
d-
#•
••
Mazittlan.
Mexico.
Cdliiiia, Mex.
DueflaN, Giiat.
Tctaleuleu, Guat.
La Libertad, S S.
Saa Jose, C. K.
Turbo, N. 0.
It
Panama.
Trinidad.
Feb. 1803.
Sept.
Sept.
Sept.
1 8.19.
1S62.
13, '63.
A. J. Grayson.
Verreaux.
J. Xautus.
0. Salvia.
Capt. J. M. Dow.
Ui'. FraiitziuK.
J. Cariiiiol.
Lt. Micliler.
It
Fred. HIckB.
M. Galodv.
Cab. A. &'E. New-
[ton.
Collected by
J. XanluH.
Salvin k Godm
f'Kpt. J. M. Dow.
A. Schott.
Deudioica gundlachl.
fMotucilla albicollis, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 983 {Ficedula domini-
ceiisis, Bhisson III, 494, tab. 26, fig. 5, St. Domingo). — Dendroica
albicollis, CA88I.V, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1860, 192. — Lawrence, Ann. N. Y.
Lye. 1860, 18 (Cuba).— Gcndlach, Cab. Jour. 1861, 326 (Cuba^.
f fMotucilla chloroleuca, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. T, 1768, 984 (Ficeduta doviini-
censis minor, Brisson, III, 496, tab. xxvi, fig. 2, St. Domingo).
Sylvid <E.s7/r«, Lembeye, Aves Cuba, 1850, 31, not the figure. — lihiman-
jihus oestivus, Cabanis, Jour. 1855, 472 (Cuba).
Dendrotca uundlachi, HMRTi. . - . , ,, , n
"V ■ !•'' '':■ '' ■'■■■ ' ''.'■ ■'•'-•» ,;
Hab. Cuba.
Wings rounded, rather short ; the 2d quill longest ; 3d and 4th snccessively
very little shorter; 1st intermediate between 4th and 5th : difference between
Ist and 2d quill .07. (The five specimens before me all arr-'ie in these
characters.)
{%.) Upper parts dark yellowish-green, scarcely brighter on the rump, the
sUaft of the feathers perhaps more dusky. Top of the head more and more
yellowish to the bill, especially towards the bases of the feathers ; the central
poKJons of the feathers tinged with reddish (Mr. Lawrence speaks of a male
bird having the whole crown of a deep orange color). Under parts bright
yellow; the jugulum and sides streaked with reddish. Wing feathers dark
brown; the quills and coverts edged externally with the dull olive of the
back, which scarcely becomes more yellow on the margin of the coverts, as
\npflechin; the marginal color of the primaries towards their ends passing
into gray ; the alula uniform brown ; the quills margined internally, but not
sharply, with yellowish, which is almost a dull white towards the ends viewed
from above. Tl»e upper surfaces of the tail feathers are dark greenish-brown,
margined externally like the rump; the outer four feathers have rather illy
defined yellow patches on their inner webs towards the end, wliich, however,
on the outer feather does not quite reach the shaft, and is separated on the
others by a greater and greater interval of the ground color ; the 5th has the
inner margin alone yellow. The bill is plumbeous, with pale edges ; the feet
apparently greenish.
A female bird is quite similar, but with the yellow patches on the tail still
r -■
198
REVIEW OP AMERICAN BIRDS.
[I'AUT I.
I ■
1 '■
.m-
H
f:
^r
,r^£jD|ji«
v-;"
if:
■>• 1 ,
1^
.'l', ' '
mok-e reatrlotwd. A young bird with much woru plum<;ge belonging to i)r.
Ouudlaoh'a coilection, tl u saniu as that rul'errud to by Mr. Lawronue, ia ashy
above, with patches of olive-green ; the undor parts croamy white, strongly
tinged with yellow across the breast and on orisbum. The yellow pntchM
of tail feathers much restricted. A young male (34,504), farther advance ;,
has the adult plumage, with only a few palchea of light ashy on tho nape and
aides of neck, and some whitish spots on the chin
Length of 34,504, ^,4.90; wing, 2.50; Uil, 2.20; tiursus, .88; bill from
nostril, .32.
For the opportunity of examining specimens of this species I am
indebted to Dr. J. Gundlach, who has transmitted five specinien.s of
different ages and sexes. None of these, however, appear to be in
highest spring plumage, for which reason the comparison with tho
allied species cannot be made entirely satisfactory, and the differ-
ences in coloration may not be really quite as great as they now
appear. The difference in the structure of the wing would, however,
alone be sufficient to separate this species from petechia. The tips
of the outer four quills are closer together ; the 1st quill not .10 less
than the 2d ; the 2d longest ; the 3d and 4th successively very little
shorter ; the 1st longer, however, than the 5th. In petechia the 1st
quill is .20 shorter than the 3d (which is longest) ; the 4th is nearly
as long, ana decidedly exceeding the 2d ; the 1st shorter than the
5th, or about t qual to the 6th.
• None of the Cuban specimens before me show the red vertex of
the full plumaged petevuia of Jamaica ; the feathers being tinged
centrally like immature males of the latter species ; but, from Mr.
Lawrence's statement, the reddish crown belongs equally to both
species. The differences in wings and tail, however, exist throughout
the entire series of the species. The colors above are much brighter
and more yellowish in petechia; the wing coverts are broadly edged
with yellowish-green, like the back, which color on the edges, and
still more on the ends of the greater and middle coverts, passes into
almost decided yellow ; the edge of the alula and of the wing are
bright golden yellow ; all the qui!is are edged conspicuously and
uniformly on the outside like the back, and inside abruptly with
yellow. In albicollis the edging of the wing feathers is much duller
and more uniform, without the bright yellow of the coverts and alula.
The outer edges of the primaries are more inclined to gray ; the
yellow of the inner edges of the quill;? paler, and less abrupt. The
yellow of the inner webs of the tail feathers in albicollis is more
contracted ; does not come up so sharply to the shaft, but is usually
separated from it, and the 5th feather has only the inner margin
yellow, instead of being of this color nearly to the shaft. As already
Smi'h-
Coll«c-
t'llllllD
tor's
•No.
No.
s\,m
..
:u,.-.'i;i
nm
, ,
34.J0J
••
DENDROICA.
19V
remarked, however, tliese dilTfrpnces in coloralu)n may be less appa-
rent with more perfect specimens.
Tlic upper parts arc iiiueli darker and more olivaceous tiian in
adiva; the top and side of lue head lack the bright yellow. The
tibiiB are grayish -olive, not bright yellow; the yellow of the wing
coverts is war.ting, and the yelbw edging of the quills internally
much less. In o^ativa the yellow of the tail is more extended — the
outer feather being entirely of this color, excepting a streak in the
piid of the outer web ; and even in the fifth tail feather the entiro
inner web is yellow, except at the extreme tip. The wing is much
more pointed in vediva ; the 1st nuill being generally longest, and
considerably exceeding the 4th, instead of being less.
The determination of the speoilic name of this species has been a
matter of considerable perplexit}. 1 am by no means satisfied that
the St. Domingan and the Cuban birds are the same ; and even if
identical, the name albicollis is a misnomer, liable to cause a very
erroneous impressi.)n, as the throat is golden-yellow, except in the
very young bird, when alone it is dirty whitish. 1 have, therefore,
thought best to impose a new name, borrowing it from the eminent
naturalist who has given to us a knowledge of the Ornithology of
Cuha scarcely less perfect than that of the eastern United States.
The name of rhloroleuva, Ginelin, which may refer to the same
species, unless there be two with rufous crown in St. Domingo, is
equally objectionable with albicollis.
Smi'h-
Col Inc.
Spx
ti)r'.s
No.
and
Awe.
MM)
, .
LocaUty.
Cuba.
When
Collected.
Received from
April, 18U4.
l)r. J. Oundlucli.
Collected by
Deudroica petechia.
Motacilla petechia, Linn. S. N. I, 1766, 334 (based on Avicula Intea
verlice rubra, Edwarps, V, 99, tab, 2.56, fig. 2, erroneously quoted
as from Feiuia.). — Dendroica petechia, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1861, 71. —
Ib. Catal. 1861, 32, no. 195.— March, Pr. An. So. 1863, 292 (Ja-
maica ; nesting).
Sylficula tentivu, Gossk, Birds Jam. 1847, 157.
Hab, Jamaica.
(No. 22,153, ^ .) Above yellowish-green, rather brighter on the rump ; the
lop of the head from bill, brownish-orange, with the biises of the feathers yel-
low (in some sjwcimeus their tips not unfretiuently like the back, thus couieal-
*'
200
KEVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS,
[part 1.
W
m
'\
p.
""-
. 1^
ing the orancre). Under partH, including tibra, InieH, and cheeks b«'low tlie e^e,
bright goldon-yellow, the jugjluni, breast, and t ides streaked with brownisth-
nrange; crissum plain. Wing 'eathers dark biown, btoadly tnnrgined ux-
ternally witli the culor of the back, of nearly tho same tint on the edges of
the primaries, \ ut considerably more yellowish towards the edges of the greater
and middle ooverta and seooTidaries. All 'he qu'lls euged internally (and the
alula externally) and sharply with snlphar-yellow, like thu lining of the
wings, but not reaching the shaft of thi feather — being cut oiT even at the
base of the feather by a very narrow portion of the ground color. Tail feathers
dark greenish-brown, becoming darker centrally, the outer edges like the
back ; the shafts black above, white beneath, the inner webs (except in the
two central) bright yellow, except at the tips — the yellow not quite reacliing
the shaft on the fourth feather, and extending only half way to it on the fiftii.
In specimens of let ' perfect plumage the shafts of all the feathers are margined
internally with the color of the outer webs, this widening on the mo.e anteriur
feather.
The female (and perhaps autumnal male) differs in a more restricted amount
or entire deficiency of the brownish-orange ol the crown, and the more obsolete
stripes beneath, as well as to some extent in the markings of the tail as above
described. Young birds have the throat and chin creamy white, the nuchal
region and the sides of head and neck strongly tinged with light ash. The
other characters appear much as described.
The wings in this bird are rather short, and much rounded ; the 3d quill is
longest ; the 4th a little shorter than the 2d ; the Ist is intermediate between
the 5th and 6th, very rarely equal to, still less frequently a little longer than
the 5th, perhaps never exceeding the 4th. In eight specimens the succesiiion
of length of the quills is expressed by the formula 3. 4. 2. 5. 1. 6 ; in two,
•S. 4. 2. 1. 5. 6. The tail is considerably rounded.
Total length, 4.90; wing, 2.(j2 ; tail, 2.30, its graduation .15; difference
between 1st and 3d primaries, .22 ; bill from forehead, .50, from nostril, .32,
along gape, .(iO ; tarsus, .80.
This species, though very similar in external appearance tc D.
eestUm, may be readily distinguished on comparison. It is a rather
larger bird, with much (disproportionately) broader quills and tail
feathers. Thus the greatest width of the outer primary is .31, in-
stead of .25 to .27. A diflference in the proportion of the quills is
constant. As stated, the 3d quill is generally longest in petechia;
the 1st generally shorter than the 5th, always shorter than the 4tli.
In eestiva the wing is much more pointed ; the 1st quill is about
equal to the 2d and 3d, rarely a little shorter ; more frequently longer,
and .25 or more longer than the 5th, instead of being less ; and very
nearly equal to the 3d, not .20 shorter.
The diflFerences in coloration consist in the more greenish tinge of
the upper parts in petechia ; the edges of the quills greenish-yellow,
especially the outer primaries, not almost pure yellow. The yellow
of the inner webs of the tail feather, in very perfect specimens, ouly
Sniith-
Con*
doiiiaa
tor'
No.
No
2.i.:iU
62
2.1..tl.')
62
24..1.U
lOfl
28,.sn8
38
2ti.S09
2:tS
24.;«.1
202
24,;«2
••
DfiNDP.OICA.
2C1
ronclip.s the sliaft on the outer three feathers alone, and in fact o\ pn
licre tlio upper surface shows a slight suffusion of the color of the
^liiift uloiig its inner edge. The isolation on the fourth feather, how-
ever, amounts to two or three hund'jdths of an neh, and on the
lifih to half the web. In most specimens, howo\ er, there is more
or less hrown along the inside of all the shafts. In high plumaged
males of Bpstiva the yellow reaches the shaft in the outer five feathers,
the fifth exhibiting a slight suffusion only in its terminal half; some-
times, however, this suffusion is seen on the fourth. There is con-
Hidurably less yellow on the inner edges of the quills than in antiva
ill wliich the yellow reaches the shaft near the base.
The orange-brown tinge to the whole top of the head is an im-
portant character of petechia, even though sometimes wanting or
oKscured. Not unfrequently, however, traces of the same are seen in
seatica; and one specimen (4,300, Louisiana) has as much reddish
in the crown as many males of petechia.
I liave not noticed, in petechia, the obscure brownish streaks seen
on the backs of high plumaged specimens of sestica ; and the .*ump
is more uniformly greenish-olive, instead of having the feathers
much edged with yellow.
Smith-
Collec-
Sex
When
Collected.
sonian
No.
tor'*
No.
aDd
Age.
LocaUty.
Received from
Collected l)y
2.1.314
62
f
Savannah le Miir.
Auk. 2, '.IS.
1*. L. Sclater.
W. O-burii.
n-Mr,
62
Portland. Jam. [.lam.
April, 18.-)n.
"
"
24..r.4
198
cT
Spaaishtown, Jam.
Au(f. 28, -ei.
W. T. March.
2n,sna
■AS
rf
•*
Aug. 1862.
44
2il,809
2.S8
V
II
i*
24,1").'?
202
rf
Aug. 28, 61.
• 4
24,352
Jut
[9
II
It
fpt'
'.i:
Dendroica
fAfotaciUa ruficapilln, Qmelik, S. N. I, 1788, 971 (based on Ficedula
martinicana, Brisson, III, 490, pi. xxii, fig. 4, Martinique).
fChloris erithackorides, FEUiLLfe, Jour. Obs. Pliys. Ill, 413.
9Demlroica astiva, Newton, Ibis, I, 1859, 143 (St. Croix).
f Dendroica petechia, Cassin, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1860, 192, 376 (St. Thomas).
—? Sylvia petechia, Vieill. Oia. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 32, pi. 91 ("U.
States")
I have little doubt that the Golden Warblers of St. Croix and St.
Thomas are specifically different from those inhabiting Janmica
and Cuba respectively, and would not be much surprised to lind
that each of the first-mentioned islands, as well as others of the
West Indian group, possessi d a Golden Warbler peculiar to itself.
If
ft
202
RFA'IEW OP AMERICAN DIROS.
[part I.
. • ' . iS
I .
,m
..,-^...
fe-tr
4
I liiive before me a St. Croix Hkin kindly lent by Mr. Newton,
and one from St. ThorruiH, from Mr. Lawrence's collection, and
liave examined other {St. Thomas specimens in the niuaeum of thu
Pliiladelphia Academy. None of these, unfortunately, are in that
perfection of feather and coloration necessary to exhibit their tnio
character, and I am unable to indicate the ie features properly,
though believing them to be dilfercnt from petechia.
The St. Croix bird, which resembles petechia in the yellow edges
to the wing coverts, is nmaller, with consideraMy shorter wiii},'s
proportionally (2.40, instead of 2.rt5) ; the wing formula is (|uitu
diffcrtnt, being 3. 2. 1. 4. 5. 6, instead of 3. 4. 2. 5. 1. 6 — the 1st
quill being thus longer than the 4lh and 5th, the 2d next to the
longest, instead of the 1st being shorter than the 4th and 5th, and
the 4th second in length. T'm, St. Thomas specimens have much
the same wing formulu —3. 2. 4. 1. 5. G in most ; in two, 3. 4. 2. 1. 5. C ;
they are rather larger, however, with more yellow on the tail.
A specimen, in poor condition, obtained in Barbadoes by Mr.
Gill, and preser, ed in alcohol (No. 33,7fi6), although apparently an
adult male, Is of very sumll size: length, 4.30; wing, 2.25; tail,
!J 00 ; and has as the wing formula, 3. 4. 5. 2. 1. The tail has almost
•he same amount of yellow as in D. aestiva, and much more than in
uny of its red-capped allies, viz., the entire inner webs of five ex-
i;erio»* feathers, with exception of a terminal streak. On the outei-
web of the exterior feather the basal yellow does not extend quite
as far up as in sestiva. The entire top oi head is of a deep chestuiit-
brown. This bird, therefore, may be a different species again from
those just referred to. The specimen exhibits the unusual anomaly
of having seven tail feathers on one side, and six on the other.
The solution of all the questions connected with this subject will
depend upon full series of specimens in perfect spring plumage, from
all the different West India Islands. It is, however, quite evident
that, while D petechia, of Jamaica, and D. gundlachi are distinct
species, there is at least one, and perhaps several additional species
in the West India Islands more to the eastward, perhaps one for
each group of islands.
Note. — As the present pages are passing through the press the
Institution has received a series of Golden Warblers from St.
Thomas, collected by Mr. Swift, which, unfortunately, being in
winter plumage, do not furnish the means of making a final com-
parison, though substantiating what has already been said in regard
to the character of the wings.
Kihllli-T-ill.
iHiuluu; lor'
3«,»«3
m
D£NDH0U:A.
£03
(Smllb- Collec-
iviiiiuu lor'e
N... I No.
8«x
null
Lucallly.
bt. TliuiuuH,
When
rollecii'd.
Wliitsr.
Rxoolvvd from
liubtrt Mwll't.
C iUti i\ ly
D«>n(Iroica Tielllotl.
Dvndroicn vifilloti, Cahhin, Pr. A. N. Sc. May, 18(50, 192 (I'aiianm;
Cartlingena). — Sii.atkk, Catiil. iHiJl, 32, no. lytJ (N'«w (ttenadit
aucl Mexico).— ?SAtvis, MSS. (Oiilf of Mcoya).
Denilruivd erilliiichiiriden, liAiUD, Hirds N. Am. iHr)"*, '2S,T (not of FmriLLr.).
fli'iimcinphus rujice/is, Caiiams, Jour. Orn. for Sept. IMIO, 32lj (published
Jan. 18()1 ; see cover) (Cotita Riua).
Hall. Mexico to New Grenada.
(No. 10,211.) Above olive-green, rather brighter on the rnmp ; beneath,
including lining of wingn, bright golden yellow. Kntire head all round, with
broad streaks on the breast and sides, orange-brown. Wings nearly black, tlio
larger coverts, flrst primary, alula, and inner secondaries broadly edged with
greenish-yellow; the other quills witli olivaceous like the back; the insided
of the quills broadly and sharply margined olditjuely with yellow, which
reaches the shaft on the inner secondaries, and in all the qnills exce])t the
long primaries, is continued entirely around so as to join the exterior margin-
ing. Exposed surface of the tail feathers (including their outer webs) dark
greenish-brown, edged exti)rnalty with tlie color of the ba<!k, the outer feather
alone having the outer web yellow, with a dark shaft .streak from near the
base. The inner webs of the 1st, 2d, and 3d feathers entirely yellow, except
at the end ; the 4th and 5th with more and more dnsky along the shaft ; the
6th with narrow margin ">nly of yellow. Bill dark born color. Legs pale.
The colors of the female are much duller ; the head only tinged with brown,
especially along the centres of the feathers, and the streaks on the body be-
neath, indistinct. The inner webs of the tail feathers show much more browu
on tlieni.
The wings, in this species, are broad and rounded, as in petechia. The 3d
qnill is longest; the 4th and then the 2d a little shorter; the 1st about inter-
mediate between the 2d and 5th, not shorter than the 5th. The tail is con-
siilerably rounded. In Ave specimens the formula is 3. 4. 2. 1.5.^; in one,
3. 2. 4. 1. 5. (5. The dilTerenoe between the 1st and 3d quills is about .19.
Total length, 5.00; wing, 2.75; tail, 2.30; width of outer feather, .35;
difference between Ist and 3d quills, .13; length of bill alorg culmen, .51',
from nostril, .35, along gape, .63 ; tarsus, .81 ; middle toe and claw, .62 ; hind
toe and claw, .50.
This species, in the broad rounded wings, short first primary, and
wide quill- and tail feathers agrees '.'ith petechia inncli more than
with sestiva, although it is even larger, and the 'vings proportionally
longer (including 1st quill) than jjetevhia. The 1st quill, too, is
: ,-'i-':U-
I'
W"
1
•
m
1
j
'
\
h
i
K^^
i
^
-l.^
..
} •
si- V ' ■
i --
904
nEVIEW OF AMERICAN Timns.
[part I.
loiifrer tliiin Iho 6th, not shorter. Tlio quills arc moro hroadly
iiuiixiiiol than in that Hpocios, am] ull thu colors more brilliunt. Tliu
entirely red head will readily distinguish it however. The roddi.sli
Htreaks in the feathers of the chin, and a tinge of thu same in tliu
lures, will iistinguish thu female bird from all others.
The preceding remarks were based upon thu types of D. vieilloti
(all from Lt. Miehler's collection), as descrilitd by Mr. Cassin.
Since then I have had the opportunity of exumining specimens from
other localities. A series from Mazatlan exhibits some dilferenei's,
but the spitcimens are all moulting, and it is imposHibIc to deterniinu
th«'ir true characters. It is, however, (piite in accordance with tlic
general rule in the distribution of American l)irds, that a species
inhabiting thu main land of South America should be replaced
farther north, especially so far as Mazuthin, by a second, closely
allied to it. To which form, if there be two, the ruJhriiH of Cabaiiis
belongs, it is diflicult to say, as his description refers ecjually to
Bpecimens before him from Carthngena, Costa llica, and Mexico;
most probably, however, to the former, and as such true synonyms
of D. vieilloti.
Bmlth-
Col lec-
Spx
WhPii
CoUuclucl.
• inlan
No.
tor'*
No.
nnd
Aire.
Locality.
Uecelved from
CoUpcted liy
10,212
n
Carctiagpon, N. G.
U. Michler.
A. Soliott.
10.211
6
d
"
. . .
*»
"
I7,n(v>
6
VJ
It
■ . .
n
II
17,809
■U
cf
It
. • .
tl
II
21.707
, ,
JllV.
New OrPHHila.
Jr.
Cub Dr. 8. Ca lot,
II
, ,
CKiicnn, Yiirutan.
1842.
3.1,017
2S0
rf
Mazatluii, Mex.
Aug. 1864.
A. J. Gray HOD.
.SJ.OIS
281
Juv. cf
It
44
"
30,019
282
?
(4
tl
11
(10,211.) Type. (3.1,017.) 0. ; 7.80.
Dendroica riiflgiila.
Dendroira rufigula, Baird.
Si/lvia rujicapilla, "Lath.," VieiMi, Nouv. Diet. XI, 1817, 228.— Ib.
Encycl. M6th. II, 1823, 442 (not of p. 440) ("Martinique").— In.
Galerie Ois. I, 268, pi. 164. (Not rujicapilla of Gmeux and Latuam.)
Hub. f West Indies ; ? Martinique.
Similar to D, vieilloti, but smaller; the rufous of entire head extending
dowu the neck to juguhim. Wing formula, 3. 4. 2. 1. .•). 6.
Length, 4.50 ; wing, 2.25 ; tail, 2.00 ; tarsus, .72; middle toe wid^law, .52;
hind toe and claw, ,45 ; bill from nostril, .37.
I have already adverted to the possibilitj-^ that the Brown-headed
Golden Warblers of Mexico and Central America may be diffcrcut
\,'
DKNDItUlCA.
206
from typlcftl vieilloli, from Cartliuj?enft. In tlu» collection of the
lMiilu<l»'i|)liitt Actt<ifiiiy I find a single spocimcn lal)clli>d "iS. rii/im-
iiilla," witliont indication of locality, which dillcrs decidedly from
nil others I have geen in being niiicli Hnialler, and in having the
oruiifre-hrown of the head and throat extending farther down as a
l>roii(l lappet over the neck to the jnguluiti, instead of being conlint-d
to Mie head alone. The lateral tail leather has perhaps less yellow
on its o' T web, though the markings of the tail and wings are
very sin The size is consideraltly less ; the wings lialf an inch
shorter ; t'* . 'ddle toe and claw one-tenth of an inch shorter ; the
itill is nioiu slender ; the wing formula is the same. Of its distinction
from rieilloti as a species I have little doubt, and can only regret
the uncertainty in regard to the locality. It agrees very well, espe-
cially in the greater e.xtension of the rufous of the throat, with ihe
Sijiria ruficapilla of Vieillot, as cited above, from Martinique ; and
it may be really a West Indian species.
Specimen in collection of Philadelphia Academy
Deudroica olivacea.
Sylvia olivacen, Giraud, Birds Texas, 1841, 14, pi. vii, fig, '2. — Sclater,
P. Z. S. 18.').5, 66. — Sylinrola ulivncea, Cahhin, 111. UinU Twxait, etc.
1855, 283, pi. xlviii. — Rhimanphits o'ivaceux, Sclateii, 1'. Z. S. 1850,
291 (Cordova).— Dendroica olirnceii, Sclatbr P. Z, S. 1858, 208
(Oaxaca; cold region). — Denilroicn oUrucea, Sclatek, P. Z. S. 1659,
303 (Jalapa).— In. Catal. 1801, 31, no. 190.
Sijhia heniala, DtJiina, Bull. Acad. Brux. XIV, 1847, 104.— Ib. Rev. Z.
1848, 24b.—Si/loicola tanioia, Bo.n. Consp. 1850, 3u9.
Tilth. Mexico (both coastH to the aouthward) ; Guatemala.
Htiad and neck all round, with jugulum, brownish-saffion, with a greenish
tinge on the nape. Rest of upper parts a!<liy. Middle and tips of greater
wing coverts white, forming two bands on the wing ; a third white patch at
the bases of the primaries (except the two outer), and extending forwards
along the outer edges. Secondaries edgecl externally with olive green. Inner
web' o' quills conspicuously edged with white. Under parts, except as de-
M;ril»yd, white, tinged with brownish on the sides ; a narrow frontal band, and
.1 liiiiai'i s!ripe from this through eye and over ear coverts, black. Outer vail
leatiier white, except at base and towards tip ; greater portion of inner web
of next feather also white, much more restricted on the third.
Length, 4.60 ; wing, 2.88; tail, 2.15; tarsus, .75.
A female specimen (14,369), perhaps also in autumnal plumage, has the
oaffron replaced by clear yellowish, except on top of head and nape, which
(ire olive green. The bla^k frontal auf*. lateral bands are replaced by whitish,
It^aving only a dusky patch on the e .rs.
The bill in this species is quite peculiarly slender and depressed,
and the culiacn is straighter than in any other i)t'/i(//'o/ca. The nos-
411
. »
r t-, •■
206
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIUDS.
[part I.
trils, too, nre much more linear, and the wings unusually long. In
these resj)ects, as well as in pattern of coloration, it forms a very
strongly marked section among the JJ'uulroicas, even if not entitliHl
to consideration as a separate genus. The saffron brown head, neck,
nnd breast ; the narrow black forehead, with black stripe through
the eye ; the white belly, "and the two white wing bands and white
patch at base of primaries, easily characterize it specifically.
1
i
1
1
i '' i' '
I .i
Sniltli-
Collec-
Sex
KUDIHII
No.
tor's
No.
Hod
14,30!)
l!.l.374
32, »ti4
i
391
2.53
9
Locality.
Mexico.
I'opocateratl.
Orizaba (alpine re);.)
Chuctiim, Vera Vtkz.
When
Collected.
Received from
Collect ?d by
Jan. 1862.
A. Salle.
Veireaux
I'rof. Suiiiichrast.
O. Salvln.
Salvia & God lunn.
Dendroica maculosa.
Molacilla maculosa, Gm. S. N. I, 1788, 984. — Sylvia m. Latj. ; Vieili.
11, pi. 93.— Bon. ; Nnrr. ; Aud. Orn. Biog. I, II, V, pi. 60, 123.-
D'Orb. Sagra's Cuba, Ois. 1840, 72. — Sylvicola m. Swainb. ; Box. ;
Ann. B. A. II, pi. 96. — Rhimanphus in. Cab. Jour. Ill, 18r)5, 474
(Cuba). — Dendroicn m. Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 284. — Sclater,
P. Z. S. 1859, 363, 373 (Xalapa).— Ib. Catal. 1861, 32, no. 197.-
Brvant, Pr. Bost. Soc. VII, 1859 (Bahamas). — Sclater & Salvix,
Ibis, 18r)9, 11 (Guatemala).— Lawrkncb, Ann. N. Y. Lye. 1861, 322
(Panama; winter). — Gondlach, Cab. Jour. 1861, 326 (Cuba; very
rare).
Sylvia magnolia, Wils. Ill, pi. 23, fig. 3.
tlah. Eastern province of North America to Fort Simpson ; eastern Mexico
to Guatemala and Pauama ; Bahamas ; Cuba (very rare).
Specimens from the Eastern United States genera .y from the
Atlantic to Missouri valley ; also —
Smith-
Hoiiiau
No.
21X634
2.},027
19,.)in
.32,711
22.3«3
30, 091
Collec- Sex
tiir'H and
No. Age.
Locality.
When
Collected.
Received from
Collected by
1.38
2n,ifi.T
32,626
273
.Maaa&SMiMS
Fort Simpson.
. Fort Regolu tlon.
hexleo.
Coban.
Cboptum, Vera Par
May 28, '00. ,
June 12, '60.
18B0.
Fob. 1862.
C. Drexler.
J. MacKenzie.
B. R. Ross.
R. Kennicutt.
Verreaux.
Salvln.
^■1^
HP;
Wkifi
^^Ht£
PHBj:'..
Dendroica kirtlandii.
Syhucola kirtlandii, Bairp, Ann. N. Y. Lye. V, .Tune, 1852, 217, pi. vi
(Cleveland, Ohio).— Cassin, lllust I. 1855. 278, pi. Al.—Denuroii-.i
kirtlandii, Baii.u, Birdj N. Am. 1858, 266.
DENDROICA.
20t
Until recently, the only authenticated and known specimen of this
species was liie type, ^'o. 4,3G3, killed by Dr. Kirtland, near Cleve-
land, Ohio, May, 1851, and prepared by myself. I have, however,
lately found a second skin in the collection of Dr. Samuel Cabot, Jr.,
of Boston, taken at sea between the island of Abaco and Cuba. The
pluniajre is not quite so matured as in the type, and lacks the dark
spots on the jngulum ; it is, however, otherwise very similar. A
third specimen (female) is reported in the Ohio Farmer for June 9,
1860, as killed that season near Cleveland, and preserved by Mr.
R. K. Winslow, who states that the late Wm. Case, of Cleveland,
also killed a specimen, but did not preserve it. Dr. Hoy also thinks
he has seen it at Racine. A careful search in the vicinity of Cleve-
land, about the middle of May, will probably be rewarded by the
discovery of additional specimens.
Smith-
»ouiaa
Xo.
CoHpc- Sex
tor's and
No. Age.
Locality.
When
Collected.
Received from
Collected by
4,363
d
Olevoland. Olii,
Kear Abaco, Baha-
[luas.
May 13, '61.
S. F. Baird
Cab. S. Cabot, Jr.
J. P. Kirtland.
>♦
(4,363.) Type of species.
Deudroica carbonata.
Sjlvia carbonata, Add. Om. Biog. I, 1831, 308, pi. 60 (Kentucky). —
NuTT. — Helinaia carbonata, Acd. Syn. — In. B. A. II, 1841, 95, pi.
109. — Dendr ca carbonata, Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 287.
This species continues to be known only by the description and
figure of Audubon.
Dendroica palmarum.
Motacilla palmarum, Gmel. S, N. I, 1788, 951 (based on Palm Warbler,
Latham, Syn. II, p. 498, no. 131, St. Domingo). — Sylvia p. Lath. ;
ViEiLLOT, II, pi. 73.— Bon. ; '^'Orb. Sagra's Cuba, Ois. 1840, 61, pi.
viiu—Sylvicola p. Sall15, i'. Z. S. 1857, 231 (St. Domingo).—
Dendroica p. Baikd, Birds N. Am, 1858, 288.— Sclater, Catal. 1861,
33, no. 109.— Ib. P. Z. S. 1861, 71 (Jamaica; April).— Bryant, Pr.
Bost. Soc. VII, 1859 (Babamas).— Oundlach, Cab. Jour. 1861, 326
(Cuba; very common).
Sylvia petechia, Wil8. VI, pi. 28, fig. 4.~BoN. ; Nutt. ; Aod. Orn. Biog.
II, pi. 163, 164.— Sylvicola petechia, Swains. ; AuD. B. A. 11, pi. 90.
Sylvicola nijicnpilla, Bos. — Rhimanphus riif. Cab. Jjur. Ill, 1855, 473
(Cuba; winter).
ftiih. Eastern province of North America to Fort Simpson and HudFon's
I^ay ; Bahamas, Jamaica, Cuba, and St, Domingo in winter. Not noted from
Mexico, or C«ntr*l America.
",♦■•
wmm
i:
4
1 •: ,
,j
j, .: ,
1
! '
i '
h: •
i ■:
f : - !
1-
■, -
208
RKVIEW OP AMERICAN HIUDS.
[PAKT I,
Specimens from United States goncruUy from Atlantic to Mibsouri
valley ; also from —
Bmlth-
lo'ilan
Nu.
Ci.lloc-
ti)i''ii
No.
Sox
and
A({e.
Locality.
Whon
Collected.
Kecetved from
Collecti^l liy
28,02s>
20,028
22,«42
11), .w:
If), Ml
m
720
atowliickp. N. S
Jiurili '<( Moiilii'iil.
.iX H<">r)<c, II BHy.
Kort UcMiiliitliin.
lSrH».
ISdl.
.Iun« 1.
.Ill III) 20.
.laii. 27.
Niiv. (!. '«l
i>ct. is.vt.
Due. 14, 0.3.
W. (I. WInton.
v. l)l<>Xl<T.
Mr. (Iliidiiuin.
M U lioMH.
U. Ki'Miiicutt.
C. WriKlit.
N. H. BUhop.
C. i)rVxlVr.
2;i,.vji
2;J,'.24
34,24!l
Miiiite Verde, Cuba.
Hayaiiio, "
Kiii'i Audio, "
IteinodluR, "
Dendroica pityophila.
Si/lvicola pityophila, Oundlach, Ann. N. Y. Lye. Oct. ISfiS, 160 (Cuba).
— Rhhnanphtis pityojihilus, Gondl. Cab. Jour. 1857,240.
llab. Cuba only.
Above, inclading sides of head and neck, uniform plnmboona gray; tlw
forehead, vortex, and loral rep.ion olive green. Chin and fore neck liriglit
yellow, extending on the middle of jugulum, and 1ior(l«r«!d by black streaks
towards lower part of neck, mopt conapicuouH mi Hides of breast. ]k"ieatli
dull white, the insides of wings more ashy, the Hanks sonjt^thing like tlie
back. Twi. dull ashy wliite bands across the wini^ coverts ; the (luill- and
tail feathers edged with paler ash than the ground color. Lateral tail f(\ither
with a whitish patch on the inner web, running forward to a point along the
shaft, including the whole web at the end ; second feather with a more re-
stricted patch of the same.
' Length, 4.50; wing, 2.30; tail, 2.20; culmeu, .45; bill from gape, .55;
tarsus, .66.
This species in general appearance somewhat resembles D. nvpcr-
ciliosa. The black streaks, however, of the Hides of jiipuliini arc
not continued along the flanks ; the forehead and vertex, with lores
are olive green, not black and ])luinbeous, and there is no indicatifni
whatever of the black and white markings of the side of the iicml.
There is also some similarity to JJ. pinun ; but the plumbeous hack
and cheeks (not olive green), and the whitish under parts, except on
throat (not greenish-yellow), will readily distinguish them.
gmith- ColUc-
BODlan or'H
No. 1 No.
Sex
and
Ak«.
Locality.
When
Collected.
Received from
Collected by
81,070
i
d
Cuba.
Dr. J. rmudlacli.
Iltth. East
winter aliMii
aii Coliina on
DENDROICA.
209
Deiidroica domiiiica.
Motacilla duminicn, L. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. 1766, 334 (Ficediiln tlomlin'ca
cinerea, Bkish. Ill, 520, pi. 27, fig. 3.) — Dendroira dmninira, Haikd.
Motacilla supercilivsa, BouDiUHT, Tableau PI. enl. 686, Jig. 1, 178:5. —
Dendroica superciliosa, Uaikd, Birds N. Am. 18.')8, 289. — S<aATEK,
P. Z. S. 18!J9 363 (Xalapa) ; 373 (Oaxaoa) ; 1861 (Jamaica);
1863, 368 (Mexico).— III. Catal. 1861, 33, no. 2(H).— Soi-ATBi! &
^ Salvin, Ibis, 1860, 274 (Dueiias, Ouat., Sept.).— Makch, Pr. A. N.
Bo. 1863, 293 (Jamaica).— Gdmulacu, Cab. Jour. 1861, 326 (Cuba ;
very common).
Motnrillajlnvicottis, Gmbun, S. N. 1, 1788, 9.')9.— .<?///(•»«/. Lath. ; Wils.
II, pi. xii, fig. 6.— ? ViEiLLOT, Encycl. Mali. II, 1823, 453.
Motacilla vensilis, Gmrlin, S. N. 1, 1788, 9(iO. — Sylvia p. Lath. ; ViKir.L.
II, pi. 72 (St. Domingo).— Bon. ; Aud. Orn. Biog. I, pi. 85 ; Norr. ;
D'Orii. Sagra'H Cuba, Ois. 1840, 65.— .S///ciV«/« pens. Rich. ; Bon. ;
/vui). B. A. II, pi. 79, — GoHHB, Birds Jam. 1847, 156 (Jamaica). —
lihimanphiis pens. Cab. Jour. Ill, 474 (Cuba).
Otuku Localities : Cordova, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1856, 291 ; St. Domingo,
Sallio, p. Z. S. 1857, 231 ; Jamaica, Gossb, Birds Jam. 156.
- — , lltth. Eastern province of U. S., north to Washington and Cleveland ; in
■P , (rinter abundant in Cuba ; St. Domingo and Jamaica ; Mexico (as far north
as Colima ou west coast) and Guatemala. Resident in Jamaica ?
Specimens from the West Int'Ios exhibit the same variations in
the extent of black on the forehead, and in tlie color of the super-
ciliary stripe, as North American. The portion of this stripe
luitcrior to the eye is sometimes white, sonietimos bright yellow,
iiml sometimes a mixture of the two ; but I am entirely unable to
ijase a second species upon such diversities. All I have seen from
Mexico and Guatemala have this stripe white. There is a great
variation in the length of the bills in different specime'^s.
Tiiere can be no doubt that t'-'« is the MolaciUa dominica oi'
Linnicus.
This species, although not belonging to either the middle or
western provinces of North America, was collected at Colima (west
coast of Mexico), by Mr. Xantus. This is an interesting fact, but
paralleled by the occurrence at Manzanillo, Mex. (the seaport of
Ci)lima), of Larus atricilla and Sterna anlillaruni (/rena(a), two
species not known farther north on the Pacific coast, although
occurring along the whole eastern coast of the United States. A
i^peciinen, killed June 4, by Mr. March, in Jamaica, would indicate
that it breeds in that island, as well perhaps as in others of the
West IiidioH.
14 April. 1866.
!r ■■
■'h. ■■-.■■r
■IS^Wm
»
r'
^
IT-
m
r*
«!•:
1
i
210
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I.
Smith- Icotleo-
Sex
When
H aiiiii lor'g
aud
Localitj.
Received from
Collected by
No.
No.
Age.
1,098
9'
Washington, D. C.
1842.
S. F. Baird.
W. M. Baird
3.3M
Liberty County, Ga.
1846.
**
W. L. Junes.
7,700
Cleveland, Ohio.
May, 1849.
Dr. Kirtland.
Dr. Kirlland,
10.171)
Cairo, 111.
April 29.
R. Kennicott.
li. Kennicott.
23,.')27
rf
N. Sophie, Cuba.
Jan. -15, '61.
C. Wright.
C. Wright.
2:{,.'i-'8
rf
Monte Verde, Cuba.
Jan. 18, '61.
*•
**
20,807
37
SpanUbtown, Jam.
June 4, '62.
W. T. March.
W. T. March.
24,, (42
Q
**
Nov. 1861.
**
*'
3.f)88
74
O
Tamanllpas, Mex.
Lt. Cnnrh.
Lt. Conch.
31,824
2.043
ff
Near Colima, Mex.
Sept. 1863.
John Xautus.
John Xantas.
3.5,030
1,70.)
tt
Aug. 1863.
**
30,690
274
••
Oaenas, Onat.
Sept. 29, '39.
0. Salvia.
Dendroica gra^ise.
Dendroica gracice, CoCES, MSS.
Hab. Fort Whipple, near Prescott, Arizona.
' (No. 36,988, % ?) Bill shorter than the head ; gonys slightly convex. Color
of upper parts, with sides of neck, ash-gray ; the middle of back, and less
conspicuously, the upper tail coverts, streaked with black. A line fron
nostrils to above the eye (passing into white for a short distance behind it),
eyelids, a orescentic patch beneath the eye, the chin, throat, and centre of
jugulum, bright yellow ; the rest of under parts, including inside of wing,
axillars, and tibise, white ; the border of the yellow, and the sides of body
str«aked with black. A line from bill, through the eye, the cheeks (in-
closing the yellow crescent), the sides of the vertex, the forehead, and
the centres of feathers on top of head, blackish. Wings and tail blackisL,
the outer edges of the larger feathers pale bluiah-gray ; two white bands
across the wing coverts. Lateral tail feather white, except the inner web at
extreme base, the shaft, and a narrow streak at the end of the outer web;
the next feather similar, but the basal blackish extending farther along
3d feather with edge of outer web, and a wedge-shaped patch in end of inner
web, only, white.
Autumnal specimens similar ; the black markings less distinct ; the back
tinged with olivaceous.
Very young birds do not differ materially from the adult, showing nothinj
of the spotting and mottling of the Tnrdidm.
Total length (fresh specimen before being skinned), 5.00 ; expanse of wing?,
8.00. Total length (prepared specimen), 4.60; wing, 2.75 ; tail, 2.30; length
' of bill from forehead, .50, from nostril, .30; along gape, .56; tarsus, .65:
middle toe and claw, .52^ daw alone, .16; hind toe and claw, .40; claw
alone, .19.
This interesting new species, recently discovered in Arizona, by
Dr. Coues, and named by hira after a member of his family, i-
almost exactly like D. nigrescens in the color and markings of tlio
back (with its blackish interscapular streaks), wings, and tail, a^
well as of the under parts, except that the chin and throat are
. T/1AS[]
.&'I.v7-
DENDROICA.
Tr/ V rTr** *-t
211
••4:
vellow, margined with b'aclt, instead of black margined with white.
The heads are very differently marked. To I), dominica there is a
stroll"' resemblance, except that the infra-ocular crescent and eyelids
are yellow, not white ; the black of sides of head is much less ex-
tensive, and without the conspicuous white patch behind it. There
is mucli more white on the tail ; the back is streaked with black ; the
bill is shorter and straighter, and the size much less.
The relationship to D. adelaidse, Baird, is much closer, however,
than to any other species. The proportions are rather different —
the wings, tail, and toes being considerably longer ; the bills pre-
cisely similar. The coloration and marking of the upper parts, and
of the head, are almost precisely the same, perhaps even to the
dorsal streaks, very obsoletely visible in the winter specimens of
adelaidse. The yellow, however, of the under parts does not ex
tend beyond the jugulura, where it is abruptly defined, instead of
spreading over the whole under parts, excepting perhaps the crissum,
B. adelaidse, too, lacks the conspicuous black streaks of the sides ;
and the white of the outer tail feather is merely a quadrate patch in
the terminal half of the inner web.
This species appears to be abundant in Arizona, not less than ten
specimens having been collected by Dr. Coues, though mostly in
very indifferent plumage, owing to the season.
Of the four species, just referred to, the D. nigrescens is readily
distinguished by the black chin and throat ; the diagnostic characters
of the other three will be as follows : —
Common Characters. — Upper parts ash gray, the forehead and
sides of vertex black. A line from nostril to above eye
(passing into white behind), chin, and throat, yellow, mar-
gined laterally with blackish ; crissum, inside of wings,
axillara, and two bands on wing, white.
Superciliary line extending to the nape, and white, except-
ing anterior to the eye. Cheeks black, separated .rom
the ash of the neck by a white patch. Eyelids and
infra-ocular crescent white. Back not streaked. Bill
lengthened, gonys almost concave.
Yellow confined to jugulum ; rest of under parts
white ; the sides streaked with black . . dominica.
Superciliary line scarcely extending beyond the eye, and
yellow, excepting at extreme end. Cheeks ashy, like
sides of neck ; dusky only near the eye, and not bor-
dered on side of neck behind by white. Eyelids and
infra-ocular orescent yellow. Back streaked. Bill
short, gonys slightly convex.
i , - - V' ^
■•-"i^
prRfp^?
! '," 'ti
212
■f:
•i
I :
^■1
• .:
jl^V''
• f- , ; ^
,'"1 •:•;
1 '
.* ■' ■ - ■'' ■"
It "'
\i
• .■ "■■" ■ ;
■• * ■*!
1
' ' ■
,k ■ 1
1-
■ .. i*...
?,
1 * J
f, :
■i ;
^'
1
r
:i
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PAHT L
Yellow of under parts conflned to Jugulum ; rest of
under parts white ; the sides streaked with
black ..•.,.., grdcice.
Yellow of under parts extending to crissum. Sides
soarcely streaked . . . . . . adtluidce.
Bmith-
Collec-
Sex
When
Collected.
loniau
No.
tor's
No.
and
Akb.
Locality,
Received from
RemarkH.
38.984
6M
f/
Kort Whipple, near
Oct. 29, '64.
Dr. E. Coaes,
8.20; 8.41)
3(1, 98.^
670
<f
" [l'reHCott,Ar.
Aug. 13, '\A.
6 20 ; 8.(l()
.H«.n88
fl87
14
6 10: 7,80
3R.9S7
368
6.20; 7 HO
.-^U.ftSS
834
11
Aoff. n
6.00; S.(H)
3«,98<)
S69
11
Aug. 13.
4.70; 7.S0
.Si.noo
sa.'s
11
Au«. 11.
4.90; 7.70
36,mil
897
'rT
11
Auk. U.
4.8.-); 7.80
.•■.6 fl^a
838
11
Aug. 11.
36,9»3
433
rf
20 miles S. from Ft.
July 2, '64.
8.30; 7.90
[Wiuifato, Ar.
(36,9S8.) Type. (36,993.) Iris, bill, and feet black ; solea yoUow.
Dendroica adelaidae.
Dendroica adelaidoe, Baibo.
Ilab. Porto Rico.
(No. 36,486.) Entire upper parts, and sides of neck as far forward as tlie
eyes, uniform ash gray, lleneath, including edge of bend of wing, bright
yellow ; lining of wings, axillars, and crissum, white. A broad yellow line
from bill to eye, with the eyelids yellow ; forehead and sides of vertex black.
A black loral line. Wings with two conspicuous white bands ; the quillj
and tail feathers blackish, edged externally with whitish, internally with
purer white. Three lateral tail feathers with a quadrate terminal white
patch on inner web. Bill black. Legs pale yellowish.
Total length, 4.70 (estimated) ; wing, 2.10 ; tail, 2.05 ; lateral feather .20
shorter than middle ; diflFerence of longest primary and 9th, .35 ; length of
bill from forehead, .50, from nostril, 30 ; along gape, .55 ; tarsus, .65 ; middle
toe and claw, .51 ; claw alone, .17 ; hind too and claw, .39 ; claw alone, .18.
The ashy feathers of forehead have a central streak of black, .seen
also to less extent in the crown. The cheeks below and behind the
eye are ashy like the neck above. There is a slight appearance of a
black line or patch separating the yellow and ashy on the side of tiie
neck, and of a central blackish streak in the yellow feathers of the
side of the breast. The sides of body are more olivaceous, with
very obsolete indications of dusky streaks. The yellow of bellv
becomes paler towards the anus, and passes into the white of crissum
and tibite. The wings and tail are almost black ; the edging of tlie
secondaries is more olivaceous, of the primaries more whitish, espe-
cially towards the end. The white internal edging is very distinct.
The anterior border of the white caudal patch is straight and per-
DENDROICA.
213
pcndicular to the shaft, the patch covering the posterior two-fifihs of
the feather; on the 3d feather it is confined to the tip. The yellow
stripe to the eye is continued a short distance beyond it, but bccomea
white.
It is quite possible that mature spring male specimens have tho
miilflle of tho back streaked with dusky, as in D. gracise and
lowmendii.
This interesting now species of Warbler has several peculiarities
of form which almost entitles it to rank as a type of a separate
genus. The anterior toes are very short, quite like Pariila, which
also it resembles somewhat in coloration, but the wings are too
short, and the bill not conical enough. In fact, bill and feet are
much as in Dendroiva viaculosa. The wings, however, differ in
being much shorter, less pointed, and more rounded. The tail, also,
is much rounded. The nape shows quite a number of long bristles,
with librillae at the end, which I have not noticed elsewhere among
the Warblers.
The relation.ships of the species, as far as coloration is concerned,
are to D. graciae, Coues, and Z). dominica, as shown in the preceding
article.
I have much pleasure in dedicating this new species to the
daughter of Mr. Robert Swift, of St. Thomas, a gentleman to whom
the Smithsonian Institution is indebted for a very important collec-
tion of the birds of St. Thomas and Porto Ilico, made solely at his
expense, to be used in preparing the present work.
Smith- iCoHec-
soniau! tor's
No. I No.
36,486
Sex
and
Age.
(36,486.) Type.
LocaUty.
Portu Kico.
When
Collected.
Jan. 1S65.
Received from
liobei't Swift.
Collected hj
DendroJca discolor.
Sijhia discolor, Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 37, pi. 98. — Bon. ; Add. Om.
Biog. I, pi. 14; NcTT. — Lembevb, Aves Cuba, IS.'iO, 32, pi. vi, fig.
3i. — St/fvicola dincolor, Jard. ; Rich. ; Boy. ; Add. B. A. II, pi. 97. —
GossE, Birds Jam. 1847, 159. — Rfiimanphug discolor, Cab. Jour. Ill,
18.')5, 474 (Cuba ; winter). — Dtndroica discolor, Baird, Birds N. Am.
1858, 290.— ScLATER, Catal. 1861, 33, no. 201.— Newton, Ibis, 1859,
144 (St. Croix).— Bryant, Pr. Boat. Soc. VII, 1859 (Raliamas).—
OuNDLACH, Cab. .Jour. 1861, 326 (Cuba ; very common)
Sylvia niinuta, Wilson, III, pi. 25, fig. 4.
Hub. Atlantic region of U. S., north to Massachusetts ; in winter very
?! ■ ,'
214
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.
[PAKT 1
abundant thronghoat all the West India Islands, as far at least as the Virgin
Islands. Not recorded from Mexico or Central America.
Specimens from the Atlantic slope only of the United States as
fai north as Massachusetts ; also from —
Smith- CoUec-
Sex
When
Collected.
Konlan
No.
tor's
No.
and
Age.
Locality.
Received from
Collected bjf
Bahamafi.
April, 18«4.
Lt. Fitzgerald.
26,813
40
ff
SpaulHhtown, Jam.
June 14, '62
W. T. March.
W. T. March.
24,3.V)
40
9
(t
tl
'£iMO
43
y
Trelawney, Jam.
Jan. 10, '57.
P. L. Sclator.
W. OBbu'Q.
.■12,710
44,844
(f
Martinique.
• . >
Veireaux.
.Stl,481
..
Porto Kico.
Winter 'M.
Kobert Swift.
2«,n73
, ,
, ,
St. Thoioas.
. * •
J. AckhnrNt.
fiti,627
, ,
, ,
tl
* . •
Robert Swilt. [ton.
Cab. A. & E. New-
••
••
••
St. Croix.
...
ScBPAMiLT GEOTHLYPIN^.
SEIXTRUS, SwAiNsoN.
Seiurua, Swainson, Zool. Jour. 1827, 171. (Type Motncilla awicapilla, L,)
Enicocichla, Gray, List Genera, 1840. {Ilenicocichla, Ao.)
Seiurus aurocapilliis.
Motacilla aurocapilla, Linn. S. N. I, 1766, 334. — Turdm atr: Lath.;
WiLs. Am. Orn. II, pi. xiv, fig. 2. — Aud. Orn. Biog. II, pi. cxliii.—
Sylvia aur. Bon. — Seiurus aur. Swainson, Zool. Jour. Ill, 1827, 171.
—Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 260.— Moorb, P. Z. S. 1859, 55 (Hon-
duras). — Max. Cab. Jour. 1858, 177. — Jones, Nat. Bermuda, 27.—
Jlenicocichla aur. Sclater, Catal. 1861, 25, no. 159. — Gundlacb,
Cab. Jour. 1861, 326 (Cuba).— 6'eturus aur. D'Obb. Sagra's Cuba,
1840, 55.
Turdus coronatus, Vikill. Ois. II, 1807, 8.
Other Localities Qooted. — Cordova, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, 29.3.—
St. Domingo, Sall^, P. Z. S. 1857, 2Z1.— Guatemala, Sclater &
Salvin, Ibis, 1, 1859, 10. — Santa Cruz (winter), Nbwton, Ibis, 1859,
142. — Cuba (winte'.'), Cab. Jour. Ill, 471. — Jamaica, Gosse, Birds,
152.— Sclater, P. Z. S. 1861, "JO.— Costa Rica, Cab. Jour. 1861, 84.
Hab. Eastern province of North America, north to English River, H. B. T. ;
whole West Indies : eastern Mexico; Honduras, Guatemala, and Costa Rica;
Bermuda in autumn and winter (Jones).
I do not observe any special difference between skins of this
species from a wide range of localities, excepting that those from
the Mississippi Valley appear larger, with proportionally longer
wings. The Jamaican, Mexican, and Central American are rather
smaller than the average ; the Cuban exhibit both extremes.
gmitb-
G
luiilsn
I
N».
—
3<.>0I
21,617
24..I6S
!H..I«7
23,30.3
.36,629
32.461
32,695
!2,
30,682 I
■i,
30,663
31,647
8EIURUS.
215
Specimens nave been received from various localities in the whole
eastern United <Slates, as far west as tlie mouth of the Platte, or
bej^iiining of tiie high plains, and as far north as English Iliv«;r,
H. B. T. (July 15, Kennicott). The extra-liuiital localities are as
follow : —
Smith-
Col lec-
Sex
When
Collected.
Buiil&n
tor's
find
Locality.
Received from
Collected by
No.
No.
AKe.
St.'iOl
21
NaHHau, N. V
May 1 4, '64.
U.C L. Fltigerald.
2!I,6I7
9
FerniliiH, Cuba
Feb. 1&.
C. Wright.
C. Wright.
24.:I68
!M,:lil7
23,30J
34
Spauiithtunu, Jam.
Nov. 4, '81.
W. T. March.
4t
W. T. March.
' *
LoDK Hall, Jam.
March 11.
P I,. Sclater [ton.
Cab. A. & E. r ew-
W. Osburn.
St. Croix
March 13.
36,629
, ,
St. Thoiiiax.
Wiuier '84.
Kobert Swift
32.461
366
, ,
Orizaba, Mex.
. * .
Prof. Sumlcbrast.
Prof. SumichraNt.
32,693
.')2,61b
(f
Cobitu, (iuat.
Verreaux.
30,682
3,792
rr
Choctum, Ouat.
Feb. 1882.
«. Salvia.
Salvia AUodmao.
30,663
162
Sa V an a (i ra u(i i>,0 u»t
1S62.
it
it
34,647
••
••
Barranca, 0. K.
Aprlll6,'64.
J. Carmlol.
Seiurus noveboracensis.
(,., .TV
Motacilla noreboracensis, Gmelin, S. N. 1, 1788, 958. — Stflvia nov. Lath. ;
ViKiLLOT, Oia. Am. Sept. II, pi. Ixxxii. — Sf.iurus nov, NnxT. ; Bon. ;
AuD. B, A. Ill, pi. 199.— Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 261, pi. Ixxx,
fig. 1. — Max. Cab. Jour. 1858, 121. — Ilenicocichla nov. Cab. Schom.
Guiana, III, 6()6 ; Jour. 1860, 324 (Costa Rica).— Sclater, Catal.
1861, 25, no. 161 (Tobago). — Gondlach, Cab. Jour. 1861, 324
(Cuba). — MniotUta nov. Gray.
ff Motacilla fuscescens, Gmklik, S. N. 984 (based on Ficedula jamaicensis,
Brisson, III, 512, Jamaica).
Tardus aquaticus, Wils. Am. Orn. Ill, 1811, pi. xxii, fig. 5. — Ann. Oni.
Biog. 1839, 284, pi. 433.
Sylvia anthoide.1, Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. XI, 1817, 208. — Seiurus tenui-
ro»tris, Sw. 1827 ; Gamb. — Seiurus sulfurascens, D'Obbiony, Sagra's
Cuba, 1840, 57, pi. vi.— Seiurus gosnii, Bon. Consp. 1850, 306 (Ja-
maica). — fAnthus Vherminieri, Less. Rev. Z. 1839, 101 (Colombia).
Other Localities Quoted; Xalapa, Sclatkr, P. Z. S. 1859, 363. —
Guatemala, Sclater & Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 10. — Panama, Lawrence,
Ann. N. Y. Lyo. 1861, 322.— Carthagena, Cassin, Pr. A. N, So. 1860,
191.— Santa Cruz (winter), Newton, Ibis, 1859, 142.— Cufca, Cab.
Jour. Ill, 471.— ^amatca, GossK, Birds, 151.— Scl. P. Z. S. 1861, 70.
Unb. Eastern province of North America, north to Arctic Ocean and Yukon,
(westward along northern border of U. S. to Cascade Mountains) ; whole
West Indies ; southeastern Mexico ; all Central America ; Panama and eastern
South America (Bogota; Carthagena ; Brazil).
The examination of a large series of specimens, from widely re-
mote localities, reveals, differences of but little moment. Some
Bkitis from Jamaica, killed in August, agree exactly iu the strung
216
REVIEW OF AMERICAN DIRDd.
f I'ART I.
r:?-'
■ ir.,
Rulphur yellow tinge beneath, and ocliry Bupcrciliary stripe, as wpll
as in other characters, with autumnal Carlisle specimens, while otlicr.s
are much paler. Generally in spring the belly is paler in color, iiiiil
the streaks better defined, the eye stripe purer; in aotumn more
sulphuraceouH ; while later in the winter ♦he colors appear to becoiiiu
paler and more like the spring plumage.
Skins from Guatemala, and one labelled as from Brazil, have the
concealed median yellowish patch at the base of the forehead rutlier
more distinct than in North American ones ; the under parts, espe-
cially the crissum, with the superciliary stripe, paler, nearly white,
and the streaks apparently encroaching less on the belly. Tliese
characters, however, are matched separately in North. American
skins, and may be merely a peculiarity of winter dress,
A very young bird (22,619), from the north, has the feathers of
upper parts, including wing coverts, distinctly tipped with brownish-
yellow ; the sub-terminal portion very dark. In a still older speci-
men, the only difference from the adult is in the presence of dusky
spots on the back, with scattered specks of yellowish.
No North American bird exceeds the present in the extent of its
range : from the Arctic Ocean in the north, to New Grenada anil
Brazil to the south.
Specimens from many localities throughout the whole United
States from the Atlantic coast to the Missouri River, and north
alnK'st to the shores of the Arctic Ocean. Those from points west
of this, and from regions beyond the limits of the United States,
are as follow : —
i;.-:
\m'
'i
\A r
■•'!
Hf.!'
w!|; ''^ !-;•
r *■■ '.■■■ ■■ ■
h '»['-/
-. * ' '
f 'V^-
i „ ; ;
1, ■
i ■•'."■
Smith-
Collec- 8
ex
When
Collected.
vouiaa
No.
Ull'g H
No A
nd
Locality.
Received from
Collected by
27,24.5
1,328
?
Yniiknn Klv.^r.
June 15, '61.
R. Keunicott.
R. Kennicull.
27,2-»6
1,«36
lAt)inileHS. W. from
II
28,082
1,690
9
Kort Woiman.
!.'!
B. R. Rodfi.
N. Taylor.
:n,i2l
70
F9tU Peel'K River.
June 8.
C. P. Gftiidet.
C. P. Gauilet.
27,23ft
l„362
.
Fort STmpHoisr
Juue
B. R R.)8H.
B. R. RoHH.
27,2:13
1,523
,
FbrtRii9.
14
L. Clarke, Jr.
2 (.625
70
^
Muose Paclorv.
May 26. '60.
Aug. 26, '60.
C. Drexler.
Dr. J. G. Cooper.
22.0.39
IHellgate. idauo.
Dr J 0. Cooper.
21,922
<
i.
Camp MooKie, W. T.
July 24, '60.
A. Campbell.
Dr. Keiinerly.
23.304
18
■f
SavaDoah le Mar.
Aug. 28, 7)8
P. L. Sclater.
W. Osburn.
.S6,a30
St. Thomas.
Winter '64.
Robert Swift.
24,368
33
■i
SpaDiHhtown, Jam.
St. Croix.
N"V. 4, '61.
Mar. 23, '58
W.T.March, [ton.
Cub. A, & E. New-
W. T. March.
28,025
. ,
,
Miradoi', Mex.
Dr. Sartorius.
18,566
,
Guatemala.
Dr. Sclater.
30.664
3,0.50
,
Belize, Hood.
Deo. 14, 'S7.
0. Salvln.
24,304
,
Nicaragua.
. . .
Capt. J. M. Dow.
.33,287
, ,
,
San Jose, C. R.
• . .
J. Carmiol.
f4,648
. ,
,
Aii);oHtura, C. R.
Mar. 13, '64.
"
21.7.-.4
39
,
Carthageua, N. 0.
• • ■
Lt. Mlohler.
A. Schott.
7,639
••
•
Brazil.
...
S. P. Baird.
Smitli-
CoIIpc
eoniau
tor's
No.
No.
:.i.,in
21.(i71
2.i.;)n:)
3.1,.-,77
139
2S.021
14
2<t.;i()2
119
3(),t)G.-,
8EIUUV8.
217
9eiiiriis ludovicianiis.
Tardus ludoviciunu$, Ann. Orn. Blog. I, 1832, 99, pi. xix. — Seiurus hdo-
vicianua, Bon.— Baibd, Birds N. Am. 1858, 2(i'Z, pi. Ixxx, Hg. 2.
— ScLATEU, p. Z. 8. 1859, 3G3 (Xjilapa) ; 373 (Oaxaca) ; IHOI,
70 (Jamaica).— ScLATKR & Salvin, Ibis, 1860, 273 (Guatemala).—
Ileiiicoiichla lud. Sclatkr, Catal. 1881, 25, no. Itjl (Orixnba).
f Tardus motacilln, Vikill. Oia. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 9, pl. B5 (Kentucky).
(Can hardly reU-r to anything else ; Rtill, markings of side uf head
Tory different.^ — Seiurus motacilln, Bon. 1850. — Heuicocichla mot.
Cab. Jour. 1857, 240 i, Juba).— Gundlach, Jour. Orn. 1861, 326.
Jlenicocichla major, Cab. Mus, Hein. 1850 (Xalapa).
Hah. Eastern province of United States, as far north as Carlisle, Pa., and
Michigan ; Cuba and Jamaica ; southern Mexico (Colima) to QuatemaU.
Most specimens of this bird from the West Indies, and regions
south of the United States, exhibit a decided ocliraceous wash on
the sides and crissum, quite marlvcd in comparison with nortitcrn
skills. I am, however, inclined to consider this a condition of late
autumnal plumage, as it is most strongly marked in a specimen from
Cuba, collected in October, by Mr. Wright; while another killed in
the middle of January is quite as free from an ochraceous wash as
spring specimens from Carlisle and Washington.
This species, formerly considered very rare, has been taken, during
the past few years, about Washington, in considerable numbers by
Messrs. Prentiss and Coues. They have also found TurduH alicim
abundant in the same time — a species only detected and distinguished
from T. swainsoni in 1858.
Specimens from numerous localities in the United States as far
north as Carlisle, Pa., and Ann Arbor, Mich., and west to Inde-
pendence, Mo. Extra-limital localities are —
Smitli-
CoHeo-
8»x
When
Collected.
Boniau
No.
tor's
No.
aud
Locality.
Received from
Collected by
ZXrtM
rf
Monto Verde, Cuba.
Jan. 17.
C. Wriifht.
21,ti7t
..
i
Tuttbuque, Cuba.
Oct. 9.
i(
^LSO.-}
..
Trebiwnev, Jam.
Sept. fl, 'SO.
Dr. Sclater.
W. 0«burn.
at,.-.77
139
.^
Mlradur, Mex.
Sept. 1863.
Dr. C. SartorluB.
28.021
14
tt
> • .
"
2fl,;!62
119
rf
Colima.
Feb, 1863.
John Xantus,
30,titi.".
DueuaN, Guat,
1862.
0. Salvia.
918
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIROS.
[part 1.
m ..■■. ^
OPORORNIS, Baibd.
Oporomi$, Bairh, Birds N. Am. 1868, 246. (Type Syluia agili$, Wil8.)
Oporornls agilis.
Sylvia ai/ilin, WiL8. Am. Orn. V, 18l'2-, 64, pi. xxxix, flu. 4. — Add. Orn.
Biog. II, pi. 138 ; Bum. — Sylcicola ay. Jakd. ; Aitd. B. A. II, pi. 99.
— Trichas ag. Nott. — Ojioiorniii ay, Baikii, Birds N. Aui. Ih58, U4(),
pi. ixxix, fig. 2.—rTrichas tephrocolia, Nutt. Man. 2d ed. 1840,4112
(Chester Co., Penu.).
Hub, Eastern proviuoe of United States.
A specimen in the collection of tlie Philadelphia Academy, killed
by Mr. Krider, has the darker ash of the jugulum of a decided sooty
tinge.
Smlth-
CollPC
Sex
aoniHii
tor's
and
No.
No.
Age.
1,2.1.>
2,;to9
, ,
(f
2().87rt
. ,
si.niio
, ,
.r
12,SI.-.
. ,
<f
80,031
••
d
Locality.
riillaclnlpliia.
CarllKlo, I'a.
I.outloii Co., Va.
Wnghtngtiin.
Karinn, Wise.
Cuolc Co., 111.
When
Collected.
Received from
Collected bjr
Oct 1. ••».).
May 2(), '45
Sept.iiS.'ei.
May. 185R.
May 23, '64.
S. V. Halrd.
N. Jaiiney.
C. t Sclinildt.
Dr. Hoy
II. Keuuicutt.
8. F. BiiirU.
C. £. Sclimldt.
i»r. Hiiy.
K. Keuiiic(.tt.
(3o,031.) 0.20; 8.90; 2.90.
*l
Oporornls formosus.
f Sylvia spquinoctialin, ViEiLt. Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, ?.6, pi. 81, Penn.
(not of Gmelin).
Sylvia formona, WiLS. Am. Orn. Ill, 1811, 85, pi. xkv, fig. 3. — Nctt. ;
Ann. Orn. Biog. I, pi. 38. — Syhicola formosa, itiVLD. ; Rich. ; Bon.;
Max. Cab. Jour. VI, 1858, 113. — Myiodioctesfonnosua, Add. Syn.—
Ib. B. a. II, pi. 74. — Lembbyb, Av. Cuba, 1850, 37. — Qijbdlach, Cab.
Jour. 1861, 326 (Cuba). — Uporomi" formosus, Baiko, Birds N. Am.
1858, 247.— ScLATEK & Salvin, Ibis, I, 1859, 10 (Guatemala).
Other Localities Cited: Cuba, Cab. Jour. Ill, 472. — Mexico, Sclateb,
Pr. 1862, 19. — Isthmus Panama, Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lyo. VII, G2.
Hab. Eastern province of United States, north to Washington and Chicago ;
Cuba, Guatemala, and Isthmus Panama. Not recorded from Jamaica and
Mexico.
The Sylvia sequinoctialis of Yieillot (but not of Gmelin, which is
Oeolhhjpis eequinoct.) probably belongs here. The name, however,
is geographically inapplicable, and cannot be retained.
4*^..,
Smith-
Collec-
8ox
Boniim
tiir'ii
and
No.
No.
Ak«.
10,1;V»
..
9
I'illlH
, ,
• •
3i'iW
<S
3(),«.SU
2fi7
lU
'■'
OEOTHLYPIS.
Looal'.tjr.
Whun
ColleciH'l.
(Inliiii CcMiaty, 111.
('Ii<>ruke» Nulluii.
I.iliprty rniinty, (In
Cliiirtiiii, Verit I'm.
UuateumU.
M«y l.V
July l.\ '49
Jan. isuo.
219
Rflcelved frum
K. Knniilciitt.
Ur. WixHlliDiine.
I'rof. I.ci!uuc«.
<) HnlviD.
Cub. Luwrcncp.
ColtMtnd b^
K K>'iinlri)tt.
l»i-. Wuiitlhuiiiie,
Salvlu JtUuduiao.
■ »
V :-,
aBOTHLTPIS, Cab.
Trichaa, Swainb. Zool. Jour. 1827, 1(J7 (not of Glooer).
Oeothlyins, Cab. Wiegm. Archiv, 1847, i, 316, 349. (Typo Tardus tri^
cha», Linn.)— Baiud, Birds N. Am. 1858, 240.
Species of Qeothhjpis are found throughoat America, some of
them liiiving a wide distribution. Most, however, beloug to the
norlliorn and middle sectioua of the continent. Tliey may bo
arraiigt'd as follows: —
Foreliead crossetl hj a broad black mask, which pasaes over the
eyert, clieeka, and ears. Crown and occiput witliout a pure
asliy patcli.
The black ma»k bordered above and behind by wliitish of
more or le!>8 extent ; nape tinged with brown.
Beneath yellow ; belly and anal region whitish in
distinct contrast ; lining of wings white. Mask
narrowly bordered by bluish-gray . . trichas.
Beneath throughout uniform rich yellow ; lining
of wings yellow. Mask broadly bordered by
bluish-white melanops.
The black mask without whitish border, and extending
farther back ou the liead.
Beneath, including inside of wings, yellow . . speciosa.
Paler green above ; brighter yellow beneath than
the last ....... semijlava.
Forehead crossed by a narrow black mask, which extends to
the eyes, sometimes through them over the ears ; not bor-
dered behind by whitish. Top of head ashy, in decided
contrast. Beneath yellow.
The black extending through the eye over the ears. Eye-
lids bli:ck.
Bill slender ; the height less than half the distance
from nostrils to tip ; cuhnen nearly straight.
Ashy of crown extending over side of head
to the black of the ears .... velata.
Bill stouter ; height about equal to half the dis-
>*«'
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I.
^H-^rn
fipl''
.-•■■r
l''--v
•
1
■,-**
1 ''■^'.
■ i^'
1 ^
m'..; ■
./ .«y
■ ' ? '
1 '* ••' .
•I
1 : ■ '■ '■ ' '
!
>
': '
1 1
1 1
■; 'i • ■
, ■' ; ■ * *
^■»
x
r.,
'
i:.."' •
ff
1-/;
i
I ■.
' ' , • ■ ,
•w
■ 'I
i ^ . .:«: ^
'i'*
'! », ;•■
.' 1
■ ■ i
|i.#
'■'■,■
■ ['•■'.
i i! .' •- ■
. '■' i
'('■-'. '
I
. ^"
ti'^r
t '' ..
tance from nostrils to tip; ciilmen gently
curved. Ash of head contracted, and con-
fined to the vertex ; the olive of nape extend- '
ing to the black of the ears .... sguinocticdu.
The black of face confined to loral region, and just beloir
eye, or extending only in a narrow ring behind it.
Eyelids white ?
Bill very stout ; height more than half the dis-
tance from nostrils to tip ; culmen much
curved. Ash of head extending over nape
and sides of head behind the eyes, and in-
cluding ear coverts poliocephala.
No distinct frontal black band. Head and neck all round, with
jugulum, ashy ; the ^"-thers on the lower throat and jugu-
lum blackish in the centres. Rest of under parts yellow.
Loral region dusky only ; space round the eye
blackish, without white feathers . . . Philadelphia.
Loral region blackish ; eyes with a patch of white
feathers on upper and lower lids . . . macgillivraiji.
Qeotlilypis trichas.
Turdus trichns, Linn. S. N. 1766, 293. — Si/lvia trichan, Lath. ; Add., etc.
— D'Orb. La Sagra's Cuba, Ois. 1840, Ql.—Geothlypis trichus, Cab.
Mus. Hein. 1850, IG. — Baird, Birds N. Am. 241. — Gdndlach, Cab.
Jour. 1861, 3'2G (Cuba).— ScLATER,Catal. 1861, 27, no. 167.— March,
Pr. A. N. Sc. 1863, 293.— Lord, Pr. R. Art. Inst. Woolwich, IV,
1864, 115 (N. W. Boundary).— Jones, Nat. Bermuda, 29.
Sfilvia marilandica, Wilson. — '^richns \ .r. Bon.
Regulm mi/staceus, Stephens. — Trichas personatus, Swainbon. — Sylvia
roscoe, Add. — Trichas brachydactyluD, Swains.
Other Localities Qdoted : Xalapa, Oajcaca, Cordova, 8cl. — Ctuatemala,
ScL. & Salv. — Bahamas, Bryant.
Fiodres : ViEiLL. Ois. II, pi. 28, 29.— Add. Orn. Biog. I, II, V, pi. 23,
102, 240.— WiLS. I, pi. vi, fig. 1.— Bdffon, Pi. enl. 709, fig. 2.
Hab. Tlie T7hole United States, from Atlantic to Pacific, and south to Guate-
mala , Bermuda (October) ; Bahamas ; Cuba ; Jamaica.
(No. 26,024, % .) Wings a little shorter than the somewhat graduated tail.
Bill slender, the depth contained aboiit two and a half times in distance
from nostrils to tip. First quill about equal to seventh. Forehead to above
the anterior edge of the eye, and across the entire cheeks, ears, and jaws,
and ending in an angle on sides of neck, black, with a sufi'usion of hoary
bluish-gray behind it on the crown and sidos of neck ; the occipital and
nuchal region grayish-brown, passing insensibly into the olive green of the
upper parts. Chin, throat, jugulum, edge of "^ing and crissum, rich yellow
(the latter paler) ; rest of under parts, with lining of wings, yellowish-whit*',
th sides tinged with brownish ; outer primary edged with whitish, the utliers
with olive green. Bill black ; legs yellowish.
GE0THLYP18.
221
Total length, 4.40 ; wing, 2.15 ; tail, 2.30 ; graduation, .25 ; width of outer
tail feather, .2-* ; difference between Ist and 3d quills, .15 ; length of bill from
forehead, .52, frooi nostril, .30 ; along gape, .(iO ; tarsus, .75 ; middle toe and
claw, .66 ; olaw alone, .18 ; hind toe and claw, .48 ; claw alone, .26.
In autumnal olumage the whitish of the belly becomes tinged with
Yellowish, affording but little distinction from the yellow of the
breast and crissum. The black becomes obscured, especially that
on top of the head, by the extension forward of the brownish of the
vertex. The eyelids are apt to show a whitish ring. There appeals
to be a tendency in the bill to become lighter colored, especially the
lower mandible, as in Icteria. I have not yet seen an autumnal
mule with the black bill so characteristic of spring specimens. ■'*
Specimens vary in the width of the black forehead, in that of t>ie
hoary gray behind it ; the whole crown being sometimes of the latter
color, and the occiput behind it.
In some western specimens the size is a little larger, and the bill
appears considerably stouter than in the eastern, but I cannot see
any other difference.
West Indian, Mexican, and Guatemalan specimens do not present
appreciable differences, except what arises from their autmnual
dress ; all have the paler bills referred to above.
The female bird either lacks the black mask entirely, or else it is
only appreciable on the sides of the head ; the whole top of tho
head is usually strongly tinged with reddish-olive. The feathers on
the eyelids are generally whitish m the female and autumnal male,
quite different from the pure black of the spring male.
I find considerable difference in specimens of this species, both as
to size and extent io which the yellow of the breast reaches over the
abdomen, etc. In some the blaik frontal band is bordered behind
by a narrow band of gray, abruptly defined against the olive of the
crown (2,535) ; in others it is of greater extent, and shades more
insensibly into the olive. In 10,951, from Fort Bridger, and some
others, this gray is nearly white, and as broad as or broader than the
black. I am, however, unable to see any permanent characters
looking to a separation into two species. The characters assigned
by Swainson for his Trichas brack ydactylus, as distinguished from
T. personaUis, appear to be common to all specimens of Maryland
Yellowthroat I have ever seen.
All specimens from Washington appear smaller, with slenderer
bills than others.
As this species is found distributed througliout the entire extent
of the United States, from the Atlantic to the Pacific coast, and up
i,^
T'in 7-.> »
.^-
. - : » .-• . jSk.
ifBfp:::
i:i.«
222
REVIEW OP AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I.
ti-.:
■II
>i
-•«<
V«0
1 '!
f 1 ■
■-■ !
*
i^ip
to its northern boundary, I do not present the special localities of
any but extra-liiuital specimens.
Smith-
sonian
No
Conec-
tor'g
No.
Sex
and
Age.
Locality.
When
Collected.
Received from
Collected by
21.33.)
rf
Monte Verde, Cuba.
Jan. 16, 61.
C. Wriffht.
■
.S4,2n
cf
RemedioH, Cuba.
Dec. 14, '63.
N. H. BiHhop.
2.1,.n8
18
i
Trelawney, Jam.
April 20, '59.
Dr. Sclater.
W. Osburn.
24. .Soft
31
SpanishtowQ, Jam.
. . .
W. T. March.
W. T. March.
!M,:»s
1*
rf
**
...
2«,8(m
H
II
May 10, '62.
**
18,9.'i(»
3,037
?
Cape "^t. Lucas.
Oct. 1.
John Xantn8.
Joha Xantus.
26,371
..
MotIco.
. • .
J. Krider.
sa-.-iio
SO
^
Merida, Tuc.
Dec. 22, '64.
Got. Salacar.
Dr. A. Bchott.
SO, 678
193
Coban, Vera Paz.
Jan. 1860.
0. SalTln.
Salv. k GodmAD.
30,879
!t,164
••
Choctun, Vera Paz.
Jan. 1661.
41
(1
Geothlypis melanops.
Geothlypis melanops, Baibd, n. a.
Ilab. Eastern Mesioo.
(No. 26,372, % .) Bill slender, conical ; culmen nearly straight to the
gently decurred tip. First quill about equal to the 7th. Tail considerably
graduated ; the feathers broad.
Color much as in G. trkhas, with a similar black mask, crossing the fore-
head and passing over the cheeks and ears, through the eyes. This black
mask is, however, bordered internally and above for nearly its own width by
white, very faintly tinged with bluish, the nape only in fact being tiiigfil
with olive brown. The rest of the upper parts are olive green. All the mider
parts are pure rich uniform yellow, even including the middle of belly, the
edge and the inside of wings ; the sides of body are somewhat tinged with
brownish. Bill black ; legs yellowish.
Total length, 5.00 ; wing, 2.44; tail, 2.60; graduation, .41 ; width of onter
feather, .33 ; difference of 1st and 4th quills, .24 ; length of bill from forehead,
.55, from nostril, .34; along gape, .65 ; tarsus, .84; middle toe and claw, .75;
claw alone, .25 ; hind toe and claw, .66 ; claw alone, .27.
In a series of over one hundred specimens of black-faced Geo-
thlypis, agreeing in general characters with O. trichas, there is one
specimen from Mexico so different from all the rest as apparently to
be entitled to specific separation. It is of considerably larger size
than the average of O. trichas ; the tail is longer ; its feathers
broader. The feet are larger ; the middle toe and claw much longer.
The entire under parts are of a nearly uniform yellow, without tbe
whitish of the abdomen so characteristic of typical O. trichas. The
space above, and inclosed by the black facial mask, is quite pnre
bluish-white, of much greater extent than in other specimens.
This species is probably resident in Mexico, as the specimen dc-
OEOTIILYPIS.
223
scribed is in full spring plumage, without any clouding of the black
mask. It is very different from O. speciosa,^ Sol.
Smith-
soniBU
So.
Cullec-
t(ir'»
.V...
Sex
and
Age.
Locality.
When
Collected.
Received from
Collected by
2i),372
••
S
Mexico.
...
J. Krider.
(26,372.) Type of species.
Creothlypis Telata*
Sijlvia velala, ViEiLii. Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 22, pi. Ixxiv. — D'Orb.
Voy. IV, 2n.—Tricha8 velata, Sw. ; Bdrm. Uebers. Ill, 1856, 115.
— Geoihiypis vel. Cab. Mas. Hein. 1850, 16. — Sclater, Catal. 1861,
27, no. 170.
Sylvia canicapilla, M.A.Z. Beit. Ill, 701 (Brazil).
Ilah. Brazil.
(No. 24,042.) Bill slender, conical, much as in G. mncgillivrayi, the culmen
nearly straight. First quill about equal to the 8th ; the 4th longest. Color
Oeothlypis speciosa, Sclater.
Geothlypis speciosa, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1858,447 (Mexico). — Is. Catal.
1861, 27, no. 169.
Hab. Eastern Mexico.
" Bright oil yellow ; head, especially on the sides, with the auricular region,
black ; quills blackish-brown ; beneath bright yellow, the sides brownish,
under wing coverts yellow ; bill black ; feet dusky flesh color. Length, 5.30 ;
wing, 2.40; tail, 2.30."— 5c/a/er.
I have not seen this strongly marked species, which differs from G. trichas
apparently in the wider black mask, absence of hoary margin to the mask,
and in uniform yellow of under parts, including lining of wings. The tarsi,
toes, and claws are longer. In these respects, as well as in the coloration of
the under parts, it agrees with G. melanops ; but lacks the white head of the
latter, in which, too, the black extends rather less on the forehead than even
in G, trichas,
Geoihiypis semijiavus, Sclater ( G. semijlavus, Sclater, Pr. Z. 1860, 273, 291.
—lb. Catal. 1861, 27, no. 168, Ecuador), is said to agree with the last men-
tioned, in most points, but to differ in paler olive above, and purer yellow
beneath. The black of the cheeks extends far down on the sides of the neck,
and on the forehead reaches to above the eyes. The three black-faced
(kothlypi, therefore, of the regions south of the United States, agree in the
purer and more continuous yellow beneath, and longer toes. An interesting
coincidence in this respect is seen with the chestnut-headed Dasileuteri — B,
rufifrons and G. trichas, the more northern species having the whitish belly ;
B dcllntrii and G. speciosa, from the middle region, having this more yellow ;
while the South American B. mesockrysus and G. semijlavus have the yellow
of greatest intensity.
H
-.f ? t . ^
.*-
224
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I.
'rM
I'
"L. fr'S-'*v'ji V
■i:;rv;
^^
tin i-i .. r .^
above olive green; the forehead, loral region, and sides of head extending a
little above the eyes and over the ears, black ; the rest of the head abovo
ashy, glossed with brown, the color extending over the sides of the occiput to
the black of cheeks. Whole under parts, with edge of wings, rich yellow;
the lining of wings rather paler ; the sides tinged with olive green. Upper
mandible black ; lower paler, or whitish. Legs apparently flesh color.
Total length, 5.30; wing, 2.35; tail, 2.40; graduation, .36; difference be-
tween 1st and 4th quills, .24 ; length of bill from forehead, .TO, from nostril,
.35 ; along gape, .62 ; greatest depth, .16 ; tarsus, .86 ; middle toe and claw,
.75 ; claw alone, .25 ; hind toe and claw, .55 ; claw alone, .27.
In the best specimen before me (24,042) there is a line of whitish
feathers in the fold of skin bounding the lower eyelid inferior!}-,
apparently concealed from view in ordinary cases. The feathers on
the extreme edge of the eyelid are, however, black, not white as in
G. macgillivrayi.
Smtth-
Honiaa
No.
CoUec-
tor's
No.
Sex
and
Age.
Locality.
When
Collected.
Received from
Collected by
15,22.3
24,042
94
••
Brazil. [zil.
St. Catherines, Bra-
Bahia.
...
U. S. Expl. Exped
L. WellH.
Cab. Lawrence.
T. R Peale.
(94.) This specimeu has the bill rather stouter than the precediug.
Geotlilypis cequinoctialis.
Motacilla (equinoctial is, Gm. S. N. I, 1788, 9'i2.—Trichas ceq. Gray.—
Geothlypis ceq. Cab. Mus. Hein. I, 1850, 16. — Sclater, Catal. 1861,
27, no. 171 (Trinidad ; Cayenne) .—Taylor, Ibis, 1864, 81 (Trinidad).
Hah. Northeastern portion of South America (Cayenne ; Trinidad, etc.).
(No. 2,905.) Bill stout ; the oulmen and commissure gently curved from
the base. First quill about equal to the 9th ; 3d and 4th longest. Upper
parts olive green ; forehead, with loral region and cheeks, including a short
space above the eye and ear coverts, black. Top of the bead ash gray, with
rounded or somewhat pointed outline on the occiput, so that the olive of the
nape extends forward to the black cheeks, cutting off the ashy. Under parts
yellow, with perhaps a faint tinge of ochry along the belly. Upper mandible
dark brown ; lower nearly white. Legs apparently flesh color. A line of con-
cealed grayish feathers on the lower eyelid.
Total length, 5.00 ; wing, 2.50 ; tail, 2.30 ; graduation, .46 ; difference be-
tween 1st and 4th quills, .30; length of bill from forehead, .60, from nostril,
.36 ; along gape, .65 ; depth, .19 ; tarsus, .90 ; middle toe and claw, .82 ; ilaw
alone, .22 ; hind toe and claw, .66 ; claw alone, .30.
The differences between the species of gray-crowned Geothh/pia
from Brazil (velatus), and its ally {sequinoctialis) from northerii
South America (Cayenne, Guiana, and Venezuela), were first con-
trasted by Cabanis, and appear to be substantially correct as stated.
Smlth-
CoIIec
soniaa
tor's
Xo.
No.
2,90.5
2,367
, ,
562
'•
tt ■'
0E0THLYPI8.
225
The ashy of the crown, in the present species, is more restricted, as
instead of passing down the occiput, and extending straight across
between the black cheeks, its outline is rounded behind, less ex-
tended, and allowing the olive green of the nape to pass forward to
the dusky eyelids. The under parts are of a more ochry yellow.
The bill above is paler. The bill is considerably stouter at the base,
and more curved ; the legs, too, decidedly stouter ; the middle and
hind toe longer. The tail appears to W) a little shorter, or at least
not longer than the wings, instead of clicidedly longer.
Smith- Collec-
goDian I tiir'ii
No. 1 No.
2,905
2,367 '
(>62
Sex
and
Age.
liOcality.
8. Amer.TC'Callfor-
TrinlUud. [nia"??)
S. America?
When
Collected.
Received from
S. K. Baird.
Collected by
J. J. AuduboD.
(2,90.')) Supposed to be type of Trichai ddaJUldli, aud also type of Trichat velatti, Baibd,
Birds H. Am.
»\¥
Geothlypis poliocephala.
Geothlypia poliocephala, Baikd, n. S.
? Geothlypis aquinoctialis, ScLATER & Salvin, Ibis 1&60, ^ilS ^Guatemala).
Not of Gm.
Hab. West coast of Mexico, and Central America ?
(No. 34,017.) Bill very stout, with the culmen considerably curved from
the base, aud not unlike Icteria ; the depth of bill more than half distance
from nostrils to tip. Tail considerably longer than the wings, a good deal
graduated. Wings short, much rounded ; the Ist quill about equal to 9th.
Above olive green. A narrow frontlet of black, extending over loral region
to the eye, and curving round, passes a short distance below it. Eyelids
white. Top of head and nape, and sides behind the eyes, including most of
ear coverts, ashy. Beneath, including bend of wings, dull yellow ; the sides
paler, and tinged with brown. Inside of wings yellowish-white. Outer pri-
mary, as usual in the genus, edged with white, the others with olive. Bill
light brownish above, whitish beneath.
This specimen is marked male, but is in poor condition. One received from
Mr. Salvin, from Guatemala, differs a little in having the black continued
entirely round the eye, but inferiorly not extending behind its posterior ex-
tremity. There are no white feathers on the eyelids. The sides of head and
ears are ashy, as in the first specimen. The bill is even stouter, and the
culmen more curved, than in 34,017, and exhibits a very striking difference
from tliat of G. velata.
Length (34,017), 5.40 ; wing, 2.20 ; tail, 2.65 ; its graduation, .60 ; difference
between 1st and 4th quills, .18; bill above, .50, from nostril, .30, from gape,
•61 ; depth, .165 ; tarsus, .87 ; middle toe and claw, .68 ; hind toe and claw, .51.
No. 30,677. Length, 5.35 ; wing, 2.35 ; tail, 2.60 (worn) ; bill above, .56,
15 April, 1865.
it'
■ 'I ■
• ' t
I -
a-
i
f''.
* 1
!^.
226
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.
[PAltT I.
from nostril, .35 ; greatest depth, .185 ; tarsus, .91 ; middle toe and claw, .80;
hind toe and olaw, .60.
The species above described, if its characters are maintained
throughout a series of specimens, appears to me worthy of separation
from velata and sequinoctialis, being really more different from tiicm
than are the two latter from each other. Whether the two speci-
mens are identical as species remains to be proved ; the difference
between the white eyelids of the one, with the eye not encircled be-
hind by black, and the narrow black border behind the eye of tlio
other, to the exclusion of the white eyelids, is somewhat analogous
to that distinguishing O. macgillivrayi from G. Philadelphia. The
former condition may, however, be only a feature of immaturity, as
the female and young O. Philadelphia have whitish eyelids.
The differences from allied species are expressed in the synopsis.
The ash of the head is even more extended than in G. velata — reach-
ing over the nape and on the sides of head, where it replaces much
of the black of the cheeks of the others. The bill is much stouter,
the culmen more curved ; the tail is longer, and the wings shorter anJ
more rounded. The legs are apparently intermediate in character.
Smith-
sonian
No.
34,017
T30,677
CoUec-
Sex
tor's
and
No.
Age.
18
(T
198
Locality.
Mazatlan.
Petalealeu, Gnat.
When
Collected.
Received from
Collected hy
Jiinel4, '62.
Sept. 1862.
A. J. Grayson.
0. Salvin.
(34,017.) Type of speclei.
-ki---
Oeothlypig philadelpliia.
Sylvia Philadelphia, Wils. Am. Om. II, 1810, 101, pi. xiv; Atrn. ; Nftt,
— Trichas Philadelphia, Jard. — Reinhardt, Vidensk. Meddel. for
1853, and Ibis, 1861, 6 (Greenland). — Geothlypis phila. Baird,
Birds N. Am. 1858, 243, pi Ixxix, fig. 3.— Sclater, Catal. 1861,27
(Orizaba). — Lawrekce, Ann. N. Y. Lyo. 1861, 322 (Panama).
FiaoREs: Wils. Am. Orn. II, pi. xiv. — Ann. B. A. II, pi. 101.
Hah. Eastern province of United States to British America; Greenlami;
southeastern Mexico and Panama R. R. Not recorded from West Indies or
Guatemala.
Smith-
sonian
No.
Collec-
tor's
No.
Sex
and
AKe.
Locality.
When
Collected.
Received from
Collected by
18.819
4.-.
207
'i
Stnwii^filjIB, Nova
May'26, '44.
May, 1843.
W. G. Winton.
S. F. Baird.
44
Gov. Macfavlsh.
Donald Ounn.
R. Keiinicott.
Dr. Cooper.
Cab. Lawrence.
W. 0. Winton.
1.499
1.024
27,033
27,0,')2
7,.ii.'>
CarllHle, Pa. [Scotia.
Selkirk Settlement.
(4
South Illinois.
Independence, Mo.
Panama K. R.
S. F. Baird.
44
Donald Ouiin,
M'Leauoan.
■ni. ^ftOMB" 1
OEOTHLYPIS.
22T
Geothlypis macgillivrayl.
S;/lvia macgillivtajfi, Add. Orn. Biog. V, 1839, 75, pi. SliO. — Trlchns
macQ. AcD. — Gtothlypis mucg. Baikd, Birds N. Am. 18r)8, 244, pi.
lxxi-», fig. 4. — ScLATBR, Catal. 1861, 27 (Jalapa and Guat.)- — In-
P. Z. 8. 1859, 363, 373 (Xalapa, Oaxaca).— Cab. Jour. 1861, 84
(Costa Rica).— Cooper & Sdckley, P. R. R. R*ip. XII, ii, 1859, 177.
— Sijlvicola macg. Max. Cab. Jour. VI, 1858, 118.
Sylvia tolmiixi, Towns. J. A. N. So. 1839. — Trichas tolmiiei, Ntrrr. Man. I.
Trkhas vegeta (LiCHT.), Bp. Consp. 1850, 310; Jide Cab. Jour. 1861, 84
(Mexico).
Bab. Western and middle provinces of United States to northern boundary ;
south to Costa Rica.
Smith- Collee- Sex
aoniaa tor's i and
No. ' No. ; Age.
Locality.
Collected by
7,flO-»
3-.fl
, ,
1,910
d-
1«,945
321
rf
23,373
esi
111,944
, ,
rf
10,954
, ,
32,173
2,486
32,466
4fl
V
32,704
40,772
i
30,67.i
4,612
30,674
201
d
Ft. Stellacootn.W.T.
Colambia Itiver.
Chtloweyuck Depot
Fort Tejon, Cal.
Fort Brldger.
Fort Laramie.
Cape St. Lucas.
Orizaba, Mex.
Mexico.
Coban, Ouat.
Duenas, Ouat.
When
Collected.
Received from
Collected by
May 3, '38.
May, 1833.
June 29.
Sept. 1857.
June 10.
AUR. 31.
Dec. 16, '59.
Nov. 1859.
Jan. 31, '58.
Dr Buckley.
8 F. Balrd.
A. Campbell.
John XantuR.
C Urexler.
W. M. Mapraw.
John XantUH.
Prof. Sumichrast.
Verreanx.
0. Salvln.
Dr. Suckley.
J. K. Townsend.
Dr. Kennorly.
John XaiituH.
C. Drexler.
Dr. Cooper.
John XautuR.
Prof. Sumichrast.
(1,910.^ Type of species. (32,178.) Iris dark brown.
Geothlypis
(No. 30,676.) Among some specimens from Guatemala, presented
by Mr. Salvin to the Smithsonian Institution, is one labelled Qeo-
thlypis macgillivrayi ; which, however, by no means belongs to it,
and is of a species quite unknown to me. In form it is intermediate
between Oeothlypis and Oporornis — having a pointed wing, a little
longer than tail ; the 3d quill longest, the 2d a little longer than
the 4th, the 1st about equal to it. The under tail coverts are as in
Oporornis, reaching nearly to the end of the tail. The legs are also
as in Oporornis, The upper parts are olive green, brightest towards
the tail ; the head above tinged with brown. The whole under parts
are yellow, less vivid on the throat, and tinged with ashy across the
breast. An obscure line from bill to eye, and the eyelids are
yellowish-white ; a dusky spot before the eye. Bill horn color.
Legs yellow. It resembles the female G. trichas in the yellowish
throat, but the wings are longer and more pointed, etc. Length,
5.00; wing, 2.40 ; tail, 2.25 ; tarsus, .83 ; middle toe and claw, .67.
The wings are much too short for either 0. agilis or formosus,
though otherwise similar in form.
228
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIED8.
[I'AKT I.
This may possibly be the female of O. npeviosa, Sol., which I have
not seen. It is certainly different from any species known to inc, in
combining characters of the two genera mentioned.
Smlth-
(011 Ian
No.
Collec-
tor's
No.
Sex
and
Age.
Lucality.
When
Collected.
Received from
Collected \>j
8U,676
3,194
••
Dueiias, Ouat.
Sept. 17, '09.
U. SalvlD.
N iM
SnBFAMiur ICTERIANiE.
ICVERIA, VlBILLOT.
Jcteria, Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept. 1, 1807, iii and 85.
viridis, Gm., Tardus virens, Linn.)
(Type Musciaijia
tils"'
Bill broad at base, but contracting rapidly and becoming attenuated when
viewed from above ; high at the base (higlier than broad opposite the nostrils) ;
the culmen and commissure much curved from base ; the gonys straight.
Upper jaw deeper than the lower ; bill without notch, or rictal bristles. Nos-
trils circular, edged above with membrane, the feathers close to their borders.
Wings shorter than tail, considerably rounded ; 1st quill rather shorter than
the 6th. Tail moderately graduated ; the feathers rounded, but narrow.
Middle toe without claw about two-thirds the leugth of tarsus, which has the
scutallae fused externally into one plate.
The precise systematic position of the genus Icteria is a matter
of much contrariety of opinion among ornithologists ; but I have
little hesitation in including it among the Sylvicolidse. It has been
most frequently assigned to the Vireonidse, but differs essentially
in the deeply cleft inner toe (not half-united as in Vireo), the partially
booted tarsi, the lengthened middle toe, the slightly curved claws,
the entire absence of notch or hook in the bill, and the short, rounded
wing with only nine primaries. The wing of Vireo, when much
rounded, has ten primaries — nine being only found when the wiug
is very long and pointed.
Icteria Tireiis.
Turdus virens, Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, 171, no. 16 (based on
(Enanthe americana, pectore luteo, Yellow-breasted Chat, Catesby,
Carol. I, tab. 50).
Muscicapa viridis, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. 1, 1788, 936. — Icteria viridin, Box.;
Add. Orn. Biog. II, pi. 137.— Baihd, Birds N. Am. 1858, 248.—? Max.
Cab. Jour. VI, 1858, 122.
Icteria dumicola, Vieill. — Pipra polyglotta, WiLS.
f Icteria velasqnezti, Bon. P. Z. S. 1837, 117 (Mexico).— Sclater & Salv.
Ibis, I, 1859, 12 (Guatemala).
ICTERIA.
229
JIdh. Eastern province of United States ; rare north of Pennsylvania.
Mexico and Ouateniala ? Not noted from West Indies.
I aiu still much perplexed in reference to the distinctness of tho
Me.xican /. velasquezii from /. virens. All the Chats I 'lave seen
from lof-alities south of the United States (four in the Smithsonian
collection) agree in having the bill lighter colored, the upper nian-
(liblo brown with lighter lower edge, the lower nearly whitish. All
have the sides and crissum tinged with brown. The size is rather
less than in viridis, the proportions about the same ; the tail if any-
IhinfT shorter, not longer. In two specimens the bill is shorter,
higher, and the culmen more curved than in any virens I have seen ;
ill one it i.s about the same, and in another (13,601) it is longer and
more slender. The white maxillary patch is rather restricted.
Ill no adult male specimens from tho United States do I find the
bill other than intense black, and the crissum pure white. Tho
flunks arc a little brownish, but less so than in Mexican skins. A
female from Carlisle, Pa., however (2,312; May), has the crissum
and flanks precisely as in southern specimens ; the bill, also, is nearly
as light colored.
