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GLASGOW: DAVID BRYCE, 101, BUCHANAN STREET. MDCCCXI.IX. \ .', '■ **i' . ■ . 1 OO'^^CN;'^ [Private — Not to be Rkimunted.] LETTER. My Lord Duke, Owing to the deep interest you take in the condition and prospects of the destitute unemployed Highland population, and the exertions you have already made on their behalf, I take the liberty of submitting to you the following plan for removing a large body of Highlanders from their present homes, to the colony of Upper Canada. In any scheme of emigration that has yet been tried, as a means of affording relief to destitute districts, and thus lessening pauperism, whether conducted and promoted by Government, or by private individuals, the principle has been to pay the passage of emigrants and their families from this country to one of our colonies, and on arrival at their destination, to give them either a small sum of money for their support until they find work; or to grant them a lot of wild land, and a year's provisions, besides some of the most necessary and simple agricultural implements. Such systems, though they have been but partially tried, involve a great expenditure of capital, about £80 * being required for settling each family, and this does not permit of their being generally adopted either by the Government or by private parties. Farther, the money so spent is sunk without the chance of recovering any returns, either directly or indirectly. • Vide Appendix, pages 220, 221 of first Report from the Select Committee of House of Commons on Emigration, Scotland, 20111 March, 1841. 4 i i uuvu .»ceu lutulv resident for a i)eriou ui uif^m years in Upper Canada, and during that time was engaged in reelaini- ing and bringing into cultivation the forest lands of that colony. Upon the information and experience thus acquired, I have founded a minute and carefully-considered series of calculations and details for a well-organised and extensive scheme of emigration, applicable to the Highlands and the distressed districts of Ireland. In this scheme, the principle of action is quite different from any plan I have yet heard of, or seen tried. By it every destitute family will be enabled and obliged ultimately to bear the cost of their own voluntary removal from this country to America. Were it extensively wrought out, the Highland landlords would be relieved of a burden which now threatens many with ruin, whilst their people, raised from a state of helpless and hopeless misery, would find independence and lasting comfort placed within reach of all who continue sober and industrious. No large body of emigrants could, with propriety, be thrown upon any one part of Canada, without having em- ployment provided for them during the first year of their residence in that country. For the purpose of providing such employment, and also with the additional object of enabling every emigrant to earn in two years a sufficient amount of wages to repay the cost of his exportation, I would propose th*? following plan, which, by the scale taken, would provide for the annual emigration and settlement of 3,500 souls (say 500 families) during a period * of ten years : — Let 150,000 acres of forest land be purchased from the Colonial Government, which will cost on an average 6s. 7d. per acre. Let 100,000 acres thereof be set aside for the m I years in n reclaim- Is of that 3 acquired, 1 series of extensive Is and the ierent from y it every ely to bear lis country Highland V threatens a state of idence and tinue sober )priety, be laving cm- ar of their it, and also ant to earn ly the cost Ian, which, gration and g a period • i from the age 6s. 7d. ide for the purpose of being eventually sold to emigrants in lots of twenty-five acres, at an average price of 10s. per acre. The remaining 50,000 acres, together with 10,000 acres of partially cleared land in more choice localities, to be acquired from individual settlers, at an average price of £2 per acre, would constitute a field for the employment of emigrants daring two years after their arrival in the country. In carrying out this plan, 2,500 of the above 60,000 acres would be annually cleared of timber, and brought into a state of cultivation to grow the following successive crops, being the rotation best adapted for newly cleared land in Canada :— 1st year, Indian corn, potatoes, and turnips ; 2d " Wheat; 3d " Pease, and other green crops ; 4th " Wheat; 5th " Hay; 6tb to 10th, Sheep pasture. Canada West offers many great advantages for carrying on such operations, especially the tract above referred to, it being intersected by a magnificent chain of lakes and rivers, on the improvement of which, for the purpose of affording steam navi- gation, the Colonial Government has already expended a large sum. In the course of this extended navigation, there are several very valuable mill sites, which command a great and never-failing supply