k^> aJ v.^^'i?- IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) & ir />, 1.0 I.I 11111.25 140 1.4 2.2 2£ 11.8 1.6 V oz e^ ">>' 7 ■/,. 150mm /^PPLIED^ IIVMGE . Inc .a^ 1653 East Main Street •^^ - Rochester, NY 14609 USA _^=^S Phone: 716/482-0300 -^=r-^^ Fax: 716/288-5989 S) 1993. Applied Image, Inc , All flights Reserved i\^ 4^ i\ ^\ ■»t*HJ. Uu^rLr^Il ^£ . '^ an cHort ,s being mado to convey to densed form ««a iu ^X,XiS^a^J^^''''' "^''''T'^ ""^ stock-raiser., in a con- nature, oauH^ ^^»«H.^ j::;;::;j,tTo?^^^ ^'""••"^"' °^ ^-'« - to *he .■eporlro5\rKt;;t^^^^^^^^^^^^^ t.. publications and Alford Vet»^ri..M^v 1X4 'I^v 1>S J Ohii' r ^■'^•"J^r'ly those of Prof. Ed. xVocard, of Bang, of I>*>«n>pointed by the British Prof. Theobold K,«i,V. uirv^V^J Vu^^^L T^^^^^^^ ^•^•^•' University; th*.kl^lV»t\ \V«IUvVdiZri'/? ^''''^^^d V. A. Moore, Cornell extensive O.P.H... ..^ ,,. .Z^n^Sj^ t 1"=^,^°^°"^' *'^' '^ -" ^ «^ *'- and ^irr;r::;s;'!K;^^^^^^ -- as facts, statements cauU^U^t^W 3s, tLA^^^^ ^^^'' ^ ^^""^^ ""'king fully read the hwU^^Uu. iC '^ kft>Vf«r .*/"''' that interested parties will care^ tained thei^in tt» iM^mviriSvidu-vut,!! "'"' "'''^ "^^^^ ''^« suggestions cou- intentl';':;rnt^^^^^^^^^ ^-^ are given, by following which any which selda,«p^,^^U,vZ'>»r,™^^^^^^ ^'^.^'J^^f ol^^^^''^ "«• latent cases. Accuracy in v>«Wr dealer in to Canada, sase among ' carp, give the facts ro«ve, or by any justice of the peace having jurisdiction in the place, or any person authorized or appointed by tlie Oovernor in Uouncii, may seize the same, and report the seizure to the mayor or reeve, or to any justice of the Who may peace having jurisdiction in the place; and such mayor, reeve or justice, or c'uho tliem person authorized or appointed by the (Jnvernor in Council, may causes the su'mKHwl'^S. same, together with any pens, hurdles, troughs, litter, hay, straw, or other fcctioim to b« articles which ho judges likely to have been iiifcctocl thereby, to be forthwith '••"'"'"'yoJ- destroyed, or otherwise disposed of, in such manner as he deems proper, or as is directed, as provided by this Act. 48-49 V., c. 70, s. 10. 10 neglects forfeit hia in accord- 1 shall be nceals the f animals, v., c. 70, knowing IS or con- 1 in upoa pen field, h offence, 70, 8. 5. 'ket, fair ^bouring offence, 70, s. 6. exposes im to be 'ease, or own by itagious of such af such exceed- thro wn iter, or animal sed or sxceed- up or ch has ase, or dl, for oUars. >U8 or ffered 3Ught lir or id for !• any )r or TUBERCULOSIS, This disease claims for its victims nearly, perhaps we might say, all the domestio animals, and few of the wild animals subjected to domestication resist the contagion, as is well known to keepers of menageries. Rats, mice, and other vermin which inhabit houses and outbuildings not only contract the disease but are active acents in spread- ing it. '^ ^ Some species are more susceptible than others and contract it readily by eating food containing the germ of the disease, or inhaling the dried germs given off from the lungs and throats of animals affected in these organs. The moat susceptible of the domestic animals are cattle, swine, chickens, goats and rabbits. These contract it readily in the natural way, but it can be produced in sheep, dogs, cats and horses by inoculation with tuberculous material. Tuberculosis in the lower animals is identical with consumption in the human family. It is due to the same germ, (Bacillus Tuberculosis). It is communicable from other animals to man, and just as readily from man to the lower animals, by natural infection and by inoculation. TUBERCLE. « The germs (bacilli), which are living organisms of minute microscopic size, when they reach and become located in a tissue, produce local irritation and the formation oi small reddened areas infiltrated with Huid and cells. These are the tubercules. As they become a little older they enlarge, and their colour is greyish or yellow from