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Im Sf U£ 12.0 u M^^H 1 11.8 I^H^ JS APPLIED IIVMGE Inc 1653 Coit Main StrMt ??fr?*!t'i "" '"'"' '♦«» US* (716) «BJ - 0300 - Pfiont (716) 2S8-S9a9 -Fa. / V CANADA DEPARTMENT OF MINES Silt jAMra LouoiiKEu, Ministuh; Ch\bles Camslll, Di.iiirv Minhteh. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY William McInnks, Director. MEMOIR 121 No. 103, ClliOI.DGICAL Sf.riks The Malagash Salt Deposit, Cumberland County, N.S. BY A. O. Hayes OTTAWA THOMAS MULVEY PRINTER TO HIS MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY l»20 No. 1828 CANADA DEPARTMENT OF MINES iiiiit Jwir.n LoutiiiKKD, Mimstkr; Charles Camsrll, Dbpl'TV Minister. GEOLOGICAL SLRVEY William McInnes, Director. MEMOIR 121 \o. 10:5, Geological Series The Malagash Salt Deposit, Cumberland County, N.S. BY A. O. Hayes OTTAWA THOMAS MULVBY PRINTER TO HIS MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY 1*20 10033—1 No. 1828 '% CONTENTS. PAOB. Intnxlurtiun % Hwtory ami prrvUiu* work 1 Hiiniinar>' of I'onrliuiionH 4 PhyHidfcrnphy 4 Stratigraphy 5 Strtiotural urology |1 Drill rrcorfrio( ciirrrnct' uiwl prolial)li' rxtt-nt of thf deposit. Thi- Ktoiony !■* iilusti ■ ')y two anal niupi witli Ktrui'tun- M-ctiotiH, uiw of ,\Iala(ta«h [H-nin- ': .. u sralc of 1 milt' to I ini'li, thi- othrr a more dctailfd map ot the v ly of the mim- workiiiRf* oil a scalo of H(M) feet to I inch. After a luiif rrvirw of the history IV .'• previous work, the stratiRrapiiy und .strnetiiral neoiony are (U-scrihed. The discovery of rock suit at a deptli snfli<'ienliy sliallow for its recovery liy mining lias directed attention to the distriluition of s«'(Unientury rocks of siniihir Keoh)gicuraKe. In the hojM- tliat other sources of suit may t)e found, and as interest has also been aroused in the |HissihiUty that jiotash, in commercial (piantity. may he associated with the salt, a review of the litoniture lU-^f'Tihin;; salt spriiiRs in Nova Scotia und Xew Hrunswii'k is (tiven, and the locutions of certain sjirings is indicated on the imh'X map. AC KXO WLK DOM KNT». The kindness of the rr,Msies hy which •' 'ss..<. A. A. ("hamliers and (J. Walker McKay aided the work are urate ; ■ acknowled'^ed. H. W. McKiel and D. D. Fi r carried on their work as assist ints most .satisfactorily. The .I'.anr taole topoRraphic map was prepared hy Mr. Foster. hISTORY AXD.PIIEVIUUS WORK. Brine springs have been known locally for many years. Roring for water on his farm at North Shore, in 1912, Mr. Peter Murray obtained a flow of salt water at a depth of about 80 feet. In June, 1917, Mr. A. R. Chambers, associated with Mr. Cleornc Walker McKay of New GlasRow, commenced prospecting by drillinjt. Twelve holes were sunk by a churn drill in an area of about one-tenth of ac square mile, and brine wa.s obtained from six of these at depths varying from 83 to 113 feet below the surface. Diamond-drill boring proved the presence of salt in place extending from a 2 depth of 94 to 173 foet below the surface. A shaft was then sunk 450 teet east of the diamondrdrill boring and salt was found at a depth of 85 Perhaps the earliest reference to the presence of rock salt in Cumber- land county was published by Dr. Abraham Gesner eight v-f our years ago in the following words:' ' ''Salt springs are common in the new red s indstone along the coast of Northumberland strait. At River Philip, a large quantity of salt was tormerly manufactured, by evaporating the waters of a briny pool One of the springs at that place yields a larger quantity of muriate of soda tnail almost any other in the country, and would supply, under proper management, more salt than would be required by the British North American colonies; nor can it be possible that the crystalline deposit from y/hich these waters flow, is beyond the reach of the miner's skill The infancy of the colony is a trite apologj' for not entering into useful specula- tions, but It seems impossible that any country can arrive at manhood, when little paias are taken to develop its growth." A geological map of the Malagash peninsula was compiled by Scott Barlow R W. Llls, and Hugh Fletcher, and published in 1905 as Nova Scotia Geological Sheet No. 60. Ells» describes the anticlinal fold which characterizes the structure of Malagash peninsula and gives a section measured along the .shore of Wallace river. He concludes that the Lower Garhoniferous series is repeated by faulting. Fletcher' describes the continuation of the Clairmont antidin^d to Malagash point, and the rock.s resembling Permian strata at the head of Tatamagoucho bay. In his report on the salt deposits of Canada, L. Heber Cole* lists certain salt springs that occur in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, which issue from carboniferous rocks of the same age as those enclosing the Malagash deposit. The (hscovery, early history, development, and geology of the Mala- gash d(>posit are described by Cole' and Hayes'. Cole also discusses the domestic and foreign markets for salt, pointing out the iinportaiwe of the tliscovery at Malagash to Canada and more especially to the Maritime Provinces. From a study of the report on mineral production of Canada in 1918, by John AIcLci.sh', the conclusion IS reached that Canada at the present time imports over half of her annual consumption of salt, the only production being in southwestern Ontario Ihe import of salt in 1918 amounted to 165,494 tons valued at Sl,267 169 Of this amount 100,103 tons were imported for the use of fisheries, about 7o per cent of which is used by the Atlantic seaboard and gulf of St. Law- rence fishing iiwhistry. "The average value of this salt at point of shipment for 1918 w.is approximately Sg.15 per ton of 2,000 pounds. The ocean freight rate lo bring this .salt to Canadian ports of di-stribution would bring the cost ui) to at least 11 10 per ton. '«"i|SJ°''"V.5™!L'F*°.';^''"'' J- '^'■'^- r'' ^' P'i "• 1890-91, p. 137P; vol. XV, 1902-3, p. 163 A\. N0.82I pp I«-20^ '""* the Milt induatry." L. fleb«r 6>le. Mine. Branch, Dept. of Mines, 19IJ. BJfjRihv'^f'ri: «?