of water power, available for driving all kinds of machinery. In carrying out this plan, it would be necessary to possess large mills at these places, for the purpose of sawing up into boards the pine trees cut down when the land is being reclaimed, and also for grinding into flour the wheat grown in the district. All such produce, beyond the amount rcciuired for local demand, would be ex- i '. iiSlliiliiSiiiiriiii' ported by water carriage to Lalte Ontario, whence the wood or lumber would find ready markets in Canada or the United States, the flour being sent in barrels by the St Lawrence to Liverpool or Glasgow. The estimated result of these operations, in the farming and milling department, is shown in the annexed Tables, Nos. I. and III. They would bo the means of giving employment during the year to 1000 working men, and partially to their families, and thus each labourer could, with the greatest ease and certainty, earn ^20 a year as wages, besides procuring for himself and family an abundant supply of provisions for the year. A very industrious labouring man, with a working family, would make a much larger sum, and a good mechanic could gain at least £30, in addition to his food. My plan proposes, that the head of each emigrant family, 01 being taken out from this country, should bind himself to give his labour for one or two years after his arrival in Canada, to the parties sending him out free of all expense, by which he would repay to them £20, the estimated cost of transport- ing himself and family, in all five souls; the parties sending him cut being bound to give him employment, either by day's wages or contract work, at a rate by which a man can easily earn £20 a year, besides his food.* On such terms, at the end of two years an industrious family would have earned at least £40 in wages, and during that time they, if frugal, would not have spent more than £10 in clothes, etc, ; they would thus have in hand £30, from which to repay £20, the cost of their conveyance to Canada, with a balance of £10, to give them a start on the allotment of twenty-five acres of wild land, to which each well-conducted * The current rate of wages paid to labourers in Canada West, during the last ten years, has been from £24 to 430, besides board and lodging. ie wood or ho United awrcnce to rming and N^os. I. and ent during ir families, ease and curing for ms for the a working I mechanic Hit family, himself to in Canada, I, by which transport- OS sending er by day's 1 can easily industrious and during more than ^30, from to Canada, ; allotment -conducted ing the last ten omigmnt would, at the end of two years, bcuomo entitled, out of the 100,000 acres reserved for that purpose. Each family would by that time have accpiired a knowledge of bush life, of the utmost service when commencing to clear and cultivate their own land. The block of land thus given to each family would bo paid for by them in five yearly instalments at alow l)rice per acre, and would render them eventually independent. The industry and good conduct of all the emigrants might be further stimulated by giving prizes of books, agricultural implements, or farm stock, to the most industrious and de- serving. In addition to the farming and milling departments, already mentioned, a forwarding department would require to bo incorporated into my plan, for the purpose of transporting from the ports of Quebec and Montreal, to the location in Canada West, emigrants and British manufactures arriving there from Britain, and for the further purpose of carrying to Quebec or Montreal, and the United States, flour, lumber, potash, and other products of the settlement. At first sight it will no doubt be thought, that this department had better bo left to other parties; but having very carefully and maturely considered this subject, in all its bearings, I am of opinion, that this business would be more efficiently and cheaply carried on under the same general management. I must hero state, that in all my calculations I have taken the greatest care not to underrate the cost of the work pro- posed to be done ; and on the other hand, to calculate only on a very low price to be received for the various productions of the settlement. Take the article of wheat for example : I have calculated on receiving 4s. Halifax currency per bushel, or 26s. sterling per imperial quarter of 480 lbs. ; 9s. per !