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PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS 
 
 THE 
 
 CRETACEOUS SYSTEM IN CANADA. 
 
 J. F. WHITEAVES. 
 
 A 
 55I.T7 
 .WS8 
 
 SrVABATR COMIW, OlSTRimiTKB NoVRMBK*, 1803. 
 
/ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
I 
 
 Section IV, 1893. 
 
 I 3 ] 
 
 Trans. Roy. Soc. Can. 
 
 w 
 
 l^^p,.f.s;,}cnli<il Addre>^s : f/ie (Jirhiceous Sijstem in Canada. 
 
 By J. F. Whit RAVES. 
 
 (Read May 23, 1893.) 
 
 At the last meeting of the Society, my predecessor in this chair selected as the subject 
 of his addres.s the " diftu.sioa and sequence of the faunec " of th.' oldest division of the 
 pahi>o/oic rocks, as d, voloped in the maritime provinces. On the present occasion it may 
 not be inappropriate for me to select as my theme some aspects of the present state of our 
 knowledge of the newest division of the mesozoic rocks, or, in other words, of the Creta- 
 ceous System, of the western and north-western portions of the Dominion. 
 
 Although it has long been known that the coal-lields of Nanaimo and Comox, on 
 Vancouver Island, are of Cretaceous age, and that Cretaceous rocks occur over large areas 
 of country in Manitoba and the North West Territories, it is not quite clear by whom or 
 at what date the existence of these ro.ks in any part of Canada was first recorded. The 
 literature of the subject, prior to the confederation of the provinces, may thus be briefly 
 epitomized, isbister, who pul)lished a summary of the geology of the northern portion 
 of this continent in the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London for May, 
 1855, makes no mention of any Cretaceous rocks. 
 
 1857. In the fourth volume of the Transactions of the Albany Institute, Mr. F. B. 
 Meek published a paper entitled "Descriptions of new organic remains from the Creta- 
 ceous rocks of Vancouver's Island." The date of this paper is given on the authority of 
 Mr. Meek himself, in two subsequent papers descriptive of additional species from the 
 same series of rocks, now known as the Nanaimo group, but the title page of the volume 
 is dated 1858-04. The specimens referred to are stated by Mr. Meek to have been for- 
 warded to him by Dr. J. S. Newberry, then geologist of Lieutenant Williamson's northern 
 Californian and Oregon explorin-; expedition, to whom they were .sent by the Smithsonian 
 Institute from Nanaimo.' The collection, Mr. Meek sayt, is " one of much interest, since 
 it furnishes the first evidence we have had of the occurrence of Cretaceous rocks along 
 the western coast of North America." One of the fossils is referred with doubt to the 
 Banitites ovatuH of Say, and the following twelve are described as new :— 
 
 Nucula Traskanii. 
 
 Area (CucuUica) eqiiilaleralis. 
 
 Area Vancouverensis. 
 
 Canlhim scituluui. 
 
 i'liolailo;ii>-a (Gonioinya) liorealis. 
 
 Plioladoiiiya subelongata. 
 
 Trigonia Evansana. 
 Tlirac\."v (?) occidentalis. 
 Thracia (V) Hubtnmoata. 
 Dontalium Xanaiinoensis. 
 Ammonites (Scai)liites) raiuosus. 
 Ammonites Newborryanus. 
 
 I- 
 
 > Dr. Newberry, in \m " Notes on Ibe Later Extinct Floras of North America," &c., published in the Ann. Lye. 
 Nat. Hist N. York, vol. ix, April, 1808, says that these fossils were collected by Dr. Turner. 
 
 hh^ 
 
 56^ 
 
J. K. WIIITKAVKS ON TlIK 
 
 1858. (Apni J^'.) i^i. • i20-r25), describes three species ol iosMls 
 of the Academy of Sciences at St. Louis (pp. 1-0 l - ;, ^^^^^^^^ river, under the 
 collected by Dr. John Evans from the Cretaceous rocks on -he IN anaim 
 
 names Inocera,nus Vnncouverensls, Pinna calanntoules, ^^P^;^^;^^^^ ,,9.303) of the 
 
 1859. (May.) Professor Leo LosquereuK^ in the 2 h 1^^^ 
 
 American Journal of Science and Arts, d^cnbes fi.e -- ^ ^ ru^„,n.. Heern, 
 Populusrlumhouka, Quercus Benzoin, Q. nn,lUnervts, Q. f ■'";';;:j,^^^,,,, f Oregon) at 
 collected by Dr. John Evans (then United States ^^^^^^^^ ], Mioccm. age. 
 Nanaimo, but claims that the rocks irom which ;^^^>' ;^; ^ ^^^'^^^^^^ „,,,,,, Hc... 
 He also doubtiul.y refV-rs 01. of the fossu P^^^^™^ j^^^ '^Wions in British 
 18.V... (June.) The '• Papers relative to Captau 1 .a Use ^^^^^ 
 
 North A^Hca^ conta. a nrst ^J^^^^r::^:^.. by the expedition. 
 
 " as Inoceramm, Bacnliies and others," near the elbow of the South 
 
 the same shale was observed near Fort Llhce. ^^ ^^ ^^^ 
 
 1859. (November.) Mr. "^ ^^^ «« ^^^^ ^^^Ls n the Cretac.^us rocks 
 South-eastern part of Vancouver Island, P^^^^^^^ ^ '^^ ^^ ^ j;.^ fossils from these 
 at Nanaimo and Comox, and gives the generic names onlj 
 
 localities. .,, n An "AnnendiK to the seventeenth volume of the Journals 
 
 1859. (Month not stated). An Appendix to in ,. , , j,^ Toronto, contains 
 
 of the Legislative Assembly of the ^-;^^-^ ^Z^^J^t::^. Superior and 
 
 Mr. S. J. Dawson's '"Report on the -^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^Xwiboine and Saskat^^ 
 theIledEiverSettlem.it, and Ww^^thaida^andU^^ 
 
 r "^r-^ I l-t;;: M:C:n ta^Hha; m June, 1858, he collected sev.al 
 Expedition. In the tormtr mi. u ^ ^^^.^ i^nice, and transmitted 
 
 species of fossils from the va ley ot the ^-""^^ J j^^^^.^.^j ,, Canada, who, in a 
 
 them to E. Billing, then ^^ ^'^^^f ^^^^ ^ .^ t^lStt^^i finishes us with almost 
 letter-bearinu' date I'ebruary 1st, iSo^'-^^Y'^ that tm ^^ ^^e Cretaceous 
 
 indisputable evidence that a considerable part ot the '^^f^.oU^-orU " In the latter, 
 period, or the great chalk formation so largely developed m the od x. d 
 L..s;or Hind states that he coUec^d f '^--, :^: ,:,^ ; ^^ :nhJcretace- 
 Assiniboine and its tributaries, and devotes halt ^\^Y^''l'\ ' ^^,^^^^^^ ,„,ther to 
 
 -T'r;:l^ZT^^^^'^^^^^^^ ftf 
 :zTi^:^^^ the ^^-f^-^j:^:-^^-:^ ^ 
 
 ;J:^!;,"\:e:tiHed with the ibllowing previously described species, vi^^^^^^ 
 
 ' Quart, .lourn. Geol. Soc. Lond., vol. xvi, i-p. V.)S.-u2. 
 
CRKTAC'KOUS SYSTKM IN CANADA. 
 
 5 
 
 i 
 
 A vicula linguicformis, Evans it Slmmanl. 
 Aviciila Nebrascanr, Evans & Bliiimard. 
 J,e(la Evansi, Meek & Ilayden- 
 Itostollaria Americana, Evans it Shnmard. 
 Natica obliciiiata, Hall & Meek. 
 
 Avellana concinnp Hull & Meek. 
 Ammonites placenta, Dekay. 
 Scrtpliites no<lo8"s, Owen. Var. 
 Scapliiles Conraui, Morton. 
 Nantilus Dekayi, Morton. 
 
