IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) y A A P. i^- U. 4 4(\ I f ™- ilM ' .:r ill imioo I.I 11.25 i;^ III 1.4 2.2 1.8 1.6 y <^ r /i 7 ^^^ >^ ^y (9 CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques 1980 Technical Notes / Notes techniques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Physical features of this copy which may alter any of the images in the reproduction are checked below. L'Institut a microf ilmd le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a 6td possible de se procurer. Certains ddfauts susceptibles de nuire d la quality de la reproduction sont not^s ci-dessous. 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The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes ou les planches trop grandes pour dtre reproduites en un seul cliche sont film6es d partir de I'anglo sup6rieure gauche, de gauche d droite et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n^casst 're. Le diagramme suivant illustre la m^thode . 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 A- . v^- THE SOl'RCES OF THE MISSISSIPPI. THEIR DISCOVERERS, REAL AND PRETENDED. A REPORT, BY HON. JAMES H. BAKER, Read before the Minnesota Historical Society, February 8, 1887. MINNESOTA HISTORICAL COLLECTION, vol.. VI. part I. saint PAUL. MINN. Brown, Trhacy S: Co., Printers, 1887. I "i 1 1 TH E SOmCES OF THE MISSISSIPPI. THEIR DISCOVERERS, REAL AND PRETENDED. A REPORT, HON. JAMES H. BAKER, Read rsEFOHE the Minnesota Historical Society, February 8, 1887. >nNNESOTA HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS. VOL. VI. PART I. SAINT PAUL, MINN. Khown, Trracy & Co., Printers, 1887. THE SOURCES OF THE MISSISSIPPI. THEIR DISCOVERERS, REAL AND PRETENDED. A Report, by Hon. James H. Haker, read before the Minnesota Histcrical Society, Feb. 8, 1887. In pursuance of a resolution of the Minnesota Historical Society, dated Dec. 13, 1886, your committee herewith present a summary of their investigations and conclusions touching the validity of any and all claims to the discovery of the head waters of the Mississippi river, together with a determination of what waters constitute the true and ulti- mate sources. Your committee have faithfully and laboriouslv read all letters, documents, journals and books, and consulted all maps obta inable,* which shed any light upon the questions to iio'?rArex^sL"yrFeb.^°[^'"s 'irf>rSot J^^^°^^^^^ tions, vol. 1, p-tl7. i4li()olcraft4 I arVnJi^il if Historical Society's Collec the Mississippi. iH2nn lH]f2 Re^^^^^ ^" 'he source o: map of tl.e hVl.ical hlsin f ^hf-.l/Ir^ .■i!:.^";^ 'e_V *" accompany hit map of tl.e l/yArorvaphfcalb^^in ^^f the i^er MiiliSi I^Ver l^fJ^" r-n" , York'Heralii;-Ts72;"o: E. Garrrsonw''4''Dort 'JnrHV«T^.T' 'otters in the New Rev J. A. Oil inaii's trh> to I^iscaTxsi %.i n -i^^^^^ ^'"'^"^ of the U. S. mHp and field notes V7(i Letter from I^ General's "Science," Dec. 21, 1886 Owen's "Swor^nnHD' -?»,'^-^'"^"' ^'iv'or & Co. in and his lake, by Henry UH^viJ^lv n( n X^K-^T^^^ Capt.Glflzier Geological and Natnra HistorVsur^v'Iy oflnnnesota VsKo""^^^ J^^°'L «f *he irets^°or/^^icS- "''""-' ^^^ H°P-" "^-^e: If^.-. o^iTl^^efTZ 4 MINNBHOTA IIIHTORICAI. COLLKCTIONS. involved. .\ list of the several authorities constituted, is herewith subjoined. The definite determination of a great geo^rapliical and historic fact, intiniatel}- interwoven with a pre-eminent physical feature of our own State, is strictly within the l)rovince and duty of this Society. The material facts and findings in this investigation only, can be presented in this paper, together with such references to the evidence on which the conclusions are based, as may be deemed material. One Capt. Willard (ila/.ier, recently assumes to have made important discoveries at the head waters of the Missis- sippi ; that he discovered a lake, new ar 1 unknown before his brief visit to the Itascan region, in 1881 ; and that this lake, called after him " Glazier Lake," is the true and ulti- mate source of the great river. He thereafter proceeds to exalt himself, and petition geographical societies and map- makers, to honor him as the original discoverer of the true sources of the Mississippi, and so displace Schoolcraft and Nicollet from the high position and credit they had so long held in the field of American science and geography. The claim is a lofty and pretentious one, and should be examined with scrupulous care. To snatch the hard-earned laurels of Schoolcraft and Nicollet, upon whose work time has set the seal of more than a half a century of uncontested title, should not be sanctioned by the Minnesota Historical .Society, upon a field so distinctly its own, unless the new claim rests upon testimony clear, conclusive and indisput- able. This Society owes it to the honored dead, and to the truth of geographical science in its own territory, to make a candid, unbiased, and if possible, a conclusive expc sition of the whole matter. The most distant sources of the Mississippi river have their rise in an elevated table land in about N. latitude 47", longitude 95 '*, an area abounding in marshes, creeks and lakes. What one of these should be honored as the true DIE 80URCG8 OK THE MlHHISHirPI. and principal source, .ind wliat explorer first discovered and made known such primal waters, arc the questions involved. Says the American Encyclopedia, (Kdition 1855) — "We follow Schoolcraft's map in ^ivint^ the latitude and longitude of " Lc Bush Lake " * (Itasca) as the extreme source of the Mississippi." The old geographers, map-makers and his- torians have thus followed Schoolcraft for fifty years, in ac- cepting the Itascan basin as the authentic source. The great discovery of Schoolcraft, July 12, 183?, was confirm- ed by Jean N. Nicollet, a distinguished French scholar, July, 1836. Nicollet, with more time and research, found other inconsiderable affluents of Itasca, but holds that Itas- ca was the " principal basin " of the head waters of the Mississippi, and says with noble courtesy and loyalty to historic truths ; '* The honor of having first explored the sources of the Mississippi, and introduced a knowledge of them into physical geography, belongs to Mr. Schoolcraft and Lt. James Allen. I came only after these gentlemen ; but I may he permitted to claim some merit for having ] completed what was wanting for a full geographical knowledge of those sources." This is the modest testi- mony of a true and genuine scientist. Subsequently, at least a dozen other cultivated, scholarly and professional gentlemen, came after these savans, and at various periods, visited these head waters, and by their concurrent testimony, ^ render certain the claims of these two eminent explorers to the honor of original discovery. And after them all, comes the government surveyors, (1875), and their work proves the almost absolute accuracy of the noble and early labors of Schoolcraft and Nicollet. Thus stands tbe general geographic record, until Capt. Glazier flings his glove into the arena in 188 1, and chal- lenges existing and accepted history. Glazier appears to be a writer of war reminiscences, " in which he figures * liftc la Biche. O MINNKHOTA m8TuRI«::AL C0M,KCTI{)N8. as the most conspicuous hero," and from what is known of him by his writings " he has been fairly denominated an " adventurer." * There is no evidence going to show that he is possessed of any quahfications wiiatever, either as a trained scholar or scientist, fitting him for the import- ant labor he had assumed. For he iiad taken it upon himself to review the work of men believed to be, in the highest sense, competent and skilled for geographical ex- ploration. They came modestly and conscientiously to their work, and years of reflection and consideration elapsed before either of them gave the results of their labors to the world. They performed their work, too, before a white man had yet settled in the territory of Minnesota, and when danger and privations were the inevitable accompaniments of such early undertakings. But Glazier appears upon the scene v/ith dramatic bom- bast, and riding across the continent on horseback, in 1876, and musing upon " the uncertainty that existed as to its true source," resolves to settle the problem. At that very moment when his steed was slaking its thirst in the " Father of Waters," the government surveyors were plat- ting the official maps, which were the last links wanting to corroborate the validity of the work of Schoolcraft and Nicollet. In May 1 881, Glazier organizes a pleasure excur- sion at St. Paul, and with his party starts on the cars " for exploration in the wilds of Minnesota." He travels 155 miles by railroad to the city of Brainerd in one night, and doubtless in a sleeping car. All this through a region over which Nicollet had toiled weeks and months with all the privations incident to an untrodden wilderness. Thence he goes by a well established road to Leech Lake, and is the identical old government wagon road over which all the supplies were hauled for the North Pacific railroad. From this road, another leaves it at Fish Hook Lake and * See " Sword and Pen ; " or, ventures and adventures of Wlllard Glazier, Ac, hy .Tohn Algernon Owens," Phila., 1881. THE 80URCKS tH' TIIK MISHISHIPF'l. runs direct to the Southeast arm of Lake Itasca. From this E. S. Teller cut a road throu<^h Town 143, R. 36 W. into the S. E. corner of Section 26, and terminates just in sight of Elk Li'.ke. Over this road the U. S. Surveyor, Mall, took his supplies with a team, in 1875, when he went to survey those towns. The whole journey is not rendered perplexing b)- a single ehme it of doubt. The pursuing of these routes along estab ished roads and portages, with our Indians " as guides," if you please, and denominating it an " explora- tion," is so ludicrous to one familiar with the situation, as is the writer, that the whole thing is so supremely ridicu- lous, that, were it not for the seriousness of the situation, we would dismiss the matter as a joke, and Willard Glazier as merry fellow on a jolly outing. Arriving at the Itascan waters, he goes straight to " Schoolcraft's Island " in the bosom of Lak^ Itasca, and thence, without impediment or doubt, direct . < a " new and unknown lake," and at once discovers the original, genu- ine, ultimate sources of the great river ! The directness and eel ty of that sort of discovery and exploration, was never before recorded in serious history. He at once begins his work of distorting geography and confusing learned Societies. From "Schoolcraft's Island, Lake Itasca, July 22d, 1 88 1 ," he heralded to " Geographical Societies" and to the world, his pretensions and achievements. He subse- quently published an elaborate map and sent it to the President of the American Geographical Society, and pub- lished a minute account of the " Recent Discovery of the true source of the Mississippi River," illustrated with maps and engravings, in the " American Meteorological Journal." Also in a volume entitled the " Sword and Pen," there is reproduced the story of his discovery. He also sent a map, fortified with his own record of his alleged noble deed, to the " Royal Geographical Society of England." He has also industriouslv solicited the mention of his fame and riHi 8 MINNKSOTA HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS. his lake into geogrsohical text books and atlases over the country. He has left nothing undone to supplant School- craft and demolish Nicollet. That such Societies should have received, unquestioned, his brazen ?<^atements, and been duped by him, is what renders the preparation of this paper a necessity. The "lake" which Glazier claims to have "discovered," is a small meandered lake, which lies mainly in Sec. 22, Township No. F43 North, Range 36, West of the 5th Principal Meridian. The lake lies .South of the South- west arm of Lake Itasca, and is only 350 feet distant from it. It contains about 250 acres and debouches into Itasca through a sinuous stream, 1184 feet long, in a tamarack swamp. By his own description and map, this is " Glazier Lake," so-called, and there is no mistaking its identity, for there is no other. Was Glazier the original discoverer of this lake ? No ; no more than he was the discoverer of the sources of the Nile, or the mouth of the Mississippi. And even were it true that he did, its waters are not the ultimate sources of the Mississippi. This identical lake is found upon evory map, from that of Nicollet, 1836 and '37, to that of the Government surveys, 1875. Now as to the testimony that he did not first discover it. It is so conclusive as to be crushing : I. In 1836-7, Nicollet deposited a map of the Itascan region in the office of Engineers, U. S. A. By order of the Senate, Feb. 16. 