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Lorsqua la documant ast trop grand pour Atre raproduit •» un aaul clich*. il ast film* A partir da I'angla supArjaur gaucha. da gaucha i droite. at dm haut an baa. an pranant la nombra d'imagas nAcassaira. Las diagrammas suivants illustrant la mAthoda. ^ 1 2 3 ,v- s 1 ;•♦, t ♦^^^; i I 11 < pf^^ ^ m"^"^^ 1 r 'i t ^E ^V; t-r: .-*■. I 1 ^'?f"*'r " #"^>^ J.1IAUb.UA«fJMl^ sss m TvOAiUhtfA ){>r JlOIbV MATBIfl 'ii 4-* © ^ njj II , ,«^ ^^^^_ If. 1 Tp ' . ^^ lA. . -K' r<. *»("■» J* "-vf ■ 4«>«1 JsiJtti 7W W^'^^^ \ AIM flf Kl«gar< ,,.^-v -^"fc..^- '^. Ct^villa fi'hlm "•I ^ ,iii'lS^i<;i">"' *> '"^■'i .^ Batho WjdiV'X Pranldi* SiiAtbport Caatre Cl«»Tfidd • Condergport Wen • aboTongli ^■>^.. V <% ^ ]hstttki ■itfAiitr Oneida Jf»me II Rutland Cli«ilfaten, \, TahUormSTAHCSS I TORONTO hMOWTHEAL »■« r^v ^ :««:1»|: '^s^E^ss) mMm^ 'J ■•Tl'^k'i'!^.if*j'*;.«!^fflf*l.''fi..--pi.T.-.i -ana l'-(-;v-f— < ,...,......'..1 tfDUihtfd l^rXOltH MA,TaiMOil^»o«4«trMt^ aHIHRI»t«f^ •1mm <1 •A %.. W ^"^ fa fc^ lli i*ii > n iiii.». j(,i,ii(ti .U ''^ . I ENTERElJ AT STATIONER^' H^LL. D. Ch}din^ S( Co. Priaten, The "C( tobi later sepai the V State ons ( othei obtai tioB. Depo T' 13 ^ TO INTENDING EMIGRANTS. The approbation which has been* bestowed upon the " Counsel for Emigrants" has indoced thte poblisher to bring oat a smaller work, on the same plan, and with later information. Both works may now be had together or separately ; and no pams shall be spared in future to procure the very latest accounts regarding Canada and the United States. The Pubfisher flatters himself that frofti bis numer- ous correspondents in these cpnntries,, and the kutdness of others who have friends there, he will always be able to obtain the most correct intelligence on the subject of Emigra- tion. '-•■' ., ''-■ Depot fojl Wobks on Emigratiok, 38, Bhojub SrttEKT, Aberdeen, blh July, ^834. r- T^ / 1 v;,;; \~ y K CONTENTS. k l%aM ArUclM nur^^ed with a atac, (*) are now ftnt publiihed. -x • IntrodoctioQ, , - . - - ' " " "• • * * Bmi|ntlonin general.— (From the Aberdeen Herald,) ^ . 6 • Bztracte of a' Leiter from Klfenaburfh, U. S< . . . Itf • BxtracU of a Letter from a Settler at Zorra/ - ^ - - - 28 Letter flron» the late President of the Trades^Political Union, to the^ Working: Claiaea of the City of Edinhnrgh, .. . . 29 " Extracts of a Letter from Illinois, ...... Z& Do. do. do. .-•-.. .87 " Extracts of a Letter from St. Clair River, 88 • Extracts' of a Letter from a Clergyman at Perth, . , " 89 " Extracts of a Letter from QuebM, - - - - - 40 ^ • Extracts of a Letter from an Aberdeenshire Fanner, at Boflblo, ib. " Extracts of a Letter from a Settler at Zorra, . - - - 42 • Extracts of a Letter from Whitby, - 1 . - - 48 The Emigrant's Prospects in Canada.— (From Fergusson's ^our,) 45 " Bxtractsof a Letter from the Michigan Territory,' . . 49 Cfaaracter of the InhabiftnU of Uppnr Canada.— (From M'Oregor,) A3 The Lakes.— (From the-same,) 6« -A Word to Intending Emigrants. — (From Chambers' Journal,) ' S7 ^Blrdsof Canada.— (Fd)m M'Gregor,) - -' - . - ' «2 Taxation in Upper Canada, . - - - ' - - - - 64 • Rontes to Uppier Canada from Montreal, - - • . ih. The Rideau CanaL—( Canada Paper,) .- - - . -66 • BxtracU of a Letter from Kingston, U. C. - - - - - 88 The Lake 8team.boaU.-(New York Piper,) - - - - 79 " Money Matters, 71 1^ ; &i^ .... ^ bliihed. . 5 ^ tt . Itf . 28 lion, to > ■' 29 . 3A M 87 . . 88 • ^ 39 . 40 Bo&lo, ib. .- 42 • 48 » *»ur,) 45 m 49 'Oregor,) A3 . 5« rnal,) 87 . . ' 02 . H . ih. . tt5 . 68 . 79 . 71 ^ N IN/TRODUCTION. The sabje'ct of Emigration is now ft most important one to nhousands who once little thought to have had any share in its adventurous - trials and struggles. To those "who are now- preparing to change their homes for diftantihnds, the country best suited to their hopes of independence, and the one most likely to enable them to support their families, most be an object of anxious inquiry. *• ' It is not intended tq discuss here, at great length, the ad- vantages ami disadvantages of the various'^ settlements now chodbn by diflPerent individuals, who may think one or other of these the most eligible according to their o^ -particular cir- cumstances and opinions ; but principally to give an account, in this liule work, of tha^ country which 'now the seeniingly common choice h^ pronounced the best, namely, (jpper Canada. As, however, its vicinity to, and connection witfi, the Aidetican States, is so close, some information regtoding the latter must be useful even to, the emiglint in Canada. In the extracts and documents which follow, the emigrant may discover much that wilt prove useful tojbim. He may learn more clearly what preparations h& ought to make previous to crossing the Atlantic^ and what be may expect to find upon landing on the shores of America. The dif- ficulties on' the route t^ hi« intended location will be Jeia- ened by their being foreseen; and he .will be better able to know "where to direct his steps for the purchase of land, or to the, places where he ca^ most probably find employ- . ment for his labour. ^ A numbier of original letters are here firtt pnWisbed, and- the ob8erva.tiontf which they contain bebg of the most recent dates, cahnot fail to supply a desideratum/^pf considerable importance to all whose views are now directed to the dia- ,<1 ^ k cnssion of emigration, either on their own accounts, or for those in whom they may feel interested. So rapidly is Canada progressing in internal improrements, the great tide of emigration urging on the formation of roads, canals, and new modes and routes of conTe}raace, that- ac- counts of even a few years back are becoming not much to be relied on as to what now is the case on many points of infor- mation. TVte emigrant ought, therefore, to have recourse to the very latest intelligence which he can procure in an authen- tic shape, and it is presumed such is now presented to him. It- ■ ' EMIGRATION IN GENERAL. (From the Aberdeen Herald.) * The rapid increase of population, and the occasional depres- . sion of most branches of trade, and especially of agriculture, added to the general dissemination of a knowledge of other countries, and to a universal spirit of enterprise, have in a great measure stripped emigration of those terrors with which the idea of quitting the land of our fathers was wont to be accompanied. The prevalence of the practice, and the &- Tourable accounts received from the new settlers, not only encourage their relatives and friends in the mother country to follow their example, but the partial severing of the ties of kindred and friendship, caused in families and neighbour- hoods by the departure of those who first emigrate, gradually prepares the rest for adopting the same alternative. The fumer and agricultural labourer, the mechanic and h^adi- craftsman — >in fact, evefy man whose trade or occupation is connected with the more necessary and useful purposes of life, is certidn of success in several of our Colonies, if he be sober and industrious. Those whose situation is daily and rapidly getting worse in their own country, should not hesitate a moment in resorting to emigration ; bulT aere are many othera who, although they can just *' make both ends meet" at home, can perceive no chancy of improvement in thgr own po s ition , and a still m ore cheerless prosp ect for "Siefr cEuTdren. Whether the latter description of penons vhonid try their fortanes in the Colonies shoald depend upon their own personal habits and qnalities. If they be intelli- gent, sober, industrious, and persevering — ^if they can take money with them (as fjirmers, say £S00 or apwards)-— ftnd, especially, if they have sons and daughters old enough to lend them efficient assistance in their agricultural labours, let them emigrate by all means, and we will answer for their success. But emigration, and sobriety, industry, and perse- verance, should be synonymous. Ley^ose, therefore, not think (^ emigrating who do not posseCnose qualities, and who are not prepared to work hard, especially during the first (ew years, or who are of a discontented disposition, and easily " put out of their way" by trifles, and mns^ have all their comforts about them. We believe we may say that we have read nearly all the publications which have appearetl on the subject of emigra- tion ; we are acquainted with many persons who have long resided in those countries to which emigrants direct their steps, and circumstances have led us into frequent communi- cation with individuals employed officially in this kingdom, or in the Colonies, or in the United States, in matters .con- nected with emigration. The knowledge which we have thus acquired, enables us to speak with confidence, and not only to recommend emigration as we have already done, but to say that the best country which. the agricultural emigrant can select for his future hom^ is Upper Canada. The countries generally ielected for emigration are, New South Wales, Van Diemen's Land, the United States, and the British Colonies jn North America. Of the Cape of Good Hope and Swan River we need not speak; for although we know several individuals who are doing well at the for- mer, and some persons are still mad enough to proceed to the latter, yet the other countries . we have mentioned hold out a so much better prospect to the emigrant, that one or the Ather of them should he make up bis mind to choose^ and we have no hesitation in saying, that if he do not succeed, it will be his own fiiult. The climate, both in New South Wales and Van Diemen'H Land, is extremely fine and healthy, especially in the latter, (ith constitntioDB. The settler has the advantage of cheap a2 J^~- 8 > laboar, by being able to procnre that of convicts for about the expense of their board and clothing. Both climate and pasture are also extremely favourable to the production of Menno wool, which, when carefully sorted and packed, selk at as high a price as the finest Saxon or Spanish. The cOon- try genenUly w not, like the Canadas, one interminable forest, but IS only suflSciently wooded for the purposes of domestic u«je and fuel, and consists chiefly of hill and dale pastura. which 18 at once ready either to plough up for grain crops, or to graze aMh or sheep. The absence of any thing like winter enables the farmer to prosecute his labours during the wftole year. The drawbacks upon these advantages are the immense dwtonfe, and the consequent expense and long duration of the voyage, and the time required for communi- cation with the mother country, which renders the separation trom our native land and connexions still more painful ; the pestilentud moral atmosphere," (as Mr Fergusson calls it,) which must exist in countries where a great proportion of the inhabitants consists of those who have been sentenced to be transported to them for their crimes; the long droughts (sometimes occasioning a total failure in the crops), and in- undations of the best lands on the river sides, to which New bouth Wales is subject ; lastly, the bush-rangere, as the run- away convicts are called, and the natives and wild dogs, oo- casionally take very unwarrantable liberties with both^rson and property. Should the agricultural emigrant be tempted to proceed to these countries, we would decidedly recommend mm to give the preference to Van Dieiben's Land. The only supenonty of New South Wales is, that its climate is more favourable for the production of fine wool ; in all other respects Van Diemen's Land is infinitely preferable. Two circumstances interesting to emigrants have lately been made public by Government. 1st, The assistance given to persons proceeding to Australia: and, 2dly, Theappoint- "Ti. r n '^*'°° -Affente •* Prions ports of the kingdom, ide following are the regulations under which assistance to persons emigrating to New South Wales or Van Diemen's Lmnd will be granted : — « No advance will be made except to young and married !Jn!_ ^.y*""'*"'. ^'"* " **^°'' »»•*»"« theif wives and fa- milies with tfaem ; tnd i strict inquiry will b4 instituted iota k^iiUii^MBS£&^BHL^ '^Adk'>^aM^:^^S^t!Mt^ :t8 for about h climate and prodoction of packed, sells I. The cdon- linable forest, I of domestic dale pasture, rain crops, or y thing like rs dnring the ages are the le and long or communi- be separation painful ; the son calls it,) ortion of the tenced to be ng droughts >8), and in- wbich New t as the run* ild dc^rs, 00< both person be tempted recommend liand. The s climate is in all other le. I lately been :e given to he appoint- e kingdom. Ii assistance 1 Diemen's lid married vce and fii- ;itated into their character and habits of industry, before the assistance they solicit will be granted to them. " No one family will be allowed an advance exceeding £20 ; and it will be useless therefore for parties who may not possess the remainder of the sum requisite for defraying the expense of their passage, to apply for assistance. " Every person desirous of receiving the proposed advance must fill up, and send backto the Under Secretary of State for the Colonial Department, the return hereto annexed. If the information contained in this return, and the answers to the inquiries which ipay be addressed to the parties who cer- tify the correctness of the return, shall be considered satufiac- tory, the applicant will receive notice to that effect. He may then proceed to make his agreement with %he owners or masters of ships proceeding to New South Wales or Van Diemen's Land, and as soon as any shipowner 0r master shall notify (in a form which will be provided for that pur- pose) that the emigrant has taken the other necessity steps for engaging his passage, an order will be granted for the payment in the colony of £20 to the agent or master of the vessel in which this emigrant may arrive. " The order for payment will be entrusted to the master of the vessel in which the emigrant is to proceed, and will con- s^t of a sealed despatch to the Governor, containing the name and description of the party on whose account the money is to be paid, and enclosing a promissory note, which he will be required to sign in acknowledgment of his debt ; which note must be witnessed by the captain and ch^f mate of the vessel. But arrangements will be made by which the payment of this order will not take place in the colony until the captain shall have produced the parties, on whose account it is to be made, before the officer appointed for that purpose, and they shall have entered into a fresh obligation' for the repayment of the advance made to them. For it is the intention of his Majesty's Government, and cannot be too deariy understood by all persons who may accept this loan, that repayment of the debt (in such proportions and at such intervals as may not be unsuitable to the dreumstances of each emigrant) L DOwers^ which for that purpose." strictly i colony Fw idw^itvi^rf)te iML m # 10 g All persons desiroas of obtaining each assistance are di* rected to apply (if by letter, post paid) to the Emigration Agents at the ports mentioned below, if they reside in the neighbourhood, or to R. W. Hay, Esq. Under Secretary of State, London. Tlie ports to which Emigration Agents hare been sent are Bristol, liverpool, Dublin, Cork, Limerick, Belfost, and Greenock ; and we have no doabt that similar agents will be appointed at other ports as soon as the emigration from them becomes safficiently numerous and regular to render it worth the expense. These agents are to furnish gratuitous infor- mation to all persons applying to them as to the best mtons of carrying their schemes of emigration into effect ; and the instructions given by the Government to the Emigration Agents to effect this object are of the most ample and liberal description. In speaking of the duties of the agents, the THmet says — "The ^ents will be instructed to famish all. parties wishing to emigrate (before they quit their homes) with in- fo^ation relative to the ships fitting out for passengers at their respective ports, the probable period of their sailing, and such other intelligence as may be required. Thus the poot emigrant may, by timely caution, avoid the abominable impositions too often practised upon him. Passenger-brokers, as thdy are termed, for the shipowner has rarely any tbbg to do with the matter, frequently promise the immediate depar- ture of a ship, and^ubsequently on some pretence or other detain wjiole families until their slender means have entirely passed into the pockets of a set of low lodging-house keepers, to be found in every seaport, in whose profits it is not impos- sible that these brokers may in some way or other participate. Further assistance will be afforded to the emigrants on their arrival at the seaport, by the agent's advice, in case of diffi- culty, or by a more direct interference when frauds are at- tempted, of which the law takes cognizance. In short, the agent is to act as the poor man's friend and adviser, when- ever he is deserving of protection, and to relieve him fidn those isnuinerBble embarrassments to which he is liable, at a pme and under circumstances which render it peculiarly diffi- ^P ^ t for h iy tohdp biflwdf.