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In which are expofed the Falfhood and Abfur* dity of their Arguments made ufe of Co elude the Force of the Treaty of Utrecht, and ' fupport their unjuft Proceedings. In a Letter to a Member of Parliament. LONDON: Printed for T. Jefferys, Geographer to His Royal Highnefs the Prince of Wales. And, DUBLIN: Printed hy R* James, at Newton's Head, in Dame* Street, MDCCLIV, c •■* »*" - •• ♦^ \ v'. ^* it' « r •K -"s .% ■ * f » j. . j7.." .'•■•.:., 1 1 C ;ji>ft ' ,,-ir!f 3 I ' ll I J •'»/•.« ^ r- ^ • -, '' ^ ^i .. ll I > *jr '6': t •> ■ : i ;'^r:-?;ii-;?l '^0 -ly'^r^^M /i or*r^'':i/ ^; nl r-.* ,^«w#.^»*^». I i'i. •• '.i i'i v.' \-i »''■'- ^- -: LI H II a [ I 1 t .' ■ ' :>! THE ' »'->Y;t C O N D U C T * » f r-. ' ? •> J OF THE FRENCH ■■•I - • Britifh Dominions in America, Particularly Nova Scotia* 4" '"f THE prefent encroachments of the French upon Nova Scotia^ one of the moft va- luable Britijb Colonies, is a Matter of (b extraordinary a nature, and fo injurious to the nation in general, that every true friend to his country ought to be fully acquainted with it. F^r this reafon, as I have made it my bu- fmefs, tho* a private perfon, to enquire into the motives of their daring condudl, I thought it my duty to communicate to the publick my ob- fervations thereupon ; in which I propofe to make appear, that the proceedings of the French^ on this occafion, is one of the mod flagrant infults upon both the majefty and underflanding of the Britifb nation that ever could be attempted. Their defign i,s nothing lefs than to wrefl from us B a fpacious ^1 I t. [ 2 ] a fpacious province, which was originally our own ; and which, not many years lince, they had given up, and confirmed, to us, by the molt ' jblemn treaties. With this view they have entered and fettled in the very heart of it, in defiance of all our remonflrances ; feizing above two parts in three of the whole. To juftify this invalion of our territories, they pretend that we are entitled to no more than the finall fliare they have left us, which is at niofl the peninfula or fouthcrn divilion of Nova Scotia-, and fup- porting their injuflice by force, have adlually built forts at tlie entrance of that peninfula, where we remain, as it were, penned up by them, till fuch time as, by a due exertion of our power, they fhall be obliged to withdraw beyond the river of St. Laurence. l'-^ •.{,.;...>. cr ' » ■ t • They have fluck at nothing to give a colour to this open infradlion of the Utrecht treaty, and violation of the faith of nations. Their geographers and hiftorians have been influenced to proflitute their pens in the moft fhacneful manner, to ferve the injurious caufe; and^eir principals, who fet them to work, have not been afliamed afterwards to makeufe of fuch cor- rupt evidence, confiding of the loweft chicanry and moft barefaced fallifications, as the chief, and in effedt the only arguments on which they ground their pretenlions. In fliort, their rea- 'fons are fo confummatcly fallacious, inconfiftent and trifling, that their defence of the injury ought to be taken for fneer, and is no lefs pro- voking than the injury itfelf. ' ^' . 'J. ►;;*> ^ JiLf '.**•* iO a r i>' ! '■ I X ilK'C'-i ^ The Englijh^ by right of difcovery of tlie Cahots^ in 1497, claim ail North An^ericn^ from iUK:. ing in Poph Argi ruin then V - [ 3 ] .^4- to 66 or 67 degrees of north latitude; to which tliey gave no name or names, only that ot" the Newfoundlands : but negleding to fi'ttle in thofe parts, the French^ conduced by James Cartier^ in 1534, went into the river of C/w^^/i or .SV. Laurence^ and took poirelfion. After- wards, in 1562, they made another fettlement in Florida^ as it was tlien called, in the latitude of 34 degrees, which fell in South Carolina. To thefe fettlemcnts they pretended a right by the difcovery of VerrazzanOy in 1524, from 34 to 50 degrees of latitude, altho* it was 27 years pofterior to that of the Cabot 5 \ to all which extent of country they gave the name o{ New France. After a long interruption of near 100 years, the French^ in 1603, began to renew their voyages to Canada ; and not content herewith, in a few years hiore made fettlements in the country then called La Cadia^ not only on the fouth coafl of the pen- infula, and at Port Royals but alfo on the coafls to the north of the bay of y^rgal or Ftmdy (called by them B aye St. Francot/e,) at the river of Pen- tagoet 30 leagues fouth- weft of the river St. Croix. All this while they met with little or no oppofition from the Englijh : but in 161 3 the governor of Firginia finding that the French had not only intruded northward, within the Englifh difcoveries, but had alfo encroached within his limits, the place above mentioned ly- ing below the latitude of 45 (to which the grant in 1606 from King James I. to chief juftice Popham and others, extended) fent commodore Argal with 3 fliips, who demolifhed their forts, ruined their colonieSj and carried awny. feveral of them prifoners. -^^•'^';^ '^•- "^ . ' '-^^"^^ v^^^^i > >. ' B 2 ' To ! 1 ■■l^ii.. --V [ 4 ] ■■ , To fecure this country more cfl^ldiially to the crown of England^ a few years after, Sir Ferdinando Gorges being governor of New Eng- land^ perfwaded Sir William Alexander^ fecretary of ftate for Scotland (afterwards earl of Stirling and vifcount Canada) to obtain from King James I. a grant of all the country to the north of the Virginia patent, or beyond 45 degrees, and to the fouth of Canada^ under the name of New Scot- land. Sir IViViam accordingly applied to the King, and in 1621 obtained a grant of the lands bounded on the weft by the river St. Croix ; on the north by the great river of Canada ; on the eaft by a line drawn through the gulph of St. Laurence to the eafl of Cape Britain ifland, which therefore became a part of it ; and on the ibuth by the ocean : which country (cpnfidered before under the common name of Virginia) whole bounds are with great minutenefs and precilioi^ afcertained in the faid patent *, the King ^p- ^i^:i):) ;.,.;jt. fv c'i- •:■ ■' ;-.;^n "v-v-ji:: ::-• -pointed fv? ^ ^ * The words of the patent, fo far as relate to the fub|e<5l in queftion, are as follow. Dedimus, concelfimus, et diilpo- luimus, teneroque prsfenti chartse noRrjE, damus, concedi- mus, et dilponimus praefefto domino Willielmo Alexandro, haercdibus fuis \'el aflignalis quibufcunque haereditarie, omnes et fingulas terras, coniinentis, acinfulas, fituatas et jacentes in Amjerica, inter caput feu promoniorium, communiierCap.de Sable appellatum, jaccns prope latitudinem quadraginta trium graduum, aut ab eo circa, ab equinoxiali linea verfus feptcn- trionem, iquo promontorio verfus littus maris tendentis ad Occidentem, ad ftationem San£tae Maris navium (yulgo St. Mary;'s baj/) ; et deinceps verfus feptentrionem per direftani lineam introitum five oftium magna illius ftatioojs navium, trajicientem, quae excurrit in terrae Orientalem Plagam, inter regionis Suriquorum et Etechemmorum (vulgo Suriquois et Ktechemine-s), ad fluvium vulgo nomine Sanclse Crucis apel- hiam, ct ad fcaturiginem remotiffimam, five fontem ex oc- cidcntali parte ejufdem qui fe primum praediclo flu\'io im- mifcet, unde per imaginariam diredara lineam, qua pergere - ^ ^ V. o ' per pointed Scotlam wards nets, V " As t gulf 01 north t peninfi which per terra proximal magno f gendo ve de Cannj communi latum; € Cap! Bri) voragine navium, terras pe montorii nem qua promont ad pradi et comp iatra di< a mari, tibus, fii infra (ex boreali, cinftuur et ex au ac infuh orarum ter ape! verfus < cas a c quadras terrsE }■ Scotia i Wiliieh' det, iili omnibu; fodinis, y to Sir Eng' tary rling ^ames fthe othe 9cQt' the ands ■ [ 5 ] pointed for the future fhould be called Ne-w Scotland. And King Charles I. created after- wards for this nevvkfngdom an order of Baro- nets, which ftill fubfifts. . . . . , ■ As this country is naturally divided by a great gulf or arm of the fea into two parts ; to the north the main land, and to the ibuth a large peninfula; Sir William^ purfuant to the power which he had by his patent, divided it accord- B 3 ' ingly per tcrram, feu currere verfus feptentrionem concipietur ad proximani navium ftationem fluvium vel featuriginem ia magno fluvio de Cannada fefe exoncrantem. Et ab eo per- gendo verfus orientem per maris oras littorales . ejufdem fliivii de Cannada, ad fluvium ftationem navium portum aut littus communiter nomine de Gachepe vel Ga^ie notum et appel- latum ; et deinceps verfus Euronotum ad infulas Bacalaos vel Cap. Briton vocatos, relinquendo eafdem infulas a dextra, et voraginem difti magni fluvii de Cannada, five mugno ftationis navium, et terras de Nev/foundland, cum infulis ad eafdem terras pertinentibus a finiftra : et deinceps ad caput five pro- raontorium de Cap. Briton proediftum, jacens prope latitudi- nem quadraginta quinque graduum, aut eo circa. Et a dido promontorio de Cap. Briton, verfus meridiem et occidenteni ad pradiflum Cap, Sable, ubi incipit perambuUuio, includenda et comprehenda intra didas maris, oras, littorales, ac carum iatra diftas maris, oras, littorales, ac earum circumferentias a mari, ad omnes terras continentis, cum fluminibus, torren- tibus, finubus, littoribus, infulis aut maribus jacentibus prope infra lex leucas