^°'M"i.'is?rSn°l'?s^,tp. t^"^"^ **"'"•■' °^'- "' """"'• '""" ''™"''- ^•-- •Hayed, A. O., Gool. Surv.. Can., Sum. Ropt. 1818, pt. F, pp. 30F-31F. 'MmM Branch. Dopt. of Minee, Publication No. 5(W. "The price will probably be a normal price for salt for fisheries for a number of years to come — the sales price during war times ranging between $15 and 825 per ton at distributing points in Nova Scotia. If, therefore, a deposit of salt can be developed in a centrally located point in Nova Scotia, and a grade of salt produced suitable for the fishing industry, a market of some 75,000 tons valued at $750,000 should be available. "Inadditiontothis, a consid«>rable demand for salt for domestic pur- poses, in the Maritime Provinces, could be supplied from such a deposit. "Among the foreign markets for the salt from the Malagash dopo.sit, the principal ones will be the fishing indu.stry of Newfoundland, which consumes, according to reports, about 50,000 tons per year, and the fishing and metallurgical industries along the Atlantic seaboard of the United States. It remains to be seen how much of this American market can be captured by .salt produced in Canada. "One feature with regard to the Malagash deposit well worthy of serious consideration for future action, is the possibility of establishing an industry for the manufacture of sodium compounds. Situated as this deposit is, with ready access to shipping facilities both by rail and water, and com- paratively close to abundant supplies of fui>l, it is probable that an industry Msing the salt from these beds as tho principal raw material could be estab- lished, which would turn out products at a price that could compete in foreign markets such as Soiitli America and South Africa, with similar material from England and the Tnited States. "Although the Canadian market alone, for salt for domestic use or for the chemical industries, would guarantee its success, it will be .seen that the favourable location of this d<'posit to water tran.sportation on the Atlantic seaboard should enable it to develop an i • iiort trade with the United States, South Africa, aud South America." It should be mentioned that there is no duty on salt, other than medicated salt, imported from Gr(>at Britain. The prospecting and niiiiing developments have also been interestingly described in the bulletin of the Canadian Mining Institute for December, 1919, imgcs 1191-3. In this article reference is made to active drilling operations conducted in the vicinity of Wallace. Cumberland county, by the engineers of Sir Alex. Muguire, of London, England, and to an instal- lation of an experimental plant at the Malagash mine for hoisting, crushing, and screening the salt. The property is now in a position to supply the market with several tons of salt pi>r day, sized to meet the several grades in demand, and also to supply rock salt for the use of stock. The salt is gradually finding favour in the markets dealing with salt and salt pro- ducts. For dried cod purjioses it turns out a splendid white fish, being free of the discolouring of bacteria, supposed to exist in evaporated sea salt. There should be a great demand shortly for the product of this industry which is new to Nova Scotia. The development of the gulf fisheries, it is declarcil, has hardly begun. When real development occurs salt will be wthin reasowible reach and the industry now started should prove to be of great economic importance to the province. The money at present expended for salt in this territory amounts to about $1,000,000 yearly, exclusive of what is required by Newfoundland, SUMMARY OF COXCLlSIOXS. The Malaga- ^he north for a d's nee of about three-quarters of a mile. suRgests that the salt mav extend without serious int^erruption for an equ.ii distance along the strili,. aiTtll s cH- Jhe". r t^r'''^ "^- '^' ^'f P°'""^ ^« =' , suggests that Thrs-iuKrir " -™;l-."«turc occur in the vidnity of 'thesf spriil^ the .salt strata are similar in origin to the extensive Sta.ssfurt deposits in occu;"""Th''?"-'' '" ^'^^ ^""T '^"•"'"'"''^i""^ of Potash-bearingS m nts r,n fr ' -''''"'^ ""^ r"' ^V'"'*''"'^ ^'f J'"*='^'i -'t -Malagash and in the brines from springs elsewhere indicates that, possibly. „otasli in commercial quantities may also occur in the Maritim.. Province- ''oinmcrcial The establishment of a .salt and allied chemical industrv should receive careful consideration as the favourabie location of Malagash wih respect to the supply of raw materLUs and fuel and its exceptional advan- tages for transportation either by r..,il or water offer an opporSty "r successful competition in both domestic and foreign markets PHYSIOGRAPHY. The dominant feature controlling the scenery of the Malagash penin- sula is a ridge r.smg to elevations between 100 and 200 feet above sea- ^uLTi n'-':''''T '"'''"'!