 The three remaining, viz., Anomia Flemingi, Inoreramns Caruulensis, and Leda Hindi, 
 ere descril)ed as new and figured. 
 
 l^b'J. (Month not stated). Professor Oswold Hcer, in his " Fossil Flora of Vancou- 
 ver Island and British Columbia," describes Sequoia Liingsdorfii from rocks which are now 
 known to be of Cretaceous age, at Nanaimo, V. I., besides six species of fossil plants from 
 the Tertiary deposits at Burvard Inlet. The specimens of the Seqiwia were collected by 
 Dr. C. B. Wood, and sent to Professor Heer for examination, by Dr. Hooker. 
 
 1861. In a paper "on the Geolonjy of the country between Lake Superior and the 
 Pacific Oceou (between the 48th and 54th parallels of latitude) visited by the Government 
 Exploring E pe(')''.iou under the command of Captain J. Palliser (1857-GO) '" Dr. Hector 
 institutcc^ i '»mpa hm between the Cretaceous rocks east of the Rocky Mountains, with 
 those -.'■ ^aur.Hiver Isiaiul. He published therein an ideal vertical section of the Cretace- 
 ous !-V-,tim in British North Imeiica, which he divides into six groups. Group B of this 
 sec -n it sai.1 fo correspond with No. 1, and Groups D, E, and F, to Nos. 8, 4 and 5 of 
 Meek < H-^yden's Upper Missouri s cl'on, while the rocks at Nanaimo and other localities 
 iu Tx-i.-f-nT.T Is' iud arr pk^ed .a Jie b.>so of the section, in group A. The paper contains 
 St vera, lizu of Orct.-.'-eous fossik, contributed by Mr Etheridge, but most of the fossils in 
 these lists arc only determine., nuvi.'dly. Still, as many as nineteen species altogether 
 are recorded, 'ill of which are marin.- mollusca. Eleven of these are from various locali- 
 ties in what we now call Manitoba and the districts of Assiniboia, Saskr tchewan and 
 Alberta. These are : 
 
 Ostrea anoniiicformis. 
 
 " Inj^ubris, Conrad. 
 
 " cortex, ( 01 nl. 
 
 " vellicata. < onrad. 
 Inocoranius I rippsii, of Ba'inor it ( oiirad. 
 Leda Hindi, Meek. 
 
 Astarte Toxana, Conrad. 
 C^ardiuni multistriatum, Sliunuird. 
 CytlioreaTexana, Conrad. 
 I'holadomya occidentalis, Morton. 
 Baculitea compreBsus, Say. 
 
 .ight additional species are enumerated as having been collected at Nanaimo, Comox 
 or Valdez Inlet. These are : 
 
 InocoraniuH Texanus, < onrad. 
 " Nebrascensis, Owen. 
 
 " nndulatoplicatiis, lia^nier. 
 
 " confertim annulatns, Unmer. 
 
 Tnooerainus mytiloidea, (onrad. 
 'I'ritronia Kinoryi, Conrad. 
 Cytlierea I.eonensis, Conrad. 
 Ammonites [,'eniculatus, Conrad. 
 
 Inoreramtix Cri/ipsii (R.i'mer) and Baculitea cnmpressus are -fated to be common to the 
 Cretaceous rocks of the plains and Vancouver Island, while, of the whole eighteen, no less 
 than thirteen are identified with Texan or Mexican species. 
 
 18G1. Mr. Meek, in a paper entitled " Description of New Cretaceous Fossils, 
 collected by the North- West Boundary Commission on Vancouver and Sucia Islands," - 
 
 ' Quart. .lourn. < ieol. Soc. T.ond., vol. xvii, pp. 388-445. 
 ■'Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. I'Idlad., vol. xiii, pp. 314-;!18. 
 
6 
 
 J F. WIUTKAVES ON TIIH 
 
 described Dosinia len.is Irom Nan.imo ; lnoceran,us sul>...datns, Bc.uH,es occident.^^ 
 nites Vaucouverensis aud Nan,ilu. CampbelU, from Comox ; ^>>"""'^^^^' ;;;;^^"^';^^^^^ 
 sis from Comox and the Sueia Islands ; and Bacliles uiornalm from the Su.-ia Islands 
 
 is"^ Dr. J. S. Newberry, in the seventh volume of the ' Boston Journal of Natural 
 History 'describes two new species of fossil plants, viz. : AspUium Ke.nnerly. .uATorodnan 
 ZZL collected by Mr. George Gibb at Nanaimo. He identifies one ot the spec:es 
 lulned by Mr. Gibl with the Po„ulus rko.toidea of Lesqu^rcux, and reters some .nail 
 iY..ment. to the "-onus Snbal. More perfect specimens of the latter plant, collected by Mr 
 X ^chardson at Nanaimo, in 1875, were described by Sir J. W. Dawson n. the hrst 
 volume of the Transactions of this Society,' under the name Sabal impenahs. 
 
 1864 The first volume of the Pahvontology of California contains descriptions and 
 figures of two new species of fossil shells, Ilamile. Vancouverensis and Peclen Trashn, from 
 
 ^" t::il^tl!-:;:lSeration of the provinces in 1867, the Cretaceous rod. of what 
 we now call Manitoba, the North-West Territories and .ritisli ''« ^b--- .^^Hh^f 
 outside of th.. sphere of operations of the Geological Survey ol Canada. With the birth o 
 r t DoiniLn, however, the conditions v,u.e changed, ^-<^^^y^^^^l^'^^ 
 reports published sin.,.e 1807, with many spe..ial publications not im.luded theiein, wil 
 abm dautly show how far the new obligations imposed upon its stafl have been met. 1 he 
 cLtaceou J rocks, in particular, of Manitoba and the North-^Yest Territories C- "^-8^ »^; 
 district of Athabasca and part .>f .he Mackenzie lliver district) and those of the 11 ky 
 Mountains and British Columbi. have been examined systematically and -M-t-l po 
 bv Drs Selwyn, G. M. Dawson, R. Bell anc J. W. Spenc-r, and by Mcssis. J. m s 
 Sc i^son. Tl G. McConnell, and J. B. Tyrrell. These explorations have added largely to 
 ou knowledge of the distribution of the Cretaceous rocks in Canada, of their economi 
 p du ts and of their relations to each other and to the strata by which they are 
 und' r Id or succeeded. Our knowledge, also, of the flora and fauna of these rocks has 
 bee. laroely increased, th^ir plant remains having been examined and reported upoi by 
 S^ V W Dawson, in the Transactions of this Society and elsewhere ; their foramniilera 
 by Dr G. M. Dawson and Mr. Tyrrell, their radiolaria by Dr. IlCst (of Hanover ^^'"^J'^^^ 
 the remainder of their invertebrate remains and a lew (four) of their ^o- fish- b h 
 present writer, in special publications of the Survey or elsewhere ; -h 1^ ,^he>r oth 
 vertebrate remains have been entrusted, for examination, to Drolessor KJ). (ope. It s 
 Z practicable to subdivide these depo.sits m a,.cordance with their ^o-l vemains and 
 institute an intelli-nble comparison between the Cretaceous rocks at widely separated 
 S ^ n ianadi In encJl^avoring to summarize the latest results of our attemijts ui 
 hese dirctions and the present state of our knowledge of the flora and fauna of h 
 Cretaceous rocks of Canada, it will be convenient ^o -"sid- these rocks ma dm^^^^^^^^^ 
 from east to west geographically, unless otherwise stated, and in a descending 
 oZr g'oll cally. Thescrrocks, accordingly, will be considered in the following order : 
 Th^:.^ Manitoba and the North-west Territories; (2) those of the Eocky Mountain 
 reoion • (3) those of British Columbia, inclusive of the islands off the Pacific Coast , after 
 which 'it will be convenient to consider (4) those of the Yukon district. 
 
