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EXHIBITION CIBCTJLAX VO. 9. 
 
 DOMINION OF CANADA. 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 EZPE&IMEHTAL FABMS. 
 
 J. H. GRI80ALE, B. Acr., 
 
 Director, 
 
 O. C. WHITE, B.8.A., 
 Attittant Dominion Field Hutbaidman. 
 
 OmsiOH OF FIEIJ> HVIBAHDBT. 
 
 CROP ROTATIONS 
 
 ruB 
 
 CENTRAL AND EASTERN CANADA. 
 
 O. C. WiiiiK, B.R.A. 
 
 CHOP ROTATIONS FOR CENTRA! AND EASTERN CANADA. 
 
 What is meant hy rotation of eropsf 
 
 ■ I l! •'* V '■"''"'" ''"''"1" «"«^»i<"' of orops so arranKe<l that, after each, the land 
 m left in the beat pomible condition to rccoivc the crop which follows. 
 
 Why dortthf order in which rrop, follow -ach ether make a great difference in lh» 
 yulda from year to yearf 
 
 1. Becaiiiw different plants have different manurial re<]ii imnts 
 
 2. Because plants vary in their power to abstract certain foods from the soil 
 a. Hwauae all plants do not feed to the aanic depth in the noil. 
 
 4. Because all plants are not alike in the rc>i<liies they leave ImIiIiuI. 
 «. Because sone plants tend to produce bettor tilth than iitli.rs. 
 fl. Rnsause planto vary in their resistance power to bacterinl '„i,d funirus dis- 
 I noes and to insect enemies. 
 
 What are the requirementi, of any rotation before U ma,i he considered tuitahlet 
 
 1. It must supply the crops needed in the proper proportions. 
 
 2. It raust be so constituted that wwhIs cnii be kept under control. 
 :i. It must yiehl a reasonable net profit. 
 
 4. It mmi, uniK-r properly re(nilHie<l trcntment, raniiitiiin w.il fortuity. 
 
 It ;,« nhould every farmer place hi» farm under »ome definite *w,,7fm of croppino or 
 in other word». aiiopl a rotation of eropi^f ' 
 
 1. BecauM) it will increase crop yields and net profits. 
 
 2. Because the cost of fencinif. on fart..« where live stock is kept, would be 
 
 ma ..r.nlly rwiuced. «.n t would »h^ necc-nry to fence off only three, fo.ir or flv^ 
 
 tuM- iiisten.l of ten or twelve ax is often done. 
 
8 Because larger machinery could be used. Where fields are fewer they must be 
 larger, and large fields lend themselves better than small ones to the use of larg.- 
 machinery which lowera cost of production. 
 
 i. Because all cultural operation* of one kind would be in one «eld, thus lowering 
 the cost by reducing the travelling necessary from one small field to another. 
 
 5 Because every field would receive, at regular intervals, its fair proportion ot 
 manure. No field would therefore be favoured to the disadvantage of the rest of 
 the farm, and the whole farm would always be kept up te iU highest producing pos 
 sibilities. 
 
 The following rotations, designed to meet the needs of the mixed farmer, are 
 likely to prove satisfactory. Choose the one that appears most suitable to your 
 requirements, apply it to your farm, regulate yeur cultural operations as called for. 
 and observe critically the results. 
 
 RoTATioH "T" (three years' dnralion). 
 
 First year.— Hoed crop. For corn apply manure in winter or spring, at rate of 
 15 tons per acre and shallow plough shortly before planting time 
 turning under both clever sad manure. For roaU plough land 
 previous autumm. 
 
 Second year.— Grain. Seed down witfe 10 pounds reil clover, » fXHinds alsike, 
 pounds alfalfa and 6 pounds timathy per acre. 
 
 Third year.— Clover hay or ptstwre. Second crop of hay might be used for seo.l. 
 
