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:v*
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
OTTAWA
V
\ 'i
/
FARMERS' BULLETIN NO. 1
TUBERCULOSIS IN CATTLE
BY
Duncan McEachran. F.R.C.V.S.. D.V.S.
if
Chief Veterinary Inipeotor for Canada
PUBLISHED BY AUTHORIlY OF THE MINISTER OF AORICULTUBE
■in
OTTAWA
GOVERNMENT PRINTING BURKAU
1897
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FARMELfe^ BULLETIN
TUBERCULOSIS.
bearing oiAW Ut *,^ it^H^^^^ '-t al.o having a cl,i and direct
everyone intwv.>»t*HJ. Uu^rLr^Il ^£ . '^ an cHort ,s being mado to convey to
densed form ««a iu ^X,XiS^a^J^^''''' "^''''T'^ ""^ stock-raiser., in a con-
nature, oauH^ ^^»«H.^ j::;;::;j,tTo?^^^ ^'""••"^"' °^ ^-'« - to *he
.■eporlro5\rKt;;t^^^^^^^^^^^^^ t.. publications and
Alford Vet»^ri..M^v 1X4 'I^v 1>S J Ohii' r ^■'^•"J^r'ly those of Prof. Ed. xVocard, of
Bang, of I>*>«n><M^,vv»u \rJ.t^^;,,V'"^^ i« France; Prof.
tigate tJus dW^wj Hh. ^^^.T«f L ftTp ^ the Danish (^,overn„,ent to inves-
Government; X\,^ m^vm o/ thULI^ , f \ ■ l'V"T'"". 'H>pointed by the British
Prof. Theobold K,«i,V. uirv^V^J Vu^^^L T^^^^^^^ ^•^•^•'
University; th*.kl^lV»t\ \V«IUvVdiZri'/? ^''''^^^d V. A. Moore, Cornell
extensive O.P.H... ..^ ,,. .Z^n^Sj^ t 1"=^,^°^°"^' *'^' '^ -" ^ «^ *'-
and ^irr;r::;s;'!K;^^^^^^ -- as facts,
statements cauU^U^t^W 3s, tLA^^^^ ^^^'' ^ ^^""^^ ""'king
fully read the hwU^^Uu. iC '^ kft>Vf«r .*/"''' that interested parties will care^
tained thei^in tt» iM^mviriSvidu-vut,!! "'"' "'''^ "^^^^ ''^« suggestions cou-
intentl';':;rnt^^^^^^^^^ ^-^ are given, by following which any
which selda,«p^,^^U,vZ'>»r,™^^^^^^ ^'^.^'J^^f ol^^^^''^ "«• latent cases.
Accuracy in v>«W<i ,,« .irZ l I •"^''^ ''''""•'"' «-^annnation.
his cattle teste,* Uj^^T T? V, r fm t ItJ^^'^ all-,mpo,.unt, any owner desiring to have
application to th/ I A^H ^r . f V '^ ,' ™"^ '^''^'^ '*^ ^«"« ^"^^ «* '^.t b/m.kinc.
Deputy MiniHte. m? aS m T^Z'IZ **' "^''T ""'' '^ '^'''^ '^^^'''^-^d to the
for exportation to U»*^ VnS J;*,,^ ' "'^ "P"'-^' '^"^"^^•«'' *« the testing of cattle
i\:^^cZy:^z;:::^^ of the herd,
they must ,-ew«i,\ ^«*mnti,Jr«SotCr! f a'^c ^''^ "'^^''^'"^ P^^^^' *" ^h^^h
disinfected to th^ iu«»wS U'S lurpcJI^r ''^"'^ ^'" P'"™'"'" """^^ ^'«« ^e
INDEMNITY.
for atZWattlJ^i: ^;^''-'^." "^^^^.^y Parliament for the pavment of indemnity
indemnity wiU b. N^^" V'^^rMiZterof'tgSrrk""'*'' """''"''^ circumstances nJ
OBLIGATIONS OP OWNERS OF DISEASED CATTLE.