changes that take place within causing the death of the central tissues. Their appearance and consistence in this way resemble that of cheese. Thpse nodules may vary in size from a pin head to a cocoanut, often they are ui stony hardness from the presence of lime salts. The tubercules may be confined to one organ or tissue of the body, such as the lymphatic gland, for example, of the mosentery or thorax, or the throat, or udder, or ovaries, etc., or they may be generalized through- out the body, the germs travelling in the blood circulation. In this way the abdominal organs (liver, spleen, kidneys, etc) may all be involved as well as those of the thorax, lungs, pleura, heart, lymph glands, etc). Often the pleura and peritoneum are covered with grape like excrescences whose appearances are characteristic of this disease. Whenever tubercles are lodged for any length of time, much destruction occurs in the affected tissue. THE TUBERCLE BACILLUS Is described as a rod-shaped organism with rounded ends and a slight curve, requiring complex laboratory methods of cultivation and staining, to prepare it for microscopic study. It is a parasitic organism, which is only found in the bodies and excretions of animals affected by this disease. It thrives badly in the sunlight, which is said to kill it in from a few minutes to several hours. This fact should be remembered in dealing with it with a view to preventing it. by trans,„is.sion to the sexual SnsXnSrJsH -''f'^ """^'/f (inlmlation), or by u cut or ul,ni.le,l Hurt'ace '° " '"^'''''^'' ""'' ^y inoculation, disease as oats, pea«, or X>^ ZIZ l^^'r ilurt^r^'" ^'^ '^^^"'"•^"-"' °^ '»- WHAT RENDERS CATTLE SUSCEPTIBLK TO THIS DISEASE? tubercTo:;"' lK!;vtu.ottZdrrt 'i '"'"-^ •^""^^^'-^ ^^^^'^ -^--P^i'^'e to is. however, a predisp^s ne"S :hi lo t is III' T^Z TT. °' l'' P-I««'^tion, it, Prof. Bang and others tha calves mav^nhrl!] t f^taWinhed by the experiments of ^before tho'cow licks thelror h yraieLckecl tZ^ T''^"' T^ !f ^•^"'"^^^ lutely healthy surroundings and irJn.nilkfomlLl i^^ '" '''^«"- renjain ., far as any inherited .liseaseTs LerZ p S^fV^^^^^^^ '^ "'^"'' ""^' will teach us that in such animals wo are like! v to find „ r-LJ' ' •.- ^",'»'""» «ense dition favourable to the growth Ld 11 »»no^ fix T^'^t'^P^^'^'on, that is a con- likely to contract .he diseise wl en "tosed to cont.L* *''^ "^'j''"''^'- ^^^cilius, animals predisposed would resist succelsfuMj?^ contagion which their neighbours not so vitaiart ;:S;:^;3^s-^tr^;'3i Yt^^ ^-""^'^ -^^ -^-^ cise, breeding too young, are all wha mZ 1 w i *' ,"'"^ J'"""^ ''"■' i»^""icient exer- and should be avoided ^ ^ **^""'''' predisposing causes to tuberculosis, the^^:ji;lr!^;^r:^-'^i'^-t^^^fi-saas anot^^ .dejected to are most exposed, they a rmorrcon^r^'Zcf n L"''V""f '""Y' *"• '' '''"''''' '^'y , theirvitalit^mor^drainedbyheavy SS. knd the™ ^ continuously housed, are more liable to milk infection as tl evS-T ^ ,T l*""-^'' ^^^'^ '^'^Ives usually suckle their calves E ?l/n7f * T '"f "'' """'• ^'""'''''^ ^he beef breeds years L, 1-ce th;t;^po';!rd K^c^ollTilr V^^^^^^^^^^^ Z [^^.^ spent more in the open air and in sunlight. °^ ^'^® '^^''''^ i« HOW THE DISEASE IS USUALLY INTRODUCED INTO A HERD AND HOW IT EXTENDS IN IT. by coSaKSri'^^^L^iSi^^ ""^^ "'''"' ««^"* •'^ «P-^-^ ^"^^ ^1~. both till h!^ms^r:;^^^d^r iXi^ufe'^ 'y; "^ T.^'^T- ^'^-^ --<^ ^y one the cLue!""''^" '^"""'^ ^' ''"^ '^"^ ^'-"''^ be prevented f^om coming in contact with TUBERCULOUS ATTENDANTS. shouidti"t":outrbtrje":o%::d^mnk"orh^" fr p"'.