/. longicauda has the tail much longer, and the upper parts much
grayer. The mandibular white extends farther back, as does the
white at the posterior corner of the eye. Young birds from Capo
St. Lucas differ from adults in the light-colored bill, and brownish
wash on the flanks and crissum ; but the back, instead of being pure
olive green, has a brownish faded appearance.
Cabanis (Jonrnal, 1860, 403), in summarily uniting all described
Icteria into one species, entirely overlooks the great difference in
the length of the tail of eastern and western specimens.
Ideria auricollis, of Licht, doubtless refers to /. velasquezii.
Specimens of this species are in the Smithsonian museum from
all parts of the United States east of the valleys of the lower Mis-
souri, as far west as Fort Riley and Neosho Falls, Kansas, and
south of Cape May and Carlisle ; also —
.''.«? '»;:-;j
' •;.'i'{.^:i
Snitb- Collec-
snnlan ti>r'8
No. No.
Sex
and
Age.
^o-«tr. couecl^d.
Received from
Collected by
•
is.nso 37
22,:!71 43,773
7,0.04 i ..
i3,tiin
20,4(11
Kort Cobb, Ark.
Mexico.
Guatemala.
Choctuii, Vera Pi«.
May 27.
.Ian", 'i860.
J. H. Clark.
Verreaux.
J. Gould.
0. Salvia.
C. 8. McCarthy,
2.10
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I.
f^ f. :
" I i.
r
(
|4 <^
■%.
■
i!
1',
1
*
'- T
1"'
Icterla lonfficauda.
Icteria longicauda, Lawkencb, Ann. N. Y. Lyo. VI, April, 1853, 4.--
Baibii, Birds N. Am. 1858, 249, pi. xxxiv, fig. 2.— Sclateb, Catal.
42, no. 253.
f Icteria auricollia (Light. Mua. B«rl.), Bon. Consp. 1850, 831.
Hal). WeHtern and middle provinces of United States ; Cape St. Laoas and
Mexico ?
Specimens of this species are in the Smithsonian collection from
many points in California and the T?,ocky Mountains as far north us
Yreka, Cal., to northern Mexico, ana east to the Upper Missouri, as—
Bmlth-
Collec-
Sex
■uDlan
tor's
and
No.
No.
Age.
fi,310
, ,
V
4,648
. •
rf
8,841
, ,
1«,948
.s.aie
d
9,109
34,718
Locality.
Ft. I/uokGUt.Mo.Ulv.
Ft. Piorio. "
Loup Fork.
Cape St. Lucas.
Mexico.
Wlieo
Collected.
JuuJlT, 'i)6.
May 12, 'M.
Aujf. 8.
Oct. 10.
Received fmm
Collected by
Lt. Warren.
Col. VauKhan.
Lt. Warren.
J. Xautas.
Verreaux.
Dr. IlayUeu.
J. Xantns.
ORANATELLUS. Dubub.
GranateUus, Dctbus ("Esq. Orn."), Bon. Consp. 1850, 312.
venustus, Ddb.)
(Type G.
Bill shaped much as in Icteria ; broad and high at the base, scarcely notcbed
at tip. Culmen and commissure much curved ; gonys slightly convex ; the
upper edge of lower jaw much curved, but straight towards the end. Lower
jaw deeper than the upper. Nostrils circular, in anterior end of nasal groore,
with membrane against posterior half, but not above it, and with the nasal
feathers falling short of their edges, as in some Troglodytidce and Donacobiw.
Rictal bristles inconspicuous ; the throat and chin with bristles interspersed
among the feathers. Tarsi short ; the scutellte much fused on the sides.
Wings considerably shorter than the rounded tail, the feathers of which Lave
rounded tips ; the first quill as short as the secondaries.
I can find no place for this curious form so appropriate as near
to Icteria, as although the style of coloration is very different (ashy
above, sides white, belly red), the structure is much alike. The
bills are quite similar in shape and proportions — being very deep,
and the upper mandible much decurved from the base ; there is, how-
ever, a very slight faint notch, scarcely appreciable in some speci-
mens. A striking difference is in the disproportionate size of the
lower jaw, which is actually deeper than the upper, anterior to the
nostrils. The naked space just behind the nostrils is also peculiar,
as perhaps the absence of membrane above them. The tail is more
graduated, and the feathers more rounded than in Icteria,
V
0BANATELLU8.
231
Fonr Bpccics of UiIh genus are now known, the dilTerenceH of
vvliicli iiro indicated in the following diagnoses. The charaetiTs of
0. mllueA and peUdnii 1 borrow from Schiter — uot having aeea
these species.
Common Guar actbrb.— Slaty blue above ; tail black. A broad post-
ocular patch, aud sideH of bcxly white. Middle region of body
beneath, from breast to crissuiu iiicluHive, vermilion red.
Sidea of head and neck black; chiu aud throat white.
Top v.r head like the back ; forehead and pectoral col-
lar black ; lateral tail feathers tipped with white venustuB.
Similar to last, but without black pectoral collar . franciaca.
Top of liead black ; no black pectoral collar ; tail
feathers without white tips .... pdxelnii.
Sides of head, with entire chin and throat, plumbeous ; tail
feathers not tipped with white salluei.
■-;i
>i'
Granatellus Tenustus.
Granatellus venustus, " DonuB, Esq. Om. tab. xliv," BoN. Consp. 1850,
312 (Mus. Bruxell. ex Mexico).— Sclater, P.,Z. S. Nov. 1804, 607,
pi xxxvii, flg. 2 (copied from Dubus).
Ilab. Western Mexico.
(No. 30,169, % .) Above bluish slate color. Forehead, aides of head and
neck including edge of vertex, and a narrow pectoral collar, continuous
black. A broad triangular patch of white behind the eye in the black of the
neck. Median portion of under parts, from the black pectoral band to and
including crissum, vermilion red. Axillars, lining of wings, flanks, chin and
tliroat (which are bordered by black, as described) white ; side of breast
plumbeous. Outer web, aud terminal half of inner web of l»t tail feather,
terminal fifth of 2d, and a slight tip of 3d, all white; rest of tail black.
Quills dark brown, edged externally like the back, internally with whitish.
Hill dark plumbeous, paler on the tomia aud gonys ; legs rather dusky. Iris
white.
A close examination shows a number of black bristles interspersed in the
white of the throat.
Length, 5.40; wing, 2.47 ; tall, 2.90; graduation, .35 ; difference between
Istand 4th quills, .36; bill above, .55; nostril, .36; gape, .65 tarsus, .77;
middle toe and claw, .60.
The differences between this species, O. peizelnii,^ and G. sallaei,
are given below,
' OranatelluB pelzelnil.
Granatellnit pelzelneii, Sclatbr, P. Z. S. Nov. 22, 1864, 606, pi. xxxvii,
fig. 1 (Madeira River, Brazil).
Supra plumbeus, pileo et capitis lateribus nigris ; vitta post-oculari utriuqua
Iflif
232
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part T.
t I
—
■J. . -.l'
Bmith-
kODlltU
No.
Collno-
tor'i
No.
fiOd
8«x
and
Age.
Local Ity.
When
Collected.
Received froin
RemarkD.
30,168
rf
Sierra Madre, Coll-
[ma.
April, 1863.
Jobu Xautiu.
Irle white.
Uranatelliis francescae.
(iraualellus francescce, Baird, n. 8t
Above bluish slate color. Forehead, continnons with a broad stripe above
and beyond the eye, as ab:o the sides of the head and neck, black. A tri-
angnlar patch of pure white extending from the poatero-superior border of tim
eye, along the side of the head and continued, though much obscured, acrngj
the nape. Under parts, including insitle of wings and side of breast, white;
the jugulum and median line of body to and including orissum, carmine rod.
Wings blackish ; the outer webs more plumbeous, edged with paler, and with
two narrow whitish bars across the coverts ; the inner webs abruptly edged
with white. Tail black, the outer feather white, xcept at base ; the black
passing farther along the inner web ; the next feather with the black more
extended ; the third with the white confined to the tip ; the fourth with a
narrow streak of white in the end ; the others all black. Tibio) plumbeoua.
Bill lead color; paler along the tomia and the gonys. Legs blackish.
Female with the rod of under parts restricted to a tinge on the crissum;
the white replaced by soiled pale buff, as also is the black of the head ; middle
of belly quite white. Young male like female, but with under parts purer
white; the jugulum and under parts with traces of red.
Total length, 6.36 ; wing, 2..^1 ; tail, 3.40, its graduation, .60; difference of
lata et corpore subtus albis ; peotore toto, ventre medio et crisso rosaeeo-
rubris ; alis et oauda nigricanti-fuscis, immaculatis ; rostro piumbeo, tomiis
pallescentibus ; pedibus corylinis. Long. corp. 4. 50 ; alae, 2.00 ; caudse, 2.00.
This species was collected, by Dr. Natterer, in Brazil, Sept. 1829, and while
most similar to G. rernistus, differs in the want of the black pectoral band and
the white tips to the tail feathers, and in the black of top of head. The
. bite throat separates it from sallaei.
Oranatellus sallaei.
Granatellus sallaei {Setophaga sallaei, " Bp. & Scl.," Bp. Comptes Pen-
dus, XLII, May, 1866, 957), Sclat«:h, P. Z. S. July 8, 1856, 292, pi.
cxx (Cordova) ; 1859, 374, 9 (Oaxaca) ; 1864, 607.— Sclatbr &
Salvin, Ibis, 1860, 397 (Cajabon, Guat.).
Hah. South Mexico to Guatemala.
G. sallaei differs from i^enustus in having the ohin and throat plumbeous
instead of white. The black sides of the head, forehead, and pectoral collar
appear to be represented merely by a darker shade of the ground color. The
tail lacks the white tips. The plumbeous ground color, the white post-ocular
stripe, and the red of the breast, belly, and crissum, with the white sides, i-re
common to both speoieSi
TEIIETU18TI8.
233
l«t anil longest primarieo, .CO ; length of bill from forehead, .60, from nostril,
.37 ; along gap*), .HI ; tarsus, .80 ; middlu toe and claw, .UG ; claw alone, .20 ;
hinil toe and claw, .46 ; claw alone, .21.
This beautiful and hitherto undcscribod species is quite similar to
G. vcnuHtuH in appearance, but (litters in a much longer, broader,
and more rountler tail. The wing is much graduated ; the 4th and
5th ({iiilis nearly equal ; the 3d a little shorter ; the 2d about e(|uiil
to the 7th ; the Ist shorter than the secondaries. The principal
(lifftTi'iice in coloration consists in the absence of the black pectoral
colhir (although a few concealed spots may be considered as repre-
senting it) ; in the pure white of the sides of the breast, instead of
plumbeous ; in the narrow whitish bands across the wings ; the
greater amount of white on the tail, etc. From pelzelnii it is di.stin-
guished by the plumbeous crown and white tips of the tail feathers.
Tiiis bird is one of a number of new species discovered, during
the past winter, by Col. Grayson, on one of the Three Marias, a
group of Islands off" the coast of Mexico, about eighty miles from
San IMas ; and I cannot more appropriately dedicate it than to Mrs.
Grayson, to whose encouragement Col. Grayson owes so much of the
persistency and success with which he has prosecuted the study of
the ornithology of California and western Mexico.
Sinlth-
Sa.
Collec-
tiir'8
No.
Sex
and
Atra.
Locality.
When
Collected.
Received from
Remarkn.
H7,312
:t7.;n3
37,314
67
70
69
cf Juv.
Three Mhi'iuh, Mex.
Juu. isa;.
Col. A. J. Grayson,
t
"Irlit brown."
.... [ 1 ype.
TBRETRISTIS, Cabanis.
Teretrislii, Cabams, Jour. Orn. Ill, 185.5, 475.
dinm, Lemb.)
(Type Anabates fernan-
Bill slender, rather deep and connpreased from the base, not quite so long
as the head ; the outlines of upper mandible considerably decurved, and
without notch at tip ; the gonys straight. Rictal bristles short and incon-
spicuous, not reaching the nostrils. Some scattered bristles in the chin.
Nostrils rather elongated, without membrane above them anteriorly, the frontal
feathers coming up close. Wings shorter than the slightly rounded tail.
First quill shorter than outer secondaries ; 2d about equal to 7th ; l-id and 4th
equal and longest. Tail slightly graduated, the feathers acuminate. Inner
toe with basal joint cleft rather more than half; tarsi short, but little longer
than middle toe and claw ; the scutellae distinct, or else fused on the outside ;
claws short, considerably curved. Sexes similar. No spots on the tail.
This is another genus the precise position of •.vhich is somewhat
'!'{•
1 .
II
if . - '''
^;!r>
T
. J .
t
'l '
_ . •/,
«t
* V*
*>
'^f.
'^
. *
I
iv ' -
'
.
234
REVIEW OP AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I.
uncertain. The bill is much like that of some Certhiolae in shape
and curve, though the mouth is deeply clefl, and the tongue com-
paratively simple (see page 163), as in the Warblers. In the com-
pression, however, and decurvation of the bill, there is a close rela-
tionship to Icteria, though it is smaller, longer proportionally, and
much more slender. The basal joints of the middle toe are rather
more united than common in Sylvicolidse ; not so much as in Vireo.
The *n.rsi are shorter, and the claws more curved than in Icteria.
This g?nu8, confined to Cuba, is represented by two known species
which ag.-ee in having the upper parts olive gray, the crissum
whitish, the wings and tail not varied by white. The diagnosis is
as follows : —
Head and n'jck all round yellow (slightly olivaceous above) ;
rest of under parts whitish, tinged with ashy on the sides fernandina.
Head and neck above like the back ; sides of head (sharply
defined against the vertex) and whole under parts, except
crissum and anal region, bright yellow .... fornsii.
Teretristis fernandinee.
Anahates fernandinee, Lembeye, Aves Cuba, IS.'iO, 66, tab. v, fig. 2
(western Cuba). — Gundlach, Bost. Jour. VI, iii, 1853, 317 (eggs;
Cuba). — Teretristisfern. Cab. Jour. Ill, 1855, 475. — Gundlach, lb.
1861, 32(5 (Cuba ; very conirrion). — Helmitherus hlnndn, Bon. Consp.
I, April, 1850, 314, Cuba (not the species of Lichtenstein, Jidt
Cabanis),
Hah. Western Cuba.
Head and neck all round olive green above, yellow beneath ; the loral
region and eyelids, and edge of wings also yellow. Rest of upper parts ashy
gray, with faint tinge of olivaceous. Under parts pale ashy gray, lighter
across breast; the middle of breast and belly yellowish-white. Lining of
wings white. Bill dark lead color, lighter along the tomia. Legs dark brown.
The bill varies a good deal in size and shape.
Total length, 5.00 ; wing, 2.25 ; tail, 2.45 ; graduation, .25 ; diflference between
Ist and 3d quills, .40 ; length of bill from forehead, .55, from nostril, .37, aloii|{
gape, .60 ; depth, .15 ; greatest width at angle of rictus, .25 ; tarsus, .74 ; niiddlB
toe and claw, .62; claw alone, .18 ; hind toe and claw, .45 ; claw alone, .22.
'S.^^
Smith- Colleo-
8«x
When
CoUected.
suDiaa t»r'M
No. ' No.
iiiid
Akb.
Locality.
Received from
Collected by
2!».(!:i8
Feroiiua, Cuba.
F<>h. 20.
Cbas. Wriifht.
29,8.13
t(
April 2i5.
i>
29. ar)
It
Feb. 19. ■
II
29,B:H
II
. > *
II
.S3,678
Cuba.
. • .
Dr. J. Oundlach.
83,677
V
"
"
134
d
II
Cab. Mr. T,awience.
TERETRI8TIS.
235
TeretristiM fornsii.
Teretristis fornsii, Qundlach, Ann. N. Y. Lye. VI, Feb. 1858 (eastern
Cuba). — Ib. Cab. Jour. 1861, 326 (Cuba; vury common).
Hah. Eastern Cuba.
Entire upper parta light as) y. Beneath, including lores, ocular region, and
a narrow line above it, ears, and edge of the wing, yellow, sharply defined ;
the sides of body, anal region to crissum and tibiae, light dull ash. Inside
of wings white. Bill and logs dark plumbeoun.
Length, 4.90 ; winj,; 2.25 ; tail, 2.35 ; bill from gape, .60 ; tarsus, .73. No.
23,511 has a much broader bill than usual.
In proportions this species resembles the fernandinse, but the
two are easily distinguished by the color. In the former the head
above is olive green, the yellow of under parts confined to throat ;
in fornsii the whole upper parts are uniform ashy, the yellow of
under part extending over the breast and belly.
Smith- Collec-
Sex
sonian , tor's
and
So. 1 No.
Axe.
17,717
17,71S
, ,
2:i,.)n
, ,
nJl2
33,076
' *
Locality.
When
CuUected.
Moute Verde, Cuba.
Cuba.
Sept. 4, '61.
Received from
Chus. Wright.
Br. J. Qundlach.
Collected by
Sdbfamily SETOPHAQIN.®.
Sylvicoline birds with the characters of Flycatchers ; the bill notched at
tip, depressed and broad at the base, though quite deep; the rictus with well
developed bristles reaching beyond the nostrils, sometimes to the end of the
bill. First quill rather less than the 4th, or still shorter. Size of the species
rarely exceeding six inches. Cvylors red, yellow, and olive.
The species of this section resemble the small Flycatchers of the
family Tyrannidae in the structure of the bill, etc., and in the habit
of capturing insects more or less on the wing, though they are more
restless in their movements, seeking their prey among trees, or in
bushes, rapidly changing their place, instead of occupying a perch,
and returning to it, after pursuing an insect through the air. The
yellow or orange crown found in many species also carries out the
analogy; but the strictly Oscine characters of the tarsal scutellas,
and the nine primaries will serve to distinguish them.
Wliilo the Sylmcoleae are eminently characteristic of the orni-
thology of North America, in the number of specimens and of
epecies-^fcw indigenous true Warblers being found south of the
^.,
\^
.. i.^
uii
236
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I.
^>
, i.;
* ■;*
United States — it is this section that has its highest development
in South and Middle America, the species being almost equally
numerous with the Sjloicoleae. It is a curious fact, too, that the
Helophagese of the United States agree with its Si'lvicoleae in the
wing being long and pointed, the 1st quill being always longer than
the 5th ; while the more southern species have the wing more
rounded, the 1st quill always considerably shorter than the 5th ; and
even in the Dendroicas of the West Indies and South America the
1st qull. is much shorter than in very near northern allies (as D.
petechia and vieilloti compared with sestiva). The only exception is
in Gardellina ruhrifrons of Mexico which has a pointed wing. What
the signification of this more imperfectly developed wing in the
southern members of the Sylvicolidse may be, I am at present unable
to state, or whether a similar condition exists in other families.
As usual, in extensive divisions of birds, the transition from one
generic form to another is so gradual, through. the different species,
that it is very difficult to define the genera with precision, or to
establish trenchant characters for separating them. The following
synopsis, however, will be found to express the principal modifica-
tions of structure and characters of the group : —
A. Wings pointed ; the Ist quill longer than the Sth ; the 3d as
long as or longer than the 4th. Tail nearly even, or slightly
rounded (the difference of the feathers less than .20) ; the
feathe-8 broad and firm ; the outer webs of exterior feathers
narrow at base^ but widening to nearly double the width
near the end.
1. Bill from gape nearly as lonji: as skull, broad at base and
much depressed ; rictal bristles reaching half way
from nostrils to tip. Culmen and commissure nearly
straight. Wings equal to the tail. Tarsi long ; toes
short ; middle toe without claw, about half the tarsus Setophapa.
2. Bill from gape nearly as long as skull, broad at base, but
deep and more Sylvicoline ; rictal bristles reaching
but little beyond nostrils. Culmen and commissure
straight to the tip. Wings longer than the almost
even tail. Middle toe without claw, three-fifths the
tarsus iJyiodiocUs.
3. Bill from gape much shorter than head, wide at base but
compressed and high ; the culmen and commissure
much carved from base, scarcely notched at tip ;
rictal bristles reaching nearly half way from nostrils
to tip. Wings about equal to the almost even tail.
Middle toe without claw, about three-fifths the rather
short tarsus ........ CurdeUiua.
TERETRI8TI3.
237
B. Wings rounded ; the Ist quill shorter than in the preceding
section, always less tlian the 5th.
1. Bill much depressed, and widened at base. Culmea
and commissure quite straight to near the tip.
a. mil attenuated towards the end ; lateral outlines
straight or concave. Tail decidedly longer
than the wings. Second quill as long as 6th.
Rictal bristles reaching nearly to tip of bill,
which from gape is rather less than the
length of skull. Tail considerably grad-
uated (.50), the feathers soft, broad ;
the outer web of outer feather wide,
nearly even, and about one-third the
width of inner. A rufous patch on
vertex . Myioborits,
Rictal bristles reaching a little beyond mid-
dle of bill, which is elongated, and from
gape about equal to length of skull.
Tail moderately rounded, the feathers
firm; the outer web of outer feather
not more than one-fourth the width of
inner. A yellow stripe on vertex . Eathhjpis.
h. Bill broad towards the end ; lateral outlines ob-
, . . tc.ie, like Todirostrum. Tail very little longer
than the wings. Second quill much shorter
than 6th.
Rictal bristles extending just beyond nos-
trils. Tail graduated, the feathers nar-
row, pointed. Outer webs narrow . Myiothlypis.
2. Bill pointed, depressed, and mo^'e or less wide at base,
but deep, and the culmeu gently curved from the base.
a. Tail nearly even, the feathers narrow, about equal
to or very little longer than the lengthened
;i» ,. wings (Ist quill about equal to the 7th). Bill
thickened, and broad at base. Rictal bristles
lengthened. Tarsi short. Vertex with two
black stripes inclosing a median one of a yel-
low, orange, or ashy color .... Basileuterus.
b. Tail decidedly longer than the abbreviated wings
(Ist quill not longer than 9th), much grad-
uated, the feathers narrow. Bill rather nar-
row, scantily bristled. Tarsi long. Top of the
head chestnut Idiotes.
c. Tail about equal to the lengthened wings (Ist quill
about equal to the 6th), nearly even, the
feathers broad. Bill very small, and narrow ;
rictus well bristled; prevailing color red. . Enjaticus.
"►
' ' '
jyt.-^ «'5
m
238
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.
[tART I,
•t.
'V
I
J
,<# • ' , -
-i _
1 1
f'l ' -
The preceding synopsis is strictly empirical, and intended merely
to aid in distinguishing the genera. A more natural order of
sequence is to arrange the genera into three groups, of which Seto-
jihaga, Myiodioctea, and Cardellina respectively may be considered
as types, with several divergent forms, representing each other in
the following order : —
Tail broad, rounded, a little or considerably longer than the wings. Bill
broad and flat : —
Setophaoa. Setophaga,
Euthlypis,
MyiohoTus,
Tail narrow, nearly even, and about equal to the wings. Bill broad, de-
pressed : —
Mtiodioctbs. MyiodiocteSf
I Basileuterut,
Idiotes,
Myiothlypis.
Tail as in pj^eceding. Bill narrow, Parine in appearance. Calmen
curved :—
Cabdbllina. Cardellina,
Ergaticus.
In these three divisions, typical Setophaga, Myiodioctes, and Car-
dellina, respectively, have the wing long and sharp-pointed ; the
others succeeding these have the wing shorter, more rounded, and
exhibit other divergent characters. I ajn by no means disinclined
to restrict the genera of Setophagese to the above mentioned three,
or at least to four, including Basileuterus, and to consider the others
as only sections or subgenera. There scarcely appears to be any
alternative to this view than to accept all the others mentioned as
of independent generic rank.
AtJDnBON.
(Type Motacilla mitrata,
M7IODIOCTES,
Myiodioctes, AcDtTBON, Synopsis, 1839, 48.
Gm.)— Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 291.
Wilsonia, Bonap. List, 1838 (preoccupied in botany).
Myioctonus, Cabams, Mus. Hein. 1850, 18. (Type Motacilla mitrata.)
Bill broad, depressed ; the lateral outlines a little concave ; the bristles
reaching not quite half way from nostrils to tip. Culmen and commissure
nearly straight to near the tip. Nostrils oval, with membrane above. Wings
pointed, rather longer than the nearly even but slightly rounded tail ; Is'
quill shorter than the 4th, much longer than 5th ; the 2d and 3d quills longest.
Tarsi rather lengthened, the scutellar divisions rather indistinct ; the middle
toe without claw, about three-fifths the tarsus.
^fr'
MYI0DI0CTE8.
239
i ■.
Thi3 genus differs from typical Setophaga in stouter feet and much
longer toes — the middle toe of S. ruticilla not exceeding the lateral
of M viilratus. The tail is shorter than the wings, not longer than
or at least equal to them. The bill ia differently shaped, being nar-
rower and more cylindrical, though decidedly depressed ; the lateral
outlines are slightly concave, not about straight. The tip is less
decurved.
M. pusilla and canadensis are quite similar, generically with
rather more tumid bill, and perhaps narrower tail feathers.
The species of Myiodioctes all belong to the United States, and
I have already given a synopsis of their characters in Birds N. Am
IMyiodioctes mitratus.
Motacilla mitrata, Qhelin, S. N. 1, 1788, 293. — Si/lvia m. Lath. — Vieil.
II, pi. 77. — Bon. ; Nott. ; Acd. Orn. Biog. II, pi. 110. — Sylvicola m.
Max. Cab. Jour. VI, 1858, I13.—Sylvani.x .n. Nuttall, Man. 1, 1840,
333.— Setophaga m. Jard.— D'Orb. Sagra'a Cuba Ois. 1840, 89. —
Wilsonia m. Bon. 1838. — Allen, Pr. Essex Inst. 1864. — Myiodioctes
m. Add. Syn. 1839, 48.— Ib. B. A. II. pi. 71.— Sclatek, P. Z. S. 1856,
291 (Cordova) ; 1858, 368 (Honduras).— Ib. Catal. 1861, 33, no. 202.
— Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 292.— Jones, Nat. Bermuda, 1859, 26
(March). — Sclater & Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 11 (Guatemala), — Law-
rence, Ann. N. Y. Lye. VIII, 63 (Panaiaa R. R.). — Gundlach, Cab.
Jour. 1861, 326 (Cuba). — Mytoctonus ?». Cab. Mus. Hein. 1851. — Ib.
Jour. Orn. Ill, 1855, 472 (Cuba).
Muscicapa cucullata, Wilson, III, pi. xxvi, flg. 3.
Muscicapa selbyt, AuD. Orn. Biog. I, pi. 9.
Uah. Eastern Province of United States, rather southern ; Bermuda ; Cuba ;
Jamaica ; eastern Mexico ; Honduraii and Guatemala to Panama R. R.
Specimens from various points in the Atlantic and Mississippi
Valley States as far north as Carlisle, Pa., and Cleveland, Ohio*
also —
Ijillf
>*>■ ■■■*
Smith- Collec'
«oniaB tori
No No.
17,18.5
30,698
Sax
and
Age.
9
cT
Locality.
Jamaica
Choctum, Vera Par.
When
Collected.
Hecelved from
Collected by
1861.
J B Smith.
Salvio.
IVyiodioctes canadensis.
Muscicapa canadensis, Linn. S. N. I, 1766, 327. (Muscicapa canadensis
cinerea, Brisson, II, 406, tab. 39, fig. 4) — Omelin. — Wilson, III, pi.
xxvi, flg. 2. — Ann. Orn. Biog. II, pi. 103. — Setophaga can. Swains. ;
Ricu. ; Gray. — Myiodioctes can. Aud. B. A. II, pi. 103. — Brewer,
• ! >«.'•■■■■■
,- ■ ' i < ■■ t i ■
<■ ''rill i' . ■ • '
, ,v; "til.-: ,;-,■
J>'-.
, - .. / !' "•-,
; >'.-; ■ ,
V
>
iV^T*"-
f ■*i,'.:-
• '. •■; .'m'
^.'Mi : '
flK
:, ■■'■■■ :..■ '•' ''ii-
fv •••'■
240
REVIEW OP AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I
Pr. Boat. Soo. VI, 5 (ne»t and eggs).— Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1854, 111
(Ecuador; winter); 1856, 143 (Bogota) ; 1858,451 (Ecua(Jor)--
Ib. Catal. 1861, 34, no. 204.— Sclathk & Salvin, Ibis, 18.")9, U
(Quatemala). — Lawrencb, Ann. N. Y. Lyo. VI, 1862. — Uaiiiii,
Birds N. Am. 1858, 294.— Euthli/pis can. Cab. Mub. Hein. 185(1-51,
18 ; Jour. Orn. 1860, 326 (Costa Rioa).
Sylvia pardalina, Bon. ; Nutt. — Sylvicola pardalina, Bon. — Myiodiocla
pardalina, ItoN.
fMuscicapa honapartu, Add. Orn. Biog. 1, 1831, 27, pi. 5. — Setophagti hm.
Rich. — Wilaonia hou. Bon. — Sylvunin hon. Ndtt. — iMyiodiovles lion.
Add. Syn.— Ib. B. A. II, 1841, J 7, pi. 17.— Baibd, Birds, N. Am.
1858, 295.
• Setophaga nigricincta, Lapk. Rev. Zool. 1843, 292 ; 1844, 79.
Ilab. Whole eastern province of United States ; eastern Mexico to Ouate-
mala, and south to Bogota. Not noted from West Indies.
Specimens from eastern United States and Mississippi Valley ;
also —
Smlth-
Collec-
Sex
Bonian
tor'*
and
No.
No.
Age.
29,760
..
.,
13.699
31
, ,
32,71.5
20,170
¥
34,001
294
i
33,264
131
34,621
••
Locality.
Ottawa, Cap.
Isle Caroline, Lake
Mexico.i ytnnipej t?
Petaleuleii, Gnat.
Saa Jose, C. K.
Bogota.
When
Collected.
June 2.
Sept." 1862.
Received from
W. T. Coleman.
K. Kenuicott.
Verreanx.
0. Salvin.
Dr. V. Fraiitzius.
J. H. Roome.
Collected by
Myiodioctes pusillus.
Muscicapa pusilla, Wilson, Am. Orn. Ill, 1811, 103, pi. xxvi, fig.
4. — Wilsonia pus. Bon. — Sylvania pus. Nutt. — Myiodioctes pus.
Boif. Consp. 1850, 315.— ScLATEB, P. Z. S. 1856,291 (Cordova);
1858, 299 (Oaxaca Mts. ; Dec.) ; 1859, 363 (Xalapa) ; 373.-Ib.
Catal. 1861, 34, no. 203.— Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858,293.— Sclatek
& Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 11 (Guatemala). — Lobd, Pr. R. Art. Inst.
Woolwich, IV, 1864, 115 (Br. Columbia). — Myiocionua pus. Cab.
M. H. 1851, 18.~Ib. Jour. 1860, 325 (Costa Rica).
Sylvia wilsonii, Bon- ; Nott. — Muscicapa wilsonii, Aud. Orn. Biog. II, pi.
124. — Setophaga wilsonii, Jard. — Myiodioctes wilsonii, Add. B. A.
II, pi. 76.
Sylvia petasodes, Licht. Preis-Verz. 1830.
Motacilla pileolata, Pall. Zoog. Rosso.-Asiat. 1, 1831,497 (Russian Am.).
Hab, Entire breadth of United States, north to Russian America ; Mexico,
to Costa Rica.
Specimens from the Pacific coast are more brightly colored than
eastern, and the yellow of the forehead has a mixture of oranpo i:i
it. The size is rather smaller, and the bill seems rather narrower.
m
.f^-;»;
■l '■•■
BA8ILEUTERU8.
^41
There arc, however, so many intermediate grades between the two
e:;trenies as to render inexpedient any attempt at specilic separation.
Specimens in the collection from many localities throughout the
United States from Atlantic to Pacific ; also —
Smith- Cnllec- Sex
eoaiuu tor's aud
Ko. ! No. Age.
2(1, 6.T)
!!ll,63«
Tl'M
27,291
27,2!>2
27,2«)
.un3
3il74
ao,i;)8
32,467
*I,K77
32,716 132
3(),6!i7
33,423
:)4,6:).5
34,6.)6
34,637
474
490
"7
,229
,2(18
,4S9
U16
fi08
47
96
622
299
129
d
i
Locality.
Ft. OeofKe, H B.
Halifax. N.
Ft. Youkuu
La Pierie'o House.
SficondiUa, C. S L
San Oertrtide MtM.
Coliina (Sierra Ma-
Oriiaba, Mcx. [dre).
Miiadur, Mex.
Coban, Oiiat.
DaeAas. Oiiat.
San JoHO, C. R.
Burruuca, C. R.
When
Collected.
.Sept. a, 'CO.
May 26, '60.
May, 1861.
Nov.' VsiW.
Jan. KS(iI.
April, 1863.
Nov. i 882.
April 16, '64.
April l.i.
April 19.
Received from
C. Drexler.
W. 0. Wlnton.
J. Lockhart.
R Kennicott.
H. K. R0S8.
J. XuUtD*.
Prof. Sumichraat.
Dr. Sarturiu8.
Verreaiix.
O. Salviii.
Dr. V. FrantzluR.
J. Cariuiul.
Collected by
C. Drexler.
W. Wluton.
J. Lockhnrt.
K. Kennicott.
J. Flett.
J. Xantus.
Prof. Sumlclirast.
Dr. Sarturius.
Myiodioctes minutus.
Muscicapa minuta, Wilson, Am. Orn. VI, 1812, 62, pi. 1, fig. 5. — Aod.
Orn. Biog. V, pi. 434, fig. 3.— Ib. B. A. I, pi. HI.— Sylvia tninuta,
Bon. — Wilsonia m, Bon. List, 1838.
Si/lvania pumilia, NorT. Man. 1, 1840, 334.
Hab, Eastern United States.
This species continues to be unknown to modern ornithologists — no
speciiueus being recorded as e.xtant in collections.
BASILEUTERUS, Cabams.
Basileuterus, Cab.
Basilenterus, Cab. Schomburgk's Raise Br. Gniana, III, 1848, 666. (Type
Sylvia vermivora, Vikii-lot.) (See antea, page 237.)
Bill broad at the base and much depressed, but thick ; the culmen cnrvpd
gently fron the base, the commissure curved for most of its extent. Rictal
bristles variable, but reaching abddt halfway from the nostrils to tip of bill.
The tail is slightly emarginated, and only a little rounded, the lateral feather
«ometimns rather graduated, the fea'hers rather narrow. Wing about equal
to the tail, rounded ; 4th quill longest, 1st about equal to the 8th. Toea
rather shorter than in Myiodioctes, the middle without its claw nearly two-
thirds the tarsus.
There is a good deal of variation in the size of bill and other
features, with different species ; but the broad decurved bill, nearly
even narrow tail with the lateral feather more or less graduated,
wings equal to the tail and much rounded, the 1st quill equal to the 8th
16 May. 1866.
"#■
^^^m I
ih' ('
M\''^^'
1
;
J 1
i -
- *
; " V' » .
* .*■ r , «
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■ ? •
REVIEW OF AMEUICAN HIRDS.
[part 1.
and 9th, arc common to all. The relationship to Myiodiocies is quite
close, especially to canadensis and piidUas ; but the characters just
mentioned will distinguish them. Tlie transition, however, to Lhokx
is very gradual, throilgh such species as /. mesochrysus. Setophaga
is distinguished by a much more depressed and thinner bill, with
the culmen and commissure nearly straight for most of the length,
as well as by other features.
Synopsis of Species of Basilenterus.
Top of head with two black stripes inclosing a median of
yellow or orange. No rufous on sides of head.
Beneath entirely yellow.
Central stripe of head orange brown, mixed
with gray. Back olive green.
Supra-ocular stripe and eyelids whitish vermivorus,^ Cab
Supra-ocular stripe and eyelids yellow
(not seen) ..... bivittatus, Scl.
Central stripe of head yellow, sometimes mixed
with orange. Back olivaceous-ash.
Supra-ocular stripe and eyelids yellow-
ish-green cttlicivorus, Bp.
Chin and throat gray; rest of under parts yellow.
Back olive. Supra-ocular stripe ash color ?
Central str'pe of head brownish-orange . . coronatns,^ Scl.
Central stripe of head yellow ; thiDat darker
ash (not seen) cinereicolUs, Scl.
Top «f head with two black stripes inclosing a median of
ash, or nearly nnicolor ashy or brown. No rufous on
sides of head. Beneath whitish, or not bright yellow.
Back olive green, uniform with rump.
Top and sides of hea<l ash, scarcely lighter in
centre. Supra-ocular line and eyelids white. [Scl.
Sides tinged with olive green . . . leucoblepharum^
' A species — B. hypoleucus, Bp. — from Brazil, is said to differ in being white
beneath.
* B. viridicata, Burm. Ill, 113 (D'Orb. Voyage, IX, 325) appears quite similar,
with the vertex stripe yellow, not orange. In this respect it agrees with cinerei-
cotlts (ScLATER, P. Z. 8. 1864, 166, Bogota), and like it has a grayish-ashy
throat, tinged with greenish. The difference I am unable to state. Basilen-
terus chrysognster, of Peru (^Setophaga chri/s. Tschudi, F. P. 192), is said to he
yellow beneath, olive green above, a little darker on top of head where the
feathers are yellow at basi- id orange in middle.
' BnsileutPTus hucohlepharwrn, Scl. Catal. p. 36. A Paraguayan, and conse-
quently a typical specimen, has the whol« top of head uniform slaty |
BASILEUTEUU8.
243
Top of head dusky, inclosing a ligliter median ashy
stripe. Kyelida and supra-ocular stripe lesa
difltinct. Sides tinged with olive green . luperciliosus, Bd.
Similar to last, but creamy white be.ieath. Supra-
ocular stripe distinct. Sides tiuged with rufous
or fulvous ttragulatns, Sol.
Back dark brownish ; rump and base of tail yellowish lemicervinm,* Scl.
uropyyiatis, Sol.
The following are the better known species of Basileuterus from
South America: —
Basileutenis vermi'^oms.
Sj/lvia vermivora, Vieill. Nouv. Diet, 11,1817,278. — Basileuterus v. Cab.
Scliorab. Guiana. — Sclater, Catal. 1861, 34, no. 34.
Setophaija anricapilla, Swains. Anim. Men. 1838, 293 (Brazil).
Ilah, Bogota, Trinidad, Brazil, eto.
Basilentems hypolencns.
BasileHterun hypohucus, Bp. Consp. 1850, 313.-
113 (Brazil).
-B0BU. Uebers. Ill, 1856,
Basilenteraa bivittatns.'
Muscicapa bivittata, Lap. & D'Orb. Syn. Av. 1837, 61. — D'Ohb. Voyage,
almost inappreciably lighter along the middle of the crown, the white on the
eyeliiis very distinct. The bill is slender and narrow. Brazilian specimens
exhibit a quite well defined band on each side of the crown from the bill,
bordering a central stripe of slate gray ; the white of eyelids is less promi-
nent, and tlie bill decidedly broader. Tliese differences, if constant, may
render it desirable to establish the Trichas superciliosus, of Swainson, as a
distinct species, under the name of Basileuterus superciliosus,
' Not having seen a specimen of B. semicervinus, I am unable to give its
diagnosis. Sclater says that B, uropygialix diflfers in having the uropygium
and rump more lightly colored ; the back olive, and head cinereous (instead
of brown), almost as in straijulatus, with which, too, it agrees in color of lower
surface.
' A specimen in the collection of the Philadelphia Academy I am unable to
refer to any of the described Basilenteri, There is a central line on top of
bead of pale yellowish-gray, the feathers dull yellowish at the base ; on each
side of this a broad black stripe (wider than in vermivorus'), the two meeting
on tbe forehead. A dirty wliitish line passes from bill over eye to nape, and
below this is another well defined line of blackish-ash, through and behind
the eye, beginning as a dusky loral spot. There appears to be a whitish patch
on the lower eyelid. Tlie under parts, instead of being bright uniform yellow,
are olivaceous white along the median line, clouded with purer olive on throat
aud breast ; the sides of belly and body deep olive, like the back.
This may be B. hypoleucus, Bon. Consp. 313 (Brazil) ; but it is not smaller
than vermivorus, nor can the under parts be called white.
'¥h't
244
I:
REVIEW OP AMEljlIOAN' BIRDS.
[PAHT I.
,-^fJj
\:-':-
OiB. 324 (ChiqnitOR, Bolivia). — lianilmtems hiritlatim, Sclatrb,
P. Z. S. 1809, 137.— lo. Catal. 18(n, 34, no. 20() (Ecuador).
fAfyiodwcteB tristrititus, Tacuuui, Wiugm. Arch. 1844, 1. — 1b. Fauna
Teruana, 193 (Peru).
BasileuteruB ooronatuB.
AJyiodiocles curontita, Tbch. Wiegm. Arch. 1844 (23), Pern. — DanhuteTus
cor. Bp. Conap. 1850, 314.— Sclatku, Catal. 18U1, 34, uo. 2U7.
Hub. Ecuador ; Bogota.
Basileuterua viridioatus.
Muacicapa ciridicatn (Vieill.), D'Obb. Voy, 325. — Basileuterua vina,
Bdkm. UabtirH. IV, 1856, 113.
MuBcicapa elegana, D'Obb. & Lap. Syn. Av. 1837, 52.
Hab. Chiquitos, Bolivia.
This hardly appears to be the bird of Vieillot and Azara ; if not, the name
of eleyans may be Uited.
BasileuteruB cinereloollifl.
Busileuferus cinereicoUU, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1864, 166 (N. Grenada).
Appears very near Daaileuterus viridicattis {elegana), D'Obb. & Laf.
BasileuteruB chrysogaster.
Setophaga chrysogiister, TscH. Wiegm. Arch. 1844, 16 (Peru). — Basi-
leuterua chr. Sclateb. — Ib. Catal. 1861, 35, no. 209 (Ecuador).
BasileuteruB leucoblepharum.
Si/lvia leucoblephara, Vieill. Nonv. Diet. XI, 1817, 206 (from Azara,
Paraguay). — D'Obb. Voy. Ois. tab. 12, fig. 2. — Trichaa leuc. Bpbm.
4 - Uebers. Ill, 1856, 114 (Brazil). — Basileuterus leuc. Sclateb, Catal.
1861, 36, no. 217.
South Brazil and Paraguay.
BasileuteruB super ollio sub.
Trichaa supercilioaua, SwAiK. An. Men. 1838, 295.
North Brazil.
Basileuterus stragulatuB.
Muscicapa strngulata, Light. Verz. 1823, 55. — Basileuterus atragulatus,
Sclateb, Catal. 1861, 35, no. 216 (Brazil).
BasileuteruB aemicervinus.
Basileuterus aemicervinus, Sclateb, P. Z. S. 1860, 84. — Ib. Catal. 1861,
35, no. 215 (Ecuador).
X'
BA8ILEUTERU8.
245
BaHileiiterus cullclvoriifu
Si/U'iaciilirivnni, LiciiT. Preis-Verieloh. 1830, no. 78 (Mfxioo; Deppe
& Suhiode). — Cah. Jour. 18(i3, >)7. — D(i» 'futeru* ciilictvorus, Uu.nap.
Coiisp. 185U, 313.— Cah. Mua. Utiin. 1850, 17.
Musricaiia hftmieri, OiUAUD, IJirclH Texas, 1841, j)l. vi, flg. 2. — linxileiitfruii
bniseri, Sclatkk, P. Z. S. 1856, (J6 ; 165(5, 292 (Cordova) ; 185!), 374
(Oaxaca). — Ib. Catal. 1801, 34, no. 208. — Sclatbu & Salvin, Ibia,
II, ISiiO, 274 (Volcau, Ouateinala).
/7(i6. S. Mexico (both sides) ; Guatemala and Costa Rica.
(No. 30,698.) Above greenish -ash, more tinged with olive on the upper
part of back and rump. Beneath yellow, the crissum somewhat tinged with
rufous. Top of head with a black stripe on each side from the bill, the inter-
mediate portion greenish-yellow, passing more into green on the nape, similar
in color to a supra-ocular stripe Loral region and space below eye greenish,
mixed wLth yellow. Spot anterior to eye, and a stripe behind it, dusky ; all
these markings on the side of head, however, obscure, and poorly defined.
Specimens from Mexico and Guatemala, the former marked male, have the
median stripe of the head yellow. Others again, likewise from Guatemala
and Mexico, have the yellow of each feather passing towards the end more
into brownish-orange, apparently unaccompanied by any other differences.
Length (of 30,698), 4.90 ; wing, 2.40 ; tail, 2.25 ; graduation, .16 ; bill from
forehead, .50, nostril, .30, gape, .56 ; tarsus, .76 ; middle toe and claw, .56.
This species differs from liasileuterus vermivorus and bivittatiis,
of South America, in having the upper parts ashy instead of olivo
green. The markings of the head are more as in bivillatu^, as com-
pared with vermivorus. The supra-ocular stripe and other lighter
markings on the side of the head are greenish, and not ashy or gray-
ish in their tinge. The eyelids are yellow, not white. There is much
more j'ellow in the central stripe on top of heads even mixed with
orange, and the feathers are not tinged with gray at the tips. The
inside of the wing is greenish-yellow, not nearly white as in vermiv-
orus ; nor is there the decided indication of whitish in the chin.
B. himltatun, Laf., from Bolivia and Ecuador, as above stated,
differs in the olive back, in this agreeing with vermivorus. It agrees
more with culicivorus, and differs from uerwiryorws, judging from the
description, in larger size, and in the yellowish superciliary stripe
and circumocular region, instead of grayish-white.
Note. — Since writing the preceding description, specimens have
been received from Mr. Carmiol, collected in Costa Rica, which
differ slightly in having a decidedly olivaceous gloss to the upper
plumage, especially on the rump and edge of the quills. I do not
note any other differences, and these may be merely seasonal. There
is, however, in this respect, a greater approximation to the B. btvit-
I'll- '■ -'
24fi
RRVIEW or AMKRICAN BIBDR.
.fl
4:— ..t.^_
■M
tij,.«
f '1
'
i
( ■ ■.■ '.' '
Iii:.!.-Iii:'
fPART r.
/u/mm of -authoi'S, and it muy ultiriiatvly bu decided that tliuy bcloiiif
to tiiat spucies. All have a Hiight etaiii uf orange in the cud uf tlm
yellow feathers of the crown, not ((uite so decided ao iu 26,377.
Smitb-
Conne- 8«x
■uiiIko
tiir'a 1 »nd
No.
No. 1 Axe.
i'llM.'i
43m)7
rf
20,377
, ,
3(),H08
303
, ,
. .
I!»
ff
S4,8.'51
, ,
rT
S-i,t(.VJ
, ,
?
34,6^
••
Luoallty.
When
Conected.
Mexico.
Chwitun, Vera Pa*.
Oiialeiiiala.
Barrauca, C. K.
Jan. 1860.
Mar. i 7, '64.
March 21.
Received trom
Vtirroimx.
J. KriUxr.
O. 8Hlvln.
Cab. Uiwreuce.
.1. Carmtol.
Collects! br
D'Oca.
Salvia JtOixImin.
(22,3(U.) CroWD yoUnw. (22..377.) Crown oraii|;fl. (30,608.) Crowu yellow. (I'JO ) Grown
orauKu. (34,601.) i;iik, Cruwu Ktaiued with omuKe.
Basileuterus uropygialls.
Baaileuterus umpygialin, ScLATKR, P. Z. S. 1861,128; 1864,167 Ib.
Catal. 1861, 35, no. 214.
Basileu'erns semicervinus, Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lyo. 1861, 322, Pauania
R. U. (not of ScLATKK, 186(1).
Ilab. IstbniuH of Panama.
(No. 124, Cab. G. N. L.) Upper parts brownish-olive, the head above slightly
tinged with cinereous ; rump, upper tail coverts, and rather more than banal
half of tail, with the under parts, >dllowish-fnlvoas, the latter, however, paler,
and quite light on middle of belly, but darker on the crissum. The sides of
head, neck and body, inside of wings and breast, washed with olive brown.
A line from bill to eye, and eyelids fulvous ; lores, and spot behind eye dusky.
Terminal half of tail brownish-olive, becoming darker to tip. Bill black.
Legs flesh color. First quill equal to the 8th ; the wings longer than the tail,
which is rounded.
Total length, 4.70; wing, 2.30; tail, 2.10; graduation, .30; difference be-
tween 1st and 4th quills, .28 ; length of bill from forehead, .62, from nostril,
.36; along gape, .55 ; tarsus, .87 ; middle toe and claw, .66.
This species was identified by Mr. Lawrence as seviicervimr
(from Ecuador) before Sclater's description of uropygialis (from
Brazil) appeared. It seems, however, to me to agree better with
the description of the latter species. According to Sclater, the
difference of uropygialis from semicervinus consists in having the
uropygiura and under parts lighter, the back olive, and the head
cinereous, almost as in B. stragulatus, with which also it agrees in
coloration of lower surface.'
The species is related to B. stragulatus, although the bill is broader
' Since writing the above. Dr. Sclater, P. Z. S.. 1864, 167, states that B.
uropygialis was erroneously assigned to Brazil, and that its true patria is
Panama.
BA8ILEUTERU8.
24T
at bnso ntul the tail shorhT, ho thiit tlic outslretohod logH rench to
or beyond tlio tip. Tlie wings are nioro pointed. The colors b*--
neath urc quite 8iinilar, not so pnle ah)iig tlic median line ; the upper
iiiirts, however, much darl((>r, the head lackn the blaekiHh, and the
fulvuud of rump and basal half of tail are wanting in stragutatus.
Siuith- Collec- Sex
(oulnu li>r'i» , and
So. No. Age.
tooalltjr.
Wlinn
Cul looted.
Received from
Collected bjr
.14,006
124
Paouina H. K.
0. N. LHwreiico.
Ckb. Mr. Lawrence.
Oalbraith.
"
Idiotes, Baird.
Idiotes, Baird. (See page 237.) (Type Setophaga ruji/rons, Sw.)
Bill broad at base, but quite deep, being nearly as high as wide ; the culmen
ourvtiil gently from the base, the lateral outlines straight ; the bristles only
underate, reaching half way from nostrils to tip of bilf. Tail lengthened,
lunger than the short wings, and considerably graduated ; the 4th quill
longest ; the Ist not longer than the 9th. Toes rather lengthened.
The species of this group have generally been placed in Basi"
leulerus. They, however, differ in having the bill narrower at base,
and proportionally deejior, the bristles less developed, although the
culmen is as much curved. The wings are much shorter, and the
tail proportionally longer and more rounded, considerably exceeding
the tail instead of being about equal to it. The transition, how-
ever, is quite gradual through B. belli and J. mesochrysus, which, to
some extent, combines the characters of both.
Synopsis nf Species of Idiotes.
Back olive ; top of head chestnut (bordered with dusky in belli).
Cheeks black.
A white superciliary stripe. Beneath whitish . melanogenys.
Cheeks chestnut ; lores duaky. A superciliary stripe, and
another beneath eye, white. Throat and breast yellow.
Rest of under parts white, or only washed with
yellowish rujifrona.
Entire under parts yellow ; crissum more fulvous.
White infra-ocular stripe reaching behind ears.
Chestnut of crown reaching the na{}e. Wings
equal to lateral tail feather .... delattrii.
Under parts and crissnm yellow. Infra-ocniar white
not extending beyond eye. Chestnut of crown
mmM
\t,,;'i.,-
•tl
,i|
A '
ii.
>i ■
— r-
i! ■ •-
. " ~ ^■■ ■
U9
REVIEW OP AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I.
Bcarotily extending over occiput. Wing nearly
as long as middle tail feather . i . . mesochrysus.
Cheeks, ocular region, and lores chestnut. A superciliary
stripe bright yellow, bordered above by dusky.
Whole under parts yellow .... belli.
Basileuterus melanogenys.
Basileuterus melanogenys, Baird, n. 8.
Hab. High-lands of Costa Rica.
(No. 30,497.) Above ashy olive, the quills and tail feathers edged with
brighter, edges of the latter slightly tinged with rufous. A square patch of
chestnut brown on top of head. The sidas of head black, encircling the eyes,
each feather white in the centre. A broad stripe of white frooi base of bill
passing over the eye, and margined above by black, which thus I orders the
rufous crown externally. The forehead mixed black and white. Beneath
dull whitish, the sides and to some extent the breast, tinged with olivrceons
ash ; the chin dusky on account of the blackish tips of the feathers.
The white feathers about the head have all a tendency to black tips and
edges, producing the black markings — very few feathers being entirely black.
The wings are a little shorter than the tail. The bill is more slender, and
the culmen less decurved than in most species of its section.
Total length, 5.50; wing, 2.50; tail, 2.65; graduation of tail, .35 ; diflfer-
«nce between 1st and 4th quills, .40 ; length of bill from forehead, .50, from
nostril, .30 ; along gape, .58 ; tarsus, .85.
Sralth-
■ODiau
No.
Collec-
tor's
No.
Sex
and
A(fe.
Locality.
When
Collected.
Received from
Collected by
30,497
30,498
117
118
Juv.
Coata Kica (Sun
" [JoKe?).
...
Di'. V. Fraatzius.
1.
(30,497.) Type of species.
Basileuterus rufifrons.
Setophaga rufifrons, Swainson, Animals in Menageries, 1838, 294.— Bom.
Conspectus, 314. — Basileuterus rufifrons, Bon. Consp. 1850, .314.—
ScLATER, P. Z. S. 1856, 291 (Cordova) ; 1858, 299 (Oaxaca).— 1b.
Catal. 1861, 35, no. 210.— Baibd, Birds N. Am. 1858, 296.
Hab. Mexico ; northwest to Mazatlan.
Whole top of the head with the ears reddish or chestnut brown ; nape aud
sides of neck ashy. Rest of upper parts olive green, with an ashy tinge of
greater or less intensity. A white stripe from each side of the bill (meeting
narrowly on the forehead) over the eye, and another pair from lower jaw
meeting on the chin and passing beneath the eye, meets its supra-ocular fellow
behind the ears, their junctions, however, concealed by the chestnut ear
coverts. Lores, and a short space behind the eye dusky. Throat and breast
BASILEUTERUS.
249
bright yellow, abrnptly defined against the whitish of under parts. Inside
and edge of wings yellow ; Hanks and crissnra pale brownish-fnlvous ; tibiio
more ashy. No spots or bands on wings or tail. The feathers along the
middle of 'orehead and vertex with concealed yellow at the base.
Length, 4.80 ; wing, 2.00 ; ditference between 1st and 4th (longest) quills,
.24; tail, 2.40 ; its graduation, .55 ; bill from gape, .55 ; tarsus. .80.
This species is sometimes described as quite cinereouc nhove ;
this, liowever, depends on the state of plumnj^e — perfect specimens
being nearly as olivaceous as in delatlrii. Occasionally specimens
are found in which the line of demarcation behind of the yellow
breast is obscured by the color passing backwards over the belly in
a light wash pervading the whole under parts, the edges of the
feathers brighter yellow, leaving the anal region, however, nearly
white. The flanks, cvissum, and tibiae are then tinged with greenish
olive.
•''.,' Il *
i'' '- ■ \. > '
Smitli-
guiiiau
.No.
Collec- Sex
tor's ; and
No. ! Aije.
Locality.
When
Collected.
Received from
Collected by
1^024
:),),87fl
2S.n26
2S,027
2:i,375
2ti.:i7G
31,018
132
82
7
Mexico.
Mirudor, Mox.
■(
Xalapa.
Mexico. [Mndre^.
MazalUa (Sjiurra
Oct. 1S62.
Dec! Vs61.
J. Gould.
Dr. C. Sartorius.
J. Krider.
II
A. J. Grayson.
b'dca.
(30,876.) IrU reddish-browa.
Basileuteriis delattrii.
Basileuterus delatlrii, BoN. Comptes Rendus, XXXVIII, 1854, 383. — Ib.
Notes Orn. 1854, 63 (Nicaragua).— Sclateh, P. Z. S. 18tJ0, 250
(Orizaba). — Ib. Catal. Am. Birds, 1861, 35, no. 211. — Sclateb &
Balvin, Ibis, II, 1860, 274, Duenas (Guatemala), May 8.
Edh. Mexico and Quatemala f
(No. 30,700.) Similar to rujifrons in color of head, the olive green of the
back brighter, this color invading and replacing the ashy of the nape and
pides of neck ; the infra-ocular white band, less distinct behind, but appa-
rently extending behind the eyes. Whole under parts greenish-yellow, a
little paler on middle of be'.ly ; flanks olive green ; the sides behind and
crissura tinged with fulvons. Wings much rounded, about equal to the
lateral tail feather; 1st quill shorter, or not longer than the secondaries, aa is
the case in rvjifrons.
Total length, 5.10; wing, 2.10; tail, 2.70; graduation, .52; diflference be-
tween 1st and 4th quills (longest), .28 ; length of bill from nostril, .31 ; along
gape, .60 ; tarsus, .82.
Since receiving an authentic specimen from Mr. Salvin I have
found that several specimens from Mexico, formerly considered to
. V*-
250
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I.
be delaHrii, are only varieties of rujifrons ; and I am now un-
acquainted with any Mexican examples of the species, ultbuugli
quoted by Dr. Sclater as from Orizaba.
Smith-
Houiaa
No.
30,700
Collec-
toi's
No.
Sot
and
Ai{e.
liOCaUty
Cub;iu, Vera I'ai,
[Oiiat.
Wh^n
CoUeuied.
Nov. IJ, '59.
Keceived from
O. ISalviu.
Collected by
Basileutenis mesochrysiis.
Basileulerus viesochri/siis, Sclater, P. Z. S. 18G0, 251 (Bogota).
Basileuterus delatliii, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, 144 (Bogota). — Cab. Jour.
I 1860,325 (Costa Rica).— ?Lawrexce, Ann. N. Y. Lye. 1861,322
(Panama).
Ilab. Bogota, to Costa Rica ?
(No. 30,491.) General characters of B. ilelnttrii, but the wings much longer
and more pointed, nearly equal to the entire tail, which is shorter and less
rounded ; the 1st quill rather longer than the secondaries. There is no
appreciable white in the cliin ; that on the side of the lower jaw is scarcely
apparent, and does not extend below the chestnut cheeks. The brown of thu
crown does not extend so far back on the head, and hence not behind tlw
ears. The upper parts are of a purer olive ; beneath of a clearer yellow, the
crissum being unicolor with the belly. The quills and tail feathers are darker.
Total length, 4.85 ; wing, 2.28; tail, 2.50; graduation, .24; diflFerence be-
tween 1st and 4th quills, .24 ; length of bill from nostril, .30 ; along gape, .55 ;
tarsus, .85.
It is possible that a larger series of typical B. delattrii may show
that the differences mentioned above are not characteristic, and thnt
the Costa Kican specimens actually belong to delattrii. I think, how-
ever, they are really diff'erent.
Sinith-
Collcc-
Sox
Boiiiau
tor'H
and
No.
No.
A);e.
.S0,4!»l
131
3.S,276
.r
30,492
15
34,«.J4
, ,
, ,
29,353
191
123
••
Locality.
San JoHe, CoHta Utca.
Bogota,
Whon
Collected.
Jan. 12, '62.
Received from
Collected by
Dr. V. Krautzlua.
J. Carmiol.
Berlin Mii»enm.
Cab, of Lawrence.
(29,5.>3.) Labelled "B. dtliittrit."
Basileuterus belli.
Mascicapa belli, Giraui>, Birds Texas, 1?41, pi. iv, flg. 1. — /jnsiifuhrns
bi-lli, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1855, 65; 1859, 374 (Oaxaca).— In, ("at.il.
Am. Birds, 1861, 35, no. 213 (Orizaba).— Sclater & Salvin, H'lSi
II, 1860, 31 (Guatemala).
Bas
Bab. M(
(No. 32,'.
under part
of wings ol
the two str
ohacurely,
browa vtrt«
The oran
below the e
the nape so
Wings a lit
Total len
tween 1st q
.2S ; aloDg |
Smitli-
Collec-
soDlan
tor's
So.
No.
m,m
1!,738
,
■M.m
1,162
m,m
321
Myiotl
ta
Bill much
straight, the
rapidly rounc
and then con
tapering. Ri
shorter than
is equal only
tween the 6tl
graduated, tli
the outside oi
to the posted
This is t
Jlasileute7-u
' Baaileuter
Triclia,
' iWU
n.
36
BASILEUTEUUS.
251
Ba$ileuferu8 chrysophrys, Bonaf. Couap. 1850, 314.— ScLATEB, P. Z. S.
1857, 202 (Xalapa).
Hah. Mexico and Guatemala.
(No. 32,4G8.) Above olive green ; crown and cheeks orange brown. Entire
uoder parts, including edge of wings, greenish-yellow, the sides and lining
of wings olivaceous. A broad stripe of yellow from the bill over the eye ;
the tno stripes separated on the forehead by black, which is continued, more
obdcarely, along the top of head, so as to separate the yellow stripe from the
browa vtrtex.
The orange brown of the cheeks extends narrowly above, more broadly
below the eye to the bill, involving the lores. The yellow stripe extends on
the nape some distance beyond the rufous crown. Bill black ; legs yellowish.
Winga a little shorter than tail.
Total length, 5.10 ; wing, 2.28 ; tail, 2.50 ; graduation, .32 ; dilference be-
tween Ist quill and 4th, .32 ; length of bill from forehead, .49, from nostril,
.28; along gape, .55 ; tarsus, .80 ; middle toe and claw, .61. ; ''
Smith-
sonian
>'o.
1
Collec- Sex
tor's 1 and
No. jAge.
Locality.
Wben
Collected.
Received from
Collected by
26,370
11,738
.■12.468
:I0,693
I,i82
321
••
Mexico.
Oi'izuba.
Cuban, Guat.
Nov'."]859.
J. Kr:der.
P. L. Scluter.
I'rol'. Siimiclirast.
U. ijalviu.
Botteri ?
Sulviii&Godiuan.
i.--,''.!
Myiothlypis, Cabanis. (See page 23t.)
Mytothlypis, Cab. Mus. Hein. I, 1850, 17. (Type Trichas nigrocris-
talus, Laf.')
Bill much depressed, very flat, the culnien and commissure almost truly
straight, the bill tapering only gradually to near the tip, where it is more
rapidly rounded off, so that the lateral outlines are at first slightly concave,
and then convex at the tip, somewhat as in Toilus or Todiroslrum, but more
tapering. Rictal bristles reaching a little beyond the nostrils. Wings a little
shorter than the tail ; the 1st to 4th quills much graduated, so that the 1st
is equal only to the shortest secondary ; the 2d to the 9th quill ; the 3d is be-
tween tlie 6th and 7th ; the 4th and 5th longest. The tail is moderately
graduated, though the feathers are pointed. The legs are stout and strong ;
tile outside of the t.arsi apparently with the scutelhe passing entirely round
to the posterior edge. Head with a narrow pointed crest.
This is a strongly marked genus, and easily distinguished from
iimileuterm by the very flat, straight bill, much broadc" or less
' BasileuteruB nigricristatus, ,"
Trichas nigrocr hiatus, JLkvv^. Rev. Zool. 1840, 230 (Bo^ot&). —Myiolhlypia
n. Cab. Mus. Hein. 1, 1850, n.—Bnsileultrus n. Sclatkr, Catal. 1861,
36. — Basileuterus nitfiicapillus, ScLAXKa, P. Z. S. 1860, 74.
M
252
RKVIKW OF AMERICAN BIRTIS.
[part I.
attenuated towards the end than in any other Sylvicolidae, and re-
sembling somewhat species of Todiroatrum. The excessive gradua-
tion of the outer quills is another marked feature, although the wing
is rather pointed. The peculiarities of the scutellae, if real and not
apparent, point towards the Ti/ranniJae ; although, as far as lean
determine, there are but nine primaries. The type species belongs
to the Andean region of Ecuador and New Grenada, and is olive
green above and on sides, yellow beneath ; loral spot, and patch
on top of head, black. (30,910. Quito. C. R. Buckalew.)'
«
' In the Smithsonian collection is a female bird, coHeotecl in Paraguay, by
Capt. Page, which resembles somewhat the description by Bonaparte of J/yo-
thlypis luteo-viridis, from Bogota, in being entirely olive green above, the undtr
parts, with a line from bill over eye (becoming duller behind), yellow; bill
horn color ; legs yellow. If the luteo-viridis, however, be the female of J/.
nigricristntus, as suggested by Bonaparte and Sclater, this specimen eaiinot
belong to it, as it differs entirely in form. The bill resembles that of Euthlium
lachrymosa, though not quite so long ; it is like that of M. viilrutuf, also, in
the straight culmen and gape, but is wider at base, and entirely lacks the
Todirostrnm character of Myiothhjpis nigricristattts. The wings are connider-
ably shorter than the tail, which is narrow, the feathers much pointed and
graduated, as in Myiothlf/pis, but longer (very much as in Geotlilypis). Thfl
■wings are less rounded than in M. ntgricristatus, the 2d quill being a little
longer than the 6th, not about equal to the 9th. Length, 5.50; wing, 2.45;
difference between 1st and 4th quills, .40; tail, 2.90, its graduation, .35;
tarsus, .86 ; middle toe and claw, .65 ; bill from gape, .64. There is no indi-
cation of crest. (16,334. J . Paraguay, June, 1859. Capt. Page, U. S. N.,
No. 53.)
The relationship of this species are certainly nearest to Myiothlypts, differ-
ing mainly in longer tail, less graduated wing, and differently shaped lateral
outline of bill. To include the two together, the characters of the genns
must be considerably modified ; somewhat as follows : " Bill much depressed,
very broad at base, but thickened ; the culmen and commissure straight to
near the tip ; bristles prominent. Wings shorter than the tail, graduated;
the Ist quill not longer than the secondaries. Tail considerably graduated,
the feathers acutely pointed."
Both this bird and Af. nigricristntus would be taken for Geothlypis, but for
the broad, depressed, bristled bill. The Paraguay bird may be called, pro-
visionally, M. Jlaveolus if not luteo-viridis.
8ET0PHAGA.
25a
BETOFHAOA, Swainsoit.
Setophaga, Swains.
■0 fTC'f?
Setophaga, Swainson, Zool. Jour. Ill, Dec. 1827, 360. (Type Musc'icapa
ruticilla, L.)— Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 297.
Sylvania, Nuttall, Mau. Oru. I, 1832. (Same type.)
Bill lunch depressed, the lateral outlines straight towards tip. Bristles
reach half way from nostril to tip. Culmen almost straight to near the tip ;
commissure very slightly curved. Nostrils oval, with membrane above them.
Wings rather longer than tail, pointed ; lid, 3d, and 4th quills nearly equal ;
1st intermediate between 4th and 5lh. Tail rather long, rather rounded ; the
featliers broad, and widening at ends, the outer web narrow. Tarsi with
scntellar divisions indistinct externally. Legs slender; toes short, inner
cleft nearly to base of 1st joint, outer with Ist joiut adherent ; middle toe
withont claw, not quite half the tarsus.
The description above given is based upon the tj'pe of the genus —
S. ruticilla. Of the many speci " referred by authors to Setophaga
the only one that corresponds with it in most of those characters is
the Mexican S. picta. This is quite similar in most points, but
differs in the wing being a little less pointed, the 1st quill about
equal to or a little longer than the 5th. The feet arc quite diifer-
eiit — the toes being considerably longer, so that the middle toe with-
out claw is two-thirds the tarsus. The claws are proportionally
longer, perhaps less curved, and the scutellaj more distinct on the
outside of tarsus. The South and Middle American species, hereto-
fore assigned co this genus, are all characterized by peculiar features
readily distinguishing them from S. rulicilla, and are certainly
entitled to subgeneric rank.
As far as I now recollect S. ruticilla is the only one of the Seto-
phagem in which the sexes are certainly dissimilar. The rule is the
reverse in the other SylmcoUdse.
In the following synopsis I combine the principal species belonging
to Setophaga, Myioborus, and Euthlypis : —
a. End of lateral tail feathers black. Sexes dissimilar.
Belly white. Setophaga.
Ground color black, without vertex spot. Sides of
breast and bases of quills and tail feathers red-
dish-orange in male, yellowish in female . . ruticilla, Sw.
b. Lateral tail feathers, including their tips, white. Sexes similar.
Belly vermilion- or carmine-red.
■
tf
254
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I.
yj
Iff
M
mp
% wj
Entirbly lustrous blank, including head and neck.
No vertex spot. A wliite patch on the wings.
Setophaga.
Forehead h' ;k. A broad band on the wings
and almost the whole of outer tail feather
white picta, Sw.
Forehead white. A narrow band on the wings
and tips only of lateral tail feathers white multicolor, Bp.
Plumbeous ash, including head and neck. A chest-
nut brown vertex-spot. No white on wings.
Mi/ioborus.
Throat, lores, and forehead continuously pare
black. Spoton vertex uniform dark chest-
nut, scarcely margined on the sides with
black. Inner web of outer tail feather
white for terminal two-fifths ; 3d feather
with a distinct white tip. Tail, 3.00 . miniata, Sw.
Black of head somewhat tinged with plumbe-
ous ; a distinct band of this color extend-
ing from bill over the eye, cutting off
the black of forehead. Spot on vertex
orange chestnut, lighter at base, and
quite broadly margined with blackish.
White on outer tail feather restricted to
terminal third ; 3d feather with a small
white tip or none. Tail, 2.75 . . flammea, Katip
Beneath clear yellow, or with a tinge of orange. Crissum
whitish. Vertex with an orange brown spot (except
in melanocephala). Above plumbeous ash. Winga
and tail black. Myiohorus.
Head and neck all round like the back.
Breast and belly gamboge yellow. Forehead
and sides of vertex plumbeous. Outer
tail feather white for more than terminal
third verticalis, Lafr.
Breast and belly yellowish-orange. Forehead
and sides of vertex black. Outer tail
feather with less than terminal half white aurantiaca, Baird.
Head and neck above like the back. Whole under
parts yellow ; base of bill above yellow (except
in brunneiceps). A dusky loral spot. No pec-
toral collar,
A cinnamon vertex spot encircled by black,
extending below and upwards into the
eye to the gape. A dusky loral spot.
Circum-ocular region, and line to bill
SETOPnAOA.
255
[Tschadi.
melanocephala,
brunneicepa, Lafr.
torquata, Baird.
(oontinnoua with it) yellow. Yellow [Sclater.
frontlet very narrow . . . . ? " ruficoronata,"
Top of head black, without vertex spot. Other-
wise like last, but the blaokisti of cheeks
uot raaning below the eye into the dusky
lores. (Black confined to vertex, and not
reaching occiput as in last ?)
Whole top of head cinnamon, without en-
circling black, except a narrow front.
Circum-ocnlar region and line to bill,
extending very narrowly along the base
of the forehead, white. No yellow at
base of bill. Rest of side of head, with
line over eye, dark ashy. Middle of back
olivaceous
Similar to the last, but without dusky loral spot, and
with a dusky pectoral band.
Entire cheeks yellow . . . .
Anterior portion of entire head yellow, bordered be-
hind, above, and on sides by black ; the cheeks,
forehead, and chin entirely yellow, or with more
or less white' ....... ornata, Boiss.
c. Extren,r ips only of lateral tail feathers white. Sexes similar.
Beneath yellowish; crissum whitish. A median yellow
vertex stripe. Above, including wings and tail, plum-
beous. Euthlypis.
A white spot before the eye. Breast tinged with
fulvous ....... larhrymom, Bon.
' I have followed some authors, and I think Dr. Sclater, in referring this
species to the S. ruficoronata of Kaup ; but the description of this author is
very unsatisfactory, and I doubt very much the correctness of the identifiiia-
tion, as the Pliila. Academy specimen, like ornata with chestnut vertex-patch,
answers much better to his diagnosis. Should this suggestion be correct, I am
not aware of any published name that properly belongs to the Ecuador bird.
' This section includes S. ornata, Boiafi.fjlaveola, Lafr., and leucoijiphomma,
Kaup, the diflFerences of which are not well established, and it is quite possible
tiiat all these names refer to one species. In the collection of the Philadelphia
Academy is a specimen (without locality) which differs from the common
form of S. ornata in having a decided chestnut brown patch on the vertex,
the anterior featiiers iu which are tipped slightly with black. The forehead
(broadly), the whole side of the head to just behind the eye, and the entire
under parts are rich yellowish-orange. In some respects this bird agrees
better with S. ruficoronata, of Kaup, than the one referred to above.
, ">•.
:•#',
.4'
. ¥
:1(V
•i-,.^'
'1
iw ■
i-^
.»l^ ?
-■ i
256
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.
Setophaoa, Sw. (See p. 236.)
[part I.
Setopliaga ruticilla.
Motacilla ruticilla, Linn. S. N. 10th ed. 1758, 186 (Catesby, Car. tab.
67). — Muscicapn riiliciila, Linn. S. N. 1, 1766,326. — Gmelin ; Vikil-
toT, I, pi. 35, 36. — WiLS. I, pi. vi, fig. 6. — Bon. ; Aud. Orn. Biog. 1,
pi. 40. — D'Okb. SagraV Cnba.Ois. 1840,87. — Setophaya rut. Swains.
Zool. Jour. Ill, 1827, 358.— Bo.'«. ; Aud. B. A.— Sclater, P. Z, S.
1854, 111 (licuadoi) ; 1855, 144 (Bogota); 1856, 92 (Cordova);
1859, 374 (Oaxaea); 1860, 84 (Kcnador), 292.— Ib. Catal. Ihtfl,
36, no. 220.— Ib. P. Z. S. 1864, 172 (City of Mexico).— Sclateu &
Balvin, Ibia, 1859, 12 (Guatemala).— Baird, Birds N. Am. ISiJS,
297.— Max. Cab. Jour. 1858, 186.— Sall^, P. Z. S. 1857, 231 (St.
Domingo). — Newton, Ibis, 1859, 143 (St. Croix; winter).— Cab.
Jour. 18r.6, 472 (Cuba) ; 1860, 325 (Costa Rica).— Gdndlach, ib.
1861, 326 (Cuba).— Bryant, Pr. Bost. Soc. VII, 1859 (Bahamas).-
Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lyo. 1861, 322 (Panama R. R.). — Sylvunia
rut. NtiTTALJ,, Man. I, 1832, 291 (type of genus).
Motacilla flavicauda, Gmklin, I, 1788, 997 ( 9 )•
Hah. Eastern and in part middle provinces of North America to Fort Simp-
Bou ; most of all the West Indies ; Mexico to Ecuador.
Specimens in the collection from many loealitios in the eastern
United States as far west as the valley of the Missouri : also —
Bmtth-
Collec-
Sex
When
Collected.
DoniaD
No.
tor's
No.
HUd
Locality.
Received from
Collected by
20,638
26
^
A|o')»9 Fiicto'y.
May 26, '60.
C. Drexler.
C. Drexler.
2l1,«37
669
y
Ku^iert house.
Sept.. 3, '60.
14
'•
7 9, .'528
402
632
rf ,
Kortl Impsoii^
June 7.
May 2.3, '60.
B. R. Rnofi.
R. Keiiuicott.
B. R. Ross.
19,328
d
Fort |,e«blution.
R. Kenuicott.
4,689
, ,
Moiitli of I'latte.
April 26.
Lt. Warren.
Dr. Ilaydeu.
4,688
, ,
, ,
Mouth of Bi(f Sionx.
■ • •
"
"
19,205
24
^
Wind River Mts.
May 25, '60
•Capt. Rayaold*.
•t
19,206
34
«t
41
11
11,060
Fort Bridger, Utah.
May 27.
C. Drexler.
C. Drexler.
84,S12
32
P
NasBau, N. P.
May 14, '64.
Lt. Fitzgerald.
23,S3S
, ,
^
MoDte Verde, Cuba.
Sept. 4, '61.
C. Wright.
C. Wright.
23,540
, ,
, ,
Monte Liboo, Cuba.
Sept. 25, '61.
ti
"
21,636
, ,
9
Tuabeque, Cuba.
It
11
21,658
, ,
rf
Filanthropia, Cuba.
Dec. 8.
11
II
23,320
, ,
rf
Trelawiiey, Jam.
Nov. 20, '»8.
P. L Sclater.
W. O.^burn.
24,362
44
rf
Spantslitown, Jam.
Sept. 1861.
W. T March.
W. T. March.
28,967
, ,
St. Thomas.
• > •
J. Akhur!<t.
36,641
, ,
..
ti
• . .
Robert Swift, [ton.
Cab. A. & E. New-
, ,
, ,
,
St. Croix.
Mar. 16, '38
30,706»
3,095
?
Belize, Hond.
Dec, 14, '37.
0. Salvin.
30,706
338
rf
I'etali'ulu, Guat.
Sept. 1862.
i.
34,660
, ,
rf
Barraucu, C. K.
Mar. 13, '64.
J. Carmiol.
34,661
••
d
11
i.
Smith-
Collec
loniaD
tor's
.No.
No.
4,014
141
34,020
113
13,628
30,70a
340
I j..,-» ».
Setopliaga picta.
Setnphngn pirtn, Swains. Zool. 111. 2d series, I, 1820, pi. iii. — Kaup, P.
Z. S. 1851, 50.— Sclater, P. Z. S. 18E'6, 66 ; 1858, 299 (Oaxaca).-
Ib. Catal. 1861, 36, no. 221 (Guatemala).— Baird, Birds N. Am.
SETOPHAQA.
267
1858, 298, pi. Izxvii, fig. 2. — Sclater & Saltin, Ibis, I S59, 12
(Guatemala).
Muscicupa leucomug, Oiradd, Birds Texaa, 1841, pi. vi, fig. 1. — Sclater,
P. Z. S. 1866, 6tf.
Bab. All Mexico and Guatemala.
General color, including sides of bodj, lustrous black. Eyelids, a large
patcl on the wing, involving tho greater and middle coverts, the edges of the
secondaries, the inside of wings, axillars, crissum, tibim, outer tail feather
except at base, and a diminishing space on the second and third, white.
Middle of breast and abdomen carmine red. Wiugs and tail equal.
The white of the crissal feathers is conflned to the tips, the rest being black,
sometimes showing in the white. The fourth tail feather sometimes has a
Blight white tip ; the second feather is almost entirely white.
I have seen no specimen marked as the female of this beautiful species,
Lut that sex probably differs only in s less intenne coloration, and more re-
etrioted amount of white. There is no appreciable difference between Mexican
and Guatemalan skins.
Length (34,020), 5.00; wing, 2.70; tail, 2.70; tarsus, .66
This species differs in form from S. miniata in longer wings and
shorter tail — the two being about equal, instead of the tail being
considerably the longer. The tarsi of this species are also shorter.
Setophaga multicolor, Bon.,' from Mexico, seems to differ in having
the forehead white, the white of the wings narrower, that of the tail
more restricted, the belly white. The species appears to be entirely
unknown, except from Bonaparte's description.
Smlth-
Collec-
Sex
toDian
tor's
and
.No,
No.
Age.
4,014
Ui
cT
84,020
113
rf
13,628
. ,
30,-OJ
340
Locality.
Biiqeillo, New Leon.
MazatlAD. (Sierra
Guatemala. [Madre.)
Volcan de Fuego,
[Ouat.
When
Collected.
Received from | Collected by-
April, 1S33.
Dec. 1861.
1862.
Lt. D. N. Couch.
A. J. Grayson.
J. Gould.
0. Salvin.
Salvia & Godm.
(4,014.) Eyes brown.
Myiobgrus, Baird. (See page 237.)
Myioborus, Baird. (Type Setophaga verticalis, Sw.)
Rictal bristles very long, reaching to the end of the bill ; the toes more
as in ruticilla, though longer, the middle toe without claw about three-fifths
tlie tarsus. The wings are shorter than the broad, soft, ronnded tail, and the
wing is much rounded ; the 4th quill longest, the Ist about equal to the 7th.
' Setophaga multicolor.
St't<>phu(ja multicolor, BoN. Conspectus, 1850, 312. Mus. Senck.
Uab. Mexico.
17 May, 1805.
¥ •!'
ru^'-Wu
I.-
': t
It
.jj:..,.r...
i
Ml
' ''■':■ *
■: i: ',
m
......
■k
■"^ -T.
258
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.
[I'AKT I.
The species of this section have been usually referred to Setophmja,
but diller very appreciably as indicated. 1 have, however, coinbini'd
them in the same analytical arrangement under Sfto])ha(ja for con-
vunience of diagnosis. The following are the better known specify
of Mijioburus from South America (see page 253) : —
Setopbaga vertloalU.
Setophaga certicalis, Lafr. & D'Orb. Syn. Av. 1837, 60. — D'Orb. Voy.
Ois. 330, pi. 35, fig. 1.— ScLATER, Catal. 1861, 37, no. 225.
Hal). Bogota and Ecuador. Specimens in collections of Smithsonian Inst.,
Phila. Acad., and G. N. Lawren
Setophaga .
fSetophngn rnjicoronala, Sclatkr P. Z. S. 1855, 144, etc., and Catal.
1861, 37, no. 226 (not of Kaup?).
ITah. Ecuador. Specimens in collections of Smithsonian Inst. (Ecuador,
from C. R. Buckalew), Phila. Acad., and G. N. Lawrence.
Setophaga melanocephala.
Setophaga mtlanocephala, Tschudi, Consp. Fauna Peruana, 1845-6, 192,
tab. xii (Peru).
Hah. Peru. Cab. Phila. Aoad.
Setophaga ruficoronata.
f Setophaga rujicoronata, Kacp, P. Z. S. 1851, 49. — Bo». Obs. Delattre,
1853, 63.
Hab. Bogota. Cab. Phila. Acad.
Setophaga ornata.
Setophaga ornata, Boiss, R. Zool. 1840, 70 (Bogota. Face and forehead
white).
Setophaga flaveola, Lafr. R. Zool. 1844, 81 (Bogota. Face and forehead
yellow). Cab. Phila. Acad.
f Setophaga leucomphomma, Kadp, P. Z. S. 1851, 227 (Bogota).
Hab. Bogota. Cab. Phila. Acad.
Setophaga brunneiceps.
Setophaga brunneiceps, Lafr. & D'Orb. Syn. Av. 1837, 50. — D'Orb. Voy.
Ois. 329, pi. 29, fig. 3 (Bolivian Andes). — Danileuierus bruimeicepi,
BoN. Consp. 1850, 314.
Hab. Bolivia* Cab. Phila. Acad.
This bird is quite different in form from the preceding species ; its narrower
bill, shorter wings, color of head and back, etc., approximating it to Bait-
leuterm, although its longer, broad graduated tail, with the white lateral tail
feathers, are as in Myioborus.
Smith-
CnllBf
aonlan
tor's
No.
No.
m
13,668
37,496
62
SETOPHAGA.
259
Setophaga oaBtaneo-capilla.
Setophatja cantaneo-cupilla. Cab. Sohomburgk's Guiana, III, 1848, 6C7
(Rorairaa, Guiana).
This npeciea liaH usually b«en assumed as identical with the preceding,
although Judging from the description alone, it appears quite distinct. The
essential features consist in having the crest chestnut brown, the foreliead,
sides of neck and back with faint wash of olivaceous. The outer tail feather
has the outer web and the tip of tlie inner white ; the second with a large
white spot inclosed by black ; the third white only at tip. Nothing is said
of the black forehead, nor of the white lines of the face and front. There ia
much less white also on the lateral tail feathers.
§etophaKa miniata.
Setophaga miniata, Swains. Philos. Mag. I, 1827, 368. — BAiRn, Birds
N. Am. 1858, 24.9, pi. Iviii, fig. 1.— Sclatkr, P. Z. S. 1856, 292
(Cordova) ; 1858, 299 (Oaxaca).— Ib. 1859, 363 (Xalapa).— Ib.
1864, 173 (City of MexiM).— Ib. Catal. 1861, 37, no. 222.
Muscicapa vulnerafa, W*oi.EK, Isis, 1831, 529. — Setophaga rul. Bon.
Consp. 1850, 313. — Setophaga castanea, Lisbon, R. Z. 1839, 42.
Muscicapa derhami, Giraod, Birds Texas, 1841, pi. iii, fig. 2. — Sclater,
P. Z. S. 1865, 65.
Hab. Mexico.
(No. 13,668.) Above dark bluish-ash ; the quills dark brown ; the tail black.
A square patch of dark chestnut brown on the vertex ; the forehead anterior
to this, lores, circura-ocular region, cheeks beneath the eye, whole fore neck
and sides of juguium, black ; rest of under parts rich carmine red, except in-
side of wings and crissum, which are white. Tibiae plumbeous. The exposed
portion of outer web, and exposed half of inner, of the lateral tail feather, white,
the amount of white successively more restricte I on the 2d and 3d feathers.
Wings considerably shorter than the tail. Bristles reaching to end of bill.
Female similar to male in color.
Length, 5.10; wing, 2.55 ; tail, 3.00; tarsus, .75.
A specimen (No. 558, type of Muscicapa derhami) less mature,
or possibly a female, has the black feathers of the forehead and
throat edged with plumbeous ; the sides of the head are plumbeous.
This bird is the one described in Birds X. Am.
Smlth-
Collec-
Sex
BoDlan
tor's
and
No.
No.
Age.
558
13,668
37,496
62
?
Locality.
N. E. Mexico.
Jalapa.
Orizaba, Mex.
Wlien
Collected.
Jan. 30, '65.
Received from
8, F. Baird.
P. L. Sclatcr.
Prof. Sumichragt.
Collected by
J. G. Bell.
D'Oca.
(S.'iS.) A type specimen of Muscicapa dtrhami^ <3iraad.
Setophaga flammea*
Setophaga Jiammea, Kaup, P. Z. S. 1851, 50 (Guatemala) ; P. Z. S. 1855,
77 (references to priority). — Sclater, Catal. 1861, 37, no. 223. —
*■ t ^' , *
260
UBVIBW or AMERICAN BIRDS,
[part I,
y : • '
• <♦'..■■ ;
- I -'^
.•I*
ill.:-
ScLATRR & Salvin, Ihifl, 1859, 12 (Oaatemala).— Cabamii), Jour.
IX, 18t)l, 85 (Costa Rica).
Setnphaga intermedia, Hartladh, R. Z. 1853, 3.
Ilab, Quatuuiala ; Couta Rioa (Cab.)«
It is with inuoh hesitation that I admit thin nn a distinct sppcien, and doKo
mainly beuausH Dr. Scliiter, wlio has seen many HpeuiiiienH of the two allied
lornis, cimsi(i«rs them different. Tlie most highly plumaged specimen buforenie
difftTs from the S. miniata, as Just described, in the red of tlie belly being more
vermilion than carmine. The blacli on the throat and fondiead is less int^-iiHe ;
on tlie side of the head it is mainly confined to the region below and anterior
to tiie eye, tlie plumbeous ground color extending in qnite a broad and distinct
band from the bill over the eye. The chestnut of the feathers of the vurtex
is lighter, and of a yellowish shade at the basal portion, while in inininla it is
nnicolored ; it is more restricted in extent, being bordered on each Hide by
quite a broad band of black. The white of tail is more restricted, only one-
third the inner web of outer feather being involved instead of two-fifths, and
rarely extending on the third feather. The bill is perhaps a little broader,
the tail and wings shorter, the tail feathers narrower.
A female, as marked by Mr. Salvin, differs from the male only in having a
still greater mixture of plumbeous in the black of the forehead.
Length of 20,400, %, 5.10; wing, 2.45 ; tail, 2.70; tarsus, .72.
The S. intermedia, of Hartlaub, was probab.^ based upon a female
bird — the diagnosis of plumbeous throat, concolor with the back and
forehead, not being applicable to the male. Kaup's diagnosis of tips
only of the outer three tail feathers white is not very distinctive, as
there ia comparatively little difference in this respect from miniata.
From a statement by Mr. Sclater, in the Pr. Z S. 1855, 77, it
appears that the name of Kaup, though presented to the Zool. Soc.
in 1851, was not actually published until after that of Hartlaub, in
1853. It is, therefore, a question whether the latter should not have
priority. As, however, there is no internal evidence or external in-
dication apart from the claim of Dr. Hartlaub and the unofficial
admission of Sclater to prove the fact, I retain the name of Jlammea,
regretting at the same time that the actual date of issue of the sheet
containing the description was not in some way noted upon it.
Smtth-
CoUec-
Sex
Botiltin
tor'g
and
No.
No.
Age.
13,665
18,567
, .
8,021
, ,
20,400
1,469
20,689
1,468
30,704
348
••
130
Localitjr.
Ouatemala.
Coban, Quat.
Oaatemala.
When
Collected.
Nov. 1859.
Received from
P. L. Sclater.
if
J. Oonld.
0. Salvlu.
Cab. Lawrence.
Collected by
^w
BKTOPHAOA.
261
getophARA aiirantiaca.
Setopkaga aurantiaca, Daibo, n. a.
Hah. Costa Rio*.
Upper parts, with head and neck, phimlieoun, wlthont any tinge of olire ;
wini^H and tail black, tlie quills edged Hiightly with plumbeous. Crown orange
brown, margined on the forehead and above tiie eyes with black. Fore part
of tlie neck blackish. Beneath yellowish-orange ; the crisBum and inside of
wing!* white : the tibia and edge of wing plunibeoL Rather less than the
teriuinnl half of outer tail feather, and a din>inishing amount on the second
auii tliird feathers, white, the white extending farther towards the base on the
outer webs of the outer feather ; the black extending forwards externally on
the edge of the second and third feathers. Iris black.
TliH sexes do not appear to differ. Some specimens art, however, of a deeper
orange. A young bird (30,41)3), not fully fledged, is very similar, but lacks
the brown crown. The orange of the under parts is very deep and distinct.
Length (No. 33,:80, 9), 6.00; wing, 2.45; tail, 2.67; gape of bill, .GO;
tarBus, .75.
This species is very similar to S. verlicalis, of Bogota, but differs
in iiaving the under parts yellowish-oraiifje. rath(!r than clear jrani-
boge yellow. The throat is apparently darker. The black of the
forehead and sides of the vertex-spot 1 do not find in the speci-
men before me of verticalis, nor are they mentioned in the descrip-
tions. There is more white on the tail feathers of oerticalia, involving
raore than half of the inner web and two-thirds of the outer. Thero
is no trace in autantiaca of the ashy margins of the tail feathers
mentioned by D'Orbigny.
%
8mlth-
CoPec-
S<IT
When
Collected.
DuniHa
No.
tor"»
No.
A({e.
Locality.
Received from
Collected by
30,493
101
Jnv.
CoNtH Uica.
Dr. V. Fraatrlus.
a),280
8
V
Dita Mts., C. K.
Jan. W, '64.
J. C'armiol.
J. Carmiul.
\%m
8
"
4t
(.
33,277
8
$
"
Jan. 2.S, '64
(4
3,1,2fll
8
rf
'•
Jan. 27, "64.
■■
3,1, 27S
8
i
"
"
11
3.'t,2S2
8
If
Ji.li. 24, '84.
ti
34,6.18
, .
rf
San Jo-<e.
Mar. 4, '64.
(1
u,m
••
d
Barraoca.
Mar. 12, 't;4.
II
Setophaga torquata.
Setophana torquata, Baibd, n. 8.
Hub. Costa Rica.
Upper parts, continuous With ft narrow pectoral collar ashy plumb ons,
with a tinge of olive above; the collar more dusky. A narrow* frontal line,
entire sides of head, including lores and circum-ocular region, .ir.d under parts,
bright yellow. Crissum and inside of wings pale yellowish ; edge of wing darker
■"S-L.
sea
REVIEW OP AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I.
S
yellow. Vertex with the featbere considerably elongated, and orange brown,
uicrgined all round with black. Quills and tail feathers black, not appreciably
xuarpined. Outer tail feather with all the exposed portion white ; less of this
color on the second, with a margin of black on the outer web near the end;
third feather with a small stripe of white in the end. Tibia gre -iish plum-
beous.
In one specimen the forehead only (except the narrow line at base of bill)
is black, and the black line above the superciliary yellow is quite narrow ; in
another, the decumbent brown crest is mainly on the sinciput, the black
anterior and lateral to it being in considerably less extent. An immature .speci-
men, not fully fledged, probably of this species, lacks the spot on the vertex ;
the whole jugulum is dusky, this color extending forward along the throat tj
the bill ; the lores and a crescentio patch beneath the eye are dusky.
Length, 5.50 ; ^ing, 2.75 ; tail, 2.85 ; bixl from gape, .56 ; tarsus, .80.
The clear yellow face without any dusky marks, and the yellow
under parts crossed by a dusky pectoral collar, appear to distinguish
this species from all its congeners.
■i
-I
I
Smith-
BoniaD
No.
Collec-
tor's
No.
Sex
and
Age.
Locality.
When
Collected.
Received from
Colit«ted b^
30,496
80,495
80,494
32,283
07
98
99
..
San Jose, C. R.
ti
It
tc
...
Dr. V. FrantziuM.
tt
J. Carmiol.
J. Carniiot.
EuTHLYPis, Cabanis. (See page 23t.)
Euthlypis, Cabanis, Mus. Hein. 1850, 18. (Type E. laclirymosa, Cab.)
Bill much depressed, and lengthened ; from forehead as long as the head,
the lateral outline rather concave near the end. Rictal bristles reaching half
way from nostrils to tip of bill. Culmen and commissure gently carved. Tail
rounded, and a little longer than the wings, the feathers moc'erately broad.
Wings rounded ; 1st quill about equal to the 6th ; 3d and 4th longest. Pro-
portions cf feet about as in the rufouo ^.0"'ned Myioborus.
This subgenus, besides its relations to Setophaga, has characters
belonging both to Myioborus and Myiodioctes. The tail feathers
have the firmness and comparative narrowness of outer web of tlie
latter, the feet and rounded wings of the former. The bill is more
lengthened than in either.
But a single species of this subgenus is known. It is the largest
of the SetophageiPi : yellow beneath, plumbeous above, with two dark
stripes on the head i'lclosing a median yellow one
Smith- Coll
souiau tor
No. No
29,70,')
J0,701
331
n
;>">«
CARDELLINA.
263
Setophaga laclirymosa.
Busileuterus lac. Bon. Consi.. 1850, 314 (from spec, in Berlin Mus.)> —
Eulhlypin lac. Cab. l^!u8. Heiii. 1850, 19 (Lagunas, Mex. ; same as
Bonaparte's spec.)— Sclateb, P. Z. S. 1856, 291 (Cordova) ; 1859,
363 (Jalapa).— Ib. Catal. 1861, 36, no. 219.— Sclatkh & Salvin,
Ibis, 1860, 274 (Alotenango, Guat., Sept. 1859).
Setuphaya lachrymosa, Bairo.
Ilah. Eastern Mexico and Guatemala.
Above, including top and sides of head, olivaceous-plnmbeons ; wing and
tail feathers almost black, edged on outside with plumbeous. Beneath yel-
low, the breast, jugulum, and flanks washed with ochry. Crissum dirty white :
tibiae and inside of wings tinged with olive. Feathers along base of upper
maudible, with loral region and two stripes on top of head, black, the latter
iiclosing a broader median rne of yellow. A spot in front of eye, and eyelids
white. A white spot at end of all the tail feathers, principally on the inner
web, and decreasing in magnitude from outermost to middle. Bill black ;
legs pale.
Length, 6.10; wing, 2.75 ; diflerence between Ist and 4th quills, .25; tail,
2.90; graduation, .35 ; bill above, .60, from nostril, .36, from gape, .70; tarsus,
.90; middle toe and claw, .73 ; claw, .24; hind toe and claw, .50.
'^1
Smith-
souiaa
No.
Collec-
tor's
No.
Sex
and
Age.
Locality.
When
Collected.
Becelved from
Collected by
»,70,1
oO,701
331
••
Mexico [Ouat.
Savana Oraude,
1862.
A. Sal 16.
0. Salvia.
CARDELLINA, Dcbds.
Cardellina, Dubus. (See page 236.)
Cardellina, " Ddbus,'' Bon. Consp. 1850, 312. (Type Cardellina amicta,
Ddbus= Muscicap I ruhrifrons, Giraud.)
Bill Parine in appeararxie, much shorter than hea'', high at base, and the
culmen considerably decurved throughout ; the commissure curved and some-
what angulated in the middle. Bictal bristles stiff, but not very long, hardly
reaching half way from the nostrils to tip of bill, which exhibits scarcely any
trace of notch. Wings long and pointed ; the 2d, 3d, and 4th quills nearly
equal and longest ; the 1st a little longer than the 5th. The tail is shorter
than the wings, nearly even, a very little lounded. Feet small ; ta'si short,
the 8cutel!ar divisions indistinct externally ; the middle toe without claw
little more than half the tarsus.
This form agrees ve' • c/jsely in the cliaracters of wing and tail
vith Myiodioctes milratua. The legs, however, are shorter, and the
bill very differently sliaped, more like that of a Titmouse.
CARDELLINA.
263
Setophaga laclirymosa.
Basileuterus lac. Bon. Consi.. 1850, 314 (from spec, in Berlin Mas.). —
Euthlypis lac. Cab. L!us. Huin. 1850, 19 (Lagunas, Mex. ; game as
Bonaparte's spec. )— Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, 291 (Cordova) ; 1859,
363 (Jalapa).— Ib. Catal. 1861, 36, no. 219.— Sclatkb & Salvin,
Ibis, 1860, 274 (Alotenango, Guat., Sept. 1859).
Setophaga lachrymosu, Baibd.
Hab. Eastern Mexico and Guatemala.
Above, including top and sides of head, olivaceous-plumbeous ; wing and
tail featliers almost black, edged on outside with plumbeous. Beneath yel-
low, the breast, jugulum, and flanks washed with ochry. Crissum dirty white :
tibiae and inside of wings tinged with olive. Feathers along base of upper
inaudible, witli loral region and two stripes on top of head, black, the latter
iiclosing a broader median rne of yellow. A spot in front of eye, and eyelids
white. A white spot at end of all the tail feathers, principally on the inner
web, and decreasing in magnitude from outermost to middle. Bill black ;
legs pale.
Length, 6.10; wing, 2.75 ; diflerence between 1st and 4th quills, .25; tail,
2.90 ; graduation, .35 ; bill above, .60, from nostril, .36, from gape, .70 ; tarsus,
.90 ; middle toe and claw, .73 ; claw, .24 ; hind toe and claw, .50.
Smith- Collec
souiani tor's
No. No,
29,703
oO,"01
331
Sex
und
Age.
Locality.
Mexico [Dual.
Savuna Graudo,
When
Collected.
Becetved from
1S62.
A Salli-.
0. Salvia.
Collected by
CARDELLINA, Dcbcs.
Cardellina, Dubus. (See page 236.)
Cardelltna, " Ddbus,'' Bon. Consp. 1850, 312. (Type Cardellina amicla,
DvBOS = Muscicap I rubrifrons, Giraud.)
Bill Parine in aonearafie. much shorter than Ix^fl/* liigb nt. ViAga o.wi n>^
i6i
REVIEW OP AMERICAN BIRDS
[part I.
Cardelliua ruliritm ivns.
Uuscicapa rubri/ront, GiBAUD, Birds Texas, 1841, pL vii, fig. 1 (N. E.
Mexico). — Cardellina rubri/rons, Sclater, P. Z. S. ISSS, 6G ; ib.