1841, this map and accompanying report, was published in Executive Document, No. 237, 2d Session, 26th Congress, in 1843, and a second edition pub- lished and enlarged, and can be found in any of the public libraries of the country. Nicollet simply sketches the lake more as a bay or estuary of Itasca. In that day, by higher water, which is shown by water-marks to have existed, the lake was certainly identical with Itasca, for the distance is now only insignificant. As illustrative of this point, the THE 80UKCES OF THE MISSISKIl'PI. V Rev. J. H. Gilfillan, visiting them in 1881, the Indians called this identical " Elk Lake, " Gabttkgmnag" which he says means, " water that juts off to one side, as a thumb from a hand." This would indicate that at no remote period they were one and the same lake, and that the channel between them gradually filled, possibly by the aid of beaver dams, and they became apparc. ly separate bodies of water, though onl}- a " stone's throw apart " at this time. The Indians from the earliest period, called the whole Itasca lake system, Omosh-kos, from the form of an elk, and this protuberance was probably a part of the animal configuration. At any rate, it is there on Nicollet's official map, 1835, more nearly correct than it is on Glazier's map of 1884. 2. In 1855, Henry R. Schoolcraft, yet alive, issued in Philadelphia, (Lippincott, Grambo & Co.,) his " Summary Narrative of an exploratory expedition to the sources of the \ Mississippi." With this last edition of his works, Mr. School- craft presents a revised map of all his discoveries, prepared ■ •I } by Capt. Seth Eastman, U. S. A., and it stands prefacing I the title page, in which map this lake in controversy, is distinctly defined, together with " Nicollet Creek," with its three ponds, just precisely as described by Nicollet. So that the French scientist's work received, before he died, the high sanction and endorsement of Schoolcraft himself. 3. A "Military Map" of the Northwest was made in 1855-6, by the authority of John B. Floyd, then Secretary of War, prepaired by Lt. G. K. Warren, of the Typograph- ical Engineers, one of the foremost geographers of his time, from explorations made by him, under directions of A. A. Humphrey, and the following, among other officers, were consulted in its preparation and are so cited on its margin : Capt. J. C. Fremont, Capt. John Pope, Gov. I. I. Stevens and Lt. James Allen. The greatest care was taken in its preparation. This map clearly and distinctly shows the lake in controversy, located just where the government surveys now place it. I 10 MINNESOTA HISTOKICAI, COLLKCTIONS. In 1872, Julius Chambers, of the New Vork Herald, visited the Itasran region. 1 ie wrote a series of letters for the Herald in June and July of that year, and in one dated July 6th, he gives a full description of " Klk Lake," locating it where it really belongs, and naming it " Uolly Varden." after his canoe. He describes it more accurately than does Capt. Glazier. He pronounces it at that time as a distinct lake from Itasca. This was seven years before Glazier was there. He made and published a map, showing the lake as represented in his letters, in the most distinct and positive manner, which map is here before us. But more material than all since the days of Nicollet, was the actual survey and platting of these townships embracing that entire region, including Itasca and all lakes and streams connected therewith, by authority of the government of the U. S., through the Surveyor General's oflflce ol the State of Minnesota, six years before Capt. Glazier's alleged discovery. The Surveyor General, J. H. Haker, was fully informed of the facts touching the land and water to be surveyed. The lumbermen of Minneapolis had assured him that they had actually " counted the pine trees " on this very lake. They told him of waters beyond that (Nicollet creek), flowing into the S. W. arm of Itasca, through which they could float their logs into this great lake. The contract of surveying Township 143 North, Range 36 West, where these waters are located, was let to Capt. E. S. Hall of St. Cloud, and in Oct. 1875. Hall made the survey. The map of the Township was duly made up in the Surveyor General's Office from Capt. Hall's care- fully written field notes, made upon the ground with proper instruments, and attention was especially directed to the lake in question. This Township map was certified to as correct by J. H. Baker, Surveyor General, Feb. 3d, 1876, and was by him transmitted to the General Land Oflice at Washington, and was officially approved by the Commis- sioner of the General Land Office and posted May 3d, 1876. I THE 80UHCK8 OP THE MISSISSIPPI. 11 This map thenceforth became public property, accessible to all persons, and the supreme authority to all geographers and map-makers in the U. S. The lake in question was meandered, its outlines marked and four large meander posts set up, two on the East and two on the North, and distinctly visible when Capt. Glazier was there, for they were there and visible to travelers this present year. By authority of instructions from the Government of the U. S., Surveyor General Baker named the lake in question " Elk Lake," because he had been directed to retain the name given by the Indians to meander lakes, if any such name was in use or known at the time of the survey. Capt. Hall informed the Surveyor General that the Indian name was Elk Lake. This corresponded with the traditional name of the waters. It was therefore so marked on the plat, and approved by the authorities at Washington. What person had tne right to change the name thus authoritatively given ? This official survey and record, that year, became a part of the great official map of the United States, issued under the certificate of the Land Comm ssioner at Washington, and the lake and name, " Elk Lake," could have been found there by any person upon the most casual examination. Now all these maps which are here cited, are among the papers of this Society, and with the exception of the Chambers' map, are distinctly official maps, not issued by private individuals, but by the authority of the State or General Government. They are open and accessible to all persons whomsoever. Was Capt. Glazier so excessively stupid, as not to consult ai' such existing official authorities, before star*^ing on so important an undertaking? If so, what value can attach to the work of a man neglecting to properly equip himself for exploration? But it is in positive evidence, that previous to his issuing any map whatever, he was fully informed " that he was claiming what did not belong to him," and the government maps i 12 MINNESOTA HISTORICAL COLLBCTION8. were shown him with "Elk Lake" thereon.