ad aiiquam earundem partem, ex occidentali, boreali, vel orieniali partibus, oraruni, littoralium, et prr^- cindtuum earundem. Et ab euro noto (uti jacet Cap. Briioii) et ex auftrali parte ejufdem ubi ell: Cap. de Sable omnia niariu ac infulas verfus meridiem intra quadraginta leucas dictarum orarura littoralium earundem magnam infulam vulgari- tcr apellatam Ifle de Sable, vel Sablon, ii ^luden. jacen. verfus carban (vulgo foath-fbuth-eall), circa triginta leu- cas a dido Cap. Briton, in mari, et exifcen. in latitudine quadraginta quatuor graduum, aut eo circa. Quae quideni terr?e prsediftse omni tempore a futuro nomine No-va' Scotiff in America gaudebunt; quas ctiam prafatus dominus Willjclmus in partes el porliones, ficut ei vifum fuoiit divi- det, iildemque nomina pro beneplacito imponet, una cum " omnibus fodinis, turn regalibus, auri et argenti, quam aliis^ foidinis, ferri, plumbi, cupri, ftanni, seris, &e. 1 1 i i ^ \ i 1 • ■■' - • [ 6 1 V . ingly into two provinces, and gave new names to almoft all the rivers and ports, and even tranflating the names of thofe given by the fettlcrs into EngUfhy that no traces, if poflible, of the French might remain in the country ; as appears by the map of Nova Scotia * Jiillextani, v/hich . by his orders was made and publifhed. Thefe then are the ancient or rather the mojl an- cient bounds of New Scotland: but not all which the Englijh^ ^^nder that name, claim by the treaty of Utrecht. ',.'*, " ,' {. ' Charlevoix^ whofe late hiftory of New France is the fund of falfehood and error, from whence the French on this occafion draw all their argu- ments, acknowledges, " That in feveral treaties " he finds the name of New Scotland afcribed fometimes to the peninfula, exclufive of the Ibuth coafl -f- [or country lying to the fouth of the river] of Canada ^ and fometimes to that coaft, exclufive of the peninfula;" but uys, " It cannot be proved by any authentic me- *' moir, that they both went by that name at the '* fame time." Here is now an authentic me- moir : I mean the patent granted to Sir William Alexander^ corroborated by his map, in which that requifite is found. And this fingle evidence is fufficient to fliew the vanity of all that author's luggeflions. .n; n ; - tc «c -V. i.u.*'S.-i,ti».i. " 'P ' ■ { • . Iff^ i ■ ^'. K. K-i '■<}■-:" y^ imi^'j:. '"To take away the force of the objed\Ion which might be brought from his confefTion, ' that the name of Nova Scotia has been given '■«' : Pi ■Jif: *<«»' 3 HI 3l?- $■' .4ii. *i^ , 171 J>. * This map is inferted in Purchases collection oi" voyages. Vol. iv. p. 1872. f B7 fouth coafl: is to be underftood all the country fouth of the river St. Laurence^ fee p. 410. par. 3. of Chnrk- "JMX Hift. Gen. de la Nowv. Fmnc. tho' he ufes the ambiguous expreflion, in order to miflead or deceive his reader. ^ . an- ^hich treaty ^rance hence argil- eaties :ribed >f the foiith ies to "but c me- at the c me- miam A^hich ience thor's dlfon flion, ^iven in rages. mntry ^barle- guous • [ 7 ] • , in treaties to the continent as well as the pen- infula, he fays they are modern changes ; where- as the difpute between the Englifh and the French is about the ancient bounds of Acadia or Nova Scotia, he ought to have faid of Nova Scotia or Acadia ; on which occafion he affirms, that what the Englilb firft named Nova Scotia, was no more than the coafl of Acadia, from Cape Sable (or Cape Sandy ^ as 'tis called in Sir William Alexander % map) toCamceau *. Now the falfity of this is proved from the above-cited evidence, by which it appears that the firft time the n'ame of Nova Scotia was ufed by the Englijh^ it was given by them to all the country in qucftion fouth of the river of Canada. This is fomething de- cifive : there was nothing then to be done, but either to allow this evidence to be good, to deny its validity, or elfe produce it in favour of his aflertion. The firft he would not do, the fecond he could not do, but the laft he ventured on ; ^ accordingly he has the front to affirm, that in England itfelf the name of Nova Scotia it given folely to thepeninjula : forthat^ addshe^ " William " Alexander earl of Stirling having received a *' grant of what had been taken from France, in *' this part of Canada, divided the fame into *' two provinces^ calling the peninfnla Nev/ Scor- " land, and gave to the re/i the name of New *' Alexandria." For this he quotes De Laet, a very eminent author, v/ho has, as he fays, inCert- ed t(ie grant itfeif .«••" . - - . , - '■*■' .. - - ' Here the jefuit is guilty of great prevarica- tion i firft, he fapprelles what appears from De Zaet f, that the general name of the country. B wK"; which •'..,,* Charlev. Hift. Gen. de la Nouv. Fran. torn. i. p. 1 1:5. ■ ' t See his Novus Orbis, L. ii. c. 23. " " ' [ 8 ] ■ which was (b divided by Sir PFilliam Alexander^ was New Scotland, z. If De l^aet had faid the contrary, yet he knew, by the words of the patent itfelf, inferted by that author, that the name of New Scotland was ordered from thenceforth to be given to the whole ; and therefore could not be given by the Englijh only to a part. 3. De Laet calls the peninlula New Caledonia^ not New Scotland^ into which Char- levoix has changed it, that his readers fhould think the fame name being given to a part, could not be given to the whole ; altho* this is a com- rnon cafe. 4. Charlevoix has fuppreffed the mention of the map of New Scotland, from whence De Laet fays he took thofe particulars, that the reader might not look after this map ; whence it may be concluded that Charlevoix had himfelf feen it. Ought any credit to be given to fuch an abandoned writer as this ? Or any ufe made of his authority ? The map referred to by De Laety who wrote in 1633, was no doubt the fame we have already men- tioned ; for he fays it was but lately pub- lifhed, and that befides changing the names of provinces, new names are given to other places, conformably to what hath been already obferved. In that map, the names of the two provinces of Alexandria and Caledonia are engraved in fmall roman letters, and that of New Scotland in large capitals, diftributed into both provinces. Whether Charlevoix faw this map, or not, he mud have been either wilfully or ignorantly blind to excefs, in affirming that the Englijh give the name of Nova Scotia fblely to the pe- ninfula, fmce the contrary may be (een in their maps i and even in the maps of the French themfelves, at lead, thofe made when the country • ■' ., ■■i/'* . - ■ ■■., ■- -.' :a.'-j ■ '•■ was er. [ 9 ] / was in Englijh hands. In a chart of the gulph of St. Laurence and Canada^ raade by he Cordier^ at Havre de Grace^ in 1696, and publiflied by authority of the admiral, the name of New Scotland is given to the North Main, or that part called New Alexandria^ in S\x William Alexander's, map. But, fuppofmg him ignorant of this, and many more inftances in maps made before his time, how could he be ignorant of what is in- ferted in his own work, and pafTed under his ' own eye } I mean the map of the Ea/iern part of New France or Canada^ (as it is entitled) made in 1744 by Mr. Belling for his hiftory of that ' country, wherein the name of Nova Scotia is . ^\Ytn to i\\Q North Main ? • ■ - - * J On this occafion, it may be obferved as a common rule, that they who confefs againji themfelves, are more to be believed than thofe who deny /or themfelves. But, in thus oppofing one French authority to another, I do not quote one of their ordinary geographers : for Mr. Bellin is hydrographer to the marine, as well as cenfor royal ; and his contradicting the author whom he was employed to illuftrate, gives a double force to his authority. — If therefore, in a ' fubfequent map of the fame country, he hath omitted the name of Nova Scotia^ it was not, as may be prefumed, in confequence of being better informed, but becaufe he was otherwife direded or inclined. , , . . Having reduced the ancient bounds of Nova Scotia to one of- its fouthern coafls, it was necefTary to make thofe of Acadia tally with ' them ; that the Englifo might not be intitled to more, under one denomination, than they could ' • claim i i ) .;',; * . [ lO ] claim by the other. In attempting to do this, Charlevoix has dilcovercd no left ignorance and fourberie, than in the former inflances. He is willing indeed to allow, " that Acadia [to whofe bounds he would confine Nova Scoria] in- cludes the whole peninfula, in the opinion of all the beft geographers and hiftorians, par- ticularly De Laety excepting Champlain and Denys. The firft, he fays, gives, in his voya- ges, chap. 8. the name ot J^cadia to no more than the fouth-coall of the peninfula ; which he proves from thefe words. The fieur de Pont^ with the commiffion of the fieur de Monts, went to Canceau^ and along the coafl: of Cape Briton : the fieur de Monts (haped his courfe more at large towards the coafts o^ Acadia *.** From this jefuitical logic we learn two things. I . That the coafts of a country are the whole country; or that France having coafts, is no- thing but coaft. 2. That failing towards the coafts of a country, implies failing towards the fouth coafts of it : confequently to the coaft of Languedoc and Provence^ if applied to France. What accuracy may we not expedl from an hif- torian fb acute in his reafonings, and juft in his diftindtions ? I might add fo quick fighted and difcerning : for he did not fee that his falfe afl'ertion i.