18B8, 299 (Oaxaca) ; 1859, 374 (do.).— Ib. Catal. 1861, 37, uo. 229.
Cardellina amicta, ("Dcbos, M8S."), Boif. Consp. 1850, 312.
Parus erythropis, Licet. M3S. (Mu8. Berlin).
Hub. Mexico and Quatemala.
(No. 29,708.) Above grayish -ash ; a nuchal patch, rump and under parts,
white, more er less tinged with rosy. Head and neck all round bright red,
crossed however by a hood of black on the top of head, passing down over the
ears, leaving the forehead, lores, eyelids, and sides of the neck red. There is
no red on the ocniput, the white of the nape immediately succeeding the black.
Inside of wings white, and an ashy white band across the median wing
coverts. ' Sides of body ashy. Female similar, but duller in color.
Length, 5.00; wing, 2.77; tail, 2.75 ; graduation, .14 ; difference between
Ist and 3d (longest) quills, .12 ; bill from forehead, .45, nostril, .27, gape, .48;
tarsus, .70 ; middle toe and claw, .54.
Smith-
gnnlau
Ko.
Collec-
tor's
No.
29,708
30,702
S'O
Sex
and
Age.
?f
Locality.
Mexico.
Tutonicapam, Ouat.
When
Collected.
Received from
Oct. 1862.
A. 8all6.
0. Salvia.
Collected by
Erqaticus, Baird.
ErgattcuK, Baird. (Page 237.) (Type Setophaga rubra, Sw.)
Bill very short, and rather slender ; the culmen, however, and commissure
curved from the base. Rictal bristles well developed, reaching midway from
postril to tip. Wings rather shorter than the nearly even, somewhat rounded
tail ; the 3d and 4th quills about equa' ; the Ist a little shorter than the 6lh,
Tarsi lengthened ; the middle toe without claw half the tarsus.
This form diflfera from typical Cardellina in much slenderer,
though somewhat similarly shaped bill, greater development of rictal
bristles, considerably shorter and more rounded wings, etc. In some
respects it resembles the section Jdiotes of Jiasile uterus, but rau)
properly be separated.
Cardellina rubra.
Setophaga rubra, Swaimb. Phil. Mag. I, 1827, 368 (eastern Mexico).—
Oassin, 111. Birds Cal. Texas, I, 1854, 266, pi. xliii.— C((r(W/imi
rubra, Bos. Consp. 1850, 312.— Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, 292 (El
Sylvi
Paru
Hah. Mes
(No. 13,6(
silvery whil
colors of the
color, dusky
Length, 4.
Ist and 4th
toe and claw
Smith-
Collec-
dODiiin
tor's
No.
No,
.lei
32.717
w.s.-.o
1.1,666
32,718
3\14n
\k
37,49a
112
(561.) Typegp
Cardellini
Cardell
(V
Hab. Highli
(No. 30,703,
beneath ; the
with silvery n
with red ; lini
probably simi
Lengtli, 4.8(
Ist and 4th qi
This speci
in color iiiai
head, neck, t
Emlth-
lonlan
No.
30,703
Collec-
t'lr'a
Ho.
I
3.57
S(
ai
WW
".^M '
OABDELLINA.
265
Jacale, Mex.) ; 1858, 299 (Oaxaca) ; 1859, 2(53, 374 (Xalapa^
Oaxaca) ; 1864, 173 (City of Mexico).— Ib. Catal. 1861, 38, no. 230.'
—Dasileuterus ruber, Cad. Mus. Hein. 1851, 18.
Sylvia miiiiata, Lafr. Mag. Zool. 1836, pi. liv.
Purus leucotia, Gibado, Birds Tex. 1841, pi. iv, fig. 2 (N. K Mexico).
Hab. Mexico.
(No. 13,6G6.) Rich carmine red, rather darker on the back. Ear coverts
silvery white. Wing and tail feathers brown, edged externally witlx the
colors of the back. Larger inner wing coverts rosy white. Bill pale liorn
color, dusky above. Legs pale. Sexes similar.
Length, 4.70 ; wing, 2.40 ; tail, 2.55, its graduation, .20; diiference between
1st and 4th quills, .30 ; bill from nostril, .27, gape, .50 ; tarsus, .77 ; middle
toe and claw, .56.
Sraith-
Collec-
Sex
aonlua
tor's
and
No.
No.
Age.
,161
..
31717
4.'5,8.<0
■.■f
UMO
. ,
32,718
Jnv.
3-),14n
184
<f
37,493
112
d
L. ;a!lty.
When
Collected.
X. E Mexico.
Mexico.
Xulapa.
Mirador (pines).
Orizaba (IiIkIi-
lands).
June 1S64.
Received from
S. F. Baird.
Verreaux.
Sfilater.
Verroaux.
I)i-. Sai-torius.
Prof. Sumichrast.
Collected by
D'Oca.
(561.) Type specimeu of Paru* huct4ii, Giraud.
Cardellina Tersicolor.
CardeUina versicolor, Salvin, P. Z. S. May, 1863, 188, pi. xxiv, fig. 4
(Volcan de Fuego, height of 8,0'^0 feet, and Totouicapam).
Hah, Highlands of Guatemala.
(No. 30,703, 9 •) General color red ; darker on back, paler on the rump and
beneath ; the feathers of the head and neck all round, and the breast tipped
with silvery rose-color. Wing and tail feathers dark brown, edged externally
with red ; lining of wings rosy white. Bill and legs dark horn color. Male
probably similar, or with colors more intense.
Length, 4.80 ; wing, 2.30 ; tail, 2.50, its graduation, .24 ; difiference between
1st and 4th quills, .32; bill from nostril, .27 ; tarsus, .74.
This species is very similar in size and form to C. rithra, differing
in color mainly in having a silvery tinge to the red of the whole
head, neck, and breast, instead of pure silvery ears.
••f.
Smitli-
aonian
Ho,
Collec-
t'lr's
No.
Sex
and
A(je.
Locality.
Wlien
CoUectea.
Bicelved from
Collected by
30,703
3.i7
?
Totouicapam, Ouat.
Oct. 1862.
0. Salvia.
Salviu &GodniaD.
; t
.r4-.a
p'-'i
"*>;.> :.;.
^l"' '
; '''' ■•■•'. ,''
• i'::'-::-''-''
■ . . '^ 'l
yM ->.'.'
*
-■'k: -.".■:
- < '■- ^ )\-
f
■ ■ ".^ , "1
1
,•> ^ ■
• -1
;>te'; . -■
' ., ■
.•;ir:'. <
-1
/' ,';"..'"
■ ,. '•
•":."■' ;■? •
t
^^■■;-.(3-::
■.,«■_
.-''.M - t
.; ■ . :
/ ■-", ' . ■ ■ y. ■
■." '
J'../.:.-
i '■;
> . ■ '
■a ■ . ■
.
'
1
•
S ■-
^ , < ,
4] ' ^
«n
:
.^
266
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I.
The following are some synonyms of presumed North or Middle
American Sylcicolidse of older authors, not satisfactorily identified.
Sylvia decurtata, Bon. Pr. Zool. Soc. 1837, 118. — Pachtjsyluia decurtata,
Bon. Consp. 1860, 309.
Ilab. Mexico.
Probably llylophilus cinereiceps.
Motacilla fulva, Gmklin, I, 1788, 973. — Sylvia fulva, Lath. Ind, II,
1790, 542 (Louisiana).
Sylvia griselcoUis, Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 29, pi. 87.
Sylvia ochroleuca, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. XI, 1817, 187 (United States).
( Vireo JiaviJ'rons 1)
Sylvia pumila, Vibill. Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 39, pi. 100 (St. Do-
mingo, Cayenne, etc.).
Sylvia russeicauda, Vieiix. Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 17, pi. 71(Penna.).
Sylvia semitorquata, Lath. lud. Orn. II, 1790, 542 (Louisiana).
Sylvia virescens, Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 42 (America).
Note. — Specimens received since the preceding account of the
Sylvicolidse went to press furnish the occasion for the following
observations and corrections : —
Parula pitiayumi. Page 170.
Among the collections made during the past winter, by Col.
Grayson, in the Tres Marias, Mex., were several specimens of a
Parula, which I cannot separate from the true South American
P. pitiayumi ; differing only in rather larger size and less amount
of black in the loral region, which, in fact, is nearly as plumbeous
as the forehead, the space immediately anterior to and beneath the
eye being blackish. The upper parts appear rather paler than
usual. They differ from the Guatemalan and Costa Rican inormla
in the larger size and possession of two white bands across the
wings. The species has not been identified as occurring on the
main land of Mexico.
Smith-
son la u
No.
37,.1I.-.
37,.a6
C>11pc- Sox
tor's
No.
«8
ami
Ai{fi-
Locality.
Tres Marias, Mex.
When
C(' lee ted.
Jau. 186j.
Received from
Col. A. J. Oraysou.
Collected bjr
SeiuruB aurocapillus. Page 214.
Among the collections made at Mazatlan, Mex., by Col. Grayson,
is a specimen, 37,317 (37G) of this species, not previously recorded
x/
HIRUNDlNlDiE.
2G7
as occurring on the Pacific slope of the continent. In the fact of
its being a bird of the eastern province of the United States during
summer, and in winter crossing the mountains of northern Mexico
to the Pacific coast, it appears to reseniule Dcndroica doviiiiiva,
Mniotilla varia, Larus atricilla, Sterna antillarum and anglica, etc.,
none of which are known on the California coast at any season.
Dendrolca chryaoparela. Page 183.
Dr. Selater has recently stated that the specimens referred to (p.
185) as from San Antonio, Texas, arc true D. chrysopareia, and
thus the species is to be included in the fauna of the United States.
Family HIRUNDINID^.
>«,.
Bill short, triaugular, very broad at base (nearly as wide as long) and
much depressed, narrowing rapidly to a compressed, notched tip; mouth
opening nearly to the eyes. Primaries nine, graduating rapidly less from the
exterior one ; tail feathers twelve.' Feet weak ; tarsi scutellate, shorter than
middle toe and claw. Number of joints in toes normal ; basal joint of middle
toe partially or entirely adherent to lateral toes. Wings long, falcate. Tail
forked. Tves small. Plumage compact, usually lustrous. All the American
species with a white patch on the sides under the wing ?
The Hirundinidae form a very well marked group of birds easily
distinguished from all others. They exhibit a close resemblance, in
external appearance and habits, to the Cypselidae ; from which, apart
from the internal structure, they are readily distinguished by the
possession of nine, instead of ten primaries ; twelve, instead of ten
tail feathers ; scutellate tarsi, toes with normal number jf joints (1.
2. 3. and 4., respectively, exclusive of ungual phalanges), instead of
a different proportion ; differently shaped nostrils, etc. In both
families the wings are developed to an extraordinary degree ; the
outer primary nearly twice or more than twice the length of tho
inner, and enabling its possessor to sustain flight almost indefi-
nitely. The relations of the family among the Oscines appear closest
to the old-world Muscicapidae.
The precise character of scutellatiou of tarsu.s is somewhat difficult
' Of the two specimens of Atticora fasclata before me, neither has more
than ten tail ieathers. I do not know whether this is characteristic of the
species or not.
■%
968
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I.
to make out, owinp^ to a tendency to fusion of tlio plates, altliougli
not essentially different from most Oseines. There is a series of
scutellae along the anterior face of the tarsus, and a longitudinal
plate on each side, meeting but not coalescing behind. The anterior
scatellae sometimes appear to fuse into the outer lateral plate ; or
sometimes the latter is more or less subdivided ; the inner plate is
generally more distinct from the anterior scutellaj, and usually entire,
except perhaps at the lower extremity.
In comparing the wings of the Hirundinidse with those of the
Cypselidse, we readily notice one of the essential characters of the
Oscines, viz., that the greater wing coverts hide only half or less
than half of the secondary quills, instead of reaching much beyond
their middle, or nearly to the end. (See Sundevall, Ornith. Syst.)
There are many species of Hirundinidse in America — some more
or less local, others with wide range. One of these species — Cotyle
riparia — is believed to be identical with a European ; and one — H.
erylhrogaster (horreorum, also, if distinct) — is generically insepa-
rable from the European H. ruHtica. The other genera are not
represented in Europe, though Petrochelidon has at least one Aus-
tralian example (P. nigricans).
Most of the genera of American Hirundinidse are widely diffused
over the whole continent — the Atticora group alone not extending
north of Central America.
In America we have nothing corresponding to the European
genus Chelidon (C. urhica), characterized by having the tarsi and
toes covered with feathers to the claws, as in Lagopus (the soles
bare).
The American Hirundinidse vary considerably in reference to the
character of the nostrils, whether superior or lateral, with or without
membrane : the comparative length of tarsus, toes, and claws : the
amount of adhesion of middle toe to lateral : the feathering of the
tarsus: depth of fork of tail, etc., these features applying to the
different groups somewhat as follows : —
Nostrils superior ; broadly oval ; not overhung by membrane on inner and
upper side, especially anteriorly : Progne, Petrochelidon, Atticora, Slelgi-
dopteryx.
Nostrils lateral ; overhung or bordered internally by membrane, which is
straight edged above or internally, and directed either parallel with axis
of bill, or diverging from it : Hirundo, Tachycineta, and all other Ameri-
can genera, except those of first section.
Bill very stout ; the culmen and commissure much decnrved, so that tlie
chord of the latter includes lower jaw, in Proijue and Phauproyne. lu
HTRUNDINIDiB.
969
all otiiers the bill weaker, more depressed, the commissure nearly ptraight
to near the tip.
The middle toe ia lengthened ; the tnrsua equal to the toe without the claw,
its joint with tibia having overhanging feathers attached, wliich tixtemi
on tiie inner face of tlxe tarsus a short distance, in llirutulo, Tnclniciticta,
Plerochclidon, Progne. Tarsus similarly feathered, bat proportionally
longer — being eqnal to middle toe and half the claw, in Neoclielidon,
Atticora, Pyijochdidon, and Stelgido/iteryz. It is of the same proportion,
but entirely bare of feathers in Callichelidon and Notiochelidon.
In Colyle alone are there short feathers attached to the posterior face of tarsus
near the lower end. Here also alone the lateral claws are very long,
reaching considerably beyond the base of the middle claw.
In Progne and Phmoprogne the basal joint of middle toe is adherent but littlo
more than half way externally, about half way internally; almost the
same on both sides. In almost all the rest it is adherent externally
nearly to the end, and about half way internally, except in Tachycinela
ihdiassiua, where the adhesion is complete on both sides, except at the
end of the inner; in Neochelidon and Notiochelidon, where the basal and
half the middle joint : and in Atticora, where the basal and the whole
middle joint are adherent externally.
In Stelgidopteryx the edge of the wing (outer edge of outer primary) is pro-
vided with a series of stiflF recurved hooks; in all other American genera
these are entirely wanting, though said to exist in the African genus
Psalidoprocne, Cab.
The following synopsis may aid in determining the genera and
subgenera of American Hirundinidse, although the succession is not
strictly natural : —
Nostrils broadly oval, or oiroola^; opening upwards and for-
ward, and exposed ; without overhanging membrane.
Edge of wing smooth. Tarsus short, stout ; equal to
middle toe without claw ; feathered on the inner
side above. Nostrils almost or entirely without
membrane.
Bill stout ; culmen and commissure much
curved. Frontal feathers without bristles.
Tail deeply forked. Color lustrous black ;
belly and crissum sometimes white . . Progne,
Similar to last, only culmen straight to near tip ;
tarsus with feathers along inner edge for
bf.sal half or two-thirds. Fork of tail shal-
low. Color mouse brown above ; white be-
neath ....... PhcBoprogne.
Bill rather weaker ; commissure and culmen
nearly straight to near tip. Frontal feathers
bristly. Tail nearly even. Throat, rump
vj^:
Ji . ,'■
.•
210
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I.
r .
n
and crissuin, and usually forehead, rufous ;
belly white
Edge of wing smooth. Tarsua longer than In last;
equal to middle toe and half the claw. Nostrils
bordered along posterior half by membrane, but
not overhung internally. Bill very small. Tail
forked. Crissum duskj', except Neochelldon fucatu.
Basal and whole of next joint of middle toe ad-
herent externally to outer tfoe. Tail very
deeply forkwl.
Tarsus feathered at upper end internally
Basal and half the next joint of middle toe ad-
herent externally to outer toe.
Tarsus entirely bare ....
Tarsus with feathers on inner face at
upper end
Basal joint only of middle toe adherent ex-
ternally, and free at extreme end.
Tibial joint covered with feathers which
extend a short distance along inner
face of tarsus
Edge of wing armed with stiflf recurved hooks. Tarsus
as in preceding (tarsus and toes much as in Pyijo-
chelidon). Bill larger and more depressed. Tail
emarginate only. Crissum white . .
Nostrils lateral ; bordered behind and inside, or overhung by
membrane, the outer edge of which is straight, and di-
rected either parallel with axis of bill or diverging from it.
Tarsus short ; about equal to middle toe without claw.
Tibial joint feathered ; feathers extending along
inside of upper end of tarsus.
Tarsus bare at lower end. Lateral claws reach-
ing only to base of middle.
Tail very deeply forked, much longer than
closed wings ; lateral feathers linear,
and very narrow at end, twice the
length of central. Upper pan. and
pectoral collar steel blue ; front and
throat, sometimes under parts, rufous.
Tail feathers with large spots .
Tail with shallow fork, not exceeding half
an inch, shorter than closed wings.
Feathers broad. Color blue or green
above, with or without white rump ;
whiie beneath
Tarsus with a tuft of feathers at lowei end.
Petrochelidon
Atticora.
Notiochelidon,
Neochelidon,
Pygochelidon,
Stelgidopteryx,
ITirundo.
Tachycimta,
PROQNE.
271
Lateral claws lengthened, reaching bejond
base of middle claw.
Tall slightly forked. Color dull brown
above ; beneath white, with brown
pectoral collar Cotyle.
Tarsus long ; equal to middle toe and half claw ; entirely
bare. Tail considerably forked, about equal to
closed wing. Color green above ; white beneath . Callichelodon,
The arrangement and subordination of forms which I propose to
adopt in tlic further consideration of the subject, as expressing more
nearly the affinities of the American Hirundinidse, is as follows :—
Frogne. Largest size. Commissure sinuated and much arched from base.
(Only here). Nostrils superior. Frontal feathers soft.
Subdivisions Progne, Phteoprogne.
Fetrochelidon. Commissure almost straight to near tip. Bill large. Nos-
trils superior, not? overhung. Frontal feathers bristly. Legsb.'<^re. (Only
here.) Rump rufous.
Subdivision Fetrochelidon.
Chelidon. Nostrils superior, but slightly overhung. Legs feathered to claw.
(Here only.) (European exclusively.) Rump and under parts white.
Hirundo. Nostrils lateral ; overhung by membrane. Lower end of tarsus
buiti. Rump white, or else like the back. Crissum white, or rufous.
Subdivisions Hirundo, Tachycineta, CaUichelidon.
Atticora. Smallest size. Nostrils superior, not overhung. Bill very small.
Crissum mostly black. Middle toe usually adherent beyond basal joint,
except Pygochelldon. (Here only.)
Subdivisions (^Cheromacai), Pygochelidon, Atticora, Notiochdidon^
Neochelidon.
Stelgidopteryz. Nostrils superior, not overhung. Edge of wing scratchy
and rough. (Here only.) Crissum white.
Subdivisions Slelgidopteryx (_Psalidoprocnef).
Cotyle, Nostrils lateral, overhung by membrane. Lower end of tarsus with
a tuft of feathers, and lateral claws reaching beyond base of middle.
(Here only.) Crissum white.
Subdivision Cotyle.
PROOITB, Bois.
Progne, BoiE, Isis, 1826, 971. (Type Hirundo purpurea, L. (5. 8ubis, L.))
-Baikr, Birds N. Am. 1858, 314.
Body stout. Bill robust, lengthened ; lower or commissural edge of max-
illa sinuated, decidedly convex for basal half, then as oonoave to the tip, the
isriL 4'
Ei^' '^
r . ■ !■
• ,5
1
1
iTS
REVIEW or AMERICAN UIIIDS.
,r>-»; Jtl. •
[part I.
lower mandible falling within its otiord. NnstrilH superior, broadly op«n, ami
nearly oiruuiar, without any adjacent membrane, the «dged rounded. Legi
Htout. TarHUij equal to middle too without ulnw ; the joint feathered ; lateral
ttieu about <*iiual ; the basal Joint of the middle toe half free internally, ruther
leHd DO externally. Clawa strong, muoh curved
The preccdinf^ diagnosis is infonded to characterize two groups
of Swullovvs, dilTcriiig ospeciully from all others in their thickciu'd
form, r(»l>UHtness of bill and feet, and especially in the elonguted,
comparatively powerful hill, the uj)per jaw (let;urved, its comniibKunil
edge much sinuatcd from the bas<', instead of &a in all the otlitrs—
Wing nearly straight to near the tip — so that a line from angle of
month to tip will include the whole lower jaw. With these chanirters
iu common, there are two well-marked subgenera, recognizable as
follows : —
Pboone. Plumage glossy black above. Tail deeply forked, the lateral feathers
much and gradually pointed. Bill most robust; upper outline convex
from base. Tarsus with a few feathers only at base, on inner face.
Ph^opuoone. Plumage dull mouse brown above. Tail emarginate, or Imt
slightly forked ; the lateral feathers very abruptly pointed, and rounded.
Bill weaker and more deprest»ed ; uppnr outline straight to near the tip.
Tarsus with a line of feathers along inner edge for two-thirds the length
from base.
H MAI
Ih '!
,#■'
'Es
a. Progne, Boie,
Bill notched, robust, and deep ; the commissure ranch sinnated, convex, and
ascending to the nostrils, then concave to the tip. Maxilla convex above from
base ; lower mandible slightly convex below, mnoh more so above. Frontal
feathers with a few bristles at base ; none appreciable in chin. The upper
joint of tarsus covered with feathers slightly adherent along inner face above,
but not extending along the groove. Scutellse distinct. Lateral toes about
equal, reaching to base of middle claw ; all the clawfi very strong, and mnili
curved. Tail much forked ; the feathers much pointed ; the wings pointed,
reaching beyond tip of tail. Plumage compact ; glossy black above, with
purple, violet, or blue reflection. Below either similarly colored, or with
\rhite belly and crissum.
I have found it very difficult to come to any definite conclusion in
reference to the species of Progne inhabiting the continent of Ame-
rica, or to determine with accuracy their geographical distribution,
notwithstanding the large number of specimens examined, including
those in the Phila. Acad, of Xat. Sciences. This is due, in great
measure, to the variation of plumage with age and se.x — the young
birds of one species representing the adult plumage of another — aud
PROUNE.
273
the size varying with the latitiido. The abHence of indications of
K.x, of" 'hite, »nd t'vcn of locality, too, tends to confuse very niucli
all I'll'orts at idcntilicution.
All the species of true Progne are hintrous black above, with
l)lue, purple, or violet n-flcctions. Several siiecies are of this color
all over, differing among each other in size, proj)ortions, and shape
of tail, etc. Others have white bellies and crissum, with the throat
and jugiiiuni eit'icr like the back, or brown,
I uin (juite satisfied that the impression as to the wide range of
the North American I'urple Martin (I*, siibia) is erroneous, at least
during its hreeding season. 1 have as yet seen no specimens from
South America referable to this species, nor do I find any mention
of it in the more recent lists of species of particular localities in that
coiitiiieiit l)y Sclater and others. Closely related allies, however,
exist, which will be elsewhere referred to.
The endeavor to identify the specimens before me has been greatly
embarrassed by the absence of specimens unmistakably referable to
the Uirundo chalybea, of (imelin ; this may be what I have called
leu(.v(jad('r, but it in no way agrees with the original description.
All the species of Progne exhibit very distinctly the patch of
white on the side of the body, covered by the closed wing — appa-
reully, indeed, characteristic of all the American Hirundinidse.
Synopsis of Species.
Adult males entirely glossy blue-black all over.
Females and imm^ure birds gray or light brownish
below ; the belly and criHSura whitish, but more or
less clouded with gray, especially in the central por-
tinu of the longer crissal feathers, the shafts generally
dusky. (Perhaps especially applicable only to subis.)
Feathers about anus with a very small central por-
tion pale whitish-gray. Wings and tail but
slightly glossed. Fork of tail about .80 deep subis.
Feathers about anua and of anterior part of crissum, •
with much of their central portion pure, con-
cealed white. Belly of female perhaps much
more white than in last. WinKS and tail
glossed almost like the back. Fork of tail
about 1.00 deep ...... cryptoleuca.
Females and immature birds as in P. subis?
Feathers about anus and crissum dark brown in
their concealed portion. Wings and tail dull,
but slightly glossed. Fork of tail 1.10 deep . furcata,
18 May, 1805.
':*»-.^
fes;'*' ■■■■■?■."„■
-'9'*:
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-S)
/.
{/
m.
^
(A
/a
1.0
I.I
It! 1^
2.5
III 2.2
1 2.0
1.8
L25 ill U III 1.6
V]
6>^
/
-^s > .^^^
y
^q\^
A
V
,\
:\
\
^9)
V
V
^.^<t
6^
■*f*1*
* -'
\
IV
mm
274
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I.
I
IM
*i
ntj
Smallest of the group (length, 6.00; ving, f)^).
' ' Tail less forked than in .su&i's . • . concolor.
. . Females and immature males beneath of a uniform brown
or grayish-brown, the edges of the feathers paler . elcgans.
Adult males glossy blue-black, except belly and crissum, which
are snow-white.
Females and immature males with the black of under .; ;
1 r parts replaced by brown. Shafts of the white feathers
white ......... domiuiceniis.
Adult males glossy blue-black above ; dull brown or grayish-
brown beneath (?) ; belly and crissum white. !s->jj ,;i r '. ^/
• Females and immature males with the shafts of longer ''^
crissal, and, to some extent, of ventral feathers dusky.
No blue-black patch on each side the breast ? Adult
.,;, ,, male about 6.50 inches long. Wing about
5.00 leucogaster,
'.: .;, A blue-black patch each side the breast? Adult
male about 8.00 long. Wing about 5.50 . domestica.
Progne subis.
Hirundo subis, Linn. S. N. 10th ed. l'if)^,\92 (Flirundo ccerulea cum-
dcnsis, Edwards, Av. tab. 120, Hudson's Bay).
~ i H. purpurea, Linn. S. N. 12th ed. 176o, 344 (//. purpurea, Catesby,
.1 y Car. tab. 51). — Apd. Orn. Biog. I, pi. xxiii. — Ib. B. A. I, pi. slv.
—Max. Cab. Jour. 18.')8, 101.— Yakrell, Br. Birds, II, 232*, 2/4
(England and Ireland, Sept. 1842). — Jones, Nat. Bermuda, 34
(Sept. 22, 184[)).— Progne purpurea, BoiE, Isis, 1826, 971.— Brewer,
N. Am. Ool. I, 1857, 103, pi. iv, fig. 47 (eggs).— Baird, Birds N.
Am. 185«<, 314.— SCI.ATER, Catal. 1861, ^8.— Cooper & Suckley, P.
R. R. Rep. XII, 2, 186 (Fort Steilacoom).— Blakiston, Ibis, 1863,
« 65 (Saskatchewan).
Hirundo violacea, Gm. I, 1026.
., //. carulea, Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. I, 1807, 57, pi. xxvi. , .
H. versicolor, ViEHL. Nouv. Diet. XIV, 1817, 509 (U. S.).
//. ludoviciana, Cuv. R. A. I, 1817, 374.
Hab. The whole Bnited States and the Provinces ; Saskatchewan ; Cape
St. Lucas and northern Mexico (winter). Accidental in England.
(No. 1,561, %.) Entirely lustrous steel blue, with a purplish gloss; the
tail feathers and the wings except the lesser and middle coverts, and edge
inside, dull black, scarcely glossed. Tibiae dark brownish. A conceal'il
patch o' white on the sides under the wings. Concealed central portion of
anal feathers light whitish-gray.
(No. 1,129, 90 Above somewhat similar, but much duller. Beneath
smoky brownish-gray, without lustre ; paler behind, and becoming sonietiines
quite whitish on belly and crissum, but all the feathers always with dusky
shafts, and more or less clouded with gray centrally, even tliougli fadinj into
•uma
PROONB.
275
whitish to the edges. This is particularly appreciable in the longer orissal
feathers. The edges of the dark ffjithers of throat and jugulum are usually
paler, imparting somewhat of a lunulated appearance, their centres sometimes
oonsiderably darker, causing an appearance of obsolete spots. There is a
tendency to a grayish collar on sides of neck, and generally traceable to the
nape ; this, in one specimen (5,492) from California, 'njing hoary gray, the
forehead similar.
Tiie young male of the second year is similar to the female, with the steel
blue appearing in patches.
Total length (of 1,561), 7.50; wing, 6.00; tail, 3.40; difference between
inner and outer feather, .75 ; difference between Ist and 9th quills, 2.88 ; length
of bill from forehead, .55, from nostril, .34; along gape, .94; width of gape,
.74; tarcus, .61 ; middle toe and claw, .80; claw alone, .25; hind toe and
claw, .54 ; claw^ alone, .27.
As already stated, I have been unable to satisfy myeelf as to the
correctness of authors in giving a very wide range to our Purple
Martin. Although Audubon mentions that the species leaves the
United States in autumn and returns in the spring, I nan find no
indication in the more recent lists of species by Sclater, Salvin, and
others, of its occurrence in any part of Mexico, Central America,
or Andean South America. It is quoted from Brazil, but no one
has identified it in any part of vhe West Indies, the only assigned
locality — Cuba — being occupied by quite another and a different
species (P. cryptoleuca). If, therefore, found in South America at
all, it must make a long flight across the Caribbean Sea, without
stopping by the way. In any case I am inclined to believe that the
supposed specimens of this bird breeding in South America belong
to allied species, and if a visitor at all, the present bird is only as a
winter migrant ,
In a foot-nott * I give the description of certain specimens from
' Frogne elegans.
Progne elegans, BAiRn, n. s.
fProgne purpurea, Darwin, Birds of Beagle, 38 (Monte Video (Novem-
ber) ; Bahia Blanca, Buenos Ayres (September), breeding in holes
in an earth cliff).
Eab. Buenos Ayres? Vermejo River; Brazil. (?)
Adult, steel blue all over.
(Young male. No. 21,009.) Above of a blackish-bronze color, with metallio
lustre ; beneath uniform dull dark brown, all the feathers edged or squarau-
lated with paler. A few steel blue feathers iu different parts of the body show
that tha .idnlt male is entirely steel blue.
Another specimen, marked female,(?) has the edges of the feathers still
lighter, those of the crissal feathers nearly white. The steel blue feathers are
in greater number. A third, also marked female, and probably of that sex,
'^^^^^•1
m w-vi m r
2T6
REVIEW OP AMERICAN BIRDS.
-W:
[part I.
m
i
the Yermejo River, Paraguay, which may belong to the species usu-
ally considered as the resident "P. purpurea''' of South America,
but belonging clearly to a different and apparently unnamed species.
Specimens are in the collection from the entire United Slates
is similarly marked below ; dark brown above, with only faint metallic gloss
towards the ends of the feathers, all the feathers narrowly margined with
light grayish.
(No. 21,009, Paraguay.) Total length, 7.50 ; wing, 5.40 ; tail, 3.40 ; depth
of fork, .84; distance between 1st and 9th primary, 2.3i; ; length of bill from
forehead, .52, from nostril, .32, along gape, .G7, width, .62; tarsus, .57;
middle toe and claw, .85 ; claw alone, .26 ; hind toe and claw, .54 ; claw
alone, .27.
A specimen in Mr. Lawrence's collection, from Bahia (No. 146), and probably
of this species, has nearly attained its full plumage. The color is a steel blue,
with less purple than in P. xulns, except about the head and neck, the
lower part of the back showing a good many of the blackish-bronze feathers
just described. The feathers of the under parts posteriorly, although steel
blue, have yet a very narrow border of dull gray. The tibial feathers are gray
at base, tipped with whitish, and there is a good deal of concealed white in
the middle of the feathers of the anal region, less, however, than in the Cuban
species. As in that bird there is also more lustre on the quills and tail
feathers than in subis ; but, owing to these being in moult, I cannot make
any comparison of proportions.
. The great difference in the coloration of the young bird distinguishes this
species very satisfactorily from the P. subin, in which, as far as the examina-
tion of many specimens goes, the under parts are never of that peculiar uni-
form dark brown just described. Of this stage of plumage, so marked in the
three specimens from the Vermejo, and in a specimen belonging to the Phila-
delphia Academy, I find no mention by authors.
It is very probable that this is the species usually considered as the P.
euhis (purpurea), of South America. That this is not the fact is easily shown
by the difference in size and proportion, as well as in the coloration of the
young birds. It cannot be chalybea, even if this, when adult, be entirely
blue, as it is much larger than as described by Buffon and Brisson, and is
dark fuscous brown beneath, and neither reddish-gray nor grayish-brown. It
of course is none of the white-bellied species, and as far as I can see, lacks a
name.
The "Progne purpurea," which Darwin found breeding at Bahia Blanoa,
Buenos Ayres, in holes excavated in the earth, probably belongs to this species.
This habit I have not heard mentioned in reference to the North American bird.
Smith- CoUeo-
soaian tor's
No. 1 No.
Sex
SDd
Age.
Locality.
When
Collected.
Received from
Collected by
21,009
21,010
21,011
32
32
32
Veimejo Kiver.
11
Feb. 1860.
(4
11
Capt. T. J. Vago. Pa-
" [rauaExpl.
11
Chr. Wool
14
It
''fj
.•er.t,4!0 • pROGNE. '"^-tTvaix
2n
from Atlantic to Pacific, as well as from Cape St. Lucas. Some
special localities are as follows : — • • - > t . w . (■ ,jii>
Smith- Collec-
Sex
When
Collected.
gunian tor's
aud
Locality.
Received f.om
Collected by
So. , Nu.
Age.
l,5til
i
CurliHle, Pa.
MKyi!2,'44.
8. F. Baird.
i,ia)
**
July 18, '4.3.
«i
. « . . .
1,M6 1 ..
rT
It
June .0, '44.
s,m
?
Mo. of YellowHtone.
July, 18.')b.
Lt. Warren.
Dr. Hayden.
.\m
607
Petulumu, Cal.
April, 1856.
K. SamuolH.
i,m
flre
-^
*'
"
**
S,n4!i
rf
Inilianola, Tex.
Mar. 12, '55
Capt. J. Pope.
,-p-.2
231
<f
Cuatiiiila, Mex.
May, 185.3.
Lt. Couch.
>'
12,!U'
4.-.0
rr
Cape St. Lucas.
J. XauiuH
26.44S '3,339
rf
Nov. 5, '59.
" [U.S.A.
37,m):l 349
,-r
Fi.rt Wliipple, Ariz.
Auif.ll, '64.
Dr. E. Coues,
11,611
Uiceboro', Oa.
May 22, '49.
Jos, LecoDte.
(1,12,1.) 7.80; 16.00; 5.92. (1,596.) 8.16; 16.60; 6.00.
Progne cryptoleiica. ■'
Prngne cri/i>toleura, Baird.
llinmdn purpurea, D'Orb, Sagra'a Culia, Ois. 1840, 94 (excl. syn.). —
Progne purpurea, Cab. Jour. ISMJ, 3. — Gpndlach, Cab. Jour. 18G1.
fla6. Cuba, and Florida Keys ? (Perbaps Bahamas.)
(No. 34,242, % .) Color much as in P, suhls — rich stsel blue, with purple
or violet gloss ; the wings and tail, however, much more decidedly glossed, and
with a shade of greenish. The feathers around the anus and in the anterior
portion of crissum with dark bluish down at base, pure snowy white in the
midiile, and then blackish, passing into the usual steel blue. The white is
entirely tioncealed, and its amount and purity diminish as the feathers are
more aud more di:<tant, until it fades into the usual gray median portion of
the feather. The usual concealed white patch on the sides under the wings.
(No. 34,242.) Total length, 7.60; wing, 5M; tail, 3.40; perpendicular
depth of fork, .86; difference between 1st and flth primary, 2.75; length of
bill fiom forehead, .5f), from nostril, .34; along gape, .86 ; width, .58 ; tarsus,
.53; middle toe and claw, .79 ; claw alone, .24 ; hind toe and claw, .52 ; claw
alone, .25.
Tills species has a close external resemblance to P. subis, for
wliich it has usually been mistaken. It is of nearly the same size,
but tlip feet are disproportionately smaller and weaker ; while the
wings are shorter, ihe tail is as long and more deeply forked ; the
feathers considerably narrower, and more attenuated (the outer .40
wido, instead of .40). The colors above are more brilliant, and ex-
tend more over tlie greater wing coverts and lining of wings, while
the ([uillf; and tail feathers have a richer gloss of purplish, changing
to greeiii.sh. An apparently good diagnostic feature is the concealed
pure white of the feathers about the anal region, replaced iu subis by
grayish, rarely approximating to whitish. - • ; , *•
. ■■'*„v
2^8
REVIEW OP AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I.
t
This is a smaller species than the P.-ogne f areata,* from Chile
(9,112), with the tail, however, nearly as long and proportionately
almost as much forked. It is mucR more richly colored, however;
the concealed middle portion of the anal feathers white, not dark
brown, e^c. The feet are much smaller.
A Progne collected by Mr. Wright, at Monte Verde, is duller in
color than that from Remedios, but has still more concealed white
below, in the median portion, not only of the anal feathers, but of
tho.se of the entire crissum and of the belly. A female bird, which
I presume to be the same species, can scarcely be distinguished froui
' Progne farcata.
Prague furcata, Baird, n. 8.
Hab, Chile (and other parts of western South America ?).
(No. 9,112, ■£ .) Color as in P. subis, with rather more of a pnrple gloss.
Basal I ortion of the feathers in the anal region dark brownish, without trace
of the whitish of P. subin. Tail deeply forked (for over ai; ^nch).
Measurements: Total length, 8.30; wing, 5.80 ; tail, 3.60; perpendicnlar
depth of fork, 1.06 ; difference between primaries, 2.70 ; length of bill from
forehead, .50, from nostril, .32 ; along gape, .90 ; width, .60; tarsus, .CO ; middle
toe and claw, .90; claw alone, .25 ; bind toe and claw, .51 ; claw alone, .24.
This species is like P. subis, but differs appreciably from a large series of
specimens in a considerably longer tail (3.60, instead of 3.40), and a much
deeper fork (l.,06, instead of .75.) The bill is considerably narrower than the
average of subis, though not more so than in one specimen (4,773) from the
upper Missouri. The concealed portion of the feathers about the anal region
is much darker than in subis. The size, except of tail, ia about the same.
This is probably the species to which Gray (Cat. Br. Mas.) refers as P.
moJesta (concolor), from Chile. The P. concolor, the synonyms of which I
give below, is a very much smaller species, with the tail less forked than in
subis, instead of much more so, and is probably peculiar to the Galapagos.
m ■; "
M'
Smith-
suuiau
No.
CoUec-
toi'a
No.
Sex
mid
Age.
Locality.
When
Collected.
Received /rem
Remarks.
0,112
4,891
9,613
cfad.
Chile.
••
Verreaux.
t.
Progne concolor.
Hirundo concolor, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, 22 (James Is!., Galapagos).
Proijne modesta, Godld, Birds Beagle, 39, pi. t. (Same specimen.)
Hah. Galapagos Islands.
Length, 6'' ; wings, 5^ ; '.ail, 2J ; tarsus, } ; middle toe (without claw?), .35.
Less purple than purpurra. Tail less forked. Nostrils less ; bill much the
same. Feet much less strong.
, I-
PnOGNE.
2T9
the female of dominiccnsia, except in the brownish shafts of the
longer crissal feathers, and an almost imperceptible tinge of brown-
ish in the webs of the same feathers. It is almost exactly like the P.
leucoijastcr, of Mexico and Central America.
A fuller series of specimens than is at present at iny command
will be required to determine all the relationships of this species to
its allies.
A Progne, male (10,368), of the second year, from Cape Florida,
I somewhat hesitatingly refer to the same species, as having the
game proportions and dimensions. This is the specimen referred to
in the Smithsonian Catalogue, and Birds N. Am. 923, as Progne .
Stnlth-
CoUec
Sex
BODian
tor's
and
No.
No.
Atre-
34,24-2
, ,
• d
17.729
<f
I7.7.'tn
. ,
V
?10,3U,''
••
O.cf
Locality.
KemmliuH, Cuba.
Monte Verde, Cuba.
Ciipe Florida, Kla.
When
Collected.
May, 1SG4.
May 2.
May 18, '58.
Received from
Remarks,
N. H. Bishop.
Clias. Wright.
0. Wurdemaun.
Iria browu.
7.fiO; 10.; 8.80.
Progne dominicensis.
Hirundo dominirensis, Gm. S. N. I, 1788, 1025 {Hirundo doniinicensis,
Briss. II, 493 ; Buff. PI. eiil. 545, fig. 1).— Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept.
I, 1807, 59, pi. 28, 29 (St. Domingo).— ?Jardine, Ann. Mag. XVIII,
1846, 120. ;'obago (breeds).— Taylor, Ibis, 18(j4, lt)6 (Porto Rico).
— Progne domlnicensis, March, Pr. A. N. So. 1863,295 (uestiug). —
GossE, Birds Jam. G9.
Hirundo albiventris, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. XIV, 1817, 533 (St. Domiugo?).
Ilab, Jamaica, Porto Rico, and St. Domingo ?
(No. 30,278, adult male, Jamaica.) General color lustrous steel blu3, with
purplish reflections ; the median region only of the under parts, from the
breast to and including crissum, pure white. Feathor"" of tibia gray at base,
white at tip. Wings and tail blackish above, scarcely glossed, except on
lesser and middle coverts. A concealed white streak in the sides, hidden by
tbe wing — this color at the base of the feathers, and not extending to the
ends. Bill black ; feet dusky, perhaps dark fiesh-uolor in life. " iris hazel"
{Gtisse).
(No. 26,815, female.) Much duller in plumage. Above dark brown, or
flmoky brown, glossed with dull steel blue ; the quills, rectrices and head brown,
almost without gloss. Sides of head neck and body, chin, throat, jugulum,
and inside of wings dull wood brown, without gloss : the median line of chin
and throat rather paler ; rest of under parts white, as in male, and quite
abruptly defined ; tibia gray, the feathers tipped with wliitish.
The young male is like the female, with more steel blue on the head, the
throat with blue feathers interspersed. Very yoiinc; birds art* ]ike the ft-mal**,
and exhibit the same quite abruptly deflued white below, with well marked
^1
^'1
280
REVIEW OP AMERICAN BIRDS.
r-
[PAHT I.
fi^;
i
it
(fi
H
paler streak on throat. In all stagdfl of plumage the feathers of urissum are
8uowy white to tlieir roots, including the uhafts.
(No. 30,278.) Total length, 7.00; wing, 5.60; tail, 3.15; difference Is-
tween outer and inner feather, .78 ; difference between lat and 9th primary,
2.88; length of bill from forehead, .55, from nostril, .34, along g(i{)e, .88;
wi(ith of gaj)e, .68; tarsus, .55 ; middle toe and olaw, .78; claw alone, .26;
hind toe and claw, .48 ; claw alone, .23.
The pure white of the belly and crissura, in all stages, will readily
distinguish females and young of this species from those of mhi%,
in which the white is not pure, and the feathers of the crissum always
clouded with gray in the centres. The adult male is of course
readily distinguished by the snowy white belly, etc.
In size the two birds are not materially different — the dominieenm
rather the smaller. The tail feathers appear disproportionately
narrower and more attenuated — the outer being .40 of an inch wide,
iHstead of .48. The feet, too, are disproportionately smaller, the
hind toe and claw especially, which measure .48, instead of .54.
I cannot detect any difference between the Jamaica bird and a Porto
Rican skin in Mr. Lawrence's collection, except that the latter has
a patch of blackish on the outer web of the longest crissal feather.
I am, however, by no means sure that the Cuban and Porto Rioaii
birds, either or both, belong to the true dominicensis, of St. Domingo.
They are, at any rate, very different from the species of continental
Middle, or of South America, usually considered as identical.
Smith-
soniaa
No.
Collec-
tor's
No.
Sex
and
Age.
Locality.
When
Collected.
Received from
Collected by
30,278
30,279
30,280
26,815
24,378
18
U
143
ad.cf
SiianUbtowD, Jam.
II
II
11
Porto Rico.
May. 1863.
•July, 186.S.
July, 186-2.
July, 1861.
W. T. i.'arch.
1*
11
11
It
Cab. Lawrence.
:::::: 'fi
»;k-.-
Progne leucogaster. -:'!■.';
Progne teucognster, BkitiT), ' ■• ' ''"iv • • : •• •/•»
Progne dominicensis, Sclateb, P. Z. S. 1857, 201 (Vera Cruz) ; 1859,
364 (Xakpa). — Sclatbr & Salvin, Ibis, ]8r)9, 13 (Guatemala).—
Salv. Ibis, 1859, 466 (Belize).— Taylor, Ibis, 1860, 110 (Honduras).
Progne chalybea, C abanis. Jour. 1860, 402, (San .lose, Costa Rica ; .July)
(not //. chnl. of Qmelkv ?).— Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lye. 1861,318
(Panama R. R.) — Cassik, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1860, 133 (Cart'xagena).
Bab. From Southern Mexico to Isthmus of Darien, and Carthagena. (N.
eastern South America ?)
(No. 30,718, % .) Upper parts glossy steel blue, as in P. stthi.i ; the qnills,
greater coverts, and tail feathers blackish, scarcely glossed, with the color of
nil
.ii'jn\if PROONE. % :>
■*?■'"■
2Sl
the back ; chin, throat, jugulutn, and sides of head (below the tentre of ten
eye) neck and body, with in8i()e of wings, gniyish-brown, witliout gIo«s or
lustre (as in Cottjle ri/iuria'), rather lighter along the median line. Rest of
under parla dull white, not very sharply defined, passing behind into pure
white on the anal region and crissuni — the latter having the shafts of the
longer feathers dusky, in conirast wHh the snowy white of the plume. A
loiicealed white stripe on the sides under the wings, as in other Proyne. Tibia
gray, the feathers tipped with whitish.
The female (30,717) is -luite similar, with much less gloss above, the white
of the belly apparently passing further forward, and still less sharply defined;
the throat a little lighter.
(i\o. 3(1,718, -£, Guatemala.) Total length, 6.30; wing, 5.10; tail, 2.70;
perpendicular depth of fork, .53 ; difference between 1st and 9th primary,
2.55; length of bill from forehead, .50, from nostril, .28, along gape, .84;
width of gape, .62 ; tarsus, .49 ; middle toe and claw, .73 ; claw alone, .23 ;
bind toe and claw, .46 ; claw alone, .22. ,
This Mexican and Central American species has generally been
considered to be identical with the West Indian P. dominicensis,
but a comparison of large series of specimens shows considerable
(lifforences. It is decidedly smaller, and the depth of fork of tail
only two-thirds as great. As to color, none of the specimens before
me exhibit any trace, on the under surface of the body, ot the
glossy steel blue of the back, found in males of domit}iccni<is ; in
this respect resembling fenmles and immature males of the latter
species. From these, however, it may be distinguished by smaller
size — even in the males — and by having the shafts of the longer
erissal feathers dusky, instead of being pure white. T!ie white of
the belly is less abruptly defined against the gray of the breast
(whieli is darker also), and apparently occupies a wider space.
Tiie male bird (No. 30,718), the measurements of which I have
piven, appears to have a disproportionately short foot. In No.
30,Tn, supposed female, from Ducfias, the dimensions of the leg are
as follows: Tarsus, .56 ; middle toe and claw, .81 ; claw alone, .27 ;
hind toe and ciavv, .51 ; claw alone, .26, or nearly the size of P.
ah/h's with longer middle toe and claw. Other specimens are inter-
mediate somewhat in this respect. It may be that the differences
indicate a second species, but I cannot define it from the materials
at my command. The only other difference I note is a greener or
less piiri)le gloss to thr back.
It is barely possible that fully adult males of this species may-
have steel blue throats, as in true domivicenHis, although I find no
aiiusiou to the fact in any description. Even in this case, however,
the smaller size, less deeply forked tail, and dusky shafts of the longer
erissal feathers will distinguish them.
ttT^
282
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I.
|!i
m
So far as I can ascertain, this species has never received a dis-
tinctive 1 npellation. Specimens from ranuma, aj)parontly identical,
liave been labelled P. chalybea, by Mr. Cassin and Mr. Lawrence;
but as explained below,* 1 cannot agree with their conclusions, or
those of Cabanis.
There are in the collection specimens of a closely allied, though
larger species, from Bolivia, which I have referred to the F, do-
viestica, named from Azara.'
• ' • ■ ■ ■
' Progne chalybea.
Ilirundo chalybea, Gmei,in, S. N. 1, 1788, 1026 {Ilirundo cayanensis, Bms-
soN.II,495,tab.4G,flg.l;B(JFi'.VI,675;Pl.eul.645,fig.2,Cayeuue).
Hab. Cayenne.
Of this species I have never seen a speolmen, or one agreeing nnmistakably
with the minute accouut of the above mentioned authors.
As described by Brisson (L'Hirondelle de Cayenne), it is steel black above,
with the entire under parts grayiih-browu. Tlie lateral tail featlier exceeds
the middle by six lines. Length, 6 inches; bill, 9.J lines; tarsus, 5 lines;
middle toe and claw, 7 lines. Buffon speaks c/ it as lustrous violet black above,
beneath reddish-gray, veined with brown ; lighter on the lower parts of bell/
and crissura. Length, 6 inches ; bill, 9J lines ; tarsus, 5 or lines, etc. The
size is tbus much as in Brisson's bird ; the lower parts reddish-gray, varied
with I ^wn, paler behind, instead of grayish-brown. Neither author refers
to any white whatever on under parts. In size the species agrees better with
leucogaster than any other true Progne, and it is barely possil)le the two
may be the same, but I cannot reconcile the apparent differences. It would,
at any rate, be strictly in accordance with tlie usual law of distribution of
South American birds to dud the Cayenne species specifically diiTerent from
the Central American.
. , y.r.: ,:■ .i . ;:"-•.- , ■, : . .,, , m-
' Progne domestica.
Ilirundo domestica, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. XIV, 181 Y, 521 (^Golondrina do-
mestica, D'AzABA, Apunt. II, 1805, 502, no. 300, Paraguay). — Vieill.
Encycl. M6th. 11,1823,527. — ? Progne domestica, Gray, Genera-
'.' V , Ib. Catal. Fiss. Br. Mus. 1848, 28 (Bolivia).— Cabanis, Mus. Hein.
I, 1850-1, 51 (Rio Grande do Sul).— Birmeibteb, Ueb. Ill, 142.-
In. Reise La Plata, II, 18U1, 477 (La Plata). ■. . ; ..^V?
Hab. Paraguay and Bolivia.
'r^ yi-,4 (-iji "«..,
i>f>
(No. 16,834, young male, Bolivia.) Above steel blue, much as in P. stihls.
Beneath, from chin to breast, and on sides, smoky brown. Rest of under
parts white, the shafts mostly dusky. Feathers tipped with steel blue, form-
ing as a kind t>f collar across the jugnium and along the sides of body; no
trace of them ou the chin, throat, and abdominal region, not even in the pin
feathers.
A second specimen, also probably young male, is still lighter on the throat
and breast, almost white ou the latter, although clouded with brown, aud witk
T •■If^'f
PROONE.
2S3
Imltli- Collec-
Sex
When
Culluciud.
luDlaa li'i''»
and
Locality.
liocei'ed from
ColIectfUby
Nu. 1 No.
ak«-
i(,7(H
••
••
Sail Acid IRK, ueur
Vorii Ci'ui.
Jnno lS.i6.
A. Sftllfc.
12,S()^
.,
9
Tfiliiiaiiit'pi'O.
T. C. Miiitln.
A .1 (irayHiin.
Jl.TlS
.i();j
rf
Oulial>i)U, VeraPai.
Mar. 1802.
O. Salviu,
Saiv. ii (iodiuau.
3n,717
4,480
UiiPniis, (J nut.
Oct. 1K61.
"
.
i!li,«l
. ,
V
Aoujutia, 8alv.
Mar. 11, 'U3
Capt. J. M. Dow
29,4112
cf
*'
*'
S.1,'iS:i
146
San JoHft, C. R.
• • .
Dr. T. FraDlzluH.
17,791?
, ,
, ,
Cui'tlia^'f im. If, 0.
• . *
lit. Mlfhler.
A Kcliott.
..?
14:)
rf
I'auaaiii U. It.
Cab. Litwreuve.
MLe.iii k Oalb.
.. f
144
9
^
It
tt
ii
Pii^opROGNE, Baird.
... »
Similar to Progne: the bill and legs weaker. Tail sliglitly forked, the
lateral feathers not attenuated, and tlio wing not reaching beyond its tip.
Plumage without the metallic luHtre of true Proijne. A narrow line of foathera
attached along basal half or twu-tliirds of the inner side of tarsus.
The species of this group have been assigned by authors both to
Progne and Gotxjle, but dififer in som-) respects from both. To
scattered blue-tipped feathers. A third, perhaps female, has no blue feathers
beneath.
It is difficult to say what may be the color of the under parts in tlie adult male
bird. It seems as if a jugular or pectoral collar and the sides of body might
be «teel lilue, the chin and throat smoky brown, and the beliy nw\ ciissum
white, with more or less concealed dusky shafts to the feathers. Nothing like
this, ill adult plumage, however, is deaeribeii or known.
Closely allied to the P, leucoyasler, this species diHers in considerably larger
size; paler, almost whitish chin and th-oat, tendency to steel baie on the
sides of breast and sides of body, etc.
(No. "' 834.) Total length, 7.70 • wing, 5.40 ; tail, 3.20 ; depth of fork, .70 ;
differeiiCB between 1st and 9th primary, 2..')0 ; length of bill from forehead,
.49, from nostril, .34; along gape, .90; width, .60; tarsus, .58; middle toa
and claw, .84; claw alone, .26; hind toe and claw, .50; claw alone, .25.
This is probably the same species as that referred to by Gray as P. doiwsiica ;
but without specimens from Paraguay, for comparison, I am unable to say
whether it is the true " doviestica," as based upon a description by Azara.
Burnieister (Reise La Plata, II, 477), in saying that the adult of domrstica,
from Paraguay, is entirely steel blue, has possibly confounded with ii the P.
eleyans, described on a previous page. I see no reason to believe that the'
white belly and crissum are ever wanting.
Sraitli- Oollec-
soniao tor's
So No.
Sex
and
AK'e.
Locality.
When
Collected.
Received from
Collected b,'
18,8.14
Hi,8.16
16,839
••
Bolivia.
4.
Walter Evans,
it
J,;.;.'.
it
th
-1
jrV
1
9^.^^J:..~'-. '}
M /]
984
REVIKW OP AMERICAN UUIDS.
[taut F.
Colyle, however, the relationship, except in eoh)ration, is very slight,
as the nostrils are superior, without overhuuginf? uieuibrane ii,s in
Cotijli',; tlie lower end of tarsus destitute of leathers (llie upper, on
the contrary, being provided with them) ; the lateral claws hiiort,
much curved, and not reaching beyond the base of the middle. The
bill is much stouter, and the body more robust ; the edge of wing
without hooks, in these respects ditl'ering from Ste.UjUhiitmj^r.
With somewhat the fuiness of form of Procfue, the bill resembles
the latter in having the nostrils superior, exposed, and vwthout over-
hanging membrane. The frontal feathers are soft, but with short
bristles lining the base (.'' the upper jaw, and a few on the side of the
lower, but none in the chin. The bill is more depressed than in
Prague, but similarly shaped ; the lower edgt; of the upper niiUKlibk'
much sinuated, or quite convex to the anterior extremity o'" the
nostril, and then passing into an equally concave curve to the tip.
Both jaws are more depressed, and their upper outlines less conve.x,
especially towards the base, than in Progne. The feet are weaker,
but the adhesion of the toes much as in Progne — the basal joint of
the median being free for about hulf internally, a little less extoiiially.
The upper joint of the tarsus is covered with feathers, which are
attached along the inner edge in a narrow line for half the length,
or more than half the length (even three-fourths). This feature is
quite peculiar to Phseoprogne, not existing at all in Progne, nor to
anything like the same extent in any other American Swallows. The
tarsal scutella; are so much fused as to be almost undistingui.«!iable.
The wings are more falcate, the feathers broader and less curved
than in Progne ; the tail but slightly forked ; the lateral feathers
without the gradual attenuation of Progne.
The species of this group belong strictly to South America, but
are not well determined. I give below the two which seem to be
contained in the specimens which I have examined. None have
any metallic gloss, as in Progne — resembling in color Cotyle and
Slelgidoplerijx more than any other genera. The form is more that
of Petrochelidon, the nostrils being equally superior and uncovered,
and the tail is somewhat similar. The bill is, however, much stouter,
long''r, and the commissure is sinuated, not nearly straight.
Synopsis of Species.
Common CnARACXERS. — Above and along sides dull smoky brown,
without metallic lustre ; a fainttr pectoral band of the same.
Rest of under parts white.
Sides of neck white, passing around on the nape into a narrow
PROONE.
lioary oollar. Epigastrium witli a median line of rounded
285
brown spot*
fuica.^
' Progne fusoa.
Uirundo J'lixva, ViKiLL. Nouv. Diet. XIV, 1817, 510.- 'n. Encyol. Moth.
II, 529 (biiHed on Golondrinn dn la i>unlii, Azaha, Apunt. II, 1805,
"' 505, no. 301, I'liraguuy). — J\oyue/u6ca, Cab. Mud. lleiu. 1, 1850-1
'"^' (not of Gray?).
I i,i.
Ilah. Region of the ParPua.
:/
(No. 12,042, % .) In coloration and markin((9 an al nio:.t exact reproduction
of Cotiile riparia, although much larger. Aliovo rather light suioky brown,
witliout metallic lustre ; the rump not paler than the back ; the (IuiIIh and
tail feathers considerably darker, their upper surfaces with a faint greenish
gloss. All the smaller feathers above with paler edges. Beneath pure white ;
the sides of body and breast, lining of wings, tibiaa, and a jn-ctorai band,
brown li ■ the back, the latter glosaed with whitish. Featliers along median
line of belly, from pectoral band almost to vent, with large, somewhat con-
cealed rounded blotches of brown, especially on the inner webs. Side of the
neck, with its lower half hoary white, this color extending round above so as
to form a nuclial .. .nd, but narrower, and much obscured wit <> brown. Feathers
of crisHuni and oh.in, including their shaft, pure white from base. Bill and
legs apparently dark brown.
The boundary between the white and brown on the side of head is in a line
with the commissure, though even below this and on the side of lower jew
the feathers are tinged with brown. The smaller under wing coverts, and thu
feathers along the edge of the wing inside, are rather broadly margined with
white.
(No. 16,341.) Total length, 6.50 ; wing, 4.85 ; tall, 3.00 ; dopth of fork, .32 ;
difference of primaries, 2.35 ; length of bill from forehead, .61, from nostiil,
.34; along gape, .85 ; tarsus, .54: middle toe and claw, .75 ; claw alone, .25 ;
hind toe and claw, .50 ; claw alone, .24.
The specimens here described, from Capt. Page's collection, are labelled
" Brazils," but were probably taken on the Parana River, in the interior of
the country, anu in the region of Azara's species. It is, however, possible
that the species may be the tapera, as restricted by authors, and the bird I
have considered as tapera, true /usca, if not an unnamed species.
A specimen from the Vermejo (21,012) differs in lacking almost entirely V.ie
paler edges of the feathers of upper parts, and in having the sides of the neck
much less hoary. The inside of the wing is less varied with white. >, ,p
Smith, i Col lec- Sex
sonianj tor's j and
No. I Asre.
No,
16.341 120
16,:t4,3 la)
12,iM2 120
'21,012 38
?
Locality.
Brazil.
Vermejo River.
When
Collected.
Oct. 1839.
It
II
Feb. 1860.
Received from
Capt. Pace, Expl.
" [Parana R.
Collected by
Chr. Wood.
I' •
m
t: , <
-^ "
,!' «■
2S6
'» > I'. -
REVIEW OF AMERIC .N BIRDS.
[PAUT I.
Sides of neck and nape brown, like (lie Imok, or the former
only slightly hoary. No djstiuot spots along the miuMle
I' of epigastrium . , . • . . . . taptra,*
PETROCHELIDON, Cabanis.
iiiif?
;!
■»^i>H> '
Petrorheluhn, Cab. Mas. Hein. 1860-1, 47. (Type Uirundo melanogoiier,
Swains. ^ P. swatnsoni, ScL.)
Bill Btont and deep, somewhat as in Progne. Nostrils entirely superior,
open, without overhanging membrane on the inner (or upper) side, but some-
what overhung by short bristles, seen also along base of inner mandible and
in chin. Legs stout ; the tarsi short, not exceeding the middle toe exclusive of
its claw ; feathered all round for basal third or fourth, though no feathers are
inserted on the posterior face. Tail falling short of the closed wings, nearly
square, or slightly emarginate ; the lateral feathers broad to near the ends,
and not attenuated. ^ , .- »i ., i . v*,iA,,.,,, ,: ■
Tho claws of Petrochelidon are large, and considerably curved.
In posciloma there is a distinct, thougjj short web connecting the
' Progne tapera. "■■"-'"""*•*'•' '•^' "•"•" ' '
Uirundo tapera, LiNN. S. N. 12th ed. 1766, 345, Brazil {DlHron.klk
d^Am^rique, Brisron, II, 502, tab. 45, fig. 3). — Progne tapera, Car.
Schomburgh's Reise Guiana, III, 672. — Sclater, Catal. 18G1.—
Coti/le tapera, Bdrm. Uebers. Ill, 1857, 143 (Brazil).
fJTirundo pascuum, Max. Beit. Ill, 1830, 360.
llah. Brazil ? Bolivia ? Bogota f
Specimens in the museum of the Philadelphia Academy, supposed to belong
to this sjHJcies, though from Bolivia and Bogota, resemble f'tsca very closely,
but dilFer in larger and more attenuated bill, shorter toes, and fewer feathers
on tarsus. The size and color are much the same ; but the sides of neck and
nape lack the hoary white collar obscured behind, nor do I observe the line
of elongated rounded, partially concealed large brown spots along the median
line of the belly. The white of the under parts is not so pure.
Whether this be the same with the Brazilian tapera, o{ authors, I have not
had the opportunity of determining, but would not be surprised to find that
it was distinct. It is also quite possible that, in the absence of .s{)eeinieiia
actually from I'araguay, I have Incorrectly ideutiiied Capt. Page'b speoimeua
as y'Msc>«, and mat they are really tM/jcra.
Total length, 6.60; wing, 6."30; tail, 2.85; depth of fork, .45; difference
of primaries, 2.55 ; length of bill from forehead, .65, from nostril, .38 ; along
gape, .88; tarsus, .54; middle toe and claw, .72; claw alone, 20; bind toe
and claje, .48 ; claw alone, .22.
The Uirundo americana tapera, of Slonne (Jamaica, IT, 212), the first reference
quoted by Linnraus, cannot be the present species, as it refers to a Jamaican
bird which Sloane compares with the Kuropean Swift ; it may be either I'roiine
dominicensis or Chaetura zonaris, quit possibly tho latter. It is, therefore a
question how far the name tapera can be retained for tho species.
fiV.
rETROCIIELIDON.
2S7
hoses cf the inner and niijldle toes. The lateral toes are nearly
t'(|iial, the outer, if anything, slightly longer; the entire basal joint
of the outer adherent to niiddle | the membrane just referred to ex-
tomliiig along the basal joint of the inner. The basal joint of the
middle is free cxterinilly at extreme end. The feathers of crissum are
very full, and reaeh nearly to end of tail.
This is one of the most natural genera of American Swallows, cm-
hracing a con.siderable number of speeies, all characterized by the
rufous rump. H. nigj'icaus, Vieill. {Collocalia arbon-a oi Gould),
from Australia, appears to be strictly congeneric, as first suggested
by Cttbanis. The development of bristles in the chin and among
the frontal feathers npi.>.ars quite characteristic, giving a roughness
to the forehead very different from the softness and smoothness of
Attk'ora and other genera.
The diagnostic characters of the principal American species of
Petrochclidon are as follows: — ; • J ; '
Common Chauactkrs. — Above steel blue ; the feathers of the Inter- *
scapulnm with concealed wlivtish edgeH; no whitish median
or basal down. Rump and narrow nuchal band chestnut;
crii<siin» gray hrowu, tinged anteriorly at least with chestnut ;
the longer feathers and inner side of lateral tail feathers edged
with wiiitish. Middle region of belly white. Usually with
a wiiilish or reddish frontal band. ' •
Chin and throat, ti'ith side of head, and continuous with
nuuhal band, chestnut brown.
Jugulum with large blue-black pnich. Chestnut of
throat darker than that of rump.
Frontlet reddish-white, with narrow band of
black along upper mandible . . . lunifrons. ,
, Frontlet chestnut brown, without black at
base of upper man(iible . . . swainsoni. ,
Jugulum plain, witliout black spot. Chestnut of
throat lighter than that of rump. Frontlet
chestnut brown. •.'.'.
Sides of body only slightly tinged with chest-
"at fulva
' : Sides deep chestnut, continuous with that of
breast and crissum. Size smaller . paciloma.
Chin, throat, and sides of head white. i
Fore part of breast chestnut, without black spot.
Sides faintly tinged with same.
Frontal band obsolete ri^ficolhris.
P. nigricans, of Australia, lacks the nuchal band ; the sides of
rrTTT-TTTT-TT^
I
II
:■: t
li.
In.
■ H
238
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I.
Iiuad arc blackish ; the throat grayish-white ; the breast pale chest-
nut, both with dusky shaft streaks. The chestnut of front and rump
is quite pale. ,' . V V . ■
Petrochelidon liinifrons.
Ilirunih luni/rons, Say, Long's Exp. II, 1823,47 (Rocky Mts.). — Cassin;
Brbwkb, N. a. Ool. I, 1857, H pi. v, iio. 68-73 (eggs).— Baikd,
Birds N. Am. 18r>8, 309,— Lawrknck, Ann. N. Y. Lye. 18(il, 317
(Panama R. R. ; winter).— Verkill, Tr. Host. N. H. Soc. 1864, 27t;
})■■■'■:;■" (migration and history). — Lord, Pr. R. A. Inst. Woolwich, IV,
1864, 16 (Br. Col. ; nesting). — Cooper 6l Sucklby, P. R. R. XII, n,
184 (Wash. Terr.).
//. o/jj'/ea;, Clinto.n, 1824. — H. respublicana, Avu. 1824. "'* '
.jj,,< H.fulvn, Bon. (not of Vikillot). — Aud. Orn. Biog. I, pi. 58. — Ib. B. A,
I, pL 47.— Maxim. Cab. Jour. VI, 1858. 100. .5..
Hab. Entire United States from Atlantic to Pacific, and along central
region to Arctic Ocean and Fort Yukon ; Panama, iu winter. Not nottsd at
Cape St. Lucas, iu Mexico, or West Indies.
(No. 18,322, %.) Top of head glossy black, with greenish lustre; back
and scapulars similar, but rather duller, and somewhat streaked by the
appearance of the white sides of the feathers — the bases of the ffathew,
however, being plumbeous. Chin, throat, and sides of head chestnut brown,
this extending round on the nape as a distinct continuous collar, which is
bounded posteriorly by dull grayish ; the chestnut darkest on the chin, with
a rich purplish tinge. Rump above and on sides paler chestnut (sometimes
fading .;ito whitish). Upper tail coverts grayish-b own, edged with paler,
lighter than the plain brown of the wings and tail. Torehead, for the length
of the bill, creamy white, uomewhat lunate, or exter.'^ing in an acute angle a
little over the eye; a very narrow blackish frontlet; loral region dnskyto
the bill. A patch of glossy black in the lower part of the breast, and a few
black feathers in the extreme chin, the latter sometimes scarcely appreciable.
Under parts dul' white, tinged with reddish-gray on the sides and inside of the
wings. Feathers of crissum brownish-gray, edged with whitish, with a tinge
of rufous anteriorly (sometimes almost inappreciable).
(No. 18,322.) Total length, 5.10; wing, 4.50; tail, 2.40, nearly even;
difference of primary quills, 2 10 ; length of bill from forehead, .38, from
nostril, .25, along gape, .60, width, .50; tarsus, .48 ; middle toe and claw,.72,
claw alone, .22; hind toe and claw, .44, claw alone, .20.
There is some variation in amount and .shade of rufous in difTerent
specimens. Usually there is none on the sides of body, and very
little at the base of the crissum. The rufous of the rump is always
lighter than that of the throat, where this color extends dowji (in
the jugulum, with indistinct rounded outline behind, shading into
the smoky, reddish-gray of the sides of the breast.
As in its allies?, immaturity is shown longest in the absence or
'mh'tj
PETROCHELIDON.
289
(lulness of tho frontal band. There is no appreciable difference in
the sexes?.
A specimen in Mr. Lawrence's collection, from Panama, I cannot
distiiigui.sli, except in being sm, Her. Length, 4.80; wing, 4.10;
tail, 2.10. The forehead is nearly white, as usual in lunifrons.*
Summer specimens from the souther". Rocky Mts. (Los Pines,
N. M.) and Carlisle are considerably smaller than those from Fort
Bridger.
Specimens in the collection from throughout the whole United
States to northern border, as also —
' Petrochelidon .
fHirumlo americann, Gmbun, S. N. I, 1788, 10i7 (from Baffon, VI, 65^8,
La Plata). — Petrochelidon americann, Cab. Mus. Hein. 1850-1, 47.
fHirundo pyrrhonota, Vieill. Encycl, Meth. II, 524 (Azara, Apuiit. II,
511, no. 305, Paraguay). — Cuiyle p. Buum. Reiae La Plata, II, 1861,
477 (Tucuman).
Hah. Brazil ? Paraguay f -
In Mr. Lawrence's collection is an immature bird (No. 148, from Brazil),
much like corresponding stages of P. lunifrons, but differing in considerably
smaller bill, and in the lower tail coverts being much shorter (falling three-
quarters of an inch short of the tip). The rufous of the rump extends further
up the back, and there is a decided wash of reddish over the bre&at and belly,
sides and crissum, leaving only the abdominal region pure white. The frontal
band is not fully developed, but seems as if it might be whitish ; there is a
blackish spot on the lower throat, and a few whitish feathers in the chin. The
chestnut of the throat is lighter than in lunifrons, or of about the same shade
as that of rump. I think there is no doubt of its being quite distinct from
luiiifroui or swaimoni, but in its still immature condition cannot venture to
identify it. There are two names to which it might be referred, the //. ameri-
cana, of Gmelin — P. americann. Cab. M. Hein. I, 47 — (based on Ilirondelle a
cmtplon roiix, etc. (from the La Plata), Bdffon, Ois. VI, 698, La Plata) —
which, however, appeal's much too large — and llirundo pyrrhonota, Vieill.
Encycl. II, 524; Azara, Apunt. II, 511, Bonnine ed. 104; Cotyle pyrrhonota,
Burm. La Plata, II, 477. This is de8cribe4 by Azara as having black crissum ;
Bnrmeister, however, says this is grayish, edged with rusty whitish ; the fore-
head, lores, cheeks, and rump rusty brownish-red ; fore-neck, breast, and belly
ash gray, washed with yellowish, and tinged with reddish about the anus.
Length, 5". Wings, 4".
Buffon speaking of his Ilirondelle. a croupion roux et queue ca, '■>. describes
it as brownihh-black above, with green and blue reflections ; ruu ifous, the
feathers edged with whitish ; under parts dull white, the lower tail coverts
rufous. Another specimen is said to have a rufous throat. No meution is
made of a black spot on the Jugulum, or of a frontal band.
19 ^May, 1865.
•^.
290
REVIEW OP AMERICAN BIRDS
[I'ART I.
\u.
t;t
llf
,i|
Kmlth-
woriiHU
No.
CoUec-
tMl'8
No.
Sex
Hud
Locality.
W n
CoUcsted.
May 17, '60.
J ne'ssi.
J ^0, '64.
Oct. 20, 63.
Received from
Collector; hy
a),639
27,208
l!)..')^
27.297
27. 290
1,324
l,2i2
216
589
183
'i
i
Moose Factory. H.B.
CailiKlo, Pa. [Lake.
Fort Resolution, 8.
Biff IslaDd, S. i^ake.
^)rf7nBoir.-
C. Orexler.
8. F Balrd,
A. M-Keniie.
R. Kciiiilcutt.
J. Reid.
J. Iiocktiart.
R. McFarlHiie.
Dr. E. Ci>ues.
i.
Capt. J. M. Dow.
Cab. Lawreuce
■ •..,..
28,l.")(l
u;j,2is
\'ai^ Good Hope.
.34,3.12
:«,3-.4
30,556
bos plno», IN. M.
" [C. Am.
At sea, W. coast,
Panama R. R.
M'Lean. & Oalb.
(34,332.) 3.90; 12.10. (34,354.) 6.00; 11.80.
. , . . ' ..,^-;
Petrochelidon si^vainsoni.
Ilirundo melanogaster, Svainson, Phil. Mag. I, 1827, 3G6 (Mexico).—
Petrochelidon melonoyaster, Cab. Mus. Hein, I, 1850, 47.
Petrochelidon mvainsoni, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1858, 296 ; 1859, 376.— Ir.
Catal. 1861, 40, no. 244. (Swainson's name changed as inappro-
priate.)
Hab, Highlands of Mexico. ,, ..,■".. ,-. ;■
This species is almost precisely like P. Junifrons, but is smaller, and the
frontlet, instead of being creamy or rosy white, is chestnut brown like the
throat ; the lores are less dusky, and there is no dusky at base of upper
mandible. In these respects it resembles P. fulva, but will be readily dis-
tinguished by the large glossy black spot on the throat, and blackish chin, as
well as comparative absence of reddish on crissum and sides.
Two specimens, both marked males, differ con,siderably in size, as
shown by the following measurements. In one (22,376) the forehead
is of the same shade of rufous as the throat, and the black spot on
the throat very small ; in the other, which is decidedly larger, the
forehead is considerably paler than the throat, and the throat spot
more distinct, the chestnut of throat and sides of head much darker.
(No. '22,376, %.) Total length, 4.50; wing, 3.90; tail, 2,25 ; difference of
quills, 1.90; length of bill from forehead, .35, from nostril, .21, along gape,
.55; tarsus, .48; middle toe and olaw, .60, claw alone, .20; hind toe and
claw, .37, claw alone, .19.
(No, 33,572. ) Total length. 90 • wing, 4.30 ; tail, 2.20 ; length of bill from
forehead, .41, from nostril, .2.., along gape, .60; tarsus, .53; middle toe and
claw, .66, claw alone, .21 ; hind toe and claw, .38, claw alone, .21.
¥
Smlth-
suuian
No.
Collec-
tor's
No.
Sex
and
Age.
Locality.
1
cZenlA. 1 R^^elvedfrom
Collected by
22.376
33.672
40,745 cf
136 ..
Mexico.
Miradur, Mex.
Verreaiix
Aug. 1S6.3. ; Dr. Sarti)rlu.s.
: .' m - —
''V
J X«A"IJ
JCiHT!
PETROCIIELIDON.
2J1
Petrochelidon fulTa.
ilirundo J'Jca, Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. I, 1807, 62, pi. xxx (St. Do-
" '." mingo).— Ib. Nouv. Diet. XIV, 1817, 521.— Ib. Encyc. M6th. II,
1823, b2Q.— Petrochelidon fulva, Cab. Mus. Hein. 1860, 47.— Ib.
Jour. Orn. IV, 1856, 3 (Cuba). , . .^
Ilirundo coronata, Lembbyb, Avea de Cuba, 1850, 45, "',f .".-
F06. Cuba and St. Domingo ? ' t .
(No. 34,238, 9.) Top ot head, back, and scapulars steel blue, with a
greenish gloss, more violet in some specimens. Forebead from the eyes (not
strictly defined), nuchal bands and rump (but not tail coverts), dark chestnut
brown; chin, throat, sides of breast and crissum, especially near anus, lighter
chestnut brown ; the sides of body and inside of wings smoky brown, tinged
with the color just mentioned ; median region of the body white. No blackish
on the breast or on forehead. Wings and tail with their upper coverts lustrous
brown. A dusky spot in the loral region.
(No. 34,238, 9 .) Total length, 5.00 ; wing, 4.20 ; tail, 2.10 ; perpendicular
depth of fork, .15 ; diflference between 1st and 9th quills, 2.00 ; length of bill
from forehead, .36, from nostril, .21, along gape, .56, width, .45 ; tarsus, .47 ;
middle toe and claw, .65, claw alone, .19 ; hind toe and claw, .37, claw
alone, .20.
The feathers of the back have a white patch on each sido the shaft,
about the middle, causing white streaks when visible among the
feathers. The forehead and rump are quite dark chestnut; the
chin and throat, with crissum just behind anus, come next in shar"e,
this color fading still more on jugulum and sides (the jugulura some-
times darker than chin), and scarcely appreciable posteriorly on the
side of the abdomen. The longer feathers of crissum are dark brown,
with reddish-white edges, much paler than near the vent. The white
of the belly is sometimes glossed faintly with chestnut, especially
along the shafts of the feathers. The axillars and lining of wings,
with tibia, are of a smoky gray, with a rufous tinge. The chestnut
nape is narrow, and sometimes quite obsolete ; the color of the neck
behind it is dull and lustreless. The dark chestnut of the rump
extends round on the sides as well as above, continuous with the
paler tinge of the anterior portion of the crissum. The inner web
of the lateral tail feather is edged with whitish near the end.
There is no black band along base of upper mandible, as in luni-
frons. The chestnut feathers of the front exhibit a tendency to
dusky centres, except near the bill, a feature not noticed in other
species.
This bird is much smaller than the North American lunifrons,
and differs in the rufous chestnut (not whitish) front, the absence
of black patch on throat, much lighter rufous of the throat (paler
293
REVIEW OF AMEIUCAN BIRDS.
[part I.
conside/ably than the front), etc. The tarsi are longer Ja proportidti,
being absolul^oly of the same length, while the feet are much weaker
and the toes shorter.
W' i
U> '
'h
I 1 :/
J. ' 1
IK
Smith- Conec-
siiiiiuQ tor's
No. 1 No.
Sex
Hiul
Aje,
liOoalUx.
When
rolkofed.
Received from
CoMetled bjr
34,2.18
34,2.')«
34,490
84,491
9
HemedluH, Cuba.
Cuba,
ti
April 4, '(i4.
May, 1863.
M. H. BlHhop.
Dr. J. Ooudlach.
Cab. Lawrence.
Fetrochelidon pceciloma.
Hirundo pceciloma, Gobsb, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 64.
Fetrochelidon fulva, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1861, 72.— Ib. Catal. 1861, 40, no.
245 (Jamaica).— Z/jrunrfo fuloa, March, Pr. A. N. 8c. 1803, 295
(nefititig).
' Hab, Jamaica.
i ■
Similar to preceding, bnt smaller ; chestnnt color darker. Chestnut of
sides very decided, and continuous witli that on breast and crissum.
(No. 24,381.) Total length, 4.50; wing, 4.15; tail, 2.05; fork, .10; differ-
ent > between Ist and 9th quills, 1.95 ; length of bill from forehead, .35, from
nostr.'l, .20, along gape, .56 ; tarsus, .48 ; middle toe and claw, .64 ; hind toe
and claw, .38.
■ A series of specimens from Jamaica differs from Cuban in being
rather smaller in size, and in having the chestnut brown of the under
parts considerably deeper and more marked, extending along the
sides of the body so as to be continuous with that of the sides of the
rump. The chestnut nuchal collar, also, is more distinct. A young
bird from Jamaica differs from the adult in lacking the frontal band
almost entirely, and in having a whitish chin. I have not had an
opportunity of examining the St. Domingan species, but would not
be surprised if it proved different from those of Cuba and Jamaica.
A closely allied species is the P. ruficollaris, of Peale.'
■ Petroohelidon rnficollaris.
Hirundo ruficollaris, Pealk, Mammals and Birds U. 8. Expl. Ezped.
1848, 175.
Hah. Peru.
Head above and back glossy blue-black. Rtti.it) above and on sides, fore
part of the breast, and sides of body bene.th th- .rings, chestnut, as also an
indistinct nuchal half collar. Chin, throat, sides of head below the eyes, irnd
rest of under parts, white ; the crissum tinged with r.jf< as anteriorly, the long
feathers grayish-brown, edged with whitish. Wings and tail dull brown, the
iflAl]
HIRUNDO.
■.ilt
293
8mllh-
•oumii
Mil.
i.ir'x
Nil
Hud
AKe.
Locality.
Wh«n
Collected.
Received from
Collected bj
24.3S1
21.:b:l
2t,.l'<.
3fl.M
3i),2i>l
Hi
l(i
11)
0.
SpiDishtowu, J»ia.
II
II
II
Dec. ladl.
H
(1
1*
1863.
II
W. T. March.
(1
It
t*
((
It
tl
1
1
1
1
■ HIRUNDO, Linn. , , ;
nirundo, Linn. Sjrst. Nat. I, lOtU ed. 1758, 191. (Type 11. rustica, Linn.)
Under the generic head of Hirundo I propose to combine several
groups of American Swallows agreeing' in moderate, depressed bill,
with straight commissure, and lateral nostrils overhung by mom-
brane ; the tarsi feathered only at the upper end, or else entirely
bare ; the lateral claws moderate, not extending beyond the base of
the median ; the edge of the outer primary without hooks ; the tail
variable in character, from a very deep fork to a slight emarginatir a
only. The relationships to the other genera have already been ex-
pressed in the diagnosis presented in the beginning of the article ou
the family.
The following characters express the peculiarities of the different
sections or subgenera of Hirundo : —
latter with lateral feathers edged internally near end with whitish. Forehead >
without frontal band, other than an almost inappreciable gloss of chestnut.
Total length, 4.55 ; wing, 4.00; tail, 2.15 ; difference between quills, 1.80 ;
length of bill from forehead, .30, ftom nostril, .17, along gape, .54, width, .43.
F««t mutilated.
The well-marked jugular or pectoral band, white throat and cheeks, and
absence of distinct frontlet will readily distinguish this species from lunifromt
and its allies. It may be that a more decided frontlet exists in more perfect
plnmage, although there is nothing to indicate that this has not been attained
in the specimen.
This species appears to have been overlooked by all writers subsequent to
Mr. Peale.
•• t»
Smlth-
(oniaD
No.
Collec
tor's
No.
C .177
aad
Age.
Locality.
When
Collected.
Callao, Peru. | July 12, '39.
Received frotQ
U.S. Expl. Exped.
Collected by
T. R Peale.
(14,999.) Type. Irids brown.
4':
«»
IffMiOJ'F'
I
291
REVIEW OF AMEttlCAX llIUDS.
frAIlT
I,
'lii
1
la .
; ,1
■«>
- • .if
Tarsi slightly featherbd on inner face at npper end ; equal in
length to middle too without claw.
' Tail very ddrply forked Hirundo.
Tail tlightly forked or einaiginate .... Tachi/cintta.
Tirsi ontirely naked; lengthened, equal to middle toe and
half itd uli.w.
Tail coudiderably forked CalUthtlidon,
' '' ' Hirundo, Linn.
Nostrils lateral. Tarsi short, not exceeding middle toe without its claw ;
the upper joint covered with feathers, which extend a short distance along
the innfci- face of tarsus. Tail very deeply forked ; the lateral feather mnch
attenuated, twice as long as tli*) middle. Basal joint of middle toe fr«e for
terminal fourth on outside, for half on inside.
In type, and in American species, forehead and throat rufous ; a black
pectoral collar ; tail feathers with large light spots on inner webs.
But two species, perhaps only one of this subgenus, as restricted,
belong to America. There are, however, quite a number found in
the old world.
Hirundo taorreorum. v.!
Hirundo horreorum, Barton, Fragments N. H. Penna. 1799, 17. — Baird,
V/ri Birds N. Am. 1858, 308.— A. & E. Newton, Ibis, 1859, 66 (Sta.
. ■ ^ , Cruz ; transient). — Sclatkb & Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 13 (Guatemala).
, .. — ScLATER, p. Z. S. 1864, 173 (City of Mex.).— Lawrence, Aim.
' ; ^ N. Y. Lye. 1861, 316 (Panama).— Cooper & Suckley, P. R. R, Rep.
''"' XIJ, II, 184 (south of Columbia River).
Elruni^o rufa, Vieill. — Cassin, 111. — Brewer. N. Am. Ool. I, 1857,91,
pi. V, fig. 63-67 (eggs).— Cab. Jour. IV, 1856, 3 (Cuba; spring
and autumn). — Reinhardt, Ibis, 1861, 5 (Greenland; two speci-
mens). — Gu^l^I.ACH, Cab. Jour. 1861, 328 (Cuba; common).
Hirundo americana, Wilson, Am. Orn. pi. 38, fig. 1, 2. — Rich. — Lembkye,
Aves de Cuba, 1850, 44, lam. vii, fig. 2.
Hirundo rustica, AoD. Orn. Biog. II, pi. 173. — In. Birds Am. I, pi. 48.—
Jones, Nat. Hist. Bermuda, 34 (Bermudas ; Aug. and Sept.).
Hab. Whole of United States ; north to Fort Rae, Slave Lake ; Greenland ;
Bouth in winter to Central America and West Indies. Not found at Cape St.
Lucas.
The steel blue of the upper parts of this species has a docided
violet tinge, sonnetimes purplish. The black or steel blue pectoral
collar is very rarely continuous below in adults ; when it is, it is
usually formed in the centre by only one or two series of featlierS,
which are black to the down. The rufous of throat is a little darker
^ 'laAM I
aurfiH niauNDO. wMtVia
295
than that of under parts, and more continuous, though sometimes
there is but littlu diflurencc in the 8ltade. The space just posterior
to the collar generally appears lighter than on the belly. Usually,
however, the rufous wash of 'uidor parts i i decidedly paler than that
of throat and forehead ; sometimes quita pale ; in only ono or two
instances as light as European specimens (as 6,020 and 29,294). In
such cases, however, the absence of broad jugular band of continuous
black, and the shorter tail, will distinguish from the European bird.
There is an occasional tendency to a widening of the jugular
colliir, especially in young birds, but this is so much mixed with
rufous feathers as to be easily understocd.
In young birds the frontal chestnut band is considerably reduced
in size, and generally paler and duller in color.
The largest specimen of U. hor "oruvi I have seen is No. 19,542,
from Fort Ilae. Here the wing measures 4.90, and the tail 4.50
(the usual length of tail is under 4.00) ; the next largest specimen
being No. 34,349, from the Rocky Mountains. The maximum length
of tail in specimens of H. rustica, of Europe, befou me, is 5.00 —
the average being perhaps 4.50.
The series of specimens from western America is not sufficient to
determine whether there is any essential difiference ; the bill, however,
appears decidedly smaller.
I regret very much that the specimens from South America* at my
command are too few to make a satisfactory comparison with tho
North American bird. There appears, however, to be a difference
in a rather smaller bill, and in having the gloss of the upper parts
steel green, rather than purple or violet. I am, however, much
inclined to doubt whether there is auy specific difference. The
chestnut brown of the forehead is quite as deep and extensive as in
the northern bird, although Burmeister describes it as whitish, pass-
ing behind into rust-yellow, and speaks of the whole under parts
' Hirundo erythrogaater.
Uirundo ery thro (faster, BoDD. Tabl. PI. enl. (724, fig. 1), 1783, 45 (Cay-
eniie).— ScLATER, Catal. 1861, 39 (Brazil).
Hmtndo tufa, Gm. S. Nat. I, 1788, 1018 (PI. enl. 724, fig. 1).— Burm.
Ueb. Ill, 148 (Brazil).
Hirundo cyanopyrrha, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. XIV, 1817, 510.
Smith- CoUec- Sex
soDiaQ, t()r'g and
No. ! No. Age.
Locality.
When
CoUected.
Received from
Collected by
21,007 j 33
lil.OOS 35
i
Vermejo River.
Feb. 1860.
It
Capt. Page, Expl.of
" [Parana.
Chr. Wood.
■ li
ii
;«:„
in
RKVIRW OF AMERICAN lilllDS.
[taut I.
n '
heing nisty yellowiBh-red, without distinguiBhing the throut m
darker. These characterH certainly do not apply to tho rmu/uay
skins in Capt. Page's collection, whatever they may to Bruziliaii
specimenB. These are moulting the large feathers of wing and tail.
The characters given by Burmeister to the North American bird,
viz., "under parts white, the anal and crissal feathers aloue rusty
yellowish-red," do not belong to it, as shown above.
In this connection I may state that in the collection is a specimea
of // riistica, of Europe, taken at sea during a voyage from Norfolk
to Rio Janeiro, probably carried westward by the prevailing winds
in the eecpiatorial region.
Should, as is very probable, the South American bird prove identi-
cal with the more northern one, the name ru/a must be adopted m
having the priority. •, . .■ , , , ^ , •
Specimens in the collection from the whole United States from
Atlantic to Pacific, and north 'to the boundary ; also —
Smlth-
CoUec-
Sex
When
Collected.
BuuiaD
No.
tor's
No.
and
AKe.
Localltjr.
Received from
Collected hj
19,342
Ft. Kae, Slave Lake.
L Clarke, Jr.
22,6fl6
34,349
14
1861
14
..
9
Lou PInoB, N. M.
June 19. '64
Pr. K Couei.
3,936
124
San DleKo, N. Ijeon.
18.')3.
Lt. ('ourh.
8,640
, ,
, ,
Indian Key. Fla.
Auk. 28i 'AT.
0. Wurdemann.
S3. .386
, ,
, ,
Otr eoaRt Calx
April 1, 'M.
Ur. H. Bereodt.
32,740
17,4»3
, ,
Mexico.
VerrcHUX.
30,708
i47
••
Daeiiao. Ouat.
Oiiateinala
1862.
O. Salvln.
Cab. Lawrence.
SaWin & Uudm.
30,657
••
?
At Ma, W. C. Central
America
Oct. a», '68.
Capt. J. M. Uow.
i
It
fr. ' ■
•J ,! ,: V r, Tachycineta, Cab.
Tichycineta, Cab. Mas. Hein. 1850-1, 48. (Type //. thalaggina, Sw.)
Nostr'U lateral, overhung or bordered internally by innumbent membrane.
Tarsi with the tibial joint covered by overhanging feathers, adherent a nhort
distance along inner face, about equal to middle toe without claw. Lateral
toes equal. Adhesion of basal joint of middle toe variable. Tail etnarginate
only, or slightly forked ; fork not exceeding half an inch in deptli. Color
blue or green above, with or without metallic gloss ; with or without woite
rump. Entirely white beneath.
Under this head I combine several variations of form which shade
BO gradually into each other that I can scarcely define them even as
(subgenera. The type (thalansina) diifers from all the others iu a
small, narrow bill, weak feet, more extensively feathered tansu.s, and
iu a peculiar softness of the plumage without metallic gluss, seen
.MfnU HIRUNDO. v;4l'/'<i-
297
.1 THtM]
ncrlwps only elsewhere in Callivhelidon cyanecnnndia. The buwul
joint of n»i(J<lIe toe is entirely adhifrent externally, and for more thuu
halt internally, and in this respect agrees with leucojdera and allii-
lined, while in hivolor and leucorrhoa it is adherent for only three-
fourths externally, and about half internally.
The feet of //. leucorrhoa appear proportionally more robuHt than
in other Hpecies, differing in this respect from its miniature, albilineaj
which agrees better with the rest.
The following is a nynopsis of the American speei' -! ; all of which,
as stated, are green above, with or without white rini-|)j white
beneath : — ■, • . :.
.a. Tachycineta,
Plumage Hoft ftnd velvety, witbont uietallio gloss. Sides of head, ' '
space around eyes, and whole under parta white ; with the : r , it
fuatUers all plumbenuH at base. Female duller in plumage. .^ ,
Above greeu, with various shades aud tinges of violet and . . '
purple thalauina.
i;'(V
Plumage above compact, and with rich (usually gieen) metallio ; '
gloss. Siiles of head to line with eyes like its upper part.
Beneath white, sometimes with ashy tinge across breast ; the -, ;, :^
feathers of chin and throat, and generally of crissum, white ':•':. .
to base. A concealed spot in jugulum. •!<
Entire upper parts uniform In color. ]
Inside of wings and axillars ash color. No concealed
basal white on the upper parts . , . hicolor.
Ramp wbite. No white loral line.
Back green. Pure white beneath. Peathe" a of back
and forehead with much concealed white at base.
Edges of secondaries and greater coverts white albiventria.
"Back bluish or purple. A grayish band across
. > breast. No white on wing. Feathers of back
— — ^ — ? at base'' meytni.
Bump white. A distinct whit«» loral line.
'"'*"■ " ' Rump plain white. Bases of dorsal feathers ashy.
No shaft streaks beneath. Length, 5.60; wing,
4.50; tail, 4.40 leucorrhoa.
Rump and under parts with more or less distinct
I dusky shaft streaks. Breast and sides with an
ashy tinge. Length, 4.50 ; wing, 3.75 ; tail, 2.00 aUnlinea.
Hirundo btcolor.
Ilduiido hirnlor, ViEiLL. 0,3. Am. Sept. I, 1807, 61, pi. xxxl. — Aud.
Oru. Biog. I, pi. 98. — In. B. A. I, pi. 46.— Cassin.— Brewkk, N. Am.
J.,;.
298
REVIEW OF AMERICAN niUDS.
[part I.
I' I'
Ool. I, 1857, 100, pi. iv, fig. 47 (egga).— Lkmiiktr, Avt>R lU Caba,
1850, 4U, lam. vii, flg. 2.— UArKD, Uinia N. Am. 1858, 310.— Lobd,
Pr. R. A. hiHt. Woolwiuh, IV 18U4, 15 (Hr. Columbia ; nextiiiK).-
Jo.NKH, Bnrmudas, 34 (8ept. 22, 1849). — Cuopkh & Si'cklky, i*. R,
R. Rep. XII, II, l»4.—Pelrochelidon bicolor, Bclatkh, I'. Z. S. 1857,
201 Ih. 1859, 3U4 (Xalai>a).— Iii. Catal. 18B1, 40.— H< latkr &
Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 13 (Guatemala). — Tuchyrttirla bicolor, Cab.
MuH. Uein. 1850, 48 ; Jour. Orti. 185(j, 4 (Cuba) — Uu.nulacu, Jour.
Orn. 18U1, 330 (common in Cnua). ,
Ilirxmdo viridia, WiLH. Am. Orn. f, 1812, pi. 38.
Ilirundo leucogatter, Stepurnh, SLaw, Qen. Zool. X, 1817, 105.
Ilab. Whole United States, and north to Slave Lake, sonth to Gunt»'mala ;
Vermudau ; Cuba, common in winter. In summer on table-landd of Mexiuo,
I find no essential difference in coloration in a larf^e series from
different parts of North America, Mexico, and Guatemala. A skin
from Fort Kae is larger than the rest, measuring — wing, 4.90 ; tail,
2.65. Carlisle specimens measure 4.75 and 2.50, respectively. In
a single specimen in the museum of the Philadelphia Academy of
Natural Sciences, from California, the back and rump have a steel
blue gloss, rather than green — seen to less extent in some Smith-
sonian skins from the West Coast— while others exhibit nothing of
the kind, and I cannot think that there is any good reason for sup-
posing that there may be a western species as distinguished from
an eastern. Western and Mexican skins have perhaps a nillur
smaller bill, and the feathers of the tarsus appear to extend further
along the inner side.
The occurrence of this species in the high region between Orizaba
and City of Mexico, in Juno, as recorded below, is a fact of great
iuterest.
Specimens from the whole United States from east to west, and
north to boundary ; also —
8m\th-
Collec-
Sex
When
Collected.
■oiiiaD
No.
tor ^
No.
Hnd
AKe.
Locality.
Received from
Collected by
20 040
, ,
?
Moone Factory, H.B.
May 28, '60.
C. Drexler.
a'lM'i
, ,
ti
. • .
J. M'Keuzle.
27,'299
1,298
, ,
isig Uland, S. Lake.
J. Reed.
,"«1,22.J
. . •
«i
2.1.134
, ,
Fort Simpson,
fort TouKOD.
> • •
B. R. Rof>«.
27,:!iiO
1,331
?
June.
R Kennlcott.
4.06.3
, ,
rf
Matamoran. Mex.
> * •
Lt. Coucli,
Dr. Berlaudler.
2»,203
^ ,
Orizaba, Mox.
Prof. Suinlchrast.
30,711
3S8
. .
Vera Paz, Ouat.
O. Salvin.
Salvia & Godm.
3r).134
18.)
..
Flue region above
June, l'«64.
Dr. Siirt'-rluH.
8d,13A
19J
••
"[Mirador.Mex.
iV-'
AS)
»I(UH» VI HIRUNDO. 'iAVrUft
209
Hlruntlo thalasslna.
Uirundo thala»»ina, tivrxinmv, Plill. Mag. 1, 1827, 3(J5 (Mexico). — Am.
r ■' Orn. Blog. IV, pi. 3Hr).— In. IJ. A. I, pi. 4«.— Uukwku, N. A. Ool.
-'" ° 1, 1857, 102 (the flg. pi. t, flg. 74 of egg belongH to another HpeoleH).
— Baikd, Birds N. Am. 1858, 311.— Maxam. Cab. Jour. 1858, 101.
— Lord, Pr. R. A. Innt. Woolw. IV. 18t)4, 115 (Vancouver M. ; nents
■ *' In holes of trees).— Coopkr & SnrKLKV, F. R. R. R»'p. XII, ii, 185
'' (W. T.).—Chelidon thalamina, Boib, IhIh, 1844, \1\.— Tarhiirineta
thulasiitKt, Cab. Mus. Ilein. 1850, 48. — Petrnchelidon thalnmua,
BcLATKR & Salvin, Ibls, 1H59, 13 (Guatemala). — Sclatku, Catal.
1861, 39, no. 239.— Ib. V. Z. S. 1804, 173 (City Mex.)
i7jft. Western and middle provinces of United States, south to Guatemala.
SpofMiiens from dilTcrcnt locnlititis, as well as from tljc huiiic i)lace,
vary Honiewhat in the shade of coloration. Sonietimos, as in other
Swallows, the innermost secondariea aro edged and tipped with
wliite, more or less conspicuously. Young birds are uniform lustre-
less grayish-brown above, something like Cotyle ri[)aria, white
below, with perhaps a tinge of ashy across breast ; the upper sur-
face of wings and tail with a greenish gloss ; the whole side of
head, including loral region and around the eye, dusky, not white as
ill the adult. The white feathers on the posterior inner face of the
tarsus are more conspicuous than in the adult, and reach nearly two-
thirds the way to the toes, but do not exist at tiie lower end as in
CoUjle riparia, which at once distinguishes them. All the feathers
of under parts, even of chin and throat, are gray at base, not white;
those of breast plumbeous to near tips, with a central stripe of lighter
(concealed).
