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 '« 
 
 A NATURAL and CIVIL 
 
 HISTORY 
 
 O F 
 
 CALIFORNIA: 
 
 CONTAINING 
 
 An accurate Defcription of that Country, 
 
 Its Soil, Mountains, Harbours, Lakes, Rivers, 
 and Seas; its Animals, Vegetables, Minerals, 
 and famous Fifhery for Pearls. 
 
 THE, >»■ :■} ■ 
 
 Customs of the Inhabitants, i 
 
 Their Religion, Government, and Manner of Living, 
 before their Converfion to the Chriflian Religion by 
 the miffionary Jefuits. 
 
 TOGETHER WITH 
 
 Accounts of the feveral Voyages and Attempts made for 
 fettling California, and taking a£lual Surveys of that 
 Country, its Gulf, and Coaft of the South-Sea. 
 
 ILLUSTRATED WlTH 
 
 Copper Plates, and an accurate Map of the Country andli. 
 the adjacent Seas. 
 
 Tranflated from the original Spanifti of Miguel VENt-* 
 GAS, a Mexican Jefuit, publifiied at Madrid i ^58. 
 
 ^ 
 
 IN TWO VOLUMES. 
 
 ^ 
 
 V O L I. 
 
 LONDON; 
 
 > 
 
 Printed for James Rivington and James Fletcher, 
 
 at the Oxford Theatre, in Pater-Noiler-Kow. 1 
 
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 .-. 't 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 THE country of California, taking 
 that denomination in its moft exten- 
 five fenfe, has been long difcovered j not- 
 withflanding which, it was till lately, 
 but veiy imperfe6Uy known. Other na- 
 tions have vifited its coafts as well as the 
 Spaniards j but as they only touched upon 
 them, a true and fiiU defcription of this 
 vaft region could be expefted from the 
 Spaniards alone. The firft accounts pub^ 
 Jiihed by them, reprefented it truly, and 
 as it is, a peninfula j but upon the autho- 
 rity of a Spanifh chart, found accidentally 
 by the Dutch, and of the autlienticity of 
 which, there never were, or indeed could 
 be, any proofs obtained, an opinion pre-r 
 vailed, that California was an ifland, and 
 tlie contrary aflertion was treated even by 
 (he ableft geographers, as a vulgar error. 
 The famous Delifle very judicioufly con^ 
 troverted this notion, and very ably as 
 well as very ingenioufly, fhewed that there 
 
 A 2 wer^ 
 

 
 I 
 
 
 f 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 were not lights fufficient at the time he 
 wrote for the decifion of the point. In 
 this indeterminate ftate, the thing llood 
 till the beginning of the prefent century, 
 when father Kino publifhed his difcovery, 
 founded on his paflage by land, from New 
 Mexico into California; by which it ap- 
 peared that the Vermillion fea was no 
 more than a gulf or bay, though of a 
 large extent, and that California was 
 really a peninfula, as the earlier Spanifh 
 writers had defcribed it. Thus we fee that 
 old opinions, more efpecially when they 
 are grounded on matters of fa6l, ar^ not 
 to be haftily rejected, that inquifitive and 
 even judicious men are capable of being 
 mifled j and that the authority of a6lual 
 difcoverers, in queftions of this fort, is 
 lipgly to be regarded. 
 
 In confequence of its being fo imper-r 
 fe6lly examined, feveral other contradic- 
 tions, or at leaft feeming contradi6tions, 
 have been advanced concerning it. There 
 are relations, which make the coaHs of 
 California intolerable, from the piercing 
 cold. There are again accounts, which fay 
 thefe coafts are inftipportably hot. Some 
 reprefent it as a region fterile, void of wa- 
 
 . - ter. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 ter, and not only unimproved, but unim- 
 proveable chiefly from this defeat. Others 
 fpeak of it, as fruitful, pleafant, and ha- 
 ving very fine rivers. Complaints are 
 made of its fhores, as difficult and dan- 
 gerous, embarrafTed with rocks and fhoals, 
 and withbut fo much as tolerable ports. 
 In oppofition to vhefe, we find it celebrated 
 for a fine beautiful country towards the 
 lea, into which feveral large riyers fall, at 
 the entrance of which are many large 
 and fertile iflands, and both in them and 
 the continent, feveral fafe and very commo- 
 dious havens. The variations are as great, 
 in reference to the worth, as in regard to 
 the face of this extenfive peninfula j if we 
 rely on fome writers, it is a poor barren 
 defpicable tra6l, which fcarce deferves the 
 prote6tion it has met with. Yet as good 
 judges, and who had equal opportunities 
 of being acquainted v/ith it, alledge, that 
 it is capable of various kinds of cultivation, 
 that there are inconteftible marks of its 
 containing rich mines, and that there is a 
 profitable pearl fifhery upon the coafl. 
 The inhabitants alfo have been painted in 
 the mofl different colours, as ignorant, 
 brutilh, and irreclaimable by fome, and 
 
 A3 on 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 on the contrary, as docile, courteous, and 
 hofpitable, by others. As applied to dif- 
 ferent places, and under different circum- 
 ftances, there is little of falfhood in any 
 of thefe accounts, but taken generally tjiere 
 is as little in them of truth. 
 
 But tlie principal point that has been 
 always had in view, with refpe6l to this 
 country, is its boundary towards the north* 
 which has never yet been afcertained. 
 There has been mention made of a coun- 
 try, and of a ftrait of Anian, which is 
 fuppofed to feparate it from Afia. Others 
 have affirmed, that California continually 
 ftretching to the north weft, approached 
 very near to the north eaft of Tartary, 
 and that the ftraits of Anian were to be 
 fought on that fide. Some again have af- 
 firmed, thefe ftraits are altogether imagi- 
 nary, and have talked of proofs, founded 
 on fafts, that Indians, converted to the 
 chriftian faith by the Spaniards, have pa{^ 
 fed by land into China, the truth of which 
 however, has been defervedly queftioned. 
 Many think there is an open fea between 
 the north eaft of Afia, and the north weft 
 of America, while others are perfuaded, 
 that this is only true in part, and that 
 
 though 
 
 i 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 Adiigh thew may be a fea, yet that thli 
 iba has m it a multitude of iflands of 
 difftreht fizes. All thefe, hoWever, are no 
 fetter than conjeftufes, ufxin whifch ho 
 great ftrefs is td be laid, and therefore W6 
 ihull wait fot- the fbliition of the queftion, 
 fill th6 faKne fpirit of diftovery that brought 
 iii fifft acquainted with the Indies dnd 
 with America, revels to tis, with e^ual 
 certainty, whether it is fea or land, or a 
 mixture of both, that intervenes betweeh 
 tJiOfe two mighty continents. 
 
 It is requifite to obferve, that this is fat 
 frbm being a matter of idle fpeculation, Co 
 far ftom it, thet-e are very few difquifitions 
 that c^ be jufiiy ftiled of greater confe- 
 queticfe ;' as rational beings, it tonderns Us 
 to have a perfe6t ind complete notion of 
 the globe which w6 iflhabit, and we fe6 
 that in this refpeft, providence has v6ry 
 wifely g^Ven the Ipur of curiofity, id the 
 purfult of what is our real inteteft. As 
 the fubjedts of ^ maritime power, we have 
 the greater concern in it, fince every dit 
 covery of this kind muft affe^Sl oUr navi- 
 gation or commerce, nearly of remotely. 
 But with tefpeft to this before us, it is of 
 the utmoft importance, fince all our at- 
 
 A 4 tempts 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 tempts for the finding a north weft paflage, 
 have been only in other words, finding a 
 new rout to the coafts ot* California, 
 which if we are ever happy enough to find, 
 will open to us a ihort way, as well to a 
 new Indies as to the old. Now the fureft 
 means of making fuch a difcovery efFeftu- 
 ally, is by proceeding from the known to 
 the unknown; and therefore the firft plain, 
 proper, and natural ftep, is to attain a 
 clear and cxaft account of California, fo 
 far as it is difcovered, which we could only 
 hope from the Spaniards, and which this 
 author has given us in the fulleft, plaineft, 
 arid moft accurate method that we could 
 polllbly defire. This is the fole objeft, 
 this is the tme merit of the book, which 
 though not a work of amufement and en- 
 tertainment, is full of inftrudlion and 
 information, and in that light, no doubt, 
 will be a moft acceptable prefent to the 
 publick, " as will fufficiently appear, if we 
 confider the playi of this writer's peir 
 formance. 
 
 He divides his treatife into four parts. 
 In the firft, he difcourfes of the name, 
 fituation, and extent of California, that 
 is, taking it in theih'id: fenfe, for fo much 
 
 of 
 
 
r.U 
 
 of 
 
 I 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 of this peninfula, as the Spaniards have 
 hitherto reduced. He gives us an account 
 of the gulf, its coafts, and iflands. He 
 enlarges upon the foil and climate, the 
 natural hiftory, the pearl fi/hery, and the 
 manna of this country, which is a new 
 difcoveiy. Then follows a very diftinft 
 and curious detail of the nations and 
 languages, the tempers and manners of 
 the Californians, with their policy in peace 
 and war, and laftly, he treats of their 
 religion ; in refpeft to which he obferves, 
 that thofe who relided on the continent, 
 were, when the Spaniards found them, 
 entirely free from any idolatrous notions, 
 had few or no ceremonies, and yet had 
 fome very fmgular fpeculative opinions, 
 but that it was otherwife in the illands, 
 where, through the arts and frauds of a 
 particular race of men, the people were 
 grievoufly enthralled in fuperftitious fla- 
 very. . .-»-' -iiii t^, .,; 
 
 The fecond part contains the hiftory of 
 California, from the time of its firft dif- 
 covery, to the fending thither the jefuits. 
 This difcovery was made by order of the 
 famous Hernan Cortes, who went thither 
 in perjfon in 1536, and landing in the 
 
 guif, 
 
 »*■« 
 
P R ^ F A <!: 6. 
 
 gulf, bcftowed tipon it his own name, 
 or rather the Span'-Tds have fince called it 
 in honour of that great captain, Mar de 
 Cortes, as well as the Vermillion fea, ot 
 the gulf of California. Our authot 
 traced very cxa6Uy the feveral attempts 
 that were majde from time to time, fof 
 obtaining a more perfeft knowledge of 
 the extent and produce of this peninfula, 
 the different projefts formed for this pui*- 
 pofe, both in Old and in New Spain j theif 
 repeated difappointments, and the caufe^ 
 of thofe difappointments, interfperfed 
 with many judicious and fenfible remarks, 
 which fhew the extreme difficulty of ex- 
 ecuting any great defign, the conduft of 
 which depends upon the approbation, 
 orders, and inftmdlions, that are to come 
 from a countiy at a great diftance. -^^^ '*' 
 The third part comprehends the reduc- 
 tion of California by the Jefuits, and their 
 tranfadlions to the prefent time. He in- 
 forms us that the court of Spain, and its 
 viceroys in the Indies, tired out with a 
 multitude of fruitlefs, expenlive, and te- 
 dious expeditions, had abandoned all fur- 
 ther thoughts of this matter, fo that the 
 profecution of it was intirely owing to 
 
 father 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 father Eufebio Francifco Kino, who, being 
 fent as miflionary into the adjacent pro- 
 vince of Sonora, formed a refolution of 
 trying to penetrate into this deferted coun- 
 try from tfience. The firft miflionary of 
 this order however, who pafled over into 
 this region, was father Salva-Tierra in 
 1697, and a few years after father Kino 
 penetrated, according to his original de- 
 sign, into California by land, and became 
 thereby afTured, as we have before obferved, 
 that it was not an iiland but a peninflila. 
 The jefuits from this time down to the 
 prefent, have had the fble diredlion of 
 affairs, civil as well as ecclefiailical, in 
 Califorma, and have profecuted their dis- 
 coveries, converted the Indians, made 
 fmall fettlements, cultivated fome fpots of 
 ground near them, and with great dili- 
 gence and perfeverance, have brought 
 fome little vineyards to fuch perfeftion, as 
 to produce wine not inferior to that of 
 Europe. Our author gives a particular, 
 precife, and diftinft account of all thefe 
 tranfaftions, fo that it may be truly faid» 
 that though the hiftory of this paitof the 
 world is not big with many great events, 
 yet we have it as cleaily and as correftlv 
 
 told, 
 
I^ R E F A C E. 
 
 told, as wecan pofTibly defire. It is very 
 iingular in its nature, and affords us a 
 very complete view of the policy, of the 
 order, and of the method of reducing 
 nations, to become nominal fubje6ls of 
 the crov^rn of Spain, and really fo to them- 
 felves. It exhibits likewife the true no- 
 tions, which induce the Spanifh govern- 
 ment to make ufe of the fathers in this 
 way, and to permit them to make thofe 
 acquifitions by art, which themfelves had 
 inefFe6lually attempted by force. The 
 author interfperfes very free rcfle(5lions, 
 not only on the errors of particular admi- 
 niftrations -, but on the capital, and if we 
 may fb fpeak, conllitutional faults in the 
 Spanifh fyftem ; in confequence of which, 
 fome of their richeft fettlements are bur- 
 denfome, and the great wealth in the 
 bowels of the country is made the caufe 
 of the mifery and poverty of its inhabi- 
 tants. Reflexions, which the judicious 
 reader will perufe with profit and pleafure. 
 
 The fourth and laft part contains 
 fome additional pieces, referred to in the 
 body of the work. Among thefe, is tht 
 famous voyage of captain Sebaftian Viz- 
 caino, in 1602, in which there is a very 
 
 V -. curious 
 
 .'A 
 
.§ 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 curious and particular account of the weft 
 coaft of CaJ'fornia j this is foUowed by a 
 defcription of the eaft coaft, from a voyage 
 made in the year 1746. Then come ex- 
 tracts of captain Woods Rogers and lord 
 Anfon's voyages, witli the autlior's remarks 
 upon them, more efpecially on the latter, 
 in which he undertakes to controvert fe- 
 veral matters of fa6l, in refpeCl to which, 
 the writer of that work, he fays, was 
 mifmformed ; in this, as indeed throughout 
 the whole book, the author ftiews hinjfelf 
 a zealous fubje6l of the crown of Sp^n, 
 and an avowed apologift for the jeftiits. 
 He is, however, a writer of a very diffe- 
 rent kind, fj'om the reft of their panegy- 
 rifts. He does not run out, as commonly 
 they do, into long flights of high-flown 
 oratory, but delivers every thing in a grave 
 uniform ftile, very lliitable to this kind of 
 hiftory, is very careful in pointing out his 
 authorities, regular in the dete6tion of 
 fadls, and in refpe6l to thefe, (thofe re- 
 garding religion excepted) ftiews himfelf 
 equally judicious and cautious, and alike 
 free from prejudice and credulity. He 
 feems to be fenfible that his fubjedt did not 
 require, and without vifible impropriety, 
 
 could 
 
•s 
 
 ( '■ 
 
 \f ' 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 could not admit many ornaments, in/lead 
 therefore of thefe, he fometimes, but not 
 vciy frequently, inferts prudential and 
 political obfervations, relying, however, 
 chiefly on exa6lnefs and veracity. 
 
 There are, notwithftanding, in the fol- 
 lowing flieets, not only many new and curi- 
 ous, but fome very ftriking and furprifing, 
 fome deep and interefting points, which 
 cannot fail of awakening the attention of 
 the Britifh reader. He will here difcern 
 that the Spaniards are in the fame condi- 
 tion with fome other nations, they are not 
 unacquainted with the nature of thofe 
 political maladies, which gradually con* 
 fume them, or ignorant of effeftual 
 remedies, though they want the power to 
 apply them. He will fee that Alberoni's 
 fyftem extended even to California, and 
 tliat by embracing the commerce of the 
 Eaft, as well as the Weft-Indies, he meant 
 to reftore the vigour of the Spaniih mo- 
 narchy, by reviving a regular circulation 
 through all its members. He will learn 
 that the Spaniards have a well grounded 
 fear of being invaded, even in thefe di- 
 ftant parts, by a nation, from whom in 
 the judgment- of the moft penetrating 
 
 politician, 
 
 w 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 politician, they would have been thought, 
 half a century ago, in no greater danger 
 than from the inhabitants, if there be 
 any, in the moon. He will be informed, 
 that the difcovery of a north- weft pafiage, 
 isfar lefs problematical there, in the opinion 
 of thofe, who, from their fituation, are the 
 ableft judges, than it is here, and that the 
 dread of feeing the Englifh form an efta- 
 blifhment in the remoter parts of this 
 countiy, and connecting it with their 
 other colonies, is fo far from being thought 
 an impoflible, that it is held by thofe who 
 have the beft means of knowing, to be a 
 very probable thing. Laftly, he will fee 
 it made plain to a demonftration, that 
 while the Spaniards have the hard talk 
 impofed on them, of fettling, improving, 
 and fortifying the very wildeft, and worft 
 parts of this country ; the Englifh, if they 
 ihould ever think of mgiking any attempt, 
 may feat themfelves in a pleafant climate, 
 fruitful foil, and in regions well peopled, 
 from whence they may, with certainty, 
 command the moft valuable branches of 
 commerce that have been hitherto difco- 
 vered, with the faireft profpeCl of adding 
 fpeedily to thefe, many others, and thofe 
 perhaps yet more profitable than aje 
 hitherto unknown. 
 
 
'•1 ' 
 
 /:. ^i 
 
 i « 
 
 ii 
 
 CONTENTS 
 
 OF T H E 
 
 .''.i"f 
 
 \-f^ f^4>i 
 
 
 FIRST VOLUME. 
 
 PART I. 
 SEC T. I. 
 
 ■I •■ - |. ' ..'i 
 
 o 
 
 F the name, fituation, and extent of Ca- 
 lifornia, page I— 13. 
 
 SECT. II. 
 
 f;i 
 
 Account of the gulf of California, its coafts 
 and idands. p. 13 — 24, 
 
 SEC T. III. 
 
 Defcription of the country of California, with 
 an account of its foil. p. 24 — 31. 
 
 SECT. IV. 
 
 Of the beafts, birds, fifhes, infcfts, fhells, 
 , trees, plants, fruits, minerals, and pearls 
 t found in CaHfornia and its feas. p'3i— 52. 
 
 S E C T. V. 
 
 Of the different nations and languages of Ca- 
 lifornia. , p. 52 — 63. 
 
 ,i . ,.; X 
 
 ' « E C T. 
 
ft 
 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 * SEC T,- VL 
 
 Of the temper and manners of the Californians, 
 
 and of their government in peace and war. 
 
 1 ,, . ' p. 62—86, 
 
 Hiit f ^mi^ 
 
 S E C T; VII. 
 
 u J.r 
 
 Of the ancient religions of the Californians. 
 
 .•^5.'~^I2.I .\v-', ' p. 86— III. 
 
 PART n. 
 
 * ' ■ ' ■ * 
 
 """'.-.■"^.' SECT I. •'- ■■• " 
 
 The jirfl: accounts of the PaciHck ocean, or 
 South-fea. p. 11 1 — 125. 
 
 SECT. II. 
 
 Firft difcovery of California and voyages thi- 
 ther, in the time of Hernan Cortes. 
 
 ^ ™..'.' ' •" P* ^25—142. 
 
 SECT. III. 
 Of the expeditions to California to the year 
 
 i6oo, - Mrfrf^^'-' p. 142— 168. 
 
 -rhhrrr^/r' 5 ^ C T IV. ''''-.. 
 
 A remarkable warrant of Philip III. and other 
 expeditions to California, till the reign of 
 Philip IV. •" . 1 V n p. 168—195. 
 
 - t:-';-^' SECT. V.'"'" •-•■'— -f 
 
 The lad expedition to California, till the end 
 of the reign of Charles II. p. 195 — 216. 
 
 Vol. I. 
 
 PART 
 
 T. 
 
CQNTENtS. 
 
 f A R T III. 
 
 SECT. L 
 
 Redu&ion of California by the jefuits, and 
 their tranfaAions to the prelent time ; firft 
 entrance intoCaliforpia^ by father Juan Maria 
 de Salva-Tierrai 697. p. 215— 231. 
 
 « . o £ O Xt II. K'f 
 
 Various incidents, till the entrance of father 
 Francis Maria Piccolo into California. 
 
 ■1,1 -. ijj 
 
 ii,( XQ 
 
 p. 231—248, 
 
 SECT. HI, . 
 
 Tranfaflions of the two firft years, with the 
 attempts to enter the inward part of Cali- 
 fornia, till the fetdement of the fecond 
 miiTion of St. Xavier. p. 248—255. 
 
 SECT. IV. ;,, ,,, 
 
 The difiicqities which happened at the com- 
 mencement of the pref^nt century, and the 
 unfortunate management of the affairs of 
 the mifTion in Mexico. p. 265— 282. 
 
 SECT. V. Vi 
 
 ►ri 
 
 Attempts and voyages for difcovering the 
 juniflion of California with the continent of 
 New Spain ; a Ihort n^frative of thf dcfigns 
 
 '•. >i /. 'I r,' J . and 
 
cUiMi^PM 
 
 ts, and 
 le-, firft 
 in Maria 
 
 5— 23J* 
 
 af father 
 
 >rnia. 
 
 31—248. 
 
 with the 
 t of Cali- 
 le fecond 
 48—265. 
 
 the com- 
 and the 
 s^ffairs of 
 65^282. 
 
 ring the 
 jitinent of 
 h? dcfigns 
 and 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 and heroick labours of father Francifco Kino^ 
 in the milTions of Sonora and Pimeria ; with 
 an account of them. p. 282-— 312. 
 
 " SECT. VI. ' 
 
 New refolutions in California, and the progrefs 
 of its mifllons till the end of the year 1703. 
 
 '" - ^^' s E c T. yii. 
 
 His majefty*s gracious orders concerning the 
 miflion, its great difficulties and diftrelTes in 
 the year ]704« both in California and Mexi- 
 co ; father Salva-Tierra appointed provincia! 
 of New-Spain. .. , P'337— 352- 
 
 SECT. VIII. 
 
 Father Salva-Tierra's farther fervices to Cali- 
 fornia; his majefty's favours; obftacles in 
 Mexico againft his million ; he viflts it in 
 the quality of provincial. p. 352—381* 
 
 SECT. IX. 
 
 The two minions of San Juan Baptifta Ligui, 
 and of Santa Rofalia Mulege ; Progrefs of 
 the others, and a new furvey of the coaft of 
 the South- fea. 381 — 399. 
 
 S E C T. X. 
 
 Father Salva-Tierra returns to California ; his 
 labours there. The miflion of San Jofeph 
 

 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 de Comonda, founded by father Mayorga ; 
 the miflion greatly fufFers by the lofs of the 
 barks, and the fhipwreck of fathers Guillen 
 and Guifci, the latter of which was drowned. 
 
 , .: . , P- 399—425. 
 
 SECT. XI. 
 
 Father Salva-Tierra eftablifhes a fpiritual and 
 civil government for the luiilionaries of Ca- 
 lifornia, and of the Indians, p.425 — 438. 
 
 . : .;>,r>«,.,.\:'^ S E-G T. XII. ■• _<^v,''^ :i 
 
 Account of the government eftabliihed by fa- 
 '' ther Salva-Tierra, in the royal garrifon, and 
 among the foldiers, veflels, and feamen, be- 
 longing to California* a^ lil^ewife that ella- 
 jjiilhed by his advice in the pearl fifhery. 
 "" ' • - - = - p. 43 8-^55' 
 
 
 
 
 P 
 
 
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 v*' , l,j» 
 
 
 
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 New 
 the 1 
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 ''A 
 
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 N A T U R A L and C I V I L 
 
 HISTORY 
 
 O F 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 
 
 PARTI. 
 
 Defcription of California, with 
 an account of its inhabitants, 
 
 .♦. A-^^. A ■• ■*■ A .•■ A. -♦. .fc .>■ .*■ ■♦■ A .♦. A A. .^ A -•. A. A A. .*. A A .*. -•- A A ^«. ■• .* >fc A. A ■•. A .♦. 
 
 ▼▼▼▼" TvTTvvWTVT "▼"▼▼ T T vtTV *W #'T V *' WT 4 TV 
 
 S E C T. I. 
 
 Of the Name, Situation, and Extent of 
 California. 
 
 ».} 
 
 TH E country which we are going to de- 
 fcribe, is diftinguifhed in the maps 
 by three different names ; California, 
 New Albion, and the IHas Carolinas : but 
 the moft ancient is that of California, being 
 found in Bernal Diaz del Cadillo, an officer 
 who ferved under the famous Cortez, in the 
 conquell of Mexico, and Nvho publifhed a 
 hiftory of that aftonifhing expedition. It 
 muft however be obfcrved that the name Cali- 
 VoL.I. B fornia 
 
2 HISTORYOF 
 
 fornia is, by this gentleman, limited to one 
 fingle bay. It acquired the name of New 
 Albion, from the famous Englifh admiral fir 
 Francis Drake, who, in the year 1577, being 
 then on his lecond voyage round the world, 
 touched at this country. New Albion implies 
 the fame as New England, or New Britain, 
 Albion being the ancient name of the iiland we 
 now call England. The name Idas Carolinas 
 was not given to this country till near a 
 century after, in: honour of Charles II. of Spain, 
 when, by his order, the conqueft of California, 
 then thought an idand, and the others adjacent, 
 were undertaken with a force equal to the en- 
 terprize. This name is ufed by father Henry 
 Scherera, a German jefuit, in his new Atlas*, by 
 M. deFer, in a fmall Atlas of theSpanifli domi- 
 nions, and which he prefented to king Philip V. 
 on his accefTion to the throne •, and alfo by other 
 geographers, in their Atlafes and particulaF 
 maps. But that famous expedition being ren- 
 dered abortive, the naoie has not generally 
 prevailed. ' ' 
 
 The name by which this country is at pre- 
 fent known, is that of California, an appella- 
 tion given to it at its Hrfl; difcovery. Some 
 ufe the name in the plural ■ number, calling it 
 the Californias, intending probably to include 
 that part thought the principal ifland and- 
 
 the 
 
 I 
 
CALIFORNIA. $' 
 
 the largeft in the world, together with a mul- 
 titude of leflTer iflands which furround it on all 
 (ides. But it being now known, that this coun- 
 try is no ifland, but joined to the continent of 
 America, as we fhall prefently fhew, propriety 
 requires, that the word Ihould be ufed only 
 in the Hngular number, in conformity with the 
 military hiftorian above'-mentioned. 
 
 I could wifh to gratify the reader with the 
 etymology and true origin of a name which 
 from the oddnefs of its found, the real misfor- 
 tunes which the firfl: difcoverers met with in 
 that country, and the great riches it is fup- 
 pofed to contain, has greatly excited the curi- 
 ofity of the inhabitants both of New Spain and 
 Europe. But in none of the various dialects of 
 the natives could the milTionaries find the 
 Jeaft traces of fuch a name being given either 
 to the country, or even to any harbour, bay, 
 or fmall portion of it. Nor can I fubfcribe to 
 the etymology of fome writers, who fuppofe 
 this name to have been given it by the Spa- 
 niards, on their feeling an unufual heat at their 
 firft landing here, and thence called the coun- 
 try California, a compound of the two Latin 
 words calida fornax^ a hot furnace. I believe 
 few will think our adventurers could boaft of 
 fo much literature j for tho' Del Caftillo praifes 
 Cortez for his being not only a gbod humaniflr, 
 
 B 2 but 
 
 m 
 
h' 'i 
 
 4, HISTORYOF 
 
 but alfo an excellent poet, and had taken thu 
 degree of bachelor of laws ; we do not find 
 that either he or his captains took this method 
 in giving names to their conquefts. I am there- 
 fore inclined to think that this name owed its 
 origin to fome accident : polTibly to fome 
 words fpoken by the Indians, and mifunder- 
 ftood by the Spaniards ; as happened, accord- 
 ing to a very learned American, in the name- 
 ing of Peru j and alfo, as we fliall Ihortly 
 lliew, in giving name to the nation of Guay- 
 cura. 
 
 From the name, let us proceed to the fitu- 
 ation. For the better underftanding of which, 
 I fijppofe America to be divided into two 
 parts, South and North •, the former reaching 
 from the ifthmus of Panama to Cape Horn, 
 which vaft country is pofTefled by his catholick 
 majefty, and divided into two vice royalties, 
 namely Peru and Santa Fe ; the latter be- 
 ginning from the fame ifthmus, and ex- 
 tending to the North Pole. But in the lat- 
 ter, all the Spanifli pofTeffions are under 
 the fmgle vice- royalty of Mexico, which 
 is divided into the four following audiences ♦, 
 that of the ifland of St. Domingo, or Ifla 
 Efpanola, that of Mexico, that of Guadalax- 
 ara, and that of Guaeimala. Befides thefe, 
 there is alfo that of the Philippine iflands, the 
 
 go vern- 
 
 i;h 
 
. =, .■£'.._aifc*4«»i>-v— '■• "*' 
 
 'mtiim 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 5 
 
 government of which is alfo within the vice- 
 royalty of New Spain, tho' the iflands them- 
 felves are fo far from being a part of North 
 Ameria, that they He in Afia, near the coaft of 
 China. 
 
 But we fliall only mention the audience of 
 Guadalaxara, on which depend all the coun- 
 tries northward of the province of that name, 
 and alfo fome tracks on the weft of Mexico •, 
 that is, all the northern provinces of this part 
 of America, one of which is California, the 
 fubjedt of this treatife. 
 
 The celebrated geographer John Bleau *, 
 who is followed by feveral others, compre- 
 hends, under the name of California, thofe im- 
 menfe tracks lying well of New Spain and New 
 Galicia : and comprehended between the nor- 
 thern parts of South America, and the (Ireights 
 of Anian : and thus under the name of Cali- 
 fornia he comprehends New Mexico, the Apa- 
 ches and others. But he is certainly mifta- 
 ken in giving fuch an extent to California. 
 This province, properly fpeaking, is apeninfula 
 
 * Johannes Bleau, America, qua: eft geographiae Blavi- 
 anx, pars quinta, liber unus, volumen undecimuni. 
 (Amfterlaedami 1662.) pag. 70. 
 
 " California communiter dicitur, quidquid terrarum 
 *' Novae Hifpaniae, atque Nova Gallecix ad occidenteoi 
 *• objiciturj quaJ fane latiffime patent, Sc ad extremes 
 *' AmericB nieridionalis terminos & fretum, quo«l vul-o 
 ** Anian vocant, pertinent. 
 
 B ^ in 
 
fl '■ 
 
 1 1 
 
 ill 
 
 M 
 
 I 
 
 6 HISTORYOF 
 
 in the moft northern part of America, hitherto 
 difcovered by tlie Spaniards, in the Pacifick 
 ocean, or the South fea-, or a large point of land 
 iffuing from the N. coafts of Anierica, and ex- 
 tending to the fouth-eafl, being walhed on bot;h 
 fides by the Pacifickfea, beyond the tropickj fo 
 that the fouth point of it lies in the Torrid Zone, 
 and nearly oppofite to the province of Guada- 
 laxara, on which it depends. On this point is the 
 famous cape de San Lucas ; as likewife that 
 de la Poi lia, betwixt which is formed the bay 
 of St. Barnabas. The weftern coaft of Cali- 
 fornia runs to the northward, is walhed by the 
 Pacifick ocean above mentioned, and extends 
 22 degrees to Cape Blanco de San Sebaftian : 
 and the eaftern or inward coaft of California, 
 on an accurate examination, appears to reach 
 10 degrees, till it meets v^ith the great river 
 Colorado. Between thefe two coafts is the 
 peninfula, or the neck of land called California; 
 and the arm of the fea between the eaftera 
 coaft of the peninfula and the continent, is 
 called the gulf, or bay of California, which, 
 in fome places 6o, in fome 50, and in fome 
 40 leagues broad, between cape San Lucas 
 and the Rio Colorado, difcharges its waters 
 into this gulf, where both the coafts unite, a^ 
 v^'e Ihall afterwards more particularly obferve, 
 
 Tta 
 
 f 
 
 1 
 
i 
 
 
 Thu^ 
 
 C A L I F O R N I A. '7 
 
 Thus California is a part of N. America, 
 waflied on the eaft by a gulf of the fame 
 name j and on the weft by the Pacifick, or 
 South fea i lying within the three limits al- 
 ready mentioned, Cape de San Lucas, the ri- 
 ver Colorado, and Cape Blanco de San Se- 
 
 baftian. 
 I have mentioned Cape San Sebaftian, as the 
 
 fartheft limit of California on its weftern 
 coaft ; not that the coaft a6l:ually terminates 
 there ; it unqueftionably ftretches itfeif much 
 farther to the noi'thward : but becaufe we have 
 little or no knowledge, either of the coafi it- 
 feif beyond that cape, the fea to the weftward 
 of it, or the immenfe countries to the eaft ; 
 and rather than amufe the reader with the un- 
 certain accounts given us of both, I thought 
 proper to alTign a known limit i and fuch is the 
 above-mentioned cape. - 
 
 As to its geographical fituation, there would 
 be nothing left to dcfire, were the latitudes 
 and longitudes of the above three limits well 
 afcertained. But except the jefuits, very few 
 have ftaid in California a fufHcient time for 
 making fuch obfervations ; which, if per- 
 formed with fufficient accuracy, efpecially 
 thofe relating to the longitude, require time, 
 inftrumems, and kifure. Among the mifli- 
 onary jefuits there have been, and ftill are, 
 
 B 4 many 
 
M^i! 
 
 
 .1 HISTORY OF 
 
 many who might have performed them with 
 a preciHon, fufHcient to have given fatisfadtt- 
 on, even to the curiofity of our age. But 
 thefe, befides other diftrefles, labour under the 
 fame want of mathematical inftruments, as is 
 feen in other countries lefs fequeftratcd from 
 the commerce of the world. This is one 
 of the particulars which many mifllonaries, 
 brought up in the bofom of fcience and ufe- 
 ful arts, have to offer as a facrifice to their 
 Creator in this folitude ; and it is very unjufl; 
 to reproach them with what enhances their 
 merit : and much more fo, if they can re- 
 criminate upon us, that our ignorance is in- 
 excufable •, it being owing to the negleft of 
 thefe very Europeans who make fuch loud 
 complaints. But till we have the comfort of 
 feeing the approach of that happy time, when 
 we (hall no longer vex each other with com- 
 plaints of this nature, we muft defer the ac- 
 curate determination of the above limits j for 
 I muft confefs that I cannot offer any thing 
 with certainty : I fhall not however, from 
 a fear of committing fome fmall error, for- 
 bear faying fomething, which at leaft may 
 afford room for corredion and amendments. 
 And here I fhall mention the moft modern 
 ^ifcoveries which have come to my knowledge, 
 emitting thofe made in more diftant times, 
 
 • i- i' 
 
 ■if 
 I 
 
CALIFORNIA. ^^ 
 
 as their authority has been invaUdatcd by later 
 obfervations. ' '\ 
 
 " .The latitudes being more eafily determined, 
 the generality of geographers, navigators, and 
 particular narratives agree, that San Lucas 
 lies in 2 2 degr. 32 min. of N. latitude. The 
 river Colorado in 32 degr. 30 min. and Cape 
 Bianco de San Sebaftian in 43 degr. 30 min. 
 of the fame latitude. Some indeed differ a 
 little in their accounts of the latitudes of thefe 
 three places j and it were to be wiftied, that 
 obfervations could be made with that accuracy 
 the fubjedl deferves ; but in fettling the lon- 
 gitudes of thefe three points, there is an afto- 
 nifliing difference. A fl<ilful miffionary of Ca- 
 lifornia fays, in his narrative, that Cape San Lu- 
 cas lies in 145 deg.W. longitude from the com- 
 mon meridian of the ifle of Ferro, which is the 
 fame as in 215 deg. longitude reckoning from 
 theE. in the ufual manner. This undoubtedly 
 is a miftake of the amanuenfis •, for the farthefl 
 eaftcrn point of Siberia, being in 205 deg. E. 
 longitude, * computed from the fame meridian, 
 the confifquence would be that the difference be- 
 tween the meridian, palTing through the faid 
 point of Siberia, and that of Cape San Lucas, 
 
 ♦ This is the longitude affigned to the faid cape by capt. 
 Beerings, whom the czar, Peter the great, fent on a voyage 
 |o difcover the communication of Afia with America. 
 
 '...,* would 
 

 i 
 
 ill 
 
 MV 
 
 ^^ 
 
 40 HISTORYOF 
 
 would be but lo degrees, which is quite incre- 
 dible, or to fpeak more properly, impoflible. 
 On the contrary, Mexico and Acapulco, which 
 are nearly under the fame meridian, are ufually 
 placed in 274 deg. from the common meridian. 
 This is confirmed in the chart of the coafls of 
 the South fea, by that celebrated fea officer 
 don George Juan, who places Acapulco in 
 105 deg. W. longitude from the meridian of the 
 royal obfervatory at Paris, which is equal to 
 275 deg. longitude from the common meridian. 
 According to this, Mexico and Acapulco would 
 sot be above 60 deg. longitude from Cape San 
 Lucas, which is doubtlefs an error. Father 
 Eufebio Francifco Kino, who, befides being a 
 miilionary thirty years in thefe countries, was 
 an eminent mathematician, places the mouth 
 of the river Colorado in 250 deg. longitude. 
 And this is afligned in general to Califormia 
 by don Jofeph Antonio de Villa Senor y Sanchez, 
 though, on comparing this with the latitude, 
 which he there fets down, it will appear to be 
 meant of the neighbourhood of Cape San Lu^ 
 cas. Monfieur de Fer alfo places in 250 deg. 
 what he calls the great river of Coral, which 
 I think can be no other than the Colorado. 
 The fame geographer places Cape San Lucas 
 254 deg. longitude, and Cape Mendcj'no in 
 
 Captain 
 
 
 m 
 
v««»rt»vk*«^« 
 
 CO in 
 of the 
 ual to 
 ridian. 
 I would 
 ,pe San 
 Father 
 being a 
 :s, was 
 mouth 
 'itude. 
 'ormia 
 mchez, 
 ititude, 
 to be 
 an Lu- 
 ;o deg. 
 which 
 lorado. 
 Lucas 
 
 ;aptain 
 
 ■ff> 
 
 
 
 C A L I F O R N I A. II 
 
 Captain Woods Rogers places Cape San Lu- 
 cas, in 114 deg.W. longitude from the meridian 
 of London, which is che farjie as J34 from the 
 common i;neridian. In the Ac^pulco Ihip 
 taken by the Englifti, admiral Anfon, ww 
 found a map of the South fea, in which Cape 
 San Lucas was placed in 23 deg. E. longitude, 
 the firft meridian being that pafling through the 
 mouth of the river S^ Bernardino, in the 
 Philippine iflands j the harbour of Acapulco 
 in 134 deg. from the fame, according to which 
 there is only 12 deg. difference between Aca- 
 pulco and San Luc^; and cape San Lucas 
 mull lie in 263 deg. longitude. The famous 
 geographer monfieur d'Anville differs 10 deg. in 
 the longitude of the r^v^r Colorado, placing it 
 from farther Kino, in 100 deg. W. longitude 
 from the common meridian of Ferro ; that is 260 
 of longitude, according to the common method 
 of computation. The fame geographer places 
 Cape San Lucas betwixt 94 and ^5 deg. of the 
 fame W. longitude, which anfwers to betwixt 
 265 and 266 of longitude from the fame meri- 
 dian. Mr. Henry Ellis, an Englifh gentleman, 
 pne of the adventurers, who lately failed from 
 London, in fearch of a north paifage to the 
 South fea, \iy the way of Hudfon*s-bay, 
 places Cape Blanco near Mendocino, in 124 
 degrees W. Ipngitude from London, which is 
 
 e(}ual 
 
 !:■■« 
 
 Pi 
 
 -i 
 
I 
 
 IIP 
 
 II HIStORYGF 
 
 equal to 144 of the common long. Monficur 
 Bellin, an engineer in the French navy, 
 lays down Cape San Lucas in 265 degrees 
 of longitude, Cape Mendocino in 245, and 
 the river Colorado in 260. Laftly, the above- 
 mentioned officer, don George Juan, in fome 
 tables of longitude and latitude of the coafts of 
 America, which he himfelf took from the bed 
 charts ufed by the South fea pilots, and which 
 he was fo kind as to communicate to me, 
 places Cape San Lucas in 263 deg. 50 min, 
 common longitude. Cape Mendocino in 249 
 deg. 49 min. and the river Colorado in 251 deg. 
 49 min. In fuch a variety of opinions, which 
 can we prefer? and poflibly it was this which 
 occafioned the prudent refer ve of father Fer- 
 nando Confag, who, in the year 1746, took a 
 particular furvey of the eaftern coaft of Cali- 
 fornia, up to the river Colorado, in order to 
 determine, with accuracy, its fituation, and the 
 difpute relating to its jundion with the conti- 
 nent, has not ventured to fet down the long, 
 in his maps. However, in this which I have 
 drawn, I have ventured to depart from his 
 refpeflable example, having fet down the 
 longitudes I thought refulted from weighing 
 the different fafts and obfervations on which 
 thofe were founded ; and flatter myfelf, that 
 if they are erroneous, they will be of fome ufe 
 
 in 
 
.'^muiheim*. 
 
 ■■^M0!. 
 
 [onfieur 
 
 navy, 
 
 degrees 
 
 l-5> and 
 
 above- 
 in fome 
 oafts of 
 the beft 
 d which 
 
 to me, 
 50 min. 
 
 in 249 
 151 deg. 
 1, which 
 IS which 
 ler Fer- 
 , took a 
 3f Cali- 
 )rder to 
 
 and the 
 e conti- 
 le long, 
 h I have 
 Vom his 
 )wn the 
 veighing 
 n which 
 elf, that 
 fome vjfe 
 
 
 
 
 'J*^ 
 
 •f s- 
 
 ■V;^ 
 
 m 
 
J.t^Aii'n i)'<»t^>. 
 
w 
 
 hIm: 
 
 in 
 
CALIFORNIA. t^ 
 
 in making the correftions which obfervations 
 may hereafter (hew to be neceflary. ,^ ....,„„ 
 
 SECT. II. n 
 
 Account of the gulf of California, itscoafts, 
 and iflands. ..... 
 
 It has been the earned defire of the jefuits, 
 fince their firft entrance into California, to take 
 an exad and particular view of the outward or 
 W. coafl: of this peninfula, which is wafhed 
 by the Pacifick Ocean, or South fea. But 
 liitherto a thoufand inconveniencies and ditli- 
 culties have hindered them from executing this 
 laudable defign, except in fome places only, 
 of which we (hall give an account in its proper 
 place. Previoufly to the entrance of the je- 
 fuits, many difcoveries had been made of this 
 coaft i but none fo accurate as that in 1602, 
 under general Ssbaftian Vizcaino, by order of 
 Philip III. A narrative of this voyage was 
 written by Antonio della Afcenfion, a bure- 
 footed Carmelite, who accompanied the gene- 
 ral, and of which Juan de Torquemada has 
 made a 'faithful extract, too large indeed to be 
 inferted here, but too important to be omit- 
 ted, and therefore a copy of it will be placed 
 at the end of this work ; where the curious 
 i«ay at their leifure read the inoft certain ac- 
 counts 
 
 
f4 History OF 
 
 counts we are poflefled of, relating to this 
 weftern coaft. In the mean time, to avoid re- 
 petitions, we (hall pafs over the defcription of 
 it, and proceed to give an account of the fea 
 or gulf of California *, and of the contiguous 
 coafts in which it is inclofed. 
 
 This gulf is an arm of the Pacifick fea, in- 
 tercepted between Cape de Corrientes on one 
 fide, and Cape St. Lucas on the other ; that 
 is, betwixt the two coafts of New Spain and 
 California, till it joins the mouth of the great 
 river Colorado. It has a near refemblance to 
 the Adriatick, a branch of the Mediterranean 
 formed by the coaft of Italy, and that of Dal - 
 matia in Greece. The ancient difcoverers call- 
 ed it Mar Barmejo, and Mar Roxo, the 
 Red fea, from irs refembling in form, and 
 fometimes in colour and appearance, the gulf 
 of Arabia, which runs from Suez, betwixt the 
 coafts of Africa and Afia, and is celebrated for 
 the Ifraelites pafting it on foot. It has alfo 
 been called Mar de Cortes, in compliance 
 with the folicitude of the conqueror of the Mexi- 
 can empire, in order to augment the glory of 
 his enterprizes. The more modern mifiionaries 
 give it the name of Seno Lauritano, in honour 
 of our lady of Loretto, the proteftrefs and pa- 
 tronefs of that miflion. Likewife Mar del' 
 Oriente, becaufe it.lies to the caftward of Call - 
 5 fornia, 
 
CALIFORKIA. 
 
 «5 
 
 in- 
 
 v; ■ 
 
 fornia, and for a contrary reafon they give 
 the name of Mar de Poniente, or Weft fca to the 
 Pacifick ocean, which, in refpeft of the gulf 
 of Mexico, lies to the northward. Accord- 
 ingly, under that extenfive name, it is now 
 called Mar del Zur, or the South fea. 
 
 The Cape Corrientes lies in two deg. of lati- 
 tude lefs than Cape St. Lucas : yet, as from it 
 the coaft of new Spain takes a different di- 
 reftion, the gulf is generally faid to begin 
 from thefe two capes, the mouth of the fea of 
 California being intercepted between them. 
 Cape Corrientes, according to don George 
 Juan, lies in 268 deg. 10 min. eaft long, from 
 the meridian of the ifle of Ferro, and in 20 
 deg. 20 min. north lat. Northwardof this cape, 
 on the coaft of new Spain, bpfides the parts of 
 lefs note, are the bay of Valle de Vanderas, 
 at a fmall diftance from the cape ; and in al- 
 moft 22 deg. north lat. Matanchel harbour; 
 and beyond it the mouth of the river St. Ja- 
 go, with fome fmall ifles near it. Twenty 
 leagues weft of this part of the coaft, in the 
 middle of the entrance of the bay of Califor- 
 nia, are four fmall idands, called San Juan. 
 and the three Maries. Along the fame coaft 
 are four rivers, San Pedro, Acaponeta, the 
 name alfo of a town lying in 22 deg. 10 min.' 
 N. lat. Cannas, which divides the kingdom 
 
 of 
 
i6 
 
 HISTORY OF 
 
 ' II 
 
 III 
 
 of new Galicia from the province of Cinaloaj 
 and the diocefs of Durango from that of Gua- 
 dalaxara ; and the Chiametia in the province 
 of the fame name, facing which is the ifland of 
 Santa Ifabel. Afterwards we meet with the 
 rivers IVlafatlan, with the iflands of the fame 
 name, and of thofe of Galicia forming the har- 
 bour of St. Sebaftian j and in the fea, the 
 ifland de los Bendos. On the continuation 
 of the coaft is Punta Negra, which projeds a 
 great way into the fea, and the rivers of Piaftla, 
 Jtlota, Tavala, and Culiacan, which gives 
 name to a town and province in the lat. of 25 
 deg. north, as does that of Cinaloa, in about 
 26. Not far diftant, in the fea, is a vaft 
 rock, or rather fmall illand. Oppofite to this 
 coaft, are the bay of Santa Maria, the river and 
 port of Ahome, in 26 deg. 30 min. lat. the 
 river Puerte, the largeft of any in thefe pro- 
 vinces, the Eftcros, and the port of Santa 
 Lucas, formed by an ifland, and a little be- 
 yond, in almoft 28 deg. and within fight of 
 the mine mountain, dc los Trayles and the ri- 
 ver Mayo, which difcharg'^s irfjif into the har- 
 bour pi Santa Cruz. 
 
 On the other fide of the river iVIayo begins 
 the province of Oltimuri, extendmg 40 leagues 
 to the river Chico, in which is inclofcd part of 
 the Pimeria Baxa. On the eaft is the bay of 
 
 Santa 
 
 if j 
 
inaloa^ 
 f Gua- 
 rovince 
 land of 
 ith the 
 le fame 
 :he h ar- 
 ea, the 
 nuation 
 qje6ls a 
 Piaftla, 
 I gives 
 t. of 25 
 in about 
 ; a vaft 
 e to this 
 iver and 
 lat. the 
 efe pro- 
 )f Santa 
 ittle be- 
 fight of 
 d the ri- 
 the har- 
 
 begins 
 ) leagues 
 i part of 
 
 bay of 
 Santa 
 
 KM 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 17 
 
 Santa Cruz, the creeks of St. Martin, and St. 
 
 Bartholomew, and the Punta de Lobos. A- 
 
 bout 29 deg. the river Yaqui, or San Igna- 
 
 cio falls into the fea, forming Yaqui harbour, 
 
 betwixt the villages of Belen and Raun ; and 
 
 which for its feveral convcniencies, is the mofb 
 
 frequented by the California barks. From this 
 
 river begins the province of Sonora, which is 
 
 of a vaft extent up the country ; and this fide 
 
 of the continent was the laft conquered by the 
 
 Spaniards, and converted by the jefuits. In 
 
 following the coaft are found the harbour of 
 
 Xavier, the bay of San Jofeph de los Guay- 
 
 mas, and the river de Sonora, the name of the 
 
 whole province. 
 
 From this part, as fiir as Caborca, which 
 is 90 leagues from the river Yaqui, the coaft, 
 on account of its being very barren and rocky, 
 has the appearance of a defert, all its inha- 
 bitants being a few Indian Seris and Tepocas, 
 who are all totally heathens, or very imperfeft- 
 ly inftrudled in chriftianity. It contains the 
 great bay of San Juan Baptifta, near which is 
 jrhe ifland of San Auguftin ; and farther to the 
 weftward, that of San Eftcvan. Further to 
 the northward is the ifland of San Pedro, near 
 the coaft of the Seris. A little beyond falls 
 into the fea, the fmall river which waters the 
 milfion of the Concepcion de Caborca, a trafft 
 V01-. I. C of 
 
 ll 
 
I'.t 
 
 ^n 
 
 ' 
 
 18 HISTORY OF 
 
 of land lying up the country about two leagues 
 from the fea. This was the laft chriftian fet- 
 tlement formed in the province of Pimeria Alta, 
 within the government of Sonora, and lies in 
 31 deg. N. latitude. But in 1751 the Indians, 
 infenfible of their happinefs, revolted and de- 
 ftroyed it, and the two miflionary jefuits fettled 
 there, fuffering a glorious martyrdom. Not 
 far from this ftream, father Eufebio Francifco 
 Kino difcovered an harbour, which he called 
 Santa Sabina •, and near the ihore, a fmall 
 ifland, about three leagues in length, to which 
 he gave the name of Santa Ines. In the remain- 
 ing part of the coaft, from 31 deg. many 
 geographers, both ancient and modern, placed 
 the rivers Coral, Tizon, Santa Clara, Am- 
 gouche, Perlas, and Lajas, the fhoals, with 
 other capes and harbours. But father Kino, 
 who made feveral tours along this country, 
 and was a very accurate obferver, from the 
 river Caborca, to the Colorado, met with no- 
 thing worth inferting in his maps, except the 
 rivulet of Santa Clara, which runs into the 
 fea. Pairing by the ikirts of the mountains of 
 that name, called by the fame father del Car- 
 rizal and San Marcelo, in lat. 3 1 deg. 30 min. 
 he was fofar from meeting with any fuch rivers, 
 that he has inferted only one piece of water 
 from Santa Clara to the river Colorado i which 
 
 
eagues 
 in fet- 
 lAlta, 
 i lies in 
 ndians, ' 
 ind de- 
 i fettled 
 i. Not 
 rancifco 
 e called 
 a fmall 
 o which 
 
 remain- 
 r. many 
 n, placed 
 ra, Am- 
 als, with 
 ler Kino, 
 
 country, 
 from the 
 
 with no- 
 
 cept the 
 
 into the 
 antains of 
 del Car- 
 
 . 30 min. 
 
 ich rivers, 
 of water 
 
 Oi which 
 he 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 19 
 
 he calls Tres-Ojitos, or three little eyes, and 
 is fituated near the abovementioned rivulet of 
 Santa Clara. Relying therefore on father Ki- 
 no's narratives and maps, it may be confident- 
 ly affirmed, that from the brook of Santa Cla- 
 ra, the bearing of the coaft alters, running 
 direftly from E. to W. for the fpace of half a 
 degree; where it again winds to the north. 
 The reft of the coaft is all a barren fand, as far 
 as the river Colorado, which, as we have be- 
 fore obferved, falls into the fea in 32 deg. 30 
 min. north latitude. Above this there can be none 
 of the above-mentioned rivers, this being the 
 ptmoft limit of the gulf, where the eajllern coaft 
 of California, and that of the continent of New 
 Spain join with the banks of the above river. 
 
 Of all the rivers in the vaft extent of the 
 vice-royalty of Mexico, this is the largeft. Its 
 piouth at its entrance into the gulf, being near 
 a league in breadth. In }t are formed three 
 fmall iflands, which by reducing it into chan- 
 nels, increafes the rapidity of its currents. Ac- 
 cording to the accounts of father Kino, who, 
 from the commencement of the miffion of Pi- 
 meria Alta, in the clofe of the laft century, 
 and beginning of the prefenc, failed up the 
 river Colorado feveral times ; and according 
 to the teftlmony of father James Scdelmayer. a 
 miffipnaryof Caborca and Tubutarpa, who, in 
 
( ■'. 
 
 10 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 his indefatigable zeal, likewife entered that river 
 feveral times fince the year 1744, particular- 
 ly in Oftober 1748. The river Colorado runs 
 directly N. and S. from the 34th degree, till it 
 lofes itfelf in the fca. About the 35th degree, it 
 receives the large river Gila, and runs in one 
 continued ftream N. E. and S. W. to about 
 the 34th degree, which is alfo the courfe of the 
 Colorado, till the jundion of the two rivers, 
 and its banks are fo far inhabited by this na- 
 tion of the Alchedomas. The courfe of the 
 Gila, from the country of the Apaches is E. 
 and W. and before its influx into the Colorado, 
 it is enlarged by the river AfTuncion, a name 
 given by friar Sedelmayer to another large 
 river which he met with befides the Gila, and 
 which is joined by two other fmaller rivers, by 
 him called Rio Saludo, and Rio Verde. The 
 river Gila is about 100 leagues from the laft 
 mifuons of Soiiora and Pimeria ; and confe- 
 quently above 600 leagues N. of Mexico. 
 
 It now remains to give a defcnption of the 
 gulf on the fide of California, its weftern 
 coaft. The gulf begins from the bay of St. 
 Barnaby, is incloftd betwixt two capes ; the 
 moll fouthern of which is that of St. Lucas ; 
 and the inwaid called Porfia, into which the little 
 river flowing thro' the miflTion of St. Jofeph de | 
 Los Coras falls. Within the gulf is the bay of; 
 
 Las 
 
at river 
 ticular- 
 ido runs 
 ;e, tin it 
 [egree, it 
 5 in one 
 to about 
 rfe of the 
 vo rivers, 
 ^ this na- 
 rfe of the 
 Lches is E. 
 Colorado, 
 
 ,n, a name 
 pther large 
 ; Gila, and 
 r rivers, by 
 t;rde. The 
 om the laft 
 and confe- 
 /lexico. 
 jtion of the 
 its weftern 
 £ bay of St. 
 capes-, the 
 St. Lucas i 
 hich the little 
 t. Jofeph de 
 is the bay of 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 21 
 
 Las Palmas: and beyond that, another called 
 Serraivo j and alfo an ifland in the middle of the 
 fea facing it. From hence the coaft runs to 
 the northward inclining to the weft, as far as the 
 heights of Santa Cruz, and the ifland Rofario, 
 where it runs due weft; and afterwards winding 
 from north to fouth, forms a point of land in the 
 gulf, which runs from fouth-wcft to north-eaft ; 
 and oppofite to this point is the ifland de St. Spi- 
 ritu Santo. This cape forms the fpacious bay de 
 la Paz, lying in 23 deg. 30 min. north latitude, 
 in which is the harbour Pitchilingues, and near 
 it a vaft number of fmall iflands. This bay 
 was the place where admiral don Ifidro de 
 Otondo y Antillon arrived in his firft voyage 
 to California ; and here he continued four 
 months, till the 31ft of March 1683. After- 
 wards he failed about 60 leagues to the north- 
 ward, namely, as far as the bay de los Dolores ; 
 in the language of the country called de A pate ; 
 and facing its coaft lies the ifland of San Jofeph, 
 and others called Las Animas, San Diego, 
 Santa Cruz, Montalvan, and Catalana. Im- 
 mediately after, the coaft forms the bay of San 
 Carlos, which is entirely furrounded with fmall 
 iflands. And beyond the coaft of Malibat is 
 Loretto-bay, before called San Dionyfio, and 
 in the country Idiom Concho -, in which, as 
 we have before obferved, is the firft miflion 
 , C 3 found- 
 
 i 
 
■'i 
 
 I I 
 
 ■1 
 
 ' 1 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 'i W 
 
 
 M 
 
 i 
 
 IB 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 j 
 
 1 
 
 Nl 
 
 1 
 
 i: 
 
 22 HISTORYOF 
 
 founded in California, and confecrafed to oitr 
 lady of Loretto, the proteftrcft and patronefs 
 of this conqueft. It lies in the latitude of 26 deg. 
 north. In this bay are the fmall iflands of 
 Montferrat and San Marcial •, alfo that of 
 Carmen, which is larger and farther up the 
 gulf. Betwixt this and the coaft of Ligui lies 
 the ifland of Los Danzantes j and farther up, 
 thofe of San Cofme, San Damain and Coro- 
 nados. 
 
 Not far from thefe iflands, and that called 
 La Mcftiza, the fea forms the little bay of 
 S-An Bruno, in which are feveral iflands called 
 San Juanico; and where admiral Otondo 
 pitched his camp. Beyond a point of land 
 projedling into the fea, to which its figure has 
 given the name of Piilpito, begins the bay of 
 Comondu, facing which is the ifland of San 
 lldefonfo. From this part, the fea, running 
 diredly N. and returning immediately from 
 N. to S. forms another point of land re- 
 fembling that of La Paz above-mentioned, but 
 narrower, betwixt v/hich and the coaft is 
 Concepcion bay, but the mouth of it is ob- 
 ftrufted with a clufter of fmall iflands ; its lati- 
 tude is about 27 deg. About two leagues front 
 this bay, the river Mulege enters the bay of Ca- 
 lifornia, and beyond it is Cape San Marcos, 
 Oppofite to the cape, in the middle of the 
 
 ftrcight. 
 
 
bo oiit* 
 Ltronefs 
 s6 deg. 
 inds of 
 that of 
 up the 
 igui lies 
 ther up« 
 1 Coro- 
 
 ,t called 
 bay of 
 
 ds called 
 Otondo 
 of land 
 
 Ture has 
 
 : bay of 
 
 of San 
 
 running 
 
 ;ly from 
 
 land re- 
 
 ned, but 
 
 coaft is 
 
 it is ob- 
 its lati- 
 ues front 
 ay of Ca- 
 Marcos. 
 le of the 
 ftrcight. 
 
 C A L 1 I^ O R N I A. 2^ 
 
 ftrcight, lies the ifland of Tortuga, or Tor- 
 toife ifland •, and on the S. fide thofe called 
 the Tortuguillas, or the little Tortoifes, and 
 on the N. others called the Galapagos, or 
 Snails: hence the coaft ftretches away a lit- 
 tle inclining to the N. to Cape Virgenes, as the 
 neighbouring chain of nwuntains is called ; 
 among which, in the year 1 746, were found 
 feveral volcanos. Beyond this cape the coaft 
 inclines more to the W, At a fmall diftance is 
 the harbour of Santa Ana, and three leagues 
 further San Carlos, which lies in 28 deg. of 
 N. latitude. Here, on the 9th of June 1 746, 
 father Fernand Confago, by order of father 
 Chriftoval de Efcobar, provincial of New- 
 Spain, came up with four canoes, in order to 
 take a furvey of the remaining part of the 
 coaft terminated by the river Colorado. Be- 
 yond the harbours of Trinidad, San Barnabe, 
 and San Juan, and the cape and bay of San 
 Miguel de la Pepena, is cape San Gabriel de 
 ias Almejas, or St. Gabriel of the Mufcles, 
 a promontory fo dreaded by all navigators 
 on this coaft, that they have nicknamed it 
 Punta de fal Sipuedes, or Point Efcape keep 
 off if you can. The latitude of this cape 
 is 29", 30'. N. Beyond this point of land 
 is an infinite number of iflands, which, on ac- 
 count of the trouble and danger arifing from 
 
 C 4 the 
 
 1 1 
 
i; 
 
 1* 
 
 _ '! 
 
 iJ 
 
 24 HISTORYOF 
 
 the multitude of them, are alfo called Idas 
 de Sal'fi Piieds. The gremeft place of note along 
 the coaft, is the bay of San Raphael, and be- 
 twixt it and San Gabriel is the ifland of San 
 Lorenzo, together with others of a fmaller 
 magnitude. Further up is the bay of Las 
 Animas j and that of Los Angeles, from 
 whence the coaft continues to San Juan and 
 San Pablo, which with the large ifland of Angel 
 de l.i Gunrda forms the canal of de las Ballenas, 
 or Whales; fo called from the great numbers 
 of them ken there. Beyond the bay of San 
 Luis Gonzag3, and that of the Vifitacion, 
 the coaft lies d.:e N. and S. to the bay of 
 San Pht'lipe de Jefus, forming in the intervals 
 the harbours of Santa Ifabel and San Fermin, 
 and from beyond San Fermin and San Buena- 
 ventura it is covered with marflies, and lies 
 S. W. and N. E. or between the N. and E. 
 from the mouth of the Colorado, to the ut- 
 moft limit of the gulf of Calilxjrnia, as we 
 have before remarked. . . . * ^ 
 
 • SECT. in. ' ^'^^ • 
 
 Defcriptlon of the country of California, 
 with ail account of the nature of its foil. 
 
 It may be confidently affirmed, that till the 
 beginning of this century, no European had 
 
 pene- 
 
 t 
 
 an I 
 
 nil! 
 ofl 
 
 paf 
 
CALIFORNIA. 25 
 
 penetrated into the inland parts of California j 
 and confequently what account any one pre- 
 tended to give of it, mull have been only un- 
 certain inferences from the Httle he had ob- 
 ferved on the coaft. However from a defire 
 of alleviating, in foitie meafure, by ftrange 
 and furprifing accounts, the uneafy fenfations 
 arifing from the mifcarrage of the enterprifes 
 fcr its conquefl, and the pleafure with which 
 the attention and wonder of the hearers flat- 
 ters the relator, as one who has been an eye- 
 witnefs of fuch ftrange things, ftimulated 
 many at their ignominious return from thofe 
 expeditions to court popularity, palliate mif- 
 carriages, ^nd render their company accept- 
 able by a fruitful invention of fables. The 
 frequent repetition of thefe opened a door for 
 improvement and emulation. The laft who 
 arrived, thought themfelves obliged to add 
 fome circumftances of greater terror and won- 
 der, than what had been related by the firll 
 adventurers : and this they did with the lefs 
 caution, as their narratives could not be eafily 
 difp roved. 
 
 Even the jefuits themfelves could not give 
 an entire and authentick account of this pe- 
 ninfula on their firfl: arrival ; it was a work 
 of years for them to penetrate into the inland 
 parts, and take at leifure a furvey of it, in 
 
 order 
 
■I 
 
 j6 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 order to give the world a juft account. What 
 errors would that perfon commit, who fhould 
 defcribe the nature and qualities of Spain, 
 when hisobfervations had been confined to a fmall 
 part of its coaft ? I Hiall not therefore repeat 
 the erroneous accounts of former adventurers, 
 but lay before the reader, what is afcertained 
 by repeated modern accounts. 
 
 The length of California from cape San 
 Lucas to the northern limit already conquer- 
 ed, is about 300 leagues : befides which, a- 
 bout a diftrid of a league has been partly 
 known and defcribed. 
 
 Its breadth is fmall in proportion to its 
 length; for at cape San Lucas it is only 10 
 leagues, in fome places 20, in others 30, and 
 in others 40, from one fea to the other, ac- 
 cording to the windings of both coafts. From 
 the extent of the country, there mult naturally 
 be a difference in the temperature of the air, 
 and the qualities of the foil. But it may be 
 faid in general, that the air is dry and hot to 
 a great degree ; and that the earth is barren, 
 rugged, wild, every where over- run with 
 mountains, rocks, and fands, with little wa- 
 ter, and confequently unfit either for agri- 
 culture, planting, or graziery. But to fpeak 
 a little more particularly j for the fpace of 20 
 or 30 leagues from cape San Lucas, the air 
 
 is 
 
 n 
 
Its 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 27 
 
 is of a more kindly quality, the ground lefs 
 barren and rugged, and little currents of wa- 
 ter more frequent than in the other parts. 
 From hence to the garrifon of Loretto, which 
 is near the center of the conquered part, the 
 heat is in general excelTive, the mountains 
 craggy, and the earth dry and barren. In the 
 remaining part of the conquered country to 
 the furtheft mifllons, the air is more mo- 
 derate, fo that at fome feafons of the year 
 water freezes j but the wild difpofition of the 
 country is the fame. From the 28th degree, as 
 far as has been difcovered along the coaft of 
 the peninfula, the foil is not fo rugged and 
 full of rocks : yet with no abatement of its 
 remarkable fterility. Father Kino howeverj 
 who crofled the river Colorado, between 34 
 and 35 degrees, and took a very careful fur- 
 vey of the countries to the weft of this river^ 
 betwixt the channel of Santa Barbara, Puerto 
 de Monte Rey, artd Cape Mendocino, affures usj 
 that there are level and fruitful trafts, inter- 
 fperfed with many delightful woods, plenty of 
 water, fine paflures, and as proper a country 
 for making fettlements as can be defired. This 
 account is confirmed by what general Viz- 
 caino met with on the fea coaft of thofe trafls ; 
 and ftill more recently by father Taraval's own 
 experience on the coaft of San Xavier : and 
 
 in 
 
28 HISTORYOF 
 
 in the oppofite iflands de los Dolores, which 
 form the above named channel of St. Barbara. 
 Both agree that thefe coafts, either with regard 
 to the air, or plenty of fruits, have little or 
 no . affinity with the other parts of Cali- 
 fornia. , 
 
 The idea therefore which from good au- 
 thority is to be formed of California as difco- 
 vered for near 300 leagues up the country, 
 is not very advantageous : but, notwithftand- 
 ing this country in general is rugged, craggy, 
 and barren, and the air difagreeable and un- 
 healthy ; yet near the coaft there are feveral 
 Ipots that may be greatly improved by agri- 
 culture, and would produce all the neccflaries 
 of life. The vicinity of the fea with its vapours 
 moderates the heat of the atmofphere •, the fides 
 of the mountains fend forth currents of water, 
 without which, indeed fowing would often fail, 
 on account of the little rain, and the uncer- 
 tainty of it. Laftly, it is not without plains 
 both for pafture and tillage. Even in the cen- 
 ter of California there are fome vallies and 
 rifing grounds of a tolerable foil, having 
 fprings for d; inking and watering the grounds. 
 In thefe parts it is that the poor Californians 
 
 and here likewife are the 
 Cabe- 
 
 have their dwellincs 
 
■i iXililUHllii'l^-'-'"'^'' < k1tM».««r 
 
 CALIFORNIA. ig 
 
 Cabeceras * of the miflions, . and the villages 
 within their vifitation. • ' . ,....;.. 
 
 It has been a maxim always to build thefe 
 cabeceras near rivers and waters, to induce the 
 Indians to live in towns, and thereby habitu- 
 ate them to a chriftian and focial life under 
 laws. But along the v/hole inward coaft from 
 Cape San Lucas to the river Colorado, there 
 are only two ftreams, and thefe but fmall, the 
 firR pafies through the miflion of San Jofeph 
 del Cabo, and difcharges itfelf into the bay 
 of San Bernabc -, the fecond is the Multje, 
 which waters the miflion of Santa Rofaiia, and 
 runs into the gulf of California, in the latitude 
 of 27 deg. The other miflions are near fome 
 fprings, whofe waters generally do not reach 
 the fea, unlefs in times of great rain. Others 
 do not fall into the gulf, but into the Paci- 
 fick fea on the wefliern coafl; j but as no ac- 
 curate obfeivations have been made on this 
 head, I will not venture to fay any thing further 
 about the rivers, as it muft be uncertain. • 
 
 Monfieur de Fer and other modern geogra- 
 phers place on this coafl:, and in ti;e latitude of 
 26 deg. near Cape Santa Apollonia, the port 
 of San Martin, that of Anno Nuevo, and 
 
 * This is the name of the principal town, in which 
 ufually refides the mifllonary, who generally has feveral 
 fmall villages unJer his care. 
 
 the 
 
^)l 
 
 ( • 
 
 3P HISTORYOP 
 
 the river of Santo Thome, with this par- 
 ticular, that they were difcovered in the year 
 1648. This was the asra of admiral Otondo*s 
 expeditions, in which father JCino accompani- 
 ed that officer ; and though I do i^ot 6nd in 
 the narratives of that expedition, that Otondo 
 ever went on fliore, only to vifit the harbours of 
 theeaftern coaft and the gulfj yet from the 
 ardent curiofity of father Kino, and the great 
 concern he had in the affairs of California, I 
 cannot think that he cou}d be ipiflaken in any 
 particular relating to the difcovery : that fa- 
 ther Kino, both in his large manufcript map, 
 9nd likewife in the lefTer impreilipn, places the 
 river of Santo Thome, as rifing between 26 
 and 27 deg. of N. latitude, and after crofling the 
 whole peninfula, difcharging itfelf into the 
 South fea, in the 26 deg. and forming at its 
 mouth a large harbour, which he calls Puerto 
 de Anno Nuevo, being difcovered in the year 
 1685. On both fides of the river are chriftiaij 
 villages, as is evident from their names, San- 
 tiago, Santo Innocentes, San Juan, San Efte- 
 van, Re;;es, Noche-3uena, Thebayda, and 
 San Nicholas ; yet in the accounts of that 
 time, I do not meet with any intelligence of 
 this difcovery, to which I muft add, that in the 
 fubfequent relations, no mention is made of 
 any fuch river, lettlements, or harbours, 
 
 though 
 
 I 
 
CALIFORNIA. gi 
 
 though even little brooks are taken notice of. 
 Thefe, and feveral other reafons, induce me 
 not to pronounce deciftvely : and many other 
 difficulties of the fame nature occurring about 
 this outward coaft, I beg leave for want of 
 more recent and exa6l information, to refer 
 the reader to the narrative of general Vizcaino's 
 voyage inferted at the end of this work. 
 
 S E C T. IV. 
 
 Of the Beafts, Birds, Infeds, Fiflies, Shells, 
 Trees, Fruits, Plants, Minerals, and 
 i nrlst found in California and its feas* 
 
 F/ r^; ; ihis extenfive title, I hope the reader 
 will not expeft a complete hiftory of the animal, 
 vegetable, and mineral kingdoms in California, 
 I well know that natural hiftory has always 
 been the favourite ftudy of the wife in every ci- 
 vilized nation. I kiow alfo the prefent ap- 
 plication of the learned to the experimental 
 knowledge of nature., and the countenance it fo 
 defervedly receives from the European princes; 
 of which the galleries of curiofities, mufasums, 
 gardens, laboratories, theatres, academies, and 
 innumerable books are fuch fplendid rnonu* 
 ments. I know the fatisfadlion which arifes in 
 the breaft of a curious reader, at meeting with 
 
 atiy 
 
 m 
 
 

 ^i HISTORYOF 
 
 any novelty in this fcience, as may reafonably 
 be expeded in the accounts of countries remote 
 and Kttle known. I know that nothing fhould 
 be omitted relating to th& natural hiftory, as 
 nothing is more pleafing to perfons of tafte ; 
 poflibly the Supreme Being, in order to the 
 inveftigation of the wonders of his power has 
 infpired men with this tafte, knowing the ea- 
 gernefs with which they defire to fearch into, 
 and explain every phaenomenon of nature j or 
 it is the defign of Omnipotence in infpiring 
 the minds of men with this defire of con- 
 templating the works of his hands, that we may 
 thence acquire feme faint idea of his greatnefs. 
 I alio fee with admiration the labours of many 
 foreigners, in illuftrating the natural hiftory of 
 the American colonies of their refpedtive na- 
 tions •, as the late admirable prefident of the 
 royal fociety in England, fir Hans Sloane *, 
 mrs. Maria Sybilla Mirian, who undertook a 
 voyage from Holland to Surinam, to obtain a 
 
 ♦ Catalogus plnntarum, qua* in infula Jamaica (ponte 
 provenient vel vulgo coluntur, cum caiundem fvnonimis Si 
 locis natalibus, adjeai? aliis quibufdam, que in infulis. 
 Maderx, Barbadoe?, Neves, S. Clirillophori nafcuntur, feu 
 prodromus Hiftoris naturalis Jamaicae, Londini, 1695, in 
 fol. Voyage to the iflands of Madeira, Barbadocs, Ne- 
 vis, St. Chriltophcr's and Jamaica, with the natural hi'Iory 
 of thefe countries, &c. London 1707. two vols, io fol. 
 vith 274 copper plates. 
 
 niorc 
 
Mini 
 
 fc 
 
 ■4 
 
 CALIFORNIA. ^^ 
 
 more accurate knowledge of the infe<fls of that 
 country. Laet and Briy, Dutchmen i Joce- 
 line and Walker, Engliflimenj Lerio, a French- 
 man; Pifon, Markgrave, and Rochfdrt, Dutch- 
 men i Ligon, an Englilhman i Cornuto, an 
 Italian in the French fervice j Bannifter, ah Eng- 
 lilhman i Vernon and Crieg, Englilhmen •, La- 
 bat, a French Dominican j Thibeth, a French 
 Francifcan ; Catefby and Clayton, Englifhmen ; 
 Barrera la Fitau and Charlevoix, Frenchmen i 
 and many others to be found in the botanical 
 bibliothecas of Seguier and Linnseus. I remem- 
 ber the diligent cultivation of this ftudy in 
 Spain, even in the time of the Moors, and 
 much more fince the eftablifhment of the ufe- 
 ful arts and fciences, when Pliny was read in 
 fchools : and there was an emulation among 
 the learned, in illuftrating that author with 
 notes, as Nunnius, Stran, Gomez, de Caftro, 
 Ponce de Leon ; whilft this artful knowledge 
 was farther improved by the valuable writings 
 of Laguna, Valles, Herrera, el Prior, Deza, 
 Rios, Salinas, Val de Cebro, Funes, Velez, 
 Vargus, Villafane, Barba, and many others, 
 mentioned with honour in the Spanilh libra- 
 ries. Nor am I ignorant alfo with what pre- 
 cifion the produdls of America have been illu- 
 ftrated by Monardes and Oviedo, but efpecial- 
 ly by the late father Jofeph d'Asofta, a je* 
 Vol. I. D fuit. 
 
 li 
 
 m 
 
! 
 
 : 
 
 Hi 
 
 34 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 fuit, whom that elegant writer, father Feyjoo, 
 juftly ftiles the Pliny of America: and here I 
 muft not omit the famous Francifco Hernan- 
 dez, fent to America as well as Acofta, by 
 Philip II. who left in the Efcurial library fe- 
 venteen large volumes of defcriptions, of which 
 father Claudio Clemente fays, * " Qui omnes 
 " libri, & commentarii, fi prout aff^fti funt, ita 
 " forent perfefti, ScabfolutiPhilippusSecundus 
 " & Francifcus Hernandez, haudquaquam 
 " Alexandro, et Ariftoteli, in hac parte con- 
 " cederent." But of thefe we have only ex- 
 trafls, taken by father Ximenes, and Nardo 
 Recco, phyfician to Philip IV. I alfo with 
 pleafure fee the general applaufe given to illu- 
 ftrations of the natural hiftory of our American 
 dominions in this century : as thofe of father 
 Fevillee f, and Plumier J, who were fent to 
 America at the expence of the king of France^ 
 The defcription of the plants of the Philippine 
 iflands by father Camello 5 thofe of the river 
 
 • Bibllothecae Efcuralis defcrJptio : Appendix ad trada- 
 tum Mufxi, five bibliothecx inilru£lio> &c. Lugduni, 1635. 
 4to. 
 
 t A minim, alfo mathematician and botanifl, who 
 publiflied a valuable piece entitled, the Hiftory of the 
 medicinal plants, ufed in Peru and Chili, Paris 17 14. 
 4to. Sequel of the fame, Paris 1725. 
 
 X Defcription de plantes d'Amerique, folio. Alfo^ 
 Nova Plantar um Americanarum genera, Paris 1703. 
 
 Oronoco 
 
 'it 
 
 I 
 I 
 
 ■'4 
 
^^ ^^^.iM^,.iM»ti>.aiifait 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 55 
 
 Oronoco by father Gumilla, in his excellent 
 work, intitled Oronoco Illuftrado ; and laftly 
 thofe which occur in the Relation del Viago a 
 los Reynos del Peru, by don George Juan and 
 don Antonio Ulloa, in company with the aca- 
 demicians of France, to afr --tain the true figure 
 of the earth. To c - luu( ^ know the imp" •' 
 tience with which the literary world is expeclii- 
 ing the obfervations of monfieur Juflleu, who 
 who was fent by his moftchriftian majefty with 
 the above academicians ; and who ftayed be- 
 hind in America feveral years, purely to ilki- 
 llrate the natural hiftory of that cxtenfive 
 country. All thefe particulars lie before me, 
 and I have related them not fo much to defend 
 me from the complaints of the learned, as to 
 incite perfons of capacity living in Spain, to 
 filence the lo d complaints of LinnjEus, on the 
 want of good accounts *. And likewife to 
 thofe that live in America, that they would 
 remove the caufe of fuch reproaches, by exert- 
 ing themfelves to gratify this noble curiofity. 
 
 * Linn. Biblioth. Botanica, part. viii. Florida:, $ viii. 
 Hifp. pag. 96. Hifpanica: Florae nulls: nobis innotuerunt, 
 adeoque plantae iftae rariflimx in locis Hifpaniae fertilifCmis 
 minus deleda Aint. Dolendum eft, quod in locis, Europae 
 cultioribus tanta exiilat nollro tempore barbaries bo- 
 tanices ! Fauciffimas iilas plantas, qu.e nobis in Hiipania 8e 
 Portugalia coaflant, debemus curious clafs. iii. Tournefor- 
 tio Sc pauds aliis, 
 
 D 2 In 
 
 1^^ 
 
36 II I S T O P Y O F 
 
 In the mean time, I fliall be ranked among 
 thofe who increafe the above complaints in imi- 
 tation of the learned Muratori, in his Notitia 
 del Paraguay. For in "peclation of more 
 piinflual and particular informations, my intent 
 here is only to give a general idea of the fub- 
 jedls mentioned in the title. 
 
 In California are now found all kinds of 
 domeftick animals, commonly ufed in Spain 
 and Mexico i for tho* the mifllonaries met with 
 none fuch, they have fince been tranfported from 
 New Spain, forhorfes, mules, afles, oxen, fhecp, 
 hogs, and goats, and even dogs and cats have 
 been found to thrive well in this country. In 
 California are two fpecies of wild creatures for 
 hunting, which are not nown in Old or New 
 Spain. The firft is that .vhich the Californians 
 in the Monqui tongue call Taye. It is about 
 the bignefs of a calf, a year and a half old, and 
 greatly refembles it in figure, except in its 
 head, which is like that of a deer, and the 
 horns very thick, refembling thofe of a ram : 
 its hoof large, round, and cloven, like that of 
 an ox : its Ikin is fpotted like the deer, but the 
 hair thinner, and it has a Ihort tail : the flefh is 
 very palatable, and to moft taftes exquifite. 
 The lecond fpecies differs very little from a 
 flieep, but a great deal larger, and more bulky : 
 thefc are of two colours, white and black, both 
 
 well 
 
 rjf, 
 
 ■i' 
 
IMMMi 
 
 ^y/w CfH/4>h' or t^rojo . ^ . , . 
 
 // ItH.J.paacso. 
 
 imi- 
 otitia 
 more 
 intent 
 :fub- 
 
 ids of 
 Spain 
 ;t with 
 dfrom 
 (hecp, 
 cs have 
 y. In 
 res for 
 )r New 
 "ornians 
 s about 
 )ld, and 
 C in its 
 and the 
 a ram : 
 I that of 
 
 but the 
 e flelh is 
 xquifite. 
 
 from a 
 e bulky : 
 Lck, both 
 well 
 
 kJ/ic *yfT 
 
 'f^V^ or lauW 
 
 ^Pi^<<ffl S^€Of\ 
 
t' 
 
 
 ... , fc y 
 
 ' > 
 
 ■ ■- L, i-'.i 
 
 \ 
 
 ■ V 
 
 
 ■ ■ ■•\^' 
 
 f 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 ' ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 « 
 
 
"■■•s 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 37 
 
 vifll covered with excellent wool. The fledi of 
 thefe is not lefs agreeable, and they wander in 
 droves about the forefts and mountains. Here 
 is alfo plenty of deer, hares, rabbits, and wild 
 goats, though the Indians kill great numbers 
 in their huntings ; but the coyotes are fcarce. 
 This is a Mexican word, and in New Spain 
 the name of a peculiar fpecies of wild dog, in 
 fome particulars refembling the foxes of Spain, 
 efpecially in their arts and ftratagems j though 
 their figure is very different. Some leopards 
 alfo have been feen here, and are the fame crea- 
 tures with thofe called lions in the king- 
 dom of Mexico. A few years fince fome In- 
 dians killed a wolf J and all their countrymen 
 affirmed, that it was the firft they had ever 
 feen of that kind ; which proves that there are 
 few of them, the Indians being continually 
 hunting in the forefts. Goats, cats, and wild 
 hogs are frequently found among the moun- 
 tains. Father Torquemada obferves, that a- 
 bout Monte Rey are very large bears, an ani- 
 mal fomething like a buffalo, and a creature 
 very different from the tyger, as will appear 
 from the following defcription he has given of 
 it : it is about the bignefs of a fteer, but fhap- 
 ed like a ftag; its hair refembles that of a pe- 
 lican, and is a quarter of a yard in length -, its 
 nfck long, and on its head are horns, like 
 
 l> 3 thofe 
 
I 
 t> ! 
 
 38 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 thofc of a ftag •, the tail is a yard in length, 
 ;uid h;ilf a yard in breadth j and the feet cloven 
 like ihofe of an ox. The fame father relates, 
 that in the bay of San Bcrnabe, near Cape San 
 Lucas, tygcrs are found, and that the Indians, 
 among other things, brought the fkins of them 
 to the Spaniards. 
 
 But the greateft curiofity in this particular, 
 which has been found in California, is a kin4 
 of animal exadly refembling a beaver, if not 
 aflually a fpccics of that creature. Father Si- 
 gifmundo Taraval law feveral during his jour- 
 ney, in the year 1733, to the iQand de los Do- 
 lores, in a part called San Andres, four days and 
 a half journey from the miflion of San Ignatio. 
 They found fuch numbers of them together, 
 that the feamen killed above twenty of them* 
 following them only with (licks. Some of the 
 Ikins of thefe creatures the father fent to Mexi- 
 co. He fjppofes thefe animals to be amphibi- 
 ous, like the beaver ; but fays nothing of that 
 fldll and regularity fo much admired in the 
 ftru6lures which the Canada-beavers builc} 
 along the rivers for their habitations. 
 
 With regard to fnakes and terreftrial infefts, 
 befides the common fpecies, here are alfo thofe 
 which ufually abound in hot countries, as vi- 
 pers of different kinds, efts, fcorpions, fpiders, 
 (colopendras, crickets, pifmires, and lizards ^ 
 
 and 
 
CALIFORNIA. 39 
 
 and one of the accounts adds, tarantulas, but 
 without any mention that its bite is attended 
 with the remarkable frenzy fucceeding that of 
 the tarantulas of Calabria. Laftly, though 
 the heat in California is generally cxcelTive, 
 yet even the moift parts do not abound v/ith 
 thofe mifchievous infedls, the bugs, niguais *, 
 and others, both common and peculiar to Ame- 
 rica. 
 
