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Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre filmAs A des taux de rAduction diff Arents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seul clichA. 11 est filmA A partir de I'angle supArieur gauche, de gauche A droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images nAcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mAthode. Tata o >elure, H 32X 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 '(\^k ruit 1 9 '■:%' A N E S S A Y WAYS ^»^ MEANS F O R Railing Money for the Support of thePrefentWAR, ^^. ( Price One Shilling. ) f f V -• r -J ... *" ' V K i 4 - _i^..'- :■*»«' «.-i,j.ifiiisj ■ -*in»^ ^^,y®3S*a4'-- V i ^. E S SA Y Jt. o N WAYS and MEANS ' I FOR RAISING M Y ONE For the SUPPORT of the PRESENT WAR, WITHOUT Increafmg the PUBLIC DEBTS. INSCRIBED To the Right Honourable George Lord Anfon^ Firft Lord Commissioner of the • AD MIRALtr, &c. By FRANCIS FAUQUIER. The SECOND EDITION. LONDON: Printed for M. Cooper, in Pater-noJler-Row : And fold by H. Whitridge, at the Royal- Exchange; R. Withy and J. Ryal, in Fleet -Jireet; J. JoL- LiFFE, in St Jameii-Jlreety and B. Tqvey, in IVtJimityier' Hall. 1756. ^ J 2t-f>f I .»f } » f f \1 I ■ lVlcMAST£«UJNIVL::FC.:irY LIBRARY X ADVERTISEMENT T O T H E READER. THE following Effay was written fome Months fince, when a French War feemed un- avoidable. The Miniftry, by the Plan they laid down to themfelves, and their Oeconomy, have not d^^ manded fo great a Loan as tlie Calculations in this Eilay have fup- pofed ; and have certainly bor- rowed ADVERTISEMENT. rowed it on very good Terms, confidering the prefent Situation of AfFairs. If no great Deficiencies come hereafter to be made good, the Author will rejoice as much as any Man living at his Error. But, as his Eflimate fuppofes all Deficiencies made good, and the Accounts clofed; and as his Rea- foning is not at all alFeded by the particular Sums borrowed ; he chofe to publifli it as it was firft written ; it being very eafy for the Reader to add or diminifh (as in the prefent Cafe) either in the ac- cumulating Debt, or in the Me- thod i) ♦ m ADVERTISEMENT, thod propofed for raifing the Mo- ney, in Proportion to the yearly Demand of the Government, and the Rate of Intereft at. which fuch a Demand is raifed. i .:M i i A / / •l^r / TO THE Right Honourable George Lord Anforiy &c. &:c. &c. My Lord, TH E great Share Your Lordlhip's High Sta- tion gives You, in the Ma- nagement of the prefent War againft France :, and the univerfal Satisfaction the Public enjoy, from Your Conduct therein, will, I A make J.:. make no Doubt, induce them readily to agree with me, in the Propriety of my infcrib- ing this Eflay on the Means of fupporting and continuing this War, to Your Lordlhip j though it is not immediately in Your Department. But, my Lord, I have another Reafon, v/hich more particularly regards myfelf, for prefuming to addrefs Your Lordihip in this Man- ner. It was the Honour Your Lordlhip did me in attending .vt i I % i j I I ( Hi ) attending to a Converfation in which I expreffed my Sentiments on this Head, that firft gave me Encou- ragement to commit my Thoughts to Writing. So that Your Lordlhip has a Kind of parental and natu- ral Right to them. And, to conclude, I could not fo far oppofe my own Inclinations, as to omit any Opportunity of publick- ly declaring, that, with the greateft Admiration of the Vigilance, I li (iv) Vigilance, Vigour, Integrity, and Secrecy, with which Your Lordftiip purfues all Your Meafures for the De- fence of this Country, I have the Honour to be One^ My Lord, of Tour Lordship's Moji Obedient^ Devoted^ And Obliged Humble Servants^ tf »" I Francis Fauquier. ( ' ) A N ESSAY O N Ways and Means for raifing Money for the Support of the prefent WAR, &c. THE fubjeift Matter of the fol- lowing Eflliy, is, as I humbly conceive, of the utmofl: Iniport- ance to thefe Kingdoms ; and deferves, at leaft, the ferious Confideration of every Well-Wi(her to them. In offering my Thoughts upon it, I hope I fliall not lie under the Imputation, either of Imper- tinence or Self-fufF.ciency : The Duty cf every Citizen to contribute his Endeavours to extricate us in Times of Difficulty, (I (O will not fay Danger) will, I hope, fave me from the Firftj and when it fhall appear, that no one fingle Thought is, perhaps, my own, but (as I am ready to acknowledge) what has been faid by many before me, though not fufficiently at- tended to, I think I ought to (land ex- empted from the Laft. P\ Aj y Thofe who are at the Helm, want neither Courage nor Wifdom to protedl us : And the univerfal Content their Con- du(5t has given on this Occafion, with the Applaufe it has received, is a certain Proof that their Meafures are agreeable to the Senfe of the People j and a prefumptive one, at leaft, that they are right. For, however capricious the Voice of the People may be, right Meafures are more likely to be approved than wrong : And though the peflilential Breath of Fadtion may blaft them for a Day ; yet they will certainly appear in their true Light to Poflerity. We V ' if ^ (3 ) ih } We are engaging in a War^ not only jujl but necejfary ; abfolutely neceffary, to recover our undoubted Rights, from the Encroachments and Invafions of a People arrogant from their Power j a People whom no Treaties can bind, and who feem wantonly to make a Joke of public Faith, and place their Reafon in their Arms only. Louis the Fourteenth chofe for a Motto on his Cannon, Ultima Ratio Regum ; had he faid Fides, he would have given a true Portraiture of himfelf and his Minifters. h As the War is necejj'ary, Jo is it likely to be of fome Duration : For fince we have taken up Arms to defend our Pro- perty, often ceded to us