Specimens (probably resident) from Cape St. Lucas are much
smaller than from Upper California, the wing measuring 3.95, the
tail l.flO inches, while 1,89.5 measures 4.50 and 2.20, respectively.
No. 29,204, from a typical locality (Orizaba), measures 4.70 and
2.40.
Tiio fully fledged young bird differs so much in appearance from
the iidult, that I was at one time inclined to consider them as differ-
ent species. The female is duller than the male, especially on the
head and rump. ;
.1,-
'^^'-'^m
\
M
•»:...,
'^TT^
1 ' * -****
*
{
■* •
l-
k .
n; "
300
REVIEW OF AMEP' J BIRbS.
[I'AUT I.
Smith-
Colloe-
Sex
•
Whon
suuiuu
tnr'»
nod
Looallty.
Received f'ora
Collected by
No.
No.
ARe.
l»,;t.)()
Gray BullCr'k.NoJ.
June 7, '()i>
Capt. KuyuoldH.
G. H. Tniuk.
19,20!)
i
Wind Uivm', Nel).
.May '2»), 'lH)
"
Dr. lliiyilea.
6,»6.->
aio
Medicine B»w Cr.
Jnly2.1, '.'.7,
Lt F. T Bryan.
W. 8. Wood.
11,038
• •
d
Fort Bridgor.
Viotoiitt.
May 21, 'fili.
C. Drexler.
J. Hepburn.
1,89.-1
1,04.1
••
i
Columbia Klver.
4t
July 12, '30.
8. F. Baird.
t4
J. K. Townsend.
12.8S5
, ,
Napa Valley, Cal.
..-.
A. J. OrayHon.
12,949
fi.'i?
, ,
Sau Jose, Cape St.
J. XantUH.
12,9.W
667
, ,
" [Lucas.
• • ■
"
3,934
229
rf
Saltlllo, ilex.
■ • •
Lt. Couch.
13,890
, ,
Mexico.
. ■ .
J. Oould.
J. Taylor.
1.-51
^ ^
tt
• • .
Cab. Lanreiioe.
29,204
2S.'5
, ,
Orizaba, Mex.
* * .
Prof. Niimlchragt.
.•;o,7io
383
9
Sau Qeronioio, Vera
■ f •
0. Stilvlu.
80,712
3,716
d-
[Paz.
Jan. )^e2.
41
(1,899.) Typ« of Mr. Audubon's figure r
Hirundo alMlinea.
.. . ^ Petrochelidon leucoptera, Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lyo. 1861, 317, no. 15J
i; 'J ,1
(Panama) (not of Gmelin).
Petrochtlidon albHinea, Lawhkncb, Ann. N. Y. Lye. VIII (read April 27),
"' ' May, 1863 (Panama).
Petrochelidon lUtorea, Salvin, P. Z. S. (read May 21) 1863, 189 (both
coasts of Central America).
' Hab. Line of Panama R. R., northward along coast of Central America;
Mazatlanf '■!,'-'■■<,:■>■•■''" '■- ij-.*'.'". *.'';'■:■' ".'.A
(No. 35,049, % .) Above glossy compact green, including head, back,
upper tail coverts, and sides of head to the level of the gape and below the
eye ; wings and tail similar, but less brilliant. Rump all round, external
edges of the central secondaries, entire under parts, including lining of wings
and axillars, white, with perhaps a faint ashy tinge, especially across tlie
breast ; the shafts inclined to be dusky, especially on the rump. Lores
gret-ni-sh dusky, bordered above by an obscure white line from base of bill;
the feathers of the hind neck and upper part of back, as well as those of thtt
forehead, with much concealed white. There is a trace of a narrow pectoral
collar of green on the sides of the breast, entirely interrupted below, however.
The feathers of chin and throat entirely white, of crissum white, except at
extreme base». '' '• "vit.'.ji, /.n-j ■,-.■■'' --^ ;,:-.,..• ;lv.j,«.v':',_ ■-■.«
The white of under parts appears perfectly pure on throat, middle
of belly, and crissum ; across the breast there is a shade of nsliy, a,s
al.so in the sides, most appreciable when the feathers are raised. On
the rump the dusky shaft streaks are most decided, and towards the
end involve the adjacent webs to some extent ; below they are
appreciable to a careful examination, except perhaps on the chin
and throat. There is a good deal of white at the base of tlie tail
feathers on ihe inner webs. There is also a gloss of violet, in some
aspects, on the wings and tail.
^^m
I 'M//1
HIRUNDO.
301
(JJo. 35,049, % .) Total length, 4.25 ; wing, 3 Tf) ; tail, 1.90 ; <lepth of ioik,
.25; (inference of primaries, 1.80; length of bill from forehead, .35, from
nostril, .22, along gape .55, width of gape, .45 ; taraua, .42 ; middle toe and
chv, .ri5, claw alone, .18 ; hind toe and claw, .33, claw alone, .15.
Tlio above description is taken from a type of Mr. Salvin's P.
littoi'ea. Mr. Lawrence'a type of albilinea is alinont precisely like
it— a little larger, and with patches of a more bluish gloss on the
back. ' ' ' '- '^ "'"•■""' '"":■■
This species is very similar to P. leucorrhoa,* of iJufiios Ayres,
which is, however, much ldr}.rer, and lacks the concealed white of the
forehead and hind neck. The greenish-black collar margining the
jugulum in leucorrhoa is more nearly continuous below, and is in a
measure completed by concealed dusky edges to the feathers across
the breast. There is no dusky appreciable on the shafts of the
feathers of the under parts, and almost none on the rump, and there
is no distinct white at the base of the tail feathers. The outer tail
feather is narrowly edged with whitish.
An albino '^.vallow, collected by Col. Grayson, at Mazatlan,
heloiigs, as nearly as I can ascertain, to H. albilinea.
Both these species are distinguished from P. leucoptera of eastern,
and P. meyeni of western South America, by their white loral stripo
or line. I add description of these two species in order to complete
the history of the genus.
' Hirundo leucorrhoa.
Jlirundo leucorrhoa, Vieill. Nonv. Diet. XI «', 1817, 519, and Encycl.
Meth. 1823, 523, Paraguay (Azara, Apant. II, b09).—Pelrochc.li(lon
hue. Cab. Mus. Hein. 1850, 48. — Cotyle leuc. Bdrm. Uebers. Ill,
1856, 144.— Ib. La Plata Reiae, 18(51, 478 (Parana).
Hirundo frontalis, Gould, Pr. Zool. Soo. 1837, 22. — Id. Birds Peagle,
1841, 40 (Monte Video).
"Hirundo leucnpyga," Light. Mus. Berol. — Cabanis, Kus. Hein. 48.
Hirundo gouldii "A8SIN, Pr. A. N. So. 1850, 09 ("H. frontalis," Goold).
Hab, Paragaay and adjacent regions. Tresis in hollow trees or boles in
ground.
(No. 12,351.) Total length, 6.20 ; wing, 4.45 ; tail, 2.40 ; depth of fork, .20 ;
difference of quills, 2.10 f length of bill from forehead, .40, from noatril, .25,
along gape, .61 ; tarsus, .50 ; middle toe and claw, .70, claw alone, .20 ; hind
toe and claw, .46, oiaw alone, .21.
Smit))-
eoaiaii
No,
Cnllec- Sex
tiir'g 1 and
No. 1 Age.
ooallty.
When
Collected.
Received from
Collected bf"
12,S51
27
••
Bo6Doi Ayrei.
...
C»pt. Paer«, U. S. 8.
Argentina.
'f
'•Ill l^lfk^:
; ■:
^■
ii.ii''
1
, '
'■
i >¥" r ■ '
1 h '■ '■' -
¥ '
Ir:
):'
*,■■
302
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I.
Smtth-
Biiniau
No.
Collec-
tor's
No.
Sex
HOd
Age.
'..f
Wheo
Collected.
Received from
Collected by
34,026?
3.-«,049
393
155
Maiatlan.
San .loKe, Oiiat.
PHUHiim K. K.
Jan. 1863.
Col. OrayHon.
0. Salvin.
Cab. Lawrence.
Salvin &Goilman,
M'Leau. & Galb.
(34,026?) Albino. (35.049.) Type of PetrocAeticion iiUorea. (155.) Type of speclei.
Hirundo albiventris.
Hirundo albiventrts, Bonn. 1782 (Bdfp. PI. enl. 546, 2, Cayenne). — Pelro-
a' chelidon alb. Sclatkr, Catal. 1861, 41, no. 247.
V Hirundo leucoptera, Qm. S. N. II, 1788, 1022 (based on PI. enl. as above).
'i. ,w i — Cab. Schomb. Quiana, III, 672. — Petrochelidon leuc, Cah. Mus.
^,5;,,,, ,, Hein. I, 48.— Coti/le leuc. Bukm. Uebers. Ill, 1856, 143 (Brazil).—
Ib. Reise La Plata, II, 1861, 478 (Banda Oriental).
Bill very large ; tail much emarginated. Above glossy metallic greenish-
blue on the head, more bluish-green on the back. Rump white (but not tail
coverts, wliich are like the back) all round, as also entire under parts, in-
cluding inside of wings. Outer edges of the inner secondaries 'nd inner
great coverts, most of inner webs of lateral tail feathers and portion
of feathers of whole back, hind neck, and forehead also white. 1.. ace of an
interrupted pectoral collar, except concealed basal gray across the breast,
darkest in a median spot. Only occasional and almost inappreciable dusky
shaft streaks. Feathers of chin and throat entirely white, those of the crissum
with the extreme root only plumbeous. -jrr, .^ • 1 ,
Young birds appear to have more white on the wings.
(No. 35,056.) Total length, 5.40 ; wing, 4.20 ; tail, 2.25 ; fork, .34 ; difference
between quills, 2.10; length of bill from forehead, .50, from nostril, .27, along
gape, .68; width of gape, .50; tarsus, .44; middle toe and claw, .60, claw
alone, .19 ; hind toe and claw, .36, claw alone, .19.
P. meyeni^ (leucopyga, Meyen, nee Licht.) I have not seen, though
it is said to be closely allied, but to diflFer in a steel blue back, a
grayish band across the breast, and the absence of white edges to
the wing feathers, thus probably more like leucorrhoa, but without
the white loral line, and with a decided grayish pectoral band.
' Hirundo xneyeni (leucopyga).
Hirundo leucopyga, Meyen, Nova acta Ac. L. C. XVI, II, 1834, snppl.
73, pi. X (Chile). — Co/y* leu. Bdrm. Uebers. Ill, 1856, 144.-
Hirundo leucopygia, Gould, Birds Beagle, 1841, 40 (Valparaiso and
Tierra del Fuego).
Petrochelidon meyeni, Cab. Mus. Hein. I, 1850, 48. — Sclatek, Catal.
1861, 40, no. 246.— Cassin, Catal. Hir. 1853.
Hah. Coast of Chile and Patagonia.
Note. — If leucopyga, as used by Lichtenstein for 77. leucorrhoa, be merely a
museum name, as appears probable, it should stand for the present species.
HIRUNDO.
303
gmith- Collec-
•floUn' tor's
»o. No
I
«,048
Sex
and
Age.
342
Locality.
Brazil.
Bab la.
When
Collected.
Received from
Acad. Nat. Sciences.
Cab. Lawrence.
Collected by
Callichelidon, Bryant.
Cdllichelidon, Bryant, MSS. (Type H. cyaneoviridis, Bryant.)
Nostrils lateral ; overhung by membrane. Tarsi lengthened ; equal to middle
toe and more than half the claw ; entirely bare of feathers. Basal joint of
middle toe entirely adherent externally, for more than half internally. Lateral
toes equal, or outer a little the longer. Tail deeply forked ; the feathers some-
vhat attenuated ; as long as the wings.
Above green, beneath white.
The tj'pe of this new subgenus, perhaps entitled to rank as a full
genus, has tiie same soft velvety condition of the dorsal plumage,
witiiout metallic lustre, as in thalassina. The tail is deeply forked
and the lateral feathers narrow and tapering from the base. The
second species, placed here provisionally on account of the long
bare tarsi, exhibi'.d on the back a strong metallic lustre, and the tail
is le.ss deeply forked.
The legs are longer and more naked than in other American
Swallows — in this respect approaching Cheramceca, of Cab. (C. leii-
costei'na, of Australia). Here, however, the outer toe is said to be
shorter than inner ; the claws very large, the outer toe but little
adherent at base.
' -'t 'r Si/nop.iis of Species.
Above soft velvety grass green, changing to blue on mmp.
Beneath pure white. Feathers of chin and throat white
to base cyaneoviridis.
Above metallic golden green. Beneath white ; the chin dusky.
Feathers of chin and throat plumbeous at base ; of breast
with large greenish spots, somewhat concealed . . euchrysea.
Rinindo cyaneoTiridia.
Hirundo cyaneoviridis, Bryant, Pr. Boat. N. H. Soc. VII, 1859, 111
(Nassau, N. P., Bahamas; very abundant). — Callichelidon cyaneo-
viridis, Bryant, MSS.
flfjfc. Island of New Providence, Bahamas.
(No. 11,1)46.) Upper parts soft velvety green, with a slight occasional
gleam of golden, passing on the wings iirto greenish-blue, and on ti^j rump
K
304
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I.
and upper tail coverts into greenish blue and violet. Beneath pure white,
tiie sides and linings of wings faintly tinged with a!»hy. Ear ooverts wliite,
tinged at ends with dusky ; traces of a narrow dusky collar on the sides of the
jtigulum. Feathers of chin and throat white to very base, those of jugulum
and rest of under parts lead color towards roots. The lateral tail featliem
externally are edged narrowly with whitish. Tie ends of the quills have a
violet tinge. The bases of the feathers of nape and forehead light gray, but
not white.
Total length, 5.80; wing, 4.60; tail, 3.00; depth of fork, l.OO; difference
between primarie.s, 2.35 ; length of l)ill from forehead, .44, from nostril, ,23,
along gape, .57, width, .47 ; tarsus, .49 ; middle toe and claw, .56, claw alone,
.20 ; hind toe and claw, .3(3, claw alone, .20.
I
' ■■:■,-• i;>.
'B si '■■
■0'
i..:.-L.:.l„
ft- ■ ' (■
1
Smith- Collec- Sex
Biiiilan tor's ' iiud
No. No. ' A«e.
Locality.
When
Collected.
Received from Collected by
11,946 ; ..
••
NaHNau, Bahamas.
April, 18.)9.
Dr. H. Bryant, \
(11,940,) Typa.
Hirundo enchrysea.
>■•«
>-iC«
Hirundo euchrysea, GossE, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 68 (.Tam.). — In. Ill, tab.
xii. — March, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1863,295. — Ilerne euchrysea, Bp, Consp.
,-,. 341.— PetrochelidoH eu. Sclatbk, P. Z. S. 1861, 72.— Ib. Catal. ISGI,
/, 39, no. 240 (Jam.). ^^ . ,/ /
! ffab. Jamaica. '■ ■ ;
(No. 23,333, 9 •) Above bright and lustrous metallic green and golden,
variously blended ; the quills and tail feathers, with lining of wings and
axillars, similar, but duller. Beneath white ; the metallic green of the head
extending on the edge of the chin, the middle part of which is grayish ; the
jugulum and breast with large dull spots somewhat like the back. Down of
the back of neck and of the back rather dark ashy. Tibiae brown. Quill
and tail feathers blackish-brown, glossed as described. Feathers of chin and
throat gray at extreme base.
(No. 23,333, 9.) Total length, 4.70; wing, 4.35 ; tail, 2.30; difference of
primaries, 2.10? length of bill from forehead, .37, from' nostril, .20, along
gape, .47, width, .35 ; tarsus, .42; middle toe and claw, .48, claw aloue, .15;
hind toe s,nd claw, .28, claw alone, .14. >'-
Smlth-
Nonian
No.
Collec-
tor's
No.
Sex
and-
Age.
LocftUty.
When
Collected.
Received from
Collected by
a.'i.&w
80,284
77
¥
Trelswoey, Jam.
Spanishtown, Jam.
JnnelB, 'fi9.
Jan. 1863.
P. L. Sclater.
W, T. March.
W. Osburu.
:.^ ■ '*K*.i a--i
Wf
My
ATTICOUA.
41VSU*.
806
ATTICORA, BoiB.
Atticora, Boih, Isis, 1844. (Type Ilirundo fasciata, Gm.)
Atticora, in its more extended sense, includes a series of small
spficies (the least of the American members of the family) with
diminutive bills, the nostrils superior and broadly open, bordered
behind by membrane, but not overhung laterally. The tarsi long
in proportion, equalling the middle toe and half the claw ; either
slightly feathered above, or entirely bare ; the adhesion of the middle
toe to the outer variable, but carried to its maximum extent in some
forms. Tail forked, sometimes very deeply. The subdivisions are
as follows : —
Pyoociielidon. — Basal joint of middle toe adherent, except at extreme end.
Tarsus feathered at upper end on inner face. Dusky, or else lustroua
black above and on orissum.
Atticora. — Basal and middle joints of middle toe adherent externally. Taraua
feathered above. Tail very deeply forked. Lustrous black, with pectoral
band and tibia white. »/:
NoTiocHELiDON. — Basal and half of middle joints of middle toe adherent ex-
ternally ; tarsi entirely bare. Top of head, wings, and tail black ; brown
on back and crissum.
Neochelidok. — Toes as in last ; tarsus feathered above. Dull lustreless brown.
In all the species the feathers of chin and throat are plumbeous
at base. '' ^^ t.;^- ■':<'■ '-.■:'.
'• . a; -r. s^' Atticora, Boie.
Nostrils superior, broadly open and circular ; bounded for posterior half by
membrane ; not overhung, however, on the inner side. Frontal feathers soft,
fimooth, without any bristles, neitlier at base of upper mandible nor on chin.
Bill small and delicate. Legs rather large an stout, the toes shorter than
usual ; tarsus nearly equal to middle toe and claw, the tibial joint with
feathers attached, and slightly invading and overhanging upper end, but not
extending ulong inner face. Outer and middle toes connate for half the length
of the lattiir, leaving only tl\e terminal joints of each (exclusive of claws)
free ; the basal joint of middle toe adherent to the outer toe. The claws
sharp and curved ; the lateral toes equal.
Tail deeply forked, extending beyond wings ; lateral feathers tapering, but
not attenuated, one-half longer than the middle.
Color entirely lustrous black, with white abdominal band and tibia.
The great amount of adhesion of the toes characterizes this sub-
20 May, 186B.
"fe"?/' J^. • '
-■«*
306
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I.
:
genus among American Swallows. In two specimens before me I
can make out only ten tail feathers, and cannot say whether more
exist. Neither has the wings perfect, so that I cannot indicate the
number of primaries. The type, and hitherto single representative
of the section, is A. fasciata, of Cayouue.*
NoTiocHELiDON, Baird.
Notiochelidon, BkitLD. (Type Atticora pileata, Qovvo,')
Bill small ; nostrils superior, as in Atticora, but less perfectly circular.
Tarsi entirely bare, even on the joint of tibia, rather long — equal to middle
toe and half claw. Lateral toes short ; about equal, or the outer a little the
longer ; the claws all stout, sharp, much curved. Outer toe adherent for
nearly half its length (two terminal joints free) ; the terminal one and a half
joints, or three-fifths of middle toe free. Inner toe united to basal two-thirds
of middle. Tail deeply forked for about one-third the length, the branches
divaricated.
No metallic lustre, except upon the top of head. Beneath white ; the
crissum blackish.
This form differs from typical Atticora in less deeply forked tail,
and in less adhesion of toes — the middle toe being free externally
for one and a half joints, instead of only one, and internally in pro-
portion. The feet are more slender, and the claws less curved ; the
tarsus entirely bare, even to the joint.
' Atticora fasciata.
Uirundo fasciata, Gm. S. N. I, 1788, 1022 (based on PI. enl. 724, fig. 2,
■ (Cayenne). — S\v. Zool. 111. 2d ser. pi. xvii. — Atticora fasciata,
BoiK, Isis, 1844, 172.— Bpem. Ueb. Ill, 1857, 146.— Sclater, Catal.
1861, 39, no. 236.
iff Hab. Brazil and Cayenne.
Entirely glossy black, with faint dark steel blue lustre ; wings and tail
duller. A sharply defiued white band across the sides and middle of breast;
tibiae white. The claws very sharp.
(No. 149.) Total length, 5.40 ; wing, 3.90 ; tail, 3.20 ; depth of fork, 1.20;
length of bill from forehead, .37, from nostril, .20, along gape, .46, .width, .38;
tarsus, .50; middle toe and claw, .50, claw alone, .19; hind toe and claw,
.34, claw alone, .19.
Smith- Collec-
•iDDlan ti>r'H
No. i No.
Sex
aod
Age.
Locality.
Wheu
Collocled.
Received from Collected by
1
3J,0S>7
8i:j
149
d"
Cay e one.
...
APHd. Nut. Seiniices.
Cub. Lawrence. i
^Pip
ATTICORA.
807
Attlcora pileata.
Atiicora pileata, Gould, Pr. Z. S. 1858, 355 (Qaatemala). — Sclateb &
Salvin. Ibia, I, 1859, 13.
llah, Ouatemala.
(No. 30,714, % .) Top and sides of head and neck black, with dull bluish
glo»s. Interscapular region and sides of body smoky brown ; above passing
nuuer gradually into blackish-brown of rump, wings, and tail; beneath ab-
ruptly defined against blackiih-brown of crissuni. Rest of under parts and
tibiiE white; this color, however, on the chin, throat, and jugulum (the former
two especially) margining the feathers narrowly only, and exposing much of
the suioky brown bases. Tibial feathers brown at base.
(No. 30,714, % .) To'al length, 4.75 ; wing, 3.75 ; tail, 2.45 ; depth of fork,
.75; difference of primaries, 1.75 ; length of bill from forehead, .33, from
nostril, .17, along gape, .43, width, .35 ; tarsus, .43 ; middle toe and claw, .50,
claw alone, .20 ; hind toe and claw, .35, claw alone, .17.
This species is totally different in appearance from any other known
American Swallow. Cabaais is in error in suggesting that it may
be the young of cyanoleuca.
,1 > .. .i;
Smith-
eoDian
No.
CoH««-
tur's
No.
Sex
and
Locality.
When
Collected.
Received from
Collected by
30,713
30,714
3,704
377
Cubna, Vera Paz.
Feb. 1862.
0. Salvin.
aalvin&Ouduiau.
,>.;-.'];i".r!<j
Neochelidon, Sclater.
Neochelidon, Sclater, Catal. Am. Birds, 1862, xvi. (Type Ilirumio
tibialis, Cass in.)
Microrhelidov Sclater, Catal. 1861, 39. (Same type ; name pre-
occupied.)
Similar to preceding in hill and toes; the tarsus, however, with the joint
covered with feathers, which invade the inner face at the upper end. Tail
less forked ; fork one-fourth the length.
Atticora tibialis.
Pelrochelidon tibialis, Cass. Pr. A. N. So. 1853, 370 (Brazil).— A/icro-
chelidon tibialis, Sclater, Catal. 1861, 39, no. 238. — Neochelidon
tibialis, Sclater, Catal. 1862, xvi (Errata).
Hab. Isthmus of Panama to Brazil.
The type of the section is the H. tibialis, of Cassin. This species
is the lea.st of our Swallows, and resembles a Swift rather than a
Swallow. It is dark smoky or sooty brown above and on crissuni.
.'f
808
UEVIEAV OP AMERICAN BlUDS.
[part I.
the rump and under parts paler, the tibia white. A second specieg
appears to be N. fucata.^ ; •«-jrf
(No. 150, Panama.) Total length 4.00; wing, 3.46; tail, 2.00 ; depth of
fork, .45 ; diflferenoe between Ist and 9th ijuillH, 1.60; length of bill from fore-
head, .27, from nostril, .17, along ga)>e, .43; width at baue, .32; tarsns, .35;
middle toe and olaw, .45, claw alone, .17 , hind too ftnd ^law, .2b, claw
alone, .11. .*.,iwi v^ ■■..;. i : -;./,
Smith- Collee-
nonian
No.
tor'»
No.
130
S«x
and
Age.
Locality.
Pauama K. R.
When
Collected.
Received from
Cab. Lawreuce.
Collected \>y
M'Lean. k Oalb.
PYaocHELiDON, Baird.
Pygochelidon, Baibd. (Type Hirundo cyanoUuca.)
Bill minnte. Nostrils broadly oval, nearly snperior ; t\.t- plane of their ont-
liue directed obliquely forwards and inwards; nor rerhnng anteriorly on
inner edge by membrane. Tarsi rather long, eqaal to middle toe and half
claw ; the joint and upper end on inner face with adherent feathers. Inner
toe slightly longer. Basal joint of middle toe adherent externally, except
just at the end ; internally for half the length. Tail forked for about oue-
fourth the leu|;th.
This subgenus differs from its other allies with the nostrils superior,
' ii.tticora fnoata.
Hirundo fucata, Temm. PI. col. 161, fig. 1 (Paraguay). — Bcrm. Uebers.
Ill, H5.— Cotyle/uca(a, BoiE, Isis, 1844.— Cab. M. H. I, 49.— Bdkii.
Uebers. Ill, 1856, 145.— Ib. Reise La Plata, II, 1861, 478 (Mendoza).
Hab. Paraguay, Argentina, and La Plata basin generally ?
This species has usually been placed in Cotyle, but probably on account of
the dull brown color of upper parts, somewhat like that of C. riparia. The
head and neck all round, with the jugulum, are reddish fulvous, above, how-
ever, only tinging the dark brown of the head. The breast and sides are
brownish, the belly and crissum white, all tinged with reddish ; in general
aspect, except the reddish color, much like C riparia. It differs, however,
in exposed nostrils, more connate and shorter toes, short claws, and absence
of tuft of feathers at lower end of tarsus.
In some respects, however, it differs decidedly from Neochelidon, as in having
some bristles in the chin and along the base of commissure. The outer toe
is a little shorter than inner, not a little longer ; the fork of the tail is shallower,
the feathers broader and more rounded at tip. In many respects there is quite
a close relationship to Petrochelidon, differing chiefly in the shoitor and more
adherent toes. The style of coloration is quite similar.
mv^
'■•>■-'
ATTICORA.
309
in having the toes more deeply cleft — the basal joint of the median
being free at its extremity on the outer side, instead of being adiie-
rent to the middle, or even the end of the middle joint. From Pelro-
chelulon it differs in the longer tarsi, which equal the middle too
and half its claw, not the middle toe alone ; less completely feathered
tarsi at upper end ; and in wanting the bristles in the chin and at
base of bill above, which are soft and smooth. While the nostrils
in Petrochelidon appear in the dried e'dn to be entirely without
membrane, in Pygochelidon they are bordered behind and internally
for a short distance, without, however, being overhung.
.'■1'' I < \ ,' '•' ^ ■■ .
' ■• ■ Synopsis of Species.
Above and on criasum uniform lustrous blue-black. Beneath
white ; the feathers of chin and throat dark plumbeous at
base.
Breast with a black pectoral band. Feathern of back
scarcely white towards their middle portion. Cris-
sum entirely black melanoleuca.
Breast without pectoral band. Feathers or upper back
white in middle. Crissum with all feathers ehtirelj
black cyanoleuca,
(Van montana with larger bill.) ,
Breast without band. Crissum white towards anus ; long
feathers only black, and towards their tips. Feathers
of upp«r part of back ash-colored, not white in middle patof/ontco.
Above and on crissum greenish-black. Beneath dark ashy ; the
feathers of chin and throat plumbeous at base.
Feathers of upper part of back cinereous, not whitish in
the middle .... ... murina,
Atticora cyanoleuca.
Hirundo cyanoleHca, Vieill, Nouv. Diet. XIV, 549, and Encycl. M6th.
1823, 521 (based on Golondrina de la timoneUs negros, Aeaka, Apunt.
Pajaros Par. II, 1805, 508).— ^«icora c. Cab. Mus. Hein. 1850,47.
— Bdrm. Uebers. Ill, 1857, 146.— Ib. La Plata Reise, II, 1861, 479
'' '. ' ; (very common in the La Plata country; nests under eaves and
":'' roofs of houses).
Himndo melampyija, Light. Vera. 1823, 57 (Bahia).
Hirundo minutu, Max. Beit, III, 369.— Tbmm. PI. Col. 209, fig. 1.
Hab. La Plata basin f Brazil.
(No. 35,050.) Above and on sides of head and reck to line of gape, steel
blue, including tail- and lesser wing coverts, as well as a patch on side of
breast; wings and tail feathers dark blackish-brown, with faint gloss.
Feathers of hind neck and interscapulum with concealed white in their middle
portion. Beneath white, all the feathers blackish plumbeous at the base, ex-
r ■ .
frnjTfr
1:^
,....^..-
'-■iWi
810
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I.
tending rather fiirtlier along on the breaHt ; thH f«nth«rri in tlie niitldlu of tli«
lireftHt witli a darker patcii on tlieir iimer wobK, only vi«il>le on raiHiiii; i\m
fHatlierrt. Entire crisKuin from anuo hlauk, glossed on Hurface with Htet-I IjIuh,
the haHea all dark pluuibeouD. Lining of wingH and axillartt dark Hinoky
brown ; side of body under wings waxhed with grayish browu. Tibia biuwii,
the feathers slightly tipped with whitish.
Ininiature specimens show traces of a fulvous or rusty yellowish waxh on
the under parts.
(No. 35,050.) Total length, 4.80 ; -wing, 3.86 ; tail, 2.40, fork, .45 ; diffpreiice
of quills, l.()8 ; lengtli of bill from forehead, .31, from nostril, .1(5, along i^ape,
.45, width, .32; tarsus, .41 ; middle toe and claw, .53, olaw alone, .15 ; hind
toe and olaw, .35, claw alone, .l.U. ■> . /< - ..
A. melanoleuca* appears to differ principally in having a Mack
pectoral band. A. patayonica has the base of crissum white ; the
interncapular featheru gray in the middle, not white.
Smith-
Conec- Sex
Koniau
tor'B I aod
No.
No.
Age.
.1V0.V1
85
9
32,743
10,140
rf
].7,()0H
, ,
13,002
iao
••
Locality.
When
Collected.
Bahia Negra.
Brazil.
Bahia.
June, 1830.
Received from
Collected hj
Cupt. I'aKo, Expl.
Verreanx. [Parana.
U. S. Expl. Exped.
Cab. Lanreuce.
Cbr. W(Pod.
T. E. PeMe.
tw ■
■■'I! ■•
«l'
Atticora cyanoleuca, var. moutana.
Aiticora cyanoleuca, var. montana, Baird. — fPetrochelidon cyanoleucus,
ScLATER, P. Z. S. 1858, 551 (Riobamba).— Ib. 1859, 138.— Ib. 1860,
• ' ' 75 (Quito) ; 85 (Nanegal).— Ib. Catal. 1861, 40, no. 241.— ^«icor(i
cyanoleuca, Cab. Jour. f. Orn. 1861, 91.
Uirundo vielampyga, Tschddi, F. Peruana, 133 (not of Licht.).
iHirundo cyanoleuca, Darwin, Birds Beagle, 41 (Valparaiso ; builds in
holes in banks).
Hah. Costa Rica : south along Andes to Chile ?
,t
(No. 34,676, 90 Very similar to A. cyanoleuca, of Brazil, in color and size,
although rather smaller, except that the tail is more deeply forked (.60 deep,
instead of .45) ; the bill larger, broader, and more depressed (from nostril
.18, instead of .16) ; the sides of the body under the wings blackish, with
Blight steel blue gloss (in true cyanoleuca merely brownish dusky, without
gloss). Upper parts glossed with violet, instead of nniform steel blue, having
a tinge of greenish. A slight, almost inappreciable wash of rusty yellowish
beneath.
' Atticora melanoleuca.
Hirundo melanoleuca, Max. Beit. Ill, 371 (Brazil).— Temm. PI. Col. 209,
2. — Atticora m. Bormeister, Uebers. Ill, 1856, 146 (Central Brazil).
Middle of dorsal feathers white ; tail 3J.
' Hah. Brazil.
II:
».
ATTICORA.
811
(No. 34,G7tf, 9.) Total length, 4.6r. ; wing, 3.75 ; tall, 2.40, A*^i>{\\ of fork,
,60; (litr«r«nfe between primaries, l.tiS ; length of bill from forehead, .32,
from niistril, .18, along ga|)e, .4i) ; tarHiia, .40; miildle toe and utaw, .r)0, c-law
alone, .10, hind toe and claw, .34, olaw alone, .17.
A young bird has tho upper parts dull dark smoky-brown, with a
greonish-blue gloss on the middle of the back only. The undor
j)iirt8 are whito, tinged with browniHh-yellow on the chin, becoming
palur onitiio threat ; a jugular band and the sides, especially behind,
strongly tinged with the bame. Tho feathers of the crissum are
(lark brown, without gloss, and margined with paler. A still
younger specimen (33,289) has only the faintest possible trace of
blue gloss on the back ; the rump is smoky brown, lighter than the
wings and tail ; the brownish tinge of under parts deeper and more
extended.
The characters assigned to this variety, although apparently slight
and untangible, are yet quite appreciable on a comparison with a
large series of Brazilian specimens The larger bill and deeper fork
of the tail are especially noticeable. The supposed difference in
amount of black on the sides may be more apparent than real.
I am inclined to refer to this variety all the specimens I have seen
from Bogota, and one from Peru — these agree in the larger and more
depressed bill ; one of the former, however (No. 24,953), has the
upper parts with a green lustre, as in bicolor, not blue.
Smith-
CoUec-
B«x
Honiau
tor'g
and
Xo.
No.
Age.
:u,67fl
?
■Mfi-i
of
34,07.)
at.MH
in
24.!).).i
, ,
32,739
40,ftM
rf
li948
379
d
Locality.
When
CoUected.
Barranca, C. K.
San JoHe, C. R.
Bogota.
(I
Peru.
April 16,'64.
May 29, '64
1858.
Received from
J. Carnilol.
Berlin Mux.
L. de Oeofroy.
VerreHUX.
U. S. Expl. Exped.
Collected by
T. R. Peale.
(24,933.) Green lustre.
The two species of the subjoined foot-note are introduced to com-
plete the history of the subgenus.*
' Atticora patagonioa.
Jlirundo patagonica, D'Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. 1837 (Chile and Pata-
gonia).
Atticora hemipijfin, BuRM. Reise La Plata, II, 1861, 479 (Mendoza).
JIah. Uruguay and Patagonia.
(No. 21,039.) Above, and on sides of head and neck to line of commissure,
glossy steel blu« ; the wings and their coverts, with tail, dull dark brown,
the lesser coverts only slightly glossed at ends. None of the feathers with
t
.•*' ,
.■ ."' ss
;^-
812
REVIKW OF AMERICAN UIKDH.
[I'AHT I.
t . i ■■
■■;?"• \-i
STELOIDOPTBRYX, Haikd.
StelgUhpteryx, Ba'kd, Birds N. Am. !»{»>*, 312. (Typ« Iliruudo mrri.
liennu, Aui>.)
Kill ratliHr Btnall ; nnntriiri oval, nuperlor, niArginod Itohlnd, but HcarcKljr
latfrully hy lueuibraue, but not at all overhung ; tliu axeii of the outlinii cod-
oonounled white, but dark gray In the middle, neiieath wlilte, all tlio
fttatht^rH dark pluinlxtouH at baHH ; the breaHt with a grayiith Hhade acromi it
owing to the fact that tht« fuatherH there are grHyiHh-brown, rather narrowly
t^ilged with white, leHH pure than on the throat, and allowing this gray to ttliow
through as well as among the whitish. The urissal feathers immediately
ItHhind the anus are white; the longer ones are white, or grayish-white at
base, and then blackish, glossed with steel blue at the eml. The axillarHamt
inside of wlng< are brownish-gray. The sides of body under the wiugs are
ellghtly soiled with gray. Hill black ; feet apparently llesh color.
(No. 21,03!l ) Total length, 1).0(»; wing, 3.J)(l; tail, a.-'if), i>erpendiculardeiith
of fork, .40 ; (iiu^vt^nce of (|uills, 1.U3 ; length of bill from forehead, .40, from
nostril, .19, along ga^ >, Jtl, width, .40 ; tarsus, JtO ; middle toe and claw, .W,
claw alone, .16 ; hind toe and claw, .38, claw alone, .17.
This species appears quite distinct from the njnnoif.um of Brazil, in slightly
larger size, much larger bill and f^et, absence of white in the interscapular
ffathers, and of bluish gloss on the lesser wing coverts ; lighter color of baHcs
of feathers below ; grayish breast, the feathers less tipped with white ; wliito
feathers behind the anus, and whitish bases of the rest ( f crissal feathers (not
black) ; lighter tibiae, etc. The lateral tail feathers are rather narrower, and
not acuminated or attenuated at the end — the outline of inner web towardB
the end being convex, not concave.
It is a (juestion wliether this is not the real U. cynnoleuen, of Vieillot, as
based on Azara's description. If ao, the Brazilian cyunoleuca will take for
name one of its synonyms.
Bmlth-
Monlsn
No.
Collec-
tor's
No.
8.x
and
A((e.
Locality.
When
Collected.
Received from
Kemarkfi.
21.039
21,040
108
108
i
UruKuay.
Sept. 1860.
Capt. T. J. l>ttK«. Pa-
" [rauaBxpl.
Chr. Wood.
it
*
Attioora mnrlna.
ffUirundo cinerea, (in. S. N. I, 1788, ]02(j (based on L' Hirondelle de
Perou, Briss. II, 17(jO, 498, ex Peuillfi Journ. Obs. 1725).— .^IWicoru
cinerea, Sclateh, ^atal. 1861, 39, no. 237.
Petrochelidon murina, Casbfn, I'r. A. N. Sc. 1853, 370 (Ecuador).—
Sclateh, P. Z. 8, 18(50, 74.
fAtticorn cyntiophmn, Cahanis, Jour. Om. 1861, 92 (Bogota).
Hah. Andes of South America.
I am by no means satisfied that the bird of Brisson is the present species,
Ji£M'.::
BTEI.OinOI'TF.nYX.
313
Torr'i'. Frontal ffathi^rfi noft, ntul, llk« chin, without hriHtlnH. TnrHt equal
;o mtddle toe witliout claw ; the iipimr t^iid covertiil with f<mtht<r<i all roan<i,
noiiH At lower t-iid. Hanal Joint of middle toe adht^rent externally nearly to
end; intHrnaily, Hoarcoly half. Lateral toeH about ciiual, their clawrt not
reaoliiiig beyond haHe of middle claw. Tail nlightly eniar^inBte; the feathers
broad, itiid ohli(iuely rounded at end. Kdge of wing rough to the touuh ; the
RliaftK of the flhrilln of outer web of outer priiuary prolonged and bent at
riglit anglen into a Hhort Htttf hook.
Color d U brown abova.
The f^rc-at peculiarity in this genua consists in the remarkable
roughness of the edge of the wing, Haid to oc(!nr also in PHulido-
prucne, Cab. The object is uncertain, but is proljably to enable tho
bird to secure a foothold on vortical or inclined rocks, among or
on wiiich it makes its nest. A favorite breeding place of H. aerri'
penniH is in the piers and abutments of bridges, and these hooks
might render essential aid in entering into tli(*ir holes.
Tho birds of this genus have usually been referred to Cofyle,
which, however, they resemble only in color. The nostrils are ox-
jmsed, inHtend of being overlmng ; the tursuH is bare below, not
foathercd, and tho lateral claws are considerably curved,* and not
rcacliing iM'yond the base of the lat<!ral, as in Cotyle. The structure
of the wing is very different.
According to Cabanis, Paaadoprocne {P. rypnelina, Cab. of
Africa) has the same structure of wing, but it seems to dilTei in
having the tail deeply forked, as in Alticora ; the toes and nails oven
shorter than in Alticora, not longer; and in having the outer toe
shorter than the iimer, instead of equal to it.
The genus has a wide range, extending from British America to
Brazil, and probably Ecuador.
as his description of the tail and Its under coverts, at least, does not apply at
all. HriswonV article ia evidently copied from Feuillfi (172.')), a very vague
author, as likely to call a Cuckoo or Flycatcher "IJirundo" as anything else.
This species is much in form like A. ryauoleura, but considerably larger.
I have little doubt that the A. ryiinojih<rn, of Cabanis, is the young bird of this
species, as a specimen in the museum of the Philadelphia Academy, from
Hogota, agrees exactly with Cabanis's description, and is hardly to be distin-
fuisilieJ, except in its evident immaturity, from the Academy-typeof Cassin's
Petrochelidon mtirtna, from Ecuador. It is probably closely related to tlie //.
andecola, of D'Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. 1837, 69 (La Paz), but differs somewhat.
■ '■■ ,■ <-"\ '-y '^ ,:% ■-■ IJ
...'-If' h'"'. '.if
' . ■'■4 .
-. -• '<
l'''ll
r . « '
p '^ "
5
i-.;-'t;/-:
j' .^ , •
: - '■■i--' ', ■ ■ ■ ■
. ■- .,",.,'.'
;i ■■
I
*\ ■
.' ■- '' ^ '„--.> ■'.,■■
\ ■
-: . _ ,» *< ■/
. ^'.-^--^ ,-:r,J. -... .
If.;. ..
. .. ,. .J, TV, ;;.:■. ^":-
314
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I
Synopsis of Species,
Chin, throat, and breast nearly uniform mouse gray.
Above uniform smoky brown. Under parts white, except
as described. Crissum white, not banded . . . serripennis
Chin and throat reddish fulvous, in strong contrast with gray of
breast and sides. Belly tinged with sulphur yellow. Crissum
white.
Above uniform brown, or with rump gradually paler, but
not contrasted with back.
Crissum banded at end with blackish ; sulphur yel-
low of belly well marked .... ruJicolUs,
Crissum plain white ; belly scarcely yellow . . fulvipeimis.
Ab ve brown ; the rump appreciably and abruptly paler ^
, ,r;. (light gray).
Crissum banded at end with black . . . uropygialis
Crissum plain white(?). Color much darker and
size smaller than preceding .... gutturalii.
Stelgi^pteryx serripennis.
Hirundo serripennis, AuD. Orn. Biog. IV, 1838, .'503.— Ib. B. Am. 1, 1840,
193, pi. bL—Cotyle s. Bon. Consp. 1850, .342.— Cassis.— Bkeweb,
N. Am. Ool. I, 1857, 106, pi. iv, fig. 50 (ei,'g8).— Baikd, Birds N.
Am. 1858, 313.— Lord Pr. R. A. Inst. IV, 1864, 116 (Br. Columbia).
' —Cooper & Sucklkt, P. R. R. Rep. XII, 11, 186 (W. Terr.)- Hkek-
MANN, P. R. R. X ; Williamson's Rep. 36 (San Antonio, Tex.;
breeding). — SteUjidopteryx a. Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 312.
Hah. Whole United States (exclusive of N. E. States?), south to Central
Mexi'io.
(No. 32,269, % .) Above sm :y brown, rather deeper on the head, perhaps
a little paler on the rump. Larger quills and tail feathers dusky brown ; the
secondaries and greater coverts sometimes lighter along their external edges.
The under parts (for about half the total length) from bill to and including
breast, with the sides of body and lining of wings, mouse gray, rather lighter
along tlie throat ; the rest of under parts, including crissum, white, the latter
with the shafts sometimes dusky, and very rarely with dusky blotches at the
ends of the longer feathers.
Young birds (as 1,120) differ in a tinge of reddish fulvous on the upper
parts ; the wing coverts, secondaries, and inner primaries margined ninre or
less broadly with a brighter chade of the same. The gray of the under parts
is also washed with this color, especially on the chin and across the breast.
The hooks of the edge of the wing have noi yet become developed.
(No. 32,269, %f fresh speoiu en before being skinned.) Total length, 5.40;
expanse of wings, 12.20; wing from carpal joint, 4.50.
(No. 32,269, %, prepared specimen.) Total length, 5.20; wing, 4.50; tail,
'1'
'ii^m BTELOIDOPTERYX.
315
2.25, depth of fork, .15 ; diffHience of primaries, 2.28 ; length of bill from
forelieail, .40, from nostril, 24, along gap«, .5(5, wiilth of gape, .43 ; tarsus, .45 ;
uiid.llH toe and claw, .57, claw alone, .19 ; hind toe and claw, .41, claw alone, .16.
The differences between this species and rv.ficollis, the South
Araericau representative, are given below.'
I stelgidopteryz ruficollis.
Hirundo ruJicoUia, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. XIV, 1817, 523.— In. Encycl.
Meth. II, 525 (Brazil).— Co/^/e ruJicoUU, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1860,
292.- In. Catal. 1861, 41, no. 249.
Biriimlo JluvitjuHlra, Vikim,. Nouv. Diet. XIV, 1817, 534.— Ih. Encycl.
Meih. 11, 531 (based on Azara, as below, from Paraguay). — Coti/le
fnviijastra, Boik, Isis, 1844, 170.— Bon. "Consp. 1850, 312.— Bdrm.
Uebeid. Ill, 1S56, 144.
Hirundo hortensts, Light. Verz. Doubl. 1823, 57 (Bahia).— Temm. PI.
Col. 161, 2.
/riV«H«fyyi.'(7M'"»"(«, Maxim. Beit. Ill, 365 (Brazil).
IJirundo Jlnviventer, Lesson, Traite d'Orn. I, 1831, 269 (Brazil).
Uolondrina de la vientre amuriUazo, Azaka, Apuut. II, 1805, 512.
n»h. La Plata region and Brazil. (Farther north and in the Andes re-
placed by uropygialis f)
(No. 32,742, 9 .) Above, with sides of head, smoky brown ; darker on the
head, becoming bensibly paler on rump, especially on the edges of the featber.s,
but still not in any decided contrast with the lower part of back -^ the primary
quills and tail feathers dark dusky brown ; the secondaries whitish along
their outer edges towards the end and at the tip. Chin and throat reddish
fulvous ; breast and sides of body, with inside of wings, brownish-gray ; the
median region of body white, tinged with sulphur yellow. Under tail coverts,
fiom vent, pure white, with a alight gloss of yellow (less than on belly), the
longes* feathers abruptly tipped with the color of the tail (for nearly half an
inch), the shafts of some others dusky. Feathers of tibia brown, tipped with
yellowish-whita.
(No. 32,742.) Total length, 6.50 ; wing, 4.55 ; tail, 2.50, depth of fork, .13 ;
difference of primaries, 2.10 ; length of bill from nostril, .21, along gape, .55,
width, .42; tarsus, .40; middle toe and claw, .52, claw alone, .18 ; hind toe
aud claw, .32, claw alone, .15.
The upper parts are colored much as in C. serripennis, rather darker per-
haps, and the rump rather paler, forming a greater contrast. The whitish
edging of the secondaries is more decided. Beneath, however, the colors are
decidedly dilfereut. Tlie tail is much longer ; the feet and bill smaller.
il
' 'I'
- 5i
.. 'h:
Smlth-
Collec-
Sex
«oni«D
tor's
and
No.
No.
Age.
Vi.im
..
■iXU2
3.5,370
?
lti,!)44
9-2
Locality.
Brazil.
When
Collected.
Received from
July, 1*59.
IT. S Expl. Exped.
Verrt'RUX.
Capt. T. J. Fame,
Expl. of Parana.
Collected by
T. H. Poalo.
Clir. Wood.
316
REVIEW OP AMEPvICAN BIRDS.
[part l
' • t
- u
1 ,'
, »
Specimens in the collection from vario"3 points in United States,
especially —
Sroith-
'collec-
Sex
When
Collected.
Bunian
No.
tor's
No.
aud
Age.
Locality.
Received from
Collected by
32,269
(f
Macon, Oa.
Jos. Lecoute.
2,209
, ,
^
Carlisle, Pa.
May 3, HIi.
it
3,370
, ,
May, 1847.
i(
10,120
Waslilntfton, D. C.
■ • •
J. C. McGulre.
2.899
, ,
, ,
Charleston, S. 0.
• * •
S. F. Baird.
J. J. Audubon.
32,268
, ,
, ,
Liberty County, Oa.
Jo». Lecoute.
34,179
11
<f
Sioux City, Neb. [T.
ShoalwatorBay, W.
May 4, '60.
Capt. J Feilner.
6,034
81
June, lS5i.
Dr. J. G. Cooper.
6,0;»3
82
Stellacoom, W. T.
. • .
Dr. Suckley.
6,032
, ,
Sacramento, Cal.
. • .
Lt. Williamson.
Dr. Heennann.
11,0.)2
, ,
, ,
Fort Bridger.Utah.
June.3, '.W.
C. Drexler.
.S,9.')7
1.31
, ,
New Leon, Mex.
April, IS-).'!.
Lt. Couch.
36,999
704
Fort Whiiiple, Ar.
Sept. 8, '64.
Dr. E. Cones.
32,741
46,971
d
Mexico.
...
Verreaux.
Stelgidopteryx fulTipennis.
CotyJe fulvipennis, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, 364 (immature bird ; Jalapa,
Mex.). — Sclater & Salvin, Ibis, 1860, 31 (Guatemala).
f Cotyle serripennis, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, 285 (Cordova). — Sclater &
Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 13, 126 (Guatemala).— Owen, Ibis, 1861, 61 (San
Geronimo, Guat. ; nesting in a bank).
f Cotyle Jlavigastra, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1857, 212 (Orizaba).
ffab, Mexico and Guatemala.
(No. 30,716, % .) Above smoky brown, almost inappreciably lighter on the
rump, darker on the head ; quills and tail feathers smoky brown, the secon-
daries and greater coverts edged towards their ends with whitish. Chin and
throat pale reddish fulvous, but in distinct contrast to the mouse gray of the
breast, aides of body, and inside of wings. Rest of under parts white, with
a faint trace of yellowish : the crissum pure white, the long feathers without
brown tips, the shafts only faintly brownish towards the end. The feathers
of axillara and inside of wings slightly edged with fulvous.
In young birds the wing coverts and quills above are broadly margined
with reddish fulvous ; the breast as well as the throat washed with the same.
(No. 30,716, %.) Total length, 5.00; wing, 4.20; tail, 2.20, depth, .20;
length of bill from forehead, .40, from nostril, .20, along gape, .55, width, .45;
tarsus, .40 ; middle toe and claw, .55, olaw alone, .19 ; hind toe and claw, ,35,
claw alone, .16.
This species, originally established upon a young bird, appears
perfectly distinct, and is intermediate in character between serri-
pennis and ruf.coUh. The only adult I have seen is in autumnal
plumage, and has a silky gloss that I hi ve not noticed in spriug speci-
mens of serripennis (no autumnal ones being at hand for compari-
son). The color of the upper parts, back as well a.s wings, appears to
be decidedly darker. The differences of the under parts consist iu
7m,
il " ■■■■
BTELOIDOPTERYX.
311
the faintly rufous throat, contrasting, not uniform, with the mouse
brown of the breast ; this brown only extends over the front of the
breast, instead of reaching to the belly, which is faintly yellowish,
not dull white. The crissum is quite the same in both. Young
birds of the two species are so similar that I cannot distinguish
them by the color.
The species agrees with ruficollis, and differs from uropygialis,
ill the want of contrast of a pale rump and dark back. The size
is decidedly less. It differs from both in much paler fulvous of
throat, less amount of sulphur yellow on the belly, and the want
of the dusky brown tips of the longer of the under tail coverts.
8mUh-
soniaa
No.
Collec-
tor's
No.
Se'-
a-v.
Age.
Locality.
When
Collected.
Received rrom
Collected by
?38,154
28,3:;!
30,716
35,090
399
40j
Juv.
ad.c^
Juv.
Orizaba, Blex.
Xalapa.
Due&as, Quat.
II
Oct. iV, '39.
July 17, '59.
M. Botteri.
J. Krider.
0. Salvin.
it
D'Oca.
Sulviu & Oodman.
(33,096.) "Compared with type."
Stelgidopteryx uropygialis.
Cotyle uropygialis, Lawb. Ibis, April, 1863, 181. — Ib. Ann. N. Y. Lye.
(Panama).
Cotyle flavigantra (Vjeill.), Sclater, P. Z. S. 1860, 274 (Babahoyo,
Ecuador).— Co^j^Ze ruficollis (Vieill.), Sclater, P. Z. S. 1860, 292
(Eaineraldas, Ecaador).
Hab. Isthmus Panama ; southward along Andes.
(No. 157, % , type.) This species, if really distinct from ruficollis, resembles
it very closely in most respects. It is, however, smaller, and the rump de-
cidedly lighter, or pale grayish, in prominent contrast to the brown of the back.
The rufous of the throat seems rather deeper, and the inside of wings darker.
A specimen (17,792) differs in having the wings longer and more pointed,
measuring 4.45, the extreme difference between tips of primarie.s 2.1.5, the
tail 2.30. It may, however, be that the wing of the type is not fully grown.
(Xo. 157.) Total length, 5.10; wing, 4.15 ; tail, 2.40, fork, .18 ; dixTorence
of primaries, 1.96 ; length of bill from forehead, .41, from nostril, .20, along
gape, .55, width, .40 ; tarsus, .39 ; middle toe and claw, .52, claw alone, .18 ;
hind toe and claw, .35, claw alone, .14.
! 1
Smith- Collec- Sex
simiuB tor's \ and
N" j No, Age.
Locality.
When
Collected.
Received from
Collected by
17,792
17.'i
137
d
iHtiiinus Darien.
Panaioa.
...
U. Mich lor.
Cab. Lawrence.
A. Sehott.
M'Leaii. JcOalb.
(157.) Typo.
' * 'I
J
. J J ' t
i:
818
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.
[PAIIT I.
Stelgidopteryx fulvigula.
Stelyidopteri/x fuloigula, Daihd, n. B.
Hah, Costa Rica.
(No. 34,677, %, Costa Rica.) Above smoky brown. Quills and tall
feathers almost or quite black ; rump with the feathers gray, edged with
whitirth, forming a conspicuous contrast to the back. Chin, throat, and
forepart of breast reddish fulvous ; sides under the wings brown, with a
decided wash of fulvous; axiUars and inside of wings smoky brown; rest
of under parts dnll white, with perhaps a tinge of yellowish ; crissuiu pure
white, in one specimen with a trace of a dusky spot at ends of longer tealliers.
The edges of the feathers of upper parts, especially of the wing coverts and
8eoondary quills, are tinged with reddish fulvous, indicating immaturity, as
does also the absence of the hooks on outer web of first primary. Judging
from the analogy of other species, these edgings probably disappear entirely
in full dress.
(No. 34,(!77, % .) Total length,4.50 ; wing, 3.60 ; tail, 2.00, its fork, .12 ; differ-
ence of primaries, 1.50 ; length of bill from forehead, .39, from nostril, .20,
along gape, .49 ; gape, .40 ; tnisus, .38 ; middle toe and claw, .50, claw alone,
.16 ; hind toe and claw, .33, claw alone, .12.
The very conspicuous light rump will readily distinguish this
species from all its allies, except uropygialis. It is, however, con-
siderably smaller than that species and much darker above, especially
on quills and tail feathers (on both surfaces and including the shafts),
the light rump more conspicuous. The fulvous red of throat seems
to extend further on the breast, the white of the belly to e.xtend
farther forward, the brown of the sides to be more restricted. The
under coverts lack the conspicuous dusky band at tips of larger
feathers. The conspicuous wash of reddish fulvous on the side may
be from immaturity. ■"'^''
It is barely possible that this may be the immature state of S.
uropygialis ; but the diflFerences in size and coloration appear of
specific value and not dependent on ag«.
fimith-
HODiaa
No.
Collec-
tor's
No.
Sex
and
Ase.
o.<s
Locality.
When
Collected,
Received from
Collected by
84,077
.H4,678
34,679
• •
AngOHtura, C. R.
• (
June 6, '(J4.
Aug. 7, '64.
J. Carmiol.
41
(34,677.) Type.
COTYLB, BoiH.
Cotyle, BoiE, isis, 1822, 550. (Type Zlirundo ripnria, L.)
Bill small ; nostrils lateral, overhung by a straight-edged membrane. Tarsus
about equal to middle toe without claw ; feathered at upper end, especially
•H'^'i'i
-i'l -I •
COTYLE.
319
on inner face, and having also a small tuft of feathers attached to posterior
edge uear the hind toe. Middle toe with basal joint adherent externally to
near the end, half way internally, the claws comparatively little curved, the
lateral reaching beyond the base of middle. Tail slightly forked. Color dull
lustreless brown above, in riparia white beneatli with gray pectoral band.
Many American birds have been referred to Cotyle, but the only
one really belonging to the genua is the cosmopolitan C. riparia.
The peculiarity of the genus consists essentially in the tuft of tarsal
feathers at the base of the hind toe, and the uu jal length of
the lateral claws, combined with the lateral nostrils overhung by
membrane.
Cotyle riparia.
Ilirmdo riparia, LiNN. S. N. 1, 1766, 344.— WiLS. V,pl. 38.— Am. Orn.
Biog. IV, pi. 385. — Ib. B. Am. I, pi. 50. — Lbmbeye, Avesde Cuba,
1850, 47, lam. vii, fig 3. — Jones, Nat. Hist. Bermuda, 34 (occasional,
Aug. and Sept.) — Cotyle riparia, BoiE, Isis, 1822, 550. — Cassin. —
Brewer, N. A. Ool. I, 1857, 105, pi. iv, fig. 49 (eggs).— Cab. Jour.
1856, 4 (Cuba).— Ib. 1861, 93 (Costa Rica (?)).— Gcndlach, Cab.
Jour. 1861, 330 (very rare in Cuba).— March, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1863,
297 (Jamaica; very rare). — Heermasn, P. R. R. X, 3() (California;
abundant?).
IJirundo cinerea, ViEiLL. Nouv. Diet. XIV, 1817, *26.
Hirundo riparia americana, Max. Cab. Jour. VI, 1858, 101.
Hab. The whole of North America; Bermudas; Greater Antilles; Costa
Bica ? Also found in northern parts of the old world.
A careful comparison of the European specimens in the Smith-
sonian collection with American does not furnish any tangible
grounds for separation ; although the former, on the whole, appear
to have longer wings, and more deeply forked tail witn narrower
feathers.
Specimens are in the collection from many localities throughout
eastern and middle provinces of United States. Only one specimen
from western province, and this is somewhat doubtful.
Bmilh-
Collec-
Spx
«"man
tor's
nnd
No.
No.
Kftei.
6.030
cf
Si.tMl
102
22 66'*
511
i).2Hl
31,120
19,213
64
9
Locality.
y SKcramento, ,Cal.
Hanuaby River.
Vnrt Si m p woD.
Kort O iDd Hope.
Bitf Ulanif.
"UttJlfin.
Hirer.
When
Collected.
June ft, '60.
1861.
May 26, '60
Received from
Lt. Williamson.
C. Dipxlnr.
B. R. RosK.
R R. McKarlane.
J. Roi'd.
B. Kennicott.
Capt. Kayuolds.
Collected by
Dr. Heermann.
Dr Hayden.
(6,030.) U ilie locality eorreot r
it:
<H
4
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'■->>.r«?v;-:;;3
S20
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I.
The following references to American Swallows I have not suc-
ceeded in identifying : —
Hirundo unalaBchkensis, Omelim, Syst. Nat. 1, 1788, 1025. " Nigra ; subtog
oinerea ; nropygio exalbido, rectricibua luarginibus rotundatis. Long.
4^ uno. Hub. Unalaschka."
Hirundo andecola, D'Obb. et Lafr. Mag. de Zool. 1837. "AfBnis prece-
dunti (//. putagonica) magnitudine et forma rostri sed differt alis lougi-
oribus, Cauda fere recta et ooloribus. Supra nigra, colore viridi-niteiij,
alis caudaqne vix eiuarginata iiigro-fuscis, rectricibus lat '..libus tres
lineas tantummodo iuterniediis Imigioribus. Subtus guttnre colloqne
plumbeis, pectore hypochondriinque cinerascentibus, abdomine medio
anoque sordide albisoentibus, tectricibus caudse inferis griaeo maculatia.
Long. 14 cent. Habit, in Andibns, La Paz, Bolivia."
This species appears related to Atticora murina or cinerea, bat does not seem
exactly the same.
Hirundo maculosa, Kdbij (based on Bdffon, PI. enl. 546, 1). Above
lustreless brown ; beneath white, with oval brown spots, closest ante^
riorly, more separated towards the tail. Hub. Cayenne.
- > . '■: -^
▼ Tj
H ■
:^:
:.-i-i ;
VIUEONID^.
321
'''he three strictly dentlrostral families of Oscine birds which still
remain for consideration — the Vireonidae, Ampelidse, and Laniadee —
differ from those just described in certain common characters. The
1)111 is usually stouter and more hooked, in some forms excessively
so, with a deep notch and sometimes a prominent tooth behind it ;
the tip of the lower mandible is also more or less notched. The
nostrils are lateral, the bristles of the mouth generally well de-
veloped. Except in a few species of Vireo and in Ampelis, there
are ten distinct primaries, the outer from one-fourth to one-half the
second. The tail is sometimes short and square, sometimes long
and graduated. The tarsus is always scutellate* anteriorly, and
exhibits a tendency to subdivision in the lateral plates, very unusual
ill the families already considered. The basal joints of the toes
are also more adherent than in the preceding: sometimes attached
throughout, sometimes more free, much as iu Troglodytidse. From
the typical Turdidm they will bo known by the scutellate tarsi,
from all of the family by the greater adhesion of toes, and peculiar
bill; from the Troglodytidse by the notch and hook of bill and other
characters. The only form resembling Sylvicolidae (^Hylophilux)
has ten primaries and a more notched bill, as well as more united
toes and very large claws.
While in the characters referred to, the three families differ from
those previously under review, their precise limitation among them-
selves has been a subject of much difficulty. The proper position
of Dulus, especially, has been a matter of considerable doubt,
although it seems more properly placed among the Ampelidse, being
removed from the Vireonidae on account of its less adherent toes,
longer basal phalanges of anterior toes, wider gape, etc. In various
respects, too, Ampelis can hardly be combined with Ptilogonys, as
has been done. It may also be a question whether if Ami)elis bo
united into the same family with Ptilogonys and its allies, Collurio
may not be appropriately added to it. The Myiadestes group of
what has usually formed the subfamily of Ptilogonalinas, differs in
the longer tarsi, with undivided plates, more deeply cleft toes, etc.,
from PUlogonys, and should more properly be approximated to the
Turdidm, as will hereafter be explained.
The following characters will serve to illustrate the peculiarities
of the three families : —
' Except iu Afyiadeslinae, which reall/ belong with, or at least uear, the
Turdidie.
21 May. 1866.
K* ' '
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822
REVIEW OF AMEKICAN BIRDS,
[part I.
' ■ ':'*;;'H«-;'-:^ '
Iff I- &. ;
L.J!-_i.lir_,.
Basal phalanx of anterior toes abbreviated ; t}iat of median toe decidedly
shorter tlian the basal of inner, or the two basal of outer, and adliciint
for its whole length on both sides to the lateral (<'. e., not free at all).
Lateral plates of tarsus undivided, except at extreme lower end.
Vireonidae. Qonys more than half the length of lower jaw (from tip to
angle of mouth), usually longer than width of mouth, which is narrov.
Bill conical, much compressed, decurved at end and notched, but
scarcely toothed. Frontal feathers bristly and erect, or bent but slightly
forward. Nostrils overhung by membrane. Tarsus longer than middle
toe and olaw. Lateral toes generally unequal ; outer claw reaching
half way along middle claw.
Basal phalanx of middle toe about as long as the basal of inner, or the two
basal of outer; free externally, at least for about one-third its length,
internally for about one-half. Lateral plates of tarsus with decided
tendency to subdivision (except in Afyiadeslinie).
Ampelidae. Gonys decidedly less than half the length of lower jaw, or
than width of mouth, which is very broad and deeply cleft. Bill tri-
angular, much depressed, decurved at end and notched, with moderate
though decided tooth. Frontal feathers rather soft, scarcely bristly
r.or erect. Nostrils overhung by membrane. Tarsus equal to or sliorter
than middle toe and claw. Lateral toes nearly equ^l ; outer claw
reaching only to base of middle claw.
lianildas. Gonys about half length of lower jaw ; about equal to width
of mouth. Bill very powerful and raptorial, much compressed, with a
fitrongly marked hook, notch, and tooth at end. Frontal feathers very
bristly, and directed forwards, so as to conceal nostrils and base of bill.
Nostrils with bony walls, except behind. Tarsus longer than middle
toe and claw, sometimes much scutellate on sides. Lateral claws nearly
equal ; outer j.law reaching a little boyoud base of middle claw.
»-
is *
Pamily YIREONID^.
The essential features of this family appear to consist in the com-
bination of the dentirostral bill, notched in both mandibles ; the ten
primaries (except Vireosylvia), of which the outer is usually from
one-fourth to one-half the second ; the rather short, nearly even tail,
with narrow feathers, and the great amount of adhesion of tlie
anterior toes — the whole basal joint of the middle being gonerally
united on both sides to the adjacent joints, and decidedly shorter
than the basal of inner or two basal of outer. The outer lateral toe
\H generally appreciably longer than the inner, reaching considerabh'
beyond the base of the middle claw. The tarsi are always distinctly
^m
VIREONIDiB.
823
scutollftte anteriorly. The young are never spotted, nor strenketl as
in tho Thrushes ; nor indeed do the adultH exhibit such markings.
In the adhesion of the toes at their bases there is some resemblance
to the Troglodylidse, but their structure is different. In the latter
family the joints are lengthened, the basal of i.ie middle, about as
long as the 1st and 2d of the outer, and equal to or a little longer
than the basal inner. In Vireonidae the basal joints are abbreviated ;
the basal of the middle equal to about one and a half joints of the
cater, and not quite as long as the basal inner. This difference is,
perhaps, related to the more or less terrestrial habitat of the one, and
the strictly arboreal of the other. In Vireonidae, too, there is a
greater tendency to having three rows of scales on the upper part
of the palm, on the three toes respectively, instead of having tho
outer two rows united more into a single series.
The young of VireovAdse, before the first full moult — at least
those of Vireo, Vireosylvia, and Hylophilus — are not spotted as in
Turdidae and 3ft/iade^tes, but closely resemble tho adult.
The Vireonidae are peculiar to the New World, and are generally
distributed. Laletes and soise species of Vireo and Vireosylvia
are peculiar to the islands ; Hylophilus extends to Trinidad and
Tobago ; the other genera are confined to the Continent.
The following synopsis of the genera may servo to facilitate their
determination — the primary division being based on the character
of the toes : —
Legs slender ; claws weak ; lateral toes nneqnal ; the inner claw
reaching aboat to tlie base of middle one, the outer nearlj
half way towards its tip.
Bill slender ; culmen straight, at least for basal half; quite
abruptly and considerably decurved at the end.
.v^f. Wings pointed, considerably longer than the nearly
5.';:'.'. :; even tail; spurious quill either wanting or very
short, not one-third the second . . . Vireosylvia,
Wings rounded, rather longer than the more or
less rounded tail ; spurious quill lengthened,
one-third or more the second ; second gener-
ally, and third almost always longer than
secondaries; third or fourth quill usually
longest. Bill rather compressed . . . Vireo.
Wings much graduated, shorter than the consider-
ably rounded tail ; the sixth quill longest ;
second quill much shorter than secondaries;
third scarcely longer. Bill short, more de-
pressed, and broader between angles of mouth
than in Vireo Neochloe.
i .-/.nl
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824
REVIEW OF AMERICAN DIRD8.
[par," I.
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Bill Htout, tieep, much ooiupr«)88«d, somewbat reBeiubling
(Ji/clorhis,
Wiugs pointed, although first quill ia about two-
fifths nucoud, whiuh about equuU Bocoiularies :
the fifih loiigeHt ; claws stouter than Vireugylvia,
although proportions much the satne. 13111
with fiue longitudinal furrows
Legs stouter ; olawa large and strong ; the lateral toes nearly
equal ; the claws of both reaching nearly to or beyond the
middle of the central claw. Hind toe lengthened. First
quill about half the second, w ich usually equals secou-
,^ daries ; fourth generally longest.
Q. Bill slender, as in Viren, but more qonical, the culmen
;; Btraighter, not convex at end, and but little decurved.
1^. Wings about equal to the somewhat rounded tail .
Bill very stout and Shrike-like
Bill rather more slender than in last ....
Laletet,
IlylnphUns,
C'l/clorltis,
Vireoluniui,
' Having thus presented the characters of the genera of Vireonidse,
before taking them up in detail I propose to present some general
views in regard to tlie typical members of the family, or Vireonyhia
and Vireo, the true Vireoncs. Few groups of American birds, of
the same extent, exhibit such diversities of form, there being scarcel)'
any two that agree closely in the shape and proportions of the wings,
tail, feet, &c., while the larger number stand isolated and single in
their minuter peculiarities of external anatomy.
The colors, however, are very uniform ; the upper parts being
olivaceous or ashy, the under white, varied with yellowish ; the
face variously striped ; the wings with or without light bars across
the coverts, and light edgings on the secondaries ; the tail feathers
unspotted. The iris in many species is red, yellow, or white ; the
bill horn color or plumbeous ; the legs always dusky. In one
species {atricapillua) the head above is black ; in josephte it is dark
brown.
In view of the great variations of form in the different species,
and their gradual transition from one character to the other, there
would be but little violence done by considering all as belonging to
the single genus Vireo. Those, however, with long-pointed wings
and short even tail, with very small spurious primary or none, may
perhaps be conveniently separated, as Vireosylvia from Vireo, the
former to include Vireosylvia proper, with its slender body and
straight, rather weak bill, and Lanivireo, with its stouter form,
thick, curved, and powerful bill and stronger feet, like a miniature
Shrike. The gradation from one species to the other of Vireo, as
^"i
■*j
VIREONID^.
826
restricted, is so slight, while those agreeing In one or other feature
ditfiT so much in the reiuuiiiing points of Ktructure, that it is almost
impossible to group tliem satistactorily, and wo can only malie a few
ari)itnn7 sections of no great sharpnes8 of deiinition, to aid iu
identifying the species — one of them Vireo proper, with longer,
more pointed wings ; the otiier Vireonella (liaird), witli the wings
sliorliT and more rounded.*
Tlie following synopsis is intended to show the characters of the
liigher divisions of the group just referred to : —
ViBKORTLViA. Wings long and pointed, one-third or one-fourth longer than
tlw imarly even or slightly rounded tail. First quill very small (less than
one-third the second), sonietimea apparently wanting. Second quill
hunger than the seventh, much longer than the secondaries. Tarsi bhort
(scarcely exceeding .70 of an inch) ; toes rather k)ng.
Vireoaylcia. Body slender and elongated. Bill slender, narrow, straight ;
the culmen straight for its basal half, the uoinniissure quite straight ;
' light horn color, paler beneath. Feet weak. Type V. oliraceus.
fl'i" I ' Species V. oliracea, flnrovirulin, cnmpestria, barbatula, agilis, chivi,
'■ - philculelphica, giloa, gwainsonij jostphae,
' Allusion hag already been made, on page 160 of the present work, to the
possibility of detecting a rudimentary primary in nearly or quite all the
Oacines which seem to have but nine. While the apparent presence or
absence of this outer quill is sometimes useful in characterizing genera or even
families, in Vireoxylcia it is only of specific importance — the dillerence being
merely one of development and position of the quill. In V, Jlarlfrons, in
which this outer primary is supposed to be wanting, its presence may easily
be appreciated. One of the peculiar characters of this species consists in a
narrow edging of white to all the primary quills, while the primary coverts
(the small feathers covering their bases, as distinguished from what are usu-
ally termed the wing coverts, which more properly belong to the forearm or
secondaries) are without them. If these coverts are carefully pushed aside,
two small feathers, considerably shorter than the others will be disclosed, one
overlying the other, which (the subjacent one) springs from the base of the
exposed portion of the long outermost primary, and lies immediately agains'
the outer edge. This small subjacent feather is stiff, falcate, and edged with
white like the other quills, and can be brought partly round on the inner
edge of the large primary, when it will look like any spurious quill. The
overlying feather is soft, and without light edge.
In the other Vireos with appreciable spurious or short outer primary, a
similar examination will reveal only one email feather at the outer side of the
base of the exterior large primary. In all the families of Passeres where the
existence of nine primaries is supposed to be cliaracteristic, I have invariably
found, as far as my examinations have extended, that there were two of the
small feathers referred to, while iu those of teu primaries but one could be
detected.
826
REVIEW OF AMEKICAV litKDS.
[I'ART I.
-!
M
t'ti
ii.«i'
K 1 "» It''.'
At ' «■ '
ZanirtVeo. liod/ stout ; head broad. Uill abort and stout, broad
at base, the uulmuu curved from the base, the cMuuiiHHuru vol-
Hiderably arched. Bill blue black. Feet stout. Typ» V, Jlavi/ruui.
Bpevies V. JlaviJ'ions, $olUuTiu», profiiii^uus, pliimheut.
VsBBO. Wiugs short and roundbd, a little lok^ r than the tail, equal to it, or
shorter. First primary distinct aud large, from two-iinhH to half or luuru
the leugth of the second, shorter or not longer than the eighth.
Vireo. Wings pointed ; ilrst quill less than half the second, which
is about equal to seventh or eighth, and decidedly longer thau tliu
tenth primary aud the secondaries. Type V. noveboracenti*. Tim
species coming under this section are noveboracensit, caruiuli, uiri-
capillua, hultoni, btlli, viciHior,' aud pusilla.
Vireonella. Wings rounded, scarcely longer than the tail ; the first
quill half as long as the second (or more than half), which i» not
longer than the tenth primary aud secondaries, or even luHit. Bill
aud feet generally much stouter than the preceding. Ty])e Y.
gundlachi. The species belonging liere are viodestut,' lalimeri,
puUena, ochraceu$, craimiroatris, yumilachi, aud hi/jiocbryseiu,
> The Vireones are found throughout the New World, both to
the extreme worth and south, each section having ])oculiar forms.
None of the North American species are ever met with in tlie Wost
Indies, excepting V. olivaceus, solitarius, Jlavifrons, and norehora-
censis, in Cuba, where they are extremely rare, and occur only as
stragglers. They, however, penetrate on the Continent far to the
south, in winter, some even reaching Bogota.
VIREOSYLVIA, Bon.
Vireosylvia, Bon. Geog. Comp. List, 1838. (Type Muscicapa oUoaeea, Lis.)
Phyllomane8, Cab. Arch. Nat. 1847, 1, 321. (No type mentioned ; uam«
proposed as substitute for Vireostflvia.)
Wings pointed, longer than the tail, which is nearly even, or very slightly
rounded. First primary (as in the type), wanting apparently in some spt-cies.
Bill elongated, about as broad as deep at base, then becoming more and more
compressed ; the commissure and culmen nearly straight to the abruptly de-
curved an(^ hooked tip. Both mandiblep with distinct notch, the lowtr also
slightly hooked. Nostrils open, oval, in lower edge of cavity, with membrane
above and behind ; the frontal feathers advanced and reaching nearly to
posterior edge. Bristles in frontal feathers and in rictus to moderate extent.
Legs in typo rather short and weak ; tarsus but little longer than middle toe
' V. victnior has the first qnill half or rather more than half the seoond,
but otherwise falls within the limits of the present section.
' V. modestns in very small bill and other characters belongs very near V.
hnttnni of the preceding section, although its short wing brings It under the
present one.
VIEEOBYLVIA.
88T
and claw, with neron well-markHil Houtullie anteriorly. Outer lateral toe the
limgur, reaching beyond baae of middle ; clawa much curved, ooiupreased,
40099
Vira>»ylvUi olivnaea.^
acute. In the dried specimen entire basal joint of middle toe adherent to one
and tliree-fourtha joints of outer, and the whole basal joint of inner ; the ad-
hesion externally extending indeed a little over the second joint of middle toe.'
P4h
'K:-'<i,.
» ■■
1;
ViREOSYLViA, Bon.
The following synopi^is expresses the characters of the species of
Vireosylvia as restricted : —
Common Charactrrh. — All species olive above, white or yellowish beneath.
An ashy or brownish cap, contrasting more or less abruptly with the olive
back. A whitish superciliary stripe extending to the nape, and a dusky one
to and behind the eye. No light bands on the coverts. Inside of wings
(flanks sometimes) and crissum yellowish, otherwise usually white beneath.
A. Bill lengthened ; gape or commissure less than twice the
distance from nostril to end of bill. No spurous primary.
Cap ashy, in contrast with olive green of back, edged
with dusky, forming a faint supraocular dark
stripe. A dusky stripe on each side of the chin.
Superciliary stripe and cheeks, especially anterior
to tl.e eye, and the chin tinged with brown-
ish-buff. Ash of head indistinctly defined,
owing to a wash of olivstceous. Olive of
' In the following figures the left foot is always given, and from the outer
side.
' In the fresh bird the whole of the basal joint of the inner toe is adherent
to the first phalanx of the middle, the membrane reaching a very little above
the distal end of the latter. The basal joint of the outer, and more than half
of the second joint are likewise adherent to the middle toe, the membrane
extending to the middle of the second joint. The basal joints are thus united
into a palm, not cleft at all. The upper surfaces of this palm are covered
with hexagonal, not quadrangular scales, arranged in a connected pavement
in three series. When the toes are extended, the hinder reaches to a point
intermediate between the slightly unequal lateral toes, and nearly to the
middle of the claw of the central toe.
'■*r-
*• '■ ' ■
r^-?
328
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.
[PARTL
^t-:'-i*"4'
i ■ ^
.» •'
-iS
Ri.v•^:;^■f,
■JP.)
M '.'■'
lil'
B.
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back tinged with brown, and a wash of olive
across the breast ..... calidris.
Baperoiliary stripe and cheek gravish-white,with-
ont any baff. Breast and chiu quite pure
vhita. Olive of back clear and pure ; tlie
ash of head well defined, and with little or
no t nge of olive ..... barbatula.
Cap distinctly ashy, in decided contrast with the olive
back. No stripe on each side the chin.
Outer quill about equal to, or very little shorter
than the fourth. Second longest. Wing
three inches long.
Dusky edge of ashy cap very distinct.
••,. • Sides but slightly olivaceous. Cris-
Bum and axillars faiutly yellowish.
,,, , Inner edge of quills white. Concealed
portion of tail feathers wood brown.
Bill and feet pale brown . . . olivacea.
Onter quill about midway between fourth and ,
fifth. Second usually longest. Wing three
inches long.
Dusky edge of cap and whitish super-
ciliary line indistinct. Sides from
neck broadly olive yellow. Crissum
t.nd axillars deep sulphur yellow.
... .,..■, „ . Concealed portion of tail fe.ithers ,
olive green. Inner edge of quills
yellowish Jtavoviridit,
Outer quill shorter than fifth, midway between
... fifth and sixth. Third quill longest. Wing
not exceeding 2.80 inches. Dusky edge of '
cap very distinct. Concealed portion of tail
,,, feathers olive green.
Sides broadly olivaceous. Crifisura and
'i^ axillars sulphur yellow, less than in ■ ,1'
Jlaroviridis. Length about 5.50. Wing ; ■ ,
2.80 agilis.
Color of sides and crissum less intense.
Size much smaller. Length 5.00.
Wing 2.50. Tail feathers narrow . chivi.
Bill short, weak ; gape more than twice the distance from
nostril to end of bill. With spurious primary, except in
philadelphinus. Cap not edged with di^sky.
No spurious primary. Cap ashy. Back olive. Under
parts sulphur yellow, paler on chin and abdomen.
Second primary rather shorter than the sixth . philaJelpMca,
A short spurious primary, less than one-third the second
quill. Beneath white. Cap ashy. Back olivace-
ous ash.
U
;'l!tV
:in.
VIRE08YLV1A. 829
Second primary about equal to sixth, or long<>r . gilra.
Second primary about equal to seveutb. Bill
much depressed ...... swainsoni.
Spurious primary longer, rather nacre than one-third
the second quill. Cap brown. Back olive. Chin
rnd throat white ; rest of under parts sulphur
yvjllow.
Second primary about equal to seventh
josephm.
TireosylTia calidriSt
fMotacilla calidris, LiNN. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, 184; 12th ed. I,
17<j(>, 32i) (based on Edwards, tab. 121, fig. 2 (Jamaica). — Vtreo-
aylvia calidris, Baird.
f Mtiscicapa oliracea, Linn. S. N. I, 1766, 327 {Muscicapa olivacea, Erv
WARDS, tab. 253, Jamaica).
f Vireo virens, Bodd. Tabl. PI. enl. 1782 (based on PI. enl. 275, fig.'l,
Merle de St. Domingue).
P Turdm hispanioleusis, Gm. Syst. Nat I, 1788, 822 (based on Merula
olivacta dominiceiisls, Brisson, II, 29(;, St. Domingo).
Muscicapa alliloqna, Vikill. Ois. Am. Sept. I, 1807, 67, pi. 31 (St. Do-
mingo). — Vireo (dtiloqun, Gray, Genera. — Sall(5, P. Z. S. 1857,
231 (St. Domingo).— March, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1863, 2!)4 (Jamaica ;
eggs). — Vireosylvia altiloqiia, Bon. Consp. 1850, 330. — A. & E. New-
ion, Ibis, 1859, 149 .( -anta Cruz; eggs). — Lawr. Ann. N. Y. Lye.
VIII, 1864, 99 (Sombrero;.— ??ScLATER & Salvin, P. Z. S. 1864,
348 (Isthmus Panama!).— Casbin, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1860, 375 (St.
Thomas).— Sclater, P. Z. S. 1861, 72 (.Jamaica).— In. Catal. 1861,
43, no. 262. " •
Vireo longirostris, SwAtNSOJf, F. B. A. II, 1831, 237 (Jamaica).
Phi/llomiines myslacidis, Cab. Wieg. Arch. 1847 ; Orn. Not. II, 348 (West
Indies).
T7rco.s'^/rirt oliracea, Gospe, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 194.
Vireosylvia atripennis, Lawrence, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1863, 106 (Sombrero).
Huh. Jamaica, St. Domingo, Porto Rico, St. Thomas, Santa Cruz, and
Sombrero.
(No. 23,324, % .) Second and 3d quills equal, then 4th, the 1st intermediate
lirtween 4tli and 5tli, but nearer the former.
Top of head dull ash color, the rest 3f upper parts olive green (also tinging
the nah of head), washed very slightly with brownish; pure olivaceous only
towards rump, and on the edges of quills and tail feathers ; the outer edges
of greater secondary wing coverts more yellowish. Beneath white, tinged
with greenish-yellow, the sides olivaceous, with a decided tinge of the same
acrojs the breast ; the crissum, axillars, and edges of the inner wing coverts
greeiiish-yeilow. Inner edges of the primary quills nearly white, of the
secondaries and of the tail feathers olivaceous-yellowisli.
A broad pale stripe from nostrils over the eye to nape, anteriorly tinged
strongly with buff; a du^ky stripe from commissure through the eye, and a
i,...'>:,i
f4\
\.:M
Iff
■ . ■ ♦ ^ i
i
, -V >■ ^:.\ .■
If :i
830
REVIEW OP AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I.
6till darker narrow line each side the chin along lower edge of under mandible,
the space between thia stripe and the one through the eye like tlie supra-
ocular stripe, and like it, tinged anteriorly with buff; a decided indication uf
this color seen also on the chin.
The ashy cap is so much overlaid with olivaceor? as to be scarcely percep-
tible, and without distinct outline ; the outer edge is dusky as in V. oltvaceus,
but almost inappreciable. The primary quills are dark brown.
(No. 23,958, %.) Total length, 5.50; wing, 3.25 ; tail, 2.50; difference of
exposed portion of 1st and 2d primary, .20; difference of 5th and 2d, .30;
length of bill from forehead, .85, from nostril, .47, along gape, .90 ; tarsus, .75 ;
middle toe and olaw, .60, claw alone, .20; hind toe and claw, .47, claw
alone, .22.
The quills in all tlie Jamaican specimens before m^^ show great
constancy in proportions, the second and third about equal, the
former if anything slightly longer ; the fourth next, the first (or
outer) nearly midway between the fourth and fifth, sometimes a little
nearer the latter. The same formula prevails in St. Croix and one
Sombrero skin ; in a St. Thomas specimen the first quill is but little
longer than the fifth, in this respect more like the average of Cuban
and Bahaman birds.
The coloration as above described varies somewhat in other speci-
mens, the buff wash on sides of head and chin being sometimes
more decided, sometimes less so, but always appreciable.
Messrs. Sclater & Salvin (P. Z. S. 1864, 348) refer to a specimen
of "V altiloqud''' from the Isthmus of Panama. May not this be
the V- frenata of Dubus, from Ocaiia, New Grenada ?'
Vireosylvia atripennis, of Mr. Lawrence, from Sombrero island,
differs in blacker quills and tail feathers, a du.sky tinge on ^)p of
head, and to a less degree beneath, as also on the inner edges of
quills and tail feathers.
After a careful examination of the type specimen, however, I am
unable to satisfy myself of its being really a distinct species. The
quills and tail feathers are, it is true, darker than in V. calkbis, but
an investigation shows that to be due, in part at least, to a blackish
foreign matter, partly deposited in grains, which can be rubbed off,
and is removable to a considerable extent by benzine, but not by
water. After washing the quills on one side in benzine, I found no
' An identification of Vireosylna frenata of Dubus (Bulletin de Brnxelles,
XXII, I, 1855, 150; Ocaiia, N. Grenada), if truly of this genus, witli either V.
cttlulnn or Ixirbatula, can hardly be justified. From the description it wouUl
8eem to be much less olivaceous above (yellowish-ash), the top of the head
pure ash ; the quills and tail feathers ashy brown, margined with yeilowisli,
very different from the two species just mentioned ; the length of 19J ueiiti-
metres, ur more thau 7j inches, greatly exceeds their dimensious.
VIUE08YLVIA.
891
appreciable difference there from V. calidris, of Jamaica ai)d St.
Croix. The wing formula differs slightly in being 3. 2. 4. 5. 1. ; the
outer quill being a little shorter thun the fifth. A second speeinica
from Sombrero is undistinguishable in coloration from Jamaican
skins, and has the 1st quiil intermediate between the fourth and fifth.
In the absence of a larger number of specimens I cannot say what
are the exact relationships of the St. Croix and St. Thomas birds
to the Jamaican, The two before me I cannot in any way distinguish
from some Jamaican skins, among which there is some variation.
Specimens from Porto llico and St. Domingo arc also similar in
general features. There is considerable variation in the size of bill
in specimens from the same locality.
There can be little question that the figure of Edwards, upon
which the naw.o of Linn^us is based, refers to the Jamaican long-billed
Vireo, although he does not satisfactorily express the color of the
under parts. I have, therefore, restored calidris as the specific name.
The Muscicapa olivacea, of Linnaeus, which has usually been con-
sidered to refer to the North American red-eyed Vii'eo, is bised on
pi. 253 of Edwards' Gleanings, which is unquestionably the Jamaican
Vhro now under discussion. Linnaeus, however, associates with it
tlie figure of Catesby, I, tab. 54, which is the North Americi.n bird.
The name of M. calidris, at any rate, takes precedence of oh^civea,
as occurring in the 10th edition.
Thirty specimens examined.
raith- Collec-
Sex
uniitu tor'8
aud
.\o No.
Age.
Locality.
When
Collected.
Received from
Collected by
2;!.:;2J
45
(f
2:l,:i24
<f
3S,0.)fl
fl3
rr
3S,(US
fi3
<i
;f7,M4
, ,
(f
40,072
, ,
39,341)
3!t,:fiO
,.
39,3.51
142
Savaiiniili le Mar, Au^. 2(i, TiH
Trelawuey [Jam. J line 10, '.'»9.
Spaulxhtown, Jam. May, ISbA.
Metcalfe Parish," April 2.
Juremie, Ilayti.
Porto liico, N. side.
Sombrero Island,
St Tbomac.
St. Croix.
Aprill9,'fl4.
April 1, '64.
1838.
l)r. Sclater.
W. ThoH. March.
it
Prof. G. N. Allen.
Prof. Aga»aiz.
Geo. Latimer.
R. Swift.
Cab. Lawrence,
" [ton.
Cab. A. & E. Xew-
W. Olibiiru.
P R. UUler,
A. A. Jtilien.
( ) Type of V. lUripennU. (40,072.) From alcohol.
Tircosylvia barbatula.
Plii/llomanes barbattitus, Cad. Jonr. Ill, 1855, 467 (Cuba). — Oumdlacb,
Cab, Jour. 18(jl, 324 (Cuba).— Ib. Repertorio, Cuba, 18G5.
Vireo altiloqiim, Gambbl, Pr. A. N. So. 1848, 127 (Florida).— Baibd,
Birds N. Am. 1858, 354 (Florida).
r- ■ .
5.'
l.^
h.':'
332
REVIEW OF AMERICAN LIRD8.
[part I.
m
I '■>
25058
VireanylvUi barbiitula. (Cuba.)
Vireosylvia aftiluqun, Cassin, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1861, ir»2.— Ib. Illnst. 1854
8, and 221, pi. 37 (Florida).— Bryant, Pr. Boat. Soc. V, 1859, 113
(Bahamas). — Lawbkncb, Auu. N. Y. Lyo. 1860 (Cuba).
Hah. Cuba ; the Bahamas, and Charlotte Harbor, Florida. (W. Coast.)
(No. 259,58, % , Cuba.) Proportion of quills as iu V. calulris, 2. =3. 4. 1. 5,,
but the tips of the quills closer together, and the 1st quill about half or a little
less than half the distance
between 5th and 4th ; the
quills narrower.
Colors similar to those
of V. calidris, but of a
purer and paler olive
above ; the bn'k tinged
with ash ; the cap purer
ash, and better defined,
without olivaceous wash,
its dusky edge more dis-
tinct. The superciliary
stripe whitish, or grayish, with the cheeks paler, and both, as well as the chin,
without the buflf tinije. Under parts nearly pure white, very faintly tinged
across the breast with ashy ; the sides olivaceous ; the crissum and axillars
pale sulphur yellow.
(No. 25,958, %.) Total length, 5.50; wing, 3.15; tail, 2.50; difference of
Ist and 2d quills, .18, of 5th and 2d, .22 ; length of bill from forehead, .82,
from nostril, .46, along gupe, .89 ; tarsus, .72 ; middle toe and claw, .60, claw
alone, .21 ; hind toe and claw, .50, claw alone, .23.
The black-whiskered Vireos of Cuba, Bahamas, and Florida are
distinguished by the characters just mentioned from the Jamaican
species, and agree in coloration very well rra )ng themselves. While
in V. calidris the first quill is, with scarcely an exception, about
midway between the fourth and fifth, the second a little longer than
the third, the tendency in the present series is to liavc the third quill
rather the longer, and the first only equalling the fifth. Only in
No. 17,711 and 25,958, from Cuba, and 34,513, from Nassau, is the
first quill longer, or reaching nearly half way from the 5th to the 4th.
>■ -f
Sinith-
Collec-
Sex
Wlipn
Collecied.
No.
tor's
No.
aad
Age.
Locality.
Received from
Collected by
2.5.0.-)8
..
Cuba.
Dr. Guiullach.
3.J,0B4
ti
• • >
••
, ,
243
t(
> • •
Cab. Lawrence,
Dr. Guiidlach,
17,711
, ,
Monte Ve-de, Cuba.
Miiy 6.
0. WriRlit.
i:i,Rori
• •
Nassau, N. P
Dpc. 8, '."iO
Dr. Bryiint.
3»,.'JU
23 f
[Pla.
Mnv 14, •fi4
Lt.C. L.Kltiperald.
24,2S2
243
Charlotte Harbor,
Juue, 1S48.
Dr. Heerinaun.
V1RE08YLVIA.
333
:'" : ^^ti?|^i
IWj) )•■ .'
VireosylTia olit'acea*
Muscicapa olivtuea, Linn. S. N. I, 17G6, 327 (based on Edwabdp, tab.
253, and Catkbby, pi. 54). — Wilb. Am. Orn. II, 1810, ft'S, pi. xiii
fig. 3. — Lanius olivaceus, Licbt. Verz, 1823,49 (N. Auier.). — Virto
olivaceus, Vieill., Bon. Oba. Wila. 1826, 124.— Swains. F. B. A. II,
1831, 233.— AuD. Cm. Biog. II, pi. 150.— Ib. B. A. IV, pi. 243.—
Baird, Birds N. Am. IS.'iS, 331. — Vireosylvia oliv. Bon., Gt'Og.
Comp. List, 1838.— Ib. Consp. 1850, 329.— Reinhakdt, Vid. Med.
f. 1853, 1854, 82 (Greenland).— In. Ibis, III, 7.— Sclateh, P. Z. S.
1855,151 (Bogota) ; 1859, 137, 363 (Xalapa).— Ib. Catal. Am. Birds,
1861, 43, no. 261.— A. & E. Newton, Ibis, 1859, 14.1 —Sclateh &
Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 12 (Guatemala). — Lawbenck, Ai N. Y. Lye.
VII, 1860, 246 (Cuba).— Ibis, 1864, 394 (Derby, Engl. May, 18.')9).
—Phyllomanes oliv. Cad. Mus. Hein. 1850-51, 63. — Ib. Jour. 1860,
404 (Costa Rica). — Gundl. Cab. Jour. 1861, 324 (Cuba ; very rare).
fVireo vtrescens, Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. I, 1807, 84, pi. liii (Penna.). —
?GuAY, Genera, I, 267, pi. Ixv.
Vireo hogotensis, Bryant, Pr. Bost. Soc. VII, 1860, 227 (Bogota).— Law-
rence, Ann. N. Y. Lye. 1863 (Birds Panama, IV, No*. 378).
Tluh. Whole of Eastern North America (Halifax, Greenland, Fort Simpson),
west to base of Rocky Mts., reaching Fort Bridger and still further northward
tj Bitterroot Mts. and Kootenay ; south to Panama and Bogota, in winter
(Xalapa only in Mexico); very rare in Cuba (only West Indian locality).
Accidental in England.
(No. 1,418, % , Carlisle, Pa., May, 1844.) Upper parts olive green. Top of
head, from bill to nape, ash color. A white line from nostrils above and
beyond the eye, bordered above by a dusky line forming tlie edge of the ashy
cap, and below by a similar, perhap.'^ paler loral and post-ocnlar cheek stripe.
Beneath, including tibiae, white, with perhaps a tinge of olivaceous ash across
tlie breast ; the sides of neck like the back ; sides of the body with a faint
washofolivo. Axillars and crissum faintly tinged with sulphur yellow ; lining
of wings and its edge, the latter especially, nearly white. Quills blaekish-
40030
V-" ■(;'
Vireosylvia oliwicea.
brown, edged externally, except at ends of primaries, with olive, internally
with white. Tail feathers lighter brown, edged externally like the back, in-
ternally with pale olivaceous-white.
Bill dusky above, pale below ; tarsi plumbeous ; iris red.
^'-.vK/''.''^'/
334
REVIEW or AMERICAN BIRDS.
[rAUT I.
,1. ..,_; . ..^j.:.*:--.. -
*■■;■'■-. :.- ': ' T"'^i I
i ,^. p, .< -i ^ :■,■■■ ,::i-i_-
g ;■'■-- ;. ■
Female birds generally similar, but gmaller.
(No. 1,418, %.) Frtish speciuieu : Total length, 6.33; expanse of wings
10.2,'5 ; wing from carpal joint, 3.33. Prepared specimen : Total length, SJf,;
wing, 3.20; tail, 2.60; difference between Ist and 2d primaries, .17, of Sth
and 2d, .10, of 9th and longest, .86 ; length of bill from forehead, .70, from
nostril, .42, along gape, .86 ; tar.sns, .77 ; middle toe and claw, .t5, claw aloue,
.20; hind toe and claw, .48, claw alone, .21.
In No. 1,418 the second qnill is longest, the third and fourth a
little shorter ; the first or outer a little less than the fourth, much
longer than the fifth. In other specimens the first quill is longer
than the fourth ; generally, it may be said, that the first quill 'h
always (or with rare exceptions) nearly equal to the fourth, some-
times a little longer, sometimes a little shorter; always much longer
than the fifth, the second quill always longest of all.
There is some variation in color in this species, both individnal
and .seasonal. In No. 34,081, %, from Iowa, the colors are purer
and brighter.; the ash of crown dark aiid clear, without the olivace-
ous wash so frequently met with. The dusky markings about the
head are almost black, and there is almost no yellowish whatever on
the crissum.
Autumnal and late summer specimens are much more brigh \
colored ; the olive clearer, the gray of head more sharply dofnicd,
and the crissum and axillars with a strong tinge of yellowish. In
only a single spring specimen out of twenty is there a positive,
though still pale sulphur yellow crissum, all others showing this
faintly or not at all. The most brightly colored autumnal skin in
the series is No. 22,308 (Washington, October), in which the colors
are nearly as vivid as in V. chivi, and perhaps answering to Y,
virescens of Vieillot.*
There is considerable difference in thickness, and some in the length
' In the article on Vireonidie, in the Pacific R. R. Report, page 333 (Birds
N. America) I have given the name of V. virescens, Vieillot, to the Bartraniian
Vireo, V. a^ilis. In this, however, I am now satisfied I was wrong. The
specific name was based by Vieillot (Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. XXXVl, ISlit,
104) on a bird killed in New Jersey. He describes the top of the head as
*' blackish ;" the figure, however, distinctly represents a black line bordering tlie
crown, and above the light supra-ocular stripe. The quills and tail feathers
are said to be edged with greenish, the lower tail cove.rts to be yellowish, the
length 4.60. Nothing is said about the proportions of the qnills. In view
of all the circumstances, locality, etc., it is very probable that this description
belongs to a young, perhaps autumnal V. o/irarfa, a name apparently uiiknoffii
to Vieillot. There is no indication in the description of the very briplit colors
of V. chivi or ayilis, the olive, being described as liaving a strong ginyish tinge.
VIREOSYLV'IA.
335
of 1)111. Young birds Love considerably shorter bills, the colors less
vivid, but otherwise simiiiir to tlie adults,
I tiiid no appreciable differences in specimens from Guatemala,
Panaina, and Bogota, either in size or other characters, which can-
not he readily matched by northern skins.
The uiune of Linnajus, cited for this species, is based by him on
pi. 253 of Edwards' Gleanings, and on pi. 54 of Catesby's Carolina ;
the former, liowever, and that first mentioned, being unquestionabi
(he Jamaican V. calidris, while the latter refers to the subject of the
present article. A strict adherence to the rule of priority may re-
quire the name " olivaceiis," therefore, to be thrown aside, and some
other, as " i7Ve.s'ce>i8," Vieill., adopted; but as Catesby's plate has
priority of I]dwards', we may perhaps consider the priority of quota-
tion as neutralized, end leave " olivaceus'^ for the species. A similar
question exists in reference to the proper specific name of the North
American " Mimus polyglottus." I am not quite satisfied, however,
that either of these names should be retained.
About one hundred and thirty specimens have been examined,
from various localities throughout the whole eastern province of the
Uuited States.
Smitli-
No.