 Of birds there is an infinite variety. Among 
 thofe which ferve for the ♦■able, are turtles, 
 herons, quails, pheafants, g^efe, ducks, and 
 pigeons. The birds of prey are vultures, 
 hawks, falcons, ofllphrsges, horn-owls, ravens, 
 and crows, which in New Spain are called in 
 the Mexican dialed, zopilotes ; and another kind 
 called auras, of excellent ufe in keeping the 
 cities clean, leaving no dead carcafe in the 
 ftreets, whither they repair early every morn- 
 ing. With regard to night birds, there are 
 owls, and many others of a fmalier kind, not 
 feen in any other parts, nor mentioned by cny 
 naturalifts •, nor have the narratives of thf* je- 
 fuits fupplied us with a defcription, or •. ', . .1 
 
 * Very fmall infefts, which lie hid in the duU, leap 
 like fleas, and work themfelves into the feet or legs 
 of thofe that go barefoot j where they broeii (o woncer- 
 fully, that they are fcarce to be got out again, and fome- 
 times there is no deftroying tbeiu without cauteri/in(r or 
 fiutting oft thp part 
 
 D 4 the 
 
40 HISTORYOF 
 
 the name of them. California has a great vnr 
 riety of finging birds, efpecially of thofe kinds 
 found either in Old or New Spain, as larks, 
 nightingales, and the like, mod of which are 
 adorned with beautiful plumages. Father Tor- 
 quemada fays, " that about the harbour of 
 Monte-Rey are buftards, peacocks, geefe, 
 thrulhes, fwallovvs, fparrows, gold -finches, li- 
 nets, quails, partridges, blackbirds, water- 
 wagtails, cranes, vultures, and other birds, 
 refcmbling turkey-cocks: the latter were the 
 largeft we ever faw, the diftance from one 
 wing to the other being feventei^n palms. Fie 
 adds, that there are cormorants, gulls, and 
 mews." The fame author fays, that in the 
 ifland of Afllimpcion they faw great numbers of 
 a particular fpecies of gulls, which, as they 
 are found in feveral parts of California, it may 
 not be improper to infert here the defcription 
 of them, by friar Antonio della Afiumpcion, 
 *' The gulls live on pilchards and other fmail 
 fifhes ; but they are equal to a very large goofe 
 in fize, their bill a foot in length, and their 
 long legs refemble thofe of the ftork j their 
 beak and feet arc like thofe of a goofe. They 
 have a vaft craw, which in fome hangs down 
 like the leather bottles ufed in Peru for carry- 
 ing water -, and in it they put their captures 
 
 ID carry them to their vouno; ones. 
 
 The friend- 
 
^■imU»d<U»ai;;fMav'-w*i*' 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 41 
 
 ly difpofition of thefe birds is fomething fur- 
 prifing i for they aflTift one another, as if they 
 had an unadulterated ufe of reafon. If any 
 one is fick, weak, maimed, or otherwife dif- 
 abled from going in queft of food, he is plen- 
 tifully aflifted by others, who lay it before 
 him : of this I myfelf was an-eye witnefs in 
 the ifland of San Roque, where I accidentally 
 found a gull tied with a ftring, and one of 
 his wings broke ; around this maimed bird lay 
 heaps of excellent pilchards, brought thither 
 by its companions : and this I found was a 
 ftratagem pradifed by the Indians, to procure 
 themfelves a difli of fifli ; for they lie 'conceal- 
 ed, while the gulls bring thefe charitaole fup- 
 plies; and when they think that little more is 
 to be expefled, they feize upon the contribu- 
 tions." Such are the myfterious ways of pro- 
 vidence for the fupport of his creatures ' 
 
 As the air and qualities of the earth arc 
 not uniform in all parts of California; fo 
 neither are they in the produ(5lion of trees and 
 plants. The point of the peninfula towards 
 Cape San Lucas is more level, fertile, and 
 temperate than any other, and thence more 
 woody. In the other parts, even to the fur- 
 theft mifllons on thp eaft coaft, no timber has 
 hitherto been difcovered largeenough for rafters -, 
 apd if any churches or other buildings are 
 
 iouiKi 
 
11: 
 
 42 HISTORYOF 
 
 found roofed with wood, it has been brought 
 by fea from Cinaloa. In the territory of Gua- 
 dalupe aione are found large quantities of 
 timber, and of this the floop called el Tri- 
 umpho della Cruz was built, in order to make 
 a futher difcovery of the gulf, as we fhall 
 mention in the fequel. Father Torquemada, 
 and father Afcencion, indeed fay, that in the 
 bay of Magdalena on the outward coaft, 
 there is a fpot of ground near the fea cover- 
 ed with large trees, which the Indians ufe for 
 building their filhing barks. The mountains 
 all over this vaft tracfl, are totally bare of 
 verdure, as the Sierra Pintada -, or at moft 
 only covered with fmall fhrubs, briars, and 
 low trees ; but many of them have excellent 
 fruit, fome common to Europe, and others 
 peculiar to America. Thefe however, are 
 moft frequent along the coafls, where they 
 enjoy the benefit of water, efpecially on the 
 banks of rivers and lakes ; where there are 
 alfo ruflies, ofiers, and fedges. Some willows 
 and palm-trees are alfo found on the banks of 
 rivers, efpecially towards Cape San Lucas. 
 
 But imong the plants and fhrubs which moft 
 abound in California, the principal is the pita- 
 haya, a kind of beech, the fruit of which 
 forms the great harveft of the poor inhabi- 
 tants here. This tree is not known in Europe, 
 
C A L ][ F O R N 1 A. 43 
 
 and differs from ^li oher trees in the world 5 
 its branches are fluted and rife vertically from 
 the Hem, fo as to form a very beautiful top j 
 they are without leaves, the fruit growing 
 to the boughs. The fruit is like a horfe 
 cheftnut, and full of prickles: but the pulp 
 refembles that of a fig, only more foft and 
 lufcious. In fome it is white, in fome red, 
 and in others yellow ; but always of an exqui- 
 fite tafte : fome again are wholly fweet; others 
 of a grateful acid. And as the pitahaya is very 
 juicy, it is chiefly found in a dry foil : but its 
 moft valuable quality is its being a fpecifick a- 
 gainfl: the diftcmpsr de Loanda. California has 
 alfo great plenty ot red junas, called in New 
 Spain, junas japonas, and a particular fpecies of 
 fig. Father Afcencion fays, " That the bay of 
 San Barnabe abounds with various trees, as fig 
 trees, lentifl^s, pitahayas, an infinite number of 
 plum trees, which, inftead of refin or gum, yield 
 a very fine and fragrant incenfe in great quan- 
 tity. What tafte thefe plums have, I cannot 
 fay from my owi experience : but they who 
 have been in California, greatly commend 
 them." In fa£t, it is not only in this bay, 
 but in many other parts near the weftern coad, 
 that thefe plum trees abound, the fruit of 
 which is carefully gathered by the Indians. 
 'I^he incenfe or refm tranfudes from thefe and 
 
 other 
 
i 
 
 44 HISTORYOF 
 
 other trees fo copioufly, that it is ufed mixed 
 with tallow for paying bottoms of fhips. The 
 mountains and forefts yield the mezcal, and 
 according to Torquemada the maquey, the 
 roots of which boiled is a principal ingredi- 
 ent in the mexcalli, a kind of food which 
 the natives prefented the Spaniards at the bay 
 of San Francifco. Here are alfo wild vines, to- 
 gether with a great variety of fmall plants and 
 herbs. One fpecies of them called pita, fup- 
 plies the Indians with thread for making their 
 nets and other ufes •, and from different herbs 
 they make with admirable (kill and elegance, 
 a kind of plates and balkets. The inhabitants 
 on the banks of the river Colorado make 
 of the fame herbs little tubs or bins, called 
 coritas, which generally hold about two bulhels 
 of maize : and with thefe they tranfport their 
 goods from one fliore to the other without be- 
 ing in the leafl: damaged by the water, they 
 themfelves fwimming behind and Ihoving thefe 
 vehicles along before them. Other herbs alfj 
 ferve them for food j efpecially three kinds, 
 all of them frequent in New Spain : the 
 firft is yuca, a large thick root, which they 
 cut into flicej and exprefs the juice ; after- 
 wards it is made into broad thin cakes, and 
 eaten inftead of bread. The ftcond is the Ca- 
 motes, whicli are very iweet and palatable. 
 
 The 
 
CALIFORNIA. 45 
 
 The third is the gicamas, which in tafte ex- 
 ceed thofe of Mexico : there is fcarce an herb 
 or root which they do not apply to Tome ufe. 
 Father Francifco Maria Picolo, one of the firft 
 miflionaries that went among them, relates, 
 that they have above fourteen different kinds 
 of feeds which they ufe, chough he mentions 
 only thefe three *, the red frixoles, or kidney 
 beans i the canamones, or hemp fcred, and 
 alpifte, a kind of canary feed. Befides thefe 
 trees and roots, here are others which have 
 been tranfplanted by the miflionaries from the 
 continent, and moft of them with very good 
 fuccefs, efpecially in thofe parts where they 
 have the conveniency of water ; fo that the 
 banks of the rivers, canals, and watering 
 places are decorated with olives, fig trees, and 
 vines ; and in fome parts, the latter have throve 
 (o well, as to afford a wine, equal to the bed 
 in Europe. Father Juan de Ugarte, whom we 
 fliall have occafion frequently to mention here- 
 after, brought hither almoft every kind of 
 fruit trees growing in New Spain ; and having 
 planted them in a foil properly prepared on 
 the coaft of San Miguel, and kept daily wa- 
 tered, they all flouriflied ; the fame fuccefs 
 attended the experiments made with wheat, 
 maize, French beans, melons of both kinds, 
 garvanzo, or a kind of peafe, and all forts of 
 
 elca- 
 
 l\^ 
 
 r-!?-' > 
 
I'l I 
 
 46 HISTORY OF 
 
 efculents, where-ever they could be fown and 
 cultivated. It is alfo proper to obferve, that 
 in the countries not hitherto reduced, lying 
 between the river Colorado and the coads of 
 Monte Rey to Cape Mendozino, both the fa- 
 thers Kino and Juan de Torquemada relate, 
 that there is a great number of large trees, 
 holms, pines, and black and white poplars. 
 We have not hitherto had any particular 
 account of its minerals ; but fome intelligent 
 perfons are of opinion, that the Sierra Pin- 
 tada and other parts abound with metals, as 
 they exhibit all the marks and appearances of 
 gold and filver mines. Capt. Woods Rogers 
 fays, that fome of his men faw on the coaft 
 of California feveral heavy, glittering, fhining 
 ftones, which they imagined to contain fome 
 valuable metal } but it was then too late to 
 fearch for them, or even to carry them on 
 board for a further examination. It is indeed 
 natural to fuppofe, that there are many very 
 rich mines in California, as the cppofite coaft 
 in the provinces of Sonora and Piueria are 
 known to abound with them -, for in the year 
 1730 a vein was difcovered en an eminence, 
 not far from the garrifon of P«meria, the ore 
 of which, with a little labour, yielded fo large 
 a quantity of filver as furprifed the inhabi- 
 tants of New Spain i and it remained fome 
 
 time 
 
 ^ 
 
47 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 
 
 time a queftion, whether it was a mine, or 
 treafures lid by the Indians. Some have alfo 
 been difcovered which contain veins of other 
 metals : rock fait is alfo found here, of a 
 whitenefs equal to cryftal, and famples of it 
 have been carried to Mexico. 
 
 But if the foil of California be in general 
 barren, the fcarcity of provifions is fupplicd 
 by the adjacent fea j for both in the Pacifick 
 ocean and the gulf of California, the multi- 
 tude and variety of fifhes are incredible. Fa- 
 ther Antonio de la Afcencion, fpeaking of the 
 bay of San Lucas, fays, " With the nets 
 which every Ihip carried, they caught a great 
 quantity of fifh of different kinds, and all 
 wholefonie and palatable: particularly holy- 
 bufs, falmon, turbots, fkates, pilchards, large 
 oyfters, thornbacks, mackarel, barbels, bo- 
 netos, foals, lobfters, and pearl oyfters." And, 
 fpeaking of the bay of San Francifco on the wcfi:- 
 ern coaft, he adds : " Here are fuch multitudes 
 of fiih, that with a net, which the commodore 
 had on board, more was caught every day, 
 than the fliip*s company could make ufe of: 
 and of thefe a great variety, as crabs, oyfters, 
 breams, mackarel, cod, barbels, thornbacks, 
 &c." And in other parts he makes mention 
 of the infinite number of fardines, which arc 
 left on the fand at the ebb, and fo exquifite, 
 
 that 
 
 
 in 
 
HISTORY OF 
 
 *^ . r of Laredo in Spain, then famous 
 that thofe of Lateao j ^^^^ ^^, 
 
 for this 6(h. <»° 7,,^r; the gulf. «l>ere 
 
 arelfilh Isb P>«""r\*, foecies father Pic- 
 to !he »bove.menUonedJP«^e ^^ ^^^^^^ 
 
 colo adds, tunnies, ancn ^_.^ 
 
 Even in the ^le "vuto of Ju P ^^^ ,.. 
 found barbels »nd "ay filh-/ ^j^^,^^ ^ 
 
 ftinguilhed fifh ot b«h f^^ ,:f,ographers to 
 Wich induced the anc,e ^^^^^^^_ ^^ 
 call California. Vunta .^ ^^^,„. 
 
 Whale: and thefefiJb^S„,Aan- 
 
 tudes along ^f ^°f;;^^i„ the South fea. 
 „,nntheg^^-1^7„„ „„edtothe 
 
 From the filh. I "^ ^^ of the for- 
 
 amphibious and «ft»'^; ,,„pt the beavers 
 mer here are very ft ^^^I'^^^j,^ ^„, ,he 
 above-mentioned. '' "" /^^m^em. feaUons: 
 fea wolves, or. as lo ^^^^^^ ^_^^ ^j,^ ^e- 
 
 thefe frequent fome ot we 
 
 fert iOands of both &"• ^^^ ,,ft,ceous 
 
 The moft '^'""kf \^"°,r kinds of wilks 
 U-,„d. is the to«o.fc . fcv« ^^^ ^^^ 
 
 and other turbines are thr ^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^ 
 
 i„fuch numbers. thM. m "> P ^^^ ^^^^ „f 
 is quite covered with them. ^^ ^^^. 
 
 . the South fea are ^°^'^^f\,^, the molt 
 ches peculiar to it, and P 1^^^ ^^^^^^^ 
 
 Ill 
 
CALIFORNIA. 49 
 
 ihg through a tranfparent varnifh of a mod: 
 vivid blue, like the lapis lazuli. It is thought 
 that were thefe imported to Europe, the aqua 
 marina would be no longer valued : thefe are 
 univalves, and confequently different from 
 the fhell Bfh in which the pearls are founds 
 the latter being bivalves, like our oyfters* 
 They are called madres perlas, and found in 
 California, or rather as father Piccolo fays, 
 along the whole coaft, and efpecially the adja- 
 cent iflands, where there are fo many banks of 
 them, that they may be counted by thoufands* 
 And this abundance of pearls has rendered Ca- 
 lifornia fo famous, that great numbers of per- 
 fons during the two lad centuries, ftimulated 
 by aviaity after this treafure, have vifited 
 California, fearched every part of the gulf, 
 and are ftill continually reforting hither with 
 no other view, than that of enriching them- 
 'rlves by thefe pearls. The oyfters in which 
 they are found lie in great numbers on banks 
 in the gulf, and commonly called hoftias. 
 " The fea of California, fays father Torqui- 
 mada, affords very rich pearl filheries, where 
 in three or four fathom water the hollias, or 
 beds of oyfters may be feen as plain as if 
 they were on the furface of the water. He 
 adds, that it was a practice among the Indians 
 to throw the oyfters into the fire, by which 
 Vol- I. E mean* 
 
 lil ■ 1 
 
 WM 
 
50 M I S T O R Y O F 
 
 means the pearls were dcftroyed •, for they ufcd 
 only the flefh of the fifh : but the avidity 
 of others has communicated its flame, even to 
 this fimple people i who are now eager to get, 
 and careful to keep, what they have feen fo 
 highly valued by foreigners. This filhery is 
 carried on by divers } but as the water in the 
 gulf is not very deep, it is attended with lefs 
 labour and danger, than thofe on the coaft of 
 Malabar and other parts of the £a(l Indies, if 
 we may judge from the narratives given us of 
 them. Great numbers refort to this fiftiery 
 from the continent of New Spain, New Ga- 
 licia, Culiacan, Cinaloa, and Sonora : and the 
 many violences committed by the adventurers, 
 tofatiate if pofllble their covetous temper, have 
 occafioned reciprocal complaints : nor will they 
 ever ceafe while the defire of riches, that bane 
 of fociety, predominates in the human bread. 
 Father Piccolo obferves, that in the months 
 of April, May, and June, there falls with the 
 dew a kind of manna, which becomes in- 
 fpiflated on the leaves of the trees. He adds, 
 that he tafted it, and though not fo white as 
 fugar, it had all the fweetnefs of it. The 
 good father talks according to the common 
 opinion, as if the manna dropped from the 
 fky. But botaniils are agreed, that it is a 
 juice exfudating from the plants themfelves in 
 
 the 
 
CALIFORNIA. 51 
 
 the fame manner as gums, incenfe, balfams, 
 refins, &c. It is no wonder that the trees of 
 California ihould exfudate manna, fmce many 
 parts of Spain produce it in an aftonifhing 
 plenty ; and for medical ufes, equal to that 
 of Calabria, or Sicily. This was an advan- 
 tage formerly little known in Spain, bur his 
 majefty on the reprefentation of the royal col- 
 lege of phyficians at Madrid in 1752, gave 
 orders, that two of its members Ihould make 
 a further examination of the produce of manna : 
 thefe were don Jofeph Minuart, and don 
 Chriftopher Velez*. The former was fenc 
 among the mountains of Avila, and the latter 
 among the Pedroches, or feven towns of Cor- 
 dova, fituated among the mountains of An- 
 dalufia: and that its virtues ihould experi- 
 mentally be proved, by exhibiting it to the 
 patient in the hofpitals. And it has been found 
 that Spain alone produces manna, fuHicienc 
 to fupply the whole world : for not only an 
 incredible quantity of it is gathered in the 
 parts above-mentioned, where it is formed 
 
 * This valuable perfon, to the great lofs of botanical 
 improvements in Spain, died at Madrid in 1753. His mo- 
 ral virtues, extenfive knowledge, and confummate expe- 
 rience in all parts of natural hiftory, which made his cor- 
 refpondence valued by the learned of feveral nations, 
 feemed, according to human judgment, to render him wor- 
 thy of a longer life. 
 
 £ 2 about 
 
HISTORY OF 
 
 ^* u wdavs but likcwife in the nr^oun- 
 about the aog-days, Duv Arajion. 
 
 ""tXSnforminB their combs. ^ 
 
 ;^ .^- SEC T. V. .;,■:'■ 
 Of the different Nations and Language, 
 of California. 
 
 The «ord nation genera«^_;;;^V^^^^ 
 different import in Amer.ca f om J^ .^ ^^^ 
 in Europe ; though even .n the Ut^ .^ .^ 
 
 always ufed in the iame fen e J-^f" ? „, „f 
 
 appV.edtothore.ho.,^a^^ ^-^^^ 
 country, or hve under one go ^^ ^^^_ 
 
 "^'"^ ''^"= HXer IT. 'e eJ one another. 
 ""'°" ■• !: r rf d t different rancherias or 
 or are d.ri*rfed m a difference 
 
 - p'-"°[/nut^;sX''-s-^" 
 
 i„ ,We -"l--' ^;;;;^„^, ,„„,her. fo that they 
 being only d.aletts g^j ^hen the lan- 
 
 underftand one another, ou ^^^^^ 
 
CALIFORNIA. 53 
 
 guage is fo different that they cannot under- 
 ftand each other, then they are faid to be of 
 different nations. Sometimes indeed the na- 
 tions do not derive their name from the lan- 
 guage they fpealc, but from the part of the coun- 
 try they inhabit, or fome other circum (lance 
 of the fame kind. 
 
 With regard to the nations inhabiting Cali- 
 fornia, there have been variety of opinions, as 
 there was alfo concerning their iangujges. 
 Some miffionaries have told us, that there are 
 fix different languages fpoken in this peninfula : 
 others fay thereareonly five. But fatherTuraval, 
 and fome others, fay there are no more than three. 
 This difference arifes from languages having 
 been judged different by fome, whilft others 
 examining more particularly into them, have 
 found that they were only dialects of the fame 
 language; the difference being too little to 
 make any diftindlion between them. 
 
 Among the various opinions this has occa- 
 fioned among the narratives, the preference, I 
 think, is due to father Taraval, as none was 
 better acquainted with all thofe countries ; and 
 he was an eye-witnefs of every thing he afferts. 
 The languages, fays this judicious miffionary, 
 are three, that of Cochimi, Pericu, and Loret- 
 to. From the latter two dialeds have been 
 formed, namely, Guaycura and Uchiti. 
 
 E 3 The 
 
 i 
 
 
 f;:. 
 
54 HISTORYOF 
 
 The variation indeed is fuch, that a perfon un- 
 acquainted with the three languages, would be 
 apt to conclude, that there were not only four, 
 but five. The Indians underftand one another 
 in words, fignifying the fame thing, in the 
 the three languages of Loretto, Guaycura, and 
 Uchiti ; but thefe are very few. Thofe who 
 are of opinion that thefe three variations have 
 been formed from two languages, conclude that 
 there muH have been four. The principal nations 
 yet difcovered on the peninfula, fpeak the lan- 
 guages above-mentioned, and divide it into 
 three parts, almoft equal to each other. The 
 firft towards the fouth, from Cape San Lucas, 
 to a little beyond the Puerto de la Pas, is in- 
 habited by the Pericu nations •, the fecond from 
 La Pas, to beyond the garrifon of Loretto, 
 by that of the Monquis •, and the third from 
 Loretto northward, as far as is difcovered, by 
 the Cochimi nation. It muft, however, be ob- 
 ferved, that in the territories of one nation or 
 language, there are ufualiy rancherias or fettle- 
 ments of other languages and nations -, anc) 
 thefe general nations are fubdivided into tribes 
 or families. One language alfo has often dif- 
 ferent names, and the rancherias, and lelTer 
 nations, as we have already obferved, ufualiy 
 take their name, not from the language, but 
 Other circumftances. .... - 
 
 Jn 
 
 rani 
 qui] 
 
 I 
 Cal 
 
CALIFORNIA. 55 
 
 In order to proceed with all pofTiblc perfpt- 
 cuity, and amidft fuch intricacy to avoid er- 
 ror and confufion, it muil be remarked, that 
 in the miflion of Lorctto Concho, which is ths 
 feat of the royal garrifon, and the capital of all 
 the mifllons, they have particular words by 
 which they call the nations of the peninfula, 
 relatively to the part in which they. live. The 
 Indians to the fouth of this territory, they call 
 £du, Eduu, or Edues ; the general name for 
 themfelves is Monqui, or Monquis : and the 
 more northern inhabitants they call Laymones. 
 Thefe three names having their origin in the 
 capital, are pretty well known all over Cali- 
 fornia. But as different perfons fomctimes ufc 
 one name, and fometimes another, a great 
 deal of confufion may eafily refult i and there- 
 fore we mufl obferve, that the Edues are the 
 fame with the fouthern Pericues, though the 
 name of Edues not only includes thefe, but 
 likewife fome branches of the general name of 
 Loretto, or the Monquis. The Laymones are 
 the fame as the northern Cochimies, though 
 the name of Laymones alfo extends to feme 
 rancherias of the fame inland nation of Mon- 
 qui or Loretto. :^ ^l nrT- ;. ' . 1 ,} » 
 The nation of the Pericues or Edues, which 
 I have faid inhabit the mofl fouthern part of 
 California, towards Cape St, Lucas, is fub- 
 
 E 4 divided 
 
 •J) 
 
 % /i^. 
 
 m 
 
^6 HISTORY OF 
 
 divided into feveral tribes, of which the molt 
 numerous is that of the Coras, originally the 
 name of one rancheria only •, but afterwards 
 given to fome villages, and to the river which 
 difcharges itfelf into St. Bamaby-bay. The 
 nation of Loretto has no proper name in the 
 Indian tongue, including its whole extenfion : 
 and therefoce to denote it in general, we ufe 
 the name of the principal of its branches, or 
 diftridls, the Monquis. But, befides thefe, 
 there are others who have their names 
 from the difference of their dialefts, the parts 
 where th';y live, and other incidents. Of 
 thefe, the mod remarkable are the Uchiti 
 inhabiting the neighbourhood of the bay and 
 town of La Pas : and the Guaycuras, which 
 reach from La Pas along the coaft of the gulf, 
 to the borders of Loretto. The Monquis 
 themfelves are divided into Liyues, Diduis, 
 and other Icfier branches. They who think 
 the Guaycura and Uchiti are languages diffe- 
 rent from that of the Monquis, are alfo of opi- 
 nion that they are different nations, and not 
 branches of the fame. However, we Ihall 
 follow father Taraval, who confidcrs them as 
 one general nation and language. The moH: 
 numerous of all the nations is, that of the 
 Cochimies or Laymones : and, indeed, hither- 
 10 the utmoft limits of thejr language are no|; 
 
 known, 
 
CALIFORNIA. 
 
 known. This nation is likewife divided into fe* 
 veral branches, who have their fmall variations 
 in the idiom, ternination, and pronunciation : 
 and the Hiie is obTervable in the moft northern 
 miflion, confecra:ed to St. Ignatius ; in the 
 whole remaining coaft to the river Colorado; 
 and, on the opjjcfite weftern coaft, in the part 
 called San Xavier, and the iflaiid de los Do- 
 lores. •- , .- ' ' X -A '.r^-li, ,-■ - '. •; - ^ ' . 
 
 Thefe are all the nations which hitherto have 
 been reduced •, but the nation and language of 
 the Cochimies, feem to extend beyond the lafl: 
 miflion of San Jgnacio. But be fides thofe al- 
 ready converted, others have been difcovered 
 pn the continent of Pimeria, who muft not here 
 be omitted, as belonging to CaUfornia. Fa- 
 ther Kino relates, that in his journey from the 
 Pimeria, to the Colorado, and pafling that 
 river, at the place where it receives the waters 
 of the Gila, he found along its banks, on t'-*; 
 Californian fide, the nations oftheBagiopas, v* e 
 Heabonomas, the Iguanas, and Cutg-a(i»s or 
 Cueganas. In bis map he places the Bijiji'j- 
 pas, about the mouth of the Colorado, and 
 the Heabonomas a little above them, on th? 
 eaft fide of that river, oppofite to the Yumas 
 and Qiiiquimas, which inhabit the weft. The 
 fame father, a little above the conflux of the 
 Gila md C^ojoradoj tp the weft of th^ former, 
 
 gnd 
 
5« HISTORY OF 
 
 and eafl of the latter, found the nation of the 
 Alchedomas, dwelling along the weft fide of 
 the Colorado, in numerous, large, and popu- 
 lous rancherias •, they alfo inhabit the banks of 
 the river Gila, contiguous to them. He adds, 
 that a Cocomaricopan affured him, that on the 
 other fide of the river Colorado, towards Cali- 
 fornia, lived another nation, called Cuculatos, 
 but fo unknown, that he could get no fatif- 
 faftory account of it. The other nations in- 
 habiting the countries between the river Colo- 
 rado, Monte Rey, and cape Mendozino, and 
 the remaining country, along thele coafts, are 
 almoft utterly unknown, fo that nothing can 
 be affirmed of them with certainty, which the 
 candour, due to the publick, requires. 
 
 Of all the nations hitherto difcovered, the 
 Californians are at leaft equal to any in the 
 make of their bodies. Their faces alfo are far 
 from being difagreeable, though their daub- 
 ing them with ointments, painting them, and 
 boring holes through their nollriis and ears 
 are very great difadvantages. Their com- 
 plexion indeed is more tanned and fwarthy than 
 that of the other Indians of New Spain. But 
 they are in gcPTal robufl, vigorous, and of 
 a healthy countenance. There is no appear- 
 ance, that the Californians have hitherto had 
 ^ny knowledge of the wonderful contrivance 
 
CALIFORNIA. 59 
 
 of letters, by which we converfe with the an- 
 cients, and preferve the tranfadtions of former 
 ages. Nor had any of the American nations 
 the leafl; idea of fo noble an invention. It 
 muft however be owned, that the Peruvian! 
 had fomething very nearly equivalent to it in 
 their quipos, or firings of different colours, 
 which with a fagacity really furprifing, they 
 preferved their tradicions and antiquities, and 
 applied them to feveral other ufes neceffary in 
 fociety. A more particular account of thefe 
 quipos is given by father Acofta, Garcilafo, 
 and Martin Murua, whofe manufcript fo high- 
 ly commended by don Nicholas Antonio, is 
 yet preferved in the library of the jefuits col- 
 lege at Alcala de Heneras in Old Spain i and 
 feveral copies of it are in other places. 
 
 The Mexicans made ufe of fymbols and 
 hieroglyphicks, by which they painted events, 
 and fufficiently indicated an admirable genius i 
 and by this means they preferved the knowledge 
 Df their religion, laws, andhiftory, ana even the 
 rights of j/articular families, Thtir chrono- 
 Jogy> cycles, ^nd computations cannot be con- 
 fidered without aftonilhment. Some account 
 of their hieroglyphicks and nainted memorial* 
 may be (ten in Gomara, Dias del Caftillp, 
 At^ofta, Herrera, Torquimada, Solis, Betan- 
 ^ourt, and almofl all others v/ho have treated of 
 f the 
 
6o HISTCRYOF 
 
 the affairs of Mexico, particularly father Kir- 
 cher, Gemelli Careri, mr. Purchas, and other 
 foreign authors. 
 
 Had the Californians been acquainted with 
 the ufe of letters, we Ihould cafily have dif- 
 covered whether the founders of the Ameri- 
 can nations palTed from Afia to the conti- 
 nent or not : and whether this happened be- 
 fore, or lince, the invention of charafters in 
 Afia and Europe. We fhould alfo have been 
 able to have formed fome reafonable conjecture 
 with regard to the particular nation of the 
 firft peoplcrs of this extenfive continent. 
 • Of all the parts of America hitherto difco- 
 vered, the Californians lie neareft to Afia. We 
 are acquainted with the mode of writing in all 
 the eaftern nations. We can diftinguifli be- 
 tween the charaders of the Japonefe, the 
 Chinefe, the Chinefe Tartars, the Mogul Tar- 
 tars, and other nations extending as far as the 
 bay of Kamfchathka; and learned dilTcrta- 
 tions on them, by mr. Bayer, are to be found 
 in the afts of the Imperial academy of fcicn- 
 ces at Peterlburg. What difcovery would it 
 be to meet w^b any of thefe characters, or 
 others like them among the American Indians 
 neareft to Afia ? But as to the Californians, if 
 ever they were poffefl*ed of any invention to 
 perpetuate their memoirs, they hdve entirc- 
 
 mel 
 foli 
 
C A L I F O R M I A. «l 
 
 ly loft it : and all that is now found among 
 them, amounts to no more than fome obfcure 
 oral traditions, probably more and more adul- 
 terated by a long fucceflion of time. They 
 have not fo much as retained any knowledge 
 of the particular country from which they 
 emigrated ; fo that both the Edues or Pericues^ 
 and the Cochimies or Laymones could give 
 no farther account, than that they heard their 
 anceflors came from the north; and this 
 might be concluded without their information, 
 California being on all fides environed with 
 the fea, except on the north, where it joins to 
 the continent. Befides, there is little reafon to 
 think, that the firft fettlers came hither by 
 fea i nor can they give any account of the 
 lime when they came hither •, for their ftupi- 
 dity and ignorance are fo great, that they do 
 not appear to have among them any means of 
 diftingui(hing the years, or the intervals of 
 times, as the Mexicans did, by means of their 
 cycles of fifty years. They indeed feem fomething 
 better acquainted with the occafion, on which 
 their anceftors removed from their native fet- 
 tlements in the north, dov^ n into California : 
 which, according to their tradition,- was owing 
 to a quarrel at a banquet, where the chief 
 men of feveral nations w^re met. This was 
 followed by a bloody battle-, and the fide 
 
 which 
 
 1 . .r 
 
62 HISTORYOF 
 
 which was defeated, flew towards the fouthi 
 and were eagerly purfued by the vigors, till 
 they (heltered chemfelves among the forefts and 
 mountains of this peninfula. 
 . Others fay the quarrel was only between two 
 great men, who divided the nation into two 
 oppodce factions j and after a great flaughter* 
 one obliged the other to feek for fafety among 
 the mountains and iflands of the fea : this is 
 all the information the mifllonaries have been 
 able to procure, with regard to the origin and 
 emigration of the Californians. And here it 
 may be obferved, how free they are from the 
 vanity of many polilhed nations, who affeA 
 to trace their origin from remote countries, 
 and to decorate their anceflors with many plau* 
 iible and pompous ilories. It feems indeed 
 fomething (Irange, that they ihould acknow- 
 ledge themfelves the defcendants of perfons 
 obliged by a fuperior force to quit their coun- 
 try, when they might eafily have pretended 
 to be the offspring of conquerors ; though 
 there are not wanting two illuftrious examples 
 among the ancients of the like candour j the 
 two noble ftates of Rome and Carthage, boaft- 
 cd of deriving their origin from perfons who 
 had been driven from their country ; the for- 
 mer from the conquered Trojans, and the lat- 
 ter from Tyrian fugitives. But be this as it 
 
 may. 
 
 m 
 
CALIFORNIA. 0$ 
 
 may, the mod probable conjeflure is, that 
 thefe nations, and all others in America, have 
 pafTed over from Afia fince the difperfion of 
 nations and the confufion of tongues. Tho* 
 it may at the fame time be affirmed, that 
 hitherto there has not been found in any of 
 the American nations on either fide of the 
 equinox, one fmgle, authentick, and clear 
 monument, of their being originally from Aiia* 
 orof theirfuppofedtranfition into America. Nor 
 is there in the furtheft parts of Afia, to which 
 the Ruffians have hitherto penetrated, the leaft 
 veftige, or tradition, that the inhabitants had 
 ever any communication with, or knowledge 
 of, the Americans. v :,. 
 
 SECT. VI. 
 
 Of the temper and manners of the Ca- 
 LiFORNiANSj and of their government 
 in peace and war. 
 
 To thofe who have feen any of the Ame- 
 rican nations, and obferved their genius and 
 difpofition, it would be fufficient to fay in ge- 
 neral, that the ancient inhabitants of Califor- 
 nia did not in the leaft differ from them -, except 
 thofe of the two empires of Mexico and Peru, in 
 which, as there was a greater union and inter- 
 courfe, fo the fruits of it were feen in the cul- 
 tivation 
 
64 HISTORY OF 
 
 tivatlon of their reafon, in their laws, policy, 
 and military condu6t, and in the other branches 
 of government, as well as in the reciprocal and 
 friendly dependencies on one another. But 
 all the other American nations differ very little, 
 either in capacity, difpolition, or cuftoms. 
 The charaderifticks of the Californians, as well 
 as of all the other Indians, are ftupidity and in- 
 fenfibility •, want of knowledge and reflection i 
 inconftancy, impetuofity, and blindnefs of ap- 
 petite ; an exceflive lloth and abhorrence of all 
 labour and fatigue ; an inceflant love of plea- 
 fure and amufement of every kind, however 
 trifling or brutal ; puflllanimity and relaxity i 
 and in fine, a molt wretched want of every 
 thing which conltitutes the real man, and ren- 
 ders hiiii rational, inventive, tradable, and 
 ufefui to himfelf and fociety. It is not eafy 
 for Europeans, whenever were out of their own 
 country, to conceive an adequate idea of thefc 
 people. For even in the lead frequented cor- 
 ners of the globe, there is not a nation fo 
 ftupid, of fuch contracted ideas, and fo weak 
 both in body and mind, as th^ unhappy Cali- 
 fornians. Their underftanding comprehends 
 little more than what they fee : abftradl ideas, 
 and much lefs a chain of reafon, being far 
 beyond their power j fo that they fcarce ever 
 improve their firfl: ideas -, and thefe are in ge- 
 neral 
 
olicy, 
 nche& 
 i\ and 
 But 
 little, 
 ftoms. 
 \s well 
 ind in- 
 sftion ', 
 of ap- 
 e of all 
 ►f plea- 
 lowevef 
 ilaxity i 
 f every 
 md ren- 
 )le, and 
 not eafy 
 heir own 
 of thefc 
 ited cor- 
 lation fo 
 fo weak 
 3py Cali- 
 iprehends 
 a£t ideas, 
 jeing far 
 arce ever 
 ire in ge- 
 neral 
 
 CALIFORNIA. C$ 
 
 neral falfe, or at lead inadequate. It is in 
 vain to reprefent to them any future advan- 
 tages, which will refult to them, by doing or 
 abftaining from this or that particular imme- 
 diately prefent ; the relation of means and 
 ends being beyond the ftretch of their faculties. 
 Nor have they the leaft notion of purfuing 
 fuch intentions as will procure themfelves lotne 
 future good, or guard them againil e\ 
 Their infenfibility, with regard to co. )- 
 real objefts which lie before them, being fo 
 great, that it may eafily be conceived, what 
 fentiments they can have with regard to 
 rewards and punilhments in a future life. 
 They have only a few faint glimmerings of 
 the moral virtues and vices j fo that fome 
 things appear good and others evil, without 
 any refledlion : and though they enjoyed the 
 light of natural reafon, and that divine grace 
 which is given to all without diftinftion, yet 
 the one was fo weak, and the other fo little 
 attended to, that, without any regard to de- 
 cency, pleafure and profit were the motives 
 and end of all their aftions. 
 
 Their will is proportionate to their faculties ; 
 and all their paflions move in a very nar- 
 row fphere ; ambition they have none, and 
 are more defirous of being accounted Itrong 
 than valiant : the objefts of ambition with us. 
 
 Vol. I. F honour. 
 
 k' ' . I 
 
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 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
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 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. MS80 
 
 (716)872-4503 
 
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 66 H I S T O R Y O F ^ 
 
 honour, f;^me» or reputation, titles, pbfts, 
 and diftind^iftns of fuperiority, are unknown 
 among theni ; fo that this powerful fpring of 
 aftion, the caufe of fo much feeming good 
 and real evil in the world, has po power here. 
 The moft that is obferved in them, is fom« 
 fenfibility of emulation ; to fee their compa- 
 nions praifed or rewarded roufes them, and 
 is indeed the only thing which Simulates, 
 and prevails on them to fhajce off their innate 
 floth. They are equally free from avarice, 
 that deftructive pafTion which makes fuch ha- 
 vock in polite nations. The utmoft extent of 
 their delires is to get the prefent day's food 
 without much fatigue, taking little care for 
 that of the enfuing day. As fpr furniture, it 
 conflfts wholly in their inftruments, mean as 
 they are, for fifhing, hunting, and war. Laft- 
 ly, what purfuit-of wealth or eagernefs in ac- 
 quiring eftates can be expe(n:ed among them, 
 who have neither houfe, field, nor divifions of 
 lands; and who know no other rights, than 
 that of being the firft in gathering for their 
 ufe the fpontaneous produflions of the earth. 
 
 This difpofition of mind, as it gives them 
 up to an amazing languor and lalTitude, their 
 lives fleeting away in a perpetual ina6tivity, 
 and deteftacion of labour *, fo it likewife in- 
 duces 
 
 hi 
 ul 
 
 If 
 
 
CALIFORNIA. ^ 
 
 duces them to be attrafted by the firft object, 
 which their own fancy, or the perfuafion of 
 another, place before them : and at the fame 
 time renders them as prone to al ter their refolu- 
 tions with the fame facility. They look with 
 indifference on any kindnefs done them ; nor 
 is even the bare remembrance of it to be ex- 
 pefted from them. Their hatred and revenge 
 are excited by the flighteft caufes : but they 
 are as eafily appeafed, and even without any 
 fatisfadlion, efpecially if they meet with op- 
 polition. For though courage feems the only 
 thing they value, it may with truth be faid, 
 that they have not the leaft notion of true 
 bravery. Their rancour and fury lall no longer 
 than while they meet with no reliftance. The 
 leafl: thing daunts them ; and when once they 
 begin to yield, their fear wiir induce them to 
 ftoop to the bafeft indignities.- As, on the con- 
 trary, by obtaining any advantage, or if the 
 enemy becomes dilheartened, they fwell with 
 a moll extravagant pride. In a word, the un- 
 happy mortals may be compared to children, 
 in whom the developement of reafon is not 
 completed. They may indeed be called a 
 nation, who never arrive at manhood. Their 
 predominant paffion is fuitable to fuch an un- 
 happy condition, in which they make fo little 
 ufe of reafon, I mean a violent fondnefs for 
 
 F 2 all 
 
h 
 
 i 
 
 .'I ' 
 
 it 
 
 68 H I S T O R Y O F 1 
 
 all kind of diverfion, pleafure, feftivals, games, 
 dancings, and revels, in which they brutiflily 
 wafte their miferable days. However, in the 
 Californians are feen few of thofe bad difpofi- 
 tions, for which the other Americans are in- 
 famous. No inebriating liquors are ufed among 
 them ■, and it is only on their feftivals that 
 they intoxicate themfelves, and then with the 
 fmoak of wild tobacco. "What little every one 
 has is fafe from theft; quarrels are rarely 
 known among them -, and the feveral members 
 of a rancheria live in great haVmony among 
 themfelves, and peaceably with others. All 
 their malice and rage they referve for their 
 enemies. And fo far are they from obftinacy, 
 harfhnefs, or cruelty, that nothing could ex- 
 ceed their docility and gentlenefs : confequent- 
 ly they are eafily perfuaded to good or evil. 
 
 The government of the Californians cannot 
 be fuppofed to exceed the Hiort limits of their 
 capacity *, there being among them, as we have 
 already obferved, neither divifion of lands or 
 poiTefllons, and confequently no fucceflion to 
 immoveables, nor any other claim of pa- 
 trimonial rights •, nor, on the other hand, any 
 complaints of illegal intrufions. Every nation 
 or language conlifts of feveral rancherias, mere 
 or lefs in number according to the fertility of 
 the foil ; and each rancheria of one or more 
 
 families 
 
 It 
 
CALIFORNIA. 69 
 
 families united by confanguinity. But when 
 the mifHonaries came among them, neither the 
 rancherias nor the nations had a chief or fupe- 
 rior, to whom they paid obedience, or whofe 
 authority they acknowledged by any kind of 
 tribute or external ceremonies. Every family 
 governed itfelf according to their own fancy ; 
 and the natural obedience from fons to fathers 
 was very little, after the former were able to 
 provide for themfelves. Th6 forcerers and 
 jugglers, of whom we (hall fpeak in the fequel, 
 were poflefled of fome kind of fuperiority ; 
 but this lafted no longer than the time of their 
 feftivals, or during the time of ficknefs, or other 
 incidents, which excited their fear or fuperftition. 
 However, in the rancherias, and even in the na- 
 tions the mifiionaries found one, two, or more, 
 who gave orders for gathering the produfts of 
 the earth-, directed thefifheries and the military 
 expeditions, in cafe of a quarrel with any other 
 rancheria or nation. This dignity was not ob- 
 tained by blood and defcent, nor by age, fuf- 
 frages, or a formal eledtion ; the necefflty of ap* 
 plyingfor inftrudlionto one or more few, in fome 
 common exigency, rendered it natural, that, with 
 a tacit confent, he who was brave, expert, art- 
 ful, or eloquent, (hould be promoted to the 
 command j but his authority was limited to 
 terms impofed by the fancy of thofe, who, 
 
 F 2 without 
 
70 , HISTORYOF 
 
 without well knowing how, quietly fubmitted 
 to him. This Jciider, or cafique, conducted 
 them to the forefls and fca coafts in queft of 
 food i fent and received the meffages to and 
 from the adjacent dates •, informed them of 
 dangers j fpirited them up to the revenge of 
 injuries, whether real or feigned, done by other 
 raiicherias or nations •, and headed them in their 
 wars,- ravages, and depredations. In all other 
 particujj^rs every one w2is entire mailer of his 
 liberty. ..i; ! vVi...'; ,,Jv.; l*-^ -■ ' u 
 
 The drefs throughout the whole peninfula, 
 from Cape San Lucas to the laft miffion of San 
 Ignacip, was uniform j for the males, whether 
 children or adults, went at all times totally 
 naked. But admldd this naked fimilaricy, 
 there was fome diverfity in the ornaments uled 
 by every nation. The Edues towards Cape 
 San Lucas decorated their heads with Prings of 
 pearls braided witli their hair : with thefe they 
 interwove fmall feailicrs, the whole forming 
 an ornament, which at a diftance refembled in, 
 fome meafure a periwig. I'hofe of Loretto 
 fi^cnerally wore round their vvaftc a fightlygirdlci 
 and en their forehead a curious fillet of net 
 work : to tlxfe fome ndd-^jd a ucckcloth with 
 fome well wrought iigures ol luicari and fome- 
 tinies fmall round Iruits like beads, which, in 
 Icme mcafurc, rellniMcd a rclary hanging on 
 
 ni 
 
CALIFORNIA. yt 
 
 their bread, of which pofTibly they might have 
 had fome knowledge in former times, at the 
 lirft arrival of the jefuits. They alfo adorned 
 their arms with the fame works, as with brace- 
 lets. The Cochines of the north ufually kept 
 their hair fliort, except a few, who let fome 
 Jocks grow to their full length. If they did 
 not ufe pearls like thofe of the foiith, they had 
 a more fplendid ornament, a kind of diadem, of 
 crown formed of feveral bands of nacar. To 
 compofe this, they firft detached the mother of 
 pearl from the (hell, gave it a fine polifli on both 
 fides ; and by means of a flint fevered it into 
 pieces of fix or eight lines in length, or two 
 or three in breadth. At the extremities of 
 thefe were fmall holes for forming them intd 
 a circular fhape adapted to the head •, the little 
 bandlets of nacar bringing down on all fides. 
 This kind of diadems was alfo anciently wore 
 by the fouthern Edues, who formed them of 
 fmall white round fnail fliells, refembling 
 pearls, and made a fine appearance. Probably 
 this occafioned the fiUfe opinion of fir Francis 
 Drake, who, as father Efquerer relates, be- 
 lieved the Indians offered him the crown and 
 fcepter of California. i a ^^..u. . , 
 
 . The women, though in fome parts they 
 went naked like the men, according to father 
 Ferdinand© Confage, who obfcrved that this 
 
 F 4 cuftom 
 
 Iv'-i 
 
w 
 
 
 i 
 
 ftii 
 
 'if 
 
 i 
 
 72 HISTORYOF 
 
 cuftom prevailed in the bay de Los Angclos, 
 between the lad miHlon of San Ignacio and 
 t'le Rio Colorado, yet they in general fhewed 
 a great attention to that decency, Avhich is lb 
 ncceflary to the defence of their virtue ; and to 
 fuch a degree, that even their infants of the 
 female fex were not without a proper covering. 
 After the fettlement of the garrifonof Loretto, 
 they exprefled great offence, when they ob- 
 ferved any negledt of this in the daughters of 
 the Spanifh foldiers. The mod decent in their 
 cloathing were the women of the Edues to- 
 wards Cape San Lucas. In this diftridl is a 
 certain fpecies of palm trees, different from 
 thofe which produce dates j and from thefe 
 the Indian women procure materials for their 
 petticoats. In order to which, they beat its 
 leaves as we do flax, till the thread or fila- 
 ments are feparated, which, after this prepa- 
 ration, if they are not finer than thofe of flax, 
 they are at leaft better and fofter than ihofe 
 of hackled hemp. Their garments confift of 
 three pieces ; two of which form a petticoat, 
 reaching from the girdle to the fett^ and the 
 third a ftiort cloak or mantelet, which covers 
 the body from the fhoulders. Thefe pieces 
 are not woven, but the threads are fattened at 
 the top with one another as in fringes, and 
 hang down in very clofe and thick Ikains 
 
 ^n4 
 
CALIFORNIA. 73 
 
 and tufts. And though they make a fot-t of 
 linen of thefe jutas or palm threads, they only 
 ufe it for bags, in which they keep their inftru- 
 ments. The Indian women of Cape San Luca? 
 wear their hair long, loofe, and fpread over 
 their (boulders : but their head drefs is the fame 
 with that generally ufed by all the women of 
 California. It confifts of a piece of net work 
 made of the above-mentioned palm threads; 
 and when they cannot procure thefe, of mez- 
 cales and other herbs. Thefe nets however, are 
 made with fuch ingenuity, that the foldiers of 
 the garrifon likewife ufe them. They alfo make 
 very fightly necklaces of nacar interfperfed 
 with fmall (hells, pieces of fedge, pearls, 
 and the ftones of fruit: the ends of the 
 necklaces hang down to the waill; their 
 bracelets are of the fame fafhion and materials. 
 Inventions which their fondnefs- for ornament, 
 and a dedre of making an attracting appear- 
 ance fuggefted to the rude people of this cor- 
 ner of the world. 
 
 The women of the northern parts wear »i 
 different and meaner garment, being covered 
 only from the wai(t to the knees ; before they 
 have a petticoat made of very thin pieces of 
 fedge cut off at the knots, and about the lize 
 of a ftraw. Thefe they faften together with 
 piefcal threads. This petticoat, if it may be 
 
 called 
 
i 
 ''I ' 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 li : 
 
 74 HISTORYOF 
 
 called fuch, hides thofe parts which nature has 
 taught them to conceal ; but does hot defend 
 them from the inclemencies of the weather. 
 When they cannot procure fedgc, they make 
 ufc of an apron, or petticoat made of the 
 mefcal threads hanging down in the fame man- 
 ner ; but the hinder part is made with a piece 
 of the flcin of a deer, or any other beaft which 
 their hufbands have killed. In fome few places 
 it is the cuftom to cover their bodies With 
 mantelets of the fkins of fea-wolves, hares, 
 foxes, and other beafts. Orte of the higheft 
 feftivals among the Cochines, according to 
 father Francifco Maria Piccolo, was the day in 
 which they annually diftributed the fkins to the 
 women. All the neighbouring rancherias, he 
 tells us, met at an appointed place, and there, 
 with branches of trees and bufhes, erefled a 
 fpacious arbour, from which they cleared a 
 broad and level way for racers. Hither they 
 brought the fkins of all the beafls they had 
 killed that yearj and laid them as a carpet a- 
 long the courfe. None but the Cafiques and 
 chiefs were admitted into the arbour j and when 
 the banquet, which confifted of game, fifh, 
 and fruit, was over, they inebriated themfelves 
 wirli Cimarron, or wild tobacco. At the en- 
 trance of the arbour, one of the forcerers ufed 
 %o take his place, drcfTed in the habit of cere- 
 ^ •■•- mony. 
 
 I'll? 
 
 m 
 
CALIFORNIA. 75 
 
 mony, and, with wild vociferations, proclaimed 
 the praifes of the hunters. In the mean time, 
 the other Indians run to and fro in a frantick 
 manner on the (kins •, while the women, who 
 aflided at this ceremony, fung and danced 
 with equal tranfport. This continued till the 
 orator was quite fpent, when the harangue con- 
 cluded, and together with it the races. TheCa- 
 fiques then came out of the arbour, and di- 
 ftributed to the women the fkins for their 
 cloathing that year j and this diftribution was 
 celebrated with frelh rejoicings. The foun- 
 dation of all this feftivity was, that thefe poor 
 women were acquainted with no greater orna- 
 ment than the Ikin of a deer, though it fcarce- 
 ly covered their nakednefs, with any tolerable 
 degree of modefty. 'l.,: • *' 
 
 The men, however, were fuch ftrangers to 
 that virtue, that they looked upon thofe princi- 
 ples as ignominious and difgraceful, which re- 
 quired their being cloathed ; and, accordingly^ 
 in the feveral mifllons and fettlements, former- 
 ly made in California,, when the fathers or fol- 
 diers offered the Indians cloaths, they either 
 refufed them, or afterwards threw them away. 
 Indeed, their idea with regard to cloathing, was 
 fo different from the reft of the human fpe- 
 cies, that, according to father Juan Maria de 
 Salva-Tierra, they were highly affronted when 
 '■' -'■■:■. ■ the 
 
 
I ''11' 
 
 i I 
 
 j6 HISTORYOF 
 
 the father firft dire(5led them, to cover, at leaft, 
 what modedy requires, not being in the leaft 
 fenfible of any indecency from their being 
 naked : and it caufed among them as much 
 laughter, to fee one of their countrymen cloath- 
 cd, as a monkey dreHed like an officer would 
 among us ; of which the fathers had a divert- 
 ing inftance : a mifTionary, lately arrived at his 
 million, cloathed two little boys, which he 
 entertained in his houle, firfl to teach him the 
 language, and afterwards to ferve him as 
 catechumens. The father himfelf was at 
 the pains of cutting out, making, and fit* 
 ting the cloaths for them. When the lads 
 firft went abroad in their new drefs, it occafion- 
 ed fuch indecent mirth, that the boys, afhamed- 
 at being thus the ridicule of their countrymen, 
 pulled off their cloaths, and hung them on a 
 tree. But being unwilling to fhew themfelves 
 ungrateful to the father, and at the fame time 
 to avoid being reprimanded, they determin- 
 ed to divide his kindnefs, going in the day 
 time naked, among their relations, and at night 
 dreiied themfelves to return to the father. 
 
 The houfes of the Californians make no bet- 
 ter appearance than their habits. Thofe of 
 every rancheria are only wretched huts, near the 
 few waters found in this country. And as there 
 is a necelTuy of removing to other places in 
 
 quefl: 
 
 to 
 
 i 
 
CALIFORNIA. 77 
 
 queft of fubfiftcnce, they cafily (hifc their fta- 
 tion. Where-ever they ftop, they (helter thcm- 
 felves under the trees, from the fcorching heat 
 of the fun in the day time, and in feme mca- 
 fure from the coldnefs of the night, and the 
 inclemency of the weather. In the fcverity 
 of the winter, they live in fubterraneous ca- 
 verns, which they either made themfelves, or 
 found in the fides of mountains. The people 
 near Cape San Lucas, make huts of the 
 branches of trees, like thofe of (hepherds, 
 which they doubtlefs learned from feamen, who 
 have been obliged to lie at anchor fome time 
 off the cape. In the other parts of the coun« 
 try their houfes are only a little fpace, incloled 
 with (lones laid upon one another, half a yard 
 high, one fquare, and without any covering but 
 the heavens: dwellings indeed fo fcanty and mean, 
 that an European tomb would here be reckoned 
 a palace. For within this fmall precinft, they 
 have not room to lie at full length \ fo that 
 they fleep in a fitting pofture. In the cabc- 
 ceras, indeed, fome, to pleafe the fathers, have 
 made themfelves houfes, if they may be called 
 fuch, of adobe or unburnt bricks, covered 
 with fedge; but few live in them, nor is 
 there a poflibility of bringing them to it ; for 
 they fliew the greateft uneafinefs» when obliged 
 to live under any covering : an evident proof 
 
 that 
 
 ! ; 
 
hiifi 
 
 7I HISTORYOF 
 
 that the greatelt part of what are called the 
 nece/Taries of life, arifp. purely from fancy, 
 example, and cuilom. 
 
 It is true, they ftand in no need of large 
 rooms for depofiting their furniture, and the 
 various implements of a wardrobe, for which 
 the greateft part of the houfes among us is 
 taken up. With fo little furniture, and fo few 
 utenfils do the Indians content themfelves, that 
 in removing, they take them all on their 
 Ihoulders j for they confift only of a boat, a 
 dart, a diih, a bowl made in the fhape of a 
 high crowned hat, a bone which ferves them 
 for an awl in making it, a little piece of touch- 
 wood for kindling a Hre, a pita net, in which 
 they put their fruit and feeds, another in the 
 fliape of a purfe or bag, fattened to a kind 
 of prong acrofs their Ihoulders, in which they 
 carry their children, and laftly, their bow and 
 arrows i to which fomc, who afftdl elegancy, 
 add a Ihell for drinking. Thofe who live near 
 the coafts have alfo nets for fifhing. This 
 furniture the women carry, when they remove 
 from one place to another ; the men have only 
 the bow and arrows with their appurtenances, 
 as flints and feathers for the arrows, and nerves 
 for the bows. But to fecure them, and at the 
 fame time, not to incommode them in their 
 march, they make holes in their ears, where 
 
 they 
 
CALIFORNIA. 7^ 
 
 they hang a large cafe which holds every 
 thing they carry. The men likewife carry a 
 fmall bit of wood for procuring fire, which 
 is foon done by rubbing it between their hands. 
 The men alfo carry tne boats, but it is the 
 wo mens taflc to mend them ; they make them 
 of the bark of trees -, and every part of the 
 workmanlhip, the fhaping, joining, and cover- 
 ing them is admired even by Europeans ; and 
 they fometimes ufe them for fetching and prc- 
 ferving water, and fometimes for roafting their 
 grains and fruits, but are obliged to keep 
 them in continual motion, that they may not 
 burn. Their bowls, cups, and pots, they 
 ufe for eating and drinking ; and likewife the 
 hats or head pieces worn by the women againft 
 the feverity of the weather. It feems flrange, 
 that they never thought of ufing clay for thefc 
 utenfils, by hardening it in the fun or fire 5 
 but nothing of this was found among them, 
 they being totally ignorant of any fuch me- 
 thod, till they were taught it. The men 
 likewife make the nets for filhing, for gather- 
 ing the fruits, and for carrying the children, 
 and even thofe worn by the women. But in 
 this particular, they fliew fuch exquifite ikillj 
 making them of fo many different colours, fizes, 
 fuch variety of workmanfliip, that it is not 
 cafy to defcribe them. Father Taraval fays, 
 
 " I can 
 
•IJl ! I 
 
 80 HISTORl OF 
 
 •* I can affirm that of all the nets I ever faw in 
 Europe and New Spain, none are comparable 
 to thefe, either in whitenefs, the mixture of 
 the other colours, ortheftrength and workman- 
 Ihip, in which they reprefent a vaft variety 
 of figures." The women however, have fo 
 far a hand in thefe nets, that they fpin the 
 very fine thread, which they procure from herbs, 
 and another coarfer fort of threads from the 
 palms and mezcales. Of the fine thread they 
 form the net work for tl 2 head, the other 
 parts being made of a mixture of both forts ; 
 as are likewife all the other kinds, together 
 with thofe curious and clofely braided girdles 
 or fillets, ufed by the nation of Loretto. 
 
 The Edues, or fouthern Pericues, admitted 
 a plurality of wives, who took care of the 
 fuftenance of the family, and were very dili- 
 gent in bringing to their hufbands a fufficient 
 quantity of fruits from the foreft to keep them 
 in a good temper. For if once they were dif- 
 carded, which depended wholly on his humour, 
 few were found who would take them : fo that 
 the more wives a hulband had, he was fure to 
 be the better provided for -, a particular, which 
 chiefly contributed to keep up this brutal cuf- 
 tom. The nation of Loretto were fomething 
 more moderate, the chief men among th *n 
 never exceeding two wives, whilft the com- 
 monalty 
 
 liiill f 
 
CALIFORNIA. 8r 
 
 monalty contented themfeives with one. Adul- 
 tery was accounted a crime which juftly called 
 for revenge, except on two occafions ; one at 
 their feftivals and routs, and the other at their 
 wreftling matches amongft the rancherias ; as 
 on thefe occafions it was the fcandalous privi- 
 lege of the viftor. Among the Cochimies of 
 the north, fcarce any fuch excefs was known : 
 and a miflionary, fpeakihg of his diftri(5b, fays, 
 that amidft the unbounded freedom of thefe 
 Indians, one does not fee among them any 
 debauchery or illegal amours : which he at- 
 tributes to the uncomfortable life they lead 
 among the mountains in hunger, cold, naked- 
 nefs, and the want of every thing defirable. 
 The manner of negociating their marriages 
 in the nation of Loretto, was to prefent the 
 bride by way of earneft with a batea or jug, 
 in their language called olo, made of mezcale 
 thread. Her acceptance of it denoted her con- 
 fent : and on her part, flie was to make her 
 return in a net for the head j and this reci- 
 procation of prefents confirmed the marriage. 
 In other nations, the agreement was concluded 
 at the end of a ball, to which the lover in- 
 vited the whole rancheria j but after all this 
 folemnity of the contrad, any flight motive 
 annulled it •, and even in nations, among 
 whom polygamy was not allowed. The Ca- 
 VoL. I. G lifornians 
 
HIS TORY O t 
 
 fr 5.ns had adopted that abfurdity, which 
 hfornians haa ao y accounts of 
 
 is (o much laughed at m t 
 « M that the women atter acuvciy, 
 Brazil, that tnt w ^ ^^^jj^ 
 
 , tToWerve no manner of caution go- 
 
 farce ^n"""^^^"' 'known to deftroy their 
 .hers were freq-^J^ J-°7fo„d. till the ve- 
 chiWren .n ""V ^^^^^^ ,, , » ftop to this 
 
 '"""' 'rn:::^>« by o^ering. that a double 
 unnatural P"« «' ''J.,^,^ ,„ «omen newly de- 
 
 tion of the deceafed- ^ ^^^ 
 
 ''''^ "■"' °'l^ty celebrated it with pat- 
 their vintage : and they c ^^ ^^ 
 
 "-'"•"ttsT^rri:.va.Tierra.refen,b.e 
 
 ,,aya month .fays t^ ^j E„„^, when 
 
 the carnaval .n fome p ^^^^^^ ^^^.^^^ 
 
 the men are m ^f j,^„^ alide what 
 
 "'•'• T Z lavr iving themfdves «P 
 little reafon they nave, » o ^ 
 
CALIFORNIA. 83 
 
 to feaftings, dancings, entertainmnts of the 
 neighbouring rancherias, bufFooneries, and 
 comedies, fuch as they are : and in thefe, whole 
 nights are fpent to the high diverfion of the 
 audience. The adlors are feledted for their 
 talent of imitation-, and they execute their 
 parts admirably well." As to their dances, 
 fays the father, " there is a great variety of 
 them, and the performers acquit themfelves 
 with much agility and graceful nefs. We kept 
 our Chriftmas here with equal pleafure and de- 
 votion, fome hundreds of Indian catechumens 
 being prefent, and above one hundred chil- 
 dren perforhied their dances. Thefe are very 
 different from thofeof the nations of the other 
 coaft, they having above thirty of them repre- 
 fenting fome effential part of their military 
 difcipline, fifliery, travelling, burying, hunt- 
 ing, marrying, and the like : and a child of 
 three or four years old will fhew as much joy 
 at his having performed his part well, as young 
 men of warm emulation and judgment j a par- 
 ticular, with which we were very much enter- 
 tained, and could not forbear admiring." 
 
 As praftice naturally produces perfe«flion, 
 their excellence in thefe kinds of dances is not 
 to be wondered at, it being their whole occu- 
 pation in time of peace. They dance at their 
 weddings j on any good fuccefs in their fifti- 
 
 G 2 ing 
 
 

 HISTORY OF 
 
 ^^ , ,f the birth of their chil- 
 
 S/c ::! and on any -her -cafio" 
 Without weighing the i-?"-"; nvue one 
 .hefe teftivities the ^-"'^ \S2r>gt^ for 
 another -. and like^.fe ofen fc^« ,,.•„ 
 
 bow, and trials ot ttren^tn , 
 
 ,he like fports. days and mght^^ wee 
 
 „onths were ofen fpent m «me P ^^^_ 
 
 But thefe tranqml felons we« ^J ^^^ 
 
 fluent interruptions by «" ' j^^ ,i„ft 
 
 Others. Theena ^^^ ^^j^^g^. 
 
 ,He ^^'^f^Zn^^^^ 
 
 ment of their ^^ ".^°''!'' ^„„ private perfons : 
 
 ^\^"^Trtra^^ ft- "- '"''''""- 
 or fometimes ttiey * ^^^^^ 
 
 '^^rtnrt Ja^fti: wHete another 
 to 6(h, hunt, or g . j The man- 
 
 had a kind of ngh by P^e^^P ^„ft.,,i,y, 
 
 nerof revenge ""^/"'"^^ fo„ chiefly of- 
 
 „, do fome <i>«;f J^;*';^^ their power, to 
 fending, or tf he wa^l^V.^^ rf,„ this all 
 
 do it to his kindied or r* 
 „.detheca«feth.rown:^d.f^^^ 
 
 ■ ''inS^^Sdtrolerrancheriaswit. 
 :;rtUwereTnfiiendfli-^fi»^-ourT^_ 
 
 .11 
 
CALIFORNIA. 85 
 
 manner of declaring war was with a frightful 
 noife, ordering every one to provide great 
 quantities of reeds and flints ; taking care that 
 this declaration Ihoukl reach their adverfaries, 
 that by terrifying them, they might obtain the 
 eafier viftory : when they came to aflion they 
 fet up a Ihout, and engaged without any re- 
 gularity, except in relieving the bodies in the 
 front, when they gave way, either as quite 
 fpent, or for want of arrows ; which were made 
 of reeds, with Iharp flints for tlieir points, 
 but not poifoned ; though we may fuppofe it 
 was not from generofity, but their ignorance 
 of any kind of poifon, no deleterious plant 
 being as yet known in the whole country. 
 "When the engagement became clofe, they 
 made ufe of a kind of wooden Ipears with the 
 points fliarpened and hardened in the fire : 
 and thefe did equal execution, with thofe point* 
 ed with fteel. The vidlory was gained not fo 
 much by addrefs, condudt, ftrength, and cou- 
 rage, as by keeping up their fpirits againft 
 their innate fear, or infpiring the enemy with 
 it. Thus their difputes and private injuries 
 continued to increafe till they became general, 
 and broke out into a formal war, in which 
 numbers on both fides were flain, and many 
 of the rancherias in the fouth have been to* 
 tally deftroyed by thefe intefl:ine quarrels. Nor 
 
 G 3 arc 
 
MB" 
 
 4 
 I 
 
 II 
 
 ! I 
 
 \l 
 
 j t 
 
 86 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 are thofe of Lorctto and the northern free 
 from difturbances, but they never carry their re- 
 venge to fuch cxcefs, efpecially thofe of the north, 
 who are obferved to be of a more noble dif- 
 pofition and clear underftanding. They are 
 likewife more mild and fociable ; having little 
 of the obftinacy and vindiftive temper of their 
 countrymen. 
 
 SECT. VII. 
 
 Of the ancient religion of the Ca'li- 
 
 FORNIANS. 
 
 The mofl: interefling fubjeft for curiofity, 
 and which reruires the greateft accuracy and 
 attention in treating of it, is the ancient reli- 
 gion of theCalifornians. Andthe ufetobemade 
 of fuch refearchcs in favour of our holy reli- 
 gion, may be feen in the famous bifhop 
 Huet*s Demonftratio evangelica, where, with 
 amazing erudition, he enumerates the different 
 fedts, ancient and modern, of all nations in 
 the world, to increafe, from their dai knefs, the 
 luftre of the chriftian difpenfation. Gn the 
 other hand a faithful reprefentation of the Iha- 
 dow of death, in which thefe Indians lay 
 immerfcd, will heighten the greatnefs of the 
 divine goodnefs, in bringing them into the 
 bofom of his church, and leading them in the 
 
 way 
 
CALIFORNIA. 87 
 
 way to happinefs, from their total ignorance 
 of religion*, which was even attended with 
 many temporal evils. Thefe accounts may fur- 
 ther be compared with thofe, which the curi- 
 ous are already poflefled of, relating to the 
 fefts and religion, not only of the Mexicans, 
 Peruvians, and other inhabitants of America, 
 but of the moft eaftern nations of Afia, the 
 Japonefe, Chinefe, Tartars, Corees, Manchees, 
 the people of Kamfchatka, and Jacukt. This 
 is however one of the articles, where no pof- 
 fible attention can give entire fatisfadtion j but 
 will leave many uncertainties and imperfec- 
 tions. 
 
 All relations agree, that hitherto no idolatry 
 has been found among the Californians. They 
 neither worfhipped any creatures, nor had any 
 reprefentations, or images of falfe deities, to 
 whom they paid any kind of adoration. Nor 
 had they among them any temples, oratories, 
 altars, or any other place fct apart for religious 
 cxercifes. Indeed no fuch thing was known 
 there, no outward profeflion of religion in 
 feftivals, prayers, vows, expiations, or any 
 publick or private marks of addrefles being 
 made to God, or even of any knowledge of 
 him } fo that they did not didinguiili them- 
 felves in the lead from the favage, and deplor- 
 able blindnef^ of their neighbours, the Indians 
 
 G 4 in 
 
 .1-' 
 
88 HISTORYOF 
 
 in the oppofite coaft of Cinaloa, of whom 
 fathcrRivas fays, thatfcarce any trace of religion 
 was to be found among them, nor did their 
 external performances Ihew the leaft know- 
 ledge of God. The accounts however, men- 
 tion, that there was among them a feries of 
 fpcculative tenets, which muft furprife the 
 reader. For they not only had an idea of the 
 unity and nature of God as a pure fpirit, and 
 likewife of other fpiritual beings ; but alfo feme 
 faint glimmerings of the Trinity ; the eternal 
 generation of the logos, and other articles 
 of the Chriftian religion, though mixed with 
 a thoufand abfurdities. And this light was fo 
 clear in them, that fome miflionaries have been 
 induced to think, that they were defcended 
 from a people which had formerly been chri- 
 ftians In thefe tenets however, there was 
 fome difference among the principal nations, 
 and that the reader may have the better idea of 
 them, I Ihall faithfully copy fome fragments 
 of narratives which I have in my hands. 
 
 One of the miflionaries fpeaking of the 
 fouthern Edues or Pericues, gives the fol- 
 lowing account of their religious principles. 
 There is, fay they, in heaven, a lord of great 
 power, called Niparaya, who made the earth 
 and the fea ; gives food to all creatures ; cre- 
 ated the trees and every thing we fee ; and can 
 
 do 
 
CALIFORNIA. 89 
 
 do whatfocver he pleafes. We don't fee him, 
 becaufe he has no body as we have. This 
 Niparaya has a wife called Anayicoyondi : and 
 though he makes no ufe of her, as having no 
 body, he has had three fons : Of thefe one is 
 Quaayayp, i . e. man ; and Anayicoyondi 
 was delivered of him in the mountains of Aca- 
 ragui V though others fay, that it was among 
 fome red mountains in the road from San Jago 
 de los Coras, and which they call Cunimniici. 
 Quaayayp has been with them (the fouthern 
 Indians) and taught them. He was very pow- 
 erful, and had a great number of men : for 
 he went into the earth, and brought people 
 from thence. At length the Indians through ha- 
 tred killed him : and at the fame time put a 
 wreath of thorns on his head. He is dead to 
 this day ; but remains very beautiful, and with- 
 out any corruption. Blood is continually run- 
 ning from him : he does not fpeak as being 
 dead ; but he has atecolote or owl which fpeaks 
 to him. They further fay, that in heaven there 
 are many ipore inhabitants than on earth : and 
 that formerly there were great wars in that 
 place: a perfon of eminent power, whom fome 
 learned men call Wac, and others Tuparan rofe 
 upagainft thefupreme lord Niparaya, and being 
 joined by numerous adherents dared to ftand a 
 battle with hli^. But was totally defeated 
 
 by 
 
 VV 
 
\m 
 
 m 
 
 90 HISTORYOF 
 
 by Niparaya, who immediately deprived Wac 
 Tuparan of all his power, his fine pitahayas, 
 and his other provifions ; turned him out of 
 heaven, and confined him and his followers in 
 a vaft cave under the earth - and created the 
 whales in the fea to be as guards, that they 
 fhould not leave their place of confinement. 
 They add, that the fupremc lord Niparaya does 
 not love that people fhould fight •, and that 
 thofe who die by an arrow or fpear do not go 
 to heaven. But on the contrary Wac Tuparan 
 wiihes that all people were continually fightings 
 becaufe all who are killed in battle go to his 
 cave. There are two parties among the Indi- 
 ans •, one fiding with Niparaya, and are a ferious 
 difcreet people, open to convidlion, and readi- 
 ly liften to the chriftian truths which are in- 
 forced upon them from their own tenets. The 
 other party is that devoted to Wac Tuparan i 
 and are of very perverfe difpofitions, forcer- 
 ers, and unfortunately very numerous. Thefe 
 partifans of Wac Tuparan have feveral opinions 
 peculiar to themfelves, and entirely monftrous : 
 as that the ftars are fliining pieces of metal ; 
 that the moon was created by Cucunumic, the 
 ftars by Purutabui, and the like. Hitherto 
 from the narratives of the dogmas of the Edues 
 or Pericues, the tenets of the Loretto nati- 
 on, which is an affemblage of Laymones, 
 
 Monquics, 
 
CALIFORNIA. 91 
 
 Monquies, Vchitles, and Huacuros ; living, as 
 we have already obferved, in the middle part of 
 California, arc fufRcientiy explained in the fol- 
 lowing fragment. They have no word in their 
 language fignifying heaven, but they exprefs 
 it by the general word notu, which fignifies 
 above or high. They alfo fay, that in the 
 north part of heaven lives the fpirit of fpirits, 
 which they call Gumongo : he fends peftitences 
 and fickneHes, and in former ages fent down 
 to vifit the earth another fpirit, to whom they 
 give the name of Guyiaguai. He was no 
 fooner come, than he began to fow the land 
 with pitahayas, the mofl: common fruit in Ca- 
 lifornia ; and likewife made the creeks along 
 the coaft of the gulf, till he came to a vaft 
 ftone in a very fpacious creek near Loretto, 
 called by the Spaniards Puerto Efcondido, where 
 he refided for fome time. Here the other in- 
 ferior fpirits, his attendants, ufed to bring him 
 pitahayas to eat, and H(h which they caught 
 in the creek. Guyiaguai's occupation was to 
 make veftments for his priefts, who, in their 
 language are called dicuinochos, of the hides 
 which were offered to him. After fome time 
 Guyiaguai continued his vifitation, fowing 
 pitahayas, and making creeks along all the 
 coaft of the Loretto nation •, and, as a memo- 
 fi^l, left a painted table, which the dicuino- 
 chos 
 

 52 HISTORY OF 
 
 chos or priefls make ufe of at their entertain- 
 ments. They add, that the fun, moon, and 
 the morning and evening ftara were men and 
 women J that every night they fell into the 
 weftern fea, whence they are under a neceffity 
 of fwimming out by the way of the eaft : that 
 the other ftars were lights made in heaven by 
 that vifiting fpirit and his attendants j and 
 that though they became quenched by the 
 fea water, he went toward the call to light them 
 again. It would be very tedious to enter into a 
 further detail of the many abfurdities of the 
 fame kind, which were impofed on this un- 
 happy people by their itupid or defigning 
 priefts. 
 
 The nation of the Cochimies is not only the 
 moft numerous and extended, but they have like- 
 wife the beft genius, and lefs extravagant opinions, 
 and brutality in their cuftoms ; their behaviour 
 is remarkably courteous, and they never break 
 their word. " They believe, fays amiflionary, 
 that there is in heaven a lord, whofe name in 
 their' language fignifies he who lives-, that 
 without a mother he had a fon, to whom they 
 give two names : one of which imports per- 
 fedion or end of clay ; the other fignifies the 
 fwift. Befides him they fay there is another, 
 whofe name is, he who makes lords i though 
 they give the name of Iprd to all the three i 
 
 yet 
 
CALIFORNIA. $^ 
 
 yet when alked how many lords there are, 
 they anfwer one, who made the heaven^ 
 the earth, the animals, the trees and fruits^ 
 alfo man and woman. They likewife have 
 fome notion of devils, faying that the great 
 lord, called he who lives, created certain 
 beings who are not feen, who revolted againft 
 him, and are enemies both of him and man- 
 kind : to thefe they give the name of lyars, 
 cnfnarers, or feducers. They add that when 
 men die, thefe deceivers come and bury therp, 
 that they may not fee the lord who lives." 
 Thefe and fome others of the fame kind were 
 the tenets of the Cochimies j which I could 
 wilh to relate at length, being confident that 
 the converted Indians had no defign of im- 
 pofing on the miilionaries in teJling them that 
 before their converfion they held opinions in 
 fome refpedts the fame with thofe 1 have juft 
 related. I could likewife wilh that I was able 
 to write them in the very words of their lan- 
 guages, with their true and accurate significa- 
 tion, as from thence we might judge whether 
 it is not reafonable to conclude, that fome 
 ftorm or other accident carried to the coads 
 of California, fome Europeans or inhabitants 
 of the Philippines, of whom no memory now 
 exifts among the Indians; and thefe finding 
 themfelves among barbarians, endeavoured to 
 
 inftii; 
 
 nil 
 
I 
 
 \') 
 
 i 
 
 t 
 
 I 
 
 94 H t S t O R Y O F -■ 
 
 inftill into them the myfteries of the chriftian 
 religion j and that thofe inftruftions, in procefs 
 of time, became more and more disfigured, 
 till the arrival of the miflionaries. It is now 
 above two centuries lince the coaft of Cali- 
 fornia has been vifited by Europeans ; the 
 inhabitants of Mexico from the weftern coaft 
 of New Spain, have frequented the gulf of 
 California to fifli for pearls ; and others have 
 arrived at the weftern coaft by the way of the 
 South fea. And therefore among a variety of 
 accidents, either as puniftiment, or from mif- 
 fortune, one or more may have been obliged 
 to remain among the Indians. It is known 
 that feme (hips have left Mulattoes and Mefti- 
 zos at Cape San Lucas. Father Juan de Torque- 
 mada tells us, that the Californians fhewed no 
 manner of furprife at the fight of negroes, there 
 being fome of that caft among them, the race 
 of thofe who had been left by a fhip from the 
 Philippine iflands. The fame author mentions 
 the adventure of the pilot Morera, who, being 
 left on fiiore near Cape Mendozino, by the fa- 
 mous navigator fir Francis Drake, after fome 
 years, fortunately arrived at the mine-garrifon 
 of Sombrerete •, the like accounts are to be met 
 with in ancient narratives : and fo lately as the 
 year 1741, the Ruftians were obliged to leave 
 on the fame coaft of America, and at a higher 
 
 latitude, 
 
CALIFORNIA. gs 
 
 latitude, part of a fhip's company who had 
 failed on a difcovery * : all which gives room 
 to believe, that fome Europeans, under a fimi- 
 lar difafter, had not the fame good for- 
 tune to arrive at a country peopled with Euro- 
 peans, after wandering over vaft trafts inha- 
 bited by barbarians : but on the contrary, 
 were obliged to pafs the remainder of their 
 days among them. And what regard and au- 
 thority would not an European of any tolerable 
 capacity, acquire among fuch a ftupid race. 
 But till we can produce fafls fufficient to clear 
 up thefe points, we fliall pafs to other particu- 
 lars lefs fubjedl to doubts and uncertainties. 
 
 Their edues or priefts were what might be 
 expefted from this Ihadow or imitation of re- 
 ligion. Thefe edues were called by the name 
 of their two feels, Tuparan and Niparaya : 
 thofe of Loretto called them Dicuinochos, and 
 the Cochimies Vamas or Guafmas. In the nar- 
 ratives they are frequently called Hechiceros or 
 forcerers •, and in conformity to them, we fhali 
 alfo make ufe of the fame name. But it is not 
 therefore to be thought that thefe poor crea- 
 tures had any commerce, or entered into a 
 compaft with apoftate fpirits, or that they re- 
 ceived any inftruftions from them, as they au- 
 dacioufly declared, and were too readily be- 
 
 • See Part. iv. append. 7 of this work. 
 
 licved, 
 
l\ 
 
 : 
 
 96 H I ST OR Y O F 
 
 lieved, not only by Indians, but likewife by 
 fome Europeans. It is known that the fame 
 extravagant credulity obtained here, >which not 
 long fince deluged the old world, with regard 
 to the ancient pagan oracles. But the mod fa- 
 gacious miflionaries, after plain and convincing 
 proofs, affirmed them to be arrant impoftors 
 and cheats, pretending to hold intelligence with 
 thofe fpirits, the exiftence of which as we have 
 obferved, was believed by the Californians. 
 Thh fuppofitiows commerce with fpirits, or 
 even with the devil himfelf, procured them 
 great authority among that fimple people ; and 
 this reverence they ftrengthened by certain ce- 
 remonies and geftureSi and the introduction of 
 many myftical rites. The whole intention of 
 their deceits was intereft, the people imagining 
 that fuccefs was to be acquired, and calamities 
 prevented by bringing them the bed of the 
 fruits they gathered, and of what they catched 
 in fifhing or hunting. This was a principle 
 carefully inculcated into them, the Hechiceros 
 fometimes thundering out threatenings of fick- 
 nefs, difafter, and failure of harvefts : at other 
 times perfuading them to give liberally, by 
 feeding them with magnificent hopes of afflu- 
 ence and the mod defirable enjoyments. For 
 they affirmed that they were poflefled of know- 
 ledge and power fufficienc to accomplifli all 
 
 this 
 
!' 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 97 
 
 this, by means of their friendfhip and inter- 
 courfe with the invifible fpirits. What alfo 
 ftrengthened this authority was their being the 
 only phyficians from whom they could hope to 
 be relieved in their pains and diflempers : and 
 whatever was the medicine, it was always ad- 
 miniftered with great oftentation and folemnity. 
 One was very remarkable, and the good efFedt 
 it fometimes produced, heightened the reputa- 
 tion of the phyfician. They applied to the 
 fuffering part of the patient's body the chacu- 
 aco, or a tube formed out of a very hard black 
 ftone, and through this they fometimes fucked, 
 and other times blew, but both as hard as they 
 were able, fuppofing that thus the difeafe was 
 cither exhaled or difperfed. Sometimes the 
 tube was filled with cimarron or wild tobacco 
 lighted, and here they either fucked in, or 
 blew down the fmoke, according to the phyfi- 
 cian's direftion: and this powerful cauftick 
 fometimes, without any oiher remedy, has been 
 known entirely to remove the diforder. In the 
 other tranfadions of life, the Hechiccros prac- 
 tifed variety of deceits, and pretended to an un- 
 limited power : and it was no difficult tafk. to 
 gain an abfolute afcendant over thefe poor peo- 
 ple, whofe ftupidity and ignorance opened 
 fo wide a door to their infeparable companions 
 timidity and fupsrftition. ,_ 
 -Vol. I. H ' The 
 
 
98 HISTORYOF 
 
 The Indians of the nation of Loretto had 
 fchools, whereby thefe profeflbrs inftrudled 
 their youths in the above opinions, and fome 
 other needlefs puerilities : but recommended to 
 them as truths of great importance. In or- 
 der to this, their pupils attended them to 
 caves or folitary places, at a diftance from the 
 woods : and there they taught them to form 
 certain figures on tablets, and when perfedl in 
 thefe, they were taught others as children in 
 our fchools are taught to write. This remained 
 a fecret for fome years, till the reverend father 
 Juan Maria de Salva-Tierra, obferved that 
 whsn the time of gathering the pitahayas ar- 
 rived, all the boys about the garrifon of- Lo- 
 retto fuddenly difappeared, and from one of 
 thefe he drew the fecret j but not without many 
 artifices : for notwithftanding the ftupidity in 
 which they are brought up, they can on occa- 
 fion diflemble and be referved : for filence is 
 one of their profefTions. 
 
 But the authority of the Californian priefts 
 on no occafion appears with fuch fplendour as 
 on the publick feafts, celebrated by a whole 
 nation, or a fingle rancheria, or family. 
 There are no facrifices, nor any other ceremony 
 which has the leaft appearance of worftiip, 
 either of the Divinity, or thofe fpirits they have 
 fome confufed idea of i but the whok vcnfifts in 
 I 
 
 a 
 
 pretj 
 
 whiJ 
 
 eating 
 
 mm 
 
 'ii 
 
CALIFORNIA. 99 
 
 eatlngt drinking, dancings talicing, and laugh- 
 ing. However the prefenee of the priefts makes 
 them eorifidered as religious folemnities : for 
 they indeed adl the chief part, and diefs them- 
 felves in their habits of ceremony, which are 
 only ufed on extraordinary occafions. This con- 
 lifts of a large cloak covering them from their 
 hedd to thfeir feet, and entirely compofed of hu- 
 man hair. Their head is adorned with a very 
 high plumage made of th^ feathers of hawks* 
 aftd in their hands they hold a morlftroUs fan 
 formed out of the larger feathers. The fouthefn 
 Edue^, whfen they cannot procufre feathers^ 
 adorn, or indeed rather disfigure, the head with 
 the tails of deers^ and the Gochirhes add two 
 ftrings of th6 hoofs of the fame beaft -, onfe as 
 a chain round the neck, and the other as a 
 girdle. The ridiculoufnefs of the garb is ftill 
 heightened by daubing their bodies over with 
 red, black, and different colours •, fo that the 
 reader's own fancy will eafily reprefent what 
 figures they muft make. Thefe open the enter- 
 tainment with fucking the chacuaco, till they 
 are become frantick and almoft drunk with the 
 fmoke. Thus intoxicated, they begin the ora- 
 tion on their tenets, which is delivered with 
 wild geft:ures and fr ightful vociferations. They 
 pretend themfelves to be infpired by thofe fprrits 
 which the nation acknowledges, and in their 
 1. H 2 name 
 
 r 
 
 u;« 
 
 B 
 
 m 
 
 1 ' 
 
 II 
 
 ;» *' 
 
 P ^» 
 
 ^,^ 
 
 1- 
 
 y| 
 
 ("'. 
 