by the moft folemn Treaties, we cannot in Honour or Prudence lay them down, 'till by (hewing our Strength in our American Colonies, and exerting it with Vigour, we convince the French that we are their B 2 Superiors Hi (4) Superiors there at leaft : And perhaps they may in Time fee, that the only Way for them to enjoy their own weak, though cxtenfive Settlements, is to leave us in the quiet Pofleflion of ours : And fo we may obtain that Security fiom their Fears, which we have often in vain attempted to obtain from their Jiiftice. ,\ ••' \ Ai the JViU' may he of fome con/iderahle Lefigth^ fo of courlc it muft he proportion- ahly expeufroe. The Meafure for going in- to it, feems to be the Meafure of the People, as much, and more fo, than any within my Memory. All Ranks, all Parties, Inha- bitants of the Cities, and Inhabitants of the Country, are unanimous in their Ap- probation of it ; and, as yet, appear to vie wiih each other in their Zeal to fup- port it. Since this is the Cafe, they ought not to murmur at the Expence : But they have a Right to have that Expence, which they muft bear, laid on them in a Man- ner as little burthenfome to them as the Nature \f (5) Nature of the Thing will admit; and then I d nor lioubc but they will bear it with Cheanulncls. If they fliould not, they will, la that Caff, be the lefs to be regarded j bccaulj they have but this Alternative, either to fit ftill and fee their Colonics wrefted out of their Hands, by a Nation, the conftant natural Enemy to this Country, or be at the Expence to defend them. As far, indeed, as one can poflibly judge, from the prefent Appear- ances, they wifely and bravely choofe the latter ; and they ought not to recede or re- pine, if all is done, that poflibly can be done, to make that Burthen fit eafy on their Shoulders which they muft ftand under. The Current Service of the Year, when we are engaged in a War, will not probably : come under 7,000,000 \ The J 'H^ (6) TheLandTax, at4J. will produce 2,000,000 The Malt — — 750,000 The Sinking Fund, to make an even Sum, we will call — 1,250,000 4,000,000 We will fuppofe that there will then remain to be raifed annually, during the War - - 3,000,000 The Means of raifing this Sum, fo as to be the leaft felt by the People, is the Ob- jea I have in View ; and will be the Sub- ject of this Pamphlet. Whatever Schemes may be offered, or in how many different Shapes foever they may appear, all Means of raifing thefe three Millions, muft ultimately refolve into one of thefe two Ways, viz, either to i 7 i (7) to raife it on the Subje6fs within the Tear, for the current Service thereof \ or elle to borrow it of them on the public Faith, and appropriate a Fund for the Payment of the Intereji at kaji. Now, to eredt fuch a Fund, it is neceiTary to impofe new Taxes adequate thereto. The laft has been the Method during King Wil- Ham's and Queen Anne's Wars, and the laft War with France and Spain, by which (all together) a Debt of about Fourfcore Millions is accumulated. Let us now fuppofe that the old Way of railing the Money is the beft ; and fee what our Circumftances will be at the End of the War, which, for Argument Sake, we will calculate to laft feven Years. If a fafe and lafting Peace can be fooner obtained, happy will it be for this Na- tion, and no Man will rejoice at it more than myfelf. * The /( ( 8) The Government will want three Mil- lions a Year -, and I much quedion whe- ther, confidering the Pra»5tices that now have been, and condantly are ufed upon thefe Occafions, they can borrow it, even this firft Year, under 3 | per cent, which muft gradually rife to 4/. or 4 4. Let us, at an Average, take it at 4/. J, Three Millions a Year, for feven Years, makes 21,000,000, which, at 4 /. per cent, per annum, will demand 840,000/. a Year to pay the Intereft only, and increafe our Debt to 101,000,000. Now I would ferioufly afk. Whether the Right Honourable the Board of Treafury are of Opinion that they can lay Taxes fufficient to produce 840,000 /. per annum, without entailing a grievous Burthen upon the Manufactures of this Kingdom ? (9) kingclom ? I (ay Manufadlures, and not Manufadturers, for Reafons that will here* after appear; I have mentioned PradliceS having teeil Ufed i for w^hich, perhaps, I may be ex- peded, and called upon, to give an Ac« count. To be beforehand then with thofe Wh6 may be offended at the Term ; I do de-* clare, that I think it impoflible, confider- ing our prefent Situation, there can, in a natural Way, be that real Difference in the Value of the Stocks, which there has of late appeared to be. It can be owing to nothing but a Belief that the Government Would want to boi-row Money the ap- proaching Seflions of Parliament : And the Lenders know their Intered well C enough (10) enough to be fenfible, that the only Me- thod they have to raife the Intereft on future Funds, is to lower the Prices of the prefent ; which are at a Aated Par- liamentary Interefl. The Lenders are Men I and as Men (however opulent, , rcfpedable, or important they may be) they will a(5t agreeably to their Interefl. In all piivate Tranfadions between Man and Man, the Lender takes Advan- tage of the Borrower ; and to fuppofe the Government can ever borrow Money, without it's being in fome Meafure a Jobb to the Lenders, is an Utopian Scheme; (which an eminent Man, of the prefent . Age, feems to have fallen into.) Now that Man appears to me to be the beft Minifter for this Country, who contrives to make it the lead of a Jobb that is poffible. But whoever I (II ) whoever Is (o weak as to attempt to make it none at all, will, if he lives long enough, mod certainly repent it ; unlefs he could be well afTured, it would be the lad Loan he (hould ever have Occalion forj as