C.llec-
lor's
No.
Spx
and
Locality.
When
Collected.
Received from
Collected by
26,93:)
••
i/
IlKlifax. N. S.
May'i,' '44.
W. Winton.
S. F. Baird.
HIS
Ciirli»le, Pa.
1,440
••
^
It
11
May 3, •44,
(4
2.9,241
737
rf
Washington, I>. C.
April 28,"«0.
Di\ E. Coups.
i2:in
TiibPity CiMinty, ««.
■ . .
JoM. Leconte.
.1,8i1
,
Giitaw. Ala.
• . ■
Prof. Winclioll.
\9,rM
620
9
t"ulUisL'*yl"""n-
June 7,
R, Kennicott.
22.67S
i09
Koit Simpson
Selkiric Seitleinent.
June 22, '60.
B R, Ross.
mm
, ,
,,
Geo. MTavish.
21,049
, ,
'•
* . .
Donald Gunii.
,'!1,3.)8
.,
9
Cook County, 111.
Jnne 9. '64.
R, Kennicott.
24,iS7
, ,
NeoMlio Falls.
Summer,
B, F. Go,ss.
,U3>8
318
^
Kepiibllcau Knrk.
May 2(i, '64.
Dr. E Cr)nes,
11,084
57
9
F irt Cobb. Ark.
May 2.'5, '60.
J. H. Claik.
21,94.i
S40
Pack River, W. T.
Kootenay.
June 14, '00.
A. Campbell.
Dr. Kennerly.
KOtS
96
, ,
BitturroDt Valley.
Sept 4, '60,
Dr. J. G Cooper.
11063
, ,
, ,
Fort BridL'or.
Sept. 1, 57
C. Drexler.
13,1S1
••
9
Misiouri Uivor, SOO
milex ab St. Loiii.i.
lit. Muilan.
J. Pearsall.
3.4IS1
51
<f
Sionx City. Iowa
May 20, '64.
Capt, J Fciluer.
8,69 1
. ,
Fremont. PJHtmRiv.
• • .
Lt. Warren,
nr Ilayden.
6,813
16
ff
Devil'K River, Tex.
• ■ ■
Col. Graham.
J. H. Clark.
6,814
. ,
WeBtern Texas.
Capt, J Pope.
13,602
163
Guatemala.
...
J. fionld.
Cab Lawrence,
33.293
. ,
San .ToHO, C. R.
• • *
J Carmlol.
29,5.50
••
Costa Rica,
Panama R. R.
...
Berlin JIus,
Cab, Lawrence.
H'Leaanan,
31,290
,,
Bogota.
...
0. N. Lawrence.
34,623
••
...
J H. Roome.
(21,945.) With eggs.
'm:^r
'", ■"'■■
^
''j''i -r
-'■<
''■'■'
"' .; ,j-
■ )
; .V •»;.;;>;
■ f"^ ,■»?■;■
u . :
'.'-' . ' ''■."'* '■
i. ■; ■
;:■ »/ .^
i^J'S'
■-; *.'
!; ■
'i .»»
'J
^ ■
';■> *
^^rU-
ii !■
336
REVIEW OP AMERICAN BIRDS.
[PAllT I.
Vtrnoiylvla pivreiridU. (Pnaamn.)
Yireosylvia flaToviridis.
Vireosylviujlav. Cassin, Pr. A. N. Sc. V, Feb. 1851, 152.— Ib. VI, pi. ii
( Panama). —ScLATKH, P. Z. S. 186(i, 2!»8 (Cordova).— In. I85lt, 375
(Uaxaca ; April). — Ib. Catal. 1801, 44, no. 2tJ4. — Sclatkr & SAirrir,
Ibis, I, 1859 12 (duateuiala).— K/no y?ai;. Bairh, Birds N. Am.
1858, 332.— Phyllomanesjtao. Cab. Jour. 1861, 93 (Costa Kicn).
ITah. From nortbern border of Mexico to Istbuius of Panama, e.-tpecially on
Vest side.
(No. 3,976, % .) Above olive green ; tbe wbolo top of head and nape aali
color, tbe edges of this uap, and a loral line dusky, but not very decidHdIy so.
A grayish-white line from
y nostrils over the eye. Be-
neath white, the sides of tiie
neck, breast, and btnly bright
olivaceouR-yellow ; the axil-
lars and crissuin rich sul-
phur yellow. On the breast
the yellow extends almost
to the median line, the color
of opposite sidi'S aeparatwl
by a narrow interval. Quills
dusky brown ; margined ex-
ternally, except at ends of primaries, with olive green, internally with grayish-
white of a decided yellow shade. Tail feathers dark olivaceous-brown, bright
olive externally, internally olivaceous-yellow. Iris yellow or "red."
Bill born-color, paler below. Legs plumbeous. Wings long and pointed.
Second and 3d quills nearly equal ; 4th a little less; 1st about intermediate
between 4th and 5th.
(No. 3,976.) Total length, 6.00; wing, 3.20; tail, 2.60; difference of 1st
and 2d quills, .30, of 2d and 5th, .15, of 9th and longest, .70 ; length of bill
from forehead, .70, from nostril, .45, along gape, .85 ; tarsus, .70 ; middle toe
auvL claw, .58, claw alone, .14; hind toe and claw, .42, claw alone, .20.
Specimens appear to vary somewhat in intensity of coloration,
size and shape of bill, and in dimensions, but little otherwise. The
sexes are similar. The wing formula above mentioned is the jjreva-
lent, though in a few instances the first quill is about equal to or a
very little less than the fifth.
This species is of about the size of V. olivacea, or a little larger;
the tail longer proportionally, the wings shorter and much less
pointed. The wing formula is much the same, but the difi"erence of
the shortest and longest primaries is about .70, instead of .90, as in
olivacea. The bills are not dissimilar ; the coloration, however,
appreciably differeni The dusky lines over and through the eye
are much less vivid, llie white one less distinct. The decided olive
yellow of the entire side of body from neck to crissum, extending
*4^J-
V1RU08YLVIA.
887
beyond the c-osed wings and encroaching on the front part of the
breast, is never seen in olicacea, where any olive is concealed. The
crissum and axillars are much brighter yellow ; the inner edges of
the quills yellowish, not white. The tail feathers are decidedly
olivaceous in their concealed portion, not clear brown ; and the
olivaceous of the back is much brighter and more yellow.
Smith-
CollM-
Sex
When
Collected.
tdulau
No.
tiir's
No.
and
AKe.
LoeaUty.
Beoelved from
Collected \>j
3.!)7ti
172
<f
Monterey, Mez.
Lt. D. N. Couch.
3,S77
178
4
"
.1
S4.II2I
Maiatlsn, Mex.
June i 6, '62.
Cot. A.J. Grayson.
M,»13
noil
"
"
II
34.024
0(XK)
" [ma. Mex
II
II
2:),7^7
l.-.l
Bosario. near CoU-
Jane, 1863.
J. Xanliix.
23.7S'2
l->7
«i
II
i),7!«)
Kit
(t
II
S1I..W4
].t4
San JoK«, C. R.
■ • .
Dr. T. Frantzius.
»\m
17!)
41
. . .
•1
33.296
im
II
...
II
.33,2!»7
, ,
11
J. Carmlol.
3s,92!)
lathmuK Panama.
Jan. 2a, '65.
F. Hickx.
34,tiOS
170
II
•c
...
J. H. Roome.
Cab. l.Bwrence.
38,928
••
d
Panama.
Jan. 12, '69.
F. HlckH.
4'.
(3,976.) Eyeii yellow. (38,829.) Eye red. (38,928.) Eye chocolate.
1st
bill
toe
L'va-
or a
less
e of
s ill
ver,
eye
ive
3ing
VireosylTla cliivi.
Sylvia chivi, Vieill. Nonv. Diet. XI, 1817, 174 (based on Azara, Con-
tramsestre Qaviero, Apuntam. II, 34, no. 162). — Ib. Encyolop.
M6lh. 1823, 437.
Hab. La Plata region ; north to Bahia.
(No. 16,340, 9 .) General distribution of color the same as In V. oHvacea.
The concealed portion of tail feathers more olivaceous than brown. The
inner edges of the quills pale olivaceous-
yellow, of the reotrices brighter yellow.
Sides of the body greenish-yellow. Axil-
lars and crissum sulphur yellow. Super-
ciliary dusky stripe deep and distinct.
Bill plumbeous, dusky above, pale at the
base below.
Third quill longest ; 2d and 4th very
little shorter; Ist shorter than the 5th,
nearly intermediate between it and the
6th.
(No. 16,340.) Total length, 4.95 ; wing, 2.45 ; tail, 2.10 ; width of lateral
feather, .25 ; difference of Ist and 2d quills, .14, of 1st and 3d, .21, of 2d and
■^th, .09, of 3d (longest) and 9th, .54 ; length of bill from forehead, .59, from
nostril, .35, along gape, .67 ; tarsus, .65 ; middle toe and claw, .50, claw alone,
•14; hind toe and claw, .43, claw alone, .15,
A male bird, No. 30,973, from the Vermejo, ia of precisely the mame size.
22 May. 1866.
Vireoiylvici chivi. (Vormeijo Riv.)
■ I
I , I
X
h:'':
838
EEVIEW OP AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I.
In a pretty extensive series of speeimeus of South Anioricnn
VireoH, wliicb liave been referred to V. vhivi, ayilis, barlramii, iic.
of authors, supposed to be Hyuoiiyiiis of the same species, I find
considerable differences which uppurfiitiy indicate tlie presence of
two or even three species, differing almost too much in size and
coloration to be considered the same. I have therefore selected tiie
specimens from Captain Page's I'arnguay expedition as typical of
the oldest name, V. chivi, based on Azara's descriptions. These
specimens, two in number, agree with Azara's bird in the small sizt>;
the coloration is less intense than in the rest, the y«'llow of the under
parts being not much brighter than in oliraccvs, but as a sjiring
plumage this is to be expected, if, as is probable, Azara's descrip-
tion was taken from autumnal birds.
The groat inferiority in size to V. olivacetis, and the difference in
the wing formula, will at once distinguish this sjn-cics or race. Tlie
coloration of No. 10,340 is almost precisely that of No. 1,418, the
type of the description of V. olivaceus, the olive being only a little
deeper, the axillars brighter yellow.
If there are two species of South American Vireos of the rhiri
type, as suggested, the more southern appears to be the smaller
and the northern one the larger, although not closely restricted.
Thus a specimen in the collection labelled " Buenos Ayres," possibly
erroneously, however, is as large as the largest, while two from
Bahia are as small as the La Plata skins described.
Smith-
DonlaD
No.
CollPC-
tor's
No.
S«x
aQd
Ako.
10,173?
16,340
20,973
1.^8
11.'-.
37
9
Locality.
Babia, Brazil.
Brazil.
VernMJo Blver.
Wlien
Collected.
Received from
Collected by
Oct. 18.19.
Feb. 1860.
Dr. G.jCaliHnis.
Cab. Lawrence.
Capt. Pave. Expl.
" [of Parana.
Chr. Wood.
TireosylTia agilis. <
)- Lanitis agilis, Light. Yen. Donbl. 1823, no. 526 (Bahia, Brazil).—
fThamnnphihis arfilis, Spix, Av. Bras. II, tab. xxxiv, fig. 1. — Phyllo-
manes nyilis, Bdbm. Th. Bras. Voefl, II, 1856, 108. — Vireosijlvia
agilis, Sclatbr, P. Z. S. 1860, 64,273 (Ecuador) Ib. Catal. 18C1,
44, no. 263 (Bogota, etc.).
Vireo hartramii, Swainson, F. B. A. II, 1831, 23.') (not of Am.).
Vireosylrin vireacens, Caspin, Pr. A. N. Sc. 18.51, l.*)!. — Sclatkr, P. Z. S.
18.')5, I.*)! (Bogota). — Vireo virescens, Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858,
333 (Brazil), not of Vieill.
Hab. South America ; south to Buenos Ayres, Ecuador, Guatemala.
VIRE08YLVIA.
839
Vtrtotylvia agilit. (Ouatemala.)
(No. 2,034.) Similar to V. ol'warea in olive of npper parts, lead colored
cap edged witli blackJHli, a wititiali superciliary, and dutiky lurai Htripe.
Sidus, liow6V«r, more couMpiououHly olivace-
oas yellow ; axillara and orisHum purer yeU
low ; inner edges of quills and tail feathers
palu, but distinctly yellowish ; rest of under
partH greenish-white.
Third quill longest ; 2d and 'tth scarcely
lead ; let intermediate between 5th and 6th.
(No. 2,034.) Total length, 5.50; wing,
2.80; tail, 2.35 ; width of outer feather, .30;
difference of 1st and 3d primaries, .27, of 2d
and 5th, .15, of 3d and 9th, .54; length of
bill from forehead, .66, from nostril, .37, along gape, .77; tarsus, .70; middle
toe and claw, .53 ; hind toe and claw, .44 (claw broken).
The ashy cap does not extend over the nape, and is rounded off
behind, leaving the sides of occiput olive.
A specimen from Trinidad, belonging to Mr. A. Newton, differs in
much brighter and deeper olive and yellow shades ; the ash of cap
extends farther back on the nape, but is rather rounded behind.
The concealed portion of the tail feathers is almost as distinctly
olive as the back. The wing is unusually long, measuring 2.95 ; the
first quill is about equal to the fifth ; the difference of shortest and
longest quills .62.
Another specimen (No. 8,050, from Guatemala), which may pos-
sibly belong even to a different species, is equally bright in colora-
tion with preceding, and the ash of cap extends still more over the
nape, widening behind ; the posterior outline almost transverse. The
tail feathers are broader (.35) ; the wing shorter (2.75) ; the first quill
intermediate between the fifth and sixth ; the difference of longest
and shortest quills .55. One from Ecuador, referred here, in poor
condition, differs in some minor points. One from Buenos Ayres,
again, is unusually large, the tail longer, the wing equal to the
Trinidad specimen.
Compared with V. chivi, of the La Plata region, this species, as
described above, is considerably larger, and in size nearer to V. oli-
vacea; the wings are more pointed, the olive yellow and yellow of
the sides and under parts brighter and more distinct.
From V. olivacea it differs in the much brighter coloration of
the under parts, and in the wing formula, as well as in inferior size,
lu many points of coloration it bears a clo.se resemblance to V. Jlavo-
riridis. It is, however, smaller and less brightly colored, and the
olive yellow of the sides does not encroach so much on the breast.
There is also an appreciable difference in the markings of the head,
840
BEVIKVV OF AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I.
i ■
rr.-
the dusky edges of the cap, and the dark lurol line, relieved uguiiiht
a wliitiuh superciliary stripe, ho distinct in oiivatra and aijilis, lK-iti|^
scarcely or luucli less appreciable in Jiavoviridis. Tlie wings are
more rounded in agilis ; the first quill considerably uhurter tliuu
fifth, instead of being nearly equal or lunger.
This species, whether what 1 describe as V. chivi be the same or
not, scarcely extends north of Continental South America — the skin
from Guatemala, just mentioned, being almost the only one quoted,
and the locality of this may possibly be erroneous, even if the hiid he
not of a diflerent species. I have never found any indieiilion of the
occurrence of any bird of this type in the West Indies or North
America in recent times.*
It is quite probable that the careful comparison of a larger number
of good specimens of Virevs of the type of chivi and agiUs niny re-
sult in establishing the existence of one or two more species; that
from " 'Guatemala" (No. 8,050), at least, is different in several |)oiiits
from the rest, and I had provisionally named it before concluiliiig
that it was best to allow the decision of the question to rest upou
the examination of a better series.
Smith- Collec-
bodIad tor's
No. No.
Sex
and
Age.
Loealitr.
When
Collected.
Received from
Collectfd by
10,174
2,0.34
15,070
34,091
8,6,W
9
8. BraiU.
Brazil.
Bueuof) Ayrei.
Quito, Ecuador.
Trinidad.
"Oaatemala."
Dr Cabanis.
8. F. Balrd.
J. K. Townxend.
Prof. JameHuii.
Cab. A. & E. Now-
J. Gould. [luu
LauKBdurff.
(8,0.jO.) " Perhapn erroneoua locality."
Yireosylvia philadelpbica*
Vireosylvia phtladelphica, CAgsiN, Pr. A. N So. V, Feb. 18.^7, K's.—h.
YI, pi. i, fig. 1 (Philadelphia). — Sclateb & Salvin, Ibis, I, 1859,
' I have never met with a bird agreeing with the description of Vireo bar-
Iramii, of Audubon. The proportions of the body and the quills are mxivh as
in V. aijilis. The tail, however, is said to be "wood-brown margined with
paler," instead of olivaceous ; and the lower parts "white, the breast tinged
with pale yellow, and the throat and sides with gray," instead of being white
below ; the crissnm bright sulphur yellow, the flanks yellowish-olire. The
crown (not the nape) is "deep gray, bordered by a line of blackisli," which
separates it from all known North American species, excepting V. olivaceus
and bnrbatnlus, from which the proportions of the quiUa are entirely different.
If, therefore, this species be really as described by Audnbon, it has been
entirely unnoticed since his time, although distinct, and should be carefully
sought for by ornithologists in the l!4ist(.ru United States.
VinEOSYLVIA.
341
4304
VireoKylvM phUaMphiea.
12 (OnateniRla). — Vtrto jihiladelphinn', Hairp, Birds N. Am. 1858,
335, jl. 78, tig, 3.
VireosifUiu cobunen»i», ticLATBU, P. Z. S. 18U0, 4ti3 (Cobau). — In. Ann.
Mag. N. H. 18U1, 328.
Eah. Eabturn North America to Iludson's Bay and Maine, Bouth to Co8ta
Rica aiid Ouaiemaia. Not recorded from Mexico or VVeat ludiea.
(No. 2(l,643, ^.) Above dark olivy green, tiniied with pluiiiDeons a><li ex-
cept on the rump ; top of head and uape purer plumbeous asli, not edged witli
du!(ky, tlie line of demarcation in-
distinct. Beueatli light Hulpliur
yellow, paler and. almost white on
chin and middle of abdomen ; sides
more olivaceous. A whitisti stripe
froDi bill over eye, as alHO a patch
beneath it and the eyelids ; a dusky
loral and poat-tHsular spot. Quills
and reotrices brown, edged exter-
nally with olive, internally with
wliitish; the larger coverts with •
paler outer edges. Kill bifickish, paler plumbeous below. Legs plumbions.
Sparious outer or first quill (neen in (jilva) wanting; the outer about e(|ual
to 5th ; 3d longest ; 2d and 4th not much siiorter.
(No. 20,(543, %, .) Total length, 4.80 ; wing, 2.65 ; tail, 2.25 ; difference be-
tween outer and longest primary, .28, of longest and innermost, .<)2; lengtli
of hill from forehead, .54, from nostril, .30, along gape, .Gl ; tarsus, .65 ; middle
toe aud claw, .52; hind toe and claw, .44.
Specimens vary somewhat in purity of tints, and especially in in-
tensity of yellow of under parts, which color is deeper in autumnal
skins.
I ren^retthat I led Mr. Sclater into an error by informing? him that
the Vireo subseciuently described by him as V. cobanenais was dill'er-
ent from V. philadelphica. The skin forwarded for examination by
him appeared to differ in some noticeable points, but those subse-
quently received from Mr. Salvin and other sources agree exactly
with specimens from Wisconsin and Hudson's Bay.
Bmlth-
Collee-
Sex
■When
Conected.
liua'mii
Ho.
loi-'s
No.
and
A^e.
LocaUty.
Received from
Collected by
20,643
7!.
..
MoosnFKrtorv. H.B.
June 2. '60.
C. Drexler.
s.yn.'i
27
, ,
WaterviMe, Me.
May 21, '6.1
Prof C. E. HamUn.
4,364
..
, ,
Clevelanil, 0.
Dr. Kirtlniid.
«,S4l
..
ff
Dane Cnunty, Wis.
Til Kniiilien.
18.i)7i
, ,
Cuban, Ouat.
Dr. Sclater.
%M
in
••
Guatemala.
O Salvin.
Tub. Lnwrpnce.
3.3,300
••
Suu Jose, C. R.
Jan. 12, '64.
J. Cariuiol.
(18,972.) Type of V. eobanensU. (3.3,300.) Iris brown.
wr^.,
n
u^
342
REVIEW OF AMERICAN B1UD3.
[part I.
■■ Jt
Yireosylvia gilva.
Aluscicaiia gilva, Virill. Ola. I, 1807, 65, pi. xxziv. — Vireo gilvu$, Bos.
Obs. Wila. 1825, no. 123.— Aun. (.irii. Biog. II, pi. 118.— Iii. Birds
Am. IV, pi. 241.— Baikd, Birils N. Am. 1858, 335.— r/rmsy/Wu
gilva, Causin, Vr. A. N. So. 1851, 153.— Sclater, P. Z. S. lb.'^it),298
(Cordova); (?)1858, 302 (Oaxaoa; June) (perhaps V. twatusum).
Muscicapa mtlodia, WiLS. Am. Orn. V, 1812, 86, pi. xlii, fig. 2.
Hnb. Eastern North America to Fort Simpson. Cordova and Oaxaca onlj
southern localities recorded. Not West Indian.
(No. 1,017, 9 •) Above olive green, strongly glossed with ashy; the head
and nape above more distinctly ashy, but without decided line of demaivatioii
behind, and without dnsky
edge; rump purer olive. Strijw
from L"'>8trils over eye to nape,
^^^ -rr^s^^^^ eyelids, and space below eye
^^\ ^---n:;^:^^^ creamy white. A ratherdusky
post-ocular and loral spot, tliu
latter not extending to thn bill.
Under parts white, with tinge
of greenish-yellow (ouoasion-
ally of creamy fulvous or buff),
' >' especially on breast; sides
more olivaceous. Crissnm and axillars scarcely more yellowish. Quills and
rectricos wood brown, edged internally with whitish, externally with olivace-
ous, except perhaps on longer primaries. Edge of wing white. Largor wing
coverts grayish-brown, with paler edges, and no trace of olivaceous. Bill
horn color above, paler below.
First quill very short or spurious ; 2d about equal to, generally rather IoU(;er
than ()th ; 3d longest ; 4th, then 5th a little shorter.
(No. 1,017, 9.) Fresh specimen: Total length, 5.33; expanse of wings,
8.35; wing from carpal joint, 2.85. Prepared specimen : Total length, 4. tiO;
wing, 2.75 ; tail, 2.25; difference of 3d and 10th quills, .73 ; expoh:ed portion
of 1st primary, .58, of 2d, 1.88, of longest (measured from exposetl base of
Ist primary), 2.12; length of bill from forehead, .5H, frofn nostril, .28, along
gape, .(i3 ; depth of bill, .15 ; tarsus, .65 ; middle toe and claw, .51, claw alwe,
17 ; hind toe and claw, .41, claw alone, .19.
Tlie preceding description is from a female specimen winch does
not differ appreciably from the male, but is a little smaller Young
and autumnal specimens are perhaps a little luoiu brightly colored.
Vtreotylvia gilva. (Ponnsylvania.)
I..., I
li:
< t " -T
VIREOSYLVIA.
843
Smith-
tuiiiau
No.
Collec-
tor'H
No.
Sex
Hiid
A\ie.
Locality.
Whea
Collected.
lieceived from
CoUoctod by
l.Olrt
i,oi:
1(1, 11. I
2».27.'i
l!),.1.'ia
784
03
1,903
S
'i
• •
CarliHlo, Pa.
Waxblugtoa.
May 24, '4.1
May" ft," '60.
May 'ii, •«().
May's* '.v.
JuueM, "att.
S. V. Hftird.
It
J. C. M'Oulre.
E. ('OUBH.
It. K. UoHg.
(fov. MitrlHviMh.
Lt. W'Hrruu.
ChicKKn Acnd.
J. K. Towuit«ud.
27.o:u
4.72!)
S-V 4(1.1
Solkiik St'ttlcment.
MlitHiPiiri UivHr.
Fort Lookout.
EvUQStou, 111.
Cairo, 111.
Dr. Iluydea.
F. J. HuHfl.
Vireosylvia twnituoni. (Calirornla.)
Tireosylvia s^ainsoni.
Vireo swainsoni, Baird, Birds N. Am. 1S58, 336 (Pacific coast).
Virec bartratnii, Swainson, ¥. B. A. II, 1831, 235 (iu part; spec, from
Columbia River?).
Hdh. United States, from Rocky Mountains to Pacific coast.
(No. 5,321, % .) Similar to V\ yilva,hnt smaller; colors paler. Bill more
(iepressed. Upper mandible
almost black. Second quill
muuh shorter than 6th.
( No. S.-l-il, % .) Total length,
4.75; wing, 2.71; tail, 2.36;
difference between 10th quill
and longest, .58 ; exposed por-
tion of lat primary, .58, of 2d,
1.82, of longest (measured
from exposed base of Ist pri-
mary), 2.10; length of bill
from forehead, .56, from nostril, .29, along gape, .65 ; depth of bill, .13 ; tarsus,
.70 ; middle toe and claw, .66 ; hind toe and claw, .43. ^ , .
In the article on Vireo gilvtts, in the Pacific R. R. Report (Birds
X. America), I pointed out certain differences between western and
eastern Kpecimens, and ai)plied the provisional niinie of V. awainnoni
to the former. An examination of many additional si)eciniens since
that time has only tended to confirm the impression of the existence
of two species, the differences noted, though apparently slight,
being constant and readily ajjpreciahle. In the western bird ( V.
awuinsuiii) the bill is darker in color, much smaller, and more de-
pressed, the depth at the base being less than the width, instead of
hi'ing otpial to it. The wing is nioro rounded, the second quill much
shorter than the sixth, generally shorter or but little longer than the
seventh. In eastern specimens (V. gilva) the second quill is about
cfHiivl to the sixth. The second quill is about .JJO of an inch (< r
luore) shorter than the longest in siviiinsuni, w hilo in (jilva it is
^w^
844
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I.
:Ui
ja:
only about .20 shorter. The feet of swainsoni are weaker, and the
colors generally paler and grayer. " Iris dark brown" (Coues).
Smith- Collec-
Sex
When
Collected,
DUDiHD
No.
tor's
No.
UDd
Age.
Locality.
Received from
Collected by
21.046
£46
-r
Clark's Fork, Col.
June 7, 'BO.
A. Campbell.
Dr. Keunerly,
21,917
639
" [River.
June 1, '60.
**
6,826
, ,
, ,
Stellacoom, W. T.
• . •
Dr. Buckley.
5,91.^
, ,
, ,
"
• • .
Dr. Cooper.
5.321
747
(f
Petal a mR, Cal.
May, 18S6.
E. Samuels.
12,891
2,091
Napa Valley.
A. J. Grayson.
2.-.,399
2,336
, ,
Fort Tejon, Cal.
Sept. l.i,'67.
John Xantus.
11,06.>
V
Fort Bridger.
Juue3, '68.
C. Drexler.
31,066
(f
"[i{wyn,N M.
May 26, '68.
" [son.
13,113
, ,
rf
Cantonment Bur-
Dr. W. W. Ander-
.ST.ooe
694
rf
Fort Whipple, Ar.
Aug. i.3, '64.
Dr. E. Coues.
40,695
1,398
<i
i(
May 8, '&>.
*i
■A . ;
W^
■i:
i'i
/if'
; • ;'<
TireosylTia josephae.
Vireo josephas, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1859, 137, pi . 154 (Pallatanga, ."ilcua-
> ' - dor).— Ib. Catal. 1861, 42, no. 257.
Hab, Ecuador to Costa Rica ; Pueito Cabello.
(No. .34,667.) First primary short, about two-fifths the 2d, which is about
equal to the 8th or 9th ; the 4th and 6ih about equal and longesst. (Tliese
proportions the same iu five
specimens.)
Above olive ; greener and
brighter on the rump, becom-
ing brownish anteriorly, or
more truly olive ; the top and
sides of head, with nape, olive
brown. A broad stripe from
nostrils over and beyond eye
to nape, and a patch beneath
it and eyelids quite pure
■ white, leaving the lores and a
post-ocular stripe like tha head. Cheeks tinged with olive. Chin and throat
whitish ; rest of under parts yellow, deepest on sides and crissum. Sides of
breast tinged with brownish-olive. Quills and tail feathers brown, edged ex-
ternally with olive green, internally with pale yellow. No bands on the wings,
but the greater coverts of a paler olivaceous than elsewhere. Bill dusky
above, paler below ; legs plumbeous. " Iris brown."
(No. 34,667, %.) Total length, 4.70; wing, 2.70; tail, 2.20; exposed por-
tion of 1st primary, .65, of 2d, 1.75, of longest (5th) (measured from exposed
base of 1st primary), 2.18; length of bill from forehead, .56, from nostril, .32,
along gape, .71 ; tarsus, .b7 ; middle toe and claw, .51 ; hind toe and claw, .38.
Of the five specimens before me, one. No. 27,947, from Bopota,
furnished by Mr. Sclater as a type of his species, differs in the ex-
istence of an ochry brown tinge on the crissum, tail feathers, aud
Vireoaylvia Josephce. (Puerto Cabello.)
Smith-
Collec-
Sex
toniaa tor's
and
.No. No.
Age
27,!)47 257
Si.')!!
, ,
34,«W7
rf
54.668
..
V
41269
(f
3i,!i41
d
Locality.
Puerto Cabello.
BarraDca, C. K.
Dota, C R.
When
Culloctod.
April 16, '64
tt
Sept. 30, '65.
July 28.
Received from
Dr. Sclater,
J. Krider.
J. Carmiol.
Collected by
(3A,241.) Irlabrowa.
, n:
. ', i"
VIRi^OSYLVlA,
345
ends of primaries. It is possible tliat this mny be an cxtraneoua
featuro, as it has somewhat the appearance of a stain, and is not
luentioiied by Sclater. The chin and throat are rather more yellow-
ish. There is, as far as I can see, no specific difference between
this specimen and the others, the yellow of under parts, if anything,
being there the deepest. The original description and figure, from
an Ecuador (Pallatanga) series, represent the under parts as much
whiter than in the present specimens, and it is barely possible that
two species may be involved.
This species is markedly different from any other, and scarcely
needs comparison. The proportions of quills are quite peculiar, and
the brown cap, with the olive back is decidedly unique. In general
form it constitutes a transition from V. gilva to V. noveboracensis.
. '-3 t.^.^^%tj<*i
.•'. *.J
Lanivireo, Baird.
V^
CoMMoif Characters. — A broad stripe from bill to and aronnd but not beyond
the eye. Two broad wliitish bands across wing coverts. Bill plumbeous.
A. Without spurious primary. Head above olive green.
Line from bill to and around eye yellow. -"
Back olive green like head ; throat and breast yellow ;
' rump and upper tail covert ashy . . . Jlavi/rons.
B. With spurious primary. Head above plumbeous. Line
from bill to and around eye white.
Back, edges of wing and tail olive green ; sides of
breast greenish-yellow. Wing 3.(i('.
. Upper tail coverts olive green : base of crissnra
sulphur yellow; sides of neck ash color;
no yellow on side of throat . . . aolitaria.
Upper tail coverts asliy ; crissiim white ; sides
^.^ ■ 1 of neck olive green; side of throat tinged
with yellow ...... propinqua.
Whole upper parts plumbeous, faintly olive towards
rump. Beneath white, with only a very faint
trace of olive ou flanks. Wing 3.25 . . , plumbea.
\d
,'«
■, '■..., .■ .K
846
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BTaDS.
[PAEIL
4'
Vireosylvla flaTifrons.
Vireo flavifrons, Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. I, 1807, 85, pi. liv. — Aud, Orn.
Biog. II, 1834, pi. 119.— Ib. Birds Am. IV, pi. 238.— Casbin, Pr, A.
N. Sc. 185., 149.— ScLATKK. P. Z. S. 1857, 227 (Vera Cruz) ; I860,
257 (Orizaba). — Sclatek & Salvin, Ibis, I, 1859, 12 (Guatemala).
— Cab. .Jour. 111,468 (Cuba; winter). — Gundlach, Cab. Jour. ISlil
324 (Cuba; rare).— Cab. Jour. 1860, 405 (Costa Rica).— Fireo
(Luntvireo) ftav. Bairo, Birds N. Am. 1858, 341.
Muscicapa sylvicola, Wils. Am. Orn. II, 1810, 117, pi. vii, f. 3.
Hah. Eastern United States, south to Costa Rica. Very rare in Cuba.
(No. 28,390.) Head and neck above and on sides, with interscapular region,
bright olive green. Lower back, rump, tail, aud wing coverts ashy. Wings
brown, with two white bands
yf __^^ across the coverts, the outer
edges of inner secondaries, and
inner edges of all the quills,
with inside of wing white.
Outer primaries edged with
»21T
gray, the inner witli olive.
Tail feathers brown, entirely
encircled by a narrow edge of
white. Under parts to middle
of body, a line from npstrils
over eye, eyelids and patch beneath the eye (bordered behind by the olive of
neck) bright gamboge yellow ; rest of under parts white, the flanks faintly
glossed with ashy. Lores dusky. Bill and legs plumbeous black.
No spurious primary evident ; 2d quill longest ; 1st a little shorter than 3d.
Length, 5.80; wing, 3.00; tail, 2.00; difference of longest and inuermost
quills, .90 ; tarsus, .73.
Autumnal birds, perhaps more especially the young, are more
glossed with olivaceous, which invades the ashy portions, aud tinges
the white. ' jv
Vireosylvia ^avi/rana, $. (Carlisle, Pa.)
Smitli-
souiau
No.
3,
2,
12,
28
32,
7,
8.
0,
13,
SV
33
2!),
3!)7
217
228
924
279
42.3
3 to
113
629
240
2!)!)
229
Collec-
tor's
No.
Sex
and
Age.
..
i
'8.5
32,614
d
d
159
••
••
9
Locanty.
When
Collected.
CarliHle, Pa.
Washington, D. C.
Iiiberty County, Oa.
Union County, 111.
Clpvel«nd, O
Independence, Mo.
Coban, (juat.
Guatemala.
Grecia, C. R.
San JoHe, C. R.
Punta Arenas, C. R.
May 7, '-17
Mays, 1817.
April.Sn.'.TO
April 27,'«1.
June 1.3, '57.
Dec. 3, '64.
Mar. is, '62.
Received from
Collected by
S. V. Baiid.
C Drexler.
E. CoueH.
,To<. Leconte.
R Kennicott.
l>r. Kiitlaud.
Dr. Cooper,
Verieaiix.
.T Gould.
Cab Lawrence.
J. Carniiol.
Capt. J. M. Dow.
a/-
V1EE08YLVIA.
347
TireosylTia solitaria.
Muscicapa solitaria, WiLS. Am. Orn. II, 1810, 143, pi. xvii, fig. 6.— .
Vireo solitaritts, Vieill. Nouv. Diot. XI, 1817. — Avd. Orii. Biog, I,
pi. 23.— Ib. Birds Am. IV, 1842, pi. 239.— Cassin, Pr. A. N. Sc.
1851, 150.— ScLATER, P. Z. S. 1856, 298 (Cordova) ; 1859, 3ti3
(Xalapa) ; 375 (Oaxaca?).— Ib, Catal. 1861,42, no. 255 ?— Sclater
& Salvin, Ibis, 1860, 31 (Guatemala).— Cab. .lour. Ill, 408 (Cuba).
— GuNDLACH, Cab. Jour. 1861, 324 (Cuba ; very rare). — Vireo {Lani-
vireo) sol. Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 329.
tVireo cassini, Xantus, Pr. A. N. Sc. May, 1858, 117 (Fort Tejoii). —
Baikd, Birds N. Am. 1858, 340, pi. 78, fig. 1 (same spec).
Hab, United States, from Atlantic to Pacific ; Cape St. Lucas. Not recorded
from southern Rocky Mts., where replaced by V. plumbea. South to Mexico
and Guatemala. Very rare in Cuba.
(No. 300, -J .) Above olive green, including upper tail coverts ; the top and
sides of head and nape ashy plumbeous ; sides of the neck plumbeous olive.
Broad line from nostrils to
and around eye, involving
the whole lower eyelid,
white. A loral line in-
volving the edge of the
eyelid, and a space be-
neath the eye dusky plum-
beous. Beneath white ;
the sides yellow, overlaid
with olive, this color not
extending anterior to the
breast. Axillars and base of orissum pale sulphur yellow, the long feathers
of the latter much paler or nearly white. Wings with two bands and outer
edges of innermost secondaries olivaceous-white ; the quills dark brown,
edged externally with olive green, internally with white ; tail feathers simi-
larly marked, except that the lateral feather is edged externally al. . ^vith
white, the central without internal border. Bill and legs blackish-plumbeous.
iris brown.
First quill spurious, rather more than one-fifth the 2d, which is intermedi-
ate between 5th and Cth ; 3d longest,
(No. 300, % ,) Fresh specimen : Total length, 5.40 ; expanse of wings, 9,00.
Prepared specimen : Total length, 5,25 ; wing, 2.95 ; tail, 2,35 ; difference be-
tween 10th and longest ps'imary, ,85 ; exposed portion of 1st primary, ,50, of
2d, 2.08, of longest (measured from exposed base of 1st primary), 2.25;
length of bill from forehead, .60, from nostril, .31, along gape, .66 ; tarsus, .72;
middle toe and olaw, .54 ; hind toe and claw, .46.
^prinjr specimens show sonictimcs a gloss of plnmbeons on the
liivck, obscuring the olive, the contrnst of colors being greater in
tlip autumnal and young birds. Sometimes the crisaum appears
nearly white. The length of the spurious primary varies consider-
Vireoayhiia solitaria. (WashiDgton, D. C.)
,-:-:>?t>-tlJ^:
^5^55Pi .
1.. ■ * .
a te
848
REVIEW OP AMERICAN BIRDS.
< I T^.jj --I
[part I.
ably: from .45-. 75 of an inch. With the specimens before me I
am unable to see any essential difl'ereuce between easiern and
western specimens.
A young bird from Fort Simpson is not materially different from
the adult, exhibiting no trace of the spots of immature Turdidee
and SylmcoUdse.
I am now inclined to consider the specimen upon which Vireo
cassini was based to be only a dull-plumagcd, winter skin of V.
solitaria, with the under parts tinged with brownish-buff, and the
olive shades obscured. I have never seen a specimen killed in
eastern North America having this coloration, nor even making a
decided approximation to it, but I can find no tangible characteristic
of external form to distinguish them.
1
Smith- CoUec-
Sex
When
CoUecled.
»
soiiiaa
No.
tOl'H
No.
uud
Age.
Locality.
Received from
Collected by
300
i
Carlisle, Pa.
April 21, '41.
S. F. Baird.
029
, ,
"
April 28, '43.
«t
29,273
1,421
Wa»liln(fton.
Oct. 17, '61.
I). W. Prentiss.
32,277
••
<j
LIbeity County, Ga.
liliDOiH.
...
Jos. Lecoiite.
K. KiMuiicott.
4,727
, ,
Mo. of V'^rmilion.
May 6
Lt. Warren.
Dr. Hayden.
11,064
<i
Fort Bri(li<er, Utah.
May 16.
C Drexler.
27,3-10
1,.S03
o.
Fort Simpson.
H. K. Koss.
6.822
382
rf
Ft. SteilftCoom.W.T.
May 13, '56.
Dr. Suckley. '
12,901
, ,
Napa Valley, Cal.
. . .
A. J. Graynon.
21,378
, ,
'd
Yreka, Cal.
June 10.
W. VuiUO.
2-I..398
2,24^
Fort Tejon.
Juue 8, '57.
J. Xantus.
10,229
, ,
, ,
" [C. St. Lucas.
(i
39,360
^
San Gert' iide Mts.,
Jan. 1861.
K
37.497
42
rf
Orizaba, Mex.
Jan. 18, '65,
Prof. Sumlchrast.
38,lu8
...
M. Botteri.
(6,822.) Iris hazel. (10,229.) Type of V. casaini.
in-*-
VireosylTia propinqiia.
Vireosj/lvia propinqua, Baibd, n. sp.
Hah. Coban, Guatemala.
(No. 20,402.) Top and sides of the head bluish-ash ; aline from bill to eye,
eyelids and under parts, including vent and crissum, white. Upper parts
olive green, this color extending on the sides of the neck as far as the ear
coverts. Throat and breast tinged with yellowish, deepest on the lateral
portion. Two white bands on the wing. Bill and legs plumbeous. Quills
and rectrices as in solitaria.
First or spurious primary very small, scarcely .30 of an inch ; 2J quill
equal to the 5th ; the 3d longest.
(No. 20,402.) Total length, 5.10; wing, 3 00 ; tail, 2.35 ; expo.sed portion
of Ist primary, .20, of 2d, 2.18, of longest, 3d (measured from exposed base
of 1st primary), 2.30 ; length of bill frojn forehead, .(jO, from nostril, .31, along
gape, .66 ; tarsus, .72 ; middle toe and claw, .(;3 ; hind toe and claw, .47.
'!!;_•;
V1RE08YLVIA.
349
In a series of Guatemalan birds, presented by Mr. Salvin to the
Sraithsuiiian Institution, was one labelled Vireo solitarius, which'
exhibits the following peculiarities when compared with a large
number of North American specimens of V. soltlarius. The olive-
of tiie back extends to, and includes the nape and sides of the neck
back of the ears, which in the others are ashy plumbeous. The
umier tail coverts are plumbeous, or ashy, not olive. The sides of
the throat are sulphur yellow, not white, or with a faint tinge of
olive. The flanks are white, only faintly tinged with olive, not
olive green tinged with yellow. The anal region and crissum are
pure white (the former especially), not yellow. The spurious pri-
mary is nmch smaller, and scarcely appreciable ; the second quill is
rather longer than the fifth, instead of being decidedly shorter. The
whole wing is longer. The bill is broader at base.
f he entire absence of any similarly marked specimen in the large
series before me, some of them autumnal birds from Central America,
induces nie to think that the bird just described is really a distinct
species, though where its headquarters may be, unless in Guatemala,
I cannot imagine.
Smith- Ce'lee-' Sex
iouian ti; i 1 and
No. No. ! Age.
au,4u2 doi
Locality.
Cobaa, Vera Pai.
When
Collected.
Nov. ^8:>9.
Received from
Collected by
O. Salviu.
(20,402.1 Type.
Tireosj'lTia plumliea. •
Vireosijlvxa plumhea, CouES, Pr. A. N. So. Phila. 1866 (Fort Whipple,
near Prescott, Arizona).
Ilab. Southern Rocky Mountainn. In winter to Colima, Mez.
(No. 37,011.) Whole upper parts and side of head uniform plumbeous ; the
lower part of the back with a faint wash of olivaceous. A white line from
bill to and around eye ;
adusky line from corner
of eye to bill. Sides of
breast and flanks plnm-
beoug, paler than the
batk ; the flanks very
slightly tinged with
olive green. Rest of
under parts white ; the
axillars ashy, edged
vfith white. Wings
above with two conspicuous white bands ; the innermoat quills edged ez-
Vireoaylvta plumhea. (Arizona.)
350
REVIEW OP AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I.
ternally, and the longer ones internally with white, the latter edged externally
with light ash. Bill and legs dark plumbeous. " Iria hazel." Tail featheia
narrowly edged all round with white, narrowest internally, and increasing
from central to lateral feathers. Upper tail coverts clear ash.
As the specimen in finest plumage (described above) is moulting the quills,
the measurements are taken from another (;}7,010). In this the Ist quill is
uot quite one-third the 2d, which equals the 6th ; the 3d and 4th longest.
(No. 37,010. ) Fresh specimen : Total length, 6.10 ; expanse of wings, 10.80.
Prepared specimen: Total length, 5.75 ; wing, 3.25 ; tail, 2.70; diflference be-
tween 10th and longest quill, .96 ; exposed portion of Ist primary, .75, of 2d
2.34, of longest, 3d (measured from exposed base of Ist primary), 2.54;
length of bill from forehead, .55, from nostril, .31, along gape, .70 ; tarsus
.75 ; middle toe and claw, .60, claw alone, .21 ; hind toe and claw, .50, claw
alone, .23.
This species is in general character very similar to V. soUfaria,
although larger, especially with longer wings and tail, as shown |)y
a comparison of the table of measurements. The olive green of
solilariuH is replaced by plumbeous, and the yellowish by white,
forming a marked contrast in appearance. Only a faint trace of
olive on the lower back and flanks represents the predominant colo-
ration of solitaria. The olive external marginings of the wings
are here replaced by ash ; of the tail, by whitish. In some specimens,
however, there is a slight edging of olive towards the base of the
secondaries.
The specimens described above were killed in August ; others
killed in May are quite similar. No. 29,359, from Colima, in Feb-
ruary, is slightly more olivaceous on the lower back and flanks.
Smith-
Col lec-
Sex
gouiaa
tor's
nud
No.
No,
Age.
3S,428
1,35
.37,008
711
V
37,009
698
cf
37,010
37.5
4ft,702
1,M3
V
40,70)
1,487
rf
40,699
l,4.'i6
rf
29,339
118
Locality.
Laramio Peak.
Fort Whipple, Ar,
Plains of Colima,
When
Collected.
June 1864.
Sept. 8, '64.
Aug. 13, '84.
Aug. 18, '64.
Julv29, '63.
May 17, '6.V
May 12, '65
Feb. 1863.
Received from
Dr. R Hitz.
Dr. E Cones.
J. Xantus.
Collected by
(37,009.) Iris brown. (40,702.) 6.00; 10.20. (40,703.) 5.60; 11.20.
i "1
fi'
VIREO, ViETLL.
Vireo, ViEai.. Ois.' Am. Sept. I, 1807, 83. (Type Muscicapa novebora-
censis, Gm.)
Characters essentially those of Vireosylvia; the bill shorter; the 1st quill
always present, better developed, sometimes more than half 2d. Wi ^s
shorter, more rounded ; tarsi usually longer.
■Ji '
VIREO.
851
Vireo tunAoraeenais. (PenniylTanla.)
The species of Vireo are most easily tabulated by color, and in
the following? synopsis no regard is paid to external form, but species
of Vireo and Vireonella are mixed together. It will, however, be
remembered (page 326) that V. noveboracensis, atricapillus, car-
mioli, hu/toni, belli, vicinior, and ptoiillus fall under the head of Vireo
proper, with their longer, more pointed wings, and (except in vicinior)
smaller outer primary — belli, vicimor, Audjrusillm differing, however,
from tlie others in longer tarsi, and longer and more graduated tail,
with narrower, more pointed feathers. Under Vireonella are to be
ranged V. modestus, latinieri, pallen.s, ochraceus, crassirost7'is, giind-
lachi, and hypochryseua, each of which has a peculiar form. V.
modeslm in its very small bill approaches closely to huttoni, most of
the other species having rather larger bills than the average.
'. ■ i'^;.
i\
■► *•
V'.
>«s.,
Common Characters. — All the spHcies olivaceous above, or ashy ; beneath
whitish, or olivaceous-yellow. Wings with light bands, except in latimeri
and kyjiochryseus ; tail without spots. A light stripe from bill to above eye,
but not beyond it, except iu carmtoli and hypochryseus, lu atricapillus, the
top of the head is black.
A. Top and sides of head black. Chin and throat white.
Back olive.
A white line from the bill to and around eye.
Beneath white ; sides olivaceous ; bill black . . atricapillus.
B. Head above olivaceous or ashy. Chin and throat white ;
rest of undur parts white or yellowish.
A yellow line from bill to and around eye.
Rest of under parts white ; the sides yellowish ;
crissum paler.
Bill blackish ; two greenish-white bands on the
* wings ; cap bright olive like the back . noveboracenai$.
A whitish line from bill to and around eye.
Beneath white, except sides and crissum, which are
pale yellow. Head above ashy ; back olive.
Wings pointed ; 1st quill two-fifths the 2d,
which equals the 8th. Bill .30 from noa-
3R2
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I
' ■ • <'.••
.1
■^'- .
i. ,;■
I'>*'H !t ?^- A?.
. II ' i .i;i U. ili 5il fSi-V il-J - i-^
tril ; horu color above, pale beneath. One
light band ou H'\/ig uovertd . . . belli.
Beneath white ; whole upper partti aahy. Soarcel/
olivaoeona, except towards rump.
Wings pointed ; Ist quill lesd than half 2(1,
which about equals the 8th. Bill .25 from
' nostril to tip ; horn color above, whitish
beneath. (Jne white band on wiuK coverts jmtillus.
Wings moderate ; 1st quill rather more than
half 2d, which about equals 9lh and the
secondaries. Bill .i?2 from nostril ; en-
tirely blackish-plumbeoua. One white
band on wing. Inner toe much shorter
, / than outer ...... vicinior.
Wings rounded ; lat quill more than half 2d,
which is shorter than lUth and the secon-
daries. Bill .35 from nostril ; horn color
above, whitish beneath. Two white bands
ou wing pallen$.
Rest of under parts yellow. Head and neck above
ashy. No light bands ou wings.
Wings rounded ; 1st quill more than half 2d,
which is shorter than the lOth. Bill .30
from nostril ; light horn color . . . latimeri.
Head above olivaceous like the back. Chin and throat
yellowiah, more or less uniform with the remaining under
parts. A yellowish line from bill to eye, not beyond it,
except in carmtoli and hypochiystua; wing bands wanting
only m hypochryseus.
Bill small, attenuated ; about .25 from nostrils to tip.
Superciliary stripe reaching beyond eye. Colora
bright olive above, yellow beneath.
First quill two-fifths 2d; 3d but little
shorter than the 5th (longest). Wings
longer than tail .... carmiol'u
Superciliary stripe reaching only to the eye.
Colors dull olive above, and buflfy yellow
beneath.
First quill not quite half 2d, which is
longer than 10th ; 3d between 6th
and 7th. Wings longer than tail.
Olive of upper parts much brighter
towards tail huttoni.
First quill more than half 2d, which is
about equal to 10th ; 3d about equal
to 7th. Wings equal to tail. Olive
of upper parts uniform . . . modesttis.
££ '
■ - '
^«pp
VIREO.
853
Bill large and robust ; .30 or more from noatrils to tip.
FirHt quill wore than half 2d.
Superciliary Stripe leaching only to the eye. Two
wliitiMh wing bands.
Second quill about equal to the seoon-
dariea.
Above bright olire green ; beneath
greeniiih-yellow, with butTy or
oohry tinge. Wing bands and
margins of secondaries' broad.
Eyelids and region behind eye
uniform with the cheeks . ochraceua.
Above ashy olive. Wing bands and
- ' light outer margins of inner
•* 'I • " ■ secondaries broad. Eyelids
and region behind eye yellow-
ish, in moderate contrast with
the cheeks .... craasiro»tri$.
Second quill decidedly shorter than th(
secondaries.
Above plumbeous olive. Wing
, '• bands very narrow; light
' ■ edgings of inner secondaries
' ' almost inappreciable. Eyelids
and region bt^hind the eye yel-
lowish, in strong contrast with
the cheeks .... gundlachi,
Baperciliary stripe reaching to the nape. No
bands on the wing.
Second quill about equal to secondaries.
Above bright alive green ; beneath,
with superciliary stripe, deep
olivaceous-yellow. Tail length-
ened. (Largest and most deep-
ly colored of all the species.) . hypochryseus.
ViREO, Vieill.
Tireo atricapillus.
Vireo atricapillus, WoonnotiSB, Pr. A. N. So. 1852, 60 (San Pedro, Tex.).
— Ib. Sitgreave's Rep. 18.')3, 75, pi. i, Birds.— Cassin, Illust. 1854,
153, pi. xxiv.— Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 337.
Ilab. Southern border of Western Texac.
(No. 6,818, % .) Top and sides of head and neck black ; rest of upper parts
olive green. Wing- and tail-feathers almost black on their upper surface,
tlie quills and rectrices edged with olive (paler on the exterior primaries),
23 May. 1869.
Ui
REVIEW OP AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part r.
*i
*t i '■
'I
1
i.'^'
i; :'";
I'i
W .'
J'
; -i
J ', ■
' ■■ .
J*' i'..
f , ,
i
* *
■:^ -. ■'. ':.
■ A- ~, ,■■
*; ,
f r -
., t » '
"7 —--r-
-m
■-. '^-K-i-^:
■ I'
. ■*
■> ■ ■ '^ ■
;;:^v;;
j'i-',-
tbe wing coverta with two greenish-white banda on * bUokish ground.
Kroaii line from bill to and aroiiiKt
eye (notViieeting on forehuail) witlji
under parts, white ; the sideH of
body olivaceoufl ; the axillarH and
inner wing coverts (perhaps orin-
Bum) jellowish. Bill black ; feet
plumheouH.
Firflt quill leas than half 2d, wliidi
about e(iual8 the 10th ; 3d little
shorter than 4th (longest).
(No. 6,818.) Fresh ap«olmen : Total length, 4.75 ; expanse of wings, 7.25;
wing from carpal Joint, 2.12. Prepared specimen: Total length, 4.1(1; wing,
2.2.'); tail, 1.95; exposed portion of 1st primary, .66, of 2d, 1.48, of longest
(measured from exposed base of 1st primary), 1.77 ; length of biil from fore-
head, ..')4, from nostril, .29, ahng gape, .61 ; tarsus, .7.") ; middle toe and claw,
.60, oiaw alone, .17 ; hind toe aui olaw, .40, claw alone, .19.
The black head of this species, as far as known, makes it nniciiu;
in the genus. It is extremely rare, but three specimens being known.
«M1M
Vireo atrieapfUut, Woods. (Texai.)
Smith-
iioniaD
No.
Col lee- i Sax *
tur's 1 aud Locality.
Mo. Age.
When
Collected.
Received from
Collected by
6,818
10,040
31 (f San Pedro BIt., Tex.
. . , Bl Paan.
1
Col. J. l> Oraham.
Capt.L. Sitgreaves.
.I.H f'lark Uunw.
Dr. S. W. W.M.d-
(6,818.) 4.73; 7.25; 2.12. (16,040.) Type.
Tlreo noTeboracensU.
Muscicapa noveboracensis, Qji. Svst. Nat. 1, 1788, 947 ( Green Fly- Catcher,
Prnhant, Arctic Zool. II, 389).^ Tirao noveb. Bo». Obs. Wilson,
1825.— Add. Orn. Riog. I, 328, pi. 63.— Ib. Birds Am. IV, pi. 240.-
Cassin, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1851, 150.— Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 338.-
Max. Cab. Jour. VI, 1S58, 187.- Sclater, P. Z. S. 1857, 204
(Xalapa) ; 228 (Vera Cruz).— Ib. Catal. 18111, 42, no. 256.-Scl.
& Salv. Ibis, II, 1860, 274 (Coban, Guat.).— Jones, Nat. Bermuda,
1859, 71 (resident). — Cab. Jour. Ill, 469 (Cuba).- Gundlach,
Cab. Jour. 1861, 324 (Cuba ; rare).
Vireo miisicus, Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. I, 1807, 83, pi. 63. — Muscicapa
cantatrix, Wils. II, 1810, 266, pi. xviii.
Hah. United States, west to base of Rocky Mountains ; sonth to Guatemala;
Bogota? Very rare in Cuba. Abundant and resident in the Bermudas.
(No. 10,193, % .) First primary about half the length of 2d, which is longer
than secondaries, and about equal to the 8th ; the 4th longest ; 3d and Sth
little shorter.
Above quite bright olive green ; the sides of neck, and a gloss on its upper
surface, ashy. The middle concealed portion of feathers of lower back ami
rump pale sulphur yellowish. Beneath white ; the chin and lower cheeks
\fti^■■> •i^'-^-^r^-'
VIKW).
855
wUh a gTsylsb tlng« ; the «!dfl8 of breast and body, with axtllarn anil hana
of criiwuu (mora ttiully), bright yvllow ; tlut iuiut wiug oovvtld aud r«)8t of
Vlreo now6oro«n#(«.
crissnm much paler, almost white. A broad yellow line from nostrils to, and
continuous with a yellow ring round tlie eye, which Is encircled exteriorly by
olivaceous ; a dusky loral, but no post-ooular spot. Wings with two covert-
bamls and innermost secondaries externally broadly yellowish-white ; rest
of quills edged externally with olive, except the two outer and tips of other
primaries, which are grayish. Reotrices edged externally with olive, except
outermost, which is bordered by grayish. All the long quills Imrdered in-
ternally by whitish. Bill blue-blaok, paler on the edges ; legs dark plumbe-
ous. Iris white.
(No. 10,198, %.) Total length, 4.90; wing, 2.40; tall, 2.20; exposed por-
tion of Ist primary, .78, of 2d, 1.56, of longest, (4th and 6th) (measured from
exposed base of Ist primary), 1.86 ; length of bill from forehead, .53, from
nostril, .30, along gape, .62 ; tarsus, .70 ; middle toe and claw, .50, claw alone,
16 ; hind toe and claw, .40, claw alone, .20.
(No. 1,036, % .) Fresh specimen : Total length, 5.00 ; expanse of wings, 8.00 ;
wing from carpal joint, 2.50. Prepared specimen: Total length, 4.75 ; wing,
2.50; tail, 2.25; difference between 10th and longest quills, .45; exposed
portion of 1st primary, .86, of 2d, 1.56, of longest (measured from exposed
base of Ist primary), 1.90; length of bill from forehead, .51, from nostril,
.29, along gape, .62; tarsus, .76 ; middle toe and claw, .52, claw alone, .18;
hind toe and claw, .46, claw alone, .25.
Specimens vary slightly in a greater amount of .atiiy on the head,
and less brilliancy of the yellow of head aatl sides. Sometimes
ther« is a decided ashy shade la the white of throat and jugulum,
which again has a very faint tinge of yellowish.
A young bird does not differ in markings from the adult.
A specimen marked " Colombia" is rather smaller than the aver-
age, but otherwise similar.
The measurements of the feet of No. 10,193, %, appear to be
quite abnormal, and I add those of No. 1,036, % , as more accurately
expressing the average in these respects.
■'f
■• '.I
T'
*\ •
356
REVIJCW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I.
.■">•■ n.. ■■
■ ■.!■ .-■
■'. •■; ■f^f ■
• . > ^ '• «
i( V '
u . ■ ^ '-■::■.'■
'
■ ■ , * .
r, . .:■'.:.
_, ■r-
" ^' "
i-:.-;<^*>
■ ' 1.' ;:--■?•
. ' . y ,
1 t • ' ■
i ■
:.---t^:-
»»'^..'
, ■■ ri
■'■
Smith- CoUec-
8«x'
When
Collected.
Honiaa tor's
No. , No.
and
Lorallty.
Received frcm
Collected by
7,108
.,
PhilHdelpliia.
Phila. ' N. 8o.
1,036
, .
'i
Washington, D. C.
May 26. '43.
W. M. ,aird.
1,0.37
, ,
i,
June 12, '4.3.
<■
II
Dr. E. Cones.
10,193
,,
cf
Union ConntT, 111.
Key Went, Fla.
April 21.
R. Kennicott.
10,3U
Dec. 29, '.W
G. Wurdemann.
34.360
si:
f
Republican Forlt.
May 20, '64.
Dr. E. Coues.
13,124
38
Upper Missouri.
Dr. Hayden.
.3 972
Brownsville, Tex.
• • .
Lt. Couch.
6,8.36
, ,
Above El Paso.Tex.
■ • •
Dr. T C. Henry.
6,8.37
.,
.,
Western Texas.
Col J.D.Graham.
J. H. Clark.
17,307
, ,
.,
W of Ft. Arbuckle.
May 13, »«0.
J. H Clark.
C. S. M'Carthy.
..
181
Mexico.
Cab. Lawrence.
Sall6.
37,914
208
cf
Merida, Yuc.
Feb. 22. 'W.
Gov. SiilazHr.
Dr. A. Schott.
27,94.5
, ,
..
Honduras.
...
Dr. P. L. Sclater.
27,946
, ,
Colombia.
...
**
41,606
••
••
Bermuda.
C. M. Allen.
(1,036) 5.00; 8.00; 2 80. (1,037.) 0.10; 2.50.
No. 2,529. (37,914.) Iris white.
Tireo carmioli. -^^
Vireo carmioli, Baird, n. ap.
Hab. Highlands of Costa Rica.
(34,360.) 3.10; 7.70. (17,307.) With eggs.
>•
t"*';.!!
.:;v;.j,. ,.-il.'
3S237
Virto carmioli, Baibd. (Costa Rtca.)
(No. .35,237, % .) Wings lengthened, considerably longer than the slightly
rounded tail ; the lat quill about two-fifths the 2d, which equals the 7th
7 ' , (much longer than 10th) ; 4th and
5th nearly equal, and longest ; 3il
little shorter. Feet short, about
two-thirds tarsus. Bill small, slen-
der and attenuated ; the lateral out-
lines decidedly concave.
(No. 35,i;36.) Above bright olive
green ; beneath clear greenish-yel-
low, palest (almost whitish) on
throat ; tinged with olive green on
sides and breast; purer yellow inside the wings, the quills and tail-feathers
edged internally with palti sulphur yellow. Wings with two broad bars, and
broad outer edges of inner secondaries greenish-yellow, contrasting very
strongly with the almost black of the wing-feathers ; rest of quill- and the
tail-feathers edged! externally with olive-green, paler towards the extremity;
the edges ot the outermost feather of wing and tail much paler. A conspica-
ous yellowish line from nostrils over the eye, and extending nearly as far
behind it as in front of it, though not re^iching the nape, and not interrupted
above ; lower eyelids similar. A dusky loral spot from corner of eye to angle
of mouth ; rest of cheeks olivaceous. Bill quit« dusky ; lower mandible
paler ; legs pluLibeous. " Iris brown."
(No. 35,237, % .) Total length, 4.50; wing, 2.60; tail, 2.20 difference be-
tween 10th quill and longest, .45 ; exposed portion of 1st priuiary, .70, of 2(1,
1.65, of longest, 3d, measured from exposed base of 1st primary), 1.85 ; lenfjtb
of bill irom tomhead, .f 0, from nostril, .25, along gape, .55 ; depth, 15 ; Ursns,
^pp
VIREO.
357
.75: middle toe and claw, .50, claw alone, .16 ; hind toe and claw, .42. claw
alone, .21.
Of the two specimens No. 35,237 has the wings perfect, but is
apparently immature ; the head has an ochry tinge, not seen in the
other, and the eye stripe paler. No. 35,236, which probably best
represents the normal state of coloration, lacks the outer primary
on both sides, and exhibits other indications of a condition of
moulting. Both agree, however, in many peculiarities, sharply
separating the new species from any other in the complete series of
Vireonidae before me. I have named it after Mr. Julian Carmiol,
who has been so indefatigable in developing the ornithology of
Costa Kica.
-Vi
Emlth-
lODiVD
No.
avitii
ColleC'
tor's
N.>.
cS«X
Hiid
Affe.
Locality.
When
Collected.
Received from
Uota, Costa Rica, i July 27, '64.
J. Jarruiol.
Collected by
(3J,23fl ) Type. (33,237.) Type. Iris brown.
^
¥ireo huttoni.
Vireo huttoni, Cassin, Pr. A. N. Sc. Pliila. 1851, 150 (Monterey, Cal.).—
,jj. , In. 1852, pi, i, fig. 1.— Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 339, pi. 78, fig.
2.— ScLATKR, P. Z. S. 1858, 302 (Oaxaca) ; 18G2, 19 (La P.'-rada).—
1b. Catal. 18(51, 358, no. 256.
Hub. California and Western Mexico, to Oaxaca.
I (No. 3,725.) First quill ratlier less than half 2d, which about equals the
10th ; 3d a little longer tiian 7th ; 4th and 5th nearly equal, and longest. Tail
slightly rounded, shorter than wings. Bill very suiall.
Above olive green ; brighteiit behind, especially on rump and edging of tail,
duller and more ashy towurds and on top and sides of bead and neck. Wings
with two bauds on coverts, and
outer ed«"s of innermost secon-
daries rather broadly olivaceous-
white; othorquills edged externally
with olive green, paler towards
outer primary ; internally with
whitish. Lateral tail-feather edged
externally with yellowish white.
Feathers of rump with mui h con-
cealed yellowish-gray.
Under par^s pV 3 olivaceous-yel-
lowi.sh ; purv 'oehind, lightest on throat and abdomen ; the breast more oliva-
leons, t! c .sides still deejier olive green, the breast soiled with a sliulit buffy
je. Axiliars aud crissuu: yellowish ; the inside of wings whitish. Loral
A
372S
Vlrto hiMoni, Casbik. (California.)
fr
358
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I.
region and a narrow space aroond eye doll yellowish, in faint contrast totLe
olive of head. Bill horn color above, paler below ; legs dusky.
(No. 3,725.) Total length, 4,70 ; wing, 2,40 ; tail, 2.06 ; ditference between
10th and longest quills, .43 ; exposed portion of 1st primary, .72, of 2d, l.S2>
of *'" "tst, 4th and 5th (measured from exposed base of Ist primary), 1,90;
lei.v bill from forehead, .45, from nostril, .29, along gape, .60; tarsus,
.72 ; middle toe and olaw, .50, claw alone, .16 ; hind toe and claw, .45, claw
alone, ,22.
The description just given is based upon the type specimen, pro-
bably in winter plumage. Spring specimens do not vary materially
except in greater purity of white edgings of the feathers. Two
Mexican specimens are rather larger, the wing measuring 2.50, the
tail 2.30. No other differences are appreciable. In general the first
primary is about half the second, sometimes rather less.
' This species is readily distinguished from other Vireos, excepting
F, modesius, which it greatly resembles in the small bill, form,
coloration, and size ; nor indeed is it easy to distinguish them. In
viodenfus, however, the first quill is usually more than half the
second, not less ; the wing shorter, and less pointed ; the tail longer.
The upper parts are more uniform, not much brighter towards rump
and tail. The quite distinct circum-ocular light ring of huUoni is
scarcely if at all appreciable. The wide separation geographically
is of much importance. „,.,
Kmith-
Collec-
Sex
When
Collected.
RUDian
No.
tor's
No.
and
Age.
Lopality,
Receired from
Collected hy
.S9.4S6
44
San FraneUco, Cal.
Spting.'Ud,
Col. Bulkley.
E. J. Lurtiniea. (
12,903
103
Napa Valley, Cal.
Col. A. J OrHysoD.
17,789
649
CalirorDln.
Jii8. Hepburn.
3,725
, ,
Monterey, Cal.
Joue, 1847.
W. Mutton.
3.724
. ,
it
"
tt
3,P73
. ,
rf
Monterey, Mei*.
...
Lt. D. N. Conch.
39,707
, ,
La Paiadt W. Mex.
Jan. 1861.
A. Sall«.
Boncard.
••
awft
?
It
Feb. 1861.
Cab. Dr. Sclater.
8all«.
(3,72j.) Typo. (3,973.) "Eyes dark brown."
^»lf'
Ir"
Vireo bellli.
Vireo bellii, AuD. Birds Am. Vll, 1844, 333, pi, 488 (Missonrf River).—
Cassin, Pr, A. N. 8c, Phlla, 1851, 150,— Baird, Birds N. Am. 18.58,
837.— ScLATKB, Catal. 1861, 42, no. 258.— Bon. Consp. 1850, 330,
Ilab. United States, from Missouri P.iver to base of Rooky Monntains.
(No, 1,926.) Above olive green, brightest on the rump ; tinged anteriorly with
.-.shy ; the top and sides of head ashy, in faint contrast. A line fiom noi'triis
to eye (scarcely beyond it), and eyelids very pale yellowiwh-white ; lor**
dusky. Under parts, including inner wing, coverts and edge of wing crvauy
VIREO.
359
193«
Virtu btUii, AvD. (Daoota.)
wliite; the sides, axillars, and crissum pale yellow (sldea of lower, neok^
uuil of brua:it glo8sed with olivaueuus), fiviutest on the louger feathers of the
latter. Two rather nar-
row bands on the wing
coverts, and the outer
edges of innermost se-
condaries white ; the
other quills edged with
faded olivaceous. Inner
edges of quilla whitish.
Tail feathers brown,
edged externally with
olive; internally fading into paler brown. Median portion of ramp feathers
concealed pale yellowish. Bill horu-color above, pale below. Legs plum-
beous. " Iris brown."
First quill spurious ; not quite half the 2d, which is about equal to the 8th ;
3d and 4'h quills longest ; 5th scarcely shorter. Tail nearly even, or a little
rounded, the feathers narrow.
(No. 1,926.) Total length, 4.20; wing, 2.18; tail, 1.90; exposed portion
of 1st primary .60, of 2d, 1.32, of longest, 3d (measured from exposed base
of 1st primary), 1.60 ; length of bill from forehead, .SI, from nostril, .28, along
gape, .60; tarsus, .75 ; middle toe and claw, .54; hind toe and claw, .42.
The above description is taken from a type specimen received from
Mr. Audubon, and represents the average spring plumage, Autum-
nal sliins are rather brighter, and there is occasionally an ocbraceous
tinge on the white of the under parts.
This species at first e'^ht appears like a miniature of V. gilvns,
the head being almost exactly similar. The back is, however, much
Iji'ighter olive, the sides and crissum deeper yellow. The superciliary-
light stripe is shorter. The white markings of the wings are want-
ing in gilvua. The wing, tail, and feet are entirely different in their
proportions.
SmUh-
Collec-
Sex
When
Collected.
•omaa
No.
tor's
No.
and
A(?e.
Loeslity.
Received from
Collected bjr
l.Mfl
Fort Uaiun, Dae
1S4.1
ji. F Hiird.
.1 J. Audubon.
8.1P7
133
9
NenialiaKiv , Kans
Julvl", '«.
W. M. Mag raw.
Dr. J. G. Cooper.
8,1 .'7
m
?
Shawnee Riv Mi-'ni July 4, '07
It
14
•2«,'Ji<t
Neosho FallH, Kaas.i
B P. GosB.
l!l.»S.)
41
rf
Fort Cobh, Ark | May 23, '60
J H Clark.
M:m
342
ff
Republican Fork j May 27, '64.
Rr E. Coiien.
4,(179
, ,
Ft. ChadhourD,T«x.
> > .
DrE Swift, U.S. A.
«.S18
, ,
, ^
Western Texas.
• • •
Capt. Pope, U.S. A
8.S17
. ,
, ,
*i
• • •
Col. J I) Oiaham.
J. H (lark.
12,328
<f
San Pedro Riv., Tex.
May 24, 'M.
Capt. Sitgreaves.
Dr. Woodhonse.
(1,928.) Typft (86,329.) With egg*, (19,086.) With egga. (34.361.) 4.80; 6, 9Q,
360
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I.
"fO*f ?:r-f
■.w,:a\
T.:
.!»■
if
i!
f, -■';■'
n -1
'^L
Vireo pusUlug, Cuces. (California.)
Vireo pusillus.
Vireo pusillus, Codes, Pr. A. N. So. Phila. 18(56.
f Vireo bellii, Coopkb, Pr. Cal. Acad. 18(J1, 122 (Fort Mohave).
Hab. Cape St. Lucasy San Diego, Fort Mohave, and Arizona.
Somewhat similar in general appearance to Vireosyhia gilva and swainsoni,
bat smaller. Bill very small ; tarsi lengthened. Wings about equal to the
tail, which is lengthened, graduated, and with the feathers narrow and pointed.
Exposed part of Ist primary about half that of the 2d, which is intermediate
between 7th and 8th ; the 4th and 5th longest.
Above grayish-ash, with a tinge of olive behind. Beneath, including the
inside of the wings, white, with a soiled tinge on the sides of the throat and
across the breast. Ax-
illars and ilanks, ex-
hibiting a faint trace of
greenish-yellow. Eye-
lids and a short line
from the nostrils to the
eye whitish ; no other
stripe apparent. A
dusky loral spot. Pri-
mary coverts edged in-
distinctly with whitish, producing an obscure band (a second on the middle
coverts hardly appreciable). Quills and tail feather edged externally
with pale grayish-olive, the innermost secondaries with whitish. Bill dusky
above, whitish beneath. Legs plumbeous. Iris of two specimens marked as
" light brown," of another as " rufous."
The details of structure taken from No. 23,785, of color from 23,788. Length
of 23,785, % , 4.80 when fresh, of skin, 4.25 ; wing, 2.25 ; tail, 2.25 ; bill al)Ove,
.37 ; tarsus, 73 ; middle toe and claw, .50 ; hind toe and claw, .42. First
quill, .70; 2d, 1.40 ; longest (5th), 1.64. (Cape St. Lucas.)
Since writing the preceding description, I have received a Vireo
(No. 31,893), collected by Dr. Cooper, at San Diego, which, al-
though considerably larger, I cannot distinguish specifically. The
diflTerence in size is what might be expected between specimens from
Cope St. Lucas and San Diego, and the occurrence of a Cape species
at the latter place is in accordance with the facts observed in other
instances where such birds as Sialia arctica, Polioptila melanura,
etc., equally peculiar to the middle province, have found their way to
the California coast at San Diego, through the break in the coast
range of mountains.
The larger specimen somewhat resembles V. pallens of Centra!
America, but has a much smaller bill and a longer tail, with but one
distinct white band on the wing. The bill is about the size of that
in V. huttoni; but the white under parts and other differences of
''^
M/.'^tJ
VIREO,
"Af-i}}.
861
coloration and form distinguish them. The measurements are as ^
follows : — '
(No. 31,893, %.) Total lengtb, 4.70; wing, 2.30; tail, 2.35; exposed por-
tion of Ist primary, .71, of 2d, 1.44, of longest (3d, 4th, and 5th), (niwisured
from exposed base of Ist primary), 1,70; length of bill from forehead, .40,
from nostril, .25, along gape, .55 ; tarsus, .75 ; middle toe and claw, .46, claw
aloue, .Iti; hind toe and claw, .38, claw alone, .18
Bmitb-
Collec-
Sex
Kiiuiau
tor's 1 and
So.
No.
Age.
16,»56
1,042
(f
16.9.)7
1,»31
.«
2:!.7S3
3.462
fT
23,788
6,023
<f
31.RM
awe
i
4U,69(i
1,52J
Localitj.
Cape St. Lucas.
" [tjucas.
Sao Jose, Cape St.
Sierra San Gert rude,
Cape St. Lucas.
San l)\ego. 1 Cal.
Date Creek, .W m. S.
of Prescott, Ariz.
When
Collected.
£6C. 18A9.
Jan. 1861.
April 24,'fl2.
Juue 6, '6o.
Received from
Collected by
Jutiu XautUH.
" [ney.
Prof. J. D. Whit-
Dr E. Coues.
,.;:j....,«.
Dr. J. G. Cooper.
(16,9.17.) 4.fl5. Iris light brown. (2.3,78.'5.) 4.80. Iris rufous. (31,893 ) fl.rjQ , 7.2.1 ; 2 30. Iria
bronn. (40,606.) Eye biowu ; bill light ho?u, almost white beneath. Has loud and nielodloui
60Dj(. (Ouues.)
Tireo vicinior. a^ ) \^:!.,Z liK^'''
Vireo vicinior, Coues, Pr. A. N. So. Phila. 1866. ' , '"
Hab, Prescott, Arizona.
(No. 40,697, %.) Bill stont, considerably compressed and deep. Wings
moderately pointed, about equal to tail, which is decidedly graduated ; Ist
quill rather more than half
2d, which about equals 9th
and the secondaries ; the 4th
and 5th longest. Tarsus con-
siderably longer than middle
toe and claw ; lateral toes
quite conspicuous for their
disproportion, the inner claw
reaching only to base of outer,
and falling short of base of
middle ; the terminal digit
of inner toe reaching only to
fud of second joint of middle
toe.
Upper parts, with sides of
head and neck, ashy or light
plumbeous, faintly olivaceous
on rump. Beneath white ;
40097
Vireo vtcinior, Covna. (Arizona)
' After the completion of the present article the specimen. No. 40,696, was
received from Dr. E. Coues (agreeing with No. 31,893 in size), thus extend-
ihgthe range of the species to Arizona, as might have been anticipated.
(No. 3],8!)3, I .) Fresh specimen : Total length, 5.50 (4.50?) ; expanse of
wings, 7.25 ; wing from carpal joint, 2.30.
•• t : ■
mt
K ;>*<>'
'■ ■■ -J' (.
t
V • •«.'
862
BEVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I.
Blightly aslij on sides of breast. Flanks and inside of wings showing a faiut
trace of yellow, only appreciable on raising the wings. An obsolete linu from
bill to eye, and a more distinct ring round the eye, white. No bands ou the
wing, except a faint edging of whitish on the grjater coverts ; the quilLs edged
internally with white. Bill and legs plumbeous. "Iris brown. Mouth livid,
bluish-white." (Coues.)
Fresh specimen: Total length, 5.60; expanse of wings, 8.60. Prepared
specimen: Total length, 5.10; wing, 2.5U; tail, 2.60, its graduation, .22;
difference of 10th and longest quills, .40; exposed portion of 1st primary, .85,
of 2d, 1.65, of longest (measured from exposed base of Ist primary), 1.95;
length of bill from forehead, .50, from nostril, .32, along gape, .61 ; depth of
bill, 18 ; tarsus, .72 ; middle toe and claw, .51, claw alone, .16 ; hind toe and
claw, .40, claw alone, .19.
This species would at first sight be taken for a small speQJmen
of V. plumbea, the colors, character of bill, etc., being exactly simi-
lar, except that the white of lores and around eye is much less dis-
tinct, and there is only one faint band on wing, instead of two
conspicuous ones; the tail feathers, too, lack the distinct wliite
edgings. The much more rounded wing, and the first primary half
the second or more, will, however, readily distinguish them. Tlie
form of the bird is very much that of V. pusillus, which it resembles
also in color. The outer quill is, however, longer, the biH deeper
and more compressed, the inner lateral toe considerably shorter, ami
the size larger. The colors are purer, without the olive of the back
or the yellowish of the under parts ; the bill, too, is entirely dark
plumbeous, instead of horn color, whitish beneath. From V. pallens
it is distinguished by smaller, darker bill ; longer tail and wing; one
wing band, not two, and purer colors.
Smitb-
Honiaa
No.
CoUgc-
torV
No.
Sex
and
Age.
LocaUty,
When
Collected.
Received from
Remarka.
40,897
1,607
cf
Fort Whipple, near
[Prescott, Ar.
May 24, '«.1. , EUiot Coues, M.D.
Type.
Tlreo modestug.
Vireo modestus, SctATER, P. Z. S. 1860, 462 (Jamaica); 1861, 72, pi.
xW, fig. 1.— In. Catal. 1861, 43, no. 259.— March, Pr. A. N. Sc.
1863, 294.— F. noveboracenais, Gosse, Birds Jam. IP'7, 192 (not
of Ombun).
Sab. Jamaica.
(No. 22,143, % .) The whole tipper parts are of a dull olive ftreen, withS
shade of brown, the sides of head and neck paler. Tlie quills and tail feathers
are brown; the 1st and 2d primaries very faintly edged with whitish, th«
VIREO.
3C3
22113
Vireo mudeiittu, Sclatlu. (Jauiiiio»,)
neit more broadly, this color gradually changing to bright olive on the
seuoudaries aud tertials. Two diatiuot bauds ou the wiug, and the outer
edges of inuer tertials are
yellowish-white. The
tail feathers are edged
externally with olive
green, the outermost
having a narrow edge of
whitish. Under parts
pale yellow, palest on
throat, and with a tinge
of buff ou the belly and
crissam. Sides of neck, breast, and flanks tinged with olive, which also
washes the front of the breast. Under wing covers whitish, the axillars
sulphur yellow. Bilf light horn color above, whitish beneath ; legs plumbe-
ous. Loral region light olive yellow, in slight contrast with the forehead.
There is little or no concealed yellow on the feathers of the rump.
The tail about the length of the wings, or a little shorter, rounded ; the
lateral feathers .16 of an inch shorter than the middle. The wing is concave ;
the primaries .35 longer than the secondaries ; the 1st primary rather more
than half the 2d, which is about as long as the secondaries ; the 3d is rather
shorter than the 7th, the 4th and Sth longest. The bill is compressed ; the
tarsus is rather more than one and one-third the length of middle toe and claw.
(No. 22,143, % .) Total length, 4.75 ; wing, 2.30 ; tail, 2.21 ; difference be-
tween 10th and longest quills, .34; exposed portion of first primary, .78, of
2d, 1.41, of longest (4th and 5th), (measured from exposed base of 1st pri-
mary), 1.75 ; length of bill from forehead, .50, from nostril, .2(j, along gape,
.60 ; tarsus, .75 ; middle toe and claw, .55, claw alone, .17 ; hind toe and claw,
.41, claw alone, .20.
The specimen described above agrees very well with the descrip-
tion and figure of Dr. Sclater. Four others are all smaller, one of
tiiera (received from Dr. Sclater), No. 23,323, more olivaceous be-
neath, brighter green above ; another, No. 22,159, grayer above,
l)elly without buff tinge, and the whitish edging of lateral tail featljer
wanting. In these differences, however, there is hardly enough to
warrant a separation into two species.
This species is readily distinguished from V. gundlachi by the
smaller size, longer wings, more olive back, less clearly defined yel-
low belly, and in having light markings on the wings and tail. V.
bahamensis is larger, the bill much larger, the tail proportionally
shorter ; the third quill but little shorter than the fourth. Vireo
not'eboracen'sis has much lo 'ger wings, a white throat and belly,
and yellow front. Its nearest relative is V. huttoni. This, how-
over, has a smaller bill, longer wings, even tail with brighter olive
edging ; the lower back and rump considerably brighter than the
■*»•
■I
364
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I.
■■: J
head and interscapular region. The first primary is barely lialf, or
not half the sccuud, instead of more than half as in modedun.
Note. — The point of upper mandible, as seen from above, is not
sufficiently acute in the figure.
Sinitli- Collec-
Houlau
ti.r's
No.
No.
23,. 123
23
22,143
.,
2J,I.W
, ,
24,370
62
24,371
i'i
Sex
aud
Abo.
V
Locality.
Trelnwtiey, Jam.
Spaui^litowu, Jam.
When
Collecied,
Received from
Oct. 17, '38.
Nov.' tj", '61.
Dr. Sclator.
W. T. March.
Collected hj
W. Osburu.
Vtreo IcUimtri, Baibd. (Porto Rico.)
(23,323.) A type.
-■/ '■ ■.'. '',■■ •
Tlreo latimeri.
Vireo latimeri, Baibd, n. sp. ' . ' ■ '
Ilab, Porto Rico.
(No. 39,347.) Upper parts olivaceoua ; brightest and greenest on lower back
aud rump, passing anteriorly into almost clear gray on the head, the inter-
scapular region soiled with
reddish olive. No light bands
nor edging of the wings, ex-
cepting the olive green borders
of the quills, becoming paler
towards the ediie of the wing.
Chin and throat, with a line
from bill to eye, and eyelids,
white. Rides of head gray.
Breast and remaining under
parts yellow, palest centrally,
tinged with greenish on sides. -Inside of wings pale yellowish, inner edges
of quills tinged with the &ame. Bill light horn coliyr, paler below ; legs
plumbeous. "Iris hazel."
Wings short, though longer than tail, concave, much rounded — the differ-
ence between the 10th and longest primary being but .23 of an inch. Firj^t
quill much more than half 2d, about half 3d, which is shorter than 7tli;
4th and 5th about equal and longest. Tail short, nearly even.
(No. 39,347.) Total length, 4.80 ; wing, 2.20 ; tail, 1.90 ; di<rerence between
10th and longest quills, .24; exposed portion of Ist prima:y, .7(5, of 2d, l.''fi.
of longest (4th aud 5th), (measured from exposed base of 1st prinary), l.liS;
length of bill from forehead, .55, from nostril, .32, along gapo, .64; tarsns,
.75 ; middle toe and claw, .55, ciaw alone, .10 ; hind toe and claw, .45, claw
alone, .20.
This species, in its gray head and neck in contrast to the yellowish
of under parts, i.:; quite different from any other excepting VJoxephir.
The wings, however, are much shorter, and diiferently proportioned;
VIREO.
865
the brown cap and post-ocular stripe are wanting, and the light line
from bill only goes to the eye, instead of passing broadly to the
nape. I have great pleasure in dedicating it to ]Mr, Goo. Latimer,
of I'orto Kico, at whose expense a valuable collection of birds of the
Island was made and presented to the Institution — the species just
described among them.
Smllh-
tiiuiaa
No,
Collec-
tor's
No.
Sex
iiiid
Ane
LueaUty.
WliPn
Colloeted.
KooeWed from
Remarki.
,W.34S
39,347
Purto Kico, N. Side.
11
Oeo. Latimer.
iriK liuzel.
Type.
he differ-
Firft
lan 7tli;
h
lietween
2d, l."5.
.y),l.H8;
; tarsus,
.45, claw
i-tioncd;
Vireo pollens, Salviit. (Nicaragaa.)
Vireo pallens.
Vireo pnllens, Salviit, P. Z. S. May, 1863, 188 (Realejo and Punta
Areuas).
Hnh. West coast of Central America.
(No. 33.601.) Wings short and rounded, abont eqnal to the tail ; 1st qnill
rather less than half the 2d, which is less than the secondaries ; 3d about equal
to tlie 7th ; 4th and 6th long-
eat. Bill Inrge and stout ;
feel well developed, the claws
reaching to end of tail. Tail
rather rounded, the feathers
narrow ; the lateral .15 shorter
tban central.
Upper parts dull grayish-
olive ; a little brighter per-
haps on rump and edges of
quill- and tail-feathers. No
difference appreciable in color of the outer edge of lateral tail feather. Two
bands on the wing, and outer edges of inner secondaries white. No concealed
yellowish on rump. Beneath soiled white, with a very slight tinge of oliva-
ceous on sides ; the lining of wings and inner edges of quills pure white.
Tibiae ashy. A whitish line from hill to, and perhaps a narrow ring around
the eye. Lores dusky. Bill horn color above, pale below ; feet dusky.
(No. 33,(J01.) Total length, 4.70 ; wine, 2.4o ; tail, 2.00 ; dilTerence between
10th and longest quills, .25 ; exposed portion of 1st primary, .70, of 2d, 1.35,
of longest (measured from exposed base of 1st primary), 1.64 ; length of bill
from forehead, .58, from nostril, .35, along gape, .68 ; tarsus, .80 ; middle toe
and claw, .55, claw alone, .20 ; hind toe and claw, .50, claw alone, .24.
This species is very similar in form and general appearance to V.
puxiUm^ agreeing in the rounded tail with narrow pointed feathers,
lenptbcnod legs, long claws, etc., with about the same dimensions;
otherwise, however, the bill and feet are much larger, measuring
>«,.
:• .V
'^^^B'
■'■'f"*:' T'l' , ICj
' t./'
'JO
BEVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I.
I ^^
,»
■'l' .;
;S ,v
from nostril .35, instead of .25 ; the tarsi .80, not .^5. Tlio wings
are more rounded, the diflerciice l)rtween longest primary and tenth
being .30 instead of .40. The differences from V. vicinior, Cones,
are noted under that species.
• Tlie specimen descriljed is one of the types of Mr. Salvin, and
kindly presented by that gentleman and Capt. Dow.
Smlth-
sonluii
No.
CoMee- Sex
tiir'i , and
No. |A({e.
Iiocaltty.
When
Cullected.
Received from
Romarka.
33,601
4,882
••
Realejo, NIc.
May 16, '63.
Capt.DowiO. Sal-
[vtn.
A type.
Tireo ochraceiis.
Vireo ockracens, Salvin, P. Z. S. 1863, 188, no. 6 (San Jose, Gnat.)
fV. semiflavua, Salvin, P. Z. S. 18(53, 188, no. 6 (Peten, Guat.)
JIab. Western and southern Mexico, Yucatan, and Guatemala.
:;S
Virto
ocJiraceM,
(No. 4'?<7, Salvin'a Coll.) Wings short and rounded, a little longer than tli«
tail ; Ist qaill ueArljr half as long as tlie 3d, considerably more than half tlie
2d ; 5th and 6th quills long-
est ; 4th little shorter ; 2d
shorter than 10th ; 3d equal
to 8th. Bill large, broad at
base, and rather de})re.s8ed,
the sides nearly straight.
Tail somewhat rouuded,
the feathers narrow.
Above olive green, with
a soiled bufiy or reddiith
tinge ; the olive purest on the ramp. Be.noath yellow with a reddish olive
tinge ; paler on throat, more olive on sides and perhaps across breast ; the
inside of wings paler yellow ; the inner edges of quills whitish. Cheeks
olive. A brighter yellowish line from bill along upper edge of eye to its
posterior corner, although apparently interrupted above the eye, and not
extending around lower eyelids, the space from eye to angle of mouth
more dusky. Wings with two broad bands, and outer edges of inner secon-
daries olivaceous-white, in decided contrast with the blackish-brown ground;
the rest of quills and the tail feathers edged with olive green. Bill horn color
above, paler below. Legs plumbeous.
(No. 427, 9 .) Total length, 4.50 ; wing, 2.20 ; tail, 2.00 ; difference between
10th quill and longest, .21 ; exposed portion of 1st primary, .80, of 2d, 1.36,
of longest (5th and 6th), (measured from exposed base of Ist primary), 1.66;
length of bill from forehead, .55, from nostril, .29, along gape, .60; tarsus,
.79 ; middle toe and claw, .56, claw alone, .20 ; hind too and claw, .45, claw
alone, .22.
The lack of a light mark below the eye and the interruption above
it of the usual superciliary stripe, cau.sing the latter to reappear
VIRKO.
r-:r'r.
867
again as a small yellowish spot above the posterior corner, seems
quite peculiar.
A specimen (male, June Ifi) from Mazallan agrees closely in form
with tlic present bird, although rather larger. The finst quill is only
a little more than half the Hecond. The colors are duller, and the
imder parts paler; the white markings are less distinct, owing to the
worn condition of the feathers. The extension of the range of the
species froiU Southern Guatemala to Mazatlan is an interesting fact,
paralleled by the facts in the case of Hirundo alhilinea, various Tro-
chilidee, etc., no specimens of which have hitherto been observed in
the intermediate coast of Mexico.
The type of the species described above has been kindly furnished
by Mr. Salvin.
Vireo Hemijlavun (the type of which I have before me from Mr.
Salvin) I can hardly consider as distinct from ochraceus, as it re-
sembles it very closely in
size, form, and propor-
tions. The first quill, in
the type, is shorter than
in ochrncenn — being not
quite half the second ; the
other quills are as in V.
ochraceus. The upper
parts are rather brighter
green ; the under parts lack the ochrey tinge, and the light markings
on the wing are narrower. The same peculiarities of the eye stripe
are seen in both types. The difference of coloration is what might
be expected between birds killed in January and in April, and the
diiTercuee in length of outer quills such as is met with frequently in
well established species.
(No. 428.) Total length, 4.40 ; wing, 2.10; tail, 1.95; difference between
loth and longest quills, .20 ; exposed portion of 1st primary, .(52, of 2d, 1.2.'>,
of longest, 5tli and 6th (measured from exposed base of Ist primary), 1.60 ;
length of bill from forehead, .54, from nostril, .30, along gape, .60 ; tarsus,
78; middle toe and claw, .52, claw alone, .18; hind toe and claw, .44, claw
alone, .20.
A specimen from Merida, Yucatan (April), a locality nearlj- due
north of Lake Peten, and closely related to the region of the latter
in its zoological geography, agrees in general characters, but has the
outer primary a little more than half the second, although not as
Img as in the type of ochraceus — about what it is in the Mazatlan
specimen. The bill is darker and rather narrower.
Vireo »€miJUtmui.
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
A
M
€^o
y
^
^
y.
/^-^x
'^^' J'J^ .. «^
f/.
■.<
1.0
I.I
1.25
|50 "^
•^.5
2.2
1.8
1.4 I1IIII.6
V]
^."^
^%%^
%\^ M
/y
>>
•^
^
'/
M
w-
v..
368
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I.
'V,
ill
11
I
Smith-
Ci.llec
Spx
■uuiau
toi's
tt.id
No.
No.
Aiie.
34,02.3
1
rf
, ,
427
V
. ,
428
cf
SB, 278
394
<f
Locality.
MazatlHQ, Mex.
San Jone, Gimt.
Sakluk, I'eti'ii, Glial
Hertda, Yucatau.
When
Collected,
June 10, '62.
Jan. 18fi3.
Api'il, 1862.
April 14, '65.
I
Received from
Col. A. J. GrayHOQ
O. Salvia.
Gov. Salazar.
Collected by
Dr. A. Schott.
13908
Vireo eras«ir(mtrit, B..ta.nt, (Bahamsa.)
(427.) The type of V. nchnictim. (420 ) Tlie type of V. irmifiuvu*. (39,278.) Most like
No. 428.
Vireo crassirostris.
Lunirireo cr. Bkyamt, Pr. Bost. Soo. N. H. VII, 1859 (Bahamas).
Hab. Bahamas.
(No. 13,508.) Upper parts grayish-olive, thw edges of qnillfl and tail-
ft^atliers bi'iglit*r olive green. Beneath pale yellowish, spoiled slightly \vith
ashy ; brightest on
sides and crissura,
paler on middle of
belly ; flanks ting-
ed with olivaceons;
quills edged inter-
nally with white.
Two well - marked
bands on wings, and
broad outer edgea
of inner secondaries
yellowish-white. A yellow band from nostril (meeting its fellow) to the eye,
and a narrow yellow ring around it. Bill dark plumbeous horn color, ligliter
along edges. Feet dark plumbeous.
Wings longer than the tail (2.40 to 2.10). The 1st or spurious priraa'y
more than half the length of the 2d, which is shorter than the 9th primary,
and about equal to the secondaries (not shorter, as in V. gnndlachi) ; the 4th,
6th, and 6th quills are longest, their tips reaching about .30 beyond the
secondaries. Tail slightly rounded, the feathers narrow and pointed. The
tarsi are long and stout (.85 of an inch), and measure one and a lialf time.s
as much as the middle toe and claw, ''"he bill is unusually stout and large,
and the feet well developed.
(No. 13,508.) Total length, 4.55 ; wing, 2.40 ; tail, 2,15 ; difference between
10th quill and longest, .30 ; exposed portion of 1st primary, .77, of 2d, 1.33,
of longest, 4th and 5th ^measured from exposed base of 1st primary), 1.66;
length of bill from forehead, .58, from nostril, .35, along gape, .70 ; dej-th, .19;
tarsus, .85 ; middle toe and claw, .54, claw alone, .20 ; hind toe and claw, .50,
claw alone, .24.
In some specimens the yellow o'l the forehead is much obscured.
The anterior corner of the eye is dusky. The cheeks are tiiigod
with olive green. The yellow of under parts is not uniform and con-
tinuous. The type of the species is not so bright in its colore as
specimens received subsequently from Nassau.
J l^.A-t j
VIREO.
3C9
This species is closely related to V. gundlachi in size, form, and
general appearance ; but differs in the much stouter, darker bill,
larger k'gs ; the wings longer than the tail, instead of shorter ; the
second quill equal to secondaries, instead of much shorter. The
olive of back is grayish, not plumbeous ; the under par<s duller yel-
low, and the two conspicuous wing bands and broad edging of inner
secondaries are reduced to a minimum. The much brighter olive
green edging of quills and tail-feathers are inconspicuous in
gundlachi.
In color of bill and general appearance of upper parts and fore-
head there is quite a resemblance to V. noveboracensis ; the larger
bill and prevailing yellow of under parts readily distinguish it. It
also in color is somewhat like V. modeatus ; but the bill is very
much larger, the upper parts duller olive, the frontal yellow
brighter, etc.
Snith-
Houiau
X.)
Collw- Sex
tnr's 1 aud I.oci».!ity.
Xo. ' AKe. 1
When
Collected.
Received from
KemarkB.
1.1..)0S
:«.i'!ii
Ji,187
;;
■•
NabHau, N. P
II
u
April, 1S-.9.
April, 1864.
II
ii
Dr. H Bryant.
Lt. Fitzgerald.
II
A type.
In alcohol.
YiREONELLA, Balrd.
Tireo gnndlaclii. ■ ..i»
Viren gundlachi, Lembeye, Avea de la Cuba, 1850, 29, pi. v, fig. 1 (Cien-
fuegos, Cuba). — Cab. Jour. 111,468.
Hub. Cuba.
(No. 13058, '5 .) Upper parts of an olivaceous-plumbeous ; the under, with
the loral region, and a circ' • around the eye (the latter brighter) dull yellow,
as in V. philadelpHca.
Sides tiuged with oli-
vaceous. Tiiere are two
narrow, very inconspicu-
ous pale bands on the
wing. Tlie tail- and wing-
feathers are brown, edged
witli tiie color of the back
(without any whitish),
the outer edge of the
cuter tail feather not
r^ler than in the others. Quills edged internally with white.
horn color above, a little lighter beneath. Legs plumbeous.
Wings extremely short and much rounded, nearly a quarter of an inch
fhorter than the tail ; tut primary large, and more than half the 2d, which is
luuch shorter (.2(1 of an inch) than any of the secondaries, and .40 of an inch
24 May, 1866.
Vire.o fftmdlachi, Lkmh. (Cuba.)
130SS
Bill pale
!* ■
m
m
1: s-
370
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I.
leas than the longest quill. The 4th quill is longest ; the Tth and 6th scarcely
shorter ; the 7th, 8th, and 9th decreasing gradually ; the 3d about iutertuedi.
ate between 7th and 8th. The primaries in the closed wing are scarcely
more than .2U of an inch longer than the secondaries. Tail slightly rounded
the feathers narrow and somewhat pointed, the lateral about .15 of au inch
shorter than the central. The bill is much compressed, being considerably
higher than broad, though not dissimilar in shape to that of V. Jiavifrons.
The feet are large ; the tarsi long, about one and a third times the length of
middle toe and claw.
(No. 13,058,^ .) Total length, 4.80; wing, 2.10; tail, 2.20; difference between
10th primary and longest, .20 ; exposed portion of 1st primary, .75, of 2d, 1.25,
of longest (4th) (measured from exposed base of 1st primary), 1.64; length
of bill from forehead, .59, from nostril, .30, along gape, .65, depth, .17 ; tarsus,
.79 ; middle toe and claw, .58, claw alone, .20 ; hind v and claw, .48, claw
alone, .23.
Another specimen (No. 291,632) : Wing, 2.26 ; tail, 2.45 ; exposed portion
of 1st primary, .66, of 2d, 1.30, of longest, .1.74. : ' .:).-i . ;,i?
A second specimen (No. 29,632) has the wings and tail longer,
2.26 and 2.48; the first quill is only half the second, which, how-
ever, like the others, is much shorter than the secondaries.
Smith- CoUeo-' Sex
souian io:°'h I aud
Nu. i No. j Age.
1.3,058
29,632
162
Iiocalitf.
Cuba.,
Fermlna, W. Cuba.
When
Collected.
Feb. 20.
Received from
0. N. Lawrf nee.
Ciil). Law 1-0 lice.
Chas. Wright.
Collected by
Vli o liypocliryseus.
Vireo hypochryxeus, ScLATBR, P, Z. S. 1862, 369, pi. 46 (Mexico).
■ Hah. Tres Marias Islands, N. W. coast of Mexico.