 1 
 
 ^ 
 
I 
 
 100 HISTORY OF 
 
 name denounce to them whatever their frenzy 
 or intereft fuggefts. To give the greater 
 weight to their embafly, they fometimes pre- 
 tended that they were the very fpirits in which 
 they believed : at others that they had been in 
 heaven and converfed with the deities ; and to 
 prove it produced the flefh of a deer, or a piece 
 of ficin and an herb, with which they faid it 
 was in their power to kill whom they pleafed. 
 But their mod ufual device was to hold up in 
 their hands fome little tablets of wood made 
 with great labour, for want of iron tools of 
 mefquite, or another hard wood called Una de 
 Garo, on which were painted fome grotefque 
 figures, affirmed to be the true copy of the 
 table, which the vifiting fpirit left with them 
 at his departure to heaven : and thefe figures 
 were the fame which the Loretto profeflbrs 
 taught the boys at their ptivate academy. 
 Whilft thefe frantick preachers were haranguing, 
 the others were feafting and dancing, and being 
 inflamed by gluttony, intemperance, and danc- 
 ing, the whole concluded in the moft abomina- 
 ble gratification of their appetites, all mingling 
 indifcriminately, as if determined to violate 
 every principle of Ihame, reafon, and modefty. 
 Though thefe feafts were often without any 
 neceffary motive ; yet thofe made at the gather- 
 ing of the pitahayas, for a vidlory, for the dif- 
 
 tribution 
 
 th( 
 th( 
 tai 
 
CALIFORNIA. loi 
 
 tribution of the captures of filh, and the deer 
 fkins, greatly furpafled the others in folemnlty : 
 but that on boring the ears and noftrils of the 
 children exceeded all. To thefe all the women 
 and men reforted : the ornament of wearing 
 pearls from their noftrils to their ears being 
 common to both fexes. The flirieks of the chil- 
 dren on thefe occafions, incited the fathers to 
 greater and louder Ihouts, in order to fupprefs 
 any fympathy with the cries and tears of their 
 children. At thefe feafts, the priefts or im- 
 poftors, did not omit exercifing that authority 
 which they owe to the fear of the people, cele- 
 brating, according to their private paflions, 
 feme as brave and generous j upbraiding others 
 as cowards, faftious, and wicked, and even en- 
 join them certain penances : the moft cuftomary 
 of which was fafting or abftinence -, laying their 
 commands on them to forbear for a certain 
 time to tafte of this or that fruit, filb, or beaft. 
 Sometimes a whole rancheria came under the 
 fentence, when they were either to faft alter- 
 nately, or every one was enjoined to abftain 
 from fome particular thing : fo that the faft: 
 might be general. This was not the only me- 
 thod of chaftifing them ; they alfo ordered 
 them to clear ways along the higheft moun- 
 tains, for the more eafy defcent of the vifiting 
 fpirit when it came to fee them. And at cer- 
 
 H 3 tain 
 
 $ 
 
?02 HISTORYOF 
 
 tain diftances to lay a heap of ftones wh«r« it 
 might flop and reft; itfelf. But what cannot 
 be read without horror, is, that thefe inhuman 
 impoftors fometimes even ordered thern to 
 throw themfelves down from a precipice : ^nd 
 though they muft neceflarily be dafhed to 
 pieces, fiich was the biindnefs and dread of 
 thefe poor creatures, that it was very feldom 
 their orders failed of being executed, either 
 willingly or by force. Befides this the herhir 
 ceros raifed contributions on all, by means of 
 two tributes : and thefe vwere paid with a punc- 
 tual willingnefs. The firfl: was the beft of 
 their fruits and captures at hunting ^nd fifh- 
 ing i the fecond, the tribute of hair, of which 
 were made the cloaks of ceremony nfed only at 
 their folemnities ; and which '."ith their other 
 ornaments were committed to the care of a par- 
 ticular perfon, who was to keep them in a re- 
 mote and private place. This tribute the 
 children paid in return for their inftruclion, and 
 the adult, who had been fick, if they recovered, 
 in gratitude for their cure •, and if not, for their 
 care after death : for the Californians arc not 
 forfaken by their prieft:s ; on the contrary, they 
 redouble their cares, and extend them to the 
 whole rancheria ; but when the difl:emper ar- 
 rives at fuch a height, that herbs, juices, the chi- 
 cua^o, i:nd fimarion or tobacco, avail nothing, 
 
 they 
 
 wi 
 
 thi 
 
CALIFORNIA. 103 
 
 they afTemble all the patient's relations, that 
 he might die with the greater uneafinefs. In 
 the firft place, if the patient have* a daughter 
 or fifter, they cut off the little finger of her 
 right hand, pretending thereby that the blood 
 either faved the patient, or at leaft removed 
 from the family all forrow for his death ; buc 
 was ip reality an additional caufe of pain and 
 grief: then followed the vifits from the whole 
 rancheria, who, after talking to him, and being 
 acquainted with his defperate condition, fct up a 
 confufed howling; fometimes covering their face 
 with their hands and their hair, and repeating 
 this ceremony from time to time divided into fe- 
 parate companies *, and all in the prefence of the 
 dying perfon. The women increafed the horror 
 of thefe howlings mth paflionate cries and excla- 
 mations, fetting forth the merits of the patient, 
 in order to move the greater compaflion. The 
 howling being over, the patient requefts the 
 company to fuck and blow him in the fame 
 manner as the phyficians had done : and this 
 laft friendly office is performed by every one ; 
 fucking and blowing firft the part affe<5led, and 
 afterwards all the other organs of the fenfes 
 with the utmoft force they are capable of j as 
 this and the force of the cries indicates their de- 
 gree of aifeiflion for the deccafed. In the mean 
 ^ : ,T H4 time 
 
 
 kt 
 
104 HISTORYOF 
 
 time, thedo(flors thruft their hands into the pa- 
 tient's mouth, pretending to pluck death for- 
 cibly out of his body. The women (till con- 
 tinuing their outcries, give the patient many 
 fevere ftrolces, in order to awake him, till be- 
 twixt one uneafinefs and another they deprive 
 him of life : and as foon as he is found fenfe- 
 Icfs, they immediately proceed to bury or burn 
 him, making no difference, but chufing the 
 tnoft convenient. The funerals are immedi- 
 ately performed without any preparations, 
 amidfl a continuance of the fame howlings, and 
 without any fingularity, only burying or burn- 
 ing with the patient all his utenfils. So little 
 did they enquire into the reality of his death, 
 previoufly to the burning or interment, that 
 one day father Salva-Tierra, being near San 
 Juan de Londo, and hearing the lamentations 
 and feeing the fire, haftened to the fpor, 
 where he found them jufl: going to burn a man, 
 who by his motions he could perceive to have 
 Hill feme remains of life. He fnatched him 
 from the fire, and in tin^e recovered him, re- 
 proving their inconfideratenefs and barbarity. 
 
 Thus have I given a brief detail of the reli- 
 gion of the ancient Californians. In the iflands 
 formed by the channel of Santa Barbara, along 
 the weftern coafl, which was difcovered by 
 l^cneral Vifcaipo j and in others at a fmall dif- 
 
 tJ^ncQ 
 
 ol 
 
 P' 
 w 
 
CALIFORNIA. 105 
 
 tance from thcfc, vifitcd in 1733, by father 
 Taraval, who called them dc los Dolores, 
 there is Tome difference in religious affairs, 
 which I Ihall relate in the very words of the 
 author. Father Torquemada, fpeaking of the 
 jfland of San Catherine, fays, ** In this ifland 
 are feveral rancherias or communities, and in 
 them a temple with a large level court, where 
 they perform their facrifices ; and in one, the 
 place of the altar, was a large circular fpace, 
 with an inclofure of feathers of feveral birds of 
 different colours, which I underftood were 
 thofe of the birds they facrificed in great num* 
 bcrs : and within the circle was an image, 
 ftrangely bedaubed with a variety of colours, 
 repreilnting fome devil, according to the man- 
 ner of the Indians of New Spain, holding in 
 its hand a figure of tb^ fun and moon. It 
 happened that when the foldiers came to fee 
 this temple, they found within the faid circle 
 two crows, confiderably bigger than ordinary : 
 and at the approach of the Spaniards they flew 
 away, but alighted among the rocks in the 
 neighbourhood : and the foldiers feeing them 
 of fuch an uncommon largenefs, fired their 
 pieces and killed them. At this, an Indian 
 who had attended the Spaniards as a guide, fell 
 into a perfedt agony i I was informed that they 
 believed the devil fpoke to them in tjiefe crows, 
 
 and 
 
 t 
 
 
 111 
 
 i 
 
 ! 
 
ie6 HISTORY OF 
 
 and thence beheld them with great veneration. 
 Some time after, one of the religious going 
 that way, faw fome Indian women wafhing fi(h 
 along the fliore, in order to drefs them for their 
 families; but fome crows came up to them, 
 and with their beck took the filh from their 
 hands, whilft they obferyed a profound filence, 
 not daring fo much as to look at them, much 
 lefs frighten them away. Nothing therefore 
 could appear more horrible to the Californians, 
 than that the Spaniards fhould fhoot at thefe 
 refpedlable birds." Father Taraval, in the ma- 
 nufcript account of his voyage and difcoveries 
 in the year 1732, fays of the ifland de la Tri- 
 nidad, " That the governor was likewife its 
 prieft, i. e. forcerer or hechicero, though he 
 had others fubordinate to him : fo that every 
 community had its civil and fpiritual officer. 
 On their heads they wore fuch a grotefque va- 
 riety of things, as at once moved pity and 
 laughter. His decalogue was as follows, 
 * That they fhould not eat of their firft hunting 
 or fifhing, under pain of being difqualified 
 from hunting or filhing hereafter. 2d, That 
 they fhould not eat of fome certain filh. 3d, 
 That they fhould forbear eating fome particular 
 parts of the game, and thefe were the befl and 
 fattefV, faying, that this fat was that of dead 
 old men ; and that by eating it old age would 
 
 imme- 
 
C A L I F ORN r/U IQ7 
 
 immediately come upon them. Thq^ the beft 
 pieces fell to the Ihare of the old hechicerQs, 
 alledging, that as they were already advan(;e4 
 jn years, they ha4 nothing to fear pn this 
 head. .4. That they fbould not gather certa^a 
 fruits, nor take fome fpecies of fiih (and hqth 
 of thefe were the beft) as they wpuW do then^ 4 
 great deal of hurt -, but that nothing injured 
 old people. 5. That if they caught any ilag sit 
 fifh of an extraordinary fize, not to offer to eat 
 it, as belonging to the hechiceros. 6. Th»t 
 they fliould not look at the feven ftar$, a9 
 they would thereby draw on themfelvea many 
 misfortunes and calamities. 7. That they 
 fliould not look towards the iflands of the 
 north i for that whoever flood and looked at 
 them, would fall fick and die without remedy, 
 8. That they fhouid be mindful of their ancef- 
 tors, and make feafts in commemoration of 
 them. 9. That in very hot weather, all fliouId 
 come out and pay their falutations to the fun, 
 who would not then moleft them in their hunt-!- 
 ings and fifhings j but on the contrary render 
 every undertaking profperous. 10. That they 
 fhouid believe in their hechiceros : but this was 
 too difficult a tafk ; for no fooner were they 
 returned to the milTion, than they began to 
 laugh at fuch abfurdities.' His articles of be- 
 lief were of a piece with his precepts. The prin- 
 cipal 
 
' 1 
 
 108 HISTORY OF* 
 
 cipal deity was the demon, in honour of 
 whom fome feftivals were celebrated. The 
 chief rcafon brought for thefe entertainments to 
 his honour was, becaufe the forcerers told 
 them, that it was the demon who had given 
 them, and would continue to give them chil- 
 dren. Thefe feafts were in a manner required 
 by their deity. Others they made in honour of 
 their anceftors, on whom they conferred the 
 fame name as on the demons. The form of 
 his apotheofis or canonization, was as follows : 
 the hero of the folemnity was reprefented by 
 the branches of feveral trees, placed on an emi- 
 nence; after which they danced before this 
 image, and then imagined him completely 
 canonized . 
 
 Their pontificalia ufed on thefe occafions, 
 were firft a wig as long as a canon's cope, made 
 of the votive hair of fick perfons. Round their 
 neck they wore a firing of deers feet, and ano- 
 ther as a girdle round their waifte. In their 
 hands they held a large fan compofed of a great 
 variety of feathers, and a tube made of a very 
 hard Hone, for fucking the patients in the 
 manner formerly defcribed. All the particulars, 
 except the hairs and the tube, are entirely dif- 
 ferent from thofe rites of the Californians j 
 which I have on that account mentioned, omit- 
 ting other things which obtain among both." 
 -v- Though 
 
CALIFORNIA. 109 
 
 Though the iflands and tradts to which thefe 
 accounts relate, have little correfpondence and 
 intercourfe, yet they are within fight of one 
 another. In fuch a vicinity, it is furprifing 
 there Ihould be fo remarkable a difference in fo 
 eflential a point as religion. But fo I find it 
 in the narrative, which however I do not pre- 
 tend to impofe upon the reader as an incontefli- 
 ble authority. 
 

 . .^;J;.v.. 
 
 .a . »— "' 
 
 cer 
 the 
 
 th( 
 tri^ 
 cal 
 frc 
 
li 
 
 NATURAL and CIVIL 
 
 HISTORY 
 
 O F 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 
 
 M. >. ■* ,f , ,f , ,ti ifi if. iti A A iti iti A >t« A ill iti A ita A A A A A ifi rfi iti >ft A A jfc ifc A A rf< A it« A A 
 
 ; ' PART XL 
 
 Account of California till the 
 firft arrival of the Jefuits. 
 
 SECT. L 
 
 The firft accounts of the Paclfick or 
 , South-fea. , . 
 
 IT is furprifing that during the courfe of fo 
 many ages, the globe which we inhabit 
 Ihould be fo imperfeftly known : and that 
 feme of the human fpecies fhould have known 
 nothing of others inhabiting the fame. The 15th 
 century is juftly diftinguifhed in Europe, for 
 the firft revival of arts and fciences : and 
 among the confequenccs of that revival, ic has 
 the honour of reckoning the difcovery of coun- 
 tries, the great extent of which entitled it to be 
 called the new world. Spain being now freed 
 from the dominion of the Moors, and the whole 
 
 country 
 
 9- ' 
 
 !1 
 

 H2 HISTORYOF 
 
 country united in two kingdoms j thofe of 
 Caftile and Portngal, not only employed its 
 viftqrious arms in Europe and Africa, but like- 
 wife fent its fleets on the ocean, which had 
 been till then fo much dreaded. The Eaft 
 Indies, whofe riches had filled Europe with 
 their fame, from the mofl remote antiquity, in 
 that century acquired additional reputation 
 from the rich commerce of its produfbs and 
 manufadlures, carried on from the Levant by 
 the Venetians, Genoefe, and Florentines. The 
 ancient geographers alfo, efpecially the Greeks, 
 which now began to be read, together with the 
 accounts of Marco Paulo, a Venetian and other 
 travellers ; and likewife the relations of fome 
 natives of thofe countries who came into 
 Europe, and whofe difcretion and probity left 
 no room to queflion their veracity, added an 
 additional glory to that country. But though 
 more folid proofs of the riches of India, together 
 ivith its ipices and other goods were brought into 
 Europe, not only theconquefl:, but even an im- 
 mediate commerce was imprafticable to the 
 Europeans, who, knowing of no way thither by 
 fea, were under a necefllty of carrying on the 
 traffick for eaftern goods with the Mahometans, 
 as being mafters of all the interjacent countries. 
 The Portuguefe, who with inconceivable bold- 
 nefs and perfeverance had difcovered and fur- 
 
 veyed 
 
 t • 
 
113 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 
 
 veyed the weftern coaft of Africa, as far as 
 Guinea, and from thence to the Cape of Good 
 Hope, did not doubt but they Ihould at laft 
 find a fecure pafiage through the ocean to India. 
 In confidence of this, in the year 1487, they 
 fent feveral perfons by land to acquaint them- 
 felves with the eaftern countries -, and efpecially 
 thofe of Prefter-John, a prince reputed to be very 
 powerful and a chriftian. They likewife foli- 
 cited the pope for a perpetual grant of all the 
 land which Ihould be difcovered in the ocean 
 from Cape Boxador to India inclufively. 
 
 Whilft the Portuguefe were employed in 
 feeking an eaftern paiTage to India, the kings 
 of Caftile who had made themfelves mafters of 
 feveral iftands in the ocean, and profecuted 
 their claims to the conqueft of Guinea, fent 
 Chriftopher Columbus, on the difcovery of 
 new countries to the weftward, he having pro- 
 pofed 10 find a new and Ihorter way to India 
 and the Spice iflands. In efi^edt, this wonder- 
 ful man, either from the reading ancient au- 
 thors, or the papers of a certain pilot, ei- 
 ther knew, or formed a conjedure that there 
 were fome countries or iflands to the weft of 
 the Canaries or Azores : yet he little thougluc 
 that India was at fo great a diftance from the 
 extreme coafts of Africa and Spain. On the 
 contrary, from the authority of ancient geO' 
 
 Vol. I. I graphers 
 
 
 i 
 
 ^, 
 
 mi 
 
 f 1 14* 
 
 '■ 1 
 
,14 HISTORYOF 
 
 graphers and philofophers, he concluded that 
 the terraqueous globe was much lefs than in 
 reality it is j that the paflage from Spain to 
 India, was not long in itfelf } and that by this 
 way, he Ihould much fooner reach Cathay, 
 and the ifland of Cipango, of which Marco 
 Paulo, the Venetian, gives fuch an alluring 
 defcription. Accordingly he made the offer to 
 the kings of Portugal and England, but was 
 difappointed at both courts : this and the maps 
 of Paulo Phyfico, the Florentine, to whom he 
 communicated his thoughts, who confirmed 
 him in his plan, may be feen in the hiftory of 
 this great man, written by his fon Fernando 
 Columbus, the worthy hiftorian of fuch a fa- 
 ther. Afterwards in the year 1492, Columbus 
 failed a new courfe, and after difcovering the 
 illands of Lucaya, Cuba, Hifpaniola, and 
 others, he returned to Spain, and with unpa- 
 ralleled glory entered Lilbon on the 4th of 
 March 1493, Don Juan III. king of Por- 
 tugal, as became a prince of his religion and 
 generofity, not only rejeftcd with indignation 
 the propofal of fome great men among the Por- 
 tuguefe, to put this illuftrious navigator to 
 death, but conferred great honours on him. 
 However on a fuppofition that the iflands dif- 
 covered lay within the dominion granted him 
 by the pope, he tranfmittcd a fpirited com- 
 - - plaint 
 
 Col 
 
 theil 
 
 whij 
 
 the 
 
 ma| 
 
 EurJ 
 
 the 
 
 the 
 
 difa 
 
 todl 
 
CALIFORNIA. 115 
 
 plaint to the king of Caftile, and ordered a 
 fleet to be fitted out, and fent to thofe parts. 
 The king of Caftile found means to fufpend 
 this refolution ; and in the mean time, the in- 
 comparable queen Ifabella, procured a brief 
 from pope Alexander VI. granting to her king- 
 doms of Caftile and Leon, any difcoveries 
 made by her fubjeds: and it was the fame 
 pope, who, to avoid injuring the Portuguefe> 
 made the famous divifion of the world between 
 thefe two kingdoms, by a line of demarcation 
 drawn north and fouth 100 leagues weft of 
 Cape de Verd, and the Azores. This expe- 
 dient not fatisfying the king of Portugal, their 
 catholick majefties, with the confent of the 
 pope, by a treaty made at Tordefillas in 1494, 
 removed the line of demarcation 270 leagues 
 farther weft of the faid Cape and iflands. 
 
 On the conclufion of this treaty, admiral 
 Columbus, and other Spaniards profecuted 
 their difcoveries, the extent and richnefs of 
 which, only ferved to inflame the thirft after 
 the treafures of the Eaft Indies, of which fuch 
 magnificent accounts were current all over 
 Europe. What increafed it even more, was 
 the arrival at Lift)on in the year 1499, ^^ 
 the great Vafco de Gama, from his fuccefsful 
 difcovery of India, being the firft who ventured 
 to double the Cape of Good Hope i and thus 
 
 I 2 opened 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 I y.r 
 
 "<l'' 
 
 ill 
 
 
 V. ! 
 
 t ' I 
 
 Ifl 
 
J I 
 
 ii6 HISTORY OF 
 
 opened the way to the Eaft Indies. At that 
 time an opinion prevailed in Spain, that there 
 was a ftreight through which the gulf of 
 Mexico communicated with another vaft fca to 
 the fouthward. Admiral Columbus afliired 
 their catholick majefties, that nothing fhould 
 be wanting on his part to Bnd it out : and ac< 
 cordingly in the year 1502, he failed a fourth 
 time to the weftward, and difcovered the coafts 
 from the iflands of Los Guanacos, and the gulf 
 of Honduras beyond Porto Bcllo, without 
 meeting with any ftreight, as indeed it was im- 
 poflible he fhould, there being no ftreight there- 
 abouts, but an ifthmus of land, which has fincc 
 been called the peninfula of Panama. Some 
 fay that it is to this voyage we owe the firft ac- 
 counts of the South fea, whilft, according to 
 others, thofe coafts had been difcovered three 
 years before by Vicente Yanez Pinzon, and 
 Juan Diez de Solis. Fernando Columbus, who 
 accompanied his father in this voyage, contra- 
 dicts that opinion, and adds, that it was not 
 till the year 1508, that Pinzon and Solis 
 coafted along thefe parts, though they endea- 
 voured to affume the honour of being the firft 
 difcoverers ; and to defraud the admiral of his 
 juft reputation : and to this end altered the 
 names which he had before given to fome parts. 
 However this be, it muft be owned that before 
 
 this 
 
 IS 
 
 eve 
 the 
 feas 
 
 his 
 nenl 
 
r 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 117 
 
 this fourth and lad voyage of Columbus, he 
 had fome knowledge of the South fea, as the 
 opinion of the ftreight he went in queft of, though 
 founded on a mi (lake, fuppofes fuch a Tea. This 
 his fon does not conceal : and it is not impro- 
 bable that fome Spaniards, of whom no me- 
 mory remains, having before coafted along the 
 gulf of Mexico, either in queft of countries or 
 gold, they were informed by the inhabitants of 
 the ifthmus, that on the other fide not far ofF 
 vas a fea : and this gave rife to the ftory of the 
 ftreight. However it is certain that thefe con- 
 fufed and ambiguous accounts were the firft 
 we had of the South fea. 
 
 This was not the only courfe attempted at 
 that title to India, by the way of America, 
 So early as the year 1495, feveral Spaniards, 
 Englifli, Danes, and others *, fteered norths 
 ward in queft of fuch a paffage. The like at- 
 tempt was in vain profecuted during the two 
 following centuries and a half; and in England 
 is now carrying on with greater ardour than 
 ever; though very probably the event will be 
 the fame. A fearch after the junftion of thefe 
 feas, was alfo undertaken in another part, with 
 a perfeverance which at length was crowned 
 with fuccefs. As Columbus had difcovered in 
 his third voyage, in the year 1498, the conti- 
 nental coaft of Paria towards the fou h, fe- 
 • See Mr. Ellis's voyage to Hudfon's bay. 
 
 1 3 veral 
 
 ! 'ji 
 
 I ^ 
 
ii8 HISTORYOF 
 
 vera] Spaniards fitted out (hips to profccute 
 thefc difcovcries: among which, Per Alonfo 
 Ninno, a native of Palos, who, in the year 
 1599, difcovered Cumana, and the coafts as 
 far as Venezuela, and his countryman Vicente 
 Yanez Pinzon, with Arias Pincon his coufin, 
 in the year 1500, came to the mouth of 
 the great river of the Amazons, which is 80 
 leagues in breadth, and from thence coafting 
 further along Brafil, and doubling the Cape of 
 San Auguftine, came into the fea, which re- 
 ceives the river de la Plata •, and gave hopes of 
 finding that way the fo much defired paflage to 
 India. 
 
 The king of Portugal, likewife with a view 
 of finding a fhorter paflage to that country, 
 which afforded fuch ineftimable funds for com- 
 merce, than that lately difcovered by the Cape 
 of Good Hope, after having in the fame year 
 1500 fent to the north of America, Gafpar de 
 Corte Real, who landed on the Tierra de 
 Labrador, and gave his name to fome iflands j 
 in the following year 1501, fcnt to the fouth- 
 ward, America Vefpufio, a Florentine, who 
 without the leaft reafon, has been fo fortu- 
 nate as to give name to the fourth part of the 
 world. This navigator, after paffing the 
 "\bovementioned cape of St. Auguftine in 
 Brafil advanced to within 40 degrees of the 
 
 equi- 
 
CALIFORNIA. 119 
 
 cqulnotflial ; and thus arrogated to himfelf the 
 firft difcovery of that cape and the fea v though 
 the year before, as we have obferved the Pin- 
 cones had reached it, unlefs there be in this cafe 
 the fame fraud, which Columbus's fon com- 
 plains to have been committed in prejudice of 
 bis father. Other authors attribute the firft 
 difcovery of Brafil to Pedro Alvarez Cabral : 
 but we (hall detain the reader no longer on 
 this fubjedl. 
 
 Amidft fo many expeditions weftward, 
 northward, and fouthward ; it was the year 
 J513 before our parts of the world had any 
 clear and certain accounts of the South fea. 
 The firft European difcoverer of it was Vafco 
 Nunnez de Balboa, born at Xerez de ios Cava- 
 leros, who being employed in the conqueft of 
 Darien and the gulf of Uraba, and guided by 
 the fon of the Cacique Panquiaca, pafled the 
 chain of mountains, from whence, with inex- 
 preflible pleafure, he had a fight of the South 
 fea i and arriving at the fhore of the gulf, 
 on Michaelmas-day, he called it by that faint's 
 name : he was a man worthy of great enco- 
 miums, as die founder of the vaft difco- 
 veries in Peru and other places, but who, for 
 his cruelty to the Indians, the God of mercy 
 punillied with an unfortunate death. Father 
 Mariana fays, that Balboa was a native of 
 
 I 4 Badajo4 
 
 f U 
 
 ' ^^^■.; 
 
 ■i 
 
I20 
 
 HISTORY OF 
 
 !l 
 
 ■i i 
 
 Badajoz; but Gomara makes him a gentle- 
 man of Xerez de Badajoz, or de los Cava- 
 leros.;''' ;• • ' - '" '-'■^ -^ ^ ^ 
 
 • About this time, the Portuguefe made a dif- 
 covery of the Molucca iflands, which lie fo far 
 eaftward, that the Spaniards laid claim to 
 them, with all the remaining part of India to- 
 wards the eaft, as within the hemifphere be- 
 longing to them, by the demarcation and 
 treaty of Tordecillas. This renewed the anci- 
 ent quarrels between the two kingdoms, and 
 in the mean time, in the year 151 6, Fernando 
 Magellanes, and Ruy Falero, both Portuguefe, 
 waited on the great cardinal Ximenez de Cif- 
 nefes, with a plan for finding a fouthern paf- 
 fage into the South fea, and through it to the 
 Molucca, and Spice iflands. After the death of 
 the cardinal, they laid the like propofal before 
 king Charles, and with five Ships, failed from 
 San Lucas in the Year 15 19. 
 
 Magellanes fleered towards the fouth, and 
 having pafled cape St. Auguftine, he run 
 down along the coaft to that famous ftreight 
 which retains his name, and, after infinite 
 difficulties and hazards, made his way through 
 it into the South fea -, this alfo he happily crolT- 
 ed, and arrived at the Iflands de los Ladrones, 
 at prefent called Marianas : from thefe he con- 
 jjnped his cpurfe to thofe pf Luzon, which have 
 
 fmcc 
 
CALIFORNIA. 121 
 
 fince received the name of Philippines, where he 
 unfortunately peri flied with fome of his com- 
 panions. I'he others continuing their voyage, 
 came to the Moluccas, and Juan Sebaflian del 
 Cano, a native of Gueitaria in Guipufcoa 
 mafter of the fhip Ni<5lori3, returned in the 
 year 1522, from thence to Spain by the way 
 of the Cape of Good Hope, having in the 
 term of three Years, made the firft complete 
 voyage round the world ; and therefore his 
 flxip, with much more reafon than the Argos, 
 ought to be placed among the conftellations. 
 
 Thus had the South fea been difcovered 
 near the antardlick Pole, and about the equi- 
 nodtial, but the difcovery of it to the north, 
 was ftill wanting ; an enterprife referved for 
 Hernando Cortes. This hero had fubdued the 
 empire of Mexco, and made himfelf mafter 
 of the capital, on the 13th of Auguft, 1521. 
 This was immediately followed by offers of 
 fubmiffion, from the king of Mechoacan, 
 whofe dominions reached to the coaft of the 
 South fea. Cortes, as he himfelf fays, in a let- 
 ter written the following year to Charles V. 
 having had fome knowledge of this fea a little be- 
 fore, perhaps from thctimeofMotezuma, and his 
 thoughts being continually forming new enter- 
 prifes, with that magnanimity which will al- 
 ways ecjual him to the Alexanders and Ca=- 
 
 fiirs. 
 
 Ml' 
 
 
 
 I if-.'- ■ ■ 
 
 ir 
 
 " I? i! 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 ■1 
 
 '■'^j 
 
122 H I S T O R y O F 
 
 fers. He fent Spaniards feveral ways to take a 
 furvcy of the coafts j and among the momen- 
 tous cares which employed his mind, he gave 
 orders for building two Caravelas *. So fan- 
 guine were his hopes, that he exprefles them in 
 the following manner to the emperor : " The 
 accomplishment of this your majedy may con- 
 clude, will be of the greatell reputation and 
 Cbrvice, of any thing fince the difcovery of the 
 Indies." 
 
 In the mean time, a new, though long and 
 difficult pafiage to the Moluccas, bqing now dif- 
 covered in Spain, by the arrival of the fliip 
 Viftory, and a furvey having been taken of 
 thefe, and the fituation of the world better de- 
 termined, the difputes betwixt the kings con- 
 cerning the right to that part of the £a(l-Indies, 
 became more inflamed. In the year 1523, 
 Charles V. ordered feveral officers to go in 
 fearch of a fuppofed ftreight, in the ifthmus of 
 Panama. Accordingly, Francifco Hernandez 
 and Gil Gonzales Davila, looked for it from 
 that part all along the coafl of the South fea. 
 The fame year the emperor fent orders to Cortes, 
 
 ♦ An old fafiiioned veffeJ formerly much ufed among 
 the Spaniards, very fharp before, but ill-fliaped, and 
 the mafts leaning forward. Their fails are all triangular, 
 that they keep nearer the wind, than other fails, but 
 fre not {9 commodious to hand. 
 
 to 
 
CALIFORNIA. 123 
 
 to fearch for it in both feas. At that time this 
 could not be done in the South fea, but on the 
 fide of the gulf of Mexico, he fent Chriftopher 
 de Olid, who afterwards deferted with five flii[» 
 and a brigantine, that he fiiould go with the cele- 
 brated Hebueras ; and his coufin Diego Hortado 
 had three (hips given him, that together with 
 Olid, he might take a careful lurvey of the 
 whole coaft, from Yucaton to Darien. In thp 
 year 1524, a congrefs was held at Badajoz, con« 
 fifting of minifters of ftate, civilians, cofmo- 
 graphers, and pilots from Spain and Portugal^ 
 relating to the pretenfions of both crowns to the 
 M. 'uccas. After two months debating, the 
 bi f' judges gave fentence in favour of their 
 cr.,>v¥»i, which was protefted againll by the Por- 
 tuguefe -, thus the congrefs broke up, after 
 ferving only to widen the breach : And the 
 two kings quarrelled about what was in a few 
 years to be, as at prefent it is, the recompence 
 of the diligence of other nations, and even of 
 their own revolted fubjefts. But not long after, 
 they came to an agreement, the emperor yield- 
 ing to the king of Portugal his right to thfi 
 Moluccas, in confideration of thirty-five thou- 
 fand ducats. Though this accommodation was 
 ftrongly remonftrated againft, by Pedro Ruiz 
 de Villegas, a famous fcholar of Burgos, who 
 ^(fted a capital part in the conferences at Bada- 
 joz, 
 
 11: 
 
 
 i }\ 
 
124 HISTORYOF 
 
 joz, and who was univerfally refpeAed for his 
 birth, learning, wifdoni, and morals. 
 
 The emperor, however, in the fame year 
 1524, and not in 1525 as Gomara fays, fent 
 Eftevan Gomez from Corunna to dlfcover a 
 paflage to the Moluccas, by the north part of 
 America. This he found impracticable, but 
 he brought home with him fome Indians, and 
 according to Oviedo, who was then living in 
 Toledo, he arrived in that city in 1525. The 
 emperor farther ordered a houfe to be erefled at 
 Corunna, for the trade to the Spice iflands ; and at 
 the fame port was fitted out a fleet of feven fljips, 
 the command of which was given to Don 
 Frey Gari-Joffxe de Loayfa, a commander of 
 the order of St. John, born at Ciudad Real. 
 With thefe he put to feain September 1525, in 
 queft of the ftreight of Magellan, in order to 
 pafs thro* it to the Moluccas. The commander 
 fafely reached the South fea, but there he 
 died, and afterwards his fquadron was difabled 
 from purfuing the enterprife. In the following 
 year 1526, Charles V. fent Sebaftian Cabot with 
 four carvels, to go the fame coiirfe to the Mo- 
 luccas. The end of this expedition was to draw 
 the trade of the fpice iflands, to Panama or 
 Nicaragua: but he went no further than the 
 Rio de la Plata, and returned with as little ad» 
 vantage as reputation, 
 
 SECT. 
 
^ 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 
 
 125 
 
 i) 
 
 SECT. 11. 
 
 Firft difcovery of California, and voy- 
 ages thither, in the time of Hernan 
 Cortes. 
 
 We have already taken notice, that in the 
 year 1522, immediately after the conqueft of 
 Mexico, Cortes acquainted Charles V. that ha- 
 ving in three different parts difcovered the South 
 fea, he had given orders for building two car- 
 vels and two brigantines. To this end he fent 
 to Zacatula forty Spaniards, carpenters, faw- 
 yers, blackfmiths, and feamen, and with them, 
 in a paiTage of above two hundred leagues acrols 
 New Spain, he caufed to be carried from Vera 
 Cruz, iron, anchors, fails, cables, rigging, 
 pilch, tallow, oakum, bitumen, and other na- 
 val (lores, purchafed there. After all was 
 fafely arrived at Zacatula, the magazine took 
 fire, fo that nothing was left except the anchors 
 and nails. Yet this did not difcourage the firm- 
 nefs of Cortes. He immediately gave orders 
 for purchafing and difpatching the neceflary 
 materials, as he himfelf writes to the emperor, 
 excufing the flownefs with which the building 
 of the fliips went on, though the whole was at 
 his expence, he had to encounter in Spain, 
 in order to acquire artillery and other 
 I ilores, 
 
 »i 1: 
 
 • H 
 
126 H I S T. O R Y O F 
 
 ftores, the inflexible oppofition of the archbilhop 
 of Burgos, prelident of the Indies, and other 
 men of power, of which however he complains. 
 The great hopes he conceived of thefe (hips, 
 and the various fchemes of a man, whofe mind 
 otherwife muft have beenfufficientlyembarralTed 
 with the new conqueft of fuch vaft dominions, 
 cannot be better difplayed than by himfelf, 
 who in a letter to the emperor from Temixtitan 
 or Mexico, the 1 5th of Odtober 1 524, writes 
 thus : " I place a value on thefe fliips beyond 
 all exprefllon, being certain, that with them if 
 it pleafe God, I fhall be the inftrument of your 
 Impieri^l majefty's being in thefe parts, fovereign 
 of more kingdoms and dominions, than have 
 been hitherto known in our nation. May he 
 pleafe to profper it in his good pleafure, that 
 your Imperial majefty may obtain fuch an un^ 
 paralleled advantage : for I believe that when 
 1 have performed this, your highnefs may be 
 monarch of the whole world, whenever you 
 pleafe." In another claufc of the fame letter, 
 he fays J " In the former claufes, mod potent 
 lord, I have fpecified to your excellency the 
 parts whither I have fent people both by land 
 and fea : with which, under the divine favour, 
 I believe your majefty will be greatly pleafed. 
 And as it is my continual care and employment, 
 to projed eve^, poflible wayof manifeftingand 
 
 putting 
 
 ;* 
 
V 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 127 
 
 putting in execution my zeal for the fervice of 
 your royal majefty -, feeing nothing further is 
 remaining, but the knowledge of the coaft yet 
 undifcovered, between the river Panaco and 
 Florida, furveyed by captain Juan Ponce de 
 Leon ; and f orr nee to the northern coaft 
 of the faid co-ntr) f Florida, as : kr . tht 
 Bacallaos : it being certain that on thatcoafl: is 
 a ftreight running into the South fea : and if 
 it be found according to a true draught which I 
 have of that part of the fea, near the Archi- 
 pelago, which, by your highnefs's orders, Ma- 
 gellanes difcovered ; I am of opinion it will 
 iflue very near it. And if it pleafe our Lord, 
 that the faid ftreight joins there, the voyage to 
 the Spice illands will be fo convenient for thefe 
 your majefty's dominions, that it will be two 
 thirds fhorter than the prefent courfe ; and with- 
 out any hazard to the fhips in going or coming, 
 for the voyage will be entirely among the dates 
 and countries belonging to your majefty, that 
 On any neceflity, they may fafely put in where 
 moft convenient, as in a country belonging to 
 your majefty, whofe flag they carry. Such are 
 my thoughts of the great fervice which will re- 
 fult to your majefty from this ; though I have 
 been at immenfe expences, and contra(5ted vaft 
 debts for the fervice both by fea and land ; for the 
 horfes and artillery which I have in this city, 
 
 and 
 
 !■ \^ 
 
 -.■= I 
 
 m 
 
l\ 
 
 . H I S T O R Y O 1? 
 
 "a fend to all parts, l«fides daily indd.ntil 
 and feno to "" v , thing has 
 
 charges brought .n ° "^« • ° ^ ,,d that 
 
 cially navaUnd n« .^^ ,^ 
 
 «ceffive pr.ce that nch as ^^^ ^.^^ 
 
 avenue I can d"« j-J^j';,;, i ,„„, How- 
 defrayingthevafteKpe^ce «h ^^^ ^^^^ 
 
 n Tuufc 1 pXonc to then, any ftreights 
 
 «°-V .ha e performed: for I look 
 other fervices I have p ^^ ^^^ j 
 
 "p"^'^tu:^a^e::;tLghit<L.d 
 
 ""'rfd there muft of neceflity be difco- 
 „ot be found, there -nu ^^ ^^^^ 
 
 ,ered very large -^^J'^ , ^^,^, ,„d 
 infinite benefit of your P ^^^ ^^^., 
 
 the augmentation of the k-ng 
 
 of this vfiU be tn g highnefs will 
 
 ftteight be not found that yo^ 5.^ ^ ^^^ 
 
 be •■nfo""^'! t £ W which your Imperial 
 
 ■""TmaT reap^dvaLge from the Spi« 
 majefty may reap a o countries 
 
CALIFORNIA. 129 
 
 countries and all others near them. And I 
 myfelf offer to your highriefs, if you will be 
 pleafcd to put the affair into my hands, in the 
 want of fuch a ftreight, I will point out a way 
 by which your majeily will reap great advan- 
 tage. God grant that the fquadron may com- 
 pafs the end for which it is defigned, namely, 
 to difcover the ftreight, which 1 am fully per- 
 fuaded they will do. Becaufe in the royal 
 concerns of your majefty, nothing can be con- 
 cealed ; and no diligence, or neceflaries fliall 
 be wanting in me to effeft it. 
 
 *' Thus I think of fending the fhips which I 
 have caufed to be built, into the South fea, 
 that, God willing, they may by the end of 
 July 1524, fail downwards along the fame 
 coaft, in queft of the faid fl:reight. For if there 
 be any fuch thing, it muft appear either to thofe 
 in the South fea, or the others in the North ; 
 as thofe on the South are to keep the coaft in 
 fight, till they find the faid ftreight, or that th» 
 land joins with that which was difeovcrcd by 
 Magellane : and the other on the North, as I 
 have faid, till they find the land joins with the 
 Bacallaos. Thus, on one fide or other, this im- 
 portant queftion muft be folved. I hereby in- 
 form your majefty, that by the intelligence I 
 have received of the countries, on the upper 
 coaft of the South fea, the fending of thefe 
 i Vol. I. K ftiips 
 
 m< 
 
 m 
 
I 
 
 »l 
 
 130 II i S T O R Y O F 
 
 Ihips along it, will be attended with great ad- 
 vantage to me, and no lefs to your majefty. 
 But acquainted as I am with your majtfty's de- 
 fine of knowing this ftreight, and likewife of 
 the great fervice the difcovery of it would be to 
 your royal crown, I have hid afide all other 
 profits and advantages, of which I have the 
 mod certain knowledge, in order to follow 
 entirely this courfe. The Lord diredl it accord- 
 ing to his good pleafure ; and may your majefty 
 obtain your defire ; and likewife mine of ferving 
 you.'* 
 
 So far Hernan Cortes j and I would beg 
 leave to aflc how the greateft monarch could 
 think othervvife, in a matter of the higheft con- 
 cern to his glory, treafury, and nation,? The 
 fame year 1524, Cortes had not only fent the 
 fquadron already mentioned, under Chriftopher 
 de Olid ; but likewife difpatched two other vef- 
 fels to take a view of the coafts from Panama to 
 Florida, which are the piefent coafts of Mifli- 
 fippi or Louifiana, in order to fee if he could 
 meet with another ftreight. Yet is it not known 
 whether in the three following years till 1527, 
 Cortes adiially put in execution on the fide of 
 the South fea, his intended fearch for the imaginary 
 ftreight in the ifthmus. In which falfe belief, 
 he was ftrengthened in the year 1523, by Pedro 
 de Alvarado, who, in his firft memorial, laid 
 
 before 
 
 F 
 
 : 
 
CALIFORNIA. 131 
 
 before Hernan Cortes, and figned at Udatan 
 On the nth of April 1523, has the following 
 words i " They alfo told me that at five days 
 journey beyond a very large city, which is 
 twenty days journey from hence, this land ter- 
 minates : and this they pofitively declare. If 
 fo, it is no queflion with me but this is the 
 ftreight." And as little certainty is there whe- 
 ther he fought the other on the north fide, by 
 the Coftas de Bacallaos, or thofe of Newfound- 
 land and Terra del Labrador. Poflibly he could 
 not ajcomplifh his defigns: for it was in thofe 
 years he made that journey to the Hibiieras, fo 
 famous for its fatigues and hardfhips ; and af- 
 terwards the difturbances in Mexico found him 
 fufficieot employment. It is alfo equally un- 
 certain, whether at the time he fent the Zacatula 
 fhips along the upper coafts of the South fea 
 towards the North; All that Cortes affirms is 
 this, that by the intelligence he had of thofe 
 countries and coafts, they would prove Very ad- 
 vantageous to him : and in another part of the 
 the fame letter, he acquaints the emperor with 
 his preparations for the conqueft of the pro- 
 vince of Colina on the South fea : and that the 
 great men there had given him information of 
 an ifland of Amazons, or women only, abound- 
 ing in pearls and gold, lying ten days journey 
 from Colina : adding, that fome of the natives 
 * K 2 had 
 
 ii 1 
 
 t- 1 
 
4 
 
 •i 
 
 ■.'. I 
 
 i , t 
 
 132 HISTORY OF 
 
 had actually been there, and concluding with 
 an afTurance that he would make all poflible 
 enquiry. The ifland of the Amazons was as 
 chimerical as another province on the river of 
 the Amazons, deriving its name from them. 
 The account of the pearls inclines me to think 
 that thefe were the firft intimations we had of 
 California and its gulf. 
 
 However that be, in June 1526, Charles V. 
 wrote to Hernan Cortes from Granada, that 
 he (hould fend the fhips he had at Zacatula in 
 fearch of the Trinity, one of Magellane*s ffiips, 
 and thofe of the two fquadrons of Loayfa and 
 Cabot i and to difcover a paflage from New 
 Spain to the Moluccas, as he promifed in his 
 letters. The order came to hand, and the ar- 
 rival of Hortun de Alango at Cuatlan on the 
 South coaft, having been feparated with his 
 tender from Loayfa's fquadron, encouraged 
 him to put it in execution. Accordingly he fitted 
 cut three fliips under Alvaro de Saavedra Ceron, 
 who failed Irom Civatlan in November 1527. 
 The following year 1528, Cortes came into 
 Spain, but in the mean time, Saavedra*s fqua- 
 dron was difperfed and loft at the Moluccas. 
 
 The emperor, who was then in Spain, con- 
 ferred great honours on Cortes ; befides the 
 title of marquis del Valle de Guaxaca, he no- 
 minated him captain general of New Spain, 
 :-.v.i . • and 
 
 .■' i 
 
CALIFORNIA. 133 
 
 and of the provinces and coafls of the South fea : 
 and likcwife difcovcrcr and pcoplerofthatcoaCt 
 and the ifland, with a grant of the twelfth part 
 of what he (hould conquer, for himfelf and his 
 heirs. Thefe titles and privileges were a frefli 
 incitement to Cortes, for farther expeditions 
 into the South fca. But neither the emperor, 
 nor the emprefs, who was left regent, the em- 
 peror being gone into Italy to be cro^ nul, 
 cared to leave things wholly to his pleafure ; 
 fo that in October 152'), Cortes figned an in 
 ftrument which had alfo the fignature of the 
 emprefs, by which he obliged himfelf to fend 
 fhips at his own expence, for the difcovery of 
 countries and iflands in that fea. The follow- 
 ing year Cortes returned to New Spain, and 
 partly from his own difpofuion and the frequent 
 claims of the performance of his promife, urged 
 upon him by the new audience of Mexico, pro- 
 bably to remove him from that capital, where 
 the prefence of that illuftrious perfon gave great 
 umbrage, he firfl: fet on foot the building two 
 fhips at Acapulco, with which Diego Hurtado 
 de Mendoza, a near relation of Cor it 3, put to 
 fea from that part in May 1532. This expe- 
 dition did not prove more fortu^ ate than the 
 former : one of the fhips company mutined 
 againft Hurtado, and with great difficulty got 
 back to Zalifco j but ihe other in which Hurtado 
 
 K cj failed, 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 lli 
 
 'i; 
 
 o 
 ^ 
 
134 HISTORYOF 
 
 failed, was never heard of. Cortes ordered 
 two other (hips to be builr, in a town of hi? 
 palled Jehhuantepec, and to haften the equip- 
 ment of them, he went to the port in perfon. 
 The two captains were Hernando Grijalva and 
 Plego Becerra de Mondoza, a relation of his, 
 and Ortim Ximenes, a Biicayner, was appointed 
 pilot. They fet fail in the year 1534, and thq 
 very firfl: night they feparated without ever 
 meeting again. Grijalva, after failing three hun- 
 dred leagues came to a defert ifland, which he 
 called Santo Thome, and is believed to lie near 
 the point of California ; returning fome time 
 after to New Spain. Becerra was of a haughty 
 choierickdilpofition, which, by tli'.! means of the 
 cruelty and ferocity of the pilot, who could 
 not bear it, proved his ruin ; for XimeneSj 
 forgetful of his fubordination, entered into a 
 plot with fome other malecontents among the 
 ifailors, murdered him whilft he was fleeping, 
 ^nd wounded others of his officers. Thus he 
 became mailer of the fhip : and in order to 
 avoid Cortes's refentment, he left on the coaft 
 pf Xalifco, two Francifcans defigncd as com- 
 miflionaries, and at their entreaties, he fpared 
 the wounded pe^fons, and thus continued his 
 yoyage in fearch of new countries and iflands 
 towards the North. But he could not fly from 
 fhe hand of omnipotence, for coming to that 
 - - pft 
 
CALIFORNIA. 135 
 
 part which has fince been called Santa Cruz 
 bay, and feems to be part of the inward coaft 
 of California, he went afhore, and was there 
 killed by the Indians, together with twenty 
 othc:- Spaniards. On this difafter, the failors 
 carried back the fhip to Chametla with an ac- 
 count, that it was a good country well peopled 
 and had many pearl beds along the coaft. 
 Nunno de Gufman, who was then on the con- 
 queft of that country, feizedthe fhip. He had 
 been prefident of the audience of Mexico, and 
 judge of refidencia *, and a fworn enemy to 
 Cortes, whofe refolution even fo many and 
 greatmisfortunes could not Ihake, b- wasfirmly 
 perfuaded that the Moluccas were at no great 
 diftance from the weftern coaft -, and that in the 
 intermediate fpace, he fhould meet with rich 
 idands and countries. 
 
 In this opinion, he was likewifc confirmed by 
 the certaip though exaggerated account of the 
 pearls, of which he had heard much talk fome 
 years before. This and the contrad he had 
 entered into with the emprefs, determined him to 
 make one laft attempt -, and not to commit it 
 
 * Refidencia is the tryal a governor or magillrate under- 
 goes at the expiration of his employment, a judge being 
 appointed to hear every complaint againft him : all comi- 
 plainants are fummoned to appear ; and he is obliged to Itay 
 u|)on the fpot for fuch a time to make his defence. 
 
 K4 
 
 to 
 
1^6 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 to captains, but to go himfelf in peffon. He 
 gave publick notice of his defign, and Spa- 
 niards flocked from all parts to accompany him. 
 He fitted out the three fliips which he had 
 launched at Tehuantepec, in a manner fuitable 
 %o an enterprife which he was to condud in 
 perfon. Thefe he fent away to Chiametla, 
 whilfl: himfelf marched for Mexico by land with 
 a good body of foldicrs, officers, and fettlers 
 with their families, together with many eccle- 
 liafticks and religious for the converfion of the 
 natives; which, in all enterprifes of this nature, 
 ought to be the capital concern. The veflels 
 arrived at Chiametla, and that of Ortun Xi- 
 menes being found along fhore empty and 
 plundered, was again fitted up. Here Cortes 
 embarked with all who were willing to follow 
 him. The others on fhore being left under the 
 condudl of Andez de Tapia. He fleered 
 northward for the gulf, which from. that time 
 has been called Mar de Cortes, and is the fame 
 with that of California. Here they went in quefl 
 of the part where the Indians had killed Ortun 
 Ximenes, and ventured afhore on the firft of 
 May 1526. To this place he gave the name 
 of the bay of Santa Cruz : and by fome it is 
 thoudit to be the fame as that now called the 
 
 . C3> 
 
 bay de la Paz, in the eaftern coaft of Califor- 
 or at lead another on the fame coaft hu- 
 
 t\\i.\t 
 
 mi i 
 
C A T I F O R N I A. 137 
 
 'twixt cape San Lucas and La Paz, which indeed 
 appears moft probable. Being landed, he fent 
 back the Ihips for the remainder of the people, 
 and the (lores and provifions provided at Chia- 
 metla. But the fleet was fo difperfed by ftorms, 
 that only one readied the place where Cortes 
 remained, and he had few or no (lores. This 
 brave man now was very much di(lre(Ied for 
 want of provifions, the country being every 
 where barren. However, in this exigency, 
 his prefence of mind did not forfake him, he 
 immediately put to fca in this fhip in fearch of 
 the others which had been difperfed. He ctofSed 
 the fea, fays Gomara, which is like the Adria- 
 tick, and ran along the coaft for the fpace of 
 fifty leagues through infinite dangers •, but at 
 length found his (hips (Iranded on the coaft. 
 This put a (lop to all farther fearch, and it was 
 not without great labour, difficulty, and danger, 
 that he returned with relief to the bay of Santa 
 Cruz i many had already died of famine, but 
 more by eating to excefs at his arrival, notwith- 
 ftanding his precautions. Cortes, that he might 
 be no longer a fpedator of fuch miferies, went 
 on further difcoveries, and landed in California, 
 which is a bay. 
 
 Thefe and the above cited words of Gomara 
 prove what we have before obferved, that the 
 ^ay of Santa Cruz, where Ortun Ximenes was 
 
 killed. 
 
 Vk 
 
138 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 killed, and where Cortes landed, is in that now 
 called the gulf of California, and likewife proves 
 that this name was properly that of a bay which 
 Cortes difcoyered on the fame coaft, and per- 
 haps that now called de la Paz, andufed to flgni- 
 fy the whole peninfula. 
 
 In the mean time, a report was fpread through 
 New Spain, that Cortes was dead ; and he being 
 confidered as the only check upon the Mexican 
 cafiques, they all meditated an infurredion. 
 The marchionefs Donna Juanna de Zunniga, 
 daughter to the count de Aginlar, and couiin 
 to the duke de Bejan his fecond wife, immedi- 
 ately difpatched a carval to get an account of 
 him, and fent letters urging him to return. 
 Soon after this, two other vefiels were fent } 
 one was that of Grijalva, who was returned 
 from his expedition ; the other newly built at 
 Tehuantepec, with letters both from herfelf, 
 the audience, and don Antonio Mendoza, the 
 viceroy informing him of the necefllty of his 
 prefence in New Spain i both with regard to the 
 quiet of the country, and fending to Francis 
 Pizarro the fuccours which he folicited for 
 Lima, where he was furrounded by innumerable 
 troops of Indians. They entreated and even 
 ordered him to return ; which Cortes himfelf 
 was not averfe to, being wearied out with fruit- 
 kfs efforts both by fea and land ; and now con- 
 
 X . 3 vinced 
 
CALIFORNIA. 139 
 
 vinced to his forrow, that diftinguiflied fuccefles 
 by land, are not an infallible affurance of the 
 iike by fea. Indeed he rejoicer^ xt this honour- 
 able opportunity of abandoning, without any 
 difcredit, an enterprife in which his reputation 
 was at (lake ; and returned to Acapulco in the 
 beginning of the year 1527, leaving the people 
 in the bay of Santa Cruz, under the command 
 of Francifco de Ulloa, who, feeing the impof- 
 fibility of fubfiftlng, much more of making any 
 fcttlement, was not long before he followed his 
 commander back to Acapulco, having either 
 fecret infl:ru(5lions for fo doing, or afting from 
 his own judgment. • 
 
 From Acapulco Cortes proceeded to Qua- 
 hunahuac, fince corrupted into Quarnavaca to 
 meet his fpoufc, from thence to Mexico to 
 make his report to the viceroy. He imme- 
 diately gave orders to fend the required fuccours 
 to Pizarro, and difpatched two Ihips under the 
 command of Hernando Grijalva, from Aca- 
 pulco to Callos with men, arms, and horfes; 
 befides feveral rich prefents in the marchionefs's 
 name ; all which arrived very feafonably for the 
 conqueror of Peru. The multitude of enter- 
 prifes never could embarrafs Cortes, nor was 
 he difcouraged by the ill fuccefs of the firft at- 
 tempts, from the profecution of thofe, which, 
 ^fter mature refledion, he concluded to be 
 
 ieafonable 
 
 m 
 
 '«?f: 
 
I40 H 1 S T O R Y O F 
 
 feafonable and advantageous. In the fpring of 
 the fame year, he had again a new expedition 
 on foot, the account of which, as it contains 
 many important articles relative to our defign, 
 and confirms feveral things inferted here, we (hall 
 literally copy from Francis Lopez de Gomara. 
 " In the month of May, of the fame year 
 1537, Cortes fent three other fhips very well 
 provided, under Francifco de UUoa, who was 
 now returned with all the others. His deftina- 
 tion was toproceed along the coaft of Culhuacan, 
 vi/hich ftretches to the northward. The names 
 of thcfe fhips were, Sandla Agueda, La Tri- 
 nidad, and Santo Thomas. They failed from 
 Acapuico and touched at Santiago de Buena 
 Efperanza, for a fupply of provifions. From 
 Guayabal they crofled to California, in queft of 
 a fliip, and from thence they proceeded to the 
 Mar de Cortes, by others called Barmejo, and 
 kept along the coaft for above two hundred 
 leagues, till the end of it, to which they gave 
 the name of Ancon de San Andres, -^rom their 
 arriving there on the anniverfary of that faint. 
 Ulloa took pofleflion of that country for the 
 king of Caftile, in the name of Fernando Cortes. 
 Ancon lies nearly in the latitude of 32 degrees: 
 along this coaft are many vclcanos, the moun- 
 tains are quite bare, and the country extremely 
 poor. They found here fome traces of fheep, 
 
 namely, 
 
RilR 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 141 
 
 namely, large, heavy, and very crooked horns. 
 Many whales were alfo fecn in this Tea. The 
 hooks they ufe for fifhing, are either of wood, 
 filh bones, or the bones of turtles, of which 
 they have great quantities and very large. The 
 men go naked, like the Otomies of New Spain. 
 They wear on their bread fome fhining flielh 
 like nakre. Their drinking veflels are the maws 
 of fea wolves ; though they alfo have them of 
 clay. Proceeding from the Ancon de San An- 
 dres along the coaft, they came to California -, 
 doubled the cape, flood in betwixt the conti- 
 nent and fome idands, and proceeded till they 
 again reached the Ancon de San Andres. This 
 cape they called El Cabo del Engano, or 
 cape Deceit; and the winds becoming contrary, 
 and provifions growing fhort, they returned to 
 New Spain. Thus, after a whole year's abfence, 
 they brought no account of any country worth 
 a fecond vifit. Fernando Cortes imagined by 
 that coaft and fea, to find another New Spain : 
 but he performed no more than what I have 
 mentioned, either by fea or land, though he 
 himfelf was prefent, and did not fpare his per- 
 fon. He was filled with a conceit, that there 
 were large and very rich iflands between New 
 Spain and the Spice iflands. In thefe difcove- 
 ries, according to the account he delivered in, 
 be expended two hundred thoufand ducats; 
 
 fending 
 
 I ' 
 
 \\' 
 
 ,! ! ; 
 
 'I' 
 
 u 
 
 iff 
 
!f 
 
 ; 
 
 n 
 
 142 H I S T O R y O r 
 
 fending many more fliips and men, than whalf 
 he had at Hrft intended •, and thefe, as we fhalt 
 hereafter relate, occafioned his return to Spain, 
 But never man engaged in expences with fuch 
 chearfulnefs and fortitude, in order to profecutc 
 fuch uncertain enterprifes. " 
 
 SECT. III. 
 
 Of the expeditions to California to the 
 year 1600. 
 
 The little advantage reaped by Cortes in fuch 
 hazardous and expenfive expeditions, ihould 
 naturally have cooled the ardour for new enter- 
 prifes in the north of America, and in the Pa- 
 cifick ocean : while, on the contrary, the 
 immenfe riches, which, by the mild and wife 
 government of don Antonio de Mendoza, fe- 
 conded by the advice and authority of thcmar- 
 quifs del Valle, might have fatiated the defires 
 of new difcoveries and acquifitions, and have 
 limited the attention of the government and 
 private perfons, to the improvement and hap- 
 pinefs of that vaft country, which Spain was 
 now in peaceable poffeflion of. But as man 
 was made in the image of God, and by him alone 
 the heart can be filled, fo he was never known 
 to be perfectly contented with the poffeflion of 
 
 -■-.;..,:.■■■ v^ any 
 
 rJ 
 cl 
 
CALIFORNIA. 143 
 
 any temporal good, or y^illing to abandon all 
 further purfuits. 
 
 In the fame year 1537, ^^"^^ ^^o"™ Mexico 
 to Culiacan, Alvar Nunnez Cabeza de Vaca, 
 famous for his Angular adventures, together 
 with his three companions, Coftillo, Dorantes, 
 and Eftevanico, a negro. Of three hundred 
 Spaniards who landed in the year 1 52 7, with 
 Pamfilo de Narvaez, in the country of Florida, 
 with a defign of making a conqueft of it, thofe 
 four only furvived ; and after wandering ten 
 years with inconceivable hardships, among hea- 
 thenifh nations in the inward parts of America, 
 they at length came to the coaft of Culiacan, 
 but naked and fo altered, that they perfcdly 
 refembled the natives, till being by their tongue 
 known to be Spaniards, proper care was taken 
 of them, and they were fent to Mexico. Here 
 every one was aftoniflied with the account they 
 gave of their adventures, during fo long and 
 extraordinary a perambulation j and of the mi- 
 racles which they faid God had been pleafed by 
 their means, to work on the fick Indians, even 
 fo far as to raife the dead. They likewife af- 
 firmed what Alvar Nunnez afterwards wrote 
 in his account to the emperor, viz. that the 
 fouthern coaft abounds with pearls and other 
 riches ; and that it was the beft part of the 
 country thereabouts. This Alvar Nunnez 
 
 Cabeza 
 
 
r 
 
 I ^ 
 
 ' ' 
 
 144 HISTORY OF 
 
 Cabcza de Vaca, was afterwards appointed to 
 conduft the difcovery of the Rio de Ja Plata, 
 and the firft conquefts of Paraguay. To this 
 teftimony, which received no little weight from 
 their unparalleled wanderings, and the accounts 
 they gave, was added another of flill greater 
 force in the following year 1538. Marcos de 
 Niza, a Francifcan, and provincial of the new 
 province of Santo Evangelio, being informed 
 that a Jay brother of his order had gone from 
 Culiacan above 200 leagues northward, and 
 pafled through countries very well peopled, 
 where he heard furprifing accounts of other 
 countries beyond them ; he was animated 
 with a zeal for preaching the gofpel to thefe 
 people, and determined to vifit them in perfon. 
 This employed him many months j and at his 
 return he reported that he had met with very 
 good countries, where he was informed of feven 
 large towns, inhabited by civilized nations : that 
 the foil afforded plenty of beafts, grain, and 
 fruits i and the mountains rich metals and 
 gems : adding that not far diftant was a re- 
 markably large town called Quivira, with 
 houfes feven ftories high, and celebrated over all 
 thofe parts for its richnefs. 
 
 All Mexico was full of this novelty •, nothing 
 clfe was talked of throughout the whole city j 
 where at that time there happened to be a great 
 
 many 
 
^ 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 145 
 
 many perfons juft arrived from Spain, who rea- 
 dily conceived, tliat now they fhould find as rich 
 an empire to conquer, as that which had ren- 
 dered Cortes fo famous. The difcoveries made 
 a little before in New Spain j thofe then carry- 
 ing on in Peru ; the general opinion f the 
 riches of the Eaft Indies, which was judged to 
 be at no great diilance, and thefe depofitions of 
 the father provincial, and of the companions 
 of Pamfilo de Narvaez, were fo many additional 
 motives, from which even thofe who were by 
 no means eafiy of belief, could not withhold 
 their afTent. Cortes and the viceroy immedi- 
 ately determined to attempt the conqueft of 
 this country both by fea and land : but it was 
 foon perceived that their intentions were utterly 
 irreconcilable*, each defigning it for himfelf, 
 independently of the other i the one as vice- 
 roy i the other in right of his title of difcoverer 
 of the South- fea, and of the compaft between 
 him and the emprefs. 
 
 The viceroy, though in other things a perfon 
 of exemplary juftice and magnanimity, was not 
 fo indifferent in point of honour, that he could 
 calmly behold the carriage of the Spaniards and 
 Indians towards Cortes. The latter, though he 
 lived retired from Mexico, and difcontented at 
 his difappointroent in obtaining the government 
 which he had folicited the emperor for, found 
 t.YoL, I. J4 means 
 
 i' i) 
 
 if 
 
 % 
 
ll 
 
 1 
 
 HISTORY OF 
 
 •*^ . • W, intereft and authorUy 
 
 without the k*'*/'" ""Sage to none of .he 
 cMheufeit,thatheBav^umbraB^._ ^„, ft,,,ed 
 
 eminent placemen '" ^^^^ V„hov>t bringing 
 .he neceffity of ^'^ PJ Jf "^'^'^a.a. The vice- 
 the leatt fufp.con on 1^« J ^ ^^^ ^^ 
 
 ,oy and the »"f ""^"""i of «hev.ing him 
 Jft a favourable opportunay^o ^^^^^^^^ 
 
 that by the P-'^^ ^^ t fmperor, he was 
 d.evaffaUgran.dh>mW ^ ,i,„„fta„ce was 
 
 then dependent, ^n ^^ Guzman, 
 
 d.eindemnificat.onwl^JN ^^^^^^^ ^^ 
 
 «ho had been f°"^'^lJ f„ „hich feveral 
 aemned to make to Co^te ,^ ^^ ^^^ ^^ j,., 
 
 delays were made, P"J ^ j^dared oppo; 
 former office, but m«c from ^_^ ^^^ ^^ f^, 
 fmon to Cortes, wtacn ^^^ ^.^^^^ 
 
 publicWy to ■"','"r,dingbetween Cortes and 
 Unogoodunjrtandmg^ ,„,„8.they 
 the viceroy, thoug „„ their recent and 
 
 h«l been «f ""^'^ * ^n was diffolved. All 
 UUementedaccom^d^o ^^^^i„,ou«s 
 
 Cortes-s "B^«;"'^^^„ decided in a man- 
 of juftice i and he iawt ^ ^. 
 
 J very ^^^iZ^^oi^S^o'-^'f^ 
 been ufri to decide the m ^barrafled 
 
 empires, and found h.mfc f « ^^^^^„^y,, 
 
 than among muiwuu ^^t 
 
 2 
 
CALIFORNIA. 147 
 
 and Mexico : and now, by a melancholy expe- 
 tience, he was convinced how well grounded 
 his opinions were, when fome years fince he ad- 
 Vifed the emperor againft fuffering any of the 
 long robe, from coming over to New Spain. 
 
 In the mean time the viceroy Mendoza, ima- 
 gined to have before him a conqueH: in which 
 he might acquire greater reputation and riches, 
 than Cortes had in his : and without thofe fad 
 miftakes, in the cruel treatment of the Indiana: 
 fo that relying too much on Cortes's patience, 
 and his loyalty as a valTal, he ilTued orders for 
 two powerful armaments j one by fea, the 
 other by land, in order to conc)uer the coun- 
 tries and iQands northward of Mexico. The 
 command of the fleet was given to captain 
 Francifco de Alarcon, who was to keep along 
 the coaft, and in the latitude of fifty two degrees, 
 to join the land forces, according to the 
 information of the religious. The army was 
 headed by the viceroy in perfon, Cortes re- 
 maining in Mexico, profjfling in vain againfl: 
 the enterprife, and complaining that he was in- 
 jured by it. However the reprcfentations of 
 the auditors, and the perplexed ftate of the go- 
 vernment, prevailed on the viceroy to change 
 his mind : and accordingly he conferred the com- 
 mand of the land forces on Francifco Vafquez 
 Coronado. This officer marched from Mexico, 
 
 JL 2 at 
 
 1 M i1 
 
 U 
 
!; 
 
 i 
 
 148 HISTORY OF 
 
 at the head of one thoufand chofen men ; and 
 well provided with every thing neceffary for 
 a conqueft and fettlcment : his guides were the 
 Francifcans •, and with thefe he advanced three 
 hundred leagues from Culiacan, by the way of 
 Cinoloa and Valle de Sonora, till after incredi- 
 ble difficulties, he came to the place of his 
 deftination. They found feven towns, compo- 
 fing a province or kingdom, called Cibola, in 
 which were only four hundred men : the largelt, 
 which is however of the viceroy's country, 
 they called Granada, had two hundred houfes 
 of earth and rough wood, but of four or five 
 ftories, to which they went up wooden flairs ; 
 and thefe in the night time were taken away. 
 The country made a very poor appearance, ac 
 leaft to thefe, who were prepoffefled with fuch 
 magnificent ideas of it, though very fit for pro- 
 ducing fruits and grains of all kinds. After 
 fomeftay, they began to think of Mexico i but 
 that they miglit not return empty and without 
 making foms attempt, don Garci Lopez de 
 Cardena, \/ent with his troop of liorfe towards 
 the fea, and general Vafquez Coronado march- 
 ed to Tigue, on a river where he got intelligence 
 of Patarrax, king of Axa and Quivira, of which 
 countries they gave fo pleafing an account, that 
 a body of Spaniards was fent thither, being 
 three hundred leagues further along a level 
 
 country, 
 
CALIFORNIA, 149 
 
 country, but thinly peopled. Thefe arrived at 
 Quivira, which, according to their report, hes 
 forty degrees in a country abounding in beads 
 and fruits. But its only riches confift in herds 
 of a certain kind of black cattle, which they 
 breed, ferving them for food, furniture, and 
 cloaths. Though, according to others, Vafques, 
 from a defire of returning to Mexico, contrary 
 to many others who were for fettling there, gave 
 a difadvantageous account of the country. 
 Gomara adds, that along the coaft they faw 
 Ihips with gold and filver gulls at their heads : 
 and concluded that they muft come from Cataya 
 or China, as by the figns they made, they had 
 been 30 days at fea. At length thinned by 
 ficknefs, weakened by hunger, and difcouraged 
 by fatigues without advantage, it was deter- 
 mined to return to Mexico, where, after an ab- 
 fence of three years, they arrived in March 
 
 1542. 
 
 Juan de Padiila and another religious, toge* 
 ther with a Portuguefe, and fome Indians of 
 Mechonau remained at Tiguex i the two religi- 
 ous made a fecond journey to Quivira, where 
 they and fome of the Indians were killed. But 
 the Portuguefe had the good fortune to efcape, 
 and, after a long time, made his appearance at: 
 J*anuco. 
 
 1.* 
 
 i^ 
 
 1-3 
 
 Such 
 

 I50 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 Such were the tr^nfadions of the land forces,' 
 In the mean time Francifco de Alarcon put to 
 fea in the year 1540, with the Ihips under his 
 command j his orders being to join Vafquez 
 Coronado, in the latitude of thirty-fix degrees. 
 He ftcered for California, and being arrived at 
 the place appointed, he long waited to no pur- 
 pofe the coming up of the army, which he could 
 not go in queft of, though he had certain infor- 
 mation that they could have joined him in ten 
 days. The term of his inftruftions was already 
 clapfed, fo that fetting up feveraj crofles and 
 burying at the foot of them, bottles containing 
 letters, in which were writ the day, month, and 
 year of his coming, he returned to New Spain, 
 and found in the harbour a much greater fleet, 
 and the viceroy's major- dome. Thus ended 
 this naval expedition, without any other re- 
 markable circumftance, than the difgrace of 
 Francifco Alarcon, who before had been a fa- 
 vourite of the viceroy's, and his retreat from 
 Mexico to Cortes's territories, where he foou 
 after died of grief and chagrin. 
 
 The viceroy not only employed his authority 
 and wealth in this attempt, which made a great 
 noife till the difcovery of the miftake ; but by 
 a dextrous ftroke of policy, he augmented hi§ 
 power and party, and deprived Heman Cortes 
 Cif his chief fupport. At the time the governor 
 
 mi 
 
CALIFORNIA. 151 
 
 and commander in .chief in Guatemala, was 
 Pedro de Alvarado, the conqueror and peopler 
 of the fertile province by commiflion from 
 Cortes, whofe fortunes he had followed from 
 the beginning. After fettling every thing in 
 this country in the year 1535, he was fenifto 
 Peru with feven (hips, to afTifl: Pizarro in the 
 conqueft of Quito, which in gold and riches 
 was faid to exceed Cufco. He returned from 
 this expedition with large rewards from Pizarro 
 and Almagro, who were better pleafed with 
 his departure than his afliftance, on account of 
 his overbearing temper. This money, with that 
 which he raifed in his province, by a cruel op- 
 prefFon of the Indians, put him upon higher 
 thoughts } and as the facred ties of gratitude 
 and friendfhip were of little account with him, 
 aiid confequently he was not to be reftrained by 
 the fenfe of any refpeft to Hernan Cortes as 
 hi5 chief, he formed the defign of claKri:?^inely 
 rivaling him in the difcoveries oft'icScL h feu 
 In order to this, he alked a commifli j, 1 Irom the 
 emperor, who being every day more folicitou ' 
 about this difcovery, and not \/ithout fonfie 
 fufpicion of Cortes, whom his compedtors 3c- 
 cufed of remiffnefs in performing the contraft, 
 which gave an appearance of guilt to his mif- 
 fortunes, eafily granted it. But with a clauf: 
 in nq manner to moleft the poflefTion of the Por- 
 
 JL 4 tuguefc. 
 
 Il.i^ 
 
 m 
 
Ill 
 
 152 HISTORY OF 
 
 Uigpefe. Qa receiving this commiflion, Alva-; 
 lado prepared an armament in his province, 
 beyond any which had appeared in thofe feas 
 T ider Cortes. He ordered twelve fliips, a gal- 
 ley, and fome fmaller veflels to be built ; and 
 provided them well with men, horfes, artillery, 
 arms, and provifions. The expence of fitting 
 out this fleet was fo large, that biefides the 
 greateft part of his fubftance, and what could 
 be raifed in his province, he was obliged to ap- 
 ply to fome of his friends to aflift him with 
 money. His defign was to fail to India and the 
 Spice iflands, making difcoveries along Cali- 
 fornia and Punta de Vallenas, according to the 
 fcheme of his former commander. Having 
 taken upon himfelf the ftile of general of his 
 armada, he brought hi$ Ihips in 1538 to la 
 Purification, where he was to take in water, 
 provifions, and men. All this was known to 
 the viceroy, who being a declared enemy, conclu- 
 ded that Alvarado would, without muph difficulty, 
 lelinguilh his ancient patron. He iikewife, 
 on the other hand, forefaw how greatly it con- 
 cerned him to bring Alvarado over to his inte- 
 reil, as Iikewife the dangerous confequenqes that 
 mufl follow from his union with Cortes. He 
 therefore fent him a letter by exprefs, to thq 
 place of rendezvous : and his forwardnefs to 
 conclude an aflbciation, even exceeded the 
 
 viceroy's 
 
essssoBasx- 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 153 
 
 viceroy's expeflation, when, in order to finifh it 
 >vithout delay, he fent his major domo Auguftine 
 Guerrero and don Lewis de Caftilla. And du- 
 ring this congrefs, Francifco de Alarcon came 
 into Pacificacion harbour, from his expedition 
 to Cibola, as I have before obferved. 
 
 In order to put a finifhing h^nd to the con- 
 tract, it was agreed that the viceroy and Alva- 
 rado (hould have a meeting at Chinibitio, a 
 town of Mechoacan. Accordingly, the viceroy 
 went poft tjiither from Mexico. The confe- 
 rences being ended, they went together to fee 
 the armada ; and from thence they returned to 
 ^Mexico, to appoint a commander in chief of 
 the whole fleet ; an eflential point, but in whicl; 
 they did not agree, each being for putting in a 
 creature of their own. Alarcon was called 
 away to Guatemala, on important affairs rela- 
 ting to the province, and the necelTity of making 
 the leaft difpofitions for the enterprife. Thefe 
 preparatives took up a long time ^ du -ing which, 
 everv pc^rfon exprelTed his abhorrence of Alva- 
 |-ado*s proceedings againft Cortes, to whom he 
 was indebted for every thing he enjoyed. This 
 ^Ifo increafed the rancour between the viceroy 
 and CorteSj, to the molt indecent extremities : 
 ^nd the latter finding there was no redrefs, to 
 be expected in New Spain, refolvcd to make a 
 fecond voyage to Europe, in order to feek it 
 
 fipm 
 
 8*1' 
 
 ,VI 
 
1 : 
 
 %i 
 
 
 n 
 
 ' ^ 
 
 154 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 from the juftice and goodnefs of the emperor, 
 Accordingly he embarked for Spain, with his 
 twofons in the year 1540 -, attended the em- 
 peror in the unfortunate expedition to Algiers ; 
 and after feven years fpent in the idle buftle of 
 the court, and anxiety for the difpatch of his 
 affairs, which were defignedly prolonged in or- 
 der to hinder his return, he at length died on 
 the 2d of December 1547, in a manner beco- 
 ming a chriftian, at Callilleja de la Cueda, as 
 he was going to meet his daughter u. Cadiz. 
 He was a man truly worthy of immortal reputa- 
 tion, and not inferior to the mod celebrated heroes. 
 The few failings hehad,arehidbytheIufl:reof his 
 many virtues, political, military, and chriftian 5 
 efpecially his moft ardent zeal for the propaga,- 
 tjon of religion. If at the time of the conqueft 
 the Indians were treated with an unwarrantable 
 feverity, he may in fome meafure be difculpated 
 by neceflity, and the fury of his foldiers, which 
 officers often find too difficult to be reftrained. 
 But when he afted of himfelf, the good 
 if\tfs of his heart was always 'confpicuous : 
 and if in in.e abovementioned particular, and the 
 flai:.ghter of the great men of Mexico, at the 
 battle of the Hibueras, he is not to be vindi- 
 cated, yet let us hope that Omnipotence, the 
 juft avenger of the weak, was pleafed to hum- 
 ble him here, by depriving him during the re- 
 
 jnaindcf 
 
 i 
 
 \ 
 
 mii: 
 
I 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 155 
 
 fn^inder of his life, of that fuccefs which hi- 
 therto had always attented him ; and that he 
 ihould flofc hi$ lif<? in a chaos of troubles and 
 llifapppintments. 
 
 Cortes being now absent, Pedro Alvarado 
 haftened the difpoHtions for his enterprife with 
 lefs referve. Gauterpajia was the fcene of his 
 preparatives i and when they were finiflied, he 
 went by laud to Pueto d$ Navidad, in order to 
 embark and take upon him the command of his 
 fleet. Jiere he received letters from Chrifto- 
 pher ^e Onate, deputy governor of Xalifco, 
 under Vafquez Coronado, who was then at 
 Cibola, informing him that he was furrounded 
 by the Indians; and that unlefs he fpeedily 
 came to his relief, he and his people muft abfolutely 
 perilh. It highly concerned the enterprife, that 
 ^he harbours of Xalifco fliould be fafe •, it was 
 ^Ifo proper to ihcw this regard to the governor, 
 who was abfent on fuch important fervices ; 
 and much more to the viceroy that had fent 
 him, that Alvarado getting together what 
 horfes, arms, and men he could, haftened to 
 the relief of Onate j and came juft time enough 
 to fave him. However, the Indians continued 
 the war with intrepid animofity, and feme of 
 them having potted themfelves among fteep 
 rocks, Alvarado, with a detachment of horfc 
 ^nd foot, attempted to diflodge them. The 
 
 Spaniards 
 
 
I 
 
 156 HISTORY OF 
 
 Spaniards began to march up the eminence, 
 Alvarado encouraging them by his example. 
 But the Indians roJling down large pieces of 
 rock, deftroyed feveral of our men ; and fome 
 of the horfes, by the fteepnefs of the ground, 
 fell down the precipices. One of thefe frag- 
 ments happened to tumble againft Alvarado 
 himfelfjwho, being famous for his agility, had 
 alighted in order to Ihun the danger, but the 
 rock ftriking his horfe, threw him upon his 
 mailer, fo that both rolled down among the 
 rocks i by which he was fo bruifed, that he 
 died in four days after at Ezatlan, ten leagues 
 from Guadalaxara, and three hundred from 
 Guatemala, in the year 1541. Such was the 
 unfortunate end of Pedro Alvarado, an excel- 
 lent warrior, but according to fome not fo goo4 
 a governor ; profperous during his whole life, 
 and unfortunate in his death ; more ambitious 
 of fway however, than of folid praife -, bold and 
 licentious in his difcourfe ; but his true prin- 
 ciple was intereft. He fo cruelly oppreffed the 
 Indians, that his misfortunes and thofe of his 
 family have been confidered as the confequence 
 of fuch a condufl. In September of the fame 
 year, the city of Santiago de Guatemala was 
 deftroyed by atcmpefl: and inundation, in which 
 was drowned his lady donna Beatriz de la 
 Cueva, whofe character Dias del Caftillo vin- 
 dicates 
 
CALIFORNIA; 157 
 
 dicates againft the cenfures of others. He had 
 two fons, one of which, don Pedro, was drowned in 
 his return to Spain, and don Diego killed in a 
 rencounter in Peru. Thefe three brothers were 
 alfo equally unfortunate, and all, who, like him, 
 had commanded in the conquefl: of thofe coun- 
 tries. ■''■■'' ' -'-^ ■ '.->i.--' i 
 
 The great fleet was now ready to fail : but 
 like a body without a head, came to nothing, 
 the fhips being forfaken, rotted in the har- 
 bours. Such was the end of an expedition, 
 which, for fo long a time had held in fufpence, 
 and even alarmed the new world. 
 
 The viceroy don Antonio de Mendoza was 
 extremely concerned at the cataftrophe of Al- 
 varada and the lofs of his armado, which was 
 out of his power to repair : the expences of 
 his two expeditions by land and fea, being flill 
 a great incumbrance upon him. He was how- 
 ever ftill more affefted at the return of Vafquez 
 Coronado without any advantage. This hap- 
 pened, as we have already obferved, in the be- 
 ginning of the following year 1542. Though 
 he was of a fpirit too noble to be thrown into 
 defpair by the firfl mifcarriages in the profecu- 
 tion of defigns, which he thought ufeful and 
 glorious; and he had very much at heart the pro- 
 pagation of the faith, and the preaching of the 
 gofpel to other nations. It was likewife his 
 
 firm 
 
 '-Iw' 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
i 
 
 »5^ 
 
 HISTORY OF, &:c. 
 
 firm perfuafion, that trade and conquers oh 
 that tide of the South Tea, and in the eaflern 
 part of the Indies, without meddling with the 
 Molucas, would be produftive of immenfe ad- 
 vantages to the ftate. He thought, that great 
 as the difficulties were, they might be over- 
 come,buthewasunfortunately deprived ofadding 
 to the excellent regulations of his peaceable ad- 
 miniftration, the fruits of which are certain and 
 fubftantial, fome fignal action which might be 
 ranked with the achievements of other perfo- 
 nages of the noble houfe of Mendozi, at that 
 time more than ever fruitful in perlbns diftin- 
 guiflied for arts and arms. Thus, notwithftand- 
 ing his arrears, and griefs which affedled his 
 mind, he heroically determined that fame year 
 .542 to execute three cnterprifes of equal 
 glory and advantage; The firfl: was to go iti 
 pcrlbn to reduce the Indians of Xalifco and 
 New Galicia, whom Alvarado's death had fpi- 
 rited up to a revolt j and the quelling of whom 
 was the more neceflary, as it was only through 
 that province, that the intended conqueft to- 
 wards the North could be carried into execu- 
 tion. The fecond was to fend fhips for fur- 
 veying the outward or weftern of California and 
 America. The third to fend other Ihips for 
 difcovering, and making a fettlement in the 
 illands, then called De Poniente or weftern; 
 
 and 
 
CALIFORNIA. I59 
 
 and Hnce the Marianas and Philippines, as ly- 
 ing much nearer America than the Moluccas. 
 
 In the firft entcrprife he was attended by the 
 greatefl part of all the nobility of New Spain ; 
 and by his courage, prudence, and mildnefs, the 
 tranquillity of the whole country was in a little 
 time reftored. For the fecond and third, fuch (hips 
 of Alvarado's unfortunate fleet as I- id received 
 any damage were repaired. Twr rhefe he 
 fent under the command of Juai. i<.odriguez 
 Cabrillo, a Portuguefe of great courage and 
 honour, and a thorough feaman, to execute the 
 fecond enterprife. And the 5 others com- 
 pofed a fleet, which he gave Ruy- Lopez de 
 Villa Lobos, a native of Malaga ; being a no- 
 bleman by birth, and poflefled of talents equal 
 to the intention of this undertaking, which was 
 to difcover the Philippine iflands. He put to 
 fea after the Portuguefe, on All faints day, 
 from the harbour de 'Navidad ; and lleering 
 dirtdlly Weft, fell in with the Ladrones -, pro- 
 ceeding from thence to Leyle Mindanao and 
 others, which compofe the Philippine Archi- 
 pelago. But the conclufion was not anfwer- 
 able ; feveral misfortunes attended him, and 
 after loflng moft of his fhips, and being defti- 
 tute of alfiftance, he was obliged to put in at 
 the Moluccas. Here he met with fuch indif- 
 ferent reception from the Portuguefe, fettled at 
 
 Ter- 
 
 ■I", HWA 
 

 ^r<^x. 
 
 IMAGE EVALUATION 
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 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
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 \ 
 
<^^^ 
 
 
 %o 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 6^ 
 
i6c3 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 Terrenate and Tidore, that he died of grief at! 
 Amboyna, in the year 1546. The religious^ 
 together with a few laymen, the diftreffed re- 
 mains of this expedition, obtained from the Por* 
 tuguefe, the favour of returning to Spain by 
 way of Malacca, GoS;, and the Cape of Good 
 Hope. 
 
 No other expedition to thefe iflands was un- 
 dertaken till the year 1564, when Miguel 
 Lopez de Legazpi, accompanied by the cele- 
 brated religious Andres de Urdaneta, in the 
 time of the fecond viceroy Don Luis de Ve- 
 lafco had better fuccefs, and made a fettlemenC 
 in the Philippines. 
 
 Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo, failed with his tw6 
 fliips from the fame port de Navidad, the 27th 
 of June, on a difcovery of the coaft towards 
 the North. He touched at the bay of Santa 
 Cruz in California, otherwife called Puerto del 
 Marques del Valle, fince Cortes had been 
 there : this he found in 24 degrees of latitude ; 
 and following the weftern coaft, he came to a 
 bay, to which he gave the name of La Magda- 
 lena, lying in 27 degrees, and in 32 degrees, 
 he made cape del Engano; that of la Cruz in 
 33, and that of de la Galera in 36 and a half; 
 and oppofite the laft he nice with two large 
 iflands, 10 leagues from the coad, where they 
 informed him, that at fome diHance there was a. 
 
 nation 
 
.,^-,-te-!s^.<« 
 
 ?es, 
 ia 
 
 ■Ifi 
 rge 
 ley 
 ■as a 
 
 CALIFORNIA. i^i 
 
 nation which wore cloaths : in 37 degfees and 
 a half, he had fight of fome hills covered with 
 trees, which he called San Martin, as he did 
 alfo the cape running into the fea at the end of 
 thefe eminences. Beyond this to 40 degrees, 
 the coaft lies N. E. and S. W. and about the 
 40th degree he faw fome mountains cov'cred 
 with fnow ; and betwixt them a large cape, 
 which, in honour to the viceroy, who had fent 
 him, he called de Mendoza or Mendozino ; 
 and near it a fpacious bay to which he gave 
 the name of de Pinos, from the multitude of 
 pine trees of an extraordinary height growing 
 near it. In January 1543, he arrived at Cabo 
 de Fortuna in 41 degrees, and on the loth of 
 March, found himfelf in 44 degrees lat. the 
 cold very intenfe. This was the utmoft limits 
 of his voyage, the want of provifions, and the 
 bad condition of his Ihips, not admitting him 
 to make any farther progrefs : (o that he re- 
 turned, and, on Saturday the 14th of April, en- 
 tered Navidad harbour, giving it as his opi- 
 nion, that fuch an enterprife required (hips of 
 a greater ftrength and burden, with the belt 
 (ails and rigging, and well ftored with provi- 
 fions i it being very difficult to obtain a 
 fupply. 
 