% refuted by the very paffage which he produces to prove it ; fince, \^ Acadia be no more than coafts, the ifland of Cape Briton muft be no more, nor fo much : It muft be only a fingle coaft, v/hlle Acadia will confift of feveral coafts. , «( (C TV ■.*■ ,. n. V. But, what muft he thought of the honefty of this jefuit, who perverts the meaning of an author in one place, to make him contradict ::]' : ^.vv-/.^? what A,u ^•^l "> '■' %^.f-i' * Charlevoix, ibid. p. 112. >> iC (C [ II ] what he has declared in feveral places ? At the end of that very chapter from whence he has made the above quotation, Champlain tells us, that he was three years and a half in Acaduu part of the time at St. Croix^ [which is on the north main] and part at Fort Royal*'' And purfuant to his promife in the fame place, whicli is at the end of his firft book, employs his whole fecond book, to defcribe Acadia conform- able to that declaration. 'Tis true Champlain only defcribes the coafts : but fo far was hefrom limit- ing Acadia to a bare coaft, that he exprefsly fays, p. 65^ the great River St. Laurence runs along the fide 0/ Acadia and Norimbegua ; which is, in other words, to fay that thofe provinces extended To far, or that it bounded them to the north. This ought to be allowed for a definitive ftintence in the cafe, and from which there fliould be no appeal : fince Champlain having been 27 years in thofe parts, and for a long time governor of them, could not pofTibly be miftaken in this- point ; and as he v/ent over with the firft dis- cover De MontSy in 1603, muft have been ac- quainted with the ancient bounds of Acadicf^ which it may therefore be prefumed are thofe which he mentions. , ,. , I ■■V'.t , >, V- ■ », .-c, ''" ■'-■-: • :^ . f i » . , .,.,t, . . \ , * II ne lera hors de propos de defcrjre les dcfcouvertes de ces coftes, pendant trois ans & demy que je fus a /' Acadie^ tant a 1' habitation de Sainte Croix, q'au Port Royalj ou j'eus moyen de voir, et defcourire le tout, comme il fe verra au livre fuivant. p. 48. Thefe words confirm what is lefs explicitly delivered in the page foregoing, where he fays that ** fmce D£ Monts would not fettle on the river St. Laurence, " he ought to have fought out a place not fo liable to be de- " ferted as was St. Croix and Port Royal.^* He adds, tiiat " in cafe De Monts had taken fuch precaution, the people would not have abandoned the country in three years and a half, as they had done Acadiay' namely St. Croix and Port Royal. (( (( • ,• h \ li ■ ; ' •■ ■ - [ 12 ] ' /■ If It (hould be faid, the paflage only proves,' that the river St, Laurence was the northern boundary of Acadia^ when he wrote, but not that it was the ancient or mod ancient boundary : we fay that is begging the queftion, and will be of no avail, unleS they can fhew, from exprefs authority, that before his time it had a different boundary. ^. But this ^cannot be done from the authority of any contemporary voyager to the fame parts : for neither the author of De Monies voyage, nor Lefcarbot^ afcertain the bounds of Acadia. The reafon is, becaufe they do not enter into a geo- graphical defcription of it, and only fpeak of its limits occafionally ; which is the cafe indeed i with Champlain himfelf: for altho* he men- tions the northern bounds of Acadia.^ he does not tell us precifely what the weftern were ; we can only gather by inference in general, that it was bounded on that fide by the province of iVbn;;?- hegtia, from the circumflance of the river St. Laurence wafhing the borders of that province as well as tho(e of Acadia. . .^C/' '} . .• ', ;' . ... However, the defedl here may be fupplied from the authority of Count D' EJiradesy who in his conferences with King Charles II. relating to the bounds of this country alledged, "'That in " confequence of the treaty of St. Germain^ in 1632, reftitution was made to France [of ail the country] from ^iiebek to the River of Noremherg [or Penohfcot] where Pejttagcb't is built, which, fays he, is the firft place of *' Acadia *." , .; ^,. , ♦ See his letter of March 15, 1662, to the king, in his AmbalT. et Negoiiat. topi. ii. p. 568. cc C( (C a / ) [13] It is plain therefore, that this objedion is of no force. Neither can it be pretended, that becaufe this edition of Champlaitis voyage to New France was publiflied in 1 632, the year in which the treaty of St. Germain was figned, therefore Cbamplain fpeaks not of the original bounds o^ Acadia^ but of thofe eftablifhed by Lewis XIII. after that treaty : for the grant to Razilly^ which firft afcertained the bounds of Acadia^ by regal authority, was not made till the year following. Befides by Lewis's grant Norimbegua was incorporated with Acadia^ as being comprized under that name -, whereas Cbamplain fpeaks of it as a didindt pro- vince, feparate from it. It is more likely there- fore that Lewis followed the authority of Cham-' plain for the bounds of Acadia^ than that he followed the king's. .. , • ./ , J- Let us now return to Charlevoix^ and aik ; whe- ther is it more likely that thefe things could efcape his obfervation, or that he wilfully over- looked them } This hiflorian of New France thought it better, it feems, to let authors appear to differ in their accounts, and leave the bounds of Acadia undetermined, than produce the tefti- mony of Cbamplain which he knew would at once overthrow all his fcheme ; as he is revered and ftiled by the French^ the father and founder of their fettlements in Canada. But what could be his view by fuch condud ^ Nothing fure but to perplex the caufe for a time : For he could not f, but well know that this paflage as well as others of Cbamplain^ which he had fupprefTed, would e'er long be produced againft him, out of that author's voyages. , r ■. .'• I ^^mm or J' f «;( • As for De Laet's opinion, about the bounds of Acadiay it mud be confidered that his Novus Orbis 1 'r- '■ [ 14 3 .Orbis was printed before he (aw the edition of Cbamplarn's voyages publifhed in 1632, al- though his own work was not publifhed till the year after : This appears from his own words, I. 2. c. zt. where he fays he had made life of C^^w- plains memoirs, but could find no account of the French zffansy after the year 161 6; confequendy the voyages he confulted were thofe printed in 1614, or in 1 619, in 8vo. Had he feen the others he would never have limitted Acadia to th^ penin- fula, but have fix'd its northern bounds at the river St. Laurence. But, fuppofing he had not; his diffent, tho' a learned and judicious writer, yet would not intheleafthavealter'dthecafeorleften'd the authority of Champlain. For after all, quef- tions of this nature are to be decided folely by the relation of travellers. The opinions of geogra- phers are not to be regarded farther than as they appear to be (iipported by the authority of (lichper- fons ; from whpm they ought to take their infor- r mation. ^fA'hr > VT'-r : ■>"■ '^ > • i To \\\ 4 [ 15 ] To fupport his faid aflertion, with refped to DenySy he has inferted the following paragraph, in fiis hiflory. " This perfon (Denys) divides into fciir provinces, all the eaft and fouth part o^ Canada^ which in his time had four proprie- taries, who were lieutenant-generals for the king. The firft (extending) from Pentagoet to St. Johns river, he named the province of the Etechemins^ and is that which was formerly call- ed Norembegua : To the fecond, from St. Johns river to Cape Sable he gave the name of French Bay : The third, according to him, is Acadia^ frorn Cape Sable to Camceaux \ and that is it which the Englijh at firll named Nova Scotia, on the occafion which I fliall men- tion prefently : The fourth, which was his own property, and government, from Camceaux to Cape Rofiers, he called Bay St. Laurence^ which others have called Gafpejie *. Now taking things as Charlevoix reprefents them, this was only an occafional divifion of the country, made by the proprietaries -, in which, for diftindion's fake, the name of Acadia was given to one of the provinces : But he does not make Denys fay that the bounds which are here given to it are the original bounds of Acadia -, nor does it follow from the divifion itfelf being fo m,ade, that the name of Acadia did origi- nally extend no farther ; for in the partition of countries the bounds of provinces are frequently changed, contraded or enlarged ; of which Charlevoix furnifheth an inftance, with refpedl to Acadia itfelf. For in another divifion, which he mentions elfwhere t> of ^^^ country into three ■:':^■v{i>Vi•.^^b'''^-^l^Jy'4^'^i'^yt' ^ ' . j -li^ >;c^:%v- parts «**-»-t.\ .