™^"-^^^ ~"P^-n . The intercommunicability of the di J^ fnS^tn^ '' ^° "^? f "^^ ^'^ P'«^- animals IS an established fact'no longer oprtoX^^^^^ -an, and from man to cattle trucks or stock yards and tirWucf.' T\ ^''^^ ^oxes in buildings, mixingwiththefoodlnrheLy rik or fefdtrufh" ^' f ''""^'^^^ ' ^ intestines, thence throu-di the blood oJ Ivmn f ' ^f ^/«f «« ,to the stomach and other organs. ° ^ "*' '^'"P*' channels to the abdominal glands and c DANOKIl rUOM MILK. The virulnnce of milk from tul)ercul(iu8 cttttlo esppciiilly when the uddor isdiNpaned has been clearly dprnoiistiHted. Milk is (jaiigorouo even when the udder is not specially diseased. It will cominunicate the disease even when diluted by mixing with large quiintities of other milk in the creamery or cheese factory ; whey is e(|ually dangerous. The germs remain active in the skim-milk and whey, and may produce the disease in calves fed on it. Milk obtained from creameries in districts where tuberculosis prevails should be raised in temperature for 10 minutes to 1(10* before being given to calves, otherwise living bacilli may b(( taken into the stomach, and entciring the lymph channels produce tlie disease. As a precautionary measure, milk from tuberculous cows should not be received at creameries or cheese factories. All skim milk and whey should be heated to 160' for ten minutes before being given out to farmers from the factories for feeding calves or swine. Unless this is d(jne creameries and cheese factories may become dis- tributing agents of this disease to healthy herds. Milk from tuberculous cows is a frequent source of communicating the disease from cattle to people, especially children and old feeble persons ; meat from diseased cattle is also dangerous, although it may be sterilized by heat. HOW TO PREVENT ITS INTRODUCTION TO A HERD. See that your animals to begin with are free from the disease. Never bring any animal into the byre till you have ascertained beyond a doubt that it is healthy. Keep your own bull. Your neighbor may be obliging, but if careless about the health of his stock, you may suffer irreparable injury by accepting even the free use of his bull should the animal happen to be tuberculous. Conversely, if you have a bull, be exceedingly careful to see that no tuberculous cows are brought to him for service. Never allow a consumptive person to have anything to do with your cattle, make no mistake about this. Your byres must be well lighted, almost as light as outdoors ; disease germs are killed by sunlight. Pure air and plenty of it is essential to health. This can only be provided b) suffi- cient space. Let your cow stable be roomy. Drainage is essential to purity of the air. Without proper and efficient drainage the air must become contaminated by emanations from the droppings ind urine of the cattle as well as by the decomposing vegetable matters with which they are mixed. Drain your buildings, and do it thoroughly. The ventilation is all-impi)rtant. By properb v. ranged ventilators the impure air is removed and replaced by pur.>, the oxygen of th lur is constantly being consumed in the process of breathing, and unless it is replaced it becomes unfit to sustain animal life. The constant change of the air in buildings inhabited by animals is absolutely necessary to preserve health. During summer weather most buildings are sufficiently ventilated by the doors and windows being left open ; it is during the winter when cattle are housed that they suHer from imperfect ventilation. Proper ventilation provides for the admission of the pure and the escape of the foul air. As a rule farmer's architects do not make sufficient provision for either. The air may be admitted by openings near the floor and by windows hinged at the bottom and dropping inward. The ventilators or air shafts are usually too small. Most buildings require shafts three feet square pUced about twenty feet apart, in the middle aisle of the byre. The shafts should be divided inside into two by a partition extending from the top to within three feet of the ceiling ; the opening being controlled by trap doors opened or closed by cords running through pulleys. CATTLE STANDINO HEAD TO HKAD OlMIXTIONAnLE an ai?"^" *'"'""'">" '.""."^ "Tanging tl.o l.yro, so aH to Have lal,..ur in feedinc, l.y luwinir oont KM a tJmn whon they «ro pU-e.l with th.ir hca.J.s to tho wull. Thoy umy Im ou^i.,r S . hJ^JlIuK; ,u ' "'"^ r «'«•«^'''--d ^'"' •'^tt'T. and it has a LJl Han . ^ «ul J!"""'"