}^' ^'T ^^■"""•••' "•'«'' "'"■♦h of Oolden brook to Malagash point. A second parallel ridge lies to the south of Golden brook from which the surface slopes gently toward the shallow waters of Tatania- gouche bay. There is also a gentle and wider slope inclining northerly toward the shore of Northumberland strait. A good idea of the topo- graphy may be obtained by travelling across the peninsula over the Stake road. From the summit of the ridge immediately north of Golden brook, the water of both Northumberland strait and Tatamagouche bay may be seen. The whole district was covered in glacial times by an ice-sluM which in its progress gave the rocks a rounded and modified surface. Ihc streams follow pn'-glacial channels and only a thin veneer of boulder day was left bv the receding glacier. Stratified sands occur to the north of Waugh islaml, but whether they are outwa^hed fluviatile deposits or sediments of Champlain age was not determined, as no fossils were found in them. The north and tlie south shores of the peninsula vary greatly: facing Northumberland strait there is a continuous cliff about 40 feet high extending from the Stake road to a point north of the salt min(\ Ocean erosion is proceeding with noticeable effect, and off-shore the water of Northumberland strait is too shallow for shipping purposes. Low lying ground extends to the east of the Malagash salt mine as far as Ikeen point where reddish-brown rocks of the Millstone Clrit reappear as cliffs as far as Saddle islaml. The relief is controlled in general by the character of the underlying rocks, and wherever the softer rocks of the ^Vlndsor scries appear the ground is usually low lying and outcrops are few and far between. Malagash point is marke(i by th(> reappearance of the cliffs composed of Millstone Clrit. and here it is seen that the ridge dominating the peninsula is underlain bv a lieavv, grev-green sandstone overlying the reddish-brown basal beds df Millstone (irit. Nearly the whole length of tlu> south shore of the peninsula bordering Tatamagouche bay is low lying with inter- mittent outcrops of bedrock in the tidal area. A striking feature on the south shore of the peninsula about one mile west of Malagash point is the building up of a sandy shore and the preser- vation of an earlier beach line rising abruptly about .') feet above the recently deposited sand and now grown over with grass and i se o ex lo LS and though It was difficult to decide the average attitude o Se beds iL Co^o^ h . t Vh 'P '""r'" "K" ^''' '"''^H- Tho suggestion was made. In L U «. ole, thiU these sediments he unconformably above the salt. The Windsor seues with.m doubt suffered .subaerial erosion in late .Afississippian tine when .sink holes along the salt horizon mav have been filled bv s c sX ments as are penetrated by the shaft, and the basal conglomera e of the Millstone (.rit was deposited above when the lan.l was submerged in S e n Iv"b!rv. '"hi; '^T^''' :r' '''i'"''''' '^''' K.VPMfer(.us interl^d.ied Shale niaj have .slumped over the salt strata when they were dissolved abng Its outcrop by the development of a deep trough more quicJlj than the retaining xyall rock vvas reduced by erosion. The full explanation of Srtlu'r'ldy. '■' ""^"" •""■"■ °^'"' ^'"^ "''* '''''■'' "' *»«" slfaft requires Chemical Anali/ses. Average samples taken from the shaft bv the writer m October, 1918, >vhen .i vertical depth of 17 feet through thl salt strata had been sunk, wore a„ vsed by Mr. Raridon of the ^lS Brln- Department of .Mines, Ottawa, with the following results: Sample 3 is from top of salt to S feet depth. "2 " 8 feet " 1(> " " 1 " 16 " " 17 9 Material dried at 105 degrees C. was found to hove position: following com- A. Part soluble in hot water. Sodium (Na) PotafiMiuin (K) (.'iiloium (C'u) Mugnraiutii (Mk-)... Chlorino (CI) Sulphuric acid (SOi). Iodine (I) Bromine (Br) B. Part insoluble in hot water. Silica (SiO.) Ferric oxide and alumina (rt-jOi and A1,0,) LimeCCaO) Magnesia (MgO) 8oda(Na:0) I Potash (KjO) Sulphuric anhydrite (SO») Organic (combutitible) matter 38-57 17 O'lH OOl 5fi-.5S Ot)4 none. none. TO- 15 2:M5 0-ie 0-Sl O-IMl 3.5 -S5 3-03 none. none. 0-01 0-31 UOU 0-07 0-10 0-2') 1-40 100-55 fi3 0S 21-85 7-90 0-25 215 0-93 trace. 0-22 2-06 37-42 014 0-31 0-03 57-85 1 07 none, none. 96-82 35-36 98-44 1-60 0-77 00(1 0-19 0-09 0-30 301 99 i3 A grey, earthy material resembling gritty clay is interbedded with portions of the salt strata. The analyses suggest that siUca forms the largest proportion of this material with a certain amount of clay and gypsum. On the walls of the shaft the surface salt dissolves by the action of surface water, leaving the insoluble earthy material standing out more prominently. On this account samples 2 and 3 may show in the analyses an excess of insoluble material. , »t , • .lu Bands of salt similar to that represented by sample No. 1 occur in the lower mine workings and about 20 feet north of the shaft a bed 4 feet in thickness, sampled and analysed by H. V. Ellsworth, contained 98 per cent sodium chloride. Bordering this purer salt to the north a potash- bearing stratum occurs, composed of masses ni pink and yellow-green sylvite (potas-ium chloride) embedded in a matrix of haUte. In some places these masses have the appearance of a mosaic, and elsewhere are banded parallel to the bedding of the salt trata. i. lens-shaped zone was pierced in the level and found to be 5 fe ^hick, thinning to a few inches on all four walls. An extension of the zoi .v-as found about 35 feet west of the level, indicating a continuation of the band between these points and suggesting that the horizon may be persistent even if erratic in thickness. No average potash content has been estimated owing to the extreme variability both in the size of the deposit and concentration of sylvit«. The position of the sylvite occurrence is indicated on the section across the mine working shown on the small map (No. 1797) of Malagash district. 'ml 10 ResultB ranKiiiK fx-tween 2-5 per cent and 11 per cent have \^n obtained from average samples. *^ "**" re,|^errh;.^l-l;;---^ ori Jt £'S'L;isr ^sS.rt t^ltidrtlSi^n pnmary potash.lK>arin« minerals occur, suw^ the Si^itv o7 the presence «f primary .leposits of potush-hc'arinK n.inerals.'^ '^ °^ *^* ♦ K„ x> 1 u' /.''>'^.'*"*'«« "^ the Windsor series has not l)een measured in W 1 bT wt h"'- •, ""' fr''"^' •'' r."«*>'>- '-tinrnted a? 2 cS) fm bj ■ ,,•■ ' ^"° describes the rocks as follows- ^ the \fln!!!