|: II ! k 8 quarter is an ninplo uUovviiiico for expense of transport to, and snlo nt the mnrkots of Great Britain, leaving only MSh. sterling per quarter os the average price I have culcnlated on obtaining for wheat in Britain during a future period of years — n margin which I trust will be deemed largo. My conviction is, that more work than my calculations show would bo done for the money expended, and that in a series of years larger prices would be received k the produce. But every such statement, however carefully drawn up, should provide a large allowance for contingencies. Having now laid before your Grace a very imperfect outline of my proposed plan, I think it right, positively and distinctly, to affirm, that in proposing this scheme I have no cofinection with any of the landowners in that district which I think most suitable as the site of operations. My brother (a barris- ter in Canada West) and myself, are proprietors of about .000 acres of land, situated in that part of the country, and which was my home during my residence in Canada; but excepting this small property, I have neither a direct nor indirect stake in the progress of that district. I may also state, that the plans I have now laid before your Grace, are utterly un- known to any one in Canada or elsewhere, who would derive any benefit therefrom. I have been for years firmly convinced, that a very valuable field for the employment of labour and capital, on a largo scale, was presented by the district of country in which I resided when in Canada ; but it was only lately when my attention was accidentally directed to the present state and prospects of the destitute unemployed population of Great Britain and Ireland, and to the admirable speech delivered in the House of Commons, by Lord Ashley, on (!th .lunc, i|)ort to, and 'M)A. Htorling m obtaining 3 — a margin calculations id that ill a the prodiK.'e. 1 up, should rfcct outline d distinctly, ) connection ioh I think er (a barris- )f about 500 , and which it excepting lor indirect state, that 3 utterly un- vould derive ery valuable on a largo in which I y when my It state and 3n of Great ich delivered 1 (ith .luiu', IHIH, upon the necessity of providing emigration lov RHjj'ged School children after thoy attain a certain ago, that I resolved to submit my views in writing either to (iovernmeut or to jiarties deeply interested in the emigratioji (picstiou. It may not bo improper to mention a fow facts, proving the great importance of this Hid»ject, of which your Grace is doubtless cognisant. The pauper population of Great Britain and Trfland is now 2,800,000, supported (i3xclusivo of private charity) by an annual expenditure of nearly £10,000,000 sterling.* The amount distribiited by the Central Board, through the u\o Committees i»i Edinburgh and Glasgow, for the rehef of destitution in the Highlands during the last two years, has been about ill 25,000. The grants made, during nine months of the last year, by the British Association for relief of distress in Ireland, amount to £2iiC),600, besides the very large sums voted by Parliament. I understand thr Highland Relief Board have a balance of nearly £90,000 remaining in their hands for relieving destitution in the Highlands, which will only carry them on till the beginning of 1850 ; their funds will then be expended, and the people not better off than when they commenced their labours. In these circumstances, another appeal to public charity would be in a great measure vain. Many Highland landlords could not support the unem- ployed on their estates, even at the cost of ruin to them- selves, so that unless Government either give them food, or assist in exporting them to the colonic.-;, the people will be left in a state of starvation. * riiis HiiiDUiit iti pci'liMiiH too liirgi'. I cannot prociin! tiic exact ol!icial returns. :| ]() A deputation of the Relief Committee is about to present to Government a memorial to the above effect. I now come to consider the most difficult point connected with this scheme : By whom would the capital necessary for the establishment of such an undertaking be advanced ? This could be done in three ways : — 1st. The capital might be advanced by Government, and the entire management undertaken by an emigration board. 2d. Or the capital might be procured and advanced by those proprietors who would benefit largely by extensive measures of emigration, tboy forming themselves into a trust company for this purpose. 3d. Or the plan might be tried by a few merchants of high standing and weight in this country and Canada form- ing themselves into a company lOr that purpose, they being furnished by Government with the required capital as a loan, at five per cent., on undertaking to carry it out under Govern- ment supervision, and to repay the loan within twenty years. The party advancing the capital would hold preferable securities over all property, being lands, buildings, steam-boats, &c., purchased or created by that capital. Such security could not fail to be excellent, because, considering the improve- ments and rapid development of the country consequent upon so large an influx of capital and labour, systematically ex- pended and organised under one general control, an imme- diate and great advance in the value of all the proporty in that district would inevitably take place ; and I am, moreover, thoroughly convinced, that under experienced and careful management, capital invested