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Toua laa autraa axamplairaa originaux aont fllmte an commandant par la pramlAra paga qui comporta una amprainta d'impraaaion ou d'illuatration at an tarminant par la darnlAra paga qui comporta una taila amprainta. Un daa symbolaa suivants apparattra sur la darnlAra imaga da chaqua microficha, salon la caa: la symbols —»- signifia "A SUIVRE", la symbols ▼ signifia "FIN". Las cartaa, planchaa, tablaaux. ate, pauvant Atra filmte A daa taux da rMuction diffirants. Lorsqua la documant aat trop grand pour Atra raproduit an un saul clichA, 11 aat film* * partir da I'angia svjp^riaur gaucha. da gaucha i droita. at da haut an baa, an pranant la nombra d'imagaa nicaasaira. Las diagrammas suivants illustrant la m*thoda. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 " CHRISTIAN h NON-RESISTANCE. f Hi ViK\ ABRIDGED BY THE LIVERPOOL PEACE SOCIETY. Glory to God in the highest, and on earth pbacb; Good will toward men. Luke ii. 14. Blessed are the peacemakers : For they shall be called the children of God. Ye have heard that it was said by them of old time, Tiiou siialt not kill ; And whosoever shall kill shall be in danger of the judgment : But I say unto you, that whosoever is angry with his brother without cause, shall be in danger of the judgment. Ye have heard that it hath been said. An eye for A¥ btb, and a tooth fob A tooth : But I say unto you, that ye uesist not evil. Ye have heard that it hath been said, Tuou shalt lovb thy nbiouboub, and hate thine enemy ; But I say unto you, Lovk voub enemies. Matt. v. # Thou shalt love thy neiqubouji as thyself. Mar. xii., 31. Therefore all thmgs whatsoever ye would that men should do to you, do ye also so to them. Matt. VII. . 12. Be not overcome of evil, but overcome evil with good. Bom. xii,, 21. PRINTED BY HUNTER, ROSE & CO., FOR ANDREW HAMILTON, YORKVILLE, 1870. (From a late Report of the Liverpool Peace Society.) " As usual, the committee commence their annual report with an abstract statement o principlefc Wholly impregnable as they are believedto be in their truth, the extreme inconsistency of these principles with the practice of Christendom can only be accounted for on the ground of the prevalen impression that they are fanatical and impracticable in their nature. It is claimed that these charac- teristics are not fairly ascribed, except in so far as they are applicable also to Christianity itself, be- cause of the perfection, and not of the fallacy, of the doctrines inculcated. "The allegations of the Peace Party against war are tliatit is anti-Christian, illogical, and unmanly, and ar« thus supported. •' However noble may be the ruling motives which induce some soldiers to risk or sacrifice their lives in defence of the lives, liberty, and property of others; or, »■: more usually occurs, in blind obe- dience to the call of their country on any military service whatever; yet the relation of the best of them to the enemy whom they seek to kill is in direct opposition to the Christian ))rccepts, " Love your enemies," "Do good to them that hate you," "If thine enemy hunger, feed him," "Overcome evil with good." V/ar, therefore, in its relation to the enemy, is anti-Christian. "Again, in the present day, war undertaken merely for conquest or the acquisition of power or ter- ritory is universally condemned, and some show of injury, sustained or threatened, is considered requisits to justify a resort to arms. Victory, however, always rewards the stronger or more skilful autagonist, and determines nothing in reference to the right. War, therefore, is only appropriate in the case for which it is reprobated, and is illogical where justice is at stake, " Lastly, intelligence and love are the highest characteristics of huindnity. That, therefore, is xm- manly which degrades the mutual relations of rational beings to the exercise of brute force, and which arrays in murderous hostility to each other the children of the Universal Parent. " The rigid immediate application of a perfect canon of mortality to a fallible and, at best, only- progressive commujiity, is doubtless impracticable, and the Peace party inc? ?ed no ruch fanatical project. But so long as the Church not only igjiores the obligations of Chr. Aa.ua to " follow peace with all men," but actually consecrates the banners aiid fosters the spirit of war ; so long as states- in«n can devise no expedient by which incorporated nations can participate in that simple initiatory process in the civilization of each— the substitution of common law for individual physical force; 80 long is it deemed expedient that a special society should exist to uphold the standard which ap- pears to have lapsed from its rightful supporters, and to advocate incessantly mch approximatilaccd us hero to decide how long we shall remain ! I have rashly and wrongfully assumed an authority which was never committed to me ! Finally, let us look at the conaequonccs, the