^ To a e c tta ^ Ae provisiona «f the Ship Passengers' Act are complied with, will be another 11 •nd most important duty of the agents j and as they are •elected from the half- pay list of naval officers, they will be pecaliarly able to judge of the quality of the provisions in store, and of the general arrangements forthe comforts of the piwsengers." We have already given the pro and con respecting emigra* tioB to the Cape of Good Hope, the Swan River, New Sooth Wales, and Van piemen's Land ; but the United States and our North American Colonies are the only parts of the globe to which emigrants have yet, in any great number, directed their steps. Into a description of these it would be needles^ 10 enter, even if our space would enable us to do justice to those wonderful countries, now that the rapidly-increasing connexion with them, both from commerce and emigration, has given sd many of our countrymen an almost perMraal interest in the concerns of America, which, with the letters from their emigrant friends, and the excellent practical books tlmt have lately been published, have rendered an acquaintance with the United States add the Canadas extremely general in the mother country. We would once more recommend Upper Canada to meet emigrants in preference to other countries. The agricultural emigrant, at any rate, should not hesitate to select it for his destination ; but even those who intend to devote themselves to trade, and especially if they have capital, would, we think, be safer m Upper Canada than in the United States, where the majority of " Yankees" consider it only a proof of supe- rior intellect to cheat and overreach Europeans, and glo^ and delight in doing so. Upper Canada also possesses the foUowmg advantages over the United States :— In the for- mer an Englishman, Scotchman, or IrUhman, finds himself " at home," because, he there meets with the habits, the taste and the feelings of British subjects ; he is surrounded by his countrymen, who like himself have emigrated ; he still lives under British laws, and renmins intimately connected with his native country. Whereas the citizens of the States biSe nek only lost alt the habits and feelings of the original stock, but they have acquired others in their stead which arc bat little in accordance with European notions, and extremely «np]easant to Britisb emigrants, especially 1» t^NM who do not belong to the working classes. ' i: I .? UnleM, too, an emigrant forswear his allegiance to his own turantry, and become a sabject of the States, he cannot in- herit property, and is looked upon With a jealofns and snspi- cions eyoi The climate of Upper Canada- is much more healthy and temperate than that of the States, being free from the yellow fever and other dreadful epidemics which hare heeh so fatal in the latter country. Land is dearer, although produce is less valnable, in the States than in Upper Canada ; and this fact is confirmed by the circumstance that many Americans have, of late, left the States to settle as farmers in Canada ; — while, at the same time, the Canadians posseia the great advantage of admission for their com, timber, &c to the British market, at a lower rate of duty, and of getting in exchange the cheap nunufactured goods of this country. To these facts one ^of the New York piq>ers bears the following honom^ble testimony : — " The people of Upper Canada are blessed'with a fine healthy climate and fruitful soil. When the improvements in navigation between the waters of Erie and the St. Law- rence are completed, they will possess commercial advantages superior (having respect to their population) to any people under heaven. Their importations being chiefly from the mother country, are subjected only to a slight duty. The support of the provincial government, or such part of it as is derived from the pockets of the^eopfe, is not bnrtbensome," (the taxes are soytrifling as not to de4rve any notice) *« and die ex|iense of the fortification and defence of the country comes jeiclusively from the Ftoent l^te." The eliitfate of Upper Canada cannot be better described than in i1^ subjoined' statement, taken from the report of one of the British Agents in Canada to Government : " The climate of Upper Canada is considerably milder than that of the lower province, and the printer shorter in the aame proportion. In both these respects it improves as ^ou proceed westward, — so much so, that although the frost generally commences in November at its eastern extremity, and continues m that neighbourhood till the middle of A|^, it rarely commoices on the shores of Lake Erie before Christmas, and it usually disappears between the 25th of March and the 1st of Ap ril. On a comparison with the climate of Great Britain, die 13 heat in the summer months is somewhat greater, but never oppressive, as it is always accompanied with iight breezes. There is less rain than in England, bat it falls at more regu- lar periods, generally in the spring and autumn. The winter cold, though it exceeds that of the British Isles, is the less sensibly felt, in consequence of its dryness, and seldom con- tinues intense for more than three days together, owing to the constant fluctuation of the wind betweeiLthe north-west and south-west pobts. As the forests disappear, the climate * improves." Those who can afford the expense will do well to proceed to Upper Canada by New York. The voyage is shorter and safer, and it will procure the emigrant the great advaptage of seeing the States, and of being able to compare that country with Canada. The journey from New York to Canada, along the river Hudson and Erie Canal, is one of the moat delightful lybich can be undertaken, and not expensive. — * When, however, money is scarce,' and the family numerous, Quebec, and thence by the St. Lawrence and the Lakes, must be the route of emigrants. For their information we add the distances and expense of the journey from Quebec to York, the capital (as it is called) of Upper Canada.-^ From Quebe6 to Montreal „ Montreal to Prescott, „ Prescott to Kingston, „ Kingston to. Coburg, , „ Cobbi^ to York, 180 miles, 140 „ 72 „ 120 70 »» N 582 Rate of passage in best cabin.. board included, while in steam-boats only, the journey being performed partly in coaches, to avoid the " rapids" of the St. Lawrence:— Quebec to Montreal,....^ £l 5 o Montreal to Prescott,.^. 1 15 Q Prescott to Kingston,-^ 12 6 Kingston to Cobui^p, ^ 17 6 Coburg to York, .«„_ 10 14 n Rate of passage in second cabin, not including board ;- Quebec to Montreal, .—£0 12 6 ^ Montreal to Prescott,.... 10 Prescott to York, -.«,-«.»«.«..,..«.>. 1 O ^ £2 2 6 Rate of deck Passengers, not including board : — Quebec to Nfontreal, .. £0 7 6 Montreal to Prescott, ^ 5 Prescott to York, ^ 10 * . £12 6 Children mader 3 do not/pBif ; and from 3 to 12 half- |)rice. No cnarge is made^ for luggage in steamers, if not exceeding "a reasonable quantity;" but in the Durham boats, from Montreal to Prescott, from 2s. 6d. to Ss. per cwt. is charged. ; j The follotring informi^oii, furnished by a g^tleman hitely airived here from Canada, will be interesting to those who intend to emigrate :— Beef, per lb. Mutton, Lamb, Veal, jeo » -. - Salt Pork, „ Fresh do. „ ..~«.^ Bacon, „ Fowls, per pair, SaltButter,perlb. 1 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 10 10 10 6^ Fresh do. „ ~~.... Eggs, per dozen, Quartern Loaf,~~ Good Black Tea, per lb. 3 9 Best Gunpowder Tea, per lb — 7 Moist Sugar, 7 Loaf do ■ 8 CoflFee, 12 iBwer Candles, per lb. jEO 1 B^st Brandy, per gallon, 10 Rum, .. 7 Hollands, ~. Scotch Whisky, from 6s. to Canadian do. Flour, per barrel, 196 lbs Potatoes, per bush. Oats, do. .~~.>....^ Wheat, do. from 4s. 6d. to~_ Pease, do. 7 12 2 1 2 1 1 Indian Com, . Rye, Hay, per ton, Wood, per cord, 5 3 3 ^03 2 10 18 6 6 6 9 9 3^ 10 15 Average Rate of Land, Servantt' Wages, Sfc. ^c. Land uncleared, per acre, from 58. to £l lOg. For clearing and fencing, per acre, from £3 to £3 lOs. Servant men, from £30 to ^33 per year, besides board. Femald Servants, from £l2»to £15 per year. Masons, per week, iS2 58. ^ Carpenters, do. £l 178. 6d. Blacksmitlis, do. £2. Tailors, do. £2 9s. 6d., Sboemaken, do. £2 8s. 6d. Common Labourers, £l Ss, 6d. , Horses, from £20 to £25. ^-^"V Cows, from £6 to £7 101; Sheep, from 7s. 6d. to 10s. Yoke of Own, from £20 to £25. Average Prbduce, pjer Acre : — Wheat, from 25 to 80 bushels. Oats, 50 to 60 do. Indian Com, 30 to 35 Rye, 30 to 35 d Potatoes, t 250 to 300 d . Hay........ li to 2 tonk- in the above scale, the writer begs to be clearly under stood to have given the prices in Halifax currenc^ five shil lings to the dollar, equivalent to 4s. 6d. sterling. The legal interest for money in the province \a six per cent, but matters are generally transacted at eight, knd, with the knowledge of the writer, ten per cent, has been^ven. The writer feels most anxious to put all on th^ir guard who proceed to Canada, for the purpose of taking land, agunst the many land sharks who will throw themLlves in their way, in order to deceive, as it is their general^ractice 'with every stranger to endeavour to take advantao^ Being for the most part engaged in the traffic of lands, ^h of those persons represent their property to be *' none-sucBC so that the emigrant may be induced to travel about tlw'tti^try from place to place, and spend more money than WQuld^iy the whole purchase of a fiarm. Let the emigrant repair to. the Government Offices in York, where diey will receive the. moat polite attaatjom, aad every ""fonna^njbe^g^ regoire. _ v i; -> 16 Lands can al«o be obtained from the Canada Coromuiy, at •1^^?*^* '" ^^^' *"■ *''*''■ ■^®"*" throughout the country. * The fir^t crop, from newly cleared land, paya the whole expense of clearing and fencings Abundance of cleared, and partly cleared farms, are always attainable. . WANDERINGS AND ADVENTURES OF AN EMIGRANT IN THE UNITED STATES. The following extracts are from a letter, which is a cnrioaity m Its way. ( It wa» written by an emigrant from Aber- deenshire, m the Hitnation of a labourer, and is a good specimen, m its penmanship and composition, of what a country school jean effect with those who are destined to labour for their bread at the most common employments. It may be noticed, that it is all written in the original on one sheet of paper, in a very close and distinct character. 1 he simplicity, yet shrewdness, of the. writer, and his Ignorance of the country of his adoption, will sometimes be found amusing ; and the accounts which he gires with ' much naivete of some peculiarities in the customs and man- ners of the Americans will be found interesting ; while some of the observations will be new to many. Some liberties have been taken only with the spelling, pointing, and grammar ; but these in general are pretty well. It is dated'at EUensburgh, Alleghany Mountains, U. S. Feb. lOy 1833. —I msh to give you a brief sketch of this country, confining myself to what I have seen only. During our passage from Aberdeen we quarrelled almost every day. On the banks of Newfoundnffid a violent storm overtook us, which lasted ten hour*. This threw all our passengers to their beds in heaps ; readmg, weeping, and praying, were now performed in sin- cerity. For my own part, I could not stay below, and was on deck all the time. The waves were breaking oyer oar heads every moment, and the utmost care had to be taken, when the billow atmck the yesael, to keep a good bold of i MIGRANT IN 17 ■omethin(ir> or else be wasbnl orerboard. I thought that I MW death staring me in the face, in every various and hor- rible shape. I was terrified and (Anfused. I saw the most HMolute seamen had given up all fyr lost. I thought on many things ; but could not think on any thing seriouslv. As the storm increased, I cared the less^for it. I thought death inevitable, and arrived at that state of mind, that every moment I wished to meet it, and be at an end. Every one was exhausted, and the vessel drifted wherV^J^eased. This, hoirever, blew over ; but the sea carried aw^all the rails, from stem to stem, and every stitch of canvas— stove six casks of watei^-dashed to pieces the cabin windows, rushed in, upset every thing, and l^roke many. It made a true re- form ; for I did not hear a rough word, nor an oath, till we amved at New York. Our passage lasted 56 days, and was very bad. We arrived on Sunday the 18th Noveiilber. I staid ten days in New York ; I went through every principal part of the city, and travelled about forty miles up the coun- try. Round New York is very poor and baVren ; the ground n IS, neariy all covered over with blue heathen stone,* and patches of brush-wood. New York is really a large city ; the houses are mostly brick, three and four storeys high, the bncks being painted red, and the seams white. There are many buildings of white marble. There are two spaces left ISL: ' '^^^^ °"® "* ^"*'® Garden, arid the other at the State Enson, for people to walk on, cut in every direction by foot walks. These grounds are all good promenades, and are open to every one. There are three forts, where the liver is entered, about tea miles below the city, whiph stands oh the point where two rivers meet. The Streets cross at right angles; the principal one is called Broadway, which is broader than Uhion Street in Aberdeen, but roughly paved. Between the street and the foot-path there is a row of trees planted on each side, many of them as thick as a man's body. The street is about 3^ miles long, closely lined with fine bouses, shops, brokers, &c. New York is the greatest place for trade in America. The Yankees are well accustomed to strangers, and are the greatest rascals alive to cheat them. Tu- '®^* ^*^ Y°'"'^» "od crossed the North River for Jersey. Thia river ia about half a mUejbroad, and I p aid 12 ^^^ j^ ^ i In Mineralogy, termed Oneiai. -"^ i%^ ,t 18 crowing it. I aiiived at a little town called Hobkio; froni . th^t I virent on twenty miles farther, to another town in Jef »ey, called Patterson, a great [dace for trade. Here I coald hare got into good bnsiness, bnt I thought 1 coald have plenty of chances in America, and here | was deceived. The state of Jersey lies very low ; its snrface is exactly Kke «^ lulling sea, full of height* and hollows, and these his a from one to three miles broad, and from twenty Uf thirty^ miles long, as level as a lake, and nrnning parallel with the shore. The swamps ara covered with stagnant water, ont of which springs long grass, in shape and thtpknesa like a bayo« net, and about six feet long. The