^r ^;!^;'?'"''!"- «*''»w the JoKKins section in the axiaJ region of 2m; ^0 fi» f '♦"^^'•""""n'- near Minudie. there may be seen at low tide wiTl^ 1 ^^^ "'2 7 '""'■.'' "^ '''"•■'' »»"'• nodular limestone, associated with red and green shales and calcareous sandstones. The calcareous beds M sLsiS\i""^ri:'"*'*V° ^^'^^ 1 't "PP*"- h"-«tone at Sso , o Mississippian age The extension of these beds at Nannan and across the bay in New Brunswick is associated with a thick zTne of gypsur hut this nimera is concealed in the low area below the JoLins seX^' i''2 OOrfSwn r "''r^r ^^^^ ''1"'^'''>- '"-'""« bedst'^^.ereTe upwards of 2,000 feet^(falOm.) of barren, brick-red, arenaceous and arKiUaceous shales of which the upper 96H feet (299.4 m.) are well exposed at the base of the JogRins .section. These soft, red beds under He a^S of low country about 2j miles (4 • 2 km.) in wi.lth, striking "n an ^er ? irect^Ton from Cumberland bay to River Hebert. The shales con tahi abundant flakes of mica an. from their rippled, mud-oracke,l, amrcVoss Sded character are be leved to be the deposits of a receding Missis" ppian sea an are hence included in the Windsor formation." '««'PPian sea and Millstone Grit Series. An erosional unconformity occurs between the Windsor and Millstone Grit series, and the actual overlap of the b^..al conglomerate is exS along the shore for half a mile eastwards from Grindstone pc^Lt'^^e underlymg rocks are overturned and dip south, whereas th^overlving beds dip north, forming nearly right angled unconformity. The MHIstonf Grit 18 composed of a ba^al member of the same horizon, priSaX reddish brown in colour, of which 785 feet thickness is e.x?re7west S Garvois pomt, and a continuation of the same basal phase 725 feeT thick IS exposed at Malagash pomt. The basal member is composed of heavv ^<«tf«^ i'""*'"™'''"^*'' nterbedded with sandstone and shale the upper 5W) feet being composed almost entirely of shale. The overlying sedimenL are more variable in character, and include heavy-bedded, Krevfsh™? sandstone, interbedded with brown and green shale and indstone with recurrent coarser grit and conglomerate b^ds. Three beds of blue Um^srone barren of fossils also characterize the sediments exposed 0^^^ iTb „T .Z^f'^r'Tf',!?" tt^' whole series is well el^osed on the south h" totaUhiSnlrlf /;?■ ^^' ^'^"""^ ^^"^r^ *«P *"•« """^e'^led so that the^total thickness of the series is greater than the 2,525 feet exposed at 'Geol. Surv., Can., Guide Book No. 1, pt. 11, pp, 331-2. 11 MtUaKAHh point. W. A. Bell' givw a thicknoM of 4,583 fort mcaxureil nt Jongins. Thin coal Booms and lontirtilar, lK>(l(leer. No workable coal seanin are exposed and attenipta made to recover the copper have been without Buccefw. The copper occurs as minerals resembling chalcocitc and bomite associated with plant remains in fine-grained calcareous conglomerates. The productive coal measures are absent in this district, and as their place probably lies above the Millstone drit series it is pos.sible that th(jy may have been originally deposited but carried away by erosion along anticlinal folds before the deposition of the New Glasgow feric! . They may still be present in synclinal folds of the Pennsylvanian system, lying beneath the cover of the New (ilasgow series. AVuJ Ci'lasgow Series. The age of the New Glasgow aeries is not definitely established, but the rocks composing it are easily distinguishable from the underlying series by their characteristic colour, and a discushion of stratigraphy and correlation is not necessary in this report. The rocks are an intcrbedded brown and greenish-grey conglomerate, arkose sandstone and shale alterna- ting recurrently. The dominant colour is characteristically a brighter reddish brown than that of the older rocks. The measures are exposed along the north shore, west of the Stake road and along the south shore, west of the mouth of Golden brook. An erosional unconformity appears to separate the Millstone Grit from the overlying series and this may represent a time gap during which the productive coal measures were removed by erosion along anticlinal folds. Conclusions regarding the original distribution of the productive coal measures will be better arrived at by stratigraphical and palieoiito- iogical study in the field. The three series of rocks extend from Cobequid mountains northward to Northumberland strait, the Windsor and Millstone Grit coming to the surface along the axes of anticlinal folds. The Windsor series, in which the salt is found, appears to extend almost continuously, a.s a rmrrow band, from Malagash point westward to Cumberland basin. It is prob- able that the salt strata accompany gypsum beds, and as outcrops of gypsum are found at various places along the axis of the Clairmont anti- clinal, salt may occur in other localities than Malagash. STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY. The Windsor series has suffered intense folding and faulting. The strata along the shore north of the salt deposit dip southward, but are overturned, and higher strata in the scries outcrop to the north beneath Northumberland strait. If the structure continues uniformly, about 650 feet of strata intervene between the coast and the salt deposit, and the strata lie on the north limb of an anticlinal axis. The heavy-bedded sandstonap exposed along the coast north of the shaft are crumpled and ■Geol. Surv., Can., Guide Book No. 1, pt, II, pp. 331-3. la .sliiittcriMl HH thdiiKli iyi^K »cur the nxw of u fold, a Hynrliiml to the north, ur uii uiiticliiial to the south. Th<> rockH htifTcriMl Kiiffioictit (li'fornmtion at the floiic of MixHiiwippiun time to cnuHe the Htriita to uHHunie a verliral attitude tx'fore the deixwition of the Millxtone (irit Heries in Pennnylvanian time. lU'fore the de|H)Hitioii of the New (ilaHgow M'riej«, both the Windm>r uml MillHtone (i.it serioM were folded and erode*!. Hulweciuent to the di'iMwition of the Xcw (JIuHgow wricH all thrw, each roniprixinK .several thiiuHandx of feet thiekneiw of deformed titruta, were folded toKether until the youuKeKt inenther lies in hroad, open foldi* locally thriwt into steeply dippiuK attitudes. It is impoHHible to reeouHtruct and repreitent the coniplicuted Mirueture of the Windttor MerieH, exeept where rimwI expoMUres may he earefully studied. ()|M'n fuldinn I'U" ''«'•> Huperini|X)wd on the already highly folded older Herieu; various horizons in the older series muv, therefore, have heen hroudht to the surface alonn the anticlinal axes and not necessurilv the lower measure.'