*^ T^*"" i" *■;"''*''"' '''"'^'''^ '" ^'•°"' "^ ^''^ c»"le is objectionable if tul-r- oulosis w present, a« by this means the ger.ns may bo carried in fnmtof the whole herd. SYMPTOMS AND DIAGNOSIS OF TUBERCULOSIS. VVl.en affecting the lungs, throat and respiratory organs generally it is accom pan.ed by a trequont cough but no fever. There is disturbance of rcsn ra ion ^he Wath.ng.s quickened by slight exertion or excitement; thT cough ^pXed b changes of temperature. The expert can detect dull spots surrounded 'by areas o^f increased resonance on examination of the lungs by the usual niethod" ^ the uS-lteS St ^"^le il 'ml;*- ^:r S intl^^- - When the disease is abdominal and the glands and organs in the bellv are ehieflv strSn' ? ZT7LlJ:'TVr''''''''''^ ^'^■•'^ -^P^^-"" eraciSLXeS secretion ot milk, indigestion, breathlessness, and general failure more or less ranir) THE TUBERCULIN TEST. .^.o^"*:'- ^''^ •"•• uny inflummiitory disimso when the temporulure ia over lO-*" from any oiiuse, a cow Ix-iiig l)ulling— n hull iM.ii.gwxually excii.'d, scarcity of water, impure iiir, irrit itiori from ttu'N, pro'^niuicy in lulvanci'd stages, are all unfavourable for reliable tewting. ImlrutwirUs loreimri/. ~Th,' following iiiHtruments are HMiuired. One or more hahrenheit (.linical) tlienriomct. rs, a hypodermic syring.- with three strong hypodermic needloH and a fine trooar and (inula, a fine bradawl, and a pair of clippers )r curved scissors, and several glass droppers. The Thennim.itfr^ in use foi" tliis purpose cost about %\, arc self registering, and can beljought at any drug store, 5'yri//_7''^.— Metallic syringes, strong and easily taken apart to be cleaned and disinfected, costing . ■?•'<, can idso bo obtained at drug stores, or instrument makers. The Scinsorn ami Unvlawf are easily and cliea[)ly procured at any hardware store. Charts/or reconfin;/ l>:sfs which should bo numbered, and the name or number of the animal, the coL.ur and markings, sex, ago, breed, hours at which the temperatures were taken beWe and after injection, and a column for the decision should be arranged. /)mn/;fi!fm/«. -Prolessioiial men generally prefer a solution of corrosive sublimate, 1 part to 1,000 of water, but e(|ual results will be obtained by using a .') per cent solu- tion of carbolic acid or creolin. and they have the advantage' of being less poisonous. Such a solution is re(|uired to wash the hands and instruments in, and when used to disinfect the skin it has the advantage of being anesthetic locally. The Caltfe should hr Shihl,;l. -If the cattle are at pasture, they should be stabled, tied up in their accustomed st.ills, numbered as they stand, handled quietly, by those accustomed to feed and milk them. They should be allowed to remain undisturbed for some hours, being careful not to disturb iho temperature by larire draughts of cold water or overabundant feeding. Takintj the THm/Mmfure Before Injection. -Two men to whom the cattle are accustomed should asist the person taking the temperature. One takes the nostril with finger and thumb with one hand, and the horn with the other. The second stands at the hip to prevent her fr(mi moving from side to side. The thermometer with the mercury forced down by a few sudden jerks, as if shaking ink off a pen, till it marks below 100', is inserted into the rectum, where it should remain for three minutes. Enter the temperature in a book or chart every three hours, commencing at 8 a.m. 11 a.m , 2 p.m., 5 p ni., and 8 p.m. ' The hands and thermometer siiould be dipped in the disinfectant solution before inserting it into an .ther animal. When there is a large number to be tested three thermometers may l)o in use simultaneously, so as to save time. The best place to inject the test is in the loose skin on the side of the chest above and behind the elb