in this way would yield five per cent, interest on the sum advanced, repay the capital within 11 to present connected scessary for !cd? This Dvernment, emigration vanced by extensive nto a trust rchants of aada form- they being . as a loan, 3r Govern- enty years, e securities joats, &c., irity could ! improve- uent upon itically ex- an imme- )roporty in moreover, id careful d five per ital within ten years, and leave, besides, a large tract of valuable property in possession of its promoters. I have taken, as the basis of my calculations, an emigration of 2,500 souls a year, or, for t3n years, 26,000 souls, because I understand, from official sources, that such an amount of emigration would give great relief to the over-populated districts of the Highlands. But should the Government, or landed proprietors, or the poor-law unions of England and Ireland, either separately or collectively, be willing to carry out a more extended system of emigration, in order to relieve themselves from the pressure of unemployed popula- tion, and be disposed to advance the capital necessary for doing so, as a loan upon the security of all the property purchased and improved by means of that capital, the district of Canada, which I have pointed out, is quite suitable for the reception of three or four times that number of emigrants. Indeed, after due preparation for their reception, 5,000 or 10,000 souls could be annually sent there under the same general management as when conducted on the smaller scale I have suggested, and with nearly as profitable results. While planning these details, I have not neglected to con- sider the absolute necessity of making a suitable provision for the moral and spiritual training of the emigrants ; but it seems premature to enter minutely into this subject at present. I now would direct your Grace's attention to the ample and most suitable field which would thus be provided for the em- ployment of boys, to be drafted Irom the ragged or indus- trial schools of Great Britain. As to the necessity which exists for an outlet being found for this portion of our popu- lation, I again refer to Lord Ashley's speech of the 6th of last June. The first crops I have proposed for newly-reclaimed i IS lands are Indian corn and turnips. Now, all the labour connected ^Yith planting, hoeing, weeding, and harvesting these crops is admirably suited for boys from the ago of fourteen to eighteen, while the kind of life they would there lead, and the occupations they would be engaged in, are such as would most manifestly tend to the amelioration and improve- ment of both their moral and physical natures. Were these plans carried out to the extent proposed in the annexed tables, annual employment would be thus provided for about 500 boys, nearly all in the farming department. The saving of expense to this country which might be calcu- lated on from opening up such a refuge for these children, would soon amount to a large sum. I regret not having sooner been able to lay before your Grace the outlines of this plan, as the best season for emigra- tion, during the year 1849, is rapidly approaching; but if immediate steps were now taken to prepare for their reception, and to provide for them food and shelter, during the next winter, a first instalment of 2,500 souls might be sent out during the summer of 1849. The subsequent Tables have, accordingly, been framed upon such a basis, lleferring your Grace to these, I have the honour to be, My Lord Duke, Your most obedient Servant, ALEXANDER DENNISTOUN, Gaeenlaw, bi Pawlet, February, 1849 tho labour i harvesting the ago of would there in, are such md improve- posed in the provided for ;ment. Tho It be calcu- Dse children, before your 1 for emigra- jing ; but if 3ir reception, ug the next be sent out fables have, iferring your t, iNISTOUN. APPENDIX. In the following Tables it is assumed that 500 able-bodied labourers, with their families, are to be conveyed annually to Canada during the next ten years ; that they shall clear and cultivate the land during two years, and thereafter be settled on farms of 25 acres to each family, their places being supplied by fresh emigration, so that there shall be at all times 1,000 labourers employed on the farming, milling, and forwarding operations It is also assumed, that during *he first year, 1849-50, there shall be brought into cultivation 5,000 acres, of which 2,500 shall be laid down in grnss, with a wheat crop, in order at once to secure pasture for the necessary stock. The remaining 2,500 shall be cultivated according to the rotation proposed in Tabic I., and a similar extent of 2,500 acres shall in each successive year be cleared for the like rotation. There will thus be ready for harvest in 1851, Wheat, Indian corn, .... each 2,. 500 acres. 1852, Wheat, Indian corn, pasture, . . each 2,500 acres. 1853, Pease, wheat, Indian corn, pasture, . each 2,500 acres. 