-■ ■* - i \^\ 1 } ^* *„ 'X * Hift. Gen. de \^Noitv. Fratue, vol. i. p. 113. edit. 1744. t P. 410, > :^' . [ '6 ] . ■ parts, and in which alfo Denys was concerned, the lecond, which was given to La Toufy con- tained half, or perhaps more, of the peninfula : for '^ be hady fliys the jefuit, Acadia^ pioperly fo *' called, from Port Royal to Camceaux :" That is, as it muft be underflood, by a hne drawn from one place to the other ; fo that all to the fouth of it belonged to La Tour. That there was fuch a divifion as this we (hall not difpute : but fuppofing this to have been the earlieft of the two divifions (which we are at liberty to do, fmce there is nothing faid in the place which requires the contrary) it overthrows Charlevoix's afTertion, that Acadia was only a bare coaft ; much more his affirming that it extended only from Cape Sable to Camceaux. It goes farther, and, from the exprellion Acadia proper ^ implies, what we have above fuggefted, that this was only a part of a larger country, which went by the name o^Acadia^ in general, according to a known rule in geography. -•'-.: taf?: :''J tt. i ^nU'A^'i , jS V U'^t^A •I 1* i 1 \*i -.yr:? :!. '^>' .») 't-n ^■" It is not at all unjuftifiable in us, to fuppofc this to have been the firft divifion of the two ; fmce it was in the time of jR^z;7/y, to whom it was granted in 1633, and Charlevoix does not tell us which was the firft. But the truth is, that the quadrupartite divifion was a forgery con- trived by that jefuitical hiftorian, only to cor- roborate his mifconftrudtion of the words of Champlainy and fupport one falfehood by another : For Denys mentions no fuch divifion of the .. countr- , much lefs under the name o^ Canada y - as Charlevoix affirms ; nor indeed any divifiori at all of it, either in his firft book, or the map pre- ,f -r of ( 17 i fixed to It* in the body of his book he never, to the bed of our recolledtion, mentions Canada, nor ^ ever Acadia^ except it may be in the fixth chap- ter of his firft volume ; where he fays, that Long IJle rfiakes a paflage from French Bay to the land (not the Coaft) o^ Acadia i and that at the Forked Cape J 12 or 15 leagues thence, there is more cod than in any other place of Acadia*. But it does not follow fron. thence, that Acadia begins there, or extends no farther northwards ; much lefs doe^ it prove that he fpeaks of any fuch province as is mentioned in this pretended qua- * drupartite divifion, for either Ldng Ijland or the Forked Cape, lie many leagues to the north of Cape Sable, where Acadia, accordmg to the faid divifion begins. Neither does this imperfeCl ac* count of Denp agree better with the bounds afligned by Charlevoix to Acadia^ in the tripartite divifion recited hereafter : for they were to be- gin at Port Royal \ whereas the Forked Cape lies many leagues fhort, or to the weft of that place. Nor does Denys mention where Acadia ends, much lefs does he fay it terminated at Canceaux. ' But fuppofing he had fpoken of Acadia, under any fuch contraded bounds as are found in ei- ther of the aforefaid divifions, it could only have proved, that there was in his time another country of Acadia, an Acadia-proper, or province fo called : fince, in the patent granted as afore- faid to Razilly-, a cotemporary governor with him in Acadia at large ; and yet more exprefly in that of the fedentary or fettled fifhery granted to Wxm^tX^ January 30, 1654 ; the river St. Law- ' rence is declared to be the northern boundary of Acadia, and Kinibek river the weftern. ■/' \ * Set Denjs Defer. Gcogr. & Hift. dc» Cotes dc TAme- riqucfcptcri. p.56, &61. - >». ^ •»* ,^- fi Deny. ' / L J.. [18 ] ' ..^ K/iyJ Is'ibTar from Tajruig, Th His Hefcrlptioft .;. of the coafts, that $fie name cfyicadiaw^s limit- jf .ed to any part of "tte pemn^ or that it was . ^ part o( Canada, taken, in a proper (enfe* ; that , ijn his dedication tQtKe^mg, lie iiot only con- Jfi^ers them as two diflina provinces mto which 'jVi* G 2 the t s , > [ 20 ] tHc year 1635, as ^ill be (hewn prefcntly ; from whence it appears, that this jefuit^s penetration and honeily were much of a fize. In reality, there is in all, which this author has written on the fubjed, fo great a mixture of ignorance and difingenuity, that it is fometimes difficult to tell to which of them his errors are to be a- fcribed. I ^.> 1 - ■*• r. 1 . 1 - I .•v», (t J (rx>i-^'i Sir H^'illiam Alexander obtained a fecond grant for Nova Scotia^ under the fame limits, from King Charles I. dated iz July 1625 : but ne- glecting to fettle efFedually, theFrench continued to trade as before, and fpread themfelves in fe- veral parts of the country, till 1627 -, when war breaking out, on account of the fiege of Ro- chelle^ Sir David Kirk was fent with a fleet, nut only to clear Nova Scotia of the French^ (which . he did, except at Cape Sable^ where La Tour was fettled) but alfo to drive them out of Gz- naday, or the country north of St. Laivrence river : which noble projecfV, of his own forming, he eflfedually executed the next year, by the reduction of ^lebek. After this, he gave up to Sir IVilliam the pofleffion of Nova Scotia^ or all the country fbuth of the river Canada^ in its full (»itent ; and kept all Canada, or the country to the north of that river to himfelf, appointing Sir Lewis Kirk governor of ^tebek^ where he refided for a time. This may be called the Englijh fecond right by conqueft to Nova Scotia. But foon after a peace taking place, both Kirk and his grand atchievement, were facrificed to the French', for both countries were inglori- oufly given up again, without any apparent rea- Ibn, or proper fatisfadtion ; . and what is ftill more Ihameful, all the lands to the weft of Nova ' Scotia^ [ 2t ] Scotia^ aS' far as the river fenohfcot : as hath been already Ihewn from the letters of Count D*Eftrades ; altho' Canada only was infifted on, according to Charlevoix ; who feems to wonder at the eafinefs with which Acadia was yielded by the Englijh *, as if they wanted to get rid of it. i„--\- -■■■ •■-'' -" -'-'-— ^'- '• ■:-■ i-^.^iiv:j:.,,^ SixlVilliam Alexander ^ forefeeing what would happen, in 1630 fold his right and title in all Nova Scotia^ excepting Port Royaly to Claud de la Tour (who by his permifTion had fettled at St, John's) to be held by him of the crown of Scotland, Two years after, the 1 7th of Alarcb 16 j 2, a treaty was figned at St. Germain en Laye, be-' tween Lewis XIII. K'ln^oi France, and Charles I. King of Great Britain, for *' yielding up " all the places pofleflcd by the Subjects of ** England in New France, Acadia and Canada ;** of which places only Port Royal, Fott ^ehek and Cape Briton are mentioned -, nor does it ap- pear by the grant that there were any more to be delivered up. Qy this treaty it feems mani- feft that Nova Scotia was comprehended under the name of Acadia, for New France was the general name under which Canada, Acadia, and all their other poffeflions in Ameriea then went, as they do at prefent. But if there could be any doubt on that head, it would be removed by the paflages above cited from Champlain, and Count Jj.Efirades \ which make it evident that Acadia was at that time bounded by the river St, Lawrence^ on the north, and Penohfcoty on the weft. , * Hift. Gen, deh Nov. Fran^ vol, i, p, 176. .»>* . Ija-.^,-, -'.y Vi < ,<■ C3 'b' r ^^ J In the opinion of Ltms XIII. /Acadia had yet much larger bpqodsi at Icaft he was.re- folved they fhould have Xuch. That prince, not content with thofe which cuftom, before his time, bad given to it, and which had beer^ yielded to him by the treaty qf St. Germain^ pretended that they reached as far as the border^ of New England ; and prefuming on the eafinefs with which fo nauch had been given up to him almoft tanafked, took, upon him to extend them fo far. Accordingly, in the patent and comr miflion fay which he prefently after confirmed the purcfaaTe of Acadia to La Tcur^ the boun: daries are exprefly mentioned, and fixed " to ^' begin at Cape Gafpe^ or the mouth of the *' ¥Avti' St, Lawrence f and to extend weft as far *' as, Gipe Malabar :" now Cape Codi in New England : fo that not Only all Nova Scotia was included in the patelat, but Lewis had extended his grant Qv^r one third more of xh^ EngU(k dominions than by the treaty was given up^ According to Count WEftradcs (who was am- baffador in Erigland^ after the reftoration) Mr. i> Ra%iUy was feat to take pofieffion of all Acadiay in confequence of the treaty of St. CermaiUi and appointed lieutenant-general of the iprovince *; probably becaufe La T^ur was a protcllant. This, according to Charlevoix^ was in die year 1.633, when, to ufe his words, " A- cadui was granted to the commander DeRa-^ xilfy^ one of the principal members of the company of New France ; on condition that f-* lie fhouid make a fettkmeat, which lie did. ':9:^:nm UA' o^m ul.: ^■'•^^' *v»'l.ii« If in either of thofe places that author had mentioned the time of that grant, or the bounds of the province afligned to each of the three governors, as he ought to have done, it would have been eafy to decide the queflion j but he HI Charier* ubi fupr, p* 41 Oi hath )■' r »6 ] hath taken all tiac pains imagi'Dabl^ to perplsx the cafe, and ke^p his readers from cqming at the truth, byjunibling things together. How- ever not fo entirely obfcuring them, but that we may be able to bring light out of darknefe, and refute him out of his own moiub ; for elfe- where, fpeaking of the chev. de Grand Fonta^im^ three years after, he fays, " The bounds of *' his government extended from ^infehqtie " to the river St. Lawrence ^ conforrp^ble to ,t{ie polFefTion taken in 1630, [it fhould bje 1633.] in the name of Lewis %\\h by the commander De Razilly *.