ridges betweeiL^bese swamps are four or five miles broad, thinly scattered witl^ farms ; the soil is a sort of loam, bat very light, and of a pale yellow colour, mingled with grey rotten slate. The moat plentiful Wood in Jersey is juniper, here called red cedar. I climbed a tree, and|>lacked a branch fall of berries, which were much lar^jjd'^an any I had ever seen, bat tasted the very same. I left Jersey, imd took a steam boat for Phila- delphia, where I landed in a very foggy morning, and knew no more what coarse to take than the blind. I set my face as near West as I coald, and then moved on, but coald not ask for any place, because I knew none. ' I saw by ^hance a , tavern with the sig:n of Robert Bums, in Bank Street ; so I turned in, and lodged five days. Daring tliis time I visited almost every part of it. The city is large and fine, the streets crossing at right Migles, bordered with trees, like New York; bat much cleaner, except Water /Street, which nma parallel with the Delaware, and close hfrjl^^i^hiii is a very narrow street, m|||the most dirty one.J;|m|8|diiJv. Tl country around Philadelphia is beantifrnffiMpJiM rni on the west of it» and the Delaware^ oiTtnPausi. The colin- try is well peopled fqr 4 >himdi«d milet roand. There is plenty of coals fpund about 60 miles jfrom the city, and brought to it by a canal ; but theee are bard and heavy aa a •i stone. They have no smoke nor flame, but sooii grow red and t||)pear like pieces of iron, in which state^ey con- le a long time. In Philadelphia the houses are three and four eto^tmjbagh, 'mostly of brick, with white marble round the windVws and doors. The United States Bank is a build* ing which, for largmess and beauty, (all white roai^le,) passes any I ever saw. Marble is plentiful near the city. It 19 %3aiA^k and Navy Yard, in which there are abont 150 had opt An advertiaement that he woald sell ' land for 40 dollan* I w^nt to hHh, and he told i^ii||i|iany fine things aboat it. I resolved to go and see it, al- thoQgh,200 miles distant, on^one of the (branches of the Siu- qa^hanna river. I travelled all the way on foot. I found tfayi land lying very low, near a ridge of nionntains. On each side of it was a dreary den, covpre4 over with a dense and gloomy forest, and only two or 'three hooses to be seen within ten miles of it. This would not do; so I resolved to go to Pittsburgh; distant ,140 miles, which I travelled' next. When I had got there, the winter had set in, and all things idmos( at a stand. I was" now almost worn out, and there- fore thought of staying beiie during the winter. I understood that I could get plenty of employment in the spring. On the third day after my arrival I went down to the river to look abont me, and saw a steamer making quickly ready to descend the river before it should freez0. As they wanted hands, I engaged as a fireman at 10 dollars a month. The vessel was bound for New'Orieans, a distance of 2,100 miles by the river. Pittsburgh ia«iS06 n^les from Philadelphia. It is more than half as large as Aberdeen. It stands on the point where the Monagahala and Mleghany rivers meet, then called the Ohio river. I found many Scottish people here. It is a great place for manufactories of all kinds, situated in the middle of a beautiful, open, and rich country. I liked it bettw- than any place I had seen.* I left it on the 22d of Jan. ^Tfe river runs through the whole state of Ohio, This state ^"irwell settled all along the river,and is a good-looking country. 500 flriles bdow Pittsburgh is Cincinnati, the capital of Ohio. It is as large as the other, though only'iO years old. It has many fine brick houses, and stands on the point where the Ohio and Miatni meet, th^a called the Misissippi river. It is a rapid and clear stream. Many rivers fall into the Misis- sippi in its course, the greatest of which is the Missouri, a If I Th« emlfp-ant tbould iiQte here, that no one is competent to «ay vhether a place would make a pleaaant permai^ent retidence from a flrit gUnce or a feir dAyt stajring there, as flnt imprcnions toon wear off, and muchjjepend* on the leaaoitof the yar when the person happens to mnve;— go: b2 - ,;:^v* h. » i u -,^tLi:ijfari:\ - X.,. 1 «l ,Sy A,. " . *, •"■■■« 20 very miiddy stream ; 2d, Red rivefi which joins the Misissippi about 150 miles above New Orleans, and here is the boun- dary between the United States and South America. The banks of the Misissippi are from 20 td 40 feet above the surface of the water. The navigation of the river is rendered dangerous on several accounts. There are many large trees in the stream, called Sawyers, fixed among the mud by the roots, so that the current cannot tear them up. Their tops are sometimes above and sometimes below the surface of the water, and, if a boat strikes heavily agamst f^ any of these, her destruction is inevitable. Sometimes banks fall in, of more than an acre in extent, which is occasioned by the stream undermining them. Feb. 15.— Lhnded at New Orleans. Here the 'river as- sumes the appearance of a sea. The city, about the size of Aberdeen, stands on the east bank, 90 miles from the mouth of an arm of the sea, which comes up on the east side of the city, but not close to it. The part which is built next the river is formed of good brick houses, and the river before it is covered with ships and boats. The back part has wooden bouses. I did not see but one house of stone in it, called the Canal Bank. The^country around, as far as the eye can see, is very low and level, and not a stone to be found with- in a thousand miles of it. In February, the grass was so long that it came to the knee, and the sun hotter than you ever felt him. I found the flies very ^troublesome. There must be a thin curtain round every be^ caH^d a mosquito bar, to keep them out at night. New Odeahs is the greatest place for drinking and gambling, &c. that I ever saw. A naan may as soon be in ■ as in Orleans without money. I had 20 dollars a month until the 1st of May; then I wrought at loading and unloading ships, and had 25 cents i>er hour. On the Ist of June I had to clear out, for I could not stand the heat any longer. Scarcely was there a person to be seen on the streets from 10 till 3 o'clock in the afternoon, but blacks. I had to pay 10 dollars for my passage back to Pittsburgh. I stopt not till I came to the top of the mountains called the Alleghany, 80 milgs east of Pittsburgh, to a Rail-road. Here I have wrou ght smce in a stone-quarry at 75 cents per -r— day, liiiil fdaisd in food. T intend to stay until the work Is ^ ^%. 21 fimsbed, which must be done by the Ist of November. I then shall leave these mountains, for I do not like them. They are 40 miles broad and 900 long, being the highest land in North America. Except in the vicinity of cities or towns, America may be said to be one continued for eat, i d i ich casts a shade of pensive meditation over the minds of Europeans ; hence our native soil rises often on the memory in pleasing illusions, while its ills are in oblivion. Enter the woods and all is dark. Not a breath of wind blows here in the summer, and scarcely a solitary bird is to be heard. Yon see thousands of trees lying on the ground in all states of decay, many of them 10 feet in diameter, and I have measured some of them 80 yards long. Thousands are dried up and ready to fall, and as many springing up to supply their places. In the wood grows little grass, but a large quantity c^-herbs like cabbages. This is because the ground is coveri>d with fallen jeafves two or three inches deep. Sugar-making. — The- Sugar maple is fonad everywhere, and they bore a hole two inches deep in the tree, into "which tbey put a littljB spout, to convey the sugar-water into a troi^h, made out of a log for the purpose. In this manner, they will, perhaps, have a hundred trees: then a person goes round with a pair of buckets, and collects the sugar- water all to one large cistern, at a place called the camp, where they have five or six large pots to simmer this water over a gentle fire for eight or nine hours ; when cold, the sngu- is found at the bottom and the treacle on the top. The last is the best : and is like honey. The sugar is dark but good, and sells at 8 cents per !b. Soap-making. — The ashes of the wood tised for fire is kept and put into a cask with a hole in the bottom ; a little straw is put undw the ashes, and hot water poured on the top. The water, after running through the ashes, is taken and boiled hard, and, when cold, is the same as your soap. When the ground is cleared, the natural productions are clover, strawberries, horse-radish, thistles, docks, nettles, plantin, and penny royal, here called mountain tea, and is a good and wholsome tea. Gowaru were never seen in America, nor a hare, nor a magpie, nor a lar^and very few The land, through all Pennsylvania, «8 far as I have it3 'I 1 crows. '. i •^. 22 seen, is of a brick colour, and much of it is of a light soil, and the wha|B of the state is studded with little bills. Land in any of the upper parts of it can be boaght at 2 dollars per acre in the woody state, and 10 dollars per acre for cleared land ; but, according to the laws of this country, any one may settle where he finds waste land, without so much as asking who such land belongs to. The real owner, of it cannot remove such squatters, as they are called, anie^ be sells it, and even then, three months warning must be given, and all improvements paid for. In this way, hundreds of families live all their lives without molestation. Anyone who has got a good farm, lives as independent as the king*,tff : England, becausp it produces almost every thing they want. Every kind of garden fruit grows on farms without any trou- ble but sowing or planting. Indian com grows on a stem like oats, but as thick as your wrist, 7 or 8 feet long. The com springs out of the side near the top : the ear is in the shape of a carrot, but much larger, and of a chesnut colour. There will be from 15 to 20 ears on each stem, each ear con- taimng from three to four hundred grains. When ripe, the ears are all pulled off with the hand, put into a cart, and token home. Of this grain they make whiskey, pottage (here called mush J, and also bread. Every stem is planted 3 feet distant from another, and hoed like tumips. The bwt oats that I have seen were little better than what you call shtlacks. The soil is too hot for it. The oats are all used for horses. Oats, wheat, and rye, are all cut down with a scythe, and are allowed to lie for five or six days; during which time, the sun dries them as if on a hot kiln, for there 18 no wind to dry them : then a number of hands turn out, to gather and bind them up, when they are driven home. Wheat bread is used among all ; every family has an oven and bake for themselves. The common peasantry live as well as Mr. H. They can raise every thing that would be on a gentleman's toble, tea and coffee excepted. The vines grow here natnrally, better than in T.'s hot-bouse, i.-^***'^!?*""®'^ °^ carrying on public works in America is this. The contractor builds an open sort of a bouse out of logs, jnst to ser^e his time, called a Shantee. In this place tnero will liAires^oUrto lOd^ men boarded y^wthe custom of this coQotry is, that every one has board, lodging, and /' 23 9. light soil, ills. Ijmd dollars per For cleared y, any one BO much as »nier.„of it I, nnleei be •t be given, undreds of ^ Any one the kingfflif . "> they want. t any trou- on a stem ong. The is in the nut colour. eh ear con- ripe, the I cart, and jr, pottage is planted lips. The what yon ire all used vn with a s; during for there turn out, ren home. B an oven ry live as would be Fhe vines tnerica is ise out of his place 9 custom ging, and grog along with his wages. There is a little boy goes round eight times every day, and at eacjh time gives every man half a gill of whiskey, here called a gig^r, and the number of tippling-shops which are at all public works is wonderful. Sunday is always set aside for druuHenness, quarrelling, and confusiion. A drunkard is called a tar^boiler, and will be often two oi| three weeks that be will not draw a sober breath. Thel American men are generally tall, and have long; swarthy faces ; wear long hair, which is most partly black. No wl^iskers grow on the greater number of them. They talk loi^d aOd are unmannerly. An overall, like a woman's wrappet-, is their summer dress, called a wilmus. There is ho distinction made between the great and small; rank aijd fortune | avaij nothing. Divines, dQctors, an1tl lawyers, &c. are held in ijo more esteem than the meaneeJt labourers All sit in the same room — ell eat ) together— there are no two tables Ihere, as among the peity nabobs of Scottish formers. All talk together, and etery one is ready to let the gentry know — " I am as good a^ you — what are you ?" In conversation, politics are often introduced, and the battle of New Orleans is always spoken of, jbecanse the Americans surprised the British among the swam|)s, and defeated them ; affirming that the British lost 3,000 n^en, and they only 7 1 1 A hat is lifted to no one here. Theyi style the Scotch and English the proud Britainers ; who, oh the other hand, call them eomcraiiers, sons of convict^, &c Many of the Americans are friendly and warm-hearied people. Farmers' daughters here^pear as much the lad*jr in every respect as the best quality of ladies do with you. ' They wear a ring on each of the three last fingers of the right hand, the married women on the left hand. They are always well dressed, and have beautiful skins. They speak as pure English as any one does. Their dignified air and high heads made me to think no man could approach them with impunity. In this, however, I was mistaken. They braid their hair thus : they begin behind, and comb it up to the crown, dividing the hair into two equal parts, into which they stick two large headed combs, so as that the hair may appear behind in the Jotob of a heart. Before, the y b egin a t the crown and flividif weTTiau- into two equal parts, bringinging it down over the comers of the forehead, and round to the top of the ear, where '■'I S4 it terminates in tasteful curls as large as your fist, snpported by some six or eight small combs. The American woman does not lose conceit of herself when married, and always goes bare-headed, as much SiTteUe as ever. She is full-grown at 15 or 16 ; and abont 30, a great many lose their teethe -A farm-servant has from 50 to 60 dollars per annum, board and washing always understood to be included, but there is no six o'clock here; every man and woman works from sun-rise to sun-set all the year round. Every one who has got a family makes it their study to have all the girls well instructed in sewing, reading, writing, and arithmetic. Hence the women are by far the best scholars, and they know it too. Every farmer raises a large quantity of apples yearly. To make apple Butter, they pare off the skins, and take out the cores : the apples are then bruised and put into laive pots, with cider, and boiled till the whole appeara like tar, m which state, it is laid up for use. This butter sells at 60 cents a gallon ; cow's butter, «r 12 cents per lb. ; cheese, 6 cents per do. ; coffee, 15 certts, and generally used by all • tea, one dollar per lb. ; tobacco, 12 to 25 cents per do. J flour, 4 to 5 dollars per barrel, weighings 1961b. which b^gs U to about a penny a pound of our money, reckoning 100 cents to the dollar; wheat, a dollar per bushel ; Rye, 75 cents ; Indian com, the same ; oats, 40 cents ; Salt, 1 dollar; Washing for a man, 50 cents a month; making a common shirt, 25 cents; making a coat, from 5 to 8 dollars. Any tradesman has from I to 1^ dollars a day and found. If a woman is called by the day for washing or sewing, she has 50 cents a day, or 2s. for two days. A good cow costs 10 dollars ; a work ox, 