Notice of
disease to be
fivpn to the
Minister of
Agriculture
Penalty for
keeping
diseased
*nimala in
places not
inclosed.
Penalty for
bringinpf such
animals to
market, &o.
Penalty for
selling or
putting off
Buch animals,
c.tUeVoTh J/:nti: and rr;'on:hHnr T^^ '''^^'^^ °^ ^ ^^'^ -
Agriculture Jft ' ?hP''"""""« *'^«'^PP-'™ o"nS^^^^
by breeders or 9'^ '^^ t'« "r other animals owned 1 v him o^ , ''""^' «'°"« '^'sease among
dealers. immediate notice to the Ministe, nf ^i ■ u ""'^^'" '"' '^P^''''*' <=are, give
Penalty for ^'^T''^'^ '^ '""' "« '^f'reSl ^ ^^«"^"'^"-. -t Ottawa, of the 'ffcts
-^'- to compf;:i\r ^ISs'lTret^^tt^^ ^-'-'^ -^« -«'eets
clann to compensation for any cattle or of h^r^^^"^ ''.'*'°" ''"^" ^"'^^^t "^^^
ance with the provisions of Tl. s AcV' ^tT ''"""t^' «'^"ghtered in accord-
Or fraudulent granted him- and nvf...„ r,^. u ' .^"'^ ""^ ^"'^h compensation shall Ka
togiou, disease, or to have been e.^'l"-' 7t' ""^ '"'""«"» or 00 *
or other p|ae^, ^y .„, J, KK/g'^" t° i"""? ";'» »"? market, fair
«nder any infectious or contlioufdilL? ^,77"'' "'"■ ^ '"l-ouring
mcur a penalty not e.ooeding tC hired' do^^rs 48 mV'""' ,f """ '
^S:'Jt."hitXt{£^oT"^^^^^^^^^
h|m to be infected wi,l"oHabo'nnc,,n7 P*^'*^" ?^^" animal known by
disease at the time of it^Lth wh "tL. '.^"^ '"^"■'^^'""^ "'• ^"ontagious
animal, or of such n.eat Ik „\llf l. '"'^ ^7'°° '' the owner of such
an animal, or not, slmlirfcr e^r;^slh°S 'r^' "' "'*"'• P^^^ ^^ «"cS
ing two hundred dollars. 48 49 V c 70 7' '"""'' ^ P'"*'*^ "«* «««ed-
or Placel i;7orL\t;:it*3\i?^^^^^^
into or in the sea, within ten ^71.?^' .."''' "a^jgable or other water, or
which had died of diseas" or"w" S' ha '"een"^' '""I ^T' ^^ ^'^ ---
suspected of disease, shall, for everv^n.r.J^" «^.*"g'»tered as diseased or
mg two hundred dollars. 48-49 V c 70 g'' '"'"'•'^P^^^^'^y "«* exceed-
causes ^•71T^'' ClZ'l'ft'^^^^^^^ °^ — ' ^'^ up or
died or is suspected of hav n^d^ied iTnfr"'' "' "° ^"^"^' "'^'^'^ ^S
which has been slaughtered £ dTseasTd or f ^f ^^'i^'^gious disease, or
every such offence, incur a neinZ f suspected of disease, shall, for
48-49 v., c. 70, 8. 9. P'"""'*^ "''' exceeding one hundred dollars
cont^Jd7sre,ti'r^^^^^^^
for sale m any place whatsoeveV, or is brourt or 'h '' TT'^t °'* ^^^^^^
^^^-r- ^rrX^oTpir^^^^^^^^^^^
«ale, any clerk t inspector Tr other 'ffi'^'"""^ "- -""°"'^ exp;sed for
constable or policemL, or'a^yl-^trLrrif^rb;^^^^^^^^^^^
For throwing
carcass into
riyers, &c.
For digging
np any such
carcass when
buried.