*, even thouffh an anticlii »1 form may have hit-n induceil U|K)n previous folds of the older rocks. The salt strata were formed by evaporation of sea water in isolated luKoons and probably overlie limestone and |i.vpsum measures which occur in the lower part of the Windsor series. The Kyp^um and salt may recur rhythmically interbedded, as do the limestone pnd gypsum on Smith island, Inverness county. The Malagash salt horizon lies along the axis of an anticlinal fold, and may, therefore, l>c crumpled locally and perhaps thickened by isoclinal folding and duplication of its strata. It is impossible to state positively whether the salt strata continue to great depths with the attitude fomu, m the mine workings or are folded so as to retain a more shallow position; but they probably continue with local crumpling for several hundrctl feet at least and, as far as mining operations are concerned, no immediate ilifficulty may be looked for regarding depth. Along the strike, two important sets of faults or zones of faulting traverse the rocks exposed along the shore. Their extension inland is unknown since rock outcrops are wanting, but if these faults are ever met in the mine they should be easily recognized. A« indicated on the hiaps one fault may cut the deposit about 500 feet east, and the other over 3.000 feet west, of the present workings, so that they need occasion no immediate concern at the mine. The displacement of the salt horizon along the fault west of the shaft may be referred to in greater detail since the amount of the throw of the fault west of the shaft is fairly well indicated. A zone of faulting occurs within a distance of 100 yards west of the mouth of the !;trcam flowing through the farm of Henry Porteous, al)out thrcHj-tiuarters of a mile we.-*t of the shaft, measured along the road. The fault strikes magnetic south, f id the direction of throw, as indicated by slickensiding, is vertical antl dips to the west. The base of the Millstone Grit is considered to occur about 1,500 feet south of the shore-line, as indicated by the presence on the shore of about 1,000 feet of exposed strata belonging to a horizon above the conglomerate. The imderlying Windsor series should also be dislocated and if the salt strata continue to dip southerly, the downthrow to the west would cause this horizon to be thrown north. Horizontal displacement, if any, would IS u|>|>car > l>p MMithwanl on tin- went suW nml r(iii>«'<|i»'ntl.v winiltl tcml lo l»riii(t lii-loratrd shU ntruMi m'arrr tiiKrtlu'i' i»t the fault. OwiiiK lo the lack of outiropH and tin- coiiiMKiiHMit iinii'ilainly n-uanl- iiiK '!•<' Ktiiictiiic the liPint pi(M)f of fhi' |Mwilioii of llic suit is to Ix* ol)tairic>- drilling, and this position west of the faidt, dotorniinctl by such inctliodH, apnciirs to be a |M>inl bctwtHMi :i,(K)() and 4.(HM) feet north of the forks of the Stake and North Shor<' roads, neur the head of Hoss brook. 1)HI!,L HKCOKDS AND MlMN(i. UHIU. lUU'OKP- diatnoiid-drill iHirtnit, all the holes, a churn drill. No sanipli's of the With the exception of No. .'), a Hcventeen in number, were sunk by drilliuKs were taken, and the twelve records (liven below are copies of thf driller's logs. The positions of the drill holes are indicated on the map and s<>ction by correHfiondinK numb(>rs. Number of hole. Uypmuii . 4. ."i. (i Salt. . . Salt... Brine. , <'h»rBftcr of rock. Thivkiiiiw. KtTt. Brine.. Karth . Earth Hard, flinty rock... . Soft, red rock Hard rock Red clay and gruvel (No doaeription).. . . ("lay, bluisn-grey. . . (No description) . . . Hard stone Salt Earth Hard, red rock Soft, red rock with bands of hard red ',i to 4 inches thick. Hard, red rock . Surface Hard rock lied I'ay Ht'd, lianl ruck. (ireVi soft rock.. 10 25 3 .57 4(1 2ti .W 10 IS 1 22 ti 19 12 :s ."i I lu Total de;)th, Fe«'t. 70 Mo i:io H,5 2S H.'i 12.5 2ti ,S4 04 112 ii:i 1711 75 94 12 1.5 20 21 Uemarks. Struck brine at 70 feet atid stopiMid. Reconl incomplete, remis 2.5 feet earth, at from («)-70 'f<'t._ Struck rypsimi, ut H.5 feet encountered salt. Through salt to VM). Struck brine at S.5 feet, nloppeil at H7 feet. Possiblv a boiililcr. ."Stream of w.'iter at tl5 feet 10(123-3 li NimilHTof bole. to II. M. Clinriki'ltY irf riM'k. (irry, ««>(l nirk Huril riM'k Pliuilrr riM'li. . . llrnvfl Hlrt'itk I'liwlrr riMk. Hnli Miwl tlHril riH-k rtii'l riMk Iliinl rnrk \Vlij|iru;k lliiril rix'k Kol riM'k Wtiiti' riirk Blur riH'k HM riiok Salt Muil lliiril rtwk Clay IMBi«t H2 INI ■ill nil :» ii:i III 12:1 12 12 I't 7 2(1 711 INI 11 no 2>' 124 .siiiiln.'HTiiiy. IK l.x 111 :i7 11 4f* :ui 7S 1 yi Ml i»2 •Jtl 112 III 122 1) I2S 12 12 1 la 31 47 2 4'i 4» !IM Willi liiinl IuiihIh, 12 12 1 li HI III 2'.l Id :hi 111 411 Hi r..-i t Oil .Stn-am of mih watrr ill tliis liolc, but drptli not iiidicat.iHl. MINE WtlUKINGS. On accoiiiit <' t;.. loii-<('lv cotisolidiitcd coiKlitioii ii«, in churKi- of iJu- ^iiikiiiir, in bh li»U»; Itcil iiitMl ttiiil liMw rix'k ■>(»- 'ut \Uti riM'k Ty, '.,, < irli ||>'j)Mf.'rmw ?nirk .