30 dollars ; agpoil hone 60 dollars ; a sheep, 1 dollar ; a swine, from 1 to 2 dollare. A weekly newspaper, 2 dollars per annum, but many of the country papers are pooriy conducted. Weaving a pair of atockinga, 36 cents. Shoes, 2 to 3 dollars per pair, but there aro no good shoes here. Boots are generally worn. Hardware of all kinds is dear: for example, an axe that weighs 6ilb. costs 2 dollars. / The manner of clearing land is this. They begin by cut- ting down all the small woo only about two or three degrees from the Zeiiith. The' North Pohir Star is considerably depressed. In the month of June, a man's shadow IS only about a foot long. In July and August, you would not be more than five minutes exposed to the sun be- fore you would be all running over with sweat. The people here are very laey. Sometimes a fanner will keep his hones '" pnaattbter till 4a wUI ^Bthet ba^ft new one tbagcl w t riv 'f\ / -^ "27 of the dni^. The conntry hooses are mostly all wood, and covered with shingles — that is, pieces of thin boards cut in the form of a slate, and put on in the same way. In the winter, the Americans lie on one feather-bed and take another above them, with a quilt over all. Men and women often marry about sixteen, and generally have large families. The children are never crossed in any thing they do ; — they are, on this account, stubborn and unmannerly creatures. There are many people here from every nation in Europe; the fewest are the Scotch. If I had a Scottish woman to join her destiny to mine, I believe I might be happy, as I can see many things to make one so here, which my native country does not afford; and it is not at all improbable that I may come home for one. To say thaft every one would love America better than their own cotintiry, would be too mucl| to affirm, as it depends so much ok the disposition of the mind. • Here they find a new world, Ws it were, and a new people ; and it requires sometime to v^ean the heart, as it must be weaned from its native soil, before it can fully enjoy this one. \ The frost is very severe here at present. While I am writing, the ink freezes in the pen ; but there has been little snow during the winter, which i^ the reason why I do not like these mountains. The most troublesome fly here in the summer is the midge. Every one who is working must have a fire to keep them off. There are few mosquitoes here, hut in the valleys they are dreadful. Hornets, or horse flies aqd gleigs are plenty ; the last being called a yellow-jacket. Poultry are all called chickens. When they call on them, hisiead of our chuck / chuck / they say, beedie ! beedie f To the vow, tuck f suck f to the horse, cub / cub f The horseman says gee ! to his horse when he wants him to be off; when to come towards him, he says — oA, hair ! When spring appears, the trees get into blossom, as it were by magic art. Every thing springs up with a rapidity un- known in Scotland. This is a great country for thunder J storms ; hut I am now so hardened with them, that I care no | more for them than for the wind going over my head. | A labonrii^ man's wages in the summer, are from 16 to 18 ddlbun per month, and found. Fevers aiul agues are vary prevident nrlhe $11 and spmg f >t>Wl Mte'^ways aa yet 28 7 enjoyed good health, better than at home, but am too negli- gent in mjr duty to that Being who ban bestowed aacb bless- ings upon me. The cholera made a dreadful havoc in North and South America last year. In New Orleans, in Septem- ber, they had both it aftd the yellow fever among them ; and thepeoi*le died in such numbers, that no whites could be found to perform the sepulchral duties , so they had to com- pel the negroes to dig large trenches and throw in the dead iKKlies in heap8» or take them out in boats and sink them in the nver. At the present time -there is no-^ord of it in the country. , ■v !^ Extracts of a LMerfrom a Settler in Upper Canada, to his Brother in. Aberdeen. .,< ZORRA, 22d April, 1834. Dear Brotheb, — ^Bring what money you have in gold or silver. If you do not get more than 23s. 9d. for sovereigns, bring them to Zorra ; and be sure to take no United States notes ; get Upper Canada notes. By the time you reach this place,^ I expect to have my harvest home ; if I have " good hick," M^the saying is, I will have plenty of wheat, pease, potatoes; Indian com, &c. I have eight head of cattle and five pfgs. I am busy felling down the " big cumberers of the ground," and getting ready my spring seeds. When you come out, bring 4 lb. of red clover seeds, 4 lb. of rye grass seed, and 4 lb. of tares, along with you. This is a fine country, it is increasing fast in population, and the conve- niences of life are getting more- easy to be obtained. I shall just say, that since I came here, which is now about ten months, I have not had a single day's sickness, but have been able to continue closely engaged in cutting down large trees, Md prroaring the grQund for pnMfucmg the necessaries vf life. This will, no doubt, astopisli ypu, considering the poor ttate of my health for two years previous to my coming to this country. The sugar seailon ended about two weeks ago ; and a season of very ha^ labour it was ; it requires to be T^tched night and/ day for about a month. I have made __^5^°J^glT? cwt' 0^ a ng ar, w high brings abo ut 2 p e r cwt . .^ a too negli- Rnch bless- oc in North in Septem- them; and s conid be lad to com- n the dead nk them in rd of it in n. 'anada, to ptil, 1834. i in gold or sovereigns, ited States reach this ive " good leat, pease, cattle and nberers of When you frye grass sis a fine the conre- 1. I shall abont ten have been irge trees, »saries ■nf ; the poor eoDiing to eeks ago; lires to be lave madd It cwrt^. 29 Letter Jrom the late President of the Trades' Political (/man, to the Working Classes of the City of Edinburgh. LooiitUle, Kentucky, 16th January, 1814. The last time I had the pleasure of meeting in public with the working classes of the City of Edinbnrgh, I promited that, as soon after my arrival in this country as I could get information to guide me, I would transmit to them my opinion of the state of the operatives here, compared with their eitnation in Scotland. I would have done it sooner had I not been anxioits to avoid erroneous sUtements, too liable to be made on first impressions. I have now been seven months in the country, and as part of that time was taken up in endeavouring to procure em. ployment for myself and family, and a part in engaging the work of others, I have come in contact with the employer and the employed, and have thus had opportunities of know- ing the encouragement to be hoped for by the latter. I was some time m the citifes of New York and Philadelphia: I vojfaged by the York Canal to Buffalo, on Lake Erie, and on the waters of that lake to CleveUnd ; then by the Ohio Unal, and river of that name, to this thriving city of Louis- vUte; wd m every city, town, or village where I stopped, I made it my duty to inquire into the situation of the working man, and the result of these inquiries /I shall, as pledged, Uy before you : — r o » / To intending emigrants, and more especially to those who oakulate on having to work '« from morning sun, antU the grass IS wet with evening dew," the healthiness of the coon* try to which they intend to remove is a very important sub- ject for consideration ; and I am afraid my residence here has been too short to make my opinion of value ; however, I Uimk much more favourably of it in that respect than I did before my arrival here ; and my family, always a healthy one, jever wm at any time so eminen^fjTso as since they came owe. Uew settlements are unhealthy, and are expected to be so, from the presence of vast masses of decomposing ves»- taWo matter and stagnant wa^er pools ; these disappear nader calUvatran. when the woods are cut and the water drained o»; and the health of the country baa improved, and wiO cjwitiane to do^"^ ' ~ .^< I ; SO u Another important sabject for the consideration of the inw tending emigrant is the constitution and government of tb^ country he wishes to adopt, and here theVorking man wul find himself enjoying a more exalted stiJtion in sS^iety than his brother m Bntain ; here he is not 4eclare«.-not 112. n your cW The acre IS Englwh or imperial. . tJnlU '"'^,*;°""»«-y 'il'e »»•«. where the-elegant comforUi of ill l7 1 r. •""' P"'^'""^ introduced, there is not tha demand for the labour of those who work in the fabrication .beer uSv' pT '" ^^ '""'^- »«>« «"P'oy«J <>» wo^k- of Jtwer utility. Physical strength is more in requ<4t than •aenuac acquirements ; and the wages of the me?e laboured .gproach nearer to those of the finished artist than they do wrthgrou. Internal improvements hare been rapidly pro- being made, to a great extent, and are projected to a ranch greater, gyang^jresent and promising future employment to thousands of thousands-to those ^o work in \he min n^ melting, moulding, and forging of iron-to those wTo ^re •' Tr^.?"'"y°""'' J*»>««e". and masons, to brickmakers h^r ^^""^^/"''"P^y"'^"*- Nor i- it to them alone L^ch al/t?'^" -r *' ^'i--P"vate enterprise i, doing , niucb, and the rapid growth of towns and extension of steam power m « flood and field." keep a^ work boat-buildj, ma^ fc?' i!?'"'?' ""1»«°t«"' P'««eren.. painters, &c. &c. Indeed. ,t i, not easy to say which is the best trade ; but very fine tradesmen in the cabinet-making, book-binding, and pjunting lines, though they would find employment in tJe AUantic cties, would not generally have their work appre^ cwted ; yet these are good trades otherwise. Saddlers, shoe- rnn^^V"* n* *"** *f "^"' "'^ «°"** t^'^*- 5 indeed I do noi know of an il one, but moneyless gentlemen, and these do not belong to the working classes. Printers, I believe, are kss paid in proportion to other trades than with you, and derks and bookjceepers edo not get more for a few yeara than labourers wages but when they am steady, and get in- to the confidence of their employers, they ultimately do well. m^lT °°' *""', T^f^^y °^ ^-^^ ''«^«' «"d two Scotch proverbs are nearly falsified,-" Jack of all trades, master of none; it requires a « master of all work" to be at home here. Again yon say.-" Ae good head is worth twa pair o' bands;" but ,f you cannot lay down your hands here, the bead work ■y' Po» much jerve yoa^ m- c 2 32 I ^ The price, of work will, of eourw, T«rjr in differrat inru I^I^l^, ■ T"i ?'""' "'"."»'• '" '^^ ^«" ""«* 'o-^h the wjgeji lM«r a highe^ proportion to proviajon. than " down Illi'nntnf °°» *'»"»k Ian, far wrong in estimating the -wTtl L*. •* ?'",? .^'«^' fora w%e day, in the Wa,tem State., or in the ynion, ont of the iw mannfactw- «jr State,, .nclnding laboui-en, at public worl«, bat ezdading ^ agncaltunsts, at one and qne-third dollar a-day, withoat Ditn -Tuion., (£1 18.. 4d. weekly); kbonrera h^VlTsTr^W cent. } carpenters, ope and a quarter to one and a hi^f dollarx mawn.. bncWayer., &c. the ..me; firBt-iate blacfamiuJ engineer., patteni-maker., &c. hare from one and a halfto J^o dollar.; saddler, and tailors, at piece-work, make ti^ tZl ''li'^'^'^yi.:'^^'^ piece-work i. done the wage. ^ b^ made better . The ainount of • wage is good or bad bv the length .t w.11 go in the market ; and the SwingwU^ exhibit, m a striking ight, the difference betwixt a laboW. LouuiviUe: 100 cent., 4.. 2d., or 251b.. of beef, or ^b^ vJ?V ? •'"f^'" °^ ^^' *«■ ^28 gill, of whisky. Edmburgh : 40 cent., 1.. 8d.. or 51b^ of beef, or 10U». of flour, or 4 bu.hel. of fcoals, or 5 gill, of whisky • Flour Mil. by the barrel, or half barrel, at two cent, a lb.- eorn meal equal ,n nourishment to oatmeal, at less than om cent; beef, very good, per lb. four cents, by the quarter « three ; «>«t^n not good, by the lb. two and k half to th'i cento by the bulk at two; pork the mime as beef, chickM^ tJ^^r ^^S; • *'"'''y" ^^'y ** •* '"'"d'«d <^^^ ; « goose fT? if *° ^^'y- vegetables are much the same S1J Stn? ♦}. K'^Tf " "?'« d«arer. about thirty-seven ^d^ half cento the bushel ; and apples and turnips the same price Mdk IS high, but few tradesmen there are fhat doTot C a cow,~one costo fifteen dollars ; there are plenty of ZJ h«ds around most cities for their gn^ing, which is^commS while unmclosed, and they never house Ihem. Suga^b 12* cento per lb., and tea 50 to 150. Fine cloths are 75 t^ iSo per cent, dearer than in Edinburgh ; «K:onds 50. andla«e iff to 20. House rento are high; but aUowing a ^ either country to set aside one U ^,f hi. wag^ for^ ' »'. S3 rent," fuel, and clothing, ho would still be' better lodired irr^ i''"'.' '^ l''" -PP^F'"-, h^re than wilT?:^: I bare conrersed with many Scotsmen here, and all aLe that lodastry is sure to be rewarded. ^^ divrd„»yjlf7 "''*' ''A'" ?'"'*^'* »*» the-sitnation of the in- dirrfoals wh.l^ engaged in the mechanical employment, they haw been bred to; and I. would strennously advise them to e«:bew the agricultaial profession until s^Je W. lu dence m this country makes them better judges of the pta^ live, sacnficed, and «,sery entailed on the survirora, by aJ . orerweenmg anxiety to be a " LaMir There is iLeUunr rntw'"''''?""' n'"^ ""''" one's ow^re!^5 ^i,ntrv r T" ^l ''''\*'^» "*" °«»°™"y incline i the country. I do not blame this ; but I adviw Jne year's red! dence. at least, ^efore fixing. I will illmitn»to my m^g by an example :^In harvest- last I had the pleasoreof mend- ing a couple of days with an old acquaintance. Mr T S state of Indiana, ten miles from this city. Hi. is a fertS! ?2ir f T P*^""^ *? r •* -^ ^«» cultivated-he being hMn his first agricultunil instructions. He left Scotfandli Thn .7*'' "»»'"•'» but good health and induMrious habit., rhough bred to a country life, he went to work at a fbuJd^; p«.d attention to what was going on around him. becam7.^ «>mpete„t engineer, made money, and bought his farm ; and It IS worth with stock, about 3,000 dollare. I have fallen doiTi Lt'L 'f r'"*'^ r'''"" ^ '*"«'^ '° Scotland! who ^ domg well ; ^nd I must also say, that there have instances rf failure come under my notice ; some of these were under cir* cnmstances that could not be foreseen, but many weTfiSi causes ordinary prudence might have avoided. Tobewaroof -peculation, to be industrious and sober, is all that T^^ ^ to insure success. . ». «• «r«ui«u .\^1 ^T °^«*»*^'^»y •«» been held up as an objection to th s country.-but, pray, what enjoyment in society has thj hjlf^tarvedmechiuiic? People i/ not so wel/inf^rm^ here as m Scotland, but the cautious and discriminating m^ i^nd a circle of acquamtance witj. whom to enjoy a friendly c 3 v^ ■>s2?4d (I .!:i C'' Y i'^ii. o*' <'m T" ▼ J^ "'I ■ 84 ' lieatioiis the nme ; Blackwood's Magazine costs less than with yon ; and the most ralaable English works are come- atable by men of very moderate income. In the comitrT there may, for a time, be a lack of good society, but not to be much felt by the family-man, who enjoys •« his i»itchinir wifie 8 wile, and "his bonnie baimies' smile," at the kindly ,f low of " his ain fireside," undistnrbed by " pinching want." umncnmbered by « lordly wealth," who has " a penny ay to ware, " and aiblins makin' mair,"— .such do not feel ii4ch the want of other society. Most cities and villages bare good seminaries for the edn- cation of children ; the want of schools is severely felt in the thmly^ttled districts ; ready access ttf respectable religions instmction is had all over the Union ; there are Presbyterian ehnrcfaes in every city of any note ; Methodist chapels are freqnently found in the desert. Men with families find no difficulty in getting them em- ployed. Boys at apprenticeships are boarded, lodged, and clothed by their master, sit at table with him, and are like Jus sons ; girls, as helps, get, if fifteen years, one to two dol- lare per week ; they can make well out in sewing ; and wash- ing IS well paid for. Journeymen who n«l for your water to hinge, if you would not JOM It. Take an upper berth, as forward as you can get it, J^^'fJ^Py it «mt to sleep; for fear of the wont^ take i few dosea^vfcilanKr^ a leas than I are come' be coantrj but not to 8 lyitching the kindly ling want," enny ay to feeln^ch >r the eda« felt in the e religions resbjrterian hapels are them em- dged, uid id are like } two doN and wash- ward with wo to two neat three vays fruit iformation 9rt them ; lU are too ake oth^r fford it, a 5h.; four ir poonds sufficient on would lan, with nr drink ; ^ould not »n get it, orst, take 35 f, m castor oil. On arriving at port, you will, of course, hare t SrS.""