Such animals
if )ffered for
■ale to be
•eized and
reported to
explain to
>r dealer in
to Canada,
sase among
' carp, give
the facts
ro«ve, or by any justice of the peace having jurisdiction in the place, or any
person authorized or appointed by tlie Oovernor in Uouncii, may seize the
same, and report the seizure to the mayor or reeve, or to any justice of the Who may
peace having jurisdiction in the place; and such mayor, reeve or justice, or c'uho tliem
person authorized or appointed by the (Jnvernor in Council, may causes the su'mKHwl'^S.
same, together with any pens, hurdles, troughs, litter, hay, straw, or other fcctioim to b«
articles which ho judges likely to have been iiifcctocl thereby, to be forthwith '••"'"'"'yoJ-
destroyed, or otherwise disposed of, in such manner as he deems proper, or
as is directed, as provided by this Act. 48-49 V., c. 70, s. 10.
10 neglects
forfeit hia
in accord-
1 shall be
nceals the
f animals,
v., c. 70,
knowing
IS or con-
1 in upoa
pen field,
h offence,
70, 8. 5.
'ket, fair
^bouring
offence,
70, s. 6.
exposes
im to be
'ease, or
own by
itagious
of such
af such
exceed-
thro wn
iter, or
animal
sed or
sxceed-
up or
ch has
ase, or
dl, for
oUars.
>U8 or
ffered
3Ught
lir or
id for
!• any
)r or
TUBERCULOSIS,
This disease claims for its victims nearly, perhaps we might say, all the domestio
animals, and few of the wild animals subjected to domestication resist the contagion, as
is well known to keepers of menageries. Rats, mice, and other vermin which inhabit
houses and outbuildings not only contract the disease but are active acents in spread-
ing it. '^ ^
Some species are more susceptible than others and contract it readily by eating food
containing the germ of the disease, or inhaling the dried germs given off from the lungs
and throats of animals affected in these organs.
The moat susceptible of the domestic animals are cattle, swine, chickens, goats and
rabbits. These contract it readily in the natural way, but it can be produced in sheep,
dogs, cats and horses by inoculation with tuberculous material.
Tuberculosis in the lower animals is identical with consumption in the human
family. It is due to the same germ, (Bacillus Tuberculosis).
It is communicable from other animals to man, and just as readily from man to
the lower animals, by natural infection and by inoculation.
TUBERCLE.
«
The germs (bacilli), which are living organisms of minute microscopic size, when
they reach and become located in a tissue, produce local irritation and the formation oi
small reddened areas infiltrated with Huid and cells. These are the tubercules. As
they become a little older they enlarge, and their colour is greyish or yellow from
changes that take place within causing the death of the central tissues. Their
appearance and consistence in this way resemble that of cheese.
Thpse nodules may vary in size from a pin head to a cocoanut, often they are ui
stony hardness from the presence of lime salts. The tubercules may be confined to one
organ or tissue of the body, such as the lymphatic gland, for example, of the mosentery
or thorax, or the throat, or udder, or ovaries, etc., or they may be generalized through-
out the body, the germs travelling in the blood circulation. In this way the abdominal
organs (liver, spleen, kidneys, etc) may all be involved as well as those of the thorax,
lungs, pleura, heart, lymph glands, etc). Often the pleura and peritoneum are covered
with grape like excrescences whose appearances are characteristic of this disease.
Whenever tubercles are lodged for any length of time, much destruction occurs in the
affected tissue.
THE TUBERCLE BACILLUS
Is described as a rod-shaped organism with rounded ends and a slight curve,
requiring complex laboratory methods of cultivation and staining, to prepare it for
microscopic study.
It is a parasitic organism, which is only found in the bodies and excretions of
animals affected by this disease. It thrives badly in the sunlight, which is said to kill
it in from a few minutes to several hours. This fact should be remembered in dealing
with it with a view to preventing it.
by trans,„is.sion to the sexual SnsXnSrJsH -''f'^ """^'/f (inlmlation),
or by u cut or ul,ni.le,l Hurt'ace '° " '"^'''''^'' ""'' ^y inoculation,
disease as oats, pea«, or X>^ ZIZ l^^'r ilurt^r^'" ^'^ '^^^"'"•^"-"' °^ '»-
WHAT RENDERS CATTLE SUSCEPTIBLK TO THIS DISEASE?