(No. 37,331, % .) Wings short, rounded, about equal to tail : much gradu-
ated ; 1st quill more than half 2d, which about equals the 10th ; the 6tli quill
longest; the 5th and
4th but little short-
er. JTail considerably
rounded (in one ppe-
cinen the lateral
feather .38 shorter
than middle). Bill
stout. Legs rather
weak, the claws fall-
ing far short of end
of tail.
Whole upper parts, with sides of neck, bright yellowish-green, without
light bands or edgings ; beneath deep yellow, tinged with olive on sides an I
perhaps on breast. A broad line from bill over the eye to nape, .nnd eyelids,
bright yellow ; the cheeks below the eye more olivaceous ; quills edged in-
Vireo hypochryseue, Sclater. (Ties Mariaii.)
A^l"]
PiGHV! r/u/
NEOCHLOE,
'.tVtJfii
371
ternally with white, the oater edges of primaries with gray. Bill rather dark
Lorii color, paler on the edges and end of lower mandible. Legs dark
plumbeous.
The nostrils are circnlar, and in the anterior extremity of the nasal groove ;
the tips of frontal feathers reaching to their posterior edge, but not growing
up to it. The tongue is broad and fleshy, the end thin, flat, and horny ; the
lip quite deeply cleft ; the outer edge somewhat lacerated. {Note from alco-
holic specimen.)
(No. 37,331, %.) Total length, 5.65; wing, 2.50; tail, 2.50, graduation,
.25 ; difference between 10th primary and longest, .38 ; exposed portion of
1st primary, .90, of 2d, 1.58, of longest (6th) (measured from exposed base
of 1st primary), 1.94 ; length of bill from forehead, .62, from nostril, .35, a'.ong
gape, .71 , tarsus, .78; middle too and claw, .54, claw alone, .20; hind toe
and claw, .46, claw alone, .23.
The type specimen of the species, kindly lent by Dr. Sclater,
agrees exactly with those from the Three Marias. The species is
quite unique in its peculiar coloration, and its discovery at the
Tliree Marias is one of the most interesting of the results of Col.
Grayson's important explorations in noT'thwestern Mexico. The
exact locality of Dr. Sclater's bird has not been indicated.
Sraith-
soDiau
No.
Collec-
tor's
No.
Sex
and
Ars.
Localitjr.
When
Collected,
Received from
Collected by
37,331
37,332
84
83
Tres Ma-lias. ImI. N.
" [W. Max.
<(
Mexico.
Jan. 1869.
(1
11
11
Col. A. J. Orayaon.
(t
<(
ti
tt
Cab. Dr. Sclater.
Parzudaki,
( .) la alcohol. ( .) la alcohol. (
.) The type of species.
NEOCHLOE, Sclater.
iVeocA?oe, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1857, 213. (Type N. brevipenms.) ' .
Form short and thick. Head large. Wings a little longer than the tall,
which is considerably rounded ; wing short and broad ; the primaries not
much longer than se-
condaries ; the outer six
graduated ; the Istmore
tlian half the 2d, which
is shorter than the se-
condaries ; the 3d about
equal to 9th or 10th;
the 6th longest. Feet
slender, rather long,
similar to Vireo. Bill
not differing much from
^^ireo, but rather broad-
er and more depressed
at base.
38163
■i^r-M
wii*'-| >^-
ytttchlije breviiwnnis, Sclater. ^Orizf>,oa.)
•' 3
t:i'
m
S12
REVIEW OP AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I.
The essential characters of this genus are to be found in die con-
Bidenibly rounded tail, wliich somewhat exceeds tlie wings, and iu
the very short, much rounded wings and considerable amount of
graduation of the .primaries — the sixth being longest, the second
shorter than ihe secondaries, and the third barely longer than the
tenth. But one species is known, the coloration of which is entirely
peculiar iu the family. , , ;
Neocbloe brevipeniiis.
Neochloe brevipennia, Sclateb, P. Z. S, 1857, 213 (Orizaba, Botteri).
—.- - ^ ■...,-. .. , ■ ... .-
Hab. Oriziba.
(No. 38,163.) Wing tnnch graduated; the 6th longest; first quill more
than half 2d ; second shorter than secondaries. Tail lunger than wings,
somewhat graduated. -■ -"'
General dor dark ashy plurabeons ; the entire top of head and nape sap
green ; the outvjr surface of win .^i bright greenish-yellow, edges, '^f tail feathers
and upper tail coverts similar, bat duller ; edge of bend of wing bright yel-
low. Chin and median region of abdomen, including crissum, white, as are
the lining of wing and inner edges of quills. Concealed portion of wing and
tail feathers above, as well as their under surfaces, almost black, especially
the quills. Bill and feet plumbeous black.
(No. 38,163.) Total length, 4.40; wing, 2.25; tail, 2.40; difference of
feathers, .24; difference of 10th and longest quills, .34; exposed portion of
Ist primary, .67, of 2d, 1.26, of 3d, 1.56, of longest (6th) (measured from ex-
posed base of 1st primary), 1.80; lengtli of bill from forehead, .50, from
nostril, .25, along gape, .56 ; tarsus, .75 ; middle toe and claw, .53, claw alone,
.15 ; hiud toe and claw, .44, claw alone, .23. ^ . ..j^
The outer edges only of the quills are green, so that the inner
secondaries exhibit a good deal of black. The outer two primaries
are edged with gray, not green, and on the other primaries the latter
color changes to gray towards the end. The specimen described is
the second known, the type, also collected by M. Botteri, being in
the British Museum.
Bmith-
Boulau
No.
Collec-
tor's
No.
Sex
and
AKe.
Locality.
When
Collected.
Received from
Collected by
33,1H3
271
••
Orlz&ba, Mex.
M. Botteri.
M. Botteri.
HTLOPHILUS, Temm.
"Hylophilus, Temm. PI. Col. 173, fig. 2. (Type H. pacilotia, Temm.")
Similar to Vireo in general appearance, but shorter and stou*'^''. Wing
short, rounded, about equal to the tail, which ia narrow and rounded, the
ec
HTLOPniLUS.
a;Vi!,:?
873
Primaries but little longer than
feathers frequently considerably pointed,
secondaries ; the 1st
about half tlie 2d,
which generally equals
the secondaries ; the 4th
and 5th longest. Bill
more conical than in
Vireo; the cul men curv-
ing very slightly, some-
times nearly straight to
the but little decurved.
tip, the notch of which
is long and shallow.
Bristles of mouth less
developed. Legs length-
ened I claws very sharp
and larger than in
Fireo ,• hind toe longer ; ..• ... •■. ' ' '
both the lateral claws reaching beyond base of middle claw ; the outer beyond
the middle of the claw. Adhesion of toes as in Vireo.
HylophUua viridiflavus, Laws. (Panama.)
This genus is easily distinguished from the Yircos by the conical,
more acute bill, but slightly decurved at tip, more arched com-
missure, longer hind toe, much larger claws, znd a more rounded
wing than usual in Vireo. In the character of the feet it comes
quite near Laleles.
The species of Hylophilus which I have had the opportunity of
examining agree very well in general characters, the principal varia-
tion consisting in trifling differences in the proportions of the quills
and length and graduation of taih The first quill is usually less
than half the longest: in inmdaris it is more than half The tail
in the type is longer than the wing ; in others it is about equal ; in
a few species it is shorter. "'
The following synopsis expresses the characters of the species
known to me: — -.-,.-
Common Chahacters. — General color of upper parts olive green, the head, or
at least the forehead, usually differing in having an ochrey or rufous wash,
fiometitnes seen on the tail or back, sometimes wanting ; the forehead gener-
ally more yellowish. No bands on wings or tail. Under parts whitish,
yellowish, Of olivaceous. Bill generally pale. Legs flesh color or plumbeous*
A. Head and nape above uniform cinnamon brown. Fore- _
head not different.
Rufous of head confined to upper surface. Under parts
;. ., fulvous yellowish. Legs dusky .... pcecilotla.
zu
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I.
m
h
*}
7"S
•td
B. Cap rufous or ochraceouH, well defined against color of
back ; forehead uiuch brighter.
Forehead and vertex much brighter ochraceous than
rest of head. Whole upper parts, except the oli-
vaceous rump, more or less rufous ; breast tinged
with the same. Legs flesh color .... ochracekept.
Forehead rusty brown. Upper parts dark olivo green; .^
tail alone tinged with rut'ous. Beneath light oliva-
ceous-green. Legs dusky ferruginiJ'roM.
Forehead ochrey yellow. Back and Cail bright olive
green, without rufous. Beneath clear yellow. Legs
plumbeous aura^tiifrout.
C. Cap tinged with bistre or sepia brown, shading gradnii'.ly
off into the olive of back; the rump only bright olive.
Forehead paler only, not brighter. The only yellow of
abdomeu ou crissum.
Cap tinged with bistre brown, as is the back. Beneath
soiledfulvous white; throat grayer ; flanks olivace- ^
'- ous. Legs yellowish. First quill not half the
longest aeuticauda.
Cap and back ochrey ash. Beneath soiled smoky fulvous
ash ; no olive on flanks. Legs pale. First quill
more than half longest ...... insularit,
D. Cap and forehead clear olive green, uniform with the re-
mainder of upper parts. ,,
Beneath bright yellow ; paler on throat. Legs yellow viridijlavus.
£. Cap clear ash color, in abrupt contrast with the bright olive
green of remaining upper parts. Beneath whitish. Sides ,'
of body and crissum olivaceous.
Ash of head and nape sharply defined behind and on
side of neck ; unmixed with olive. Flanks Si,r<;ngly
Wushed with olive green decutiatut.
Ash of head and nape less extended, and indistinct -- ,> -n
behind and on side of neck ; mixed or washed
with olive. Flanks only slightly washed with
olive yellow. Upper parts more yellow. Size
smallfT ........ pusillus.
None of the species of Hylophilus mentioned in the foot-note,
all belonging to South America, have yet come under my observation.'
' Hylophilus semlbrudneus, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1845, 341 (Bogota).
Olive ; head, neck, and upper part of back olive brown ; beneath pale olive
yellowish ; throat, bend of wing, and middle of abdomen whitish ; bi'l pale
brown ; feet plumbeous. Length, 4,50.
Similar to //. poecilotis, but differs in having decidedly larger bill, and in
having the brown of head extending over the ears, the whole neck, and upp«fr
part of back.
HYL0PHILU8
8t5
HylophiluB pcecilotis.
llylo/thilus pacilutis, Temm. PI. Col. (1823), 173, fig. 1 (from Maxi-
miliau's specimen). — Bon. Coiisp. 1850, 329, — Borm. Uebera. Ill,
1857, 110.— Cau. Mu8. Hein. 1850-1, 64.— Sclater, Catal. 18(51,
44, no. 269. — Si/loia pacilotis, Max. Beit. II, 1831, 716 (Bahia and
Minasj.
HcA. Eastern Brazil. ^
(No. 173, Cab. G. N. Lawrence.) First quill lengthened, about half the
longest; 2d quill rather shorter than lOth ; 4th longest. Wing not quite aa
long as the tail, which is somewhat graduated.
Upper parts bright olive green ; the whole cap, with nape, light oinnaroon
brown. Beneath grayish-white, tinged with fulvous or brownish yellow on
tlie breast ; the sides wiih olive. Inside of wings yellow, aa are the inner
edges of the quills. Sides of head ashy ; ear coverts plumbeous, with whitish
HylophiluB flavipes, Lapr. Rev. Zool. 1845, 342 (Bogota).
Above grayish-olive, cap a little darker ; beneath ochraceous-yellowish,
the throat whitish ; breast dirty palish ; bill pale brown ; feet yellowish.
Leugth, 4.50.
Hylophilus frontalis, Tschudi, Arch. Naturg. 1844. — Ib. Fauna Peruana,
I84lj, 194, pi. xiii, f. 1. Eastern Peru.
Above olive green ; the forehead and line from base of bill to eye, citron
yellow ; tail grayish-green. Under parts greenish-yellow, paler on throat ;
the breast and crissum somewhat tinged with rufous brown. Lower wing
coverts olive. Bill brown ; feet plumbeous ; iris brown. Length, 6.25.
HylophiluB olivaceus, Tschudi, Arch. Naturg. 1844. — Ib. F. Peruana, 1846,
195. Hub. Eastern Peru.
Allied to H. thoracicus, but differing in color. Above ashy olive, forehead
and rump brighter ; eyelids yellowish. Beneath dull yellow ; olivaceous on
breast and throat, the belly and crissum whitish. Under wing coverts white.
Bill reddish-brown ; tarsi reddish. Irides brown. Length, 4.50 ; wing, 2.33.
Hylophilus thoracicus, Temm. PI. Col. 173, fig. 1. — Salvia thoracica, Max.
Beit, til, 1831, 717. Hab. Coast of Brazil.
Above olive green ; cheeks gray. Beneath pale yellow ; crissum white ;
legs plumbeous. Length, 5.50. (Burmeister, III, 110.)
Hylophilus flaveoluB, Burm. Th. Bras. Ill, 110. — Sylvia Jlaveola, Max. Beit.
Ill, 1831, 719. Hab. Bahia.
Above grayish-brown ; wings and tail more reddish-brown. Lower back,
breast, and belly reddish- /ellow ; throat white ; legs plumbeous. Length,
5.70. (Burmeister.)
Hylophilus cinerascens, Max. Beit. Ill, 1831, 723.— Bcrh. Th. Braa. Ill,
111. llab. Espirito Hanto Riv., Brazil.
Above greenis'i-olive gray. Beneath grayish-white ; wing coverts grayish-
brown, edged with pale yallc wish-red ; legs plumbeous. Lengtl, 4.15.
ate
REVIEW OF AMERICAN niRPS.
[part I.
shaft-stroaks. CrlHsum pale yellowish. Bill horn color, paler beneath ; legs
diiuky. Iris "frrayish brown" (Max.),
(No. 173, iiuhU.) Total length, 4.40; wing, 2.10; tail, 2.2r) ; diiTtTHnfe of
feathers, .30 ; ditference of Idth and longeHt quills, .30 ; expuHed portion uf
Ist primary, .80, of 2d, 1.32, of longest (4tli) (measured from exposed Itane
of 1st primary), 1.60 ; length of bill from forehead, .54, from nostril, .31, aloiif;
gape, .()0; tarsus, .70; middle toe and claw, .52, claw alone, .10; hind tu«
and claw, .44, claw alone, .21.
The description given above is from a Bahia specimen belonging
to Mr. Lawrence. Another, in defective condition, from an uukiiow a
locality on the coast of Brazil (No. 23,979), is much more oljow
beneath, including crissum, and with the wings of same length, hus
the tail much longer (2. GO).
8mtth-
■uulun
No.
Collec-
tor's
No.
Sex
aud
A»e.
Locality.
Wlien
Collecied.
Received from
Collected hj
24,008
23,979
173
• •
Brazil.
Babia.
...
Dr. 0. Uu Horuvr.
Cab. Lawreuce.
I
Hylophilus ocliracelceps.
Ilylophilus ochraceiceps, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859,375 (Oaxaca). — In.
, '^atal. 1861, 44, no. 268.— Sclateb & Salvin, Ibis, 1860, 397.
(Guatemala).
. Bad. Western Mexico, to Costa Rica.
(No. 22,375, % , a type. ) Third quill equal to 7th ; 2d considerably shorter
than 10th and secondaries ; tail rounded.
Upper parts olivaceous-rufous ; the tail clear rufous brown ; the rump dull
olive green. Cap brownish ochrey, brighter anteriorly, more yellow on the
edges anterior to the eye. Beneath faint oohrey yellow ; the chin and throat,
with cheeks more ashy, the breast more ochrey, the flanks and crissum more
olivaceous, the inside of wings and inner edges of quills yellowish. Edges
of inner secondaries externally like the back, their border becoming paler
towards the outer primaries, the coverts at the base of the primary quills
clear dark brown, forming a marked spot. Bill horn color above, paler below ;
feet apparently reddish.
(No. 22,375, ^,type.) Total length, 4.10; wing, 2.20; tail, 1.95; differ-
ence of feathers, .25 ; diflference of 10th and longest quills, 28 ; exposed por-
tion of Ist primary, .72, of 2d, 1.30, of longest (5th) (measured from exposed
base of 1st primary), 1.65 ; length of bill from forehead, .60, from nostril,
.35, along gape, .65 ; tarsus, .68 ; middle toe and claw, .50, claw aloue, .20;
hind toa and claw, .48, claw alone, .22. : .,,
,., A second specimen, from Costa Rica, agrees with the one just
described, but with less of the ochrey tinge on the breast.
,) T<1.' f|
HYI,0PHILU8.
37T
Smltli- CoUeo-
Nil. 1 No.
8«x
aud
Abo.
Locality.
Wlien
Collected.
Received from
KpinarkR.
••
Mexico (OaxHca?).
AnKOHtuia, C. H.
June io, '64.
V» rreHux.
J. Carmlol.
Type.
dylophiluB ferruginifrons.
ni/loiihilus/eiruyini/rons, Sclateb, P. Z. S. 1862, 110 (New Grenada).
Eab. New Grenada.
(Type.) Fourth and .^th qnills longest ; 2d about equal to 10th and secon-
daries ; Ist less than half the longest.
Above dark olive green, brighter and lighter on run p and edges i>; inner
quills (becoming paler towards the outer ones), the tail tinged with umber
brown. Forehead almost
ferruginous. Beneath gray-
ish olive ; paler on throat
and middle of belly. In-
side of wing.s, axillars, and
inner edges of quills clear
yellow. Crissura yellow-
ish. Bill dusky, the com-
missural edges and end of
lower inaudible paler ; legs
dusky ?
(Type. Cab. Sclater.) Total length, about 4.25 ; wing, 2.30 ; tail, 1.80 ; dif-
ference between 10th and longest primary, .35 ; exposed portion of 1st primary,
.7(), of 2d, 1.31, of longest (4th) (measured from exposed base of Ist primary),
l.tJ5 ; length of bill from forehead, .58, from nostril, .32, along pa})e, .64;
tarsus, .70 ; middle toe aud claw, .48, claw alone, .10 ; hind toe and claw, .46,
claw alone, .22.
Dr. S ..ater has kindly lent me bis type specimen of the above
species. > •
Ilylophilxis ferruginifrons, Sclater. (N. Grenada.)
1
Smith- C.illec-
»'iiii«n , tor's
No. i No.
Sex
aud
Ajfe.
Locality.
When
Collected.
Received from
Rdinaiks.
••
••
Bogota.
Cab. V. L. Sclater. Tyiie.
Uylophiliis aurantiifrons.
llylophilus aurantilfrons, Lav.bekce, Ann. N. Y. Lye. 1861, 324 (Birds
Panama, II, 211). Panama. • •; >.-:. ^t-i/.u ,u >;
Bab. Isthmus Panama. ,- -"" •■ . ., ^ ., : . t.ui.
(No. 38,926.) Fourth quill longest ; 3d about equal to 6th ; 2d equal to 10th
or secondaries ; Ist leas than half the 3d.
Iff'
f .,
8*78
REVIEW OP AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I.
i
I
■i
5
■
i
t
■
1'
t
■i
J
:1
--;■ --
n
1
1
i;
X.,
M
^^^Z.j^
Above light olive green, brighter behind. Forehead fulvons yellow, the
rest of cap a^liy olive, tinged with fulvuuii or ochrey, scarcely diittinguiishabl?
behind from the back, which in Hiightiy waalied with the same. Cheeka like
head above, but lighter. A yellowish loral ttpot paMHing to upper part ol' «ye ;
the eyelids whitiah. Under parts pale yellow, ligliteat (aiuioHt white) on
throat, darker iuaide the wingt) and on criaaum ; flanks slightly olivacvouH.
Inner edges of quills yellowisli-white ; outer edges of exterior primaries gray,
of other quills olive. Tail feathers decidedly olive, edged internally with
yellowish. Bill abovt; horn color, ilesh color below ; legs plumbeous.
(No. 38,92(5, % .) Tota length, 4.30 ; wing, 2.25 ; tail, 2.05 ; difference of
10th and longest primary, .31 ; exposed portion of 1st primary, .80, of 2(1,
1.45, of longest (4th) (measured from exposed base of Ist primary), 1.75;
length of bill from forehead, .61, from nostril, .35, along gape, .66 ; tarsus,
.62 ; middle toe and claw, .46, claw alone, .13 ; Mnd toe and claw, .46, claw
alone, .21.
The specimen described agrees quite well with the type, but is
larger and brighter in color. Tlio shade of olive in the cap is
darker and redder than that of the back.
This species, of about the same size, closely resembles viridi-
Jlauus in color, especially below. The latter is, however, of a
richer, more ochrey yellow below, lacks the colored front, and has
t'ae cap uniform with the back. The whole bill is reddish, and the
feet are flesh color or red, not plumbeous.
Brntth-
Bouian
No.
CoUec-
tor's
No.
Sex
aud
Age.
LocaUl^.
When
CoUected.
Received from
Collected by
38,926
85
173
Panama.
Jan. 10, '65.
Fred. Wicks.
Cab. Lawrence.
M'Lean.&'Oalb.
(38,926.) Eye dark ; legs lead ; upper bill cinolcy ; lower pinlcish. ( .) Type.
Hylophi'iUB acutlcauda.
Hyiophilua acuticaudus, Lawrence, Pr. A, N. So. 1865, 37 (Venezuela).
Hab. Venezuela.
(No. 399, type.) Wings short and much rounded ; tail lengthened, longe'
than the wings, the feathers narrow and lanceolate. Second quill consider-
ably shorter than 10th ; 3d about equal to 9th.
Abovi' dull olive, browner anteriorly, brighter towards rump and on edges
of quill the forehead with some concealed yellowish at base of feathers.
Sides of luad, throat, and breast pale dull brownish-ash ; belly fulvous wliite;
flanks olivaceous; crissum, tibia, and inner lining of wings (including inner
edges of quills), yellow. Bill light horn color, paler below ; legs pale browni8h-
yellow.
(No. 399, type.) Total length, 4.50; wing, 1.85; tail, 2.00; difference of
10th and longest quills, .16 ; exposed portion of 1st primary, .65, of 2d, 1.20,
BYL0PIIILU8.
379
of longest (4th) (measared from exposed base of Ist primary), 1.45 ; luntjtli
of bill from forehead, .53, from uotitril, 3U, aloug gaiM, .tiU ; tarsus, .07 ; hind
toe and claw, .44.
The type specimen of this species does not appear entirely mature,
although if so the coloration of the adu]*, will probably not be ma-
terially different. It perhaps comes nearest in coloration to the
description of //. Jlampes, Lafr.
Bralth- Colleo-
iudIuu I tur'«
No. i No.
Sex
Atfe.
Locality.
When
CoUeeled.
Ileceived rnim
KeinnrkH.
.. ,3*
••
Veuezuolit.
Cub. LawrouCH.
Type.
Hylopbilus insiilarls.
lijiophilus insularis, Sclatbr, P. Z. S. 1861, 128 (Tobago).
Ihb. Island of Tobago. (Kirk.)
(No. 270*, D» Sclater's type.) fourth, 5th, and 6th quills nearly eqnal
mil longest ; 2d equal to secondaries ; exposed portion of Ist primary uiore
than half the longest. Upper parts olive green, becoming brighter behind,
especially on upper tail coverts and edges of wing- and tail-feathers ; ante-
riorly more and more tinged with
dull ochrey ashy brown. Base of
upper mandible, cheeks, and under
parts soiled smoky light brownish-
buff (almost sepia brown). Inside
of wings and axillars bright yellow ;
inner edges of quills paler yellow.
Crissura and tibiae yellowish-olive.
No olive on flanks. Bill dark horn
color ; paler below. Legs pale.
(No. 270*, So? Jab.) Total length,
4,60; wing, 2.50 ; tail, 2.15 ; diflference between 10th and longest quills, .28;
exposed portion of Ist primary, 1.08, of 2d, 1.64, of longest (5th) (measured
from exposed base of ist primary), 1.92; length of bill from forehead, .64,
from nostril, ,37, along givpe, .80 ; tarsus, .78 ; middle toe and claw, .52 ; oiaw
alone, .18 ; hind toe and claw, .44, claw alone, .22.
I am indebted to Dr. Sclater for the opportunity oi' examining
the type of this species.
Ilylophilua
ihtularii.
Smith- Collec-
«')nian tor's
No. No.
Sex
and
Ajte.
Locality,
When
Collected.
Received rrom
Collected by
••
:;70»
••
Tobago.
Cab. Dr. Solaier.
Kirk.
1270».) Type.
■*:i^t
;'■' '• I i
I! , , ; 1
. ; «r:" -«
■^'>i^^
il
Ini,
.. Wlti
J80
REVIEM' OF AMElllCAN BIKPS.
frART I.
Uylophilus viriflittuTiis.
JJi/lophiliiH viridljldvus, Lawkence, Ann. N. Y. Lye. 1861, 324 (Birds
Punaiua, II, 212 (Isth. Panama). — Sclateu & Salvin, P. Z. S. l8tJ4,
348 (Isth. Panama).
Bah. Isthmu» Panama.
(No. 38,924, 9 .) Fourth quill longest ; 3d, 6th, and 6th little shorter; 2a
equal to iCth; Ist about half longest. Wings very short and much rounded,
about equal to the graduated tail.
Above light olive green, rather brighter behind. Beneath, including lieud
and lining of wings, rich
yellow. Chetk.s pale
ash ; ohin and tliroat
tingfd with the same.
Loral region gray. Bill
ami legs pale yellow.
(" In life bill and
legs slightly pinkixli;
Jiis yellowish, ueftrly
white." Ilichs.)
Fresh specimen ; Total
length, 4. TT) ; expanse of
wings, 6.50. Prepared
specimen : Total length,
4.60; wing, 2.15; tail,
2.10 ; difference of tail
feathers, .25 ; dill'ereme
of 10th and longest quills, .2.^ ; exposed portion of 1st primary, .85, of 2d,
1.38, of longest (4th) (measured from exposed base of 1st prinv. , l.ii:i;
length of bill from forehead, .55, from nostril, .32, along gape, .64; tarsus,
.77 ; middle toe and claw, .55 ; claw alone, .20; hind toe and claw, .48, claw
alone, .24.
Uylophilua viridifiavua, Lawr. (I'uuuma.)
Smlth-
IIODiaD
No.
Collec-
tor's
No.
Sex
and
Aure.
Locality.
When
Collected.
Received from
Collected Iiy
SS.O.'J!
S8,92f'
69
72
176
9
9
Pd'jHuia.
t«
It
Jan. 7, '«.'5.
it
Fred. Hicks.
Cab. Lawrence.
M'LeaiiVi'oalb,
(38,924.) Eyei white ; legs and bill slightly pinkish. (t76.) Type.
%:. : I . . f ,
•4 1* JU ? ' . > .J.-««. iitj^j-*.*-/? ^^'
Hylophilus deciirtatus.
Sylvicola decurtata, Bon. P. Z. S. 1837, 118 (Guatemala). — Parh/ni/IHii
d)'curtata, Bon. Consp. 1850, 309.
Ilylophilus cinereireps, Sclatkk & Salvin, P. Z. S. 1860, 299 (Vera Paz,
Gnat.).— In. Ibis, 1860. 397 (Ouat.).— ?Ib. P. Z. S. 1864,348.-
SiLATKR, Catal. 1861, 44, no. 267.
Ilab. South Mexico and Guatemala.
HYLOPHILUS.
381
(No. 22,374, % .) Wing considerably graduated ; 2d qnill about equal to
lOtli; Sth longest; exposed portion of 1st b ss tbau half 'id, more than half
2d. Tail short, rather rounded ; feathers narrow.
Above bright olive green ; whole top of head and nape clear pure ash gray,
in sharp contrast ; cheeks paler, whitish about eyes. Beneath white, with
a slight creamy tinge, purest on throat and belly ; the sides of breast and
flanks yellowish olive, lighter than the back, passing more into yellow on
crissuin, and still purer yellow on inside of wings and axillars. Quills dusky
brown, edged externally with olive green, the ouier primaries only with gray ;
quills eilged internally with whitish. Tail feathers olive. Bill above dusky,
whitish below. Legs dusky ?
(No. 22,374, %.) Total lenp*'', £,.7.'5; wing, 2.10; tail, 1.80; difference of
feathers, .14 ; difference of lOth and longest quills, .34 ; exposed portion of Ist
primary, .71, of 2d, 1.35, of longest (Sth) (measured from exposed base of
lat primary), 1.62; length of bill from forehead, .56, from nostril, .32, along
gape, .t)3 ; tarsus, .64 ; middle toe and claw, .43, claw alone, .16 ; hind toe and
claw, .36, claw alone, .20.
The loral region and a narrow ring around the eye are grayish-
white, as is to a less extent the space below the eye.
This species is almost certainly the Pachi/xylcia decurtata of
Bonaparte. ; ■■„ ; ■ , ,- ,, , : - , ,■
Kmith-
CollftC-
Sex
mdIuu
tor's
itud
.No.
No,
Awe.
22.:t:4
rf
24.16:)
, ,
, ,
172
<f
402
••
4»3
d
hocaMty.
When
Collected.
Mexico (Cordovu?)
Guatemala.
Received from
Collected by
Verremix.
(!. N. Lawrence.
Cab. Lnwreuce.
Ilylopliilus pusillua. ■ii.!^
]Iijliiphilusi>usillus, Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lyo. VII, 1861, 323 (.5^anama);
VIII, 1865,"l80 (Oreytown, Nic). ,, ,;;,>,,•■■.«
i/(ifc. Isthmus Panama, to southeastern Nicaragua. ■'•' ' ) >
Very similar to decurtatus, but smaller ; ash of head not extending as far
back over the nape, and slightly mixed with olive ; less distinct on side of
neck; tail ber. jath more olive. Olive of sides less in amount, and more
yellow. Back more yellow. "Iris brown." Carmiol.
(No. 400, Panama.) Total length, 3.80; wing, 2.05 ; tail, 1.60 ; difference
of lOvh and longest primaries, .27 ; exposed portion of 1st primary, .70, of 2(\^
1.32, of longest (5th) (measured from exposed base of Ist primary), 1.60 ;
leiiKtli of bill from forehead, .60, from nostril, .34, along gape, .64 ; tarsus, ,60.
(No. 34,672, % , Costa Rica.) Total length, 3.70 ; wing, 1.85 ; tail, 1.40 ; dif-
ference of loth and longest primary, .16 ; exposed portion of lat primary, .62,
of 2d, 1.12, of longest (5th) (measured from exposed base of Ist primary)
1)1)
882
REVIEW OP AMERICABT BIRDS.
[part I.
1.40; length of bill from forehead, .55, from noatril, .34, along gape, .62;
tarsus, .CO.
The comparison of many specimens of the grayheaded Hylophilus
of Guatemala, with others from Panama, exhibits, on the wliole, the
differences referred to, as stated by Mr. Lawrence, but they are ex-
ceedingly slight, and may not unreasonably be referred to the influ-
ence of season or locality. Of the three types of Mr. Lawrence,
two, in which the olive green of the cap is most distinct, and the
size least, are decidedly immature birds ; the third (No. 400), how-
ever, is adult, and although the color referred to is reduced in
amount, it is still quite appreciable. •
Unmistakably auult specimens from Costa Rica and Nicaragua
are still smaller than those from Panama, as shown by the measure-
ments given above. They are even brighter yellowish above than
in the type, the edges of some of the feathers almost yellow. Com-
pared with Guatemalan skins of unmistakable decurtatus, the
difference is very appreciable. ; , ■ ...j ,•, ^. ,.,3}
A young bird, scarcely full fledged, has the olive of back soiled
with buff, the top of head is dull sepia brown, and the olive of back
is tinged with the same.
I am not satisfied as to th" existence of more than one species,
but for the present retain pusilltis, and await further evidence to
determine the question. , ; . ■->"
Smith-
CollPc-
Sex
When
Collected.
KoniaD
No.
tor's
No.
and
Age.
Locality.
Received from
Collected by
.S7,.166
69
?
Sail Juan, Nic.
1865.
H. E. Holland.
,S9,7")4
rf
Santa Rosa, C. R.
Jan. 4, '6fl.
J. Carmiol.
;-4 67l
..
rf
Augi-gtura, C. il.
June 10, '64.
u
34,«72
..
rf
Junes, '64.
II
.•!4 673
0.
II
June 12, '84.
" .
3.-., 242
V
Dota, C B.
July 22, '64.
1.
••
400
401
?
Panama.
...
Cab. Lawrence.
1.
M'Lean. H Oalb.
••
174
d
II
...
11
II
(400.) Type. (401.) Type. (174.) Type.
't —
X ... 1.
i V !• ^
ir:
LALETES, ScLATBB.
Laletes, Sciatbr, P. Z. S. 1861, 72. (Type L. osburnti.)
General appearance that of a Vireo. The rather pointed wings, are longer
tlian the narrow, nearly even, slightly rounded tail. P'irst primary about lialf
the second, which about equals secondaries ; the 4th quill longest. Bill deep
and much compressed from base ; depth two-tliirds the distance from nostril to
tip. Culmen straight for basal tliird, then decurvirig to the hooked, deeply
notched bill ; gonys also curved. Commissure slightly arched. I^ostriU
wri^nft '.
LALETE9.
r 1,1 r.| <*
383
rather large and oval, anterior, with membrane above and behind. Frontal
featherd directed alightly forward, with few bristles. Sides of apper bill with
« ^", r,
tTK-i' 1
■tVf
;:(
23320
LaUleg osburniC, Sci.atkb. (Jamalea.)
>':■■!< 'A;
slight furrows parallel to cnlmen. Legs large ; the feet stouter, the claws
longer than in Vireo. The hind toe is especially more developed ; the com-
parative length of lateral toes, however, and their adhesion, much as in Vireo.
This genus somewhat resembles Cyclorhis in the deep bill, but
differs in weaker claws, the inner lateral one not reaching beyond the
base of the middle. The much higher and more compvebsed bill,
with its longitudinal furrows ; the larger toes, the hinder one much
longer in proportio'^i, separate it from Vireo. It forms a connecting
link between the Vireos and Cyclorhis.
Laletes osburnli.
Laletes o.ihurnii, ScLATER, P. Z. S. 1861, 72.
Olive Chatterer. (Jamaica.)
Hah. Jamaica.
(Jamaica.)
(No. 23,326, % .) Wings rather pointed, longer than the nearly even tail.
First quill about half 2d, which is not quite equal to the secondaries ; 4th and
5th quills longest.
Above olive green, brightest on rump ; head above and on sides tinged with
asliy. Beneath yellow ; breast, flanks, and crissum more olivaceous, throat
paler; inside of wings and inner edges of quills creamy white, as ate the
loral feathers at their base. Concealed portion of quills fuscous b'own, of tail
feather? more olive. Bill blackish ; tomia and tip paler ; legs fle )lor?
(No. 23,326, % .) Total length, 5.40 ; wing, 2.80 ; tail, 2.65 ; difttrence of
10th and longest quills, .42 ; exposed portion of 1st primary, .85, of 2d, 1.65,
of longest (5th) (measured from exposed base of Ist primary), 2.20 ; length
of bir. from forehead, .66, from nostril, .36, along gape, .73, depth, .23 ; tarsus,
■»3 ; middle toe and claw, .68, olaw alone, .24 ; hind toe and claw, .56 ; claw
alone, .26.
A'-
y'-i
-.V'S'... i.
.» ,
8S4
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.
[PAUT I.
i. t '
^>,
Smith- Collpc-' Sex
KO'iiaa tor's ! auil
No. i No. 1 Ak«.
Locality.
Wli«n
CoUecteil.
Received from
Collected by
83,320
87
J
TreUwuoy, Jam.
Jaa. 31, 'iVJ.
Di. ScUter.
W. Osburn.
(23,326.) Type.
^X")
CYCLORHIS, AiNSow.
Cyclorhls, Swai^son, Zool. Journal, ill, 1828, 162. (Type Tanagra
gttianensis, G.M.)
Form very stout ; the head broad. Wings rather longer than the narrow,
nearly even, or slightly rounded tail ; the quills graduated : the 1st more thau
:«jV
'A:
t'l/clorhia yuiuntnait, Sclateb. (Cayeuue.) ,, ^., ^ , . ^ , . _ j
half the 2d, which about equals secondaries ; the 4th or 5tli longest ; the
tips not attenuated. Bill very powerful, deep, much compressed (ileptli
almost equal to distance from nostril to notch of bill) ; culraen and gonys
much curved from base ; gape nearly straight ; tip of upper bill decurved
and with deep notch ; tip of lower less distinctly marked. Nostrils small,
nearly circular, in anterior end of nasal fossa, with membrane above and
behind it. Frontal feathers directed somewhat forward, but not overhanging
nostrils, and with very few bristles ; those of rictus moderate.
Feet stout (rather less so than in J ilifs). Tarsus rather longer than middle
toe and claw ; distinctly scutellate .uieriorly, and with one or two divisions
externally at lower end. Basal joint of middle toe entirely adherent exter-
nally to one and a half joints of outer ; internally, but slightly free and united
to half of adjacent joint. Lateral toes nearly as long as middle, reaching'
over half the length of middle claw or even farther. Hind toe longer than
the lateral. Claws all very stout and sharp, much curved.
The bill of Cyclorhin, iu its compression, great depth, and other
CYCL0RHI8. '^X/Wt
885
characters, is very similar to that of Falcunculus (of the Laniadse)
of Australia, which it also resembles so much in other characters a.s
usually to induce authors to bring the two together, either as ad-
jacent genera, or as belonging to closely allied subfamilies.
The difference generically between Cyclorhu and Vireolanius is
very slight, and I cannot find any real ground of separation. In
the latter the bill is perhaps lower and proportionally more elongated ;
the culmen less curved ; the tip longer and more curved, although G.
ntgrirostris differs from the other species of Cyclorhis in just these
characters^. The nostrils are perhaps more circular and smaller in
Cyclorhis. The colors differ somewhat — the prevailing tints in
Cyclorhis being olive green and dull yellow, as in the Vireos, while
ill Vireolanius they are deep verdigris green, bright blue and clear
yellow (white below in type). If we were to limit Vireolanius to
the type — melitophrys — the difference would be rather more appre-
ciable. For the present, however, I keep the two gruups separate.
Although most of the species of the two genera are strictly
South American, I yet give all in detail, in order to furnish a com-
plete monograph of the family of Vireonidae.
CoMMOK Charactbbs. — Above plain olive green; lower throat (sometimes
breaat, or whole under parts), axiliars, inner face of wings, and inner edges
of quills yellowish ; rest of under parts whitish. A rufous band from
nostrils over eye to nape, sometimes only to eye. Chin, and more or less
of cheeks, ashy. Head above ashy, more or less pure, rarely like the back.
Lower mandible in most species plumbeous black. .,
A. Head above and nape, with the entire cheeks, ash color ;
the former sometimes glossed with ocbraceous.
^' Legs flesh color. Throat, jugalum, and breast yel-
low.
' ■ Entire under parts (except chin) yellow
Beneath yellow ; middle of bell/ to oriasum
whitish.
' Yellow more extended, with decided
^ " " olivaceous green tinge across the
. * ' ' breast. Cheeks dark ash .
> Yellow of breast more restricted, and
scarcely olivaceous. Cheeks light
' ash .....
Legs dnsky plumbeous. Lower throat and sides of
breast yellowish.
Superciliary rufous extending to nape. Lower
mandible plumbeous at base.
' Specimens from Qaatemala lack the black spot of bill.
25 May, 1806.
II
:■■ '■■■ • ■. .;:?■•
JlaviientrhJ '
•' tV- nsH
subflavetetn$.
flavipectui.
- if ; ' ■■ ', ■'
•'■.■■i'l..-.
386
REVIEW OF AMEUICAN BIRDS.
frART r.
id
,.£■».
Head above nearly pnre ash. Second
quill shorter than ll>th . . yuianensid.i
Head above washed with ochracpous.
Secoud quill longer than 10th. Sisae ^
larger ...... V'.ridis. ,^
,y Superciliary rufous reaching only to eyo.
■j : Lower mandible weak ; flesa color.
,..j, ,, , :. , .. Head above strongly washed with
ochraceouB ..... ochrocephaia.
^, B. Vertex and nape olive green, like the back ; cheeks and
, jugular band, with sides of breast, yellowish, or olive
green. Legs fleah color ? Lower mandible dusky. ^
^ .^ [ ,, Forehead chestnut brown, this color extending back-
. ■ , ward to the nape as a superciliary band. Cheeks
. ; and jugulum yellowish. Upper mandible pale virenticeps.
Forehead plumbeous, with a dark chestnut band
from nostrils to eye only. Cheeks and jugulum i
' ' olivaceous. Upper mandible black . n'tgrlroHrh.
Of the species described, C. suhjlavescemt and C. viridit are those which
have least strongly marked distinctive characters.
In examining the preceding analytical arrangement of the species
of C'clorhis some interesting geographical considerations present
themsoVes. The most northern species (C Jlaviventris) exhibits
most ycilow beneath, this diminishing progressively in more southern
species, as G. subjlavescens (Costa Rica), and C. Jiavipedus
(northern part of South America). All these more northern species
have pale-colored legs, while those of Eastern South America have
dusky legs, and like those just mentioned have the vertex and nape,
with whole cheeks, more or less ash, in decided contrast to the
back. The two Andeiin, on the contrary, have these parts like the
back. All the species, as a rule, have the under mandible plumbeous
black at the base, caused by the deposit of a black pigment on the
bone ; this is only exceptionally absent except in ochrocephaia,
where it seems never to occur. In all, the upper mandible is pale
in the dried skin ; said sometimes to be red in life ; in nigriroslm
only is it black. The iris is said in most species to be either red or
yellowish.
Cyclorliis flavirentris.
Cyclaris Jlaviventris, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1842, 133 (Santa Cruz, Mex.).—
Cydorisfl. Bon. Consp. 1850, 320. — CyclorhisJl. Sclateb, P. Z. S.
1856,99; 1858,448; 1859, 363 (Jalapa) ; 1864,173 (City of Mexico).
' Specimens from Ceara, Bra::") fperhaps autumnal), have yellow extend-
ing over the breast, much as in Jlavipectus, but witii dusky legs, the vertex
'iuged with oohraceous.
■#.; >
:tAl ?
.e«jr
CYCL0RIII8. ■* ' '
38Y
— Ib. Cat&l. 1861, 45, no. 276.—? Sclatbb & Saitin, Ibis, 1, 1859, 13
•r., ' (Guatemala'. — Cyclorhia Jl. TucaoDi, AruLi\r Naturg. 1S45, 363
(Mexico^
Bah. Southern Mexioo and Onatemala.
(No. 37,498, %.) Upper part and sides ot head, with nape, aahy, with a
broad stripe of rufous brov.n fiom each nostril (the two confluent anteriorly^
over aud bayond eye to nape (the eye considerably anterior to tlie middle of
the stripe) ; rest of upper parts olive green. Chin very pale ashy ; rest of
inferior surface, with insid« of wings, bright yellow. Upper mandible pale ;
lower, plambeous black, the end whitish. Legs apparently flesh color. " Iris
cherry red." Second quill sht rter than the 10th ; 3d less than the 7th.
(No. 37,498, % .) Total length, 6.10 ; wing, 3.25 ; tail, 2.95 ; exposed por-
tion of Ist primary, 1.25, of 2d, 2.00, of longest (5th) (measured from ex-
posed base o' Ist primary), 2.55 ; length of bill from foiehead, .85, from
nostril, .50, along gape, .85, depth, .37 ; tarsus, .92; middle toe and claw, .75,
clavr alone, .30 ; hind toe and claw, .68, claw alone, .34.
In the specimen described, and in fact in all before me, there is a
faint was*! of ochraceous on the vertex, though in several, as No.
30,874, the color of the ash is nearly pure. In this same specimen
the ochrey color of the forehead extends over the lores, and involves
the lower eyelids to a greater degree than usual. The ash of the
chin is much restricted — being limited to the space between the
rami. , ... .,.. .,, ,,, .,.,.:.'.:<,,....=.,
There is not much variation in the extensive series before me.
The yellow is sometimes deeper in spring specimens ; in autumnal
it is paler, with a slight buffy tint. It is somewhat remarkable,
however, that of four Guatemalan skins in the collection, three
should lack the black of the lower jaw. The fourth, from Coban,
a locality rearest of all to Mexico and Yucatan, is as described
above. I can detect no other difference. All other specimens have
the dark spot in question.
The uniform yellow of the under parts suflSciently distinguishes
this species from all its allies.
8m!th-
Collec-
Sex
When
Collected.
«ouiaii
No.
tor's
No.
aud
Age.
Locality.
Ree«lved from
Collected by
37,49S
68
rf
Orizaba, Mex.
Jau. 28, '63.
Pkof. Sumichrast.
.17,499
21
14
JaQ. 6, '65.
u
38,162
91
..
f<
M. Botterl.
30,874
120
..
Mirador, Mex.
Mar. 1863.
Dr. Sartorlns.
80,873
120
.,
4(
I(
"
37,913
192
o
Merida, Tue.
Feb. 19, '63.
OoT. Salazar.
Dr. SchotL
37,916
191
5
44
II
.<
II
87,917
193
6
14
14
u
14
3ii,279
49J
rf
4(
May 23, '65.
It
««
22,372
32,615
Cobau.
• • •
Verreaax.
39,169
, .
, ,
<Saatemala.
• • •
J. Gould.
••
180
<f
II
...
Cab. Lawrence.
•••*'•!.**■
— .-
<3M99.) IrU brown ; bill and feet flesk tolor. (30,874.) Kye« cherry red. (30,873.) Do.
888
REVIEW or AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I.
S
i .
1/ •*!'
Cyclorhis subflaTesceus.
Ciidorhis »ubflaveiccn.i, Cae. Joarn. fdi- Orn. 18«C (May, 18C1), 406
(Coflta Riua; SeptMiubur) ; lUol, l>3 {*\mo. wituout dusky 8|)ot ou
bill).— ScLATEK, Catal. 1862, 359, No. 27tf\ >t".
/Taft. Costa Rloa. . , c Tft
(No. 34,669, 9.) Upper part and sideti of head, with the nape and the
chin, aah color ; the vertex soiled with rufous olive. A broad rufous band
from each nostril over and behind the eye (the two confluent anteriorly),
which is anterior to its middle point. Rest of upper parts olive green. Whole
throat and breast greenish-yellow, the flanks and inner lining of wing!) purer
yellow, as also to some extent a tinge on the crissnm. Middle of belly white.
Bill pale above ; lower jaw dark plumbeous, with whitish tip. Legs flush
color. " Iris yellowish" {Carmiol). ,, _^ ^
Second quill shorter than 10th ; 3d about equal to 8th.
(No. 34,669, 9 .) Total length, P.OO ; wing, '2.95 ; tail, 2.50 ; exposed por-
tion of Ist primary, 1.15, of 2d, 1.85, of longest (5th) (measured from expos^ed
base of Ist primary), 2.30 ; length of bill from nostril, .42, along gape, .80,
depth, .33 ; tarsus, .86 ; middle toe and claw, .66, claw alone, .27 ; hind toe
and claw, .64, claw alone, .30.
Specimens differ in the amount of yellow on the under parts,
which are sometimes entirely yellow (though paler behind), with
the auddle of belly only white ; in other instances the middle of
breast, belly, and the cr'ssura are white. The flanks, however, are
always yellow. Autumnal specimens show a buffy tinge in the white.
Of the six specimens examined, all have the plumbeous spot on the
'Dili. ■■■ . M .:•...•.■.,•■'.■',•. •■ .'..■. -■■'l
This species is easily distinguished from Jlaviventris by its whitish
belly. It is most closely related to C. Jlavipectus in its flesh colored
legs and yellow breast, and in fact it is somewhat of a question
whether they are specifically distinct. The Costa Rica bird is
rather larger, and less brilliantly colored ; the ash of the head is
darker ; the yellow of breast more olivaceous, and perhaps extend-
ing a little farther back. The ochraceoua wash of the hood is more
marked, although both species vary among themselves in.this as well
as the other points. Better skins than those before me may, how-
ever, exhibit the differences more satisfactorily.
Smtth-
Houlan
No.
Collec-
tor's
No.
Sex
aud
A KB.
Locality.
When
Collected.
Received from
Kemarki.
35,239
.33,295
34,669
3'\.J06
.30, .W
34,670
lii
112
9
Dota, C. R.
3aa Jo86, C. R.
u
II
II
Barranca, C. R.
July 27, '64.
ApriVi, '64.
AprriV7,'64.
J. Carmlol.
II
11
Dr. T. Franttlus.
II
J. Carmlol.
Iris Tellov:.
Iris red.
Iris light yellow.
Iris yellow.
CYCL0RIII8.
389
litish
ored
estion
ird is
ad is
Ktend-
more
swell
,how-
rks.
PV7.
\ yellow.
€YClorlii8 flav'tpectuH.
^jfU. Cydorhit ftavipectut, Sclatbr, P. Z. S. 1858. 448 (Trinidad and Santa
Martha).— Id. Catal. 1861, 46, no. 275.— Taylok, Ibia, 18U4, 81
(Trinidad).
Huh, Trinidad and northern coast of Soutli America.
(No. 32,719, %.) Head above, and nape, light plumbeous, washed very
faintly with orange or oobrey brown ; cheeks paler, and pure ashy, running
into the still lighter, almost white chin ; rest of upper parts bright '^live
gre«D. Throat and breast (extending down a little more along the sides)
bright greenish-yellow ; the inner face of wings and inner edges of quills
parer yellow. Rest of under parts white. Under surface of tail decided
olive green. A broad superciliary band of orange or oohrey brown from
nostrils (the two meeting on the forehead) reaching to the nape, rather farther
beyoud the eye than the distance to it. Bill horn color, the tip and edges
vhitish ; the lower mandible plumbeous black. Legs flesh color.
Fourth and 5th quills equal and longettt ; 2d shorter than the 10th and the
secondaries.
(No. 32,719, %.) Total length, 6.00; wing, 2.80; t»n, 2.60; exposed por-
tion of lat primary, 1.0!), of 2d, 1.75, of longest (measured from exposed base
of l8t primary), 2.16; length of bill from forehead, .75, from nostril, .46,
along gape, .83, depth, .36 ; tarsus, .88 ; middle toa and claw, .72, claw alone,
.30; hind toe and claw, .61, claw alone, .34.
The extreme nape is of a purer plumbeous than elsewhere on top
of the head. l\o. 32,719 has a faint buff wash on the sides of body
not seen in the others, aud probably indicative o^ the autumnal
plumage.
This species is readily distinguished from C. guianensis, which it
otherwise resembles, by the yellow, not dusky legs : the greater
amount of yellow beneath, which extends over the jugulum to fore
part of breast: and the ochrey wash of top of head, although this,
latter character may depend somewhat on season. The ash of
cheeks and chin is lighter, the yellow of under parts purer. The
size is larger, the bill deeper ; the legs stouter, besides being differ-
ently colored. There is less of the gray tinge of the under parts
of guianensis.
Smitli-
enaian
No.
32.719
30,600
I
Col lee- Sex
tor's 1 an^I
No. I Ag«.
21,167 I cT
Locality.
When
CoUecied.
Saatu Martha.
Triuidad.
Received from
Verreaux,
M. Galody. [ton.
Cab. A. & K New-
Collected by
Cyclorhia guianensis.
Tiinagra c/iiianensis, Gm. I, 1788, 893 (Verderoux, BrFFCN, Hist. Nat.
Ois. IV, 272, Cuiana). — fCijclorhis guianensis, Bi;iiM. Uebers. Ill,
lb56, 106 (describes the var. from Ceara, with yellow breast).—
'S..
390 REVIEW or AMERICAN BIRD& [PART T.
Ci/clorhis g. SrLATKB, P. Z. S. 1868, 448 (Cayenne, etc)- — In. C»tal.
'" ' 18()1, 45, no. 274.
'^^' Cjfclorhis poliocfphdia, TsciiDDi, Wieg. Aroh. 1845, 363 (N. Brazil and
'"< Quiaiia). — (/Not of Fauna Peruana, ItJD).
Hnb. Quiaiia (and eastern Brazil 7).
■ I':
(No. 178, % , Cab. O. N. Lairrunoe, Cayenne.) Head (inolnding cheeks and
ohin) and nape clear pure light plumbeous, the chin considerably paler. R«at
t 'I ■
I !
'^ OyclorhU guicmengit, Souiteb. (Cayenne. )
of upper parts unvaried olive green, continuous with a rather narrow band
across the lower part of the throat and extending on side of breast, which are
9f more yellowish olive. Inside of wings, axillars, and inner edges of qnills
yellow. Remaining under parts grayish, the median line and lower belly
white. Longer crissal feathers tinged with olive. A broad orange brown
stripe from nostrils (where it meets its fellow and forms a frontal band) over
and beyond the eye to the nape, the eye placed a little anterior to the luiddlu
of the band. Bill horn color ; the lower mandible, except at tip, bliicki^-
plumbeons. Legs dusky.
Exposed portion of 1st quill more than half that of the 2d, which is rather
shorter than secondaries ; 4th and 5th quills longest.
The band across the lower throat scarcely involves the jugnlum, and is a
little more than half an inch wide. The Hanks and tibiie are grayish, without
any wash of olive. The under surface of tail is decidedly olive green.
(No. 178.) Total length, 5.25 ; wing, 2.75 ; tail, 2.50 ; exposed portion of
Ist primary, 1.00, of 2d, 1.70, of longest (4th) (measured from exposed base of
1st primary), 2.05; length of bill from forehead, .71, from nostril, .45, along
gape, .80 ; depth, .32 ; tarsus, .93 ; middle toe and claw, .»)4, claw sloue, .26;
hind toe and claw, .56, claw alone, .30.
Collec-
tor's
No.
178
Sex
aad
Ai(f. j
Locality.
Whon
Collected.
Cayeuue.
Received from
Cab. Ldwieuco.
Collected bjr
1
ATJJ^'O "^'T CYCLORiiia ■ 891
III tho collection beforo mo are two specinjens from Ccara, Ilrazil,
wliicli (iill'cr ill iiaving the yellow extending on the front and sides
of the breurtt almost as much as in Jlampcclus; the rest of under
parts, except the middle of belly, with a decided buff tinge, the
criiisum and tibitc more yellowisi'i. The head above is washed wiih
ocliPttceous ; thus, in most respects, very similar to Jlavipectun, bnt
wttii dusky legs. Tho latter character distinguishes them at once
from Ji<nH]>ectu8. They are rather larger than the specimen de-
scribed above of G. (juianermia, and differ otherwise, as stated, but
agree iu tho dusky legs. If the Hanie species, they may be in au-
tiinuiul plumage. A specimen from ]3ahia (thus likewise from the
easternmost part of Brazil) is (puto similar. Additional specimens
may prove it to be distinct from guianensis. (6*. cearensiis, Bd.)
Smlth-
lonlan
No.
Collec-
tor'*
N...
Sex
and
Age.
Localitjr.
When
Gollecled.
Secelved from
Collected by
3(l,6!i3
34,694
17U
t <
• *
Ralila.
Ceara, Brazil.
It
...
Cat). Lawrence.
Nat.UUt. MuH. Klo.
• 4
Cyclt
nhis
ochi
-ocephala.
Cyclorhis ochrocepltala, TscHUDi, Arch. f. Naturg. 1845, I, 362 (south
Brazil; Buenos Ayres). — Cyclorhis och. Sclatbb, P. Z. S. 1858,
"• 448 — Ib. Catal. 1801, 45, no. 277.
Cyclorhis guianensis, S\v. Orn. Bras. pi. 58.
Cyclorhis viridis, Cab. Mas. Hein. I, 1850, 64 (S. Brazil ; Paraguay). —
Cyclorhis vir. Bubm. Uebers. Ill, 1866, 107 (southern Brazil).
llab, €outh„fn Brazil.
(No. 21,018, % ,) Head above, and nape, ashy, but usually washed so con-
tinuously with oohrey brown as entirely to conceal the ground color ; rest
of upper parts olive green. Cheeks, lores, and side of nape pure ashy ; chin
palwr. Forehead ochrey brown, extending iu a narrow line along the upper
eyelid, but not beyond it ; the contrast with rest of crown not abrupt. Lower
throat, the upper part of jugulum, and the sides of the breast greenish-yellow ;
the inside of wings and inner edges of quills purer yellow. Under parts
buffy white, purer white in middle of belly. Under sdfrfa«G of tail olive
brown rather than olive green. Bill horn color ; lower mandible paler, with-
out trace of plumbeous black spot. Feet dusky plumbeous, almost black.
First quill less than half the longest ; 3d intermediate between 8th and 9th;
2d less than the 10th or the secondaries. 'j*^
(No. 20,018, %.) Total length, 6.30; wing, 3.20; tail, 3.00; exposed por-
tion of Ist primary, 1.05, of 2d, 1 .85, of longest (5th) (measured from exposed
base of 1st primary), 2.40 ; length of bill from forehead, .72, from nostril,
.42, along gape, .80, heiglit, .33 ; tarsus, l.Oi.) ; middle toe and claw, .75, claw
alone, .29 ; hind toe and claw, .69, claw alone, .32.
392
REVIKW or AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part r.
Another fipcclmen has the color of undor parts pnrer, with lesH
buff. Another from Rio (No. 18,571), likewise with lesH hulf U'-
neath, haa the vertex showing a considerable anaount of iilumbeouH.
The back is somewhat tinged with ocbraccous in the type Hpeeinicn.
This species agrees with guianensia in duHky legs and the re-
striction of the yellow to the lower throat and extreme upper part
of the jugulum. It is, however, larger ; the bill lower, without
tracL of the blackish spot ; the ocb oy band of forehead extends in
a very narrow line only along the upper eyelid, instead of broadly
reaching the nape, and the vertex is washed with ochrey, so as
almost or entirely to cover the plumbeous or ashy of the feathers.
The under surface of the tail shows less olive green.
Smtth-
■oulan
No.
Collec-
tor'!
No.
Sex
and
Age.
Locality.
When
Collected.
Received from
Collected by
18,.'V71
23,921
1A,182
21,018
< p '4e»
I C. 1«1
70
181
• •
Klo Janeiro.
BraiU.
TIgre, Braitl.
8. AinericH.
Jaly,\6eo.
P. L Sclater.
Dr. Hurner.
Expl. Exped.
Cant. T. J. Page.
Cab, Lawrence.
Chr. Wood.
Cyolorhl* virldls.
Sahator viridit, ViBiLt. Nonr. Diet. XIV, (1817) 108.— Ib. Enoycl. M^h.
II, 1823, 793 (based on Uabia verde, Azaka, Apunt, I, 301) (Para-
guay).— ?Cyc/orAi» viridit, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1868,448 (Bolivia).—
Is. Catifl. 1861, 46, no. 280 (not of Cabanis and Bubmbistbr).
Hab. La Plata and Bolivia ?
(No. 20,976, 9 , Parana.) Head above ashy, almost concealed by a gloss of
reddish-brown ; rest of upper parts olive green. Chin, lores, cheeks, and sides
of nape pale ash. Forehead ochrey brown, this color extending narrowly
above and beyond the eye to the nape. Lower part of throat and sides of
breast, with iusides of wings, pale yellow ; the flanks washed with the same ;
rest of unler parts soiled white. Bill rather dusky ; under mandible some-
what darker, but without a distinct spot as in guianensis. Legs dark plumlie-
oua. First quill i\)uch more than half the longest ; 2d between 8th and 9th ;
3d but little slrorter than 4th, which is longest, about equal to 5th.
(No. 20,976, 9 .) Total length, 6.00 ; wing, 3.00 ; tail, 3.00 ; exposed portion
of Ist primary, 1.25. of 2d, 1.95, of longest (4th and 5th) (measured from
exposed base of 1st primary), 2.25 ; length of bill from forehead, .75, from
nostril, .45, along gape, .80, depth, .37 ; tarsus, 1.00; middle toe and claw,. 72,
claw alone, .29 ; hind toe and claw, .69, claw alone, .32.
I have referred to the G. viridis, of Vieillot, based on a descrip-
tion by Azara, a specimen from the Parana, a region sufficiently
near that of Azara's bird for the two to be identical, and agreeing
OrOLORHIf.
898
gnfficiently with the account of tlio latter author. It is of much
the Hamo size as C. ochrocephala, but diflerH primurily in huviii^ the
brown Huperciliary Btripe pass beyond the eye to the nape, an in yuia-
nennix, though it is narrower and Ichh diHtinct. The brown wash
on the liead is loss than in ochrocephata ; the yellow on the throat
ioMS extensive. The bill is higher, and the under mandible more
dusky, though not blackish. The firHt and second quills are longer,
former more than half the longest, not less ; the second longer
the tenth, in this respect differing from the other S. American
n' ■ •.
From guianensia the species can be distinguished bjr its much
larger size; the wing formula; the ochraceous wash of the head;
less amount of yellow on throat (?), etc.
A specimen from Bolivia (No. 280a), kindly lent by i»r. Sclater,
and labelled by him C viridia, agrees with that above described in
general features. It is rather larger: wing, 3.30, the outer quills
not quite so long, and the lower mandible with a very conspicuous
black spot.
Bmlth-
■ddUd
No.
Collec- Sex
tor's and
Ni. Age.
Localttr.
When
Collected.
Received from
Collected by
ao,»76
70
280(1
d
Parana,
Bolivia.
April iseo.
C«i)t. T. J. I'age.
Cab. Sclater.
Chr. Wood.
Cyolorhls vlrentloeps.
Cyclorhis vircnticept, Sclater, P. Z. S. 18C0, 274, pi. 164 (Babahoyo,
Ecuador).— Ib. Catal. 1861, 46, no. 278.
Hah. Babahojo, Ecuador.
(No. 278a.) Whole upper parts, including vertex, bright olive green. A
broad, rufous, almost chestnut brown band from the nostrils (meeting on the
foreiiead) passing over and beyond the eye to the nape. Chin, lores, and sides
of lower mandible ashy ; re?t of cheeks, entire throat, upper part of juguhim,
Bides of breast and inner face of wings, with inner edges of quills, yellow.
Rest of under parts white, soiled with buff, except along the mi. 'lo of belly.
Upper mandible pale horn color ; lower plumbeous black, except at the tip.
Leg? apparently flesh color. " Iris hazel" (Fraser).
(No. 278n.) Total length, 6.00; wing, 2.95 ; tail, 2.65 ; length of bill from
forehead, .76, from nostril, .44, along gape, .76, depth, .33 ; tarsu.s, .90 ; middle
toe and claw, .70, claw alone, .26 ; hind toe and claw, .65, claw alone, .32.
The type specimen of this species, kindly supplied by Dr. Sclater,
is moulting some of the wing feathers, so that the quill formula
cannot be accurately given. The supra-ocular stripe extends farther
iMihiud the eye than in front of it, and the lower eyelid appears to
r;'.e -'4
mm
I'M
m
REVIEW OF AMERICA? itJS.
[part
in
V 7
have a lino of feathers of the same colour as in the other species.
The bill is stout and deep, and the culmeu much curved.
Smiih-
■uuiau
No.
Colloo-
tOl''lt
No.
Sex
aud
A(fe,
Locblity.
When
Colleoted.
Received rrom
Collected by
••
278ft
••
Babahoyo, Ecuad.
...
Cab. P. L. Sclater.
Fraser.
(27Sa.) Type.
Cyclorhis nlgrirostris.
Ci/claris n. Lakr. Rev. Zool. 1842, 133 (Colombia).— Ib. Mag. de Zool.
1843, pi. 33.— Ci/cloris n. Bon. Consp. 18bO, 330.— Cyclurltia nig.
ScLATBR, P. Z. S. 1855, 151 ; 1858, 448.— 1b. Catal. 18G1, 4G, no.
280 (Bogota).
Hab. Bogota.
(No. 279rt.) Above olive green, with a short stripe from daoh nostril (not
confluent anteriorly) of dark orange brown, extending over and beyond the
eye, for a considerably less
distance than anterior to
it. A frontal band (ex-
tending faintly along side
of vertex), lores, cheeks
below, and a little behind
the eye, chin, and most
of the throat and breast
ashy, paler below, and
passing behind into soiled
buffy gray. Sides of neck
and the ears, continued into a narrow, almost interrupted band across the upper
part of jugulum, the sides of breast, and more faintly the flanks, olive green,
but little paler than the back. Inner wing coverts, axillars, and inner edges
of quills yellow. Bill entirely blackish, except at base of lower mandible,
where it appears to be flesh color. Legs quite pale, though hardly flesh color.
The bill is lower and the culmen straighter than in other species, and has
the exclusive character of black maxilla. The first quill is less than half tbe
longest ; the 2d less than the 10th ; the 3d about equal to the 8th ; the 4th
and 5th longest.
(No. 270<«.) Total length, 5.50; wing, 3!l0 ; tail, 2.65; exposed portion of
Ist primary, 1.00, of 2d, 1.75, of longest (4th and 5th) (measured from ex-
posed base of 1st primary), 2.30; length of bill from forehead, .75, from
nostril. .44, along gape, .80, depth, .30 ; tarsus, .90 ; middle toe and claw, .70,
olaw alone, .28 ; hind toe and claw, .G6, claw alone, .30.
Of two specimens I have had the opportunity of examining, the
one serving as the basis of my description has been kindly lent by
Dr. Sclater. The other, in the museum of the IMiiiadclpIiia Acttdeiuy'
Cyclorhil
nigrirotlrii.
VIRE0LANIU8,
395
is quite similar, but with a sljorter bill. The species is nearest in
its relationships to C. virenticeps, but differs in the black maxilla;
the light base of the lower mandible ; the ashy frontal baud (seen
indistinctly on the side of vertex); the much darker, and shorter
supra-ocular stripe ; the olive green of under parts instead of yellow,
and of much less extent ; the ashy region behind the eyes, etc.
Smltli-
soniau
No.
Collec-
tor's
No.
Sex
Atfe.
LncRllty.
When
CuHcctod.
Keceived from
Coi'.HCted u>
••
279»
••
Bogota.
.!.
Cab. Si Inter.
Mas. Phila. Acud.
1
■»■:%>- ■ f ' < y. " '
VIREOLANinS, DuBus.
Vireolatiius, •' Ddbus," Bon. Cousp. 1800, 330. (Type V. melitophrys,
DUBDS.)
This group of '^''ds agrees in all essential generic characters with
Cydorhis, especially in the shape and structure of bill, adhesion
Vtreolaniua melitophry*, HvBva. (Qaateniala.)
and length of toes, shape of wings, tail, etc., and it is a qncstion
whether they should not be united. The only difference is in a
rather less amount of curvature of culmen than in most species, and
a rather less depth of bill ; although in this respect G. vi(p'trosMs
apjrees exactly with Vireolanius. The legs are perhaps less stout.
The pattern of coloration is quite the same. The type differs most
from Cijclorhw, and at the same time from the other species asso-
eiated with it in Vireolanius, in having the tail rather longer than
the wings, not shorter.
- • S:
m
.»
» -i '
S99
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.
\ud nape either bright blue
r deep green of the rest of
[parti.
or lead color,
upper parts.
.d-^' iWUt^v
■^^i■^)
Common Charactrrs. — Top of '
in abrupt coutrast to the
Bill blackish.
A. Beneath white, with rufous pectoral band. Legs yellow.
Head above and nape bright blue.
A baud above eye, and spot below it, yellow.
A line through hj eye, and one from
lower edge of lower mandible, black
^ B. Beneath olivaceous or yellowish, without bauds. Throat
yellow. Legs dusky.
Head above and nape bright blue. Sides of head
green, like back. Beneath olivaceous.
A well marked yellow supra-ocular line and
" infra ocular spot . . . . ' .
No distinct line nor spot as above .
Head above and nape lead color. Sides of head with-
jj,-. ' out green like the back. Beneath yellowish. A
supra-ocular line and infra-ocular spot of yellow.
,i , An ocular and a subncular blackish plumbeous
bar.d, with white interspace behind. Be-
neath yellowish
Bides of head nearly uniform plumbeous, the
markings indicated above very obsolete.
r-<. ..';■ _'r'i. ; -, ■ "
Beneath olivaceous ....
Tireolanius melitoptaryg*
Vireolanius melitophrys, " Dubus MS.," BoN. Consp. 1850, 330 (Mexico).
— ScL. P. Z. 8. 1857, 213 ; 1859, 363.— Ib. Catal. 1861, 45, no. 271.
Hab. Southern Mexico and Guatemala. . ' ■
(No. 447.) Back and upper surface of wings and tail bright olive green;
head above and nape ash color ; under parts and sides of head and neck belov
;-3'l.*>
melitophrys.
^.•U3l"-i^ff£
exwuus,
pulchellus.
'■'■' '■•■\^"
ictero),.
chlorogaster.
^;rT.'»-f ■ -iKi
■'I
.«!
Virtolaniua melUophrys, Dcbus. (Mexico aud Guatemala.)
\L
^■^^
T8/vl\
VIREOLANIUS.
89t
the eyes white. A broad gamboge yellow stripe from bill, above and beyond
the eye ; a black band from commissure of bill acrosa lower half and behind
the eye (apparently widening and abruptly truncated behind), and a much
lens couspiuuous black line from lower corner of the gonys, the two nearly
parallel, and coextensive with the supeiciliary yellow (the lower one cutting
off an infra-uvular white stripe). A well defined band of rufous brown across
the breast, the sides of body suffused with the same. Primaries edged ex-
ternally with whitish near the ends. Quills edged internally with yellowish.
Crissum and inner wing coverts white. Bill black ; legs yellow.
(No. 447.) Total length, 6.00 ; wing, 2.85 ; tail, 3.00 ; exposed portion of
Ist primary 1.00, of 2d, 1.80, of longest (5th) (measured from exposed base
of lat primary), 2.22 ; length of bill from foreboad, .85, from nostril, .45, along
gape, .90 ; tarsus, .95 ; hind toe and claw, .60, claw alone, .30.
The upper part of head is slightly glossed with olive. The bases
of the yellow feathers in front of the eye are white. The lower
half of the orbital region is crossed by the black ocular stripe, the
upper by the yellow. The ocular yellow and black stripes extend
as far behind the eye as in front of it.
For the opportunity of examining this species I am indebted to
Mr. Salvin. • - . ' . ■,;.....-,:, . '
Smith- Collec- Sex
tuiiiaa ti>r'H nod
No. No. A({e.
Locality.
When
Collected.
Received from
Collected by
447 1 ..
Volcan de FueKo, ! Sept. 18, '39.
[oak forest, Ouat. 1
Cab. Salviu. i Salvin AOodiiian.
(447.) Type,
Tireolanius pulchellus.
Vireolanius pulchellus, Sclater & Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 12 (Guatemala). —
Lawbence, Ann. N. Y. Lye. Vll, 1862 (^auama). — Sclatbb, Catal.
1861, 45, no. 273. „ ..,.,. ,.,,.,. ... ;,. .v<^,„ . .,;,, u^^r.
Hah. Mexico and Guatemala, to Panama Isthmus.
(No. 20,403, Choctun.)
of upper parts and
sides of whole head
(to nostrils) and
neck deep dark
green. Beneath
light yellowish-
green, more yellow
on the belly and
erissum ; throat
almost pure yel-
low, as are the
inner wing coverts
ai>d inner edges of
the quills, the lat-
Upper part of head from bill and nape blue ; rest
Vlrtolantut ptileh«llus, 8cl. & Salv. (Vera Paz )
1^
%
■*i.,
^Vif
^■•J
! m %
398
REVIEW OP AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part r.
ter with more of a bnflf tioge. Bill and legs dark plumbeous, the former
whitiiili along the tomia.
Total length, 5.60 ; wing, 2.85 ; tail, 2.40 ; exposed portion of Ist primary,
1.00, of 2d, 1.80, of longest (4th) (measured from exposed base of 1st pri-
mary), 2.10; length of bill from forehead, .74, from nostril, .44, along gap«,
.81, depth, .28 ; tarsus, .82 ; middle toe and olaw, .69, claw alone, .25 ; hind
toe and olaw, .64, claw alone, .27.
In some specimens there is an extremely obsolete indication of a
yellowis'a spot on lower eyelid, and a yellowish infra-ocular line from
commissure. The supra-ocular green of side of head is also some-
times rather paler than the post-ocular portion, in slight contrast,
and all the green of the side of the head is lighter than that of the
back. Sometimes the blue of the head is more or less mixed with
green. The lores are green like the rest of the side of head.
This species differs from the type in having the tail shorter, instead
of a little longer than the wings.
m.
Smith-
KoniaD
No.
22.373
28,040
20,403
29,430
84,665
Collec-
Sex
tor's
and
No.
Age.
43, .VO?
<f
64
1,380
, ,
177
••
••
d
Locality.
Mexico.
Miiador, Mex.
Choctnm, Vera Paz.
Ouiteraala.
i.
Angostura, C. R.
When
Collected.
Jan. 1860.
Jane ii, '64.
Received from
Verreaux.
Dr. Sartorlus.
O. Salvin.
Cab. Lawrence.
Capt. J. M. Dow.
J. Caijalol.
Collected by
Tireolanius eximiiis*
I i
m
^i-
.-*■- *
/ol
Vireolaniua eximlus, Baird.
Vireolanim icterophryx, Sclateb, P. Z. S. 1855, 161, pi. 103 (Bogota),
not of BONAPARTK.
Hah, Bogota.
Coloration precisely similar to that of V. pulchellus, but with a bright yel-
low stripe from nostrils above and beyond the eye, % yellow infra-ocular spot,
and dusky lores. Bill and legs blackish ; the lower mandible whitish at end.
Total length, 5.50 ; wing, 3.00 ; tail, 2.50 : length of bill from forehead, .80,
from nostril, .60, along gape, .85, depth, .32 ; tarsus, .80.
As in V. pulchellus, the top of head is clear blue ; the rest of
upper parts, and the sides of head, dark green ; the under parts
light yellowish-green ; the chin and throat, and inside of wings,
clearer yellow, as also the inner edges of the quills. The bill is
longer than in V. pulchellus.
The species is described from a specimen in the museum of the
Philadelphia Academy.
VIRE0LANIU8.
399
Smlth-
•onlan
No.
Collec-
tiir'8
No.
8e:.
and
Age.
Locality.
When
Collected.
Received from
nemarks.
••
••
But;ota.
4(
Cub. Phila. Acad.
Type.
& •• • J
Vireolanius icterophrys. ■v." ,<+'>;•!:•.•■ ... ■ ■(,*
,-) ;■: Vireolanius icterophrys, BoN. Comptes Rendus, XXXVIII, 1854, 380 (" Rio
Nettro")' — Ib. Notes Delattie, 60.
Hah. "Cayenne;" "Rio Nogro;" Eastern Peru.
(Sp. Pliila. Acad.) Top of head and nape plumbeous ; rest of upper parts
deep green. Under parts, inner face of wings, and inner edges of quills
bright cleat yellow, rather paler behind, and more olive on flanks. A broad
band from nostrils over and beyond the eye, and spot on lower eyelid (coming
to the edge), yellow. Lores, continuous with a line through and behind the
eye, and a line from side of lower jaw beneath and beyond the eye, blackish-
plumbeous, passing behind into plumbeous like tlie nape, the space between
tUem and behind the eye white. Bill and feet blackish.
Total length, 5.00 ; wing, 2.85 ; length of bill from forehead, .73, from nostril,
.40, along gape, .82, depth, .28 ; tarsus, .77. <.■••,. .r v ,- . •
The yellow superciliary line is broadest anteriorly, but does not
cross the base of the culmen ; its posterior feathers are whitish.
The post-ocular plumbeous stripe passes into the plumbeous nape.
The lower dark stripe is bordered behind by the downward extension
of the white infra-ocular baud ; anteriorly it does not quite reach
the lower mandible, on account of the upward extension of the yel-
low of chin.
The specimen of this species in the museum of the Philadelphia
Academy is labelled as from Cayenne. Bonaparte quotes his as
from the Rio Negro.
Smlth-
nuDlan
No.
Cotlec- Sex
tor's and
No. Age.
Locality.
When
Collected.
Re. ved from
Remarks. .
39,819
i.itis
H<>ad of Huallaffa,
rnyenue. [R. Peru.
...
W. S. Church. .
Mus. Phila. Acad.
Very defective.
Vireolanius chlorogaster.
Vireolanius chlorogaster, Bos. Comptes Rendus, XXXVIII, 1854, 380
(" S. America") — Ib. Notes Orn. Delattre, 60. — Sclateb, Catal.
18(51, 45, no. 272a (Eastern Peru).
Bab. Eastern Peru.
Top and sides of head and nape plumbeous ; rest of upper parts green.
*•*..
!
H
'
'' "WBi
.»
;, N i
1
5 l■t,^..
1
'ii'v:
*'
' .:"j •
. '♦
400
REVIEW OP AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I.
Beneath greenish-yellow, more olive on the sides ; clearer yellow on the chin,
inner face of wings, and inner edges of qaills. A band from nostrils over
and beyond the eyes, and a spot on lower eyelid, yellow ; rest of sides of head
plumbeous, with the dusky and white bands of icteropkrys very obsoluttily
indicated. Bill dusky; legs paler.
Total length, 4.60 ; wing, 2.60 ; tail, 2.10 ; exposed portion of Ist primary,
.85, of 2d, 1.72, of longest (5th) (measured from exposed base of let primary),
2.05; length of bill from nostril, .40; tarsus, .72.
The forehead and side of crown are tinged with olive, and in the
plumbeous of the sides of head are indicated very obsoletely au
olivaceous Hue from commissure through and behind the eye, and
another from side of lower jaw, beneath it ; the two separated behind
by a paler patch.
The general style of coloration and appearance is that of V. icte-
ropkrys, Bon., but the size is smaller, the under parts more olivace-
ous, and the stripes on the side of head so nearly obsolete as to be
readily overlooked. The superciliary yellow line is, however, suffi-
ciently conspicuous ; the infra-ocular yellow spot rather less distinct.
The difference of locality is also important.
For the opportunity of examining the species I am indebted to
Dr. Sclater.
.
I Ww
t '
'\;
Smith-
toDian
No
Collec- Sex
tor's 1 and
No. 1 Age.
Locality.
When
Collected
Received from
Collected by
. .
272a ..
Eastera Pera.
...
Cab. P. L. Sclater.
Verrenax.
' « -vt '-'^,^ •*♦'
Family AMPELID^.
The characteristics of the Ampelidee have already been presented
in the synopsis of allied families ; chief among them the short broad
depressed and triangular bill with short gonys, the deeply cleft
mouth, the short tarsus, and the tendency to subdivision of its
lateral plates. Whether Dulus belongs properly here or elsewhere
is a serious question ; it is at any rate the type of a subfamily, as
also are Ampelis and Ptilogonys, if indeed they do not represent a
still higher division. The solution of th?se questions must, however,
be left to further investigation into the internal anatomy of the
genera; for the present I retain all under Ampelidse. The characters
of the subfamilies are as follows :— -
DULU8.
401
•]!i!
A. Gape of moath much arched. Mutataraal scutelln in two seiiea. Bod/
streaked beneath.
Dulinas. Lega very stout, though short. NoHtrils large, circular, ex-
posed, with naked inembrane behind though scaruuly above theui.
Frontal feathers directed backwards, soft, and like tliocte of re:it
V'*' of head ; with few bristles. Wings longer than the narrow, nearly
even tail. First primary nearly one-half the 2d, whicli is much
longer than secondaries. Under tail coverts reaching over about
the basal two-fifths of tail. Adults streaked longitudinally beneath.
Young unknown.
B. Gape of mouth nearly straight. Metatarsal scutellse in three series. Body
plain beneath. ,; ^. ,. ■ ..-i/
Ampellnae. Legs moderate. Nostrils elongated, linear, with the
frontal feathers extending close to the edge and to anterior ex-
tremity, concealing them ; these feathers short, velvety, and erect,
with few bristles. Wings very long and acute ; outer or 1st pri-
mary so much reduced as to be almost inappreciable ; the 2d
nearly tha longest. Wing nearly twice the length of the sbort,
narrow, even tail. Under coverts of tail reaching almost to its
tip. Secondary quills with flat horny appendages at end of shaft
like red sealing wax. Young birds streaked beneath as in Dulus.
Adults plain. , , - ,,
Ptilogonatlnae. Legs moderate. Nostrils oval, with wide naked
membrane above, and to some extent behind them ; the frontal
feathers not reaching to their border, and rather soft. Wings
graduated, shorter than the somewhat broad, fan-shaped tail ; the
1st quill nearly half the 2d. Young birds without spots or streaks ;
adults plain.
^1'.
it'-.:
yi
><■;:'>,
'. >*S;.
Sdbpamilt DULINiE.
DULUS, ViEILLOT.
Dulus, ViEiiLOT, Analyse, 1816, 42, no. 131.
Bdffon =s Tanagra dommica, LiNN.)
(Type "Tangnra esclave,"
Plumage compact. Wings moderately pointed, a little longer than the
nearly even, slightly rounded tail. First quill not quite half the 2d, which
about equals 6th ; 3d and 4th longest. Tail feathers rather narrow.
Bill shaped much like Icteria ; considerably decurved ; culmen decurving
from base, upper edge of lower mandible less so ; commissure much arclied ;
moath deeply cleft. Bill broad as well as high at base, compressed about
tlie middle to the strongly notched tip ; lower bill with slight broad notch.
Tongue rather narrow, horny towards tip, and simply bifid. Nostrils large,
circular, in anterior end of nasal groove ; surrounded, except anteriorly, by
membrane; the frontal feathers not directed forwards, and with few bristles,
not reaching to posterior edge of nostrils. Rictal bristles short.
Legs very stout ; tarsus scarcely as long as middle toe and claw: about seven
fiill-marked scutellse anteriorly ; sides of tarsus normally of a single plate
26 May. 1806.
f h .
4'
r !
i : ■ •'■
u :■
-.ynii; V'-
' '
'*•.
*' , ''
;^
''t"
•u*
. ^'
p ^
»■■■ •
* 1
1
• s
^
„
■ i ■
[^
•■91.' ■ .
• ■ ■ •*, '• ,
," ■ ■ el
.1 i V' .V
'I :;>»!■•:
402
REVIEW OP AMERICAN niRDS,
[I'AKT I.
«ach, a little Bubdividml bt-low ; in No. 40,071 divided on outer nidn into two
plates in riglit leg, not divided in left, l.iiteral toen nearly equal ; the uutor
■\V
■ .■•».• 'w
DtUtu dnmtnietu, Stuicicl. (Hayti.y
claw reaching to baflo of middle claw. The bafinl , mts of clawR short; tlie
ba^al joint of middle claw adherent for two-thirdfl ita length to basal Joint
of outer, and for same distance to aboat half basal joint of inner ; the adhenioii
less than in Vireo.
In the preceding description I hnve combined the cliaractiTs of
the genus and the subfttrnily, as Dulus is tlius far the only known
member of the Dulinm. The form is a very peculiar one, and its
precise systematic position is a matter of much uncertainty. It lins
been placed by Dr. Sclater among the Vireonidse; but from tln'ni
it differs in the longer basal phalanx of middle toe ; less amount of
adhesion of the anterior toes ; shorter tarsi ; much Ijroader and
more deeply cleft gape ; less extension forward, more backwiird
direction, and softer texture of frontal feathers (the tips of which do
not run into bristles) ; fewer bristles about the mouth ; the broader
and more exposed nostrils, etc. The tip of outer claw reaches only to
base of middle claw, instead of nearly to the middle as in Vireonidse.
The genus was assigned by II. E. Strickland to the Ampelidfe, and
the. majority of its characters seem to indicate a place intermediate
in some respects between Ampelis and Ptilogonya, and I there leave
it for the present The longitudinal streaks of the under parts,
although more conspicuous, are somewhpt like those of the yonng
A. cedrorum, and strengthen:, the propricly of associating the tw*'
None of the true Vireonidse, either as adults or young, as fur as
known, are at all streaked or spotted.
AMPELI8.
403
Dulnit dominicns.
Tunui/ra dominica, Linn. Syflt. Nat. I, 176(5, 31fl (haned on Tainjara
dominicensix, Ukihhon, III, 37, tab. 2, fig. 4, Ht. Doiiiiiigo). — (}.\i, I,
1788, 894.— />»«/«« tlominicuM, Stkickl. Cont. Orn. IHTA, 103 (r«ctifl-
cation). — Lxra. Ruv. Mag. 18&1, 083 (babitB, affiuiti«R, «tc.). —
ScLATRH, Catal. iHtn, 41.
> Dulua palmarum, Vibill. Nouv. Diet. X, 1817,438. — Id. Encjcl. M£tb.
(No. 40,071.) Feet extremely stout; tarbas sborter than middle toe and
claw. Wings longer than nearly even tail, moderately pointed ; Ist qnill
nearly half the 2d, which about equals 7th ; 4th longest ; 3d and 5th scarcely
shorter.
Above olive brown, becoming olive green on the rump and edges of quill-
and tail feathers; darker olive on the head, the sides of which are fuscous
brown. Beneath whitish ; all the feathers with central linear streaks of olive
brown, narrowest on belly, broadest on crissum (which is tinged witli olivace-
ous). Inner lining of wings pale fulvous ; inner edges of quills whitish.
Bill pale horn color, lighter below ; feet rather dusky.
(No. 40,071.) Total length, C.2f> ; wing, 3.20 ; tail, 2.75, nearly even ; ex-
posed portion of Ist primary, .95, of 2d, 2.15, of longest (measured from ex-
posed base of Ist primary), 2.30; length of bill from forehead, .61, from
nostril, .3(i, along gape, .80, depth, .24; tarsus, .80 ; middle toe and claw, .84,
claw alone, .25 ; hind toe and claw, .65, claw alone, .31.
A specimen in the Philadelphia Academy, although marked female,
is considerably larger, though apparently not otherwise different.
That des'criliod above was kindly Hupplied V)y Prof. Agassiz.
According to Strickland (Cont. Orn. 1851, 104), Dulun nuchalis,
of Swainson (2| Centen. 1838, C45), forms a second species, closely
allied, but with a transverse bar of white on nape. The type (from
Brazil) is said by him to be in the Cambridge Museum.
Note. — Since writing the preceding article several specimens have
been received from Mr. A. E. Younglove.
7'
■U
it :.
Smlth-
Konliin
No.
Collec-
tor'!!
No.
Sex
aud
Age.
Locality.
When
CollectfMl.
BeceWed from
Collected l)y
40,071
6*
. 8
477
Jeretale, Hnytl.
Mlaytl.
Port au Vrluce,
St. UuinlBgo.
1H6I-.V
Jan. 20, 'fie.
April 10, '«0
MnH. Cornp Zonl.
A. K. Vuuuglove.
II
Cab. PhlU. Acad.
P. K. lltiler.
(40,071.) Aleoh«n««p. (il,S6i.) Bill and eye« black. (41,866.) Bill and eyes black.
SOBFAMItT AMPELINiE.
AMPHLIS, Linn.
Ampelts, Linn. Syst. Nat. i2th ed. 1, 1766, 297. (Type Lanius garrulus,
L. Named by Linnaeus in 1735.)
. ■ ■ >[[.■•
m§
V (
' .,^
404
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I.
Bomhycilla, Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept. I, 1807, 88. (Type li. rtdmrum.)
" Bomhyciphora, Mkvbn, 1810" {iitAy).—" liombifcivoru, Tkmm. 1815"
Body stout, compact ; plumage flilky and soft. Wings long and ninch
pointed, cou»iderabiy longer than the narrow, nearly even tail. An extrumuly
Ampelit garrvla, Lnnr.
small first primary, which sometimes is visible on the inner side of the base
of the second quill, sometimes rests on the outer side as in other Oscines sup-
posed to have only nine primaries (see pages 160, 325). The 2d quill is
nearly as long as the 3d ; the remaining primarit-s graduate very rapidly to
the 10th, which reaches scarcely beyond half the exposed portion of 3d. The
shafts of the secondaries are tipped by a tiattened, obovate horny appendage
of a bright red color, like sealing wax ; traces of something similar to which
may sometimes be seen on the tail. The tail is narrow and nearly even.
Bill short, deeply cleft, depressed, and broad at the base, the width of
mouth more than two-thirds the commissure ; the culmen and gonys con-
siderably less than half the gape, and both much curved from base, the com-
missure nearly straight. The tip of upper mandible is decurved, deeply
Dotclied, and with a decided tooth behind the notch ; lower bill slightly
notched. The nasal fossse are filled with soft, short, erect, velvety feathers,
advancing far forward close along the upper edge of nostrils, and concealin^r
them ; the nostrils are much elongated, and narrowly elliptical. The rict<it
bristles appear to be wanting, although a few short ones overhang the ba^'o
of the bill.
The tongue is broad, fleshy, sagittate behind, homy and bifid at the tip.
The legs are short, but stout ; the tarsus scarcely longer than the middle toe
without claw: decidedly shorter than the entire toe; distinctly scntellate;
five or six divisions anteriorly ; the lateral plates on both sides also more or
less subdivided in Ampelis garrula, especially inferiorly. The lateral toes
are slightly unequal, the claws of the outer or longer barely reaching the
base of middle claw. The basal joint of middle toe is adherent for one-half
to one-third the adjacent joint of the inner toe, and for a little more than
that distance to barely more than one joint of the outer, the basal joint of
middle and inner toes being of about equal length ; the scntellse above basal
joints of anterior toes in three series. The hind toe is about equal to the
inner lateral.
.1 T^ S*l
'>''}>
A:MrKMa.
405
In A. garrula the naked skin on tlie posterior edfje of tarsus bc-
twet'ii the two lateral plates, and on inner side between the lateral
and frontal, shows a development of small hexagonal [dates — .seen
to niueh lews extent in A. oedrorum, where also the lateral tarsal
plates are frequently undivided, except at lower end.
The young of A. cedrorum are streaked longitudinally beneath,
as in aduli DuIuh, although more faintly.
The ger.us AmpelU exhibits a close resemblance to Prague in the
broad, deeply cleft bill ; the long, pointed wings ; the short, stout
legs. The n)08t striking differences in Proyne consist in the still
broader and more deeply cleft bill, less hooked lower mandible, open
superior and rounded nostrils, absence of spurious lirst j)riniary, etc.,
with others of less signification. Still it would not be at all sur-
prising to see them associated more closely by authors than has
hitherto been the case.
Three species of the genus Ampelia are known : one common to
the northern portions of the northern hemisphere, one peculiar to
North America, and a third found in Japan and Eastern Siberia.
They may be distinguished by the following diagnosis: —
A. Turtniiial band of tail yellow.
YellowiBh cinnamon ; more pinmbeous bthlnd. Chin,
foreliead, and band from forehead above and behind '
the eye, black. A white mandibular patch.
Large ; cliin and throat black ; crissum orange
brown ; two white bauds on the wing, and a
, white line along tips of primaries . . . garrula.
Smaller; chin only black; crisaum whitish. No
white on wing cedrorum.
B. Terminal band of tail red.
' ' Colors generally similar to those of A. cedrorum.
!i A red band across the end of the greater wing
,.; ■ coverts. Black line behind eye continued
along under side of crest, which is very long phaenicoplerum.
The A. phenicopterum is stated by Temminck to have the nasal
setiE so short as to bave the nostrils exposed, and to lack the seal-
ing-wax appendages ; the latter condition may, however, result from
tht Immaturity of the specinipn, as it is very common to find the
same thing in Individuals of the other species. v.^- • '•'*-'v^ r^^^.-n
Ampelis garrnla.
Lanius garruhts, I ink. " Fauna Snecica, 2, no. 82." — Ib. Syst. Nat. 10th
ed. 1758, S.").— J/«/<e/»s garrulus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. 176<5, 297
(Europe).— Box. Consp. 1850, 336.— Baihd, Birds N. Am. 1858,
r ■!> ■ ; .1 :■> -
r^
h| .**
40G
REVIEW or AMERICAN BIRO&
[I'.VRT I.
317.— BoARnMAK, Pr. Boat. Soo. Nat. IIi«l. IX, 1862, 120 (Cataix,
Mfl.)— CooPBR, Fr. Cal. Auad. II, 18U1 (1H63), 122 (Kort Muhav«,
. AT.).—Uombifcilla guriula, Bon. Zuol. Jour. Ill, lb27, &0.— Ib.
Sym.pBi8, 1828, 438.— Iii. Am. Orn. HI, 1828, pi. xvi.— Rich. V. B.
• A. II, 1831, 237.— Add. Oru. Biog. IV, 4G2, pi. 3«3.— In. Birds Am.
IV, 109, pi. 24«.— Max. Cab. Jour. VI, 18S8, 188. (American.)—
Lombycilla ijiirrula, Kky8. & Blah. Wirb. Enropas, 1840, 1()7. —
Dbolamu, Ornith. Kurop. I, 1849, 349 (Knropeau.) — Woll«v, Pr.
Z. 8. 1857, &5 (nest and <^gg8). — Newton, Ibis, 1861, 92, pi. Ir
(nesting).— NoKDMANN, Cab. Jour. VI, 1858, 307, and VII, 1859,
pi. i (nesting). (European.)
Hah. I^orthern parts of Europe, America, and Asia, In America not hitherto
found in the western province. In winter extending along the Kocky Moun-
tains and the plaii>^^ a . far south as Fort Massachusetts and Fort Riley; regu-
lar visitor to shores of Lake Mi'-higau and Lako Erie. East of this rarely
seen along the United States border.
For the description and general remarks relative to this species I
refer to the Birds N, Am. quoted above. According to Degland,
the foiaule differs in less extent of black of throat, the quills having
the white or yellow confined to the ends of outer webs only, instead
of on the inner webs also, und a less number i nd smaller size of
the cartilaginous appendages.
The specimen seen by Dr. Cooper, at Fort Mohave, if really of
this species, fixes the most western locality on record.
For many years authentic eggs of the Bohen ian Chatterer wore
greatly sought after, but it was not until 1856 thut any were brought
to the notice of the scientific world, when the late Mr. 11. Wolley
discovered them in Lapland. Early duplica'.es from his collection
were sold at five guineas each, and although a good many have since
been obtained, they are yet considered as great prizes. A nest, with
its eggs, of those collected by Mr. Wolley, has been presented to
the Institution by Mr. Alfred Newton. The only instances on record
of their discovery in America are of a nest and one e^^ by Mr.
Kennicott, on the Yukon, in 1861, and a nest and single egg on the
Anderson River, by Mr. MacFarlane, both of which, with the female
parents, are iu the possession of the Institution.
,^,----^-
! , ■'
AMJ'ELIS.
40T
Hniitli-
•oulau
CoUm-
tiir'a
No.
B-x
and
Locality.
When
Cullvclud.
Reeelred from
Collected bjr
IN.Mlt
^ ^
?
I'rumtla.
• . ■
Mad. Drouut.
b.iiv)
. .
"
...
" [(iiMiliKKnn.
IStWtf
, ,
DflniDftrk.
. . .
rniv.ZiHil.Mui.Co-
27,;ilil
1,483
V
Kurt Yukon.
July 4, '61.
K. Kxuulfutt.
27,307
J. liockhart.
K. K McKarUoa.
4fl
9
Fort AnderHon.
...
i'.im
1,221
(^reat liiur Luks.
■ • •
U. K. Koaa.
27.:II4
, ,
, ,
BlgTiilHuil.
. • •
41
John Katd.
2M>I
22, HOI
"s
d
Cujlj luUUflA..
Sept.' 22, '61.
II
L. Clark*.
3I,12»
7f»7
. ,
£orL.Uklk«tt.
Flirt Brldtjer
. ■ •
B. K. Kom.
W. Braaa.
11,0.V1
i:<2
<f
Deo. 8, '97.
C. Droxlei.
l!).214
2:17
^
DuKf Croek, N«b.
Ffl). i;i.
Capt. Kaynoldi.
Dr. HaydflD.
U.XVi
682
HilterriMit VBlli-y.
Wluter.
Capl. Mulliiu.
J. 1 uainall.
11,470
, ,
Fort MiiHxHcliiiHHtti.
• > •
('apt. Ku»'nian.
a,S7.i
, ,
Fort Ulioy, Kaua.
RachiH, WlhO.
18.11.
I)r W. A. Mam-
.I.Hl.S
, ,
Winter.
l)r. Ilojr. [uiuud.
Ur. Klrtlaud.
.s:),(W2
ClevfllaDd, U.
Wluter '64.
2;i,«i8
MuuHfl Facto rjr.
...
J. Mackeuils.
(27,316.) With neat and one egg. (27,307.) With neat and one agg.
Anipelis cedrorum*
Am/teli* garrulus, var. B, Lihn. Syst. Nat. I, 1768, 297.
Jiumliyc'dla cedrorum, Vikillot, Ois. Am. Sept. I, 1807, 88, pi. Ivii. — Ib.
aalerie Ois. I, 1834, 18(j, pi. oxviii.— Caii. Mub. H«in. I, 55.— Ib.
Cab. Jour. IV, 1856, 3 (Cuba).— Gondlach, Cab. Jour. 1861, 328
(Cuba; rare). — Ampelis cedrorum, Sclatbr, P. Z. 8. 18r6, 299
(Cordova); 1858, 302 (Oaxaca ; January); 1859, 364 (Xalapa;
Cordova) ; 1864, 172 (City of Mexico).— Ib. Catal. Am. Birds, 1861,
46. — ScLATEB & Salvin, Ibifl, 1859, 13 (Guatemala). — BAiKt, likda
N. Am. 1858, 318.— Tayloh, Ibis, 1860, 111 (Honduras).— March,
Pr. A. N. So. Phila. 1863, 294 (Jauipioa).— Lord, Pr. R. Art. Inst.
Woolwich, IV, 116 (British Columbia ; nesting). — Cooper & Sock-
ley, P. R. Rep. XII, II, 187 (Washington Ter.).
Ampelis americami, WiLS. Am. Oni. I, 1808, 107, pi. vii. — Dombycilla
americana, Jones, Nat. Bermuda, 1859, 29 (winter). — Rich. F. B.
A. II, 1831, 239.
BomhycUla carolinenais, Brisson, Orn. II, 1760, 337 (not binomial). —
Ann. Orn. Biog. I, 1831, 227, pi. xliii.— Ib. Birds Am. IV, 1842,
165, pi. 245. — Waoler, Isis, 1831, 528. — AmpflU carolinensis,
Q088B, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 197 (.January). — Bon. Consp. 1850, 336.
Bab. Whole of North America as far north as Lake Winnipeg and Hud-
son's Bay, South Branch of Saskatchewan, lat. 52^ (^Richardson) ; south to
Guatemala ; Jamaica and Cuba in winter.
Details concerning this species will be found in the "Birds N. Am."
cited aiic>ve. As there stated, young birds are streaked beneath as
iu Dulus, but more obsoletely.
408
EEVIEW OP AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I.
I' t-
r-,-M
Y -'
r*'
■ 'F«-^
Smith-
Col lee
Sex
When
Collected.
HuDtaa
No.
tor'»
No.
and
Atje.
loealltr.
Received from
Collected by
83,011
9
Sherborn, MaBg.
...
A. L. bubcock.
1,617
, ,
CarllDle. Pa.
Joly i, '44.
S. F. Palrd.
2(>,642
649
y
Mooite Factory.