any Failure will undoubtedly create future Difficulties, , . ,^ I I Without pretending to the Spirit of Prophecy, I will take upon me to pro- nounce, that, though our Operations in War (hould be attended with ill Succefs j yet, let the Public have ftrong Affurances and Convidtion that the Miniftry will not want a Loan ; the Stocks will creep qp, in Spite of all that can be done to keep them down. I beg Pardon for this Digreflion, which I thought neceflary, and at the fame Time C 2 pertinent 1 y ' ( ») pertinent to the chief End of thefe I^e« (ledtions. To pay the Injerefl: of this Debt of 80,000,000, the Parliament have, from Time to Time, laid Taxes ; which, from the Reduction of Intereft (ince, produce inore than is at prefent demanded from them. This Overplus is brought to Ac- count, and is now called the Sinking Fund ; the favourite Child of a late Great Minifter, and now defervedly become the Parling of the People. It is not unlikely I may be told, there is no Neceffity for laying new Taxes, we will mortgage this Sinking Fund, for the Payment of the Intereft of the future Loans. If this Me- thod fliall be taken, the Sinking Fund wilf t>e yearly diminiflied, and fo in Time not come in Aid of the Current Ser? vice^ !/ ./ ( '3) vice, which I have fuppofed it to do, and inore mud necefTarily be raifed to fupply It's Place, ^elides, it is an unpopular Scheme, that would, with Difficulty, be complied with, as it ' would leave a Debt of at lead 101,000,000, with little or no Prqfped of it's being redeemed in the prefent Sydem. \\il ( !/ Thus I have fet afide the Scheme of mortgaging the Sinking Fund, as an un- likely and impolitic one ; as it will entail a vaft Debt on Pofterity, and at the fame Time take away the mod efFedtual Means of redeeming it. The only Method then left to pay the Intered on any future Loan, mud be, the laying fome new Puties, fufficient for the Pprpofe. Wc s (14) , We have fuppofed three Millions the Sum necefTary to be annually raifed, in Cafe of a War with France. If this can be borrowed at 3 /. per cent, it will want a Fund that will produce 90,000/. per gnnum, to pay the Interefl; ^f at 4/. 120,000/. Let us, for the Sake of round Numbers, eflimate it at 100,000/. a Year, and this for the iirft Year only. (4' I have heard (how true my Informa- tion may be, I know not) that the Mi- niftry were at a Lofs to know, on what they ftiould lay a new Tax, at the End of the laft War, I have fuppofed the War, we are now entering into, may laft fevcn Years : No very unreafonable Sup- pofition, I prefume ; if we confider the Puration of the late Wars with France, Efpecially « \' I ik ( '5) Efpecially if we include the winding up^ of Bottoms after a Peace. Money will become dearer, and a higher Rate of In- tered mud be paid for it yearly. If it is now, in Reality, difficult to find Funds for the Payment of 100,000/, what mufl be the Cafe at the Expiration of the War j when we fhall be left with a Debt of more than One Hundred Mil- lions entailed on our Defcendants ; who may, nay certainly will, have Rights of their own to protedl and preferve. What then muft we do ? Muft we tamely fit flill, and fubmit to the Encroachments of any perfidious Neighbour, for want of Power to oppofe them ? God forbid. We are not in fo miferable a Condition ; we are a rich and powerful People, and have the Means in our Hands to curb fuch Neighbours, ' \i lii I' (16) Neighbours, and continue the War tot this, or a longer Term, without being maimed at the End, however we tti^f (mart during the Operation i ■* n '•:\ It (hall be my Bufinefs to (hew thefe Means $ for I (hould efteem myfelf a very bad Member of the Community, if I fhould expofe the Difficulties we are inj and not at the fame Time point out a Way, which to me appears pradicable, how we might fupport this War with Vigour^ and remain in our prefent Strength at the End of it *, and which will not be fo burthenfome to the Na** tion, as the contracting new Debts. Before I proceed, I beg Leave to lay down this Truth, as a Maxim not to be departed ( 17) departed from : The Poor do mt^ never have, nor ever pojftbly can^ pay any Tax whatever. A Man that has nothing, can pay no- thing i let Governments try what Expe- dients they plcafe to force them to it. He that works for his Living, will, and muft live by his Labour. This is univer- fally true in all Countries, at all Times j and equally fo, whether Provifions are dear or cheap. I have heard, that in India a Man can live for one Penny a Day J this then will be nearly the Price of Labour in that Country. If by Taxes, or Dearth, or any other Caufe, the common NecefTaries of Life become fo dear, that a Labourer cannot live at the ufual Wages; ihe Price of Labour muft, and in Fad a(5tually does, D rife ifi ;' , i! ( i8) rife in Proportion thereto at Icaft, gene- rally much more. If the Price of Labour in any Country is fo great, that the poor Labourer, by working Part of the Week, can maintain himfelf and Family the whole Week; it is an Evil to that Country, which requires the ftrideft Attention of the Magiftrates ; or, if too much for them, of the Legiflature, by all poffible Means to prevent. For every Day's Lofs of Labour, is an adual Lofs to the Public. And any Laws which encourage this Idlenefs of the People, ought to be immediately repealed, as Toon as the Malady is found out. Of this Sort, I apprehend, are the Laws now in Force for the Settlement and Provifion ( '9) Provifion of the Poor : Which have al- ways appeared to me to operate in many and various Ways, towards the enervating and impairing our Strength ; and which feem to require an effedual, and a fpeedy Remedy. If Taxes are laid on Labour meerly, or on fuch Articles as the meaned La- bourer muft want and