* But he defiantly persisted in his assumption. But there were still other sources of information, besides these, ready at hand, to throw light upon the subject, if they had been sought, or wanted. Charles Lanman alleges he was there in 1846; the Rev. Mr. Ayer and his son, Lyman Ayer, of Little Falls, Minnesota, was there in 1849 ; Wm. Bangs, of White Earth, Minn., was there in 1865; O. E. Garrison, for Census Bureau, 1880; W. E. Neal, of Minneapolis, was there both in 1880 and in 1881 ; the Rev. j. A. Gilfillan, of White Earth, Minn., was there in May, 1881, The facts pertaining to most of the foregoing visits, could have been easily found in the Minnesota Historical Society, a proper place for any man to go, who desired intelligently to embark in such work. More than this, in so important a State document as the "Ninth Annual Report of the Geological and Natural His- tory Survey of Minnesota," 1880, p. 321, C. M. Terry, in a paper therein on the " Hydrology of Minn ?sota," describes "Elk Lake" as a tributary of Itasca, and 'th judicious and intelligent criticism adds : " It is rather a refinement of exactness to call Elk Lake, as .tome explorers have, the ultimate source of the Mississippi. Itasca Lake has been in possession of the honor so long that its claim ouj^ht not to be disputed, and certainly it is sufficiently minute, remote, and sylvan to answer all the requirements of an ideal source." This Mr. Terry, who was employed by State authority, was a Congregational clergyman and had made natural science a special study, and was a son-in-law and pupil of Dr. Edward Hitchcock, of Amherst College, the eminent geologist. No man in the Northwest was better equipped for a close .study, and intelligent understanding, of the water systems of Minnesota. In that ReDort, issued by y * G. Woolworth Colton. in Americua Cunoeiat, Nov. 1886: Mr. Colton made Glazier's map according to his dictation and gives remarkable testimony as to the sbamelessness ot Glazier's fnsistaiice ou perverting the (acts. THB 80URCKS OP THE MISSISSIPPI. 18 the State, Mr. Glazier could have read the full account of the lake he pretends to have discovered. But this is not all, for the scientific world in Europe were also familiar with the results of Nicollet's explorations, !and with the situation at Lake Itasca and vicinity. Dr. Peterman's " Stieler's Hand Atlas," published by Justus m Perthes, of the Gotha Institute of Geography, contains dis- tinctly this very lake. So that even in European geog- raphies, the redoubtable Glazier could have found the lake he so brazenly claims. Does not this record of facts show, that if Glazier had been in any respect whatever a student and a scientist, turn which ever way he might, he would have found the " lake " which has whetted his appetite for glory, or had he avoided the paths of the scholar and entered any " Real Estate Office" in St. Paul or Minneapolis, he would have found his lake distinctly marked and named " Elk Lake " on " Warner & Foote's Map," which is in such common use everywhere in the State. In the face of these facts, the boid assumption of the man Glazier, is without a parallel in the annals of geo- graphical history. His conduct is a total disregard of all the rules and dignities of a true scientist. Scientific knowl- edge has scar,.cly before been made the prey of a charla- tan. The measure of his astounding fraud, has not yet fully penetrated the public mind. To begin his absurd under- taking, he must thrust aside the work of the noble School- craft ; the more careful and exhaustive e.xplorations of the great scientist, Nicollet; to ignore the confirmatory exam- ination of nearly a dozen explorers and travelers through a series of years ; and finalK' to set aside the work of the government surveyors, with the official map staring him full in the face ! Glazier's motto must be, " laudace, toujours Vaudacey But in what manner did he conduct his alleged explora- tion ? With what element of scientific equipment was he i M MINNB80TA HISTORICAL COLLBCTION8. clothed? Without maps and documents throwing such hght as may be upon t'e region to be explored ; without any instruments whatever, * always so necessary for the solution of a topographical problem, this geodetic chani- [)ion advances to a review of the wor; of the great Nicol- let! His own account is the authority for the facts (jf this most extraordinary exploration and discovery. He sights lake Itasca between three and four o'clock on July 21st, 1 88 1, and passed directly to Schoolcraft's Island, where he at once went into camp, and retiring early, he did not begin the exhaustive work of exploration until 8 a. m., of the 22d ; then putting his canoes into the water, and fol- lowing the guidance of an Indian, he goes directly to the waters to be discovered. He enters the lake, hoists a flag, fires a volley, they make speeches, as he alleges, and announces that he has completed the work begun by l)e Soto in 1541 ! They immediately left the lake, and paddled back into Itasca, and at three o'clock in the afternoon of the same day began the descent of the river. t Thus in seven hours of the 22d of July, 1881, did Capt. Willard Gla/.ier, by his account, accomplish more in the discovery of the sources of the Mississippi, than had been done from the time of De Soto, three hundred and forty years, till that memorable hour! Shades of Columbus, of Magellan, of De Soto, of Henry Hudson, of Nicollet ! To what a refinement of labor and economy of time, has Willard Glazier reduced the work of notable geographical explora- tions and discovery I Think of the painstaking Nicollet, devoting days to toilsome labor, and nights to astronomi- cal observations ! Think of the months of privation and danger endured by Schoolcraft and Nicollet, in the inter- ests of true science; modest, loyal to their noble work, blazing an unknown path to the fountains of the Mis- * Those who accompnnied him have so stated. t See Ghizier's piiper in "American Met. Journal," pages. 2G2, ua2, 324, 325, 337; "Sword and Pen," pages 477. 