 This rotation is well suited for intensive dairy farming where swling crop* are 
 used. It would be a most excellent rotation t» put into practice where suftcient rough 
 land was available to serve as pasturage. It is the roUtion that would supply the 
 proatcat amount of forage of the best descriptioa for dairying or beef production. It 
 is better suited for hesvy than for light soils. 
 
 RoTATio:* "F" (four yean' dtmlion). 
 
 First year.— Hoed crop. Apply manure at rate ot 20 tons per acre previous 
 ' autumn, winter or npring. 
 
 Second year.— drain. Swl down with W pminds red oloTer and « to 10 pounds 
 timothy per acre. 
 
 Third yoiir.— CliiTfT liny. Cut two ern»» if possible. Second crop might be nsed 
 for »evi\. 
 
 Fourth year.— Timothy liny or pasture. Plough field shallow in AugUMt, top 
 work nt intorvHls snd ridge up in autumn in preparation for 
 hoed crop. 
 
 This rotation is most sntisfnctorv from all stanHpointa, eaoept that it supplies 
 a rather HiniilU-r proportiim of grain than is often desired. Where live atook is the 
 mainstay of the farm this is. however, a very minor fault. 
 
 Whi^re prnoticilly the whole farm consists of arable land ander ciiltivBtion it will 
 be found much more profitable to sell or feed tHrttle during wmmer, in part at least, 
 rather than ilcpend upon pastu'o ' xclunivclv. 
 
 Whore possible t» grow cor, . > advantage, oitm casHaga will be found to he the 
 best fonigc for snmmer fwditig. When* no Mn is aviiilahle or where green forage h 
 preferred, a eombinntion of the three (Ind four-year rotation* will be found satisfar- 
 torv. The four-year rotation should indmle about tUree-fourtiis of the arable land 
 nnil ihe thre<-yei\r rotation the other fourth. 
 
The four-year rotation land would then provide forage for winter and spring, and 
 TtT ^°' 7""^ ""^ «""""«»• The three-year rotation land would supply fe«l for 
 
 dl^l t"f, ""^"°? "".^ " """" '"^""' °* P-'*"'^- ^ '^'-"^ «t the following 
 fhefl [ 'ndicate what might be the arrangement „. the fields and the croi^ 
 
 \!!TJ ^ '"•'* "* ° '^""^ ^""° "''«" in "Edition to orchards, gardens etT 
 
 be under the four-year rotation and would be cropped as indicated. Fields Tl, T2, 
 and 13 would be under the three-year rotation and would be cropped as indicated. 
 
 Rotation « A" (five years' duration). 
 
 First yeaf.-Hoed crop When com is the hoed crop use<l apply manure at rate 
 of 15 tons per acre and shallow plough shortly before planting 
 time, turning under both clover and manure. For roots plough 
 previous autumn. 
 
 Second yeai.-<3rain. Reed down with 8 pounds red clover, 2 pound, alsike and 
 n to 10 pounds timothy per nere. 
 
 Third year.-Olover hay. Cut two crops if possible. Top dress in autumn with 
 barnyard manure at rate of 10 ton.t per acre 
 
 Fourth yeai.-Timothy hay or pasture. Plough fiel.l .hallow in August top 
 work at intervals and ridge up in autumn in preparation for 
 grain. 
 
 Fifth year-Grain. Seed down with 10 pounds red clover per acre, which allow 
 to grow to *)e turned under following spring when the hoed crop 
 18 com. *^ 
 
 OttMwJ" wl"''"" *"'/.rr;',' "» «*'-^"™' ""« 0° the Central Expeimental Farm. 
 Ottawa When carefully followed, and when cultural operations are well perforZ 
 
 fi h o tie ll"! "' "^^1 '"" '""*'.°'- ""'' "'^•^ y" '''^ -- '-" niaintain^d C 
 
 t t ^ r ." '" '"^'^ ''"P- ^'^''•^^'^' '" «''*''"• ""'> fif'h in ''lover hay and one- 
 
 »""°*»'y f-'y "■• P""*""'- It Bupplies a relatively larger proportion of J^.i^^ 
 
 - U and hay than the ordinary three or four-course rotation, and for that reL^ 
 
 «ouW be preferable where considerable grain is called for. 
 