■ • ■ ; ■ i -.ii -a Itnikcti liny nxk* "f il»rk gr.y, yill..», iiii.l riirk itri'v tiiiiii-r Jul. . , w-." iili Siili mill nrry mati-riiil iiiIitI>iiii.I''iirr wliili'-rilt ^.i i." Thf iliirk Krry iiiiliiiul at 711 (<> >*.'> iV.-t ilfplli. ivst-iiililrs ihr niiilfrial itllrlhuiiilfil \yifll'»ll»- r-llll lUlil -llKKrHlH ;i li'^iillllll Hiilimilllll Inn iIlK' to I IH' solution of !i coni^iflfnil.lc tliirkn.sH of tin- fornicr upwanl lontiniiation of tln' salt aiuln, wliifli ilip "' anuli's vnryinn from 2') ili'uriT* to tlic >oiitli to W) dfgri'i'H til tin; north. , , , „ .■ i Till- M.li.iienti oviTlyinu tin- ^iilt ari' ilc^trilifil a- tlat-lMiiu ami Muni'whut l.rokcn. ^uuKtMinn ^lunipinn of nypMlVroii-. to.kM ov.'rlyiim or int.-rlK'«l(l<'.l with th.- -alt strata. 'I'hc upiM-r -.iirfa.-f ol tli<- salt >trMta whcrt- iiiM'owrrd in the .xhaft is «lfs«ril>o.l a- a niooth. hori/oiital planr and tlif nearly ximilur ilipth* at which l>rini' was ol.taiiuil in ih'- borings IcuVfH little (lo»l)t tiiat thf oiitirop a^ a whole is rnluif.l to a marly uni- form ih'pth. To the north of the l.rine ana the roniinmutoft . ureenisli- white roek, the exaet ehanuter of which is not kr.own. A diamoiid-ilrill hole placed at the north face of the un.h-rground workiiiKs in the mine was commenced in I'eliruary, lit^O. Ihe lujle is lUit— just holding water— aiul as the strata have a north vertical dip at this point, the thicknesses recorded are nearly aiiproximate to the acttu.. thicknesses of the beds. A partial record of the b.,rinK I'cbruary 2i , 1020, is as follows; Kr,,,,, To: Level now exp)sed 4 feet, inches, average S-H (MT cent KjO. Ft. in. I'l iii. '''•'"»• , , I __ 17 (i -! 17 t) Dirty salt, potash zone. 17 (•; _ ;{«J = 21 White salt, clean as per sample. 39 _- 42 = H (liey salt. 42 — 4H = ^ White salt and ({yi»- sum. 48 __ 4t> = ;{ Red salt. ^Q __ 5« = 7 White salt, clean. E(i 5^ = 2 Hoddish salt. Hs - 60 = 2 White salt. (Hole to no .1 further 7a feet to 100 feet.) Pure salt occurs on either side of the i)ota.sh zone and the bed 21 feet 6 inches thick on the north side promises to produce :i superior nin-of- mine salt. The sainplq mentioned in the above record is composed of translncptit crv«t't!s with h faint pinkish shade. 16 17 inCKKUKNCKS TO SALT SIMUNGS IN NOVA SCOTIA AND XKW BKINSWICK. Till' locations of tlie inoif iinjMjitiint spiiajts arc iiiilicHlcil on Figure I, and a suninuiry of descriptions by various observers follows: NOVA SCOTIA. St. Patrick Channel, Victoria County. Charles Kobl)' describes a spriiij? situated on the northwest shore of St. Patrick channel as follows: •'The brine springs referred to appear to issue from rocks lying towards the base of the Lower Carboniferous formation, and are situated on the north side of the I,ittle Narrows of Bras d'Or lake, V)etween the shore and the road, about 12 miles southwest of Haddeck, on land belonging to John Watson, miller. H(>re several sidine springs of more or less strength occur in close proximity over an area of about 12 acres of flat, marshy land. Afuch hydratcd peroxide of iron is deposited in the water coui-ses, the odour of sulphiiretteil hydrogen pervades the atmosphere in the vicinity, and the vegetation is destroyed arouiul all the springs. The strongest spring, from which al)out a gallon was taken for analysis, appeared to me to discharge from 1(K) to 2(M) gallons per minute. It was stated that by evaporating in two comHH)ti iron pots, each containing about .i gallons, from 2 to .i bushels of salt were niaile i)er day. I was further informed that it had beiMi proj'o^t'd numy years ago to establish works for the mamifacture of salt at this place, and that machinery had actually been ordered for that jjuriuise, but I am not aware for what reasons the under- taking was abandoned. The following are the results of an exatnination, t)v Mr. Christian Hoffnumn, of the sample referred to above: 'When received the brine had a brownish tinge, due to susjK'nded ferric hvdrate, which, after the watei- had i)eeii staniling for some time, settled (lown as a reddish-brown sediment, leaving the supernatant liquor perfectly i)right and colourless; this had a pure saline taste and was perfectly neutral: boiling caused a deposition of sulphate of calcium. The specific gravity was 1()1:M. (Based on unit of 1(KK)J. 'The filtered brine contaiiunl in l.OOO parts: Sodium »;|'>V?;« I'otiissiuiii '.'■ ll;''' <;alciiun IJ;7 « MiigiiPHUim uiiim "" J^'^ Chloride luimnotiiiuii t «ain Sulphate of ciilcium 5-t)8Iu .\1uniiiiii ' riices. Silica tr. aceB. 66-7226 'Oeol. 8urv.. ("»n., Kept, of I'roijroas 187:) 74, pp isil 2X1. Sre hUu N.S. Ueol. Map No. IS. r, [ -1 1 I 18 'Tlic suspciulcd matter for l.lMX) parts of the lirino amounted to 0-0068 iiiid this eontuiiieci 00()54 of fenie oxide which Imd, in all probability, at one time en.ered into the composition of the brine as ferrous carbon- ate.' " Auliyonixh, Antiyotiixh Couittij. Htigh Fletcher' describes the salt springs, as follows: "Salt springs and poiuls are found everywhere in the neighbourhood of the gypsum, as at Ponupiet, and South River, Brierly Brook, Addington Forks, aiul other places. Salt was nm-inch i)on'iiolc. lined with iron tubing, being driven through a considerai)le thickness of soil and day, then tlirough a thick l>and of gy|»sinn into samlstones, without finding any indication of brine; so that further operations in this locality were abandoned. Encouraged by indications of salt water and salt on the sini'ai'c. where the railway statioii now stands, a second borehole was put down here; and a H-incli cii i-non ))ipe sunk through Iti feet of gravel full of weak surfaci brine. The augi'r then i)as.sed through red, l)lue, and brown mail. \yit!. thin bands of fibrous gypsum; then through seveial layers of magnesium sandstoiu', striking a bed of gy|)sum 141 feet from the sur' After penetrating 18 feet into the gypsum, there wa: liow of imre, strong, limpid brine from a clef't, which flowed nearly to the surface, could onlv be lowered a few feet by pumping, and discharged a large volume of sulphuretted hydrogen gas. A steam engine was "erected for pumping, and furnaces, tanks, and evaporating pans of large dimensions constructed f(»r the jiroduction of salt. After the manufactmc of a con- siderable .iuantity of salt, the strength of the brine became very much 1 educed." Another boichole was accordingly put through "clays to a depth of ().")