tubercTo:;"' lK!;vtu.ottZdrrt 'i '"'"-^ •^""^^^'-^ ^^^^'^ -^--P^i'^'e to
is. however, a predisp^s ne"S :hi lo t is III' T^Z TT. °' l'' P-I««'^tion, it,
Prof. Bang and others tha calves mav^nhrl!] t f^taWinhed by the experiments of
^before tho'cow licks thelror h yraieLckecl tZ^ T''^"' T^ !f ^•^"'"^^^
lutely healthy surroundings and irJn.nilkfomlLl i^^ '" '''^«"-
renjain ., far as any inherited .liseaseTs LerZ p S^fV^^^^^^^ '^ "'^"'' ""^'
will teach us that in such animals wo are like! v to find „ r-LJ' ' •.- ^",'»'""» «ense
dition favourable to the growth Ld 11 »»no^ fix T^'^t'^P^^'^'on, that is a con-
likely to contract .he diseise wl en "tosed to cont.L* *''^ "^'j''"''^'- ^^^cilius, animals
predisposed would resist succelsfuMj?^ contagion which their neighbours not so
vitaiart ;:S;:^;3^s-^tr^;'3i Yt^^ ^-""^'^ -^^ -^-^
cise, breeding too young, are all wha mZ 1 w i *' ,"'"^ J'"""^ ''"■' i»^""icient exer-
and should be avoided ^ ^ **^""'''' predisposing causes to tuberculosis,
the^^:ji;lr!^;^r:^-'^i'^-t^^^fi-saas anot^^ .dejected to
are most exposed, they a rmorrcon^r^'Zcf n L"''V""f '""Y' *"• '' '''"''''' '^'y
, theirvitalit^mor^drainedbyheavy SS. knd the™ ^ continuously housed,
are more liable to milk infection as tl evS-T ^ ,T l*""-^'' ^^^'^ '^'^Ives
usually suckle their calves E ?l/n7f * T '"f "'' """'• ^'""'''''^ ^he beef breeds
years L, 1-ce th;t;^po';!rd K^c^ollTilr V^^^^^^^^^^^ Z [^^.^
spent more in the open air and in sunlight. °^ ^'^® '^^''''^ i«
HOW THE DISEASE IS USUALLY INTRODUCED INTO A HERD
AND HOW IT EXTENDS IN IT.
by coSaKSri'^^^L^iSi^^ ""^^ "'''"' ««^"* •'^ «P-^-^ ^"^^ ^1~. both
till h!^ms^r:;^^^d^r iXi^ufe'^ 'y; "^ T.^'^T- ^'^-^ --<^ ^y one
the cLue!""''^" '^"""'^ ^' ''"^ '^"^ ^'-"''^ be prevented f^om coming in contact with
TUBERCULOUS ATTENDANTS.
shouidti"t":outrbtrje":o%::d^mnk"orh^" fr p"'.™^"-^^^ ~"P^-n
. The intercommunicability of the di J^ fnS^tn^ '' ^° "^? f "^^ ^'^ P'«^-
animals IS an established fact'no longer oprtoX^^^^^ -an, and from man to
cattle trucks or stock yards and tirWucf.' T\ ^''^^ ^oxes in buildings,
mixingwiththefoodlnrheLy rik or fefdtrufh" ^' f ''""^'^^^ ' ^
intestines, thence throu-di the blood oJ Ivmn f ' ^f ^/«f «« ,to the stomach and
other organs. ° ^ "*' '^'"P*' channels to the abdominal glands and
c
DANOKIl rUOM MILK.
The virulnnce of milk from tul)ercul(iu8 cttttlo esppciiilly when the uddor isdiNpaned
has been clearly dprnoiistiHted. Milk is (jaiigorouo even when the udder is not specially
diseased. It will cominunicate the disease even when diluted by mixing with large
quiintities of other milk in the creamery or cheese factory ; whey is e(|ually dangerous.