 ItoTATIov -B" (/ire .i/r>ir.s' durali'm,. 
 
 First year.-IIoed crop When corn is the l.oe.1 crop used ap,.ly manure at rate 
 of 15 tons per acre and shallow plough shortly before p|.,„ting 
 time turning under both clover nn.l innnure. For roots nlouirh 
 pn'vioHs autumn. ' '' 
 
 So..„„d year.-Orain. Se«I down with 10 p<.un.l. r..l clover. 2 poun.ls „l.iW „„,: 
 5 pounds timothy (n-r acre. T,,,, dress in nutwmi, with barn, 
 .vard manure at rate of 10 tons per acre. 
 
 Thin! year.-Clover hay^ Cut t.-o crops if p,.si.,le. .S..ond crop might be used 
 tor deed. I'loufrh Into autumn. 
 
 Fourth year.-(5r„in S.^d down with 10 ,„„.nds red clover, 9 pounds al.ike 
 and 5 pouiuN tiiiinrliy per nere. 
 
 Fifth year.-Cloven,a.v^ (-,.( ,«u ,:.oi« if po.mLIo. S.K..ond crop might be used 
 
rz - 11 Ko. 
 
 191« - Ccm - mmmrti. 
 mj - inin. 
 
 mt - nay - ohJrfly olortr. 
 1)1} - Har sr putur*. 
 int • Corn. 
 
 •ts. 
 
 li - 11 M. 
 
 mf - »r«»n, *n4*4 1» Cl«r»r, 
 
 14 tiKotIV 
 191) • ttf • tMttU elavtr. 
 m<t • Higr or Putur*. 
 191) - Crm - B«Bur«4> 
 int - »r»»«. 
 
 *to. 
 
 1012-CPm - miunir**. 
 191}-P»i t Oatt. 
 I71'»-Clr»er 4 Alfalfa 
 
 Paitura In fall> 
 1915-eom. 
 17U-P*aa » Oaca. 
 •to. 
 
 
 r» 
 
 • 11 M. 
 
 int - 
 
 Kf - 
 
 ahiafly alnrar. 
 
 1913 • 
 
 Itay or paitura. 
 
 IJIH- 
 
 Com 
 
 • unur««. 
 
 ins - 
 
 »raln 
 
 
 19U* 
 
 Dor - 
 
 ohUflj olwar. 
 •u. 
 
 
 
 
 tz - 5 a*. 
 1912-Paaa * 6ata. 
 1913-Clo»«r k Alfalfa paatura. 
 171VCom - aanurta. 
 191$-r*at » »•»•• 
 l9U-Cln*r * Alfulf*' 
 HO^ 
 
 TJ - J a». 
 
 191t-eir««r * Alfalfa paaUr*. 
 
 mj-CorB • oaimrt*. 
 
 19m-Pf»a 4 Oata.aood olo»«r 4 Alfalfa t 
 
 191S-Cli>r*r 4 Alfalfa: 
 
 19U-Coni. 
 
 ato. 
 
 ri - 11 ae. 
 
 1912 - Hay or p-.ttura. 
 191J - Com - niifMTti. 
 171>* - drain. 
 
 191$ • llv - etiixfly olovara 
 1714 - Kay '•r paaiur*. 
 eta. 
 
 1) a«. 
 Urufh Un« - Paatura. 
 
 D.— Hon* ntabU. K— Implamant ahad. K.— Cow barn, feed room and Moa. Q— Plf pen.. 
 
Though the arrangement is different, this rotation is very similar to " A " in the 
 relative amounts of the different crops it supplies. In " A " both clover and timothy 
 hay are provided whereas in " B " clover hay only is grown. " B " has maintained 
 crop yields, and has given profits equal to " A " in the tests so far conducted, but, as 
 indicated does not answer the purpose where a certain proportion of timothy hay it 
 called for. It can, however, be very easily extended into a six or seven-year rotation 
 to include timothy ha.v or pasture. 
 