() feet, but finding no indications of brine, that of the other boring being too weak for use, and the working capital exhausted, the V ik was abandoned." Salt springs occiu- also at Springhill, Cumberland county, ("heverie, Hants county, and other localities.' Sir J. W. Dawson* describes occurrences of brine springs as follows: "Brine springs issue from the Lower Carboniferous rocks in several parts of Nova Scotia. In the district now imder consideration they are found at Walton in Hants cotmty. A spe<'imen analysed by Professor How gave, in the imperial gallon of water: Grains. Chloride of wxliiun, or coiiunon salt 787-11 Sulphate of hiiu- *?l'r] Carbonatp of lime lu ( Chloride of ma(fnrsiuiii 4-48 Carbonati' of mikuncsia, carboiialc of iron, and ph(wphoric acid traces. ■ %7-4S iQeol. Surv..Ciiii.. vol. II, ISNi. p.lJU'. S«e also N'.S. Geol. Map No. :14. , „ , ,.. -i Hieuier's ■tieolog.v." p. 92; How's "Mineralogj- of -Nova .Sootia." p. U.i; rran.". Nat. Sc., vol. 1\, p. .4: "AfAtlian iteoiogv," p. 350; Report of CommiMioner of Minea for 1874, p. 58. 'HsyKurd, A. A., Jour, of the .Min. Soc. of \ova Srotia., vol. XI, pp. 112, US. < ■•Araw the highway bridg»> at Dunmaglass post office. The writer spent half a day examining the locality. A sample of the brine was examined in the lai)oratr)ry of the fleoh)- gical Survey by H. W Ellsworth, assistant mineralogist, who reported as follows: "The salt sample from boiling down of spring water is cliieHy sodium chloride or common salt, l)Ut there is also considerable calcium present, some sulphates, and a small amount of potash. The water is heavily charged with the same salts." The brine rises through the shattered rocks along a fault .separating the .lames River' foiination of the Ordovician system to the southeast, from the Knoydart formation of the Devonian? syst<'ni to the northwest. The soiu'ce of the brine is not kno' n. The Maple Mountain Salt Mining Company, organized to prospect this district, for salt, conunenced drilhng in July, 1919. Two shallow hole.s, Imred at the lower sp''iiig, j>enetrated to syenite probably iiitrusive into the Ordovician sediments. \ boring was then couunenced one- quarter of a mile farther down stream to the northwest and penetrated the red beds of the Knoydart formation to ii depth of 6'2t( feet, without cutting salt strata. It is conceivable that a salt horizon may exist in the Silurian rocks of Xova Scotia, possibly in a horizon uiulerlying the Knoydart formation, and the resuHs of a deep boring at Duiunaglass are await eu — ith interest. The important salt deposits of Ontario occur in the Sahiui formation of the Silurian system, and it is interesting to note that salt springs hi Nova Scotia are associated with rocks of approximately the same age. No exact correlation of the Nova Scotia and Ontario Sihuian has been made, as the faunas belong to ilifferent provinces. Fletcher' noted the occtirrerri- i f salt springs at the above-mentioned localities in the following words: "A mineral spring much resorted to, occurs on DonaUl Mcllachern's land in the hollow near Duiunaglass iwst office; the water has not been analysed. "Sprhigs, probably of similar composition andgrcatly relished by cattle, are fomid on Barney river at Avondale and u. the mouth of liear brook, oozing from pre-( "arboniferous rocks." Avondale. A salt spring occurs opposite Avondale station on the Canadian National railway on th(! north bank of Barney ri%'er in a small brook valley, issuing from fossiliferous limestone (bought by TwenhofeF to bethe basal portion of the Ross Brook formation of the Siluiuan system. ■WiUianu, M. Y., Geol. Surr.. Coa., Mem. 60. •Fletcher, Hugh, Geol. Surv., Can., vol. II, ISM, p. 106P. •Timhoitl. \V. H., Geol. Surv., Can., Guide Buck No. 1, pt. II, p. 31S. 20 NKW BIlt'NSWirK. Sussex, Kings County. Baile.v' describes the history of (lie salt. industry at PUimweseep, 6 miles north of Sussex, as follows: "As nearlv as ran be ascertained, the first operations for the manu- facture of salt' near Sussex were begun fully one hundred years ago, the quantity man\ifactured being, however, but small, very variable in amount, and emploved wholly for local consumption. A similar description, would, to a large extent, apply to more recent undertakings in the same direction. The present proprietor (Mr. Geo. N. Hendricks) commenced work in 1887, since which time, on an average, about IfjO barrels of salt per year have been made, each barrel holding four bushels. During the year 1897, 140 barrels were made, at a cost of about $2 per barrel. The salt is sold for $3 per barrel, and is especially esteen.ed for table and dairy use." This locality was visited by the writer in September, 1919. Brine was found to issue from five natural springs and one borehole, all situate 'm the stand pipe of the bor ;hole was sent '-> the Mines Branch, Ottawa, for analysis. The following resuH'- ^re obtained by a partial analysis of the sample submitted^ : 1. Colourk'Sb, odmulcs.''. 2. Twte— saline (salty). 5. Reftcion— ^ receivitl, iieulnil; upon fvaporation to small voliinip, very faintly alkaline. 4. Specific gravity at l.">j° C— 1-04. 