The germs remain active in the skim-milk and whey, and may produce the disease
in calves fed on it. Milk obtained from creameries in districts where tuberculosis
prevails should be raised in temperature for 10 minutes to 1(10* before being given to calves,
otherwise living bacilli may b(( taken into the stomach, and entciring the lymph channels
produce tlie disease. As a precautionary measure, milk from tuberculous cows should
not be received at creameries or cheese factories. All skim milk and whey should be heated
to 160' for ten minutes before being given out to farmers from the factories for feeding
calves or swine. Unless this is d(jne creameries and cheese factories may become dis-
tributing agents of this disease to healthy herds. Milk from tuberculous cows is a
frequent source of communicating the disease from cattle to people, especially children
and old feeble persons ; meat from diseased cattle is also dangerous, although it may be
sterilized by heat.
HOW TO PREVENT ITS INTRODUCTION TO A HERD.
See that your animals to begin with are free from the disease.
Never bring any animal into the byre till you have ascertained beyond a doubt that
it is healthy.
Keep your own bull. Your neighbor may be obliging, but if careless about the
health of his stock, you may suffer irreparable injury by accepting even the free use of
his bull should the animal happen to be tuberculous.
Conversely, if you have a bull, be exceedingly careful to see that no tuberculous
cows are brought to him for service.
Never allow a consumptive person to have anything to do with your cattle, make
no mistake about this.
Your byres must be well lighted, almost as light as outdoors ; disease germs are
killed by sunlight.
Pure air and plenty of it is essential to health. This can only be provided b) suffi-
cient space. Let your cow stable be roomy.
Drainage is essential to purity of the air. Without proper and efficient drainage
the air must become contaminated by emanations from the droppings ind urine of the
cattle as well as by the decomposing vegetable matters with which they are mixed.
Drain your buildings, and do it thoroughly.
The ventilation is all-impi)rtant. By properb v. ranged ventilators the impure air
is removed and replaced by pur.>, the oxygen of th lur is constantly being consumed in
the process of breathing, and unless it is replaced it becomes unfit to sustain animal life.
The constant change of the air in buildings inhabited by animals is absolutely necessary
to preserve health.
During summer weather most buildings are sufficiently ventilated by the doors and
windows being left open ; it is during the winter when cattle are housed that they suHer
from imperfect ventilation.
Proper ventilation provides for the admission of the pure and the escape of the foul
air. As a rule farmer's architects do not make sufficient provision for either.
The air may be admitted by openings near the floor and by windows hinged at the
bottom and dropping inward.
The ventilators or air shafts are usually too small. Most buildings require shafts
three feet square pUced about twenty feet apart, in the middle aisle of the byre. The
shafts should be divided inside into two by a partition extending from the top to within
three feet of the ceiling ; the opening being controlled by trap doors opened or closed
by cords running through pulleys.
CATTLE STANDINO HEAD TO HKAD OlMIXTIONAnLE
an ai?"^" *'"'""'">" '.""."^ "Tanging tl.o l.yro, so aH to Have lal,..ur in feedinc, l.y luwinir
oont KM a tJmn whon they «ro pU-e.l with th.ir hca.J.s to tho wull. Thoy umy Im ou^i.,r
S . hJ^JlIuK; ,u ' "'"^ r «'«•«^'''--d ^'"' •'^tt'T. and it has a LJl Han . ^
«ul J!"""'"*^ T^*"" i" *■;"''*''"' '''"'^'''^ '" ^'•°"' "^ ^''^ c»"le is objectionable if tul-r-
oulosis w present, a« by this means the ger.ns may bo carried in fnmtof the whole herd.
SYMPTOMS AND DIAGNOSIS OF TUBERCULOSIS.
VVl.en affecting the lungs, throat and respiratory organs generally it is accom
pan.ed by a trequont cough but no fever. There is disturbance of rcsn ra ion ^he
Wath.ng.s quickened by slight exertion or excitement; thT cough ^pXed b
changes of temperature. The expert can detect dull spots surrounded 'by areas o^f
increased resonance on examination of the lungs by the usual niethod" ^
the uS-lteS St ^"^le il 'ml;*- ^:r S intl^^- -
When the disease is abdominal and the glands and organs in the bellv are ehieflv
strSn' ? ZT7LlJ:'TVr''''''''''^ ^'^■•'^ -^P^^-"" eraciSLXeS
secretion ot milk, indigestion, breathlessness, and general failure more or less ranir)
THE TUBERCULIN TEST.