! °^ '^' "^y bo^^li-J-house keeper. ^^S be there to entreat you, but you can remove if yVu find tC ^^mfortable f any of you should penetrat J thisT^. yon may be sure of all the assistance I can give you. I am your sincere friend, JOHN PRENTICE. Extraetsfrom a Letter, dated the m of March, 1834, frtm a GentUnuin in Greene County, Illinois, United States, to hu Friend in Aberdeen. iLnTi*"* ''°" ^T'.°^ ^^'^* ^ ^««' * g^eat responsibility when I attempt to advise you. There k much to indu^ you to emigrate, and much on the other hand to plead f^ your remainjng in your own native land. Here Vo, wll find every thing in the f.'eshness of nature, compwed S Great Britain Our soil is fertile, and can be pi^chasedS one dollar and a quarter, per acre, of the governmeni;. Tbii «um, which IS but little, if any, over 5s. sterling, i, less tha^ you pay for the rent of land that requires much more labow to render It productive. Our taxes are thought h^reTbe high, and not a few grumble at paying the^ I Sve^ead enough to know that we pay less th,n any other welCv^j^ people on the globe. The tax on 160 acres SS^ hmd « l«s than half a-pound sterling. We have 3^ and no other taxes to pay. To a mi who has childrr U must be pleasing to bring them to a land where they caL easily become the owners of the soil which they cultivate jnd where they will have before them the cert^Jre^ of weal h and respectability, if they afe industrious wdSoa^ micd. I say nothing of any «lvantage of a politicd n^,^ that • Republican form of government is the only one that aflFord. happiness to a people. In all probability, « limSd "owrchy 18 far better for Great Britaift 4ha& inKntuTlT WailMflnt, But here. I h«.« nn-rTZT-rr^ inyouw jo- wmrn^i, B«t here, 1 have neyer y^t «h» .SwbTJT 36 not a Republican, at least by profession. Foreigners unac- quainted with our country imagine a division of the United States on the eve of taking place ; but there is not the least danger of it. Not an election takes place for the most petty oflice, in managing which thfe newspapers do not make some Horrible alarm. Here we know how to take them. You speak of Stuart's Travels. In some respects he is correct, m others he was most grossly mistaken, and egrejri- ously quizzed by individuals of whom he made inquiri^. I wish 1 had the means of sending you a review of his Travels which appeared in the Western Monthly Magazine. Nearly pvery traveller from Great Britain shockingly misrepresento m ; probably honestly. The stories of shooting men, jroai?. ing out eyes, biting oflF noses, &c., are all romances of timM, which, if they eyer existed, were before my remembrance. Were a man to strike another he would be tried for it heiB ' as quick as in Great Britain, and punished as certainly. It is astonishing the stories that are told of us by travellers, and even by some of those who know better, and who have re- ceived every kindness at our bands— every hospitality that ,- we could heap upon them. i^ I will not pretend that we are as refined as you are. You would leave behind you many comforts and many conven- lences. You would find that, in spite of all the plenty that reigned around you, many of the scenes of your early yeare would nse up, and the image of many a friend whom yon could behold no more, woqld embitter an occasional hour. If you had the fortitude to endure trifling privations, when substantial good was before you ;— if the idea of leaving your children m indepeqdent circumstances ;— if the enjoy- mwit of all the comforts of life in the utmost profusion ;--^ and, if the sight of no one who had not a plenty of whole- lome food, could pay you for such privations, you might be contented and even happy. All labour is well paid, and pro* iisions cheap. A mechanic, by a day's labour, can pur. chase two bushels of wheat, or four of Indian com. or four of potatoes, or fifty pounds of pork, or seventy-five of beef, &c A common labourer half that. Each one is found in food and revives that rate of wages. Our mode of farming is W different from your's. One man manages from 25 to _gg!»crei of Indian c om. . WheatJa aowad bet w ew ihe mm % gners unac- tbe United lot the least most petty make some a. pects he is and egre^- qniries. I his Travels B. Nearly srepresents men, goag- « of times, lembrance. For it here, tainly. It ellers, and 9 have re- itality that , are. Yoa y conren- lenty that arJy years ad whom occasional trivations, o( leaving ^e enjoy- lUsion ;— ^ Df whole- might be > and pnH can par* or fonr of beet &c i in food uming ia m2o to 9- 91 tTl^t ''J^^*"'^;"- ^f P^'^^B'' ""^^ J"d bw once be. yields 25 to 35 bushels per acre. Oar wheat harvest wZ fiTJfi /""''r ^"^ """^"'^ P'^'"*' «ff°'d fine pastorie for ^ttle. free of expense. Cattle nu-ely reqaim Jf^Z W the wmter consequently the raising of a cow ir T^ where they fatten on the mast, or nuts, and kept ia a ^ for a week or more, and fed on Indiw^ corn. The IJTi cheap, bat as good as any in the world, perhaps Uy^ come here. New Orleans is the port for you VoJ^\x. C could then come by water the whole distance aTd «ve hS Ae expense ; bat New Orleans is in a hot clinuue, «^ yf mast hmd there between October and March. ™^» **» 5^ i^ FROM THE SAME. Extract from a Letter addressed to the Rev. Joseph Bloffoal|! is situated east of the Illinois river, not h, ^m ,ts junction with the Mississippi. The houses of tWs ^ZT r "'W'l *""* °^ * " ^'«^'" ^hich is a .olid QendicuW wall of calcareous rock, about two hundred feS hj^, extendmg ..xm.les north and south. Almost .t^ «lge of this wall ,a a chain of hills in the shape ef cone., wbicb me two hundred feet higher ; making an elevatir ?f inorethjm fpur hundred feet. The BlufFb here IS Ai« tojen by narrow ravines, which afford the only micom t» the h«h woodlands immediately behind it, and to the eoantm beyond. At the base of the Bluff commence, a ^S )^•\pra^rie of the richest soil, and without e^ a^^* It «tend. to the Illinois river, the western bound«t Tt, ■ettlement, a d.st«.ce of four miles. O nr f,^ ^^^^^ lai Hong Uw baM of the Bluff, wUle tU J & 9 f ■»S,ii*f :f^ "-*«««ni(«Ea**.. 38 them, to the rirer, is one immense plain, covered, in the warm seasons, with luxuriant grass, intermingled with flowers of every hue, most of which are yet unknown to botanists. Tens of thousands of cattle might find here rich pasturage. The view from the Bluffs is tone of loveliness. The smooth, level prairie beyond the cultivated fields is dotted with cattle, and often with wild deer. The Illinois river with its iteam-boats is seen for many miles. It is now but eleven years since this romantic settlement as well as the region around it, was peopled only with savage Indians. We have yet but two hundred inhabitants within a space of six miles long by four wide. Our principal market is the city of ijiew Orleans, distant about 1200 miles by the river. Our soil is as fertile as any in the United States, and in no other place are the common necessaries of life more abundant, or more easily obtained. Extracts from a Letter, dated 11th February, 1834, at St. Clair River, Upper Canada. We have all experienced excellent health since our arrival in this country, notwithstanding the numerous Hardships we bad to encounter during a tedious and stormy passage to Quebec, and an inland journey of 1200 miles to St. Clain River. Any person coming to this western district, I would most decidedly advise to come by New York, as the safest, shortest, and, to many a great consideration, cheapest yrtay. Frona my stay in lhev;ountry, and my travels through it, I can, without hesitation, say, that it is excellent. There is no fear of making a livelihood ; nay, an independence in a short time. The climate is very moderate ; we have bad only one snow storm ail winter, and that, not by any means severe, as we have not been prevented for a single day from following our out>door occupations. Here cattle are nevev boused. Good beef brings" 8 dollars per barrel of 200 lbs.; best mess-pork from 12 to 14 dollars ; very best flour, about 6 dollars, varying according to the distance it has to be convey- ed from market. Labourers receive from ds^ 9d. to » '' advantagV^ on the prodncfrof which we subsisted for two months. * ' ° "* Mv wj/Z^P \ '^^ '"'o*'^"' Scotsmen, frpm near Edinburgb. w^n .h« K '' '"■'''*^ ^°'' ""^•■'y ^''^ ««"« """I'er ; S, that, Tav Iworkr'*^' empIoy„,ent. she can earn a dollar,^; ^;edT/;r''i;,*',^'^^"''"°°f»''« day^wtTl brother to come ou't.if^trX^^^^^^^^ th'^SLl'cJ from bondage; this is the land If independence to X i^ dustnous-.the soil that will repay the laboured for the sw^ n^ A"'''""*"?c^*'r 8""^'"» '''•••y«g*. to render it palatable. You ought by all means to come by New York. The voyage is much safer, often shorter, and the transportation from St to 17L r* w cheaper th^in from Qnebec. Before ^meoffh7f ^T "^l*' y^ *•"»'•' *« contract with some of the forwardmg merchants to forward it to your place their'Cr"'!.'!;'^ ^f '* '^"'**^^*' fr"" the ship direct to ^e r boats, which wdl save a good deal of expens^. If you will call on Isaac Van Olinda, 15, South Street. New York and say that I recommended him, he will forward your goods on moderate terms, and give you any advice you may be in want of. Get your sovereigns changed at some of the th^ nT ?n ^t ""^ '^' ^^"^^ States' Bank, as they Le the only bdls that pass at par through any part of the Sutes Z^^f \ 'T'* ^""^ ^'" get about 4 dollam and 75 but snl rr* ^"I!?r ^f.PP" «^ half-crowns with you ; but some sluUrngs. which will pass at 22 cents, will beW ful. Before getting your gold sold, if yOu are afhiid to carry sovereigns witU you, a draft from any of the banks migbtT; Sl^hK " ^T'' 'l^'^ ^*"'''> ^^•«'' «^«»'d be the safer ^y, although not the most profitable at present' Get your '^**gM of any of them without getting^ a reeeid Dr. M. ri^nfT rT** "^'l^'o'*'" "^"'^ bedding stolen from ^nLl ^A "P**" '\ ^"* ^'"•'' ^^ *»°W have no "course. , Endeavour to decide, before starting, about what ^a^ouwilj locate, anjl then youj^rou te Jh II \^ \ X TBttte* Tf you propose settling near York, yob wtll leave II ■, / I 42 ;■ I . ■ # tb^JSrie Canal at Rochester — ^bnt if near Lake Erie> come on to this place. Bring no implements with yoa, as they can be purchased here much better adapted for the country, and the expense of transportation would almost equal the purchase price. There is neither rye g^rass nor green kail in this country — both very profitable articles for the fanner— I th^nk you should bring some seeds of both along with yon. If you make any stop in New York, I would recommend Harbison's Hotel, 76, Dey Street. The landlord is from the Old Country, and particularly attentive .to emigrants ; and his waiter, (Robert) is quite a gentleman', and will give . yoa,any information you may want. He taught me to nn- dersiand the currency of the country, and I have no doubt will be of the same service to yon. I intend to settle in Chicago, a VillagfB at the head of Lake Michigan, in the state of Illij^is. Last spring it contained 150 inhabitants^ but has now increased to 1000. NOTE BY THB EDITOR. [^It may be here observed, in reference to the route by New York being so much preferable to that by Quebec, that the Grenville Canal, being now opened, and thus com* pleting the navigable water for steamers from Montreal to Lake Ontario^, the case is materially altered. Formerly when the only Water carriage was by the St. Lawrence^ and through i^ dangerous rapids to Prescot, the delays* . and expenses, and risk were very gr^at ; but these arr now pafit.3 * TT Extracts of a Letter from a Settier at Zorra* Ujpper Canada^ dated 27th of April, 1834; I cannot at present see how you conld possibly get land of your own for nothing here. The time was when a poor man, unable to buy land, could have located himself on what we call a reserved lot, without being troubled for instalments for many years ; and then, when he found him- , ■ftly ^tifa T tti# 11 #rty ♦iiA lrt# nwtrt !>■»»> i#- wii# • #1*1^ -SA. n#Mir mH well mMWp JMiim W* mc M9h WMm^Wmw It^^nui ^^^OXm «v BUW mtm - fs^V ^ 4S Am^ awif with. Wild land here is, in gefteral, aboftt 15.. an acre : oi)e<6rth of which (gome wy, now, one-third) moat pe p^a ^b entry. I fainted 4o you, lb my last, the diflBcult w prtwanBg land. °, 1 ' / ncnity E^atU of a Letter dated Whitby, Upper Canada, April \Q, 1834. My deab Sir,— After -landing at (iiebec, I went, by •team-boat, to Montreal, thence, to Yankee land. I have nothing to ray against the country or the people; bat I coaWeheerfaHy have left it and returned to "Auld Scot- iand. I bad made up my mind to return home in the foil of Cbeyear; but, m Che meantime, determined to see Upper Canada. I, therefore, returppd to Montreal, thence to Frescot, in a Durham boat. The passage was very tedious, the. wind being contrary. The boats are drawn up the ra- pida by horses and oxen. Sometimes they require 4 or 5 tewns, each horseman carries a large knife, to cut the rope, if «o be that the boat should prore too much for them. It is in cmitemplation to deepen the St. Lawrence in some places, and to make it navigable for vessels of from two to three hundred tons burden. I left Prescot for York, theii came down to Whitby, passing through the townships of Scarborough and ttekenng. In the neighbourhood of York, \he land, in ire- nwd, 18 scarce worth the cultivating. Scarborough, on the whole, w a very poor township-that of f»ickering, pretty f»od. Whitby 18 considered one of the finest in the province. Ibe land here has of late risen very much in price. The population IS rapidly increasing— in summer, by emigiants from the. old conntry— and in winter, by othen from the tower province. There are a good many Scotch folks settled Here, and many of them have considerable property— 4» is F *5^* *? ^ amongst one's own countrymen in a distant tend like this. I am always very glad when I see a Scotch lace. I engaged with a farmer when I came to this town- Mip last summer. I have had no cause to repent of it, as I have had nn opportunity «^f making myself acquainted with — ... .». w|r|n>i i,uuii,jr yi oiaKiDg myseit ^^BBw bMpHniiB HI we coanuyir % eaii nonr / Dj good \. 44 land from bad, by the kinds' of wood that grow on it. You will have heard, I daresay, that the town of York has been incorporated, and its name changed to Toronto. It was for- merly called Little York, but that was too mean a name for the capital of this thriving province. The price of farm pro- duce is, at present, low. Wheat, 38. 