 ' Sect. IV, is^U. p. -0- 
 
CJ1ETACEOU8 SYSTEM IN CANADA. 
 
 The Cretaceous system of Europe is divided by some writers into the Upper, Middle 
 and Lower C.otmeous, and by others into merely the Upper and Lower Cretaceous, the 
 dividing line being drawn immediately above the Gault by those who adopt the latter 
 view, in Canada, as in the United States, it is at present found most convenient to adopt 
 a single division of the system and to draw the line between the Upper or Later and the 
 Lower or Earlier North American Cretaceous, as nearly as practicable at the base of the 
 Dakota group or of that of its local representative. 
 
 ManiTOIU and the NoHTU WksT TKBRITOH1E.S. 
 
 In this region all the Cretaceous rocks ttiat have yet b»^en examined, would appear to 
 be referablt> to the Upper or Later North American Cretaceous, as here defined. 
 
 It is still doubtful whether the Laramie formation of Canada should be regarded as 
 forming the summit of the Cretaceous or the base of the Tertiary System, though, at 
 jiresent, the consensixs of opinion among geologists would seem to favour the former view. 
 In mapping the northern part of the district of Alberta Mr. Tyrrell found that the 
 Laramie there it; divided into two series, and has expressed the opinion that its uppi'r 
 portion, which he proposes to call the Pascapoo series, is of Eocene age, and that its lower 
 portion, which he calls the Edmonton series, and which is equivalent to Dr. Dawson's 
 " St. Mary River series," of Southern Alberta, is Cretaceous. This division is based mainly 
 upon paliPontological evidence, and more especially upon the circumstance that th( 
 Edmonton series is now known to contain numerous remains of Dinosaurs {Uclaps, &c.), 
 and that it is the highest horizon in Canada at which Dinosaurs are known to occur. 
 
 In Manitoba and the North-West Territories, as in the adjacent portions of the United 
 States, it is found to be no longer practicable to separate the Fox Hills group from the 
 Fort Pierre group, nor the Niobrara from the Benton In this region, therefore, the 
 Upper or Later North American Cretaceous may be subdivided into live Ibrmations, viz. : 
 (1) The Laramie, in whole or in part ; (2) The Pierre-Fox Hills or Montana formation ; 
 (3) the Belly River series; (4) the Niobrara-Benton or Colorado formation; a)id (5) the 
 Dakota. 
 
 The Laramie formation.— From the Laramie formation in Canada, no less than seventy- 
 one species of fossil plants have been identified or described by Sir William Dawson' since 
 1867, about twenty-iive of which are from the Mackenzie River district. Most of these 
 plant remains are loaves of augiospermous trees, indicative of a terrestrial flora, but 
 there are a few aquatic species. Thirty-five species of invertebrata from the Laraime f 
 Alberta and the Souris River dis*^^rict have been recorded or described by the writer in the 
 first part of the first volume (pp. 2-28) of " Contributions to Canadian Pala?ontology," 
 published by th-; Geological Survey in 1885. Four of these are land shells and the 
 remainder shells of mollusca, for the most part of fresh water or estuarine genera. The 
 fine series of Dinosaurian remains collected by Mr. Tyrrell in 1885 and by Mr. T. C. 
 Weston in 1889, from the Laramie of the Red Deer River in Alberta, has been partially 
 reported upon by Professor Cope, who published preliminary descriptions of two crania 
 oi' L<elaj)S incrassatus, in the Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society for April, 
 
 'In Dr. G. M. Datvson's Brit. N. Am. Bound Kep., pp. 3L'7-;i31 ; in Geol. Surv. Can., Kep. I'rogr. 187!i-^ii7pp^ 
 •'>l-r)lA; and in tlie Trans, of tills Sue, vol i, sect. 4, pp. :;l'-:!;! ; vol. iii, sect. 4, pp. 15-18; vol iv, socf. 4* 
 pp. VJ-M; and vo!. vii, sect. 4i, pp. f;i)-74. 
 
'^^ 
 
 8 
 
 .1. F. WIIITE.VVKS ON THK 
 
 1802. OtliiT Dinosiuxrian remains. v.-hi(;h arc not y.-t roport.'d upon, ha;! prcvioxisly Wen 
 .ollected by Dr. Dawson and Mr. McConuell. in the Laramie at Soabhy lUiiti", Spring 
 IJidgc, and the 1)0W Kivcr. , 
 
 The Pierre-fox Ihlh or Montana format ion.-\5v to 188<.t, sixty-eight .spt-cios ol tossUs 
 have been recorded or described as occurring in this formation inCanad»; which has been 
 found by Dr Dawson and Mr. M.ConncU to extend as far to tiie north-westward as Coal 
 Brook on the Teace River, the Smoky River at the mouth of th. Little SmcKy. Lesser 
 Slave Lake, and the Athabasca River ten miles below the mouth of the Telican. With 
 the exception of an echinoderm (HemiaMer), a brachiopod (Liagula), and a long tailed 
 decapod (f^f/- ■as/ra/.'i), all these fossils are shells of marine mollusca, most of which are 
 identical with species described by Meek and llayd.'n and others, from rocks of the same 
 a-c in the Upper Missouri country, though a lew ..ere previously undescrib.'d. In the 
 third part of the " Contributions to Canadian Micro-Paheontology," published by tae 
 Geolo-ical Survey in 1802, Dr. Riist identiliecl three and described thirteen spech-. oi 
 Ruliolaria collected by Messrs Tyrrell and Dowling from the lower portion of the Pierre 
 shales of north-western Manitoba. In the same year Professor S. H. Scudder described 
 a new fossil beetle, HnUMlt.^ rretc.c.u^, collected by Mr. Tyrrell from the Pierre shales at 
 
 Millwood, Manitoba.-' 
 
 n^ Bell/j River series.— \\\ 1882 Dr. Cr. M.Daw.son made the discovery that a seru-s ol 
 estuarine deposits in nor.^hern Alberta, which he had originally supposed to form part of 
 the Lignite Tertiary or Laramie formation, and di'.scribed under the former of these two 
 nameslu his British North Ameri.^an Boundary Report, really occupy a position " beloAv 
 the Pierre shales, or at least below a portion of these shales." For these deposits, which 
 have- since been found to extend into western Assiniboia, and to contain a fossil Horn and 
 fauna remarkably like tho.se of the Laramie, the name of the Bellv River series has been 
 proposed.' The fossil plants of this formation have been examined and reported upon by Sir 
 William Dawson, in the Transactions of this society for 1885 (vol, iii, sect 4, pp, l.Vlti), their 
 invertebrate remains by the writer, in "Contributions to Canadian Palicontologj," volume 
 one, part one (pp. 55-77), and their vertebrate remains have been forwarded to Professor 
 Cope for examination. Sir William 1 tawsou (iiids that the fossil flora of the Belly River s<>ries 
 or formation, so far as know ., consists of leaves of three species of deciduous trees (angios- 
 perms) and of remains of one species each of the fresh-water genera Bra^^enia, Pistm and Lemna. 
 Of these six species, two, xl/-., Platanas nohilis and Lemna scutata., or one-third of the whole, 
 are known to occur also in the Canadian Laramie. The invertebrata represented in the 
 collections made so far from the Belly River ibrmation, which were studied quite inde- 
 pendently of the plant remains, give remarkably similar results. They were found to 
 consist of thirty-one species of bracki.sh or fresh-water shells (mollusca), and of these, ten 
 or eleven, or about one-third of the whole, are known to occur also in the Canadian 
 Laramie. The vertebrata of this formation have not yet been fully reported upon by 
 Professor Cope, but he at once recognized the close r.'semblance l)et\veen its pLsh teeth 
 and scales, its portions of scutes of turtles and bones of reptilia, and those of the Laramie. 
 The three species of turtles, viz,, Com/>sem//s o<rmui^. P/<,slomen»s roalesrens and P. .ostaliix, 
 