can-ying out into other par- ticulars, of the principle upon which I have acted. If homicide is unjust- ifiable only when wanton and entirely unprovoked, and if some sorts of pro- vocation shall be deemed to justify it, where shall the line bo drawn ] If I may commit it to save my life, may I also commit it to save my character — my reputation — my fortune — the interests of my political party — the inter- ests of my religious sect I If for my individual life this act may be done, may it not be done to help forward a groat principle ? - the cause of God — the cause of humanity — the cause of Protestantism — the cause of liberty — may I not, for the sake of such great interests as these, destroy him who imperils them. If I can cut short a pernicious career by sudden execution, may I not do it ? If I may do it by club, or sword, or pistol, may I not do it by poison 1 There is no end to these questions ! No end to the supposition of cases in which great good may be done if we are to be allowed to do it by violent and evil means. The only way is to say to such insinuations — " Get thee behind me, Satan !" The only way is utterly, positively and invariably to refuse to do evil, with whatever plausibility it be offered to us as the means of accom- plishing good ! 10 CHRISTIAN NON-RESISTANCE. The right to life is one of the inalienable rights of man. Just as the slaveholder's claim of property in a black man is shown to be absurd and ridiculous by the fact that the black man's hands, and feet, and head, having been born parts of him, necessarily belong to him, and cannot 2)os3ihhj become the property of another rather than of himself— so the claim of a right to take the life of a man, whether made by the community or by another individval, becomes absurd and preposterous in view of the fact that God gave liim his life, and that the taking of it by another is a presumptuous interference with God's appointment and God's prerogative. No man has, or can possibly acquire, the right to take the life of another. Bub the Christian doctrine of love goes furtlier than this. No mfin has, or can possibly acquire, the right to injure anotlier. To prevent or repel injury, by uninjurious means, is our right and our duty ; but we are not to cast out Satan by Satan ; the histoiy of the world overflows with evidences of the folly of attempting this ; gaining, sometimes, a temporary and partial mea- sure of success, it always fails in the long run. But even success is not the measure cf duty ; and the Christian rr'"'? stamps intentional injury as invari- ably wrong ; our overcoming of evil is to be, invariably , an overcoming with good ! I am aware, however, that the inquiries which I au^ attempting to answer may have a benevolent, net a selfish object. In making these inquiries, one may not be thhiking mainly of his individual safety, but of the extent to which he may proceed in helping the weak and'oppressed. I must therefore make particular reference to the caiie of the defence of others, who have gen- eral or special claims upon me. Besides the general obligation which rests upon me to love all men, and to help such needy ones as I can help, I have certain special obligations. My wife and my children have particular and emphatic claims to protection from all 'njurj- that I can aver^.. What effect is my Non-Resistance to liave upon the protection of these. Will their necessities, their danger or suffering, be good ground for a modification of, or an exception to, or a temporary de- parture from, lay Christian principles ? Let me t jst this matter by proceeding, at once to the strongest possible case, an injury threatened to nxy wife,— my dearer and better self, to whose pro- tection T p,m bound even more by present love than by the long-standing compact under which I promised her protection. Oi Course, all I can do shall be done for her safety. My strength, my CHRISTIAN NON-RESISTANCE. 11 life, shall interpose beiween her and hami, and he who would assail her must pass over my body. It is the dnty of us both to mffer wrong rather than do -ifrong, but I, as the stronger, choose to take upon myself the sufForing for both. I shall meet the violence of the assailant as I did in the former case, l)ut, while my life lasts, the assault must be made upon me, not upon my wife. She is to be safe while Hive. So far all is plain. But may T, fearing lest the sacrifice of my life be not sufficient to avert the threatened injury, may 1 proceed to kill the assailant ? doing for my wife what I am conscious that the Christian law forbids me to do for myself ! committing an injury to prevent the commission of an injury ! I have said above that the rules of right and wrong, the principles of mor- ality and religion, remain quite undisturbed by our private exigency, and that such e^'igency does not at all release us from obedience to them. I have eaid, further, that the Christian rule of love to all, even the injurer— and of invariable