66. ; barley, Ss. 6d. ; pease, Ss. 6d.; oats, Is. Id. per bushel— this is little more than half what it was last year at this time. The climate is extremely moderate — more so than in Scotland. I copceived it had been much more on the extremes of heat and cojd than it really is. Emigrants do not, in general, like this country when they first arrive ; indeed, it is scarcely to be expected that they should, it is so different from home. I have already said thatrl did not like it ; but now my opinion is changed. I would toot return to Scotland on any account, 88 Lam sure I can! do much better here. Last year, I chanced to see two yoikng lads from Abenleenshire, immedi- ately after their arrival! here, very home-sick, wishing they were back again, and cAlling themselves fools for having left Deeside. I met one of them about five weeks after this. '* Well, have you beconiie more reconciled to this country ^now ?" I asked him. «\If I were Compelled," said he, " to return to Scotland, and had not the wherewithal to pay my passage out again, I would conceal myself under the hatches of one of the vessels abdnt to sail, and thereby return to America." Farmers can do very well here ; and, although they may say that they Aannot make money, still, if they make their property worth money, it amounts to almost the same thing. Say a person had come to Whitby three or fmi years ago, and la|d out money upon land in ita natural state ; at present, it would be worth double what he paid for it, although he had not cut a tree upon it. Tradesmen and labourers ^an win double, (that is, by^be- bye, dependent on their industry and sobriety), what they can do in Scotland. The Yankees and Canadians are very bad farmers, they seldom manure dieir land, and are so lasy that they will rather remove the bam than clear it of the dung. You will be surprised that the bam should be a re- ceptacle for this ; but, it is generally all the offices they have in this country— some of the largest measnre 75 feet long by 85 briwd. The stable is on one end of it.^ and at th* «>, «** „^" / : 4>5 otW . ihey. the latter are desirous of bav- Wg their own countrymen as neighbours. THB EMIGRANT'S PROSPECTS IN CANADA. CFrom Fergusson's Tour. J I WOULD now wish to offer a few remarks to those "who feel disposed to emigrate, from a view rather to prospective advantage than from the call of stem necessity, or from inabi- lity to provide for a numerous family at home. Assuminir ■ucb an mdividnal to be a man of sober habits, by which I V would be understood to mean not merely a distaste for de- bauchery but of a temperament which derkes its chief en- joyment from the domestic circle, and from useful and rational pnrauita ; to such a man, I am not afraid to say, that Canada ' holds out an inviting field of enterprize and profitable occu- pation. Let him not, however, suppose that he la just at once to bask in the,full glare of prosperity. Many rftiurr" uiAm await him, but none which a man of ordinary discretion and perseverance will be ^ong of surmounUng. The circum- stances, connexions, and habits of individimls are so various and so opposite, that it would be vain to draw up a scheme of w t tle m ent anitablc ei^palatabl e to bM> ifethi%1iaw8y^ir^ D 9 .^ "H 46 m:- / is more certain than tfiia, that here, av in all human arrange- ments, much benefit may be derived from combined efforts. For snch a purpose, my own wish would be to form a small association of colonists, who would go to market for a tract of land suited to their purpose, and which there can be no doubt'^they would procure in a large block, and for a price to be paid down, upon very advantageous terms. Having made the purchase, let each individual be immediately put in abso- lute possession of his own estate. Future arrangements would be dictated by circumstances ; and self-interest, the most efficient of all agents, could be .easily brought to bear upon the good of all. Artisans, machinery, live-tstock, with many other requisites, could be procured, at a remunerating rate for a community, which would never have paid a return to individual settkirs, and a prosperous advance Inight soon be looked for. ^ course, I cannot be supposed to contem- plate a communion of property, or such-like wise-headed dreams ; but the mutual solace and comfort of ten or a dozen respectable families thus planted together, is beyond any es- timate we can form. Sickness- and death itself would be shorn of many terrors to the head of a family/ when thus" assured of , his little ones having kind and willing friends around him, embarked in the same concern, and yet having no temptation to injure or defraud. Objections to such a plan may be raised upon the ground of human fickleness and whim, and certainly the selection would require to be made with strict a^ntion to character and sense ; but no insuper- able difficulty presents itself to my mind, which should pre- vent it from being carried into mccessful operation. I would have the stock agreed upon placed in the bands of respect- able agents, as the Upper Canada Bank, or a bank at home, a small committee appointed, and power given to make a purdbase, and to havd it surveyed and divided, and each man's portion set df by lot, or in such other way as might be preferred. Should any special advantage, as a mill-power, gypsuih-qoarry, &c. accrue to one. portion of the property, it might be again appn^riated by lot, or have such condi- tions attached to it, ffi^ common behoof, as would place all the parties on a par. Our farming intensts at home hare been severely scourged «f lute years, iM cafHti^ has been, at each revolving tutta, fr 47 . compelled to meet demand,, which pro6u., reaBon.bly ex- pected, ought to have supplied. Nor i, it, perhaps, the leaat lamentjib e part of the case, that, notwithstandi.lg the^ palpable lorn, before the.r eyes, scarce a farm corals into th^ market without a very general competition. How shall wi. seek to solve conduct so much at variance with ordinary dis- cation ? Perhaps U frequently arises from a man Ung grown up to middle life, with his habits and views fixed be- yond a change ; or, again, with a valuable stock in band, for which no adequate pr.ce IS to be had,-in such a piedica- Ilir^'oXr'r:"""'"^-' ''- ^ choice ^utto'ienture Many are the worthy and respectable m^n of this descrip- .on. who may certainly better their condition by a remTvil to Canada; at the same time, it is a serious step, not to be hghtly adopted and which, above all, they shouli remember amnot, with safety, consistency, or credit, be retraced. In Canada, he will become proprietor m > simph of lands, at a rate per acre, which would scarce pay half of hi, yearh r^t at home ; but this is only to^be'effected at a J^S of eadyties and connexions, and by*S cheerful submUsionto many privations and bothmm^ which will require a s^y and cheerful temper to surmount) Upper Canada cerSv appears to me bles«Kl with all the solid material, of humaJ happiness, independence, and comfort. fii.]?[*^?'.^*'"'**"'"y°^ •"'*•''•''''«'« retoming to Europe filled with disappointment, and railing without mercy aJabtt Canada or the States. I have met with some of tlT^d have no hesitation m denouncing them as indolent and ^ ZZrTl^'' "T ^r* «"* P«ff«d up with im.^ notions of their own>alifications and deserts. I assertrtS no ^ber, steady, indush-iovs man, with e^nectation, ^ denre. under reasonable control, ever yetZed Trs^ hu removal etiher to Canada or to the itates. Man^C noyances and privations may attend his progress ; but in the dwkest hour, while health remains, he ian%ee hi. Way ^ a feWyj«me of h.a cares. If s„ch be the ca«, withSwhJ ^trr^t^^-sitz:^ \' 48 4-; mnch comfort, and as many luxaries, as generally fall to the hnman lot> Society, roads, fieI(l-«ports, &o. certainly- diflTer mach from what lie miiy have be$a acenstomed to : but still the materiel of enjoyment is there, and requires only a cheer- ful disposition to welcome it, in the form which it here assumes. It has neither been my intention nor my wish to induce my countrymen to exchange their homes. I would have all who are in affluence and in comfort, to remain where they are ; and let those only who know the biting truth of " Res angustte domi," or whose minds are perplexed with anxious cares for those dearer to them than their own heart's blood, come to Upper Canada. If they possess well-regulated minds, and reasonable funds, I venture to assure them that they will never repent the step. It may be said that I am partial to tbe province, and I readily admit the fact. I liked it at first, and I feel satisfied that I shall continue to like it better the longer I know it. It wants what the mother cllSntry can well spare — capital and people. Let these con- tinue to flow in as they have done for two years past, and the wilderness will assume an aspect which can hardly be antici- . pated or described. Many well-meaning individuals at home regard this with jealousy and dread. X ^nng « ner, currier Ir k^e ^ ^''acksmitb, alioeniaker, tan- Ammm*," "vy^"""y "«» upon tne citiea and flea.i>artr«^ i"-?*. . «,d these cfe. already overcrowded, by th^^J "»»^^,i -! m* 1 t ■p 52 accession of foreigners from all .parts of the world— their prospects are generally blasted, and their soccess more un- certain than in their ovim country. Those who pass on to the western counties have not the same difficulties to en- counter ; but, as most of them suppose they are to be gentle-, men in America, they linger in the cities, and those of them who hare money, spend it, or get cheated out of it ; and you may think it strange, when J tell ydu, that six out of every seren, fail, and five out of that six defraud their creditcMV. Of course, this is not a state of things for an hotust man; and they have found that all the bankrupt laws they can maker are of no use, so they have abolished imprisonment for debt altogether. , Still, trade goes on swimmingly— ^people live well — increase and multiply — and when th^y have played a trick in One place, they move to another. I be- lieve this state of things to have arisen from the constant ac- cession of all theapare rogues from Europe, for the last 100, years ; but recollect that I speak more of foreigners, Scotch. Englkh, and Irish, &c. than of real Americans. I found Newjiyork was not a place for roe, so I tried land-surveying, but could make little at that, as th^re are more here than could get employment ; but, as I proceeded farther west, I found the country improve. So, from all the information I collated in my travels, I at last settled in this state, and have no reason to repent of my choice. This is a fine country, and room farther west for our children to push to. Many of th6 Americans have made two orthree moves west already,and they all confess that this is a far preferable soil and climate to the eastern states. I shall repeat the reniark of an Ame- rican patson here '"* that it was as well for us that America was peopled at the wrong end first," — that is* their ancestors had to encounter a thickly wooded .country, which tkkes a man nearlv a life time before he gets things to look comfort- ably, but here a man may clear up a farm in 3 years, to have all the appearance of one settled for 100 yeairs. This country only began to be settled 7 or 8 years ago, and this part of it from 1 to 3 yearn. There are many counties qf 86 miles square, without a single inhabitant. A part of the Land betwixt this and Michigan Lake was only sold a few montb a^agOf aad^ pwt^ aftboitgh I had no idea it would take place so soon. As to advising any person to Come here, I do not think it would be ri^t ; per- haps they Would- not see thinga as 1 do^ nor feel as I feel. Iwejild lay it down as a general hile, that if you are well and doing well, stop where yon are—if you are unhappy, ud see no prospect of bettering your cireumstances in the 0« ^TorW; why, try the JV«p. CHARACTBR OF THE INHABITANTS OF UPPER CANADA. Thb nujority of the inhabitants "^of Upper Cuan^ are •migruta from the United Kingdom, who have e^iw^ inth them the habits, cMtoms, and mumers of the phwes hi wJiieh ^J^ hrooght up ; but to this pnfviMcikt^ tlM woMt of I I •^ . « 4! I i.'1 ;: llie lawa of their ows «Mptry, orto^beattfae nnwuy.'*' . \ > .*^" .^4 Whaterer wan^ of principle and moral character faai beeq laid to the^arge of the inhabitants of Upper Cai^da, inelnd' ing the litigious sfrtrit of the people, and the mortTfrequeiit occurrence of crime than in the lower and maritime\Goloniea» eay be attributed chiefly to the pollution carried aldig by e majority of those who enter the {Hrovince ftom the IJnited States; and, p&rtly, by the contaminyion disseipinatea^m the equally unprincipled, but not sn^ expert ^roguea, Wha are mingled with, those who emigrate from the tjnited KU dom to Canada, No, doubt the United States receive, a&d are equally curst with a great proportion of the latter, as weii as with a great portion of those, whose crimes and viceftV drive them direct to the United States from Great Britain and Ireland. It is, however, unjust to stamp the general character of -the inhabitants, eitj^er of the British colonies or United States, with the immoralities and crimes of those whose wickedness makes them uotorions ; yet travellers have indulged too fre- quently in doing so ; and erroneous impressions respecting the inhabitants of North America, are consequently cherished in the United Kingdom. , The lumberers and rafltsmen, whose characters have been subjected to so much, and frequently just abuse, were some time ago nearly all Americans : or if there wei« those among them who were not, and whose moral character was bad, it was much better for the province that they mixed with the lumberers, than that they should have remained among the farmen. Those now principally engaged cutting timber in the woods, are the resident inhabitants who ind useful em- ployment in the forest, when they have no other occupation ; and mAr conduct is generally as correct as if Aey lived in anypart of England. The Americans who navigate the Durham boats, are very different from the Canadian boatmen, who man the batteaux. The former are generally tall, hink fellows, seldom without an immense quid of tobacco in their mouths ; grave*temperu ed schemers, yet vulgar, and seldom cheerful, « grinning horribly" when they venture an attempt to laugh. The Canadiaii boatman, or voyageur, is naturally polity, «Pd always cheerfal ; fond enough of money when ia ^oncA poMesses it, but altogether inacquainted with overreaching ^ ;i£^22s:s: 66 tnd if heattempte to cheat be knows not how. H» gion MDokee, and eiyoys whatever cornea in his way, thankinir " hi bon Dien, la Vieigo et les Saiuta" for every thin*, m l^UST" °*"^ '''"^ ''*'""^'' "P''*' "^^^ •" J •''o5. in the TIT *''*y "''^^** '• l?"^' "*^*'' fwetendiog to question their leader or bonrgeois, fearlessly expose themsJlves to the F««t«t hardships, and the most frightful dangem. When «Dging their celebrated boat-songs, two usually begin, two others response, and then al| join in full choruT These aongs make them foi^get their labour, and enliven their lonir and perilous voyag^. Nothing can be more imposing than I x^^J'L^^' ^'"^ Jf^yoy^euTH all singing "cheerily." while paddlmg over the bosom of a lake, or along the sylin shores of the St. Lawrence, or Uttawa. « -yivan The nmmant of the Ipdian tribes scattered over the Cana- das, and over tbe* maritime colonies, exhibit a state of de- plorable wretchedness, which claims the consideration, not T««.?*fc f ♦r^T*^*'^?' "^ every reflecting individual, lo say that the Indians are incapable of civilization wouW be A M^A """^T ^"^ »»»8urditv that was ever uttered. ANorth American Indian, except x^n maddened or stnpi. 5^!fiL **"• " '"*'^°'=«J ^y Europeans, is the m^t digmfied peraon in the world. He is never awkward, never abashed, nor ever ill bred, or intrusive. The grave, dignified toatuni yet, whe|i occasion requires, eloquent, gentleman of W^ .n kT ^J'^^P^^lyj^'V^d by Europ^ns, and deprived of his fine country, the forests of which once aflFord- edhuD abundant game, and' in the rivera of which he alone fished, rather than submit to tl^ degradation of working for while he beholds the melting away of bis tribe amid5 the encroachments of Europeans. All the attempts to amello- njte, or, to speak more properly, to raise the condition of die f^T*-^ r** ''^^^ '? indisputably his right, are uselew and futile, unless we convince him that he is respected. The schools which we have pretended to establish, the religion winch we have endeavoured to teach, have not, let w^U meaning and zealous missionaries state or write what tbev p lewe. b ee n as y e t o f the sm aU es t uti Kt^ The^nM n mug ^ have the place to which he has a right in the society of man. i 36 kind, and b« mast believe tbtt i^e ia raqjected m • mao, before he will embrace civilint[ion> or adopt those luefnl aits, which are necessary to obtain the comforts of life, or to pro- ,mote the happiness of a race, who, from the encroachm«nts of Enropeans, cease to be a nation of hunters. "' 'THE LAKB8. (From the tame.) Lakb Ontario.