 ' In Geol, Siirv. Canada. l!ep. I'n.-'r. I87u..s(i, ,,. lJ4u ; and in Cunlr. lo Can, VaV.vuM., vol, i, pt, 1 i>i.. •-■!i-.^4, 
 
 and TS-Sl ; also vol, i,, pt, l', I)p. 171-lSl, 
 
 - In Contr, to Cim, l-al., vol. il, !''oe»il Insects, pp. :lo-;',l. 
 ' In (iuol. Surv. Canada, l^ep, I'rogr, ls8L', s:'., M, p, iVM% 
 
 S0 
 
(•nK'OAO^OUS SYSTKM FN CANADA. 
 
 n>ine<l by Mr. C. Dan™ Sherbor,,! Uv j^ '"• '""'""" ""'"""■■''l «P«i.», deter- 
 
 i...wi.h,.„ i„ ,«„„, i„ .,.. ,.i,h.h ;„ , rtnLTj;';;;'! *"'?": .J" ■■ """" 
 
 l»iiiil,, out thai ihe dilil.renl horiroi,. h. 'h. r .' '""" "' ' "* »°"«'y.' M'- Tyrrell 
 
 ■ninu. t.ts or the -.o,rrr::; •;t ::-::^::^^^^^^^ ^y t^e 
 
 either absent or h.o murh broken to be identified ' ="" ^°"'^'^'* "''' 
 
 Six species of marine invertebrata belouffj„jj to ..r .r-n-m- .^ *u <• 
 
 v.ic., one tubicolous annelid (Serm,/n) fnnr .1 ' "^ ^ '^'"' *'''-' '"''''miuitera, 
 
 four of f.he« from the N li^T L :rM" "'^'"' -- ei^ipede iLorirula), and 
 
 iu the second part of the fir t ll (f^^;'^:r/7'■'^ \°^ '^'^^'"^ '" ''''' 
 Paheontology." ^' ^^ ^^^ ' ^'^ ^^ '" C'ontnbutions to Canadian 
 
 rocks were .ade't M^^C^ll ut ^.'r X^^r^"^ if T 'T' '' ''^ 
 bi'en fully reported unon hnf Ihp A . • . ^''" ^^^'-'''tion.s have not yet 
 
 writer and ilLtraledT'.- a^e p^rri'; J ^^l ^i^^^^^'f^^ ^'-ribed by t'he 
 -ciety. They consist of from fifte n to twon v n 7 "•'' '' Transactions of this 
 
 five Ammonites that have been repoTted np"n ^ '""" "' ""'"' '^"""■^^^' ^^^■^■''- ^^^^^ 
 
 sandstones and shall h 1"^; "oi Jr; """""" "™*'''"'^ ^'' ^^"'^^ '>'->'« These 
 The f.unaofthe am^tone ofth Du. ' '"'• '' ^'^ Niobrara-Benton formation. 
 
 liear River Larami of W vli.^ ,^1 h'^'" ""'I^' " ^'"^ "'"''" *° ^^'''^ «*" ^^^ --called 
 
 ■'nid of snch purely fresh-water mnll. ^^''J -'''''' '^« O'"'"' Bnnh,,donle. and Corhuhi, 
 
 Mo,st of the gene im to 1^""*".^ p" 1 • """' ^" ^^"'-A--^..,) and Uonioba^is. 
 
 tion, but th^.peci^ arH d He ' t tb ''*'??""" Laramie and Belly R-.erform. 
 
 ones that have been snti^lr d " '.^ H ^ "^-acteristic of the kttev and the only 
 
 The plant remain fl/shaWothrP '""»"/ "^*'''" "^^^^-^ -'^ ^-^-Z. i).,.,J 
 
 ina^'NoteontleFo^n^^^^^^ 
 
 Transactions of this socy. unsaid to^ ut' 'T'' "^' '" '''' ^-t volume of 
 
 em United States and l,;is o 1 <" *'^' ""'^'"^'^ """'^ "^^^ ^''^ ^««*- 
 
 among the more LI Iw 'f L, I T" "" ^'"'^^ '' '^^""'^ ^^"'^^''^ °*' ""S-^Perms, 
 
 ___^^^0'^'^^ceableof whn^h are two cycads, Dioonites boreal,, and C,cadites irnj,o.a 
 
 'In Geol. Surv. Canada, Ann. Rop. vol. v (l,s..2),,,. 'Hk 
 'Sect. 4, pp. 111-115. 
 
 'Vol. i(lS8;!), sect. 4, pp. L>fi.2:i. 
 
 Sec. IV. Xim. L'. 
 
^Q J. V. WIIITEAYFS ON Tm 
 
 I' r ..., viJv William Dawson rt'uards 
 and iho fronds or portions of fronds of one spe.nos ol en ^^^^^ ,,,^^^,^, ., ,,, 
 
 the plant-bearing beds of the Dunvegan group as ^^^^^^^^^^ZL and terrestrial 
 it is by no nreans certain whether the ent.re ^^^;;^ ^^^t^ly^^o^m^ui o^ ih. 
 conditions at the commencement ol the Niobrara, o. ^ f ' ..^^ ^ ,, ,, 
 
 Belly Ihver tc.rmation. Stratig^pb. ally the ^^ J^/;^;,; Peace {jUr section 
 in^mediately underlaid by the Fort St. John f^'^'^'^^;''^ZM,^t\^^^i^-^--' 
 
 ^-::;;;;::^:t:rc;i^y:tLn collected fro^ 
 
 small iVc..,; species not determinable ; a PUn. ';"\^^::^'^- ..f r^^^nonite resem- 
 which may possibly be 7. proMnualicu. : and -•««^-^^^!''" " t ',. ,^ ,,,,i,,. a.e name 
 bling AcoLcera. Wool.nn, but which has been provisionally d. . ubul 
 
 Bndikeras cornidum: .,fl,- v«..nn-ni/ed bv Mr- Tyrrell "' in 
 
 Momtoba, anil is snpposoJ by Mr, JULmiiuJ i A,,,.„,.li„„ i„ Mv, TymU,' v,rv 
 
 c.,» ros,iiigii.Ko„fc™ably ,n,o„ l,..o,„»n I'"'-'"'' ■,,^,;;,^ '';,,,, , J,„.,vi„„sly 
 
 ,V.„ ro.»il. have been found in .lie Dakota .and.lone » ^^^a- ° ' ^J^';' ' ,„,.„„^ 
 
 ae.a.lhebas.p».ionor,l,,. en.o,,.^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ,,.0. 
 
 " tar sands ") of Ihe Athabasca disliiet. 
 
 The Uockv Moont.v» Region (inclnsi, e of ih. l--..ot lim») 
 
 Ontheeaatem and een... ^--::: ^^JZ Z^T::^::^ ^^^^ 
 
 luuch disturbed. In the loot llius ^^^, ^^^^ ^.,,^^,,,,0,1, ,o,,ks 
 
 bases of narrow troughs in the pabeo.ou ^^ '^^ ;^;2' .. ,., j, ,t present no satisfactory 
 i„ this region have not ye, been ^^^^^^^^t^^^^^^^n the series, but soml 
 evidence as to the relative position which the ''^^'^^^,^^^, ,,,,,, they con- 
 attempts have been made to correlate them on he ^^^^^'^ " ^^. ^^^^^^^ ,, 
 
 ,... The tbssils which J^'-/-;;;; -;tr:. ^I'^nUam na.son recogni.es 
 
 plants or of marine mvertebrata. 15y th.ir plant lum ^ ^^ 
 
 ihree horizons in the Cretaceous rocks oi this region, M/. 1, tli- Mill 
 Intermediate series ; and 3 the '^;'«^'"'>:' i;;^;;:^;^,,, 1,, id..n.iliedor described twenty 
 
 " Mn llie Trans. ortl.isSoi!. for 1SS4, vnl. ii, 8,-... -1, pp. •r.'.Mu. 
 •Qeol. Siirv. Canada, Ann. Uep., vol. V, U*'-'), 1'- -'"'f'' 
 
 'Il)i<l. 
 