1854, Wheat, pease, wheat, Indian corn, pasture, each 2,500 acres. 1855, Hay, wheat, pease, wheat, Indian corn, pasture, each 2,500 acres. The profit resulting from this mode of cultivation, if carried on during ten years, is shown in Table II. Several items of value are there pur- posely kept out of view, (such as hay grown on beaver meadows) in order to cover possible contingencies, but even without these the returns are ample. In Table I. the most suitable rotation of crops is stated, with the cost and estimated produce, assuming each year's clearance of 2,500 acres to be cultivated in a five years' shift, followed :)y pasture for other five years. . Table III. exhibits the estimated expenditure and receipts of two flour mills and two pp.w mills, including profit of timber from the land cleared. Similar estimates of the forwarding department have been prepared, but have not been printed, nor any credit taken for profits from carrying operations. It is conceived, however, that a profit would be thus realised. ; TaVile IV. shows the expenditure of £180,000 of capital, during the i R' 14 first four years, to be lent at 5 per cent, by the British Government, or by parties in this country, on security of the whole property created by the scheme, and repayed by yearly instalments out of profits realised in subsequent years. It also shows that about £20,250 (of the profits^ would be required annually, out of the profits of each year after the first four, in order to carry on operations. Table V. shows the work provided for 1,000 men constantly employed — .500 of them to be annually settled, on locations of 25 acres, and re- placed by new emigrants : also, the amount of their wa^^es and allowances. The general results of the plan in the first ten years are shown in Table VI., supposing it should then be closed; but in the event of its success being satisfactory, it might be continued on a larger or smaller scale, so lonw ao found desirable. Ten years have been here taken as the earliest period of time in which the accounts could be closed, afi;er repayment of the capital advanced. They show a profit, after carrying out and providing for about 25,000 souls, besides a large amount of valuable i:nd easily realised property. The accuracy of the data of these Tables cannot be tested by a com- parison with farming operations in this country. They are taken as the result of my own practical experience ; and in corroboration, I refer to the following publications, where full confirmation of them will be found : — ' Observations on Canada and its Agriculture,' by Adam Ferguson, Esq. of Woodhill, and others, published in the ' Journal of Agriculture of the Highland Society of Scotland,' Vol. iii. pp. 571-620, 800-850, 880-924, 939-976 ; -ol. iv. pp. 208-221, 837-842 ; vol. x*. pp. 277-298 ; New Series of Joarnal, from July 1843, to March 1845, pp. 41-47 ; 105-122, 295-300 ; and ' Prize Essays and Transactions of the Highland Society of Scotland,' vol. iii. pp. 89-131. Also to a small publication, en- titled, ' Emigration to North America,' published by Blackwood & Sons— a work so highly esteemed in the colony, that a great many copies have been gratuitously circulated by the three last Governors of Canada. A careful perusal of the above extracts, in connexion with the con- sideration of this scheme, is respectfully requested. The writer had not seen them until he had made out his plans, but is glad to find that they so fully corroboratii his views. ovcrnmcnt, or L'ty created by Qts realised in profits^ would le first four, in mtly employed acres, and re- nd allowances, hown in Table of its success nailer scale, so as the earliest payment of the and providing ble and easily 3ted by a com- e taken as the ion, I refer to will be found : lam Ferguson, of Agriculture G20, 800-850, , pp. 277-298 ; 5, pp. 41-47; ' the Highland lublication, en- vood & Sons — ly copies have Canada, with the con- vr'itcT had not find that they Since the preceding pages were thrown oft", four suggestions have been made by gentlemen largely interested in the Highlands, as likely to simplify the proposed system of emigration, and to render it more acceptable to proprietors who may be willing to assist in providing comfortable homes in Canada for the superabundant po- pulation of their estates. These suggestions are here appended for consideration : — I. That the funds necessary for the transport of emigrants to Canada, and for providing them with remunerative employment on their first arrival, should be advanced by proprietors at a certain rate per head for each of the emigrants conveyed from their re- spective estates. The sum estimated for this purpose is about £8 sterling per head, to be advanced on security of the land brought into cultivation, and repaid with interest within a given number of years. It would be stipulated that parties making such advances should not be liable in any way beyond this amount. II. That