abstinence from injuiy on our own part— and of the use of good only, never of evil, in the work of overcoming evil— is the best rule I know, or can possibly conceive of. And, finally, I have admitted that this rule, thoiigh beat, incomparably best, o^ the whole, does not in all cases secure the bodily safety of him who practises it. It would seem that the question is plready answered. Shall I demand, in the case of my wife, a different rule of action from that which God has appointed for the whole human race, which he has appointed because it is the best possible rule, and which I myself have recognized as the best possible rule, both for the whole and for every individual ? My wife and I constitute (perhaps) one five-hundred-millionth part of the human race. No possible injury can be threatened to, or inflicted upon us, which was not recognized and contemijlated in that system by which God governs the race, and in that system also by which He has appointed tha^ they shall govern themselves, namely the Christian system. No possible injury can be inflicted upon us which has not already been inflictjd in thov .ands of other instances, without occasioning, or requiring, any change in the rule. Who are we, that we should rebel against it] Who are we, that we should demand to be better protected, more thoroughly cared for, than the rest of mankind ? that wo should demand a better destiny thAnthat afforded us in God's world, and under his laws ? Is there not a sound, a just, a grand meaning in that saying of the grkat 12 CHRISTIAN NON-RESISTANCE. Teacher, that a man may lose his life by saving it, and may save his life by losing it ? To me it seems plain that the true safety and interest both of me and my wife, lie in placing ourselves, and in keeping ourselves, in conformity and co-operation with this great Christian law, and in trusting the consequences of such conformity to Him who made the law. But it is not merely the 'higher law' which points in this direction. Let me descend to the region where my opponents in this debate have (as they think), their strong hold, the ground of present success and bodily safety, and see if they have that realm wholly on their side. What says the voice of History 1 What says the applause of men in regard to those who have disdained to purchase the bodily safety and temporal interests of their nearest and dearest by a violation of duty ? What made Mrs. Hemans select for the subject of her beautiful dramatic poem (The Siege of Valencia) one of two instances which the history of Spain records, in which a Christian knight refused to surrender the city which had been given him to defend, even when the Moorish besiegers made the lives of his captive children the price of his fidelity I Was it not because men had honored his fidelity as glorious even at the cost of such a sacaifice ? What made Miss Edgeworth describe the wife of Vivian as saying— when he had abandoned his principles and his honor to regain her lost fortune—' And you did consider me ? And that did weigh with you ? Oh, that is what I dreaded most !' cried Lady Sarah,— 'When will you know my real character ? When will you have confidence in your wife ? Wliat pain can be so great to me as the thought of my husband's reputation s-afl^ering abasement V My wife is not less noble in soul than Vivian's. She, too, would scorn to be protected at the sacrifice of my principles— of the rule of right— of the law which our commor. Father, ha-sdng made for all His children, must be sup- posed to have intended for her also. We wiU together take the risk of abiding by that law. To glance at the results of the opposite course of action— would that course absolutely insure us success? Does violence in defence always conquer violence in oflTence ? Do they that take the sword for what are called good rp«o-^na-_tlin+ I's bfiri.anafi thev are assailed— never perish by the sword ? To sum up, then, what a Christian, one who believes in, and endeavours to live by, the great law of love,— is to do when assailed by violence and injury. He is first, above all, to keep himself in the right. He is to accomplish what CHRISTIAN NON-RESISTANCE. 15 good he can by right means ; to leave undone for the present all that he cannot do by right means, and to bear with fortitude, aua without losing the spirit of love, or departing from the manifestation of love, whatever evil may befall him. Extract from th^ 64<^ Annual Report (for 1868), of the British and Foreign Bible Society : — The Evangelical Society has four Colporteurs at work in winter-two at their o^-n expense, and two in the Trench parishes on the Bernese Jura, at the expense of the Bible Society of Geneva. Like most of the Colporteurs of the Swiss Societies, they are half Evangelists. Their success is always considerable. As these Societies draw their supplies ahnost exclusively from us, I follow with interest our books as they pass through the hands of the Colporteurs