 'IliM, ,■■•,.•. 
 
 Ux ilm Trans, of lliis Sociuty for ISs.., vol. ui, sf.-- ', 1'- - 
 
 '■ll)i(i., pp. 11 -Tj. 
 
 
(■ri-;tace(ju,s systivM in Canada. 
 
 11 
 
 ;t 
 .1 
 
 ,0 
 IS 
 
 y 
 
 le 
 
 II- 
 of 
 
 OS 
 
 ty 
 111- 
 
 
 strobile or fnnt of a cycad ( miliamsoniu), aud the romaiuder dicotylodons, the broad leaves 
 o n.,g,ospermous trees or shrubs. Sir Willinm tainks that this series is not improbably 
 older than the Dunvegan group of the Peace River district, "and that it has important 
 points of agreement" .... " with the Dakota group of the western United States." 
 
 ne Intermedirle ser/e.s.-This series, which has been found only at the north branch of 
 the north fork of the Old Man Kiver, in Alberta, has yielded, so far. five species of plants, 
 v.. a fern (As,,leni,m DicLsonianum, Heer), bran.hlets of two conifers (Glyptoslrnbus Groen- 
 /andtcus, Ileer, and Tawdlum cnealum, Newberry), and leaves of two species of dicotyle- 
 dons which Sir William Dawson has described under the names Sferculia veluslula aud 
 La,m,>< crassinerris: Of these five species, the fern and the two conifers occur in the 
 Ivootenay series, and one ol' the latter (7}-xodmm cuneutum) was oriirinally described from 
 the Cretaceous rocks at Nauaimo, V.I. 
 
 Ue Kootanie .vmes.-Twenty-seven species of fossil plants, which have been either 
 detcnumcd or described by Sir William Dawson i>i the third and tenth volumes of Trans- 
 actions of this so.'iety, are there recorded a. having been collected from the Kootanie 
 series ol the Crow's Nest and Kootenay passes. Jiight of these are ferns, oue is an EquUe- 
 lum, SIX are .7. ads and twelve conifene, besides ono doubtful organism (Taonurus) whi.h 
 IS regarded as possibly allied lo the alg,e. In the llora of the Kootanie series no remains 
 of angiospenus liave yet been detected, though it should not be forgotten that three 
 species of plants ar.. now known to be common to the Kootanie and Intermediate series, 
 and that two speci,..s of angio.sperms have been found in the latter. No remains of angio- 
 sperms have as yet been colle,;t.>d from the Lower or Earlier Cretaceous at any locality in 
 Canada. 
 
 The iiivrl.I,rata of the distorted Cretaceous rocks of this region hav. been studied 
 quite independently of the plant remains, and as a result of these studies the followiuo- 
 estuanne or purely marine divisions of the system have been recognized. 
 
 The Laranm formal ion. —l\i^ lower portion of this formation has been recognized near 
 the head waters of Oyster Creek, a tributary of the north-west branch of the Ok' Man 
 Uiver. The fossils recognized from the Laramie at this locality are Ostrea glabra, var. 
 Wijomingen^ik and Corhiada occkknfalisr The Laramie is also represented in the folded 
 rocks of the Fool- Hills, as at Piiicher Creek, for example.' 
 
 The Pierre-Fox Ilil/s or Montana Jormalion.— On th(! CMiost River aud on the Bow River 
 near the month of thr (j host River, a few spcimens of Baculites co«/yms/«. Say., were 
 colle.'led by Mr. M.'Connell in 18!tl. This is one of the most characteristic fossils of the 
 Pierre-Fox Hills or Montana formation, and as such may be regarded as satisfactory evi- 
 dence of the existence of that formation in this region. 
 
 The Niobrara-BenloH or Colorado Jormalion.—'Vh^ fissile shales at Mill Creek hold shells 
 of Inorerainns /iroblemalims, Schlotheiin, which in ICngland is said to be eharacteristi.' of 
 t; .- Lower Clialk, and in the upper Missouri country of the Niobrara. These shales, how- 
 ever, probably l)elong to a diilereiit hori/on to the plant-bearing Mill Creek series. 
 
 In the lirst part of the first volume of " Contributions to Canadian Paheontology," pub- 
 lished in 1885 (pp. 8;!-8!)), under the heading " Exact Geological Horizon Uncortaiu," eight 
 
 ' In Iho TiiiiiB. ol'tliLs Surioty ftif KS85, vol. iii, sect 4, pp. Hi ami 11. 
 Sue (ly.il .^urv. Ciiiiiula, Ann. l.'op., v(il. i, N.S., p. Ol'ij. 
 ' " Hop. I'rogr. KS81..S4, p. 'J7c. 
 
12 
 
 J. F. WniTKAVKS ON TJII-: 
 
 species of fossils diftereut to those of the Niobrara-Bentou of Manitoba, were identified or 
 described from the Cretaceous rocks at several localities in this region. Seven of these 
 species are shells of marine mollusca, five of which are elsewhere characteristic of the 
 Benton, and one is a previously undescribed decapod crustacean for which the name 
 Hoplu/iariu 'f Canadensis was proposed, but which is now believed to be aPodocrates, very 
 closely related to P. Dulmenensis, Schluter. In 1886 a small collection of fossils obtained 
 by Mr. McConuell from the Cretaceous shales "faulted under the Cambrian limestones at 
 th.' gap of the south fork of Ghost River, includes, among others, such Benton species as 
 Saijthites ventrkosus, and perhaps S. Warreni, and an Inoreramus like /. undubiindm" ' 
 
 The Devil's Luke deposits.— hi 1887 Mr. McConnell collected a remarkable series of fos- 
 sils from near the base of a small Cretaceous outlier, in the Rocky Mountains, three miles 
 north of the east end of Devil's Lake, Alberta. These fossils have been reported upon by 
 the writer in the second part of the first volume of '• Contributions to Canadian Palteon- 
 tology." They consist of one species of brachiopoda and nine of marine mollusca. The 
 brachiopod and one of the pelecypoda were previously undescribed, but eight of the mol- 
 lusca were foun." be identical with species from the Lower Shales or coal bearing 
 deposits of the Qu Charlotte Islands. 
 
 From the combined evidence afforded by the fossil flora and fauna of the Cretaceous 
 rocks of this region, it wo.M appear that the Laramie, the Pierre-Fox Iliils, the Niobrara- 
 Benton formation, and perhaps also the Dakota, are there represented. The Kootanie 
 series, and the Devil's Lake deposits, which at that locality form the base of the Kootanie, 
 are, on the other hand, almost certainly older than the Dakota formation, ami hence refer- 
 able to the Lower or Earlier North American Cretaceous. 
 
 British Columhia and the Islands ofk the Pacific Coast. 
 
 It will l)e most convenient to consider the Cretaceous rocks of this region in the fol- 
 lowing order, viz., (1) the Nanaimo group of Vancouver and the adjacent islands ; (2) the 
 Queen Charlotte Island series ; and (3) the Cretaceous at other localities in the provinc. 
 