ufe, he will ftill live, and his Wages muft be raifed. If on the Manufacturers, or Venders of Goods, they will raife the Prices of the Commodities they refpedlively deal in, fufficient not only to pay the Tax, but to make them full amends for the Money they dilburfe for the Payment of it, and then always make a third Addition, to bring the Price to a round or even Sum, D 2 So 1 I r- I ' t /" .h i. 1 ^' ( 20) So that the whole Tax, and much more, is ultimately paid by the Confumcrj that is, by the Man of Fortune who lives on his Income : And this, even in thofe Taxes which are faid moftly to affedt the Poor, and which they feem, at firft Sight, to pay out of their own Pockets. And here, (as it appears to mc,) feems to lie the Art of impofing Taxes. For, fince the Con Turner pays the whole, it is clear, whatever Manufadures you tax, while our Goods find a ready Vent at foreign Markets, fo far as Foreigners are Con- fumers, fo far they pay that Tax for us : But if by Taxes being laid, either on the Materials, or the Labour, or the Ne- cefliiries the Manufadurer wants, the Price of the Com mod 'ty is fo raifed, that other Nations can und?rfell us > then it becomes ferioufly V ! ^ik«w| •^^w^*^ •«**«• (21 ) fcrioully the Bufinefs of the Legiflaturc to confider how they can remedy this, by leffening, or totally abolifliing, particular Taxes. But here arifes a great Difficuhy, which all Minifters neceffarily labour under. It cannot be prefumed, (if you confider ci- ther their different Education, or the ma- ny various Occupations they are obliged to attend to,) that they can be Mafters of this, and fufficiently know the fluctuating State of foreign Markets: And thofc whom they confult, and really are ap- prized of it, I fear, confider Trade, not as a national Concern, but merely as the Point in Queflion affeds the particular Branch they are engaged in ; and fo give Counfcls, i ii f S»--fc if (22) Counfels, Good or Bad, jud as it fuiti their own private Intered. Since then the Confumer pays the Vfbole of the Tax^ it muft be equal to bim, (when be maturely weighs it) how^ or on what it is laid. All that really con- cerns bim is, that he Jhould pay as little as the Exigencies of the State will admit of-, and that the whole of what he does pay, Jhould, if poj/ible, go clear of all De- duSiions into the Exchequer, to anfwer the Turpofesfor which it was levied. i |i, • The Method which occurs to me on this Occaiion, and which has met with the Approbation of all fober-minded confiderate Men, whom I have confulted upon this Head^ is not a Scheme of my own; % ;i t k '«->.♦ • J» (23) own ; but has been fome Time publifhed, under the Title of, ** Serious Conjideratiom ** on the fever al High Duties which the •* Nation in general {as well as it*s Trade " in particular) labours under: With a ** Propofal to raife the IVbole by one Jingle " Taxr This Pamphlet is now univerfally ac- knowledged to have been written by th« late Sir Matthew Decker^ Bart, a Man long verfed in Bulinefs, intimately acquainted with, and frequently confulted by, Mi- nifters on the Subjedt of the public Re- venues, and confequently Mafler of the Subjedt of which he treated. Sir Mat" thew goes farther than I propofc. He is for abolifhing all Taxes, and raifing the whole, for the Current Service, for ' J I.I ( H) for the Payment of all Interefl on the Loans, and for the Purpofe of the Sink- ing Fund, by one fingle Tax on Houfes only. His Plan being fo exteniive, and his Attempt fo great, was neither fo well attended to, nor met with fo much Succefs as it feems to merit : The more particu- larly, perhaps, for this Reafon, that it un- hinged the whole prefent Syftem of the Revenues, and difcarded the numerous Train of Officers employed in colledting them (though indeed he provided for the prefent Set during their Lives). i I i However, I rejoice at his having pub- lished it : For I cannot but conHder it as a fure and fafe Retreat in Times of Diflrefs, if fuch fhould hereafter hap- pen. It is a Back- Door, by which we may // (2J) may furcly favc ourfclves when our Houfe is on Fire ; if we do not imprudently ftay 'till the SubflanCe of the Fabric is con- fumed. Though I would by no Means recom- mend the taking in his whole Plan, in thefe critical Times (as it may occadon a Confufion which we ought mod certainly to avoid) i yet I lee no Reafon why it may not, in Part, be applied in our prcfent Exigencies. Dr D*Avenanty fo long ago as towards the End of King William^ Reign, com- putes the Houfes in this Kingdom to be about 1,300,000, Sir Matthew Decker eftimates them but at 1,200,000. Of thefc he fuppofes \ (a very large Allowance E fur civ) \\ £ m. ( 2*) furely) not taxable. There then remain 600,000 Houfes, on which three Millions are to be annually raifed during the War $ which Tax at the Expiration thereof is in- tirely to ceafe : 5 /. per Houfe, at an Ave- rage, raifes this Sum. I cannot help thinking the allowing half, as untaxable towards the Support of the War, is much too large an Al- lowance : Therefore, I would propofe to take 400,000 only, as the Habi- tations of Paupers not able to pay any Thing, and for empty Houfes, and then would humbly offer the following Scheme; which, (if thought not an equitable Didribution, by thofe whofe Si- tuation, Capacity, or Employment, may procure them better Information, and confequently « ( 27) confequently better Reafons for an Al- teration, than my Conjedtures furnifli mc with) may be varied as Occafion re- quires. ' : Perfons of very moderate Fertunes may furely pay Five Shillings a Year, without Hurt to themfelves or Families. Let us then thus (late it : n r, E 2 200,000 1 (28) I I i «oo,ooo • at 5 J. 150,000 - - 10 100,000 - . i/. 