into the houses of the people, and I think we are justified in looking with more than a general interest at the experiences of their men. I have therefore given the following incidents related by the Secretary, but which have not appeared ir print :— " In a village in the mountains, Bernese Jura, two Colporteur Evangelists were five years ago brutaUy beaten and driven away. They were strong men, but offered no re- sistance. They refused to prosecute the men who had iUused them ; but the Protestant Pastor took the matter up, and a small fine was inflicted, the Burgomaster sympathis- ing evidently with the men he was obliged to punish. This spring the same men visited the village again. They found all changed. The landlady of the inn recognised them and overwhehned them with kindness. She told them that not one of those wlio had maltreated them was now alive, and that not one of them had died a natural death.. Be it as it may, the villagers connected their fate with their conduct to the Colporteurs, and these latter found now an open door and susceptible hearts." A second case :-" One of the Berne Colporteurs entered a three-storied house in which, according to the custom of the country, three different families lived. He began with the highest story, and sold copies in this and in the next. Oh enquiring about the family on the ground floor, he was warned not to enter, but he entered nevertheless. He found both the man and his wife at home. He offered his Bihles : his offer was re- pUed to with abuse and a positive order to leave the house instantaneously ; he however stayed, urdng them to buy and read God's Holy Word. Then the man rose in a vio- lent rage and struck him a severe blow on the cheek. Fp to this moment the Colpor- teur had stood quietly with his knapsack on his back. He now deliberately unstrapped it laid it on the table, and turned up the sleeve of his right arm, all the while steadily looking his opponent in the face. The Colporteur was a very strong man. Addiessing his opponant, he said, " Look at my hand, its furrows show that I have worked : feel my muscles, they 8ho^v that I am fit for any work. Look me straight in the face j. ! I| I! u CHRISTIAN NON-RESISTANCE. ■do I quail before you ? Judge then for yourself if it is fear that moves me to do what I am about to do. In this book ray Master says, — When they smite you on one cheek, turn to them the other also. You have smitten me on one cheek, here is the other Smite ! I will not return the blow," The man was thunder-struck. He did not smite, but he bought the book, which under the influence of God's Spirit, works such marvels in the human heart." ANECDOTE OF WILLIAM LADD. [From Spear's Essays on the Punishment of Death.] The following anecdote is one of the best we have ever seen. Mr. Ladd was often requested to permit it to be published before his death, but he said he preferred to keep it as his best. Since his decease, Mk. Samuel E. CouES, his friend and associate in the great Peace enterprise, has given it to the world. There would be few quarrels, if all were governed by the prin- ciple developed in this admirable anecdote. " It was not mere good nature, but the adoption of the peace principles, which made him thus gentle -hearted. A story, which he often told with peculiar relish, will illustrate the moulding of his character — the gradual progress of his mind in adopting the peace principles. *I had,' said he, *a ine field of grain, growing upon an out-farm, some distance from the homestead. Whenever I rode by, I saw my neighbor Pulsifer's sheep in the lot, destroying my hopes of a harvest. These sheep were of the gaunt, long-legged kind, active as spaniels j they could spring over the highest fence, and no wall could keep them out. I complained to neighbor Pulsifer about them, sent him frequent messages, but all without avail. Perhaps they would be kept out for a day or two, but the legs of his sheep were long, and my grain rather more tempting than the adjoining pasture, I rode by again — the sheep were all there ; I became angry, and told my men to set the dogs on them, and if that would not do, I would pay them if they would shoot them, " I rode away much agitated ; for I was not so much of a peace man then as I am now, and I felt, literally, full of fight. All at once a light flashed in upon me. I asked myself, would it not be well for you to try, in your own conduct, the peace principles you are preaching to others ? I thought it all over, and settled down my mind as to the best course to be pursued. " The next day I rode over to see neighbor Pulsifer. I found him chopping wood at his door. ' Good morning, neighbor. ' No answer. ' Good morning, ' I repeated. He gave a kind of grunt, like a hog, without looking up. '1 came,' continued I, *to see you about the sheep.' At this he threw down his axe, and exclaimed in a 1 CHRISTIAN NON-RESISTANCE. 