 The Nonaimo group.— Tho Cretaceous rocks of the coal-fields at Nanaim-, Comox and 
 Cowitchen of Vancouv(>r and the adjacent islands were systematically examined by the 
 late Mr. Jame.s Richardson in the summer seasons of 1871-7t (both years inclusive) and 
 reported upon Ijy liim in the Reports of Progress of the Geological Survey of Canada for 
 those years. Large collections of fossils were made by Mr. Richardson from the lower 
 and central subdivisions of these ro(;ks, but very few fossils and none that could be 
 determined, were obtained from the upper part of the series. Hence it was and is still 
 quite uncertain whether the Ui)per Shales and Sandstones of his Comox section and tlie 
 Upper Sandstones of his Nanaimo section should be regarded as Ui.i)er Cretaceous or 
 Lower Tertiary. Dr. Dawson thinks that they probably represent the Pu"et ..'roup of 
 Dr. C. A. White.^ 
 
 From the basal and middle or definitely Cretaceous subdivisions of these two sections 
 at Nanaimo, Baynes Sound (Comox) and Beaver Harbour, Vancouver Island, and on 
 Protection and Newcastle islands, twenty-seveu species of fossil plants were identified or 
 
 '(teol. ami Nat. lliHt. Ciinada, Ann. Rop., N.S., vol. il, (1H87),1). I7o. 
 ■Am. .loiirii. Si', and Arls, Series 3, vol. x.\xix,p. 18'J. 
 
CRKTACHOUS SY8TI-;M IN CANADA. 
 dMcribcd by Sir William Daw.on in the Tr.,„aclio„, of Ihi, ,„ciely for 1883 ' 4 I 
 
 which ^G;^D;^i;'Lt:::''^";?''r"'f'-'■'°'■' °' "-^ ^"»"" -^ --"^ <'■» 
 
 r»m.in»„f„ari;„ Z ;bl. a;.d J.t: "" '""'" °'""" "" "■« "anaimo gro«p,= ar, 
 which are .„,«ive of war.er Ci^aiirlTL.:;:,:; r^hr .o'w .r.:! iTIe 
 
 The lower a„d middl,- or most fos.,iliferou, subdivisions of the Nanaimo »™„„ 
 . .11 resard.^ by Ca„.di„„ ,eologists as probably referable to the Upp r L r"^, I 
 
 But, on the oth..- hand, at least oue spe.-ies of mollusc (Nuc.la lnma,ta olGabb a well 
 lZ Sh ir . ;rn ''^ "*■": '"^'' '^ ^^^^^ ^°"''^ ^^'^-^ «•■ ^^^^ ^auaimo .roup and h h 
 
 he lossils of the rotan-ous ro.ksol northern falifornia and southern Oregon in ISSSand 
 
 CO ly u lated than had hitherto been supposed," This view of the relations of the faun-e 
 o these ormat.ons was advocated by Mr. T W. Stanton, in a paper re u be i, he 
 Goolog.ealSoe.ety of America, at its meeting in Ottawa in De.. n ber la , 8 ^ nd 
 since published by the Soeietv.' ' '' "" 
 
 ' 'v'ol. I, sect. I, pp. •M-2'.K 
 
 ' A'"«>-- •lour.. Sc. and Art«. Serios ;!, v.,1. xxxix (Mufch, isiin), p,, ,s„.s;!. 
 
14 
 
 J. 1'. WIIITMAVKS ON TJTK 
 
 The Queen Charlotte Island Cretncetms — In 1872 Mr. Uiohardson exaiuinod ihc coal- 
 brariug deposits ol'Skidcfifate Inlet, in the Queen Charlotte Islands. In his report ui>on 
 these island.s, published in I he Report oi" Proi^iess of the Geological Survey ol' Canada I'or 
 1872-73, Mr liichardson divides these rocks into three <rroups, vi'/,., 1, the Lower Shales, 
 with coal and iron ; 2, Coarse Contrlomerates ; and ;>, the Upper Shales and Sandstones." 
 
 With the ex(!eption ol' souit; fragments of fossil plant-, and a few crushrd and dis- 
 torted specimens of a single species of Tnocerdmiis, whose specilic relations wei. then 
 doubtful, which were obtained from the [Tpper Shales and Sandstoni's, all the I'ossils col- 
 lected by Mr. Kichardson are from the Lower Shales. The plant remains from llie Lower 
 Shales, which are not num.rous, are stated by Sir William Dawson, in an appendix to 
 Mr. Richardson's Report, to consist of portions of the woods of two coniferous trt>es 
 {('uiiressoxi/lon and Dwlo.ri/lon), allied to the modern cypresses and yews, to'^ether with 
 fruits and fragments of leaves of a previously undescribed species of Cycad allied to the 
 recent Z)m)o«, edule of Mexico, 'for which the name Cymdeocarims (Dioonilea) doliimbiamts 
 was proposed. Some preliminary notes on the other i'ossils collected by Mr. Richardson, 
 nearly all of which are remains of marine invertebrata, were published l)y Mr. li liillings, 
 who was then palieoutologist to the (Icological Survey, in another appendix to tlie same 
 Report, but none of the specimens were determin"d specifically. On the evidence of the 
 fossil plants Sir William Dawson thought that these Lower Shales arc cillier lower Cre- 
 taceous or Jurassic and Mr. Hillings, on the evidence of the inverlcbralc i'ossils, thought 
 that they are " partly Cretaceous and partly .lurassic." 
 
 The invertebrata of these shales were more fully reported upon by the present writer 
 in the firsi part of the first volume of " Mesozoic Fossils," published by thi' Geological 
 Survey in 1870. Of the twenty-livi species therein identified or described, eleven belong 
 to the Ammonitidic, three to the liastcropoila, and eleven to the pelecypoda, one of the 
 latter being a Unio. 
 
 Ill 1878 Dr. Dawson nnide a careful examination of the coal-bearing deposits at Skide- 
 gate andCumshewa Inlets, in tliet^ueen Charlotte Islands, and of tlie Cretaceous rocks at 
 Quati-mo Sou;.d, on the north vvi'st coast of Vancouver Island. He found that the coal- 
 bearing series of the (iueen Charlotte Islands is overbiid unconformably l)y Tertiary 
 deposits, and underlaid, also unconi'i)rmab]y, by fossiliferous rocks of Triassic age. In 
 his report on these islands, publisiied in the l{e])ort of Progrt-ss of the (leologi<'al Survey 
 of Canada for 187H-7'.', Dr. D^iwson adopts the thr(>e sub-divisions of Mr. Uichardson's 
 section, though he treats the .section in desceiuling order, lalling the U[)per Shales A, the 
 coarse conglonu'ralcs !!, and the Lower Shales C, and adds thereto t wf) more suh-divisiims, 
 viz., D, Agglomerates, ami, 1'], Lower Sandstoiu's. 
 
 The fossils collected i)y Dr. Dawson in the Cretaceous rocks of the (^ueen Charlotte 
 Islands form the subject of the third p.irt of the first volume of ' Mesozoic Fossils," pub- 
 lished in 1884. From the Upjier Shales and Sandstones of Mr. Kichard.soii and Dr. Daw- 
 sons section, the only species recognized so i'ar is hiocvumus iirohleiiKiticns, and these shales 
 el<'., are therefore supposed to represent the Niobrara of the plains. The only fussi! 
 oDtained from the "Coarse Conglomeraies '' is a worn fragment of the guard of a Helem- 
 nite, but, from their stratigrajihical i)osition, these congloineriites are assumed to l)e the 
 local represent at' ves of tln^ Benton and Dakota. As many as sixty-live species of marine 
 invenebrata arc enumerated or described as having been collected by D.'. Dawson in the 
 
CRKTACfiOUS SYSTEM IN CANADA. 
 