the operations in Canada necessary for the scheme, as detailed in the preceding pages and tables, should be managed by the parties finding such further capital as might be required beyond the advances made by proprietors sending out their people ; and that the eventual profits, after repaying the capital with interest, should belong to these parties. In the event of a company being formed for this purpose, it might be assisted by further advances from Government, from relief committees, or from parishes and unions. III. That unions and parishes would be much induced to come forward in aid of such a scheme ; and its beneficial effects on the destitute districts of the Highlands would be immediately felt were emigration made a legal test for pauperism, in addition to the labour test now enforced by the relief committees. IV. That were the plan not to be modified, as proposed in the first of these suggestions, it would be necessary that the liabilities of parties coming forward to take an interest in the scheme proposed in this pamphlet should, by charter or act of parliament, be limited to the amount of their shares; as without such protection, landed proprietors would be averse to contribute any portion of capital. ESTI Amount Crop Ibt Crop 2(1 Ciop 3(1 Crop 4tli Crop 5tl Crop 6tl I TABLE I. FARMING DEPARTMENT. RSTIMATRD KXPENDITURE ON AND RETURN FROM FARMING OPERATIONS. Ainouiit of Annual Expenditure requisite for the cultivation of 2,500 acres of kind in Canada during a six I/ears' rotation. First year— Indian Corn, Potatoes, Turnips. The first is tlie cheapest of all crops for seed and labour; when sown on newly-reclaimed land, say done by boys from ragged schools, The two last, say for seed and labour, ie'2,-2.50 1,000 Second Year— Wheat. 5,000 bushels of seed at 6s per bushel, 1,500 Sowing and harrowing seed wheat, 60 teams at '21. a week, 400 Cutting down the same, iOO men, each 2 acres a day, 1 '.i days at 5s, 325 Raking, binding, and stocking do., 100 men, do. do., 325 Ciarting to stacks, 22 teams, 10 loads a day, 2 weeks at 2/., 90 Loading cirts and building stacks, 2 men to each team, r,t 3s 6d, 90 Third I'atr— Pease. Ploughing 2,500 acres from 20th Sept. to 20th Nov., 50 teams at 2/. per week, 800 Do. in spring, 2,500 from 10th April to 10th May, 75 teams at 2/ 630 Harrowing do. from do. to do., 50 teams at 21., 400 Heed pease 5,000 bushels, at 2s 6d per bushel, . . . G25 Harvesting of the above, same rate as in the above wheat, 830 £8,250 2,730 Fonrtli Fe«r— Wheat. Ploughing of the above the same as for the pea crop. Harrowing do. do., Seed wheat 5,000 bushels, at 63 per bushel. Harvesting of do. same as above rate, Fifth Fewr— Hay. Cost of cutting, .saving, and stacking 2,500 acres of hay. 3,100 1,330 400 l,.5O0 «30 4,065 1,875 .£15,100 Amount of a low average return from 2,500 acres under this rotation. i'6,000 Cioj) Ibt — Indian corn, 2,000 acres at 30 bushels per acre, at 2s, Potatoes, 200 acres, yielding 5 tons, or 200 bushels per acre, at 1 Turnips, 300 acres, yielding 15 tons per acre, at 20s per ton, Crop 2d— 2,500 acres of wheat, at 20 bushels, or 2h impe- rial quarters per acre, s'^'i^'g 50,000 bushels at 4s, Halil'ax currency, per bushel, equal to 26s sterling, per quarter, ... ... ... Crop 3d— 2,500 acres of pease, at 30 bushels per acre, giving 75,000 bushels, at 2s per bushel, Crop 4th — 2,500 acres of wheat, at 20 busliels per acre, giving 50,000 bushels, at 43 per bushel, Crop 5th— 2,500 acres of clover hay, yielding, say 1 ^ tons per acre, or 3,750 tons at II. lOs per ton, .". Crop 6th — 2,500 acres of pasture at \l. per acre, Value of produce. Cost of production, Nett profit. 2,000 4,500 £12,500 10,000 7,500 10,000 6,625 2,500 £48,126 \r.,lOO £33,025 Hi 09 M -< U H O K H4 ^ O iJ •J o b U NH u u< 1^ O d < < s M o 55 H Q If. H tM H H -C k4 U O a t« H o -<1 n H Hi » o ti (< P « a H (9 as i as oa SS to I- 2 £ o o oT to 11? i. % £ !5 1 2 3 2 f! 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 ^ (^ a % 1 ?i a 1 ss 04 PW bl a. A4 cu Ph E a If- 0) 0< O4 64 Put o hi 3 ■»-» en Pli 00 6 •6 a 0) 1 n 1 Ph i Pasture ' e V V 2 t s 1 1 a n 3 1 1 e v 00 T3 1 4J S" 3 1 N^ ft4 s P4 e 2 4J •a a 1 a 2 a i 1 4^ It 1? |1< 4^ S g i 1 i£ E •r. c is g 9> S6 ~* T3 .3 s !2 "^ s s s *o S s c» 5 « 00 CO oc 00 00 00 X 00 >' — ^ f^ ■ m ' ■" ■»« •"■ "^ «-l •^ e o o n 9 P^ P4 3 Pm P4 S bo S I I V c 41 K s 01 if x: g Q 1 « (Xi •i 4^ 1 1 •S .a E O o ■o O s "O 3 ^ H o> •—1 TABLE III. MILLING DEPARTMENT. ESTIMATED EXPENDITURE ON AND RETURN FROM MILLING OPERATIONS. Amount of annual expenditure required to work two large Flour Mills, and two large Saw Afills for cutting up into plank the timher cut down when clearing the ground for cultiuation. Repairs, tear and wear on each mill, at Wagrs Paid in Flour Mills. One head miller to superintend both mills, at 150/. per annum, ... Four common millers, at 60/. each, Four under millers, at ^01, " ... Wages Paid in Saw Mills. Two head sawyers, at 100/. each per annum. Twelve common sawyers, at 60/. " Four men, each with one yoke of oxen, to draw and pile the lumber, at 45/. each, i200 150 250 200 200 720 180 .