— Lake Ontario opens into fiiH tww immediately above Kingston, and unfolds^ not the appearance we associate with a fresh water lake, oat of which a great stream, issues, but a vast rolling oceto, receiving the waters of many rivers. It is about 180 miles long, 40 to 50 broad, 60 to nearly 600 feet deep, and 222 feet above the tide level of the oceui. It is navigated by sloops, schooners, and steam- boats ; and the sea is frequently so rough, that steam-boats of common size were at first nbt considered mto traverse iu watera with comfort or safety. , Lake J^Irie.— Lake Erie is 270 miles long, and from 30 to 66 miles broad. It is jhallow, when compared to the other great lakes, being only from 60 to 70 feet average depth ; and its waters, from this circumstance, are frequently > rough and dangerous. Schooners, idoops, a few steamera, batteaux, and Duriiapi boats navigate tlus lake. The Ame- ricans have the finest Vessels; some of their schooners resemble the Baltimore elippere. Chippawa, on the British aide, at the mouth of the Welland, is the entrepot for goods sent to, or received from, the upper country. The goods discharged or laden at this place will be much diminished in quantity, in consequence of the Welland Canal now obviating the neoes- sity of land carriage, as formeriy, between Queenston and Chippawa. Lake Erie is said to be filling up with deposits, eaixied down by the rivers, at the mouths of which deltas are evi- dently increasing. Through the River Detroit, it receives apparently the surplus waters of Lakea St. Clair, H«n», Michigan, and Sup e r ior. •■ — ^— ; ==^- J iOM^ m^. ■o- J m ce at n d, el to n le ;• le le >r a n k d ^ ■ 57 ■ Lakb St. CtAiR.— Uke Sl Clur ia aboat thirty mUiM long, and nearljr the Bam* braadth, and ito shores as yet not well settled. It receives several rurera,- the priocipal of which, named die Thames, winds for more than a hundred mdes from the north-east ; and on ito banks, settbmento and embryo towns are growing. It has ito Chatham, London, end Oxford; and certoinly the situation of the Canadian X^ndon 18 moch better adapted for the capital of the province than York. Lake Supbrior.— Lake Superior is 480 miles long, 420 broad, and 900 feet deep. The southern, and the most valuable part of the north-west coaste, belong to the Ameri- «uw. The northern shores, as far aii we know, are wild, barren, and rugged, anji only known to those who have been en^ed m the %,ti^e. But from the information obtain- ed from thenjHlie whole country between this great lake and. Hudson^ay, and from thence north and west from Lake Ath^p^ to the Arctic regions, is of little value, except for the furs of the wild animals, or the fish that may be 4Wight in the rivers. ' Lake SiMcoE.~The lands round Lake Simcoe are con- eidered excellent, aitd some spot near it has been cdnsidered tar preferable to Kingston for the seat of government. This lake is 40 miles long, twelve broad, and throws ^ Ito surplus watera by the River Severn, into Gloucester Bay, Lake Huron. Roads also lead from York to the River Nottowasaga, which falls into Lake Huron, and to Burling- ton Bay. Settlemente are forming along all these roads. Lake Huron — Lake Huron is 2S0 miles long, 120 broad, and 860 feet deep, without comprehending a britnch of It called Georgia Bay, which is 120 miles long, and Hfty miles broad. Near the head of the latter, at Pentagushine. there is a small naval depot. ' , A Word to intending emigrants^ CFrom Chambets Journal, March 22rf, 1834. J ' " "Irb, interest we have uniformly token in the «nbject.a £ em i ' 11 gration, and onr numerous papers descriptive of conutries b3 /^ W? S tt- 58 V raited for the aettlemeot of pneons ioclined to remore to ■eenes better fitted to reward timr ezwtiooa tban the place of their birth, hare, we are glad to say, tamed the. attention of many thoosands of individuak to thia mode of improring dieir condition, and indaced not a few familiea to emigrate within the period of the last twelve months. This, it will be per- . ceived, is afarourite Mibject with us. We know of the de> plorably hopeless prospects of innameraUe fiunilies in this country; We know that nothing can or will occur jn the n»- tural order of things, to rclievs them of their embarrassments ; we know that eren with the advantages giren by capital, it now requires an enormous degree of skill — an immense deal of calculation, and finesNug, and struggling, and striidng, t* make anything beyond a humble submstence in most branches of trade or^commerce ; and we also know, that in very many instances, the more children there fire in afomily, the greater is the curse, instead of the blessing, to the parents. Now^ all this, we know, originates in the peculiar circumstances in which society is plae^ in this coniatry ; and as it is entirely beyond a possibility that any degree of patience, or theorising^ or grumbling, will ever eflfect a remedy, it therefore, in bur opinion, behoves every man, whose condition or prospects require it. to remove to on»of those countries calculated .to\ i^ord hiin a large and liberal return for the degree of ezer- . tion he puts forth. If, for instance, a married m^ in Great BfitatH or Ireland can, by ten or eleven hours of hard labour, barely procure r comfortable subsistence, comfortable cloth- ing, and comfortable lodgTdgfibir himself, his wife, and family, and, by similar labour for only sevigfn^ir eight hours a day in Canada, procure double the amount oC.Mt these comforts, then, the man, by staying here, is either blind t9 his own advantage, or so stupid that he hardly deserves to be piti^* ^i As for the pain of removing, or the trouble of the voyage, in proceeding to the better land, that we do not consider worthy of a moment's consideration. However abstractly amiable the love of the place of ow nativity may be, it is an idea which, to a certainty, creates hordes of paupers, and ought therefore to be put aside by ^men of rational under- standings. Wherever an active-minded man can earn an *Jyrt>e st and a comfortable subsistence, that is the c ountry ha " riionld love, aad^hitheir be shbuld^moiipoft himseB^ "" : own nan t^r ri. 59 ^ '"^-x. Dore to place of Qtion of ogdieir i witUn be p«r- the de> in this the nar iQionts ; ^tal, it ^dedof ring, to ranches jr many greater iow4 all nces in entirely orising^ in OUT twpects Bted'to\ f exer- I Great labonr, cloth- fiunily, day in >mfort«, liflown pitie2f» ^« royage, ansider itractly t is an rs, and nnder- am an try ho Wo hare been led to make theee obMnrationa from hknni recently recewjd a nnmber of letten from emiirranta virbo f^S^t? '" ^r' ^■"'*'' •" deacriptiveSXcTm!, fort, of their new homes, and of their gratification in having taken the important Btep of removal. They in genanJ, how- !I!1?^ "°* """^ *!!f/'^*' ^'^^ ^l"' *'"'P«"* mnsrneilher expect to see a beautiful country—according to our home nojions of boanty—nor expect to succeed without consider* able hbour, and the exercise of no small degree of patience and hnmUity. Among others who have emigrated to Ame- rica, from «nr representations, we hare learned that one in- Arjiual, who had proceeded from Edinburgh to Canada, had •peedily lefi it in a state of horror: he had expected to see a pawdise. and he saw nothing but dense forests of trees ; be had imagined he would find no difficulty in commencing the business of a farmia-. and the first day he was sickened with the toil. We are^orry to think that such foolish viaiopary sf^emers should e^er resolve on trying to exchange a life erf comparative ease/ want, and refined indolence, in this countrvy for a life of labour in the backwoods. We have never dis* gmsed the truth in this mattei^. We have again and asain waraed our readers that nobody should emigrate with a^w to farming, but persons who can and will work with their own hands, and will not hesitate to cast their coats when they take up an axe or a spade, and will, in real earnest, set their hearts to all kinds of labour, such as killing their own meat, thatching or repairing their own houses, wheeling their own giwn to a mill in a wheelbarrow, or carrying it a few mile, on their back-«id, even, at a pinch, sweeping their ownchimmes. If a man can do all this, should nwessity require it, then he may emigrate; but if he cannot tor will not, then he had better sU^fat honde, and take his chance of ttawmg^ or falling into a poor condition. We would not. by any means, wythatnobody but those accustomed to country labour should emigrat*. We ha*i known gentlemen, who hjrdly ever did any liianual labour all their Hm, ST JS •ettlenitbanpeasa^; because their mind, ^ere more alert, better eduouted, ^d less prejudiced in favour of old ways ofdomg tbmgs. An example of this kind ba. jn.t be^ J wmght u nder imr no ti c e, hy aJ et t e r-^ i rit t eB byjumtlp.^ man who em%rated to Upper Canada in July ImTho rr 60 iiad been a naval officer, and accustomed to a reflned mode of living ; but that does not seem to have at all cimmped his energies. The letter is written t% " ** ..■;'.*;4'.-- 1 i;v- ^^ 61 r wfaidi will Mpi^y ny boawlMld with all the M^edfitl io the way of plchi prodace, and aotaething over for tn« mariul. 0«r nesreat regular vent for agricnltaral produce ia abovt |w«Dty-live miles off, aad that certainly ia no small dutanoe on oar horrid cordaroy roads ; bat we hope in no long tiflie to overcome the difficalty of tranaport, as'it is in contemplatiim to carry a railroad thnnigh this part of the country to the bead of Laka Ontario. We Wj^tting a very respect- •hLi nj>ioi>kAn.k^vr.^ ^.^^..A ..- iiUHiiT — 1 ^j^ that score parti* the locality I have officers, old ship- ffi^ boUi army and ir as. My fiieod a oiile and a half of I able neighboorbood around I cnhu'ly I consider myself ; oboseo to settle in. I foan mates, and friends of my o< I navy tnen, with tbeir families, Captain has bnilt a charts .- -««„«. odiere I intend my own ntensioii io . stand, «pd tbia I feel traly a blessing and comfort in prospect for us. The cborch will be ready for service next snmmer, and mir minister is to be a Cambridge man, of whom I hear an ezoellen( character. I had the pleaaofe of meeting Mr. Adam Feif;as(m in Yoric, ^ few weeks ago ; be has made a lai^ purchase on the Gland. River, about thirty-five miles from us, which, however, is no jlDipracticable travelling distance daring winter in the slei^- ii^ iime. If any of your acquaintances resdly intend coming ^hither, the sooner they take this important step the better; ^^ot land is rising in value so rapidly, particularly in good situations, that a year or two mote will naake a serious differr ence in the purchase-money. Much do I regret that I did not come here a few years ago, for I should nave be|[k^lce the man of substance that I can be by the.same aS^pl of capital now. You will understand this when I say^T^the price of crown lands has risen, within the last year or two, from 58. to 128. and 15s. per acre; ' t aln at present busy deming mj^ land, at which vigorous work I labopr with my men fr«xil morning fill^gbt. The snow is on thegronn^ and the air.pretty sfai^qyts yon may suppose ; but tbe,.ezer- cise of chopping is such &ie warm Work, that in five-rainatea we.airbave oAr coats off.r I ipi living at the li^hoase whidi was on the first farm I bought,* along with my nephew and two men 1 have hired ;, so that we make a respectable force #ben we sally otft in. the mornings to attack the woods. We ^ nolaekrof vwM animak abont ai^ iwb^ wli^rai« « fev~~ ) ■\rt 6€ 'A bears, deer, racoon«, squirrels, partridges, &c., but so wfaollv engrossed am I with my labours, that, with three guns, I bare not fired a shot since I landed. The wolves are no way troublesoine. We get the finest venison for twopence- i pound, and good beef for threepence ; but of all table dain- ties, commend me to a roasted racoon. When we first heard of the dish, we thought it could be no better than a jolly tom-cat, but one mouthful convinced us of our mistake, and thfen a racoon a-piece would scarcely have satisfied us.--I am, dear J—, your affectionate brother, J.^r- G " Our readers will be pleased to remark, that the gentle- roan who wntes the foregoing letter bad no idea that it would ever be printed, and bad therefore no object to serve in the representations he gives of his comfortable condition. We ^ delighted to hear of the well-doing of settlers of this hearty character- men who dash into their hew occupations in the woods with something like a proper degree ef enthu- siasm—men who do not care for aoiling their fingers or doff- ing theif coats like heroes— men who would be ashamed to sit down in their loghouse to pass the cheerless day in mop- ing over their dismal fate, or to lament the error they have committed and the delusions they have been under. It is these intrepid men who are entitled to win the world they are seeking. It is they who are laying the foundation of opulent families beyond the Atlantic, and it is they who will ^-deserve the thanks of succeeding generations. BIRDS OF CANADA. *(FromM'Gregor.) Wild pigeons pigrate north during summer, in flocks of in- credible numbers. They have fceen known to darken the sky for miles; we do not, howeverfmeet with them in the mantime colonies in such vast multitudes/althougfc very abun- dtnt in Upper Canada ; ajid^in parts of Lower Canada, they are astonishingly numerous, and very destructive to corn- fields. They have a beautiful blue plumage, tinged with shades of green, red, and gold, and a long tail. They are excellent eating, and their price in the Quebec and Montreal 63 - fi. Jtl? ff f ""^^^ " ,* '•"•«« ^«»y «f grouse. It is in feet the ruffed grouse. Its colour is beauUfulIy varil^^ ri i'T' "!?'*"'. '"** '*'**='^- ^»« handsome Jj,Th1Slt frZ i ""t ! ^'"•' f Pu'?"''j^ "^^'^ ^"h «rip^ of black Slf ™ff'^' ""/ T''"' = ^y ^"'^^ » l>eaotif Jl glly rich inT Ji '/pS;.iS^f;o7tr^.!?ir^^-^^^^^^^ sembliug distant thunder. wU it mLtVcCS 7ts" wings. Uhen doing so, it genertlly sits o, a fallenSrS pine or hemlock-tree, and it is probable th«t til Zf- produced by flapping its wings sS^^t '^Zt" T"''' " 1 he spruce partridge resembles the partridee of Fn«.«- more than the other; but its flesh i8\different?L,d if^S!^ pnncipallyonthebnincbesofspruce^r ****' «ClL' ?*'''"*'' u^P"'*"''^^* "■■« «"»'y ^J-ot; sometimes a whole bevy perch on a tree, and remain until shot n^fK^ one, apparently stultified by the fim fire The« «- ^ which prohibit the shoot nir or destrovini, noJtJ^i u . ' probably accidental. The common wild goose of a d«rlr greyish colour, with a large white spot un^r^ihe nec^t best known and most abundant; thi Canadian g^ oily of M^lr^ r"?"*"^ "P?*" '" ^'«°'"'» -bout the middle of March, and, after remaining fire or six week. n«w3 ♦ the north to breed, fj^ whe'nce Uiey ^'urT^ '^^S^ and leave for the south about the endV Novemff ^5 SHr f * *^i '^"'®5^' «> as to form a figure like tb^ two sides of a tnangle. They hatch their youngin the n«^Z aodmland p«t. of Newfoundhmd, on L l^^tTZ Iwlor. «»d the countrie. north of Canida, In .i«, tSj 64 common wild goose is larger than the domestic gooee, and many consider it finer eating. They are decoyed and shot in a ntriety of ways. They come forward towards the ^1, that resembles their note while flying. The Indians and otbers>.who conceal themselves within small honses made of ice, and who hare wooden decoys close by, in shape, coloar, and sise like these birds, bring them within half a gnn-'shot, by imitating their note, and often, at one shot, kiU several oat of a flock. TAXATION IN UPPER CANADA. (From the Montreal Weekly Attract — bth June, 1833.