.^.o^"*:'- ^''^ <i'«<^«^°'-y by Professor Koch, in bis experiments to discover a cure for
consumption m human beings, that the injection or tuberculin invariably caused a rse
in temperature when the person or animal was tuberculous ; while it produced no effect
whatever when free from it, the detection of the disease in ^arly stageHrwhen slightly
?ato.^ ^r' considered impossible in most cases. This test is ist delicate and reliable
(about 98 per cent,) where it is properly applied. reuaoie
Tuberculin is a soluble product of cultures of tubercle bacilli, of which a clvcerine
extract is made which is sterilized by heat and filtered through porcelain sVtha" it
ZhT Z^r^^.rT' """^ '^r^°^^ ^*""°^ P''"^"*^'' tuberculosis in animals^njrcSed
with It. It has therefore, no effect on healthy animals, in some cases the disisels
aggravated by it when it exists, but, it cannot be produced by it. The lymph muTt^ot
be exposed to sunlight. It must not be frozen ; must be kept well corkedTo exSe a^r
Tuberculin mjechon has no bad effects on the secretion of milk.-The consensus of
opinion of those most experienced is that it does not lensen the secretion oLTkTdairy
l^l^.^^'''''^''"''^y^^^y'^^y^^^'^^^^-^^^^en in fuH milk without disturbing ite
Z)ose.--The dose varies with the size and ago. As issued by ( his department it ia
ready for use, with doses marked on the bottle, viz. : 20 drops f.r calves 40 for small or
meaium sized animals, 60, larger, and 80 drops for very large ones
the dl':rs?rg;Vy"tras:r''"'' ^"""^^ '' ^^^^ ^'"'*^ '^^^ ^-^^ ^^-^p- -^
PIlKPAUATroNS KOH TIIK TEST.
It hoing dpcid.'il to toxt a heifl, the follnwirig HUKgcHtioiis sliouhl bo considered. If
the wmther is oxtifin.'ly hot, or very cold wiiit till it inodomtes. If tho auiiiml ia
HufferinK ♦>•"•• uny inflummiitory disimso when the temporulure ia over lO-*" from any oiiuse,
a cow Ix-iiig l)ulling— n hull iM.ii.gwxually excii.'d, scarcity of water, impure iiir, irrit itiori
from ttu'N, pro'^niuicy in lulvanci'd stages, are all unfavourable for reliable tewting.
ImlrutwirUs loreimri/. ~Th,' following iiiHtruments are HMiuired. One or more
hahrenheit (.linical) tlienriomct. rs, a hypodermic syring.- with three strong hypodermic
needloH and a fine trooar and (inula, a fine bradawl, and a pair of clippers )r curved
scissors, and several glass droppers.
The Thennim.itfr^ in use foi" tliis purpose cost about %\, arc self registering, and
can beljought at any drug store,
5'yri//_7''^.— Metallic syringes, strong and easily taken apart to be cleaned and
disinfected, costing . ■?•'<, can idso bo obtained at drug stores, or instrument makers.
The Scinsorn ami Unvlawf are easily and cliea[)ly procured at any hardware store.
Charts/or reconfin;/ l>:sfs which should bo numbered, and the name or number of
the animal, the coL.ur and markings, sex, ago, breed, hours at which the temperatures
were taken beWe and after injection, and a column for the decision should be arranged.
/)mn/;fi!fm/«. -Prolessioiial men generally prefer a solution of corrosive sublimate,
1 part to 1,000 of water, but e(|ual results will be obtained by using a .') per cent solu-
tion of carbolic acid or creolin. and they have the advantage' of being less poisonous.
Such a solution is re(|uired to wash the hands and instruments in, and when used to
disinfect the skin it has the advantage of being anesthetic locally.
The Caltfe should hr Shihl,;l. -If the cattle are at pasture, they should be stabled,
tied up in their accustomed st.ills, numbered as they stand, handled quietly, by those
accustomed to feed and milk them.