£800 600 1,100 £2,600 Amoujit of returns from the yearly produce of the Flour Mills and Saw Milh Flour Mills. Ground 10,000 barrels of Indian corn for the British markets, at ;is, Ground 25,000 barrels of flour for the British markets, at 3s., ... Amount of grinding dues received per annum at both mills, Saw Mills. Each mill to be constructed to cut 25,000 feet of lumber a day, or 50,000 for both. A standard sawlog contains 300 feet of one-inch plank, so that 50,000 sawlogs, of 12 feet long, will supply the mills, and yield in the year 15,000,000 feet of lumber, and valuing this at the very low price of £1 per 1000 feet, we have 15,000/. ; from this deduct cost of sawlogs, 5,000/., and the amount of gross sales of lumber is, The finest of the lumber, to the amount of one-sixth, or 2,500,000 feet, to be picked out, and r 'ler steamers to the frontier towns of Canada and the Ui.. . States, and will there sell for 2/. per thousand feet more than the above-mentioned sum, after deducting cost of transport, making 2,500,000 at 21. per thousand, Gross yearly proceeds from four mills, Deduct working expenses, £1,500 3,750 750 £6,000 10,000 5,000 15,000 £21,r00 2,600 £18,500 i'«'J TABLE IV. SHOWING THE AMOUNT OF THE CAPITAL UKQUIHEI) AND ITS EXPENDITUIIK. In TItE Ykar lfl4f», Int It«m Halifax Currency. '.'<1 Item 3(1 Item 4th Item Mh Item fith Item 7th Item- Rth Item- nth Item- 10th Item I Ith Itera- 12th Item- • For purchase of the key-points of the inland navigation, and for erecting the wharf-sheds, I'Cc, necessary to the forwarding department, a sum of i'A.OOO, to l)0 ex- pended in two yearly instalments of 4.'2,.500 For purchase of 10,(I(K) acres of land, partially cleared, about £2 per acre, to lie paid in four yearly instalments of .5,000 For purchase of mill-sites, with mills, and for the erection ^ of new :nill8, i,' 1 .'i.OOO, in two yearly instalments, ... 7,500 ■—To ho expended in road-making, in the surveying of 25 acre lots, and in draining meadows, ... ... ... 5,000 -For clearing 2,.5U0 acres of forest land for crop, t3 per acre, less f Os. as value of 20 sawlogg, being nett t2 lOs. per acre, -For temporary shanties, or houses for 1,000 families, at SterlhiK. 5,000 ],.W0 .i'.5 each, -For farm buildings and steadings suflicient for each 2,,500 acres, ... ... -For .50 horse-tpams and accoutrement.o, for farming account, 3,7.50 -tor stock implements, \c., for farming account, ... 2,.500 PV cutting 10,000 tons of firewood, at 28. (id., ... 1,2(M) -For cutting and taking to mills .50,000 sawlogs, at 28., ,5,000 For passage money to Canada of 2,500 souls, at X-i each, 10,000 £10,000 10,000 .i' .55,000 ^45,000 tl In tueYear 1850, the same capital required as in the preceding year, £55,000 45,000 (I In the Yioak 11!51, the following changes would take place : — Deduct 1st and 3d items, amounting to Also the 12th item of That sum in this and future years being defrayed by repayment in full of their passage money from emigiaiits of former years. The expenditure of the 10th and 1 1 th items would continue the same ; but would be met by sales of firewood to the emi- grants and of sawlogs to the saw mills, thus lessening the amount of capital required to be advanced by Add 1 3th Item — For payment to the Colonial Govern- ment of 1st instalment on 150,000 acres of land, at 6s. 7d. sterling or lis. Halifax currency per acre, making l(iO,000, to be p.iid in ten yearly instalments of £6,000 Nth Item— In this year and next one, an expen- diture of about X20,200 would be reruired for establishing a forwarding department, and i>ro- viding a complete line of communication be- 6,200 £26,200 tween Quebec and the field of operations in Canada, say, 20 200 £26,200 The capital recjuired for this and the following year would, there- fore, remam about the same as before, .£.55 000 In thic Year 1852, the same capital required as in the preceding year. In the Year 1853, the following capital would suffice :— Item 4th, £.5,000 6,2.50 5,000 1,500 2,,500 5th, 6th, 7th, 9th, 45,000 (I 45,000 (I £20,2.50 17,000 o This amount of advance would be annually required to carry on operations, in giving employ- ment to 1,000 families for two years after their arrival in Canada, so long as that amount of emi- gration v.as continued, and would fall to be provided out of the returns shown in Tables I and III rs EXPENDITURK. ency. 8««'""«- I) D D ) J ) ) 1 I ) ) ^-w.ooo t ) 45,000 (I » I ~0 45,1)00 n t 45,000 (I J 7,000 (I i, in giving employ- that amount of emi- in Tables I. and III. T A B L E V. BHOWINO now 1000 MEN WOULD HK EMPLOYED DURING EACH YEAR. As H men can chop 1 acre per day, and as the same H men can, at the proper season men can ^ i^^^^ and prepare it for crop, it follows that they will, in 250 days or ten months, finish 1'25 acres for crop. Therefore, 1(;'2 Men will in ten months prepare for crop 2,500 acres; whilst ( HIJ days will cut 12,i)00 tons of hrewood. 