KedKI'TerBellem't.
Aug. 2«, '60.
C. Dreitler.
18,»08
, ,
^
. ..
D biinn.
27,0:U
, ,
. ,
n
...
Gov. Mactcvish.
28.9J0
686
9
WaRhtngton.
Mar. 2, '60.
Elliot Coues.
82,270
,,
Macon, Oa.
April, 1848.
Prof. Jos. Leconte.
ai,878
, ,
, ,
Tortugaa.
Capt. Woodbury.
.5,318
• •
YellowHtone River.
July 21, '56.
Lt Warren.
Dr. Hayden.
88.413
, ,
Laramie Riv. [W.T.
May, 1864.
Dr Hitz.
1.5,9.57
.167
<f
Chilowoyiick Depot
July 6, '59.
A. Campbell.
Dr. Kennerly.
21.939
489
SlayalcwHteoa "
July 3, '60.
tt
II
4,236
, ,
, ,
San FranciHco.
1853-1854.
R. D. Cutts.
26,.591
, .
i
Cape St. LucaH.
18.'59.
J. Xuutus.
8,958
, ,
TamauMpnR, Mex.
Mar. 20. '53.
Lt. Couch.
20.40.5
1,862
Choctun, Vera Pax.
Jan. I860.
O. Salvin.
7,952
'"
Ouatemvla.
...
J. Gould.
Ft*''
ScBFAMiLT PTILOGONATINiE.
The characters of the subfamily have already been stated on page
401, but it still remains to difcuss the question of its precise extent.
As generally given by authors, it includes two series of genera, the
most apparent external distinction between them consisting in the
distinct scutelloe on the anterior face of the tarsus in the one, which
are wanting in the other. These more palpable features are, how-
ever, accompanied by others, of more or less importance, and I can
hardly avoid the conclusion that they should belong to different
families, one, embracing Flilogonys and Phsenopepla (Ptilogona-
tinse), remaining with the Ampelidae; the other (Myiadestes,
Gichlopis, Platycichla) removed as Myiadestinee to near the
Turdidse. and Sauncolidse.
The following diagnostic characters will serve to illustrate the
features of these two groups as compared with each other : —
PtilogonatinsB. Tarsus stout, shorter, or not longer than middle toe and
claw ; conspicuously scutellate ar. riorly, and freqaently on one or other
or on both sides ; sometimes with a row of small plates behind. Wings
much graduated ; the second quill not longer than secondaries. Outline
of lateral tail feathers parallel or widening from base to near tip. Tail
unvaried, or else inornate at end. Quills without light patch at base.
Head crested. Young birds not spotted. Not conspicuous for song.
Myiadestinas. Tarsus slender, longer than middle toe and claw ; undivided
as in Turdid;e. Toes deeply t left. Wings more pointed; second quill
much longer than secondaries. Lateral tail feathers cnneate, or narrow-
ing from base towards tip ; generally whitish at end on inner web.
Quills with their extreme bases, especially of inner webs, bulTy yellow,
showing a light patch inside. Head nut crested, though the toathei!)
sometimes full. In the young all the feathers with light rounded spots.
Pre-eminent as melodious singers.
S-J 1
PTILOQONATINiB.
40S
It may be considered that the presence or absence of scutellse
on the tarsus is a matter of comparatively slight importance, since
in some Thrushes having normally smooth tarsi, we occasionally find
individual specimens exhibiting scutellse, and the Mocking Birds
difl'er from the true Thrushes in having such scutellse. Yet when
to this we add the tendency in Ptilogomjs and Phsenopepla to
division of the whole length of the lateral plates, and even occasional
indications of a supplementary series on the posterior edge of tarsus,
the difference from the smooth tarsi of Myiadedes and iis allies, ia
one 0! essential moment. Add to this the peculiarities of marking
in young birds, and the difference of vocal powers, and the grounds
for separation would seem well established, and the assignment of
the Ii[i/iadentinae, as a subfamily, to a place near the Saxicolidse and
Turdidae (perhaps better under the latter), well founded, as all the
characters referred to above apply to the Turdinae. Since, however,
other authors may not agree with me in this view, and as the Tur-
didw have already been discussed, I propose to present the 3Iyia-
destinte in the present article after the Ptilogonatinee, and to leave
the final decision of their true position to a future period.
The comparative diagnoses of Myiadeslinw aud Turdinee may be
expressed as follows :—
Common Chabacters. — Tarsi without regular transverse scutellse, except at
lower end. Wings acute, pointed, as long as or longer than tail, which is
but slightly graduated. First primary rarely half 2d, which exceeds the
secondaries. Base of quills bufiy yellow, as are ir>ner edges. Tail spotted
or varied at the end. Young birds with many light spots. Very melodious
singers.
MyiadeitHnie. Bill short, much depressed ; mouth deeply cleft ; width
at base about equal to the distance from nostril to tip, or greater ;
commissure more than twice distance from nostrils to tip of bill, and
nearly two aud a half times length of gonys. Legs weak ; tarsi
rather longer than middle toe and claw. Tail feathers tapering
slightly from base to near tip, giving a slightly ouneate appearance
to the tail.
Turdinie. Bill stouter, more lengthened ; narrow at base and more
compressed; width at base less than distance from nostril to tip;
commissure not more than twice distance from nostrils to tip of bill,
?.nd about twice length of gonys. Tarsi stouter, longer than middle
toe and claw. Tail feathers widening slightly from base to near tip,
giving a parallel sided or slightly fan-shaped appearance to the tail.
The Miminse differ from both in the strongly scutellate tarsi ;
shorter, more rounded wings, the 1st primary generally half the 2d ;
the tail usually much graduated, etc.
410
EEVIEW OP AMERICAN BIRDC .
[part r.
It still remains to be determined whether ti ere is any essential
family difference between the typical Turdidae and the HaxicoUdee,
and whether a rearrangement of these groups, perhaps ineliuling
even the Sylviidse, may not be required. In any case, however,
that the Myiadestinee must be embraced in the same series, I have
little question.
The two genera of Ptilogonatinae, as restricted, with the common
characters given above, differ as follows : —
Phxnopepla. Crest narrow, pointed behind. Outer primaries broad, not
attenuated nor pointed at end ; the 1st half the 2d. Tail rounded, fan-
shaped ; feathers very broad, wider towards end. Bill feeble, ratlier
narrow, well bristled ; nostrils somewhat overhung by frontal feathers.
Sexes dissimilar; male black ; quills with median wliite patch on inner
webs ; tail not varied.
Ptilogonys. Crest broad, and decumbent. Outer primaries narrow, attenu-
ated and pointed at ends ; 1st about one-third the 2d. Tail even or
cuneate, feathers narrower. Bill stouter, much broader, fewer rictal
bristles ; nostrils much exposed. Sexes similar ; color cinereous ; wings
not varied ; tail feathers with median white patch on inner webs.
PTILOGONYS. SwAiNSON.
'".; ;:^,ti--.t:!
^ Ptilogonys, Swainson, Catal. Bullock's Mex. Mus. 1824. (Type P.
._, cinereus.)
PtiHo'jonys, SwAiNBON, Philos. Mag. I, May, 1827, 368. (Same type.)
Ptiliogonatus, Swainson, Zooi. Jour. Ill, July, 1827, 164. (Same type.)
Plumage soft, silky, glossy, and rather compact. Head with a broad, full,
soft crest, not pointed behind. Tibiae thickly tufted with full, soft feathers.
Ptilogimys cinereus, Swai.nbos. (Mexico.)
.3 3jij
PTIL0G0NY8.
411
Tail longer than wings, somewhat fan-shaped, nearly even in type, the slight
emargiuation greater than the rouudiug (in cuudatus much graduated, with
central feathers prolonged). Feathers broad, the outer weba very narrow.
Wings pointed, although the outer feathers are muuh graduated ; 1st quill
not half the 2d, which is shorter, the 3d rather longer, than secondaries ; 5th
aud 6th longest ; 1st, 2d, and 3d attenuated and acuminate at end.
Bill short, much depressed, hooked and notched at both tips ; gape wide
aud deep ; commissure straight ; culmen for terminal half and short gonys
considerably curved. Nostrils oval, bordered above and behind by mem-
brane, the frontal feathers reaching not quite to the posterior margin ; rictal
bristles distinct, but moderate-
Legs weak ; tarsi very short, less than middle toe and claw, with strongly
marked rough scutelliB (seven) anteriorly, one or two divisions on the lower
part of sides. Outer toe rather longer than inner, and reaching just beyond
base of middle cla' . Hind claw considerably longer than middle. Basal
joint of middle toe adherent for almost its whole length to one and a half
joints of 0. ter ; internally for basal half of length to basal half of first joint
of inner.
P. caudatus, very similar otherwise, diflFers remarkably in structure of tail,
which is cuneate and nearly one and a half times the length of the wing;
llie two central feathers greatly prolonged and t;ipei ing gently to a rounded
narrow tip, the other feathers graduate from these to the outeimost.
Plilogonys differs from Myiadestes in more compact plumage ;
a shorter, broader, thicker bill ; the frontal feathers nn'.ch less
bristly ; the nostrils broader aud more exposed, with a greater ex-
unt of naked membrane behind them. The legs are shorter, but
stouter ; tarsus much shorter and roughly scutellate, not smooth ; the
claws thicker and more curved ; the hinder considerably larger than
the middle. Nearly the whole extent of basal joint of middle toe
is adherent externally, not the half only ; internally adherent for
half to the basal half of first joint of inner, which in Ahjiadeates are
divided to base. The wing is much more graduated; the third quill
having the relationship to the longer ones that the second has in
Mijiadedes. The tail lacks the deep eniargination of Myiadedes ;
the lateral feathers are of equal width to near the end, or even
wider, instead of becoming narrower. i'" . . V
There has been much diversity among writers in the spelling of
the name of this genus, Mr. Swainson, its author, having himself
written it very differently. His first rendering of the name, how-
ever — Ptilofjonys — is more nearly correct than the subsequent ones,
as eompouuded of nrtxov and yow, or feathered knee, iu allusion to
the tuft of cottony feathers on the tibiae.
The two known species of Plilogonys are quite similar in colora-
tion, but ditt'er markedly in shape of tail, which in one is even, in
the other greatly cuneate. The characters are as follows : —
«*.;■;■ ■■ >«.-
412
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I,
^■; ■- 1 1 '
iM
: i .n
•"j
f1
I! SI
CoMMOK CiiARACTEBS. — General color bluish-ash. Wings and tail glossr
grueuish-black. Quills edged internally with white. A broad, large white
patch on inner webs of tail feathers. Crissum egg yellow ; flanks more
olivaceous. Tibiae cottony white.
A. Pnlogonyg. Tail a little longer than wings ; nearly even.
Head ashy. Cheeks and nape (concealed partly by
incumbent crest) smoky ash ; forehead and chin
whitish, the latter passing into ash of throat and
breast. Eye-ring white. White tail patches rect- *^ ''"^
angular ........ cinerm,
B. Sphenotelus. Tail almost one and a half times wings ;
pointed and very cuneate.
Head and nape all round olivaceous-yellow ; top of
head ashy. Eye-ring yellow. White tail patches
lozenge-shaped caudahis,
Ptiloponys cinereus. ,. ' ,, .„ .yr yy*
"Ptilogonys cinereus, SwAiNsoN, Catal. Bullock's Mex. Mus. 1824, app.
p. 4."— Bon. Consp. 1850, 335.— Cabanis, Mus. Hein. 1851,55.-
Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 319.— Sclater & Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 13;
1860, 31 (Guatemala).— ScLATEB, P. Z. 8. 1856, 299 (Cordova);
1858, 302 (Oaxaca) ; 1859, 364 (Jalapa), 379 (Oaxaca; eggs) ; 1864,
173 (City of Mexico).— Ib. Catal. 1861, 47, no. 284.— Ptiliogonyt
cinerens, Swainson, Phil. Mag. I, May, 1827, 368 ; Zool. 111. Ser. 2,
pi. 62, 120. — Pliliogonatus cinereus, Swainson, Zool. Jour. Ill, July,
1827,164.
Hypothymis chrysorrhoa, Tehm. PI. Col. pi. 452. '* '
Ilah, Mountain regions of Mexico, from near northern border: south to
Guatemala. ■ ^ • ■ - ,: .
't.4.
■ I . ;.(r;f: Vyij'''
„. i,1
li' '^
I w
%
'>
' !''"
.A
f , , . '
< a'
t ^
4'tIi*;;-;
■ Smith
auy "
■ ioaiao
j\
■
;■- 1
1 %m
■ 2.966
■ 3$. 1,5.5
■ mm
■ 3<).7I»
■ 30,720
PtUogonyt cinereui, 8wAi.N«o.<r. ^Mexico.)
' . ; . j1
PTILOOONYS.
«f8
(No. 30,719.) Plumage compact ; rather silky. Wing considerably gliorter
than the tail, which is almost even, slightly eniargiuated, broad and some-
what fan-shaped, the feathers widening from base to near tip ; the central
only with parallel edges to the rounded tip, and rather shorter than the
lateral. First quill much less than half the 2d, contained about three timea
and a half in the longest (5th), falcate and rather acute; the 2d equal to
10th; the 3d about equal to 7th ; the ends of the 2d and 3d quills attenuated
and acute. Tarsi distinctly scutellate ; rictal bristles moderate.
Predominant color dark bluish-ash, scarcely lighter below ; the head all
round pale ash ; the forehead, chin, and side of lower jaw almost white ; tho
cheeks and the nape (mostly concealed by the incumbent crest) smoky ash ;
eyelids white ; lores and space below eye blackish, .^uill- and tail-feathera
glossy greenish-black, varied above only by a narrow border of the back-
color, the quills abruptly edged internally with white, the axillars varied
with the same, the tail feathers having the middle third of their inner weba
white, ill a rectangular patch. Anal region behind, and crissum rich Indian
or egg yellow ; the flanks posteriorly olive yellow. Tibise and middle of belly
white. Bill and legs black. " Iris carmine" (Xanlus).
(No. 30,719.) Total length, 8.00; wing, 3.75; tail, 4.30; width of outer
feather, .50 ; diflference between 10th and longest quills, .80 ; exposed portion
of first primary, .78, of 2d, 1.90, of longest (6th) (measured from exposed
base of Ist primary), 2.90 ; length of bill from '->rehead, .65, from nostril, .28,
along gape, .73 ; tarsus, .60 ; middle toe and jlaw, .65, claw alone, .20; bind
^e and claw, .45, claw alone, .22. i " .. ;- .'^/!,i• .-,,.<.;;' i-
Immature birds, perhaps females, differ in havinj? the ashy tints
of the body replaced by dirty brownish, of an umber or sepia tint,
and traces of the same are not unfrequently seen in the more per-
fectly plumaged specimens. Indistinct, scarcely appreciable spots
of olive green are sometimes to be seen in the feathers of the back.
1
6raUh- Collec-
Sex
When
Collected.
tor'8
No.
ADd
Ako.
LocRlity.
Received from
Remarks.
30,1.19
mo
ff
Sierra Madre, near
April, 1863.
Jolin XantiiH.
Length, 7,7'); iriH
■im
,.
Mexico. [Colima.
. . .
8. F. Baird.
. . [carmiue.
3S.1.W
167
Jnv.
Orizaba.
M. Botteri.
;«.i,w
167
Juv.
»1,719
377
, ,
Duenas, Gnat.
1861.
0. Salvia.
30,7M
4,M3
, ,
II
Nov.
14
«...
1S3
d
Cordova.
...
Cab. Lawrence.
Ptilogonys caudatus.
Piilogonys caudatus, Cabanis, Jour. 1860 (May, 1861), 402 (Costa Rica).
Bah. Mountains of Costa Rica. ''"■•■• ' '
(No. 35,247.) Tail much graduated ; the central feathers prolonged, and
lapering gently frova the middle to a rounded point ; the others successively
i^linrter; the lateral about two-thirds the length of central ; feathers nar-
rower than in cineretis (about .40), and scarcely widening from base to end.
.til
*r
m
■
414
REVIEW OP AMERICAN BIRDS.
[PART I.
4 ■ .
, :',»'«:
|'^i'j:'i3';I's^^^^^^^
: ( :■"•
First qnill contained not quite three and a half times in longest ; the 2(1
rather sliorter than 10th ; the 3d a little shorter than 7th ; the Ist, 2d, and Sd
moderately attenuated at end ; tlie Ist falcate, acute.
Upper surface of body and wings, with jugulum and breast, bluiah-ash.
Head and neck all round, with nape belly and flanks, yellowish-green, paler
-'.£&
Pttloffonya caudcUut, CABXifie. (Costa Rica.)
on throat ; the top of head, from bill, pale ashy ; chin and forehead anterior to
eyes lighter, and tinged with yellowish ; the crissum and narrow ring round
eye egg-yellow. Tibiae and concealed tuft on thighs whitish. Quill- and tail-
feathers glossy greenish-black ; the former edged internally with whitish, the
four or five outer tail feathers with a patch of white in the middle third of
inner webs, diminishing in size towards the interior one ; the outermost with
the outlines following nearly the line of the fibres of the feather, or lozenge-
shaped, not rectangular. On the fourth feather the spot does not reach the
inner edge of the feather, and is still more reduced, sometimes wanting in
the fifth. Outer edges of quills very narrowly like back. Bill and feet
black. Iris "bluish-yellow" (Cnrmiol),
(No. 35,247, 9.) Total length, 10.60; wing, 3.80; tail, 5.50; middle feather,
1.90 longer than lateral ; difference of 10th and longest quills, .80 ; exposed
portion of 1st primary, .80, of 2d, 1.70, of longest (5th and 6th) (measured
from exposed base of 1st primary), 2.80; length of bill from forehead, .60,
from nostril, .29, along gape, .75 ; tarsus, .70 ; middle toe and claw, .70, claff
alone, .23 ; hind toe and claw, .50 ; claw alone, .25.
The adults of the two sexes do not appear to differ in color. In
younger birds (No. 35,245), however, the bluish-ash is replaced by
the yellowish-green, of which color is the entire body and head. In
still younger birds there is a strong tinge of brown. In No. 35,245,
too, the crest, instead of being broad and full, the lateral feathers as
long as central, is pointed, owing to the central feathers being much
longer, and more distinct in outline, or rather the lateral more nlihre-
viated, in this respect much like the crest of Phaenopepia niteiu-
wvLjm^-i
T
PHiENOPErLA.
416
The crest of this species appears longer thrin in cinereus ; the
tail is very diflFerently shaped iu the great prolongation and acute-
'ss of the central feather (almost one-half longer than the lateral),
and the graduation of the rest, instead of being nearly even. These
feathers, too, are narrower. The outer quills appear rather less
attenuated. The principal difference in color consists in the yellow-
ish-green of the head and neck all round, relieved only by the gray
of top of head ; the ring round eye yellow, not white ; the encroach-
ing on flanks and front of belly of the yellowish-green ; the lozenge-
shaped rather than rectangular patch of white on tail feathers, etc.
■■-'■'1
Snilth-
Collnc-
Sex 1
soiiimi
tor'H
aud
No.
No.
Age.
3ii,S()0
17
..
33, W,
, ,
33,291
3-..2-J.')
<f
3.),218
cf
3J,247
V
Locality.
San Joise, C. K.
it
" [C. K.
Rancho RedouJo,
When
Collected.
Aug. 6, '64.
Aug.' 17, '64.
Keceived from
Collected bj
Dr. A. V. KrantziuH.
J. Curmiol.
PHAENOPEPLA, ScLATER.
Phainopepla, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1858, 543. (Type Ptilogonys nitens, Sw.)
Plumage rather compact : in the male glossy. Head with a narrow elongated
occipital crest. Wings pointed, reaching about to middle of tail. Spurious
primary large, broad; more
than half second, which is
about equal to seconda-
ries; 6tli quill longest;
5th, 4th, and then 3d snc-
cessively shorter ; the lat-
ter rather shorter than
7th; end of quills not
attenuated nor pointed.
Tail longer than wings ;
somewhat fan - shaped ;
rounded at end ; not
emarginated ; the feathers
very broad, and widening
behind.
Bill not very wide ; nos-
trils with overhanging
membrane ; frontal feath-
ers bristled, and reaching
to hinder edge of nostril ; rictal bristles extending to anterior edge ; both tips
of bill notched. Tarsi about equal to middle toe and claw, or a little longer ;
distinctly scutellate anteriorly ; one or two indistinct divisions on outer side
8279
Phnenopepla nilena, BciATKB. (Arizona.)
if
416
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS,
[part I.
''51
}' , '' ' Sk
■ ■, -s
(• ■■
'/■J:!V:
K,
^■.i..;^4^-^:
at lower end. Clawa short, much curved. Inner toe cleft nearly to base ;
basal joint of outer adherent. Outer toe a little longer th,iin inner, reaehiug
a little beyond base of middle claw.
This genus differs from MyiadesteB in scutellate tarsi, smaller feet,
more curved claws, crest, tail, etc. Its relationships to Flilorjonijs
are closer, but the crest is narrow and pointed ; the wing less gradu-
ated ; the first primary much larger ; the tall more rounded ; the
feathers much broader. The bill is much narrowtjr and weaker.
The feet are very similar ; the toes rather more cleft, though less
than in Myiadesles.
Ptaaenopepla nitens.
Ptiliogonys nilens, Sw. An. in Menag. 1838, 285. — roN. Consp. 1850,
335. — Heermann, Jour. A. N. Sc. Phila. II, 185J, 263. — Cassis,
" * 111. Birds Texas, etc. 1854, 169, pi. xxix. — Cichlopsis nitena, Baird,
^•' Birds N. Am. 1858, 320, 923.— Phainopepla nitena, Sclatbr, P. Z. 8.
,,: ; 1858, 543 ; 1864, 173 (City of Mexico).
"Leptarus galeatua, Le8B."
Flah, Mountainous portions of western and middle provinces of United
States, and south to Orizaba ; Cape St. Lucas.
(No. 8,275, %.) Tail broad, almost fan-shaped; graduated slightly; not
at all emarginate, and longer than wing. First quill broad, slightly falcate,
scarcely attenuated; more than half the 2d, which about equals the 10th;
6th longest ; 3d equal to 7th. Feathers on nape rather full, with a lengthened,
pointed, narrow occipital crest.
Male (No. 8,275) entirely glossy greenish black ; the inner webs of all the
primary quills with a large, lengthened patch of white, which does not reach
the inner margin ; their outer webs very narrowly edged with ashy, as are also
lateral tail feathers externally.
Female (No. 8,274) brownish-ash, paler below ; the white of inner webs
of quills obsolete ; the greater coverts and quills edged externally with
whitish, the anal and cnssal feathers edged and tipped with the same ; the
outer tail feather with narrow edge of white externally towards end.
Immature birds show every gradation of color between the two extremes
described above.
(No. 8,275, % .) Total length, 7.60 ; wing, 3.80 ; tail, 4.35 ; difference of 10th
and longest primary, .54; exposed portion of 1st primary, 1.20, of 2d, 2.20, of
longest (6th) (measured from exposed base of 1st primary), 2.80 ; length of
bill from forehead, .46, from nostril, .31, along gape, .66 ; tarsus, .70; middle
toe and claw, .65, claw alone, .20 ; hind toe and claw, .44, claw alone, .20.'
MYIADKSTINiE.
411
groith-
mnlaa
Collec-
toi'a
No.
41S
104
.1,248
3,123
17,i
173
Sex
aud
Ak«.
Loealltx.
When
Collected.
Reoelved from
Collected by
J),;t8:»
8,27.)
8,274
11,J2S
2«.4«2
iii.m
3,964
3Vi:)'i
3,\133
d
0.
Fort Crook, Cal.
Fort Tpjon, Cal.
Colorado Deitert.
II
Fort Tama, Ar.
Cape St. Iiiicaii.
"(San Nicholas).
Coahiillu, Max.
Mirador, Mex. (Pine
[region.)
Aiiril, 1860.
18u7.
Oct. I'o" '39.
i8r).i
June, 1864.
John Kniluer.
John XiiiituM.
Lt. Wi aiUkOQ.
Lt. Ives.
Jobu Xaatua.
Lt. Conch.
Dr. C. Surtorlna.
Dr. Il<>t>riiianu.
U. B. MollbaUHen.
6,463.) IrU flre red.
Sdbfamilt MYIADESTIN^.
As explained on page 408, 1 am decidedly of opinion that, notwith-
standing a close resemblance in general appearance, Myiadentes
and Cichlopsis should be removed from their usual association
with Ptilogonys, among Ampelidse, to or at least very near the
Tardulee, and form a subfamily with Platycichla (p. 32). The
latter genus is so closely related to Cichlopi^is as almost to be the
same: Platycichla forniiiig the link with Turdinse through Pla-
nesticus, while such species as Myiadestes unicolor show the affini-
ties of Cichlopsis to Myiadestes.
]n the original description of Cichlopsis, Cabanis gives scutcllate
tarsi as u character. In the specimen before nie of C. leucogonys,
belonging to Dr. Sclater, one tarsus is entirely smooth, except the
one or two divisions at lower end (as usual in Turdidse), while the
other exhibits a faint indication of an additional division. Through
the somewhat transparent epidermis may be s«en faint transverse
lines which may represent such division, but do not come to the
surface, and arc precisely such as occur among other booted forms.
This tendency to occasional abnormal scutellation is a partial
monstrosity, or it may be a condition of immaturity, as I have
observed in Myiadestes townsendii.
The genera of Myiadestinne may be characterized as fcdlows,
although I cannot make the diagnoses very trenchant, and must
refer to the more elaborate descriptions and comparisons for com-
litete details : —
Myiadestes. Occipital feathers fall and soft. Plnmage rather loose. Bill
weak, much depressed. Commissure nearly straight. Hind toe longer
tlian inner lateral. Toes deeply cleft. Closed wing externally with an
exposed light hand across the hase of the quills, and another nearer the
end, separated by a darker one. Tail somewhat graduated on tlie sides.
Cichlopsis. Occipital feathers short and close. Plumage more compact.
Win,, without any external marking. Commissure nearly straight. Bill
27 June, 1806.
■ ' * ;.
w
,-'^' n
,v!m
418
REVIKW OF AMEUICAN BIRDS.
[I'ART r.
Btoat, moderately duprenfled, rectilinear viewed from above. Hind toe
and claw shorter than inner lateral, 'lail slightly graduated on Mm.
Throat plain.
Platyolchla. Plumage and wing as in Cichlopnii. Commissure considernMy
arched. Bill attenuated ; lateral outlines decidedly concave viewed from
'■', above; lower mandible much weaker tlian in Cichlofms. Hind toe and
' olaw longer than inner lateral. Toes more deeply cleft. Tail slightly
f. rounded. Throat streaked.
^ ^
1 r ^
V t
li( •!
si!
i
I
MYIAnESTES, Swainson. - . !
Mijiadestes, Swainson, Jard. Nat. Library, XIII. Flycatchers, "1838,"
132. (Type iW. genibarhiB, ^v .) ,. , ,
.!'»"
Plumage soft, loose, and full, especially on the flanks and over tliiglis.
Body slender, depressed ; the wings much pointed, and reaching nearly to
Jlijindcstea unJItarhm, Baikd. (Jamaica.)
(BUI and foot uatural «ize ; wiug aad tail three-fourtlm.)
middle of lengthened tail ; abont equal to the tail. Bill weak, short and
broad, much depressed ; the gape very wide ; the commissure, which is almost
perfectly straight, more than half distance from nostril to tip of "bill; ridge
well marked ; keel less distinct. Culmen straight to near tip, then decnrved,
hooked, with distinct notch in both tips. Nostrils oval, nearly lateral, with
overhanging membrane ; the frontal feathers coming to posterior edge, beud-
ing more and more forwards and mixed with bristles.
Legs rather weak- Tarsus much compressed, without scutellse, which are
fused into one plate, with perhaps a single division at lower end anteriorly,
and one, sometimes two, on outer edge. Toes and claws slender and leugtii-
ened ; hind claw about equal to middle. Outer lateral toe a little longer than
inner, and reaching a little beyond the base of middle. Inner toe cleft to base
of basal joint ; basal joint of outer entirely adherent ; basal joint of middle
toe half adherent externally, one-third internally.
Feathers of occiput full and somewhat lengthened, forming a crest. Wim^'
pointed, although the outer quills are graduated. Primary quills ten: tlie
1st about one-third or less the longest ; the 2d equal to 8th or 9th ; the Mh
longest ; the 1st falcate and attenuated ; the 2d and 3d attenuated also. Tail
somewhat graduated, and also considerably eniarginated or forked ; this foik
not 80 deep, however, as the graduation.
vnh'i)
^'^"^'^r' MYIADESTE8. '**
419
Myindeates is a genus embracing a number of species quite similar
in diaracter as well as in coloration, and bolonging to the mountain-
ous regions of America, including the West Indies. The genus
wiia founded on the Mu»civapa armillalus, of Martini(iue, which
is prolmbly very similar to M. solUarius, of Jamaica, taken here as
the type. This, however, is in some respects different from other
species, especially in the decided falcation of the first primary, and
the attenuation of the tips of the outer two or three quills.
Tl"5 species vary a little in the width of bill, the angularity of
cuhnen, the length of rictal bristles, the length of outer ])rimary,
emargination of tail, etc. One of the most aberrant forms in this
respect is M. elisaheth, in which the bill is narrower, deeper, and
much more Thrush-like in appearance.
The species are all of dull colors, in which ash gray or plumbeous
ploys a principal part. All exhibit a peculiar pattern of coloration
of the wing. The bases of all the quills, except more or fewer of
the outer, are white or yellowish, best defined on the secondaries,
where the patch is confined to the basal portion, extending more
along the inner edges of the primaries, the aggregate showing on
the inner edge of the wing as a well-defined patch, just as in the
Thrushes. Externally this patch is usually visible just below the
greater coverts of primary and secondary quills, although generally
altered in color, and is then succeeded by a dusky bar, and then
again by another bar like the first, which however is confined to the
outer webs of the quills. These two bars, sometimes pale yellowish,
sometimes plumbeous, separated by a dark one can be traced more
or less distinctly in all the species. In all likewise the tail is
whitish or grayish on its outer edge and on the tips of the more
lateral feathers. The bill and legs are sometimes dusky, sometimes
yellowish.* _ _ . ..-,., , ,.
Common Characters. — Genera! color ashy bine or gray (except in Myiadestes
elisabeth, which is olivaceous above and whitish beneath) ; the wing with
conspicuous light patch across quills at base inside, less evident externally,
where there is a second light bar separated from the first by a dusky one.
(J/, hucotia is rufous above, blacic beneath, with white patch at base of
quills.)
' As these sheets are passing through the press, the Smithsonian Institu-
tion has received a specimen of ^f. leurotis of Tschudi, from Peru, presented
liy the Museum of Neuchatel, which proves to be quite aberrant in shorter,
more rounded wings, longer bill, stouter legs, and diflferent pattern of colora-
tion of the wing. It may reasonably constitute the type of a different genus
or subgenus, but I do not at present propose to name it as such. The general
characters will be found in the diagnostic table, and a full description
farther on.
-vll
l.';»- is.'
420
REVIEW OF AMEUIOAiV BIRDS.
[I'ABT L
I t ■
A. Pattern of ooluratiou b«ii«ath d«)Oidtt<ll/ and al)ruptljr
Tiiried.
Body slaty blue ; chin and throat, with crixHuin, orange
brown, abruptly defined. A patuh of white on under
eyelid. Bill blank.
Bxiremo point of ohin and Bides of base of lowef
Jaw tjaoh witli an almoht inappreciable and
not oontiuuouH white upot. Ears biitckitih,
not varied. Thighs slate color ; legs yellow.
Lengtl), 7.50
Whole chin, continuous with a !arge patch on
side of lower Jaw (without dUHky border be-
low ?), white. Ears not varied f Lower part
of thighs yellow ; legs brown f Len((th, 6.25
A white stripe along lower part of chetiks, bor-
dered beneath by a blackish line. Ears
streaked black and white. No white on
chin ? nor yellow on thii, as ? Legs pale.
Length, 7.00
B. Whole tinder parts nearly uniform (plumbeous or ashy),
varied only slightly in shade (black in Uucntis),
Prevailing color ash gray ; ohii, npper throat, and cric-
■um paler. A white ring round tlie eye ; lores, and
a line each side the chin dusky. Bill black ; legs
dusky.
Upper parts uniform ash gray, the two light wing
patches very distinct, and fulvous yellow.
Maxillary stripe indistinct ....
Outer surface of wings rufous brown, back less
conspicuously so. Wing bands indistinct.
Maxillary stripe well marked . . .
Above rufous ; under parts dark plumbeous.
Forehead ttshy ; top of head lesE^ rufous. Wing
bands quite distinct. Upper mandible black ;
lower, with legs, yellow ....
Nearly uniform slaty blue all over.
Forehead ashy ; chin palor than rest of under
parts. Bill black ; legs dusky
Forehead, face, and chin ><lack. Bill orange red ;
legs yellow .......
Above grayish-olive ; dull white beneath.
A dusky line each side chin. Bill narrow, thick-
ened, black, with the bcise below, as also the
legs, yellowish ......
Above mfouB ; under parts black.
Cheeks, axillars, inside of wing, and patch at bass
of quills (not visible externally) white ; ex-
ternal wing band obsolete. Bill black above,
yellow beneath ; legs dusky
$oUtariu$.
armillatui.
genibarbii.
towntendii.
obtcurua.
venezuelentis.
unicolor,
»
melanops.
elisabeth.
Uueotis.
MY1ADESTE9.
421
The species of South AnuTlcan Myiadenles, mentioned in the
fuotritutc, I Lavo uut been ublu tu exaiuiuu.*
Myiadestes solltarliis. '
AtyiadesttM solilnriut, Kaird, n. s.
Muscicapa armilltita, Qohhk, Birds Jam. 1847, 198 (not of Vibillot).—
Ptilogonys armillatiitt, Gray & Mitchem., Gen. Birds, I, pi. 69.—
ScLATEM, F. Z. 8. 18t)l, TS.—AIifi(ttlestes arm. Sclateh, P. Z. 8. 1857,
6.— lu. Catal. IBtil, 47 — March, Pr. A. N. So. Fbila. 18G3, 294.
Hab, jAinaioa.
m
Myiaieates $olitariu», Baird. (Jamaica.)
' Myiadestea griseiventer.
Ptilogonyg grineiventer, TscH. Arch. Nat. 1844. — Ib. Fauna Peruana,
184(5-7, 140.— Alyiadestes griseiventer, Cab. Arch. Nat. 1847, 1, 209.
Rufous olive ; forehead cinereous ; cap olivaceous, with some rufous spots.
Upper wing coverts black, the outer web and tip edged with rufoua ; primaries
browu, edged externally with olive ; secondaries with inner webs white at
base. Beneath gray ; crissuni rufous. Middle tail feathers like the back, the
two outer with hinder part of inner web white, the others black, tipped with
wliite.
Bill blackish-brown ; lower jaw paler in middle. Legs yellowish-brown.
Irids blackish-brown.
Length, 6.80; tarsus, .83; tail, 3.33; wings, 3.62.
Myiadestes ardesiacetiB.
Myiadestex ardesiaceus, Less. Desc. Marom. et d'Ois. (Q5uvres Comp.
de Buffon, ed. Didier, 1847, VII), 1847, 'iiVJ. Brazil.
Bill black ; tarsi brown. Body above brownish-slate ; cheeks, fore part and
sides of neck, sides of breast and flanks dusky brown ; the middle of body,
from thorax to' lower«tail coverts, white, tinged with very pale yellow ; tliigba
brown. Length, 16 centimetres.
This bird has not been identified as a Afyindeities by authors, and may belong
to another genus, especially as Lesson places in the same genus with it the
Setophuya urnata of Boiss.
i :'';■"'■
422
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I.
;i i-.
■1;.»;
' vky\ •
"■•; ;
• ai ' ' .•■ ' . .''V
T-«N
r!K
K^'-^''^^^!
t||
HH
il'li
H^^B
fjti
r^^l
:i.
(No. 30,285, % .) Wing pointed, but decidedly shorter than the tail ; the
Ist quill falcate, acute, one-third the longest ; the 2d rather shorter than 7th,
sinuated and somewhat attenuated at end ; 5th quill longest. Bill much de-
pressed ; rictal bristles lengthened. Tail considerably graduated, but slightly
emarginated.
Above clear slaty blue ; -ather paler beneath, and lighter towards the belly.
Chin and throat, anal regie m, and crissum dark cinnamon red. Lower eyelid,
extreme angle of chin, and small patch on side of lower jaw white ; loral region,
and cheeks below eye black. Edge of wing, and patch at base of quills whitish,
as seen on inner face of wing ; externally this patch is ashy, followed by the
usual blackish bar, and the ashy one beyond that. Lateral tail feather whitish,
except base and outer web at end ; the next feather with a long patch at end
of inner web, and the tip white ; remaining feathers blackibh, the central
like back. Bill black; legs yellow. "Irids hazel or dull orange" {Gosst),
(No. 30,285, % .) Total length, 7.70; wing, 3.55 ; tail, 4.20; graduation, .60;
emargination, .15 ; difference between 10th and longest quills, .80 ; exposed
portion of 1st primary, .94, of 2d, 2.30, of longest (5th) (measured from ex-
posed base of Ist primary), 2.80 ; length of bill from forehead, .5G, from
nostril, .30, along gape, .69 ; tarsus, .85 ; middle toe and claw, .81, olaw alone,
.24; hind toe and claw, .55, olaw alone, .25.
In Xo. 38,044 the first quill is much longer (nearly one-half the
third), and much attenuated at end ; the second quill also unusually
attenuated. (See figure.)
This species has, by laier authors, been identified as the Musci-
capa' arviillala of Vieillot, although erroneously. Vieillot's species
is given in Ois. Am. Sept. as inhabiting " the Antilles," but in
Enc;'elop. Methodique ho assigns it to Martinique. The white of
chin and side of jaws, the rufous belfy, the yellow of legs and the
brown feet, with a length of 6-i\ inches, as given by Vieillot, are
not to be found in the Jamaican bird. As far as I can determine
it has never been named, and I apply to it the name of iolilarins,
from the account by Gosse of its habits.
Smith-
CoUec-
Sex
suuiuu
loi's
11 ud
No.
No.
Aiie.
2M.327
23.3-2S
V
3S,0U
as
rf
3').2S5
i
HO, 280
••
Locality.
Trelawney, Jam.
Spanlslitown, Jam.
Port Royal M»», "
When
CoUeoted.
Jan. 19, '59.
Mar. 18, '63.
Received from
Dr. Sclater.
W.T. March.
>t
Collected by
W. Osburu.
Mr. Colchester.
Myladestea armlUatns.
Musctcapu nrmillata, ViEir,i,OT, Ois. Am. Sept. I, 1807, 69, pi. 42 ("An-
tilles").— In. Nouv. Diet. XXI, 448.— In. Encyo. Meth. II, 824
("Martinique"). — iMijiadtste.s armillata, Bos. Cunsp. 1850,3:55.
Ilab. "Martinique." ^
MYIADESTES.
423
" Bill blaokish ; a white spot on the sides of the throat, Siid at its origin
(the cliiu) immediately below the lower mandible (the two ooiitiiiuous) ; the
eye surrounded by the same color. Head, back, rump, two intermediate tail
feathers, and the breast of a grayish-slate, paler below. Wing- and tail-feathers
blackish, bordered externally by gray, the three lateral on each side of the
tail more or les.x white. Belly and hinder parts brownish-rufous ; a beautiful
yellow in form of a bracelet on thu feathers of lower part of leg ; feet brown.
Length, (i inches 3 lines." Viciltot, Ois. Am. Sept. I, 69.
" Young, before the first moult, grayish-ash above ; head brown with yel-
lovrish spots ; feathers of throat and hinder parts blackish at their extremity,
and yellowish elsewhere." Vieillot, Encyclop. Meih. II, 824.
According to Vieillot this species is found in Martinique, whore
it dwells in the elevated regions, and on account of its remarkable
note is iinown as the " Musicien^^ or " Siffleur de la Montagiie."
The differences between Vieillot's description and the Jamaican
bird usually called armillatus, have already been referred to. Vieil-
lot's figure represents the tail as more rounded ; the legs longer and
distinctly scutellate, which, however, may be an error of the plate.
-. V
Nyiadestes genibarbis. ' '
Myiadestes geniharbis, Sw. Jard. Nat. Llbr. XIII. Flycatchers, 1838,
134, pi. xiii.
Ilab. Some one of the Windward Islands of the Lesser Antilles?
General appearance that of M. solitarius, of Jamaica. Whole upper parts
lead blue ; wings and tail marked as in the other species of its section. The
throat and upper part of jugulum, the crissum, anal region, belly, and
flanks are brownish- red or rufous. The breast is plumbeous, paler than the
back. A narrow, dusky or blackish line from the lower edge of the mandible
borders the rufous of throat, and cuts off a mandibular stripe, which i£ reddish-
white as far as the eye, but then becomes mixed with blackish, and passes
again as far as the end of cheeks into rufous like th» throat. The extreme
chiu is also reddish-white, though somewhat separated from that of side of
lower jaw by the dusky line mentioned. The ear coverts are blackish, each
with a central streak of whitish, sometimes tinged with reddish. A whitish
patch on under eyelid. The axillars are pale rusty, the tibia plumbeouf .
Legs yellow. Bill black.
Total length, 7.00; wing, 3.40; tail, 3.'(0; exposed portion of let primary,
.81, of 2d, 2.12, of longest (^th) (measured from exposed base of Ist primary),
2.G0; length of bill from forehead, .55, from nostril, .25, along gape, .75;
tarsus, .86.
This species, though in general, similar to M. solitariuH, is still
very appreciably different. Its most striking peculiarity is in the
dusky line each side the throat, cutting off above it a stripe, first
reddish-white, then nii.xed with dusky, and then rufous like the
ibroat, this color reaching to posterior end of ear coverts. The ear
* * r * % '
424
REVIEW OP AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I.
h.'':
- *. J
' <.
■i ■
i- . ■ ■ f , ' - 1
^•■■:: /*•:.- '-^
;i .* ;■; ■■. -: : ', .,
■t
i • ' -^ ' ■■
A
■ ■4.
'"■■
ftv'
coverts instead of being nearly unicolor, are conspicuously streaked
with whitish. The rufous of throat extends farther down, that of
belly and flanks farther forwards, reducing the plumbeous of under
parts very materially, and confining it mainly to the breast. The
chin is whitish for a considerably greater extent. The axillars are
pale rufous, instead of ashy. The size is less ; the form much the
same.
The present species approaches most closely to the description of
M. genibarbi8\ by Swainson, but differs apparently iu some appre-
ciable characters. The black streak on each side the throat, in
genibarbis, cuts ofiF a stripe wiiich is continuously white to the end
of ear coverts, instead of becoming mixed with dusky on the middle
third av-d changing then to rufous. The rufous of genibarbis does
not extend as far forward, showing much less on the belly and flanks.
In the uncertainty, however, as to whether Swainson described his
specimen accurately or not, I will, for the present, make use of bis
name.
The 3L armillatus, of Vieillot, appears to difl'er in much greater
extent of whitish on chin and side of lower jaw, in absence of the
dusky mandibular stripe and white streakd on the ears, and in the
yellow band on the tibia. It is possible, however, that the two may
be identical ; but the difi'erences of M. solilarius, as a separate
species, is beyond a doubt.
' Myiadestes genibarbis, Sw. Jard. Nat. Librarj, XIII. Flycatchers, 1838,
134, pi. xiii.
Hab.
f
-}].::
" Above clear cinereous ; all under parts not red are of same color, lir.t
mnch paler; a whitish maxillary strijje, bordered by a black line (below),
and the ears are black, striped with white lines. External edges of the wing
feathers gray, except terminal half of primaries and a black baud at basal
half of secondaries ; lateral tail feathers black, having ends of inner webs
more or less white, the outermost almost entirely white, with outer edges of
that and the next gray ; the middle pair wholly cinereous. Under plumage
from chin to throat bright rufous ; which color descends a little on the breast,
and is borderod on each side the chin by the black maxillary stripe resembling
a whisker, already mentioned ; breast and sides cinereous, nearly of as dark
a tint as the back ; as this color descends, however, it becomes paler and
blends into the rufous of the belly, vent, and under tail coverts ; bill deep
black ; legs very pale. Total length about 7.00; bill along gape, .70, frout,
.40; wings, 3.40, tail beyond, 2.00, from base, 3.00 ; tarsus, .80."
The locality of the specimen described is a matter of uncertainty— Swain-
son supposing, from its apparent affinities, that might have come from Africa.
It is evidently, however, West Indian.
^.i?n-vw:-:,i>
MYIADESTES.
435
Of this species there are three specimens in the museum of tlie
riiiladelphia Academy ; the best and that described labelled " Trini-
dad," another much duller in coloration marked "Bresil," and the
third without any locality. Both indications are doubtless incorrect,
the species belonging more probably to some one of the larger, more
mountainous of the Windward islands of the Lesser Antilles."*
it
xA
Nyiadestes elisabeth.
Muscicapa elisabeth, Lbmbete, Avea de la Cuba, 1850, 39, pi. v, fig. 3
ij'r (" Riusenor," Cuba). — Myiadtstes elisabeth, Cab. Jour. IV, 1850, 2
[•; : , . . (rocky mountains of western Cuba). — Gcmdlach, Ann. N. Y. Lyo.
VI, 1858.— Ib. Cab. Jour. 1861, 328.
Eab. Cuba.
(No. 25,911.) Tail rather longer than wing, slightly emarginated ; quite
graduated. Wing moderately pointed ; let quill broad to tip, very slightly
Myiaiiestea eltaabeth, Lrmbetb. (Cuba.)
falcate, not pointed ; nearly half the 2d quill, which is also broad, and shorter
than 7th, about equal to 8th ; the 4th longest ; then 5th, 6th, 3d. Bill narrow
and deep for the genus, differing from the rest of species ; rictal bristles
lengthened.
Above uniform brownish-oHve, more ashy on rnmp; beneath dull white;
the sides of neck ashy ; the breast, sides, axillars, and perhaps orissum tinged
with the same. Eyelids fulvous yellow ; cheeks below eye dusky, and a
narrow dark line each side the chin ; ear coverts more fulvous. The inner
wing coverts and tips of longer axillars fulvous. The usual light patch at
' Since writing the preceding article I have had the opportunity of ex-
amining three specimens of the species in the Lafresnaye Collection (4,433,
4,434, 4,435), recently purchased by Dr. Bryant, and presented to the Boston
Society of Natural History. These have a general reaemblRnoe to the bird
just described, excepting that in one there is a trace of rufous in the tibial
feathers. They are labelled " Martinique or South America," and are evi-
dently not authenticated as to locality. A young bird among them (No. 4,3;).'))
has the entire under parts brownish-red, with blackish edges to the feathers,
the upper parts similarly spotted.
.n
-J'
426
REVIEW OP AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I.
base of quills, visible internally as a yellowish-white bar across the wing,
externally as a fulvous browu bar followed by a blackish one, and again a
fulvous. lu other words, the olive of upper parts is varied on the wings by
having the outer webs of quills, except outer primaries, fulvous olive, crossed
near the base by a broad blackish bar. Central tail feathers like back ; others
blackish ; outermost ashy for most of length, and like next, tipped with white.
Bill black ; the base below white. Lfgs flesh color?
(No. 25,911, % .) Total length, 7.50 ; wing, 3.55 ; tail, 3.80 ; graduation of
tail, .25 ; diflFerence of 10th and longest quill, .66 ; exposed portion of Ist
primary, 1.00, of 2d, 2.15, of longest (5th) (measured from exposed base of 1st
primary), 2.60; length of bill from forehead, .56, from nostril, .31, along gap*",
.70 ; tarsus, .82 ; middle toe and claw, .78, claw alone, .26 ; hind toe and claw,
.62, claw alone, .26.
Smlth-
Collec-
Sex
Botiian
tor's
and
No.
No.
Age.
2o,9U
fT
21, «4.)
V
21,670
ff
2i,(i4G
rf
23 343
Zi.r>r2
341
d
Localitjr.
When
Collected.
Received from
Cuba.
Souna del Gate,
" [Cuba.
It
Monte liibaDOgCuba.
Cuba.
Dec. 11.
Sept. 24.
Ur. J (iiindluch.
Chas. Wrigbt.
Cab. Lawrence.
Collected by
IHyiadestes melanops.
Myiadestes melanops, Salvin, P. Z. S. 1864, 580, pi. zxxv (Tucurrique,
Costa Rica).
Hab. Costa Rloa.
(No. 30,501.) Wing moderately pointed; 1st quill about one-third the
longest ; 2d scarcely longer than 8th ; 4th and 5th longest.
Above bluish-slate color; rather lighter below ; middle of belly somewhat
paler, t'orehead, cheeks anterior to eyes, and chin black ; axillnrs whitish
at ends, the bases of the quills showing the usual patch on the inner face of
wing, which in this species is white ; externally it is ashy, scarcely appre-
ciable, and followed by the usual dusky bar. Quill- and tail-feathers black-
ish, the central of the latter scarcely more ashy, as is the case in the terminal
portion of the outer two feathers and the outer edges of the outermost ; both
obscurely tipped with whitish. Bill reddish-yellow ; legs and feet clear
yellow.
(No. 30,501.) Total length, 7.25; wing, 3.60; tail, 3.45, graduation, 40,
emargination slight ; difference of 10th and longest quills, .70 ; exposed
portion of Ist primary, .90, of 2d, 2.30, of longest (4th) (measured from ex-
posed base of 1st primary), 2.75 ; length of bill frotn forehead, .60, from
nostril, .30, along gape, .70 ; tarsus, .81 ; middle toe and claw, .79, claw alone,
.24 ; bind toe and claw, .58, claw alone, .28.
In some specimens the pure clear bluish-plumbeous of bnrk is
faintly glossed behind with olive brown. Young birds have the bill
MYIADESTE8.
42T
black, except at the base bolow, or else black at tip ; all the feathers
with a ceutral spot of ochraceous-yellowish, bordered by blackish,
traces of these spots occasionally visible iu adults.
Smith-
Collec-
Sex
When
Collected
kouiau
No.
tor's
No.
II ud
Age.
Locality.
Received from
Reinarka,
3i1,onl
31
Costu Rica.
Dr. A. V. FrautziUH.
33,at3
32
, ,
(»
...
"
30,.'iO.S
3.S
• . .
11
30..'j02
34
, ,
tt
. . .
11
"'•1
33,2fl4
U9
, ,
14
It
-T"-.
35.:143
, ,
rf
Dota, C. R.
.Inly ir '(H
J. Cirmiol.
IrlH yellow.
35,244
••
V
Kaucbo KedoDtlo.
Nov. 1.5, 'B4
::!'■
"'"^'^H
1 ' .'" ,
:
1
':■ -.■'^t.
■ " '*' . .■"'"- r .-' • r:
-' r :--l: i:^
1 -' ',' 1*'
•.. •-
Myladestes venezuelensis. ':
"''■ Myiadestes venezuelensis, Sclatfr, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 2d ser. XVII,
1.-^ 4G8.— Ib. p. Z. S. 1857, 6 ; 1860, G4 (Ecuador).— Ib. Catal. 1861,
48, no. 290 (Bogota).
Hah. Venezuela, Bogota, and Ecuador.
(No. 32,r)13.J First quill about two-fifths the longest ; nearly half the 2d,
which is rather shorter than 7th ; 4th and 5th longest.
Above dark rusty brown, brightest towards rump. Forehead (shading off
into the olivaceous rufous of cap), cheeks, and under parts, including lining
of wings and axillars, dark slate color, becoming paler behind ; the tibiae,
flanks and end of crissum somewhat tinged with olivaceous rufons (some-
times scarcely appreciable). Lores dusky. As in most species, a band of
liglit fulvous at bases of quills, distinctly seen on the ii side of wing ; scarcely
appreciable externally, and followed by a dusky bar. Middle tail feathers
somewhat like back, but with a purplish tinge ; other feathers purplish-black,
the outermost gray for most of outer web, the next to a less extent, both with
a patch of white at end of inner web. Bill dusky above, yellow beneath ;
feet yellow.
(No. 32,513.) Total length, 7.20 ; wing, 3.30 ; tail, 3.25 ; difference of 10th
and longest quills, .70; exposed portion of 1st primary, .95, of 2d, 2.16, of
longest (4lh) (measured from exposed base of 1st primary), 2.60; length of
bill from forehead, .55, from nostril, .26, along gape, .69; tarsus, .80; middlof
toe and claw, .75, claw alone, .21 ; hind toe and claw, .56, claw alone, .23.
This species agrees suflSciently well in form with the Mexican,
but has shorter and more rounded wings ; a proportionally longer
first primary, and perhaps a more even tail. The yellow mandible,
darker rufous of back extending to head, dark slate of throat, and
absence of white or dark lines about the head readily distinguish it
from M. obscurus, most nearly allied in color.
mn :k
m
.1.-:. ;, - is
■*/*f; '*
-i:-
.* i V
•■»■ '.l.,i
4- >
429
REVIEW OP AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I.
Smlth-
•oulau
No.
Collec-
tor's
No.
Sox
aud
Age.
Locality.
When
Collected.
Received from
Collected \<y
32,/)13
32,ol4
24,914
••
Puerto Cabello, Veu.
Bogota.
...
J. Krider.
11
L. de Geofroy.
Myiadestes iinicolor.
Myicuiestes unicolor, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, 299 (Cordova) ; 1857, 5,
213 (Orizaba) ; 1858, 97 Ib. Catal. 1861, 47, no. 289.— Sclateb
& Salvin, Ibis, 1860, 397 (Cobau).
Hab, Central Mexico and Guatemala. . ^
(No. 22,377, 9 , type.) Second quill rather shorter than 7th ; 4th and 5th
longest, and about equal ; 1st about one-third the longest.
General color dark slate color, paler below (darkest on jugulum and breast) ;
chin and anal region lighter. Eyelids white ; lores and cheeks dusky. Tail
feathers black, except central, which are like the back, the outermost which
is ashy except at base, and the second feather which has the end and a portion
of inner web ashy, the extreme tips of the two last mentioned feathers whitish.
Quills with a band of dull fulvous across their bases, shown very obscurely
externally as a transverse wing-bar, followed by a blackish one. Bill black;
legs hazel.
(No. 22,377, 9.) Total length, 7.60; wing, 3.80; tail, 3.70; difference be-
tween outer and fourth tail feathers, .50 ; difference between 10th and ongest
quills, .85 ; exposed portion of 1st primary, 1.00, of 2d, 2.50, of longest ^th)
(measured from exposed base of 1st primary), 3.00 ; length of bill fror. , .0-
head, .60, from nostril, .30, along gape, .76 ; tarsus, .85 ; middle toe aud claw,
.80, claw alone, .22 ; hind toe and claw, .60, claw alone, .26.
This species in form resembles M. obscurvs, although in colora-
tion is more like townsendii, from which the prevailing dark slate
(not grayish-ash), and the absence of the distinct cinnamon bars
across the quills readily distinguish it. The pattern of coloration
of qu'Ms is as in townaendii, but the want of contrast in the tints
renders this almost inappreciable in the prevailing dark slaty plinube-
ouB of upper parts. The uxillars and inner lining of wings are slate,
like the breast ; but the pale fulvous band at base of quills is very
well marked in the inside of wing.
Smlth-
sonlaa
No.
Cotlee-' Sex
tor's aud
No. Age.
Locality.
When
Collected.
Received from
Remarks.
22.377
30,720
••
9
. ■
Cordova, Mex.
Choctum, Vera Paz.
Jan. 1880.
VerrPHiix. Type. [iviK"
Sulvin. Compared wUli
MYIAD£STE8.
ivia
429
Dfyiadestes toi^vnsendii.
Ptiliogonys townsendii, Add. Orn. Biog. V, 1839, 206, pi. 419, fig. 2. (For
other references see Birds N. Am, 321). — Newbekhy, P. R. Rep. VI,
Whipple's Rep. Zool. 82.— r?«/iciVora towns. DbKay, N. Y. Zool. II,
1844, 110.— Atyutdesles towns. Cabanis, Wieg. Arch. 1847, 1, 208.—
ScLATER, P. Z. S. 1857, 5; 1S58, 97.— Baibd, Birds N. Am. 1858,
321.— Cooper & Buckley, P. R. Rep. XII, II, 187.— Kesnerly, P. R.
Rep. X, Whipple's Rep. 25.*-Lobd, Pr. R. Art. Inst. Woolwich, IV,
116 (Br. Col.).
Hub. Mountainous regions of middle and western United States. (Not
fouud at Cape St. Lucas nor in Mexico.)
(No. 16,168.) Second quill shorter than 6th; 3d rather longer than 5th;
4th longest. Wings much pointed, a» long as the tail, which is forked, and
the lateral feathers graduated.
Prevailing color dark ash gray, soarcelj lighter on breast, paler on abdomen,
mixed'with paler dull whitish-gray on chin, throat, belly and crissum ; the ends
,-?'■;'■■
■J 'Hi J
Mtfiadestim towntendii, Cab. '■■ '•■-^ "'■>
of axillarg, inner wing covert*, edge of bend of wing, outer web of lateral and tipa
of outer tail feathers, dull white. A white ring round the eye ; the loral region
and cheeks below eye blackish. Quill- and tail-feathers dark brown ; the
central tail feathers more like back, the lateral edged and tipped as described.
All the quills with abroad, well-defined patch of light cinnamon at their bases ;
which In the outer five are not visible across the outer webs, but show dis-
tinctly externally on the rest. A second less distinct but broader band of
similar color (brightest on the primaries) crosses the outer webs of the same
quills nearer the end, the two bands separated by a blackish one. Outer
edges of inner secondaries grayish-white. Bill black ; feet dusky.
No appreciable difference in the sexes ; the young bird thickly spotted with
pale ochrey.
#'^;|
;,*
i'
■/'■■ "*•
y ' ' ■ ,
ISO
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I.
(No. 16,1(58.) Fresh specimen : Total length, 8.10 ; expanse of wing, 13.20 ;
wing from carpal joint, 4.50. Prepared specimen : Total length, 8.00 ; wing,
4.40 ; tail, 4.40, depth of fork, .42 ; ditference between 10th and longest pri-
inarj, 1.22 ; exposed portion of let primary, 1.00, of 2d, 3.00, of longest, 4tli
(measured from exposed base of 1st primary), 3.45 ; length of bill from fore-
head, .GO, from nostril, .30, along gape, .71 ; tarsus, .80 ; middlo toe and claw,
.80, claw alone, .24 ; hind toe and claw, .50, claw alone, .26.
On tho chin and crisaura the tips of feathers arc much lighter
than tho ashy bases, producing a mixture of the two colors, although
this is scarcely appreciable in some specimens. There is a very
faint indication occasionally of a dusky line on each side of the chin,
as in M. obscurus.
Young birds have a large triangular pale ochraceous light spot on
the end of each feather (rather paler below), bounded externally by a
narrow border of blackish ; the quill- and tail-feathers as in the adult.
The more important localities of specimens before me are as
follows : —
Smtth-
Collec-
eonlaa
tor'*
No.
No.
2,922
..
8,28A
, .
16,164
* ■
21,942
623
21,943
612
19,22.>
162
ll,0.-.8
. ,
18,325
, ,
38 427
, ,
8,286
••
Sex
and
Age.
Locality.
Columbia River.
j Fort Steilacoom.
j Fort Crook, Cal.
i Kooteuay River.
I Flathead River.
I Pumpkin Bulle.
Fort BridKPr, Utah.
Hellgate, Id.
Laramie Peak.
2uni.
When
Collected.
AiiR. 1860.
Sept. 8, '60.
Oct. 22.
May 6.
1860.
1864.
Received from
S. F Balrd.
Dr G. Suckley.
Juo. Felln "r.
A. Campbell.
Capt. Raynoldg.
C. Drexler.
Lt. Miillan.
Dr. Hitz.
Lt. Whipple.
Collected'
J. K. Townsend.
Dr. Kennerly.
Dr. Hayden. f«
Jno. Pearsall.
Dr. Kennerlv.
(2,922 ) Tvpe of specie*. , ,
IMyiadestes obscurus. .{
,_.. My'aulestea obnciirus, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1839, 98 (Mexico). — Sclateb,
,,*i; P. Z. S. 1856, 300 (Guatemala); 1857, 5, 213 (Orizaba); 1859,
364 (Jalapa) ; 376 (Oaxaca ; eggs).— Ib. Catal. 1861, 47, no. 288.—
BoN. Consp. 336. — Sclateb & Salvin, Ibis, 1, 1859, 14 (Guatemala).
Hab. Mountainous regions of Mexico, into Guatemala ; Tres Marias Islands.
(No. 37,500.) Wing about equal to tail, which is emarginate and rounded.
Fourth quill longest ; 5th and 3d a little shorter ; 2d longer than 7th ; let two-
fifths the 2d.
Back olivaceous-rufous, more olive on rump and upper tail coverts : the
outer surface of wings, including edges of quills, more rufous cinnamon. A
pale cinnamon concealed patch at base of inner webs of quills, abruptly de-
fined on the secondaries, fading out gradually in the primaries along their
inner edges. Head, neck, and under parts plumbebus-ash (the latter less
pure). Chin (fadi out gradually into the ash of throat), sides of lower
mandibles (separated from chin by a black line), and line from nostril to
above eye, with middle of belly, dull white; eyelids pure white, the loral
region dusky, the cheeks below the eye blackish. Tail black, excepting
:«M;-*i
\, \ ' .1*t4''^'^^.;^*w"T
MTIADESTES,
431
the two central feathers which are platiibeous-ash, and the exterior which ia
light auh, blackish at the base ; the next feather also ashy towards the tip,
lioth feathers with a narrow tip and a border of white along the end of inner
web. Axillars and inner face of wiugs tinged with fulvous. Bill black ; feet
pale ha»«l. " Irids red brown" {Xantus).
(No. 37,500.) Total length, 7.80; wing, 4.20; tail, 4.10; difference of outer
and 5th (longest) tail feather, .5, difference of innermost and 5th, .25 ; differ-
ence of lOtli pnd longest quills, 1.00; exposed portion of 1st primary, 1.00, of
2d, 2.65, of longest (4th) (measured from exposed base of 1st primary), 3.12 ;
'ength of bill from forehead, .61, from nostril, .30, along gape, .84; tarsus,
.81 ; middle toe and olaw, .79, claw alone, .29 ; bind toe and claw, .54, claw
alone, .30.
The outer webs of the quills are of a darker rufous than elsewhere
on the upper surface. The rufous on secondaries reaches the shaft,
except about the middle, where there is only a narrow edge bordering
a blackish patch like the inner web. On the outer primaries the
inner portion of the whole outer web is dusky, bordered externally
by rufous cinnamon, diminishing in amount exteriorly, and not
appreciable on the outer two quills.
Specimens vary considerably in intensity of the rufous of the back,
which is sometimes very bright, at other times much duller. Occa-
sionally, as in No. 35,038, the whitish line from bill to eye meets its
fellow, forming a pale frontal band, the same specimen having the
upper part of back ashy, like the head and nape. Sometimes there
is a wash of fulvous olive on the flanks, which again are entirely
ashy. As far as the materials before me show, it is in specimens- from
western Mexico, Tonila, and Tres Marias, that the ash of head in-
vades the back : the rufous of back paler ; the tail also appears
longer (4.40 in No. 37,321, Tres Marias).
This species is quite similar to M. townsendii, although the wings
are shorter and less pointed. It is readily distinguished by the
reddish of the back and wings ; the dulness of the two trans-
verse light cinnamon or fulvous bars across the quills, with the inter-
vening black one ; the ashy, not whitish edge of the tail ; the whitish
line from nostrils to above eye, and the black line bordering tho
chin.
■•: J -T :.
Sinlth-
Collec-
Sex
ioaian
tor's
and
No.
No.
A(?e.
37,327
6.1
d
37,3 !8
59
d
:i.i,n33
2,219
fT
37,-)00
82
vi.m
81
2J.378 17,271
3D,722 4,403
•• t
Locality.
Tras Marias Uland.s,
[Mex.
Tonila. Jalisco.
Orizaba, Mex.
Mexico. [Onat.
Volcan d« Fnego,
Wlien
Collected.
.Tan. 188.').
Oct. 1863.
Not.' 1861.
Received from
Col. A.J. Grayuon.
((
J, Xantuii.
Prof. Sum icHrast.
Verreaux.
SalTin.
Collected by
432
REVIEW OF AMEUICAN BIRDS.
[PART I.
t ,
Myiadestes leuootla.
Ptiloijiinya leitcotiH, TscH. Arch. Nat. 1844. — Ib. Fauna Peruana, 1846-7(
139, pi. vii, fig. 1. Jlab, Fetn.-^AIyiadettes Uucotin, Cab. Arch.
Nat. 1847, 1, 209.
Ilab. Peru.
(No. 41,fl08, Peru.) Above cinnamon brown ; the top of head and entire
under purta black, except the llauks, wliich are like the back, and a patuh un
*
"H
■> (
I-''
■l'»
Myiadettet leucolia. Cab.
MyUideatai Uucolit, Cab (Pern.)
the sides of breast under the wing, which is white ; the cheeks also are white.
The quill- and tail-feathers are sooty black, even including the shafts; tlie
innermost secondaries not so dark, and like the wing coverts, washed ex-
ternally with cinnamon. Exposed upper surface of central tail feathera tinged
with a faint shade of cinnamon, the terminal half of outermost, and a large
patch in the end of next, grayish-white. The axillars, inner wing coverts,
and a quadrate patch at base of inner web of all the quills, except the 1st
primary and innermost secondaries, white, the color reaching to the shaft, but
not visible externally. Upper mandible and legs black ; lower mandible yel-
low. " Iris fiery red" (Tschudi).
Wings rather shorter than the tail, considerably rounded ; the first primary
large and broad, not falcate, about half the 2d, which about equals the 8th;
the 4th and 5th longest. Tail somewhat graduated, the feathers acute and
acuminate at tips ; the outer tapering from about its middle. Rill lengthened ;
commissure nearly straight, but slightly sinuated towards base ; nostrils broad
and open. Legs stout ; tarsus about equal to middle toe and claw, without
distinct scutellar divisions anteriorly except below ; a few faint and obsolete
transverse divisions on outer side. Inner toe separated to base, the basal
joint of middle toe united for rather more than basal half to outer toe ; claws
all rather large. ,
(No. 41,908.) Total length, 9.00 ; Wing, 4.25 ; tail, 4,55, its graduation, .65 ;
difference of 10th and longest primary, .75 ; exposed portion of Ist primary,
1.42, of 2d, 1.75, of longest (4th and 6th) (measured from exposed bace of Ist
primary), 3.30 ; length of bill from forehead, .74, from nostril, .40, along gape,
|i^ J
rr-M
V' ?
ftif <
CICIILOPSIS.
433
( ' 'A
ft
ii.H
1 1
•' '.(d.
.•!.}
.96 ; tnrsns, .06 ; miildle toe and olaw, .96, claw alone, .20 ; liiud toe and olaw,
.67, claw alone, .32.
This bird constitutes a i)cculin»* form among Mijiade»ten, diff(M'ing
ill cortain cliaractera which probably are of generic value. Tho
bill is much longer, and |)roportional!y narrower, than in the others;
the feet and claws stouter. The wing is more rounded, without any
falcation or acumination of the outer quills, and differing especially
in the large first primary, which is half the length of the second.
In this respect it is nearest to M. venezuelensis. The absence
of the peculiar markings in the wings, seen in the other species,
is noteworthy. The shape and markings of the tail, however, are
much as in true Myiadestes.
It is possible that a more perfect condition of the feathers may
show cither a diminution or an increase of the differences referred
to, and I await better specimens before attempting to decide upon
the claims of the species to generic rank. In some respects there
is a relation ihip to Gichlopsin.
The specimen described above is one of Mr. Tschudi's types,
presented to the Institution by the Museum of Neuch&tel. It is
moulting a considerable portion of its feathers, which somewhat
obscures its characters, and it may even be a young bird not yet
arrived at maturity. . ^ . , f,-,,,o. / >. • n-.'
CICHLOFSIS, Cabanis.
Cichlopsit, Cab. Mus. Heiu. I, 1851, 64. (Type C. leucogonys.)
General appearance Thrnsb-like. Wings quite pointed, about equal to the
tail; outer primary about two-fifths the 2d, which is longer than 7th, the tips
in, .65:
ninry,
joflsl
ggap«i
J>''
■ '■)■
C'chloptis leucoyonyi
28 June. 1866.
\lV(V'
.,».
1i^
434
REVIEW or AMEBICAN niUDS.
[PAHT I,
m
. .' >i
UfA
not attenunted. Tu.i umarginatHd, and Htill ninro rounded. Dill ratlior Htmit,
and Houiuwiiat Thruxh-Iike ; broad, much depivH^ed, and with mouth (ltf|<ly
clnft, innuh as in Myiaurstes, but duepor aii(*. Htouter in inuportion. Oohvh
about two-tlftliri the h)w«r udge of h>wf r ninndiblu. Frontal and rictal hrisiltjit
wt«ll developMd. Feut short; tarHU8 about ttqual to middlo too, without hoq-
tellar divinion, excepting two platea at 1 wer end, both sides of which alHO
exhibit Blifiht indication of Biniilar diviHion. Lateral toes about equal, their
chiWB reaching to base of middle claw. BaHal phalanx ot middle toe united
for a very little more than half to rattier leMH than half the basal pliHinnx
of inner toe, and for two-tliirda itH length to one and a half Joints of outer:
thid phalanx a little shorter than the baaal of inner toe.
The relatioiLship of tliis genus to Mi/iadeHles is very close, and
Rcema to connect the group with the Txirdidue. Tho body is fuller;
the basal joints of the middle toes a very little more united ; tho
bill stouter, stronger, and deeper; the plumage more compact, niul
the wing lacks the peculiar pattern across the base and outer edges
of the quills, having instead the lighter rusty edgings at the base
inside, so common in the Turdidee. Tho outer quills lack the
attenuation of typical Myiadeatea, but resemble almost exactly those
of M. unicolor. In fact the only tangible differences are in the
stouter bill, rather more united toes, more compact plumage, and
absence of wing p tteru.
Dr. Cuban is gives, as one of the characters of Cichlopsis, tho
tarsi distinctly scutellate. In Dr. Sclater's specimen, however, the
tarsi are as much booted as in the genuine Thrushes. The basal
joints of the middle toe are united a very little more than in Turdidee,;
but, on the other hand, in Myiadestes proper, these are as deeply
cleft as in the Thrushes.
The young of Cichlopsis are probably spotted, as in Myiadattes,
judging from the indications of the adult.
1 ':
r-'i, »^
Cichlopsis leucogonys.
Cichlopsis lencoijenys, Cab. Mus. Hein. 1850-1, 54 (Brazil).
Cichlopsis lencoi/vtiys, " Cab.," Sclater, P. Z. S. 1857, 6 ; 1858, 642
(rectification).— Is. Catal. 1861, 48, no. 291.
Myiadestes lencotis, Bon. Consp. 1850, 336 (not of Tschpdi).
Myiocichla ochrata, Bon. Comp. Rend. XXXVIII, 1854, 6, and Notes
Del. 30 (Brazil).
r?" THrdumpeHs lanioides, Less. Echo do Monde Sav. 1844, 1 56"(Sclater).
? f Turdumpelis riifococcyx, Less. Desc. Mam. et Ois. 1847, 324 (Sclater).
Hab. Brazil.
(No. 29l«, Sclater Coll.) Wing rather longer than tail, which is inodt'rntely
eraarginated and still more graduated ; the feathers broad. First ijuill about
two-fifths the 2d, not quite one-third the longest (4th and 5tL) ; 2d inter-
w
CICHLOI'HIB.
485
mediatti bctwean 6th and 7tli ; 3(1 Iwtwoen Sth ajid 0th, the feathers hrond ;
llif iHt primary slightly falcate, hut not attenuated. Tar«i with two Hcuti-llur
divisioiiH only Anteriorly at lower e:.d, aa in other Myiadeatea, the upper
Indistinct.
Whole upper parts, with head all round, and upper part of hreast, oliva-
oeniiH-rufous (without any bhade of green) ; lighter below, but brighter on
lliroat ; rest of under parts ashy ; the Hanks, lower breast, crlssum, and tibia
tinged with olive rufous. Tail like back ; the central feathers and inner
wel)» of the others with a purple tinge ; the lateral paler on inner edge and
at tip. Under wing coverts fulvous white; the basal portion of inner webs
of (luiils (but not outer) pale cinnamon, fading off grartuiilly along the edges
of the quills, rest of these webs purplish-brown ; whole of outer webs of quills
like back, without any bars. Bill above black, beneath whitish ; le^s dusky.
(No. 291o.) Total length, 8.00; wing, 4.2u ; tail, 4.tt0, graduation, .34,
emargination, .20; difference of 10th and longest quills, .f)l ; exposed portion
of 1st primary, 1.14, of 2d, 2.75, of longest (5th) (measured from exposed
base of 1st primary), 3.20 ; length of bill fvom forehead, .70, from nostril, .35,
alnug gape, .85 ; tarsus, .90; middle toe aud claw, .8b' claw alone, .2ti ; hiud
toe and claw, .65, claw alone, .25.
This species is closely related in form to Platycichla brevipes,
Baird, although tlio lower mandible is rather deeper and stouter,
the upper less attenuated viewed from above. The first quill is
longer, two-fifths the second instead of one-third, and not qu'te as
mneii pointed ; the tail is more graduated and emarginattJ ; the
feet much the same. The principal difference, therefore, is in the
stouter lower mandible, and less attenuated bill, longer first pri-
mary, aud more emarginate and graduated tail.
From Myiadedes armillatus it differs in stiffer tail and falcate
acuminate outer primary. With such species, however, as M.
obscurus and venezvvlensis, it has very close relationships in form,
80 much indeed that it is very difficult to separate them generically ;
the tail feathers are perhaps broader and stiifer, and the bill rather
longT and stronger; the wings and feet are precisely similar.
The two citations from Lesson, quoted in the synonymy, by Dr.
Sclater, hardly appear to belong to this species, but rather to un
allied one. The description in " VEcho" 1 have not seen, that in
"Desc. des Mam. et Ois." shows many discrepancies.
For the opportunity of examining this species I am indebted to
Dr. Sclater. I have seen a second specimen in the museum of the
Phila'lelphia Academy.
Smith- iCoUee.
No.
tor's
No.
291a
Sex
and
Age.
LocaUty.
When
Collected.
Received from
Brazil.
Cttb. Sclater.
Collected by
436
REVIEW OF AMERICAS BIRDS.
[part I.
i!-i
PLAT7CICHLA, Baird.
Platycichla, Baibd, Rev. Am. Birds, 1, 1864, 32. (Type P. brevipes, Bd.)
-10
,., •' . PkUycichla brevipeg, BjiitiD. (Braiil.)
General appearance that of Cichlopsis, the bill rather longer and much more
attenuated at the end ; the lower mandible much weaker and narrower, the
toes perhaps a little more deeply cleft ; tho feet larger, but similarly propor-
tioned ; the claws longer and less curved. The wings and tail are similar,
the latter rather shorter ; the outer quill one-third the 2d. Inside and bases
of quills colored as in Planesticus, and throat simJ'arly streaked. »
This generic form in many respects, with Cichlopsis, unites the
Thrushes to the Myiadestcs, and shows clearly that all three should
belong rather with the Turdidae as a subfamily, than with Ampe-
lidae. I find no differences in any to throw them out of the Turdidm,
with which they agree so closely in the undivided tarsi (except
occasionally at lower end), the short spurious primary, the toothed
and bristled bill, etc.
For further remarks relative to this genus I refer to page 32 of
the present work. I there placed it among the Thrushes, and now
consider it as showing the relationship between the true Turdinse
and Ampelinse, and proving the propriety of combining them in
the same family.
»
Platycichla brevipes.
Platycichla brevipes, Baird, Rev. Am. Birds, I, 1864, 32 (Brazil).
Ilab. Brazil.
-,.i„^.v;-.i;.t^..
For the description of this species I would refer to the page of
the present work cited above.
It
,p
t>u«]
COLLURIO. '''*'*^ "i-'i
KSt
,..,;, ,'1
Family LANIID^.
The diagnosis on page 322 will give a general idea of the characters
of this family, as represented in the New World, especially as com-
pared with its allies the Vireonidae and Ampelidse. The only genus
found in America is that of typical " Lanins," and from which I have
drawn the famii_^ characters, although as given above they are in
general rather those of the Laniinae.
Enneoctonus, of which Europe has several species, differs in much
less rounded wing, the first quill about one-third the longest, the
second about equal to the fourth ; the tail shorter than the wing,
and much less graduated: the biU more feeble. In the specimen
before me of Enneoctonus collurio there is no indication whatever
of division of lateral plate of tarsus, and the nostrils are scarcely
concealed.
(li COLLURIO, Vigors.
Collurio, Vigors, Pr. Zool. Soc. 1831,42. (Type Lanius excuhitor, L.")
Lanius, Aut. (not of Linn^us, whose type is L. cristatus),
CoUyrio, Q. R. Gray.— Baied, Birds N. Am. 1858, 323.
Body robust. Winf^s rather shorter than the much graduated tail (the
lateral feather about three-fourths the central). Primaries ten ; the Ist about
half the 2d, which la
longer than the 7th, the
oatermost slightly sinu-
ated at end. Bill very
powerful, deep and much
couiprtAssed, both out-
lines much curved and
eonvex ; the upper man-
dible decurviug into a
stroll (^ hook with a deep
notch behind it, followed
by a prominent tooth ; tip
of Idwer bill obsoletely
iimilar. Nostrils almost
circnlar, placed nearly
opposite middle of cora-
"'issar*, in nasal fossa,
Onllvrio exeuhUoroieUg.
(All the flgureH tlireeruiirtliH natnral bIm.)
*itlUMU membrane, excepting behind, overhung and mostly concealed by the
"tiff Iroutal bristly feathers and bristles ; base of mouth also with prominent
*r
\c
5
438
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.
[parti.
briaties. Feet strong and well developed ; the tarsi longer than middle toe
and claw, with seven or eii;ht scutellse anteriorlj, the lateral plates usually
with a tendency toHuhdivision inferiorly, especially the outer, which is some-
times divided regularly its entire length in C. excubitoroides, although this
character is not the same even on opposite feet of the same specimeu. Lateral
toes nearly equal, reaching about to hase of middle claw ; the toes quite
deeply cleft, the inner nearly to its base, but adherent to half the basal joint
of middle ; externally this joint is united nearly throughout to one and a
half joints of outer toe ; these basal joints somewhat abbreviated, so that
the iuuer is rather longer than middle.
There is a slight variation in form in American species of Cotlurio,
the legs being shorter and the bill longer proportionally in borealis
than in the others. In excubitoroides the legs are longer both
absolutely and relatively than in any American species, or C excu-
bitor of Europe. There is much diflFerence in specimens, and even
in diflferent feet of the same specimen in regard to the subdivision
of the lateral plates (especially the outer) of tarsus, this sometimes
being quite regular, as much so as anteriorly, at other times quite
the contrary ; frequently the plates are entire, except at the lower
end.
The type of the genus Lanius, as established by Linnaeus in the
10th edition of Systema Naturse, is the L. cristatus of India and
Java, which, according to Cabanis, is congeneric with the L. collurio,
the type of Bole's genus Enneoctonus. Lamus should, therefore,
replace Enneoctonus for tho long-winged European Shrikes, and
another name adopted for the larger European and American forms.
In the "Birds of North America," 1858, 1 used the name Collijrio
of Moehriug for this group, following G. R. Gray, but as I now admit
no genera of authors prior to or contemporaneous with Linmeus,
who did not adopt the binomial system, as established by him, not
even those of Linnaeus himself prior to 1768, it becomes necessary
to take the next in order, namely, Collurio of Vigors.
The following synopsis will exhibit the characters of tlie North
American Shrikes, as well as of their close ally, C. excubitor of
Europe : —
Oenbkal Color. — Bluish or plumbeons-ash above ; th« outer edges of scap^^
lars, sometimes the forehead and rump, paler. Beneath white, !«<iiu»?times
with waved transverse dark lines. A broad black stripe from side of upper
bill through eye (extending more widely beneath than above it, souietiiufs
wanting above) to end of ear coverts. Wings (e.\cept lesser coverts*) and
tall black ; the former with a white patch acioss l)ase of primaries (some-
times on inner wobs of secondaries) ; the secondaiins tipped with wiiitn;
tho tail with broad white tips to the lateral feathers, the concealed base*
of which ore also usually whit«.
*?:.'■
COLLURIO
439
A. Black cheek-stripes involving eyelid only on npper border
of eye, and not meeting across the forehead. A crescentio •
patch of white in the black, beiow the eye; npper edge
of black stripe behind the eye bordered by hoary wuit-
ish. Breast and belly always with distinct, transverse
waved lines of dusky. Bill, when mature, entirely black.
Length about 10 inches.
Above I'^jht ash. Upper tail coverts and forehead much ■:.:
r paler than the back, the former without waved
lines. Axillars whitish. ' • ,•' ^ > • ' ■ • •
Inner webs of secondaries paler towards edges,
'* but not of well-defined white. Concealed
'■ bases of tail feathers, except sixth, white.
Tarsus shorter than the gape of mouth . borealis.
8. Black cheek-stripes not involving upper border of eye or
upper eyelid, which is whitish, and not meeting across '
the forehead, its upper edge behind the eye with scarcely
a lighter border. No patch of white on lower eyelid.
Under parts unvaried white ; in female obscurely waved.
Base of under mandible whitish. Length about 9 inches.
.. Above light ash. Upper tail coverts and forehead de-
cidedly paler than the back. Axillars whitish.
,1^ Inner webs of all secondaries (except innermost)
t white to shaft, except for less than terminal
half, which is black along the shaft. Con-
cealed base of tail white, except on sixth
feather. Tarsus equal to the gape . . excubitor
C. Black cheek-stripes involving upper eyelid, as in A, but
without patch of white below the eye ; meeting in a nar-
row, sometimes inconspicuous line across the forehead,
its upper edge behind the eye not bordered by lighter.
Beneath plain white, or very obscurely waved in ludorici-
anus (the female?). Bill, when mature, entirely black.
Length about 8.50 inches.
Above dark plumbeous-ash. Upper tail coverts and
forehead scarcely paler than the back. Sides and
L; ; breast tinged with bluish-gray. ■ ■ ■ • : ' ,
^,. Black of loral space rather hoary along upper
border. Frontal dark line inappreciable or
wanting. Inner webs of secondaries paler
only along the marginal half, and not ab-
, . ruptly white. Axillars plumbeous. Tail
:, feathers, except the innermost, with a con-
-=»: cealed well-defined white patch at base,
largest on the more exterior one. Bill from
- -. nostril, .50. Under parts often witli very
obscure faint waved lines (in the female?).
White patch on wing reaching about to
mitldleuf 1st piimary. Tarsus equal to the
gape ludov
1 :.
*■
I.:.
•iuU
■M
■''■'*
•'V ' ■ ,"-' -i.
•• * ^,^^V ^
440 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PAUT I.
Black of loral space without any lightening above
it. Krontal black band well marked. Inner
weba of secondarieB (except innermost) pure
white to shaft, except along rather more than
terminal half, where the shaft is bordered t
by black. Axillars whitish. Tail feathers
black to base, except the loose fibres, which
are grayish. Bill from nostril, .(JO. Under j
parts without waved lines. White patch on
wing reaching nearly opposite to end of 1st
primary. Tarsus about equal to the gape . elegans
'*.'-'■ Above light ash color. Upper tail coverts and forehead - ;'
^" • much lighter than the back, the former sometimes '
almost white. Sides and breast generally nearly
) 'i ' pure white.
'i'i- •• Black of loral space with conspicuous hoary
-■ ' margin above it. Inner web of secondaries '■ ..< ..;
much as in C. /u(/oi'(c(n>iM«. Axillars whit- . Iw
. ' ish. Tail feathers with concealed white '" !a
patch at bases of all the /eathers. Bill from ~ jr
• nostril, about .50. No waved lines beneath. -^
White patch on wing reaching nearly oppo- r.f
site to end of 1st primary. Tarsus longer
than the gape excubitoroide»,
Collurio 1>orealis. .
Lanius borealis, Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept. 1, 1807, 90, pi. 1. — Sw. F. B. A.
II, 1831, 111.— A0D. Syn. 1839, 157.— Ib. Birds Am. IV, 1842, 180,
pi. 236.— Cassin, Pr. A. N. So. 1857, 212.— Max. Cab. Jopr. VI,
1858, 190 (Upper Missouri).- Jones, Nat. Bermuda, 1857, 51 (Ber-
muda). — Collyrio borealis, Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 324. — Cooi-er
& SucKLEY, P. R. Rep. Xll, II, 1860, 188 (Washington Territory).
Lanius excubitor, Forster, Phil. Trans. LXII, 1772, 382 (not of Linnaeus).
-Wilson, I, 1808, 74, pi. v, fig. 1.
Lanius septentrional is, BoN. Syn. 1828, 72 (not of Gmklin, which cannot
be identified as an American species), — Ib. Rev. et Mag. Zool.
' ' 1853, 294.— Cassin, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1857, 213.— Murray, Ed. New
Phil. Jour. XI, 1859, 223 (H. B. T.).
Hab. Whole of America north of United States ; in winter south to Wash-
ington, St. Louis, Prescotl (Ariz.), and north California.
(No. 19,545, % , in fall spring plumage.) Fourth quill longest ; 3d and 5th
little shorter ; 2d shorter than 6th ; exposed portion of 1st not quite half that
of longest.
Whole upper parts pure clear light ash ; beneath (including axillars) p^re
while, the breast and upper part of belly waved transversely with olisolete
narrow dusky lines (about .15 of an inch apart) ; each feather having two
or three, which are curved, convex, and th6 terminal one some distance from
the tip. Bristly feathers covering the nostrils and the feathers along the
■..3<f'J,'
COLLURIO.
441
base of upper mandible to gape, black ; this color extending as a broad stripe
througli the eye, and behind it to nape, involving the ear coverts, and forming
a conspicuous and continuously deep black stripe, excepting a few white
fe.itliers on lower eyelid (sometimes a well-marked crescentic spot), and an
almost inappreciable lightening among the loral feathers, the black of oppo-
site sides, however, not meeting on the forehead as in L. excubitoroides. The
black involves only the upper eyelid, but is quite broad below the eye. The
forehead and space above the black stripe, almost to its posterior extremity,
are hoary white, shading into the ash of crown ; the rump and ends of scapular
featliers are similarly colored, though perhaps less purely white ; the ends
of upper tail coverts becoming also more ashy. Wings and tail black, the
tips of tlil secondaries and the bases of the primaries white, this increasing
in amount on the latter from the outermost, and showing externally as a
white patch (but hardly appreciable, especially on outer webs in first and
second). Secondary quills whitish along inner edge, and full half of the
inner web tinged with grayish, but without abrupt definition. Outer tail
feather, with basal half of inner web, and a narrow stripe in the outer web
along the shaft, as well as the shaft itself nearly to end, black; the black
advancing more and more in the other feathers till on the 4th there is only a
narrow tip of white ; the 5th and 6th entirely black ; all the feathers with
small basal white patch, except ou inner web of 6th. Bill and feet pure
black.
Female birds in the breeding season are much duller than the males, the
ash of upper parts much tinged with ochrey brown, the black stripe through
the eye more or less obsolete, the white of wing much less conspicuous.
(No. 19,545, %.) Fresh specimen : Total length, 10.00 ; expanse of wings,
14.50; wing from carpal joint, 4.70. Prepared specimen : Total length, 10.00 ;
wing, 4.50; tail, 4.70; exposed poition of Ist primary, 1.65, of 2<1, 2.90, of
longest (measured from exposed base of 1st primary), 3.40 ; length of bill
from forehead, .85, from nostril, .60, along gape, 1.05; tarsus, 1.05 ; middle
toe and claw, .88, claw alone, .33 ; hind toe and claw, .63, claw alone, .35.
The plumage of the male, in the breeding season, as indicated
above, lias not been before described. A.s met with during it.s more
winter abode in the United States, G. borealls is duller in plumage,
and tiiough sometimes quite pure ashy, always has a tinge of brown-
ish ; and the stripe on the side of the head is only well defined behind
the eye. There is generally a better marked clear white crescentic
8[)ot below the eye, and a blackish spot anterior to its upper half;
the featliers along the base of upper mandible, from nostrils to gape,
are l)huk ; but the rest of the pre-ocular region is grayish, clouded
somewhat by the blackish bristly points and shafts of some of the
fenthers. The bill, instead of being pure black, is much paler, and
ahnost whitish at the base, especially of lower mandible. The dark
lines below are more distinct, and extend more on the throat, aa
well as along the sides.
Other specimens of females, or immature males probably, are
■^ • •v''
4 -■■' ,»,
|-'>i.''r;;'VH;:
■•:" ■ '
III ' " ' '■'' ' -il
■ ■ ■ =■■■
i:L;.^i;_
■
^-, ., •.^..;.:— :■
.
p
'' '■ ' .-'^ :■ f'^'' ,> .■ '. ■'■
. .■
1:'. ■; ' ';f<";!-:--".
■'■,•* -4 '■>
' '-
442
REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.
[part I.
still more diiferent : the more distinct dark transverfie waved linos
extend over the whole nnder surface from chin, except about the
anal region ; the upper parts almost continuously ochrey hrowii ;
tilt' black eye stripe indicated only by rather dusky ears ; the wliito
at base of primaries nearly or entirely wanting; the white at end
of tail feathers more restricted. Every grade of coloration between
these extremes is to be met with.
As usual in American birds, the more boreal specimens are de-
cidedly tlie larger. The species probably does not breed within the
limits of the United States, except possibly in the northeri»i)ortiuns
of the mountain regions ; but in winter it is found over the entire
breadth of the country to quite a southern latitude.
LaniuH major, Pallas, Zoog. Rosso-As. I, 1831, 401, and Key-
SERLINU & Blasius, Wirb. Europas, 1, 1840, Ix, and 193, from North-
eastern Europe and Siberia, judging from the description, appears
to resemble ftoreaZis in size and other characters; the dark inner
webs of the secondaries ; the diminished amount of black anterior
to the eye ; the whitish rump, and the waved lines of the under
parts, as well as in having the tarsus shorter than the gape. The
rump, however, is said to be waved transversely with dusky, and
the eyelids to be white, as in excuhitor, not black.
The differences in color of C. borealis from ludovicianiis and
excubitoroideti are shown in the preliminary diagnoses. The bird
is stouter in form, with proportionally longer bill, and decidedly
shorter tarsi. The tarsi are considerably shorter than those of
excubitnroides.
Specimens examined, fifty-three. The more important localities
are the following: —
Smlth-
Collec-
Sex
When
Collected.
aunian
No.
tor's
No.
Locality.
Received from
Collected by
19,.04.5
394
cT
Fort KPKoliition,
Great Slave Lake.
April 24, "60
R. Kennicott.
27,, 31 7
1,342
fort iSiiiiiiNiiii.
• • .
B. R. \U,M.
27,.U9
1,().!1
Pi. IVel'H Uiver.
• • •
R. Kennicott.
27,311
0()J
Fort Voukon.
Sept 24, '00.
••
27.312
17.)
V
Jiiue 27.
JaH. Lnckbart.
ai.4.-)(>
104
Fort Rae.
June 10, '0.1.
L rii.rk.
l»,/)iil
39
Fort Liard.
April 2, '00.
B. R. Ross.
.1. Macken/le.
G. A. BMnrilinan.
82,:}4.'5
MooHP factory.
2.<,2.-.6
"New BiurtdWtik.
17,103
lluTtfaX, V. S. —
W G. Wintou.
907
Cftill.M>, Vnr-
Nov. IS 12.
8. F B.ird
12,:)()1
9
WHsliimrtoii. D. C
Feb. 10. -40.
R. .1. I'oliad.
7,108
27
Slioahvater liay, W.
Nov. 18.54.
Dr. ,1. G. Cooper.
in, 109
, ,
9
Fort ("rook.Cal. [T.
.1. Feiln^r.
18..'J29
, ,
(f
Hcll^HtP, Mdutana.
Lt Mullan.
Juo. Irarsiill.
1 1,0(51
, ,
rf
Fort Bridner.
April 10.
C, Drexler.
S9,:)69
),l."i2
..
Fort Whijiple, Ar.
leb. 6, -6.5.
Dr. E. Coues.
(27,312.) With OBB». (707 ) 9.80; 14. 50; 4.30. (39,369 } 10.20; 14.80.
. it
COLLUUIO.
<.fi
443
Collurio ludoTicianuB.
hi
Lanius tuUuricitinus, Linn. Syat. Nat. 1766, 134 (based on Lnniu* ludo-
vicianus, Bhihhon, II, lti2, tab. xv, flg. 2). — AuD. Orii. Biog. I, 1831,
300, pi. 37.— 111. liiids Am. IV, pi. 237.— Cashin, Pr. A. N. So. 1857,
213. — Collyrio liidoiicKinus, Baiuu, Birds N. Am. 1858, 325.
Lanius urdosiaceus, Vikillot, Ois. Am. Sept. I, 1607, 81, pi. li.
Lanius carolinensis, WiLs. Am. Orn. Ill, 1811, 57, pi. xxii, lig. 5. '
Hab. South Atlantic (and Gulf ?) States.
(No. 3,054.) Fourth quill longest ; 3d, and then 5th little shorter; 2d inter-
tuediate between 6th and 7th; ist about half the longest. . i ' > i . ti
Upper parts rather dark plumbeous-a»h, almost inappreciably paler on the
upper tail coverts ; beneath dull bluish-white, the sides of boily pale ]>lumbe-
ous, shading insensibly into the whitish of belly ; the axillars, for the most
part, almost as dark plumbeous as the back, the outer webs of those nearest
the wing whitish (the inner wing coverts dark plumbeons, edged with dnsky).
Ill the specimen described (perlial)S female) the feathers of juguluni and
breast present very obsolete and indistinct waved transverse lines of pale
plumbeous, and some of the upper tail coverts are tipped with blackish.
Bristly feathers at side of upper mandible continuous with a broad stripe
through and behind the eye to posterior extremity of ear coverts, black. This
Ftiipe extends narrowly above and broadly below the eye, and is not varied
on letter eyelid with white. There is no black frontal line, altliongh the
black frontal bristles of opposite sides sometimes almost meet. Forehead
and side of crown as far as the eyes somewhat hoary, shading into the ash
of the head. Outer webs of scapular featliers also whitish, shading into the
color of back. Wings black ; the lesser coverts only like the back ; the tips
of secondaries, and a distinct patch at base of primaries, white. This patch
crosses the bases of all the primaries (indistinct on the outer), extending
farthest along the middle ones, where it reaches a point but little beyond the
middle of the exposed portion of the outer primary. The inner webs of
the secondaries are gray or whitish for about half way from the border to the
shaft, but not abruptly defined. The tail is black ; the concealed bases of all
the feathers, except perhaps the innermost, are white ; the entire terminal
third of the outer feather, and still more of its outer web, with a constantly
decreasing amount on the succeeding feathers as far as the fourth, white ; the
shafts, however, are dusky almost to tlieir extremities. Bill and feet black.
(Xo. 3,054.) Total length, 8.50; wing, 3.72; tail, 4.10, its graduation, .92;
exposed portion of 1st primary, 1.76, of 2d, 2.40, of longest (measured from
exposed base of 1st primary), 2.75 ; length of bill from forehead, .82, from
nostril, .5(1, along gape, .98, depth, 36; tarsus, 1.00; middle toe and claw,
•)i2, claw itlone, .30 ; hind toe and claw, .65, claw alone, .32. ,, ; '■
Of the ten specimens before me nearly all e.xliibit, to a p^reater or
loss extent, the obsolete wavings on the feathers, described above.
In several, also, the lesser wing- and upper tail-coverts are tipped
oiciisluiially with blackish — features not observed in excubitoroides.
There is some variatiou la amount of white on the tail in No. 542,
k ^'
< 1^
19
* i
i
Ji
[5i '•
■i!
444
REVIEW OF AMERICAN. BIRDS.
[part I.
this involving more than half of the outer feather, or nearly the
whole of its exposed portion.
Young birds differ in having the upper plumage much duller iii.d
tinged with ochraeeous ; the feathers, especially of head and rump,
waved (most finely on the head) with dusky, the jugulum and breast
similarly marked. The tii).s of the greater wing coverts are pale
ochraeeous, and, like the lesser, are waved with dusky ; the black
cheek stripe is obsolete in front of the eye, excepting a spot at its
anterior canthus ; the bill and legs are paler. . i 4 . , ^ ...»
The dilference between this species and its American allies will
be pointed out farther on. It appears to be very closely related to
the L. meridionalis of Europe (Temminck, Man. I, 1820, 143;
Deqland, Ois. Eur. I, 1849, 384; Bree, Birds Jlurope, I, 1H;M),
159, plate, etc.) ; but judging from Degland's description, the hitter
differs principally in the vinaceous or rosy tinge of the under parts,
and in the rectrices being entirely black at the base. The eye stripe,
with its paler upper border anteriorly, and the white markings of
the wing appear to be much the same. The length of meridionalis
(ten inches) is considerably greater.
Specimens examined, ten.
Sraltli-
eoniaa
Mo.
Collec-
tor's
No.
Sex
and
Age.
Locality.
When
Collected.
Received from
Collected by
3,0.')4
542
2,420
..
Jav.
Liberty County, Ga.
Southern Atlantic
States.
Savannah, Ga.
1846.
1845.
8. F. Balid.
11
II
CoUiirio elegans. '
LantHS elegans, Sw. F. B. A. II, 1831, 122.— Ncttall, Man. 1, 1840,287.
— Cassin, Pr. A. N. So. 1857, 213.— Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858,
327. — Collyrio eleyans, Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, xxxv.
Ilab. California? . ,-
Third quill longest ; then 4th and 5th ; 2d between 5th and 6th; 1st about
half tlie longest. Bill lengthened and very powerful, as large and strong as
that of L. horealis.
Upper parts dark plumbeous-ash (very much as in L. ludovicianm) ; darkest
on head, a little paler perhaps on the lower back and rump (very slightly ami
almost inappreciably, however) ; the forehead as dark as, or even darker than
the vertex ; the longer scapulars quite white at ends. Beneath bluish-wliite,
quite pure on throat and sides of neck, middle of l)elly, and crissuni : the
sides of body and the front of breast decidedly bluish ; the axillars, uow-
♦»ver, with their outer webs quite white, their inner more ashy ; the lesser
COLLURIO.
446
m
coverts gray. \Ving« and tail black, varied with whitt ; tlio former sliowing
externally a large white patch at husen of jiriinai ies, and broad whiti' i\])» to
the secondaries. The white on primaries extends nearly as far as tho tip ol^
the 1st quill ; the inner webs of the secondaries (excepting the iiinernio.''t
ones) are pure white to the sliaft for their basal half, the posterior border of
the patch perpendicular to tho shaft ; this color also bor<lering tbe web for
half its width to the und, and quite abruptly defined. Tlie tail feathers are
apparently without any concealed white at their bases, although tho discon-
nected fibres aro grayish ; the outer feather lias the terminal third and all
the outer web white ; the amount of white limiuiahes iu the 2d, 3d, and 4th
feathers ; the Tith and (»th entirely black.