100,000 - 2 100,000 - - 5 60,000 - - 10 40,000 - - 15 30,000 - - 20 10,000 - - ^5 15,000 - - 30 2,000 - 40 800,000 50,000 75,000 100,000 200,000 500,000 600,000 600,000 600,000 250,000 240,000 80,000 3,295,000 Thus there are 3,000,000 raifed, with an Overplus of 295,000 /. for Deficiencies, and the Charge of Colledting ; which, I think. S ' (89) think, may be done on very cafy Terms. The prefent CoUeftors of the Land-Tar and Window-Tax, or the prefent Officers of the Excife, (as it would be but a fmall additional Trouble to them in their re- fpedtive Walks) would, either of them, as I apprehend, be glad of the Jobb at 2^. in the Pound for fuch additional Trouble. The Nuiiiber of Houfes in this King- dom, with the Circumilances of the In- habitants, is, I conceive, already in ge- neral known to the Government : For this, I apprehend, mufl be the Cafe in all polilhed Countries and regulated Govern- ments. But if the Knowledge they arc at prefent pofTefled of is not accurate enough for the intended Purpofe, it is eafily 11 ^) (30) cafily come at ; cither by the Parifli Offi- cers in each refpedtive Parifh, or by the Collectors of the Window-Tax, or by the Supervifors of the Excife, or (which is beft of all) by all three feparately, as they will then become Checks to each other. To thefe may be added, if it fhall be found abfolutely necefTary, and not other- wife, (for X am far from defiring to mul- tiply Officers) Riding Infpedlors for cer- tain large Diflridls. This Method might alfo become very ufeful towards the Improvement of the Revenue on the Window-Tax j which, it is confidently faid without Doors, pro- duces little more than the additional 2 5. \ (31 ) per Houfe would have done, if carefully coUeded. What Truth there is in fuch Obfcrvations, I do not know. And if on this, or any other Occafion, I have pro- pagated Falftioods, I fincerely alk Pardon of all concerned. In my private Station, I have not the Opportunity of getting at Materials to afcertain Truth. This I know, I mean not to ofFend any Body ; And I only mention fuch Things, from the Warmth of my AfFedion to this Country, as appear to me to be of Importance to the Service and Well-being thereof. m The People of this Kingdom have been by various Perfons, at various Times, cftimated at about 8,000,000. Three of thefe f \. 't (32) thefe Eight are, I fhould fuppofe, in a Si- tuation of paying for themfelves, or be- ing paid for by their Parents or Mafters. at 20 s, each at an Average. In that Cafe a Capitation Tax would anfwer the fame Purpofe, and in Fadt is the fame Thing. But the Name, perhaps, would be more odious : Betides, the Number of Houfes feems eafier to be come at with Precifion, and the Tax eafier levied, as the Occupier of each Houfe would conflandy be the fole Paymafter ; which, though generally, would not always be the Cafe in a Capi- tation Tax. It may appear flrange that I (hould think it difHcult to find Funds for the Payment of 840,000/. a Year, and yet t^lk of railing 3,000,000/. within the Year, ^ (33 ) Year, without aggrieving the Subject. But let us cooly confider what Taxes can be laid to raife the Sum requifite, for which the Mafler of the largefl Houfe will not pay more than 40/. a Year, confidering the many Commodities hs muft expend, and the many Hands they muft pafs through j and fo, of the other Claffes. And this muft be the Cafe for Ages to come, to his Children's Children, thus faddled with an enormous Debt. Whereas, in the Method here propofed. Seven Years Payment, it is pre fumed and fuppofed, will anfwer the Purpofe fully j and we (liall be left, by the Additions which will fall into the Sinking Fund in '757, in a more profperous Condition at the End of the V7ar, than we are, even now, at the Beginning of it. r, \ it F Now .-.-.»»■*£... (34) K 'it 1^ Now let any Man the lead converfant in Figures, fee which is the mod advan- tageous, and confequently the moft eligible for hirnfclf, his Children, and his Country : And though it rtiould be attended with fome little prefent Inconvenience, I am fure, That Man can have but little Pretence to any Feelings of Public Spirit, who would not chearfully fubmit to a fliort- livcd Tax upon his Extravagance, to pro- cure fuch certain and lafling Advantages. . If I could flatter myfelf, that I have fet this Affair in a Light worthy the At- tention and Confideration of thofe who are fet over us to attend to this Branch of Bufinefs in particular, (for whom, from their condant Adminiftration of Govern- ment with Mildnefs and Juftice, I have conceived li i if y (35) conceived a great Regard) and of uiat great Council of this Nation alfo, who are Toon to afTemble, and whofe iirfl and principal Bufinefs it is to provide for the Exigencies of the State } I fay, if I could imagine this to be the Cafe, I fliould feel infinite Satisfadion, as thinking I had done my Country fome Service. All I can add is, that it has been long the Sub- jedt of my Thoughts, and alfo of frequent Converfations with my Intimates, and the Refult is this : It appears to me of the laft Confequence in our prefent Circumftances, and I am fo intent upon it, that I could not help difburthening my Mind to my Countrymen upon the Subjedl ; though I am well aware, and fully fatisfied, I may, with many, become the Objedt of Ridi- cule for my Attempt. London, Sept, i8. h 1 - 1 'I ! ■'- i n (37) POSTSCRIPT'. THE unexpccf^cd Reception of the foregoing Eflay, having made a fecond ImprefTion neceflary, I have thought proper to add fomething by way of Poftfcript. My Scheme of a Tax upon Houfes, I by no Means gave as a iinifhed Plan j but as an Out- line or Sketch of u^hat might be brought to greater Perfedion, if this firft View of it (liould fo far ftrike the Minds of the Public, as to make them think it