478. THE SOCRCBfi OF THB MI88I88IPPI. 15 sissippi, and waiting years of reflection i.nd review, before [fivinr a report to tlic world ! Hut fifty years later comes a 3trii)lint( tourist, and in the midst of a civilized State, with a million of people, enters a surveyed lownship, bla/.ed at every quarter section with the axe of the surveyor, and in an e> ploit of se\en hours duration, endeavors to steal the weU earned chaplets from bronzed brows of SchoolcrafL and Nicollet, and strives to set them upon the head of a conscienceicJ« " adventurer" instead ! There were full twenty miles of shore to be examined along the indentations and arms of Itasca, with its " Elk Lake " annex ; there were at least fifteen miles of streams, with their sinuosities to be explored. This point is of special importance, as it is made infercn- tially to appear in his writings, that he had explored some, at least, of these affluents. But Willard Glazier, being present in our Historical Society Rooms, I^'eb.jth, at four o'clock in the afternoon, confessed to Gen. Baker, in the presence of witnesses,* that he had not ascended any one of them, a fact which was known to tliis committee by other testimony. Glazier, thus by his own confession, contributed nothing whatever to geographical knowledge. He addressed himself to no work of a scientist. He did not find, or attempt to find Nicollet's creek, which is the main tributary of Itasca ; he did not even visit the chief tributary of Elk Lake itself. His maps of the lake are in themselves misleading, as he cau.sed it to be made out of all proportion to its real area, and extravagant in its comparative relation to Itasca. He makes one map in 1884, and another, locating the lake four miles further South, by his own scale of miles, in 1886. The latter is to be considered a revision, and places the lake where it does wr^/ belong. In neither mapi is it cor- rect. His maps are therefore, in themselves, outrageously erroneous, and cannot be trusted for truth and fidelity. * Present, J. B. Chaney and Geo. Hamilton. 16 MINNESOTA HlflTORICAI, COLLBCTIONB. Further than this, he distorts geography in the most reckless manner in his letter to the " Royal Geographical Society of England." In that communication, he locates his lake " not less than an entire degree of latitude South of Turtle Lake." This places it South of Crow Wing river and ti\e miles North of the town of Wadena ! People of Minnesota, how this man perverts the geography of your .State! It is here to be observed that in this extraordinary letter to the Royal Society, the entire concluding paragraph is .stolen bodily from Schoolcraft (Ed. 1834, page, 59), changing only the words of Schoolcraft " probably," inio " not less than,'' thus adding blunder to theft. Pursue this adventurer in any of his statements concerning this whole thing, and how marvellous are his palpable errors. In one place he fixes the level of the water of his lake 3 feet above those of Itasca ; in another at 7 feet. The facts are, from actual levels taken with instruments, the level of Elk I..ake above Itascan waters, is just 13 inches. Again, Glazier claims that the water from a lakelet, he calls lake " Alice," (really lake Whipple, as Mr. Gilfilian has named it), empties into Elk Lake, when, as a topo- grapically determined fact, they debouch into the West arm of Itasca. Any searcher after geographical truth, in following this rattlc-braine ' adventurer, would be led into hopeless mazes of error and confusion. His work in distorting the geography of our State, is simply incredible. He has issued and scattered broad- cast a map, entitled : " A map illustrative of Capt. Willard Gla.zier's voyage of exploration to the source of the Mis- sissippi river." Coming into Minnesola, a strolling tour- ist, he has, in this map, made a bold and outrageous attempt to change the names of our lakes in an area of country 320 square miles in extent, beginning just West of Leech Lake, thence across to the Itasca basin, then follow- ing the meanderings of the Mississippi river to Lake Winnebegoshish. In this territory he displaced the ancient riiK ^'nl•R^K« ok thk missiswihi'i. 1? Indian names, sacred to the people oi" Minnesota, and old in nomenclature as Leech Lake, Turtle Lake, Winnebegoshish or Cass Lake, coming down from immemorial times, and in their place substituted the following, changing as here noted ; Kabekona Rive- o Kabekanka. Kabekona Lake c Lake Garfield. Neway Lake to Lake George. Bowdich Lake to Lake Paine. Assawe Lake to Lake Hattie. Plantagenet Lake to Lake Hennepin. Lr Place River to Lake De Soto. He assumes to name a long chain of lakes and ponds lying between Leech Lake and La Place river, after his army associates ; those from La Place river i.o Itasca, he devotes to his relatives. Do the people of this State desire to have their ancient and honored nomenclature overthrown by such authority, and graft the Glazier family tree in lieu thereof? Does this Historical Society wish to admit this quack explorer's name on the map of this State, honored by such historic and treasured names as Cass, Le Sueur, Morrison, Olmstead, Sibley, McLeod, Kittson, Faribault, Ramsey, Rice, Marshall, Aitkin, Steele, Becker, Freeborn, Stevens, and other house- hold names, identified with early days and noble deeds ? It is in evidence that his lake is named after himself by collusion ; the lakelet in Sec. 27 after his daughter ; a lake near La Place river, after his brother, George ; another Hattie, after another of his family, and so on. This shows that he is consumed by egregious vanity, and an inordi- nate desire for notoriety. As we pursue his devious record, step by step, we find that not in one thing touching our geography, has he told the truth. He has perverted the facts of our early history ; told stories of imaginary adventures along our noble streams ; deluged the country with false and erroneous li^ IR MIKNBSOTA HISTORICAL OOLLBCTIONB. maps of the Northern portion of our State, and sought to rob us of ancient names. Nicollet's work was done years before a white man had permanently settled within the boundaries of our State. Glazier's was a jovial picnic within the limits of civili zation. The settler had already taken up homesteads within sight of Elk Lake, years before Glazier was there. Your committee have before them an official letter from the Register of the Land Office at Crookston, showing the date of the first settlement, by homestead, to have been Aug. 22d, 1878, by Austin Sigimore, on Sec. 22, three years before the alleged advent of this tourist. His record of this imaginary exploration abounds in atrocious falsehoods. He dignified his geographic romance with beautiful speeches by his Indian guide, Ge-no-wa-ge- sic. Your committee are in receipt of a letter from the Rev. J. A. GilfiUan, which explodes even this element of wild romance into atoms. Read the following : White Earth, Minn., January yih, 1S87. Dear Sir: — In accordance with your suggestion, 1 went a few days ago and saw Che-no-wa-ge-sic, with wlioni I have long been well acquainted. 1 tool< with me Glazier's book " Sword and Pen," and read him trom it his speech as reported on page 453, beginning " My Brother, etc.," and asked him how it was about that.' He said lie never made the speech reported, " Never made any speech at all at Leech Lake, tiothiuif ■whatever^ I then read him, 01 page 474, about his stepping to the tront, assuming an oratorical aliHude etc., and his speech following, beginning " My brother, I have com > with you through many lakes and rivers to the head of the Father of Waters," and asked him how about that.