There is a broad black band from bill tlirough and behind eye, and im-
variefl by white, aa in e.xr.nlntoroi'les, and with a well defined narrow frontal
line of the same color ; the loral region, however, exhibits a tinge of deep
ashy ; the bill and legs are black.
Total length, 8.75 ; wing, 4.20; tail, 4.40, graduation, 1.00 ; exposed por-
tion of Ist primary, 1.35, of 2d, 2.60, of longest (measured from exjwsed base
of 1st primary), 2.95; length of bill from forehead, 1.00, from nostril, .59,
along gape, 1.10, depth, .39; tarsus, 1.20; middle toe and claw, .95, claw
aloue, .34 ; hind toe and claw, .70, claw alone, 33.
The description given above is taken from a specimen in the col-
lection of the Philadelphia Academy, labelled as having been col-
k'cted iu California by Dr. Gambel, and is very decidedly different
from any of the recognized North American species. Of nearly
the size of G. excubitoroides and luduoicianus, it ha.s a bill even
more powerful than that of C borealis. In its unwaved under
parts and uniform color of the entire upper surface, except scapulars,
it difl'ers from borealis and excubitoroides, and resembles ludomci-
anm. In the extension of white over tho inner webs of the secon-
daries, it closely resembles C. excubitor. The great restriction of
white at the base of tho tail — the four central feathers being entirely
black, and the bases of the others grayish-ashy — is quite peculiar
to the species. ,, : ,., . ',.
I am by no means satisfied that the bird here described is the true
Lanius elegans of Swainson — there being several marked differences
from his description. In the essential features, however, of the
larger size, especially of the bill, the concolored forehead, the scarcely
lighter rump, and the greater amount of white on the inner webs
of the secondaries, there is a decided accordance. In Swainson's
bird the tail seems to be almcvit as white as in extremes of colora-
tiuu of cxcubitoroidts, instead of being much blacker than usual.
C'ollurio excubitoroides.
Lanius excubitoroides, Swainson, F. B. A. II, 1831, 115 (Saskatchewan).
— Oambel, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1847, 200 (Gala.).— Cassin, I'r. A. N. Sc.
*r ■■:'^-'
la
RrVIEW OP AMERICAN HIIIDS.
[PAUT T.
C.I-- •■■
<»• ,., ■
II -'»♦ :
1 ■■ , '
1857, 213.— ScLATKR, p. Z. 8. 18«J4, 173 (City of M«xico).— CV/^no
exruliitoi aides, Uaiud, IMuIa N. Am. 1858, !i'27.
t LuniuH tnexicaiiua, Hkeiim. tab. Jour. II, 18.04, 145. — Sclateb, Catal.
1801, 4fi (Mexico).
Lanius luiiovicianus, Max. Cab. Jour. 1868, 191 (Upper Mlesouri).
Hah. Western province of North America, as far north as California ; Middle
North America, to the Saskatchewan, and east to Wisconsin, Micliigan and
lliinois; Houth to Orizaba and Oaxaca, and City of Mexico; Cape St. Lucas.
(No. 38,423 f % ; Laramie Peak.) Graduation of tail rather less than ono-
fourth of its total length. Fourth quill longest; 3d scarcely eliortt-r ; then
the 5th ; 2d longer than t)th ; exposed portion of Ist about half that of longHst.
Above pure light bluish-ash ; beneath, including axillara, pure unbroken
white. A very narrow frontal Hue with all th« nasal feathers, and cnntinu-
, ' oas with a broad stripe
through and behind eye,
involving entire ear cov-
erts, with the wings and
tail, bill and feet, deep
black (the lesser wing
coverts, however, like the
back) ; the cheek stripe
extending narrowly
above tlie eye and
broadly below it, and
not varied with white
on the lower eyelid.
The forehead and side
of vertex in contact with
the black stripe, as
far as posterior border
of eye, hoary, almost
' pnre white, shading oflF quite abruptly into the ash of head ; the scapnlar
feathers, where they overlap the wings, as well as upper tail coverts, similarly
white, and shading into the adjacent ash ; the coverts, however, slightly
glossed with ashy, especially above. The tips of the secondary quills, and
a conspicuous patch across the base of the primaries (visible externally in
the closed wing) are white ; this involves both webs of the primaries (except
perhaps the 1st), and extends about as far as the tip of the 1st primary,
occupying more and more space from the outer to the middle quills. Tlie
secondaries are edged internally, as well as tipped with white ; this color
usually mixed with grayish, occupying rather the larger portion of the web
towards the base, but not abruptly defined as in the primaries, and only
reaching the shaft at the extreme base, 8nd that obliquely. Outer two tail
feathers entirely white, except a wash of dusky along the shaft (greatest in
extent on the 2d feather) ; the 3d feather is white with rather more than the
central third black; the fourth feather is black, with the extreme base and
Collyrio exctihitnrnides, Baird. (Laramie Peak.)
(All tbe figures tliree-fuurlhs natural size.)
k<rl
COLLUUIO.
447
tip only white, the reHt are entirely black, except their concealed buHes, which
in all the feathers are white.
(No. .18,42:5.) Total length, 8.. '50; wing, 4.0.'5 ; tail, 4.2.'5, its graduation,
l.OU; expoHed portion of lt«t primary, 1.50, of 2<1, 2.(>0, of longent (inuaHured
from exposed baHe of lut primary), 2.95 ; length of bill from forehea<l, .83,
from nostril, .48, along gape, .9^, depth, .33; tarsus, 1.12; middle toe and
claw, .77, claw alone, .28 ; hind toe and claw, .04, claw aloue, .32.
Young birck are marked very much as tlio.se of G. ludovicianns,
already described. There docs not seem to bo much difference in
color between the sexes. Winter specimens appear inclined to a
reddivsh tinge and obscure waves of dusky. , . _
The specimen described (No. 38,423) presents an extreme amount
of white on the wings and tail. More frequently there is a rectangular
patch of black on the inner web of outer tail feather (usually at
distal end of basal half), and generally visible at the tips of under
tail coverts, which becomes larger and larger in the next two
feathers; the fourth, and sometimes fifth, with a narrow tip only of
white. Scarcely any two specimens, however, agree exactly in this
amount of black ; in all, the extreme bases of the quills are white,
e.\c('j)ting the innermost, which usually are black, unless when the
white on the ends of the lateral tail feathers is of more than usual
cxttnit.
In No. 38,420 the white of inner webs of secondaries is purer,
and on the more exterior reaches to the shaft on the basal third,
then passing off obliquely behind to the inner edge of the ((uill, not
transversely. The other characters are much as described. This
amount of white on the secondaries is, however, but seldom met with.
No. 5,0G6, from Donana, '.i M., has the hoary front so light as
to appear in very abrupt contrast against the dusky stripe through
the eye.
In No. 8,721, from near San Francisco, the colors are much
darker than as described, the plumbeous of upper parts being as
dark as in Ivdovicianua, and without any hoariness on forehead
and side of vertex ; more as in eler/anii.
In general, specimens from the California coast are considerably
darker than those from the Plains, very similar n\ color to C. Itido-
vicranus ; the hoariness of forehead greatly reduced, sometimes
scarcely appreciable. The sides and axillars are more plumbeous ;
less, however, than in lu.domcia,nun, and the upper tail coverts are
always considerably and appreciably lighter than the back.
Cape St. Lucas specimens are rather darker, especially on the
If
'.i' I
H
448
REVIKW OP AMERICAN niRDS.
[part I.
30139
liouU, tliuu thoso from the llucky AlouiituiiiH ; niid among tlicin are
Buverul with uiiiiMUully large
bills, aliii08t as Ittrgu um that
of 6'. elegans, one uf wliii'h
(No. 2(5,438) int'ftsures .'(j
from fort'licad, .55 from nostril,
and 1.05 from gupc, wliitli
generally exceeds the average.
The other eharaeters, however,
are essw.itially thowe of cj-cuIh-
toroides. In nearly the whole
Rcries (all autumnal birds)
there is a decided tinge of reddish on breast and sides, which also
are obscurely undulated with duuky.
Specimens from the Mississippi Valley, east of the river, ore
darker, with tho white markings less prominent, and with a general
approximation to the characters of C. ludovicianus. They, are,
however, usually paler than the California birds, Mexican speci-
mens are perhaps more like those just referred to, and loss tyj)ical,
although some are true and well-marked excubitoroideH. One of
these Mexican skins (No. 18,600) has an unusually slender and
deeply hooked bill. (See figure abovi.)
In this species (?), as in C. ludovicianus, there is so much varia-
tion in the amount of white on the tail, as well as in the comparative
length of the feathers, fls to unfit these features for specific indica-
tion, except as a general average.
This Shrike, in its extreme stage of coloration, differs from ludo-
vicianus in paler and purer color ; the ash of back lighter ; the
under parts brilliant white, not decidedly plumbeous on the sides as
in the other, and without so great a tendency to the usual obsolete
waved lines (noticed distinctly only in winter or immature birds) ;
the axillars bluish-white, not plumbeous. The white of wings and
tail is more extended ; the hoary of forehead and whitish of scapu-
lars more distinct. The bristles at base of bill somewhat involving
the feathers are black, forming a narrow frontal line, not seen in the
other. The most striking difference is in the rump and upper tail
coverts, which are always appreciably and abruptly lighter than
the back, sometimes white or only faintly glossed with plumbeous ;
while in typical speciiaons of ludovicianus these feathers are scarcely
lighter at all, and generally more or less varied with blackish spots
at the end. The legs and tail are apparently longer, the latter loss
♦ H
COLLI' RIO.
;i49
j^rnduated. These differencos arc, however, most, appreciable in
gpt'ciirwjuH from th« middle and wostern provinces TIiohc from Uio
Western States, east of the Missouri River, as far north as Wiscon-
gin, are more intermediate between the two, althougli Htill near«!st to
the Rocky Mountain bird as described; the back darker, the rump
and axillars more plumbeous, the sides more bluinli 1 have little
doubt that the examination of scries from the States alonf? th«
Mississippi will show a still clo' ^r resemblance to typical C ludo-
vicianns, and that the gradation between the two extremes will bo
found to be continuous and unbroken. It therefore becomes a
question whether there is really more than one species, varying with
longitude and region, according to the usual law, the more western
the lighter, with longer tail ; or whether two species, originally dis-
tinct, have hybridized along the line of junction of their respective
provinces, as is certainly sometimes the case. The approximation
in many respects of coloration of the Shrikes of the Pacific coast to
those of the South Atlantic States, is not without its importance in
the discussion of the subject. Pending the decision of this question,
however, I propose to retain the name of excuhitoroides, as repre-
senting, whether as species or variety, a peculiar regional form,
which must be kept distinctly in mind. The comparatively greater
eize of the bill in the Cape St. Lucas specimens is seen in other
species from this locality.
The intensity of the black front in this species varies considerably,
sometimes very distinct, and again entirely wanting. This may
probably be a character of the breeding season, the dulness of black
anterior to the eye, and the lighter color of the bill, having a close
relationship here, as in other species, to maturity, sex, and season.
The essential differences between this species and the C excuhitor,
of Europe, will be found in the diagnosis given under the generic
head. They are qnite appreciable on a slight comparison.
Siwcimens examined, over one hundred in number. The more
important localities are the following : —
29 June. 1866.
'»■('•
! ^ — ^^
H
Hi ■'
UJV
450
REVIEW OF AMERICAX BIRDS.
m
'■■m
Smith-
Collec-
Sex
When
Collected.
No.
tor'.
No.
Ane.
Locality.
Received from
Collected by
6,3(14
6.W
?
PAalunm, Cat.
April, IS-'ib.
£. Samuels.
e.-ws
743
" [Cisco.
May, 1856.
8,721
.,
Presidio, San Fran-
Lt. T .wbridge.
89,483
, ,
San Francisco.
1863.
Col.C. 8. Bulkley.
E. T. Lorqnin.
6,047
, ,
Santa Clara. Cal.
• • •
Dr. J. C. Cooper.
4,040
San JoHO, Cal.
• • •
A. J. OrayKon.
8,719
••
"
Tulare Valley.
Fort Tejon.
Lt. Williamson.
J. Xantns.
Dr. Heerioann.
18.330
762
rf
Fort BeotoD, Id.
1860.
Lt. Mullan.
J. PearsHlI.
13.3(12
, ,
?
SteptoeValley.Utah.
Mar. 12, '59.
Capt. J. U. Simp-
C. 8. M Carthy,
38,420
, ,
. .
Fort Lii ramie.
1S64.
Dr. Hitz. Uon-
38,423
49
Laramie Peak.
May, 1864.
35,403
1,729
Colorado Terr.
• < •
Chicago Ac. Sc.
D. Thompson.
6,066
, ,
Donafla, N. M.
Nov. 14, '53.
Capt. J. Pope.
37,003
706
Fort Whipple, Ar.
Sept. 8, '64
Dr. E. Coues.
26,438
1,732
Cape St. Lac -s.
18.>9.
J. Xantus.
26,437
"(San Nicolas).
Oct. 1839.
it
40,530
365'
Fort Rice, Dae.
186.3.
Gen. A. Snlly.
S. M. Rotiiham-
8,722
. ,
Juv.
Racine, Wis.
.853.
S. F. Baird.
[met
35,032
. ,
, ,
Chicago, 111.
June, 1864.
Chicago Ac. Sc.
■....•
10,172
, ,
rf
Manon County, 111.
R. Kpunicutt.
34,558
, ,
<f
Mt. Carroll, 111.
May 28, '64.
H. Shimer.
26,012
25
Winnebago, III.
July, 1862.
J. W. Tolman.
12,504
, ,
, ,
Red Fork of Arkan-
• • >
Dr. Woodhouse.
1,664
, ,
Jur.
Michigan. [sas.
■ . .
S. S. Ilaldeiuau.
29,360
140
, ,
Colima, Hex.
Feb. 1863.
J. Xantus.
4,190
,,
, ,
Charco Escondido,
Mar. 1863.
Lt. Couch.
13,600
, ,
, ,
Mexico. [Mex.
• • >
J. Gonld.
J. Taylor.
33,573
162
f
Mirador, Mt. Ori-
Feb. 1864.
Dr. Sarlcrins.
29,694
••
Oaxacs. [zaba.
Nov. 186a
A. Sall^.
■^
(37,005.) 9.00; 12.60. (26,012.) WitU eggs.
I ,1-.. • "•) < :
• :>
UST OF SPECIES DESCRIBED.
p^^
V* 1
PAoa
Tl'RDID^ . 1
Catharus, Bouap. 6
Catharus . . 7
C. melpomene (Cab.), Sclater.
Mex. to Costa Rica' 7
C. occidentalis, Sclater.
Central Mexico 8
C. frantzil, Cab.
Costa Rica 9
Malacocichla , .10
C. dryaa (Gould), Sol.
Guatemala 10
C. mezicanua (Bon.), Scl.
Mex. to Guat. 11
Turdus, Linn. . 11
HyJockhla (Baird) . 13
T. mnstelinus, Gtn.
E. U. S. to Guat. ; Cnba 13
T. pallasil, Cab.
E. N. A. ; Mex. ; f Cuba 14
T. nanus, nd.
M. & W. U. 8. ; C. St. Lucas 15
T. auduboni) Baird.
M. U. S. to Mex. 16
T. faacescens, Stephens.
K. N. A. to Panama ; Cuba 17
T. nstnlatns, Nutt.
W. U. S. 18
T. iwainsor' Zxu
i. Am. to Ecuador 19
PAOI
T. allclas, Baird.,
£. N. A. to Costa Rica 21
Turdus, L. . .23
T. lllacns, Linn.
Europe ; Greenland 23
Phnesticus, Bon. . 23
T. jamalcensis, Gm.
Jamaica 23
Orizaba 68
Costa Rica 58
T. ploicola, Scl.
T. plebelns, Cab.
T. nlgresoens, Cab.
Costa Kica 68
T. leucauchen, Sclater.
Guat. ; Mex. ? 24
T. aBBlmillB, Cab.
Mex. ; Guat. 24
T. grayl, Bon.
Mex. to Costa Rica 26
T. obBoletUB, Lawr.
Panama R. R. 28
T. mlgratoriuB, Linn.
N. A. & Mex.; Cuba ; Tobago 28
T. oonfinis, Baird. (n. s.)
Cape St. Lucas 29
T. flavlroBtrls, Sw.
W. Mex. 31
Merula. . . 81
T. lnfa8oatti8(Lafr.),S^l. k SaW.
Mex. to Gnat. 31
The Cogta Eiuan ip^ies is perhaps true aurantilrimtrU.
(451)
* .*
I' ■ .
j: ,
r jt ■ « "''!T'j'??ii T^'z-^ill
452 LIST OF SPECIES DESCUIUED.
PAOB
T. mfltorques, Hartl.
Oaat. 32
nesperocichla, Baird . 32
T. naeviuB, Qm.
W. N. xim. 32
■V-
Platyciclila, Baird . 32
(P. brevlpes, Baird. n. s.)
Brazil 32
Semimerula) Sclater . 33
8. aorantia (Gm.)* Scl.
, ; Jamaica 34
Mimocicbla, Scl. . 35
M. plumbea (L.), Baird.
,,.-. . Bahama 36
M. schlstacea, Baird. (n. s.)
Cuba 37
M. mbripes (Temm.), Sol.
Cuba 38
M. ardoBiacea (Linn.), Baird.
St. Domingo; Porto Rico 39
Vinclocerthia. . . 59
C. ruficauda (Gould), Scl.
Guadalonpe 59
C. gatturalis, Scl.
Martinique 50
^ • Cichlerminia . .59
C. bonapartli (Lafr.)* Sol-
,;, .. Guiidalonpe 69
Ramphocincliis, Lafr. 41
R. brachyurus, Vieill.
Martinique 41
Margaropg, Sclater . 41
M fosoatns (Vieill.), Scl.
St. Dom. ; P. R, ; St. Thom. ;
St. Crnz ; Jamaica 42
M. denslrostris (Vieill.), Sol.
Guad.; Mart. 59
M. montanna (Lafr.), Scl. . 59
Guadalonpe 69
FAGI
Oreoscoptes, Baird. . 4-z
O. montanuB, Towns.
M. & W. U. S. to Cape St. Lucas 42
HarporliyncIiusjCab. 43
H. rufus (Liuu.), Cab.
E. U. S. 44
H. r. var, longicauda, Baiui.
W. U. S. 00
H. longlroBtris (Lafr.) Cab.
Texas and E. Mexico 44
H. curvlroBtris (Swains.), Cab.
Mexico to within border of U. S. 45
H. ocellatus, Scl.
Oaxaca 59
H. cinereua, Xautus.
Cape St. Lucas 46
H. lecontei (Lawr.), Bonap.
Arizona 47
H. oriBBalis, Henrj.
, . Gila River 48
H. redlvlvti(< (Qambel), Cab.
Coast of Cal. 48
MfiinUB, Boie. . . 48
M. polyglottus (D.), Boie.
n. S. (Southern part) to Mex.
Cuba? 48
M. p. Tar. caudatus, Baird.
W. U. S. 50
M. Orpheus (Linn.), Scl.
Jamaica 50
M. dotainicuB, Scl.
St. Domingo 59
M. bahamenslB, Bryant.
Bahamas 52
M. gtmdlachf, Cab.
M. UUU, March.
Cuba 59
Jamaica 52
M. gracilis, Cab.
Yucatan to C. Rica 54
fialeoscoptes, Cab. . 54
Q. carolinenBlB (Linn.), Cab.
U. S. to Panama ; Cuba 64
■V "r-^-^lfii^. '-'.'
■*-, 'I
LIST OF 8PECIK8 DESCEIBED.
453
■:c
PAOi
I. .
4:i
icas
42
:ab.
43
U.S. 44
U.S.
00
b.
exico
44
Cab.
U.S.
45
^ .
axaca
59
Lucas
46
ap.
rizona
47
I River
48
Cab.
of Cal.
48
, 48
le.
Mex.
Cuba?
48
r. u. s.
50
amaica
50
omingo
59
ibamas
52
Cuba
59
amaica
52
C. Rica
54
Cab. .
54
Cab.
; Cuba
54
9Ielanoptila> Sclater. 65
. M- glabrirostria, So later.
Si> Uouduras 55
Si
'^ MelaaotiSjtBonap. . 66
M. caerulescens (Sw.) liou.
Mexico 56
M. hTpoleucTM, Hartlaub.
Guatemala f>7
^ Donacobius, Swaius. 67
(D. atricapiUus, Llun., Bon.)
E. S. Am. 58
(D. albo-vittatUB, D'Orb.)
Bolivia 68
CINCLID.!!: .
69
Cinclus, Beohst. . 69
C. mezicanus, Swains.
Mountainous part of W. N. Am.
to Mex. 69
SAXICOL1D.S: . 61
Saxicola, Bechst. . 61
S. nnantho (Linn.), Bechst.
Europe ; Greenland ; Coast of
Am. to U. S. 61
' Sialia, Swains. . 62
S. slaliB (Linn.), Baird.
E. U. S. ; Bermuda ; Cuba 62
S. azarea, Swains.
Mex. and Guat. 62
8. mezlcana, Swains.
M. and W. U. S. to Mex. 63
8. arctioa, Swaius.
M. N. Am. 64
SYLTIIDiE . . 64
Regulina , . 65
Regnlus, Cab. . 6B
R. satrapa, Licht.
E. N. America 66
R. B. var. olivaceus, Baird.
W. U. States 65
R. cuvierl, Aud.
Penna. 66
R. calendulua (Linn.), Licbt.
Greenland ; N. A. to Guatemala 66
POLIOPTILli«i:c. 6&, . /
Polioptila, Sol. . 67
P. melanura, Lnwr.
San Diego ; Ft. Yuma, and C.
St. Lucati 68
P. nigriceps, Baird (n. s.).
Mazatlan 69
(P. leucognstra (Max ), Set.)
Brazil 69
(P. buffonl, Scl.)
Cayenne ; Bogota 70
P. albiloris, Salvin. • ' • -^ ; . •*
W. C. ; Central Amer. 70
p. Buperciliaris, Lawr.
Panama R.R. 71
(P. bilineata (Bp.), Scl.).
Carthagena and Eucador 72
(P. dumicola (Vieill.), Scl.).
La Plata; Bolivia 73
P. bollviana, Scl.
Bolivia 73
P. plumbea, Baird.
Arizona 74
P. lembeyll, Guval.
Cuba 68
P. caerulea (Linn.), Scl.
U. S. south to Gua^ . ; Cuba 74
CHAMjEADiG
75
Chamsea, Gambel . 76 '
C. fasciata, Gambel.
Coast of California 76
PARID.X: . . 77
Purince , . 11
•I • i ■>" ■*
\' •>
»4i-^---^
454
LIST OF SPECIES DESCUIBED.
PAOB
Lophoptaanes, Kaap. . 77
L. bioolor (Linn.), Bon.
E. U. States 78
L. b. var. missouriensis, Baird.
fifit
S. carollnensiB, Qm.
E. U. States 8t!
S. aouleata, Cassin.
W. M. U. States 86
Missouri River 78 S. canadensis, Linu.
L. atrlcrlstatus, Cassin. Northern N. America 87
£. Tex. and Mexico 78 S. pusilla, Lath.
L. Inornatus (Gambel), Cassin. ^- Atlai tic and Gulf States 88
VV. end of S. U. States 78 8. pygmaea, Vigors
L. MTOllweberl, Bon.
Arizona to Mexico 79
Parus, Linn. . . 79
p. septentrionalis, Harris.
Missouri Valley to R. Mts. 79
F. atricapillns, Liun.
E. N. Am. 80
P. occidentalis, Baird.
N. W. Coast of U. S. 81
p. meridionalis, Solater.
£. Mexico 81
P. carolinenais, And.
S. U. States 81
P. montanus, Qambel.
Mts. of VV. and W. U. States 82
P. hudsonicus, Forster.
N. E. N. America 82
P. rufescens, Towns.
N. W. U. States 83
Psaltriparus, Bonap. 84
P. melanotis (HartL), Bonap.
E. Mexico 84
P. minimua (Towns.), Bon.
W. Coast U. S. 84
P. pInmbeuB, Baird.
W. and M. U. S. to Mexico 88
CERTHIAD^ . 89
Certhia, Linn. . . 89
C. americana, Bonap.
N. America, generally 89
C. mesdcana, Gloger.
Mexico to R. Mts., U. S. 90
TBOGLODYTID^ . 91
Rhodinocincla, Hart. 91
H. rosea (Less.), Hartl.
Venezuela to Mazatlan 91
Heleodytes, Cab. . 94, 95
(H. griseus (Swains), Cal.)
Gaiana and Bogota 96
rampylorhychus,Spix. 96
C. albibrunneus (Lawr.), Baird.
Isth. Panama 98
C brnnneicapllluB (Lafr.),Gray.
Adjacent border of Mex. & U. S. 99
C. gntattns (Gould), Lafr.
Mexico 108
C. aflSnis, Xantns.
Cape St. Lucas 100
M. Province; U. S. 84 ^ paiiescens, Lafr,
Aliriparus, Baird (n. g."). 85
A. flavicepa (Sund.), Baird.
S. border of W. U. States 8?)
§ITTIN^
8itta« Linn. .
S. Mexico 101
(C. balteatns Baird) (n. p.).
Peru and Ecuador 103
C. zonatus (Lesson), Gray.
Qo I Mexico 104
. Bo I
' C. capistratns (Lesson). Gruy.
. 86 1 W. Coast Cent. Auier. 104
i ,•
^ ^
i2» i'* V
LIST OF SPECIES DESCRIBED.
PAQB )
C. mfinncha, Lafr.
£. and S. Mexico 105
C. jocosns, Sclater.
C. nigriceps, Scl.
C. homilis, Sclater.
C- gularis, SoL
W. Mexico 106
Vera Crui 109
W. Mexico 107
Mexico 109
. 109
455
TAUa
Salpinctes, Cab.
S. obsoletus (Say), Cab.
M. and W. U. S. to Mex. ;
«- ' C. St. Lucas 110
Catherpes, Baird. . 113
C. mezicsmus (Swains.), Baird.
Western U. States to Mex. Ill
Cinnicertbia, Lesson. Ill
(C. nnlrufa, Lafr.)
Bogota 112
(C. nnibronnea, Lafr.)
Ecaador 112
.':) \i'> Cyphorinus, Cab. . 112
C. lawrencii, Sol.
Isthmus Panama 113
MicrocerculUA, Sclater 113
M. pUlomela (Salvin), Scl.
Gaat. to Panama 114
Heterorhina, Baird (n. g.) 115
B. prostheleuca (Sclater), Baird.
Mex. and Guat. 116
B. leacosticta (Cab.), Baird.
Panama to Guiana and Ecuador 117
H. grlselcollis (Lafr.), Baird.
Ecuador to Mex. 117
H. leQCophryB (Tscbudi), Baird.
Pern to Costa Rica 118
H. pusilla (Sclater)i Br.ird.
W. Mexico 119
Thryothorns, Vieill. . 120
Thrjfothorui, Yieill. . 123
T. ludovicianua (Lath.), Bon.
E. U. blutes 123
T. berlandieri, Couch.
Lower Rio Grande 124
T. albinucha, Cabot (Baird).
Guatemala to Yuuatau 125, 148
Thryomanei, Sclater . 126
T. bewickii (Aud.), Bon.
T. b. var. bmickii (And.), Bon.
E. U. States 126
T. b. var. spilurus (Vigors), Baird.
Coast U. S. 126
T. b. var. leucogaster (Gould), Baird.
Border region of N. Mex. & U. S. 127
Thryophilus, Baird . 127
T. rufalbus (Lafr.), Baird.
T. r. var. r«/a//>Ms (Lafr.), Baird,
New Grenada to Costa Rica 128
T. r. var. poliopleura, Baird.
Guatemala 128
T. slnaloa, Baird (n. s.).
N. Western Mex. 130
F. modestiiB (Cab.), Baird.
Guat. to Panama 131
T. galbraithl (Lawr.), Baird.
Isth. Panama to Carthagena 131
(T. strlolatus (Max.), Baird.)
Brazil 132
(T. longlrostrla (Vieill.), Baird.
Brazil 132
(T, albipectuB (Cab.), Baird.)
S. Ameriea 132 '
T. caetaneuB (Lawr.), Baird.
Isth. Panama 133
T. Bohottli, Baird (n. a.).
Isth. Darien 13H
Pheiigopedius, Cab. 134
P. fasclato-ventris (Lafr.), Bd.
Bogota to lath. Panama 134
P. mtlluB (Vieill ), Baird.
Brazil to Isth. Panama 135
-■'%■■ .■-■■...■
«)>>
456
LIST OF SPECIES DESCRIBED.
PAOB
P. fells (Sclater), Baird.
W. Mexico ISO
P. maculipeotus (Lafr.), Baird.
Mex. to Quat. 135
Troglodytes, Vieillot . 137
Troglodytes, Vieill. . 138
138
MOTACILLID^
PidS
. 150
. 161
Alotacilla, L. .
M. alba, Linn.
Europe; Greenland 152
Anthus, Bechst. . 152
Anthus, Beubat. . .153
A. IndoviclanuB (Om.), Licht.
T. aedon, Vieill.
T. a. var. cedon, Vieill.
Eastern U. States 138
T. a. var. aztecus, Baird.
N. E. Mexico 139
T. parkmanni, Aud.
N. aud W. U. States 140 A. spraguei (Aud.), Baird
T. amerlcanus, Aul.
N. E. U. States 141
T. intermediuB, Cab.
Mex. to CoRta Rica 142
T. luquletUB, Lawr. (n. s.)-
Isth. Panama 143
T brunneioollis, Scl.
S. Mexico 144
Anorthura, Rennie. . 144
T. hyemalis, Vieillot. 144
T. h. var. hyemalis, Vieill.
E. U. States 144
T. h. var. pacificm, Bd.
West Coast U. S. 145
Cistothorus, Cab. . 146
J Cistothorus, Cab. . . 146
C. Btellarla (Licbt.), Cab.
E. U. States 146
C. elegans, Sd. & Salv.
Greenland ; N. Am. to Guat. 153
A. prateusis (Linn.), Beclist.
Europe ; Greenland 155
Neocorys, Sclater . . 155
Upper Missouri to Saskatchewan 155
NotiocoryK, Baird . . 156
A. rufuB (Gm.), Lawr.
iBtb. Panama 156
. 157
Pedioc.orya, Baird .
(A. bogotensis, Sclater.)
Bogota to Ecuador 157
(A. .)
tTraguay 158
SYLTICOLIDJB . 160
SYLVICOLINiE . 166, 167
(MNIOTILTEiE) . 107
Mniotilta, Vieill. . 167
M. varia (Linn.), Vieill.
E. N. Am. to Bogota ; W. Indies 167
Pariila, Bon. . . 168
P. americana (Linn.), Bon.
E. U. S. to Guat. ; W. Indies 169
Mexico and Guatemala 146 P. pltiayutnl (Vieill.), Scl.
S. America 170
Telmatodytes, Cab. . 147
C. paluBtrlB (Wils.), Baird . 147
C. p. var. palustris (Wils.)
Greenland ; E. N. Am. to Gnat. 147
C. p. var. pahidlcola, Baird.
Pacific Coast U. S. 148
P. Inornata, Baird (n. s.).
Guat. to Costa Rica 171
P. BupercilloBa (Hartl.), Scl.
Mex. and Guat. 171
P. gutturallB (Cab.), Baird,
Costa Rica 172
LIST OF SPECIES DESCRIBED.
467
...il
05 >■
(VBRMIVORBJa)
PAOK
173
173
Protouotai-ia, Baird
P. cltrea (Bodd), Baird.
E. U.S. to Panama 173
Helminthopliaga) Cab. 174
H. pinuB (Liun.), Baird.
E. U. S. to Guat. 174
H. ohrysoptera (Linn.), Cab.
t's E. U. S. to Bogota; Cuba 175
H. bachmani (And.), Cab.
S. Atlantic Coast ; Cuba 175
H. ruficapilla (Wils.), Baird.
E. N. Am. to Mex. 175
H. celata (Say), Baird.
Western N. Amer. to Mex. 178
H. virginiae, Baird.
S. Rocky Mta. of U. S. 177
H. luciae, Cooper.
Arizona 178
H. peregrina (Wils.), Cab.
E. N. Am. to Panama ; Cuba 178
Helmitherus, Raf.
179
H- vermlvoruB (Gm), Bon.
E. U. S. to Guat. ; Cuba 179
H. Bwainsoni (Aud.), Bon.
Coast S. E. U. States ; Cuba 180
• (SYLVICOLEiB)
180
Perissoglossa, Baird (n. g.). 180
P. tlgrina (Gm.), Baird.
E. U.S.; W. Indies 181
Dendroica, Gray . 182
D. virens (Gra.), Baird.
E. U. S. to Panama; Cuba 182
D. occidentalis (Towns.), Baird.
W. U. S. to Guat. 183
D. chrysopareia, Scl. & Sal> .
E. Texas to Guat. 183, 267
D. townsendil (Nuttall), Baird.
W. U. S. to Gnat. 185
D. nlgrescena (Towns.), Baird. 186
I PAOH
D. oasruleBoens (Linn.), Baird.
E. U. S. aud W. 1. 188
D. coronata (Linn.), Gray.
N. aud E. N. Amer. to Panama,
Greenland, and W. I. 187
D. audubonii (Towns.), Baird.
W. Amer. to Mex. ; C. St. Lucas 188
D. blackburniae (Gm.), Baird.
E. U. S. to Bogota ; Bahamas 189
D. caatauea (Wils.), Baird.
E. N. Am. to Darien 189
D. plnua (Wils.), Baird.
E. U. States IQO
D. montaua (Wils.), Baird.
Penna. 190
D. pennBylvanica (Linn.), Baird.
E. U. S. to Panama 191
D. caerulea (Wils.), Baird.
E. U. S. to Bogota ; Cuba 191
D. pharetra(Gos8e), Sclater.
Jamaica 192
D. striata (Forst.), Baird.
E. N. Am. to Bogota ; Cnba ;
Greenland 192
D. aureola (Gould), Baird.
Galapagos 194
D. eeativa (Gm.). Baird.
N. Am. to Ecuador 195
D. eoa (Gosse), Baird.
Jamaica 195
D. gundlachl, Baird.
> Cuba 197
D. petechia (Linn.), Sclater.
.Jiiinaica 199
D. ruficapilla (Gm.), Baird.
St. Thomas 201
D. vielUoti, Cassin.
Mex. to N. Grenada 203
D. rufigula, Baird (n. s.).
W. Indies 204
D. oliv^cea (Giraud), Sclater.
Mexico to Guat. 205
D. maculosa (Gm.), Baird.
E. N. Am. to Panama ; W. L 206
»r
458
LIST OF SPECIES DESCRIUBD.
f Jji^
'! .., \ ■';■».
tAiit
D. kirtlandU, Baird.
Ohio to Bahamas 20(i
D. oarbonata (Aud.), Bd.
Kentucky 207
D. palmarum (Om.), Baird.
E. N. Am. ; W. I. 207
X>. pltyophila (Guudl.), Baird.
Cuba 208
D. dominlca (Linn.), Baird.
K. U. S. to Guat. ; W. I. 209
' D. gfacise, Coues.
Arizona 210
D. adelaldaB, Baird (n. s.).
Porto Rico 212
: D. discolor (Yieill.), Baird.
E. U. S. 113
GEOTHLYPIN^
(SEIUREiE)
. 214
. 214
. 214
Seiurus, Sw.
8- attrocapilluB (Linn.), Sw.
E. N. Am. to Costa Rica ; W. I. ;
Mazatlan 214, 266
8. noveboracensis (Gm.) (?)
E. N. Am. to Bogota; W. t. 215
8. ladovicianus (And.), Bon.
E. U. States to Guat. ; W. L 217
Oporornis, Baird. . 218
O. agllis (Wils.), Baird.
E. U. States 218
O. formosna (Wils.), Baird. ^
£. U. States to Panama ; Cuba 218
(OEOiTHLirPEiE)
219
Oeotlhlypis, Cab. . 219
G. trlchas (Linn.), Cab.
U. 3. to Gnat. ; W. L 220 Myiodioctes, And
a. melanops, Baird (n. s.). M. mitratUB (Gniel.), And.
C. Mexico 22^ E. U. S. to Pr.nama ; W. I. 239
G. Hemlflavus, Sol. j M. canadensis (Linn.), Aud.
riui
(O. velata (Vieill.), Cab.) ^ %)
Brazil 223
(G. eeqalnootlalls (Gm). Cab.)
N. E. 8. Am«r. 224
G. pollocephala, Baird (n. s.).
VV. Coast Mex. and C. Amer. 225
G. Philadelphia (Wils.), Baird.
E. U. S. to Panama 22f)
G. macgillivrayi (Aud.), Bainl.
W. & M. U. b. to Costa Rica 227
G. .
Guatemala 227
ICTERIANiE .
. 228
. 228
Icferia, Vieill.
I. ▼irens (Linn.), Baird.
E. U. S. to Guatemala 228
I. longloauda, Lawr.
W. U. States to Mex. 230
Oranatellus, Dubns. . 230
G. venustUB, Dubus.
W. Mexico 231
G. francescee, Baird (n. s.).
Tres Marias, Mexico 232
G. pelzelni, Scl.
Brazil 231
G. sallaBi, Scl.
Mexico to Guat. 232
Teretristig, Cab.
233
T. fernandinae (Lemb.), Cab.
Western Cuba 233
T. fornsll, Gundl.
East'o.Ti Cuba 225
SETOPIIAGINiE . . 235
O. speciosa, Sol.
Ecuador 223
£. Mexico 223
E. U. S. to Borota 239
M. pusilluB (Wils.), Bon.
E. U. S. to Costa Rica 240
LIST OF SPECIES DE8CRIBKD.
4:9
PAUB
M. mlnutus, Wils., Bd.
United States 241
Basileuterus, Cab. . 241
Basileuterus, Cab. . . 241
B. ooliolToruB (Licht.), Bon.
Mex. to Costa Rica 245
(B. vermlvorus (Vieill.). Cab.)
N. K. Soiitb America 243
(B. bivlttatus (Lafr.), Sol.)
Ecuador 243
(B. coronatua (Tsch.), Bp.)
, >• • Bouador; Bogota 244
(B. lencoblepharum (Vieill.), Sol.)
S. Brazil and Paraguay 244
(B. supercillOBua (Swains. ),Baird.)
N. Brazil 244
(B. BtragulattiB (Licht.), Scl.)
Brazil 244
(B. semicervlnus, Scl.)
Ecuador 244
B. oropygialls, Sclater.
Panama to C. R. 246
/(feo<e«, Baird. . . 247
B. melanogenys, Baird (u. s.).
Costa Rica 248
B. mfifirons (Swains.), Bon.
Mexico 248
B. delattrii, Bonap.
Mex. to Ouat. 249
R. mesochrysas, Sclater.
Bogota to Costa Rica 250
B. belUi (Oiraad),Scl.
Mex. and Guat. 250
Mi/iothb/pix, Cab. . . 251
(B. nlgrlorlatatUB (Lafr.), Scl.)
Ecuador 251
(B. flaveolOB, Baird.)
Paraguay 252
Setophaga, Swains. . 253
Setophaga, Swains. . 253
S. rutlciUa (Linn.), Swains.
E. N. Am. to Ecuador; W. I 258
S. piota, Swains.
Mex. and Ouat. 256
8. multicolor, Bp.
Mexico 257
Myioborus, h&iii. (n. g.).
8. mlnlata, Swains.
Mexico 259
S. flammea, Kaup.
Guat. to Costa Rica 259
(8. vertlcallB, Lafr. & D'Orb.)
Bogota and Ecuador 258
8. anrantlaoa, Baird (n. s.).
Costa Rica 2G1
(8. ruficoronata, Scl.)
Ecuador 258
(8. melanocephala, Tsch.)
(8. ornata, Boiss.)
(8. brunneioepB, Lafr.)
Bolivia 258
8. torquata, Baird (n. s.).
Costa Rica 261
Euthhpis, Cab. . . 262
8. lachrymosa (Bon.), Baird.
Mex. and Ouat. 263
Cardellina, Dubus . 263
CardelUna, Dubus . 263
C rnbrifrons (Oirand), Sclater.
Mex. and Ouat. 2G4
Ergaticn*, Baird (n. g.) . 264
C. rubra (Swains.), Bon.
Mexico 264
C. veralcolor, Salvin.
Guatemala 265
Peru 268
Bogota 258
HIRU^TDIIVIDil]
267
271
Progne, Boie .
P. SUbla (Linn.), Baird.
U. S. to Mex. 274
■4f
i «»•
AGO
LIST OF BPKCIES DEBCHIUED.
' ,
■v-
PA(IB
(P. elegans, Baird, n. s.)
BuHiioH Ayrefl to Brazil 275
P. oryptoleuoa, Baird (n. h.).
Cuba 277
(P. furoata, Baird.) (n. s.)
Cliile 278
P. oonoolor (Oould), Baird.
Uuliipjigos 278
P. dominicenBis (Gim.)) March.
Jamaica to St. Douiiugo 279
P. leucogaster, Baird (n.s.).
Mex. to Cartliagcna 280
(P. domestica (Vieill.), Gray).
Paraguay aud Bolivia 282
Phof^progne, Baird . 283
(P. fuBca (Vieill.), Cab.). . .
Panama 285
(P. tapera (Linn.), Cab.).
Brazil to Bogota 286
Petrochelidou, Cab. . 286
P. lunlfrona (Say).
U. States to Panama 288
(P. ).
Brazil; Paraguay 289
p. B'wainsonl, Solater.
Mexico 290
P. fulva (Vieill.), Cab.
Cuba and St. Domingo 291
P. posclloma (Gosse), Baird.
Jamaica 292
(P. rnfioollarls (Feale), Baird).
Peru 292
' ^i- ^irundo, Linn. . 293
Hirundo, Linn. . . 294
H. horreornm, Barton.
U. States to C. Am. ; W, I. 294
(H. erythrogaster, Bodd.)
S. America 295
Toch/cineta, Cnh. . . 296
H. bloolor, Vieill.
U. S. to Guat. ; W. I. 297
fAOl
H. thalasslna, Swninfl.
M. and W. U. S. to Gunt. 299
H. albilinea (Lawr.), Baird.
CoastH of Mex. and Cent. Am. 300
(H. leuoorrhoa, Vieill.) ■*■•'■•
Paraguay 301
(H. albiventrlB, Bodd.)
\i, Coaut S. Am. 302
(H. meyeni, Cab.)
Chile and Patagonia 302
CalUchtUJon, Bryant . 303
H. oyan'eovirldls, Bryant.
Bahamas 303
H. euohrysea, Gosse.
Jamaica 304
Atticora, Boie . 305
Atticora, Boie . . 305
(A. fasclata (Gm.), Boie).
Brazil and Cayenne 306
Notiochelidon, Baird . 806
A. pileatf^ Gould.
Guatemala 307
Neochelidon, Scl. . 307
A. tibialis (Cass.), Scl.
Panama to Brazil 307
A. fooata (Temm.), Baird.
Paraguay to La Plata 308
"" ■ Pygochelidon, Baird . 308
A. cyanoleuca, Vieill. 309
A. c. var. cyanoleuca, Viell.
E. South Amer. 309
A. 0. var. montana, Baird.
Costa Rica to Chile 310
(A. melanoleuca (Max.), Barm.).
Brazil 310
(A. patagonlca (D'Ort>., Lafr.) Bd )
Uragnay and Patagonia 311
(A. mnrlna (Cass.), Bd.).
Andes of S. A. 312
Stelgldopteryx, Baird . 312
U8T or SPECIES DESCRIBED.
461
PA«K
8. Berripennls (Aud.), Baird.
U. H. to C«)Utal Mez. 314
(S. ruficoUls (Viuill.), Baird).
La Plata and Brazil 315
8. fulvipennis (Sol.), Baird..
Mex. aud tiuat. 316
8. uropygialls (Lawr.), Baird.
Istli. Fanauia, South. 317
8. gutturalls,' Baird (n. a.).
Costa Rioa 314
Cotyle, Boio . . 318
C. rlparia (Linn.), Boie.
Northern Hemisphere 319
, • . TIREOlVIDiE . . 3'2:i
Tireosylvia, Bon. . 326
rireo»i/U'ia, Bon. . . 327
V. calidris (Linn.), Baird.
.Jamaica to St. Thomas 329
V. barbatula (Cab.), Baird.
Florida ; Bahama ; Cuba 331
V. oil vac ea (Linn.), Bon.
N. Amer. to Bogota 3?3
V. flavoviridlB, Cassin.
Mex. to Panama 336
(V. chivi (Vieill.), Baird).
La Plata to Bahia 337
V. agllls (Licht.), Sclater.
On at. to Buenos Ayres 338
v. philadelphica, Cassin.
E. N. Am. to Costa Rica 340
V. gUva (Vieill.), Cassin.
E. N. Amer. to Mex. 342
V. Bwainsoni, Baird.
M. and W. Province U. S. 343
V. josephae (Sclater), Baird.
Costa Rica to Venezuela 344
Lantvtreo, Baird . . 345
V. flavifrons (Vieill.). Baird.
E. U. S. to Costa Rioa ; Cuba 346
PAIIH
V. Bolitarla (Wils.), Baird.
U. S. ; Sjulh to Uuat. ; Cuba 347
V. proplnqua, Baird (n.a.). '"' '
Ouateinala 348
V. plumbea, Coaes.
Arizona; Colima 3-19
Vireo, Vieill. . . 350
Vireo, Vieill. . . 353
V. atrioaplUuB, Woodh.
S. Texas 353
V. noveboracenslB (Gm.), Bon.
K. U. S. to Bogota ; f Cuba ;
Bermudas 354
V. carmioU, Baird (n. s.).
Costa Rlja 356
V. huttonl, Cassin.
California to Mexico 357
V. bellil, Aud.
Missouri Valley 358
v. puBilluB, Coues.
Arizona to C. St. Lucas 360
V. vioinlOT, Coues.
Arizona 3G1
Vireonella, Baird . . 362
V. modestuB, Sol.
Jamaica 362
V. latimeri, Baird (n. s.).
Porto Rico 564
V. pallens, Salvin.
W. coast C. Am. 365
V. ochraceuB, Salvin.
Mex. and Guat. 366
v. craBBiroBtrls, Bryant.
Bahamas 368
V. gnndlachl, Lembeye.
Cuba 369
V, bypoohryseuB, Sclater.
Tres Marias 370
Neochloe, Sdater . 371
N. brevlpennis, Sclater.
Orizaba 372
1 By mistake named /u/vi'^ula, on p. 318.
nb^
s^... \^T.<b.
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
V
'^
^
^
tr.
/.
'Q.
v..
1.0
I.I
1.25
u. |a2
2.2
U nil 1.6
^
Va
m
yw
<%
/^
7
A
^V
t
\\
<fc
c>
,;^-
462
UST OF SPECIES DESCRIBED.
(I-.--.
m
hi
•i
!'■•■ ' PAOB
V HylopllilUS, Tumtu. . 372
(H. puicilotis, Tumui.)
£. Brasil 376
H. ochraceicepa, Scl.
W. Mex. to Costa Rica 376
(H ferruginlfrons, Scl.)
' N. Grenada 377
H. aurantiifrons, Lawr.
Isth. Panama 377
(H. acuticauda, Lawr.)
Venezuela 378
H. Insularis, Sclater.
Toago 379
H. virldiflavus, Lawr.
Isth. Panama 380
H. decurtatua (Bon.), Baird.
Mex. and Gnat. 380
H. pviailluB, Lawr.
Panama to Nicaragua 381
Laletes, Sclater . 382
L. osburnil, Sclater.
Jamaica 383
Cyclorhis, Swaina. , 384
C. flaviventris, Lafr.
Mex. and Guat. 386
C. subflaveacens, Cab.
Costa Rica 388
(C- flavipectua, Sel.)
Trinidad and Venezuela 319
(C. guianensis (Gm.), Burm.)
Guiana 389
(C. g. var. cearensis, Baird.)
Brazil 391
(C. ochrooephala, Tschudi.)
S. Brazil 391
(C. vlrldIs(Vieill.),Scl.)
La Plata and Bolivia 392
(C. virenticeps, ticlater.)
Ecuador 393
(C. nigrirostrls, Lafr )
Bogota ?94
PAor
Tireolanius, Dubua . 3i)5
V. melitophrys, Dubus. h,
ti. Mex. and Guat. 396
V. pulchellus, Scl. & iSalvr.
Mex. to lath. Panama 397
(V. eaEimius, Baird.) (u. s.)
Bogota 398
(V. icterophrys, Bon.)
Cayenne; Peru 399
(V. chlorogaster, Bon.)
E.Peru 399
AMPELID^ . .401
Dulina, Vieill. . . 4U1
Dulus, VieiU. . . 401
D. dominlcuB (Linn.), Strickl.
St. Domingo 403
D. nuchalis, Sw.
Brazil 403
AMPELIN^ .
403
Ampelis, Linn. . 403
A. garrula, Linn.
Northern Hemisphere 405
A. cedromm (VieiU.), Scl.
N. Am. to Guat. ; W. L 407
PTILOGONATINiE . 408
Ptiligonys, Swaiu".. . 410
rtilogonys, Swaina. . 412
P. clnereuB, Swains.
Mex. to Guat. 412
Sphenotelus, Baird . .412
P. oaudatuB, Cab.
Costa Rica 413
Phaenopepla, Scl. . 415
P. nltens (Swains.), Sol.
W. U. S. to Mexico 416
MYIADESTIN^
417
LIST OF SPECIES DESCRIBED.
4C3
. 401
. 401
PAOE
MyiadeSteEt, Swaiua. . 4ib
M. soUtarius, Baiid (d. s.).
" ^ Jamaiua 421
M. armillatus (Vieill.), Bou.
Mai'tiuiquo 422
M. genibarbla, Swaiua.
W. Indies 423
M. ulisabeth (Lemb.), Cab.
Cuba 425
M. melanops, Sal v.
Costa Rica 426
(M. venezuelensls, Scl.)
Venezuela to Ecuador 427
M. unico^or, Solater.
Mex. and Gnat. 428
M. townsendil (Au 1.), Cab.
Western U. S. 429
Ciclllopsis, Cab.
(C. leucogouys, Cab.)
PAUB
. 433
Brazil 434
Platycichla, Baird, 32, 436
(P. brevipes, Baird.)
B.azil 32,436
LANUD^
. 437
. 437
■1
M. obacnruB, Lafr.
igo 403 H
Mex. to Guat. ; Tres Marias 430
izil 403 ■
(M. leuootla (Tschudi), Cab.)
Fera 432
■
1
ere 405 H
H
I
■
I
412 1
I
ica 413 jH
•
1
- - --■- -'- ■ - - ■
icn 410 ■
•' ■ -•-- — ■■■ -- -
1
) ; . "-'. ".1 ■ ' '■ ' ■
Collurio, Vigors .
C. borealls (Vieill.), B.-iird.
Northern N. America 440
C. ludovlcJanus (T.inn.), Baird.
S. Atlantic States 443
C. elegauB (Sw.), Baird.
California 444
C. excublt-oroldes (Sw), Baird.
Western U. S. to Mex. 445
■•.JUtiJJ'3' O)
". ,«•,,'■( itirfrigia .0;
*r-
■WW^
A • , \ ^
W-
1^
J'! .
IT' ■
iii -
'41 .-.
}.
ALPHABETICAL INDEX OE SPECIES.
^githaliscas, 84
erythrocephalua, 84
melaiiotiB, 84
ilEgithalas flaviceps, 85
Agrodoiua, 153
spraguei, 155
Alaada lud >viciaiia, 153
peunyiylvanica, 154
prateiisis, 155
spinoletta, 152
rubra, 154
rufa, 154, 156, 157
Rpragiitiii, 155
Alaadidm, 77, 150
Aaipelidae, ;i21. 322, 400, 402
AmpelinsB, 401, 403
Amp«li8, 321, 4(t(i, 402, 403, 405
americaiia, 407
carolinensis, 407
cedronim, 402, 405, 407
garruluri, var. B., 407
garrula, 404, 405
phoeiiicopteruin, 405
Anahatt^s fernandiiiSB, 233, 234
Aiiortliura, 123, 144
AutliiiiiB, 105
Anthus, 151, 152, 153, 16
arboreus, 153
bogotensis, 157, 153
campestris, 153
cerviiius, 153
I'hertninitiri, 215
Indoviciamis, 152, 153, 154,
155, 15G, 1()4
obscuriirt, 153, 154
penusylvanita, 154
pipiens, 154
pratensis, 153, 155
reinhardtii, 154
riuhardi, 153
rufescens, 158
rufus, 15 ()
rupestris, 154 ..^.
spinoletta, 153
spragnei, 155
Atticora, 208, 2t;9. 271, 305, 306, 313
cinerea, 312. 320
cyanoleaoa, 307, 309, 310, 313
30 January, 1873.
Attioora oyanoleaca, rar.montaiia, 310
cyuiioph»3a, 312, 313
fasciata, 207, 30(i
fucata, 308
Leuiipyga, 311
uitilaiiol«'UL-a, 310
niuriua, 312, 320
patagouica, 310, 311
pileata, 306, 307
tibialis, 3(i7
Auriparus tiaviceps, b5, 165
Aviciila lut.«a vertiue rubro^ 1P9
Baeolophus, 77
bicolor, 78
Baisileaterus, 237, 238, 241, 251, 258,
2(J2, 2fc'4
telli, 247, 248, 250
bivittatus, 242, 243, 245
brasieii. 2i45
bruniieiceps, 258
chrysogasitT, 242, 244
cbrysophrys, 251
ciuereicoUis, 242, 244
coroiiatus, 242, 244
culicivorus, 242, 245
d«Ilatei, 223, 24!)
bypolt'ueus, 242, 243
lachryinosa, 263
' leucoblepLarum, 242,
244
inelai)o,!reny«, 248
niesocbrytjus, 223, 25
iiigriciipillus, 251
nigricristatus, 251
ruber, 265
rufifroiis, 223, 248
geniicerviuus, 243, 244,
24t)
etragulatnfl, 243, 244,
246, 247
enpercilioRus, 243, 244
, -^ - uropygialis, 243, 246
vtriiiivoiue, 242, 243,
245
viridicata, 242. 344
Bombycilla, 404
aroericaiia, 407
( 4(J6 )
>,*,,
4G6
ALl'IIAUETICAL INDJ5X OF UPKVIES.
'*
i'
*^i<.
P-^^
Buiubjruilla caioliiieusis, 407
cwliDiuiu, 404, 407
gariula, 40(i
Boni'>ycivoia, 404
lioiubyviphura, 404
C»r<>hi(l», 160, 101, 1G2, 181
CallicUeliduu, 2Gi», 271, :i03
cyaneoviridis, 297, 303
Campy loiUyucU us, 02, 93, 94, 9G, 99,
128
afflnis, 97, 9S, 100,
101
albibrnnneus, 97,
98
balteatns, 97, 98.
101
brevirostrjs, 97
Lrunneicapillus,
97, 99, 101, 109
capistratus, 97, 98,
104, 105, 10'!,
107, 108, 128
grisens, 9t;
guttatus, 100, 108
huuiilis, 97, 98
107, 108
jocodus, 105
uiegalopterns, 101,
102
nigriceps, 98, 109
nuchalis, 103
oiuatus, 97
pallesoeus, 97, 98,
101, 102, 103
pardu3, 97
ruliunoha, 97, 98,
105, 107, 108
Bcolopaceus, 96
uiiicolor, 99
vaiiegatus, 97
tonatoides, 97, 102
* loiiatus, 97, 98,
102, 103, 104
Cardellina, 236, 238, 2(j2, 2G3, 2tJ4
auiiuia, 203, 264
rubra, 264, 265
rubrifrons, 236, 264
versicolor, 265
Catharus, 4, 6
aurantiirostris, 7
dryas, 10, 11
frantzii, 6, 9
imniaeulatus, 6, 7,
, • niaculatus, 6, 10
melpomene, (i, 7, 8, 9, 10
ntexiconun, 11
Cath«rp«'s uiexicanns, 111
Certhia, 89
nlbifroiis. "Ill
auicricaiia, 89, 90 ; . ,, , .
C«rtlua oaroliiiiHua, 124
coslae, iH>
fautiliariH, 89, 90
macutata, 167
mexieaiia, 90
palastris, 147
piiiu;!, 174
varia, 167
Certhiadfe, 89, 141)
Certbiola, 161, 162, 163, 181, 193
babauiunsis, 163
ntaritiuia, 181
Chainsea, 75, 76
fa.sciata, 76
CLelidon, 268, 371
tbalassiua, 299
urbica, 268
Cheramoeca, 271, 303
lencosteina, 303
Cliaetura zonuris, 286
Chloris, 168
eritliacborides, 201
Chlorophauey, ' (il
aiiicapilla, 1G3
Chlorospiiigus, 161
Chlorocbrysa, 161
Cichlalopia, 4l
Cichlerminia, 3
bonapartei, 59
fuscata, 42
guttiiralis, 59
rulicaiida, 59
Cicblopais, 4, 34, 408, 417, 433, 434,
436
leucogoiiys, 417, 433, 434
niteiis, 416
Cinclidm, 1, 3, 59, 149
Cinclocerthia, 3
brachynra, 41
Cinolus, 59
americanna, 60
leucoetiiibalus, 60
leuconotns, 60
niexicanus, 59, 60
mortoiii, 60
pallasii, 60
townsendi, 60
uiiicolor, 60
Cinnicerthia, 93, 94, 111
uiiibrniuiea, 112
nuirufa, 112
Cistotborus, 95, 123, 146
elegaiis, 146, 147
paliistris, var. paludicola,
148
palustris, 147, 148,120
at^llaiis, 146, 147
Collocalia arborea, 287
CoIIario, 321, 437, 438
b-rt-alis, 438, 439, 440, 441,
442, 445
ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF SPECIES.
467
CoUurio elegans, 440, 444, 447, 448
exuiiliitoroidfs, 4:^7, 438, 439.
440, 441, 442, 443, 445, 448,
44!)
lu'lovioiaiius, 439, 442, 443,
445, 447, 448, 449
Coliuricincia fusua, 42
Gollyrio, 437, 43b
boreal is, 440 *
elegans, 444
exiubitoioides, 446
ludoviciaiiu!*, 443
Coinpsothlypis, IfiS
aniericanus, lfi9
biasiliamia, 179
gutturalis, 172
uiexicrtiia, 171
protouotarius, 173
Conirostrum, 161
oniatum, 85
supeiiiliortum, 171
Corydalla, 153
Cotyle, 2t59, 271, 283, 313, 318, 319
flavigastra, 31(1, 317
fulvipeiniis, 316 *
fucata, 308 *
leucorrhoa, 301 ' '
leucoptei-a, 302
pyrrhonota, 2'-'9
riparia, 2(J8, 281, 285, 299, 308,
319
ruficoUis, 315, 317
serripennis, 314, 316
tapera, 286
uropygialis, 317
Culicivora atricapilla, 68, 69
boliviana, 73
dumecola, 69, 73
leufogastra, 69
mexicana, 68, 74
towuseiidii, 429
Cyclorhis, 324, 383, 384, 385, 395
cearensi.-t, 391
flavipectus, 385, 386, 388,
389, 391
flaviventris, 385, 386, 387,
388
gaiaiiensis, 384, 386, 389
390, 391,392, 393
nigrirostris, 885, 386, 894,
395
ochrocephala, 386, 391, 393
poliocepliala, 390
Bubrtavescens, 385, 386, 388
virenticfps. 386, 393, 395
viridis, 386. 391, 392, 393
Cyclaris flaviventris, 386
iiifjrirostria, 394
Cypboriuus, 93, 94, 112, 113, 114, 134
albienlaiia, 114, 134
bauibla, 114
CypLorinua cautans, 113
fasciato-veutria, 134
griaeicoUia, 117
lawrencii, 112, 113
leucopbrya, 118
leucoaticlua, 117
modulator, 113
luusicns, 113
pbiloniela, 114, 115
prostbeleucus, 116, 117
puailliis, 119
tboriicicus, 112
CypaelidsB, 267, 268
Dacnia, 161
cyanea, 163
Deudroica, 163, 166, 180, 182, 192
albicollis, 197, 198, 199
adelaidse, 211,212
sestiva, 29, 164, 193, 195,
202, 236
atricapilla, 193
audubonii, 188
aureola, 194
blackburnise, 164, 172, 189
cserulea, 191
caeruleseeiia, 186
canadensis, 186
carbonata, 207
castanea, 189, 164
chrytopareia, 183, 185, 267
coronata, 164, 187, 193
discolor, 164, 213
dominioa, 209, 211, 213, 267
eoa, 195
erithachorides, 203
graciae, 210, 212, 213
gundlachi, 194, 197, 202
kirtlandii, 206
maculosa, 164, 206, 213
niontana, 190
nigrescens, 186, 210, 211
niveiventris, 183
occidentaiis, 183, 184, 185
olivacea, 205
paluiaruui, 164, 207
peunsylvanica, 164, 191
petechia, 194,198,199,200,
201, 202, 203, 236
pbarotra, 192
pinus, 190
pityopbila, 208
rufloapilla, 194, 201
rufigula, 194, 204
striata, 163, 164, 192, 193
Buperciliosa, 164, 209
tigrina, 161, 162, IM, 164
townaendii, 184, 185, 213
vieiHoti, 194, 203. 204, 236
virens, 182, 184, 164
Donacobius, 57, 94, 95, 230
463
ALPHABETICAL INDEX OP SPECIES.
W
.«f
Douacobiasalbo-lineatus, 58
albo-viltatus, 58
atricapillua, 58
brasilieusis, 58
vooiferaua, 57, 58
Oulos, 321, 384, 4U0, 401, 402, 405
dorainioas, 402, 403
nuchalis, 4o3
pal mar am, 403
Enioociohla, 214
Euueoutouus, 438
collario, 437
Erythraoa arctica, (54
wilriouii, ()2
Eigaticus, 237, 2;}8, 2G2, 264
Euthlypis, 237, 2:18, 253, 255, 2G2
canadensis, 240
lacbrjmosa, 252, 2G2, 263
Palonncnlug, 386
Ficedala, 182
canadensis cinerea, 187
dominica ciuerua, 209
dominicensis, 197
minor, 197
jamaioensis, 215
ladoviciana, 169
raartinicana, 201
Farnarias grisens, 95, 96
roBuus, 91
GaleoBcopteB, 3, 54
carol inensis, 54, 149
plumbeus, 39
rahripes, 33
Qalbnla, 165
GalbnlidsB, 165
Geothlypeae, 166
GeothlypinsB, 166, 214
Geothlypis, 166, 219, 227, 252
SBquinoctialis, 218, 220, 224,
225, 226
/ :., macgillivrayi, 220, 224,
226, 227
melanops, 222, 223
pelzelnii, 231, 233
Philadelphia. 220, 226
poliooephala, 220, 225
semiHava, 219
serai davus, 223
speoiosa, 219, 223, 228
trichas, 219, 220,222,224
Telata, 223
velatus, 224, 226
Glossiptila, 161, 162
rnficollirt, 163
Golondrina domestica, 282
de la parda, 285
Granatellus, 166, 230
frauolHoffi, 231, 232
Granatellus aallaei, 221, 232
veuustud, 23U, 231, 232, 233
Habia verde, 392
Uarporbyuohus, 3, 5, 43
ciuerHns, 46
orissulis, 47
curvirostris, 45
lecunlei, 47
lougirorttris, 44
ooellatus, 59
redivivus, 43, 48
rafu£, 43, 44
Harpes, 43,
redivivus, 43
Heleodytes, 91, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 128
albibruiuieus, 98
griseus, 96
Helinaia, 179
bachmani, 175
carbonata, 207
celata, 176
chrysoptera, 175
peregrina, 178
protouotaria, 173
rubricapilla, 176
Bolitaria, 174
Bwainsoni, 180
vermivora, 180
Helminthophaga, 161, 166, 173, 174
bachmani, 161, 174,
175, 181
oelata, 163, 164, 173,
174, 176, 177, 17_9
chrysoptera, 174, 175
citrea, 173
luciae, 174, 178
peregrina, 174, 177,
178, 179
pinus, 174
ruflcapilla, 164, 173,
174, 175, 177, 178
Bolitaria, 174
virpiniae, 166, 174,
179
Helmithems, 1S4, 174, 177
bachmani, 175
. blanda, 234
celata, 176
cbrysopterus, 175
. migratorias, 180
peregrinus, 178
protonotarius, 173
rnbricapillus, 176
BolitariuB, 174
Bwain^oni, 180
veruiivorus, 179, 180
Henicociclila, 214
aurooapilla, 214
,\i ~ ludovioiana, 217
major, 217
ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF SPECIES.
409
Uenioooichlaraotaoilla, 217
iiovtiboracunsid, 215
Hwrse euohryat'a, M-i
Hespeniiiuhla, 12, lii, 32
Ueterorhiua, 93, 95, 112, 113, 114, 116
grisuioolliH, 115, 117, 119
le icoplirya, 115, 118, 113
leucosticta, 115, 117, 119
proHtlieleuua, 112, 115,
lit), 119
pusilla, 11«, 1.9
Hirundinidfc, 1(J5, 2G7, 2»i8, 2G9
flirando, 2(18, 2(i9, 270, 271, 293, 294
albiliuea, 297, 300, 317
albiventris, 277, 302
aniericana, 289, 294
tapera, 286
andeoola, 313, 320
bico'or, 1()5, 297, 311
cseriilea, 274
cauadeusis, 274
oayanensis, 282
clialybea, 273, 282
cinHi-ea, 312, 319
coronata, 291
concolor, 278
oyaneoviridis, 303
cyaiiopyrrlia, 295
cyaiiolHuca, 308, 309, 312
domestica, 292
doininioeiisis, 279
erythrogaster, 2G8, 295
eu^hrysea. 304
fasciata, 305, 306 )
flavigastra, 315 ,
flaviventer, 315 i
frontalis, 301
fulva, 28S, 291, 292
fusca, 285
fucata, 308
gouldii, 301
horreoruin, 165, 2G8, 294, 295
hortensia, 315
jugularis, 315
leucogaster, 298
leucoptera, 297, 302
lencopyga, 301, 302
leucorrhoa, 297, 301, 302
ludoviciana. 274
lunifroiiH, 288
maculoHa, 320
melanipyga. 309
melanogaster, 286, 290
melanoleuca, 310
meyeni, 302
minuta, 309
nigricans, 287
pasouuni, 286
patatfonica, 311, 320
purpurea, 271, 274,277
pyrrhonota, 289
Hivuudorespabliuana, 288
riparia, 31«, 319
ainurioaua, 319
rufa, 294, 29r>, 29G
ruUoullis, 315
ruflcoliariH, 292
ruHtiua, 2G8, 293, 294, 295, 296
eerriptjunis, 312, 314
BubiH, 271, 274
tap«ra, 2hG
tbalaHSina, 296, 299, 303
tibialiH. 307
unala.sclikHnnia, 320
ven^icolor, 274
violaoea, 274
Hydrobata, 59
niHxicana, 60
Hylomatlirouii, 95, 128
tedon, 138
iuteriuedias, 142
platendis, 128
Hylocicbla, 12, 13
Hylophilus, 321, 323, 824, 372, 273,
374
acutioanda, 374, 378
aurantiifroua, 374, 377
cinerasoena, 375
oinereiceps, 2G6, 380
decurtatus, 374, 380, 381
ferruginifrona, 374, 377
flaveolus, 375
flavipea, 375, 379
frontalis, 375
inaiilaria, 373, 374, 379
ochraceiceps, 374, 376
olivaceaa, 375
pcDoilotis, 372, 373, 375
pusillus, 374, 381, 382
tboracicua, 375
Tiridiflavus, 373, 374, 378,
380
Hypothymis cbryaorrlioa, 412
loteria, 165, 136, 167, 221, 228, 229,
230, 234, 407
auricoUia, 229, 232
dumioola, 228
longicauda, 229, 230
virens, 1()4, 228, 229
viridia, 228
IcteriansB, 166, 228
Idlotea, 237, 238, 242, 247, 264
bellii, 248
delattrii, 247, 249, 250
melanogenys, 247, 248
mesocbryana, 242, 247, 248, 250
ruflfrona, 247, 248, 249, 250
Ixoreus, 13
Jauco hyemalis, 177
Oregon us, 177
\i!'.'.)!^{'.r\ii
470
ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF KI'ECIES.
!
k
Hi
-'<.'
Lagopns, 268 , .
Laietes, o2;5, 324, 373, 382
onbiiruii, 382, 383
Lanindee, 321
Laiiiidie. 322, 437
Laiiiip .!, 437
Laii'dH, 437
agi.;3, 338
ariosiaceus, 443
borealia, 440
oaroliiieusia, 443
oollurio, 4:i8
oriettatUH, 437, 438
elwgans, 444, 445
exoubitor, 437, 440
exuubitor»)ides, 445
garrulns, 403, 406
ludoviciauuB, 443, 446
major, 442
mui'idioiialis, 444
mexicanuH, 44(J
• olivacBUS, 333
SHptentrionalis, 440
Laniviruo, 324, 32ii, 34r>
flavifroiis, 32(!, 345, 346
pluiubea, 32(j, 34r), 349
propinqua, 326, 345, 348
solitaria, 326, 345, 347
Larus atricilla, 209, 267
Lepturus, galeatiia, 416
Limnornis unirufus, 111
Lopliophanea, 77
atricristf ' 78'
bicolor, 78
galeatus, 79
inoniatus, 78, 79
niissouriensis, 78
woUweberi, 79
Loxigilla, 193
Malacooichla, 6
dryas, 6, 10
mexicana, 11
Margarops, 3, 5, 41
densirostris, 59
fuscatus, 42
moiUauus, 59
Melanoptila, 5, 55
glabrirostris, 55
Melanotis, 5, 56
caerulescens, 56
liypoleucus, 41, 56, 57
Merula, 12, 13, 31, 34
aiiierioana cinerea, 37
dominiceiisia, 51
infuscata, 31
olivacea dominicensis, 329
tristis, 26
Merulaxis griseicollis, 118
Microcerculus, 93, 94, 112, 113, 114, 115
'ii albogularis, 115
Miorocuroulua baiiibla, 112, 114
pblloiuela, 114, 115
Miorouhtiliduu, 307
tibialis, 307
Miniinse, 3, 4, 409
Miiuouiohla, 3, 4, 34, 35, 41
ardosiaceuH, 36, 39
pluuibua, 35, 36, 40
ruliiipua, 35, 38
acliistauea, 35, 37
Mimokitta plnuibua, 36
Mimus, 5, 48, 149
bahaineiiHia, 52, 53
csei'ul«!<ceiia, 56
carulineiiais, 35, 36, 54, 55
curvinmtris, 45
doniinicus, 51, 59
gracilia, 54
gnudlachi, 52, 59
biilii, 14, 50, 52
longiiostria, 44, 45
nit laiiojderus, 59
iiioiitaiius, 42
Orpheus, 50, 51, 52
polyglottus, 48, 50, 51, 54, 149,
335
rubripes, 36, 38
rufus, 44
Baturninus, 53
thenca, 53
Mniotilta, 166, 167
borealis, 167
riibricapilla, 176
striata, 192
varia, 164, 167, 192, 267
var. loDgiroatris, 167
virens, 182
MniotiltesB, 160, 166
Motaciila, 150, 151
ffiquinoctialis, 224
aestiva, 195
alba, 151, 152
albicoUis, 197
americanua, 169
auricollis, 173
aurocapilla, 214
blackburnise, 189
caerulea, 67, 74
Cffiriilescens, 187
caleiidu'a, 65, 66
calidris, 329, 331, 332
caiia, 74
canadensis, 187
chloroieuca, 197
chrysocepbala, 189
cbryaoptera, 175
oincta, 187 >,
citrea, 173
doininica, 209
pquHS, 169
flavicauda, 256
AU'HABETICAL INDEX OF EPECIES.
471
MotadlU flavioolUs, 209
tUvifroiiH, 175
fulva, 2i)(>
fasoeHCHim, 215
inciaiia, 18i*
lurioviviaiia, 169
maculosa, 20<i
mitrata, 238, 239
noveboriict-Dsiu, 21S
CDiiantlie, til
pal mam m, 207
parva cffiiiilua, 74
pousilis, 209
petechia, 199
piluolata, 240
pinguia, 187
protonotarius, 173
regulus, (j6
rubigiuosa, 196
rufioapilla, 201
rutioilla, 25li
eialis, )J2
striata, 192
supercllioaa, 209
tigiina, 180, 181
troglodytes, 144
nmbria, It^l
varia, 1U7
Vernaivora, 179
vir^na, 182
yarrelli, 152
Motacillidee, 150, lUl, 1G4
Mu^icicapa, 12, 16
altiloqna, 329
• rraillata, 421, 422
bivittata, 243
bonapartei, 240
biasieri, 245
canadensis, 239
caiitatrix, 354
carolineiisia, 54
ciuerea, 239
cucuUata, 239
dcrliauii, 259
elegans, 244
«lizabeth, 425
gilva, 342
guttata, 15, 1$
leucoinus, 257
nielodia, 342
minuta, 241
noveboracensis, 350, 354
olivacea, 326, 329, 331, 333
pusilla, 240
Tubiifrons, 263, 264
ruticilla, 253, 256
eelbyi, 239
flolitaria, 347
stragulata, 244
striata, 1D2
sylvioola, 346
MuMoicapaviridicita, 244
viridis, 228
TuliiHrata, 259
wilsoiiii, 240
Mufloicapidie, 267
Musoivora uifxioana, 165
Myiaa«Mt«8, 321, 408, 409, 411, 416,
417,418,419,434,436
ardesiaceus, 421
arniillatus, 420, 421, 422,
424, 435
eliHatHstii, 419. 420, 425
gvnibarbia, 418, 420, 423,
424
griaeiv«nt«r, 421
leuc-otis, 419, 420, 432, 434
nielaiiops:, 420, 426
obscurus, 420, 427, 428,
430, 435
solitarius, 418, 419, 420,
421, 422, in. 424
towiLsundii, 417, 420, 428,
429, 431
nnicolor, 417, 420, 428, 434
veiiezuel«(U»i&, 420, 427,
435 •
Myiad«8tinjB, 321, 408, 409, 410, 417
Myiobonis, 237, 238, 2lti, 254. 257,
258, 262
Myiociclila ochrata, 434
Myioiitouus, 238
niit^atua, 289
pusillus, 240
Myiodioctes, 236, 238, 239, 241, 242,
262
l)oiiapart«l, 240
canadensis, 164, 239, 242
eoronata, 244
forin(>!<us, 218
niinutns, 241
tuitratus, 164, 239, 252,
pardalina, 240
pnsillr.s, 164, 239, 240,242
trisHriatus, 244
viridicata, 244
wilsonii, 240
MyiothlTpis, 237, 238, 251, 252
flaveolus, 252
li teo-viridis, 252
iii^ricristatus, 251, 252
Nemosia, 161
Neochelidon, 2G9, 270, 271, 305, 307
fucata, 270, 308
tibialis, 30" .
Neochloe, 323, 371
brevipenniB, 371, 372
Neocorya, 151, 152, 153, 155, 157
spraguei, 155, 157, 159
NoUochelidcn, 269, 270, 271, 3U5, 306
)
1,(
i;
m
m
472
AI.I'IIAIIUTIUAL INUKX OF BPECIES.
Notiocorys, Iftl, 163, 156
(Etitiiithuaiiiui'icaiia, p««ttorHlatea,228
UyoiuruiM, 104, lOii, iS18, 227
ugilitt, 218, 227
foriuoDUH, 218, 227
Oreoclncla, ''>
varia, 6
Oreo8i)opte», 0, 42
iiioiitanas, 42, 43
On)heu», :V2., 48
cwrulesceiiA, fi(),
curviroslri!*, 45
IvucopteiuH, 48
loDKiroHtris, 44
uieruloidfs, 32
uioiitanus, 42
polyulottus, 00
Oacines, 1, 77, 100
Paciliysylvia flecurtata, ?M, 380, 381
Palleimra, 151
Pari.la), (i4, 65, 75, 76, 77. 149, 165
Pariiise, 77
Paroidui) ilavioep^, 85
iwiidulluua, 85
P»ru», 79
aiiiBricanns, 168, 169
aniiHxas, 79
atriuapillas, 79, 80, 82
canadensis, 80
atricristatas, 78
bicolor, 77
oarolinensis, 81
cristatus, 77, 78, 79
erythropis, 264
fasciatas, 76
hndsonicns, 82, 83,
leucotis, 265
major, 79
melanotis, 84
nieridionalia, 80, 81
minimus, 84
montanua, 82
oocidentalis, 81
palustris, 80
rufeacens, 83
septentrionalis, 165, 79, 82
var. albescens, 79
sibirions, S3
virginianns, 187
Parula, 166, 168, 169, 213, 266
auiericana, 164, 169, ll
bra?iliana, 170, 171
gutturalis, 161, 169, 172
inornata, 169, 171, 266
mexioana, 171
pitiayurai, 169, 170, 266
Bnperciliosa, 169, 171
Pfdiouorys, 151, 153, 157
Peilssoglossa, 162, 163, in6, 180
tigrinu, 163, 1.^1
I'etruclielidou, 268, 269, 270, 271, 284,
285, 286, 289, 31)9
albilin«a, 300, 301
al))iventri«, 302
aniHricana, 289
bicolor, 298
cyanoleucus, 310
euchryxea, 304
fulva,2f7.291,290,292
leuooptera, 300, 302
leucorrhoa, 301
liUor.-a, 300, 301. 302
lunifrons, 287.288,289,
290, 291, 293
mt'lanognHter, 290
nioyeni, 301, 302
nigri ans, 268, 287
nmi'ina, 313
poociloma, 286, 287, 292
ruticollaris, 287, 292
BwaiiiHoni, 286, 287,
289, 290
thalusaina, 299
tibialis, 307
Phsenopepla, 408, 409, 410, 415
nitens, 414, 416, 416
PbsBoprogne, 268, 269, 271, 272, 283
Pkeugopedius, 93, 95, 113, 12(t, 121,
123, 128, 134, 136
coraya, 123
fasciato-veutris, 123,
134
felix, 123, 134, 136
genibarbis, 134
leucophrys, 114
leucostictas, 1 14
maculipectas, 123, 135,
136
melanos, 123, 134
pleurostictns, ]l!3
rutilus, 123, 135, 136
Phyllomanes, 326
agilis, 338
barbatnlus, 331
flavoviridis, 336
niystacalis, 329
olivaceus, 333
Picolaptea brnnneicapillus, 99
capistratus, 104
megalopterus, 102
mfinucba, 105
zonatus, 104
Pitangus derbianus, 165
Pipastes, 153
Plauesticus, 12, 23 '
luridus, 26, 27
Platycichla 4, 32, 408, 417, 418, 436
Platyoichia brevipes, 32, 435, 436
ALPUABETICAL INDEX OF SPECIES.
473
PflBcila atricnpllhiH, 80 • ■
oaioliiiHimiK, 81
m«lanotis, 84
uiiiiiiua, k4
rufesoens, 83
Polioptila, 67, 149
aU)i1ori9, 67, C9, 70, 71, 73
biliiiHata, U7, 72
boliviana, 07
buffoni, ()7. 09, 70, 71
cserulea, B8. 74, 189
duinicula, 07, 73
l«mb«'yii, 08
leucogastra, 07, 69
iiielamira, 07, 63, 09, 360
luttxicana, 74
nigricMpH, 07, 69, 71
plumbHa, (i8, 74
Biiperuiliarifl, 71, 72
PolioptiliniB, 05
I'uuiiitorhinuH turdinns, 45
Presliys, 111
caiiifrons, 111
Progne, 208, 209, 271, 272, 273
clialybea, 280. 2S2
cryptoleuoa, 273, 275, 277
concolor, 274, 278
doineatica, 274, 282, 283
dominicensia, 274, 279, 280,
281, 280
elegana. 274, 275
fnsca, 285
furoata, 273, 278
) .Micogaster, 273, 274, 280, 282,
283
modesta, 278
purpurea, 274, 275, 270, 277
Buhis, 273, 274, 276, 277, 278,
280, 281
tapera, 285, 286
Protonotaria, 100, 173
citrea, 164, 173
Psalidoproone, 209, 271, 313 1
oypstflina, 313
Paaltria flaviceps, 85
nielanoti:^, 84
miniinua, 84 j
personata, 84
pluinlma, 84
P3altriparu8, 84, 85
flaviceps, 85
nielaiiotis, 84
minimus, 84, 85, 165
persoiiatus, 84
ptuinbeuH, 84
Ptllogonys, 321, 329, 400, 402, 408, 409,
410, 412, 410, 417
armillatus, 421
caudafus. 411, 412, 413,
414
ciaereua, 410, 412, 413, 412
Ptilogonya grineiventer, 421
leui'otJH, 432
niteiirt, 415, 416
towiixeiidii, 429
PtilogonatiiDV, 4i)l, 4()8, 4o9
PtiliuguuatUH, 41ti, 411
ciiK-reus, 412
Pvgochelidou, 2iil», 270, 271, 305, 308,
309
cvanoluuoa, 309
malaiioleuoa, 309
iiiurina, 3(i9
pataguuiua, 309
UegulinsB, 65
KeguIuB, 05
calendula, 65, 66
oristatuB, 05
cuvieri, 05
myHtacena, 220
olivauHUS, 65
proreguiuH, 05
rubinoua, 06
satrapa, <)5, 104
tricolor, 05
Rhamphotiiuuhis, 3, 4, 41
brachyurus, 41
Rhimauphus, 182
wstivus, 195, 197
blackburniffi, 189
canadensis, 180
lastaneuB, 189
chryseoluB, 196
coronata, 187
discolor, 213
maculosus, 206
maritimua, 1«1
olivacea, 205
pensilia, 209
pinus, 190
pityoi^liilna, 208
ruficapilla, 207
ruficeps, 203
striatua, 192
virens, 182
Rhodinocichla, 91 ' ,
rosea, 41, 91
Salpiuotes, 93, 94, 109, 111
mexicanus, 111
obsolftns, 110
Saltator viridia, 392
Saurothera, 193 =.■!
Saxicola, 01
oenanthe, 61
ojnanthoides, 61
Saxicolidae, 1, 2, 3, 61, 05, 149, 164, 409,
410
Seiureae, 106
Seiarua, 21, 164, 214 ....^i
aui'ocapillua, 164, 214, 266
*u
ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF SPECIES.
Soiaras go<i<)ii, 21S
ludoviuianus, 21, 217
motaoilla, 217
novel)<)i'aceiiSiS, 21, 164, 215
Bulpliuranceus, 215
teuuirostria, 215
Semimerula, 4, 83, 34
Setophaga, 23ti, 238, 239, 242, 253, 254,
25(;, 258, 2ri2
aaraiitiaca, 254, 261
auricapilla, 243
boiiapartei. 240
brunneiceps, 255, 258
cTanadunsis, 239
oa^tanea, 259
caBtaueo-capilla, 259
chrysogaster, 242. 244
flaiiimea, 254, 259, 2lj0
flaveola, 255, 258
int«rineflia, 2()0
lachryinosa, 255, 263
leuaoinphoinma, 255, 258
melanocepliala, 255, 258
miiiiata, 254, 257, 259, 260
mitrata, 239
multicolor, 254, 257
nigriciucta, 240
ornata, 255, 258, 421
picta, 253, 254, 256
rubra, 264
ruficoronata, 255, 258
rufifrous, 247, 248
tuticilla, 164, 253, 256
torquata, 255, 261
verticalis, 254, 267, 258,
261
vulnerata, 259
wilsoiiii, 240
Setophaginae, 165, 167, 235
Sialia, 62
azurea, 62
arctioa, 63, 64, 360
oseruleorollJs, 63
macroptera, 64
mexlcaiia, 63
occideutalia, 63
sialis, 62, 63, 149, 164
wihonii, 62
Sitta, 86
aouleata, 86
oaua.lensis, 87, 166
carolinensig, 86, 87
europsea, 86
melanocephala, 86
pusilla, 88
pyginsBa, 88
varia, 87
SittinaB, 77, 86
Sphenotelus, 412
Stelgidopteryx, 268, 269, 270, 271, 312
flavigula, 318
Stelgidopteryx fulvipennis, 314, 316
gutturalis, 314
rullcollis, 314, 315
surripennis, 314
uropygialis, 314, 315,
317, 318
Sterna anglica, 267
aiitiilarum, 209, 268
frenata, 209
Sturnus cinclus, 59
ScytalopuH prostheleuoas, 115, 116
iSylvauia, 253
boiiapartei, 240
mitrata, 239
pumila, 241
pusilla, 240
ruticilla, 256
Sylvia sestiva, 195, 197
tequinoctialia, 218
agilis, 218
araericanus, 169
anthoidea, 215
audubonl, 188
autumiialia, 190
anricoUis, 173
aurocapilla, 214
azurea, 191
bachmani, 175
bifasciata, 191
blackburiiiae, 189
cserulea, 191
caerulesceiia, 186
caiiieapilla, 223
canadeuaia, 186
carbonata, 207
carolineuaia, 195
caatanea, 189
celata, 176
childreni, 195
chivi, 337
cbryaoptera, 175
citrinella, 1.95
ooronata, 182, 187
culioivora, 245
decurtata, 266, 380
diacolor, 213
domeatica, 139
dumicola, 73
flava, 195
flaveola, 375
flavifrona, 175
formosa, 218
fulv.a, 266
griaeicollis, 266
icterocepliala, 191
ineaiia, 189
lateralis, 189
leudoeaatra, 69, 176, 187
l«ucol)lepliara, il4
ludovieiaiia, 120, 123
maogillivrayi, 227
ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF SPECIES.
475
Sylvia maoropus, 187 ,„■ !>j > , -^
luaculusa, 20U
niaguulia, 'ZW
niarilandioa, 220
Diaritim. , 181
melanurhoa, 189
uiiiiiata, 2(i5
luiuuta, 213, 241 ,
luirirturieiisis, 179
mitrata, 239
montaiia, 190
naslivillei, 176
iiigie.scen.<, 186
novHt)oraceusiH, 216
oci;irt«iitali8, 183
ocliroleu'ja, 266
olivaoea, 205
palinariim, 207
paliiHtiia, 187
pardalina, 238, 240
parus, 189
pennsylvanica, 191
petasodes, 240
pHi-egriiia, 178
petechia, 201
pliiladelpliia, 226
pinus 174, 190
pitiayutai, 170
pluiiibea, 170
pa'ciloti.s, 375
popiilonim, 191
piotonotaria, 173
pniiiila, 2(;6
pusilla, 169, 187
rara, 191
rathbonia, 196
rose OH, 220
rabricapilla, 175
rufi(vipilla, 173, 176, 204, 206
russeicauda, 266
fiemitorquata, 266
sialis, 62
solitaria, 174
spliFgnosa, 187
striiita, 192
HwaiiiFoni, 179, 180
twniata, 205
tennessflBi, 179
thoraoica, 375
tigrina, 181, 190
tolmisei, 227
torquata, 169
townseiidii, 186
troglodytes, 144
velata, 223
vemiata, 170
verinivora, 179, 241, 243
vigorsii, 190
viresce IS, 266
vireiiH, 182 /,.
wilsonii, 240
Sylvia xanthopygia, 187
xautboroa, 187
Sylviadffi, 3
Sylvicola, 166, 168, 182
SBstiva, 195, 199
agiiis, 218
americana, 169 .,,/.;
auduboni, 188 ,, ,i, . .,.:j
aureula, 194 ,
auricoUis, 173
bachuiauni, 175
blackbumiae, 189
ca'ralea, 191
canadensis, 186
" *tanea, 189
celata, 176
chrysoptera, 175
coroiiata, 187
discolor, 213
eoa, 1 94, 195
forniosa, 218
ieteimiephala, 191
kirtland'i, 206
mauulosa, 206
mai'itiiua, 181
niitiata, 239
montana, 190
occidentalis, 183
olivacea, 205
palinarurn, 207
pannosa, 187
, pardalina, 240
peusilid, 209
peregrina, 178
petechia, 207
pharetra, 192
pinus, 190
pityophila, 208
pii-iilla, 169 .. , . ;
I'ubricapilla, 175 ,,.,
ruficapilla, 207
striata, 192
Bwainaoni, 180
tseniata, 205
townsendi, 185
vermivora, 180
venusta, 170
virens, 182
Sylvicolid8B, 2, 65, 150, 160, ISl, 162,
164,165,266,321
SylvicolinsB, 165, 166, 167
SylviidsB, 64, 76, 149, 164, 410
Tachycineta, 268, 269, 270, 271, 298,
297
albilinea, 297
albiventris, 297
bic'dor. 297, 298
Ifiiicorrlioa, 297
;^ i %, =r ni«<yeni, 297
thalasaina, 297, 299
■^
'476
ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF SPECIES.
I
i; -»f^
Taenioptera, 13
ruflveiitris, 13
Tauagra doiuiiiiua, 4U1, 403
doiniiiiceiiriis, 403
esolave, 401
guiaiieuais, 384, 389
TanagridfiB, l(jl
Telmatodytes, 95, 123, 147
arundinac«ua, 147
bewickii, 120
palustriti, 147
Teretriateae, lUtj
Teretiistid, 1G3, 165, 1(J6, 233
fernaiiiiiiiie, 234
fornsii,l(J3, 164, 234, 235
Thamiiophilus agilis, 338
Thryooianes, 95, 120, 123, 126
bHwiekii, 123, 125, 126
leucogaster, 123, 126
spilnrus, 123, 126
ThryopUilus, 93, 95, 120. 121, 123, 127,
134, 137
albi pectus, 122, 123, 131,
132
oastanens, 123, 133
galbraithi, 123, 131
longirostris, 123, 132
inodestus, 122, 123, 130,
131, 132
nigricapilius, 123
poliopleura, 123
rufalbus, 127, 128
var. poliopleura,
128 129
sinaloa, 123, 129, 130
striolatus, 123, 132
Thryothoras, 92, 93, 95, 120, 121, 123,
127, 128, 134, 137
albi nucha, 149
arundinaceus, 147
berlandieri, 121, 123, 124
bewickii, 121, 126, 129,
150
«nr. 8pilurus,126
oastaneus, 123, 132
fasciato-ventris, 121, 134
. , felix, 121, 136
galbraithi, 123, 131
guttatus, 108, 111
leucogaster, 121
.' littoralis, 124
. j; <;. longirostris, 123
louisianae, 124
ludovicianns, 120, 121,
123, 124, 128, 130, 137
tnaculipeotus, 121, 135
. ; ' t*(, mexicaiins, 110, 111
modulator, 112
mnrinuR, 123
:*/; , i:P^,. niKrioapillus, 123, 133,
- '. ' 134
Thryothoras palustria, 147
petenicus, 121, 123, 126,
130, 149
pinus, 190
pleurostiotus, 121, 123
poliopleura, 122
rufalbus, 122, 128, 129
rutilaiis 135
rutilus, 121, 138
schottii, 123
siiiiiloa, 122
spilunis, 122, 126
tonjuatuH, ltJ9
Todirostrnm, 165, 251, 253, 237 "
Todus, 193, 251
viridis, 165
Tox'>8toma, 43
curvirostris, 45
lecontei, 47
longirostre, 44
rediviva, 48
vetula, 43, 45
Trichas, 219
sequinoctialis, 224
agilia, 218
brachydactvlus, 220, 221
delafleldii, 225
leucoblepbaia, 244
niacgillivrayi, 226
marilandica, 220
nigricristatus, 251
persouatns, 220, 221
pliiladelpliia, 226
Ruperciliosus, 243, 244
teplirocotis, 218
vegeta, 227
Telata, 225
Troglodytes, 89, 95, 121, 137, 138
iBdon, 137, 138, 139, 140,
141, 142, 143, 145
var. aztecus, 138,
139
albinuoha, 149, 150
araericanns, 138, 141
aruudiiiaoeua, 120, 124,
147
bewickii, 120, 127
brevirostris, 146
bruuneicollis, 137, 138,
139, 143, 144
cumanensia, 128
europsBus, 145
fulvus, 139
puttatus, 118
hyemalis, 1.37, 138, 144,
145
var. pacificn?,
138, 145
hypsBdon, 139, 142, 143
intermediua, 138, 142, 143
iuquietua, 138, 143
ALPHABETICAL INDEX OP SPECIES.
477
Troglodytes latifasoiatus, 110
leucogaatra, 109, 127
le loophryu, 118
ludovicianus, 123
/ , murariua, 111
cbsoletus, 109, 110
palustris, 147, 148
parkiuauni, 138, 139, 140,
141, 143, 145
stellaris, 146
Bylvestris, 140
Troglodytidae, 91, 92, 93, 94, 149, 321,
3:23
Tardatnpelis lanioides, 434
rufouoccyx, 434
Turdidse, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 58, G5, 92, 149,
1(J4, 321, 409, 410
Turdinae, 3, 4, 409
Turdus, 3, 4, 5, 11, 12, 13, 34, 160
alicisB, 19, 20, 21, 22, 149, 217
aonalasclika, 15
ardodiaueu8, 3, 39
aHsiinilis, 24
auduboui, 15, 16
aurautius, 34, 4
aurautiirnstris, 7
aurocapilla, 214
bambla, 113
braehyuius, 41
ceesiud, 2U, 27
capucinus, 23
carolinendis, 54
casius, 2t)
cineieus minor, 57
ooufiiiid, 29
coronatua, 214
densns, 13, 14
domiuicus, 51
erythrophtbalmus, 56
flavirorttris, 30, 31
fuscatus, 41, 42
fuscesceus, tJ, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19,
149
grayi, 25, 26, 27
guttatus, 14
gyinnophthalmus, 27
iufusuatus, 31
iliuoud, 12, 23
jamaicensis, 12, 23
lereboulleti, 12, 23
leucauohen, 24, 25, 27
leucogeuys, 34
ludovicianus, 217
lUHlaiiotiSj OQ
nielodus, 13
melpomene, 7
JUHfula, 13
migratoriua, 6, 12, 13, 23, 29,
30. 33, 34, 149, 164
tnini,nu:>, 19, 20, 21
miucr, 14, 18, 19
Turdua moiitamia, 42 ■ '
luusteliiiua, 2, 12, 13, 14, 16,
17, 149
nsevius, 13, 32
nauua, 15, 16, 17 t
nigruscuiiH, 58
obsoletua, 28 ' ■ .
olivaceus, 19
orpbtius, 50, 52
palliatus, 31
pallaaii, 7, 14, 16, 17
phsRopygus, 59
plumbeuri, 36, 37, 39, 40
polyglotlua, 48
rubripes, 35
rulitorques, 32, 38 ■'
rutopalliatus, 31
rut us, 44
siluna, 16, 17
Bolitarius, 14
Bwainsonii, 15, 16, 19, 20, 22,
24, 149, 164, 217
torquatus, 12
trie baa, 220
triatia, 27
uatuiatua, 18
variegatua, 96
visoivorua, 11, 12
pluuibeus, 36, 37
virens, 228
vulpinua, 41, 92
wilaoiiii, IB
xantboacelia, 59
TyraunidiB, 165
Vormivora, 179
bacbmanni, 175
celata, 176
fulviuapilla, 180
pennaylvauioa, 180
peregrina, 178
protonotaria, 173
riibricapilla, 175
Bolitariii, 174
swainsoui, 180
Vermivorse, 1 66
Vireo, 162, 163, 228, 2.34, 321, 323, 324,
325, 326, 350, 351, 353, 373,
383, 402
agilis, 334, 338
altiloqua, 329, 330, .331
atrioapillua, 324, 326, 351, 353,
354
babamensis, 363
barbatula, 163, 165
bartrami, 338, 340. 343
belli, 323, 351, 352, 358, 359,
860
bogotenais, 333
cariiiio 1. 32(i. .S51, 352, 356
oatisini, 347, 348
478
ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF SPECIES.
Vireo ehivi, 338
crassirostria, 165, 308
freiiatii, 330
flavifrons, 32(j, 346, 370 ,.j ?
llavovindis, 336
gilvus, 342, 359
guudlachi, 363. 368, 369
huttoui, 326, Zf>l, 352, 367, 358,
363
hypocliryasus, 370
josoi>h.B, 324, 344, 364
latimoii, 364
longiiostrirt, 329
inodestus, 3(;2, 363, 364, 369
luuBiuud, 3.')4
noveboraceiisia, 32(5, 345, 350,
351, 354, 355, 362, 363, 369
ochraceus, 366, 367
olivaceus, 326, 333, 334, 338
pal lens, 365
philadelpliii-a, 369
p)iila(i«lp!ii(;ii8, 341
pusillua, 326, 351, 352,360, 362,
■; 365
semiflavua, 366, 367
solitarius, 326, 347, 348, 349
swainsoiii, 343
virescens, 333, 334, 338
vicinior, 3:6, 351, 352, 361, 366
vigorsii, 190
Vireolauius, 324, 385, 395
cliloiogaster, 396, 399
eximiuH, 396, 398
icterophrys, 3'.»6, 398, 399,
400
melitophrya, 385, 395, 396
pulohellus, 396, 397, 398
Vireonella, 325, 326, 351, 369
craasirostris, 326, 351, 353
gundlachi. 326, 351, 353
hypochryaeua, 326, 361,
353
latimeri, 326, 361, 362
Vireouellamod.jftus, 32<« 351,352,358
OcliMceus, 32 351, 353
palleaa, 326, 351, 352, 360,
362
Vireonidse, 161, 162, IC ., 321. 322, 323,
402, 437
Viroosylvla, 32z, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327
agilis. 325 328, 338, 339,
340
altiloqud, V 332
atripeimiH, o . , 330, 331
barbatula, 325, 328, 330,
331, 340
oalidris,328, 329,330,331,
335
oanipestris, 325
ohivi, 325, 328, 334, 337,
339. 340
cobaneiisia, .341
flavifiona, 325, 346
flavoviridia, 325, 328, 336,
339, 340
frenata, 330
gilva, 325, 328, 342, 343,
345
josephae, 325, 328, 344
olivacea, 325, 327, 328,
329, 333, 336, 337, 339,
340
phlladelpliica, 326, 328,
340, 341
pUinibea, 349
, propiiiqiia, 348
Bolitaiius, 347, 350
Bwaiiiaoiii, 326, 328, 343,
344
virescens, 338
Wilsonia, 238
bonapartii, 240
minuta, 241
mitrata, 239
pusilla, 240
■'. ..iA..
I'
1,352,358
if)!, 353
, 352, 360,
I. 322, 323,
J5, 321), 327
380, 331
, 328, 330,
;9, 330, 331,
1, 334, 337,
1
346
;5, 328, 336,
3, 342, 343,
328, 344
, 327, 328,
!6, 337, 339,
325, 328,
350
, 328, 343,
» *■..