 I have been the more particular in defcribing 
 the fituation and names of the principal parts 
 
 Vol. I. M furveyed 
 
ij ' 
 
 ii'i; 
 
 If r 
 I ■ 
 
 162 HISTORY OF 
 
 furveyed in this voyage, in order to compare it 
 with other difcoveries, efpecially as feveral au- 
 thors, either omit or confound this expedition, 
 which was the lad undertaken by this excellent 
 viceroy, in the north of the Pacifick fea. 
 
 In the year 1551, don Antonio de Men- 
 doza, to the inexpreflible grief of the Spaniards 
 and Indians, was preferred from the viceroyalty of 
 Mexico, to that of Peru $ and his abfence, for 
 feveral years, fufpended all further enterprifes 
 towards California. Only the viceroy don 
 Luis de Velafco, being defirous of providing a 
 good harbour on the weftern coaft for the Phi- 
 lippine (hips, fent a vefTel called the San Au- 
 guftin, which foon returned without having 
 done any thing. 
 
 In the year 1596, don Gafpar de Zunniga, 
 count de Monte-rey, viceroy of Mexico, re- 
 ceived an order from Philip II. for difcovering 
 and making fettlements in proper parts of Ca- 
 lifornia i the Englifh, at that time taking ad- 
 vantage of our remiflhefs, had began to claim 
 the fovereignty of the fea. The famous fir 
 Francis Drake, among other things, hadftruck 
 the inhabitants of the coads of the South fea 
 with confternation j and even made a fettle- 
 ment on California, to which he gave the name 
 of New Albion, as belonging to the crown of 
 England : in this he was followed by more of 
 
 his 
 

 T'^-miii- 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 163 
 
 his countrymen, particularly Thomas Caven- 
 difli and others, who fortifying themfelves on 
 that coaft, molefted our navigation to the Phi- 
 lippine iflands. On the other hand there was 
 then much talk about the ftreight of Anian> 
 through which the South-fea was faid to com- 
 municate with that of the North, near New- 
 foundland i and Ihould the Englilh Hnd out a 
 pradicable pafTage on that (ide, our dominions, 
 which then included all Portuguefe India, 
 would be no longer fecure, all the coaft from 
 Acapulco to Culiacan, being quite defencelefs, 
 and from Culiacan northward, not one fingle 
 fettlement was made on the whole coaft. Be- 
 fides the report of the rich pearls in thofe feas, 
 was far from being extinguifhed. But the great 
 confideration, which chiefly prompted the heart 
 of that religious monarch, was the propagation 
 of the gofpel, and his compaffion for fo many 
 millions of fouls immcrfed for want of preach- 
 ers in the darknefs of infidelity, and which the 
 apoftolick fee had earneftly recommended to 
 his pious compaflion. 
 
 The court gave the conduft of this expedi- 
 tion to general Sebaftian Vifcaino, a man 
 of undoubted courage and prudence. He was 
 not only a good foldier, but alfo well verfed in 
 fea affairs i and his affability and mildnefs, par- 
 ticularly qualified him for the direftion of an 
 
 M 2 enter- 
 
 »jai; 
 
 llil 
 
 
!i 
 
 !l 
 
 164 HISTORYOF 
 
 enterprife, ufually attended with many difa- 
 greeable circumftances to the (hip's company, 
 who immediately impute any fufFerings to the 
 commander. The neceflary difpofitions being 
 made, general Vifcaino failed from Acapulco 
 in three well provided (hips, on board of which 
 were four Francifcan regulars. His firft paf- 
 fdge was to the iflands of Mazatlan and port 
 San Sebaftian, where they watered : from thence 
 crofling the gulf, which they found to be 80 
 leagues in breadth, they landed on the eaftern 
 coaft of California without any refiftance from 
 the Indians, though they came down to the 
 fhore in great numbers. But the country not 
 pleafing them, they went to another harbour, 
 which they called San Sebaftian, where they 
 hoiftt'd the royal ftandard, as a fign that they 
 took pofleflion of it in the king's name. Here 
 they ftaid eight days, during which time fome 
 foldiers were fent up to reconnoitre the coun- 
 try i and were fo far from being molefted by 
 the natives, that they came down to the fliore 
 with game and fruit, their only fubfulence, 
 and pearls for traffitk. The general did not, 
 however, judge it a place proper for making a 
 fetrlement, on account of it having no water, 
 and the barrennefs of the foil. The commo- 
 dore's fliip was therefore R-nt further to look 
 out for a more convenient place, and they ail 
 
 removed 
 
w. ^wii; 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 165 
 
 removed to that which fince has been called de 
 la Paz, on account of the peaceable behaviour 
 of the Indians in that bay. Here they efta- 
 blilhed a garrifon within a pallifade. They 
 likewife run up a fmall church, and fome huts 
 with branches of trees, as the rude beginning of 
 that fettlement they intended for the capital of 
 this acquifition. The natives with great fim- 
 plicity and candor, came to the garrifon with 
 their fruits, fifh, and likewife brought with 
 them fome pearls. And the religious immedi- 
 ately applied themfelves to gain their afFeftions, 
 and explained to them, in the bed manner they 
 were capable, the myfterics of the chriftian re- 
 ligion. They diftributed many fmall prefents 
 to the children, of which there were great 
 numbers among them, and thefe with other 
 endearments, greatly tended to gain the love of 
 the inhabitants. They ufed to complain to the 
 religious of the injuries done them by the fol- 
 diers, who, befides other outrages, forcibly took 
 away from them any thing they had, an evil 
 too common in fuch difcoveries j but in feveral 
 refpefts, of very bad confequences. They 
 alked the fathers, whether they were fons of 
 the fun, looking on them as deities ; and en- 
 treated them to ftay among them, and order 
 the foldiers away, as being cruel and wicked. 
 At mafs they were filled with admiration at the 
 
 M 3 facred 
 
 n 
 
i66 HISTORYOF 
 
 fucred ceremony. They fliewed a ready complin 
 ance to all the injundlions of the religious : and 
 their whole behaviour fufficiently (hewed them 
 to be an humane docile people -, and well dif- 
 pofed to embrace the chriftian faith. But the ge- 
 neral was not long in perceiving, that the foil 
 produced fo very little, that it would not fup- 
 port fo large a number of men. On this ac- 
 count, and that he might fully difcharge his 
 commiflfion for the dilcovcry, he fent the com- 
 modore and a tender to take a view of the coafts 
 and iflands further to the northward. Thofe 
 that went in thefe Ihips landed on feeing any 
 people J and if they were received peaceably, 
 they furveyed the country, drawn up in order 
 of battle. If any oppofition was offered, they 
 returned and continued their courfe. Thus 
 they coailed above lOo leagues. In the mod 
 northern part of the country to which they 
 came, 50 foldiers were fent afhore to recon- 
 noitre ; and feeing it was no better than thofe 
 they had before viewed, were returning on 
 board. At this the Indians became fo fpirited 
 as to fhodt feveral arrows at them ; and the 
 Spaniards on the other fide faced about, and fired 
 upon them, wounded fome, and killed three or 
 four, upon which the others fled. The foldiers, 
 however, haftened to the boat, in order to go 
 on board the (hip, which, for want of water, lay 
 
 one- 
 
CALIFORNIA. 167 
 
 one-fourth of a league diftant from the fliore. 
 As the boat would not hold above 25, the like 
 number were obliged to remain, till it returned 
 to fetch them off. In the mean time near 
 500 Indians had artfully concealed themfelves, 
 till an opportunity offered of doing effc6lual 
 execution. The boat returned ; and whilft they 
 were getting into it confufedly, without any ap- 
 prehenfion, the Indians with a fhout fallied 
 from their ambufcade, the boat in the hurry, 
 this occafioned, was overfet, that our people 
 falling into the water, their fire arms were of 
 no ufe. Thus nineteen Spaniards miferably pe- 
 rifhed, being drowned or killed by the Indians, 
 through an inability of defending themfelves. 
 And itwas equally impoflible for thofe on board, 
 however concerned at their misfortune, to give 
 them any afTiftance : a few however reached 
 the (hip by fwimming. ft had before been 
 deliberated about returning, for want of pro- 
 vifionsi with a greater quantity of which, they 
 might have reconnoitred the farthefl: parts of 
 the gulf'. But this misfortune determined them 
 to return to the garrifon, which they with ex- 
 treme dejeftion reached, after having kept the 
 fea a month. General Vifcaino was there, but 
 fo diftreffed for want of provifions, that he had 
 fcarce maize enough to fubfift them, during the 
 paffage to the continent. And as they found no 
 
 M 4 place 
 
 I 
 
 s 
 
 I 
 
 ii 
 
 ,1. ' " 
 
j68 
 
 HISTORY OF 
 
 place on the coaft, where they could get a 
 fiipply, it was refolved in a council of war, en- 
 tirely to relinquilh the conquefl} without leaving 
 in the country any fettlers : and accordingly they 
 returned to New Spain, at the end of the fame 
 year 1596. 
 
 An account of the jflue of this expedition 
 was frnt to court, and arrived foon after Philip 
 III. had afcended the throne, on the death of 
 his father Philip II, which happened on the 
 twenty-third of September 1598. ^ , 
 
 SECT. IV. 
 
 A remarkable warrant of Philip III, and 
 other expeditions to California, till 
 the reign of Philip IV. • 
 
 The political motives, which induced Philip 
 II. to order the conqueft of California to be un- 
 dertaken with all poflible expedition, ftill exifled 
 at the acceflion of Philip III, and became every 
 day more and more urgent. The new king 
 likewife inherited all the religion and zeal of his 
 father j and confequently was eafily impreffed by 
 the noble motives of propagating the faith. 
 Another reafon was, the fecurity of the navi- 
 gation, undertaken to the Philippines : for the 
 Ihips, in return from thofe iflands to NewSpaii\, 
 always came within fight of cape Mendozina j 
 
 and 
 
CALIFORNIA. 169 
 
 tnd the violence of the north wed winds in that 
 part, rendersd it neceirary to have feme llielter 
 near that cape, where they might fafely land 
 for refreihment and water j for want of which, 
 many ihips had been loft : and thofe who had 
 arrived at Acapulco, were in a miferable con- 
 dition. Accordingly on the twenty-feventh of 
 September 1599, an order was fent to the count 
 dc Monte- rey, that out of the royal revenue, a 
 new difcovery and fettlement in California, 
 fhould be undertaken with all poifible vigour : but 
 inftead of the eaftern coaft of the gulf, the wef- 
 tern coaft of the South fea fhould be furveyed. 
 The viceroy, after maturely weighing every 
 circumftance, to fecure the fuccefsof an attempt, 
 which, from repeated mifcarriages, during the 
 courfe of the whole preceding century, had an 
 appearanceof extreme difficulty, appointed for 
 commander in chief, the fame Sebartian Vifcaino, 
 -who had commanded in the late expedition, and 
 from his zeal for the royal commands, neglect- 
 ed nothing which might contribute to the fecu- 
 rity and advantage of the enterprife. On the 
 fifth of May 1632, general Vifcaino failed 
 from Acapulco harbour with two Ihips, a frigate 
 andabarco longo, and with him three bare footed 
 Carmelites, one of whom, Antonio de la Afcen- 
 fion, wrote a particular account of the expedi- 
 tion, an pxtradt from which, by Torquemada, 
 
 ;;«RI 
 
17© HISTORY OF 
 
 I have inferted in at the end of this work. In 
 the mean time it will be fufliclent to read the 
 fuccindb, though entertaining narrative, con- 
 tained in the royal fchedule, which I (hall now 
 tranfcribe ; from whence it is evident, that he 
 took an accurate view of the coad, as far as 
 cape Mendozina in forty degrees. And even 
 reconnoitred cape Blanco de San Sebaftian, in 
 forty*one degrees and a half. Before he came to 
 thefe places, he faw a large harbour near the 
 Punto de Pinos, or Pine-cape, provided with 
 every thing that could be defired, for the fe- 
 curity and repair of fhips : and which, in honour 
 of the viceroy, by whom he had been fent, he 
 called Puerto de Monte- rey. However, finding 
 the impoflibility of making any longer (lay on 
 that coaft, they returned to New Spain, arri- 
 ving at Acapulco in March 1603. 
 
 The fatigues, diftreflfes, fickne(res, and dan- 
 gers of this voyage were fufficient to difcou- 
 rage the moft rcfolute. However, general 
 Vifcaino, inured to hard(hips, and in expefla- 
 tion of obtaining both glory and advantage in 
 making the conqueft, ftrongly follicitcd the 
 viceroy that he might make a frefli attempt at 
 his own expence j but rightly judging that no- 
 thing of ihat kind muft be undertaken, without 
 the permilTion of his majefty, who had taken it 
 into his own band, Vifcaino made a voyage into 
 
 Spaini 
 
iauuHhb 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 171 
 
 Spain, to follicit the affair at court. Here in 
 his memorial, he fet forth the great advantage 
 of the expedition, in very live-ly colours. The 
 fupreme council of the Indies, however warned 
 by the little efFedb of the two preceding attempts, 
 in which very large Turns of the royal revenue 
 had been expended, without any benefit, de- 
 ferred coming to a refolution, till they had 
 received frefh informations, proceeding ftep 
 by ftep in a matter reputed of fo great con- 
 fequence. Thus general Vifcaino, who had a 
 capacity and courage, which carried him with 
 honour, through all the difficulties and dangers 
 of war, both by fea and land, could not make 
 his way through the ficklenefs, intrigues, and 
 traverfes of the court ; fo that he left it full of 
 difcontent, and returning to New Spain, fpent 
 the remainder of his life in quiet and retirement. 
 However, the confequence foon juftified the 
 flownefs which had preceded the refolution: 
 for fcarce had the general left Spain, when, on 
 the nineteenth of Auguft 1606, the king figned 
 two commiflions, direfted to don Juan de Men- 
 doza, and Luna marquifs of Montes Claros, 
 recently made viceroy of New Spain, and don 
 Pedro de Acunna, governor and captain gene- 
 ral of the Philippine iflands, drawn up with 
 fuch prudence, and filled with fuch fagacious re- 
 marks on the importance and difpofition necef- 
 
 fary 
 
172 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 fary to the fuccefs of the defign, as render theit! 
 worthy of beii.g laid before the publick, efpe- 
 cially as they confirm what I have related; I 
 Ihalt therefore here infert an exaft copy of that 
 fcnt to don Pedro de Acunna. 
 
 M 
 
 By the KIN G. 
 
 Don Pedro de Acunna, knight of the order 
 of St. John, my governor and captain general 
 of the Philippine iflands, and prefident of my 
 royal audience there : you are hereby given to 
 underftand, that don Luis de Velafco, my 
 late viceroy in New Spain, in regard to the 
 great diftance between the port of Acapiilco 
 and thofe iflands, the fatigue, hardfhip, and 
 danger of that voyage, for want of a port 
 where the fliips might put in, and provide them- 
 felves with water, wood, mafts, and other 
 things of abfolute neceflity, determined to 
 make a difcovery and draughts, with obferva- 
 tions of the harbours along the coa(t, from New 
 Spain to thefe iflands ; and ordered this fervice 
 to be performed in a fliip called the San Auguf- 
 tin, the lofs of which, at that time, fruftrated 
 the faid difcovery : and that the count de 
 Monte-rey, who fucceeded him in that govern- 
 ment i having the fame opinion of the incon- 
 veniences of that voyage, and the fame zeal 
 
 for 
 
 ! 
 
~iirr 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 173 
 
 for removing them, by purfuing the difcovery, 
 intended by don Luis de Velafco, wrote to me 
 concerning it ; and wa^i of opinion, that fmall 
 veflfels from the harbour of Acapulco, were the 
 fitteft i and, that in the difcovery might be in- 
 cluded the coafts and bays of the gulf of Cali- 
 fornia, and of the filhery •, to which, in my letter 
 of the twenty -feventh of September 1599, I or- 
 dered to be anfwered, that the difcovery and 
 making draughts, with obfervations of that 
 coad and the bays along it, having appeared to 
 me highly convenient, it was my will he fhould 
 immediately put it in execution, without trou- 
 bling himfelf about that of California, unlefs 
 occafionally. Agreeably to this, he appointed 
 for the condudl of the enterprife, Sebaftian 
 Vifcaino as an experienced navigator, particu- 
 larly acquainted with the voyage in queftion, 
 and, in whom, he placed an entire confidence : 
 and having furniflied him with two fhips and a 
 tender, well provided with all neceffaries for a 
 year, he immediately embarked with a fuitable 
 number of feamen and foldiers ; and an able 
 cofmographer (killed in maps, in order that the 
 parts and places difcovered, might befetdown 
 with the greater clearncfs and accuracy: having 
 with him orders and inftrudions how he was to 
 proceed, and what he was to do, he put to fea 
 from Acapulco harbvur, on the fifth of May 
 ■ ;■./ "* * 1602, 
 
ii' 
 
 !■ 
 
 174 HISTORYOF 
 
 1602, according to the advice fent me by the 
 faid count de Monte-rey and Sebaftian Vifcaino, 
 who, after feveral letters, the laft cf which was 
 on the laft day of April 1 604, informed mc 
 that he had been eleven months on the voyage : 
 and that from the faid harbour he had began to 
 found and take draughts of the coafts, harbours, 
 creeks, and bays, as far as the twenty-feventh 
 degree, with all ncceflary precifion and exaft- 
 nefs : and that from twenty-fix degrees to forty- 
 two, he did no more than keep within fight of 
 land, fo that he was not able to make luch par- 
 ticular obfervations, as he had done till 
 the twenty-feventh degree. Soon after, many 
 of his people fell fick, and the weather being 
 very unfavourable, he could only obferve that 
 the coaft, as far as forty degrees, lies north weft, 
 and fouth eaft •, and that in the other two de- 
 grees, which make up the forty-two, it lies 
 almoft north and fouth. He added that between 
 the mouth of the gulf of California, to 37 
 degrees, he met with three very good harbours, 
 on the continent : thefe are San Diego in thirty- 
 two degrees, with another contiguous tO it, but 
 fmaller ; and that of San Diego, which is very 
 fpacious, being capable of containing n ny 
 fhips, and, at the fame time afford both water 
 and wood : and that the third, called M9nte- 
 rey, was ftill better, and more convenient for 
 
 the 
 
 IK 
 
 a 
 at 
 
] ll 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 175 
 
 the China galleons, and for the relief of fliips in 
 their voyage to and from thefe iflands. It is 
 (ituated in 37 degrees north latitude; and its 
 wood and water preferable, and in greater 
 plenty than the other j is well Iheltered from all 
 winds, and along its Ihore are great numbers of 
 pine trees fit for mafts, and lies very conve- 
 niently for fliips returning from the Philippine 
 iflands to put into ; and thus, in cafe of florms, 
 avoid the necefllty of making for Japan, as 
 they have feveral times done, and expended 
 great fums of money. Befides they ufually 
 have fight of the coaft: of China, which is an 
 additional benefit, as by knowing where they 
 are, they will not as formerly, in cafe of bad 
 weather, make for Japan or thofe iflands, as 
 the fame winds which would carry them thi- 
 ther, bring them into this fafe harbour. They 
 further fay, that the climate is mild, and the 
 country covered with trees, the foil fruitful and 
 well peopled, and that the natives are of fo 
 tradable, kind, and of fo docile a temper, that 
 they will eafily be converted to the chriftian reli- 
 gion, and become fubjeft to my holy crown. 
 That their chief fubfiftence is on the fponta- 
 neous produifls of the earth, and the flefli they 
 catch in hunting, of which there is a remark- 
 able plenty. That their cloathing is of the 
 (kins of fea wolves, which they have a very 
 
 good 
 
 1! 
 
\VJ 
 
 l1, 
 
 175 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 good method of tanning and preparing j and 
 that they have abundance of flax, hemp, and 
 cotton : And that the faid Sebaftian Vifcaino, 
 carefully informed himfelf of thefe Indians, 
 and many others whom he difcovered along 
 the coaft for above 800 leagues, and they all 
 told him, that up the country there were large 
 towns, filver, and gold i whence he is inclined 
 to believe that great riches may be difcovered, 
 cfpecially as in fome parts of the land veins of 
 metals are to be feen ; and that the time of their 
 fummer being known, a farther difcovery 
 might be made of them by going within the 
 country, and that the remainder of it may be 
 difcovered along the coaft, as it reaches beyond 
 42 degrees, the limits fpecified to the faid 
 Sebaftian Vifcaino in his inftrudlions i he 
 came to Japan and the coaft of China, and 
 that he could not return by the mouth of 
 California, as I had fent orders he (hould be 
 direded, on account of a great mortality 
 among his people, and the decay of the provi- 
 fions which obliged him to haften his return. 
 And the cofmographer Andrew Garcia de 
 Cefpedes, having made his appearance in my 
 royal council of the Indies, together with the 
 narratives and draughts which were fent with a 
 feparate plan of each harbour, of thofe difco- 
 vered by the faid Sebaftian Vifcaino j and hav- 
 ing 
 
-1 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 177 
 
 ing in council heard the report of the cofmo- 
 grapher, and confidering how much it concerns 
 the fccurity of fhips coming from thofe iflands, 
 in a voyage of no lefs than 2000 leagues, on a 
 wide and tempeftuous fea, that they fhould be 
 provided with a port where they might put in and 
 furnifh themfelves with water, wood, and pro- 
 vifions : that the faid port of Monte-rey, lies in 
 37 degrees, nearly about half way the voyage, 
 having all the good qualities which could be 
 defired j it feems to me that all fhips coming 
 from thofe idands, as they make that coafl:, 
 fhould put into this port, and there reHt and 
 provide themfelves : and in order to the be- 
 ginning a defign of fuch utility, and that it 
 may be publickly known, I have by another 
 commifTion of the fame date, ordered and di- 
 redled the marquis de Montes Claros, my pre- 
 fent viceroy of the faid provinces of New Spaing 
 that he ufe all pofTiblc care and diligence to 
 find out the faid general Sebaflian Vifcaino, as 
 the perfon who made the faid difcovery, hav- 
 ing coafled it all along from Acapulco to cape 
 Mendozino. And in cafe he be not living, to 
 make the like enquiry after the commander of 
 his fhip, and that on his being found, he imme- 
 diately prepare to go to thefe iflands, taking 
 care to carry with him his chief pilot, and that 
 of the faid commander. And that his going 
 Vol. I. N on 
 
n I S T o R Y o F 
 
 «7^ r • r^c^v be with all cort- 
 
 marquis. *" *"" J„f„,, form Wthertoufed, 
 thcfe iOands be of the uiu v,jve any 
 
 there beingUttle apP'"- *; ^ °„ ^ .gree- 
 ftips ready of ^oo »"^' ;7,,,, -.ffaed rela- 
 te to a new order «^'* ^^j,^ fl,„„efs of 
 ting to them, on """"^^ ^ commander of 
 
 . Je. and ^^l^* -7»o, and for his 
 thofe Ihips. Sebaftian V ^.^^^^^^^ 
 
 captain, he who -J^^^J^o.^ ,„.,„g : and in 
 of the faid port, .f tj V^ f„,,i,or to be 
 
 cafe either of them b dea .^^^ ^^^ ^.,^^^ 
 commander m ch.et . a ^^^^^ g^^^(^,^„ 
 
 perfon who was m t^ t P ._^ ^^^^^ ^,„ 
 
 ^'"""°', "Cs i thrir charge, they may 
 having the (h>ps ""^ ^ „„„er of ma- 
 
 • „ their return '=<>"f"'" * p„erto de Monte- 
 
 king a fe«>'=™"\XV the touching at that 
 '^^■■iSytft-a the plots and fai- 
 
 P°«' ^"t"„;«ffary particulars of the voyage ■ 
 lors on the ««""J J „ rf.fied, whom you 
 
 ''"^"'""r'derSto fend'from thefe iQands. 
 ,,e hereby ortoed; .^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ „,y 
 
 ^Uh the fa.d S^"""' f . J t, and may re- 
 . be ac.uainte'i -J iii ;f the fhips. 
 
 turn general ^"'j^'^capulco to thofe iOands 
 ™'^''^' "' !6o8&balV,L Vifcaino being to 
 •in the year ioo« , ^^^ conduA 
 
ii^ 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 179 
 
 conduft the fettlement of the faid port, to 
 whom, and the faid Sebaflian Vifcaino and his 
 fea captain, it is my will and pleafure that you 
 in all things fhow all poflible countenance and 
 regard. It is alfo my will, that they receive 
 the pay which other generals and commanders 
 have received in the faid voyage : and that it 
 be paid them in the ufual form and manner. 
 And that the premifes may obtain the end de- 
 fired, I charge you to aid and aflift them with 
 the utmoft care and diligence, as I promife my- 
 felf from your prudence and zeal : and that you . 
 acquaint me with what fhall be performed. 
 Dated at San Lorenzo L. Real, on the 19th of 
 Auguft, 1 606. 
 
 This royal commifllon places in a full light 
 the fenfe of the fupreme council of the Indies, 
 the king of Spain and his miniltry, with regard 
 to the importance and means of fettling a co- 
 lony on the weftern cgaft of California, by peo- 
 pling Puerto de Monte-rey. Biit thefe wife 
 meafurcs came to nothing, the royal fchedule . 
 not taking effect ; for the viceroy, in obedience 
 to the royal command, made enquiry after ge- 
 neral Sebaftian Vifcaino, who was very readily 
 found i but while he was preparing with great 
 alacrity to accomplilh an enterprife, the great 
 advantages of which were but imperfeftly 
 known till verified by time and experience •, he 
 
 N 2 was 
 
I 
 
 11 
 
 l8o H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 was feized with a fatal diftemper, and with 
 him were buried the well grounded hopes of 
 the expedition : why fuch pofitive and exprefs 
 orders of the kins were not carried into execu* 
 tion, though the general was dead, remains a 
 myftery ; we only know, that nothing was 
 then done, nor has been done, of what was 
 at that time fo well concerted, and in which, 
 the diftates of wifdom and long deliberation 
 were enforced by the power of majefty. 
 
 During the fucceeding nine years, inconfi- 
 derable voyages only were made to California,, 
 and thefe rather to fifh for pearls, or procure 
 them by barter, than to make any fettlement, 
 and therefore they have been thought below 
 any feparate account, efpecially as in the fubfe- 
 quent royal commiflions they are only menti- 
 oned in general without any circumftances. 
 At length, in the year 1615, captain Juaa: 
 Iturbi, obtained a licence for making a new 
 voyage at his own expence. One of his two 
 Ihips was taken by a fet of European pirates, 
 who made themfdves famous in America, un- 
 der the name of Pichilingues, and to the great 
 difhonour of the Spanifii power infefted the 
 South-feas, till their infolencies clearly proved, 
 the neceflity of reducing California, as they 
 there fecurely flieltered themfelves : with his 
 other fhip Iturbi entered the bay of California;; 
 3 and 
 
 mf 
 
 ofl 
 hi 
 
 int 
 ocj 
 pu 
 
CALIFORNIA. i8i 
 
 and proceeded to the height of 30 degrees, 
 wheriC he obferved that the two coafts of Cina- 
 loa and California gradually approached each 
 other. But the N. W. winds, and the fliort- 
 nefs of provifions, hindered him from going 
 any farther. He therefore thought proper to 
 return ; but was fo diftrefled for want of provi- 
 fions, that he and his company muft inevitably 
 have perifiied, without the almoft miraculous 
 relief he met with in the village of Ahome in 
 Cinaloa •, by means of the miflionary father 
 Andres Perez de Ribas, provincial of the je- 
 fuits in New Spain, who feveral years after- 
 wards wrote an account of this expedition. 
 From Ahome he direded his courfe to Cina- 
 loa, where he received orders from the viceroy 
 don Diego Fernandes de Cordova, marquis of 
 Guadal-cafar, to make the beft of his way to 
 meet and convoy the fhip from the Philippine 
 idands, which it was greatly feared would fall 
 into the hands of the Dutch cor fairs, who then 
 openly infefted thofe feas under their own co- 
 lours, and foon after made themfelves mailers 
 of the greateft part of the trade to the Eafl: 
 liidies. 
 
 Iturbi accordingly failed from the gulf 
 into the South- fea, and brought the (hip which 
 occafioned fo much anxiety, fafe into Aca- 
 pulco : from thence he went to Mexico, where 
 
 'N 3 the 
 
l82 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 the pearls he brought with hitn filled the whole 
 city with admiration. He had a great number of 
 them, the moft were of a brown tin(5t, occafi- 
 oned by the Indians, as we have already ob- 
 ferved, putting the fhells into the fire, in order 
 to drefs the flefh of the oyfters. Others he had 
 of a larger fort, and without any damage, 
 which were taken up by his own divers j and 
 fo large and clear, that for one only, he paid, 
 as the king's fifth, 900 crowns. 
 
 Thefe pearls animated the Mexicans to at- 
 tempt the conquefl: and fettlcment of Cr'lifor- 
 nia : a great many private perfons, from the 
 coafts of Culiacan and Chametla, made trips in 
 fmall boats to the coaft of California, either to 
 fifh for pearls, or purchafe them of the Indians. 
 And feveral afts of cruelty and outrage, were 
 committed on thcfe poor people j which how- 
 ever did not always efcape punifliment. A few 
 adventurers enriched themfelves by this trade j 
 and there are very furprifing accounts of the 
 wealth accumulated by Antonio del Caftillo, 
 an inhabitant of Chametla-, which naturally in- 
 creafcd the univerfal impatience for making 
 the conquefl. In the year 1628, Philip IV. 
 being king of Spain, captain Antonio Baflan 
 came over to Spain for a licence, offering to 
 undertake it at his own expence. The fuprtme 
 puncil of the Indies, by a fchcdule of the 24 
 
 of 
 
CALIFORNIA. iSj 
 
 of Auguft of the fame year, required the mar- 
 quifs de Cerralvo their viceroy, to fend them 
 farther informations. The viceroy and council 
 appointed don Juan Alvarez, auditor of the 
 royal audience, to colle(5b proper accounts, and 
 under pretence of greater certainty, and a more 
 particular detail, obtained a licence from the 
 viceroy, for captain Francis de Ortega, to 
 make a voyage thither at his own expence ; 
 and he was either more fortunate or Ikilful than 
 his prcdeceflbrs. He failed in March 1632, in 
 a vefTel of feventy tons, having with him Diego 
 de la Nava, a prieft whom the bifhop of Gua- 
 dalaxara had nominated vicar of California. 
 He landed on the fecond of May, and having 
 taken a particular furvey of the whole coaft, 
 from San Barnabe*s bay, to Puerto de la Paz, 
 purchafed many pearls, and found the Indians ge- 
 nerally very friendly and tradable, except in fome 
 parts, where they had been injured by tht)fe 
 who had come thither to trade for pearls. In 
 June they returned to the coaft of Cinaloa, 
 whence they proceeded to lay the whole voyage 
 before the viceroy. 
 
 Captain Ortega very probably had found his 
 account in this voyage, as by permiflion from 
 the viceroy, he made two other trips thither, 
 in the years 33 and 34, with an intent of making 
 0. fcttlement. It was his opinion, that the In- 
 
 N 4 dians 
 
 'f^^ii 
 
 
i84 HISTORYOF 
 
 dians of Puerto de la Paz, might eafily be pre- 
 vailed on to embrace the chriflian religion, and 
 for the accomplifliment of this moft defirable 
 end, with the vicar Nava was fent, another pricft 
 called don Juan de Zunniga. In both voyages 
 he took care to lay in as large a quantity of pro- 
 vifions as poffible •, yet in both, they were al) 
 confumed, and he returned to Mexico, having 
 experienced the fame melancholy circumftances, 
 all the others had felt before him, namely, the 
 barrennefs and total want of fultenance in the 
 country. He, however, laid bcfpre the go- 
 vernment two propofals •, the Hr(l that the gar- 
 rifon of Acaponeta fhould be removed as 
 ufelefs, to the coail of California,CinaIoa being in a 
 peaceable condition : and thus that body might 
 ferve to protedl the conquefl, and be a fafeguard 
 to fetilers up the country. The fecond, that 
 a fum of money fhould be allowed in New Spain 
 for fending provifions to thofe who fhould 
 fettle there. He was very afliduous to procure 
 the countenance of the viceroy and the miniflry, 
 to thefe two maxims, which indeed were very 
 juft and prudent : urging at the fame time, the 
 immediate execution of them. He was defirousof 
 making a fourth voyage thither, on a fure foun- 
 dation, but had the mortification to hear 
 ^hac Eflevan Carboneli his pilot, had obtained 
 a licence from the viceroy, to make a frefh at- 
 tempt 
 
 of 
 tu 
 
 inj 
 
CALIFORNIA. 185 
 
 tempt at his own cxpence. Carboneli had not 
 only fupplantcd his p^.Ton Ortega, but like- 
 wife: blanned him, alledging that all the diftre/Tei 
 of the three voyages, were owing to his negledl or 
 fear, in not landing in California at a higher 
 latitude*, where he engaged to find a fertile 
 country, aud his people ai.d the fettlers meet 
 with a comfortable fubfiftence. Full of his 
 fcheme, he failed for California in the year 
 1 5^6. But though he went as high as poflible, 
 he in all parts, found only Indians, living na- 
 ked in a barren land, fupporting themfelves 
 with ihell fiib, fruits, and game, without the 
 lead appearance of culture or harveft. Thus, 
 after procuring fome pearls, to comfort him in 
 his difappointment, he returned to New Spain, 
 where Ortega had the fatisfaftion of feeing this 
 new undertaker, become the obje6l of publick 
 derifion. 
 
 To tliis aera, belong the contents of a paper, 
 publiflied at London, under the title of the 
 narrative of Bartholomew de Fuentes, com- 
 mander in chief of the navy in New Spain and 
 Peru, and prefidentofChili J giving an account 
 of the moil remarkable tranfadtions and adven- 
 tures in this voyage, for the difcovery of a 
 paffage from the South fea, to that of the North 
 in the northern hemifphere, by order of the 
 viceroy of Peru, in the year 1 640. This wri- 
 ting 
 
jS6 history of 
 
 ting contains feveral accounts relating to Cali- 
 fornia ; but without entering at prefent into 
 long difputes, let it fuffice to fay, that little 
 credit is to be given to this narrative. For the 
 fame reafon we have before omitted the accounts 
 of voyages made from the South fca to the 
 North round, beyond California ; and thofe of 
 a contrary diredion, of which an account is 
 given by captains Seixas and Lobera, in Theatre 
 Naval, in Spanifli and French; and particularly 
 of that Spaniard who is fuppofed in three months 
 to have come from Puerto de Navidad, and 
 Cabo Corientes to Lilbon. Thefe and other 
 accounts, difperfed in different books, we de- 
 fignedly omit, as they want the neccflary au- 
 thenticity. Let us now return to our nar- 
 rative. 
 
 So many unfuccefsful expeditions to California, 
 fo far from indifpofing the minds of people to 
 any further attempts, feemed rather to inflame 
 their defires -, efpecially as fome pearls were 
 brought from thence, with exaggerated reports 
 of their prodigious plenty. Befides, as the gene- 
 rality of thofe, who tranfport themfelves to 
 America, without any poft or employment, 
 are feduced with the hopes of fpeedily acquiring 
 a fortune with little or no fatigue : and as the 
 nature and (late of the country, does not afford 
 means for many, even to get a tolerable fupport, 
 
 there 
 
CALIFORNIA. 187 
 
 tliere being no manufadures in which they can 
 employ themfclves : and working of the mines 
 and culture of the lands, the two fatal caufes 
 of the difpeopling and wretchednefs of fuch 
 fruitful countries, are laborious, a fufficient num- 
 ber is always found, who, having little ornothing 
 to venture, eafily conceive fanguine hopes of 
 m"nding their fortunes in fome new enterprife. 
 The government was adluatedby other fprings; 
 but knowing thiit great numbers would offer to 
 ferve, contributed to faciliate the execution. The 
 importance of the enterprife, after fo many 
 fruitlefs attempts, being evident, the viceroy 
 don Diego Lopez Pacheco, marquis de Villena, 
 and duke of Efcalona, refolved that it fhould be 
 srgain attempted at his majefty's expence. But 
 in order to proceed with greater circumfpeftion 
 than had been hitherto obferved, he fent direc- 
 tions to don Luis Ceftin de Canas, governor of 
 Cinaloa, that as his province lay oppofiteto Ca- 
 lifornia, he fhould, with the foldiersofhisgar- 
 rifon, pafs over arid take a furvey of its coafls, 
 iflands, bays, creeks, and the difpofition and 
 nature of the ground •, at the fame time he de- 
 fired father Luis de Bonifaz, provincial of the 
 jefuits, to recommend an able perfon of that 
 order, to accompany him ; and he very juflly 
 recommended father Jacinto Cortes, amifTionary 
 ip the faid province of Cinaloa. There would 
 
 have 
 
IH' 
 
 i88 HISTORY OF 
 
 have been little occafion for this preparatory 
 fonrcy, after fo many others which had been 
 continually making for above a century, had 
 the reports, narratives, charts, draughts, and 
 maps, which were made, or ftiould have been 
 made, by fo many difcoveries, ftill continued in 
 being. But thefe are the efFefts of the want of 
 proper care in preferving papers, a fault to be 
 regretted by perfons in power, to whom they 
 would be of fervice in the condudl of affairs, and 
 by private perfons, on account of their interefl:, 
 or as entertainments of a commendable curiofiey. 
 Another caufe of their want of fuch documents, 
 is the negledling to render common and publick, 
 by means of the prefs, every thing which now 
 and in future times, may be ufeful to religion 
 and the ftate. But by the lofs of fome papers, 
 either through a change in the government, or 
 irregularity in the records, the whole advantage 
 of an expedition is loft i fo that often the expen- 
 ces muft be renewed, or the difpofitions faulty, 
 for want of thofe lights which might always be 
 at hand, without any other coft, than that of a 
 juft regard to pofterity. At laft the furvey was 
 made, in the month of July 1642, as appears 
 from father Cortes's letter, in which he acquaints 
 the father provincial, that from Cinaloa they 
 went to fome iflands, to which they gave the 
 name; of San Jofeph, and that the inhabitants 
 
 received 
 
 by 
 
CALIFORNIA. 189 
 
 received them with pleafure, as being friends of 
 the Spaniards, who came thither to dive for 
 pearls j becaufe they proteded them from the 
 Guicuros, their enemies, who lived on the con- 
 tinent. From thence, fays father Cortes, wc 
 coafted along the (hore, forty leagues weftward 
 to la Paz. He confirms the accounts of the 
 pearls, the poverty of the natives, and their 
 good difpofitions for embracing the faith. He 
 alfo touches upon their cufloms, and the extent 
 of the coad, concluding with a requeft, that 
 fhould a door be opened for the gofpel among 
 thefe unhappy creatures, he may be appointed 
 mifllonary to them. The governor like wife lent 
 his report to the viceroy, which he accompanied 
 with pearls, collefled in this expedition. 
 
 It was now out of the viceroy's power to iflue 
 the orders he could have wiftied, in confequencc 
 of this account, being at that junfture fucceed- 
 ed in the government, by don Juan de Palafox 
 and Mendoza bifliop de los Angeles, the mar- 
 quis having been difplaced, from feme ill- ground- 
 ed fufpicions of his loyalty, fomented by malicious 
 informations. The marquis returned to Spain, 
 where he honourably cleared himfelf of the 
 flander, which God at length caufed to fall on 
 the heads of its authors. And he might have 
 returned to Mexico, as the offer was made him 
 by Philip IV. had he not preferred the viceroy- 
 
 Ihip 
 
i^o HISTORY OF 
 
 (hip of Sicily, which at that time alfo, flood irt 
 need of a man of the marquis's abilities. How- 
 ever, he was fo far from forgetting the conc^ueft 
 of California, that it was owing to his repre- 
 fentations to the king, that now more numerous 
 and efFeftual preparatives were making for it 
 than ever. The admiral don Pedro Portel de 
 Cafanate, was ordered without delay, to go 
 from Spain to Mexico, with full power and ne- 
 ceflaries to equip a fleet, and make fettlements 
 in California. Alfo to do whatever he thought 
 would conduce to bring thofe people into the 
 bofom of the church, and to fecure the coafls, 
 as dominions of his majefl:y, for the fafety of 
 the commerce and navigation of his fubjedls. 
 The admiral reached New Spain at the end of 
 the year 1643, and the new viceroy don Garcia 
 Sarmiento and Sotomayor count de Sal va- Terra, 
 agreeably to the royal orders aflifted him in the 
 armament -, arjd jointly with the admiral, con- 
 ferred the fpiritual government of the fquadron 
 and of California, on the reverend father of the 
 jefuits, in a letter written to the provincial fa- 
 ther Luis de Bonifaz, which I with pleafure 
 infert here, as a memorial both of the piety and 
 and courtefy of this excellent viceroy. - , 
 
 " Moft reverend father provincial, his ma- 
 jefty, whom God preferve, has been pleafed to 
 commit the dil'covery of California, to the care 
 
 and 
 
 tii: 
 pe 
 fer 
 th{ 
 
CALIFORNIA. 191 
 
 and diligence of don Pedro de Caflanate, an 
 affair which many have attempted, without 
 thoroughly accomplifhing it : and as the con- 
 fummate experience of this gentleman, in fea 
 affairs, together with his other abilities, give 
 the moil certain hopes of the defired effed from 
 his voyage and endeavours, particularly as he 
 carries with him fome fathers of your refpecla- 
 ble company, which gives me great pleafure : 
 and I prophecy the mofl: happy fucceffes. I 
 fhould therefore efteem it an obligation, if your 
 paternal reverence would condefcend to affift 
 him on all occafions. And that you will be 
 pleafed to order the like to be done in all the 
 houfes and miffions under your fuperintendance, 
 as is agreeable to the fcrvice of God and his 
 majefty. And your paternal reverence knows, 
 that you may command me in any thing within, 
 my power. I conclude with requelling you to 
 fecond this affair, and do all poffible good 
 offices to admiral Cafiiinate, Ocflober 13 th 1643. 
 The provincial, equally complaifant, acknow- 
 ledged both to the viceroy and the admiral, 
 how greatly he approved of their choice, in fo 
 glorious an expedition, making at the fame 
 time, a tender of his own perfon, and all de- 
 pendant on him ; and on the 15th of October, 
 fent fuitable inftrudtions and orders, nominating 
 the father Jacinto Cortes and Andres Bacs, 
 
 miffionaries 
 
 I 
 
1« 
 
 1 
 
 i i 
 
 wM 
 
 ■1. 
 If 
 
 liflH 
 
 11: 
 
 'i^ffil 
 
 |: 
 
 Jltl 
 
 1 ' 
 
 192 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 miflionarles of Cinaloa, to accompany the ad- 
 miral in the defcent. The aflive Caflanate went 
 over to the ports on the South fea, to haften 
 the equipment of the Ihips, and in 1 644, failed 
 with them for the coaft of Cinaloa, where he 
 was to take in the miflionaries, with fome men 
 and provifions. Being come to Cinaloa, where 
 every thing feemed to promife, that now the 
 conqueft could not fail of being compleated, he 
 received an account that fome Englifli and 
 Dutch privateers had appeared in thofe feas, to 
 intercept the Acapulco ihip, with orders to fail 
 immediately to the South fea, in order to meet 
 with, and conduct her into port. This fcrvice 
 he happily performed : but while, he was 
 again preparing to fail on his principal defign, 
 fome malicious perfons fet two of his fliips on 
 fire. And thus he faw himfelf under a necef- 
 fity of fufpending the enterprife. This misfor- 
 tune, however, did not difcourage the admiral, 
 who ordered two others to be built on the coaft 
 of Cinaloa; and in the year 1648, failed with 
 them, accompanied by the two jefuits. He 
 took a very careful furvey of the eaftern coaft 
 of the gulf, with a view of finding a proper 
 place for fixing the principal garrifon ; but he 
 found himfelf furrounded v/ith the fame diffi- 
 culties, as had fo often rendered the utj^mpt 
 abortive, tbc drynefs and fterility of the coun- 
 try. 
 
 fo 
 
 cnrj 
 
 labd 
 
 i.v- 
 
CALIFORNIA. 19J 
 
 try. And while he was (leering from coaft 
 to coad, and from bay to bay, he received a 
 fecond order to meet the Philippine or Acapuico 
 ihip, which was always in danger from enemies, 
 who, not content with infulting the dominions 
 of the Spanilh monarchy, under its then un- 
 happy (late of diminution, weakneis, and total 
 lofs of reputation, molelled the little commerce 
 it had ii thefe feas, which its fubjefls had dif- 
 covered with fo much glory, above a century 
 pail. The admiral a fecond time brought the 
 (hip fafe into Acapuico ; and from thence went 
 to lay before the viceroy, the difficuldes at- 
 tending the conquefl of California, which for 
 that time was laid afide ; and Ihortly after, this 
 deferving officer was promoted to the govern- 
 ment of the exuberant, but poor kingdom of 
 Chili. 
 
 Philip IV. however, a little before his death, 
 which happened on the 17th of September 
 16654 had ordered the reduflion of California 
 to be again completed. And the perfon no- 
 minated to put this order in execution, was don 
 Bernardo Bernal de Pinadero, but under certain 
 conditions, both the treafury and nation being 
 exhaufted, notwithftanding the importation of 
 fo many millions, which had only ferved to 
 enrich the other parts of Europe. But Mexico 
 labouring under that fatal languor, which had 
 
 Vol. I. O pervaded 
 
m ' 
 
 194 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 pervaded the whole body of the Spanifh monar* 
 ehy, two fmall vcflels, built in the Valle de Ven- 
 deras, wtre not ready for the expedition till the 
 year. 16^4, when the voyage took place, and 
 the fhips being arrived at California, their whole 
 car6 and employment was to purchafe and H(h 
 for pearls $ compelling with tlie mofl barbarous 
 violehce, the poor Californians to comply with 
 their demands. As this avarice and cruelty 
 little contributed to the Capital intention of their 
 voyage, fo it became, in fome meafure, its own 
 punilhmenti for the quarrels among the Spa- 
 niards, with regard to the riches they had 
 found, were carried to fuch extremity that fe- 
 veral were killed and wounded, and the admiral, 
 to avoid farther confufion, having procured a 
 large quantity of pearls, returned to New Spain. 
 He however met with a cold reception from the 
 government, and the affair having been debated 
 in the council of the Indies, the queen mother, 
 then regent, during the minority of Charles II. 
 fent orders, that admiral Pinadero Ihould be 
 obliged, conformable to the treaty made with 
 the king, to attempt another defcent. The 
 admiral was not averfe to this, and accordingly 
 in two (hips built at Chacala, he failed on ano- 
 ther expedition in the year 1667. Father Kino 
 mentions it, but all he fays, is, that it mif- 
 carried like all the former. 
 - . Nor 
 
CALIFORNIA. 195 
 
 Nor was fortune more favourable to captain 
 JFrancifco Luzenilla, who, in the following year 
 1668, obtained a licence for an expedition at 
 his own expence, with two fliips accompanied 
 by two Francifcans, Juan Cavallero Carranco, 
 and Juan Baptifta Ramirez. He arrived at 
 cape San Lucas, and proceeded to make a fet- 
 tlement at Puerto de la Paz, where the religious 
 employed their zeal for the converfion of the 
 natives; but the difficulties were infuperable, 
 fo that the captain was obliged to abandon his 
 new fettlement. He next failed to a bay 
 near the river Hiaqui : from whence the reli- 
 gious, that their miflion might not be entirely 
 fruitlefs, penetrated up the country as far as the 
 province of Nayaret, where they fpent fome 
 time in propagating the chriftian religion 
 among its favage inhabitants; the care of 
 whom, the fociety of jefuits undertook fome 
 years after. 
 
 Nor 
 
 SECT. V. 
 
 The laft expeditions to California, till 
 the end of the reign of Charles II. 
 
 During the firft year of the reign and mino- 
 rity of Charles II. no other expeditions were 
 undertaken to California than thofe we have 
 already mentioned ; but the inhabitants of the 
 
 O 2 coaft 
 
 t:- 
 
11 : 
 
 S'l ' 
 
 ig6 HISTORY OF 
 
 coaft of Culiacan, Cinaloa, Yaqui, Mayo, and 
 New Bifcay, were continually going over in 
 little barks, to the eaftern coall, to procure 
 pearls, either by barter or fifhing. In the mean 
 time, the necefllty of making a fettlement on 
 the coaft of California, after a long deliberation 
 in the council of the Indies, was determined, 
 and inftnidions fent on the 26th of February 
 1677,. to don Francis Payo Enriqucz de Rivera, 
 archbifhop of Mexico, and viceroy of Ncvy 
 Spain, that admiral Pinadero fhould be again 
 employed in the conqueft of that country, on 
 his giving fecurity for performing all the articles 
 that fhould be agreed on : and that if he de- 
 clined it, the offer fhould be made to any perfon 
 that would undertake it at his ewn expence : 
 and laflly, if no other method could be difco- 
 vered, it fhould be done at the expence of the 
 crown. The entcrprife fell to admiral don 
 Ifedro Otondo and Antillion, who figned tn 
 inftrument for that purpofe in December 
 1678, and which was approved at Madrid, by 
 a warrant of the 29th of December 1 679, con- 
 ferring the fpiritual government on the jefuits, 
 and father F.ufebio Francifco Kino. On the 
 receipt of his majefty's approbation, the admiral 
 began his preparations, and put to fea from 
 Chacala, on the 1 8th of May 1683, above fix 
 years fince his majefVy's firft warrant : and in 
 I fourteen 
 
I 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 197 
 
 fourteen days came to Puerto de la Paz. He 
 had with him two fhips, very well provided 
 with all kinds of (lores, and above one hundred 
 men, three of whom were father Kino as fu- 
 peror of the million, and the fathers Juan 
 Baptifta Copart, and Pedro Matthias Goni. 
 They were to be followed by a bilander, with 
 providons and other (lores j but after feveral 
 difappointments, (he wandered a long time about 
 the gulf, without ever getting light of the Ihips. 
 The admiral and his men continued aboard 
 five day;;, without feeing any Indians as they 
 expelled, on which, at lad they landed ; but 
 on their beginning to form a garrifon, they dif- 
 covered the natives armed, and disfigured with 
 variety of colours, to (Irike the greater terror ; 
 but feeing a large number of people, they halted 
 and made threatening gefturcs, intimating that 
 the Spaniards (hould quit the coad. This pro- 
 ceeded from the abufes their good nature had 
 fuffercd from other Spaniards, who had landed 
 there. The foldiers drew up, and the milTio- 
 naries went without any attendants towards 
 them, with a great number of little prefents, 
 and fome provifions, intimating by figns, that 
 they came peaceably. They gave them the 
 prefents, which the Indians threw on the ground. 
 But while the fathers were returning, the In«- 
 iiians began to eat what they had at firft thrown 
 
 O 3 away 
 
i! 
 
 198 HISTORY OF 
 
 away with difdain, and immediately haftcned 
 after the fathers, begging for more j and even 
 ivithout any fear or fufpicion, followed them 
 into the garrifon among the foldiers, where they 
 were fo kindly entertained, that they went 
 away to their rancherias highly plcafed, fo trac- 
 table and unfufpedling are all thefe poor Indians 
 in general. The like happened to another 
 company of them, which came two days after 
 to the Spanifh camp, and were kindly enter- 
 tained by admiral Otondo, who came to fhew 
 them an experiment of the force of fire-arms, 
 defiring eight of the moft robuft of them, to 
 fhoot their arrows againft one of the leathern 
 targets which the foldiers carried : which they 
 did, but could not penetrate it. Whereas a 
 mufket ball fired off before them, made its way 
 through three targets placed clofe together. 
 At this, they (howed the greateft aftonilhment. 
 It alfo infpired them with fuch terror, that the 
 Spaniards were under little apprehenfions of any 
 infults. A church was immediately raifed, to- 
 gether with fome huts, compofed of branches 
 of trees. And the admiral having fent a vefTel 
 to Rio Hiaqui for provifions, began to fend 
 parties up the country. 
 
 The firft directed their way to the fouth weft: 
 of la Paz, as the Indians called Guaycuros 
 came down from thence to the garrifon, but 
 
 always 
 
CALIFORNIA. 199 
 
 Always armed, and never bringing with them 
 their wives or children. And at length became 
 fo tired of their guefts, that they more than 
 once ordered them to be gone, and leave their 
 country. But notwithftanding this, the admiral 
 with don Francifco Pereda, captain of the ad- 
 miral's (hip and other officers, together with 
 father Kino and Jofeph dc Guijofa, went up the 
 country efcorted by a party of twenty-five fol- 
 diers, fome labourers going before, to make 
 a way through the fored, the paths being only 
 paflUble by the naked Indians. After march- 
 ing fe ven leagues with great difficulty,they came to 
 a plain, on which they faw rancherias of the 
 Indians, who immediately endeavoured to con- 
 ceal their wives and children : and in order to 
 this, fome of them came out to receive the 
 Spaniards and amufe them, telling them that 
 the aguage or watering place was not there % 
 but when their families were fecured, they 
 would fhow it. The Spaniards fpent the night 
 there, regaling the Indians, and (hewing them 
 all poflible marks of kindnefs. But they ftill 
 kept their weapons in their hands, nor did the 
 chriftians forget the precautions, necefTary to 
 be obferved in an enemy's country. The next 
 day, feeing the impofllbity of going further up 
 the country, on account of its ruggednefs, and 
 the want of water and providons, the party re- 
 . :j O 4 turned 
 

 200 H r S T O R Y O F 
 
 turned to the garrifon. It was apprehended, 
 that nothing but the fear of thofe Indians 
 who had behaved peaceably towards us, re* 
 ftrained thefe from falling upon our men. The 
 grounds for this fufpicion were, a caution they 
 ufed, when they faw the Spaniards at their 
 rancherias, having fecretly fent twelve of the 
 fwifteil, with a captain to the garrifon ; from 
 whence they returned in a few hours, and very 
 fortunately, without any caufe of complaint from 
 the commander, or any of his company. The 
 fecond company went towards the Eaft, headed 
 by father Goni, but with much piore fatigue 
 and danger, this part being fuller of rocks and 
 precipices. In a narrow valley they found ano- 
 ther nation of Indians, called Coras, very mild 
 and communicative. And after fome reciprocal 
 marks of kindnefs, they frequently came to the 
 garrifon, and with fo little fufpicion, that they 
 often lay among the foldiers. 
 
 The Guaycuros were of as different a difpor 
 fitiop, openly llicwing their difcontent. And 
 went fo far 9s to threaten our men, that if they 
 did not leave their country, their whole nation 
 would unite to extirpate them. The Spaniards 
 bore thefe infults patiently, hoping by a cour- 
 teoijs behaviour, to infpire them with better 
 fentiments, and overcome the oppofition they 
 m^de againft a fettlement. But at lafl: on the 
 
 6th 
 
 I 
 
CALIFORNIA. 201 
 
 6th of June, they came on a fudden divided 
 into two companies, and after calling out to 
 the Spaniards to be gone, they attacked the 
 intrench ments. Thefe were on the point of 
 difcharging a padcrero, which would certainly 
 have killed feveral of them, but happily ob(er'> 
 ved that the admiral was advanced beyond the 
 lines : and indeed with an intrepidity which 
 aflonifhed his men, he hadened up to the mol^ 
 advanced company, and fpeaking to the captain 
 in aloud fierce manner, accompanied with gef- 
 tures of refentment, the Indian leader was quite 
 confounded, and the two croops quietly return- 
 ed to their rancherias. Ac this the Guaycuros 
 began again to frequent the garrifon, though 
 always with feme apprehenfion. But a lingular 
 accident of no great importance, and a falfe 
 account too eafiiy believed, occalioned a veiy 
 unhappy rupture. - 
 
 A mulatto boy belonging to the camp, being 
 mifling, it was at Hrfl: believed, that he had 
 withdrawn himfelf among fome of the Guay* 
 euros, in order to remain with them. In a 
 little time a report, the rife of which was never 
 known, fpread itfelf among the foldiers and the 
 people of the garrifon, that the Guaycuros had 
 murdered the boy. And this report was the 
 more eafiiy believed and magnified, from the 
 /egr which many had of the Guaycuros -, and it 
 
 was 
 
 
ftoi H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 was raid that fome of the Coras knew it lo be 
 fa<5t. The misfortune was, that not one perfon 
 underllood the Guaycuros language ; and only 
 one foldier had a flight knowledge of that of the 
 Coras. The admiral judging it would be dan- 
 gerous to fuffer fuch audacious attempts, or* 
 dered when the Guaycuros came to the garrifon, 
 that their captain fliould be confined. This the 
 Indians fo highly refented, that the following 
 days they came in feveral companies to demand 
 his liberty; infifting at the fame time, with 
 many menaces, that the Spaniards fliould leave 
 their country. But feeing that all their mea- 
 fures had no cffeft, they determined to unite 
 their forces, and fall upon the Spaniards unex- 
 ipefledly. This refolution being formed, they 
 invited the Coras, though their enemies, to 
 join in a caufe, which they reprefented as com- 
 mon to both nations. But the Coras, though 
 they offered their afllfl:ance, chofe rather to be 
 faithful to the Spaniards, on whofe afliftance 
 againfl: the Guaycuros, they placed great con- 
 fidence, than deprive themfelves of fo unex- 
 pefted a proteftion, againfl: the frequent de- 
 predations and violences of the Guaycuros. 
 And accordingly, by means of this foldier, they 
 informed them of the plot, and the blow intend- 
 ed to be given them on the ift of July. The 
 admiral ordered the ceniries to be doubled ; a 
 
 paderero 
 

 CALIFORNIA. 203 
 
 |«der€ro ro be placed on the fide where the In- 
 dians udd to come down, and the people 
 acquainted with their bloody defign. But 
 fuch was the alarm and dejection, that he well 
 tinderftood he had not with him many of ihofc 
 brave men, who had fubdued America. The 
 garrifon was ftruclc with confternation ; and 
 whatever the admiral, captains, and the fathers 
 could fay co animate the people, noticing was 
 heard but cries nnd lamentations, as if they 
 were every one to fall viibims to the rage of the 
 Indians. This fcandalous cowardice of his 
 men, threw the admiral into greater perplexity, 
 than if whole armies of Californians had appear- 
 ed againft them. The dny appointed came, 
 and the Indians fliewed themfelves to the num- 
 ber of fourteen or fifteen hundred, coming 
 confufedly from the foreft. They flopped ott 
 the acclivity, as if they waited for fuch of their 
 companions as were not in fight : and our peo-^ 
 pie concluded, that their intention was to dravr 
 •them from the garrifon, and attack th6m in 
 the open field. But they remained quiet, and 
 the Indians advanced towards the garrifon. 
 When they came within a proper diftance, the 
 padcrero was fired, and killed ten or twelve, 
 befides wounding others, fo that they immedi- 
 ately, together with thofe who lay concealed in 
 %ht forcfV, fled precipitately to their rancherias. 
 
 Providence, 
 
204 HISTORY OF 
 
 Providence, however, permitted that this ill 
 advifed refolutlon of the admiral, or the leading 
 men in his fquadron, (hould fall upon their own 
 heads. For fo far was the llaughter of thefe 
 innocent Indians, from removing the confter- 
 nation of the garrifon, that it became a kind of 
 pannick, from a notion that all the natives of 
 California would fall upon them, and take a 
 dreadful revenge for the death of their country- 
 men. Another caufe of difcontent, was, that 
 they had already been three months in the bay, 
 without any advantage to compenfate for the 
 great hardihips they had fufFered. Befides, of the 
 httle proviHons remaining, the greateft part 
 was damaged and rotten. The fhip which had 
 been ient for provilions to the river Hiaqui, 
 though not above eighty leagues diftant, not 
 having been heard of for two months, was gi- 
 ven over for loft. The difcontent and affliftion 
 of many, grew to fuch a height, that they came 
 liKe people in an agony, lamenting and calling 
 tp the admiral, that he would carry them from 
 there, even though he left them in the neigh- 
 bouring iflands. The admiral might well have 
 feared fome plot againft his perfon, had not a 
 difagreeable experience made him eafy on that 
 account, for he well knew they wanted courage. 
 He endeavoured to appeafe them by motives 
 pf honour, and hopes of relief from the other 
 
 a 
 hi 
 
 nr 
 
CALIFORNIA. S05 
 
 fhip *, but thefe making no imprefllon, he found 
 himfelf obliged to prepare for a reimbarkation ; 
 and left Puerto de la Paz, on the 14th of July. 
 iit (laid fome time among the neighbouring 
 idands, with an intent of returning to la Paz, 
 if the other fhip and the bilander came in time. 
 The fhip had immediately on its arrival at 
 Hiaqui, been fupplied by the mifTionaries ; and 
 putting to fea, came three times in fight of Ca- 
 lifornia, without being able to reach the fhore ; 
 and was three times obliged, amidft very ftormy 
 >^^eather, to put back to the river Hiaqui. 
 The third time they got intelligence by fome 
 pearl boats, that the admiral was failing for 
 cape San Lucas, on which they endeavoured to 
 meet him. From this cape, the admiral rer- 
 folved to return to Cinaloa for a fupply of pro- 
 vifions, and to attempt a fecond landing in a 
 higher latitude, where he was informed the 
 country was more convenient, and the In- 
 dians of a more friendly difpofition. 
 
 Accordingly, having in Hiaqui harbour fold 
 a great part of his effedts, and even pledged 
 his plate and furniture, in order to purchafe 
 (lores, he failed again for California ; and, on 
 the 6th of Oftober, came to an anchor in 
 twenty-fix degrees and half latitude, in a large 
 bay, which he called San Bruno, being the an- 
 niverfary feflival of that faint. The very fame 
 
 day, 
 
 •: 
 
 i 
 
4o6 HISTORYOI. 
 
 day, with three miflionaries and fome foldiers* 
 he went in queft of water, which he found 
 at the diftance of half a league ; fo that the fi- 
 tuation being approved of, and the Indians 
 traftable and friendly, on the thirddayagarrifon 
 was formed^ and immediately a church with 
 fome cottages were began. He now difpatched 
 thcfmaHcrfh?ps for provifions and letters to the 
 viceroy, giving him an accountof his proceed- 
 ings, and defining a fupply of money, both 
 which he obtained, and again took pofTefilon 
 of California, in his majefty*s name, with the 
 ufuftl ceremonies, an ad often performed with 
 more pomp than advantage. After thefe ce- 
 remonies, and being attended by the fathers, 
 he made his firft progrefs up the country, in 
 December of the fame year 1683, to beyond 
 twenty -five degrees weftward ; treating all the 
 Indians as he met, with the utmoft kindnefs, 
 and inviting them to the garrifon. The fecond 
 progrefs was towards the fame quarter, but 
 with a defign of reaching the oppofite coaft on 
 the South fea. After three days travelling, 
 they came to a mountain which they were 
 obliged to afcend on foot, with great fatigue. 
 On the fummit they found a wide plain, feveral 
 leagues in extent, and on it fome rancherias, 
 which had been forfaken by the natives. Near 
 a pond of rain water, they were met by feven- 
 
 teen 
 
CALIFORNIA. 207 
 
 teen Indians, who, in token of their peaceable 
 intentions, threw away their bows and arrows. 
 The miflionaries, by figns and fome words they 
 had already learned of their language, paid 
 them their compliments, and invited them to 
 the garrifon of San Bruno. They enquired of 
 them the diftance to the South fea •, and were 
 informed that not far off was a fmall river run- 
 ning into it. But though they went forward^ 
 along a very rugged country, from mountain 
 to mountain, they were ftill difappointed with 
 regard to difcovering the South fea ; and were 
 obliged to return to the garrifon, after a very 
 toilfome journey of fifty leagues, by unavoida- 
 ble circumvolutions, in a country full of prei 
 cipices, and without any known road. For 
 the diftance betwixt fea and fea, in a direffc line^ 
 is not lefs than 50 leagues. > 
 
 In thefe and the like landings and progrefleS, 
 the admiral fpent above a year, the fathers in 
 the mean time, diligently applied themfelves 
 to learn the two languages which are fpoken in 
 that country. When they had attained a tolC"* 
 rable knowledge of thefe tongues, they tran<» 
 Hated into it the chief articles of the chriftian 
 doftrine. But what put them to the greateft 
 trouble in this, was, to find fome Indian words 
 to exprefs this article, he arofe from the dead. 
 Here it was neceflary to have rccourfe to in« 
 
 vention. 
 
 

 208 HISTORYOF 
 
 vcndon, of which ncccffity is juftly ftiled th<J 
 mother : and according to fatne r Kitio's letter, 
 to his mailer father Henry Scherer, it was the 
 following. They took feme Hies, and in pre- 
 ience of the Indians, put them under water 
 that they were thought to be dead : but on plac- 
 ing them among fome afhes, and expofmg them 
 to the rays of the fun, the vital faculties of the 
 flies were recovered, and foon came again to 
 life. The Indians in a rapture of aftonifhment, 
 cried out, Ibimuhueite! Ibimuhueite! Thefe 
 words the fathers wrote down, and making 
 further enquiry, they applied it to impprt the 
 refurredtion of our Saviour, and of the dead, 
 being in want of a better word for explaining 
 our myfteries to thefe people. Having now 
 drawn up a catechifm, they applied themfelves 
 entirely to the inftruflion of the Indians, efpe- 
 cially the children. They foon, by the help of 
 feveral inventives, learned the heads of our 
 do£l:rine, in their own language, and in Spaniih; 
 and every day kneeling, and with their hands 
 joined, they repeated it in the form of a prayer 
 with the fathers. From being fcholars, they 
 became the mailers of their parents and relations; 
 and though of an age, naturally improper for 
 fuch an ofHce, they proved fuccefsful catechifts. 
 By tbefe means, feconded with the indefatiga- 
 ble labour of the fathers, they had the pleafure 
 
 of 
 
] 
 
 ' t 
 
 jre 
 of 
 
 C A L 1 F O R NM A. , 5^09 
 
 bf feeing in that year above four hundred adult 
 catechumens prepared for baptifm. But the fa- 
 thers, who were always fearful for the fucceft 
 bf the enterprife, did not baptize aiiy, unlefs at 
 the point of death. Thirteen according to fa- 
 ther Kino, were baptised in this mlhner, three 
 of whom recovered ; arid with the content of 
 their parents, the admiral brought them away, 
 and delivered them to the bifhop of Guadalaxara, 
 \vho received them with the greateft marks of 
 affedion. The fathers were pleafing themfelves 
 with the docility of the Indians, and their wil- 
 lingnefs to embrace the tenets of the chriftian 
 religion *, but the admiral was far from finding 
 the fame fatisfadtion in the country, of which he 
 had received fuch promifing information •, for 
 Experience had convinced him, that it would be 
 very difficult to maintain a fettlement in that 
 place. He therefore gave orders to the captain 
 of his leaft Ihip, to take a careful furvey of the 
 coaft on the north fide, in order to Bnd out a 
 more convenient fituation j accordingly he went 
 among the Indians, who dive for pearls, the 
 placeres or pearl beds being much fcarccr in this 
 place than in la Paz, uling all pofTible expedition 
 in the execution of thefe orders i both on ac- 
 count of the difpatches, received from the 
 viceroy, requiring an account of his proceedings, 
 and like wife a reprefentation delivered to him 
 YoL. I. P by 
 
2/q historyof 
 
 by the foldiers, and figned with their names, 
 fetting forth their hardfhips an4 ficknefTes, oc- 
 cafioned by the bad quality of the foil and 
 climate. In order to comply with both, he 
 called a council of the officers and miflionaries, 
 and requiring that each fhouljd fign his opinion, 
 that of the majority of the officers, was for 
 quitting the garrifon of San Bruno, as an un- 
 wholfome barren country. The fathers moved 
 for ftaying fome time : for no rain having fallen 
 for eighteen months, a competent judgment 
 could not be formed of the country, from the 
 time they had continued thc;re. The admiral 
 to thefe opinions, added his own, informing the 
 viceroy likewife, of the inftruAions he had 
 given to the Capitana or Ijnaller fhip ; and of 
 what he intended to do. The fick wer? put on 
 board a fhip, and with thpm l^e failed to the 
 f oaft of Cinaloa, fending away a packet to the 
 viceroy ; and having again furniffied his (hip, 
 went on the difcovery of pearl beds ; till in Sep-: 
 Cember 16S5, being in the harbour of Saiii 
 Ignatio, he received the refolution, taken by 
 the viceroy in a general council, by which he 
 was ordered, that after fuch vaft expences, he 
 fhould not attempt a fettlement in any other 
 part i only taking care, if poffible, to mainr 
 tain what he had conquered, and wait the fur 
 ture refult of the difcoverics, The Capitana, 
 
 . i)Ot 
 
CALIFORNIA. 211 
 
 not finding what flie was fent in que ft of, after 
 great difficulties returned to San Bruno. Not long 
 before the admiral had put into tliis harbour, 
 but in a few days, the garrifon wanting provi- 
 fions, and the obfl:ru6tions to that fettlement, 
 of which he was fo very defirous, being unfur- 
 mountable, he embarked all the people, toge- 
 ther with the miflionaries and the three Califor- 
 nians, and failed to the harbour of Matanchel, 
 whence he fent advice to the viceroy of his 
 arrival. Here he received orders to put tofea. 
 immediately, and take under his convoy the 
 Philippine fliip, which he fortunately met with 
 twoor three days after he had failed, and brought 
 h ?r fafe to Acapulco, to the difappointmeht of 
 fome Dutch privateers, who were waiting for 
 her along the coaft of Navidad. - 
 
 Hence he want to Mexico, where he gave 
 an account to the viceroy, and the miniftry, of 
 the fcveral obfcrVations, difcoveries, and inci- 
 dents^ in his fruitlefs expedition ; in which, be^ 
 fides the wafte of three years, were expended 
 two hundred and twenty-five thoufand crowns 
 of the royal revenue. The viceroy gave orders 
 for the examination of the whole affair, in a 
 general council ; and after a mature deliberation 
 on all the difficulties, it was refolved, that the 
 conqueft of California was impradlicable by 
 thofe means i that howeyer, the reduction of 
 - . . Pa itj 
 
212 HISTORYOF 
 
 ir, fliould be fecomitiended to the fociety of 
 
 the jefuits, with an offer of the necellary fums, 
 
 to be paid annually out of the king's treafury. 
 
 Accordingly in the council, held on the nth 
 
 of April 1686, the treafurer of the audience, 
 
 admiral Otondo and father Kino, were ordered 
 
 to make an ellimatc of the necelTary fums, and 
 
 that the faid treafurer, (hould go with the pro^ 
 
 pofal to father Daniel Angelo Marras, vice- 
 
 provinciaU father Bernabe de Soto the provincial, 
 
 being abfent on the vilitation. The treafurer 
 
 delivered a draught of the offer to father Marres, 
 
 who with the unanimous opinion of the chapter, 
 
 convened on the occafion, anfwered, that 
 
 the fociety entertained the mod grateful fenfb 
 
 of the honour done them in that confidence ; 
 
 but faw very great inconveniences in taking 
 
 upon themfelves the temporal concerns of fuch 
 
 a conqueft in the manner expreffed ; yet fhould 
 
 be always ready to fupply necelTary mifTionaries, 
 
 as they had done in the preceding expeditions. 
 
 The treafurer, purfuant to frelh orders from the 
 
 council, repeated his inft^ces ; but the fociety 
 
 could not be brought to recede from their firft 
 
 opinion. ... .... 
 
 On this dlfappointment, the royal council 
 were fo perfuaded of the impradlicability of the 
 conqued by the ufual means, that the petition 
 of captain Franclfco Luaenilla, for licence to 
 
 attempt 
 
CALIFORNIA. 213 
 
 attempt it at his own cxpence, with a fmall al- 
 lowance from the king, was rejefted. However, 
 the difHcuIty added new ardour and defire for 
 the enterprife. The fame political and religious 
 motives fubfifted, and frelh orders and proofs 
 of the king's pleafure, came over from Spain. 
 Thus after an exadb calculation of tneexpences, 
 it was found that it would require no lefs than 
 thirty thoufand crowns per annum, the treafu- 
 rer affirming in his memorial of the 14th of 
 March, that this expence was unavoidable, the 
 calculation having been made with all poHible 
 frugality. Accordingly the faid fum was or- 
 dered to be advanced to admiral Otondo, to 
 enable him to make a third attempt. Thus 
 the concerns of the conqueft were now as it 
 were received, when in the very week that the 
 monies were to be paid to the admiral, letters 
 came from Spain, in which the king required 
 live hundred thoufand crowns, though raifed by 
 k)an, together with a fchedule of the 2 2d of 
 December 1685, directing that the enterprife to 
 California fhould be laid afide, during the con- 
 tinuance of the war with the Tarrahumares. 
 Thus a period was put to the expedition, and 
 though the revolt of the 1 arrahumares was 
 foon after quelled, yet the conqueft. of Califor- 
 nia at the royal expence, was no longer 
 thought of. Indeed in the year 1 694, a licence 
 
 J* 3 was 
 
 \U-} ' 
 
214 H I S T O R Y O F, ^c, 
 
 was granted to captain Francifco Itamarr^, for 
 making a defcent at his own expence. ^ut he 
 had no better fuccefs than his predeceiTors, re- 
 turning with an account, that the Indians of 
 San Bruno and their neighbours, were very 
 urgent for the mifllonaries to be fent them ac- 
 cording to promife. Such was the ilTue of fo 
 many expeditions, carried on at fuch an im- 
 menfe charge, for tlie f^ce of near two ceu- 
 pries. 
 
 •h 
 
-lii^^ ... 
 
 ,'. ;^.•;;y 
 
 \i < .. ', / lii V , 
 
 NATURAL and CIVIL ^ 
 
 HISTORY 
 
 •-- .^;ii:.' ■■ •-•• OF . ', .,/ 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 
 
 -*- -^ ^- ■»■ *■ ■*- '^ ■*■ -♦- -*- -*- ■*- -*- -♦- -*- -•- -*• -*- -* ■ .*. .»- -*. .*. ..*. -*- .» - -*- -*- -•■ -*. -*- -*• -*■ -*■ -*' '*' -*■ -*■ -*- 
 
 PART III. 
 
 Redudion of C a l i f o r n i a by the 
 
 jefuits and their tranfadbions, to the 
 
 prefent time. , 
 
 S ^ C T. L 
 
 Firft entrance into California, by father 
 Juan Maria de Salva-Tierra, in the year 
 
 1697. 
 
 .::%■ 
 
 »- <j,; iu 
 
 WE have feen the ardour with which the 
 conqueft of California was profecu- 
 ted, for the fpace of two centuries, 
 fince the difcovery and conquefl: of New Spain } 
 and at the fame time, the very little advantage 
 of fuch a feries of expeditions. The great con- 
 f|ueror Hernand Cortes, feveral times employed 
 
 P 4 on 
 
2i6 HISTORY OF 
 
 on it, the whole force he could raife. His exam-f 
 pie ftimulated many private perlbns; governors, 
 admirals, and viceroys, erqbarked in it on their 
 own bottoms. At laft the kings of Spain them- 
 felves, took the fcheme into their hapds ; yet 
 all the refull; of fuch vaft e^fpences, fuch powerful 
 efforts, was, that the reduction of California was 
 given over as unfurmountable : and fo indeed 
 it was by the means made ufe of by men, bqt 
 not by thofe which God had chofen. Arms and 
 power were the means on which men relied, for 
 the fuccefs of this enterprife. But it was the 
 will of heaven, that this triumph fhould be ow- 
 ing to the meeknefs and courtefy of his minifters, 
 to the hunniliation of his crofs, and the power 
 of his word. God feemed only to wait till 
 human force acknowledged its weaknefs, to 
 difplay the ftrength of his Almighty arm, con-* 
 founding the pride of the world, by means of 
 the weakeft inftruments ; polFibly God was not 
 pleafed to countenance the Hrft enterprifes on 
 California, whilfl the capital objedl was tempo- 
 ral good, and religion oiily a fecondary motive. 
 And on ti:e contrary, he profpered the defign, 
 when his kingdom was the motive, and the ad- 
 vantage of the monarchy only confidered 
 ^s a probable confcquence. •-' 
 
 The conferences at Mexico being broke up, 
 ^nd thQ door ^ut by the king's order, to all 
 
 further* 
 
CALIFORNIA. 217 
 
 ftirther cnterprifes on California, the fathers 
 ivho had accompanied admiral Otondo, were 
 diftributed to other mifllons : yet continued full 
 of folicitude for reaping that plentiful harveft, 
 which they had feen in California, fo ripe for 
 the fickle of the gofpel ; particularly father 
 Eufebio Francifco Kino, had the conqueft very 
 much at heart, and it did not appear fo dilHcult 
 to him as to others. This father, purfuant to 
 a vow made at the point of death, to faint 
 Francis Xavier, had quitted the profeflbrfhip 
 of mathematicks at Ingoldftadt, where he was 
 nnoured with particular favours from the elec- 
 i. houfe of Bavaria, and come over to 
 iimerica. As he had propofed to himfelf this 
 holy apoftle for his model, he imitated his vir- 
 tues, and all the other qualities of his feraphick 
 mind. He had a heart equal to the greatefl: 
 enterprifes : his zeal was indefatigable, the ad- 
 vancement of his faith was his chief thought : 
 his capacity accommodated itfelf to all circum- 
 ftances ; and in all, he found refources beyond 
 the reach of others. His confummate know- 
 ledge in the ufeful fciences, as they animated 
 him to undertake, fo they were of fpecial ufe to 
 him in the execution. His liberality and fweet- 
 nefs of manners, procured him an abfolute 
 afcendancy over the hearts of all ; even the mod; 
 favage were never known to revolt againfl his 
 
 perfuafionsj, 
 
 f''4 
 
2i8 HISTORY OF 
 
 perfuaHons, which he delivered with fuch a 
 jnildnefs and cordiality, as gained him their 
 entire confidence. It was a man like this, which 
 the conquefl: of California required. However, 
 though it was undertaken by his advice, and he 
 fuf^orced it, yet he was not the perfon chofen 
 by heaven i but another who very nearly re* 
 fembled him in his fine qualities. Father Kino 
 defired to be appointed for the millions of So- 
 nora, hoping from that province, as contiguous 
 to California, the gulf of which waOies its coafts, 
 to accomplilh an entrance into it, and in pro- 
 cefsoftime, the reduction of itt - > 
 
 With this view, he left Mexico the 20th of 
 Oftober 1686, and travelled all over the coun- 
 try, to inflame the minds of the miflionary 
 jefuits, with the moft ardent defires of fecond- 
 mg fo gloi ious an enterprife. He himfelf had 
 alked permiflion of the father general , for ma- 
 king this journey ; and father FranciCco Maria 
 Piccolo, and father Francifco Xavier Saeta, who 
 a little after had the happinefs of fuffering mar- 
 tyrdom at Pimeria> had alfo requefted the like 
 indulgence.. About this time father Juan Ma- 
 ria Siuva-Tierra, who for many years had 
 diftinguifhed himfelf as a miflionary, in the pro- 
 vince of Tarrahumara, returned as vifitant to 
 the mifiions of Cinaloa and Sonora. In this lafl; 
 government, he was met by father Kino, on his 
 
 entrance 
 
CALIFORNIA. 219 
 
 >tDtrance into the miflions of Pitneria, adjacent 
 to the pagan Apaches, which father Kino was 
 enlarging with a fuccefs equal to his afllduity and 
 laboui;. There could not be a more proper perfon 
 than father SalvarTierra, who came nearer to the 
 ardour, fweetnefsjandbenevolentdifpontionoffa- 
 ther Kino •, and h^ was the perfon whom God 
 had chofen to be the apoftle of California ; and 
 had furniflied him in a very extraordinary man- 
 ner, with all the talents necelTary for fuch a 
 difficult fervice. He was of a ftrong robuft con- 
 ititution, bearing fatigue and hardfhips without 
 ^ffefting his health. His judgment and pru- 
 dence had recommended him to the unanimous 
 approbation of the fociety, for the high poft 
 he had enjoyed. He was of the moft 
 endearing gentlenefs ia difcourfe ; had all the 
 intrepidity and refolution, requifite for the 
 beginning and conducting the greateft enterpri- 
 fes. The opinion of his wifdom and intelleftual 
 talents, had gained him univerfal efteem, which 
 was heightened to veneration by his chriftian 
 virtues. Such was the man whom heaven had 
 formed a chofen veffel, for introducing chrif- 
 tianity among the unhappy Californians. Du- 
 ring the vifitation, father Kino gave him a full 
 account of the good difpofition of the Califor- 
 nians, for receiving tl^e faith : and of the means 
 f^or giving a happy iflue to an enterprife, in 
 
 which 
 
1: 
 
 220 HISTORY OF 
 
 yrhich fuch efforts had been made during two 
 centuries. This they talked of when they were 
 travelling: it was the fubjeffc both of their 
 publick and private converfations ; and father 
 Kino writes " that the pious zeal of father 
 Juan Maria de Salva-Tierra was fo moving, 
 that he immediately determined to endeavour 
 by all polTible methods, to obtain admifHon 
 into California. ' ' 
 
 And this was accordingly accomplifhed by' 
 father Salva-Tierra in the following year, though 
 for the fake of brevity, we fliall omit the par- 
 ticulars of the extraordinary fervices pei-formed 
 by him, for accomplifhing this fcheme. The 
 fociety oppofed the undertaking, and three 
 provincials, AmbroHo, Oddon, Diego Almo- 
 nacir, and Juan de Palacios, repeatedly refu- 
 fed him a licence, looking upon the enterprife 
 as impoITible. The audience of Guadalaxara, 
 and the viceroy, alfo oppofed it, the treafury 
 being empty, and the affair of Otonda ftill 
 recent. In fine, it was oppofed by the court of 
 Madrid, where father Salva-Tierra*s rcprefen- 
 tations to his majefty, in his council of the 
 Indies made no impreflion. In fhort, all the 
 world declared againft the defigns of this religi- 
 ous man. At laft, however, the difficulty feem- 
 cd to be removed, and the fathers Salva-Tierra 
 find Kino, came •■ Mexico on the 8th of Ja- 
 nuary 
 
CALIFORNIA. 221 
 
 nuary 1696} one from Guadalaxara, and the 
 other from the center of the province of Pimc- 
 ria, above five hundred leagues diftant from the 
 capital. Both came to folicit permifHon for 
 going to Califorria, '<*' ' father Kino to defire 
 the addition of fc ■? m? naries, to aflif !il.' 
 in fowing the feed of the gofpel, in the many 
 nations he had vifited in that remote province. 
 They made the moft ftrenuous reprefentations, 
 for licence and proper afllftance in their enter- 
 prife to California : but it was all in vain, and 
 they found themfelves obliged to return, one 
 to his mifTion of los Pinas, and the other to the 
 care of his novices at Tepotzotlan. 
 
 But father Salva-Tierra, was not intimidated 
 by thefe powerful oppofitions, he a fecond time 
 petitioned for the father general's licence, 
 to undertake this million. That office v ;4S 
 then filled by father Tyrfo Gonzales de Santa- 
 Ella, whofe learning and writings had done 
 honour to the univerfity of Salanianca, anc) his 
 millions, which comprehended the whole king- 
 dom, had been attended with amazing benefits. 
 In the converfion of the Moors, he had labour- 
 ed with an unparalleled fuccefs : and animated 
 by the fame ardour, he promoted the mifllons 
 to the utmoft of his power, and came to Ame- 
 rica very feafonably to relieve father Salva- 
 Tierra from any farther labour, if the conquefi 
 
 iifi. 
 iff- 
 
222 t^ I S T O il Y O B 
 
 of California, was judgedprafticable at MexicOi 
 This licence arrived foon after the father had 
 left Mexico, where after a long oppofitict, his 
 fuperiors allowed him to tnak^ new preparatives 
 for the enterprife. The audience of Guadalax- 
 ara, now faw things in a very difli^rent light $ 
 and efpoufed his deligns with fuch vigour, that 
 the folicitor don Jofeph de Miranda ViHizan, 
 a man of uncommon parts, became his molt 
 adive friend, aflifting the father in every 
 thing, and aifted as his faithful c<)rrefpondent« 
 This folicitor on the i6th of July 1696, 
 ilrongly petitioned the audience, proving that 
 the expedition deferved their encouragement j 
 accordingly it was ordered that a letter fllould 
 be fent to the viceroy, reco' lending it to his 
 proteftion. The difficulties however, which 
 Hill remained very great, but not able to were 
 ftagger father Salva^Tierra. ' ^ •< '^ - 
 In the beginning of the year 1697, father 
 Salva-Tierra came from Tepotzotlan to Mexico,- 
 being now authorized by the fuperiors of his* 
 Older, to raife colledions for beginning a work, 
 in which the fleets and treafures of kings had 
 failed. Here he met with a valuable compa- 
 nion in father Juan Ugarte, profelTor of phiJo* 
 fophy in that college. This father likewife had 
 the conqueft very much at heart, and among 
 Other talentfi, he was poflefied of a Angular 
 
 addrefs, 
 
 o 
 
CALIFORNIA. 223 
 
 addrefs, in the management of temporal affairs, 
 and bringing them to the mod happy iiTue. 
 But as this conqueft of California was nor to be 
 vmdertaken, without having in Mexico an gent 
 by whofe prudence and attention, any fudden 
 diiEculties might be removed, and who would 
 take care to colle<fl and fend fuccours from time 
 to time, to the perfons engaged in it } father 
 Ugarte undertook this office, and performed it 
 with fuch fcdulity, that though he refided at 
 Mexico, he infured the fuccefs of father Salva- 
 Tierra's expedition to California. 
 