*' Frpni whence it rs plain, after all his (hufFling and cutting, th^t Jcadia^ which he fays was granted to RqziH^y comprized not only the foutb CP^ft of. the Nortf) Main^ but al(b what; he call§ th^ eaftern cp^ft of Canada \ and, in fhort, all the country in queftjon to the fouth of the river St, Lawrence, «( '■■%' ' I (hall not ftay to (hew how inaccurately oyr author has defcribed the provinces or (hares be- ^ longing to the three proprietors, efpecially tlje . ^rk and third ; the laft of whom, by his account, muft have had mugh more of the country than ; the other two. What can one uiider(land by his faying Razilly had Port RQyaf^ and all to t!)e fbuth as far as Mew England P fipiqe the country which lies to the (buth of P^rt JLoyql^ is tl^e ; part of the pepinfula which feJj[jtoZi/« 3w, he ^ ought to have faid the lands to the north weft on the continent ; and to have a(figned, after Bettys y the river Pmtagoet or Pen^kfcot-, rather ^ than New England^ for its iwe(hern bpundary . But ' perhaps he idid not cace to have it ihwgbt. that ' •^t\ f B)ii,p,4J7. -' :, ' . ' ^' Lewis an( Vi\ t mil I I 27J f^ewis XIII. had granted to that commander more than xht Engltjb had given up. '."; I have taken the pains to trace our jefuit thro' his long windings and doublings, not To much to prove the point in quellion, as to expofe the (candalous arts ufcd by this difhoneft hillorian (if one fo ill qualified, and who fcldom quotes his authors, fcarce ever regularly, can be called an hiftorian) for we are in poffeflion of the com- miflion granted to Grand Fontaine^ which will be produced prefeptly. ..*» r. « After Razillys dcath/^barles deManotiy Cheva- lier Sieiir Datihiay^ or Daunay de Charnefey^ took pofleflion of his property, by an agreement made with the brothers of the deceafed ; and in 1647 obtained a grant for the government of Acadia : but this, (ays Charlevoix, " mud, in all likeli* *' hood be underftood only of that part of the ^' peninfula which more properly bore the name ^' of Acadia, as I have already often remarked." Here is another flagrant inftance of this au- thor's falfhbod : for we are able to produce the original grant or commiflion to Dau- nay, under the fign manual of Lewis XIV. which confirms him governor and lieutenant- general in all the cbuntries, territories, coafts, and confines, of La Cadia, " to begin from " the river Bi, Lawrence, including as well ** the fea-coafl and the adjacent ifles, as the ^* inland parts, as for as the F/r^/Wx," meaning Virginia ; and ih another part of the fame corn- million he is impowered to traffic with the Indi- ans, " throughout the whole extent of the ^' lands and coafts of Acadia, from the river M, St. Lawrence to the fea, as far as the Virgines^ In ' 4' V- ^^*^ [.28 ] In the preamble to the commiflibn, thc'reafon's fpecified for granting it are, his having expel- led the foreign religionaries from Pentagoet fort, which they had feized ; that he had taken St, John's fort from Charles St. Etienne de la Toury who held it in rebellion, in favour of foreign religionaries ; and had built four forts againft them. However, La Tour finding that to be a proteftant and a rebel was the fame thing, made his peace ; and changing his religion in 1 65 1, was made governor of Acadia, in as am- ple a manner as Charnefey had been before, by the King of France, who in the fame commiflion confirmed him his pofleflion in that country. f From what has been (aid, I think it is clear to a demonftration, againft Charlevoix and his followers, that the relations of the. firft ciifco- verers arefo far from confining Acadia to the peninfula, much lefs to a fingle coaft of it, that Champlain, who was the chief and moft emi- nent of them, on account of his having long re- fided, as well as been governor, in thofe parts, exprefly declares that the river St. Lawrence was its northern boundary, and that of I^orembegua or Penohfcot the weftern : whence it follows, 1, That it not only included all Nova Scotia, but extended weftward above 20 leagues farther. 2. That the firft time the government of -/^rj- dia was granted, or its limits afcertained by roy- al authority, the, river St, Lawence was, ac- cording to Champlain's information^ declared to be its northern boundary, and the river ilT/wi- hek its weftern : confequently it comprifed, ac- cording to the ideas of the French, all the coun- try fouth of St. Lawrenci river, lying between the -i I >n8 )el. >rt, St. mr, lign inft be in im- the ion the gulf of that name and New Englamt' ^. That as the fettling of thofe bounds by l vis XI 11. was antecedent to both the divifions Hi n- tioned by CbarlevoiXy which confine Acadu to part of the peniniula, confcquently the country or countries which fmce that time have been al- ledged by the French writers as the whole of Acadia^ ought only to be confidered as a part or parts thereof bearing the fame name. . We (hall next (hew how careful L^w/j XIV. and his minifters were, to aflert and prefer ve thofe limits, on all occafions of difpute or treaty between the two nations, from thence down to the treaty of Uirecbt^ when he was obliged to give up Acadia to the Englijh, J i) In 1 654, Cromwell, difapproving of the alie- nation of Nova Scotia, and moved by the injuf- tice done the vidlorious Kirks, who in vain ap- plied to the court oi France for the fums which were agreed by treaty to be paid them, fent Major-General Sedgwick, who with the afliftance of New England, recovered almoft all that coun- try to the Englijb dominion; diflodging the French^ who were fettled in and about Port Royal, St, Jean and Pentagoet. The French minifliers at Paris made prefling follicitations for the reftitution- of this country : but he would not lufFer his ambalTador to give the lead ear to fuch inftances, infilling that it was the ^zwr/- ^jnt inheritance of the crown (?^ England (which ^word Ancient refers, perhaps, beyond King James I.'s grant to the time of Cabot's difcovery). This he thought fo undeniably clear^ that, by -the 25th article of the treaty concluded with Lewis XIV. in Novemher 1655, he made no ^ , ■ -^ difficulty i t '■'■ \l 'JO ] dlfficXiky to fubmit the right of the EngUjh crowrt to the three forts abovemientioned to the dectfion of three commiirioners, who were t6 meet in ^ Londotti and determine k in fix months, pro- vided the French (hould think fit to proceed in that affair 5 but they never did. .» - '-». . . .i--v ... However^ Croww^// afterwards granted to Mr. St. Etiennd de la Tour^ in confideratioti of his father Claude's purchafe, Colonel Temple ^nd TVU- Jiam Crown., for ever, ** The country ind terri- tories called Acadiai and thiit part of the courv try called Nova Scotia.^ from Markgajbi on '*' the eaft, to the port and cape of Heve., lead- ing along the coafl: to Cape-SMe to a certain point now called La Tour^ heretofore named Lomney * ; thence following the coaft and ifland to the cloven cape and river tngogen 5 following the coaft to Port Royal, and tlieri following the coaft to the bottom of the bay ; and thence along the bays into St, JohrC%., to St, Johtis fort> and thence all along the coaft to Pentagoet and the river St, George^ unto Mu/congus, fituated on the confines of " New England, on the weft 5 and extending from the lea- coaft tip in the land^ along the limits and bounds aforefaid, one hundred leagues 5 and further, unto the next planta- tion made by the Dutthot frtnch, or by the Englijb of New' England. With all andfin- gular the lands, ten-itories, i^flands, rivers^ feas, pifcaries, woods, 'h?c, jurifdidtbn of admiralty, ^c. and alfo itbirty kagues into * Rather Lomaront ifo cafled from si^lsrfon of that Hftme, i^ho lived tkere before the -time of L0 lour. See Denfa Defer. Amer, Septcnt, Ch. 3. p. 61 a,. ,,. ,. * y a ill » "^ ^f*" "ec jj^g 4( It cc cc cc iC iC C€ XIV. bearing date 27 Febriia-^ ry 1662) ; they Av^re artiong other thingsdif- gufted at the Ffeiithy who, \xtidtr the name of Acadia^ ceded by the treaty of 'St: Germain, had claimed not only Nova Scotia, but all the coun- try betWefe'n it and 'JV^-te; Englnnd, as before hath * bee^n riektdd: hoover, as all the country had "been' given up, acctfi^itTg' to D^^i^r^e/^/, as far Weft as 'the river NoreinUerg of Penoiffcot, thiat iftinlft'er ddhtaridey fo much, in conftquente ' of 'the tf6aty (if '^if-^i^. Thus, in hrs \ttvtt burnbw rtietiiioh^d, hd'teHs'thtim, '•* Thathe " had demanded of the commiflioners reftituti- on of all 'Acadia, containing ** So -leagues of ' . , . _ V *' country •, (■> / ?i f Sir Ttoffids meuy complied j and, being fick^' did, by his deputy-governor William Walker^ deliver the faid country to Hubert Dandigny che- valier de Grand Fontaine (who on the 2idofJttly the fame year was commiffion'd under the great feal of France, to receive Acadia) as appears by the certificates acknowledging the delivery of D the i 1 [ 34 1 < the three forts of Port RoyaU Pentagoet an(J Cemfeck ; which laft was upon St, Jobn*s river, many leagues within land. By the treaty of Breda^ therefore, and the execution of it, it is .clear that the Fr^»ri& extended the bounds of Acadia over all Nova Scotia ; that is, over both the countries which were fuccefllvely granted to ^ir fFilliam Alexander^ under that name. „ ^,^. Charlevoix^ who is obliged to take notice of this tranfadtion, cannot help confeiTing (b much : yet has the confidence, in contradiction to the very treaty, to deny that it ought to be