They should be allowed to remain undisturbed for some hours, being careful not to
disturb iho temperature by larire draughts of cold water or overabundant feeding.
Takintj the THm/Mmfure Before Injection. -Two men to whom the cattle are
accustomed should asist the person taking the temperature. One takes the nostril
with finger and thumb with one hand, and the horn with the other. The second stands
at the hip to prevent her fr(mi moving from side to side. The thermometer with the
mercury forced down by a few sudden jerks, as if shaking ink off a pen, till it marks
below 100', is inserted into the rectum, where it should remain for three minutes.
Enter the temperature in a book or chart every three hours, commencing at 8 a.m.
11 a.m , 2 p.m., 5 p ni., and 8 p.m. '
The hands and thermometer siiould be dipped in the disinfectant solution before
inserting it into an .ther animal. When there is a large number to be tested three
thermometers may l)o in use simultaneously, so as to save time.
The best place to inject the test is in the loose skin on the side of the chest above
and behind the elb<jw. The hair should be cl.wely clipped off in a circle about three
inches in diameter, and the skin well washed with a 5 per cent solution of carbolic acid.
Injecting the 7'ea<.— The dose of diluted tuberculin is now taken into the syringe aU
air being forced out. The operator, if he is a fairly tall man, and the animal not very
large, should stand on the o[)p()site side, and reaching across the shoulder, he takes up
the disinfeci-ed loose skin with the fingers, and if the needle is strong and sharp enough
he penetrates it and pushes the needle its full length into the loose cellular tissue
beneath the skin ; if not he should with the brad-awl pierce the skin and insert the
needle into the puncture, then slowly inject the fluid withdrawing the needle gradually.
The advantage of this position is that the animal, when pricked with the needle, cringes
from It, and needles are often broken, whereas in this position it cringes towards instead
of from the operator.
The Best Time to Inject the Test.— The, injection may be commenced after finishing
taking the normal temp ratures, say, nine o'clock in the evening.
Temperatures Afltr InJKctiun. — Commence to take the temperatures at 6 o'clock
next morning, take them every three hours till it falls to normal again. If tubercle ia
10
present there will be a rise of temperature, which attairiH its highest point usually
about midday, sometimes later and generally it falls griulually till in about twenty-four
hours from the hour of injection it is normal again.
The rise in temperature is no indication of tin' <'xti'rit of the disease. Often the
reaction is a high temperature, and post mortem examinatioti shows but slight affection.
A rise in temperature of two or more degrees will indicate tubi'iculosis. In tuber-
culous herds, one and a half degree would indicate the (iiscMise alsn ; but that temperature
in a single animal in a herd would indicate suspiLi(jn only, and suggest retesting after
thirty days.
SAMPLE OF CHART.
Chart No
Tuberculin Teat at of Cattle owned by Mr
<
5
8
1
Bn^fl.
Colour.
Date 18!)
Date ISO
TKMI'KHATUIIK,
=■
BkKOIIE I.NJKCI'KIN.
Al'TKIi In,IK(-|'M)\.
1
i
8
A.M.
11
A.M.
2
P.M.
102
1015
5
P.M.
101?
1018
8
P.M.
mi
1012
II
A.M.
lOljj
1031!
A.M.
-_„
wn
10(1
12
A.M.
1(K)
.0'
8
P.M.
100 J
KMiJ
P.M.
9
P.M.
Maximl'm.
Cow.
Ayreahire . .
Shorthorn . .
Red and white
Roan
101
lOli
101?
101 J
102
105J
102
104?
102
101?
102
107
Decision — •Healthy. +Tuberculou8.
OITEN NO REACTION IN ADVANCED CASES.
It if usually found that in animals in advanced stages of the disease, owing to there
being a superabundance of tuberculin in the system already, there is little or no reaction.
Fortunately in such cases the sympicmis are so apparent, such as coughing, wasting,
enlarged glands, etc., that the owner has little difficulty in recognising the disease.
HOW TO DEAL WITH A DISEASED HERD.