 Soon after, don Alonfo Davalos, count de 
 Mira Vallez, and don Matthco Fernandez de 
 la Cruz,, marquis de Buena- Villa, promifed the 
 focijpty two thoufand dollars, and the liberali- 
 ties of other benefactors, amounted to fifteen 
 thoufand. Don Pedro de la Sicrpe, treafurerof 
 Acapulco, offered to lend a galliot for carry- 
 ing them over, adding a long boat, ae a gift. 
 But as the conquefl was dill on nO fure foun- 
 dation for want of funds to produce an annual 
 revenue, the congregation of the Nueftra Sen- 
 nora de lojs Dolores of Mexico, founded in the 
 college of faint Peter and faint Paul, gave eight 
 thoufand dollars, as a fund for one mifTion, to 
 which they afterwards added two thoufand more, 
 an annual income of five hundred dollars being 
 cp;nj)utedthe loweft that could be allowed each 
 
 miffion. 
 
224 llIStORYOF 
 
 miflion, as lying in a country, which bcfidel 
 being at a great diftance, and on the fide of the 
 Tea, was in want of every thing. Further doii 
 Juan Cavalero y Ozio, prieft of the city o^ 
 Queretaro, commifTary of the inquifition, a man 
 of great weahh, but of equal munificence, fub- 
 fcribed twenty thoufand crowns, as a fund for 
 two other mifTions, and afTured father Salva- 
 Tierra that he would honour whatever bills 
 came to his hands figned by him. Such pro- 
 mifing beginnings, Animated the fathers to ap- 
 ply for a licence from the viceroy, count de 
 Motezuma, a nobleman whofe memory New- 
 Spain ought never to forget. The father pro- 
 vincial Juan de Palacios, addrefled him in a 
 very elegant and judicious memorial. Ht met 
 with great difficulties in the royal council, till 
 after various rdprefentations, as nothing was 
 here afked of the king, and that by the treafury 
 books, admil*al OtOndo's expedition appeared 
 to have coft his majefly two hundred and 
 twenty- five thoufand four hundred dollars, the 
 licence was granted on the 5th of February 
 1627. The warrants were delivered to father 
 Juan Maria Salva-Tierra, permitting and im- 
 powering himfelf and father Kino to make an 
 entrance into California on two conditions : firft 
 not to wafte any thing belonging to the crown, 
 or draw on the treafury, without an exprefs 
 
 order 
 
 k 
 
CALIFORNIA. 425 
 
 order from the king ; and the fecond to take 
 pofleflion of the country in his majefty*s name. 
 The powers granted to them were the enlifting 
 of foldiers at their own expence for their 
 guard, appointing a commander, difcharging 
 him and the foldiers, notifying it at the fame 
 time to the viceroy : likewife that thefe (hould 
 enjoy the ufual immunities, and their fervices 
 be accounted the fame as in time of war : and 
 laftly that the fathers might appoint proper 
 pfrfons for the adminiftration of juftice In the 
 new conqueft. Father Salva-Tierra now 
 haftened his departure for Mexico, and leav- 
 ing to father Ugarte the care of colleding and 
 laying out the contributions, and fending vef- 
 fels from Acapulco to the river Hiaqui; on 
 the 7th of February he left that capital, taking 
 with him the catechifm and papers in father 
 Copart*s language ; and on his arrival at Te* 
 potzotlan, took his leave of his novices in the 
 jnoft pathetic manner, there having always 
 been the molt tender and mutual affedion be- 
 tween them. At Guadalaxara he conferred 
 with the audience and his liberal friend the fol- 
 licitor Miranda, concerning his expedition. 
 F'rom hence he went on to Cinaloa •, where he 
 gave the neceflary orders i and ufed the utmoft 
 diligence, though unhappily in vain, to find out 
 the two chriftian Californians who had been 
 Vol. I., Q^ brought 
 
 
 
 I 
 
226 n I S T O R Y OF' 
 
 brought over by the admiral Otondo. Thev 
 were (lill living; but concealed by the execra- 
 ble avarice ol a wretch who employed them in 
 his farm : an incident of the mod melancholy 
 conffquences. Here he fcnt for his chofen 
 companion father Kino ; but in the mean time 
 took a journey for vifiting his former refidence 
 in the mountains of Chinapas. He went up 
 as far as Sierra of the Tarahumara, and as he 
 was returning, pleafed with the condition in 
 which he had found thefe infant communities, 
 was informed of the infurreftion of the Indians 
 of high Tarahumara. Immediately his mind 
 was alarmed with the danger of the miflionaries 
 Nicolas de Prado, and Martin de Vinavides, 
 under whofe care this country then was, and 
 who had no other defence than the fidelity of 
 their new converts : he ventured to aflift them, 
 and with them went through a thoufand dangers 
 from the hands of the apoftates, till the Spani- 
 ards of the neighbouring garrifon came to their 
 afiiftance. Here he ftaid till the middle of Au- 
 gud i and in his return received advice that the 
 galliot had been at Hiaqiri for fome time. He 
 therefore quickened his march, and at Hiaqui 
 was informed by captain Juan Antonio Romero 
 de la Sierpe, that he had been feven months irt 
 his paflage amidft variety of dangers and bad 
 weather, rocks, and fcarcity of provifions ; as 
 '3 likewife 
 
CALIFORNIA. 227 
 
 likewifc from ihc difcoiitent of the Ihip's com- 
 pany, when ihey came to know that they were 
 not going to California to fifh for pearls, as 
 they had imagined. He (laid in this port two 
 months, both to procure a frefli fupply of pro- 
 vifions, tiiofe taken on board in New Galicia 
 not being fit for ufe, wait for fome foldicrs 
 which had been offered him, and like vife for 
 father Kino whom he had fent for. The fol- 
 diers were hindered f/om coming by the infia - 
 reftion of the Tarahunares. Father Kino im- 
 mediately fct out : but to his extreme concern 
 was detained by father Horatio Police, the 
 vifitor, and don Domingo Gironza Petris dc 
 Crufat, chief magiftrate of the province of 
 Sonora, through fear that the like rebellion, 
 would in fo critical a junfture, fpread itfelf 
 among other nations. Father Francifco Ma- 
 ria Piccolo, was therefore nominated in his 
 room : but father Salva-Tierra, apprehending 
 hew delays, determined to go to California 
 without waiting for him. Accordingly he kk 
 the harbour of Hiaqui on the loth '-t -Jdober, 
 1697. Father Salva-Tierra's military atten- 
 dants, were as peculiarly devoted to this enter- 
 prife, and confided of five fcldiers with their 
 commander i don Luis de Torres Tortolero, 
 cnfign, and firft captain of the garrifon of Ca- 
 lifornia, don Eftevan Rodrigues Lorenzo, 
 
 Q 2 who 
 
 1'.., 
 
 
■J 
 if 
 
 1 
 
 228 HISTORY OF 
 
 who afterwards was many years a captain, 
 Bartholome de Robles Figueroa, a Creol of the 
 province of Guadalaxara, Juan Caravana, a 
 Maltefe failor, Nicolas Marques, a Sicilian fai- 
 lor, and Juan, a Peruvian mulatto: bcfides 
 whom were three Indians, Francifco de Tepa- 
 hui of Cinaloa, Alonfode Guayavas of Sonora, 
 and Sebaflian of Guadalaxara. 
 
 With this fmall force the father failed for 
 California on the day above mentioned, in the 
 galliot, taking with him the long boat, which 
 loon became neceflary ; for the galliot had not 
 got above half a league from the harbour, before 
 a furious fquall of wind came on and drove 
 her afliore, where flie ftuck fall in the fand, and 
 to all appearance there was little hope of fafety. 
 However by the help of the long boat, and the 
 Ikill of the fcamen, Ihe floated with the flood, 
 and was foon out of danger. On the 3d day 
 they made California -, but the long boat being 
 leparatcd from the galliot, and at a lofs what 
 co.iIl to fteer, they touched at Conception bay, 
 30 leagues northward of Loretto. They alfa 
 took a view of the bay 'of San Bruno, where 
 Otondo had pitched his camp : but this waa 
 not approved of, as being far from the fea, 
 and affording only brackilh water, efpecially 
 as Juan Antonio Romere de la Sierpe, captain 
 of the galliot, had offered to fhew them a much 
 V. . more 
 
CALIFORNIA. 229 
 
 more convenient place, which he had feen in 
 Otondo*s expedition. This was in the bay of 
 San Dionyfio ten leagues fouth of San Bruno, 
 where the coaft forms itfelf into the (hape of a 
 jhalf moon near five leagues from point to point. 
 The country near it was covered with trees and 
 other verdure, with a fufficiency of frefh water 
 iiot far from the fliore. Here they arrived and 
 landed on Saturday the 19th of Oclober, and 
 were received with great joy and afFeftion by 
 above 50 Indians of the neighbouring ran- 
 cheria, and others from San Bruno. A conve- 
 nient fpot near a watering place- about a league 
 and a half from the (hore was tiiofen for an en- 
 campment: the provifions and animals were 
 landed together with the baggage. The father, 
 though the head of the expedition, being the 
 firft to load his flioulders. The barracks for 
 the little garrifon were now built, and a line of 
 circumvallation thrown up : in the center a tertt 
 was pitched for a temporary chapel. Before it 
 was erected a crucifix with a garhnd of flowers j 
 and every thing being difpofed in the beft man- 
 ner pofTible, the image of our lady of Loretto, 
 as patronefs of the conqueft, was brought in 
 proceflion from the galliot, and placed witl> 
 proper folemnity. Immediately afterwards, on 
 the 25th of Oftober, of the fame year 1697, 
 poiTeflion was taken of the country in his ma- 
 
 0.3 jefty's 
 
I 
 
 23Q HISTORY OF 
 
 jefly*s name. Father Sal va-Tierra now applied 
 himfelf to learn the language and inftru£t the 
 Jndians, appointing particular hours for this 
 pxercife, when the Indians came and repeated 
 the prayers, and parts of the catechifm which he 
 read to them by means of father Copart*s pa- 
 pers, after which, the father ufed to liften, and 
 write down their difcourfe in order to learn 
 the language. He talked to them and the In- 
 dians, and by that means correded his mjftakes 
 jn the words and pronunciation. He ufed fe- 
 yeral contrivances for the more fpeedy inftrudt- 
 ing the boys in the Spanifh, though not with- 
 out being laughed at by them, and the adults, 
 for his wrong pronunciation j and their banters 
 are attended with no little art and pleafantry. 
 "When all was over, he ufed to diftribute with 
 his own hands, among thofe who attended the 
 cxercifes, an allowance of pozoli or boiled 
 maiz. Thefe particulars may poflibly appear 
 trifles not worth mentioning j but let me en- 
 treat the reader to try their value in the balancp 
 pf reafon. Let him refledl what an agreeable 
 fight it muft be even in the eyes of the divine 
 Being himfelf, to fee a man who might have 
 acquired a large fortune by a fecular em- 
 ployment, and had even lived in quiet and ef- 
 teem within the order he had chofen, volunta- 
 fily banifh himfelf from his country and rela- 
 
C J^ L I F d R N I A. 231 
 
 tions, to villi America ; and wlien there, re- 
 iign his employments, and leave a tranquil 
 life for difappointments and fatigues : to live 
 among favages, amidft diftrefs and continual 
 dangers of death, without any other motive, 
 than to employ himfelfin fuch low andobfcure 
 aflions, for the converfion of the Indians. At 
 leaft, let every one afk himfelf , whether any 
 worldly intereft whatever, could induce him to 
 fuch a refolution ? and he will eafily be convin- 
 ced of the importance and dignity which thefe 
 adlions, fo contemptible in the eyes of mortals, 
 receive from the fublimity of tlie motives. 
 
 SECT. II. 
 
 Various incidents till the entrance of father 
 Francis Maria Piccolo, into California. 
 
 This fmall garrifon being now fomething 
 fettled, father Salva-Tierra fent the galliot to 
 the river Hiaqui, to bring father Piccolo with 
 fome foldiers and provifions, having ordered 
 the captain to look out by the way for the long- 
 boat. The galliot left San Dionyfio, on the 
 26th day of Oftober, and in the mean time, the 
 a6live father remained in the garrifon, perform- 
 ing the duty, not only of a miflionary and 
 father of a family, but likewife of officer and 
 foldier j iflliing proper orders, and at the moft 
 
 0^4 inconvenient 
 
 i^f 
 
2^2 HIS TO R Y O F 
 
 inconvenient hours (landing centinel, the ncr 
 ceflity of which foon appeared : for the Indians 
 liking the pozoli, orboiled maiz, and defirin^that 
 a larger allowance than iifiial, which was h f a 
 bulhel a day, fhould be given them, though they 
 did not come to the catechifm, broke our into 
 complaints, and though every gentle method 
 was tried to fatisfy them, they proceeded to 
 pilfer among the facks. Thus there was a ne- 
 (cefllty for keeping them from the garrifon, and 
 accordingly fome precautions were taken. This 
 inflamed at once their appetite and refentment : 
 and at length depending on the great fuperio- 
 rity of their number^, determined to make 
 themfelves matters of the whole, by killing the 
 father and the Spaniards. Some of better dif- 
 pofitions, reproached their countrymen for fuch 
 ingratitude and brutality, but this had little 
 eifeft. However, before breaking out into an 
 open war, they fell upon the few goats and 
 cattle which had been brought over, whilft 
 they were feeding in a kind of a clofe, which 
 had been made for that purpofe, and by their 
 motions, feemed todefignanaflault on the camp. 
 The father, though acquainted with their fickle- 
 pefs, did not difcontinue his ufual exercifes, 
 and the diftribution of the pozoli. The night 
 pf the 31ft of Odober had been pitched on for 
 a general aflfaulc. 'jThis refolution the father 
 
 was 
 
CALIFORNIA. 233 
 
 <was informed of by an Indian catique, who, 
 being fick, had requefted to be baptized, and 
 was the firft who received that xred initiation. 
 The father could not help being under great ap- 
 prehenfions, though he hoped every thing from 
 providence, who he knew, in fome extraordi- 
 nary manner, would work his deliverance. At 
 midnight they heard a mulket Ihot, which was 
 anfwered by another from the camp. Imme- 
 diately after, a paderero was fired from the fea. 
 The camp alfo fired another, which had been 
 left by the captain of the galliot. On which, 
 the Indians of the neareft rancheria and others, 
 who were coming to the attack, were feized 
 with a terrible pannick : for our men thinking 
 it was the long-boat that was loft, called out 
 by means of fome Indian friend, who was 
 among them, that they were Spaniards coming 
 to their afliftance. In the morning, they faw 
 a veflel near the neighbouring ifland del Carmen, 
 but inftead of ftanding in for the (hore, made 
 for the ifland of Coronados : on which, a fca- 
 man was fent off on a bargiila or fmall raft, 
 who brought a note from don Juan, the cap- 
 tain of the galliot, the contents of which was, 
 that having been on the other coaft, fix leagues 
 to leeward of Hiaqui, the bad weather had obli- 
 ged him to come over to the coaft of California, 
 to get to windward, for continuing his voyage. 
 
 The 
 
 ''M 
 
>[ 
 
 It! 
 
 2J4 HISTORYOF 
 
 , The fliip, which checked the Indians, being 
 out of fight, they reafllimed their former bloody 
 purpofes, inviting, as to a banquet of flaughter 
 and plunder, moft of the br, nches of their na- 
 tion, that called the Lauretana, Liyues, Mon- 
 jquis, Didyus, Laymones, and fome of the 
 fouthern Edues. Their infolences occafioned 
 the Spaniards to come to fome fkirmiflies with 
 them, in which they did them as little damage 
 as polTible, but at the fame time took care to 
 make them feel how dangerous any formal 
 attempt againft them, would prove. Father 
 Salva-Tierra calmly endeavoured to prevent 
 any farther caufe of complaint, not forgetting 
 the neceflary precautions againft any difagree- 
 able event. But in this uncertain (late of difH- 
 dence, a %iall incident occa(ioned a declare^ 
 rupture. One night in November, the Laymo- 
 nes, taking the advantage of the darknefs, came 
 to the camp, loofened the only horfe which fa- 
 ther Salva-Tierra had been able to bring with 
 him, and carried it off to eat. The creature 
 being miffing in the morning, Eftevan Ro- 
 drigues and Juan Caravana, boldly offered to 
 traft it, till they dii'covered the enemy. It 
 Teemed raihnefs, as indeed it was, for twQ 
 men to go alone in an unknown country, and 
 alfo that of an enemy, in order to punilh them. 
 Qn the other hand, befides the necefllty> if pof- 
 
 fible. 
 
 I 
 4 
 
CALIFORNIA. ^35 
 
 fible, of recovering the horfe, it was a prudent 
 meafure, the Indians, as I have before obferved, 
 always grow difpirited, when they find they 
 arc oppofed by a courageous enemy : and where 
 they perceive any figns of fear, they little 
 doubt of the victory. Some Indians, who were 
 friends, had come to the camp, and admiring 
 this brave refolution of the two men, and fired 
 with indignation at the injury done by their 
 countrymen, offered to accompany them. Ac- 
 cordingly, they all marched up the country, 
 and arriving at the fummit of a mountain two 
 leagues diftant, they perceived on the fkirts of 
 it, the gang of robbers flcining the horfe : but 
 at the fight of the Spaniards and their party, they 
 betook themfelves to flight, and left it whole. 
 The foldiers having diftributed the horfe among 
 their Indian friends, who received it as the 
 greateft dainty, they all returned to the camp. 
 After this, the whole thoughts of the male- 
 contents were turned, on making difpofitions 
 for affaulting us at a proper opportunity, though 
 fuch was the ftupidity of the greateft part of 
 them, that they continued coming to the camp 
 under pretence of being catechifed, to eat the 
 pozoli, trufting in the father's patience, who in 
 vain increafed his diligence and kindnefs to 
 them. The fatigue of being obliged to keep 
 continual watch, became intolerable to fuch a 
 
 handful 
 
 : ■!■ 't 
 
l!: 
 
 I 
 
 :t 
 
 
 ^1^ 
 
 236 HISTORY OF 
 
 handful of men. In the day they were expofed 
 to the parching heat of the fun, and in the 
 night to the rains, which were heavy, no flielt- 
 cr againft them having been provided in New 
 Spain, from a belief founded on the continual 
 drought during Otondo's entrance, that it never 
 rained in California. 
 
 At length the infolence and hatred of the In- 
 dians increafing every day, and their wicked 
 defigns being evident, from feveral accidents 
 of lefs importance, on the 13th of November, 
 being the feftival of faint Stanidaus Kofca, the 
 Indians of the four nations or branches met, in 
 order to ftrike the decifive blow. 
 
 That they might fall upon our people at a 
 difad vantage, fome of them came to the camp 
 about noon whilft they were eating ♦, the centinel 
 was for keeping them off, but to no purpofe, 
 and one of the boldeft clofed with him, and 
 took away the ftafF, which ferved him for a 
 halbert. On the centinel's calling out, Torto- 
 lero run up, and wrefted the ftafF from the 
 Indian ; an ad of boldnefs, which ftruck the 
 company fo, that they retreated; but foon 
 after, our men were alarmed with the outcries 
 of the Indian Alonfo de Tepahui, who kept 
 the few hogs and fheep, in a valley overgrown 
 with ruflies and flags, and who was affaulted 
 by another party -, however by immediate af- 
 
 fiftance, 
 
 I 
 
CALIFORNIA. 237 
 
 fiftance, the creatures were brought fafe within 
 the camp. This attempt was fucceeded by a 
 fhower of ftones and arrows from five hundred 
 Indians, who came up divided into four com- 
 panies, that they might attack the camp on each 
 fide. One only of the friendly Caiifornians re- 
 mained within the camp, where the little garri- 
 fon, confiding only of ten men, was obliged to 
 divide itfelf on all the four fides. Tortolero^ 
 who adted as captain, chofe the mod dangerous 
 poft, which faced the lower part of the valley, 
 together with Bartholomew de Roblesi the 
 oppofite fide was defended by the Indian Alonfo 
 de Tepahui, and Juan the mulatto of Peru ; 
 on that fide which looked toward the fhore, 
 flood the Indian Marcos Guazavas, a man of 
 great boldnefs and activity. On the remaining 
 fide was Eftevan Rodrigues a Portuguefe. 
 Juan Caravana, the Maltefe, who had ferved 
 in the Philippine fhip, had the care of the pa- 
 derero, which was placed at the gate of the 
 camp; and not far from him was polled Ni- 
 cholas Marqies a Sicilian, who likewife had 
 fome knowledge of gunnery, that he might be 
 nearer at hand to aflift him. The father and 
 Seballian his Indian, remained in the center, 
 in order to go where there fliould be mod oc- 
 cafion. And now the companies of the fout 
 nations, began to advance with dreadful ihout- 
 
 ings 
 
 H 
 
.':( 
 
 238 H I S t O k Y f 
 
 ings and outcries, toward the four fides •, bu^ 
 they were repulfed by the extraordinary vigour 
 of our men, and with little lofs to the afTailants. 
 Father Salva-Tierra having defired that they 
 might not be fired upon fo as to be killed, till 
 matters came to the laft extremity, they fe- 
 veral times in a confufed manner, renewed the 
 aftion for two hours, without gaining any ad- 
 vantage, throwing ftones and earth againit the 
 two fides of the trench j but unexpcdledly the 
 whole body retreated and the aflion ceafed. Our 
 people imagined that the enemy had repented 
 of their injurious treatment, or gave over all 
 hopes of gaining any advantage ; but half an 
 hour had not pafled, when they returned to the 
 affault with greater fury, and every company 
 reinforced with frelh men. Now it was that 
 our men, though they had performed prodigies 
 of valour, found themfclves fo clofely prefltd, 
 that the captain ordered Caravana to difcharge 
 the paderero, but this which was the chief hope 
 for terrifying, by deftroying the Indians, burft 
 to pieces and flew about the camp, though 
 providentially with no other damage, than 
 knocking down the Maltefe, fo that for fome 
 time he remained fenfelef" ; and likewife 
 without doing any execution among the In* 
 dians. This misfortune infpired the Indians 
 with frelh courage, and the company 
 
 againd 
 
 1 1 
 
CALIFORNIA. 2^9 
 
 againft which it had been leveled fent notice 
 to the others, that fince the paderero did not 
 kill, they might be fure that the little pieces 
 would not. This they were perfuaded of, as 
 our people, by order of the father, fired in the 
 air. The attack clofed fo on every fide, that the 
 captain thought it high time to give orders for 
 firing on the enemy j yet this was, what even 
 at fuch an extremity father Salva-Tierra could 
 not bear, that running towards the moft for- 
 ward entreating, urging, threatening them that 
 they would retire, and not rulh on certain 
 death. He was anfwered by three arrows Ihot 
 at him, but which miffed him. On this he 
 withdrew, and the Indians on every fide began 
 to drop : though the dead and wounded 
 amounted to no great number, as terrified with 
 the effefts of the firing, they foon betook them- 
 felves precipitately to their rancherias. 
 
 However the prudent apprehenfions of a fc- 
 cond attack, would not admit of our men to 
 abate of their vigilance. But they foon perceived 
 Ibme meflengers of peace approaching: the firft 
 was the Indian cafique, who was permitted to 
 come within the camp, and who with tears af- 
 furedour men, that it was thofe of the neighbour- 
 ing rancheria under him, who had firft formed 
 the plot, and on account of the paucity of 
 their numbers, had fpirited up the other na- 
 
 tion 
 
 ^ j 
 
!HI^ 
 
 '■f 1 
 
 '• ( 
 
 t4d HISTORY OF 
 
 tons i adding, that thofe biding irritated by the 
 death of their companions, were for revenging 
 them : but that both the one and the other, 
 fincerely repented of their attempt. A little 
 while after came the women with their chiU 
 dren, mediating a peace as is the cultom of the 
 country. They fat down weeping at the gate 
 of the camp with a ihoufand promifes of 
 amendment, and offering r.o give up their 
 children as hoftages for the performance. Fa- 
 ther Salva-Tierra heard them with his ufual 
 mildnefs, Ihewing them the wickednefs of the 
 procedure ; and if their hufbands would behave 
 better, promifed them peace, an amnefty, and 
 a forgetfulnefs of all that was pad : he .lifo 
 diftributed among them feveral little prc- 
 fents, and to remove any miftruft they might 
 have, he took one of the children in holtage, 
 and thus they returned in high fpirits to the 
 rancherias. At night folemn thanks were re- 
 turned to Gcd, his mod holy mother and 
 St. Stanillaus, for his manifold favours. In- 
 deed without a fignal afliftance of the God 
 of armies, it feems impolTible, that ten men 
 got together from feveral parts, could have 
 withftood the furious afiaults of 500 favages. 
 It was alfo obferved, that moft of the arrows 
 ftuck in the pedeftal of the crofs, whillt both it 
 and the tent, which ferved for the chapel, were 
 
 untouched. 
 
 ■'M 
 
^1 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 24! 
 
 untouched. When enquiry was made about 
 the wounds received, ic appeared, that of the 
 ten amidft fuch Ihowers of arrows only two had 
 received any wounds : thefe were Tortoleroand 
 Figueroa ; but their wounds were fo flight as 
 not to hinder their fighting : and they concealed 
 them from the Indians, waiting till it was night 
 before they made their cafe known to their 
 companions. If there was here caufe for pity, 
 was there not likewife much greater for wonder. 
 They adored the holy crofs as the ftandard of 
 faith i they fung ave to our lady as their cap- 
 tain, and unanimoufly determined to remain in 
 that country *, though as they apprehended the 
 long-boat Ihould be loft, and the galliot never 
 return. - < "" -*«» 
 
 All the garrifon that night relied, except the 
 father Juan Maria : and in the morning as he 
 was preparing to fay a thankfgiving mafs to 
 Nueftra Sennora de Loretto, the centinel cried out 
 a fail, a fail. This drew out all the company, 
 and in a little lime tbey perceived it to be the 
 long-boat with provifions coming into the bay, 
 and firing feveral guns ; and the general jo/ 
 was increafed by the accounts on both fides. 
 As to themfelves the long boat's people faid, 
 that after lofing fight of the galliot in the firft 
 voyage, they had for fome time beat up and 
 down to no purpofe in queft of her, till it was 
 . Vol. I. R thought 
 
 •11 
 
4 
 
 *liii!l; 
 
 i 
 
 I : 
 
 242 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 thought advifeable to return to the river Hia- 
 qui. Concerning the galliot, they fatd Ihe would 
 foon be there with the remainder of the people 
 and provifions ; for having run a-ground on 
 the coaft of Hiaqui, father Diego Marquina, 
 had on his knees entreated the Indians to aflift 
 in getting her off; which being done, (lie went 
 into the harbour to repair and take in her cargo. 
 Father Sal va-Tierra, elevated by the vi<5lory, and 
 this frefh fiipply, began to fettle every thing; 
 he reafllimed his exercife of catechifing, maiz 
 was now again boiled for the neighbouring 
 Indians, and the garrifon's former friends, who 
 one after another came to the camp with poor 
 excufes v after a fhort reproof, in order to 
 leave no fufpicion on them, they were all ufed 
 very kindly, had the fame preft-nts given them, 
 and were treated with the moll open affe(5lion. 
 The confpirators of the neighbouring ranche- 
 ria of don Dionyfio, were foon obliged to come 
 and humble themfelves at the camp ; for the 
 Monquis regreting the death of their compa- 
 nions in the adlion, had determined to fall on 
 them as the firit authors of their difafter ; that 
 now their only recourfe was to come to the 
 Spaniards, bringing all their arms to the camp, 
 as a fign of friendlnip and fubmiflion. They 
 afked leave that they might fettle near it : and 
 they were permitted to make a fecond trench 
 
 for 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
California. 243 
 
 for defending rhemfelves. In this neighbour- 
 hood of the camp, the Monquis did not dare to 
 attack them, and father Juan Maria reconciled 
 the two nations ; and they both continued com- 
 ing to the camp very quietly. ^' ■' 
 
 The father availed himfelf of this tranquil- 
 lity, to confecrate to God the firft fruits of 
 California ; the firft and moft folemn was that 
 of the fick cafique before mentioned, and two 
 days before the affault. He was of the territory 
 of San Bruno j and at the time of admiral 
 Otondo*s expedition, had learned the elements 
 of the faith, and defired baptifm : his defeafe 
 was a dreadful cancer, the progrefs of which, 
 God in mercy checked, till the arrival of the 
 venerable father. The cafique delayed not a 
 moment to come to him from San Bruno : and 
 on his arrival at the camp, he called out, as 
 well as he could, Senior Almirante, He 
 was immediately admitted and kindly enter- 
 tertained : he prayed by name for the fathers 
 who had been in the country before, and like- 
 wife for fome foldiers. He gave the grcateft figns 
 ot candor and fidelity, and exprefl^cd an ex- 
 treme defire of being baptized. As from his 
 former knowledge he foon went through his 
 previous inftrudliori ; and the danger of the can- 
 cer increafing, h^' was baptifed on the nth of 
 November. Now he no lefs earneftly requefted, 
 
 H 2 that 
 
■I * 
 
 ' i 
 
 ii 
 
 ;ll'l 
 
 
 244 HISTORY OF 
 
 that baptifm (hould be conferred on his two 
 fons i one of four years of age, and the other 
 eight. The firll was immediately received; 
 and the fccond, after being duly inftrudled in 
 the articles of chriftianity, was baptized the 
 14th day after the viflory. The cafique's for- 
 mer name was Ibo, which in his language fig- 
 nifies the fun •, but he was chriftened bv that of 
 Manuel Bernardo, and the fon was called Ber- 
 nado Manuel, in compliance with the devout 
 defire of their excellencies the vice-roys ; that 
 thofe two names fliould be given to the firft 
 chriftians of California. Ibo himfclf died in 
 the fame month of Odlober with great figns of 
 tranquility, praifing and adoring the un- 
 iearchable difpenfations of God. Likewife two 
 other children were baptized under the name of 
 Juan and Pedro, in memory of don Juan Ca- 
 valero y Ozio, and don Pedro Gil de la Sierpe, 
 as diftinguifhing benefa<Sors to the miflion. 
 The 5th baptifm was that of an Indian wounded 
 in the adlion, whom the foldiers by a very fin- 
 gular accident, or rather by the difpofilion of 
 the mod high, found alone in a hut. Being 
 inllrudted with the difpatch which his danger 
 required, he with great anxiety defired to 
 be baptized : and, as if that had been all he 
 wanted, he that fame night refigncd up his foul, 
 
 .... to 
 
CALIFORNIA. 245 
 
 to the inexprefTible edification and comfort of 
 all belonging to the camp. 
 
 Matters without being thus compofed, the 
 venerable father gave orders concerning the 
 garrifon. Having aflembicd the foldicrs, like- 
 wife the people of the long boat, he read to 
 them the vice-roy's inftru^lions •, and informed 
 them botJi of their immunities and privileges, 
 and likewife their feveral duties and obligations. 
 He nominated don Luis de Torres Tortolero, 
 captain, and other inferior officers, and regu- 
 lated the diftribution of devotional exercifes and 
 works i and laftly gave notice, that on the fol- 
 lowing Saturday, they fliould all meet to hear 
 an exampltf, and an exhortation to devotion, 
 in imitation of the virtues of the mofl: holy 
 Mary, as likewife on all future fabbaths, ac- 
 cording to the excellent ufage introduced into 
 feveral parts of New Spain, by thr reverend 
 fociety. This devout homage v y fo >, cepta- 
 ble to the holy mother, that on the fnid ^ itbatn- 
 day, the 23d of November, flic wtj plcafcd to 
 folace them in the manner relarccl ir/ th*^ fame 
 father at the end of the narrative of the en~ 
 trance. " A great addition, fays he, to our 
 cpmfort, was that orj kft Saturday, when the 
 examples in honour of the mod holy Mary, 
 and her holy houfe of Loretto, began to be 
 fettled in this country, fince the performance of 
 
 H 3 tl^^ 
 
 t-' 
 
 II: 
 
 n 
 
11 
 
 24^ HI$T6R1r OF 
 
 the firft example, \ve faw appear at the mouth 
 of the fea, betwixt the ifland of Coronandes and 
 the point of this bay, the galliot which with a 
 fair wind, after two day. failing, drop'd an- 
 chor on the fame fabbath near our camp. 
 Our joy at this fight was the greater, when we 
 came to know that it brought father Francifco 
 Maria Piccolo, a veteran miflionary, who after 
 having been vifitor, and founded churches for 
 miflions among the Tarahumares, who re- 
 mained faithful, with pleafure refigned that 
 office to enter on another converfion no lefs 
 fignal among thefe our poor Californian fa- 
 vages. I cannot exprefs the comfort his com- 
 ing gave me, not fo much for my own perfon, 
 as the concerns of the Spaniards and Indians • 
 as now the advancement of this converfion, 
 has an appearance of certainty -, and that hence- 
 forth the flandard ofChrill will not be removed 
 ■from the^e countries; and that the great fettlcr 
 Mary, will lay the foundations of her holy 
 houfe among her elefl." 
 
 It was now time to fend fome account of 
 California to New Spain, which was impatient 
 to hear of die progrcfs of this conqueft. Like- 
 wife the galliot being only lent, juftice required 
 her to be immediately returned to her owner. 
 Accordingly father Sulva-Tierra ordered the 
 captain to prepare for returning to Acapulco, 
 
 and 
 
CALIFORNIA. 247 
 
 and in the mean time he wrote to the princi- 
 pal benefactorr of the miflion. His letters 
 breathed fuch an apoftolick fpirit ; fuch mild- 
 nefs, love, humility and gratitude, that four 
 of them were then printedj which were it not 
 for the apprehenfion of being tedious by repe- 
 tition, we would very willingly have here in- 
 fertcd, one to the viceroy, and the other to his 
 lady donna Maria Andrea Guzman y Manri- 
 que, a diftinguiflied prote(5lrefs of the enter- 
 prizc ; a fhort letter to don Juan de Cavalero 
 y Ozio ; and another containing a very circum- 
 Itantial narrative, to father Ugarte. In the let- 
 ter to the viceroy, this excellent man fhews, 
 that he is not unmindful of making what returns 
 he can for any bf^nefits received, in thanks, in 
 praifes and recommendations to the divine fa- 
 vour of the benefadlors, the commanders, the 
 foldiers, and of all others to whom he was in 
 any meafure indebted. He Mkewife requeued 
 that an account of the whole ihcid be remitted 
 to the moft reverend father Tyrfo Gonzales, 
 general of the order, his majefty Charles II. 
 and his fuprcme council of the Indies : that his 
 majefly might by his orders and protetflion, 
 promote the fpiritual conquefl:. But the diffi- 
 culties which occurred in this affair and its ilTue, 
 /hall be afterwards related. 
 
 R 4 SECT. 
 
I 
 
 (I 
 
 ,^l 
 
 
 248 
 
 HIS^TO^Y OF 
 
 SECT. III. 
 
 Tranfadlons of the two firft years, with 
 the attempts to enter the inward part 
 of California, till the fettlement 
 of the fecond miflion of St. Xavier. 
 
 There being nothing further to be appre- 
 hended from the Indians, the feveral members 
 of the little garrifon, encouraged by the two 
 fathers, applied themfelves to ered ibme little 
 works of defence and buildings within the 
 camp-, the trerch was. enlarged and fortified 
 with a p.'liifade, and thorny branches of trees ; 
 a chapel for placing our lady in, was alfo built 
 of ftone and clay, with a thatch'd roof: befides 
 three little dwellings j one for the fathers, ano- 
 ther for the captain, and the thi'd ferved as 
 a magazine. Near thele alfo were built bar- 
 racks for the foldiers. Chrtftmas day was ap- 
 pointed for the dedic.tion of the chapel, which 
 was performed with fix maflfes and great re- 
 joicings. Soon after, the long-boat was fent 
 rw;iy to Cinaloa, with letters for the miflSonary 
 jefuits of that province, to fend in two returns 
 what provifions they could, and five foldiers to 
 afiirt: in the works ; whilft the fathers were 
 taken up in learning the language, and promo- 
 ting the initrudlion and redudion of the In- 
 dians, 
 
CALIFORNIA. 249 
 
 dians. Within a few months the importance 
 of this reinforcement was fcen in a kind of bat- 
 tle in a plain Held i our men being no longer 
 pent up in the camp : the occaHon of it was as 
 follows. The Indians by attending daily at the 
 explication of the catechifm became at length 
 perfuaded, that the end of this entrance of the 
 Spaniards, was not to Hfh or procure pearls, as 
 they did neither ; but to plant in California a 
 new religion, the myfteries of which they were 
 learning j but this was the very thing which 
 alarmed the forcerers or primitive doftors of 
 their nation, who ftill retained their authority 
 over thefe favages 5 and when afterwards they 
 perceived their power, and confequently their 
 wretched profits to decline, they one and all 
 with an infernal rage openly declared againft 
 the new doctrine and the ftrangers. What had 
 been heard of in ^e camp was talked of in 
 companies, and at the rancherias, that by de- 
 grees fome inclining to the fathers, and others 
 by the fedudions of their matters being tena- 
 cious of their ancient cuftoms, there arofe 
 among them two religious fadtions. The for- 
 cerers omitted nothing to inflame the rancour of 
 their party •, and as father Salva-Tierra had not 
 been able to bring with him the chrifbian In- 
 dians, whom admiral Otcndo had carried 
 from California, the forcerers made a han- 
 dle 
 
 ii; 
 
ill 
 
 , '1 
 
 m 
 
 \:^ m 
 
 ill 
 
 l.'i 
 
 wl 
 
 Hi 
 
 ' 
 
 250 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 die of it for difleminating all over the country, 
 that the Spaniards came only to take them 
 away and carry them to their country: and 
 this apparent breach of faith occafioned vehe- 
 ment complaints. The difquietude was with 
 great induftry fomented, but clandeftinely, till 
 in April, 1698, they broke out into open hof- 
 tilities, by an infult which our people little ex- 
 pelled. 
 
 A boat left by the galliot had come up the 
 bay near the long-boat. The malecontents 
 formed a defign of dealing it, either for their 
 fifhery, or only by way of beginning the war. 
 For this they took the opportunity of the time 
 when our people were at dinner, as it was im- 
 poflible for two men left in the long-boat to hin- 
 der them : one of them, however, haftened to 
 the camp with advice of what had been done. 
 On this captain Tortolero with 12 others well 
 armed, marched down, and keeping along the 
 coaft, they faw at a diflance the Indians in two 
 bodies; one in the boat, and a greater number 
 on the fhore. Of the latter, fome advanced to 
 ftop him by fkirmifhes, and the others having 
 got the boat afliore, broke it to pieces with hoge 
 Hones, and then fled into the woods. When 
 our men came up, the damage was found be- 
 yond repair : and as the perpetrators of this in- 
 fult were not to be found, they rcfolved to go 
 
 m 
 
 ;■: I I 
 
CALIFORNIA. 251 
 
 in queft of them all along the fhore. They 
 divided themfelves into two companies, who 
 were to meet at a point of land which runs into 
 the fea. In this fearch, Figueroa with three 
 foldiers and a faithful Californian, following a 
 path, fell into an ambufh of above 50 Indians, 
 who immediately difcharged ftones and arrows ; 
 our men brilkly fired, and turning alfo feverai 
 evolutions that they might not be hem*d in, the 
 Californian haftened away to the captain, who 
 by the noife of the fea, and the wind which was 
 very high, could not hear the mulkets. The 
 four military men bravely flood their ground 
 againft fuch a vaft fuperiority of the enemy, 
 which was continually encreafing. The in- 
 trepid Figueroa had his lip cut by a ftone, and 
 another foidier was wounded by an arrow. 
 Through the dread of the mufkets, but chiefly 
 through the goodnefs of God, and the patron- 
 nefs of the mifllion of our lady of Loretto, the 
 Indians were difcouraged from their attempt of 
 talcing them alive. The ammunition of our 
 men began to fail them, juft a: the captain and 
 the other five foldiers came up j the number of the 
 Indians had increafed to above a hundred, all 
 fighting with the utmoft defpair. At length 
 after feverai attacks, when our people were in 
 the extremity of danger, night coming on, the 
 Indians founded a retreat by their whiftles, 
 
 leaving, 
 
252 HISTORY OF 
 
 leaving, as they afterwards owned Tome flalrj 
 and more wounded. This vidlory, which all 
 attributed to our lady's patronage, for which a 
 folemn thankfgiving was appointed, contributed 
 greatly to humble the fadtious, who gradually 
 began to return again to the camp, mingling 
 themfclves among the friendly Indians. The 
 captain was for making an example of fome, 
 but the fathers interpofed; and the infur- 
 gents giving a proof of their repentance and 
 humiliation, by bringing to the camp the pie- 
 ces of the boat, a general pardon was pub- 
 
 lilhed. 
 
 The holy week was celebrated with profound 
 
 tranquillity, and to the inexpreflible amazement 
 and delight of the Indians : and a little after, 
 the long-boac was fent to Rio Hiaqui for a fup- 
 ply, which it might bring, whilft that of cloaths, 
 furniture, and eatables, which had been applied 
 for at Mexico was coming, as it was expeded 
 fome day in April. The long-boat departed, 
 and the fathers with frelh zeal applied them- 
 fclves to the inftrudlion of the Californians, and 
 likewife to learn their language : for the greater 
 conveniency of doing this, and as a fecurity 
 agairift the ficklenefs of the Indians, father 
 piccolo took upon him to inrtrud the boys and 
 girls, whom he caufed to come within the en- 
 trenchment, whilft, without it, father Salva- 
 
 Tierra 
 
CALIFORNIA. 253 
 
 Ticrra inftruded the adults : and by this mild 
 meafure, they had their fons as (o many hoC- 
 tages. Thus the harveft of the gofpel went on 
 ripening, with the knowledge, patience, and 
 labour, which particularly manifefted itfeli' i 
 when by degrees the Indians abfented them- 
 felves, during the month of June, the gather- 
 ing of the pitahayas then beginnij and this 
 is alfo the time of their greatefl diriment. 
 " We were all extremely concerned at this 
 retreat, fays father Sal va- Tier ra, the harveft 
 now beginning to ripen, after feven months 
 and more of continued inftrudlion, that to fee 
 and hear them afforded exceeding pleafure. 
 Such boys and girls as were catechumens, and 
 had been inftrudled in the prayer of the holy 
 crofs, and other parts of devotion, drew tears 
 from me and others : particularly a boy called 
 Juanico Cavalero, not yet quite four years of 
 age, who with his little fhell on his head and 
 his wand in his hand, CQndu(^ed the queftions, 
 putting his little finger to his mouth when any 
 one talked, or did not mind, or any two were 
 fighting, which extremely moved us. Some- 
 times he would take the rofaries, and the reli- 
 quaries of the foldiers, then fall on his knees 
 and devoutly kifs them, and put them to his 
 Jittle eyes, and bid all the Spaniards do the 
 like : fo that, if any one did not take notice of 
 i ' him, 
 

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 «54 HISTORYOF 
 
 him, it vexed him to fuch a degree, that he 
 was not to be quieted till he fell on his knees, 
 and kiiTed either a crucifix or reliquary, whilft 
 all bleffed the devout importunity of the child. 
 
 God rewarded tht labour of the fathers with 
 the joy of baptifing fome adults and children 
 in cafes of neceffity, where in fpite of the rage 
 of the evil fpirit, by nieans of the forcerers, 
 many remarkable and rare inftances were feen 
 of the divine mercy : but all the intreaties of 
 fome adults, could not prevail upon the fathers 
 to confer baptifm upon them, from an ap- 
 prehenfion and of their ficklenefs, that they 
 ihould be obliged to forfake the mifllon. 
 
 Bciides the concern at the abfcnce of the In- 
 dians, the camp began to feel one mo'-e inte- 
 refting, the fear of perilhing for want of necef- 
 faries. It was now above two months flnce the 
 long-boat had been gone, that all gave it over for 
 loft, efpecially as the weather had lately been 
 very tempeftuous. There was little account of 
 the fuccours applied for at Mexico ; and fuch 
 was their neceflity, that in the middle of June, 
 all the ftore was reduced to three facksof meal, 
 ill-ground, and three others of maize, which 
 was full of maggots while it was aboard the 
 
 iwv,i, i,^.^■ 
 
 The confternation was fo general and great, th^ 
 even father Salva-Tierra begins the narrative, 
 t '-i4. which 
 
CALIFORNIA. 155 
 
 which was to accompany the letter already men* 
 tioned, in thefe words, " I write this narrative, 
 uncertain whether I fhail live to make an tnd 
 of it, for at my prefent writing, our neceflity fiar 
 want of fupplies is very general : and as they 
 will every day grow upon us, and I am the 
 moft advanced in years of all in the camp of 
 our lady of Loretto, I fhall naturally pay the 
 firft tribute." But the moft admirable circum- 
 ilance is, that among fo many labours and 
 dangers, the fathers were able to keep the peo- 
 ple of the camp in order, being compofed of 
 fo many different nations, and moft of them 
 before, fo licentious in their lives. Whereas, 
 now though they were twenty-two in number, 
 not a quarrel nor an oath, nor any ill word was 
 heard among them. So far from it, that they 
 never failed to attend the devotional exercifes, 
 and encouraged each other chcarfully to die in 
 that diftrefs, and very devoutly aflifted at a de- 
 votion for nine days, which the fathers appoint- 
 ed for imploring the afliftance of the patroncfs 
 of the miflion. Having heard a fermo^ 
 againft fwearing, that vice fo common among 
 foldiers and Teamen, the two claffes of which 
 the camp confifted, that in a certain city of 
 Germany, he who fwears is made to pay a finq, 
 they unanimoufly agreed to lay a like penalty, 
 to be dedufled from their pay, and «t a pro- 
 per 
 
Ill 
 
 mi 
 
 \i 
 
 
 I!::. 
 
 J- 
 
 
 Jill 
 
 il 
 
 ill . 
 >i I 
 
 If' 1 
 
 1- 
 
 256 HISTORY OJ 
 
 per opportunity to be fpent in an entertainment. 
 Some of the foldiers were treafurers, and on any 
 one*s fwearing, the others encompafled him like 
 bees, demanding the fine. This in time put 
 an end to all fwearing and imprecations, and 
 would to God the like pradice obtained in all 
 garrifons. - <■>■■ «; -- v '^•. jmjs 
 
 -' The nine days devotion were now drawing 
 near to a conclufion, and they now alfo faw the 
 end of their provifions ; when on the 21ft of 
 June, being the feftival of San Luis Gonzaga, 
 a large new bark, called the San Jofeph, came 
 from Chacala, under the command of an inha- 
 bitant of Compoftella, by whom father Ugarte 
 •fent all the fuccours he was able; and feven 
 foldiers volunteers, who went to ferve in the 
 garrifon. They were received with inexpreflible 
 joy, and folemn thanks returned to God, the 
 patronefs of Loretto, and her beloved fon San 
 Luis. And as the long-boat was fuppofed to be 
 loft, father Salva-Tierra was for treating with 
 the owner about the boat. The latter was very 
 defirous of it, having by experience of this voy- 
 age, been acquainted with its ill qualities. He 
 alfo afted very fraudulently in the contract, 
 ■which at laft was concluded for twelve thoufand 
 dollarsj to be paid in Mexico by father Ugarte, 
 father Juan Maria having no money by him. 
 It was not long before the abominable deceit of 
 i>i the 
 
CALIFORNIA. 257 
 
 the owner was found out, that fix thoufand 
 dollars more were expended in fitting it for the 
 fea ; befides the lofs of a whole cargo, the firft 
 voyage, and on a fecond having been firanded 
 at Acapulco, was fold for five hundred dollars, 
 after coiling eighteen thoufand, a very confi- 
 derable lofs to the miflion. The want of a vef- 
 fcl was fupplied by the treafurer don Pedro Gil 
 de la Sierpe, who very opportunately fent to 
 father Juan Maria, a bark called San Fermin, 
 and likewife a long-boat, called San Xavier, of 
 which immediate ufe was made, to fetch wood 
 and fruits from Chacala and Metanchel, 
 and provifions from Yaqui, Ahome, Guaymas, 
 and other ports •, alfo fome mares, horfes, and 
 cattle, fent by don Auguftin Eucinas, an illiif- 
 trious benefactor to the miflion, from its com- 
 mencement, and whofe pious liberality has 
 defcended to his fon don Miguel. 
 
 The fathers being now pretty well ac- 
 quainted with the language of California, and 
 having horfes for the more convenient fur- 
 vey of a country fo rugged and poor, came to 
 a refolution of performing it by feveral ways. In the 
 beginning of the year 1699, father Juan Maria, 
 accompanied by fome foldiers, firft went north- 
 ward toward a place called Londo, nine leagues 
 diftant from Loretto, and where there was a nume- 
 rous rancheiia. The venerable father feveral 
 
 Vi)L. I. S times 
 
258 HISTORY OF 
 
 times fent the Indians notice of his intended 
 vifit, but their fears were not to be removed. 
 At his approaching the place, they all imme- 
 diately made off, and though he and his atten- 
 dants called to them, and ftaid two days in 
 expectation of them, he had the mortification 
 to return without feeing them. When they 
 came to the camp, he complained to them of 
 fuch a behaviour, allayed their fears, and in 
 fpring going again to vifit them, he called the 
 place San Juan Baptifta, inftrufbed them in the 
 myfteries of the faith, talked kindly to them, 
 didributed little prefents among them, and took 
 a view of the ground, and alfo of the water 
 near it, in order for fowing. "; 
 
 Among others who came down to the camp, 
 were fome Indians of a part called Vigge Bi- 
 aundo, lying fouth of Loretto, behind fome 
 rugged mountains, and which was faid to be 
 very fit for pafture and tillage. Thefe fhewed 
 ihemfelves fo traftable and friendly, and parti- 
 cularly fo defirous of converfion, that a youth 
 among them of a remarkable vivacity, genius, 
 and goodnefs of temper, was admitted to bap- 
 tifm, by the name of Francifco Xavier, though 
 this privilege was denied to adults. Hither fa- 
 ther Piccolo went on the loth of May, and 
 after fuffering a great deal in a journey without 
 any road, and the foldiers fearing to venture 
 
 any 
 
C A L I F O R N I A. 259 
 
 finy farther, he determined to go alone among the 
 civilized Indians; and having got over the 
 precipices on foot, he came to a breach where 
 was the rancheria, and was received with 
 the moft coirdial demonflrations of love. He 
 remained among them four days intruding 
 them, and with great pleafure heard that the 
 hew chriftian Francifco Xavier, conformably to 
 his name, nfed to do the like, and this name 
 was alfo given to the rancheria. Some Indians 
 from feveral rancherias of that chain of moun- 
 tains came thither ; and others from the wef- 
 tern parts, who gave an account of the oppofite, 
 6r outward coall, which is waflied by the South- 
 fea. The father took a view of the whole val- 
 ley, and found in it fome fpots fit for tillage, 
 whither water might be conveyed, and likewifc 
 fruit trees planted ; befides good paftures for 
 their cattle and horfes. They returned to the 
 camp, and crofled the chain of mountains in a 
 more difficult part : but at the foot of them, 
 they found their horfes fafely guarded by fomc 
 faithful Indians ; and one day more along 
 a fiiorter way carried them to Loretto. Eight 
 days after, father Salva-Tierra went a fecond 
 time to San Juan de Londo, at the requeft of 
 the Indians, who informed him that feveral 
 raiicherias of the Liyu language, and Others of 
 '■'■'-'' i -' ■ S 2 ' --• T" ■ the 
 
i 
 
 260 HISTORYOF 
 
 the Cochimi nation would repair tliither to hear 
 
 the dodirrine of the gofpel. 
 
 As there was a want of beads to carry the pro- 
 vifions, the chief men among theMonqui Indians 
 drove who diould be mod forward in offering to 
 carry the facks, not more in order to come in for a 
 fhare in the contents, than to avail themfelves 
 of this occafion, for procuring a reconciliation 
 with the Cochimes, who were very much in- 
 cenfed againd them, for the death of a youth, 
 who had become a chridian by the name of An- 
 drew, and was very much beloved by the 
 fathers. He preached to them all, and having 
 entered into friendfhip with them, went to ano- 
 ther rancheria, three leagues farther, in qued 
 of another very faithful Indian called Nicholas, 
 and at that time fick. The greated part of this 
 rancheria alfo fled ; to thofe who remained, the 
 father's behaviour was very courteous and win- 
 ning. But at his return to Londo, he found 
 the minds of the Indians rankled, both on ac- 
 count of the fermon, and the revival of the 
 hatred againd the Monquis, during his ab- 
 fence. Matters came to the point of an open 
 rupture, and the father's mule was wounded 
 with an arrow, whiid he was baptizing and ad- 
 minidring the chrifm to eight children : and 
 the Monquis dole part^ of the baggage. At 
 length by the father's endeavours, both parties 
 
 were 
 
CALIFORNIA. i6t 
 
 were quieted ; and they all returned to Loretto, 
 chearfully afllfting to level fome afperities in the 
 way, which otherwife would have been imprac- 
 ticable to the beads. - '» 
 
 The country of Vigge wasjuftly an objeft of 
 greater attention, as much more Ht and con- 
 venient for founding a fecond mifllon, and there- 
 fore greatly defired, the only difficulty being the 
 ruggednefs and fteepnefs of the way : fo as to 
 be extremely difficult to men on foot, but quite 
 unpayable to beafts. However the foldiers 
 animated by father Piccolo, and affifted by the 
 Indians, by dint of very hard labour, opened a 
 way of a fufficient breadth, betwixt the preci- 
 pices of the mountain, that on the 12th of June 
 it began to be frequented. He pafled along ic 
 on horfe-back to the country of San Francifco 
 Xavier. Near this fpot was a very high hill, 
 which the captain, with two other foldiers de- 
 termined to go up, in order to take a view of 
 the country, which proved a work of great 
 difficulty, on account of the cragginefs and 
 many brambles intermixed with the precipices i 
 but when they reached the fummit, they were 
 very far from repenting of their labour, as on both 
 fides it not only afforded them a large view of 
 the country, but likewife of the two feas, that of 
 California and the South fea •, that in their firft 
 extacies, they fired their pieces for joy. The 
 
 S 3 ^ reports 
 
;*i i 
 
 262 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 reports alarmed their companions, v/ho fearing 
 fome ambufh, were haftening to afTifl: them. 
 But being informed at a diftance of the caufe, 
 they ran with the news to father Piccolo, who 
 after he had renewed his inftrudlions to the In- 
 dians, and afllired them of his conftant affe(ftion, 
 returned with the whole company to Loretto, 
 by the fame way. 
 
 At this time don Luis de Torres Tortolcro, 
 captain of the garrifon, labouring under a con- 
 tinual effluxion in his eyes, contradl'jd by his 
 fatigues in the new conqueft, laid down his em- 
 ployment, to the great concern of the venerable 
 fauiier Juan Maria; for to his courage, prudence, 
 and religion, the eftablifliment of the miflions 
 was not a little owing. The father nominated! 
 as his fuccefTor, don Antonio Garcia de Men- 
 doza, an old foldier of Fuenterabia : and be- 
 fides certificates of the higheft praifes, he gave 
 to don Luis, letters of recommendation to the 
 audience of Guadalaxara, that they would be 
 pleafed to beftow fome comfortable government 
 on fo deferving a perfon : a cuftom which the 
 grateful father never failed in towards thofe who 
 behaved well. The reft of the fummcr of 1 6()C)y 
 befides other journeys of lefs notice, the fathers 
 fpent in their ufuai apoftolick fundions, in pre- 
 paring a new and large chapel in the camp of 
 Jjoretto, for our lady, and likewife in laying 
 
 '■ :. . the 
 
CALIFORNIA. 2^3 
 
 the foundations in a convenient place, about 
 one hundred paces from the garrifon for a 
 church, which though fmall in itfelf, was large 
 and fplendid for that country ; and likewife of 
 an apartment for the miflionary. Thefe build- 
 ings and others which were carrying on for the 
 conveniency of the garrifon, and in which the 
 fathers were directors, officers, and labourers, 
 advanced but flowly, on account of fome inter* 
 vening impediments. The chapel within the 
 camp, was dedicated the following year, and the 
 church five years after, namely, in 1704. Theblef- 
 fed virgin highly approved of the cordial devotion 
 of her fervant Salva-Tierra, who had communi- 
 cated the fame holy flame to every heart in the 
 garrifon j and nourilhed it with the religious 
 fervices every Saturday. That moft bountiful 
 queen was pleated to manifeft her fingular pro- 
 te<5lion of this her little flock, as was moft fen- 
 fibly experienced in the greateft extremities with 
 the circumfl:ance of delivering them from tlieir 
 diftrefs, on the Saturdays, which they fanc- 
 tified with offices of devotion to her. The 
 very Saturday when they had come to a refolu- 
 tion of building the church and chapel, and 
 were afilfting at the offices of the rofary, the 
 litanies, the fermon, and example •, the Indians 
 fuddenly cried out puha, puha, which in their 
 language fignifies a fhip or veflel i and it pro- 
 
 S 4 ved 
 
I! !!i 
 
 ! r- 
 
 '264 HISTORY OF 
 
 ved CO be a galliot from don Pedro Gil y de U 
 Sierpe, ^rhich feafonably brought a very 
 large quantity of provifions, fent by him and 
 the prefident of Guadalajara. It alfo caufed a 
 great fatisfa^ion to find that all the bills which 
 had been drawn by the foldiers, had been an- 
 fwered at Mexico, father Ugartc having tranf- 
 tnittcd the particulars, in an account drawn up 
 by himfelfl , • cy -.i f ■ -A ! - •: ; 
 
 With this reinforcement, father Piccolo 
 thought it proper no longer to delay fettling a 
 new miflion ^t San Xavier de Viaundo, leaving 
 father Salya-Tierra at Lorctto, and he himfelf 
 going to live with the Indians, in the center of 
 the Vigge mountains, Accordingly, in the be- 
 ginning of 0(5lob"r, he removed thither attend- 
 ed by fome foldiers, with the help of whom, 
 and his jfiew fons, the Indian mountaineers, he 
 built fome fmall houfes, or cottages of andoves 
 or raw bricks, as dwellings for himfelf and his 
 companions, and likewife a chapel of the fame 
 materials. Whilft thefe were dryipg, he and 
 lather Mendo^a with fome foldiers, and guided 
 by the Indians, fpt out to view the oppofite 
 coaft of the South fea, which admiral Otondo 
 {p famed for his naval atchievements, had in 
 yain attempted. At ;he diftance pf four league^ 
 South Weft, they came to a large rancheria of 
 jtr4<^able Indians, wjjjch fat(ier Piccpl9 fonfe- 
 
 cratcd 
 
 '■'i 
 
 1 !« 
 
CALIFORNIA. tSg 
 
 crated to his countrywoman Rofalia. After 
 this, they followed a little ftream, which brought 
 them down to the fea % here along the fliore, 
 they faw great numbers of thofe azure (hells (6 
 very famous, but without finding, though 
 they went a great way along the coaft, any 
 place proper for a fettlement •, nor bay, creek, or 
 harbour, for receiving the galleon from the 
 Philippine Iflands, as was fo extremely delired 
 by the merchants and government. In their 
 return they renewed their friend(hip with the 
 Indians of San Rofalia, inviting them to come 
 to San Xavier, whence word was fent to father 
 Salva-Tierra, that he would be pleafed to come 
 and confecrate the chapel on All-faints day, when 
 the want of folemnity and magnificence, was 
 made up by devotion and joy. 
 
 SECT. IV. 
 
 The difHculties which happened at the 
 commencement of the prefent century, 
 and the unfortunate management of the 
 affairs of the miffion ii> M £ x i c o. 
 
 Amidft this mixture of good and bad 
 fortune, commenced the prefent century 1700; 
 but this brought with it fuch ftorms of calamities 
 (o the mifTion in California, which npw began 
 
 
 
jnr 
 
 266 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 to put on a promifing appearance as muft have 
 totally deftroyed and extlnguiihed it, had it not 
 been founded upon the lofty mountains of the 
 virgin, and under her particular countenance and 
 protecfiion. The number of fettlers already in 
 California, Spaniards, Meftizos, and New- 
 Spain Indians, amounted to no lefs than fix 
 hundred perfons. But on account of this very 
 increafe, as no fubfiftence had hitherto been 
 obtained from the counf.y, very large fupplies 
 of provifions were rendered of abfolute neceflity, 
 The Hiipping of the miffion at this time, con- 
 fiiied of two vefTels, called the San Jofeph and 
 San Fermin, and the San Xavier long-boat. 
 The Spaniards hitherto had behaved quietly 
 and contentedly, in their fubordination to the 
 fathers ; and might reafonably expedl proper 
 favours from the government of Mexico, and 
 large fuccours from good chriftians, for the fup- 
 port and enlargement of a conqueft, which had 
 been fo paflionately defired, and fo frequently 
 attempted at an immenfe charge. But God to 
 try the conftancy of his faithful miniflers, per- 
 mitted things to take a gloomy turn. The San 
 Jofeph, as we have before noticed, became a 
 dead weight on the miflion, involving it in ex- 
 penccs for ufelefs repairs, till the utter lofs of 
 it. The San Fermin by the careleflhefs of the 
 pilots, ran aground near the harbour of Ahome, 
 
 and 
 
CALIFORNIA. 25; 
 
 and for want of anTiftance through the bafenefs 
 of the feamen and officers, hoping greater pro- 
 fits from the building a new veffel, the violence 
 of the waves beat it to pieces in the beginning 
 of the year. Thus the San Xavier*s long-boac 
 only remained : and that fo battered and weak- 
 ened by bad weather that it was with great 
 hazard that father Salva-Tierra, having left 
 the care of the garrifon to father Piccolo, 
 reached Cinaloa in it, where he heard of the 
 lofs of the San Fermin. At Cinaloa he ufed 
 all poflible diligence towards a fpeedy remedy : 
 but meeting here with fome difficulties, he re- 
 folved as his lad refource to apply himfelf to 
 the viceroy. ? 
 
 Father Juan Maria, had from the very be- 
 ginning, fent an account of the proceedings to 
 his excellency. In the two firft years he had 
 alfo tranfmitted other letters, in which were in- 
 termixed moft humble requefts for his protec- 
 tion : and on the firft of March of this year, 
 he drew up in California a long memorial to the 
 royal council, figned by the fathers and thirty- 
 five others : in which he fuccindly relates all 
 that had happened in the conqueft and prefent 
 condition of it i fets forth the wants under which 
 It laboured ; fpecifies thefeveral expences made 
 in the expedition, and the impoffibility of the 
 garrifon's being fupported by cafual contribu- 
 tions. 
 
liK: 
 
 ''! ii ,„• 
 
 258 HISTORYOF 
 
 tions, efpecially, as they were now fenfibly felt to 
 decline. He earneftly requefts the royal protec- 
 tion, that the fruit of fo many labours may not 
 be loft : he defires that the garrifon maybe paid 
 on the king's account, as all the others on the fron- 
 tiers were •, and if this be not done, he protefts 
 againft the damages which will be the confe- 
 quence of his forfakingthe miflion : concluding, 
 that his companion Piccolo and he, were de- 
 termined to perfevere in it, though left alone 
 and expofed to certain death from the hands of 
 the favages. At Cinaloa he compofed another 
 memorial to the viceroy, fetting forth the da- 
 mages fuftained by the San Jofcph ; the lofs of 
 the San Fermin } the weak condition of the 
 long-boat, though now the garriibn*s ohly ve- 
 hicle •, and the imminent danger, that in the 
 interim the fettlers would miferably perifh for 
 want } and this at a time when they all had been 
 indulging themfelves in the pleafing hopes of 
 the entire fubmifllon of that large country to 
 the faving yoke of the faith and the dominion 
 of his catholick majefty. He therefore re- 
 quefted that he would beftow upon California a 
 veflel, which a little before had been by war- 
 rant, allowed to fome Peru traders at Acapulco. 
 The viceroy was not pleafed to give himfelf the 
 trouble of anfwering the father's firft letters ; 
 and though father Ugarte very much follicited 
 
 to 
 
 iU« 
 
slyfeltto 
 il protec- 
 
 may not 
 ly be paid 
 ithefron- 
 B protefts 
 le confe- 
 ncluding, 
 
 were de- 
 eft alone 
 
 hands of 
 d another 
 :h the da- 
 the lofs of 
 on of the 
 i only vc- 
 lat in the 
 perifh for 
 i had been 
 I hopes of 
 :ountry to 
 dominion 
 refore re- 
 alifornia a 
 n by war- 
 Acapulco. 
 limfelf the 
 ft letters; 
 i foliicited 
 to 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 469 
 
 to have them read in a general aflembly } all 
 that he could obtain was only a verbal mention 
 of them. The efFeft of this, was, that a thou- 
 fand crowns were appointed for the expences of 
 the miflion : but father Ugarte declined re- 
 ceiving it, as utterly difproportionate to the ex- 
 igency, though it would at the fame time put a 
 ftop to all the contributions of the benefa(5lors. 
 He alfo (hewed that a few years before 30000 
 dollars per annum had been offered to the fo- 
 ciety to take the enterprize upon themfelves : 
 and that the greateft part of it being already ac- 
 complifhed, it did not become the government 
 fo foon to depart from thofe principles, by 
 which its refolutions were at that time diredled. 
 But thefe and other ftrenuous reprefentationa 
 met with fuch a cold reception, that for the two 
 Hrfl years, not the leaft provifion was made for 
 the fupport of the miflfion. 
 
 The more recent memorials concerning the 
 vefiel and garrifon, far from having a better 
 effedl, were attacked by a moft atrocious ca- 
 lumny, that the lofs of the San Fermin was no 
 other than a trick of the jefuits, in order to 
 have a fingering of the king's money. It muft 
 indeed be a heart armed with the impenetrable 
 Ihield of faith, and inflamed with a defire of its 
 propagation, to bear up againft fuch a combir 
 natioij of difficulties. But it would not be the 
 
 caufe 
 
11 
 
 'i 1 
 
 i ■ 
 
 m 
 
 I'l 
 
 ill I 
 
 '. 
 
 270 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 caufe of God, did it not deferve to be main- 
 tained and profecuted, no lefs under difcourage- 
 ment and Ihame, than under profperity and 
 reputation. Father Salva-Tierra, more to re- 
 move this vile objedtion, than from any care of 
 himfelf, fent five letters from the treafurer of 
 Guadalaxara, and other perfons of diftindlion, 
 certifying the lofs of the veflel. Thefe indeed 
 deftroyed the calumny j but did not create any 
 defires of fupplying the wants. The papers 
 were referred to the follicitor, who after long 
 delays, required a fight of the licences, by vir- 
 tue of which the fathers had firfl: gone over to 
 California, and in his report, he laboured to 
 prove that by them the fathers had no claim on 
 the revenue. This difficulty alfo was overcome 
 by fliewing the alteration of circumftances, and 
 the difference betwixt the attempt of a conqueft", 
 and the prefervation of what has been con- 
 quered : and after long debates, the cafe was 
 ordered to be referred to the viceroy, the refo- 
 lution belonging to him only. The urgency 
 of the wants required all pofllble difpatch in 
 this; yet all that could be obtained, was an 
 offer to tranfmit an account of the matter to 
 court, and wait his majefty's refolution : and 
 as for the Peruvian veflfel, it was ordered, that if 
 father Ugarte would enter into a bond to pay 
 the value of it, on the repeal of the grant, it 
 
 ihould 
 
 ^1 
 
 I 
 
e main- 
 ourage- 
 ity and 
 e to re- 
 ^ care of 
 furer of 
 hinftion, 
 *e indeed 
 •eate any 
 e papers 
 fter long 
 , by vir- 
 e over to 
 (oured to 
 claim on 
 svercome 
 nces, and 
 conqueft, 
 )een con- 
 ; cafe was 
 the refo- 
 e urgency 
 ifpatch in 
 was an 
 matter to 
 ion : and 
 ed, that if 
 id to pay 
 grant, it 
 fhould 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 CALIFORNIA. ^yi 
 
 fliould be delivered up for the fervice of Cali- 
 fornia, but not otherwife. This, the father 
 was by no means able to do ; fo that neither 
 the veffel, nor even its boat were given ; nor 
 was it fo much as permitted, that the galliot of 
 don Pedro Gil de la Sierpe, now dead, Ihould 
 be lent to carry over the fuccours which had 
 been procured. Certificates of their fer vices 
 were required, in order to feek for redrefs at 
 court, but were denied : and thus the only re- 
 courfe left to the bed friends of mankind waa 
 patience and chriftian fortitude. 
 
 Theviceroy had in May 1698, and in Odobcr 
 1 699, laid before his majefty in his council of 
 the Indies, an account of the enterprize in 
 California. Thefe accounts were very accep- 
 table, and large fuccours were promlfed, efpe- 
 cially through the zealous follicitation of that 
 mod excellent lady the countefs of Galves donna 
 Alvira de Toledo, who had been vice-queen at 
 Mexico ; and who interefted herfelf in the hap- 
 py iflue of this undertaking. However by the 
 death of this lady, and the agitations into 
 which the illnefs of king Charles II. threw the 
 court, as with that prince it was apprehended 
 the monarchy itfelf would expire, and much 
 more by his deceafe which happened on the ift 
 of November, 1700, no manner of provifion 
 was made for California. 
 
 The 
 
iwiiii 
 
 272 HISTORYOP 
 
 The acceflion of Philip V. infpired new life 
 and vigor into the languid body of the (late : 
 and though the third report) which the viceroy 
 had promifed to fend, had not yet reached 
 Madrid ; yet the dellitute condition of that 
 important conqueft being known by private let- 
 ters, the two firfl reports were read in council, 
 and by its advice the young monarch on the 
 1 7th of July, being only the eighth month of 
 the Hrfl: year of his reign, difpatched three 
 warrants ftrongly in favour of California, and 
 no lefs honourable to the reverend fociety, di- 
 rected to don Juan de Ortega Montanes, arch- 
 bifhop of Mexico, then newJy invefted with the 
 viceroylhip, to the bifliop of Guadalaxara, and 
 to the audience of that city. By the firfl: war- 
 rant founded on the two reports, it was ordered 
 that by no means an entrance of fuch impor- 
 tance fhould be negledled, but fupported by all 
 pofTible means : and his majefl:y*s affedionate 
 thanks to be returned to the mifllonaries. It 
 likewife directed that 6000 dollars fhould be 
 every year paid out of the royal treafury for 
 that mifTion, without delaying or omitting it on 
 any pretence. It likewife required that an ex- 
 a6t account fhould be taken of the country, the 
 garrifon j the means of forwarding the con- 
 quefti the communication with New Spain; 
 the condition of the milTions of Cinaloa, So- 
 nera 
 
new life 
 e (late: 
 viceroy 
 reached 
 of that 
 vate let- 
 council, 
 ;h on the 
 nonth of 
 led three 
 rnia, and 
 ciety, di- 
 les, arch- 
 1 with the 
 ixara, and 
 firft war- 
 is ordered 
 ch impor- 
 rted by all 
 iFeaionate 
 laries. It 
 Ihould be 
 reafury for 
 Ltting it on 
 hat an ex- 
 ►untry •, the 
 the con- 
 ew Spain ; 
 inaloa, So- 
 nora 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 273 
 
 flora and Nueva Bifcaya; and the fuccours 
 which thefe might furnifh towards the new mif- 
 fion i and laftly it enjoyned that he Ihould in- 
 terpofe his authority for removing to California, 
 if poflible, two miflions founded for Cinaloa 
 and Sonora, by Alonzo Fernandez de la Torre, 
 lately an inhabitant of Compodella. In the 
 other two his majefty direfted the bifhop and 
 audience to encourage and promote the enter- 
 prife i to fend him an account of their proceed- 
 ings, and to ufe proper meafurcs for the ex- 
 change of the miflions. Another royal war- 
 rant figned by her majefty Mary of Savoy, was 
 fent the following year to the duke de Albur- 
 querque, now viceroy, which I infert here, 
 both on account of its contents, and as a pleaf- 
 ing memorial of that moft amiable woman*s 
 accomplifhments, whofe fine qualities and vir- 
 tues juftly caufed her to be idolized by the 
 whole nation. " The king and queen regent, 
 to the duke of Alburquerque, my coufin, lord 
 of my bed chamber, my viceroy, governor and 
 captain general of the provinces of N'jw Spain, 
 and prefident of the Royal Audenci of Mexico i. 
 the provincial of the fociety of jefuits, in the 
 province of Toledo, has reprefented to me, that 
 it is now above five years fince fome mifllonaries 
 of his order undertook the fpiritual and tempo- 
 ral conqueft of the Californians $ and that in 
 Vol, I. T Auguft 
 
,^' 
 
 It': ;' ; . I 
 iiiii 
 
 . ^'nlll 
 
 !!iii)' 
 
 274 HISTORYOF 
 
 Augiift of the laft year 1701, they had reduced 
 the Indians for the fpace of 50 leagues to a fet- 
 tled obedience, and founded four towns, with 
 above 600 chriftians, moft of them young, and 
 no Icfs than 2000 adult catechumens) and that 
 in the midft of this happinefs, obtained without 
 any expence to the royal revenue, but through 
 the labour of thofe religious, and the charitable 
 contributions of zealous perfons, till the aflign- 
 ment pafled laft year for this purpofe of 600 
 dollars to each, on the treafury of Mexico. 
 Some difturbance was to be apprehended from 
 the favages, of which the figns daily increafed, 
 that all neceflary precautions were to be ufed 
 againft any detriment which threatened fo great 
 a work, in order to which, he has petitioned 
 me to take what meafures Ihould feem good to 
 me, and though in my warrant of the 1 7th of 
 July in the above mentioned year 1 700, very 
 particular orders and inftruflions were fent to 
 the government, concerning what v/as to be 
 done for the better fuccefs of the conqueft of 
 California, and promoting fettlements there, I 
 am now refolved by my royal order of the i ith 
 of this month, to renew the like diredlions to 
 you i at the fame time making known to you 
 how- agreeable thofe accounts were to me, by 
 reafon of the great advantages which are ex- 
 pefted from the ardent zeal of the milTionarics 
 
 of 
 
duccd 
 afet- 
 5, with 
 g, and 
 nd that 
 without 
 ihrough 
 laritablc 
 e aflign- 
 of 600 
 Mexico, 
 ded from 
 increafed, 
 ) be ufed 
 ;d fo great 
 petitioned 
 ^ good to - 
 he 17th of 
 1700, very 
 :re fent to 
 was to be 
 conqneft of 
 nts there, 1 
 •of the nth 
 iircaions to 
 lown to you 
 e to me, by 
 rhich are ex- 
 miflionarics 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 275 
 
 of the reverend fociety, whom you are hereby 
 diredled to affifl, and countenance on all occa- 
 fions, which may conduce to their relief and 
 fatisfaflion, and the accomplifhment of the 
 holy end, to which their indefatigable labours 
 are directed, as I expedt from you great duty 
 to God and the crown. You likewife are to 
 take care that they be occafionally aflided by all 
 perfons in office and others ; you are to fend 
 me an account of all your proceedings. Given 
 at Madrid the nth of December, 1702 — I 
 the Queen. By her majefty*s order, don Manuel 
 de Apperregui.'* 
 
 Whilft thefe fcheduies were in agitation at 
 Madrid, not the leaft thing was done at Mexico 
 in favour of the miflion on his majefty's ac- 
 count. It is true, that this was in fome mea- 
 fure impeded by two conquefts, which the 
 government of Mexico had undertaken with 
 great vigour : the firft was of the garrifon of 
 Panzacola, on the gulf of Mexico, in the pro- 
 vince of Florida, where it joins to Louifiana, 
 in 69 deg. W. longitude according to the fa- 
 mous geographer monfieur d'Anville, from 
 the common meridian of the ifle of Ferro, or 
 in 291 E. longitude, and in 30 degrees and 
 a half north latitude. The fecond was that of 
 the province of Los Tezas, lying North of New 
 
 T 2 Mexico, 
 
il[ 
 
 i 
 
 276 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 Mexico, in 95 degrees weft longitude, or in 
 265 caftern longitude, from the fame common 
 meridian; and in 38 degrees north latitude. 
 In the firft conqueft, above a million of dollars 
 was expended in the year 1700, only Pan- 
 zacola might not fall into the hands of other 
 nations. Great advantages were alfo expefted 
 from the conqueft of Los Texas, which was car- 
 ried on without any regard to the expence. 
 However both diverted the attention of the go- 
 vernment from California. But the chief caufe 
 of fo many delays and obftruAions was jea- 
 loufy, that evil which, from the beginning, has 
 clogged all the plans of thefociety. This malig- 
 nant paflion, which lurked in the corrupt hearts 
 of many by fpecious pretences, infedls the good 
 intentions and fimplicity of the incautious. 
 They whofe hearts are continually grovelling 
 amidft the mire of this world, think it a mere 
 chimera, that any one Ihould expofe himfelf to 
 great fatigues and dangers, without having in 
 view a fuitable prefent reward ; and confe- 
 quently how could perfons of fuch fentiments 
 believe, that the fathers, amidft fuch labours, 
 diftrefles, and troubles, were aiming only at the 
 glory of God, and the converfion of favages. 
 The former expeditions to California, though 
 unfuccefsful, had ferved to enrich great num- 
 bers, either by the large fums of the royal revf- 
 
 
 ul 
 
 
CALIFORNIA. 277 
 
 nu€ which had been expended, or by Hfhing 
 and trading for pearls. Thejefuits were with- 
 out any of thefe advantages. But the report 
 of their being mafters of California, had no 
 fooner fpread, than many of Mexico conceived, 
 and induflrioufly gave out, that the jefuits 
 found great treafures there. Befides the con- 
 tributions of the benefadlors, though not at all 
 equal to the expences of the enterprife, yet 
 were more than fufHcient to make a great noife 
 among thofe, who though they did not think 
 fit to envy the jefuits, the toils, dangers, and 
 hardlhips, through which they were feeking 
 the kingdom of God, yet were the firft to envy 
 them their temporal aggrandizement and repu- 
 tation. This indeed was wanting in a con- 
 queft, which abounded only in wants. Yet 
 the former account of the pearls ftrengthened 
 thefe malicious reports, which were carefully 
 difleminated among the people as powerful rea- 
 fons, and cloathed with the appearance of pa- 
 triotifm, care of the publick money, and zeal 
 for his majefty's fervice. 
 
 There was alfo another caufe which fprung 
 up in the very bofom of the miflion -, and this 
 was the uneafinefs of the captain of the 
 garrifon, Antonio Garcia de Mendoza, 
 with whom the fatigues of his employment 
 little agreed. But what he bore ftill with 
 
 T 3 greater 
 
J : 
 
 '\ ,! 
 
 278 HISTORY OF 
 
 greater impatience was his fubordination to the 
 fathers, who would not allow him to opprefs 
 the Indians by any of thofe pretences, which, in 
 other parts, have been (o fuccefsfully praftifed 
 by covctoufnefs for obtaining a fuddcn for- 
 tune on the ruin of thofe unhappy people. 
 Accordingly about this time he wrote feveral 
 letters to his friends and the viceroy, full of 
 complaints ;igainft the; fathers, though with 
 fuch equivocation, t^ at in one to the viceroy, 
 dated the 22d of 0(5lober 1700, after bellow- 
 ing 0.1 the tdthers Salva-Tierra and Piccolo, the 
 titlts of holy men, apoilies, and cherubims, 
 and Tif' unifying their labour, zeal, and difin- 
 teref^eJiiefs, he inveighs agamft ail i aland ex- 
 p .' r.rsj kvclir;>s of ways, plantirg, tilling, 
 ai.tl oLher wi'iks, conciudin|^ a. laft "^ I fee no 
 01 -ci reiVk^Uy tV putting a ftop to tiiefe roman- 
 ticK a 'd rafh Icb/mes, thun to give an accotint 
 of them to tne molt reverend provmcial ot the 
 fociety, di'firin^, liim that he wouid order from 
 hence thefe two iclli^ious, and fecure them in a 
 place where they may icieive the punifhment 
 they defire : and for my pan imprifon and chain 
 me in a ciltle, as a warning to thofe that 
 come after nie, that they may not be carried 
 away by fuch delufions." Thefe letters, 
 which the enemies to the miflion did not grudge 
 to copy and diflribute great numbers of them 
 
 1 
 I 
 
rf. 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 279 
 in Mexico and other parts, though wrlucn by 
 a man under a violent difcompofiirc of mind 
 made a deep impreflion on foniL of the luiiii- 
 ftry ; and on all who confidered the fubordina- 
 tion of the foldiers to the fathers, only as a grati- 
 fication of an excefllve defireof power : and who 
 looked upon this fubjedion as a fcandal to the 
 name of a foldier, although they were paid out 
 of charitable contributions. But the misfor- 
 tune was, that the difpute happened at a time 
 when the treafury was exhaulled, and when 
 very few minded any thing elfe, than to make 
 the befl; advantage of the uncertain life of a king, 
 naturally inHrm, and now Tick, and without 
 any fucceflbr. Another unhappy eflfeft of thefe 
 reports being fpread among the people by per- 
 fons of figure, was, that they cooled the hearts 
 of many who before had chearfully and libe- 
 rally contributed to the fupportof the miflion, 
 that it became necefiTary from an inability to 
 fupport it, to reduce the garrifon of Loretto to 
 only twelve foldiers, who voluntarily remained, 
 that the fathers might not be wholly forfaken. 
 The fmail number now left fpirited up the In- 
 dians to form fevcral plots, and all journies or 
 fettlements up the country, were no longer 
 to be thought of. The baptifm of the adults 
 was put oflf for a long time j and fuch were 
 (he hardships and diilrefTes which befell our 
 
 T 4 people 
 
28o 
 
 HISTORY OF 
 
 people in California, that it plainly appeared 
 to be the divine will, that this fpiritual con- 
 queft fhould be founded on oppofition and fuf- 
 ferings •, his ufiial method in all works which 
 he owns as his. In a letter of Oftober 3, 1 700, 
 father Salva-Tierra, after acquainting his friend 
 the folicitor of Guadalaxara, that he had dif- 
 charged 18 foldiers, adds, " For the dif- 
 charge of the remair.der I only wait for the laft 
 refolutions of the audience of Mexico, to whom 
 I have fent my final protefts. After the total 
 redudlion of the foldiers, we fliall confult on 
 liquidating all arrears : and if, for want of a 
 military force, our California fons Ihould 
 fend us to give an account to God, there will 
 ftill remain our lady of Loretto, whounquefti- 
 onably will pay the whole." 
 
 All hopes of afliftance from the government 
 being nowdefpaired of, father Ugarte coUefted 
 in Mexico what contributions he could : thefe 
 he laid cut according to the bills which had 
 been lent him ; and with an intent of remain- 
 ing in California for ever, he requefted leave to 
 fend that unlacky veflel the San Jofeph, which 
 after tvv'enty-two months flie had been 
 buikiingon thecoaft of New Galicia, was not 
 yet finifhed. It was with great difficulty his 
 fuperiors would admit of it ; and having left 
 the concerns of the mifiion in the hands of the 
 
 ^ : faithful 
 
CALIFORNIA. 281 
 
 faithful father Alexandre Romano* he left 
 Mexico on. the third of December, being the 
 feftival of St. Xavier his patron ; he took the 
 way of Queretaro and Guadalaxara, in order to 
 acquaint Ozio and the folicitor Miranda^ of 
 the ftate of affairs ; and having given proper 
 orders on the coaft of Cinaloa and Ahome, for 
 fending away the long-boat with provifions, he 
 traveled above 400 leagues to the river Hiaqui, 
 where he hoped to find father Juan Maria, but 
 he was difappointed ; and his impatience to 
 reach thefe new miffions for the converfion 
 of the gentiles, not admitting of any delay, in- 
 ftead of waiting for him, he boldly got into an 
 old fmall boat left as unferviceable on the 
 coaft, and having in three days croffed the gulf 
 with a fair wind, he arrived at Loretto on the 
 19th of March, on the feftival of the patriarch 
 St. Jofepli, whom he had chofen for his pro- 
 teftor in fo dangerous a paflage. Here he 
 found father Piccolo, and the people of the 
 garrifon in the utmoft melancholy and diftrefs, 
 as fince laft Odlober, they had received no fup- 
 ply, nor any account from the coaft. Pro- 
 vidence a few days after, was pleafed tc com- 
 fort them by the arrival of the San Xavier long- 
 boat with the provifions, which father Ugarte 
 had put on board three months before. But 
 hy the violence of contrary winds, the boat had 
 
 been 
 
 '; 
 
If 
 
 i 
 
 .1 
 
 m 
 
 
 1 
 
 • . ( ^ 
 
 ll 
 
 ■i I 
 
 1 
 
 ' i ' '■ 
 
 1 
 
 
 ' 'i^t 
 
 -"] 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 "■ ' 
 
 
 '' 
 
 in 
 
 it 
 
 
 If 
 
 ,11 V ■■! 
 