ib; and endeavours to fupport his falfity in his ufual way, by alledging frivolous reafbns, or conceal- ing faifts. He fays, " Thsii Sir J^illiam Temple *' iigned at Bo/ion an inftrument to the chevalier ** de Grand Fontaine^ which fecured to France ^* all the country from Pentagoet to Cape Breton ** inclufively *." He adds, that the whole had been comprifed in the treaty of Breda^ under the name of Acadia ; and allows that the neigh- bouring coails were fometimes comprehended (or, as he terms it, confounded) under that name : yet would pretend, Pentagoet did not be- long to Acadia ; for which he had no other au- thority biit Sir lVilliam*s laying fo, as above ; and which, tho* it might be of ufe to Sir fVilliam^ becaiife granted by, him as part of Nova Scotia diftihd from Acddid^ as before obferved, can beof noavail totheFr^«f/&; becaufethey irififted that it did .belong to Acadia^ and had it furrend«r- ed as fuch, conformable to the treaty, which, as the fame author confefles, included it under that name. The fourberie ot this author is farther fe « ^^•; • Hift. dc la Nquv. Fran. Vol. i. p. 417- " ;• "^ ' , fteh -,'''J VS. \r/ . ■ er, of is of tth to of h: (C [ 'S5 ] feen in what he relates prefently after, *« That the commiffion by which the French governor. Grand Fontaine^ took pofleflion of that place [Pentagoef] is dated March the 5th 1670, ** and marks the bounds of his government from ** the Kinibeki to the river St, LHwrence^ confor- ** mable to the pofleflion taken thereof in 1630 " [1633] by the commander De Razilly^ for . .»■ « K _AW'.<-' li Here Cbdrlevoixj to prevent contradifling what he aflerts juft before, fupprefles the name^ given to this country in Grand Fontaine"^ com- miffion : but from the circumftance of Razilly^ it is plain it muft have been Acadia ; fmce it was granted to Razilly under that name, and aUo to Lm Tour his aflbciate, as hath been before fet forth. . ... >,w,i . , . - - ^ In fliort, this author (who has falfified, mifre- prefented, and miftaken fo many things in his relation, that it may be (aid to be a hiflory of his own invention, rather than of real fa(fts) pretends that Acadia^ with the forts of St, John and Pentagoety retaken by fome Englijb in 1674, having been furrendered to France a fourth time, not loBg after about the year 1680, " Mr, Cham- •' bly^ who was made commander after Grand " Fontaine^ built a litrie town at Port RoyaU ** which from this time became the capital of " that government ;< which, over and above •* Acadia^ comprehended all the fouthern coaft " of JV^w France \y Here then, at lafl^, we ** meet with the province orgovernment to which he will have thofe Forts to belong : but then it rt , • Ibid. t Ibid. 462. D 2 i* \»t*- k ■. ,::..., E 36 3 .. _ : isra proJvince without a name, fince he will not j\How it that oi Acadia-, tho' according to cuf- toml, ; he (hews no f efaffon why. But, to the au* tjiprky of this bare i^^ dixit we may oppbfe' tlmoiMx William DeUIJk premier geographer" to the king of Fmnce^vtho in his maps di NohB America and Mtw France^ the firft pubKftied in* 1170Q, the latter in -1703, calls the country in' queflion Acadia : whole bounds he extends ovef more than one third of the North-Main^ in- cluded within the river Kihibeki and St, John\y by a line drawn at fbme diftance to the north' of this laft river ; and which being catried thro* the Ifthmus of Shi^nikto along the coaftj termi- nates oppofite to the north entrance of the gut You fee by what lame and abfurd methods this errant ftory-teller endeavours to eflablifli a farlfhood, on his own bare aflertion;' in diredt contradidtion to treaties, numerous ads of his kings, and declarations of their miniflers, as well as other good authority. But fuppofing hiiti ignorant of all thefe fadls, and confequently unqualified for the hiftory which he undertook to write ; yet 'tis fcarce poflible, he could have been unacquainted with the following paflages of the baron De La Hontan^ an author made life of in his hiftory, who hath inferted a parti- cular defcription of Acadia^ as well as Canada , in his voyages to North America^ from 1683 td 1 694. This author, dcfcribing the bounds oi Aca- dia^ fays, " the coaft thereof extends from Kini- " M,oneof the frontiers of iV>w&^/^«(^,toL'j5^(? *' Percee^ or xhtPierced Ifle^ near the mouth of the " river St.Lawrence^MQ add€,that this fea-coaft * In his defcription of Canada, towards the beginning, he fays this river is held to be the great boundary whi«h fcpa- rates ;[37'] •^ 'runs 300 leagues in length;' and has upon -" it two great navigable bays, the bay Fran- ' •* xoife and Bay des Chaleurs*.*^ The firft is the bay of Jrgat or Fundy^ the latter is in the bay of , St. Lawrence,, ntzt the mouth of the river of the fame name. We fee by this, that the Fremh themfclves^'.in Canada^ conftdcred ^f^^/V?in the fame extent as they did iri Europe -, and iconl^- quently, that the forts ofPentagoet and Si. John belonged to it. This is more particularly confirna- ed by what he fays afterwards, " That the three " principal favage nations, the Ahenakis^ the Mik- ** maks and the Kanibas, dwell on the coaft ot //- ** cadia -,*' On which coaft ihofe forts are fiti^ateifi. .Obferve alfo, that the words Coaft of, Acadia, are far from implying that Acadia is nothing but coaft, as Charlevoix would pretend they are to be underftood, in his quotation fropi Champlain, 1 i. 1 .yu.Ay^&H ,' What La Hontan fays is confirmed bjr La Potherie ; an author much efteemed by the French for his integrity, arid particularly by Charlevoix, in his lift of authors. In his hiftory o^ North America, wherever he fpeaks of t\\t Abenaguajs (or Abenaki's) who pofiefs all the country between the river St. Lawrence and the fea, to the ^aft of .New England, he aimoft always calk them the Abenakis of La Cadia + ; and fpeaking of the expedition of Sir IVilliam Phipps agawft Canada, in 1690, fays, "That the laft O^Qtipas !-, '.'T"iV.'^-*T' ntes the Frendh colonies fron^ the Engl^, He likewife, in his map, gives ^ fituation ^0 ^«^a anfwcrable to what l>c does in his defcription. •;" v. r r'+ n " ^La ^o«w«'New voy. to }!^dr)h Amer. Vol. i. p. 226'.' t La fotb, Hift. d'Amer. Septeat. Vol. iii. p. 86» and throughout. .-), ,v', . D 3 ^« which ■..ii I I f It I if 338 ] " which the Englijh made in La Cadia termind- ** ted at the Pierced IJland^ which is at the cri- ** trance of St. Lawrence river *.** He likt* wife places St, John\ where Villebon was go- vernor, in VAiadia f . From thefe teftimonies it appears, that not only the fouth coafl:, but alfo the eaft coaft, in the bay of St, Lawrence^ and in (hort, the whole country from the mouth of the river of that name to the river Kini" heki bounding New England^ belonged to Acadia ; or went as low down as the year 1708, when La Potberie returned to France^ under that deno- mination : fo that for Charlevoix to deny a fadt fo well known and attefted by the very authors whom he pretends to make ufe of in his hiftory, is a proof either of his corrupt principles or great ignorance ; and how little knowledge he acquired by his Voyage to Canada, This re- mark i? confirmed by the great imperfedtions, as well as errors, which are found in his hiflcry ^of that country, i ^?n^ r*:^ ' tsA tx;'/' '■uil A- f.ir, -«ir After the furrender of Pentagoet^ which had 'been furprized and taken by a fingle adventurer ; the Engiijh^ to fecure the country to the weft- ' ward, built a good fort at Pemaqidd, a peninfula lying about midway between the river Penta- gaet and that oi Kinibeki: from whence^ watch- ing their opportunity, on Mr. Cbamhly*s remove from Pentagoet^ in 1680, they took that fort, with thofe of St, Johnh and Port Royal, then governed by La Valliere ; *' And thus, fays **Ci&i2r/(fvw>, became the fifth time maftets of ^^%Aiadia, and all the country which lies be- *' tween it and iVifw £»fi■ In 1686, King James II. figned a neutrality with Lewis XIV. for all North America^ by which thofe forts were again given up to the French : but the Englijb not able to digefl: the incroachments of thofe reftlefs and artfql neigh* bours, in extending their bounds weft ward oe-* yond Nova Scotia^ under pretence of its being part of Acadia (by whicn name only it was given up by the two preceding treaties of St. Ger» main and Breda) therefore in 1687, the governor of New England difpoffefled the baron St, Caftin^ who had repaired the fort of Pentagoet (which the Dutch fome years before had demolilhcd) al- ledging that all the country, as far as the river of St. Croix^ belonged to his government *. On this occafion,the fame year, Melfieurs Barillon and Bon- repas ambaffador and envoy extraordinary, ap? pointed commilTioners to fettle the neutrality a- ♦ Ibid, p. 520. P 4 gree4 m [j 4A ] greed on in i GS^^y with regard to jimrUoftlimAts^ complained in a memorial zgsdiii^ th^ ^gljj/bj *' for feizing the fhips and goods of C tP thu FVfinjb joined iy, th^ .lame ,I^dians,, t.tri\A bno? '\:nCii ^r.ir :; ■'{!•> -..ni-ti 'J'nfi'fr V"?