 18 
 
 Lower Shalos, or coal-beariug deposits proper, but Iburtoen of these are identical with 
 specii's previously collected from these sht.es l)y Mr. Richardsru. Of the sixty-five 
 spcLies, one is a coral and one a hrachiopod, thirty-seven are pelecypoda, seven gastero- 
 poda, and nineteen cephalopoda. The fauna of these shales was found to he remarkably 
 similar to that of the Uimlt of Europe, and to include such characteristic species of that 
 formation as Sriiloenbachia injhita, De<woceriis Beudanli, D. planulutim, Lytoceras Timotheonvm, 
 Inoceramm conceuirirun and Xrlinoreramus sulailm. Tn Mr. Richardson's collections from 
 th(>se shales there are five species of Ammonites, viz., S/erhanonrtis RirlKirdsonii, S. cepoifles. 
 and S. ob/titiim (these last two being distinctly referable to the genus S/iliaroreras), Peri- 
 s/iliinctes Slddegntcnsis and P. ('arlolte.im, which have such a Jurassic aspect that it was 
 naturally supposed that there might have been some mistake about the exact geological 
 hori/on at which they were alleged to have been collected. But, in the collections made 
 by Dr. Dawson there is a typical example of SjiliicmceraK ce/ioidts from the Lower f^hales at 
 South Island, in Skidegate Inlet, where it was found associated with such distinctively 
 Cretaceous species as Li/locfras Timolheanum and Inoceramus concentrints ; and a characteris- 
 tic I'ragment of Peris/)liiiirlus SIcidegafe/isis, obtained also in silu, from the base of the same 
 shales at the east end of Maud Island, in Skidegate Inlet. 
 
 The only fossils obtained from the Agglomerates, or sub-division D, of Dr. Dawson's 
 section, are three fragments of shells, apparently of pelecypoda, but ihese are so badly 
 preserved that even their aeneric relations could not be ascertained. 
 
 From the Lower Sandstones, or sub-division L, of Dr. Dawson's section, eleven species 
 of fossils were identified or described, but five of these are identical with species from the 
 Lower Shales. Hence it is inferred that the Lower Shales (C), the Agglomerates (D), and 
 the Lower Sandstones (fi) are most likely mere subordinate members of one sub-division, 
 which represents locally the whole of the lower or earlier North American Cretaceous. 
 Altogether, eighty-three species of fossils, exclusive ol ihe few plant remains, have now 
 been recorded as having been collected by Mr. Richardson and Dr. Dawson from the Cre- 
 taceous rocks of the Qui'en Charlotte Islands. One of these is from the " Upper Shales " 
 and i)resunial)ly upper Cretaceous, seventy-six are from the "Lower Shales," and six 
 additional species irom the " Lower Sandstones." 
 
 The name " QuetMi Charlotte Island group" was proposed by the writer in 1882' for 
 tli(> three lower s)ib-divisions (C, 1) and E) of the Queen Charlotte Island Cretaceous, and 
 that of the " (^ueen Charlotte Island formation" by Dr. Dawson in 18811.- 
 
 T/ie Crelarcd/is (1/ olliir localities i)i llie /iroinnre. In 18*75, deposits, apparently of Cre- 
 taceous age, were discovered by Dr. Dawson at Tatlayoco Lake, which empties into Bute 
 Inlet throuu'li the Ilomathco River. From these deposits, numerous specimens of a variety 
 o\i Aiiiellii Mimjin'iiai^, and a few imperl'ect guards of Beleinniilcs /»i//r«.s,s-«.s were collected. 
 
 It was subsequently found that the Jackass Mountain beds of Dr Selwyu, on the 
 Eraser River, contained similar fo.ssils, which were also i'ound on llii> Skagit River and in 
 othi>r places in the western part of the southern interior of British Columbia. Theibssils 
 of these rocks and those I'ronx Tatlayoco Lake form the subject of a paper in the first volume 
 of Transactions of this society, in which they were regarded as possibly of nearly the same 
 age as the Upper Neoeomiau of Europe, partly because of the abundance among them of 
 
 ' ']'raim. Knyal Sm;. ('luuulii, vol. i, mwt. 4, |i. 85. 
 ' Am. .lutirn, St-, ami Arts, ndI. xxxviii, p. 1-1. 
 
16 
 
 J. F. WIIITKAVES ON THR 
 
 one of the varieties of AiiceUa Moaquensis, which is stated by Eichwald to ho potniliar to 
 that formation in Russia, and partly because of their resemblance to, or identity with, the 
 fossils of the Shasta group of Caliloruia. 
 
 Certain rocks described by Dr. Dawson in the lUport of Progress ol the Geological 
 Survey of Canada for 1876-77, and there referred to as the " Porphyrite series," occur on 
 Sigutlat Lr.ke and the Iltasyouco River, which Hows from Sigutlat Lake into the Deau or 
 Salmo: \livei. The fossils collected from these porphyritcs were reported upon provision- 
 ally by th'^ writer in an appendix to Dr. Dawson's Report. They were then regarded as 
 possibly of Jurassic age, on account of their resemblance to the fossils of the so-called 
 Jurassic rocks of the Black Hills of Dakota, but are now believed to be Cretaceous. 
 
 The collections of fossils that have been made from the Crelaceous rocks at Quatsino 
 Sound, Vancouver Island, in 1878 and 1885, and at various localities off the coast or on the 
 mainland of British Columbia between 1875 and 1888, have led to the conclusion that 
 the Aitcelln bearing rocks and Jackass Mountain series of that province are not older than, 
 but of about the same age as the Queen Charlotte Island formation, and that the porphy- 
 ritic rocks of Sigutlat Lake and the Iltasysuco River are of the same age and not altered 
 Jurassic sediments. 
 
 The Yukon District. 
 
 Although included in the North West Territories, the orographical and geological 
 features of this district are so much more nearly related to those of British Columbia that 
 it will be convenient, for the sake of comparison, to consider the Cretaceous rocks of 
 the Yukon district immediately after those of British Columbia. 
 
 In Dr. Dawson"s Report upon the Yukon exploring expedition of 1887 and 1888, pub- 
 lished by the Geological Survey of Canada in 188!),' it is stated that deposits holding fossil 
 plants and probably of the age of the Laramie were discovered in 1887 on the south side 
 of the Upper Pelly River, twenty-seven miles and a half west of the mouth of Ross River, 
 and on the Lewes River, between Rink Rapids and the Salmon River. Sir William Daw- 
 son reports as Ibllows upon the fossils collected at the first of these localities. "The few 
 specimens examined are full of impressions of dicotyledonous leaves, niirch crushed and 
 imperfect. One has the venation of Con/li/s Mac Quarri (Forbes). Another seems to be a 
 Jug/dHS, near to .7. acuminata (Brauu). Both of these species are said by Hi-er to occur at 
 English Bay, Alaska, and also on Mackenzie River. The determinations cannot, however, 
 be cousideri'd as certain."- According to Sir William Dawson, also, the species repre- 
 sented in the collections made on the Lewes River are Taxoilium linujoriim, Ileer, Glijiilo- 
 $tfobii!' Eara/xciis, llecr, and Sequoia LangsdorJ/i, Heer (doubtful)." ' Glijiiloxlrohn^ Europaiif,, 
 it may be mentioned, had previously been collected in the Ijaramie at Porcupin" Creek, 
 N.W.T., and Sequoia uingsdorl/i in the Laramie of Porcupine Creek and the Mackenzie 
 River. 
 
 At Rink Rapids, on the Lewes River, and at Lake Labarge, farther up on the same 
 river, Dr. Dawson found fossiliferous Cretaceous rocks which are probably of about the 
 
 ' Aim. Kop., !ie\v sarins, vol. iii, pt. I, pp. 1-L'i7u. 
 
 'Il3., p. l-'lill. 
 
 ■' lb., p. H!)n. 
 
CHETACEOUS SYSTHM IN CANADA. 
 