 ''' ' 18 
 i III 
 
 HI 
 
 1 
 
 H-1 
 1 
 
 ! 1 
 
 ., 1 
 ■ ii 
 
 k 
 
 • II ■ '' 'it' 
 
 ' .: ;:'! 1; 
 
 • i^A- 1 
 
 
 V li, 
 
 a82 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 been beating the fea all the time, fo that great 
 part of the provifions was expended. 
 
 S E C T. V. 
 
 Attempts and voyages for difcovering the 
 jundtion of California with the 
 continent of New Spain : a fhort nar- 
 rative of the defigns and heroick labours 
 of father Francifco Kino, in the miflions 
 of Sonora and Pineria ; with an account 
 of them. , 
 
 Father Sal va-Tierra, with inconceivable grief, 
 faw himfelf on the point of abandoning for 
 ever, after . fuch a great expence to well dif- 
 pofed perfons, the converfion of California, 
 from the impoflibility of procuring a fubfiftence 
 from the miffionaries and others in tlie country, 
 and from the delay, uncertainty, and continual 
 want of fuccours from New Spain. He faw that 
 without fuch provifions, all the meafures of the 
 mod ardent zeal for the converfion of the In- 
 dians would be of no effe(5t. Laftly, he faw 
 that new oppofitions were daily raifing in 
 Mexico againfl: affording him the neceflary fiip- 
 plies. In this exigency he determined to crofs 
 the gulf in fearch of others, and for opening 
 a way to receive them with lefs uncertainty and 
 I danger, 
 
CALIFORNIA. 283 
 
 danger. His hopes were grounded on the 
 miflions of the jefuits, in the province of So- 
 nora, which he flattered himfelf might here- 
 after make one body with thofe of California, 
 by a reciprocation of fupplies, and all kinds of 
 good offices : to this purpofe he left Loretto 
 at the end of Odtober 1 700, and landed at Ci- 
 naloa, where having collefted feme contribu- 
 tions and fuccours for his mifllon, he went to 
 Sonora to meet his old reverend friend father 
 Kino. This apoftolical jefuit, who, as we have 
 related, had firft put Salva-Tierra on the Ca- 
 lifornian defign, and being detained as a prifo- 
 ner at Sonora, by the neceflity of his perfonal 
 prefence in that province, had endeavoured to 
 fupport the laft mentioned father, by collefting 
 donations, and fending from Guayma and 
 Hiaqui, furniture, beafts for breeding, and pro- 
 vifions, which he procured among the mines 
 and miflions. But neither his elevated thoughts, 
 nor thofe of the venerable Salva-Tierra, were 
 limited to the prcfent time, nor to low obje<5ts j 
 both formed the fcheme of fubjefting to 
 the king the vaft countries of America, 
 contiguous to the South fea, one carrying on 
 his fpiritual conquefts along the north of Ca- 
 lifornia, and the other through the continent 
 of America, till he arrived at laft in the coun- 
 tries oppofite to Puerto deMonte-Rey, and cape 
 
 M^ndozino, 
 
& ' 
 
 ti i ;■' ' 
 
 284 HISTORY OF 
 
 Mendozino, in cafe California was not found 
 to be an ifland, at the fame time converting ail 
 the interjacent country to chriftianity. Thefe 
 great men werenot able to accomplifh their exten- 
 five fchemes, nor hitherto have the jefuits who 
 fucceeded them in their mifllons and labours. 
 But it is worth taking notice of here, what each 
 did feparately towards the execution of fo vaft 
 a projeft, and lay open the noble views with 
 which they were animated : for the reafons for 
 the execution of them being of the fame nature 
 and validity now, it will be proper to enter 
 into a detail of the plan, which in this enter- 
 prife is at any time to be followed : and this 
 will further fhew the importance and the con- 
 nexion of the fereral miflions, and what may be 
 expedled under the good pleafure of providence 
 from the enlargement and profperity of them. 
 But in order to this, it is necefTary, by way of di- 
 greflion, to give a fhort account of the miflions 
 of Sonora. The particular narrative of the faid 
 miflions will more circumfl:antially gratify the 
 curiofity of the reader, with an infinite variety 
 of accounts. In the mean time, thofe I 
 am going to lay before him, are of the greatefl: 
 authenticity, having been at the pains of copy- 
 ing them from the original journals of father 
 Kino, father Juan Antonio Balthafar, for- 
 jTierly vifitor of the faid miflions, and now pre- 
 
 fident 
 
found 
 ting all 
 
 Thefe 
 irexten- 
 lits who 
 labours, 
 hat each 
 
 fo vaft 
 sws with 
 ifons for 
 le nature 
 to enter 
 lis enter- 
 and this 
 the con- 
 at may be 
 rovidence 
 of them. 
 Rray of di- 
 e miflions 
 )f the faid 
 jratify the 
 ite variety 
 
 thofe I 
 le greateft 
 ; of copy- 
 ; of father 
 afar, for- 
 I now pre- 
 fident 
 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 285 
 
 fident of the province of Mexico; a perfoti 
 whofe zeal, labours, virtues, and talents, will 
 juftly entitle him to the admiration of pofterity. 
 
 The province of Sonora lies eaft of Califor- 
 nia, the gulf of that name running betwixt 
 both J and thus, as we have faid, wafhing both 
 coafts. It is the leaft province of the Spanifli 
 dominions in America, along the coaft of the 
 South fea : for though that of New Mexico, 
 which lies north eaft of Sonora, be. in a high- 
 er latitude than this, it is a province on all fides 
 environed by land, without any iflfue to the fea. 
 The government of Sonora reached north- 
 ward from the mouth of the river Hiaqui, to 
 the Apaches, who hitherto have been the fcourge 
 and the terror of the whole country. The laft 
 miflion of the coaft, was that of Concepcion de 
 Caborca in about thirty- one degrees, and about 
 ninety or one hundred leagues from the river 
 Hiaqui; but was totally deftroyed laft year 
 1751, by the favages in an infurreftion, when 
 it was the happinefs of the two miflionaries, fa- 
 ther Thomas Tello a native of Almagro, and 
 fon of Alonfo Tello and Ifabel Buytron, and 
 father Henrique Rohen to feal their faith by 
 martyrdom, though an inexpreffible lofs to the 
 new eftablifhment of chriftianity in thofe parts. 
 Weftward it is bounded by the gulf of Califor- 
 nia J fouthward it joins to the provinces of Rio 
 
 Mayo, 
 
I'i; 
 
 r m 
 
 I!- ;i'i' 
 
 i\\ 
 
 286 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 Mayo, Ciiialoa, and Oili Muri, and eaftward 
 it reaches to the high mountain of Tarrahumara. 
 The circumference of the whole, is about three 
 hundred and Hfty leagues. It is inhabited by 
 various nations of Indians, as the Opatas, 
 Topas, Teguaiamas, Heguis, the upper Pay mas 
 and the lower Pay mas, the Seris, the Tepocas, 
 and Guayamas ; among all which are twenty- 
 four miflions of jefuits. The air is falutary 
 and mild, the country very different, being 
 fteep mountains intermixed with delightful le- 
 vels and fruitful valleys, formed by the feveral 
 branches of the great mountain ; and where, 
 befides excellent paftures, are produced in great 
 plenty, moftofthe efculent vegetables of Eu- 
 rope and America. The greateft inconveniency 
 of this is, that along the gulf of California, its 
 coaft is a fucceflion of inacceflible mountains 
 and barren fands, .without any frclh water : and 
 for this reafon, from Hiaqui to Caborca it is 
 inhabited only by the Guayamas, the Tepocas, 
 and the Seris, who live by filhing. Such a dif- 
 pofition of the lliore, with impediments of 
 another nature, has not only rendered any fet- 
 tlements on the coaft by Spanilh colonies im- 
 prafticable, but alfo made the formation of 
 ahy miflions extremely difficult. And though 
 many trials and entrances have been made, and 
 in thefe late years, the Indians on the «:oal.. 
 
 have 
 
1 eaftward 
 rahumara. 
 bout three 
 habited by 
 e Opatas, 
 jerPaymas 
 e Tepocas, 
 re twenty - 
 is falutary 
 ent, being 
 lightful le- 
 the feveral 
 and where, 
 :ed in great 
 bles ofEu- 
 onveniency 
 lifornia, its 
 mountains 
 water : and 
 'aborca it is 
 le Tepocas, 
 Such a dif- 
 diments of 
 red any kt' 
 olonies im- 
 armation of 
 A.nd though 
 made, and 
 in the coaix 
 have 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 2«f 
 
 have admitted the faith among them, yet it is 
 far from being in a proper manner and 
 firmnefs, as was moft unhappily proved by 
 the infurreftion abovementioned in 1751; 
 and which it is juftly feared will prove a lading 
 obftacle to its reduftion. On this account, 
 though the province has a coaft of fuch extent, 
 it may be looked upon as inland, affording 
 no manner of conveniehcy for a maritime com- 
 merce with the other provinces : and to the 
 fame caufe it is owing, that the frontiers of Ca- 
 lifornia do not receive from Sonora, which it 
 might, were the difpofition of its coaft other- 
 wife. \ ' < 
 
 Sonora may be faid at the fame time to be 
 one of the pooreft and richeft provinces of Ame- 
 rica, and of the world. Befides its fruitfulnefs 
 in all forts of ufeful vegetables, it is every 
 where full of veins of filver ore and mines, and 
 of fuch richnefs, that what is related of fome, 
 exceeds all credibility j and if the allegations in 
 fuits before the fupreme council of the Indies 
 may be depended on, Potofi and the other 
 mines, however rich, are no longer to be prin- 
 cipally admired, Sonora affording mountains, 
 wanting very little of being entirely compofed of 
 mafly filver. Several Spanifli families in different* 
 camps or fettlements, make confiderable advan- 
 tages of thefe mines : yet is this province one 
 
 of 
 
1'- 
 
 288 HISTORYOF 
 
 of the pooreft, and in the whole world there is 
 fcarce a more manifeft proof of that truth, 
 though but little attended to, that the wealth 
 and power of a ftate does not confift in gold, 
 filver, gems, and the noble metals, but in the 
 number and induftry of its inhabitants ; a well 
 cultivated foil, graziery, and variety of manu- 
 fadlures for confumption and exportation, and 
 the exa6l adminiftration of juftice. Sonora, 
 I repeat it, is in extreme poverty ; and it is 
 even vifible, that every day it becomes thinner 
 of inhabitants. The caufes are general to all 
 Spanifli America and even to Old Spain. But 
 they are of greater force in Sonora, as lying 
 more out of the way of the trade to Europe j a 
 detail of it would require a longer difcourfe than 
 is confiflent with this place : but as this is an 
 cflential point in the knowledge of your confti- 
 tution of the province, and as the religious fet- 
 tlements already founded, and the fuccefs of 
 the mifTions and conquefls, both of Sennora 
 and California depended on it, it will be pro- 
 per, pafling by others of lefs confideratlon, to 
 lay open the two moft principal fources. The 
 firft is, that as filver is here to be confider- 
 ed as the principal, or only mercantile com- 
 modity proper for exportation, the advantage 
 made by the filver, little anfwers the charge 
 of working it. The feparation of the filver by 
 
 fire. 
 
 '!!r 
 
Id there is 
 lat truth, 
 :he wealth 
 I in gold, 
 but in the 
 ,ts i a well 
 f of manu- 
 tation, and 
 . Sonora, 
 ; and it is 
 mes thinner 
 :neral to all 
 5pain. But 
 ■a, as lying 
 ) Europe-, a 
 ifcourfe than 
 as this is an 
 rour confti- 
 eligious fet- 
 fuccefs of 
 \ of Sennora 
 will be pro- 
 ideration, to 
 (urces. The 
 be confider- 
 rcantile corn- 
 advantage 
 the charge 
 the filver by 
 fire, 
 
 le 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 289 
 
 fire, is attended with fo great an cxpcncc, that, 
 large as the produce is, the advantage is little 
 or nothing. The fcparation of the filver by 
 mercury is ftill more chargeable than by fire. 
 For befides the exceflive price of mercury at 
 firft hand, there is the charge of land carriap;e 
 on the backs of beads, for no lefs than fix 
 hundred leagues, the diftance betwixt Vera- 
 Cruz and Sonora. And thus the mines be- 
 come rclinquifhed ; the leparating of the filver 
 by quickfilver yielding no advantage, as is ac- 
 knowledged by alearned Mexican, in conformity 
 to thedemonftrationofanotherablejudge, in deli- 
 vering his opinion on this head. The confe- 
 quence of this is, that the province is without 
 thofe goods from abroad which it wants i or 
 that in exchange for them, it gives thofe very 
 funds which it Hands in need of, in manufactu- 
 ring its ftaple produce; by which this is 
 entirely at a ftand, and every thing goes to 
 ruin. The fccond reafon of this poverty is, 
 that in America, and much more in Sonora, 
 there is a lamentable wantof almoft all neceflary 
 and convenient manufadtures, trades, and call- 
 ings. Other European nations, though abounding 
 with fuch large quantities of various goods and 
 manufadlurcs within themfelves, and an infinite 
 number of products to be difpofed of at 
 foreign miirkets, are yet feen vigoroufly to en- 
 
 m 
 
 Vol, 1. 
 
 U 
 
 courage 
 
'!' 1 1' " . 
 
 Hi .: 
 
 290 HISTORY OF 
 
 courage in their American colonies all kinds of 
 trades, manufaftures, arts, and handicrafts •, well 
 knowing that otherwife their plantations would 
 foon degenerate into deferts. Of thefe eftablilh- 
 ments the fure confequences are agriculture and 
 graziery, for the fubfiftence of the artifans, and 
 likewife for furniftiing them with many materials. 
 Thefe two alone form the true riches of a coun- 
 try, as it confifts entirely in aplentyofprovifions, 
 and of inhabitants, and the reciprocal com- 
 merce betwixt them. The great Cortes ufed a'l 
 poflible endeavours, for introducing into Mex- 
 ico the whole train of arts and trades, to which 
 Old Spain owed its populoufnefs, wealth, hap- 
 pinefs, and power, efpecially precepts in retaining 
 the regular and falutary motion, which it de-^ 
 rived from the catholick kings. Cortes*s max- 
 ims were followed by a few of the viceroys, as 
 the great archbifliop Qiiiroga, coufin to the 
 archbifhop cardinal of Toledo, of that name, 
 and who by thefe meafures diffufed through 
 Mechoacan, that temporal and fpiritual happi- 
 nefs which will eternally endear his memory, 
 to thofe parts : but fince that time the fcene 
 is fadly changed-, and Old Spain, though without 
 goods, trades, and manufaftures, fufficient for 
 its own confumption, receiving, as is well 
 known, fuch vaft quantities from abroad, yet 
 mull furnifh half the world, i. e. America, 
 
 with 
 
kinds of 
 afts 1 well 
 )ns would 
 : eftablifli- 
 ulture and 
 tifans, and 
 J materials. 
 
 of a coun- 
 'provifions, 
 rocal com- 
 rtes ufed n'l 
 r into Mcx- 
 :s, to which 
 wealth, hap- 
 :sin retaining 
 ^hich it de^ 
 
 ortes's max- 
 
 viceroys, as 
 foufin to the 
 
 (f that name, 
 
 ifed through 
 liritual happi- 
 
 his memory, 
 le the fcene 
 
 lOugh without 
 fufficient for 
 as is well 
 abroad, yet 
 e. America, 
 with 
 
 CALIFORNIA. • 291 
 
 with moft of its neceflaries. The province of 
 Sonora we are fpeaking of, mufl: receive what 
 goods it neither produces nor makes, i, e. all, 
 a few provifions excepted, not immediately from 
 Europe but from Mexico, after all the rifques 
 and charges of fix hundred leagues land car- 
 riage. What then muft be the value of a yard of 
 cloth, carried from Holland to Cadiz, from thence 
 exported to Vera Cruz, thence carried to Mex- 
 ico J and at laft from the twelfth, or even the 
 twentieth time fold at Sonora, and perhaps by 
 neceflity, bought at the price which an uncon- 
 fcionable dealer is pleafed to fix on it. Thus 
 as America is in a great meafure deftitute of one 
 of the main fupports of every ftate, in want 
 of manufaftures and handicrafts for home con- 
 fumption j and confequently by reafon of their 
 intimate connection, little encouragement for 
 agriculture and graziery, great numbers of peo- 
 ple, as either without lands, or as unable or 
 unwilling to improve them, not only fall fhort 
 of that wealth, in purfuit of which they left 
 Europe, but even find themfelves without the 
 means of a decent fubfiftence. The mines are 
 generally thought to be the only refource for 
 acquiring both ; many are fo dazzled by the 
 computation of their produfts, that they forget 
 to reckon the charges of them •, and mofl: peo- 
 ple, without any repaid to the good of the 
 
 U 2 country, 
 
 i--r-.'i 
 
 ', r. 
 
292 II I S T O R Y O F 
 
 country, or of pofterlty, engrolTed by an 
 eager dcfire of amafling a fortune, in order to 
 return to Europe ; and as from the mines are to 
 arife the funds for the enormous charges of the 
 works done and to be done, and likewife for 
 providing themfelves with all foreign goods : 
 and after thefe expenccs alfo for profit, this 
 produces a necefTity of reducing as low as pof- 
 fible, the charges of the works j of looking out 
 for tranfported labourers, laying exceflive talks 
 on them, putting them off, paying them in 
 bad money, or refufing to pay them at all, 
 or even fo much as give them vidluals, charge 
 them with crimes they are not guilty of, in 
 order to ftrip them of what they have already 
 earned, and of harafling the poor creatures by 
 opprelTions of various kinds. In the remote 
 provinces of Sonora, the charges are more 
 than double, and the difficulties greater, befides 
 the want of every thing, and the impunity of 
 extortion from the vaft diftance of the upper 
 tribunals. Farther, no negroes are fcnt hither, fo 
 that only weak and fpiritlefs Indians arc to work 
 in the mines, though a mofl: toilfome labour : 
 and for this work, they who are not prefled as 
 it v;ere co be labourers at the farms, are with 
 no lefs vioknce, forced away from their milfions : 
 thougli there be fomething of a greater appear- 
 a;-.ce tor the former, the mita days, or thofe 
 
 in 
 
"cd by an 
 rt order to 
 nines arc to 
 irgcs of the 
 likewife for 
 :ign goods : 
 profit, this 
 low as pof- 
 F looking out 
 xceflive talks 
 ying them in 
 
 thenv at all, 
 htals, charge 
 : guilty of, in 
 
 have already 
 r creatures by 
 In the remote 
 res are more 
 greater, befides 
 e impunity of 
 :e of the upper 
 2 fent hither, fo 
 ans arc to work 
 ilfome labour: 
 : not preffed as 
 irms, are with 
 n their miffions : 
 
 greater appear- 
 
 1 days, or thofe 
 \\\ 
 
 %- 
 $■ 
 
 % 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 29;? 
 
 in wliicli, according to the laws, the labours of 
 the mines and fields are to be changfcl, do not 
 fufHce for the avicliry of the owners, wlio by a 
 thoufand fraudulent pradlices, eng.tge them at 
 all times : fo that many who go to t'le mines, 
 never in their whole lives return again to their 
 native places. It is in vain for the milVionary 
 to reclaim them ; befides being dilappointed, il 
 is well if the blackefl: calumnies are not railed 
 againft him, or even if he does not fulfer fome 
 violence, in countries where the mifchief is ge- 
 nerally in thofc hands where the remedy fhoukl 
 be found ; and where any recourfe to a higher 
 power is imprafticablc. If they do appeal, imme- 
 diately follows a rupture with thofe, by whofe 
 afiiftance, the converfion was to be carried on ; 
 and againll his information appear great num- 
 bers of others, by which his caiife, however 
 jufl:, is overthrown, and he is fufpended, if 
 not totally rejedled, without waiting for the 
 opinion of the government. In the mean time, 
 the gentile Indians, who are yet free, hai^ghrily 
 refufe to become fubjedt to the yoke of the go- 
 fpel, when they fee their converts forced into fuch 
 a wretched flavery. ' . ' 
 
 Thofe alfo who have been reduced, are often 
 provoked to a revolt •, and, even in the pro- 
 foundeft tranquility, have been charged with 
 infurrediions, that, under this pretencej an armed 
 
 U 3 force 
 
 i 
 
n lijii 
 
 iiiiili 
 
 294 HISTORY OF 
 
 force might be fent againft: them, to roufe 
 them to an oppofition : and then to take them 
 prifoners, and as a punifliment are condemn- 
 ed to work for life in the mines ; or at the 
 farm houfcs. Such proceedings dccreafe the 
 number of Indians ; efpecially as they often 
 procure relief from their miferies by their 
 own hands. The country being thus deprived 
 of its greateft advantages, lies, notwithftanding 
 its inexhauftible mines of filver and fertility, 
 in the moil wretched poverfy. 
 
 Father Eufebius Francifco Kino entered in 
 the year 1687, the province of Sonora ; being 
 appointcal to the only mi/Iion then fubfifting, 
 and bordering on the Indians of Pimeria Alta, 
 a province extending above one hundred leagues 
 N. of Sqnora, and weftward to the gulf of 
 California. He laboured in the mifllon and 
 reduction of the Indians, with a zeal truly 
 worthy of admiration ; went undauntedly alone 
 among them, formed them into villages, pre- 
 vailed on them to fow their lands and take care 
 of their cattle : as the means of keeping them 
 together, and employing fubordinate agents for 
 their civil polity. He had the patience to 
 learn the o'Tbrent languages, tranflatcd the ca- 
 jtechiftn ^nd prayers, which without being 
 difgufted by their indocility and dullnefs, he 
 taught them yerbally. He likewife compofed 
 
 vocabularies 
 
CALIFORNIA. 295 
 
 vocabularies and obfervations, for the ufe of 
 his afllftants and fucceflbrs : and fuch were the 
 happy effefbs of his wonderful mildnefs and con- 
 defcenfion, that they all loved him and confided 
 in him as their general father. He builr houfes 
 and chapels, formed villages and towns -, re- 
 conciled nations who were at enmity : and had he, 
 according to his repeated requeft, been fecond- 
 cd by other miflionaries, the convcrfion of all 
 the nations, betwixt Sonora and the rivers Gila 
 and Colorado, might have been eafily accom- 
 plilhed, and the miflions of New Spain and 
 California, have carried on an intercourfe by 
 land i a defign which always appeared extreme- 
 ly difficult. But the hardfhips which this 
 v/orthy man fuffered from the Indians were the 
 lead, or rather not to be compared to thofe he 
 met with from fome Spaniards, againft whofe 
 violences he was as a wall of brafs, in favour 
 of his converts. They obftruded his enterprifes 
 and prevented his being aflifted by others, it 
 being their intereft, that the poor Pimas Ihould 
 be branded with the name of rebels and enemies, 
 that they might commit depredations among 
 them, and force the Indians to ferve them as 
 flaves. Befides, the farms already fettled, in or- 
 der to fupport the civil governmc nt of the 
 Indians and their miniilers, after fuch labours 
 and fatigues as cannot be eafily conceived, 
 
 U 4 foon 
 
 m 
 
 ,13 
 
'il:; !-■ 
 
 UN. 
 
 'J 
 
 296 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 foon fell to decay : for. it was father Kino alone, 
 •who had been able to obtain from the audience 
 of Guadda::ara, that the new cop.verts among 
 the Indians, fiiould not, during the firft five 
 years of their convcrfion, be obliged to work 
 either on ilic lands or in the mines ; though 
 Charles II. from Lis regard to religion, 
 was pleafcd by an order dated the 14th ol May 
 1606, to prolong thc-fe five years to twenty ; 
 but this was never obfcrved, and the father 
 had ths mortification to fee thofc he had baptifed, 
 drawn from the mountains and deferts, and in- 
 ftrudi'd with infinite pains, forcibly dragged 
 from him to be buried in the depths of a mine, 
 whence few ever return. Bcfides thefe methods 
 for drawing them from the mifllons, they fuf- 
 fered them in the mines and farms to be Kuiltv 
 of the mou abominable excefles, which the 
 fathers took care to reflrain in their habitations : 
 yet notwithftanding fo many formidable oppo- 
 fitions, father Kino in the year 1690, when 
 father Salva-Tierra, then vifitor of the miffions, 
 came into Pimeria, fliewed him feveral new 
 villages he had founded j and the promifing 
 difpofitions he had made, for baptifing the 
 J?imas and other more diftant nations. 
 
 As both thefe mifllonaries were defirous, if 
 poflTible, to enter California, it was agreed, 
 th^t father Kino Ihguld endeavour 10 procure 
 
 afliftant^ 
 
CALIFORNIA. 297 
 
 afliflants on the coaft of Pimeria and Sonora, in 
 order to make the firft effay in thefe provinces, 
 and from thence to fupply the barrennefs of 
 CaUfornia, confiding in the hearty afFedion 
 which he every where found in the Indians. 
 Accordingly, father Kino the following year 
 penetrated as far as the coaft, and in that part 
 of the country of the Pimas called Soba, he 
 built, in the year 1 694, a fmall vefTel, in which 
 he came to the bay called Santa Sabina. He 
 alfo founded, in a convenient fituation, twenty- 
 two leagues up the country, the miflion of la 
 Concepcion de Caborca. In the year 1698, 
 on father Salva-Tierra's entrance intoCalifornia, 
 father Kino in the month of September, left 
 his miflion of Dolores, and after going north- 
 ward as far as the river Gila, vifiting by the 
 way the rancherias of his catechumens, among 
 the Pimas, Opas, and as far as la Encarnacion 
 and San Andres, he continued his journey, and 
 at eighty leagues from San Andres, came to 
 the gulf of California, where, in thirty-two 
 degrees north latitude he found a creek, abound- 
 ing with frelh water and wood, formerly called 
 the bay of Santa Clara, lying near the lofty 
 ridge of mountains of that name. From hence 
 he took a view of the coaft fouthward to the 
 bay of Santa Sabina ', whence he went to Ca- 
 borca, and from thence returned to his miflion 
 
 Pf 
 
 
'|.':,il 
 
 i 
 
 298 HISTORYOF 
 
 of Dolores, after travelling above 300 leagues 
 through a rugged uncultivated country, and 
 the inhabitants deftitute of all religion. Father 
 Kino fent an account of this journey to his fu- 
 periors, and to the fathers Salva-Tierra and 
 Piccolo, from whom he received thanks for his 
 intrepidity and labours, to promote the com- 
 mon good of thofe conquefts. In the following 
 years father Kino made feveral other progrefles, 
 equally long, difficult, and dangerous : fome- 
 times to vifit his catechumens to confirm them 
 in the faith, and inftrufl them in what was 
 further nccefiary for the fubfiftence, and the re- 
 gularity of their commodities $ fometimes he 
 was accompanied by captain Mattheo Mange, in 
 order to confute the calumnies and falfe reports, 
 and quiet infurredlions. In his lad excurfions 
 be was attended by the fathers Antonio Leal, 
 and Francifco Gozalvo, with a defign of going 
 among the Apaches, who, however, famous 
 for ferocity, at that time moved by the reputa- 
 tion of father Kino, had defired fome fathers to 
 be fent among them for their inftrudlion. 
 This journey was, however, rendered abortive, 
 and the moft favourable opportunity of civili- 
 zing thofe favages, abfblutely loft. Amidft 
 thefe important concerns, this great man took 
 care, by the products of his villages, and of the 
 other miflions of the province, to fupply the 
 
 want 
 
D leagues 
 itrv, and 
 
 Father 
 to his fu- 
 ierra and 
 ks for his 
 the corn- 
 following 
 DrosrefTes, 
 as : fome- 
 firm them 
 what was 
 md the re- 
 letimes he 
 Mange, in 
 Ife reports, 
 excurfions 
 onio Leal, 
 n of going 
 er, famous 
 the reputa- 
 e fathers to 
 inftrudion. 
 :d abortive, 
 :y of civili- 
 Amidft 
 
 man took 
 , and of the 
 ) fupply the 
 want 
 
 r:i 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 299 
 
 want of provifions in California, from the har- 
 bours of San Jofeph de Guaymas, and that of 
 Hiaqui : and in other things (hewed himfelf an 
 alert and prudent agent for thefe miflions. 
 
 However furprifing this may appear, yet 
 father Kino's intrepidity was not to be limited. 
 In all thefe toilfomeprogreffes, and many others 
 through unknown countries, whither his un- 
 daunted fpirit had carried him, he was always dc- 
 firous of knowing whether California was united 
 to the continent of New Spain, or whether the 
 gulf continued its direflion northward till it 
 iflued into the So"uth-fca above cape Mendo- 
 cino, and forming one of the largeft iflands in 
 the world. Be»ng a confummate geographer, 
 he was not ignorant that it was formerly con- 
 fidered as part of the continent. But he alfo 
 knew that ever fince the time of Drake, the 
 Englifli navigator, the contrary opinion had 
 prevailed ; and that all the moderns placed it 
 as an iQand^ there being extant alfo fome jour- 
 nals of mariners, according to which they went 
 round California through a ftreight, and gave 
 the parts and places along which they pafTed 
 their own names. Nor was the father infenli- 
 ble of the great importance of folving this geo- 
 graphical problem, aad of the advantages 
 which would refult to the conqueft, by carryin 
 pn t}ic Sonora an^ Californian miflions north- 
 ward, 
 
 or 
 O 
 
300 HISTORYOF 
 
 ward, till they fliould meet ; and thus be of 
 mutual alTiftance to each other by land. Ac- 
 cordingly in the year 1700, he refolved to vifit 
 his Neophites, and penetrate as far as poflible, 
 in order to alcertain this junclion, which, from 
 the anfwersand accounts of the Indians, he was 
 incJintd to believe. 
 
 On the 24th of September 1700, he fet out 
 from his mifllon of Dolores ; and having 
 vifired the villages de Los Remedios, and San 
 Simon and Judas, he came to San Ambrofio 
 del Bufanio Tucubabia and Santa Tulalia, hav- 
 ing previoufly fpent fome time with 300 Indians, 
 who on a miflionary being fent them, offered 
 to incorporate themfelves with thofe of Bufa- 
 fani •, fix leagues farther 40 Indians came out 
 to meet him, and at the fame diftance farther, 
 he came to the village della Merced i twenty 
 leagues farther, he found the village of San 
 Geronymo and four rancherias : at the diftance 
 of five leagues he came to a piece of water, and 
 met with another 12 leagues farther; and 
 after travelling 10 other leagues, he found him- 
 felf at the river Gila. Its fource rifes in the 
 country of the Apaches, from whence it runs 
 eaft and wefi: in above 44 degrees of latitude. 
 And after receiving the waters of the river 
 Azul, it lofes itfelf in the famous river Colo- 
 rado. The father followed the courfe of the 
 
 river 
 
us be of 
 k1. Ac- 
 d to vifit 
 ; pofTible, 
 ich, tVom 
 IS, he was 
 
 le fet out 
 I having 
 , and Saa 
 Ambrofio 
 [alia, hav- 
 o Indians, 
 n, offered 
 of Bufa- 
 came out 
 ce farther, 
 li twenty 
 ge of San 
 le diftance 
 water, and 
 :her ; and 
 ound him- 
 ifes in the 
 ice it runs 
 f latitude. 
 ■ the river 
 iver Colo- 
 rfe of the 
 river 
 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 301 
 
 river for 50 leagues, his attendants being a mix- 
 ture of Pimas, Opas, and Cocomaricopas : and 
 after pafTing through feveral rancherias of thefe 
 nations, he came to the Yumas, who live on 
 the fartheft banks of the river Gila, before its 
 conflux with the Colorado -, and likewife thofe 
 on the eaftern fide of that great river. Here 
 he afcended a mountain of remarkable height, 
 which however afforded him no fight of the fea ; 
 nor could he, though alTifted by a good tele- 
 fcope, difcover any thing but land. In the far- 
 ther profecution of his journey, he came to that 
 part of the country where the river Gila joins 
 the Colorado, near which they told him, the 
 four nations called the Quiquimas, the Bagio- 
 pas, the Hobonomas, and Cutguanes had their 
 refidence. At the requeft of the Yumas, he pro- 
 ceeded to the jundlion of the two rivers; 
 crofTed the Gila, which here is very large, and 
 divided into three branches, and ten or twelve 
 leagues farther, came to a fertile fpot of land 
 in 35 degrees, lying in an angle formed by the 
 junction of thefe two rivers, to which he gave 
 the name of San Dionyfio. Here above 1500 
 perfons came to fee him in a body j and on be- 
 ing examined, they all agreed that there was no 
 fea near the country •, for many of them living on 
 the weft fide of the Colorado, had ofcen fwam 
 acrofs the river. They entreated him that he 
 
 would 
 
 :'Bi 
 

 i 
 
 n\ ' 
 
 ^02 HISTORY OF" 
 
 would likewife vifit the country j but it wsis 
 not thought prudent to comply, from the 
 fcarcity of provifions, wearinefs, ficknefs, and 
 difcontcnt of the Pimas. So that after a great 
 many kind expreflions, and a few fmall prefents, 
 he returned to the place where he had firft taken 
 view of the country. Here he afcended the 
 higheft mountain of the whole chain, from 
 whence, by the help of his telefcope, he had a 
 diftinft view of the mountains of California, 
 and perceived, that after the conflux of the two 
 rivers at San Dionyfio, the Colorado run ten 
 leagues towards the S. W. and 20 more fouth- 
 ward, till it difcharges itfelf into the gulf of 
 California. He continued his journey to Ca- 
 borca by a new route, and at the end of Ofto- 
 ber, arrived at his miflion of Dolores, after a 
 journey of about 400 leagues. 
 
 Father Kino was now convinced that Cali- 
 fornia was connefted to the continent of Ame- 
 rica, the great river Colorado only intervening, 
 and accordingly publifhed the difcovery, and 
 the commandant of Sonora, in the king's 
 name, and the fuperiors of his order, formally 
 returned him thanks. 
 
 Father Juan Maria Salva-Tierra, who in the 
 fame month came from California, in order to 
 folicit afliftance among the miflions and garri- 
 fons of Sonora, was greatly pleafed at this ac- 
 count 3 
 
CALIFORNIA. 30J 
 
 count; and by letters, and fince in pcrfoh, 
 congratulated father Kino. But this difcovery 
 being founded only on a diftant view, father 
 Salva-Tierra exhorted father Kino to undertake 
 a fecond journey, that he might perfonally 
 prove the truth of it, judging that the whole 
 welfare of his Californian mifllon depended 
 upon it. He even defired him to crofs from 
 Sonora, to the river Colorado ; and after fol- 
 lowing the courfe of that river, to proceed 
 along the coaft of California to the garrifon of 
 Loretto. Father Kino readily agreed to the 
 invitation, and though it fuffered a delay of 
 fome days, on account of the inroads of the 
 lawlefs Apaches, in the village of Cucurpe, and 
 the neighbouring country; the fathers at 
 length fet out from the mifllon de Dolores, on 
 the iflof March 1701, and as they took dif- 
 ferent ways, in order to vifit the catechumens, 
 Concepcion de Caborca was appointed for 
 their rendezvous. Father Salva-Tierra went 
 by San Ignacio, in order to reach the river 
 Caborca, the courfe of which he followed 
 through Tibutama, Axi, San Diepo de Uqui- 
 toa, and San Diepo de Pitquin, till he arrived 
 at the rendezvous. Father Kino took a cir- 
 cuit by Cocofpera, San Simon and Judas, till 
 at San Ambrofio de Bufanio, he came to the 
 fame river of Caborca, and kept along its banks 
 
 through 
 
 m 
 
■ li 
 
 l.i: 'l^ 
 
 304 HISTORYOF 
 
 through Sarrii, Tibutama, and other village* 
 to Caborca. From hence they fet out toge- 
 ther northward, attended by 10 foldiers, and 
 came to San Eduardo de BailTia, and San Luis 
 de Bacapa : at the latter they were met by the 
 Marcos de Niza, provincial of the Francifcans, 
 as he himfelf mentions in his account of the 
 feven cities of Cibola. Twelve leagues far- 
 ther brought them to San Marcelo, the only 
 fpot on all that coaft and the adjacent parts for 
 fettling a miflion, the foil being very fit both 
 for tillage and pafturc, and abounding with 
 water for all ufes. This place, according to 
 father Kino's obfervations, lies 50 leagues fouth 
 of Caborca, 50 north of the river Gila, and at 
 the fame diftance eaftward from San Xavier del 
 Bac i bearing N. W. from the mouth of the 
 river Colorado. 
 
 At San Marcelo, they met with an agreeable 
 anfwer to the meflages fent to the Quicimas, 
 fome of whom came to meet them at a fpring 
 eight leagues from San Marcelo. By thefc 
 they learned that there were two ways by which 
 they might pafs to the mouth of the Colorado ; 
 the one over valleys, mountains, and long 
 circuits to the left of the mountains of Santa 
 Clara, the other Ihortcr by the way of the 
 coaft, leaving thofe mountains to the right, 
 along fands of a great extent to the river. 
 
 The 
 
 
: villages 
 ut toge- 
 iers, and 
 San Luis 
 et by the 
 ancifcans, 
 int of the 
 igues far- 
 , the only 
 
 parts for 
 ry fit both 
 iding with 
 xording to 
 igues fouth 
 }ila, and at 
 
 Xavier del 
 )uth of the 
 
 in agreeable 
 Quicimas, 
 at a fpring 
 By thefc 
 s by which 
 Colorado -, 
 and long 
 ns of Santa 
 way of the 
 the right, 
 the river. 
 The 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 305 
 
 The Indians perhaps, as they are inured to travel 
 with baggage or provifions, were not aware of 
 the difficulty of paffing the fands. However 
 the fathers chofe the way along the coall, as it 
 was proper to take a view of it. But this 
 choice in a great meafure fruftated the intentions 
 of the journey. After travelling 30 leagues in 
 queft of the fea, they came to a fmall ranche- 
 ria i and leaving on the north the great moun- 
 tain of Santa Clara, whofe fides for the length 
 of half a league, are covered with pumice (lone, 
 they arrived at the fandy wafte on the 19th of 
 March. On the 20th captain Juan Matheo 
 Mange and father Kino, afcended a lofty moun- 
 tain, whence they not only faw the fea, but 
 alfo the oppofite coaft and mountains of Cali- 
 fornia, and found the latitude to be 30 degrees. 
 On the 2 1 ft they reached the Ihore ; but being 
 without water or provifions, they found it im- 
 pofllble to proceed along the fand, and accord- 
 ingly returned to San Marcelo, from whence 
 they fet out again, but taking a higher way, 
 and in 32 degrees 35 minutes, afcended a 
 hill of no extraordinary height; but about 
 an hour before fun fet, they had, from its fum- 
 mit a clear view of the cordillera of California ; 
 particularly the hills of Mefcal and Azul. 
 Here they alfo clearly difcovered, beyond all 
 poffibility of doubt, the junction of California, 
 Vol. I. X and 
 

 UA 
 
 i' 
 
 306 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 and Pimeria Alta, and the gulf of California 
 terminating at the mouth of the Rio Colorado. 
 This father Kino affirms in his MSS. narratives, 
 and in proof of it, alledged the accounts of 
 captain Juan Matheo Mange, printed in French; 
 though I have not been able to procure them 
 either in that or the Spanifh language. 
 
 There is however, no occafion for this 
 voucher, father Salva-Tierra faying the fame 
 thing in a letter dated at Loretto the 29th 
 of Augufl; 1 70 1, wherein he mentions the dif- 
 covery and its advantages to the father general 
 Thurfo Gonzales. 
 
 " I acquainted you, reverend father, that 
 having landed on the other fide of New Spain* 
 I travelled along thofe coafts till from the un- 
 animous informations of the Indians, I had rea- 
 fon to believe that New Spain and California 
 were united j but willing to have further fatis- 
 fadlion with regard to a matter of fuch impor- 
 tance, I continued my journey, till from a 
 mountain, and that no very high one, I ob- 
 ferved the woody mountains of California join- 
 ed to thofe of New Spain. This difcovery I 
 owe to the holy virgin of Loretto ; and I in- 
 tend a more circumftantial account, which I 
 hope foon will be in your hands. I brought 
 with me father Eufebio Francifco Kino, who 
 I hope, after this voyage, will go in perfon to 
 
 thofe 
 
;aliforn\a 
 j^olorado. 
 larrativcs, 
 counts of 
 in French; 
 :uTC them 
 
 re. 
 
 I for this 
 r the fame 
 I the 29th 
 )ns the dif- 
 ther general 
 
 father, that 
 New Spain, 
 Prom the un- 
 ,s, 1 had rca- 
 a California 
 further fatis- 
 ■ fuch impor- 
 till from a 
 I one, lob- 
 ;alifornia join- 
 ts difcovcry 1 
 ;oi and 1 in- 
 ount, which 1 
 Is. 1 brought 
 :o Kino, who 
 in perfon to 
 thole 
 
 .1 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 307 
 thofc parts, which we have only feen at a great 
 diftance, being in about 32 deg. latitude. This 
 cxcurfion at prefent feems of little advantage, 
 on account of the diftance from 26 degrees, 
 where we were in California, to above 32, where 
 the gulf feems to clofe. Thefe however, are 
 fteps by which within a few years California may 
 come to be the foul of this kingdom, the main 
 fource of its opulence, the fcene of chearful 
 induftry } and accordingly I conclude that you 
 will charge all perfons that they continue to 
 defend and alTift us in thefe mifTions of Nueftra 
 Sennora de Loretto de Californias." 
 
 There they found the greateft part of the In- 
 dians, who, the preceding year had met at San' 
 Dionyfio, above the conflux of the rivers i 
 and from thefe they knew that it was ftill 30 
 leagues from the fand. The provifions now grew 
 ihort : fo that not without running the rifque 
 of the greateft dangers, father Kino returned 
 to San Marcelo to build a church, and give di- 
 re<5lions concerning a new miflion. And Salva- 
 Tierra to Caborca, Dolores, and the other 
 miflions of Sonora, in order to colledl charities 
 which he carried to the river Hiaqui j and from 
 thence at the latter end of April to Loretto. 
 
 This fedion cannot in juftice to father Kino 
 be concluded, without taking notice of his 
 unwearied fervices in order to afcertain the 
 
 X z jundtion 
 
3o8 HISTORY OF 
 
 junftion of thofe countries, and obtain the re- 
 conciliation of new nations, by difpofing them 
 to receive the gofpel. 
 
 In November of the fame year 1 701, he went 
 to San Marcelo, a different way from the for- 
 mer, thence to the river Gila, which he ford- 
 ed at San Dionyfio near its influx into the Co- 
 lorado } he afterwards repafled the Gila and 
 followed the courfe of the Colorado by the ran- 
 cherias of the Yumas and Quinquimas, to the 
 diftance of 20 leagues. Here fuch a vaft mul- 
 titude of Indians came to meet him, that a 
 Spanifh lad ran away for fear. In this part the 
 river Colorado is about 200 yards broad. The 
 Indians crofs it by fwimming, and pufhing be- 
 fore them their coryftas, a fort of trough or 
 vefTel made of ruflies and herbs, in which they 
 carry a bufhel or two of maize j and thefe are 
 of fo clofe a texture that the contents are never 
 damaged by the water. Here father Kino made 
 a balza of pieces of trees', and having to the 
 wonder of the Indians, crolTed the river on it, 
 found on its weftern Ihore great numbers of 
 Indians of diflerent tribes, as Quinquimas, Coa- 
 nopas, Bagiopas, and Cetguanes, to whom for 
 the firft time, by means of interpreters among 
 the Pimas, he preached the gofpel. He travelled 
 on foot three leagues along the country, till he 
 came to the refidenceof thecafique of theQuin- 
 , . quimas. 
 
CALIFORNIA. 309 
 
 quimas. Here he found all the country level, 
 intermixed with woods, and the foil fit for 
 tillage and graziery. The number of fouls in 
 this neighbourhood, to which he gave the name 
 of Prefentation de Nueftra Sennora, he compu- 
 ted at 10,000. Here they offered him a great 
 many azure fhells, which are only found on 
 the oppofite coaft of California ; and on en- 
 quiring after the South-fea, he was informed 
 that it was but a journey of ten days. Father 
 Kino was extremely defirous of traverfing 
 the whole country to Monte-Rey, or cape 
 Mendocino. But there was no boat for car- 
 rying the beafls over the river : and without 
 them fuch a journey was not to be undertaken : 
 fo that he was obliged to content himfelf with 
 writing to father Salva-Tierra at Loretto, which 
 he judged to be about 1 30 leagues from that 
 place. His letters he trufted to the Quinquimas, 
 but they never came to hand. And now fatis- 
 fied with the difcovery of fo many nations he 
 returned, vifuing by the way the many villages 
 he had before fettled. 
 
 In February 1702, father Kino made his lafl: 
 effort, accompanied with father Martin Gon- 
 zales, a miffionary, who voluntarily offered to at- 
 tend him in a journey of fuch labour and hard- 
 Ihip, as only to be borne by the vigour and in- 
 trepidity of Kino. On the 28 th they arrived 
 
 X3 ac 
 
 i 
 
310 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 at San Dionyfio, at the junftion of the two 
 rivers, inftruding great numbers, who flocked 
 to him from all parts. In March they ad- 
 vanced as far as the rancheria of Quinquimas, 
 to which they gave the name of San Rude- 
 findo. Here the Indians fhew*d a very aftoniHi- 
 ing affability and gentlenefs ; and exprelTed fo 
 much love for the fathers, and even for the 
 beads, that father Gonzales diftributed among 
 them part of his own apparel. They continued 
 their journey down the river Colorado fouth- 
 ward, till they came to its mouth, and the fea 
 coaft. Here many Indians came from the 
 weftern banks of the river, intreating them 
 that they would pafs over into their country. 
 Of thefe they enquired about the nations, 
 mountains, and rivers, of the oppofite fide. 
 And were here again confirmed, that ten days 
 would bring them to the fhore of the South-fea. 
 The night of the loth they pafTed at the very 
 mouth of the river, that at high -water the tide 
 came very near their beds. A balza was be- 
 gun for crofling the river, but the cumbrance 
 of the beads, the breadth of the river, the 
 rapidity of the current, and efpecially the 
 illnefs of father Gonzales, by continual fatigue, 
 occafioned that defign to be dropped •, and all 
 he could do was to return with his fick brother. 
 Father Kino was for crofling the fand as t-ie 
 
 fliorUifc 
 
CALIFORNIA. 311 
 
 fhorteft way, and at the fame time take a fur- 
 vey of the coaft as far as San Marcelo. But 
 he found it impradlicable, and accordingly re- 
 turned with all the hafte father Gonzales's cafe 
 required, to the miflion of Tibutama, where 
 he loft his fellow-traveller, whofc zeal was too 
 .ftrong for hisconftitution. In the following years 
 father Kino was wholly taken up with promot- 
 ing and cementing the mifllons begun in Pime- 
 ria, amidft very fevere perfecutions raifed againft 
 him and his converts; and being without any one 
 toalTifthim info wide a province, and inhabited by 
 new chriftians and catechumens, he was obliged 
 to be continually travelling hard from one part 
 > mother. But it was not till the year iyo6 
 v'iit he returned towards the Rio Colorado, 
 when he made an entrance into that country 
 with the chief military officers of Savora, who 
 by order of the governor were fent to view the 
 country, and with .them Manuel de Ojuela, a 
 Francifcan. They found it the fame as at the 
 former entrances, on which they returned, and 
 father Kino, with the fame dauntlefs zeal, re- 
 paired to his miflion, where he contiitued niil 
 the year 1710, when he pafied from r.hefe 
 earthly abodes to the manfions of eternity. 
 
 ■iil , ■ r 
 
 .■■ i^ :. i ". 
 
 X4 
 
 c j^ r 'p 
 
312 
 
 HISTORY OF 
 
 ■":■: 
 
 SECT. VI. 
 
 New rcfolutions in California, and the 
 progrefs of its miffions till the end of 
 the year 1703. , . ... ; ,;;,;. 
 
 The arrival of father Juan Maria Salva-Ticrra 
 at Loretto, gave inexpreflible joy to all, as 
 they confidered him as thcircommon father: but 
 father Ugarte, as knowing him beft, and being 
 moft intimate with him, received him with par- 
 ticular tranfports of joy. At firft he had not 
 a licence from the fuperiors to remain in Cali- 
 fornia ; but from his extreme defire of afllding 
 in the ne'v miflion to the pagans, he obtained 
 it through the intereft of father Salva-Tierra, 
 who came very opportunely for admitting him 
 as his colleague, though thoroughly fenfible of 
 the want of fo aftive an agent at Mexico. It 
 was immediately agreed, that father Piccolo 
 fhould go to New Spain to have the bark at 
 Matanchel repaired, and negociate the com- 
 mon affairs of the miflion. Accordingly he put 
 to fea twice, but was both times driven back 
 by foul v.'cather : fo that the voyage was laid 
 afide till a more favourable feafon. On this 
 father Piccolo returned to attend his miflion of 
 San Xavier ; and father Ugarte remained with 
 
 Salva-Tierra, at Loretto, in order to learn the 
 
 language 
 
CALIFORNIA. 313 
 
 language and aHiil where there (hould be the 
 greased occafion. ' ■'•v 
 
 Captain don Antonio Garcia de Mendoza, 
 ftiU continued by his difcontent to difturb the 
 garril'oij, and to bring an odium upon it among 
 the men in power : but feeing that after all his 
 repeated complaints, no order came from Mexi- 
 co to except him from a fubordination to the 
 fathers ; and that thefe on the other hand, 
 would nor permit him to opprefs the Indians 
 by frucing them to t;)e pearl-fifliery, and other 
 laborious; employments for his advantage, he 
 thougiii . roper to throw up his commiflion. 
 
 This father Salva-Tierra was very far from 
 objefting to, and nominated in his ftead as his 
 lieutenani, Ifidoro de Figuerva, who not long 
 after Oiewed himfelf unworthy of his prefer- 
 ment by a remarkable adion : for the Indians 
 of Vigge Biaando, at the inftigation of their 
 pricPci and phyficians, fuddenly formed a de- 
 lign of murdering father Piccolo, and deftroy- 
 ing his little habitation and chapel. In order 
 to this a confiderable number came down with 
 great violence, that the brave refiflance made 
 by a few who remained faithful, proved in- 
 effectual, but the father had providentially left 
 the houfe fome time before. Enraged at their 
 difappointment they attacked the houfe and 
 chapel, which they oeftroyed, together with all 
 
 the 
 
^!! 
 
 It 
 
 iu-' 
 
 i ■■■ I 
 
 
 ilMl 
 
 lip""""'""'' 
 
 314 HISTORYOF 
 
 the furniture of both. Informed of the havock 
 by a faithful Indian, he withdrew to Loretto. 
 Vigge however was not to be forfaken, being 
 the moft proper part for fowing of all the land 
 yet difcovered ; the public fafety alfo required 
 that fuch an attempt fhould not pafs without 
 animadverHons. Accordiigl/ the lieutenant 
 marched with a party of foldiers, but the In- 
 dians at fight of them fled from their ranche- 
 ria. The foldiers were for following them, but 
 this, on account of the breaches, was oppofed. 
 The party returned fo difcontented with their 
 leader as to occaHon a private choice of a cap- 
 tain, which, by a great majority, went in fa- 
 vour of the Portuguefe, don Eftevan Rodri- 
 gues Lorenzo, who worthily filled that poft 
 till the year 1740. But the Indians feeing the 
 low flate of the garrifon, obferved no meafures, 
 that when the foldiers were whipping a Cinaloa 
 Indian who had been treacherouOy concerned 
 in the rebellion of Sati Xavier, fome of that 
 rancheria feigning to have no ill defign, came 
 near the camp, and fhot fome arrows at the 
 captain and the company who purfued them to 
 no purpofe. Afterwards it was found necefTary 
 to pardon them, that the wound might not 
 bleed afrefh : and likewife becaufe they had 
 readily complied with the conditions prefcribed 
 them. 
 
 At 
 
CALIFORNIA. 315 
 
 At the end of the lame year 1 700, father 
 Ugarte having obtained at afufficient acquaint- 
 ance with the language of the country, and 
 the Vigge Indians Ihewing themfelves quiet and 
 fatisfied, this mifllon was by no means to be 
 forfaken *, and fath-^** Piccolo being to go to 
 New Spain, ilv«^ '^erra invefted father U- 
 garte with the million. Accordingly » Lu out 
 with fome foldiers, but his fortitude was foon put 
 to the trial. The Indians either from difaflfe^tion, 
 or for fear of the foldiers, fled up the country, fo 
 that for feveral days not one of them was to be 
 feen. The foldiers became very troublefome to 
 the father, becaufe they had no Indians to wait 
 upon them, nor would he allow that they Ihould 
 go in fearch of them, left they fhould do them 
 fome injury, that at length wearied with their 
 infolences, he determined to difcharge them and 
 remain alone among favagcs, and half recon- 
 ciled enemies, committing the whole to provi- 
 dence. Thus he fpent the day; and at the 
 clofe of the night a boy came as a fpy to the 
 door of the college j the f ither received and 
 kindly entertained him, fo that he returned to 
 his countrymen with a meffage defiring that 
 they would come, the foldiers being all gone. 
 The Indians followed one another, that after 
 an aftonilhing patience and fufferings, he had 
 the pleafure of feeing all his flock together : 
 
 and 
 
3i6 H?STORYOF 
 
 and now he began to lay a more folid founda- 
 tion for that miflion. But he undertook two 
 defigns both equally difficult. The firft to 
 teach and inilrut' the Indians, mildly gaining 
 them to be prcfent every day at the mafs, the 
 rofary, and the catechifing ; and alienating 
 them from their forcerers, or deceitful priefts. 
 The fecond was to accuftom them to till the 
 land, and take care of the cactle ; to civilize 
 favages ufed to perpetual floth, and feeking 
 their food among the woods. The liability 
 and continuance of his new mifTion depended 
 principally on procuring a fubfiftence for him- 
 felf and his Indians, without depending on 
 the uncertain fuccours from the coaft of New 
 Spain : and th provilion was of equal ne- 
 celTity to the gu.riibn of Loretto, which was 
 every day in danger of being deftroyed by fa- 
 mine ; not only their cloaths and other necef- 
 faries, but even the very daily food being 
 brought thither from the oppofite coafl, acrofs 
 a fea frequently very boifterous, and in a bark 
 and boat, both in a very crazy condition. Lo- 
 retto had fo very little ground for fowing, that 
 the only improvement made there was a garden 
 of fruit trees and pot herbs ; but the produce 
 was fcarce any thing for fuch a number : father 
 Ugarte therefore, who had land fufficient and 
 of a good kind, took upon him to infure the 
 
 common 
 
I 
 
 common 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 317 
 
 common relief, at leaft, for the mod urgent 
 neceflity, exclufive of the maintenance of his 
 Indians. The fatigues of body and mind, 
 which it muft cofl; him, among fuch a fickle, 
 brutifh fet of mortals, are hardly conceivable, 
 although too common in the fettlement of every 
 new miffion. 
 
 We Ihall however mention a few particu- 
 lars, from which fome idea may be formed of 
 the care and labour which attend thefe noble 
 enterprizes. 
 
 In the morning after faying mafs, and at 
 which he obliged them to attend with order 
 and refpe£t, he gave a breakfafl; of pozoli 
 to thofe who were to work, fet them a- 
 bout '^building the church and houfes for 
 himfelf and his Indians, clearing the ground 
 for cultivation, making trenches for the con- 
 veyance of water, holes for planting trees, or 
 digging and preparing the ground for fowing. 
 In the building part father Ugarte was m after, 
 overfeer, carpenter, bricklayer, and labourer. 
 For the Indians, though animated by his ex- 
 ample, could neither by gifts or kind fpeeches, 
 be prevailed upon t© (hake off their innate 
 floth i and were fure to flacken if they did not 
 fee the father work harder than any of them : 
 fo that he was the firft in fetching ftones, tread- 
 ing the clay, mixing the fand, cutting, car- 
 rying 
 
3i8 HISTORYOF 
 
 rying and barking the timber ; removing the 
 earth] and fixing materials. He was equal- 
 ly laborious in the other tafks, fometimes fel- 
 ling trees with his ax, fometimes with his 
 fpade in his hand digging up the earth, fome- 
 times with an iron crow fplitting rocks, fome- 
 times difpofmg the water trenches, fometimes 
 leading the beafts and cattle which he had pro- 
 cured tor his mifTion to pafture and water : 
 thus by his own example, teaching the feverai 
 kinds of labour. The Indians whofe narrow ideas 
 and dullnefs could not at firft enter into the 
 utility of thefe fatigues, which at the fame time 
 deprived them of their cuftomary freedom of 
 roving among the forefts. On a thoufand occa- 
 lions they fufficiently tried his patience, coming 
 late, not caring to ftir, running away, jeering 
 him, and fometimes even forming combinations, 
 and threatening death and deftrudion : all this 
 was to be borne with unwearied patience, 
 having no other recourfe than affability and 
 kindnefs, fometimes intermixed with gravity 
 to ftrike refpeffc ; alfo taking care not to tire 
 them, and fuit himfelf to their weaknefs. 
 - In the evening the father led them a fecond 
 time to their devotions -, in which the rofary 
 ■was prayed over, and the catechifm explained j 
 and the fervice was followed by the diftribution 
 of fome provifions. At firft they were very 
 
 troublefomc 
 
ing the 
 equal* 
 nes fel- 
 ich his 
 , fomc- 
 , fomc- 
 >metimea 
 had pro- 
 water : 
 le feveral 
 TOW ideas 
 • into the 
 fame time 
 eedom of 
 fand occa- 
 e, coming 
 ,y, jeering 
 nbinations, 
 n : all this 
 patience, 
 ability and 
 ith gravity 
 lot to tire 
 cnefs. 
 
 n a fecond 
 
 the rofary 
 
 explained ; 
 
 diftribution 
 
 were very 
 
 ;roublefonne 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 319 
 
 troublefome all the time of the fermon, jell- 
 ing and fneering at what he faid. This the fa- 
 ther bore with for a white, and then proceeded to 
 reprove them : but finding they were not to be 
 kept in order, he made a very dangerous ex- 
 periment of what could be done by fear. Near 
 him flood an Indian in high reputation for 
 ilrengtH i and who prefuming on this advan- 
 tage, the only quality efleemed among them, 
 took upon himfelf to be more rude than the 
 ^F ^ others. Father Ugarte who was a large man, 
 ■ ar J of uncommon ftrength, obferving the In- 
 dian to be in the height of his laughter, and 
 making figns of mockery to the others, feized 
 him by the hair and lifting him up, fwang him 
 to and fro : at this the r^d ran away in the 
 utmoft terror: they foon returned one after 
 another, and the father fo far fucceeded to in- 
 timate them, that they behaved more regularly 
 for the future. But he being informed that 
 their unfeafonable mirth was owing to the mif- 
 takes he committed in the words and pronun- 
 ciation, he applied himfelf to improve in both 
 by means of boys, having experienced that the 
 men, belides their obftinacy impofed upon 
 him, in order afterwards to laugh at him. 
 However the work from the ftupidity and floth 
 of thefe unhappy creatures, went on very flow- 
 ly. But every difficulty is furmountable by 
 
 the 
 
320 HISTORYOF 
 
 the labour and perfeverance of an arduous and 
 refolute man, who toils for the glory of his 
 maker. 
 
 In the fucceeding years father Ugarte faw the 
 happy fruits of his patience, having nut only 
 brought the Indians to the knowledge of the 
 chriftian dodlrine, and a decent attendance ac 
 divine worfhip, but likewife to a fuitable life 
 without any of the diforders of their favage 
 ftate. He inured their indocile (loth to labour, 
 and he had plentiful harvefts of wheat, maize, 
 and other grains : he may be faid to have fur- 
 mounted impoflibilities, in watering and culti- 
 vating craggy and rugged grounds. He even 
 made a contiderable quantity of generous wine ; 
 of which, after fupplying the mifllons in Califor- 
 nia, fome was fent New Spain in exchange for 
 other goods. He likewife bred horfes and 
 fheep, and was indeed, the purveyor general 
 of the garrifons and milTions, who without 
 the alTiilance of father Ugarte*s fortitude and 
 induftry, could not have fubfifted : but no 
 difHculty deterred him ; and at lail he brought 
 his labours to the intended iffue, and under a 
 long courfe of obllrudlions and impediments, 
 he faw his wifhes happily accomplifhed. 
 J In the year 17079 all New Spain fuffered ex- 
 tremely for want of rain : Cinaloa and Sonora 
 were likewife reduced to great diilrefs } Cali- 
 fornia 
 
ous and 
 ^ of his 
 
 ; faw the 
 IOC only 
 ; of the 
 dance ac 
 table life 
 ir favage 
 labour, 
 it, maize, 
 have fur- 
 md culti- 
 He even 
 Dus wine } 
 n Califor- 
 :hange for 
 lorfes and 
 Dr general 
 without 
 titude and 
 i : but no 
 be brought 
 ind under a 
 ipediments, 
 
 led. 
 
 fufFered ex- 
 and Sonora 
 rcfs 5 Cali- 
 fornia 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 321 
 
 fornla alfo had been without rain. Yet father 
 Ugarte, writing to don Jofeph de Miranda, on 
 the 9th of June, tells him, ** It is now two 
 months Hnce feamen and landmen eat here good 
 bread of our own harvefts, while the poor on 
 the other coaft, in Cinaloa and Sonora, 
 are psrifliing. Who would have dreamed 
 of any fuch thing ?" 
 
 Thefe harverts, though not fufficient for the 
 whole year, ferved for leflening the cK irges, 
 and for relief in exigencies like this, even after 
 provifion was made for the fubfiftence of the Indi- 
 ans, thegarrifons and the hiilTions. But at once to 
 give a full idea of the indullry and zeal of this 
 religious man, we fhall add what he did in the 
 following years, for cloathing his naked Indians. 
 His flieep, brought originally from the other 
 coaft, being fufficiently iiicreafed, that his In- 
 dians might make the beft ufe of their wool!, 
 he determined to teach them the method of pre* 
 paring, fpinning, and weaving it for cloaths. 
 Accordingly, he himfelf made the diftaffs, 
 fpinning wheels, and looms. Though to for- 
 ward and improve fo beneficial a ^-heme, he 
 fent to Tepique for one Antonio i ipran, a 
 mafter weaver, and allowed him a falary of 
 five hundred dollars. Moran ftaid feveral 
 years in California, till he h.:d fufficiently in- 
 ftru(fted the Indians in their trade and feme 
 
 Vol. I. 
 
 other 
 
322 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 other handicrafts. By thefe new manufadures, 
 he faved the vaft expences of fail cloth and bays, 
 a meafure both political and pious : and the 
 only one which, if imitated in Spain and Ame- 
 rica, for the confumption of its manufadtures 
 of all kinds, may retrieve its poverty and de- 
 population, to the infinite advantage of the 
 ftate i the misfortunes and difgraces of which, 
 arife principally from the want of encourage- 
 ment, and confequently the want of induftry in 
 manufaftories of goods, in exchange for which, 
 both worlds are drained to enrich our enemies. 
 Thefe advantages, whifch were the works of 
 years carried on by the zeal of father Ugarte, 
 whofe example, where poflible, has been fol- 
 lowed by the miflionaries, were the more va- 
 luable from the ftreights, famines, and dangers 
 of the firft years. It was now the end of the 
 year 1701, and with it ended all the provifions 
 of the garrifon of Loretto •, and thus father 
 Piccolo's departure was haftened, both to give 
 account of the neceflity, and afk fupply along 
 the coaft of New Spain : and likewlfe that in 
 Guadalaxara and Mexico, he might be a wit- 
 nefs of what was feen to make fo very 
 little imprefiion when fhewn upon paper. It 
 was the 26th of December when this father 
 embarked, the fathers Ugarte and Salva-Tierra 
 remaining with the people of the garrifon, un- 
 . . 3 « ,-• ' der 
 
lures, 
 { bays, 
 ndthe 
 
 Ame- 
 "aftures 
 and de- 
 
 df the 
 
 wbich, 
 :ourage- 
 duftry in 
 ir which, 
 enemies, 
 works of 
 f Ugarte, 
 been fol- 
 
 more va- 
 id dangers 
 
 ;nd of the 
 provifions 
 bus father 
 )th to give 
 pply along 
 rife that in 
 
 be a wit- 
 e fo very 
 I paper. It 
 
 this father 
 Salva-Tierra 
 
 larrifon, un- 
 der 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 323 
 
 der great ftreights, which Jailed till the 29th 
 of January 1702, when the boat returned load- 
 ed with maize, meal, and other provifions. 
 But this fupply did not laft long, for as captain' 
 Rodrigues Lorenzo fays in his journal, "the 
 venerable father Salva-Tierra's benevolence in 
 his donations to the Indians, was fuch, that in 
 a Ihort time our neceflity returned upon us." 
 In the following- fpring and fummer, their want 
 became very alarming, the fupply they expedl- 
 ed at this feafon having failed, as indeed it de- 
 pended only on one bark, which took up time 
 in repairing, befides that of collefting and 
 loading the provifions, and freq ntlyofftrug- 
 gling with bad weather. The allowances had 
 for fome time been reduced : but at length the 
 whole ftock of provifions was fpent, except 
 fome flefh fcarce fit for ufe, that now they were 
 under a neceflity of procuring their food like the 
 Indians ; looking out along the Ihore for what 
 fifh they could pick up, and ranging along the 
 mountains for pitahayas and other fruits and 
 roots •, father Ugarte always being the firft in 
 all labours and contrivances for fubfifting the 
 people. 
 
 There is no reading without a fenfible fym- 
 pathy, the letters of the fathers, when they de- 
 fcond into particulars, about the famine and 
 dirtrelfes which they laboured under, and their 
 
 Y 2 various 
 
324 HISTORY OF 
 
 various means of preferving their lives. Their 
 melancholy condition was aggravated by an in- 
 furreftion of the Indians, proceeding from the 
 indifcretion of a foldier called Poblana He 
 had that year married an Indian woman of the 
 country, and who had been baptifed : in the 
 month of June, her mother came to the camp, 
 and prevailed on her to quit her hufband, and 
 go with her to partake of the dances and di- 
 verfions among the Indians at that time, being 
 the gathering of the pitahayas. The daughter 
 was but too ready to liften to any propofals for 
 a party of pleafure, and both dole away in the 
 night-time unperceived. The foldier, on mifling 
 his wife, afked leave of the captain to go in 
 fearch of her and bring her back. The cap- 
 tain confented, but limited him to a certain 
 diftance. The foldier went with a comrade, 
 and not finding her, returned. But his love or 
 refentment was fuch, that within a few days he 
 went with a Californian Indian, to a rancheria, 
 where he heard a great deal of ihouting and 
 noify merriment. An old Indian whom he 
 happened to meet, being informed of the mo- 
 tive of his coming, advifed him by all means 
 to go back, as otherwife his life would be in 
 great danger. The foldier blinded by paflion, 
 infulted the Indian, which he could not bear, 
 fo that the foldier (hot him dead on the fpot. 
 
 At 
 
CALIFORNIA. 325 
 
 At the noil of the miifket, the Indians came 
 running up from the rancheria, and immediately 
 killed the foldier with their arrows. Nor did 
 his companion, the Californian, efcape with- 
 out a wound, but returned to give an account 
 of the affair at the camp. On this, the captain, 
 fent notice to ihe fathers who were at Londo, 
 that they mif;,ht retire to Loretto. He ordered 
 three foldiers who were at Ssnta Rofalia, the 
 vifitation village of San Xavier de Vigge, to be 
 upon their guard-, and he himfelf marched 
 with a part in queft of the Indians, whilft thefe, 
 knowing the weaknefs of the garrifon, had fpl- 
 rited up almoft every rancheria, to join in a ge- 
 neral iniurreftion. In this expedition our men 
 fuffered extremely, from hunger and a fatigue 
 of marching among mountains, precipices, and 
 breaches : fome Ikirmilhes happened, in which 
 four or five of the infurgents fell. Father Ugarte 
 had fowed fome maize, and the firft harveft of 
 it was very foon expected ; but the Indians fell 
 on it and quite deflroyed it, and would have 
 done the fame with the chapel and houfe, if 
 they had not found them guarded by fome foldiers 
 and Indians. But their cruelty farther difchar- 
 ged itfelf on a few goats, the milk of which, 
 was the fathers chief fupport in their extremity. 
 The numbers and violence of the natives was 
 daily increafing, and diftrefs and confternation 
 
 Y g among 
 
 
! lit 
 
 m 
 
 326 HISTORY OF . 
 
 among our men ; when happily the bark arrived 
 witharupplyofprovifionsandafewfoldiers. This 
 contributed by degrees to appeafe the diftur- 
 bances, and the revolted Indians by the media- 
 tion of friends were reconciled, and :'*anquility 
 feemed again to take place. 
 
 Among the difagreeable circumftances of 
 . California, it was not the lead, that no account 
 had been received of father Piccolo, who, as 
 we have faid, had gone to New Spain. This 
 father, after taking meafures in Cinaloa, for 
 the fpeedy fuccour of his collegues in the milTion, 
 went to Guadalaxara, where he had an account 
 of the three favourable fchedules abovemen- 
 ticned j by which king Philip V. ordered an 
 aflignment of fix thoufand crowns for that con- 
 queft, requiring an account of its condition 
 and progrefs. The roy^l audience of Guada- 
 laxara, direded him purfuant to thefe orders, 
 to lay an account before them of the whole, 
 which the father did in a writing dated the loth 
 of February 1702, and which wasfoon after- 
 wards printed at Mexico. To this as added the 
 . depofition of three witnelTes, who had been ip 
 California. Having concluded thefe and 
 Other affairs, Jie fet out for Mexico in the be- 
 ginning, of March, three months before, the 
 , royal fchedule had come to hand j and father 
 J^l^^a^a^fQ .Romano, hac| ^^iially prefeptcdja 
 .,« , ' tnemorial 
 
• CALIFORNIA. 327 
 
 memorial to the governor, requefting the pay- 
 ment of fix thoufand dollars, fetting forth, at 
 the fame time, the extreme neceflity and dan- 
 ger both of the garrifon an'' the fathers ; but 
 without obtaining any anfwer. On the arrival 
 of father Piccolo, a memorial was prefcnted j 
 and this was fent to the treafurer. But though 
 he confirmed the whole truth of the requeft, 
 only three thoufand dollars were ordered to be 
 advanced : and when he brought this order to the 
 cafliier's office, he was told that it could not 
 be paid, as by an order from Spain, of 1696, 
 no payment was to be made, without fpecifying 
 the branch of the revenue, out of which it was 
 to be taken. This the fathers complained of, 
 ashismajefty's intention was fo clearly expreircd. 
 The treafurer flood their friend, and in an af- 
 fembly of the 29th of April, after all their 
 witnefles and papers were examined, an ord^r 
 was given to pay them the fix thoufand dollars. 
 But their other petition for a vsffel, fix foldiers 
 and three miflionaries, was put off, till an ac- 
 count was fent to his majefty, together with 
 the memorial and otht^r writings relating to Ca- 
 lifornia. 
 
 Father Piccolo had received the fum of money 
 appointed for the pay of the garrifon, and with 
 the benevolences he could colKd, he pur- 
 chafed the goods defired in the memorials, and 
 
 Y 4 got 
 
 »M 
 
328 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 got ready a relief for the moft urgent necefliti-.'s : 
 none was fo great as that of the mifllonaries, 
 which touched the heart of don Jofeph de la 
 Puente, marquis de Villa Puente, a nobleman 
 whofe amazing charity mud for ever endear his 
 memory to all mankind : Europe, America, 
 and Afia, had felt the happy effecls of his dif- 
 fufive benevolence : and now he offered imme- 
 diately to fupport three miffions, and don Nicolas 
 de Arteagi and his lady, had offered to found 
 another. 
 
 The funds being thus fecured for the main- 
 tenance of four miffions, father Piccolo waited 
 on the provincial Francifco de Arteaga, defiring 
 that he would appoint them : but the paucity 
 of proper fubjefts, the number of priefts in that 
 province feldom exceeding three hundred, and 
 the neceflity of providing for the multitude of 
 colleges and miffions, through the immenfe 
 continent of S. America, would not admit of 
 nominating more than two, who were father 
 Juan Manuel de Baffaldua, a native of Mecho- 
 acan, and father Geronimo Minutili a Sardinian ; 
 a veffel was purchaf d at Acapulco, called 
 Nweftra Senora del Rofario, and being rigged 
 and part of her cargo taken in, father Minuti^ 
 brought her to Matanchel inNcwGalicia, where 
 the fathers embarked with all the neceffarie^ 
 that were wanting. Jhey haji a pleafant 
 
 voyage 
 
flitk'S : 
 >naries, 
 h de la 
 t>leman 
 lear his 
 merica, 
 his dif- 
 imme- 
 Nicolas 
 ) found 
 
 e main- 
 I waited 
 defiring 
 paucity 
 ts in that 
 red, and 
 titude of 
 immenfe 
 idmit of 
 re father 
 
 Mecho- 
 irdinian ; 
 called 
 rigged 
 
 Minutili 
 ia, where 
 eceflaries 
 
 pleafant 
 
 vpyagc 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 329 
 
 voyage as far as the gulf, but there they were 
 overtaken by a violent temped, that they were 
 obliged to throw over- board all the part of 
 their cargo which was upon the deck. But 
 at laft the fury of the wind ceafed, the fea gra- 
 dually grew calm, and they came into the bay 
 of Loretto on Saturday the 28th of Odlober, 
 where a folemn thankfgiving was performed. 
 
 The joy of the few which remained in the 
 garrifon, the others having been difcharged, 
 through an inability of continuing their pay, 
 may be conceived from the diftrelTes they had 
 undergone, all crowdiiig about father Piccolo 
 with warm efFufions of thanks for his expedition. 
 And now father Juan Maria, with this frefli 
 reinforcement of handicraftfmen, and the fecu- 
 rity of the royal fund, though but fcanty for 
 the garrifon, conceived higher deligns ; and that 
 they might be executed in the beft manner, 
 and with difnatch, he conferred with all the fathers 
 on the propereft meafu res. By them it was refol ved 
 that father Ugarte ftiould go over to the con- 
 tinent to procure cattle, in order for breeding, 
 and horles and mules for tillage, the fervice of 
 the midions, and for progreiTes up the country ; 
 that father Minutili fhould (lay in Loretto with 
 father Salva-Tierra ; and that father Baifaldua 
 fhould go to San Xavier with father Picco- 
 lo, to learn the language, aflift him and ac- 
 
 cuftom 
 
 r, } 
 
 ;> 
 
 i 
 
330 HISTORY OF 
 
 cuftom himfelf to the fundions. Though 
 father Ugarte failed in the beginning 
 of November, the N. W. wind, after being 
 fome days at fea, obliged him to put back. 
 Biit fetting fail a f.cond time, in December, he 
 happily arrived at San.Jofeph de Guaymas, 
 on the coaft of Piineria, whence, in February 
 1703, he returned to California, with a good 
 quantity of black cattle, flieep, horfes, mules, 
 and provifions. Father Salva-Tierra had not 
 negleded in the mean time, to make fome pro- 
 gnffes, but of no great extent, by reafon of 
 Jiis attendants travelling on foot, and the coun- 
 try being rocky and craggy ; with this new 
 reinforcement, he carried his attempts farther, 
 and on the firft of March of the fame year 1 703, 
 ;he fet out to take a furvey of the pppofite wcf- 
 tern cpaft along ^he South fea. Being attended 
 by the captain, fome foldiers,,and Californians, 
 hetppk his way by the miflionof San Xavier 
 ;46 Vigge, and the town of ^anta Rofalia : 
 .inthe latter he was joined by the fathers Piccolo 
 and Bailaldua. They reached the oppofite coaft 
 4;without finding any Indians, and tir^velled over 
 .part of it, both towards the South and North, 
 without meeting fo much as one proper harbour 
 <or creejk-lbr ihelter : and though fome of the 
 gfojiflnds .prortjlfed pretty welLfor, tillage, ith^y 
 ^ere quite, deftitute of w^ter^ ^^dfjpn the. other 
 ,«„f,., hand, 
 
rhough 
 y'mning 
 r being 
 It back, 
 iber, he 
 Luymas, 
 February 
 1 a good 
 , mules, 
 had not 
 bme pro- 
 reafon of 
 the coun- 
 this new 
 ts farther, 
 rear 1703, 
 )orite wcf- 
 g attended 
 ilifornians, 
 an Xavier 
 :a Rofalia : 
 ers Piccolo 
 pofite co^ 
 rcUed over 
 ind North, 
 ►er harbour 
 jmeof the 
 
 iugp» Mr 
 
 ,n the. other 
 hand, 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 331 
 
 hand, no reliance can be had on the rains in a 
 country, where, by experience, they are known 
 to be extremely irregular and uncertain. They 
 travelled on fouthward to the little river San 
 Xavier, which iflues into the fea through fome 
 creeks, which abounds in filh of the teflaceous 
 and other kinds. Here they faw at a diftance, 
 fome Indian men and women, who immediately 
 betook themfelves to flight. But fome Califor- 
 nians who were fent after them, removed their 
 fears. In their return, they, pafled by two ran- 
 cherias, whom they encouraged to come nearer 
 to San Xavier de Vigge, and without meeting 
 any traft fit for a fettlement, pn account of the 
 want of water, they foon after came toLorettp. 
 The fecond journey was in May, and towards 
 the north, in order to take a view of a certain 
 river beyond the bay of Conception, which they 
 did not queftion but that it would prove very 
 convenient for fettling a milTion on its banks. 
 When they were near the bay, which is forty 
 leagues from Loretto, they came to a large 
 rancheria of Indians, who at fight of them made 
 ready ^ heir arrows*, but father Ugarte advan- 
 cing with the Califprnians, who were his guides 
 and interpreters, they received him very cour- 
 cteoufly. Thefe Indians informed them, that 
 it was Hill A long way from Conception ,to the 
 river, and full of craggs.and abyfles ', fo that Jt 
 
 
 t;i 
 
 
 >j*'I*7';'J7 
 
 was 
 
532 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 was thought improper to undertake fuch a 
 laborious talk at that time : and this difcovery 
 was deferred to be performed by fea, at a more 
 favourable opportunity. -r:* • 
 ' But a difmal cloud foon overfpread part 
 of California: fome Indians arriving in 
 a fright from the miflion of San Xavier with 
 advice, that the malecontents of their rancheria, 
 at the inftigation of the wretch who had headed 
 the laft confpiracy, had formed them fe Ives into 
 a body with other rancherias, and in one night's 
 time, had maflacred all the adult catechumens, 
 except thofe who found meahs to efcape 
 to the garrifon. This was received with all 
 the concern the cafe required, and it was 
 unanimoufly refolved, that it was abfolutely 
 ncceflary to make an example of thefe barba- 
 rians, who were known chiefly to confift of the 
 murderers of the foldier Poblano, and whom 
 the connivance at that adlion, had fpirited up 
 to farther outrages, no longer to be fuffered. 
 The captain, with the foldiers, and a party of 
 Indians, furprifed the rebels at midnight, but 
 very few ftood their ground; fo only very 
 few were killed, but, among them, one 
 who was very aftive in the malTacre. The 
 leader of the conf^'racy, who had been in 
 moftofthedifturbances, efcaped ; and it would 
 not have been prudept for our men to have 
 •w ventured 
 
CALIFORNIA. 3^3 
 
 ventured themfelves in an unknown rocky 
 country, in purfuit of him : but the captain 
 determined to check the feditious, and accordingly 
 with an air of great refentment, threatened all 
 the Indians, who being countrymen of the 
 flaughtered catechumens, had remained at San 
 Xavier, or immediately repaired thither, that 
 he would purfue them without ^ity, till they . 
 delivered up the leader of the rebellion dead or 
 alive*, accordingly within a few days he was 
 brought alive. The captain formally tried 
 him on the depofitions of his countrymen, 
 which indeed were all ':onfirmed by his own 
 confedion. It was difcovered that he had feveral 
 times intended to cut offthe fathers and foldiers ; 
 and that, failing in this delign, he had once 
 turned his rage againd: the chapel and images, 
 and laftly in fuch a barbarous manner againd: the 
 catechumens. He appeared alfo to have had 
 the chief hand in the killing of Poblano, and 
 to have put the Indian women upon marrying 
 with Spaniards, in order to bring about more 
 difafters of the like nature : laftly, that from 
 the beginning, he had been the leading incen- 
 diary in moft of the revolts, and confequently 
 defer ved death 1 accordingly the captain pro- 
 nounced his fentence, but before proceeding to 
 execution, he advifed the fathers at Loretto of 
 it. Father Piccolo came immediately, and was 
 Ml for 
 
 mm 
 
5J4 HI S T O R . O t* 
 
 for fetting him at liberty, but could net prevail. 
 Soon after came likcwife father Salva-Tierra, 
 who propofcd that ht fhould be banifhed for 
 tvcr to the other fide of California, but the cap- 
 tain remained inflexible in his opinion, that it 
 was abfolutcly necefTary to make a publick ex- 
 ample of him ; and all that could be obtained, 
 was a refpite for catechifing him in order to bap- 
 tifm. This was done to the great fatisfadion 
 of the criminal, who was of more lively parts 
 than the reft of his countrymen, and had alrea- 
 dy a fufficient knowledge of our holy myfteries. 
 Being baptifed, he became another man, and 
 defired death, as what he had well deferved, 
 and forewarned his countrymen againft the 
 like crimes. In his laft hours he was -^flifted by 
 father Baffaldua, the fathers Piccolo and Salva- 
 Tierra, from the tendernefs of their difpofiti- 
 on, being withdrawn to Loretto. The Indians 
 every where being fo humbled by this feafonablc 
 feverity, that -for a long time not the leaft dif- 
 turbance appeared among them. ,,.. 
 
 . The profound tranquility of the Indians was 
 an opportunity for the eftablifhment of new 
 miflions, which- was not to be overlooked. 
 Tvfro were immediately wanting, one fouth of 
 Loretto, on the coaft of Ligui or Malabar, 
 "which was faid to be a very convenient fpot, 
 and the other northward, by the fide of the 
 1 -' i river, 
 
 if 
 
re vail, 
 rierra, 
 led for 
 le cap- 
 that it 
 ck ex- 
 cained, 
 ;o bap- 
 fad ion 
 ^ parts 
 1 alrea- 
 ^fteries. 
 in, and 
 iferved, 
 nft the 
 ifted by 
 \ Salva- 
 fpofiti- 
 Indians 
 ifonable 
 :aft dil- 
 
 lans was 
 of new 
 •looked* 
 buth of 
 Malabar, 
 nt fpot, 
 of the 
 river. 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 335 
 
 river, which, in May, father Ugarte had made 
 a fruitlefs fearch after by land. But a certain 
 account of it was brought by the bark, which 
 contrary winds had driven there, in one of her 
 voyages to Yaqui. In order to take a par- 
 ticular furvey of it, the fathers Piccolo and 
 BaHaldua, with the captain and fome foldiers 
 went thither the latter end of Auguft in the gar- 
 rifon's bark. They (leered northward up the 
 gulf, and a little beyond Conception bay, found 
 the mouth of the river, which, in the country 
 tongue was called Mulege, behind cape de 
 los Virgines •, having landed, they went up the 
 country about a league, by the river fide, to 
 the fpot where afterwards was founded the mif- 
 fion of Santa Rofalia : here, in order to a far- 
 ther view of the country, as being very rugged and 
 mountainous, beads were neceflary, and they 
 all re-embarked, and went over to the oppofite 
 coaft, in order to bring them. Father Andres 
 de Cervantes, mifllonary of Yaqui, immedi- 
 ately furniflied them with beads, and father 
 Piccolo remaining with two feculars, to colled 
 contributions in tlie miflions of Sonora, for 
 that under him then in its infancy in California, 
 father Baflaldua returned with the red to the 
 river Mulege. Here they underwent great fa- 
 tigues in furveying the country, in order to find 
 a way along the mountains, lying betwixt the 
 
 N. 
 
 u 
 
 i 
 
336 HISTORYOF 
 
 N. and N. W. of Loretto. This was a fcrvice 
 ubfolutely necefTary to the foundation of the 
 mifllon, for fuch a communication by land was 
 of indifpenfible necefTity towards the fettlement 
 of a milTion ; but after all their endeavours, 
 the country was found impenetrable, and they 
 were a fecond time obliged to re-embark, and 
 went to Conception bay, which lies but two 
 leagues from the river Mulege. Here having fent 
 the bark to Guaymas, they went by the way 
 which had been difcorered, and partly cleared 
 the preceding May to San Juan de Londo, 
 now the viHtation town, where the venerable 
 father Salva-Tierra was, and immediately from 
 thence to Loretto, whither they were called by 
 by the following misfortune. 
 