^ ^\^'^'^> I0 l'^/• ...In 1697,, the p^ace of jRv/«e;/fi^ was (poncluded ; in CQiifequenpevpf ^Syfiich Nova Scotia was given up, tho'npt^exprefly named in it; the French^ yi all the ifurrender? i^^jade to them, contriving to have thp naqier pnjy of Acadia employed, as Y^eU to, avoid acknowledging that ufcd by the f>ngUJh^ as becaufe the fuppreflion pf it. might, better ierve theij^ views. Accordingly the French ambaflador at London infifled (as CcJbcrt had dpne after the treaty ^f gnda) **That ii;s ancient; -^ .. LH " bounds «c CjC Cf ii ii r. [41 ] " bounds were From Cape Rojfters^ nigh Gafpicj ♦' to the river Kinibek .•^' And Mr, Villahn^ French governor of Acadia^ in a letter to goverv not Stougbton^ dated the 5th of September^ 1698^ complaining of the incroachment of New En^ glan4i Tays, " I am likcwife exprefly ordered, " oh the part of his Majefty, to maintain the *^ bounds which are between New England and " us, which are from the head of the river Kint- ^' beki to its. mouthy leaving the flream free to *^ both nations.'* But althoVthe J?r»fr)& did not get all whicb they demanded' by this treaty, yet they gained ibmewhat more than they had by that of Breda ; for the limits of ^^tfii^ were fixed at the river Sl G^^r^tf, about half a degree more weft thaa Pentagoeiy and within 1 2 miles of Pi?i»«^a;^. -^ Obferve, in what a Aiding manher (Iharlevotic relates this tranfadion: " Althd'i fay3 he, the ^f bounds of New France, on this fouthern coaft 'he wont call it either Acadia or Nova Scotia^ lad been fixed [neither will he tell us when *^ or how] at the river Kinibeki 3^ and that they had lately driven the Englijh out of Pemquit [Pemaquif] which ought to have belonged to them by virtue of the treaty, yet, as the Englijh had returned thither again, Meflieurs '^ Be Tallard and UHerbaut^ the king's com- ** miflioners, were obliged to remove their fron- *^ tiers backwaud^ and fix them at the river St. Geo age, fituated almoft midway between Kinibeki and Pentagoet, This was fettled in 1 700, by Mr. Be Vilineu, on the part of the moft Chriftian King ; and by Mr. Soudrie. oa his Britannic cc C( cc (C «( cc iC C( &( part Majejiy Tom. 2. p. 236. What t« ;li r 4» ]: What this author would unjuftly conceal; viz. that the country fo bounded by St. Georges. river, and which he denominates the fouth coait of New France^ was Acadia^ appears from the alternatives propofed, April the 9th, 1 700, to fecretary Vernon^ relating to American limits. The firft article has thefe words : *' In this cafe *' the limits of France^ on this fide of Acadia^ " fhould be reftrained to the river St. George* »9 During Queen Anne\ war with Francey fcveral attempts were made to recover Nova Scotia ; but at lengthy in 1710, gencnl Nicboifon was fent, who reduced Port Royal^ and brought Nffva Scotia once more under the obedience of En* gland. On examining the commiffion of Subef' cajfe, the governor from Lewis XIV. it was found to be addrefled thus, " To Daniel Auger de SuhercaJfCy Knight of St. Lewis^ governor of Acadia^ of Cape Breton, the idands and lands adjacent, from Cape Ro^er of the great river St. Lawrence, as far as the eaft parts of ^/«/- ** Ifec.'* And, in an obligation for fafe con- duct to the Engtijh, who were to convoy him to France, he ftiles himfelf governor of Acadia, t^c. in the fame terms with his commiflions. From hence, we fee that, notwithftanding the formal agreement in 1700, which 6xed the bounds oi Acadia zx. the river St. Croix, the French, in their commiflions given to the go-' vernors of Acadia, ftill kept up their claim to the ancient bounds afligned it by Lewis XIIL )f St. Germain: As ^ " u «c treaty they' made fuch agreement only to ferve a prefent turn, without any defign of keeping it longer than they thought it for rheir convcniency V not \ ,q .4 .-TiO ts. [ 45 1 not to break it ; and their conduA fince has ve^ rified this remark.-"' ' '-- •- "^/'^-j ;r> nchii^d *' >> Not long after this, negotiations for peace were fet on foot} and on June the loth, 171 2, Lewis XIV. propofed to give up " Placentta •* For/, all Newfoundland and its fifhery, the " ifles of St, Martin and Bartholomew^ if " Queen Anne would confent to reftore Acadia^ *' of which the rwtx St. George fliould thereafter ** be the bounds." But Qiieen Anne^ rejecting that offer, infifted that all Nova Scotia Ihould be given up, and its name inferted in the treaty, as well as that of Acadta ; likewife that Pott Royaly lately taken (hould be exprefly mention- ed : which things were accordingly done in the 12th Article of that treaty, in the following terms*. " Art. 12. The moft Chriftian King ** (hall take care to have delivered to the Queen \->''i * Dominut Rex Qiriftianiffimus» eodem quo pacis preTen- tis rati habitiones commutabuntur die dominae reginae Magns BritanniaB literas tabulafve, folennes et autbendcas tradendas curabit ; quarum vigore infulam St. Chriftophori per Tub- ditos Britannicos, figillatim de hinc poffidendam. Novam Scotiam quoque five Acadiam totam, limitibus fuis antiqmi tomprehenfam, at et portus regii urbem, nunc Annapolin Regiam di£tam, caeterafque omnia in ifiis regionibus auae ab iifdem terris et infulis pendent, unacum earundem iniularum terrarum et locoriim dominio, proprietaCe, poilefiione etoMO" eunquejure. Jive per paSa, Jivt oUq moth quafito, quod Kex Chriflmniffimus Coronas Galliae aut ejuidem fubditi quicunque ad diflas infulas, terras et loca eorumque incolas ha£tenu$ habuerunt, Reginas Magnae Britanniae ejufdemque coronas in perpetuuQi cedi conllabit et transferrin prout eadem omnia nunc cedit ac transfert Rex Chriftianiffiraus, idque tam amplis modo ct forma, ut Regis Chriftianimmi fubditis in didis maribu* ^nubas, alliifqne locis ad littora Novae Scotia, ea nemque quae Eurum refpiciunt, intra triginta leucas incipiendo ab infula vulgo Sable di6la, eaque indufa et*^ Africum verfus purgendo, pmni« pifcatura imeraicttur. ^ ** of 1 ; t 44 ] iy of Great Btitdm oxi the fame day that the rati- •* fication of this treaty fha)| hi exchangee}, ** folemn and authentic letters or inftruments, ♦^ by virtue wbi^reof it fliall appear, that the •* ifland of St. Ghriftopbers ]^^, tOil?q,ppffeflcd f? alode hereafter by Briiifi Sul^je^s v likewife ■^ all Nov^ Scttia or y^cadf'at y{ith. Us ancient V boundaries J A as ^)fo the cijty di, Port Royals ** now called Annapolis Hoyph ^«^ ^^^ ^^^^'* things ^* in thqff ' parfSy which deppn^pn the /aid lands andijlands \ together \vith the dominion, pro- perty and pofieSio'n of tl^ faid iflands, land^ and places : and all right what/bever hy trea* ^* ties, or hy any ot^er way ohtaim4i which the *y im)fi Chr0i/tn Kmg, the croivn 0/ France, or ^^ any the /uhjtt^A thereof h^ye hMherto had tq ^', the /aid iflandi'^ lands an4 'pUces^ and the inr J^ habitants (5f the fame, are yielded and made If 1' over to the Queen of Great ^ritain^ and to *' her crown for ever, as the mofl Chriftian King ^^ doth at prefcnt yield and makeover all the ** particulars above-faid ; and that, in fiich •* ample mapieif and form ^ that the fubjeds of ^^ the'A/^C^^ i^%^all hereafter be ei- yy eluded from all kind of ; fiiliing in the faid ♦* feas, ba^s; aind other places on the coafts of ** iVb'y/?.(y<;<^/i4r;i ;that is to fay, onthofe which *' lie towards the eafl, vv if ftjn 30 leagues, be- *' ginning from the ifland commofily called Sa- " ^/^, and thence ftretching along towards the V. fouth-wefti'*^:. . . ':,'.-■. ^ ,i ' It was thought now, by a' treaty lo llrongly worded, and in which the name of the country ufed by \S\€EifiigliJh^ as well as French^ had been {nferted, tha|:j^lJ pj;eifence for cavils or diffiutejs would have been prevented ; but in 1719, tfie *> '* French K4 <( It t 45 ] French beg^an to raifc obje^ioni about iha bouncfe of Nova Scotia^ and commiflloners were appointed * but thofc on their fide did not meet* The rcaforis why, are not mentioned : but we fuppo(^ it wa», becaufe they were afhamed \.& offer the objeftions communicated to them, if thfey iVere fuch barefaced falfhoods and rid i* culbu8 quibbles, as thofe mentioned by Charle-^ voix and his followers : for France^ to be fure,' has men of honour, as well as other countries. However that bfc^ it may be prefumed that Mr.- William De U I/ley tht Kihgof /V^r^t's principal geographer, had Inllrudtions to curtail tne lifnits afligned by the Englijb to Nom Scotia ; for in his map of America^ publiHied in 1725$ he re* ilrains the name of Acadia^ to s little lefs than the peninfuk, which, in hrs maps of North A-^ merica and NetH) France^ publiflied in 1700 and' 1703, as before mentioned, he had extended over more than one third part of the North yr'-vcr. . This condud is not to be wondered at in Mr. De Vljle^ vfhotook all occafioris to defraud the Englijby fo far as he was able to defraud them, of their rights. In the two 'maps laft cit^ he hath exhibited Acadia two thirds lefs than he ought to have done, according to the authority of Champlain^ and the fubfequent grants of his Kings, corroborated by treaties. Butfuppofing this to have been owing more to want of car- rying his refearches deep enough, than to de- fign, we have not room to chink fo favourably of him with refpedt to his map of Louijianai ppblifhedin 17 18. For he has there transfer- red all Carolina to his own nation, by inclofmg it within the green linev as part of Louijtana^ ; V ; • although, C 46 ] tUhough, jn his ma^ of Mexico in 1703, he places it among this Englijb territories. To fupport this bold geographical depredation with a co* lour of juftice, under the name oi Carolina h^ writes " That it was fo called in honour oiCbarlts •* IX by ikit French V who difcovered, took po(^ •' feflion of it, and fettled there in 15 .