^ Cnltivated Land, . Uncultivated, .. Houses with flatted Logs,. Framed Houses under 2 Storeys,. .l-5th of 2 2 CURRENCY. S. d. ~~ 1 per Acr6. 1 » 6 iFramed, Brick or Stone Honses of 2 Store j^3 Flouring Mills, one run of Stones, Saw Mills, Merchant Shops and Storehouses, Horses, 3 years old and upwards,.. Milch Cows, ........~>. Young Cattle, under 4 years,. Cnrrioles atad Gigs, Wwgons kept for pleasure, . Tmm Assessments, when 12 8 16 1 1 11 6 4 8 8 4 3 1 8 3 collected, are pud into the District Treasury, and are applicable to local purposes, with- in the District for which they are levied. <— Camulum ROUTES TO UPPER CANADA FROM MONTRBAL. To emigrants proeeeding to the upper provinces from M(m» treal, it is of considerable cimsequence to determme whether i- 1 ife % 4 fj 65 ^0086, and and shot B the ^1, dians and I made of M, coloar, gnn-'shot, ill several f, 1833.; per Acr6. into the we, with- hnaditm whether Jey shall go Iqr the St. Lawrence, or by the Ottawa and Rideau Canal. The first has formidable rapids to be en- countered, and, although it is the most direct route, yet the passage into Lake Ontario is accomplished in much less tiiil by the second. At Montreal, the emigrant will hear very diSerent advice on this subj^t, probably oflered^by parties mterested in thefe two lines of communication ; but there is no doubt that the Rideau Qanal is now both the speediest MKi safest way to the^Lakes and their adjacent lands. The Rideau and Ottawa Steam-boat Company advertise to con- vey cabin passengers to Kingston at ^3, including provisions, and allowing 50 lbs. of luggage to each. Their steamers h^e also second cabins, and passengers are taken on deck at much lower rates. The following interesting eztr8i1| are from- the Montreal Herald of the 29th of May last, and ^1 give a little insight into the rivalship between the two companies. THE RIDEAU CANAL. It affords us the utmost gratification to state that this mag- nificent work is daily developing its usefulness and its supenonty over the river navigation. Sixteen cabin passen- gers, thirty deck passengers, and eight ifons of luggage, left Montreal on the afternoon of the 13th, and arnred a* King- ston on the afternoon of the 18th inst. on boi^ the steam- boat Enterprize, from Bytown, having in tow a Durban} boat, laden with passengers and luggbge. FHOM A CORHESPOMDEHT OF THE KlK&aHOV HERALD. *' Hurrah I The Rideau Canal for ever I I have just seen a gentleman who left Montreal in a DurhaA boat on Wednesday, and arrived here on Saturday night or Sunday mormng. The scene which he describes as having taken place at the point where the canal and river navigations sepa- rate, IS both amnsing and disgusting.— Some half-dozen clerks and other persons, apparently in the employment of the nver Forward Companies, got on boanl the reesela from / . which emigraote and bag^ge were to be forwar;ied, m used every kind of exaggeration to terrify passengem froB ^ commg by the canal-" that they would be swamped in th, mud, that their vessel* would have their bottoms stove in by the stumps, &c. &c, &c." However, all would not do. for by the canal they came. He also states, that a craft that could have brought, at the utmost, only eight tons by the nver, actually brought thirtt,.,it tons by the canal. The canal is in full operation— Hurrah V— Kingston Herald. ., , TO THE EPiioR OF THE MOKTBEAt HERALD. ;iii"'T.r^^'"®'jT''*^'y*^«"«*>"»"'«'»We discussions on the-t^pabil.ties of th^ different forwarding routes to Udmt Canada, namdy, by the St. Lawrence or front line, and by that of the Ottawa, via the Rideau Canal. Amongst the number two have made their appearance before the public, •*oneiathe^«»/^^rft;«.aW of the 22d instant, with the signature of " Fair Play," and another in the Montreal (gazette of the same date, with the signature of v4 A l^riend to. t air Competition," whose sole object", he pretends, is to correct misrepresentations. How modest ! Whether the former ,8 entitled to credit from his assumed name, or the ^Tatter fronri the honesty of his pretensions and the boldness of his assertions, I will leave the public to judge fi-om the fol- owmg facts :-Mr. ^« Fair Play" states, a barge belonging to the Ottawa Company took nine days to go to Kingston, and ten days to return ; and, with a view of showing his candour! he aaYs,<'tt ought, however, to b6 motioned, that she was detained some time in the locks for want of water;" there- by ingemously implying a doubt of the sufficiency of water in the canal: but let him not deceive himself with any flattering delusions; there is, and always will be, water enough in the Rideau. river for half a dozen such canals. ?ol ^J^t' ^M^'J"?'" *^^« «""''«d *«• l«ft Montreal on the J9th of April, with about twenty tons freight, and was the r u ! u ,««'"»« ;,.«" her arrival at Bytown, the first steam-boat had not arrived from Kingston, in consequence of which she was detained five days at Hog's Back, and with some other detensions, only arrived at Kingston on the 11th of May; which place she left again on thf 13th, and •mved at Bytown two hours after the departure of the ■.^v ■ ■Shannoii Btetmer, and wanagfairi detained two days, bat for the Editor to set himself right on that subiect • It has nothing to do with the capabilities of the Eideau route! His next Msertion is very bold, wherein he states, "It is IHWSible, Sw, that goods and passengers may hereafter be ttken to Kingston by the Rideau in five daya ; but I will venture the assertion that it has not yet been done." 1 think It 18 very probable that the writer knew that tii6 second , boat ^r Kingston only left Lachine on the I4th instant, and tbat the chances were fovonrable that no answer could yet be received in Montreal ; unfortunately, howev^, for the nriter's veracity of assertion, the boatmnved at Kingston on the 18th, four days from Lac^fiine^and tWIfelter containing the news of her arrival was in Montreal two days before the writer made 1118 debut before the public ; and I mafj^ also mention that the piiMengerB were highly pleased with thate^commodations : these are fiuU. And lean further inl^'She public, liid this " Friend to Fair Competition," that it is not only poSp We, but extremely proi>able. that freight and pit«engerii wM be. conveywl from Montreal to KjpgBton by the Rideau, I? L •!• ^^' '* ''^' "'"* *'•"" <*°* of *•" ; and than (reigbt will go cheaper and much safer, and steerage paMen- ge» as cheap and macb more cooBfortably, there can be but F 2- -y V ^ #, m- m-* ;•■ y »/ • • «ne opmion. o 68 |io that has travelled by the y are jijUpwed to MB . ^ aFaU- time^ leather! I \^l farther ComDasyli^ th« mi i\ •t.' "iflsi front Hip that ^IB not seen the^^poor jg^ot'^roagh the^ust or nod,. past 'Lawi%ice? whil%;^dn the R^ltfVoate get into the steaDi|h|i;it8, un .^ sheltered from. the s^l^ties of, give my opinion, #aVivhen tlid _ conmlement of^h«i§eft cdmpletq^ *^ " F%d t^sir Comp^ion," anJ&Se \ '^•^Pfil^tt^pll have prectical deraon8tt^tili||^c^ ^^>^ 'ideaa r«^1^; indeed*, frAn^nk^^^ftbi^l^efiii lat the shoe already {^n^eis/ I will ^ lityof showing to the public tbe'cK- rorwardiiig by the different .routes, and view of the charges onj^ight and pas- .by a little ariihrnetical . cajc^latioja (which Ike potoetoibn of every schavt-boy siB<^ 'f the master ttt|tf6n abroad,") the public will be enabl^^to judge' for themselves. I understand that the agent of «i^ Ottawa line intefids punishing, after* the lapse of % month or six weeks, the departure and arcival of all the boats up tA, that time. It is to be hoped that forwarders of the front linfeViH adopt the same plan, ao as to set the question of spe^ at rest, t» a few facts of that kbd will be wort^ a whole h^t of asser- tions or eVen opinions. ' • " - I am, Sir, your very obedient Servant, < 'A Friend to t^ Ottawa Line* MoNtSEAL, Afay 24, 1834. « »■ ■ Extracts of a Letter from a Settler in Kingtton, Upper Canada, dated 2%th September, 1882. In the following remarks, you are not to ttn giving advice— this I decline— but shall state known to me, correctly ; and y/our friend^ themselvM^lJ have no reason to regte: country iijU^pany have not been so ^ 69 kind Providence as Ihave. I would observe, in the fir^t place, that a Canadian farmer mnst work hard hftoself. He Bbonld, if possible, be able to do almost all his work with his own family. A farmer, let him be ev^r so good in Scot* Jand, has little advantage from his knowledge here. He has, as it were, to commence on a new system ; so that, an^ man accustomed to hard labour, will make as good a farmer as he will, be^&Qse both have to learn. The methods of farming here are entirely diflFereW from those practised in Britab. A fiirmer here has to work during the months of June, July, and Augus^ when the thermometer is at from 80 to 90 de- grees in (he shad? ; and m the months of December, January, and February, when it is 5 degrees below Zero, Fahrenheit's, scale. Wild land can be bottght from lOs. to 40s. per acre, accordmg to its quality and otb^r circumstances. A cleared farm of 200 acres, with a housed &c. would cost about one thousand pounds, within two or three miles of Kingston. Farmsi at a distance can be bougbt at much less perhaps than half. A farmer, to wofk his farm as I have descriKa, cannot, perhaps, make much money; but he mw increase his stock to a large amount. He can ha>e.ali the comforts aad necessaries of life, and be the most IMfependent man in the world. He has no rent— his toxes are a mere trifle- about 158. on a farm such as I have mentioned^ Young men generally dislike our mode of ferming— they itot being ac- ciwtoroed to plough round and round the roots of trees, and other circumstances of a similar kind, in Scotland. Canada has justly been called thft. " poor man's country."— A man with a small oapitU aBfl a family of industrious sons, can soon get mdependent. He will, perhaps, be subjected to 2 or 3 years hard labour, with but few comforts, but after- wards, he has httle or no difficulty. Should your brother include to try Canada, I shall be happy to be of any service to him. I have often been very sorry to see the false state- ments made regarding farming' J«m5. It is the work of in, terested land^d«^^Thyt|iigitte,that I have made, you may depend %ndnv4rd»w& i^#. ^ *. ^j; \!^ -& ■ste S^' «!«■ (>.fe ■ ■^ 70 -^ i ^ ■iir THE LAKE STEAM-BOATS, But a few short years havie passed away since a steam-boat first plied the great~i^and sea that borders the limits of our ' Stale ; %nd now scarcely a week passes but we hare some account of new boats add^d. to those already afloat oa -the waters of "Erie anit Ontario. Instead of a boat calling once every week, oT once in two weeks, at the ^reral harbours on the lakes, almost every little port has its steamer, and many of them of large dimensions, and some that, will vie with our most favoured boats of the Atlantic cities. It is but a short peri'od since the good " Old - Frontenac," was the only one on Lake Ontario ; and in ' the Upper^ Lake, the " Walk- in-the- Water," for a' con- siderable time,„only " walked the water" twice each month, from Buffalo to Detroit. Now, on each lake, there are regular daily lines i through, besides those that run directly from alntost every port ; and these, too, crowded with pas- sengers. — 'In a paper now before us, we observe that the United 'States, from Ogdensburgh for Niagara, touched at the month of the Genesee rivel*, a few days since, with one thousand passengers ; and a bOat left Buffalo last week so filled,' that some of the passengers had to take their stations y in the rigging. Since the last season, we find many boats addra to those fi operation last year. The Bceckville plies betwMQ^the held of the Long i^ault and Kingst^. connect- ing the mail route between the two provinces. We Oswego {recently stranded), was to run from Oswego to Rochester. The Constitution runs from the head of Lake Ontario (Ha- milton) to Toronto (York), thence keeping the British side to Cobonrg, vtaA theA crosses the lake to Rochester, a distance ^'of about eight miles. Captain Gilddrsleeve, the well known, and touch esteemed commander of the " Sir James Kempt" - has built another boat, called the *' Commodore Barrie," which is intended for the waters of the St. Lawrence. There will be upwards of thirty steam -boats on Lake Erie alone, dtiring the season, .besides those connected with them, and running' on Detroit river and Lake Michigi|nv A state- ment which we recently saw, says that the number of schoon- ers on Lake Erie is upwards of one ' hunflred ai^d fifty, and before the close of the season, #ill exceed two hundred. \ 18 b( ' but '0 >^S»: >>*' 1 Bteam-boat imits of our ' i hare some y afloat on boat calling the steveral )ort has its 8, and some the Atlantic good " Old . Etrio ; and in ' ' for a ' con- each month, e, there are ran directly d with pas- irve that the I touched at ice, with one ist week so their stations ^ I many boats »ckville plies ) Rochester, intario (Ha- British side er, a distance well known. mes Kempt," )rg Barrie," rence. m Lake Erie i with them, Hv \ A state- ter df schoon- ii^d 6fty, ftnd luadred. /^ conn^t- tfe Oswego 71 We had written thas far. when we received from a friend the arrangement for Lake Erie for the present season. The most expeditious boats hS^e been selected to run two dailj lines between Buffalo and Detrojt-one leaW«g each city .t 9 o clock m the tnorning, and the other at 9 o'clock in he evemng. calling, when the weather will perX it Dunkirk. Ene, Connaught, Ashtabula, Gwnd River, CW land. Black River, Huron, and Sandusky. A daily iL .« tl, ran between Buffalo and Dunkirk, and from Buflkla to Chippewa. Aft.er the 2d of June, a line will commence ranning between Detroit. Chicago, and St. Joseph'sTav^g Detroit and Chicago once a ^eek—NewYorkCo^rnercM Advertwr, May, 1834. .( ^vmmercxai MONEY MATTERS. In the Canadas, accounts are kept in Halifax currency wh ch IS of one-tenth less value at far tfian steriing^^ev' and about one-flfth less at the usual rate of LchZe' ^100 currency are equal te £90 steriing at par. Tnd S the usual premium of exchange, £110 currLcl^p S Jjual to £^0 sterling. iZ princlH^in inTfrLlZ^t he Spanish dollar of 5s. or rf crowS currency-, from Xh deducting one-tenth, gives 48. 6d. steriing. ThTsranish dollar or crown currency is divided into balfrnS' .reke?t in S^b ^o^, J^ ^.^^T^^^Zir^ The principal coin in circulation is also the same and dJdJS mto halfs, fourths, &c. as above. The | st" hnJ^ «t TJ • ^orth 4 dolla.. and 44^ cents, and at The exi^J oTl'o .percent. 4 dollars and 89 cents. At present the e^hlni^ • TheBritinh,] advertiBementt o£ '0 %% tmm^fvfm T±i 'W 'W ' ^'P 4" •• :} 1^^^. ■ ^7|^ If 70a are going West, yto be received. I For example — How nq|biy dollars and cents ar^equal to £10, at 3 per cent premium. j^ /By the table, 4 dollars and 58 cent8=:£l at 9 p«r cent. '"'^ [Therefore, 4 dollars and 58 cents, multiplied by 10=45 »4ollaii and 80 cents^ the answer. --..»,. — 1 ^, when you are o£Pered so many dollars and cents for die £ sterling, you see at a glance what rate per cent, of j>reminm yon are offiired. ^ — y *- "%■ i. ' C. £ 4 781=1 at^ per oeiit. 75l=H^ 7 „ Z7|=Ut 7i „ W =lat 8 „ 82i=l jfe, 8i ^„. ^ 84|=l1rt^" ' 86f =1 at 89 =latl0 91^=1 at 104 „ at par at 1 per cent. at 2 -ig," %« V, ChaUnen A Co. Frintan, AbirdMB. I ^**: '«>**?' nay likewiM or get 105 bfe found by reet ; among g a twtgain. Bid, and the veighr of it, I aometimes ng, to leave antborising d directing e following inltiply the r rpte of ex- Is Wished to [>e received, ^eqoal to percent, b^ 10=45 ents for the ofjiremium ^ per cefit >» » »» » X * \ v". v:'! \ ,«» .< ,-iii. f ♦■