worthy of a more ferious Confi- deration. This Tax was not my principal View : My chief Aim was to ihew, That the poor Labourer cannot pojjibly pay one Farthing j that the Manufa^urer and Vender of Goods^ though he mn pay^ does not, (for he always raifes the Price of the Commodity he deals in, fo as to get Mo- G ney i I ! ( 38) ncy by every Tax to which it is fubjedi) and, confequently, that the Con(umtv pays the whole, nay much more than the whok, of every Tax, in the ufnal Method of Taxation. If the Light in which I have fet thefc Opinions, and the Arguments I have ufcd to fupport them, fhould influence the Public to have Recourfc to any Method of raifing the Money li^ithin the Year, it is a Matter of great Indifference, whe- ther it be done by a Tax upon Houfes, a Capitation^ or a general Excife *. They all anfwer the fame Purpofc. If any one of them can be laid with more Equality, or levied with lefs Vexation to * By general Excife I defire to be underftood to mean an Excife on the Confumption, and not on the Trade or Trader ; both which I would leave free : And by this, I apprehend, all the Clamour about vexatious Excife Piofecutions, and that ridiculous Bug-Bear of being fub< jcQ to be vifitcd at all Hours by ExcifeOfHcer;, would be entirely removed. the \ ( 39 ) the Subjetft than another, tluu certainly is to be preferred. The Difficuhy of laying Taxes cxa(5tly in a due Proportion to the Subftance of" the People, is fo great, that it amounts almoil to an LnpofTibility) whatever Method is taken ; and confe- qiiently is, fo far, an Objcdion againft a/I Taxes. The frugal Man will always have an Advantage over the expenfive Man in every Inftance. Yet this, and the Difficulty of forming and executing the Plan, are the only Objecfiions I have heard made to the propofed Scheme. The former is already anfwered ; The latter may be in fome Meafure true and of Weight i yet is capable of receiving an Anfwer of the fame Nature, viz. All new Regulations are attended with Difficuhy, more or lefs. And I fear the prefent Me- thod of railing Money, will be attended with greater Difficulties j if it (hould, I am fure they will be of a much more ferious Nature. <.^ C z I am 4 li* (40) I am not fo partial to my own Scheme, as to imagine it has any peculiar Right to claim the Preference. It may be afked, ** Why then did I propofe it, rather than " any other ? " To this I give this plain, candid Anfwer. I only gave it as one Method whereby the Money might be raifed within the Year. Sir Matthew Decker*s Pamphlet had been received with Approbation j and ever mentioned with Honour, more than once, in the Houfe of Commons : And my Defign being to lead Mankind by the genileft Means, to purfue the Interefl of the Public, together with their own private Intereft, I there- fore chofe rather to follow the Scheme of one who had gone before me with Ap- plaufe, than from what might have been thought an Affcdation of Novelty, to rifque any other which might not, per- haps, have been fo well received. Since the firfl Publication of this EfTay, I have been favoured with the Sentiments of (41 ) of many of my Friends on this Subject, and various Schemes have been thought of. TW Methods of a Capitation-TsiX I will here lay before the Public -, not as abfolutely perfect, but as Hints which may be improved if requiiite. One of them is from a Merchant of great Eminence, who is of Opinion, that as unpopular as a Capitation-Tax has al- ways been efleemed, the Eyes of Man- kind are now more opened in thefe Matters than they formerly were ; and, therefore, the taking off feme one burthenfome Tax, (the Salt, for Example, which is always a Topic for Oppofition to declaim upon, as bearing hard on the Poor, and as producing but little nett Money, com- pared to the Sum colleded) would make it accepted without a Clamour. And the Way being thus paved by the Abolition of the Salt-Tax, he is for taxing every Man according to his appa- rent h \ I ■'i (I • ( i (42 ) rent Expence, by a Capitation-Tax ; giving him a Liberty, if over-taxed, to fwear off, as in the Cafe of Perfons elect- ed Sheriffs for the City of London, But an Oath of Purgation will, with me, be always an Objedion j as it will be a Reftraint on a confcientious Man, which a Libertine will always break through. And as for leaving Mankind to tax them- f elves, we have a melancholy In fiance of the Inefficacy of this Pradice, in the Cafe of the Tax on Coaches j which being laid on Perfons of the firfl Rank and Fortune in this Kingdom, and on none but thofe who, in fome Degree, pofTefs thcfe Advantages, one might reafonably expedl that this Tax fhould be regularly paid ; (for fuch Perfons ought to have Honour in public^ as well as in private Concerns j) yet on this Tax, in the Courfe of fix Years, there is an Arrear of 36,000/. And I fear that among the Deficients (if known) there would be found the Names of (43 ) of fome, who (like Ccefar's Wife) (hould not fuffer themfelves even to be fufpeded of fuch paultry Omiffions. And to be liable to the Infpeclion of an Excife Of- ficer, in order to redify fuch Defaults, would be a Badge of Turkip Slavery. Abfurd Notion of Britifi Liberty ! Another Friend, whofe Thoughts are always intent on the Welfare of this Na- tion, and who has frequently made this the Subjedl oj his Contemplation, has given me a u.