 Furfuant to the prudent orders of the vice- 
 roy, for putting a flop to the violences com- 
 mitted in the pearl iifhery, which had been one 
 of the main impediments to the converlion of 
 the Californians, none were to go from the coafl; 
 of New Spain, either to fifh or trade for pearls 
 without licence from the government j and be- 
 fore putting it in practice, to Ihow it to the cap- 
 tain of the new garrifon of Loretto: however, two 
 veflels had prefumed without any fuch licence, to 
 ii(h for pearij betwixt the iflands. But a ftorm, in 
 which the garrifon*s bark, in going from Con- 
 ception to Guaymas, was very near being loft, 
 
 drove 
 
rvice 
 ' the 
 
 •wai 
 ment 
 ours, 
 
 they 
 , and 
 It two 
 gfent 
 B way 
 :learcd 
 ^ondo, 
 lerable 
 y from 
 lied by 
 
 le Tice- 
 ts com- 
 een one 
 rfion of 
 le coaft 
 pearls 
 and be- 
 the cap- 
 ver, two 
 cence, to 
 ftorm, in 
 )m Con- 
 ing loft, 
 drove 
 
 )r 
 
 CALIFORNIA. ■i'>,'j 
 
 drove thefe two fmuggling veflels afliorein San 
 Dionyfio bay ; the crew, which were near 
 feventy in number, having with great difficulty 
 faved themfelves, immediately made towards the 
 garrifon for afliftance. ■ Soon after fourteen 
 other men were feen in boats, the unhappy re- 
 mains of another veflel loft by the fame ftorm. 
 Thefe unhappy people could not be denied 
 cloathing and food, though the refitting of the 
 two ftranded veflels took up fome months. 
 And this ad of charity, expended almoft the 
 whole fupply which father Piccolo had a little 
 before brought from Yaqui. Towards the 
 clofe of the year, the fourteen who had fuffered 
 Ihipwreck were carried over to the continent, 
 along with father Minutili, who, as California 
 by no means agreed with his health, was ap- 
 pointed mifllonary of Tibutama in Sonora, as 
 afliftant to father Kino. 
 
 SECT. VII. 
 
 His majefty's gracious orders concerning 
 the million, its great difficulties and dif- 
 trefTes in the year 1704, both in Cali- 
 fornia and Mexico J father Salva- 
 Tierra appointed provincial of New 
 Spain. 
 
 The whole Californian mlffion, was in ex- 
 treme diftrefs at the beginning of the year 1 704, 
 Vol. I. Z ih2 
 
 
 ■• .1; 
 
 H 
 
338 HISTORY OF 
 
 the 7th of this new conqueft *, and which was 
 very near being the laft. The veflel called the 
 Rofario, flood in need of large repairs, which 
 could be done only on the other fide, from 
 whence they were to bring the cafli, and orders 
 for payment of the foldiers ; and likewife 
 goods of abfolute neceffity for the miflions 
 and the fathers. On the 1 2th of February, 
 father Baffaldua fet fail in it for Matanchel, 
 from whence he proceeded to Guadalaxara and 
 Mexico. Father Piccolo went again in the San 
 Xavier bark, to Guaymas, the miflion of San 
 Jofeph there having been annexed to Califor- 
 nia J that, being under the fame fuperior and 
 vifitor, there might be a greater harmony and 
 the fupplies of provifions and beafts, which 
 California flood in need of, be more ready and 
 convenient. The aftive father Piccolo went 
 to and fro, bringing all that he could poflibly 
 collefl on the oppofite coaft, for the fupport 
 of the garrifon ; but it is not to be thought 
 that he could colled a fufficiency for fuch a 
 number of people. A great part of the pro- 
 vifions was fpoiled, partly by lying in the ftore- 
 houfe and by the damages of the fea ; and the 
 boifteroufnefs of the latter did not always ad- 
 mit of the tranfportation, efpeciaily as the bark, 
 their only vehicle, was in a weak condition. 
 
 In 
 
ii was 
 ed the 
 which 
 
 from 
 orders 
 ikewife 
 niflions 
 bruary, 
 anchel, 
 ira and 
 the San 
 of San 
 Califor- 
 rior and 
 )ny and 
 , which 
 :ady and 
 ilo went 
 poflibly 
 
 fupport 
 thought 
 
 fuch 'A 
 the pro- 
 the ftore- 
 
 and the 
 ways ad- 
 the bark, 
 iition. 
 
 in 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 339 
 
 . In the mean time father Baflaldua made him- 
 felffure, that, on coming to Mexico, all the 
 difficulties and ftreights of his beloved Cali- 
 fornia would foon be at an end : and that the 
 redudlion and conqueft of it for the king 
 would be foon accomplilhed. Buthequickly faw 
 the delufion of thefe hopes, though in themfelves 
 not ill grounded. In the preceding year 1703, 
 the fathers Bernard Rolendigui and Nicholas 
 de Vera, had gone from Mexico to Madrid and 
 Rome, as agents or the province of Mexico. 
 They prefented to the young king, don Philip 
 V. a memorial and report of the miffion efta- 
 bliflied in California, its (late to that time, 
 the fpiritual and temporal advantages to his do- 
 minions that might be expcdled, if his majefty 
 would be pleafed effedually to encourage the 
 millions •, the means and meafures for rendering 
 fuch encouragement effeftual, ar-'l the damages 
 which the crown would fufier r;cTi the re- 
 linquifhment of the enterpri;.% wh ch had been 
 begun with a fairer profpcdl of iUccefs than 
 ever. On the i6th of Jun^. this mei "^ot-ial 
 was read in the fupreme council of die Indies, 
 his majefty being prefent in perfon : and before 
 him the matter was fully difcuiTed, and the 
 treafurer of the council was clireded to report 
 his opinion, agreeable to the former acccunts, 
 as thofe fent for from the government of Mcx- 
 
 Z 2 i<.Q 
 
 « 11! 
 
 
 I i'l i) 
 
 y til 
 
 ■■s 
 
 
 
 
I ,1 
 
 m 
 
 1! 
 
 340 HISTORY OF 
 
 ico were not yet come, and the aflFair would 
 not admit of farther delays. On the report of 
 the treafurer on the 28th of September 1703, 
 his majefty figned five warrants : the firft, di- 
 refted to the viceroy, contained an order, that 
 for the future the benevolence ufually given to 
 the mifiionaries of Cinaloa, Sonor?., and New 
 Bifcay, fliould be transferred to the miffionaries 
 of California ; and that likewife they fliould be 
 furniflied with bells, oil, ornaments, and other 
 things ufually given to new miflions ; that the 
 viceroy Ihould hold a meeting of military offi- 
 cers, jefuits, and perfons acquainted with the 
 country and thofe coafts, in order to fettle, 
 as far north as polTible, a garrifon, with 
 thirty foldiers and a commander, to be 
 nominated by the viceroy, for the defence 
 of the country, as a fafe receptacle to the Phi- 
 lippine fliips ; that a veffel of a proper burden 
 fhould be purchafed for the tranfportation of the 
 people, to be manned with eight men and a 
 mafter ; and likewife for carrying neceflaries to 
 the miflion ; that every year, notwithftanding 
 the warrants of 1696, there fhould be paid 
 without any deduction or delay, feven thoufand 
 dollars out of the treafury of Guadalaxara, 
 over and above the fix thoufand already aiTign- 
 ed for this fervice. Laftly, his majefty required 
 an account to be tranfmitted to him of the mif- 
 
 fions. 
 
CALIFORNIA. 341 
 
 fions, founded by private perfons : alfo that the 
 pearl filhery Ih.ould be again fet on foot, taking 
 due care to prevent any complaints, by feverely 
 punilhing every violence, fraud, or riot, and that 
 for peopling and fecuring the conqueft, endea- 
 vours fhould be ufed for fending poor families 
 thither from New Spain. The other four 
 fchedules were gratulatory ; that to don Jofepli 
 de Miranda Villizan, the treafurer of Guada- 
 laxara, and the father provincial of the fociety, 
 for their zeal •, and thofe to don Juan Cavalero 
 y Ocio, and the congregation of Los Dolores, 
 for the foundation of three millions, by their 
 charitable donations. The fchedules came to 
 the viceroy's hands on the nth of April 1704, 
 and being referred to the treafurer, he made his 
 report on the 1 8th of the fame month, that 
 the contents of them ought entirely and abfo- 
 lutely to be fulfilled. Now father Baflaldua 
 was in the height of joy, and thinking that at 
 length the time was conie, vhen he fhould fee 
 his mifTioii fettled on a fure loundation, and his 
 profperity daily increafing, he poured out his 
 fervent thanks to God. But fo far from it, 
 that the viceroy referred the fchedule, and the 
 treafurer's anfwer to a general affembly, at 
 which were to aflift, father Piccolo, who was 
 faid to be at Acapulco, when he was at Guaymas 
 the leaft frequented harbour in the gulf of Ca- 
 
 Z 3 liforniaj 
 
 f i ' 1 
 
 i>>''^ 
 
 lu 
 

 
 II ii 
 
 342 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 lifornia, as like wife father Salva-Tierra, who 
 was alfo in California. To the latter, the fa- 
 ther vifitor Manuel Peneyro fent letters, fum- 
 moning him to Mexico; but in the mean 
 time, the new royal warrant remained without 
 any efFecl, notwichftanding the zeal and ftrength 
 with which his majefty, from his care for re- 
 ligion, had exprefled his royal intentions. Fa- 
 ther Baffaldua defired that at leaft the fix 
 thoufand dollars, ordered by the warrant of 
 1701, for the garrifon mij 'n be paid; but 
 this alfo was denied him, on the pica of the 
 great damage the fieet had fuftained from the 
 enemy, in Vigo harbour in Galicia ; and that 
 it was nccefiary to employ what money was in 
 the trcafury, on afiairs of greater "nuporrance. 
 But tlie true caufe of this refufal of fuccours 
 for California, both at that time and fince, and 
 of the various means, by which die ftri(5left 
 orders of the king were eluded, was (omitting 
 thofe before obferved) the zeal of his maiefty's ; 
 minifters, for fending to Spain, as much fpecie 
 as they well could, it being ajun6lure, in which 
 indeed his majefty ftood in need of all poflible 
 fuccours, a great part of Europe being leagued 
 together to deprive him of his crown ; and if 
 the royal revenue was laid out on new falariec, 
 -veflcls, conquefts, rniflionaries, and garrifons, 
 there would be but a fmall furplus to remit to 
 
 Spain, 
 
erra, who 
 T, the fa- 
 ters, fum- 
 the iTieati 
 :d without 
 jd ftrength 
 are for re- 
 ions. Fa- 
 il the fix 
 warrant of 
 p>nd ; but 
 )lea of the 
 d from the 
 ; and that 
 iney was in 
 mporrance. 
 of fuccours 
 d fince, and 
 the ftriaeft 
 ,s (omitting 
 lis majefty's 
 much fpecie 
 re, in which 
 f all poflible 
 sing leagued 
 3wn J and if 
 new falaric"], 
 d garrifons, 
 to remit to 
 Spain, 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 343 
 
 Spain. On this very account, the more admi- 
 rable was the magnanimity and devotion of that 
 incomparable prince, Philip V. who, rifing a- 
 bove all the troubles and dangers in which, at 
 that time, not only his dominions, but even 
 his perfon were expofed, never ceafed fending 
 the moft explicit and peremptory orders, for 
 the profecution of thefe apoftolical and ufeful 
 cntcrprifes. The difafter of the fleet at Vigo 
 affefted the far greateft part of the New Spain 
 benefaftors to the mifTion of Californiai the 
 confequence of which was, that father Baf- 
 faldua, could colle6l but a fmall fhare among 
 them, for the relief of his miflfion : That he 
 could only refit his bark, and buy up a few ne- 
 ceflaries ; and with thefe, accompanied by fa- 
 ther Pedro Ugarte, who procured himfelf to 
 be nominated to fucceed father Minutili in Ca- 
 lifornia, as his brother John had done, he 
 put to fea, and at the end of June, came to 
 San Dionyfio bay, though with little comfort, 
 either to himfelf or the garrifon of Loretto. 
 
 The fathers and foldiers in California, were 
 now in great ftreights, and towards the end of 
 fummer, their necelfity became extreme : both 
 the larger and fmaller vefTel, bound to the conti- 
 nent for provifions, having, by the hard gales 
 at N. W. being twice obliged to put back 
 empty. The men of the garrifon, who, with 
 
 Z 4 
 
 the 
 
 ' '' -4 
 
 ^i^'^^»^. 
 
344 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 the feamen and Indians of New Spain, amount- 
 ed to fixty pcrfons, could not conceal their 
 difcontcnt, which was, that the bills they had peti- 
 tioned for at Mexico, on account of their pay, 
 •were not arrived : and it was known that the 
 love and refpedl which they bore to the fathers, 
 whom they faw in no lefs diftrefs than them- 
 fclves, was the only confideration which 
 reftraincd them from entirely quitting the gar- 
 rifon. The want of every neceflary of life, at 
 laft, increafcd to fuch a degree, that father 
 Juan Maria thought it necelTary to call toge- 
 ther all the fathers and the captain, to delibe- 
 rate whether the miffion fliould be forfaken or 
 not. The venerable father himfclf, was indeed 
 determined to remain among hisCalifornians, if 
 by himfelf i and this difpofition he had made 
 known to the treafurcr Miranda, on the 8th of 
 February of the fame year, '' I, for my parr, 
 will remain here, without a fingle foldier, 
 whatever riik may be in it j and, I believe, 
 father Ugarte is of th.' fame mind." Tht-y were 
 the only two who remained there, the fathers Pic- 
 colo and Baflaldua being abfcnt. Rut it was not 
 reafonable that tliis extremity fliould be ob- 
 truded upon the others, who, if they were dif- 
 pofed to flicrifice themfclves, were not to be 
 deprived of the merit and glory of a free op- 
 tion, nor was it prudent, purely out of zeal 
 
 an4 
 
nount- 
 il their 
 idpeti- 
 lir pay, 
 lat the 
 'athers, 
 them- 
 which 
 he gar- 
 life, at 
 ; father 
 1 toge- 
 delibe- 
 aken or 
 5 indeed 
 nians, if 
 J made 
 s 8th of 
 »y part, 
 foldier, 
 believe, 
 icy were 
 lers Pic- 
 was not 
 I be ob- 
 ^ere dif- 
 it to be 
 free op- 
 of zeal 
 an4 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 345 
 
 and firmnefs, to expofe fuch a number of per- 
 fons to perifh, nor to load one's felf with the 
 odium of the lofs of all, if fuch a thing happen- 
 ed. It was abfolutely proper to appeafe the 
 difcontents of the garrifon, which were as 
 juft as they were irremediable. All the fathers, 
 the captain, and another officer of the garrifon 
 being met, the venerable father Juan Maria 
 addrefled them to the following purpofe ; that 
 there was no need of reprefenting to them the 
 prefent melaficholy fituation of affairs, as 
 they unhappily favv it and felt it : that however 
 they could not impute it to any want of diligence 
 in him, having been eye-witnefles of his atten- 
 tion and labour, that they alfo were not igno- 
 rant of father Baflaldua's ill fuccefs at Mexico, 
 and that at prefent no fpeedy fuccour was to be 
 expe6led from that quarter j that this garrifon 
 and miflion deferved, in a particular manner, his 
 majefty's munificence, and had already informed 
 them of the royal fchedules paffed in September 
 of the preceding year : that he was fummoned 
 to Mexico, to confer concerning the execution 
 cf them -, but that he would not ftir out of Ca- 
 lifornia, till his miflion was either relieved or 
 broke up : that as the execution of thefe fche- 
 dules was retarded, and the necefllty grew every 
 day more prefllng, without hopes of relief, and 
 the conqueft being continually expofed to the 
 
 fame 
 
 !:«a 
 
 m 
 
 
34^ HISTORY OF 
 
 fame fluifbuations, he defired that they would 
 freely and unrcfervedly determine, whether 
 they fhould, together with the Californians who 
 weru* willing to follow them, all withdraw in 
 the greater and lefler vefiel, to the coaft of New 
 Spain, and there wait a more favonrablejunfture 
 of returning to the conqueft and reduction of 
 California, under the powerful afllftance of the 
 king. Father Piccolo, as founder, that he 
 might not, by his vote, hinder thofe of the reft, 
 fpoke with an entire indifference on the alter- 
 native. But father Ugarte refolutely oppofed 
 their quitting the country, moving that all 
 the people who were defirous of going, ihould 
 be difcharged with certificates for their pay ; 
 that as to the reft, he engaged to provide wild 
 food for the Indians, till provifions came from 
 the other fide of the fea -, and that as for him- 
 felf, he could be perfedly content with the pi- 
 tahayas, fruits, and roots, which his Californi- 
 an friends eat. He was feconded by the fathers 
 Pedro Ugarte, Baflaldua, and Piccolo, to the 
 great joy of father Salva-Tierra. The captain 
 and the others, who had been fent for from the 
 garrifon, alarmed at fuch a propofal, went fo 
 far as to fay, that they would folemnly proteft 
 againft the fathers, if the country was quitted. 
 Neverthelefs, notice was given to the people, 
 that whoever would, might embark in the two 
 
 vefTeh 
 
CALIFORNIA. 347 
 
 veflfels which were going to the continent of 
 New Spain, and bills fhould be given them 
 for the payment of their arrears : but one and 
 all in the camp, inftead of embracing the offer, 
 cried out that they would live night and day 
 with the fathers, rather than leave them. In 
 the mean time came on fome f".!'- weather, and 
 the bark wen*, with father Pir olo to Guaymas, 
 and the veffel to the river Y . with letters 
 for the miflionaries. Fathci Juan Ugartc 
 fometimes by himfelf, fometimes accompanied 
 by foldiers and convert Indians, went about 
 among the wooUs and eminences, gathering fruits 
 and digging up roots, which were brought toLo- 
 retto. The like was done by the Indians of San Xa- 
 vier and San Juan de Londo, as a proof of their 
 fidelity, and their readinefs to defend them, 
 and revenge their murderers. Thus all con- 
 curred in an heroick patience, quietly to bear 
 the fad extremity to which they were now re- 
 duced. In the midft of it, father Salva-Tierra 
 in whofe mind the chief concern always pre- 
 dominated, went to take a view of the traft of 
 Ligui or Malibat, fouth of Loretco, where, 
 as we have faid, it was propofed to found ano- 
 ther miffion, as that intended on the river 
 Mulege on the north fide was imprafticable, 
 on account of the difficulty of the way. It 
 was the 12th of July wlvsn he came to the 
 
 fpot, 
 
 '3} 
 
 ^1 
 
 '1 
 
 
 MM' 
 
 lifi 
 
 @=: 
 
 Silt •'. 
 
 
IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.25 
 
 iHtlA MIS 
 « Ui |2.2 
 
 I.I 1.*^ i^ 
 
 1.4 
 
 III 
 
 1.6 
 
 Hiotographic 
 
 Sciences 
 
 Corporation 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716) S72-4S03 
 

 ^ 
 
348 HISTORY OF 
 
 fpot, having with him only father Pedro 
 Ugarte, a foldier, and two Indians as his inter- 
 preters, the language being fomething different 
 from that of Loretto : but on advancing to- 
 wards the rancheria, they were put in no fmall 
 fear, a great number of Indians fuddenly fal- 
 lying out of an ambufh, began furioufly to 
 flioot their arrows at them, on which the fol- 
 dier Francifco Xavier Valenzuela, with one 
 hand drew his fcymeter and brandifhed it, and 
 with the other fired off a mufketoon in the 
 air, only to frighten them, as it mod effeflually 
 did V for the Indians at hearing the loud explofi- 
 on, threw themfelves on the ground with their 
 weapons ; and fonn after fat down, filent- 
 ly waiting for their new guefts. The fa- 
 ther then acquainted them by his interpreters, 
 that they had no need to be afraid, that they 
 did not come to do them any harm, but to en- 
 tertain them and enter into friendfhip with 
 them. On this they all drew near, and the fa- 
 ther, who was known to fome, embraced them, 
 and made little prefents to them all, telling 
 them that as a fign of peace and friendfliip, he 
 came to bring them to father Ugarte, who was 
 juft landed in the country to live with them, 
 to affift them and take care of them as his chil-. 
 dren, and inftruft them in the way to heaven. 
 On this they fhewcd themfelves open and friendly, 
 
 and 
 
CALIFORNIA. 349 
 
 and as a proof of their good difpofitions caufed 
 their children and wives to appear. They took a 
 view of the country, and found that it would 
 fully anfwer for fettling there the head of a 
 miffion. But as the difficulties they laboured un- 
 der at that time, would not admit of their be- 
 ginning a chapel or any other building ; or the 
 cultivation of the land, all they did was, that 
 father Ugarte had the pleafure of taking pof- 
 fefllon of his miflion by the baptifm of forty- 
 eight children, whom the mothers eafily offer- 
 ed, and they returned to Loretto to the great 
 grief of the • Indians, to whom, however, they 
 promifed they would foon return and that fa- 
 ther Ugarte Ihould come with them. 
 
 The veffel and bark returned at the latter end 
 of Auguft with provifions from the river Ya- 
 qui San Jofeph de Guaymas, to the great com- 
 fort of the people of the garrifon : in this year 
 father S^lva-Tierra was inftead of father Piney- 
 ro appointed vifitor of the mifllons of Cinaloa 
 and Sonora. But he delayed this vifitation 
 pardy that he might not leave his beloved Ca- 
 lifornia under fuch diftrefs, and partly from 
 the notice he had received, that he was expedt- 
 ed at the aflembly, which the king had ordered 
 to be held at Mexico ; a voyage which he al<b 
 put off in regard to the former motive. He 
 now received irefli letters acquainting him that 
 
 the 
 
350 H I S T O R Y O ^ 
 
 the concerns of California, were fufpended till 
 he fhould come to Mexico : and as he now 
 could leave his mifllon, provided for feme time, 
 and with hopes of larger and more regular fup- 
 plies from the mifTions of Sonora andCinaloa, he 
 determined to embark without delay for Spain. 
 However he found himfelf again obliged to 
 defer it till the end of September, both for 
 celebrating the dedication of the new church of 
 Loretto, on the day of the nativity of our lady, 
 an office, which, for the greater folemnity, was 
 accompanied with the baptifm of feveral adults, 
 though the ufual time for thefe was at Eafter 
 and Whitfuntide, according to the ancient 
 ufage of the church, as verified in the Roman 
 ritual i and alfo for giving orders concerning 
 the miflions, particularly the command of 
 the garrifon. Some difgufts had happened a- 
 mong the foldiery, who obliged the worthy 
 Portuguefe Eftevan Lorenzo to lay down his 
 commiflion, though he was very well fatisfied 
 with his poft J as likewife with the fathers, nor 
 could all the entreaties of the latter prevail 
 for his continuance in it. The enfign Ifidro 
 Grumeque alfo refigned, offering himfelf to ac- 
 company the father to Mexico, which he did. 
 Hereupon, for captain-lieutenant, the father 
 appointed Nicolas Marques, a Sicilian, and the 
 pott of captain was filled by don Juan Baptifta 
 
 Efca- 
 
 5 
 
CALIFORNIA. 351 
 
 Efcalante, at that time enfign in the garrifon 
 of Nacofari in Sonora, who had diftinguifhed 
 himfelf againft the Apaches : but the fuprcme 
 government of the garrifon and miflion, he con- 
 ferred on father Juan Ugarte, giving him, at 
 his requeft, inftrudtions how to aft on all occa- 
 fions. Thus having regulated every thing, he 
 fet out on the firft of Oftober from Matanchel 
 for Guadalaxaraj there he (laid till the 26th of 
 the fame month, conferring with the members 
 of that audience, and efpecially with Sennor 
 Miranda, now auditor. In the mean time, on 
 the 2ift of the fame month, died at Mexico 
 Manuel Pineyro, father vifitor, and on opening 
 the fecond letter from Rome, father Juan Ma- 
 ria de Salva-Tierra was found to be appointed 
 provincial. He arrived at Mexico in the be- 
 ginning of November, little thinking of fuch 
 news ; and endeavoured to be excufed from 
 fuch a difficult employment; his heart was en- 
 tirely taken up with his Californian miflion, and 
 with great humility and ftrength he laid before 
 the confiftory of the province his reafons for 
 accepting it. But he was overcome by the 
 cuftoms of the fathers, who would not admit of 
 his plea from a perfuafion, that it was for the 
 advantage of his own beloved miflion and all 
 the others, that he fliould be provincial, and 
 aft as fuch. Hereupon he took on him the 
 
 fpiritual 
 
352 HISTORYOF 
 
 fpiritual government of the province i but 
 without delay wrote to the father, general Thyr- 
 fo Gonzales, for permiflion to refign his office, 
 that he might have the pleafure of dying among 
 his Californians. He obtained from the vice- 
 roy, with great reputation to himfelf, the Re- 
 forma, or continuance of their pay to his two 
 companions, the captain and enfign of the gar- 
 rifon, and began to take in hand the other af- 
 fairs of his miflion. 
 
 SECT. VIII. 
 
 Father Salva - Tierra's farther fervices to 
 CALIFORNIA} his majcfty's favours } 
 obftaclcs in Mexico againft his miffion ; 
 he vifits it in the quality of provincial. 
 
 The new provincial waited on his excellency 
 the viceroy, to give him a full account of the 
 ftate of the miflion of California, and to defire 
 that he would be pleafed to comply with the 
 joint orders of his majefty and the fupreme 
 council of the Indians. In purfuance of which, 
 had been held the general junto or aflembly of 
 the 6th of June, though the fathers and others, 
 acquainted with the country, were not prefent 
 as had been direded. The treafurer's report 
 concerning the immediate payment both of the 
 old and new afllgnments for the miflions, veflels, 
 
 and 
 
CALIFORNIA. 353 
 And garrifon was unanimoufly agreed to : but 
 the article for the eftablilhmcnt of a new gar- 
 rifon on the South-fea coaft, and the number 
 of foldier^, was put off till the fathers and others 
 who were acquainted with that country, and tho 
 fea, (hould be heard. Notwithftanding all this, 
 no aAual payment was made, not even of the 
 former afllgnment of 6000 dollars, only in a 
 Jctter of the 24th of September of the fame 
 year 1704, his majefty was given to underdand^ 
 that by an adt of the council, the execution of 
 his majeily's fchedule of the 28th of Decem- 
 ber 1 703, had been deferred till they had con* 
 ferred with father Salva-Tierra, who for this 
 purpofe had been fent for from California to 
 confer with about the feveral particiilars« 
 
 The viceroy with great politenefs and conde- 
 fcenfion, gave a very long hearing to the new 
 provincial, and was indeed charmed with his 
 apoftolic zeal, humility, fweetnefs, magnani- 
 mity, and likewife with his abilities. He admitted 
 of the neceffity of complying with the king's 
 orders, and the father's requeft. The miniftera 
 of the royal audience alfo admitted him to a con-* 
 ference, and were equally convinced by his ar- 
 guments. There was now the moft favourable 
 conjuncture for holding a meeting of perfons 
 acquainted with the country 5 there being then 
 at Mexico the founder of the aiillioni the cap- 
 
 Vol. L a a- . tain 
 
<■ '.' 
 
 354 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 tain and enlign of the garrifon, and many others 
 who had been a voyage to the Philippine 
 iHands, but no junto or meeting was held -, nor 
 were there To much as any hopes given that it 
 would be held ifo that the provincial Sal va-Tier- 
 ra, finding obftacles raifed on all fides, fet out on 
 the vlHtation of the college, and did not r^urn 
 to Mexico till after Lent 1 705. At that time 
 fome hopes were given for holding the junto, 
 and he prepared a written memorial relating 
 to the royal fchedule to be laid before it. On 
 the 25th of May the father figned it, and I 
 ihall infert it here, as it fhews the thoughts of 
 that worthy man on thefe matters } as like- 
 wife the chriftian fimplicity and franknefs^ with 
 which he exprefles himfelf. ,, ':;-./ 
 
 .. May it pleafe your excellency, / ;, 
 
 T Juan Maria de Salva-Tierra of the fociety of 
 Jefus, fent for by your excellency, purfuant 
 to his majefty*s fchedule dated the 28th of Odo- 
 ber 1703, requiring your excellency to hear the 
 opinion of the fathers : and in obedience ta 
 the faid fchedule and your excellency's orders 
 I came in little more than a month from Cali- 
 fornia to this city. And on my arrival it was 
 fignific-d ta me that father Manuel Penyro was 
 dead j and by his death I became provincial 
 of rhis province of New Spain, and likewile 
 * ^v. A o-v miflionary 
 
others 
 lippine 
 di nor 
 that it 
 i-Tier- 
 [ out on 
 rrturn 
 lat time 
 ; juntOy 
 relating 
 it. On 
 , and I 
 lights of 
 as lilce- 
 sfs, with 
 
 bciety of 
 purfuanc 
 
 ofoao- 
 
 hear the 
 ience ta 
 *s ordcFv 
 om Cali- 
 al it was 
 nyro was 
 )rovindal 
 I like wile 
 rjiflionary 
 
 C A L I F O R N' I A. 35$ 
 
 milTionary of California. In obedience to his 
 majefty's fchedule, I take the liberty of repre- 
 ienting the impofTibility of fubflding in Califor- 
 nia with only one velTel, as for feven years and 
 a half we have always had three : yet by the 
 accidents of the fea, the ftranding of them, 
 and fometimes their total lofs -, the long (lay for 
 their repairing and careening, for want of (lores, 
 fupplies, contributions, and officers •, the dif- 
 tance of harbours and creeks where they might 
 careen, have frequently fuflPered great didreflfes. 
 For the enterprife is fo new and recent, that as 
 yet no way mor^ reac^y and convenient has been 
 difcovered' 
 
 And it would not have been otherwife, tho* 
 (plentifully fupported by money, as in the time 
 of don Ifidro da Otando, who had the royal 
 treafury at command ', for of three confiderable 
 velTels bull t on purpofe for the Californian fervice, 
 the bilander never (aw California, and all 
 the refult was a fruitlefs expence to his Ui.jj:(ly, 
 lofs of (lores and provifions, befides the charge 
 of artificers, foldiers, and feamen : and the two 
 Ve(rels called the Captain and the Admiral, 
 were of very little fervice, and the fettlement at 
 the harbour de la Paz, the very centre of the 
 Placeres, or pearl banks, was difgracefully for- 
 faken, the Admiral not coming with fup- 
 plie,^ in time. Another wretched piece of mif- 
 
 A a 2 Qondu^ 
 
 1 
 
 It 
 
 • ■'! 
 
 m 
 
 
356 HISTORY OF 
 
 condu(5b was, the provoking the Guaycura nation 
 which lived in the neighbourhood, by the mur- 
 der of the Indians, who fat round a large kettle 
 feafting on boiled maize, to which the admiral 
 had invited them. He afterwards made a fettle- 
 ment 70 leagues higher up, and was there ten 
 months without fo much as feeing a Angle vefTel. 
 Secondly, I reprefent to your excellency the 
 barrennefs of the country. For from the time 
 of Ferdinand Cortes and many others, who 
 have landed there Ance during the fpace of 
 180 years, there has been no poflibility of peo» 
 pling it, a certain fign that they met with very 
 great difficulties ; and had not on this occa- 
 iion the mod holy virgin of Loretto been 
 the conquered and fettfer, what hafs been 
 done could never have been executed, at 
 lead could not have fubfifted. I was not a 
 novice when I undertook this plan, but grown 
 old among the labours of New Bifcay, where 
 it was my happinefs, by means of the chear- 
 fnl commerce of the Spaniards, both foldiers 
 and inhabitants, and my friendfhip with the 
 Indians, to check the infurredtions of thofe 
 people. j-;-i - -y^'/-* ' ^/^V'^', ^\:\' "' 
 
 ■ 1 hus from my faid knowledge and experience,. 
 I- in the third place lay before your excellency, 
 the alniofl certain danger of loflng this country, 
 if in thc^fe beginnmgs thefathershave not the power 
 
CALIFORNIA. 357 
 
 ©f appointing or difplacing the commander of 
 this fmall body of ibldiers. For, I know by 
 experience, that without this power, I (hould 
 not have been able to have gon? a iingle ftep 
 up the country of California: and fhould hav.e 
 fpent much more time in the firft place 
 where we landed. And. the commanders, 
 for fear of being again removed, had, at the 
 earned exhortation of the fathers, fupport^ 
 ed by authority, made difcoveries and taken 
 furveys of the country. ; .; 1 
 
 I add, that the pearls are a ftrong allure* 
 ment ; and had not the fathers by means of that 
 authority prevented inconveniences, fome vior 
 lent fpirits woujid, as was formerly too often the 
 practice, under feveral pretences, have com- 
 pelled the Indians, both gentiles and chriftians, 
 to 601 by laying a tax upon them. Of this com- 
 pulfion, the neceflary confequence would be an 
 infurreftion -, and thence the lofs of the coun- 
 try, on account of its ruggednefs, which would 
 not admit of any horfe being employed for the 
 recovery of it : likewife for the eafe of the 
 Spanilh foldiers, who, in fo dillant a country 
 and divided by the fea, owned that they lived 
 more quietly under the.proteflion of the father^ 
 or the fuperior, as he can remove the captain, 
 $ind they may promiie themfelves that no oppref- 
 fion or bardihip will be put upon them from 
 
 
 Aa^ 
 
 their 
 
358 HISTORY or 
 
 their quarters: and to fuch pppreflions an8 
 jealoudes this country is very much addicted : 
 for indance, an Indian goes and fells a good 
 pearl to a foldier of his acquaintance, preferably 
 to the captain, who is fure to look always with 
 an evil eye op the foldier and the Indian ; and 
 if the Spanifh foldier will not let him have it at 
 his own price, he flies into a pafTion and pro- 
 ceeds to extremity, as was feen on many occa- 
 fions in Otondo's time, who, on feveral occafi- 
 ons, was near lofmg his life by the hands of the 
 folucrs and mariners. ^ ^"'^- ' 
 
 The taking away this power from the fathers, 
 I alfo add, will lefTen the charity of his majefty's 
 fubjcifls, as contributions will rife or fall with 
 their confidence of the proper and fucccfs- 
 ful employment of them : but now they will 
 have jreafon to fear that what they do with one 
 hand, is undone by another. This |ike^ife wil| 
 put a ftop to the perfonal fuccours both of Spa«- 
 niards and of the Indians of New Bifcay, whp 
 ivhether Californians, Indians and Spaniards, at 
 one word from the fathers, quit their lands 
 and come in barks as happened three years 
 ago, when a bark of Cinaloa Spaniards cam^ 
 ito our afTiftaoce i and the warriors among the 
 inoft faithful nation of the Yaqui did the 
 fame commg ever in a veflU, aH very welf 
 #nBed» and landcKl at JLoreno in Caltfomia, 
 
 , 
 
 l« J I I /v fe 
 
ns and 
 
 Jiftcd : 
 
 a good 
 
 ferably 
 
 ys with 
 
 n} and 
 
 ive it at 
 
 nd pro- 
 
 y occa- 
 
 1 occafi- 
 
 ds of the 
 
 i fathers, 
 najefty's 
 fatl with 
 
 fuccefs- 
 thcy will 
 with one 
 iMk wil| 
 ^ pf Spa^ 
 ;ay, who 
 niards, at 
 eir lands 
 ree years 
 'ds cam^ 
 nong the 
 
 did the 
 try welf 
 allforiiia. 
 
 Whereas 
 
 ' - • 1 ' . ■> 
 
 . 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 359 
 
 Whereas this change of power would difcourage 
 both the Indians and Spaniards, as they 
 could not truft to the procedion and paternal 
 love of the fathers; and would be one of 
 the greateft detriments which could befall this 
 new conqueil, it being well known that don 
 Ifidro de Otondo, the admiral of Californiai 
 captain of the garrifon of Cinaloa, and gover- 
 nor of that province, with all his authority and 
 repeated orders from the viceroy, could not 
 raife a fingle Indian volunteer in Cinaloa and 
 Sonora. And the few he preferred on account 
 of their crimes, continued to aft agreeably to 
 their character, and caufed the firft infurre(n:ion 
 after their entrance. And I affirm that all the 
 faid motives aim only at the prefervation of 
 the country, and the lading eftablifhment o^ 
 chriftianity in it. 
 
 I likewife think proper to reprefent to your 
 excellency, that the money expended in this 
 enterprife till this day, amounts to twelve 
 hundred and twenty -five thouCuid dollars, ex- 
 dufive of the foundation of fix milfions, which 
 amount to fifty- dghc thoufand dollars *, and of 
 chefe fiuns the treafury, during lb many years 
 to the prefent time, has paki only eighteen 
 thoufand doUajrs, and the whole large remainder 
 has been procured by the cares and great la- 
 bours of the fathers of the fociety. prom all 
 
 A a ^ which 
 
 • f 
 
 !*• 
 
 
 '■*! 
 
 It' 
 
 .(. ' 
 
366 H I S T O R Y O F J 
 
 which acciuis a great fervicc to his majefty, 
 and faving f o his treafury. And it was in regard 
 to this fervice, that I requefted of his majefty 
 a party of twenty- five foldiers with a com- 
 mander, purely for the good of the country : 
 A requeft which I do not think equal to the 
 magnanimous difpofition of our king. r. i , 
 
 I forbear animadverting on the refolution 
 taken by the royal council in 1685, relating to 
 the abandoning of California, after a large 
 and fruitlefs expence. 1 his council fummoned 
 the father provincial of the fociety : and in 
 his abfenpr the vice-provincial father Daniel 
 Angelo Marras •, and to him it was propofed, 
 ^nd his compliance at the fame time ftrongly 
 folic iied, that the reverend fociety would take 
 upon themfelves the whole enterprife of Cali- 
 fornia, in coniideration of which they (hould 
 be annually allowed forty thoufand dollars from 
 the treafury. And the faid father Daniel An» 
 gelo Marras having called together the confif- 
 tory of the province, they declined the propo- 
 fal. It is true, that the father provincial Ber- 
 nabe de Soto returning from his vifitation, be^ 
 gan to fee that, in refufing the offer, the weU 
 fare of the poor Californians had not been pro- 
 perly confulted : and that this was the only ex« 
 pedient remaining to be tried for planting chri- 
 ^ianity in ;hb kingdom. And fo ftrongjy 
 
 Derfuade^ 
 
 .\ 
 
CALIFORNIA. g6i 
 
 perfuaded was this royal council, that to com- 
 mit the affair to the reverend fathers was the 
 only probable means of accomplifhing the con- 
 verfion of the Californians, and the reduAion 
 of the country, that the petition of captain 
 Francifco de Lucenilla, laid before them im- 
 mediately after, and engaging to do the fame 
 fervice for a much fnialler fum than that offer- 
 ed to the fathers, was reje^ed without delibera- 
 tion. -■■-;.:-. ; (■< 
 
 As the fociety has not fpared itfelf, but at 
 the exhortation of the moft reverend Thyrfo 
 Gonzales, father genera], has in the perfon of 
 its fons vifited all the houfes of well difr 
 pofed perfons, the ofHcers and tribunals, beg- 
 ging afTiflance towards the reduAion of this 
 kingdom to our holy faith; it is my opinion 
 that it ought not to be done feparately 
 from our fociety* But that with frefh injunc* 
 tions; and recommendations from your excellent 
 cy, whilft a report is tranfmitted to his majefly, 
 ^he fathers exert themfelves to take care not onl/ 
 of the fpiritual, but of the temporal concerns, 
 and the rather as having now the fupport of 
 the thirteen thpufand dollars which his majefty 
 again offers; and which will be a help to 
 |he fathers, but to any fecular perfon what- 
 ever, would be an inc^imbranice ; for by the ex- 
 perience which the conduct of this enterprife 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 ^^'■:!:^ -11 
 
S6i H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 for eight years affords me, I fay, that it is im- 
 pofllble with that fum to aA up to the condi- 
 tions of the fchedule. !> ^ .f ^d- 
 
 And ihould any one offer to fulfil thofe con- 
 ditions, and fecure the country with thirteen 
 thoufand dollars, it muft be from his ignorance, 
 or with a defign to defraud the king. He will 
 be intent only on his own private advantage. 
 This will produce a thoufand difputes with 
 the fathers, v^ho cannot but oppofe any oppref- 
 lions of the foldiers and feamen, and more par- 
 ticularly of the Indiahs, whether chriflians or 
 infidels, who alfo would not fail to rife in arms ', 
 and whilfl: application is made to court in let- 
 ters and memorials, even before any anfwers, 
 liowevtr favourable to the Indians, can return, 
 the flame of revolt may fpread every where : 
 thefe uncultivated people being ftrangers to 
 any other recourfe againft injuftice than their 
 weapons. The faid commander will for many 
 years be obliged to buy up beyond lea all kind$ 
 of provifions ; and as they are often vitiated 
 and maggotty, efpecially the flefh) before cheit 
 arrival, the expences amount in effect to thrice 
 Itiore than what they do in a fpeculative com<> 
 j[)utadon : fo that without a va<l charge to the 
 treafury, h will be impolfible or any man to 
 maintain hii^ gfo\md there. , 
 
 -;>i*tv> 
 
 V-t 
 
 from 
 
G A L i F ft N i A. 3^3 
 
 From the premifes I conclude, that the coun- 
 try, on accounjt of its barrennefs, will not admit 
 of Spanifh inhabitants, as not affording fub> 
 fiftence even for only two fathers ; and at pre- 
 fent no Spaniards are to be found who are fond 
 pf new fcttlements, though in a fertile foil and 
 good climate, unlefs paid by the government, 
 or as a mitigation of a punifliment : and then 
 all they dp, is by their irregularities to makt 
 the country revolt and quarrel with thefoldiers, 
 and thus raife a civil war, as was a few year$ 
 ago the cafe in Mexico, betyifixjt the foIdierS 
 jand fettlers. ■ -• 
 
 The I aft article is my anfwef to the propofal 
 ;concerning the new eftablilhment of a garrifon, 
 in the oppofite or weftcrn coafl:, along which 
 the Philippine fhips fail, an article proceeding 
 from the moft catholick breaft of t>urfovereign, 
 and his generous pity fos* fo many of his fub- 
 jefts, who die pf the fcurvy, there being in 
 Ibme thoufands of leagues not one place whera 
 they could fend them oh fhpre } though frelh 
 meat and acid hetbs would recover far th$ 
 peateft part of them : toy anfi^ to this, is, 
 that I DOW Cpuld die with pleafure, jeeing the 
 exalted cpndern of hiis toojefly, agrees \^th 
 what I have fo many yfea^ls wiOied fbr, being 
 pierced to the very heart at fight ofruch numbers 
 f»f fick, wid ttiultitbdeb ^ them dying : and in 
 
 :!■ I,"'* 
 
li 
 
 364 HISTORY QF 
 
 all my labours and enterprifes, I have had this 
 in view. But at prefent, not to bring new ex- 
 pences upon the treafury, by any additional al- 
 lov/ance to the fathers, who have carried their 
 converfion of the infidels fo far, as already to 
 approach the weftern coaft: his majefty's defires 
 may therefore be accomplilhed in a little time, 
 and without the expenceof a new garrifon, only 
 by caufing the fubfidy of thirteen thoufand 
 dollars to be paid to the fathers, as by thefe 
 and the contribiuions of charitable chriftians, 
 there is great probability of fuccefs. As to 
 the fix thoufand dollars towards the charges, 
 they are not fo much as the third part ; and it is 
 fcarce to be conceived what labour and trouble 
 I undergo, to procure contributions for making 
 up the reft. 
 
 Befides the thirteen thoufand crowns, it was 
 iieceflary for a year or two, to have a bark 
 from Peru, freighted with provifions, and 
 well manned with failors, in order to take a 
 view and draught of the weftern. coafts, har- 
 bours, creeks, and bays} and I failed in the 
 bark from 24 to 27 degrees: on this we 
 made for the eaftern coaft, and landed at 
 the degree appointed: whlie that on the 
 weftern coaft, joined in aflifting the ihip 
 from China, and to give her notice from thence, 
 ^'j^ny enemies were PP the coaft of New Spain* 
 
 ThQ 
 
CALIFOKNIA. s6s 
 
 ' The prefent ftate of California is, that his 
 majefty, our fovereign, is poflcffed of fifty 
 leagues along the coafV, from Conception 
 bay to Agua Verde, i. c. green water, a lake 
 fifty leagues up the country, or the mountains 
 betwixt the two feas -, the whole being above one 
 hundred leagues in circuit •, and in fuch pro- 
 found peace, that the fathers can go over it 
 alone, without any guard of foldiers ; the na- 
 tives throughout the whole extent, willingly 
 conforming themfelves to whatever the fathers 
 require of them, and obey the orders of the mi- 
 litary captain: being ready, together with 
 twelve hundred chriftians, catechumens, and 
 gentiles, to take arms in our behalf. 
 
 Befides the country reduced or conquered, 
 there are others only difcovered, as three ways 
 towards the oppofite weftern coaft to its very 
 fhbres, two days journey, along the coaft, by 
 which the Philippine fhip comes, have been 
 furveyed : and though the Indians of the wef- 
 tern coail, from a natural fear, fled at the 
 fjght of the foldiers,' yet they are now civilized, 
 and they voluntarily come to vifit father Juan 
 Ugarte, on that chain of mountains, which 
 runs from Tea to fea. California is the refuge 
 of fuch Spaniards, as by tempefts are driven 
 out their courfe from the South fea. And two 
 years ago, fevcnty perfons, whofe veflels had 
 
 3 bcca 
 
^6 Hl^tQiiY OP 
 
 been lotxy ;ind whp othfi?wi(e ir.uft alfo peri(H^ 
 fouod r^fety here. And In thofe parts of tho 
 country that are conquered and difcovered* 
 thett are very pxonjinng appearances of mines* 
 Thus in ol^dience to the royal fchedule, I have 
 leprefented to your excellency, every thing 
 within iny kpqwJedge ^ and in wltnefs of it, I 
 have hereunto iet my name at Mexico, the 25th 
 
 of May 1705.- Juan Maria de Salva- 
 
 Tierra. 
 
 On the fame day namely the 25th of May* the 
 viceroy was pleafibd to order that this memorial 
 ihould be referred to the treafurer ; and after* 
 wards t>y his approbation to the general aifembly < 
 There was all the reafon in the world that this 
 ihould be now hold, father Salva-Tierra, the 
 perfon belt able to anfwer any diSculties, being 
 then in M^co* yet no aflembly was convened : 
 and under this dtfapp^ntment of his hopes^ 
 this excellent man went in the middle of June, 
 in the quality of provincial, to viflt the CaIifor< 
 nian miifions, carrying them all the relief he 
 could colle&: and with him the Portu- 
 gueie don Eftevan Lorenzo, now a fecond 
 time obliged to take upon him the office of cap- 
 tain of the garrifon. By the way he vrfited all 
 the colleges near which hef paffed. At Guada- 
 laxara he ftaid till the month of Auguft, in- 
 order, together with the members of the audi- 
 .; **^ ence. 
 
thing 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 36; 
 
 ence, to promote the encouragement ^ih\\ 
 milTion ; recommending the vi0tation of the 
 other colleges to father Jofeph Vellido the 
 fecretary. The father had ftrarct left Mcxico» 
 when an aifembly was held the 27th of Junff*. 
 The above-mentioned memorial, which father 
 Salva-Tierra had been ordered to draw up» 
 was read in it : aod it was refolved that in the 
 want of experienced perfons, as the royal fche« 
 dule required, 00 alteratioo ihoyld be made in 
 the affair : but that what had been refolved in 
 the junto of the 6th of June, in the foregoing 
 year, fhould be adhered to i which was to make 
 a report to his majefty, gnd wait his further 
 orders. It was not till eight months after, that 
 an account of this refolution was fent to his m9>' 
 jefty, in a letter of the 23d of March 1706. ^ 
 Every man of fenfe will l3e amazed at this 
 conduA ; for after fuch clear exprefllons of 
 his majefty, he will hardly think that this 
 unrelenting harlhnefs againft the unhappy Ca- 
 lifornians, actually proceeded from a deiire of 
 remitting money to Spain : and it is not tabe 
 imagined, that the government could imbibe 
 the common reports of the vulgar, againft the 
 great riches and infatiable avarice of the jefuits, . 
 and the rumours about the rich pearl fHheries of 
 Califbrnia, as they have more authentick infor- 
 mations. Therefore fome other root of all this 
 ;. <• evil 
 
 d\ 
 
 I 
 
 ence, 
 
368 H 1 S T O R T d IT 
 
 evil muft be iearched ibr, and it was the f6U 
 lowing : Father Salva-Tierra not only folicited^ 
 as reftor of California, that the appointments 
 ihould be paid to his mifTions ; but a& provin- 
 cial, he likewife interefted himfelf for the payment 
 of the penHons afligned to the miflions of the 
 jefuits in New Spain. The arrears were now 
 of fome years (landing, that the miflionaries of 
 all of them, with their churches and the Indians 
 belonging to them, were in a mod deplorable 
 condition. The province had petitioned for a 
 large fum of money, though but a moderate 
 relief: and beHdes the common funds and 
 thofe of the colleges being greatly encum- 
 bered, there was no poflibility of procuring 
 from Europe, proper perfons, books, orna- 
 ments for churches, apparel, and other nec'ef- 
 faries for the fupport, however fimple and 
 mortified, of its members. But the provin- 
 dal had no better fuccefs in his folicitation for 
 this than for that of his dear Californians. He 
 repeated his inftances feveral times, always with 
 proper humility, but with no greater efFeft ; 
 till at length, feeing that he did not prevail, 
 and that the miffions in the hands of the com- 
 pany ,',under whom they had grown up, were more 
 irremediably falling to ruin •, with the advice 
 of the moft intelligent and ferious jefuits, he 
 delivered into the hands of the viceroy, a 
 
 formal 
 
CALIFORNIA; 3G9 
 
 ibrmal renunciation and relinquidiment of all 
 the milTions, figned by the oldeft fathers, that 
 his excellency, as vice-patron, might provide 
 them with pallors. The viceroy extremely 
 refented this ftep, which the company would 
 have been glad to avoid. He ordered 
 the appointments of that year to be paid, re- 
 ferring the arrears till another time. But he 
 retained all the heat of his firfl pafllons and 
 on every occalion, California felt the efFeds of it. 
 During thefe tranfadtions at Mexico, the re- 
 ports of the Hrft aflembly of the ift of June 
 1 704, arrived at Madrid, and were taken into 
 deliberation by the fupreme council of the In- 
 dies ; and, by its advice, the king fent a new 
 fchedule, dated Augull the 15th 1705, in 
 which his majefty approved of the junto's re- 
 folution, to wait for father Salva-Tierra's opi- 
 nion, concerning the new garrifon on the 
 fouthern coafl. But with regard to the thir- 
 teen thoufand dollars appointed for the con- 
 queft and reduflion, he again ordered, thaC 
 it Ihould be paid without any delay, and fpeedy 
 advice of every thing be fent to him. This 
 fchedule was read before the viceroy, on the 
 20th of June 1 706 5 and on its being referred 
 to the Fifcal, he delivered his opinion, that 
 father Salva-Tierra, having already given his 
 report iu writing, it fhould be remitted to his 
 Vol. I. B b majefty. 
 
 if;; 
 
 
370 HISTORY OF 
 
 majefty, with advice that the appointment of 
 thirteen thoufand dollars had been paid, it being 
 no longer avoidable, in virtue of the royal or- 
 der. The fchedule and the treafurer's opinion 
 were laid before the royal council, which, in 
 September the 24th of the fame year, after 
 dwelling on the exhaufted flate of the revenue, 
 in the viceioy's prefence, refolved that father 
 Salva-Tierra*s memorial fhould be fent to his 
 majefly, as containing feveral articles on which 
 it was neceffary to know his majefty*s royal de- 
 termination } and in other refpedls, to abide by 
 the refolutions of the aflembly, on the 27th of 
 June 1704, of not making any alterations 
 without freih orders from his majefty. Father 
 Salva-Tierra*s memorial, had been remitted to 
 court in May of that year : and now it was 
 again fent with the viceroy's remarks on fome 
 points. Thefe proceedings were kept fo fecret, 
 that nothing tranfpired to the fathers, who, in 
 the mean time, were unable to take any ftep 
 in favour of their mifllon. Thefe papers arrived 
 in Spain, when it was known, that the South 
 fea was infefted by many Corfairs, who fliel- 
 tered themfelves in California •, and of thefe 
 Woods Rogers was one as may be feen in his 
 voyage begun in 1708, the very year when 
 this fubjedb was deliberated on in Madrid j and 
 thefe difpatches having been laid before the 
 « •''..:: 5 fupremc 
 
CALIFORNIA. 371 
 fupreme council of the Indies, Iiis mijefly by 
 their advice, fent over another fchrdule, dated 
 at Buen Retire, the 26th of July 1708, which 
 contained three parts : the firft recapitulated 
 thofe of the preceding years : the fecond con- 
 tained obfervations on the articles of father 
 Salva-Tierra's memorial, and the viceroy's re- 
 marks : the third again direfled the immediate 
 payment of the thirteen thoufand dollars, and 
 that the general aflVmbly of all the miniftcrs, 
 military officers, and perfons who had a know- 
 ledge of the coaft and country of California, 
 Ihould as formerly direfted be immediately 
 held: and that the viceroy fhould determine 
 the mod convenient place for creeling on the coaft 
 of the Somh fea, the royal garrifon fo long de- 
 fined : at the fame time impowering him to 
 take out of the revenue, whatever money 
 fliould be neceflary for this fervice, and fend an 
 account of the whole to his majefty. This 
 fchedule came to Mexico in the year 1709, 
 and being referred to the treafurer, he was of 
 opinion, that every article ought to be fulfilled: 
 and the viceroy having alfocomplied, fignified his 
 aflbnt in the following order, " Agreeably to the 
 opinion of the treafurer, it is hereby direded 
 that, for the more proper execution of the 
 royal warrant, relative to paying and affifting 
 the Leeward garrifons, his majefty's new 
 
 B b 2 fchedule 
 
 !,; t 
 
372 HISTORY OF 
 
 fchedule be taken into deliberation, and the 
 feveral papers be laid before the council, as to 
 it belongs the fird confideration of ways and 
 means for publick affairs, and for the prefent 
 execution of what his majefty has expredy 
 commanded ; and the treafurcr, agreeable to 
 fuch commands, has required, the fccretary*s 
 office Ihall make enquiry after, and rcgifter all 
 fuch military perfons within this city, who fliall 
 be found to be acquainted with thofe countries 
 and feas, that the expedition, may, purfuant to 
 his majefty*s orders, be commenced without 
 delay." ' " '"= ■'■'' ■ - • 
 
 ■ This decree, fufpended the execution of 
 the fchedule, relating to the immediate pay- 
 ment of the thirteen thoufand dollars, it being 
 referred to the deliberation of the general af- 
 fembly of the royal council : though by the 
 king's fchedule, all kinds of deliberation on 
 this point, had been precluded. However the 
 viceroy continued in the difchargeof his office, 
 without taking any notice of California, till 
 the end of the year 1710, when he was fuc- 
 cceded by the duke de I.inares, don Fernando 
 de Lancafter Noronna y Sylva, who made his 
 entry into Mexico on the firft of January 
 171 1. 
 
 This excellent nobleman, who as fon of don 
 Auguftine de Lancafter, duke de Abraites, 
 
 marquis 
 
CALIFORNIA. 37:, 
 
 marquis de Porto Seguro, and Val de Fuentes, 
 count de Mejor.. 1q, and ion to donna Juana de 
 Noronna y Sylva, duchcfs of Linaie§, united 
 in himfelf through various lines, the royal houfcs 
 of Caftile, Portugal, and England •, and who to 
 his great perfonal qualities, added the expe- 
 rience he had acquired as vicar of Italy, vice- 
 roy of Sardinia, and lieutenant general of 
 the armies of Spain. An afFe<5lion to the je- 
 fuits was hereditary in this nobleman's family : 
 and accordingly during the whole courfe of his 
 government, he zealoudy took the miffions of 
 California under his proteftion, beftowed 
 large fums of his own money, for the advance- 
 ment of them, and follcited contributions 
 from other perfons of wealth in Mexico. At 
 the expiration of- his viceroyfhip, in which he 
 was fucceeded by his coufin don Gafpar de 
 Zumiga marquis de Valero, being free from 
 any difeafe, and preparing to return to 
 Spain, he directed by his will, fealed on the 
 26th of March 17 17, in the city of Mexico, 
 the third part of his eftate, which was all 
 he had the difpofal of, by reafon his father was 
 ftill alive, for the ufe of the milTions of Ca- 
 lifornia, in the 1 7th claufe, which runs thus : 
 " I direft that of my eftate, there be given to 
 the miffions of California, five thoufand doub- 
 loons, to be at the difpofal of the fathers, 
 
 B b 3 who 
 
374 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 who Ihall be in the mifllons, if I die in this 
 kingdom : but if in Europe, the faid fum fhall 
 be paid to the agent general of the reverend 
 fociety of jefuits, to be remitted to thefe pro- 
 vinces." 
 
 As he was on the point of going to Vera 
 Cruz in order to embark, he was taken very 
 ill ; and on the 28th of May in the fame year, 
 he opened his will to revife it : after which he 
 fealed it up again. And though by two codi- 
 cils he altered fome other particulars, the de- 
 vout legacy he left to the miflion of California, 
 remained untouched j and in thefe happy fenti- 
 ments he died on the 3d of June, in the fame 
 year, in the arms of father Francifco de Sol- 
 chaga, a jefuir, and profeffor of divinity in 
 that capital. But notwithftanding the excellent 
 difpofitions of this nobleman as a private per- 
 fon, he neither did, nor could do any thing for 
 the mifTion as a viceroy ; the former royal 
 fchedules were fo clofcly fecreted that he knew 
 nothing of them, and in his time no order 
 came to court relating to California ; nor did the 
 fathers folicit any favour knowing nothing of the 
 laft fchedules before- mentioned ; having been 
 without the leaft hope of any extraordinary af- 
 fiftance from the year 1 705 : for even the ordi- 
 nary pay was greatly behind in all the mif- 
 iions, that all they could do was by their own 
 
 means 
 
CALIFORNIA. 375 
 means to forward the conqueft, which how- 
 ever at this rate, could move but very flowly. 
 The like happened in Sonora and Pimeria to 
 father Kino, who, with great concern, faw the 
 harveft of very extenfive countries, ripe for 
 the fickle of the gofpel, loft for want of pro- 
 per fupplies and Ubourers. By thefe wants 
 California neceflarily fuffered, not only on ac- 
 count of the fuccours which it might hope for 
 from Pimeria, if once reduced and cultivated ; 
 and from its coaft along the gulf which had 
 been difcovered and furveyed as far as the river 
 Colorado ; but likewife as the capital defign 
 was to carry on the conqueft on both fides of 
 the gulf to the above-mentioned river; and 
 where the mifllons being joined and recipro- 
 cally aflifting each other by land, to continue 
 and extend it as far as the fruitful coaft of 
 Puerto de Monte- Rey. This enterprife, fo very 
 important, fathers Salva-Tierra and Kino would 
 certainly have accomplifhed, had they been af- 
 fifted according to his majcfty's order; but 
 every thing went againft them. I have been 
 particular in relating the obftacles they met 
 with, that it may be ken whether they who 
 throw the blame of the little progrefs made in 
 thefe mifllons on the company, have fo much 
 as a fhadow of reafon on their fide. I have 
 connedled the events of different years, that I 
 
 B b 4 might 
 
 ) C: 
 
 
376 HISTORY OF 
 
 might not frequently break the thread of the 
 narrative. Let us now return to father Salva- 
 Tierra, whom, in Auguft 1 705, we left vifiting 
 the college of Guadalaxara. The father pro- 
 vincial had foon concluded the vifitation of that 
 college, as likewife his conferences with the 
 members of the audience and others, benefac- 
 tors to California : and having obtained 
 for it what fuccours he could, he went to Ma- 
 tanchel, where he embarked, and on the 30th 
 of Auguft, after a pleafant paflage, came to an 
 anchor in San Dionyfio bay, within fight of 
 ■ his beloved mifllon of Nueftra Sennora de Lo- 
 retto de la California : he landed to the inex- 
 prefliblejoy of himfelf, the fathers, the foldiers, 
 and even the Indians who looked upon them as 
 their common fai'ier. He found them all in 
 BO very agreeable fituation, notwithftanding the 
 fuccours which father Piccolo was very aflidu- 
 ous in fending them from Sonora. The pro- 
 vincial had nominated him vifitor of the mif- 
 fions of that province, as this employment re- 
 quired a perfon of his aftivity and zeal, and 
 likewife, as by his authority and intereft, he 
 could moft conveniently draw from thefe mif- 
 fions, though themfelves but poor, thofe fuc- 
 cours of provifions which were abfolutely 
 wanting in California. In this father Piccolo 
 ■yfiLS fo alert that his care and charity may be 
 
 fdid 
 
 ^* 
 
CALIFORNIA. 387 
 
 faid to have this year faved the miflion. The 
 venerable provincial on the fame day, namely, 
 the 30th of Auguft, informing him of his ar- 
 rival at Loretto, returned him thanks in the 
 following manner: *' God reward your reverence 
 for the fuccours you have fent to thefe fathers, 
 whom otherwife at my coming hither I fliould have 
 found dead." The fufferings of the fathers were 
 not a little increafed by the cruelty and haughti- 
 nefs of the captain Efcalante,' who as little re- 
 liftied his fubjeflion to the fathers as the 
 whole body of the garrifon did his command 
 over them. Such was the uneafinefs occafion- 
 ed by his mifconduft, that father Ugarte found 
 himfelf under a neceflity offending an account 
 of it to father Salva-Tierra at Mexico, in or- 
 der for redrefs. It was on this account that 
 the father brought with him the Portuguefe 
 don Eftevan Rodriguez Lorenzo, whom he 
 now made captain : and at the fame time by 
 his wonderful fweetnefs, fo far prevailed over 
 Efcalante's refentment of his removal, that for 
 fome time he continued in California as a com- 
 mon foldier, till he was promoted to be captain- 
 lieutenant in the garrifon of Nacofari, from 
 whence he had come. 
 
 The venerable provincial ftaid two months 
 in California, labouring with the people of the 
 garrifon and among the Indians, as if he had 
 
 been 
 
 lii < 
 
 1411 
 
te.- 
 
 378 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 been a (imple miflionary. He was informed 
 that the fathers immediately after his abfence 
 feparated, father Bafaldua to San Juan Londo-, 
 father Juan Ugarte to San Xavier, and father 
 Pedro de Ugarte to Loretto, in order to im- 
 prove himfelf further in the language, and to 
 fuperintend the garrifon. Father Juan Ugarte 
 had that year at San Xavier cleared many pieces 
 of ground in order for fowing •, and was habi- 
 tuating his Indians to the labours of the field, 
 in which to inftruft and encourage them he 
 was always the firft. He had likewife made 
 feveral progrefTes up the country and brought 
 fevcral rancherias to form themfelves into vil- 
 lages. The like had been done by fatlier Baf- 
 faldua in San Juan Londo, the town of which 
 was now become much enlarged j fomeof them 
 fettled and civilized voluntarily ; others were 
 hunted and brought like wild beads from among 
 precipices of the mountains : fo that in thefc 
 two miflions, and their towns of vifitation, no 
 lefs than at the principal of Loretto, were per- 
 formed the ufual exercifes of catechifing the 
 young and the adult, the diftribution of pozoli, 
 and other things pertaining to the mifilon. The 
 provincial went over all the miflions, vifited 
 the villages which were begun, and the ranche- 
 rias in friendfliip with them j winning the 
 hearts of all the Indians by the facihty of his 
 
 inftrudions. 
 
:rs were 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 379 
 
 inftrudlions, and the endearing fweetnefs of his 
 behaviour. He recommended the fettlement 
 of the two milTions at Ligni or Malebat, and 
 on the river Mulege ; and gave the proper di- 
 reflions for its being put in execution without 
 delay. There being only three mifllonaries, it 
 was necelTary that one fhould take on him the 
 care of the garrifon of Loretto, and of the mif- 
 fions of San Xavier and Londo, whilft the 
 reft of the fathers were fettling the two other 
 miflions. This was a fatigue to which no fmgle 
 man was equal. The temporal care of the 
 garrifon, its magazines, the provifions, and 
 diftribution of them j the payiag of the fol- 
 diers and failors ; the care of the fick and of 
 the Indians i and the remittance of provifions, 
 and other fuccours to the abfent fathers and 
 foldiers, was as much as the moft difengagcd 
 perfon could difcharge. But God provided a 
 proper remedy for this necefllty. The father 
 provincial had brought with him from Mexico, 
 brother Jay me Bravo, a perfon very aflive and 
 underftanding, and likewife of a religious de- 
 portment : and who had attended on the de- 
 ceafed vifitor Pineyro. For this brother un- 
 derftanding that he was going to California, 
 had earneftly requefted him that he might ac- 
 company him in fo long and difficult a voyage 
 Brother Jayme's intent herein was with the pro- 
 vincial's 
 
 fr'if^ 
 
 Ji 
 
38o H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 vincial's permifllon to remain in California to 
 afTift the fathers in offices relating to the mif- 
 lion. The conjunfture favoured his defire : and 
 befides his repeated requeft, the father provin- 
 cial faw that the miffionaries greatly wanted, 
 and were defirous of a brother to eafc them of the 
 careoftemporalconcerns,thattheymightemplo7 
 themfelves wholly in their prieftiy funftion. Ac- 
 cordingly he recommended to them this fervent 
 brother, who, for the fpace of fourteen years, 
 ferved the mifllon as temporal co-adjutor with 
 diftinguifhed zeal, till it was thought proper to 
 admit him to the priefthood, that he might 
 ferve as a zealous miflionary. The provincial 
 concluded his vifitation without leaving any 
 written orders for the future government, whe- 
 ther from humility, or that he judged them 
 unneceflary ; only direcSking that copies might 
 be taken of the inftitutes, drawn up for other 
 rniflions by father Hernando Cavero the vifitor : 
 and fuch articles as were practicable in 
 California, to obferve them. Afterwards hav- 
 king taken his leave of the fathers, foldiers, and 
 his Indians, with all the affeftion of a parent, 
 he embarked for New Spain to fuperintend the 
 government of his province, till the difcharge 
 from his office, which hf 'lad defired, came 
 from Rome. 
 
 SECT. 
 
CALIFORNIA. 
 
 SECT. IX. 
 
 381 
 
 The two miflions of San Juan Baptifta Li- 
 gui, and of Santa Rofalia Mulege ; Pro- 
 grefs of the others, and a new furvey of 
 the coaft of the South-fea. 
 
 The provincial had recommended three things 
 chiefly to his Californian miflionaries ; to fettle 
 without delay the two miflions S. and N. of 
 Loretto ; to make progreflfes up the country in 
 fearch of convenient fpots for new miflions, 
 oflfering, when fuch were found, to provide mif- 
 fionaries ; and laflly, to take a furvey in other 
 parts oftheoppoflte coaft of the South fea, in order 
 to find out feme place proper for the Phi- 
 lippine (hips to put into, which had been fo 
 ardently defired. The father was nc fooner out 
 of the country, than the foundation of the mif- 
 fions was taken in hand. On the fame day, 
 being the laft of November 1 705, the two fa- 
 thers, under the aufpices of the great mother, 
 patronnefs of the mifllGn,fet out by land, taking 
 diflferent routs : father Pedro de Ugarte going 
 for the coafl: of Ligui, 14 leagues S. of Lo- 
 retto ; and father Juan Manuel de Baflaldua to 
 the river Mulege, at the difliance of 40 leagues 
 northward, whilft father Juan Ugarte Itaid 
 
 to 
 
 - ■ 'I 
 
3S2 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 to take care of the three former miflions and 
 their villages. Father Pedro had not much 
 difficulty in reaching the fhore, the country not 
 being that way very rugged. This tradt 
 the Monquis in their language call Ligui, and 
 the Laymones in their*s Malibat. It then re- 
 ceived the name of San Juan Baptifta, in ho- 
 nour of don Juan Baptifta Lopez, an inhabi- 
 tant of Mexico, who offered to endow this mif- 
 fion with a capital of ten thoufand dollars, 
 keeping the money in his own hand, and pay- 
 ing the council intereft. Afterwards by the 
 misfortunes of commerce, this benefaftor fail- 
 ed, and there was an end of the miffion's fund ; 
 which, however, was not forfaken, till it had 
 converted all the Indians of the neighbouring 
 country, and put its rancherias and vil- 
 lages under the care and vifitation of other mif- 
 lions. Father Pedro Ugarte found his Indians 
 perfedly quiet, peaceable, and without any ap- 
 prehenfion, though the only fhelter he had for 
 fome time among them, was the fhade of 
 the mefquites ; and afterwards of a hut made 
 with branches of trees, whilft the chapel and a 
 little dwelling of adoves, or raw bricks, was 
 building. He endeavoured by little prefents 
 and careffes, to gain the affections of his Indi- 
 ans, not fo much that they fhould affift him in 
 the building, as that they might take a liking 
 
 to 
 
CALIFORNIA. 30^ 
 
 to the catechifm, which he explained to them 
 as well as he could, by the help of fome Indi- 
 ans of Loretto, while he was perfedling himfelf 
 in their language. But his kindnefs was loft 
 on the adults, who, from their invincible floth, 
 could not be broughff to help him in any one 
 thing, though they partook of, and ufed to be 
 very urgent with him for the pozoli and other 
 eatables. He was now obliged to have reoourfe 
 to the afTiftance of the boys, who being allured 
 by the father with fweetmeats, and pre- 
 fents, accompanied him wherever he would 
 have them : and to habituate thefe to any work 
 it was neceffary to make ufe of artifice : fome- 
 times he laid a wager with them who fhould 
 fooneft pluck up the mefquites and fmall 
 trees ; fometimes he offered rewards to thofe 
 who took away mod earth ; and it fuffices to 
 fay, that in forming the bricks, he made him- 
 felf a boy with boys, challenged them to play 
 with the earth, and dance upon the clay. The 
 father ufed to take off his fandals and tread it, 
 in which he was followed by the boys fkipping 
 and dancing on the clay, and the father 
 with them •, the boys fuug and were highly de- 
 lighted ; the father alfo fung ; and thus they 
 continued dancing and treading the clay in 
 different parts, till meal time. This enabled 
 him to eredt his poor dwelling, and the church ; 
 
 at 
 
 :y 
 
 i 
 
 s 
 
 ■ i\ ': 
 
 
 if 
 
 M 
 
384 H I S T a R Y O F 
 
 at the dedication of which the other fathers 
 aflifted. He made ufe of feveral fuch contri- 
 vances in order to learn their language ; firft 
 teaching the boys feveral Spanifh words that 
 they might afterwards teach him their lan- 
 guage : when, by the help of thefe mafters, the 
 interpreters of Loretto, and his own ob- 
 fervation and difcourfe with the adults, he had 
 attained a fufficient knowledge of it, he be- 
 gan to catechife thefe poo: gentiles, ufing 
 a thoufand endearing ways ihat they fhould 
 come to the catechifm } he likewife made 
 life of his boys for carrying on their inftruc- 
 tion. Thus, with invincible patience and Hrm- 
 nefs under excefllve labours, he went on hu- 
 manizing the lavages who lived on the fpot, 
 thofe of the neighbouring rancherias and others 
 whom he fought among woods, breaches,, 
 and caverns; going about every where, that 
 he at length adminiftered baptifm to many 
 adults ; and brought this new fettlement into 
 fome form. Father Pedro was pleafing him- 
 felf that his labours had at length produced 
 fome promifing fruit, when a flight acci- 
 dent, not to mention others, had nearly ruined 
 all. The father was fent for to aflift a chrif- 
 tian woman, who was fick ; but on his coming 
 found a forcerer whom he did not know, blow- 
 ing her according to cuftom. The father hav- 
 
 ing 
 
CALIFORNIA. 3S5 
 
 !ng made him depart and reproved his con- 
 verts and catechumens for fuffering any fuch 
 thing, conftfflfed the patient, adminidered 
 the holy unftion to her, and was with her till 
 her death. A few days after, fome Indians 
 came with great joy to tell the father that they 
 had been in queft of the blowing forcerer and 
 had killed him : the father did not fail feverely 
 to reprimand them, and thinking it necelTary on 
 fuch an occalion to avoid didurbances, fent them 
 away with fome anger : but this was fo far from 
 pleafingthem, that they conceived arefentment 
 againft the father, tho* they were artful enough to 
 conceal it by a fair carriage 5 and the way he came 
 to the knowledge of their bloody refolution, 
 was by a boy who attended on him, and 
 one night afked leave that he might go and lie 
 with his friends : the father denied it i but find- 
 ing the boy to be more than ufually urgent, 
 alked him what made him fo defirous of go- 
 ing ? The boy fimply replied, " Becaufe, fa- 
 ther, this night they intend to kill you, and 
 told me if I was with you, they would kill me 
 alfo." The father on this fent for fome of the 
 heads, and with great refolution and an un- 
 daunted air, told them, I know that you have 
 formed a defign of killing me to night, but re- 
 member with this myfket (though it was old and 
 ufelefs) I'll firft make a flaughter of you all j 
 . Vol. I. C c and 
 
386 HISTORYOF 
 
 and then haftily withdrew, leaving the poof 
 Indians fo terriBed, that confulting with the 
 rtlly they determined to fhifc their quarters that 
 very night ; fuch is their cowardice and dread 
 of fire-arms. The next day the father was 
 obh'ged to go and look after them : and ic 
 was with great difficulty, and after many aflu- 
 rances that he loved them as his children and 
 that he meant to do them good, never in- 
 tending to do them any harm, that he could 
 prevail on them to return. They believed 
 him as they found he did not fear them, and 
 returned eafy and contented to their huts. 
 I have been particular in this adventure to avoid 
 mentioning others of a like nature, which hap- 
 pened every day in the new mifllons. No pa- 
 tience, no courtefy, no prudence, no liberality, 
 are a fufficient fecurity to the life of a miflTionary 
 among fuch favages : the facrifice of his life is 
 what every miflionary in a favagc country, 
 fbould folemnly refolve on, as by the ftupidity 
 and ficklenefs of the Indians, it is every day 
 in danger. Father Pedro Ugarte continued in 
 his mifllon of San Juan Baptifta Ligui or Ma- 
 libut, till the year 1 709,when his conftitution funk 
 under fuch fevere fatigues, that there was a nc- 
 ceflityfor the recovery of his health to fend him to 
 Mexico, where at the fame time he might negoci- 
 ate the affairs of the mifllon, and father Francifco 
 
 ■ • Par- 
 
 jf: 
 
: poof 
 ith the 
 !rs that 
 , dread 
 cr was 
 and it 
 y aflli- 
 en and 
 ver in- 
 le could 
 believed 
 m, and 
 r huts, 
 to avoid 
 ich hap- 
 No pa- 
 bcrality, 
 liflionary 
 lis life is 
 country, 
 ftupidity 
 irery day 
 :inued in 
 li or Ma- 
 itionfunk 
 was a ne- 
 :ndhimto 
 htnegoci- 
 Francifco 
 Par- 
 
 C A L I F O K NM A. 387 
 
 Paralto came in his ftead toLigui : but that adlive 
 father was no iboner recovered to a tolerable de- 
 gree, than he returned to California, rc-afluming 
 the labours of bis milTion, till falling fick a 
 fecond time, he was tianflated to the miflions 
 of the river Yaqui, which he dcfircd preferably 
 to any other •, as for them he might be a very 
 ufeful agent and purveyor for poor and barren 
 California. 
 
 Father Juan Manuel de Baflaldua, who on 
 the fame day in 1705, went from Loretto 
 northwards with great difficulty, by reafon of 
 the cragginefs of the country, reached Concep- 
 tion bay. The diftance from it by land to the 
 little river Mulege is very fliort j but fo ruggf^d 
 and woody, that it had been in vain attempted 
 twice before. Thefe difficulties however lather 
 Baflaldua nov/ furmounted, by cutting thro' the 
 wood, rolling away the ftones, filling up Houghs, 
 and opening a way large enough for beafts : and 
 thus at length found himfelf happily on the 
 banks of the Mulege, where in tiie moft con- 
 venient fpot he fixed his miffion with the fame 
 labours and dangers as father Pedro de Ugarte 
 had gone through at Ligui •, befides the labour 
 of making a road of 40 leagues from thence to 
 the garrifon of Loretto, and of freqiK n^ly re- 
 pairing it. His miffion he confecrated to Santa 
 Rofalia at the defire of don Nicolas de Ar- 
 teaga and donna Jofepha Vallego, his fpoufe, 
 
 C c 2 ill- 
 
388 HISTORY OF 
 
 inhabitants of Mexico, who endowed it with a 
 fund of ten thoufand crowns. The father built 
 the d'wflelling and church with adoves, at the 
 diftance of three quarters of a league from the 
 fea, and near the river. Betwixt this and the 
 fierra, or the chain of hills, runs a plain of 
 feven leagues all over covered with mcfquites, 
 which, tho* it afforded good pafture for black 
 cattle, Iheep, and fwine •, none of it has been 
 turned to tillage tillthefe three laft years, when a 
 fluice was made for diftributing the water, as 
 otherwife in a country where rain is fo fcarce 
 and uncertain, all induftry would be in vain. 
 The Indians hereabouts are of a lively, mild 
 difpofition, and lefs fickle and variable than 
 others : the father continued, during four years, 
 inftrudting them with indefatigable care, and 
 bringing them together and uniting them from 
 all parts, till, on account of ficknefs, he was 
 obliged to be removed to the other fide, 
 where he was inverted with the miflion of San 
 Jofeph de Guaymas, belonging to the govern- 
 ment of California, that he might there attend 
 to the relief of it. This he diligently difcharged, 
 both whilft he continued there, as likewife 
 when he was at Raum, and the river Yaqui, 
 whither he was afterwards removed. At Santa 
 Rofalia Mulege he was fucceeded by father 
 Francifco Maria Piccolo, who having gone 
 . ., through 
 
CALIFORNIA. 389 
 
 through his vifitation of the miflions of So- 
 nora, withdrew to California : he ruled it 
 in an apoftolical manner for feveral years, till, 
 on the death of the venerable father Salva- 
 Tierra, he was ordered to Loretto. He ex- 
 tended the fpiritual conqueft northward feveral 
 leagues. He made many ufeful progreffes up 
 the country, endearing himfelf to the people, 
 preaching the gofpel to them and difcovering 
 many tradls where new miflions were planted, 
 and their vifitation towns, as that of Guada- 
 lupe, la Puriflima Conception &: San Ignafio ; 
 at length in the year 1718, he delivered up the 
 care of the mifllon to father Sebaftian de Sif- 
 tiaga, who officiated there many years with the 
 fame zeal and fatigues as his predeceiTors ; and 
 turned fome pieces of land into fields, which 
 were watered by the fluice made in the river. 
 Such was the diligence of the fathers in their 
 inftrudions, that many adults of the million 
 are not only admitted to the annual commu- 
 nion, but likewife intermediately. Befides, many 
 Indians have been brought to talk tolerable 
 Spanilh, and have ferved as interpreters in pro- 
 greflfes into other nations •, and likewife in af- 
 fifting and teaching new minlfters : fome of 
 them have laboured with extraordinary fidelity 
 jointly with the fathers : and among thefe for 
 their devotion, loyalty, and labours, Bernardo 
 
 C c 3 Dababa, 
 
 IJ.: 
 
 m 
 
390 HISTORY OF 
 
 Dababa, and Andres Comanay, deferve parti" 
 cular mention i and great encomiums are given 
 them in the narratives and letters of feveral 
 mifllonaries whom they attended : being of 
 great fervice to tliem in all their apoftoiical 
 labours and difficult enterprifes. 
 
 There being only three priefts in California, 
 one havingchargeof three miflions, and the other 
 two employed in the foundation of the new ^ 
 the fecond charge of the provincial to difcover 
 inland places for new miflions, could hardly be 
 complied with. But brother Jayme Bravo un- 
 dertook it i and to this end went from Loretto 
 iiV the beginning of the following year 1706, 
 taking with him a proper quantity of provifi- 
 ons, accompanied by the Portuguefe captain, 
 feven foldiers, and fome Indians. Hefirft vjfited 
 San Juan Baptifta Ligui, where father Pedro 
 de Ugarte was modelling his mifllon ; from 
 thence they travelled on a day and a half along 
 the fhore ; brother Jayme with the captain and 
 two foldiers walked before •, but they were foon 
 obliged to return, an Indian of the com^-iany 
 bringing them word that the four other foldiers 
 were dying. I'he cafe was this ; one of the 
 Ibldiers faw a fire where the Indian filhermcn 
 Jiad juft been roaflirig fifli, and among them 
 were fomc of a fpecies called Botates, tho 
 livers of which contain a very a(5live poifon, 
 -. . and 
 
CALIFORNIA. 391 
 
 and had been left by the Indians on fome 
 ihells : a foldier feeing them, called out to his 
 comrades, " a fry, a fry ! " they all flopped ; 
 but as they were going to eat, an Indian called 
 to them not to eat it, for that it would kill 
 them : to this the foldier who had firfl fpied 
 them, anfwered, none of your noife, Indian, 
 a Spaniard never dies ; and immediately gave 
 fome to the other three. Of thele one eat fome i 
 another chewed, but did not fwailow it ; the 
 other more cautious, only handled and viewed 
 this part. It was not long before they were all 
 proportionably feized violently with convulfive 
 pains. The firfl: expired within half an hour, 
 and was foon followed by the fecond ; the third 
 remained fenfelefs till the day following : and 
 both he and the fourth were in a very bad con- 
 dition for feveral days. It is natural to think 
 that brother Jayme and the others muft have 
 been fenfibly affe<5led with this misfortune. 
 They were now obliged to give over the en- 
 terprife, and return to Ligui with the dead, 
 who were buried in the confecrated ground be- 
 longing to the chapel i^ and the fick were fent 
 to Loretto. 
 
 In the mean time the magnanimous father 
 Juan Ugarte made his celebrated progrefs for 
 difcovering and reconnoitring the coaft of the 
 South- fea, agreeably to father Salva-Tierra's 
 
 C c 4 third 
 
 
392 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 third injunftion : and having made feveral vi- 
 fitations at Loretto and San Juan de Londo, 
 his principal care was for promoting his mif- 
 fion of San Xavier. It was not without reafon 
 that the venerable father Salva-Tierra ufed al- 
 ways to call father Ugarte the apoftle : for 
 fublime as the title was, his labours were not 
 unworthy of it. Always in adion and indefa- 
 tigable ; prefent every where, and doing every 
 thing. He attempted every thing, and he ac- 
 complifhed every thing : but his activity never 
 fo fignally appeared as in thefe beginnings where 
 the difficulties feemed unfurmountabJe : fome- 
 times he was preaching, aflifting, admonifliing, 
 and attending the foldiers : at other times he 
 was fearching for new fpots of ground for 
 villages and fields i fometimes baptifing the 
 children ; and fometimes inftrufting the 
 adults J fometimes adminiftering the facra- 
 ments to the fick, and performing the lad of- 
 fices to the dying. Sometimes he worked in 
 the buildings ; fometimes in the field in making 
 water trenches, plantations, and fields ; fome- 
 times he was mending the roads j fometimes 
 helping to get ready the barks for Tea. In fine, 
 lie was continually labouring in every kind of 
 tmployment, and the greateft fatigue he took 
 upon himfelf. As he was now reaping the 
 temporal fruits qf his ipduftry and labour foe 
 
 . . . hk 
 
CALIFORNIA. 393 
 
 his Indians, they were now more eafily brought 
 to obferve the appointed divifion of mafs, prayer, 
 catechifm, rofary, explanations, and fermons, 
 and other methods for inftrudlion in chriftia- 
 nity ; infomuch that he had fet penalties for 
 thofe who were abfent at thefe exercifes ; as a 
 diminution of their allowance, or fome ftripes 
 according to the nature of their offence. The 
 (children were the objedls of his greateft care ; 
 their innocent age being more fufceptible of a 
 chriftian education. The feminary was the fa- 
 ther*s houfe, where fome of them continued all 
 teaching them with unwearied patience fuch 
 parts of knowledge as were valuable, even 
 among the Spaniards: and many of them made 
 not only capable of inftruding the ranche- 
 rias, but an example of good behaviour 
 to them. For the girls, efpecially fuch as were 
 orphans, a .feparate houfe was built j where a 
 miftrefs inftru6led them in the little works pro- 
 per for the fex j the father taking upon him- 
 felf the religious part of their education. 
 