6. Suspended matter— a very small quantity, light and flocoulent in chiiruclor. 1,000 parts by weight of fikcreepo« ts 64 feet; (2) gypsum, 21 feet; (3) sandstone, 15 feet; (4) gypsum, 220 f.-et, (5) sandstone, 10 feet. The pre-(^arboniferous rocks were apparently ""* 'ATthe'beds here are nearly vertical, the above ineasuremeiits do not represent the actual thickness of the several deposits. The results of an analysis made in the laboratory of the (.eological '"""It^rfouK^-ontain a small quantity of brcnvnHocculent organic, matter in suspension. This was removed by filtration l«'aving the water clear and colourless. Specific gravity at 15-5 degrees . 1018-5 (based on unit of 1,000). It contained in 1,000 parts by weight: Fot»«a ScmIu \i\me. ... . Mapiofia Snlphiri(^ wid. ('hlorini' .. UfiH oxyncii cciiiiviilfiil to cliloriiuv 177 • 54P 11 a •25 '^23 2-564 22ti"i'.» H ypoUu-lioal combination : Chloride of pota.-wium Chloridp siKliuni. Cliloriilo nm(?mtsia. 'total dis«olv.<.l matter, by direet experiment dri.-d at IHO d.;gree« C, 22- .•Vn imperial (.allon of water at 15 -S degrees C, would contain. Chloride of .HUasMiimi Ohlori.le s,.,i;i..:- Chloride maKiiesiiuu. Sulphate of lime. Sulphate nuignesia . . 0- 2!?() IS- 145 3i:j 3-7tl2 15!) 22 05. ti.-.i) tirains 19 3 1,2•> ■.Wh 2()S 212 11 •33t> ^ 1,()15 474 ■G«ol. Surv., Cun., vol. VIII. 1895, p. -C-JS.V iGeol. Surv.. Can., vol. VII, l|i«4, pp. 54-SaR. I00i:i :( 22 lieniicl lirook near FetttaxHac, Wehlmorland ('outuy. ii. ChalmprK' roporfs a salt spring which has not been utilized. Tobiquc River, Victoria County. Salt Hprinxs are noted hy K, 1). Inpiall* to occur, but no detailed description is given. In a report l>y L. W. Hailcy* and Wni. AIcIniieH an occurrence of Kypsuni, 25 miles up Tobiquc river from its confluence with Bt. John river, is describe'l>lH t Addiniitun Korks IH Allx.-rt wrics ■£> .XnalyMOH H, 17, IS. 21 AntiKuni:
  • IJrierly brook l,s Brim- NprinKs. See Salt F'prinKK. Canada, salt statistics 2 CarbonifeniUK liincstone. See Wind- .-or serieH. Cedar Camp crei'k 22 (Chalmers, K 21 ChaiiiberH, A. R 1 Cheverie IK {'hittick Bros 20 Clairmont anticline 2, 11 Clarke, C. W 1 Coal II ('obeijuid mountains 11 Cod fiHh, salt for .i Cole, L. H 2. S ( "onclusions 4 Conulomeratc ti. S. 10 ( 'opper II ('uniberland basin . 10, II CO., N.S 2, -.i. IH I)a«-8on, Sir J. W is, 20 Deacon, J IN Drill re<'ords i;{- 1,") DutunaglasH 19 Kluin 22 Klls, R. \V 2 KUsworth, H. V it, 19 Taulta, Malagasli salt mines 4. 12 Fisliinn indu.itry, salt for ;i Fletcher, H 2. IS. 19 Fossila ti Foster, D. I) I (iarvois point . . 10 Ceologj- ,", 12 ( iesner, A 2 (ilaciation .5 ( lolden brook 4 , 11 Grindstone point 10 (lUllollS, .\ li>iwum ti, 10, 11. 12, l.s. Halite 4, Hants CO Uarlinii iititta , Hendrick.'', (i. X Hind, H. V ;,.. History HotTmann, C How, I'rof InRall, K. D Inverness co •lames River formation JoKicins, N.S Kindle, i;,M Kings I'o., X.B Knoydart brook ' . fonnation Limestone, Carboniferous. Sn Windsor .series. I.itliium Little N'arrows. Lower Carboniferous. Sei Mi»sis- sippian. Mclyiclicrn, I) McK.iv, (1. \V McKiel, II. \V McLeish. .? Manuire, .Sjr .\ MahiKasli [siint 2, 4. .'>. salt mine, notes ;t, Maple Mountain .Salt MiniuK Co Markets for .salt Marklutinville. MilMone (Irit ."i, (i, ,s. 10, .\linudie, N.S Missi.ssippian. 1,4. ti, .s, 10, Muriate of nnda Murray, 1' .\a|)pan New Brunswick salt springs . 2 , 4 , ■20, New (Ua.'ijow series ll, Newfoundland, salt for North Shore, X..S Northumberland strait 2, "> Norton Nova Scotia, .salt springs. .2, 4, Nova Scotia Salt Works and 1\ ploration Co Ontario, salt I'eniisylvanian ti. S, I'emiian I'etitcodiac I'hysiography I'luniwese«'p Hom<|Uct, N'..s ^ . Potash 1' \i,i. >*, V, 10. >>'} li. 10 IH 6 2U •a 1 17 is. 19 •£i 12 tl» 10 tt •JO 1» 19 20 17 19 1 1 •> :< 10, 11 4. 14 19 11. i: to 19 1 10 21, .).> 11. 12 :{ 1 I>. 11 17. 19 IS 19 II. 12 .■) '>•> 4 •JO IS 4 , it ^'1 M Pai'E Prifw of i»»lt Pro* Springhill. N.H J* Stake road -V }• Sta-oxfurt, (■emiaay 4. 10 Stratigraphy -■■^. ' Su«ex. rl.B aO. 3J, 32 Sylvite 4. ». 10 Tatamagouohe bay ,?• », Tobiquc river '*• ■ ** Topogra|)hy J Town point ■ • }•* Twenhofel, W. H „, 10 Ipham, N.B 21. K Victoria CO., N.B ** Victoria co., N.S 17 Wade brook < Wallacf, N.S -J ridge * river 7 Walton, N.S J| Watwrn, J »J Waiigh inland * Westmorland co 2* Windsor Kerieii . 1. S. ft. S, 10. 11, 12. 22 Wright, VVJ 22 V 5 X- 1 ^ (T^ § i is - .S :■ UJ > «^ I ^ /=•« <« -I . 2^t2 '^ < - '^' R ■i»-m.-i uJ f j •I X. __1. J^ I ir, I , I i ■■) ■J ■ oL..a -tf i i 15* - Je -#- ^-\ u. SmsUoii ttlond l|M4d LEGEND PCNNtYLVANIAN (MtLLSTONE (3»IT) B4Mfa^>rk I'lmcettltfcl lain br *i*h MississippiAN ; (WINDSOR) ' ■MKiruck uxposed HotircM^ ccmceoled Symbols I 1 J. U ..ii i i.'i liflt" liiuH' 3 I '""Rmiir »>• i I Dip and utrikfi I ■*'** 1 Dip ami atrike Rariiaatal alraU ~! Drin hoi* /— IKrtrtJi* i H t I "Bfffll Coniouf* Ij s r R A I "^ Fublk-atiou \<> 1797 H SALT DISTRICT, CUMBERLAND COUNTY, NOVA SCOTIA c «8'»' 4-^ 'y— J >,', ' . ' f.-V ■"■'■■ "- , ,,,■,.■■ ■-, SU-urluraJ S«M-lioii lk(;kni) ( ( L i 1 I? BedriMTk ront'enJed Bedrock concealt-d Salt ntralA ri>n«'(*aled by ove^tyIn^ »trHta itnd bil Bedr^MT-k expcmfd f i/jrftv>Jtt, nme»t-mr ^hiiir I CI ' Svnib«»U i!euloi{i<'tti btSii-iil b«»uii«Iiu-v Ikult Fhult ' Dip and strike Iti|i and sti*ikc HtKiztiiital strata Vertical strata irlarial stri^ : © : Kossil lorality □ Limestone [> '] Gypsum 9 ] < «pper (" OS^'iH'tal, fityth/rtipher iinti Chirf' Prvuffh/Jiman .M)F«rI'fli|. DT-nufftuamoA MALAGASH Jh >trcftnt>un.y Xefn^rt h\- A^>Hnyt^ ' .__*._ rftaMi*riAl MMa Hfpartnifut ariHhws CeOLOGICAL SURVEY i II "3 * .5 paJ S«M-tioii aloiili hH' ■\ii t Strurtural Section al3 1^ OUTLINE M-l Mnlat-nsh I** FUMk-aUoii No IT GASH PENINSULA. CUMBERLAND COUNTY, NOVA SCOTIA Scafe uf Mile* ^ (i_ ^ ij « _i, — — • '