 Rotation "L" (six years' duration). 
 
 First year. — Hoed crop. Apply manure at rate of 12 tons per acre previous 
 autumn, winter or cprinp. 
 
 Second year. — Grain. Seed down with 10 pounds red clover, 2 pounds alsike and 
 5 pounds timothy per acre. 
 
 Third year. — Clover hay. Cut two crops if possible. Second crop might be used 
 for seed, or for pasture if needed. Plough late autumn. 
 
 Fourth year. — Grain. Seed down with 8 pounds red clover, 2 pounds alsike and 
 8 to 10 pounds timothy per acre. Top dress in autumn with 
 barnyard manure at rate of 12 tons per acre. 
 
 Fifth year. — Clover hay. Cut two crops if possible. Second crop might be used 
 for seed or for pasture if needed. 
 
 Sixth year.— Timothy hay or pasture. Plough field shallow in August, top work 
 at intervals and ridge up in putumn in preparation for hoed 
 crop. 
 
 This rotation differs from " B " in that land is left in hay for two years instead 
 of one after seeding down with ' Fourth year.— Grain.' It is not likely to prove aa 
 profitable as the shorter ones mentioned above, but would swrve very well the farmer 
 who wished to change gradually from no pnrticiilnr rotation to a short one of proved 
 merit. 
 
 RijTAVION '■ I\ " (nix jtcarn' durnlinn) 
 
 First year. — Hoed crop. Apply manure previous .tumi 
 rate of 24 tons per acre. 
 
 Second year. — Grain. Seed down with 8 pounds nvl •■lo- rr 
 10 pounds timothy per acre. 
 
 Third year. — Clover bay. Cut two crops if po-sible, Secoi; 
 for seed. 
 
 Fourth .year. — Tin-.otliy hay or iwstnre. 
 
 Fifth year. — Pasture. 
 
 Sixth year. — Pasture. 
 
 %^T or spnng at 
 
 ■)unds alsik" nnd 
 
 -i;ht bo uaad 
 
 This ro;jition \% left too iiimiy consecutive ye.ir-i in hay nnd r-»t 
 favourably with such rotations ns " T." " F," " .\ " and " h." in t *»•• 
 pn)diicod per acre. b\it niiKht do fairly well where niununl labour \* ■.. 
 prm-liide the adoptiot' of :• sliorti-r :\\\'\ iM-tfcr one. 
 
 conipan* 
 ' for»r 
 
m 
 
 hi 
 
 Rotation " M " (seven years' duration). 
 
 First year. — Hue<i crop. Apply manure previous autumn, winter or spring nt 
 rate of 16 ton* per acre. 
 
 Second year. — Gram. Seed down with 8 pounds red cloTor, 2 pounds alsike and 
 S to 10 pounds timothy per acre. 
 
 Third year. — CloTer hay. Cut two crops if possible. Seconu crop might be used 
 for seed. , 
 
 Fourth year. — Timothy hay or pasture. Plough field shallow in August, top 
 work at intervals and ridge up late autumn in preparation for 
 grain. 
 
 Fifth year. — Grain. Seed down with 8 pounds red clover. 2 pounds alsike and 
 8 to 10 pounds timotKv per acre. Top dress in autumn with 
 barnyard manure at rate of 12 tcwis per acre. 
 
 Sixth year. — Clover lia.v. Cut two cro^ if possible. Second crop might be used 
 for seed. 
 
 Seventh year. — Timothy hay or pasture. Plough field fhnllow in August, top 
 work nt intervals and ridgu up late autumn in preparation for 
 hoed crop. 
 
 Pubilthad by crdar of Hon. MARTIN BURREUL, Minister of Agricu'tur*, Ottawa, Oni.