15 most angry manner, 'Now, a'n't you a pretty neighbor, to tell your men to kill my sheep ! I heard of it ;— a rich man like you to shoot a poor man's sheep !' •* * I was wrong, neighbor,* said I,—' but it won't do to let your sheep eat up all that grain ; so I came over to say that I would take your sheep to my homestead pasture, and put them in with mine ; and in the fall you may take them back, and if any one is missing, you may take your pick out of my whole flock.' "Pulsifer looked confounded; he did not know how co take me. At last he stammered out, ' Now, Squire, are you in earnest ?' * Certainly I am, ' I answered ; * it is better for me to feed your sheep in my pasture on grass, than to feed them here on grain ; and I see the fence can't keep them out.' "After a moment's silence—' The sheep shan't trouble you anymore,' exclaimed Pulsifer ; ' I will fetter them all. But I'll let you know that when any man talks of shooting, I can shoot to ; and when they are kind and neighborly, I can be kind too.' The sheep never again trespassed on my lot. , "'And, my friends,' he continued, addressing the audience, 'remember that when you talk of injuring your neighbors, they taik of injuring you. When nations threaten to fight, other nations will be ready too. Love will beget love a wish to be at peace will keep you m peace. You can only overcome evil with good there is no other way. '," SUMMARY OP THE LOSSES BY RECENT WARS. From "^Contemporary Tfar*," hy M. Faul Leroy BeauUeu. I. — Loss OF Human Life. Number of men who were slain on the field of battle, or who died through wounds and disease : — Crimean War Italian War (1859) War of Schleswig Holstein American Civil War — Northern Army Southern Army War of 186G, between Prussia, Austria andltaly ... Distant expeJ^ -'ens and variouswars, Mexico, Cochin China, Morocco, St. Domingo, Paraguay, «&c. Total Killed by War. 784,991 45,000 3,500 281,000 519,000 45,000 65,000 1,743,491 Hebe is a total op about 1^750,000 men swept off by war from 16 CHRISTIAN NON-RESISTANCE. CIVILISED NATIONS BETWEEN 1853 AND 1866, THAT IS TO SAY, IN THE SPACE OP 14 YEABS. TJiis is a number equal to the whole male population of Holland. It is also a number equal*to that of all the ivoi'king men employed by the indxistrial or commercial classes in France. (Audiganne, ** Les Ouvriers ci' a present," page 405.) And yet this immense amount of human life, strength and intelligence, has been devoured by tear in the recent 14 years of this century, so distinguished by its civilization, industry, and popular liberty ! SUMMABY OF THE FINANCIAL LOSSES BY RECENT WABS, 340 million pounds sterling. 940 million 460 million 60 million 7 million 66 million 40 million (( li tc it (C (i (C (C Crimean War, 1853-4 ... American Civil War, 1861-5 — The North The South Italian War, 1859 War cf Schleswig Holstein, 1864 War of 1866, between Prussia, Austria and Italy ... Distant expeditions to Mexico, Cochin Clxina, &c. ... Total 1,913 MILLION POUNDS STERLING ! Even these are only the immediate and positive expenses of the wars ; and some of the struggles ai'e not yet ended. Complete returns cannot be obtained respecting the exi^enses of Spain in the exjiedition to Cochin China, nor of those of Peru, Chili, and St. Domingo. We are not in possession of the costs of recent conflicts between the Republics of South America and Spain, or of the still continuing war between Brazil, La Platta and Paraguay — a persistent and furiously devastating struggle. Nor have we full returns from Mexico as to its war for independence against France. And yet, irresijective of all these unfurnished expenses, we have accounted for the frightful amount of neai-ly 48,000 million francs (or £1,913,000,000), which, if employed in works of peace, would have entirely transformed the social and financial condition of civilized nations. But the evil genius of War has devoured the ivhole of it in fourteen years, in okdeb to sweep teom the PACE OE- THE EARTH NEARLY 1,800,000 MEN. i ■*' 1 1 I I t ll C t: c WAR AGAINST WAR. f to .bollsh (ft liiible) the pmtico of "ai ■ '" ''''''"" "" '» »"">t<>raot tho .plrlt, md ' 'Tho following able paper, by M. F«bdkhzc Pa,,,v, tho Secretan- of the Pan, League of Peace, form, the introduction to an intero/mj coUecfon of extracts from the speeches and writings of ma.^^ en ■ 1"' men, m avour of Peace. Its vigour and impressi^eness wiU IXit ucceptable to many in this countty, and we have therefore translated ^ It for tho pages of the Herald." '"'"laica ia'Glt:''i;t;iTSe.r^e*i;°:An?'- r" ('?"-« ^ a«ute a sure indication of I' Z^ S^^ T^ 1^ :- and the most nWral'empl„«Lnf Sm ^^ """^'t' ever there is any pretension Mo !.n„ J -V- ^"^"^^ ' '"'* ""W, wher^ only sanctioneTas'^IsXecessitv whivl°r^^^^ ?° barbarism, it is ted to, but of which n" nrcSe- to n«"r« ft°°""''°"''"y ^^ '•"'mit- merly, in short, war ias deiS; no^ '"s anath^nS H "'^i ^°" conqueror used to be called a hern ■ ti,„ j„ """'nsmMiaed. A great be iianded as a curse ' ""^ ^"^^ '"''' """""K ^hen he will grelt'JSg^'."'""