^ He said he never stood up and extended his arms; never said that no white man had yet seen the source of the great river, or that that Lake was it. The only thing there was to that, was that they, when the canoes arrived there, told Glazier that that was where he had planted corn, and that he had hunted all round those shores for many years. As to that speech on page 474, he only told him the above about planting corn and hunting; never told him that be had now got to the true head, for he (Che-no-wa-ge-sic), well knew that Lake Breck, the Elk Lake of the maps, was not the true head, but only the "place where the waters were gathered ; " that he knew that the true head was a little stream a mile or two to the West, running into the West arm of Lake Itasca, putting L TIIR SOURCES OF TUB MISSISSIPPI. 19 his (iiif^(.T on tlu- map and runniiif^ it alonj^ tl>c stream up to tin- little- lake, Lake Whipple, at N. VV. corner of Section 34, accorilin^ to the Governiiiont Survey. "That Glazier never asked him to take him to the true heail, and he well knew that he did not take him there. That Gla/ier onlv asked him if he could take him to that lake which the Indians call Pokegama, and that he replied that he could; hut that he knew that that wis not the true eource;it was only a place where the waters were gathered." The ahove I have copied iVom my minutes of the interview with Che-no-wa-ge-sic, made immediately after. He is evidently an honest fellow and tells a true story. He did not know why I asked him; I did not let him know whether I was in Glazier's interest or otherwise, and he has heard nothing, I believe, of there being any dispute about the matter, and had no interest but to tell the truth. To the people of Minnesota who know Mr. Gilfillan, this will be conclusive. Glazier s other statements have been repudiated by Channing Paine, the only white person, except his brother George, who accompanied him, and now his noble Indian, his former Che-no-wa-ge-sic, he too has abandoned this falsifier of history, and left him alone in his fabric of lies. If it be urged by his friends, that, notwithstanding all that has been said, he was yet, as he claims, the first to demonstrate that there were other waters beyond Itasca, and that he showed those waters to be the lake indicated, there are plenty of answers to that. Chambers had so averred, in 1872, and called the lake "Dolly Varden " ; A. H. Siegfried, in Lippincott's Magazine, Aug. 1880, who developed that whole theory of sources; and that Glazier knew of it, is shown by his plagiarizing boldly, as usual, from the magazine articles in question. If he still pushes the claim beyond, into his " Lake Alice," by debouching its waters into Elk Lake, as he has done, and there rests his claim, still the government surveys and careful subsequent scientific research, show that that lakelet empties, far away, into Itasca itself. There is no longer a place, nor an evasion, where he can hide from the disgrace of his false and fraudulent pretensions. But the flagrant fraud, boldly attempted to be put upon 20 MINNRHOTA HTHTORIC.M- lX)LM0fTIONH. the world by this pretended discovery, is only one of Capt. Glazier's sins against the I'tcrary and scientific world. There is another, equally j^larin^;, ignoble and contcnipu- ble in a scientist, which is kin to his rape of the lake. It serves further to illustrate the character of the man : In 1884, Capt. Gla/ier contributed to the "American Meteorological Journal," what purports to be an elaborate account of his " Recent Discovery of the True Sources of the Mississippi." In that account, he commits the boldest and most flagrant literary piracy to be fountl in the curiosities of all literature. Challenging and denying Schoolcraft's title to the discovery of the sources of the great river, he yet evidently had in his possession a copy of Schoolcraft's " Narrative of an Expedition to Lake Itasca in 1832," the same as published by Harper & Ikothers, 1834, and if Glazier did not believe in the genuineness of Schoolcraft's discovery, it is patent that he had implicit faith in the fidelity of the careful Schoolcraft's descriptions of the Indians and of the localities. His plagiarisms are so bold, that Glazier has never presumed to deny the charge. "Stolen from Schoolcraft" should .stand at the head of every printed column. These extraordinary coincidences of Avhole pages of identical language, were brought to light by the laborious researches of Henry D. narrower, an accomplished scholar and geographer, and published by Ivison, Blakeman, Taylor & Co., of New York, 1886, Mr. Harrower has so completely pilloried the unfortunate Glazier, that he must be solid brass if he can again lift his head among literary people. It must destroy confidence in all his literary performances. We have care- fully gone over Mr. Harrower's exhibits of parallel columns, comparing both with their originals, and are dazed at Glazier's audacity. The lapse of fifty years since School- craft wrote, had no effect upon Glazier's judgment in appropriating the work of the former. The material incidents of time, place and customs, as changed during i TIIK 80UKCK8 OK TilR MI^4HI^MIi'^l. 21 the time amonj^ the Pillager band of Indians, are out- rageously defied by Glazier. He sticks to Schoolcraft in spite of the results of a half century of schools, farming, and the civilizing effects of the government's care of these Indians. Their present condition is well known to these citi/eiis of Minnesota, and Glazier's stolen account of them fifty years ago, as applicable to-day, is stupid beyond belief. Schoolcraft's fine description of a noted chief of 1832, is taken b(xlily by ''his literary thief, and applied to White Cloud in 1 8!) I. '.1 this is like putting the girl of to-day in the clothes of her great-grandmother, and declaring it is the fashion of the hour. Iwen in his purported trip of discovery, he follows, with unreserved confidence, Schoolcraft's description of port- ages, trails, marshes, swamps, elevations, waters, &c. Identical also, is his copy of the meteorology, zoology and botany of the country. The track and the foot-prints of Schoolcraft are never missed by a hair's-breadth, by this faithful plagiarist of the great scientist. Schoolcraft's fidelity to nature was never so complimented. If Glazier was there at all, he saw only with Schoolcraft's eyes. The same Indians, the same customs, same dances, same sacrifices, same houses, same meals, same salt-cellar, same grass, same pond-lillies, same rushes, same canoes, same flocks of pigeons, same ripe strawberries, — everything alike! Indeed, 't was not necessary 'for Glazier to have visited Lake Itasca, if he ever did, for he could have copied the noble pages of Schoolcraft as well in his study, without the inconvenience of mosquitoes, or the expense of his journey. To crown hi'i bold plagiarisms with the mede of per- fection. Glazier gives a table in "Am. Met. Journal," 1884, p. 32S, " Meteorological Obseivations at the Head Waters of the Mississippi." It is true we have the evidence that he had no instruments with him, and took no observations whatever. But it is only a step from plagiarism, to lying. 