^ic digefted Plan of a Ca- pitation-Tax J which, by his Permiflion, I (hall infert in his own Words. " All Perfons ought to contribute to the Exigencies of the Society, in Proportion to their Share in it. Upon this Foot the Land-Tax was fuppofed to be efla- bliflied. All Perfons do adlually pay all Taxes, except the Land-Tax, in Proportion to theii Confumption, Both I » ■y *•' I (44) Both thefe, /. e, Eflates and Confump- tion, muO: be confidered, to make a Tax equal; whether it be on Houfes, or a Capitation : And therefore the Difficulty of doing this, is equal againfl both ; or elfe both mud be got over in the fame Man- ner, and by the fame Means. a Eflates— ought to be confidered j be- caufe there are fome Men who live under their Eftates, nnho ought to pay by the iirft Maxim. Confumption— becaufc there are others who live above their Eflates, and who do now pay according to their Manner of Living, or Confump- tion, therefore no adlual Injury is done to them« though at firfl Sight it may appear otherwife. Confumption ought to be taxed for another Reafon -, which is, that there are fome Eflates which cannot be taxed ori- ginally, and yet are fo ultimately, by the Confumption > which, I believe, includes all (45) all Taxes, except the Land-Tax. And therefore that Exemption, which regards only the Land-Tax, ought not to (land in the Way of a Tax on Houfes, or a Ca- pitation ; which are in Lieu of Taxes up- on NecefTaries or Conveniencies. But fuch Eftates ought to be taxed originally, as well as others, without Breach of Parliamentary Faith. i A Capitation-Tax, if charged as un- derneath, and colledted of Mafters, G?f. indead of Individuals, will not be liable to the principal Objedlions which former Poll-Taxes lay under. For, by this Scheme, no one will be perfonally charged to pay, but fuch as do pay other Taxes : And this may be paid at the fame Time, and to the fame Oificers, that one of the others is paid to. { H SCHEME (46) SCHEME of a CapitAtion-Tax, lohich alone may ferve in Lieu of all other Taxes, All Perfons, Gentlemen, La* dies, and Merchants *, with Families, who have a vifible Eftate for Life, after the Rate of 50/. per annuniy or under; for themfelves, their Wives and Children - - - with Wife, without Child with Child, without Wife without either - ^ - From 50/. to 100/. - - with the above Differences^ (I : JO : From ico/. to 200/. - i : 10 : 2:5: 3:0: o o o I o 10 15 o '5 o o o o o o o o o o * Mtrchants. Under this Term are included all who buy of the Grower, or Manufadlurer ; atid fell again to Betaileri. From (47) From 200/. to 500/. - : 4 : 10 : ■ 1 6 : : From 5oop/. to 1000/, - 6 ; : Q : : : • From 1000/. to 2000/, - 12 : : 18 : : 24 : : From 2000/. to 3000/. - 24 : : 36: : ! : 48: : : From 3000/. 104000/. - 48 : : • : 72 : : . 100 : : From 4000/. to 5000/. TOO : . : 150 : : 200 : : From 5000/. to 10,000/. 200 : : i 3 300 : : 4 f 400 : : Of 10,000/. and upwards 400 : : 600 : : 800 : : H 2 Servants \ I fi i I ( i (48 ) Servants out of Livery - Foreign ditto JLadies Women Foreign ditto - ^ Coachmen,Poftilions,Huntf- men. Gamekeepers - - Grooms, Livery Servants, Maid Servants. - Foreign ditto Men Cooks Foreign ditto Farmers, that is, thofe who live by Farming, in that Capacity j for themfelves, their Wives and Clildren, at the Rate of their Rents, pr Value of their Takings, at per ^. - - ' - For iheir Servants of all forts, at per Head - - - Tradefmen and Manufadu- rers, fome Means to be found out to put them on the Footing of Farmers— • I I 5 : I : o o I 10 o o o o : : o : o : o 10 : o 5 10 o o : o : o : P : o • 3 I : o For (49) For their Apprentices, Journeymen, and Servants in Trade, as Porters, Gff. at per Head - - - o : i : o All others not paid for under the above Heads, to be paid for by the Parifli (as Labourers do not proper- ly belong to any one) at per Head - - - - o : 1:0 All Mailers to pay for their Servants and People." Thus far the Author : — Wbr> proceeds Upon this Principle, viz, " That every Man fhould pay according to the Over- plus of his Fortune, after the necef&ry Demands are difcharged;" and upon this Principle founds the Difiertnces he makes betvireen married Men with Fami- lies, 2LXidi Jingle Men. « cc cc The Largenefs of the Sums on the great Edates, may perhaps alarm fome : But rt r (5») But whtii they refledt on what they do now pay, thefe Fears will vanifli. The Land-Tax alone, if paid at 45. is much more than even a Bachelor will be to pay on this Plan : And on the lowejl Compu- tation of all political Writers, 3 Fifths of every Man's Income, who lives up to his Eflate, is actually paid, in Taxes, to the Support of Government ; including the Conftquencei of fuch Taxes, in the advanced Price of Labour, and of all Goods uni- verfally. % \> But any Part of this Tax, (ftill keep- ing the fame Proportions) may be raifed, as the Demands of Government may re- quire : And the whole , perhaps, (if care- fully colledled) would be found fufficient to anfwer all the Exigencies of the State ; and fo would complete Sir Matthew Decker* s comprehenfive Plan, whenever it (hall be judged expedient to enter upon It. As /♦ ,- T o le h y i- )f is le le :d 1- 3- i, c- e- nt w er )n \s 4<* -) (SO As to the immediate NecefCity o( Jome fuch Method to raife the Money ; forry I am to find, that the Difficulties which have attended the late Suhfcription, and the Funds to be created for that Purpofe, have fo fully, and fo foon evinced the Truth of my Obfervations, The Subfcription for the Loan of this Year did not fill, as former Subfcriptions have done : (Though at laft it was filled, becaufe it was expedient it Jhould be filled.) What was the Caufe of this ? The Terms were not, of themfelvcs, advantageous : And the Miniftry took Care it fhould be no Jobb, by making it an open Subfcription, Now a Jobb, I much fear it muji be, whenever Lotteries are concerned ; which are by no Means an eligible Way of raifing Money ; as they diifufe a Spirit of Gaming, through the whole Kingdom. However, Minifters have wifely taken Advantage of this Spirit, and turned it to the befl ufe pofTible, viz» to ' J (sO to borrow Money at a cheaper Rate of Intered than