™"'^""'^''"^'^^*-'' l>«e contributed to this ' wJ°™SlT s"a^,rno;7bu*s°inl'"!tt"°* --^ ,-P»- gun to take account. Th'ey Imve mt mX'ir b n "i'T »'>",l'ave be- discovered that it was a biU rf IloSy "^ «^'"^' »""> "^^ der &;^f:"^b^Srcl^nt^:f*'1 •^'^ *"™"'»«'^' <'™- "»- ed a.„c«,/,.i war. AtteXfrs"b i^i^it^edTthf ""^^ *^™- cessary, and absolutely inevitable cos°tli.Tess of „1? \''?°' ™" whether successful or unsuccessful wl .^f ° ■ ' ™'' whatsoever, the number of men kiirrtritainu'^^Tf rpufatiry.''Tj" ,*» to industry, the losses of uroDertv n,,rl +1,0 5°?"^^*^?", the obstacles plantation^; and public buiCn'gslUlved by It^'tTj ^1"* pondering over the statistics of the taxis and Xan..S\ i "* H"**"*' by past generations in order to ca^yTc^l.^ X , w 'r-":-'°^^^^ tiUCiive to theinaelvp^ • and ^n. +k^c'« j. j. ' *vi.n,{j were su nus- heavy imposts Xch the p^^^^^^ ^^^ "'' ^^^" *^ ^^^ «^« c>Uationsdemo„si^fiestt'Jf^Xt::^7^'S^trs:^X 2 WAR AGAINST WAK. which afflict humanity, there is none so actively and inevitably fatal as war. *' Our ancestors wore, unfortunately, veiy ignorant of the circuni- Btances of other nations, and hence were accustomed to depict their neighbours in the darkest colours. A foreigner was regarded as being necessarily a rival, and even a natural enemy. The chief and avowed object of political action was to promote self-interest at the expense of other countries. But races are now becoming better acquainted with one another. We have discovered that a man is a man whatever may be his language and the dencminatiou conferred upon him by the cir- cumstances of his birth. Nations are becoming increasingly united by links of commerce, science and intermarriage, and are experiencing as a fact that the world is not an (object of prey to be fought for, but a common patrimony for mutual possession and improvement. The minds as well as the persons of men are being brought into closer mu- tual contact ; barriers of separation are falling ; intercourse and union- are rapidly extending ; and the entire globe, thanks, under God, to steam and electricity, is becoming a vast network, the meshes of which, everywhere interwoven, cannot henceforth be broken in one part with- out general suffering. ** fVar used to he a duel; a frightful one, but yet grand and attrac- tive. The combatants knew and appreciated those with whom they fought. Courage, perseverance, physical strength, and the union of intelligence with foresight still availed much, whatever might be the risks as to success or defeat. Man was still something, even among the most fearful onslaughts of brute force. He felt that it was so, and he was proud of it. But, in our own day, science has advanced, and has brought to perfection not only the arts of production, but those of slaughter. She has reduced war, almost suddenly, to a mere mechani- cal operation. * It is scientific butchery P as a contemporary writer has energetically exclaimed, (M. Gueroult, in his remarkable article on *the Utopianism of Peace.' in the Opirdon Nationale.) " We now make use of idllhxg-machines. We deliver to them men, the flower of our youth, and they give them back to us corpses. Un- der these conditions, the interest of conflict, and almost all conflict itself, disappears. We have but huge executions, chaLacterized by horror alone. The soldier, the officer, the general, are now no more, literally, %\i^n flesh for cannon. Thought and feeling revolt with dis- giist in face of these vast and stupid butcheries. "Further, and in consequence of many influences, the conviction of huirmn fraternity has made progress. Formerly it was limited to the frontiers of one's own country, but now it has passed those bounds, and nations are felt to be included in the obligations which used to be deemed only binding on individuals. It is being admitted that, after all, there are not two codes of morality, one for individuals and an- other for communities, but that human societies, like their members, are subject to obligations of mutual consideration and respect. The conviction has gained ground that robbery and murder do not change their natiire by a change of scale or of name, and that if a man who lies in wait for another, by the Avayside, to attack him, is an assassin and a thief, so likewise a hundred thousand armed men, who invade an unoffending country to massacre or take captive its inhabitants, are, whether they so regard it or not, only brigands on a large scale. t WAR AGAINST WAR. on who ' ' And just as a family possessing a lively sense of honour feels thivt honoiir compromised When a member of it, in order to advance his po- sition or his fortune, takes part in one of those adventures which are never free from the suspicion of dishonest dealings with other men's property, so, in like manner, communities which cherish a delicate feeling of national honour are conscious of their patriotic feelings be- ing w(mnded when any real or apparent aggrandisement