75 Men occupied for«{ ICi days will cut and skid ;^«;00« Bawlogs. tilt days '^ ItH days V... ~v. . ,_. ( »4 days will sleigh and raft these sawlogs to the mills. 2.50 days. \:\ Men allowed as off work from contingencies. ^ Men will thus easily, in ten months, clear 2,500 acres, leaving two months for them to make the hay and harvest crops. 1.50 Men will be constantly employed driving horse-teams, for they will be required for farming, forwarding, and sawlog drawing, 120 Men employed in forwarding department, in steam-boats, barges, warehouses, and transhipping produce. ;<0 Men will be employed in mills. ;i.50 Men will find employment during the year as follows :— From 1.5th May till 1 St June, planting potatoes. From 1st .June till 1st July, cutting and saving 2,500 acres of clover hay. From 1st July till 20th July, cutting, saving, &c., timothy hay on beaver meadow, 2,500 acres. , , , From20th July till 1st Sept., * all hands at harvest, wheat and pease. From 1st Sept. till 1st Oct., cutting and saving 2d crop of clover for seed. From Ist Oct. till 1st Nov., digging potatoes and turnips, 500 acres. From 1st Nov. till Ist April, being winter months, the following work would remain to be done : — Cutting and drawing other 12,.500 tons of firewood. Thrashing the grain crops with thrashing mills. Drawing grain to mills and markets. Drawing grain stacks, hay, turnips, &c., from fields to steadings. Drawing to lake shore 50,000 sawlogs. Making potash, and cutting and drawing firewood for so doing. IJurning large quantities of lime for export, and do. do. 100 Men employed as Mechanics. 1000 Men receiving annu.il employment in the above manner, besides a number of boys drafted from Ragged Schools. Note of wages that each industrious man could earn with ease and certainty :— £20 in cash, and the following amount of rations besides, valued at 16 £36 For 20 tons firewood at 2s. 6d., 21. 10s. For one barrel of pork, 200 lbs., 21. For one barrel beef, 200 lbs., at 21. 4B0 quarts sweet milk, 21. 40 lbs. butter, 1/. One barrel finest flour, 200 lbs., \l. One and a half barrels second flour, 300 lbs., II. One barrel oatmeal, 200 lbs., 128. fid. 30 bushels (or 128 stone of 14 lbs.) of poUtoes, ]/. 10s., and for groceries, tea, tobacco, &c., 21. 7s. 6d. « Five men accustomed to clear land will, with ease, perform the work that is here tlutted to eight men. OBNKRA flAP AND MM. AtlvH ■'•ii Cun Ill A5, 65, 85, At and read boat barj be desin It ^ mote CO! In i»timBte( money, t t A Board ol , One b; One b; Thetl the \ OAPITAL RKat'lllKI). TlIK miMBKR <>!■ KMUJKAPIIB AND TIIK KiTIMATKU HKUUI.TH OV TIIK I'LAN, D*!* 1840 IBAO 1U3 lBfi3 18A4 1855 1856 1867 1868 185» tUlfki 68,0«0 loraii'Mla. A0(» Umlliet, uf '.'.AW louU ftftioOO , '00 taniiliu, or '.'AW louli 66,000 . (HI famillw, or '2,600 wuU iirrein nniTiP raoM oruAtion oamud OH I* 0AII4BA. Haw Mllli. Klour do. £ i 111,600 riirni. T..WI. rtint ii«til '>« In** ('•lilUlutTUU'wl, •ml i;»,nn« i>«' ktliiHln ftir •«- |MIIIM*« lif llttUH •V* Intnl. Ifi.WO .^.' dOn 1 600 famlliM, or '2,600 loula 500 ftmlliei, or 2,600 louli I 500 farallUi, or 2,800 louli 500 families, or 2,500 lOuli 600 f»milie«, or •-',600 aouli 600 ikmilie», or 3,600 aouU 600 families, or 2,600 souU 500 families, or 2,,')00 souls Haw Mills. J 11, «oo lO.O'JO [> luur uu. ) 1 111,500 23,335 Snw Mills Flour do. Haw Mills. Flour do.*' } "'••^'^" daw Mills. Flour do '-• } 18. ,500 8aw Mills. Flour do '•• 1 10,600 2!),275 33,025 35,62.5 Saw Mills Flour r}'«" .500 8aw Mills Flour *i;'}i8. .500 Saw Mills. Flour do. }18, .500 220,000 J 5,000 families, or 25,000 souls 38,026 40,626 43,025 ;M,020 37,6'20 41,036 47,776 51,626 54,02.5 66,625 u .,oan. £ 10,260 59,026 61,525 13,000 13,000 13,000 13,000 13,000 13,000 13,000 Btlane* of PlMU> £ 24,270 27,270 61,640 20,835 80,376 Less • 20,'J60 60,125 Add 34,775 f)4,nOO Uis 2t),'250 74,(150 Add 38,5'25 113,175 Less 20,'250 !)3,!t25 Add41,0'25 134,950 Less 20,250 114.700 Add 43,525 ! 58,22.5 Less 20,250 137,975 Add 46,025 184,000 Ler.a 20,250 163,750 Add 48,,')26 "212,275 Less 20,250 192,025 192,025 Less t 30,000 162,025 ^ . £162,020 -■.'^:.°''-T°i^i"N ''1'^''°''' "" 1" '" ""'" " '"" ^' a^re^TBeaVerage value, 5»."00 Ojf Total amount at credit of the scheme after ten years, Deduct amount of capital originally advanced, Nett Balance of cash, £232,020 220,000 £12,020 At the end of ten years there .ould thus he a profit o^^S^'rtrs^'Zf":^^^^^^ iTaS :S^1ng\';iTrui.tt &l^ U:^e^u»'l7Au«icient to^io.tiuue the system, should it '" '^If ;ould° 'e%"oper to repay the original capital by yearly^ instalments, but as that ,»ould have render«l this Table |more complicated, it has been set down m ouejum at the gn. . o. t ..e -en years. the emigrants. ^ £180,000 Sterling.