they could do on any other Terms; becaufe People will readily be- come Subfcribers for large Sums, in Hopes of the advanced Price that Adventurers will give for their Tickets, which are given them as a Bonus, to carry two or three Times their own Value in Annuities. It is in this Light only, that they can be confidered as fuch : For Tickets at 3 per cent, cannot pofTibly be a Bonus to An- nuities at 3 4- in any other. Now, it is obvious to common Senfe, (even though we had not had the Experience of lad Year to confirm it) that when the De- mand of the Adventurers is fatisfied by an open Subfcription, the Tickets can bear no fuch advanced Price -, and what they have fub(cribed for at Ten Pounds, can never fetch Twelve in a Market: (Which, in the prefent Cafe, is necefTary, in order to give any Advantage to the Subfcribers ; as 11/. i6i. would bring the whole Sub- fcription to a Par with the other Stocks.) Therefore, t ii h^ ( 53 ) Therefore, I fay, an engrossed Lottery will carry any reafonable Quantity of An- nuities, and do all that a Minifter can ex- pert from it: But an open one, little or nothing at all. The Effcdls of this Demurr on the Subfcription will be felt next Year ; when I fear we (hall repent it : For it is tberit and not till then^ that we (hall fee] the full Force of it's Influence ; "for every Failure *' mufl create future Difficulties." But the Obftru(flion the Miniftry met with in filling the Subfcription, was not the only one they had to get over. The Terms on which the Loan was borrowed, demanded a Fund of 67,500/. per ann, to pay the Intereft ; (a fmall Portion o£ what a few Years War will require, if we proceed in the fame Method of railing Money ;) Yet, to raife this fmall Sum, po lefs than three Taxes were propofcd ; one of which was immediately rejected, and I a fourth A (54) a fourth fubftkuted in it's Stead. A me- lancholy Profpeft this, at the fird Entrance into a War, if we were obliged to go on. in this Manner! The Tax on Wrought Plate^ being an Example of a Tax laid on the Confunier, or Ufer, immediately, will afford a flrlk- ing Inftance of the Difference it will be to every private Man, whether he pay down the Money at firft, within the Year j or be taxed annually for ihe Interejl of Loans. Let us take a Man whofe Quantity of Plate will fubjeift him to a Tax of lo/. per annum : Would he not rejoice to buy oif this lo L per annum t by the immediate Payment of even loo/. much more of 50/. or 30/.? Which, peihap?, to fuch Man, would be the wbole Payment, fup- pofing the War to conclude with the Year, And {he fame Proportion would hold; whether the War continue one, feven, or twenty Years. For the old Taxes would remain, and new ones be fuperadded every Year; .^■■♦.us,^-*, »«.»*• e- ce on. an ler, ik- ito iwn or ans. 1 of lo/. buy Hate i of fuch fiip- fear.- lold > or rould every fear; *v*. ( 55) Year; which every Man would be gUd to buy off at as cheap a Rate. Tb this mud be added, that this lo/. per annum, is not Half (as the Tax is given for 30,000/. out of 67,500/.) of what he, or fomebody elfe for him muft pay to- wards the Intereft of this Year's Loan of 2,000,000/. Moreover, in one Cafe there wouL be no Debt to be repaid ; in the other, an encreafed one of 2,000,000 /. Thus is the Method we now take, de- ftrudtive, both to the Government and to every Individual. But, thank God, we have a Refource at Hand; a Refource which will make this Country terrible to it's Enemies ; and, if purfued to the full Extent of which it is capable, will make us a great, a glorious, a flouri(hing, and a happy People. Let us (lop, and take a View of our fu- ture Condition, if this (hould take Place. All our preient burthenfome Taxes abo- I 2 liOied. A ( 56 ) li(hed. Our Ports— 'Cuftom-free ; for the Imports and Exports to and from all Parts of the known World. Our Country— the Magazine where the Growth and Ma- nufadtures of every Kingdom would be depofited, to anfwer the Demands of every foreign Market. Our own Manufddures — become cheap, in proportion as the Ne- cefTaries of Life become fo to the Manu- fadlurer. No Fear of an Encreafe of Debt, to tie up our Hands ; But our Coun- try always in a Condition to repel with Dignity the unprovoked Attacks, and re- claim with Honour the unjuft Encroach- ments of infolent and perfidious Neigh- bours. Is not this a Situation defirable in the laft Degree ? Would it not be oun ? If any Man doubt of the Truth of it, let him carefully read, and confider what Mr Ricbardfon * fays on thefe Subjedts in his EJfay on the Decline of foreign Urade 5 C( * This Ei&y (in which thefe SubjeAs are treated of at large, in a mafterly Manner) it faid to have been written ^ a Gcntlcnan, named Ricbard/on, *' confequently ^>«B^a \ « «c (57) confequently of the Value of Lands 9f Britain ; and the Means to refiore hoth^* publifhed about 20 Years iince. And would not that Miniftry who (hould con- dudl us to this flourKhing and happy Stato. defervedly obtain the Love of their own Countrytiicn, and the Applaufe of all Europe f (Objects truly worthy of a Great Man's Ambition !) If thefe Confidera- tions do not of themfelves ftrike fuffici- ently, without an Example to inforce them; let Cardinal Ximenes (land forth as an Encouragement : And let it be re- membered what Honours he received from a grateful People on a fimilar Oc- cafion, when he aboliflied the Tax Al- cabala *. I find I grow warm with the pleaiing Profpedt: And may the fame Flame catch the Breads of thofe, whofe Station gives them the Power to effeft. tly * L*Hiftoire da Minifttre da Cardinal Ximin*$, p. 163, ixmo. what ^n \ r \. ( J8 ) vvhat many, very many (as I have now great Reatbn to believe) fo ardently wi(h for, London, March 30. ' ;' t'l i \ y **m t'^ i €i %.