of their coun- try's wealth, power or territory is obtained as the price of violence or tyraniiy. ' 1 am an Englishman,' once exclaimed an eminent speaker in the British Parliament, Mr. Roebuck, on the occasion of the out- rages committed in India, * I am an Englishman, but there are some things greater and more sacred, in my estimation, than the greatness of England, and amongst those things I place the progress of the h\i- man race.' " The feeling thus expressed is, thanks to God, no longer the privil- ege of any one race. It is the feeling entei-tained by all who, throiigh- out the globe, constitute the elite, and, as we may say, the advance- guard of mankind. By this elite war is condemned. It is pre-eminent- ly the enemy and obstacle to progress, the source of hatred, the cause of slaughter, the agent of demoralization, and the inexhaustible source of disease and misery. " War is condemned, hut it in not yet supijressed. It is detested, pro- tested against and scorned ; nevertheless it is submitted to, and too often, alas ! with resignation. Wo hope that it may disappear, and yet are not quite sure that our hope may not be a rash one ! Yes, we actually hesitate too often respecting the propriety of avowing the hope boldly. A certain mischevious word, the word Utopia, ever powerful, in spite of t)ie innumerable humiliations which every day in- rticts upon it, by the realization of something deemed impossible the preceding evening, continues to press Avith all its force upon those worthy people who fear above all things the epithet 'chimeric^.' Hence the campaign against war continues to be regarded by so lai'ge a number as one of those well-intentioned undertakings which practi- cal men willingly relinquish to Quixotic enthusiasts. This prejudice must be got rid of, and there is only one way to do it, to attack those whom it enthralls through their own Aveakness. It is to show them who ar3 the real champions of this struggle which they shrink from, and upon what grounds, inider what auspices, Avith what authority, and with Avhat source of confidence those who sustain it have entered upon it, and feel themselves Avarranted in .inticipating eventual suc- cess. ' Be bold !' said a minister once to some reformers, who solicited his open advocacy of their cause, 'Be bold, and Ave will join you!* And similarly, a niultitvido of secret friends are exclaiming to us daily, ' ProA^e that you can be successful, and that we may safely avow our sympathies with you !' HoAvever, be this as it may, our ranks continue to increase, and our issue of peace publications is being well maintain- ed. '' In the first part of our peace series Ave treated of the subject of Av.ar in its scA'eral aspects. Wc Bhowod 'the immense cost involvod by the foolish and unproductive strifes of nations, their consequences and results. We proved that, by an inevitable and fatal connection, slaugliter produces a' liter, as hate perpetuates hatred, and that famine and disease ai'e the certain accompaniments of Avar. We ex- 4 WAR AGAINST WAR. amined the influence of modem annamentB as regards possible colli- sions in the future, and demonstratod the importance, both in the in- terests of internal and foreign security, of immediately abandoning the aggressive system which has been so fatally prevalent amongst all na- tions, for a system truly defensive, and exempt alike irom its dangers and its expenses. *' * Who are you V is the inevitable (question of those to whom it is insinuated tliat their principles are not those of ideal perfection. * Wlio are yon who undertake s(i boldly to arraign the experience of all mankind, and who imagine that you may repudiate that which custom, tradition and necessity have consecrated /' * Where is yout title, your precedent, your authority /' " ' Who are we V We are the whole body of those who calculate and deliberate, and of those whose names caiTy weight in the material, moral, religious, scientific, and even military traditions of mankind. We are the witnesses of tlxe past and the precursors of the future. With us is the voice of wisdom and experience, the testimony of all who have lived, thought, felt and suffered, of all who have enlighten- ed mankind, as well as of those who misled them. Divided as to all other matters, but united on this point, listen to that which, from the depths of our tombs, and from the height of our renown, we cry, as with one voice, to tlie human race. Listen to those of your contem- poraries and of your ancestors, more illustrious than yourselves, to de- liver to all who are attentive to this solemn charge, which is already be- ginning to meet its echo in every language and in every region — * War agahist War!' **Yes, war against war, whose very conquerors themselves have proved it to be vanity, and Avhose horrors have been proclaimed by every system of philosophy and religion. It kills not only the body bnt the soul ; it devours, enslaves, spoils and