When tuberculosis is discovered in a herd immediately remove the diseased ones
from .the healthy to another isolated stable, or a part of the byre may be partitioned oflf
by close boards as far as possible from the rest of the herd.
In the case of low-priced cattle the owner will best serve his own interests by
slaughtering them at once.
When they are specially valuable and in calf, the experiments of Prof. Bang and
others show that the calf may be saved by removing it as soon as born, and before the
cow has licked it, or it has been suckled by its diseased mother, and by placing it in an
uninfected building, and feeding it on milk from tested cows, it will in all probability
grow up free from tuberculosis, although, as previously explained, it may have a pre-
disposition to contract the disease.
The herd should be tested every six months, and those which react likewise removed,
till all trace of it disappears.
11
DISINFECTION OF PREMISES.
Most careful and complete disinfection of infected buildings and yards in which
diseased cattle have been kept should be employed to rid them of disease germs
in doing this before sweeping sprinkle the floors and walls well with water to
prevent dust rising, remove drinking troughs, feed boxes and stall division The floors
r/ln VT'"^ '"'^^^-i' '^i' ^f'' ^="''"8'^ •■^'^^ P'^''^'*'°"« «»^""ld be carefully wasS
aoii t /r ^ T''^"^ ""'^: " ^'«\"^*'<''t^"t ««'"tion such as carbolic acid, one pin^t of cS
acid to four gallons of water, or better still, lime wa.h. It may be applied by a white'
wash brush or a spraying pump, care being taken to see that every corner Lck and
joint 18 thoroughly penetrated by it. ^ i-orner, cracK and
The cleansing and disinfection should extend to drinking troughs and fences of the
barn yard to make disinfection complete. ^
102
107
DISPOSAL OP TUBERCULOUS CARCASSES.
All animals slaughtered should be buried or burned. It is all-wed in densely
fnS 1.^. WK^'if^f " ""^"u"^' by Government regulation that when the disease is limited
and local the flesh may be sold for food, all others are confi'-.ated and destroyed
^icr,. 1 !r* °° P'-o^'sjo^Js in.a'^e in the Animal Co, ious Diseases Act for such
disposal on the contrary it h strictly forbidden under section 7, 48-49 V c 70 which
IS as loilows : ' ' "'^"
sluhlj;,r°put. , ^- f^'^'y P^^'son ^fio sells or disposes of, or puts ofl^, or offers or exposes
ting oW such lorsa'e, or attempts to dispose of or put off any animal known by him to
animals. &a be infected With or labouring under any infcctiou i or contagious disease, or
the meat, skin, hide, horns, hoofs or other parts of an animal known by him
to be infected with or labouring under any infectious or contagJ ,us disease at
the time of its death, whether such person is the owner of su.h animal, or
of such meat, skin, hide, horns, hoofs or other parts of such an animal, or
not shall for every such offence, incur a penalty not exceeding two hundred
dollars. 48-49 V., c. 70, s. 7.
Every stock owner should have his stock tested, and voluntarily eradicate the
di.sease from it because diseased animals are a constant source of danger to the balance
of the herd. It is unlawful to sell animals or their products known to be suffering from
a contagious disease as tuberculosis is well known to be. Bayers of breeding stock will
not purchase from a herd susp( cted of disease.
n ,,,^"^^^.''°"'""« ^'^t*'^, <=a"nf be exported. They are a menace to your neighbour's
cattle which may be infected by them, milk and other products of the dliry is dangerous
to your own family as well as others using it when drawn from tuberculous cows. Once
your herd and premises are free from the infection they can be kept so by following the
suggestions above made. It is a duty you owe to yourself, your clients and country
By co-operation of the breeders it is quite within the possibilities that this disease
can in a few years be eradicated from Canadian herds. If the nature and manner of
introduction and extension of tuberculosis is once thoroughly known, and preventive
measures are enforced in both the human family and lower animals, this fell destroyer
ot human beings and the lower animals will disappear from the Ddminion.
D. McEACHRAN, F.R.C.V.S.,
Chief Veterinary Inspector for Canada.