 17 
 
 samp arre as the Queen Charlotte Ishiiul formation. The fossils *'rom the Rink Rapids, 
 which were described and ligured in the second part of the first volume of " Contribiitions 
 to Canadian Pahrontology," are all new species of marine invertebrata, for which the 
 names Dwitia /lileolus, C'i//)rina Yukonensis, Schloenbachia borealis, and Edheria belluhi were 
 proposed. The name Discina /lileolus is unfortunately preoccupied (by Hit'ks, in 18t5(j, for 
 a Meuevian fossil from St. Davids') and may be changed to D. Daivsoni. The Sriiloen- 
 bachia seems to be rather nearly related to the S. propinqua, of the Lower Sandstones or 
 subdivision E, of the Queen Charlotte Island Cretaceous. The fossils from Lake Labarge 
 consist of a small sponge, several badly preserved corals, two or three small species of 
 pelecypoda, fragments of casts of an elongated spiral gasteropod, and a piece of the phrag- 
 mocone of a small belcmnite, but all so imperfectly preserved that even their generic rela- 
 tions are donbtfxil. 
 
 In 1888, Mr. McConnell discovered rocks holding specimens of a Scaphiles very like 
 one of the IJenton species, on the Porcupine River, fourteen miles below the mouth of 
 Bell River. A little farther down the Porcupine he found sandstones full of one of the 
 A'arieties of Aucella Mosqiiensis, and collected numerous examples of the same fossil in rocks 
 of Lower or Earlier Cretaceous age on the main Pelly or Yukon River, eight miles below 
 the Antoine River. 
 
 Prior to the confcdc^ration of the provinces in 1867, not more than eight species of fossil 
 plants had been identified or d.'scribed from the Cretaceous rocks of any part of the 
 country now included in the Dominion, and all of these are from the south eastern portion 
 of Vancouver Island. To-day, 108 species of fossil plants have been recorded or described 
 from the Canadian Cretaceous, exclusive oi the Laramie, or 170 species inclusive of the 
 Laramie, as follows : 
 
 From Manitoba and the North West TerritorieB. 
 
 Laramie "I species. 
 
 lielly Uiver series, not also in Laramie.... li '' 
 
 Dunvenan series -1 " 
 
 98 'J.S 
 
 Kroui the Rocky .Mountain rejjion. 
 
 Mill Crook seritw -!• " 
 
 Intermediate series "> " 
 
 Kootanie series 27 '' 
 
 62 52 
 
 From British ('cliiiiil)ia. 
 
 Nanaimot;rou[i L'7 " 
 
 (Jneen Cliarlotte Islands series 1 •' 
 
 2S 2S 
 
 I'roni the Yukon Histri^'t. 
 
 Laramie and not yot found elsewhort' in 
 
 Canada 1 ' 
 
 Total ITitspecies. 
 
 .Sec IV., 18!);!, ;i. 
 
18 
 
 .1. F. WIIl'I'KAVF.S ON 'I' UK 
 
 Biiforo 0011 fcdorat ion, only fifty-Rvo spenios of fossils other than plant romains, had 
 boen rccoi-nizi'dor doscrilu'd from the Cretacoous ro 'ks of what wo now lall Canada, and, 
 of this uuiiib.T, thirty-two are from Vancouvor Island and fwonty-thrcc from tho North 
 "West Territories. Now, wo know of B'tS species of animal remains from the undonbted 
 Cretaceous rocks of tho Dominion, and of 304 if wo include tho Laramie. Those numbers 
 are made up as follows : 
 
 I'liiiii Munitobii ami till' North West TnTritoric8. 
 I.araiuie 
 
 Mollnsca, :r>: (linosuiiria, I 3ii species. 
 
 i'ienc-Fox Hills. 
 
 Kadiiilaria, lip ; oilier marine iiiverteliiata, <i"< : ('(ileoi>t(ira, I : S.') " 
 Belly Kiver .lorios. 
 
 MdUiisea, additional to those fnnnd also in tlie l.araniie, 21 ; 
 
 turtles, ". : dinosauria 1 : • -■"' " 
 
 Nioliiara-lienton. 
 
 Foraminifera, 14: othermarine iiiverteliiatu (r.) and lisiifs (1) 
 
 from ManitoVia, 111 : .VnimoniioH troni tlie <li>trirt of Atlia- 
 
 lia.ska, "i : Ironi luinvejraii neries, niolhiHi'U determineil, l' :. . :ll ' 
 Unkota. 
 
 One bracliiopiid and one mioIIih', not known to ocnir also in 
 
 the ISeiiton : - 
 
 I7il 17!l 
 
 From the Rocky Mountain ro).'ion. 
 Niobrara-Benton. 
 
 Additional .s|iecie.s of marine inverleliruta: '■' " 
 
 Devil.s I^ako deiio.sila. 
 
 Four Hjiecies additional to those found also and jireviously in 
 
 the Queen Ciiarlotto Islands : I " 
 
 11! i;! 
 
 From British Columbia. 
 Nanaimo jirouii. 
 
 Marina invertubrata : H'li " 
 
 Queen Charlotte Lsland Cretaceous. 
 
 Marine hivortebrata, s2 spacie.s, and one Unio : s:! " 
 
 Cretaceous at other loealitiu.s in the iirovince. 
 
 Additional species of marine invertelirata : " " 
 
 l!»s Ills 
 
 From tlio Yukon Histrict. 
 
 Four marine invurielmila from the llink llapids of the 
 
 1 ewes Uivcr : 1 '' 4 
 
 I'dtal : '''''^ species. 
 
 West of Lake "Winaipeo and north of tho forty-ninth parallel, all the most importaiit 
 and workable beds of coal, as geologists are aware, are found either in tho Crolaoeous or 
 in the Laramie. Who has not heard of the coal-lields of the 8ouris region and Turtle 
 Mountain, of tho North and Soutii Saskatciiewan (at Edmonton and Medicine Hat) and 
 Queen Charlotte Islands, or of tho mines now in opi'ra.ion at Lrihbridgo, C.inmoro, 
 Anthnvcito, Nauaiino and Coiuox V Tho economic products and lithological cliara 'tors of 
 the subdivisions of the Cretaceous and Laramie at the various localities examined by l)rs. 
 
cRi-yrACEous systkm in (Canada. 
 
 19 
 
 Solwyn, Dawson and Boll and by Messrs, McConnoll and Tyrrell, have been fully 
 described in their respective reports. These d<'«eriptions have been supplemented by 
 pnl)lishi'd analyses showing the cheraical compositiou of a s.-ries of eoals and lignites 
 specially selected to cover the range of their distribution and to illustrate the connec^tion 
 between the variation in their composition and the couditions under which they were 
 deposited. 
 
 The Cretaceous rocks of the United States had been studied and described by several 
 eminent geologists' fully thirty years before the existence of these rocks in Canada had 
 been recognized or recorded. Yet only two years ago,- Dr. C. A. White expressed the 
 opinion that much more extensive studies of the .subdivisions of the Cretaceous of North 
 America were necessary, before these formations could be satisfactorily correlated with the 
 subdivisions of the European Cretaceous. Canadian Cretaceous geology is no more a 
 continental unit than that of the United States, and we are not yet able to correlate 
 satisfactorily the subdivisions of the British Columbia Cretaceous with those of 
 Manitoba and the North-West Territories, nor of cither with those of Europe. A 
 comparatively small portion of the Cretaceous rocks of Canada has been examined in any 
 detail, and more or less isolated areas of these rocks an; known to (>xist in Dirts of the 
 Canadian North-West, about which scarcely any other informrvtion has bef n obtained. 
 Still, tht» facts as summarized in this address, are suliicieiit to show that subs, autial addi- 
 tions to our knowledge of the geographical distribution, of the economic products and of 
 the fossil flora and fauna of the Cretaceous rocks of Canada, have been made within the 
 quarter of a century that has elapsed since the confederation of the provinces. 
 
 ' I'm- a li.st (if t\u'. iiniui'.s i)f those and tlie title.s of tlii'ii' luiper.", soe piwos (U-()7 of Dr. < '. A. Wliite's " ( orrela- 
 tioii I'aiiei-s— Cretiueoua" ; lUill. U. S. (IodI. ,>^urv., No. Si'. 
 •' Ibid., pp. 11 and -HS,