 Another building was ereded for an hofpital, 
 where the father's charity fignally appeared in 
 the fpiritual and temporal afllftance of the fick 
 till death, which, in many, was accompanied 
 with great figns of filvation. With one 
 of thefe father Echeverria, vifitor of California, 
 being at San Xavier, was extremely affeded : 
 
 he 
 
 n 
 
 ■ 
 
 I'l 
 
 |.;.:;;'m 
 
 lyp 
 
 ■ r 1 i 
 
 i 
 
 ■ 1 .. ■ ' 
 
 i - : 
 
 1 
 
 'ii'lH 
 
 in 
 
 lil 
 
 mM 
 
 & 
 
 n '•■ 
 
 
 ;■■*>■ 
 
II : 
 I* i 
 
 394 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 he had made his general confeffion to father 
 . Ugarte in his own language, and had feveral 
 times in the Spanifli language entered into far- 
 ther particulars of his confefllon with the vi- 
 fitor, begged of him that 'as he was unable to 
 go to church, he would be fo kind as to come 
 and pray over the rofary with him. He afked 
 pardon of his countrymen for his ill example ; 
 he declared, that he defned then to die, left 
 he fhould return to his former wicked courfes ; 
 he exhorted his relations to live pioufly, and 
 obey the fathers : and thus amidft afpirations 
 of love and confidence in God, he delivered 
 up his foul into his hands. Another and he, 
 a very obftinate forcerer, or impofler, God 
 was plealed to bring to the faith ; being ftrong- 
 ly affedled with the love Ihewn by the father 
 to his little fon, who he was very urgent of having 
 baptized i but unwilling to fubmit to learn the 
 catechifm. At length he complied, and was 
 catechifed by the father, to whom, againft his 
 natural repugnancy, he laid open the myfteries 
 of the preftiges with which, he and others de- 
 ceived the nation. At his baptifm he was called 
 Doningo j and now full of joy at being a 
 chriflian, he made the houfe and the church 
 his continual abode, praying night and day du- 
 ring the few weeks he furvived his happy ad- 
 miflion into chriftianity. The father, in order 
 ■ ' to 
 
CALIFORNIA. 395 
 
 to wean the favages from their fuperftitious 
 burials, had his funeral performed with great 
 folemnity. Another famous forcerer, who, 
 for a long time had been continually ftirring 
 up the gentiles and catechumens againfl the 
 fathers, came all in tears to Loretto, where fa- 
 ther Ugarte then was, intreating that he might 
 then be baptized. His tears and vows of 
 amendment, and his offer to ftay at Loretto, 
 induced the father to take him under his care ; 
 and he baptized him on St. Ambrofe's day, 
 being the 7th of December 1705 j giving him 
 the name of that faint. The next day the fa- 
 ther went to celebrate the feftival of the con- 
 ception at his own town of San Xavier : on thef 
 9th he returned to Loretto, where he found the 
 new chriftian had fpent the greateft part of his 
 time in the church : the fame day, being 
 taken ill, the father never left him in his laft 
 hours, and he died with great marks of having 
 been called by that Being, in whofe hands 
 is the deftiny of all men. 
 
 Amidil thefc occupations, father Juan Ugarte 
 alfo made the laft difpofitions for the progrefs 
 towards furveyirg the fouth coaft, the chief of 
 the Yaqui nation, of whom the father had afked 
 forty warriors for the enterprife, came with 
 them himfelf. The captain of the garrifon of 
 Loretto attended the expedition with twelve 
 
 fol4iers 
 
Scj6 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 foldiers and fome Indians j the beafts and pro- 
 vifions for the march were all got ready, and 
 father Ugarte and brother Bravo on the 26th 
 of November 1706, with thefe feveral bodies 
 divided into three companies, fet out in good 
 order from Loretto. The firft place they came 
 to was the miflion of St. Xavier; next to the vi- 
 fitation town of Santa Rofalia -, afterwards they 
 came to a brook, to which they gave the name 
 of San Andres, having by the fide of it cele- 
 brated mafs on that apoftle's day. By the way 
 they met with feveral Indians who behaved 
 peaceably. But when they came near the fea, 
 above two hundred Indians of the Guaycura 
 nation, who bore an inveterate hatred to the 
 Spaniards, who now found it ncceffary to march 
 circumfpedly and ready for adlion. They took 
 a view of the coafl: for many leagues fouth- 
 ward i but found only feveral creeks and fome 
 ranchcrias, who lived by fifliing. But the only 
 frefti water along the coaft was in liitlc wells 
 dug by the Indians. They marched back to- 
 v'ardsthe north, and unhappily found the coafl: 
 much the fame, fo that they were for fome time 
 greatly diftreficd for want of water : they halt- 
 ed near the bed of a dry rivulet, along which, 
 in times of rain, the waters run down into 
 the fea, and the willows and flags manifefted the 
 moifture of the foil. From thence they fent 
 
 fome 
 
CALIFORNIA. 397 
 
 fome to take a farther view of the coaft, with 
 orders not to travel ten or eleven leagues. 
 In the mean time they followed the bed of 
 the river both upwards and downwards in 
 queft of water, but without fucccfs. They 
 then difperfed themfelves fcveral ways to look 
 out for a clean fpot of ground which had fome 
 water, for pafling the night j but during the 
 whole month of December no water could be 
 found for man or bcafb. Thus tired and perifli- 
 ing for thirft, they found a fheltcr for that 
 night, and kindled fires to relieve themfelves 
 from the cold-, they aifo let Joofe the beads, as 
 they pofllbly in roving, might find water : but 
 with all their contrivance and diligence, it 
 proved a very painful night to them. In the 
 morning the father celebrated the mafs of the 
 conception of our lady, with humble fupplica- 
 tions to God, through the immaculate mother, 
 that he would not permit them all to perifh on 
 a day fo much his own. All devoutly accom- 
 panied the father's fupplications, at the fame 
 time that father Pedro was faying mafs at Lo- 
 retto, for the good fuccefs of the difcovery. 
 After mafs our lady's litany was fung ; but 
 before fervice was over, a Yaqui Indian called 
 out in his tongue, water, water ! On coming 
 up to the place it was found to be the fame, 
 \yhich, in the evening, and at night, feveral had 
 
 palTed 
 
 mi 
 
398 HISTORY OF 
 
 paflcd and viewed without perceiving a drop 
 of v/atcr. The place befides was dry ; that 
 no water was naturally to be expeded there : 
 however it now afforded a fufHciency for fa- 
 tisfying the whole company, together with the 
 beads, and for filling feveral veffels to ferve 
 in the return, which was refolved on the very 
 fame day, after a folemn thankfgiving to the 
 blefled virgin j for the furveyors were returned, 
 reporting that they had, according to orders, 
 reconnoitred the coaft till they came to a wide 
 bay, but that it aflforded no water. Thus, 
 without any advantage from this chargeable 
 expedition, they returned to Loretto, where 
 they again celebrated a mafs to the patronefs 
 of the miffion ; for having fo remarkably 
 faved them from perilhing on thefe barren 
 coafts. 
 
 
 :V'.. ■< . 
 
 SECT. 
 
CALIFORNIA; 
 
 399 
 
 SECT. X. . * 
 
 Father Sal va-Tierra returns toCALiFORNiAi 
 his labours there. The miflion of San 
 Jofeph de Comonda founded by father 
 Mayorga ; the mlffion greatly fufFers by 
 the lofs of the barks, and the fhip- 
 wreck of the fathers Guillem and Guifci, 
 the latter of which was drowned. ' . » 
 
 i! 
 
 I 
 
 Whilft the miflionary fathers in California 
 were thus employed in the execution of father 
 Galva-Ticrra's orders, his difcharge from the 
 office of provincial, which he had petitioned 
 for, came from Rome : wherefore the father, 
 general Miguel Angel Tamburim, conferred 
 the patent of provincial on father Bernardo 
 Rolandegui, the province's agent at Madrid 
 and Rome, who being returned to Mexico, 
 entered on his office on the 17th of September 
 1706. Father Salva-Tierra with great fatisfac- 
 tion returned to the college of San Gregorio, 
 that together with father Alexandre Romano 
 appointed agent for California, he might pro- 
 vide the accounts required by the foldiers, and 
 the goods and provifions for the garrifons and 
 miflions. Father Julian de Mayorga, already 
 appointed mifTionary, though but lately arrived 
 
 from 
 
 
 n'l 
 
 If i < SJi 
 
 f 
 
 ^< 
 
 fi m 
 
 mm 
 
 (■I; 
 
 % ij 
 
400 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 from Spain, together with father Roldndcgui, 
 diredling that they fliould be forwarded from 
 Matanchel harbour whither the bark fhould be 
 fent: but the father, inftead of embarking at Ma- 
 tanchel travelled above four hundred leagues by 
 land through the provinces of Cinaloa and Sonora 
 as far as the harbour of Ahome, in compli- 
 ance with the defiresofthebenefadorsof hismif- 
 (ion i and to colledl free contributions and fuc- 
 cours for it. The father in his lafl: voyage from 
 California to Mexico, had brought with iiim five 
 Indians of a good genius from different rancherias, 
 leaving the three which he had brought the 
 firfl: time, for their further improvement : 
 as having feen the beauties of chriftianity 
 in the fettled churches in New Spain, they 
 might give the more favourable account of 
 them to their countrymen. The five Califor- 
 nians were received every where with great 
 kindnefs by the jefuits, who looked on them as 
 the firft fruits to God and the lamb in this 
 laborious miflion. 
 
 But by the unhcalthincfs of the country, the 
 change of climate and food, they all five fell 
 fick in this long voyage, and the delays 
 whith their cafe now required, greatly increaf- 
 cd other fevcre inconveniences which happened 
 \ c; ... to 
 
CALIFORNIA. 401 
 to them. At length they came to A home, where, 
 on the 30th of January 1 707, they embarked for 
 Loretto. They were fcaice at fca when one of 
 the Indians, called don Jego Jofph, was again 
 feized with a fatal illnefs. But fuch was his fe- 
 renity and refignation, that he fervently prayed 
 the Almighty to remove him from this life before 
 he reached California, if he had no further fervice 
 for him. 1 he father vifited him in his lall 
 moments, and thefe were employed in fuch 
 afts of all religion exprefled with a fpirit and 
 energy, as filled even the oldcft chriftians with 
 a devout envy of his felicity. The lofs of 
 this excellent perfon was followed by a 
 furious ftorm which father Salva-Tierra thus 
 defcribes : 
 
 " The night of the 31(1 of January was ex- 
 tremely dark, we were with the mall laflied, 
 but without a rudder •, and amidft rocks and 
 iflands, the fea continually making a free paf- 
 lage over us ; the failors, fpent with toil and 
 hunger, having been without food for a day 
 and a half, were proftrate, giving all over for 
 loft. The leaft damage which we could expedl 
 was to be drove into the fea of Gallicia, or 
 Acapulcoi "triftiflimanodis imago!" TheCali- 
 fornians got about me like chickens, and they 
 were not my leaft confidents, as being new- 
 born fpns of the great madonna, and had run 
 
 Vol, I. D d this 
 
 t 
 
 ! 
 
 m- :"'J 
 
 m '.'•! 
 
'402 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 this rifk in her fervice •, " Ne quando dicant 
 gentes," &c. Laftly, concludes the father, 
 after all my journeys and voyages, I never 
 knew what dangers or diftrefles by land or fea 
 were, till now." They were driven by the tem- 
 peft to San Jofeph, ten leagues S. of Loretto ; 
 in which they fetupthe firftcrofs, and afterwards 
 the fea being a little calm, they on the 3d of 
 February reached the defired fhore, where they 
 were received with univerfal joy. As for the 
 Californians, they could not exprefs their afto- 
 niihment at the wonders which their four coun- 
 trymen related to them about New Spain. A 
 few months after father Julian de Mayorga 
 came from Matanchel, accompanied by the 
 captain of Loretto, Rodrigues, who had gone 
 over to be married to a lady of diftinflion of 
 that province, and father Ignatio Alvarando, 
 appointed for the miflions of Sonora j father 
 Julian was foon taken ill, his ficknefs was ow- 
 ing both to the fatigue of the journey and the 
 fea, and the alteration of the climate ; and his 
 being alfo quite unaccuftomed to the fait meat 
 and maize, which was all the garrifoi\ then af- 
 forded. And his illnefs daily increafing by the 
 unavoidable duty of aflifting at the offices, 
 father Juan Maria refolved to remove him to 
 the coaft of New Spain : but father Mayorga 
 hearing of it, entreated him on his knees to die 
 5 in 
 
California; 403 
 
 In Cdifornia, whither God, through the choice 
 of his fuperiors, had fent him. However it 
 pleafed the divine mercy that he recovered ; 
 and inuring himfelf to fatigues and hardlhip, 
 he fcrved in this miflion with unwearied appli- 
 cation, for the fpace of thirty years. In the 
 beginning of the year 1708, tlie fathers Salva- 
 Tierra, and Juan de Ugarte carried him to a 
 country twenty leagues N. W. of Loretto, in 
 the center of the mountains, and almoft at an 
 equal diftance from both feas : and in the coun- 
 try town called Comondu, in which were feveral 
 rancherias of Indians fituated near a little brook. 
 Here father Mayorga was invefted with the mif- 
 fion which was confecraced to St. Jofeph, and 
 endowed by that magnificent nobleman, the 
 marquis de Villa Puente, as v/ere the other two, 
 of which we fliall prefently fpeak. The fathers 
 attended the new miflionary for fome days, 
 aflifting him in getting his Indians together, and 
 civilizing them -, in building a chapel, and fet- 
 ting up huts of boughs, and bringing the mif- 
 fion into fome form j after which they returned 
 to their former occupations. Father Mayorga 
 by degrees, and with the ufual fatigues, confti- 
 tuted his miflion. He had fome years before 
 confecrated his church with great folemnity. 
 The greatefl: part of his Indians he got toge- 
 ther in two vifitation towns, San Ignacio and 
 
 D d 2 San 
 
404 HISTORYOF 
 
 San Juan, befides San Jofeph the capital, and 
 fome fcattcred rancherias, who however con- 
 ftantly attended the catechifm. He ereded a 
 feminary of boys in his houfe, and another of 
 girls with a miftrefs, as likewife an hofpital ; 
 and entirely fupplied all the three. He laid 
 out fonie fmall fields for maize near San Igna- 
 cio, the foil of the other two, admitting only 
 of vines, which thrive very well there. His 
 fpiritiial labours he difcharged with fuch zeal 
 and affedion, that it was a pleafure to feethe 
 acquifitions, the devotion, and good deportment 
 of this little community ; and in which it 
 ftill happily perfevere s, many Indians being ad- 
 mitted to the facrament within the year. Some 
 years after he was fucceeded in this cure by 
 father Francis Xavier Wagmer, who died here 
 on the 1 2th of October 1 744, amidft his fuccefs- 
 ful endeavours for the advancement of re- 
 ligion. 
 
 Some other fpots convenient for founding 
 milTions had already been difcovered : and 
 within a few years on the return of father Salva 
 Tierra to California, others more convenient 
 were found ; but the misfortunes and diftrefles 
 by fea and land, at that time hindered the total 
 accomplifliment of the father's fervent defires. 
 The San Xavier bark, which, from V ? begin- 
 ging of the miffion, had hitherto been of great 
 *' ' ufe 
 
re- 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 405 
 
 ufe in tranfporting provifions, failed from 
 Loretto in Auguft 1709, with three thoufand 
 dollars on board for purchafing a fupply, and to 
 bring it over, together with what fliould be given 
 by the miflionaries : but a violent ftorm, which 
 lafted three days, drove it on the barren coaft 
 of the Seris, beyond Puerto de Guaymas, and 
 fixty leagues north of Yaqui, where it was 
 ftranded among (helves and rocks j fome 
 of the men were drowned, and others faved 
 themfelves in the boat. This difafter at fea 
 was followed by another on the land, and of no 
 lefs confequence : for this country being entirely 
 inhabited by gentile Seris and Tepocas, at that 
 time bitter enemies to the chriftians of the 
 miflions among the Pimas, Cocomaques, and 
 Guaymas, they were obliged after taking all the 
 treafure out of the launch, and burying it, to return 
 in the boat, through athouliuid dangers and dif- 
 trefles to Yaqui . But the Seris foon raked up the 
 depofitum, took the helm from the bark, and 
 damaged it very much in feveral places, to get 
 out the nails. A diving bark was fent to fa- 
 ther Salva-Tierra with this account, and there 
 being at the miffion, no other veflel but the 
 Rofario, and that in a very bad condition, he 
 refolved to go in perfon, to repair the San Xa- 
 vier. The father, whilft vifitor of Sonora, 
 had made a peace betwixt the Seris chriftians, 
 
 Dd 3 and 
 
 , 1; 
 
 
 ii 
 
 
 
 i' 
 
4o6 n I S T O R Y O F 
 
 and the Pimas. I lowever, it was not long before 
 the Seris were guilty of a cruel violation of it, 
 in the murder of forty Pimas ; and though the 
 foldiers of the neareft garrifon purfued them 
 to their coafts, it availed little, for they made 
 for the iflands of Sal-fi-pucdes, and there was 
 no didodging them without vefTels. Father 
 Salva-Tierra had been applied to for thofe of 
 his miflion, but there was no fparing them, 
 efpecially as the fathers intended to go in per- 
 fon to the Seris, both for furveying the gulf, 
 as far as the river Colorado, as likewife for 
 reftoring tranquility a fecondtime; hoping that 
 by extending the fpiritual conqueft from Califor- 
 nia, he Ihould have no difficulty to convert and 
 make chriftians of them. Thus both coafts 
 would be reduced to the king and the gofpel. 
 At the time this expedition was deferred, the 
 diftreffes of his poor and vacant mifTion 
 would not admit of the execution of any of 
 thefe zealous fchemes, however well concerted. 
 But now, on the 6th of Odlober, he went in 
 the RoHirio to Guaymas, where he directed that 
 the bark fhould fail to the ancient deferted port 
 of San Juan Baptifta, with feamen, officers, 
 and provifions ; others were ordered in the boat 
 to the fliore, where the San Xavier was ftrand- 
 ed. As for the father himfelf, he chofe to go by 
 land, attended by fourteen Yaqui Indians, 
 
 tho'JgU 
 
ore 
 
 it, 
 the 
 lem 
 lade 
 was 
 ther 
 
 of 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 407 
 
 though it was extremely rugged, and inhabited 
 by enemies, purely to have an opportunity of 
 planting peace and religion among the Seris, 
 and vifiting the Pimas and Guaymas. 
 
 In this journey, which was attended with 
 great hardfhips, he came to the villages of 
 the two laft newly aflembled by the fathers 
 Piccolo and Baffaldua, where he inftrufted the 
 adults, and baptifed the children. He brought 
 many of the rancherias of the Seris and Tepo- 
 cas to peaceable inclinations, which happy 
 work, befides his perfuafive elocution, was not 
 a little forwarded by the refpeflable fweetnefs of 
 his air, which never failed immediately to gain 
 the hearts of the favages. Two days he and 
 his company fufFered a terrible thirft, not ha- 
 ving feen a fingle drop of water during that 
 time. At length he came where the San Xa- 
 vier was ftranded, and found the men belong- 
 ing to the boat, deftitute of all food, having only 
 wild herbs to eat, which they boiled. He re- 
 lieved them with what provifions he brought, 
 but they were foon fpent among fuch numbers. 
 He had wrote to the fathers Fernando Bayerca 
 and Miguel de Almazan, as the nearefl mifTio- 
 naries, to fend him provifions ; but neither In- 
 dians nor Spaniards would venture to bring them 
 through the country of the Seris, except one 
 Indian, who boldly came with a fmall fup- 
 
 P d 4 ply, 
 
 
 , .1 
 
 I :.' 
 
 l-r 
 
4o5 HISTORY OF 
 
 ply, and to him the Seris were fo friendly, as 
 to fhew him the way to the fhore. The diftrcfs 
 was fuch at this time, that the father expefting 
 nothing but death, wrote a letter to the mar- 
 quis de Villa Puerte with a lift of the debts of 
 the miffion, in order to the difcharge of them ; 
 and this letter he gave to a faithful lad, to be 
 delivered atGuaymas: but providence referved 
 him for farther fervices, for by the afTiftance 
 of a little maize, furnifhed him by the favages, 
 he was enabled to undertake a new journey to 
 the harbour of San Juan Baptifta, which the 
 Rofaria had already reached, though he had 
 flill fourteen leagues to travel. At a little di- 
 ftance, he found the rancheria of Indians, who 
 had carried off the cargo of the San X-ivier, and 
 damaged the bark. Thefe appeared provoked 
 and ftood to their arms : an old man anima- 
 ting them with terrible vociferations. The fa-^ 
 ther advanced alone towards them, and though 
 unacquainted with the language, which is dif- 
 ferent from that of Pimera, he, by figns, kind 
 gefturcs, and little prefents to the old chief and 
 his fons, gained the good will of the Indi- 
 but hearing the explofions of the bark*s 
 
 ans 
 
 patcratoes, an unufual found to them, many 
 of them were terrified, and brought him the 
 money and goods they had plundered, and 
 '^reed to terms of peace with their neighbours. 
 
of 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 409 
 
 The people of the Rofario came with provi- 
 fions to the fliore where the San Xavier bark 
 lay i but it was two months before fhe was fit 
 for the fea ; during which interval, they were 
 fevnrJ f' J in want of provifions. For 
 thou^ii tk lifllonaries, wh-- ';:^ now nothing 
 to apprehend from the Seris, were not wanting 
 to fend them fupplies, the quantity was not 
 fufficient for fo large a number of people, this 
 having been a very barren year through all New 
 Spain. The father knowing, that thirty leagues 
 up the country, there was a garrifon called 
 Nueftra Sennora de Guada!oupe» the captain of 
 which, at that time, was don Francifco Xavier 
 Valenzuela, who had ferved as a common fol- 
 dier in Catalonia ; he writ to him, who imme- 
 diately fent what fuccours he could, and foon 
 after came in perfon, with for j of his men and 
 a larger fupply. But neither he nor his ve- 
 terans, when they faw the diftrefles of the fa- 
 ther and his company, could refrain from tears. 
 The father, unwilling to lofe the time neceflary 
 for refiting the San Xavier, undertook the conr 
 verfion of the favages of that coaft. In order 
 to this, he defircd father Almai^.az to tranflate 
 the catechifm into their language ; and incited 
 by little prefents, the Indians took it fo readily, 
 that he thought all his labours fully recompen- 
 ffd. The Scris h^d fome years before defired 
 
 ba|)tifmj 
 
 :i; 
 
 
 111 
 
 
 It ''1 
 
 n 
 
 V.ffI 
 
 ifm 
 
 II 
 
4IO H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 baptifm, and the fathers to inftrucl them hke 
 their neighbours : anH above three hundred at 
 the invitai -n of father Gafper Thomas, mifli- 
 onary of Qticuguerpe had agreed to live at his 
 miflfion. And many others defircd the fame fa- 
 vour of father Adam Gil, mifTionary of Po- 
 pulo, who undertook to vifit them, offering to 
 remove to his million, though the climate was 
 far from being defirable. But father Gil, una- 
 ble with all his application, to overcome the 
 difficulties of their language, could never in- 
 ftrudt them. He petitioned the father provin- 
 cial, to be miffionary to the Seris ; but his 
 million was prevented by the revolt of the Tara- 
 humare' id their fubfequent wars with the 
 neighbouung Pimas and Guaymas. Their 
 former requefts, and their prefent inftanccs, to- 
 gether with the defire of inftrudling all from 
 Guayma, and the oppofite coaft of California, 
 to which the redudion of them was of fuch im- 
 portance, now determined father Juan Maria, 
 to baptife their children, which they offered 
 with a kind of emulation -, byt ftill the recon- 
 ciliation betwixt them was wanting •, and in 
 order to this, he invited the children of the fe- 
 veral nations of the Seris, Pimas, Tepocas, 
 and Guaymas, to a grand feaft on the day of 
 killing the cattle, which had been brought from 
 the garrifon of Quadaloupe, for fuppiying the 
 
 m 
 
 a 
 
 poi 
 
CALIFORNIA. 411 
 
 two barks. The old Indians came with the 
 children, as the father imagined, without any 
 apprehenfion, confiding in the refpeft which all 
 paid him as their common benefactor. Here 
 a peace was readily concluded, and the Seris 
 were promifed that they (hould foon fee mifli- 
 onaries among them, to inftru(5l and take care 
 of them. 
 
 The father was extremely affefled at the un- 
 happy ftate of fo many mortals, fo well dif- 
 pofed for embracing chriftianity. On the o- 
 ther hand, he knew the arrears and incum- 
 brances of the provinces, the difficulties of 
 new mifTions, and above all, the want of fub- 
 jeds, on account of the calamities and diftur- 
 bances, that then reigned in Europe. 
 
 California, however, required the father's 
 prefence ; and accordingly, as foon as the b irk 
 was refitted, and he returned from vifiting, in- 
 ftrudling, and comforting the people of Guada- 
 loupe, he embarked and failed through the 
 channel, betwixt the iflands of Sal-fi-puedes, 
 finding it, contrary to common report, na- 
 vigable. He afterwards went to San Xavier, 
 and fent back the Rolario to Loretto, going 
 in the former to the bay of Conception, to pay 
 a vifit to father Piccolo, who was already ap- 
 pointed to the miffion of Santa Rofalia Mulege. 
 jprom thence he failed to the bay of San 
 
 Pionyfio, 
 
 ■1 . 
 
 m 
 
412 H I S T O R Y O F ' 
 
 Dionyfio, or Lorctto, highly pleafed that he 
 had difcovcied the part of the gulf defired. 
 He travelled over great part of the coaft of the 
 Seris, and along the mountains as far as the lea. 
 He fettled peace among the inhabitants, and 
 prepared them for the reception of the gofpel : 
 and the Rofai ia was faved from being taken by 
 thePitchilingucs or pirates, better known among 
 Europeans by the name of Freebooters, and 
 the EngliOi and Dutch privateers which infeft- 
 cd thofe fcas. Thefe, indeed, alarmed the vice- 
 roy's vigilance, but he ll'nt orders at that time 
 to Loretto, that the Californian vcflel Hiould 
 go out to meet the fhip from the Philippine 
 illands, and give them notice to keep at a great 
 diftance from the coaft, as the enemy were 
 looking out for her. The veflcl would cer- 
 tainly have fallen into their hands, being under 
 a necefllty of pafllng in fight of the harbour 
 of La Paz, where fome of them lay. But the 
 misfortune of the bark, hindered the execution 
 of the viceroy's ordi^rs, and faved the vefTel 
 from being taken by the enemy. 
 
 Soon afcer thefe tranfaflions, the fmall pox 
 broke out in a terrible manner among the In- 
 dians, fvveeping away the far greater part of 
 the children, and many of the adults. Nor 
 was this all ; the frequent Icarcity, which reduced 
 them to live only on mai^c and fait meat, un- 
 
 kfs 
 
CALIFORNIA; 413 
 
 lefs when fomc refrefhments happily arrived 
 from the other (hore, gave rife to many diftem- 
 pers in the garrifon, and proved fatal to 
 feveral perfons. Thefe epidemias it was ap- 
 prehended, would produce infurredions in 
 many rancherias already converted, the for^ 
 cerers imputing the diftempers to the father, 
 and perfuaded the Indians that they killed the 
 children with the water in baptifm, and the adults 
 with the extreme unftion. Thefe feditious re- 
 ports and falfities found too much credit, on 
 account of the great number of people who 
 died : and had not the Neophites been remark- 
 ably faithful to the fathers, the fruit of all their 
 labours would at once have been loft. Befides 
 thefe calamities, New Spain had from the year 
 1709, laboured under a continual fcarcity, 
 which greatly increafed the difficulty of fending 
 fuccours to California i and to complete ti.'^ 
 misfortunes of the million, it loft two barks, 
 the expences of which were very heavy. 
 
 In November 1711, father Juan Maria fent 
 to Matanchel father Francifco Peralta, who 
 came to California two years before, and had 
 the fuperintendency of San Juan Ligui, in the 
 room of father Ugarte, d-firing that he would 
 aflift at the intended repair of the Rofaria, and, 
 if it was found neceffary, to build another 
 vefll'l. But fuch were the arts and frauds of the 
 
 officers 
 
 ;l t 
 
 m 
 
 ,(,i 
 
 f 
 
 i I 
 
 1. 
 
 J 
 
 ;i'm.j 
 
 Iki 
 
4f+ HIST OR Y O F 
 
 o/Hcers and Tailors, who had the care of the 
 work, that, availing thcmfelvcs of the father's 
 want of (kill, after an cxpcnce of fome thou- 
 fands of dollars, the bark was in a worfe con- 
 dition than before ; and within a few days, by 
 the wicked contrivance of thofe very perfons, 
 though there was but little wind, run a(hore, 
 though only in ballad, and broke to pieces. 
 There was now a necefllty for building another. 
 The mafter builder was aChinefe or Philippine, 
 who, befides his ignorance of his bufinels, was 
 an artful deceiver, having conducted the charge- 
 able repair of the Rofaria, which he had the 
 chief hand in running afliore. Above a year and 
 a half was fpentin building this veflel, through 
 the various frauds of the perfons employed, fo 
 that the charge of it amounted to twenty- two 
 thoufand dollars. And after fo enormous an 
 cxpencc, the veiTel, inflead of being fafe, or a 
 good failer, had neither beauty nor propor- 
 tion. In this vefle), however, they were to 
 embark with the accounts and provifions. They 
 accordingly put to fea, but the veflel was im- 
 mediately the fport of the winds and waves, 
 amidft the continual murmurs and imprecations 
 of the feamen, fome of whom had been em- 
 ployed in building her. The wind drove them 
 to cape San Lucas, and back again to the 
 iflands of Mafaztlan, where fome, from a fenic 
 
 of 
 
C A L I F O R NM A. 4»5 
 
 of their danger, were unwilling to go on board 
 a fecond time. The others continued their un- 
 fortunate voyage •, till, after many difficulties, 
 they had fight of the coaft of Loretio. But 
 on the night of the 8 th of December, a ftorm 
 came on which drove the veflel to the other 
 coaft, where they ran her alhore. 
 
 In this extremity, they awakened all who 
 were afleep, that they migi.t make ufe of 
 boards and pieces of timber, or get on to the 
 poop, where twenty-two perfons had ibught 
 their fafety, and among thefe the fatiier^ 
 Guillem and Doye, the others, to the numbe* jv 
 fix, befides father Benfto Guifi, being ,!. uvned. 
 The difmal fcene of fuch danger ai d uiftrefs, 
 increafed by the obfcurity and tempeftuoufnefs 
 of the night, may be better conceived than 
 defcribcd. Four of the feamen cleared the 
 little boar, and, thinking of nothing but their 
 own fafety, committed themfelves to the fea. 
 The others, who lay floating with the bark on 
 the ftern and main maft, after a great deal of la- 
 bour, unlafhcd the larg; Hoat, but had no- 
 thing to bale out the waui, except two fmall 
 calabalhes. They took what firft offered to 
 ferve for oars, and a piece of an old fail : and 
 thus put off, committing themfelves to the mer- 
 cy of the waves till morning, when they found 
 they were fevcral leagues from the land. On 
 
 this 
 
 , 1 
 
 li 
 
 mi 
 
 '; \i 
 
 J 
 
4t6 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 this difcovery, they made fail towards it, and 
 continued rowing for a day and a half againft 
 the current, miftaking the land for California. 
 But on going artiore, the failers took it for the 
 coaft of Yaqui, though it proved to be of Ci- 
 naloa, one hundred leagues from Yaqui, whi- 
 ther the ftrength of the current carried them in 
 a few hours, to a fmall creek called Barva- 
 Chivato. How great mud have been the mi- 
 feries of this fliort paflage, eighteen perfons in 
 one boar, and all naked, wet, pierced with 
 the cold, quite fpent with rowing, without 
 water, without food, and, when landed, with- 
 out any other comfort than that of having 
 efcaped the fca. They found no fire, nor uten- 
 fils for making any. And to fatisfy their hun- 
 ger, they were obliged to cat the oyfters, wilks, 
 fea weeds, roots, and wild herbs. The coun- 
 try was covered with briars and brambles, and 
 though at every ftep, their flefh was lacerated 
 in a terrible manner, there was a necefllty for 
 making their way through in queft of the inha- 
 bitants. In this tv/o days were fpent, in ex- 
 treme toil and pain, when it was their good for- 
 tune to find an open phin, where by the infor- 
 mation of an Indian of the country, the go- 
 vernor of the town of Tamazula vifited 
 them with horfes, water, and maize-cakes 
 for their relief, and to enable them to reach 
 
 the 
 
CALIFORNIA, 41; 
 
 the refidence of the general Rezaval, v/hich 
 ivas but a few leagues off, and from thence 
 they travelled to GuazaVe, the nearcft Cinaloa 
 miflTion in that country. Here they refrelhed 
 themfelves three days v/ith father Francifco 
 Mazaregosj who, to cloath and entertain thefe 
 (hipwrecked perfons, liberally expended all the 
 apparel and provifions he was mafter ofj the 
 Indians chearfully following his example. 
 Thence they proceeded to the town of Cinaloa, 
 where they were feveral days entertained by 
 father Juan Yrazoqui, reftor of the college, 
 till each departed to ^'s appointed llation. 
 All thefe hardlhips and aangersj inftead of de- 
 terring father Guillem, were rather incentives 
 to him i fo that in a few days, he fet out by 
 land, on the long journey to the miflions of 
 Yaqui, in order, at the end of the following 
 month of January 1714, to pafs over into Ca- 
 lifornia, when, in the San Xavier bark, he 
 fuffered a fecond fhipwreck. This occafioned 
 his being invefted with the mifTion of San Juan 
 Ligui, where he refided feveral yeats, till he 
 was called to the vifitation town. Now the 
 miflions and their fupport, a fecond time caijift 
 to depend u pon the San Xavier bark ; and the pro- 
 vifions and the other goods in the new Rofario, 
 being utterly loil, the cloathing and other 
 cominoditits, fent for by the fathers, feamen, 
 .. Vol. I. E e arid 
 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
 ■fi 
 
4i8 HISTORYOF 
 
 and foldiers, were wanting. They were with- 
 out money, it having been exhaufted in pur- 
 chafing of an unfortunate veflei and goods. 
 And though the audience of Guadalaxara were 
 pleafed to take into confideration the frauds 
 committed by the officers and fhipwrights, in 
 building that veffel, which had been loft, and 
 infli<5led fome punifliment upon them ; yet thefc 
 exampJps had little cffedl in California. At 
 laft thefe misfortunes and dangers reached 
 Mexico, and the viceroy immediately ordered 
 the bilander, called Nueftra Sennora de Gua- 
 daloupe, which had been regiftered, to be fent to 
 California. She was valued at four thoufand 
 dollars, chargeable on the aflignment, with 
 orders likewife to go on the difcovery of fome 
 harbour for the Philippine fhip : but after the 
 third voyage, father Ugarte caufed the bilander 
 to be furveyed by an intelligent Ihipwright, 
 who difcovered great defe<5ls and frauds in her 
 keel, the bottom and upper works ; and the 
 whole veffel appeared to be patched up with 
 pieces of a French (hip, caft away on the coaft 
 of Peru : and accordingly, the next voyage 
 Ihe was loft, only by ftriking on a fand bank. 
 At the fame time, another bark belonging to 
 Peru was alfo loft. She had been purchafed 
 aboiit that time, inftead of the San Jofeph, 
 which, finking at Acapulco, had been fold. 
 5 , The 
 
C A L I F O R N I Ai 419 
 
 The San Xavier bark alfo fuffered by bad wea- 
 ther i and her frequent repairs ran away with 
 a great deal of time and inoney. 
 
 In the mean time the provifions for the garrifon 
 and miflion, were brought in the diving barks of 
 the inhabitants of the other fliore 5 butthe freights 
 occafioned an enormous expence without 
 end. Such a fefies of misfortunes hindered 
 father Salva-Tierra from furveying the gulf 
 on both (ides, with its iflands, as far as the 
 river Colorado, as he earneftly defired. The 
 reduction of the Seris and Tepocas, of fo 
 mu'i^h importance and fo happily begun, was 
 alfo difcontinued, together with the fearch for 
 the harbour, on the fouth ccaft, fo much de- 
 firedfor the Philippine fhip. The miflions in 
 the north of California, were far from being 
 fettled as they ought to have been : and thofe 
 to the northward were at enmity with the Guay- 
 curi, whom it was fo neceffary, both for the 
 intereft of the king and religion, to appeafe 
 and convert, that no enemies might be left be- 
 hind, from Loretto to cape San Lucas. 
 
 Notwithftanding all thefe difficulties and 
 folicitudes, the Californian miflionaries did nor, 
 as far as circumftances would permit, abate 
 their labours. They reduced many wandering 
 rancherias into towns, whither the Indians 
 ufed to repair for inftrudion, while the nc- 
 , .... - . Ee 2 celTity 
 
 ^m 
 
 
420 HISTORY OF 
 
 cefllty of fearching for fifti and wild fruits, 
 did not difperfe them among the forefts and 
 along the fliores. Father Ug ne made fevcral 
 progrefles to the fouthward from San Xavier, 
 whilft father Piccolo did the like to the north- 
 ward, from Santa Rofalia Mulege } the In- 
 dians had feveral times come in great numbers 
 from the rancherias of Cadigomo, near the 
 coaft of the South fea, lying N. W. of Mu- 
 lege, requefting that he would come and vifit 
 them, and bring with them a father to live in 
 their country. Accordingly, in the year 1712, 
 though ir a bad ftate of health, he complied 
 with their defire, being attended by the captain, 
 fome foldiers, and Indians. By the help of 
 guides, they pafled the mountains of Vaja- 
 demin, and on the weft fide of it, met with a 
 fmall brook, which they followed to its iffue 
 into the fea, in order to furvey that part of the 
 coaft. But finding it by no means proper for a 
 fettlement, they returned the fame way, and at 
 eight leagues diftance from the fea, the father 
 marked out the ground for a new miflion. 
 Hither all the neighbouring rancherias referred, 
 entreating him that he would ftay with them -, 
 and as an inducement to comply with their de- 
 fires, they promifed to gi'. e him their beft pita- 
 hayas and feathers, as likewife their children 
 for baptifm. The father promifed them a 
 
 mifiionary. 
 
CALIFORNIA. 421 
 
 miflionary, and was not wanting on the firft 
 opportunity, to beg that the father provincial 
 would fend a proper ^..jrfon ; but it was not till 
 five years after, that the milTion could be 
 founded, though the father, in the interim, 
 vifited them feveral times from his own miflion, 
 whither they ufed to be continually coming 
 with the fame entreaties, though at the diftance 
 of thirty leagues, and the road very craggy 
 and broken. The fame requeft was alfo made 
 at different times, by the N. Cochimes, of the 
 rancherias of Cada-kaaman, which in their 
 language jQgnifies Sedge -brook, lying on the 
 fkirts of the ridge of mountains, towards the 
 coaft of the South fea, forty leagues diftant 
 from Santa Rofalia. This journey he under- 
 took on the 6th of November 1706, with 
 only three foldiers and Ibme Mulege Indians, 
 to take care of two large afles, on which they 
 carried the provifions for the whole company. 
 After travelling three days, he was met on the 
 Ihore of Amuna by the rancheria, to which in 
 other progreffes, the father had given the 
 name of Santa Aguida : hence he vifited 
 thofe of Santa Lucia and Santa Nympha : and 
 laftiy, on the 19th, came to the fpring of the 
 brook, where he found three new rancherias. 
 They made great entertainments for the father, 
 arid accompanied him all the way from the 
 
 Ke 3 place 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 ', ,1 
 
pT* 
 
 422 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 place where they met, going before to remove 
 the ftones, and prefenting him with ftrings of 
 pitahayas, and fhewing all poflible demon- 
 llrations of joy : as on the other hand, they 
 Ihewed themfelves extremely concerned at fee- 
 ing the hampers of proviiions wet -, the affes 
 having by the careleffnefs of the attendants, 
 run down into a pond, overgrown with fedge. 
 Many of the rahcherias of the neighbourhood, 
 alfo came hither with the fame alacrity, the 
 women eagerly bringing their children for bap- 
 tifm, which the father adminift^red to fifty. 
 He remained with them till the month of De- 
 cember, comforting and inftruding them, and 
 a large arbour was made for the celebration of 
 mafs. He ordered the brook to be tract^d, and 
 it was found that ten or twelve leagues further, 
 it lofes itfelf under ground. As the place was 
 fit for fields and paftures, and every way con- 
 venient for fettling a mifllon, he promifed to fend 
 them a father vho (hould live among them, 
 and take care of them, though for the want of 
 labourers and other impediments, this could 
 not be performed till the year 1728, when a 
 miflion was founded under the title of San 
 Ignacio. : :; ; j > ,;i.t ■ ' * - • 
 
 Provifions now beginning to fail, and the 
 cold fetting in, which is there very fenfible, 
 it was thought advifeable to return, And the 
 
 , .i Indians 
 
CALIFORNIA. 423 
 
 Indians fent with him guides, that he might 
 take another way by feverai unknown rancherias, 
 whom he found equally inclined to receive the 
 gofpel, if there had not been an irremediable 
 want of preachers. The venerable fathrr, not 
 content with the difcovery made by thofe under 
 him, was continually forming meafures for 
 furveying the gulf, and, at lead, once more 
 vifit the Seris and the Tepocas, fo unhappily 
 forfaken. In the year 171 6, he laboured very 
 diligently towards pacifying the Gur.ycuros. 
 In order to which, he failed in the Guadaloupe 
 brigantine to La Paz, that being the fcene of 
 the ill-advifed attempt of Otondo, the memory 
 of which was continually refrclhed, by the mu- 
 tual violences committed by the pearl fifliers in 
 the neighbourhood He carried with him 
 three Guaycuri prifoners, whom he took out of 
 the pearl filhing barks of New Spain, that he 
 might deliver them in peace to their country- 
 men : and that they might be witnefTes of the 
 kind treatment, which the Indians at Loretto 
 received from the fathers, but the defign to- 
 tally mifcarried. The father landed, together 
 with the captain, foldiers, and Loretto Indians, 
 who firft leaped over-board and fwam alhore. 
 The Guaycuros, who lived in huts along the 
 fhore, at the fight of fuch a number of people, 
 ba(lily betook thcmfelves to flight, with their 
 "7" Ee 4 wives 
 
 4 
 I 
 
 Hi 
 
 il 
 
 '1,1 
 
424 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 wives and children, the Loretto Indians, and hur- 
 ried on by that brutal impulfe, when itpercei^«es 
 cowardice in another, run after them among 
 the rock": and woods, without regarding the 
 orders of the father to ftop, The Guaycuros 
 out-ran them, but they came up with their 
 wives, who finding the impoffibility of making 
 their efcape, turned about, and made a (hort 
 defence with (tones. But the Loretto Indians 
 fell upon them with favage barbarity ; and in 
 their fury, had infallibly deftrovcd thefe inno- 
 cent creatures, had not the captain and fome of 
 the nimbleft of his foldiers come up to this in- 
 famous ei. counter, though it was with fome 
 difficulty our favages were n'ftrained from any 
 farther cruelties. But though the Guaycuri 
 women muft perceive the refentment both of 
 the captain and the foldiers, for this fava^ • u- 
 fage, they did not overcome their fears, for the 
 captain approaching them with an air of kind- 
 nefs; they immediately turned their backs, and 
 betook themfelves to a fecond flight. Father 
 Salva-Tierra was extremely concerned at this 
 adventure, but concealed his difpleafure. This 
 was, however, no time for bringing about a 
 peace, after this frelh infult on the natives, 
 in the perfons of their wives, nor would other 
 cirpumltances admit of any long flay at La 
 J^a^, till the minds of the favages were quiet" 
 
ur- 
 
 >ng 
 the 
 Liros 
 Iheir 
 ^Jng 
 lort 
 lians 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 425 
 ti ; fo that all the father could do, was to make 
 the prifoners fcnfible that what had been done, 
 was entirely contrary to the will and intention 
 of himfclf and the Spaniards, the fole end of 
 whofe coming to being enter into connexions of 
 friendftiip. He diftributed little prefents among 
 them, and difmiffed them very afFeftionately, 
 that they might prepare their countrymen to 
 accept of offers of peace on another occadon. 
 He now returned to Loretto, in the bilander, 
 and afterwards fent her to Matanchel for thie 
 goods, in which paffage (he was ftranded in a 
 ftorm, the whole cargo loft, and nine perfons 
 drowned. The only veflel now left them, was the 
 San Xavier, which had ferved eighteen years, 
 namely, from the commencement of the 
 miffion. ;-- (■ •' ^ ^^/>«' ■ '^' 
 
 -ii 
 
 , .vi S E C T. XL .. J 
 
 Father Salva-Tierra cftablifhcs a fpiritual 
 and civil government for the mifliona- 
 ries of California, and of the Indians. 
 
 In the fame year 171 6, amidftfo many dilap- 
 pointments, father Salva-Tierra had the fatis- 
 faftion of feeing the feveral benefadions to the 
 miflions, alrfady founded, fecured in the 
 manner he defired, and likewife a better form 
 pf government eftablifhed. This will give us 
 
 occafion 
 
426 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 occafion to fpeak of ihat which the father in- 
 troduced into California. From the firft en- 
 trance into that country, the father faw the 
 abfolute necefllty of having an agent at Mexico, 
 for colleding the revenues of the mifllons 
 already founded, the contributions and fuccours 
 of the benefadlors, for buying up the cloathing, 
 provifions, and other goods for fupplying the 
 fathers, foldiers, and mariners, employed in 
 the redu£lion, together with the fcrvice of the 
 churches and the Indians •, and likewife that he 
 ,fhould folicit the affairs of the miffion, de- 
 pending before the royal audience and the vice- 
 roy, attend to thepurchale, building and repair- 
 ing of veflels, and manage all the temporal 
 concerns of this conqueft, fo remote, and ne- 
 cefTitous. During the firft year, this was in an 
 exemplary manner difcharged by father Juan 
 Ugarte. He was fucceeded in his agency for 
 California, by father Alexandro Romano, with 
 a difpenfation at the remonftrance of father 
 Salva-Tierra, from any other fundlion or 
 bufinefs, than the concerns of the mifTion, 
 both as it required an agent free from any 
 other incumbrance, and as the monies ap- 
 propriated to Californii could by no means be 
 mixed with thofe of the colleges and the pro- 
 vince i nor be exchanged or eqiployed to 
 gny other end, than the intention of the be- 
 
 nefa6lors. 
 
 iU.il*, j')i> 
 
CALIFORNIA. 417 
 
 nefafkors. The father difcharged this office 
 with great zeal for fevcral years, till in I7i9» 
 he was appointed provincial of New Spain : hi» 
 fucceflbr was father Jofeph Echevirria, who 
 held it eleven years-, when, in 1729, being 
 nominated vifitor of California, he was fuc- 
 ceeded by Hernan Francilco Tompez, who, 
 after acquitting himfcif with a prudence and 
 activity, greatly to the advantage of the mifllon, 
 was removed by death, in May 1750. His 
 majefty's aflignment to the milfions of New 
 Spain, both thofe ferved by the jefuits and 
 other orders, is three hundred dollars a year, 
 for the fupporc of the mifTibnary and his una- 
 voidable expences with the Indians : an allow- 
 ance, which inEuropp, for want of better informa- 
 tion may appear extravagant : whereas for Ameri- 
 it is very fcanty, efpecially with regard to the 
 remote miflions, both on account of the fmall 
 value of filver, and the exceflive price of all 
 European goods ; but much more on account 
 of the difficulty, expence, and wafte of the 
 tranfportation of thern, which coft s half the 
 the value, and fometimes the whole is loft : 
 For what muft the expences in a journey of 
 four or five hundred leagues through a country 
 for the greateft part defart, and for feveral 
 leagues together, covered with craggy moun- 
 tmns and thick foreils, amount tof and where 
 
 be fides 
 
 M 
 
 li 
 
428 HISTORY OF 
 
 befides there is an ibfolute neceOity of carrying 
 All the provifions both for man and bead ? The 
 expences b California, being much enhanced, 
 on account of the diftancc, veflels, lofs of 
 ^oods, and barrennefs of the foil, even for 
 provifions, the allowance for each miiTionary, 
 has been dated at five hundred dollars per 
 an* um : fo that they, whofe good difpofition 
 lead them to found a mifllon, have endowed it 
 with a principal of ten thoufand dollars, the in- 
 tereft of which, at five per cent, furnifhes the 
 dlated fupport for the mifllonary. All the mif- 
 iions of California, hitherto, owe their foun- 
 xlation to private perfons, not one of them 
 being on the treafury edablifhment : for though 
 his majefty ordered others to be founded on 
 his account, nothing has been done in confor- 
 mity to his commands. 
 
 The b"nefa<Slors and founders did not put 
 this money into the fociety's hands, but it re- 
 mained with them, the intereft being paid every 
 year, whilil the mifTion was founding, till fa- 
 ther Juan Maria de Salva-Tierra being provin- 
 rcial, and on a vifitation in California, he judged 
 that it would be better to lay out the capitals 
 in land, that thus they might not be expofed to 
 the hazards of commerce, as in the affair of 
 don Juan Baptifta Lopez, the founder of San 
 Juan de Ligui-, who failing, all the capital of 
 ..^. .. that 
 
CALIFORNIA. 429 
 
 that mifTion was loil. Befides, as the mlfTiona- 
 rics of California were obliged to buy •cattle 
 and corn in New Spain, they might fupply 
 thcmfelves much cheaper from the produdls 
 of their own lands. Accordingly he opened 
 his mind to father Ugarte, who approved and 
 commended the projedl. On his return to 
 Mexico, that the affair might be confidered 
 with that precifion, which the fociety on all oc- 
 cafions obferves, he laid it before the provincial 
 confiftory. The defign met with great appro- 
 bation, efpecially from father Alexandro Ro- 
 mano, agent for California, and foon after 
 provincial. * . 
 
 Accordingly father Romano was commif- 
 fioned to colieft the funds, and purchafe farms, 
 and manage them for the account of the mif- 
 fion. Thus he fuccefllvely bought the farm 
 of Guadaloupe, in the valley of Acolman or 
 Oculna i that of Huafteca for breeding Iheep ; 
 that of Huapango, and that of Sarccf. In 
 thefe purchafes, were laid out all the capitals of 
 the feven miflions already founded ; the five 
 thoufand dollars, left to California by the duke 
 ©f Abrantes and Linares ; four thoufand dol- 
 lars, the legacy of a gentleman of Guadalaxara, 
 and a great part of the fmallcr donations. 
 
 Nothing in this world is fo excellent, but it 
 
 may be viewed in different lights, and thus 
 
 * be 
 
 ■« 
 
 4l'J 
 
 ■i(, 
 
 I' 
 
43© H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 be liable to exceptions. But this procedure fecm- 
 ed to iae didated by prudence, regularity, and 
 religion. The mifllonaries might have been 
 lent among the Indians, as fheep among 
 wolves, without fcrip or llafF. But whoever 
 admires the apollles, in founding churches 
 after this manner, will not therefore condemn 
 them, for making colledlions among the bre- 
 thren, nor the diftribution of fuftenance to 
 orphans and widows, which was the office of 
 the deacons. How can the miffionaries live on 
 the charities of the Indians, when almoft the 
 only means of bringing about their converfions, 
 is to fupport them at the miffions ? . 
 
 Thus the agent at Mexico fuperintended the 
 management of thefe farms, and received their 
 produds, and likewife the eighteen thoufand 
 dollars, afligned by the king for the payment 
 of the royal garrifon, and the men belonging 
 to the barks. Out of the produce of the farms, 
 every miflionary is provided with apparel, 
 utenfils, provifions, medicines, mules, and 
 other neceflaries for himfelf and his Iiidians, to 
 the neat amount of his ftipend, which never 
 rifes to any thing confiderable, the charges and 
 lofles being regulated by a genrnnc average for 
 preferving harmony and equality, if there be 
 any furplus, it is employed in travelling ex- 
 pcnces, purchafing of veffels, gratuities to the 
 
 foldiers 
 
CALIFORNIA. 431 
 
 foldiers and failors, preparations and charges of 
 new expeditions, and extraordinary fuccours for 
 the more fpcedy advancemenf of the mifllons. 
 And if there be a deficiency in the neceflary 
 expences, it falls on the miflionaries. Philip 
 V. was pleafed to order, that the mifllons of 
 California, Ihould, like the other miflions in 
 America, be fupplied at his expence, with every 
 thing neceflary for divine worfliip ; as bells, 
 images, ornaments, ir.mps, oil, and wine for 
 the mafles : yet this gracious order has never 
 been put in execution. Every thing has been 
 purchafed out of the allowances of the miflio- 
 naries, the contributions, or the effJedls of the 
 miflion. The building, repair, whether or- 
 dinary and extraordinary, of the church, is 
 done at the charge of the miffionary, who is 
 the parochial prieft of the Indians : but this is 
 not the only conveniency of the priefts of Ca- 
 lifornia : in all parts the labourer is worthy of 
 his hire, and he who ferves at the altar, may 
 be allowed to cat of things belonging to the 
 altar. Wherefore it fecms juft, that he who 
 fows the fpiritual feed, fliould reap fome tem- 
 poral advantages. On this account it was not 
 ftrange, that the new chriftians of California 
 fupported their priefts, and returned their :rfec- 
 tionate fervices, with fome temporal benefits. 
 Whereas, on the contrary, the priefts and 
 
 mif- 
 
 i 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
 Uf 
 
434 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 tniflionarles, who are jefuits, are obliged not 
 only to maintain their churches, but even their 
 parifhioners. 
 
 At firft the fathers fubfifled all the Indians, 
 who came to fettle in villages, on condition 
 that they fhould no longer wander among the 
 woods and mountains, but be inftrufled in the 
 faith : and in thefe charities, great part of the 
 contributions of the benefaftors, has been ex- 
 pended. And after they were thus brought 
 together, it being impolTible to fubfift all, and 
 equally fo to make fields for fowing in many 
 parts, either from the nature of the foil, want 
 of water, or the innate indolence and floth of 
 the people, the following method was taken. 
 Firft, the miflionaries fupported all the Indians, 
 who attended divine fervice. Every morning 
 and night, they have an allowance of Atole, 
 the name they give to their pottage, made of 
 maize, boiled and afterwards bruifed, mace- 
 rated in water, and put a fecond time over the 
 fire : at noon they are ferved witli Pozoli, or 
 boiled maize, with frefli or fait meat, and 
 fruits or vegetables, according as the miflion 
 is provided. In the fame manner the Indian 
 •governor of the village, the fick, the aged, 
 and the children of all the rancherias, male and 
 female, from fix to twelve years, are provided 
 with food. Bcfides this, every week the fame 
 
 allowance 
 
433 
 
 CALIFORNIA* 
 
 allowance is given to all the Indians of two ran- 
 cherias, male and female, in confideration that 
 they all come in their order, two by two^ to the 
 head village of the miflion, in order to renew 
 their inftrudions* Laftly, every Sunday, all 
 who attend divine fervice have a portion of 
 viftuals, and in paflion week, the like is fent to 
 all the rancherias. * 
 
 The mifflonary prieft likewife cloathes all his 
 parilhioners with ferges, bays, and palmillas, a 
 fortofcourfe cloth woven in Old Spain : healfo 
 provides them with cloaks and blankets, which 
 he procures from Mexico on his ftipend. Tliofc 
 who can work are inftrudled by the fathers in 
 the management of the fields, and watering the 
 ground j the produd: of which, is entirely for 
 their ov/n advantage ; and the confequence is, 
 that they gather it, and im.mediately wafte the 
 whole, unlefs the fathers take care to fave it 
 up, in order to make a proper diftribution, or 
 to fend relief to another n^.'.ilon in neceflity. 
 Wine is the only prcdud w'thheld from them, 
 and this in order to prevef; drunkenncfs ; and 
 it is for this reafon, d.Ui: tnough i!i^ vin«-;iges 
 are but inconfiderable, fome quantities of it, 
 there being but few confumers ia California, 
 have been exported to New Spain, in exchange 
 for other commodities. What wine the father 
 has is chiefly given to the fick, whom he 
 
 Vol. I. F f likewife 
 
 .Hi 
 
434 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 likewife fupplies with medicines; fo that a mir- 
 fionary and prieft of California, is not only 
 charged with the care of their fouls but likewife 
 with all the feveral duties of a father of a family : 
 together with the feveral mechanical occupa- 
 tions from a labourer to a cook. He is like- 
 wife a tutor, apothecary, furgeon and phyfician 
 to all : and this without the leaft profit, ad- 
 vantage, or reward, fpending his own fubftance, 
 abridging himfelf of conveniencies, even necef- 
 far»es, to fupply their wants. 
 
 Such was the government eftabliflied by 
 father Salva-Tierra, relating to the temporal 
 provifion of California, and it is obferved to 
 this day. The civil government introduced by 
 the fame father at Loretto, and pai ::ly by his 
 example and direction in the other mifFionaries, 
 con (ids chiefly in the following articles : that in 
 every miflion newly founded, the father is at- 
 ttaded by afoldier, who within certain bounds 
 laas the power of the captain of the garrifon. 
 When the father has affembied any rancherias, 
 he appoints the perfon, whom he thinks moft 
 proper, as governor of the village : another 
 Indian to take care of the church, and out of 
 each rancheria, a perfon of tiie moft promifing 
 morals, and particularly inftrufted, is ap- 
 pointed catechift. The governor's office is to 
 keep peace and good order i and if any thing 
 
 happens 
 
 Itf : 
 
C A L I F O R N I A. 435 
 
 happens that he cannot remedy, he is to ac- 
 quaint the father and foldier with it. The 
 church-warden is to take care of the church and 
 keep it clean ; he is aifo to take notice of thofe 
 that fail coming to mafs, and other exercifes of 
 devotion •, thofe that do not behave with pro- 
 per refpe»5l -, and thofe who either return to 
 their former fuperftitions, or betray any ill will 
 againft the fathers, or difguft at the inftru6lions. 
 The catechift of the rancheria fummons them 
 every morning before they go to the woods to 
 repeat their prayers and catechifm : and if any 
 thing deferving animadverfion happens in the 
 rancheria, he acquaints the father of it. 
 
 During the abfence of the father, either to 
 vifit villages and rancherias, attend the fick, 
 or terminate quarrels, the foldier ads as his 
 vicegerent, and has an eye to every thing. He 
 is at tiie father's order to go wherever it is ne- 
 ceflary ; he can fcize delinquents, and mildly 
 punifli them, unlef^ in cpital cafes, when he is 
 to lay the cafe before the captain of tlie garrifon, 
 who is invefted with the juridical power. LefTer 
 faults are punilhed with whipping, and the 
 greater with imprifonment or the Hocks. To- 
 wards introducing the punilhment of whipping 
 pra(?i:ifed in ether provinces on the Indians, fa- 
 ther Saba-Tierra made ufe of the method pro- 
 pofed by the captain oF the garrifon, there be- 
 
 I 
 
 
 Ff 2 
 
 ing 
 
 m 
 
 % Ji 
 
 ii 
 
'43^ 
 
 HISTORY OF 
 
 inginthe beginning great numbers of pilferers, 
 that an example became neceffary, the captain 
 furprifed one of thefe with the booty in his 
 hands. On this all the Indians being called to- 
 gether, the boy was charged with the theft 
 before them, and the turpitude of his crime ex- 
 pofed in the backeft colours. The captain had 
 fentcnced him to a very fevere punifhment, and 
 all agreed that he deferved It as a warning to 
 the reft. Then father Salva-Tierra interceded 
 that it might be changed into a whipping; 
 this was complied with, and he fufFcred only a 
 few lafhes. Thus the punifliment was intro- 
 duced, which however it may in Europe caufe 
 diforders, is otherwife in America, by reafon 
 of the temper of the Indians, to whom greater 
 rigour and ftriclnefs would be unfupportable ; 
 and this is executed by their countrymen and 
 companions. As to the fpiritual government, 
 befides what we have faid in fpeaking of the 
 foundations of feme miflions, in general it is 
 uniform in all : the firft care is of the children, 
 as the whole depends on their education. Some 
 from all the miflions are brought up at Loretto, 
 which has a reading, writing, and ^nging 
 fchool, with proper mafters who come from the 
 oppofite coaft. They become gradually po- 
 liflied by con.verfation ; they are taught the 
 Spanifh, and afterwards are promoted to be 
 
 church- 
 
 >«• 
 
CALIFORNIA. 437 
 
 church* wardens or catechifts in their rancherias, 
 where they are greatly refpefted. At the head 
 villages every morning, the church-warden af- 
 fembles all the inhabitants in the church, whi- 
 ther the rancherias come by turns, and there 
 the Te Deum is fung. This is followed by the 
 mafs, and afterwards by the catechifm, which 
 is tranflated into their languages : and feveral 
 times a week, the whole concludes with an ex- 
 plication, or fermon ; inftrudling and animating 
 them in every part of the chriftian life. Tha 
 adult chriflians then undertake fome employ- 
 ment, or go among the woods in quell of fufte- 
 nance. At night they all meet again in the 
 church, and perform their devotions. Every 
 Sunday they walk in procefllon round the vil- 
 lage finging ; they then return to the church, 
 where a fermon is preached to them. The like 
 is done at Loretto eve-ry Saturday, in Spanilh, 
 for the garrifon. 
 
 F" 
 
 <l!.i 
 
 m 
 
 SECT. 
 
 i'*! 
 
43^ 
 
 HISTORY OF 
 
 f.i 
 
 I ;: ;!. > SECT. XII. 
 
 Account of the Goverment eftabliflied by 
 father Salva-Tierra, in the royal garri- 
 -' fon, and among the foldiers, veffels, and 
 - fcamen, belonging to California ; as like- 
 • - wife of that eftabliflied by his advice in 
 '''■ pearl fishery. - ^.- 
 
 In order to give at once a complete idea of 
 the government of California, in all its bran- 
 ches, it will be proper to fubjoin that which 
 father Salva-Tierra procured to be eftabliflied 
 in the royal garrifon and ihipping, as the go- 
 vernment to this day, continues on the fame 
 footing. The judicious reader, will, doubt- 
 Icfs, be pleafed with the reafons for ereding 
 ihefe garrifons among the favage Indians, for 
 the protection of the miflionaries and preachers 
 of the gofpel, againft infults : and likewife, 
 with an apology for that prudent and falutary 
 mcafure, in oppofition to thofe who are loud 
 in their complaints, that the garrifon and 
 military efcorts, with which the miflionaries 
 tike care to be guarded, deftroy that freedom, 
 with which the chriflian religion fliould be re- 
 ceived. This is a point which concerns not 
 only California, but likewife many other pro- 
 vinces of America, v/hcrc the gofpel is preached 
 
 under 
 
CALIFORNIA. 439 
 
 under the protedion of the garrifons. It is a 
 point, which for many years has been delibe- 
 rated upon, by order of the kings of Spain, 
 and after the moft impartial and mature exa- 
 mination, this method has been eftablifhed 
 as the beft, or even the only one, by which 
 the redudlion and converfion of the Americans 
 might be accomplillied. They who will not 
 admit as a reafon the example of innumerable 
 religions, of feveral orders, who having under- 
 taken to go alone, without any guard, to 
 preach among the favage Indians, have only 
 obtained the crown of martyrdom by their 
 hands, leaving them at the fame time under 
 greater blindnefs and infolence : Such, I fay, 
 may in F. Acofta's excellent work, De procu- 
 randa Indorum Salute, fee the reafons for this 
 meafure, which is no contrivance, or inftitu- 
 tion of the jefuits, but of the kings of Spain, 
 with the repeated advice of their fupreme 
 council : it will foon be feen how in California 
 itfelf, the want of a garrifon, which the jefuits 
 had frequently folicited, was very near proving 
 the ruin in a few days of all the chriftian com- 
 munities, formed with immenfe labour and ex- 
 pence, in the courfe of forty years. It is fuf- 
 ficient at prefent, to fay that no one is com- 
 pelled by force to receive the faith j that all 
 who are baptifed, defire it not only freely, and 
 
 F f 4 without 
 
 i 
 
 iH 
 
 I 
 
440 HISTORY OF 
 
 without the Icaft com^.alfion, but all poflible 
 aflfurances are given of the fincerity and per- 
 feverance of the fubjed. The garrifon and 
 foldiers check the infults of the favages : but if 
 the orders and intention, of his majefty, and 
 the Spanifh government be complied with, they 
 never offer them the leaft injury, never fo much 
 as purfuing them unlefs provoked : the chief 
 end of their fervice is no more than as a juft 
 and prudent fafeguard for the lives of the 
 miflionaries. 
 
 Garrifons being thus neceflUry for the reduc- 
 tion of California, father Salva-Tierra efta- 
 blifhed them from the beginning, but of what 
 little force we have feen : afterwards the num- 
 ber of foldiers was increafed or diminiflied, ac- 
 cording to the amount of the contributions, 
 and the poflibility of paying and fubfifting 
 them. When father Piccolo had procured the 
 cffeflual payment of the fix thoufand dollars 
 allowed by his majefty Philip V. the number 
 of foldiers became more fettled: yet this could 
 not caufe any great augmentation, as every 
 foldier in the garrifons of New Bifcay, Sonora, 
 and Cinaloa, received from the king three hun- 
 dred, and the captain five hundred dollars. But 
 the foldiers of California, as their cxpence was 
 greater, were not contented with this pay. 
 B-'fides, the pay of the liiilors, belonging to 
 - :- i '- the 
 
CALIFORNIA. 441 
 
 the barks, was alfo extravagant : but at lad, 
 both, not only conformed to the pay allowed by 
 the king, as we ihall Hiew, but the number of 
 them has been increafed, as aofolutely neceflary, 
 and paid out of the funds of the miflion. Fa- 
 ther Salva-Tierra*s firft care, was to folicit for 
 the garrifon, a legal jurifdidion to be lodged 
 in its captain, as an in^^'-ument of the regal 
 power. This he obtr by means of the 
 
 count of Galvez, viceroy : and in the warrant 
 for this purpofe, were granted to him, all other 
 licences and privileges neceflary for an efta- 
 bJifhment in California, and fpecifying the 
 refpeftive appointments for the father, the cap- 
 tain, and foldiers, with the privileges to which 
 they were intitled. And though the execution 
 of this was oppofcd at Mexico, yet his majcfly 
 was pleafed to confirm the feveral articles in 
 the fchedule, already mentioned of the 2Sth 
 of September, direfting that no alteration 
 fhould be made in the government of Califor- 
 nia, as fettled at the beginning. Of thefe ap- 
 pointments, privileges, and favours, fome were 
 nominated for the'father, others for the foldiers 
 in common, others for the captain, or the 
 enfign his fubftitute. The viceroy granted to 
 the father, a licence for carrying foldiers to Cali- 
 fornia, and maintainingthem at hisown expence j 
 and though at prefent the king pays the {o\- 
 
 diers, 
 
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 (716) 872-4503 
 
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442 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 diers, this privilege has not been repealed, of 
 appointing a captain or commander, that is, 
 a perfon of courage, prudence, experience, and 
 religion, but he muft be confirmed by the 
 viceroy, of inlifting and difcharging foldiers } 
 and laftly, the captain or foldiers were to be 
 under his orders, in progreffes, efcortes, and 
 other occafions, which are not immediately 
 military, thef« being under the captain's di- 
 redion: the foldiers were to enjoy all the 
 rights and privileges of the officers, and fol- 
 diers of the king's army j their fervice was to 
 be accounted as in time of war, and on the 
 frontiers, their pay to be or. the fame footing 
 with thofe of Sonora, Cinaloa, and New Bifcay ; 
 and that the certificates which they fhould 
 bring, figned by the captain and the father, 
 ihould be admitted as authentick, in order to 
 entitle them to thofe immunities, which they 
 had acquired by their fervice ; the captain of 
 the garrifon, was appointed judge and chief 
 jufticiary of all the country of California; of 
 the foldiers in every cafe, whether military or 
 civil; of the feamen, fervants, and fettlers, 
 and of the Indians: to hear and determine all 
 caufes, and execute his fentences. He was 
 likewife nominated captain general, not only 
 within the country, but of the fea and coaft 
 of California : on which account, the principal 
 .'.• ■' veflel 
 
of 
 is, 
 nd 
 he 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 443 
 
 veflel of the garrifon, fhould be called the ca- 
 pitana, and carry a fuitable enfign, and hoiit 
 it at coming into any harbour, unlefs at Aca- 
 pulco, when the Philippine (hip fhould happen 
 to be there. Laftly, he was invefted with the 
 fuperintendency over the pearl fifliery, as fhall 
 be related in the fequel. 
 
 The military government of the garrifon 
 is the fame as that of the other frontier gar- 
 rifons : and the captain is to take care that it 
 be ftriclly obferved, to punilh delinquents, and 
 if neceflary, caihier them : though even in 
 this cafe, if the fault be not very great, the 
 man difcharged is indulged with a certificate: no 
 out-laws are capable of being admitted foldiers : 
 and though in the difficulties of the firft year, 
 the treafurer Miranda, propofed to father 
 Salva-Tierra, the fending to him fuch perfons, 
 as Ihould be baniflied by the audience to fcrve 
 without pay j the father declined the offer, as 
 they would do more harm than good, with re- 
 gard to the moral improvement of the new com- 
 mencements i mofl of the foldiers are always 
 on duty within the garrifon : the others are 
 employed in efcorting the fathers, fometimes 
 in progreffes up the country, fometimes in the 
 new fettlement. In every miffion there is con- 
 (lantly a foldier for an cfcorte •, for though this 
 has been defired to be difpenfcd with, when 
 
 under 
 
444 HISTORY OF 
 
 under no apprehenfions from the Indians, no 
 way has hitherto been found for it. No Indian 
 fervants of the other coaft are admitted into 
 the mifTion, this being attended with very 
 great inconveniencies. The father is often 
 obliged to go from the head village, to vifit 
 others and the rancherias, befides, he is every 
 hour liable to be called to the fick in different 
 parts. One particular in this government, 
 which may feem ftrange to fome people, is, 
 that the captain and foldiers are under the fa- 
 ther J and this has given fuch difpleafure to 
 fome of his majefty's minifters, that in their 
 zeal for the honour of the fword, they have 
 even formally remonftrated againft it to his 
 majefty. Many other perfons have, and ftil! 
 do exprefs great indignation at it : fome, I 
 am willing to believe, from a good intention ; 
 but the generality arc carried away by that fpi- 
 rit of contradi(5lion which has ever attended the 
 fociety in all its proceedings from its com- 
 mencement i and which it muft expeft, whilft 
 it a£ts up to its obligations, in purfuit of the 
 great end of its inftitution : the cafhiered 
 foldiers alfo have frequently furniflied New 
 Spain with flories and complaints againfl the 
 fathers ; they have eafily met with ears open 
 to their calumnies ; and have even been abetted 
 in them ; and fometimes with afTurances that 
 
 their 
 
CALIFORNIA. 445 
 
 their pretended wrongs fliould be redrefled. 
 Father Salva-Tierra was not ignorant qf the 
 reports fpread againft the fociety, and efpecially 
 againft himfelf. . . ..* > 
 
 • Thefe reports were flrengthened by the cla« 
 mours of a captain and feveral foldiers, who 
 in thofe years returned full of rancour againft 
 the father. It was further well known, that the 
 coaft of California abounded in pearl beds: 
 and to think that the fathers did not make ufe 
 of their Indians, and even of the Spaniards of 
 the garrifon, whom they paid for filhing for 
 them, was, in the opinion of the minifters, 
 paying a very high compliment to the fathers. 
 On the other hand, none of thefe pearls came 
 into the hands of private perfons at Mexico, 
 as they expefted, nor was the king paid his 
 fifths. What could be thought, but that they 
 were concealed, to the detriment of the royal 
 revenue, and violation of publick faith ? Where 
 was the advantage and decency that the king 
 Ihould put his troops under a fcandaious fub- 
 jedion to religious, pay falaries, furniih veffels, 
 and expend large fums, for the fupply and 
 protediion of the defrauders of his revenue, 
 only for the thread-bare pretence of devotion 
 and religion? Would it be jufl to drain the 
 treafury, only to gratify the ambition of the 
 jefuits ? All this, and many more inve^Ives, 
 
 equally 
 
446 II I S T O R Y O F 
 
 equally well grounded, were known to father 
 Salva-Tierra. He faw alfo how much himfelf 
 and the fathers were confidered for their care of 
 the temporal concerns of California ; and likewife 
 the mifunderftandings, in which they were 
 frequently involved with the foldiers and ma- 
 riners. But having, beiides his natural fagacity, 
 a long experience of thofe countries, he was 
 perfe<5tly acquainted with the climate, foil, and 
 temper of the inhabitants : and knew from the 
 beginning, that the enterprife of the reduftion 
 of California, was not to be meafured by the 
 rules, which obtained in the European coun- 
 tries, and even in America itfclf. It was clear 
 to him that all endeavours, labour, and expence 
 would be loft, unlefs the captain and the gar- 
 rifon were at his command ; and that without 
 taking this temporal command, though fo 
 difagreeable and expenfive, there would be no 
 poffibility of accomplifhing the fpiritual con- 
 queft. Of this he was fo convinced, that till 
 he had fettled this point, he did not enter on 
 his work. The weighty reafons, on which he 
 proceeded, are partly mentioned in the memoir, 
 inferted above (2) and partly deducible from 
 what we have faid relatinig to the province of 
 Sonora. (3) ,, ^ -. ^. ..- : .v ^^ , 
 
 y^^ (2) Partlll.fea. VIII. 
 
 (3) Part III. fcft. V. '. 
 The 
 
CALIFORNIA. 447 
 
 The captain of the garrifon, being likewifc 
 captain of the fea and coafl: of California has 
 complete jurifdidion over all the veflels and 
 and feamen belonging to them : with the Tame 
 fubordination to the fathers. The veflels pro- 
 perly belonging to California, are generally a 
 large bark, for bringing the accounts and pay- 
 ments from Acapulco, Matanchel, or other 
 diftant ports, and a fmaller for the conveyance 
 of provifions and necefTaries, from the coafts 
 Sonora and the adjacent parts. Both veflels to be 
 built and maintained, together with their crews, 
 at the king's expence : but of fixteen veflels, 
 large and fmall, which, till the year 1 740, be- 
 longed to California, no more than twelve were 
 built or purchafed at the expence of the mif- 
 fion. It mufl: be owned, that ever fince the 
 viceroylhip of the marquis de Cafa Fuerte, 
 the veflels have every two years failed to Aca- 
 pulco, and there careened at the expence of 
 the revenue. It has very often happened that 
 there has been only one vcffd at California, 
 to its extreme danger and diflrefs. It; 
 was owing to this want of barks, that the dif- 
 coveries in the gulf have not been made : for 
 even the very laft was performed in boats along 
 the fliore, and with what danger, will be feen 
 in his journal. And for the fame reafon 
 the other furveys on the weftern coafl: on the 
 
 I S South- 
 
448 HISTORYOF 
 
 South- fca, were intimated, as much more 
 di/Hcult and expenfive ; though thefe have been 
 enjoined by warrants from his majefty. The 
 fuperiority of the captain over the barks, is no 
 lefs eflential to the maintenance and good go- 
 vernment of California, than that naturally 
 annexed to his poft over the foldiers of the 
 garrifon : and his fubordination to the fathers 
 in this article, is even more neceffary than in 
 the concerns of the country. The principal 
 reafon, cxclufivc of others, is flicwn by father 
 Salva-Ticrra in his memoir. The foldiers 
 are very defirous of fifhing for pearls along 
 the coaft. But the mariners are ftill more defi- 
 rous, as they fee fome of their acquaintance on 
 the coaft of New Galicia and Cinaloa, fud- 
 denly enriched by this fifliery ; fo that had not 
 the captain of the garrifon the comman'^ of 
 the barks, it is natural to conclude that they 
 would be more frequently employed in the, 
 fervice of the miffions : fo that there could be 
 no relying upon them, for the neceflary fup- 
 plics : and were the captain and foldiers inde- 
 pendent of the jefuits, they would be the firft 
 to fet the example of diving for pearls : and 
 inftead of guarding the part of the country 
 already reduced, efcorting the fathers in their 
 progrefies, and aflifting the miflion in other 
 parts of their duty, they would force the barks 
 
 ■ c and 
 
G A L I F O R N I A. 449 
 
 and the Indians for the more fpeedy gratifi- 
 cation of their avarice. Etence oppreflions of 
 the Indiailsi and immediate confequence of 
 thefe would be complaints, refentments, defpair, 
 plots, a general infurredlion ; and after all the 
 expences and labours, the total lo(s of the 
 conqueft. If any thing happens otherwife, it 
 is owing to their want of inFormation. 
 
 Thus it was neccfliary, that both in civil and 
 military cafes, the veflels belonging to Cali- 
 fornia Ihouid be fubjeifl to the captain of the 
 garrifon ; and that both fliould be under the 
 direftion of the fathers. But the entire jurif- 
 diftion over all veflels, failing on the gulf, 
 was, by the government of Mexico, conferred 
 on the captain. The entrance of the jefuits 
 into California, and the reftoration of a good 
 harmony along its coaft, from the bay de la 
 Paz to Conception, gave occafion a fecond 
 time to the fifliing and trading for pearls, with- 
 out the ufual oppofitio i from the Indian inha- 
 bitants. The infulars of St. Jofeph, and the 
 Guaycuri and Coras, from La Pas to cape 
 San Lucas, alone offered to moleft the 
 divers, who had formerly fuffered too niuch 
 from them, to venture coming near their (bore. 
 ,The inhabitants of the coaft of Kew Galicia 
 and Cinaloa, who before, ufcd but feldom, 
 and then in fmall barks with great danger, to 
 Vol. I, G g go 
 
 'I 
 
450 H I S T O R Y O I? 
 
 go and fifh for pearls, began to build larger 
 barks : and in them, without any apprchenfion, 
 to fail to the oppofire coafl:, to trade for 
 pearls, but much more to fifli for them ; em- 
 ploying the Californians who lived along the 
 fliorc, and generally by compulfion, though 
 they never made them any allowance. Th^ 
 foldiers and feamen of the garrifon were feveral 
 times urgent with father Salva-Tierra, that 
 •they might be allowed to dive j but the father, 
 in order to put a flop to the evil, abfolutely 
 refufed to grant the leaft privilege of that 
 
 kind. 
 
 This caufed great difcontent among them, 
 
 many demanded their difcharge, and all com- 
 plained. The father, however, continued 
 unlhaken in his intention, on no account to 
 admit them to dive for pearls. 
 
 He was confirmed in this opinion, by a 
 particular, incident. He had fent a bark to the 
 neighbouring ifland of Carmen, which made a 
 longer ftay than the fervice required. The fa- 
 ther fufpefted that they fpent their time in di- 
 ving, and he afterwards had private intelligence 
 that his fufpicions were well founded. The 
 father was highly difpleafed at it, but the gar- 
 rifon being very thin, on account of the many 
 difcharges for the fame oflfence, he deliberated 
 with himfelf, whether he fhould likewife dif- 
 charge 
 
CALIFORNIA. 451 
 
 charge all offenders, and remain in California 
 alone. At laft, he determined to difcharge 
 them, relying on providence, for a frefh rein- 
 forcement of men i in which he was not difap- 
 pointed. . , 
 
 Towards the end of the year 1702, two 
 barks committed fuch diforders, that the cap- 
 tain was obliged to march with fome of his 
 foldiers, in defence of the Indians. Having 
 parted the fray, he demanded from the men in 
 the bark, to produce the viceroy's licence for 
 diving : and their anfwer was for him to pro- 
 duce the warrant by v^hich he afted as judge 
 and fuperior. But not having any particular 
 warrant, the affair went no farther. The cap- 
 tain, on his arrival at Loretto, fent the viceroy 
 an account of this quarrel, and many other 
 violences committed on the Indians, the dan- 
 ger of a general difcontent and revolt j and 
 defiring inftrudions how to behave on fimilar 
 occafions. This letter was read in the royal 
 council of Mexico, on the 1 8th of January 
 1 703 ; and being referried to the treafurer, his 
 opinion was, that circular orders fhould be lent 
 for prohibiting the Hfhing for pearls, till an 
 account Ihould be laid before his majefly ; that 
 (enquiry fhould be made after all who had pre- 
 fumed to dive without licence, in order to 
 ^ring them to punifhment, according to the 
 
 G g 2 new 
 
452 HISTORY OF > 
 
 new inftitutes by which it was prohibited : and 
 to prevent all diforders for the future, a war- 
 rant (hould be fent to the captain of California, 
 impowering him to flop all veHels which came 
 to fifh for pearls. •i"-' J 
 
 But the afiembly, on the 27th of the fame 
 month, and in the fame year, refolved, that the 
 filhery fliould not be prohibited to any, having 
 the viceroy's Jicence. That the warrant pro- 
 pofed by the fifcal, fliould be fcnt to the cap- 
 tain of the royal garrifon of California : and 
 laftlythat the fathers Salva-Tierra and Piccolo, 
 fliould be defired to acquaint the aflembly, 
 whether this grant would be attended with in- 
 conveniences : for as to the violences commit- 
 ted on the Indians, they might be prevented 
 by vigilance, or fuppreffed by proper feveritics ; 
 and therefore it was by no means proper tio in- 
 terdift a publick advantage for fear pf an evil, 
 where the remedy was fo eafy. n?";,*'!!! r.fth:::rfc 
 '^ Accordingly the orders correfpondent to this 
 decree, were fent to California, where the cap- 
 tain was now invefted with a full power for 
 fupprefling all clandeftine and illicit diving j 
 and likewile for hindering any injuries to be 
 done tp the Indians. Father Piccolo being 
 abfent, father Salva-Tierra fent his particplar 
 anfwer to the viceroy in a lettef dated at Lo- 
 rcttp 1 704, thjB original of ^hich, written in 
 
CALIFORNIA. 453 
 
 his own hand, is among the records in the fe- 
 cretary's office of Mexico t the fubllance of it 
 is, that to permit the inhabitants of the other 
 coaft, from diving for pearls, is, on many ac- 
 counts, proper and juft: and among other 
 advantages, the increafe of the royal revenue 
 in the fifths ; the encouragement of navigation, 
 and the building of veflels in the gulf and 
 neighbouring fcas, where every veflfel was z 
 kind of garrifon ; the fuppreflion of pirates, 
 the greater readinefs and fafety of tranfporting 
 proviHons in a time of fcarcity, the training up 
 great numbers to the Tea : and laftly, that it 
 was reafonable California fhould make fome 
 returns to the crown for the benefits it received. 
 But at the fame time, it was by no means pro- 
 per, that either the feamen belonging to the 
 barks, or the captain and foldiers of California, 
 fhould be allowed to fifh for pearls, much lefs 
 to be preferred ; as this would be followed by 
 the greatefl inconveniencies. He concluded 
 with faying, that little could be expedled from 
 the foldiery, either as to the defence of the 
 country, efcortes in progre/Tes or wars, if they 
 were allowed to dive for pearls. Such was 
 father Salva-Tierra's anfwer ; and it confirmed 
 the junto in their former refolutions ; and the 
 viceroy took the befl meafures againfl any il- 
 legal diving, ^s alfp againft defrauding the 
 
 revenue 
 
 / 
 
454 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 revenue of the fifth due to the king. It is 
 certain, that the^ifth of every diving h«rk was 
 yearly farmed for twelvfe thoufand dollars (7),i 
 an article which alone proves, that the value of 
 California is more advantageous, and might 
 be greatly augmented. 
 Such was the government then eftabhthed in 
 the pearl fifhery of California, on the opinion 
 of father Salva-Tterra, and this: he maintained 
 during his whole li(e ; as on the part of the 
 jefuits, thegarriibnof Loretto, and the barlis 
 belonging to it,, ftiU continue to thisrday. It 
 » true, : that this meafure extremely irritated 
 the foldters, much more than the feamen, and 
 even than any of the divers of New Spain : and 
 they! have all joined iii filling the new world 
 with catumnies againft the fathers. No fboner 
 were the- viceroy's, orders, concerning the pearl 
 fiihery, and the power in veiled in the captain 
 of California known, than the divers ofthatcoall, 
 wKofe illicit pradlices were now checked, filled 
 fill places with their complaints : but among all 
 thefe, the moft remarkable was that made 
 by the foldiers, that the conquefi: being the 
 fruits of their valour and fatigue, they were 
 not allowed the enjoyment of the only valuable 
 thing in the country, the peari fiihery •, when 
 it was open to every one from the other coaft, 
 
 (7) See part III. feft. XXI. 
 
 r^; ) 
 
 That 
 
18 
 
 as 
 
 in 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 455 
 
 That it was a great hardftiip on thofe, who, by 
 prodigious labour, had reduced the country to 
 a ftate of peace, to be denied the privilege of 
 gathering the fruits of it; that the fathers 
 taking up with the fantaftical conqueft, neither 
 employed the Indians to fi(h, nor allowed them 
 to dive : and the only privilege they had, was 
 to trade for pearls, and this under reftridions 
 and conditions unreafonably favourable to the 
 Indians, and confequently difadvantageous to 
 them. 
 
 This was the complaint of the foldiers and 
 feamen, who were aftually, or pretended to be, 
 cafhiered. But as juftice fhould be done to all, 
 it mud be owned, that there have been and ftill 
 are fome foldiers in California, who proved of 
 great advantage to the fathers, particularly the 
 old captain don Eftevan Rodrigues Lorenzo, 
 whofe good condudl can never be too highly 
 commended. But on the other hand, the fa- 
 thers have found themfelves under a neceflity 
 of enlifting as foldiers, men who were the 
 refufe of the world, few others caring to go to 
 fo diftant a place. This always rendered the 
 garrifon and the veflels, very troublefome to the 
 miffion. If thefe difficulties fubfift, when the 
 foldiers are under the direction of the fathers, 
 what would become of the miffions, if they 
 were all independent ? 
 
 End of the First Volume.