22 "^rORICAI. COLLKCTIONS. n another volume of Schoolcraft •■ V • chtion to the Sources of tlw M Narrative of an E.^pg. "Albany, N. Y.^f^^"^^"'"''" '^^-o, pu.uZ, '^l^^' at Big Sandy Lake ' J" ,«f' °™'°S''='-" 'ables, reproduce, these .vL^,;%P;|;\/ "" ^'^^ «'-- atthe head waters of the ^Z'" °^"' '" '' ''^^" ?^::r;:-S':h^S^--:r^ ■-•" are identically the san e fl el .""'' "'= ^^■"-f^". pared. They tally to a dot H 7 ^'"'^ '"'= ''^^ ^<""- before, Aug. ,d rSan q r , ' ■'"'" s«ty-one year, and his observatil'r'cfat:*"' ''°'^ ■■'s'instru!:::: Loyal and faithful ever to tht '■ "■ "^ '''at day -'.'g'ously copied, G ; er eCA'^b "■"°" '^^^^ "^ - Did STw'er'ti """■ '"■ '""" ' ' °"""'"' ""'" gotten book's ? ' 'ivf Alri::;'""''f"S "^^'ected and for- craft, „o „o,, ^,,^„ ,7™^" cholar ,vill forget School. Agassi^, and more and mo ' "t"\ '^'"'*°"' "r b"ry ^^choolcraft be reeogmVed Z % ' h ""^^ I-*hes, vvi« GIa..er does not .seef to o^ce.l '"^, "■" ^ '^'---• h,efwill seek to disguise hi.w„l T ™' '"' ''''fe- A ''- tail, or clipping,:;,,,:,-'.'; °'-'!°'- ^^ """"? off borrowed plu„,age, obliviou; to . u '"'"'' '" a" h« and dead to every sense rf , ''^ '*""" '"' '"^^ve.-v plagiarisms have long bit made "m- 7"°''^'' '"•■ ""!= - «ory nor abated M 7ot2'1 "''"'" "'"''^^^ f"rther to unmask and disn'u" "'' ''^""■' "^*-'^» "hat the public are entitled oLh-- t'" " '"^"- '^"' an honest geography ' ""^ '"'* °' history and i THE SOURCES OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 28 A Critical Review. A critical review of the whole situation was made b)- i Hopewell Clarke, a citizen of Minnesota, well known for his eminent fitness, experience and capacity for the work, who was engaged by Ivison, Blakeman, Taylor & Co., book publishers of the City of New York, to visit the sources of the Mississippi river for an accurate topographical survey of that region, with a purpose to carefulh- review the work of former explorers, and to determine any matters yet doubtful. Mr. Clark, after a full study of the case, with competent assistants, properly equipped with maps and instruments, did the work thoroughly in 1886. The results of his patient and exhaustive labors, which are before us, confirm the accuracy of the grvernmenf: ijurveys. It cer- tifies to the general correctness of Nicollet's report and maps. Unlike Glazier's, this expedition explored every bay and indentation of the Itascan waters, and followed every affluent to its ultimate source. They trod in the honored footsteps of the indefatigable Nicollet. Every level was taken with instruments, and every distance measured with a chain. They confirm a visit of Nicollet to Elk Lake, by his minute notations of its feeders, which could only be observed by actual exploration. They fix the location of Elk Lake precisely where the government sur- veyors located it ; and they demonstrate that Glazier both di.storted its size, and placed it too far from the Itascan waters. He concurs fully with Nicollet and other reliable explorers, that the longest, and by far the most important ol uhe affluents of the Itascan basin, is the river, a creek which debouches into the Southwest arm of the lake, being sixteen feet wide, two and one half deep at its mouth, and the one most elevated in source being ninety-two feet above Itasca, while Elk Lake is but thirteen inches higher. This expedition confirms the statement by water-marks found, that Itasca waters were once higher, and Elk Lake once lower, than they now are, and that the latter, as here- 24 «'— T. ,„STO«,c,, CO..KC..O^s. ';'fore stated, was doubtless buf ;■- of Schoolcraft's J 4:;, "'"^^>' f "-ca at tl,e f""y confirms the general J ! "Plorations. He "-- i.^ the first ,„,ro : z^ ^7''« *.u •• La": ■^Pnnfrs that feed the' head \Z7sZ ^J'''" "' '" "'- They find the „„.,„ PnlbTalin r "^'■'"PP' "'"■" «-veyors still visible. M -n of ^' °' "^^ government 'o be trusted, they did the IT'' T" ^•^•^' -°«hy (•■as, mtent only on findin o , Z ; ", '°"' P''=J"^'« °^ waters of our great rive,t Th 'v l"' ' '•"■' '° '"^ P"n'al i'choolcraft and Xicollet tn . ^ "'™ "'« fi^hty of to those dafing explo tL l^ t^ ""T''^' '"-'' -^ re,^; «"t why pursue .hi i I "''? ""^ '° """y won. ' P"V"ter of history anVdlstoS " "'"■ '■'' '"■^ ■"-^ed as a charlatan adve tr °' ^'■'"S'-aphy be dis- ™ nchly merits. "venturer, w,th the contempt he CONCj.usio^j. -h.ch are now so eomple e Tc ^ f^'''^ "P°" '"'^ "^e. o»Ker liable to any material ch':'""*™ '^ '° be no leave respectfully to submit H,^,' ^"^ ™n>n"ttee, beg , '■ That Henry Ro"e S hoo/"f '^ °' ""'^ ""^-S^ James Allen, in a scientific 1' .' ""°'"P«"'ed bp Lt '.«3., to the head wtrs ^Ib'"™.™* by Inn^^^Ju^ ■'■-over, locate, delinea e and m/''"'"'PP' --• dW «'"=i> IS the first great gathX"? ^ «™^^^' basin, bead waters of that contu,a f '^^ ' ""'' ^"<="°'> "f the ;™>ecl I-ake Itasca, fron ' , T""' '"" ^^' by him the true head. That be V ' ^''^^ =W« «/tw narrative written in mtle^t r""' "'^ "-"-T H' ner. That his compan o„ ' "^ "!;'"■" ''■*-■. man- --.■".on.wbieh--rth-S^^^ THK SOURCES OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 25 of Lake Itasca and its general surroundings. That School- craft's right to the original honor of this discovery can- not be rightfully questioned or challenged. 