degrades. ' ' Inflamed with peqjetual hostility co industry, wealth, and to hu- man life itself, it converts the choicest results of labor to ashes, and changes the finest of mankind into mere beasts of prey. " War recognizes neither family ties, liberty nor friendship ; it com- mands neighbour to plunder neighbour, and relative to massacre rela- tive, and even compels the lover to set in flames the roof which shel- ters his betrothed. ' ' Surrounding governments and nations with the withering grasp of excessive taxation and restriction, it leads them, in turn, from anarchy to despotism, and from despotism to anarchy, and bathes the very soil •of once hajjpy regions in blood and tears. " War, in short, involves in its train every form of calamity, of suf- fering, and of absurdity ; it steals -the plough from the field, the me- chanic from the workship, and tlie child from its mother, and is, in fact (to quote from a passage contained in another part of this volume) the continuation, on a grand scale, of the abominable crime of Cain. •' Then, once more, let us proclaim war against war ; for its riddance is the first essential o<^ the era of light and liberty for which the world is longing, an era which has only been rendered impossible hitherto by a want of faith in its attainment. " 'If men were philosophers,' said General Hoche to one of his lieu- tenants, * they wo\ild not fight.' ' If my soldiers reflected,' had pre- viously exclaimed another warrior, Frederic II., King of Prussia, 'not WAR AOAINST WAR. your as and one of thein would fight.' * When a smith posaesseB pinchers, he does not amuse himself by grasping the rod-hot iron with his fingers,' wore the words of another monarch, long ago, when a chivalrous enemy pro- IKised to him the settlement of a >j FROM " BRITISH WAR HISTORY DURING THE PRESENT CENTURY." By William Stokes, Manchester. But for the huge expenses of that gratuitous display of military skill, f~ I WAR ACiAINST WAR. it is extremely probable that the iiividioim * income tax ' would have undergone a conBiderable reduction. And it wf»uld have l)etm but fair to the public at largo had this been the case ; fur when first impoBcd in 1842, by the late Sir Robert Peel, ho stated in tixo Houhc of ('ommonH that though " it might be re( quired for five years, yet ho woidd pro- pose a continuation /or threK year» only.''* Twenty-sevon years have passed since that tax first drew money from the pockets of numbers who could ill aford to meet tho demand made upon their too narrow incomes, and whose families have sufierod year by year thr(»\ighout this long poriod in consecjuonco of their diminished recources. Yet the tax ccmtinuos with all the tenacity of a fimincial leech, and after extracting from tlie national industry no leas than £l7r),0()0,(XK), it remains tho sad memento of onr gn'dt\i conflicts In " Jndia, China and (S|/ritt," and supplies another proof of tfir, folly and sin in WMtiny ouf wealth in distant wars. Yet, as Divino Government is inseparable from righteous compensations, it may bo tliat an ' income tax ' of £G,900,0()0, in 18()8, is tlie penalty due to the thoughtless admiration of war, in which so many of tho British people have too long indulged. "Here tho period properly terminates. Not so, however, the lessons of whicli it has been a main purpose of those papers to teach. These remain to bo reviewed, and, if possible, to be re-enforced by whatever considerations of sound policy and national wisdom the era itself supplies. " And, 1st,. It has been a period of heavy debt and an inexorable taxation. It is highly probable that no nation in any age of the world ever spent so much of the people's money cm war, or contracted so heavy a debt for war purposes, as various British governments have done during the present century. In these respects we stand alone in the world, and merit the title of The Spendthrift Nation. Our Saxon industry and onterprize to which the world at large can furnish no parallel, with tho one modern exception of the United States of America, have accuniulated a capital such as mankind never witnessed before. Yet vast as that wealth and capital have been, the universe has never seen a national debt so huge, so heavy, so frightful as that of Great Britain ! And for what has that debt been contracted ? For civil government i For education i For the relief of the poor i For n(me of these, but for war ; cruel, guilty war. The century commenc- ed with a national debt of £451,000,919. In 18G8, nioluding termin- able annuities (£47,930,222), it stood at £797,0^1, U60. Increase throughout tho period, £345,331,731 ; andduringthi; •^e o:t+ -eign th. .addition to the debt has been £7,463,930. Taxatio.. c3pyciaiiy for war interests, has l)een correspondingly large, as the following comparisons will show : — Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. *' In PniKsia. they spend 20 on War forces, 17 on Debt, 57 on State. " Rmisi.-u (( 34 ( I " Sp:xi.5