2. That Jean N. Nicollet, a distinguished French scholar and explorer, did, in Augu.st 1836, visit and minutely ex- plore the same region in and about the Itascan basin. That his work exhibits all the care of a trained scientist, and that his map, deposited in the office of Engineers, U. S. A. 1836-7, is so complete in detail, that all subsequent examinations and surveys have been but certificators of its general accuracy. That his report is clear, compre- hensive and scientific. That Nicollet diil discover and explore to its sources, a creek, o , ' er, whose primal spri.igs are now found by gov^rnnu surveys, to be in Sec. 34, Town 143 N., R. t,6 W., 5th Principal Meridian, and 92 feet above the level of Lake Itasca ; which creek, or river, has its rise at the foot hills of the 1 lauteur des Terres, which curve, like a crescent, around its sources, and this is the longest, as it is by far the largest, tributary of the Itasca basin. To use Nicollet's own language : "In obedience to the geographical rule, that the sources of a river are those that are most distant from its mouth, this creek is truly the infant Mississippi ; all others below, its feeders and tributaries." Then he modestly and courteously adds : " The honor of havin'/ first explored the sources of the Mississippi, and introaaced a knowledge of them into physical geography, belongs to Mr. Schoolcraft and Lieu- tenant Allen. I come onl\- after these gentlemen ; but I may be permitted to claim some merit for having com- pleted what was wanting for a full geographical account of these sources. Moreover, I am, I believe, the first traveler, who has carried with him astronomical instru- ments, and put them to profitable account along the whole course of the Mississippi, from its mouth to its sources." This is the essence of the whole story. To these two 2») MINNKSOTA HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS. eminent scholars and scientists belong all the glory of the discovery of the primal sources of the Mississippi river. Your committee recommend that this chief tributary' of Itasca, should be named " Nicollet River " in honor of its great discoverer, and that the lakelet in Section 27, be named Alpha, as significant of the absolute ultimate source. Recommended, that the name " Glazier Lake " be expunged from the lake in Sec. 22, of the same Town and Range, and that the name " Klk Lake " be continued as rightfully and appropriately named by the authority of the Government of the United States. That we earnestly and respectfully recommend all geographers, map-makers and historians, to follow the con- clusions herein reached, as final to a matter of geography within our own State. That we respectfully recommend that the present Legis- lature, by joint resolution, or otherwise, as to them may seem best, take such action as will fix and maintain the nomenclature of the waters as herein indicated. At the conclusion of the reading of Gen. Baker's Report, Ex-Gov. Alex. Ramsey moved that the report be adopted, and published by the Society, which motion prevailed. The following Resolutions were then read, and unani- mously adopted : Whereas, Tlie members of tliis Society have listened to the reading ot' the report prepared bj Gen. James Heaton Baker on the chiims made hy Capt. Wiliard Glazier, to the credit of having in 18S1 "discovered the source of the Mississippi river," to-wit: A lake adjoining I^ake Itasca, designated on the United States surveys as Elk Lake; therefore be it Resolved, That we hereby express as the deliberate judgment ot this Society that the assertions and assumptions of said (jlazier, in thr matter named, are baseless and false — that he is in no sense whatever a "discoverer" or "explorer," the lake which he is now endeavoring to have called by his name having been originally visited and mapped by Schoolcraft in 1832; again carelully explored and scientifically examined THE SOURCES OF THB MlSSICSIPPi. 27 and described in official reports and maps by that accurate and conscien- tious scientist, Jean Nicholas Nicollet in 1836. and was in 1S75 fully surveyed and mapped by the Tnited States surveyors, and soon after claims and pre-emptions were filed on lands adjoining said lake. Resolved, That we assert our unqualified belief, based on the thorough and careful investigations of Nicollet, O. E. Garrison and others, and again, more recently, of those made by Hopewell Clarke, that the lake which Capt. Glazier asserts is "the true source of the Mississippi river," is not such in rro/ih; iuit that the real source of the river is Lake Itasca and its tributaries, arising in sections 27 and jS of the township in which it is located. Resolved, Tliat we feel amazed at tin' presinnption and assurance displayed by Capt. Glazier; first, in hastily making such an audacious claim, based, at best upon an uncertain and doubtful foundation ; and again, in arrogatitly heralding himself to the world as a discoverer, without first submitting his claims to some tribunal competent to pro- nounce on their merits and having his alleged discovery examined. And further, in deceiving geographical and scientific societies by send- ing them an account of his pretended discoveries, and causing to be published books and magazine articles in which he is ivraised and pufled in unmeasured terms and held up to the admiration >f the country as one who had achieved some praiseworthy feat; also, in publishing maps in which the lake in question is represented as four times its real size and placed in a wrong position; and lastly, in persuading, by persistent solicitations, map and school book publishers to place his name to "Elk Lake" and declare it "the source of the Mississippi river." Resolved, That the wholesale and unblusliing plagiarismN by Capt, Glazier from the descriptions of Itasca in the writings of Schoolcraft, Siegfried and others, and of the meteorological tables in tl lormer, tend to throw discredit on all his assertions and to render him unworthy of the respect and confidence which would be due to him, were he really the discoverer which he claims to be. Resolved, That we respectfully ask the legislature to pass, without delay, the bill recently introduced into the house by Mr. Donnelly, to fix irrevocably on the map of the State the names of the lakes and streams composing the Itasca sources of the Mississippi river, so that its earliest explorers be not robbed of their just laurels, and to remove temptations to adventurers in future ( i gain notoriety by attaching their names to said lakes. Resolved, That we call upon the various geographical, historical and other learned societies throughout the world to join with us in repudi- ating Glazier's claims, and ask them, in the spirit of truth and right, that if they have in their possession, maps with the lake in question so named, they erase Glazier's name from them and substitute therefor that of "Elk Lake" I I 1 i 28 MINNESOTA HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS. Rrso/vr.t, That oi.r tlianks arc due, and are hereby tendered, lo Gen James H. Baker, for his able and exhaustive report; and also to H D Harrower. Esq., of New York, the Rev. J. A. Gilfilian of White Earth' M.nn.. and to Messrs. Alfre.i J. Hill, Hopewell Clarke and J. B Chaney of St. Paul, lor valuable aid rendered in the investigation of maps and documents relating to the question. N