*' By the defeat in the date, Mr, De Ul/k fetms on this occafion to have depended for the whole on his memory, which doubtlefs had deceived him. In Loudanniere*^ voyage we meet indeed with a fort built by him in 1564^ at the mouth of the river Tlf^zy, whi^h he named La Caroline i but not one word of giving that appellation to the <:ountry. Ouriiieighbom's are very desttrous at either expanding, or contracting ; for, whenever they pleafe, they can turn a fmgle fort into a large country, and reduce a large country into a piece of coaft. The authbr of the late fix fheet map of America^ has in his remarks taken notice of his infincerity in fupprefling the kingdom 6f New jflbion on the weft coaft of America and changing the name of Bay Sir Francis Drakcy into that of St, Francifo, 1 fay of his infinceri- ty : for in his map of the countries Jituated to the fiortb wefti made in 1696 *, he inferts the coun- try of New Albion^ and gives to the port the name of Francis Drake. .'ynfu &'• •J ".n iX\ In-etf- '•"-sir" ;■' "■'"** bn^. ..V*'., ■::-^<.^ •« The coivJud^ of other 'Frencb geographers, fince the treaty of Utrecht^ with refpedt to the country in queftion, is no lefs repugnant to the preceding authorities than that of Mr. DeVIfle. Mr. Bellinusat never large piece L map ce of )m 6f I and ')rake^ nceri- /o the coun- t the phers, to the to the VlJIe. adein Ihedby Si4U 1744. f 47 3 ^744> for Charlevoix's hiftory, gives to the pe- ninfula the name .of Acadta^ and to the North Main that of Nova Scotia : whereas he ought to have given to the whole either one or both of the names, ui order to make his map agree with the accounts of the earliefl voyagers^ and the regulations of treaties. Mr. Belliny in his map of the lame country which he publiftied the year following detached from Charlevoix's hifto- ry> has omitted the name of Nova Scotia^ and left; the, northern main witho.ut any name, or without fupplying it, by extending that of ^r I C 4* 3 penmfnla, but jjfciibes botli to \heEnglijb domi- nions, by colouring them red, .1 - U ! > ( w'ii ^i*<^i^t/i U\ t This fepriefentatioh of the coihtry in qu6fti^ on, is fo very inconfiftent with the authbritieife above mentioned, that one would almoft irria^ gine Mr. D'Jnifille had trttfled to Ci&//r/^w/^*i report df things, inftead of having had recourfd to the original authors. This is the more prbba*^ ble as he has not given the name either of Noxfd Scotta^ or Acadia^ to the north-main or any pdri of it ; and by this means the portion which hS allows to the Englifh^ becomes the namelefs pro^ vince to be found in Charlevoix^ as hiath been before obfcfved. n ^"' r*\?iG i^ " n'::t ic-/ Our remark feemsto be farther confirmed by the alterations, ftill more inconfiftent with thdfe authorities, which he hath fmce made, in the late imprefllons df the fame map •, having twicei contraAed, inftead of enlarging, the bounds of the Englijb pofleflions in Nmja Scotia or Aca-^ dia. The firft time he reftrained them to thd peninfula, by drawing the red line through the ifthmus of Shegnikto : by the fecond caftratioii he reduces the EngHJb pretenfions to little more than one half of the peninfula ; by drawing the partition line from Shedahuktu or Milford through the country fbuthward of Minas bay, to the ilorth weft coaft. But, as thefe alterations are marked by pricked lines, and the firft pricked line is not era fed, who knows but they are? miftakesin the colouring ? or if not, that on bet- ter information, Mr. D^Anville may reftore to the Englijb >, by a third ftroke of the pencil, fo much as he has deprived them ^of by the two firft, if not to all Nova Scotia.^ or the country fouth of in { ^....-. . ' ; I 49 ] of St, Lawrence river ; as from his known cha- radler of integrity I am perfuaded he would have done, had he met with the parage of Champlain fu often mentioned. As h- has not done if, I take it for granted, that it did not occur to him ; nor can I other- wife ^gcount either for the bounds alVigned by him in the firft imprellion of his map, or for the alter.nions made in the fecond and third. For if he was acquainted with the I'mits given to Acadia by Champlain^ or ciaimjsd by France in all her treaties with England, in ponfequcnce of the treaty of St. Germnin.^ I cannot conceive how he could havii ufciibed to /icadia no greater extent of country in the firfl: impreffion^f of his map ; and if he had judged the objec- tions fiarted againll the treaty of Utrecht to have been of any weight, I am as much at % lofs to jconceive how he came to giye it fo much. ^he other bfind, if he was not fepfible of V '^ f weight when he fir 11 publiihed his map, 1 Ihould be glad to know upon what grounds he came to be better fatisfied fince; and how it happened that he was not made fenfibie of his miftakes all at once, but was obliged to alter his map twice upon the oecafio^. » Thefe confiderations induce me to believe that it was -for want of fufficient information i for whether he made ufe of l)eny?^ or depende4 on Charlevoix^ he could not find his doubts re* folved by either : for the firft, as hath been ob- ferved, did not meddle with the bounds or divi^ fion of Acadia into provinces ; and the bufine's of the latter was to puzzle and miilead, not to inform. In (hort, wirhout confuhing Champlain^ [ 50 ] (o as to difcover the palTage in view, he could liot decide with certainty, touching the ancient limits, or rather the mofi: ancient hmits, of the country in quellion ; for this reafon 1 will not charge the aherations with rcfpedt to Jcadia^ made in the (everal editions of Mr. D' Anvil le's map> as done with a fmifter view, to injure the Britijh intereft in that country, by diminifhing its bounds \ altho' perfons whole enquiries go no farther than the maps, may be induced thereby, on the opinion which the world has juftly entertained of his knowledge and abilities, to believe the late encroachments of his nation, in that part of America 2X\^2i^y to be juft. ' » - •- 'TIs true, that Mr. U Anvilk^ in anfwer to a charge of marking the bounds of Ibme Britijh dominions in America amifs, exprefles a fur- prize ** That any body fhould imagine a thing *' of this kind done by a geographer, could " be either of prejudice or advantage to the " rights of crowned heads *.'* I am furprized at ir, no lefs than he ; for it would be ftrange in- deed, if the bounds of kingdoms, any more than the liruations of places, were to depend on tiic arbitrary will of the geographers: that would be to have kingdoms at their dilpofal. But then, I ice it ha3 i>een the cafe-, and at this inilant thr n-.aps but jiill now mentioned are produced a^^ arguments, to fupport tlie Frencb allegiitions. * Vvs hoped hov.ever, tliat ff;r the future, thofe t'lir.'gs will r.ot be offered as proof, which {o cniii.ei.r a gCi)gra['hcr has declared to be no proof; and iiaa demonflra:ed to be none, by varying in a lew years (b often, and every time . * See Mr. Dn»ti!lt% letter, fur une copie de la cane de TAmcr. iJcptciu : :ip Merc, P'runc. Mars. 175 1. p. 1 ;5. ■ - ■ ■- ■ ^ • ' lb fo SI fo confiderj^bly, from lilmfelf. In effcvfl, toalledge the autliority of difcordi ng geographers, forafcer- taining the bounds oF Acadia^ would be as ri- diculaivs as to undertake to do the Tame from the triangular form of the peninfula, which I have been told fome have adually done. Nor is it at all unlikely : fince, after what has been re- marked of Charlevoix and his followers, there is no extravagant demand or afrertion -, no inconfiflency or chicanry, within the compafe of invention, which the French may not be capable of having recourfe to, when they have any favourite point in view. But to proceed, Other late geographers have gone fnrtlier ili'Il in this practice of cuFtailing the Britijh territoiies. Mefs. 'Jos. Nicholas de L'JJl'i bro- ther of IVilliam^ and Buache the hitter's fon-in-law, 'who fucceeded him in the polt of premier geogra- pher, in x\\Q\r general map of the new dlfcover'ies to the north of the jouth fea^ publifbed in I752» feem to follow the tripartite divifion mentioned by Charlevoix^ as before citevi : and Mr. Robert^ in his late map of Canada 1753, the quadrupar- tite divifion, fathered by the fame author on De- nysy or elfe that wild con(lru(5tion which he would fb abfurdly, as well as falfely, fix on the words af Champlain : for that geographer confines the name of Acadia to the fouth and sveft coafl only of the peninfula j with the addition how- ever of Port Royal^ to make it, as he thinks, conformable to the treaty of Utrecht. But why fliould he follow the opinion of two authors only (fuppofing it was their opinion, for we have (hewn the contrary; when his guide in- formed him, but a little before, that Acadia^ in the fentiments of all the geographers and hiflc^- E % rians .rians who have Avritten with accuracy, includes the whole peninRiIa ? mufl I, on this occafion^ fuppofe that he rejects authority to obey orders ? .Or, mufl I apply to him the words of ^certain author, which were thought to have wanted an application : " What dilcoveries might not be " made, if people would copy lefs, and give *' themfelves the trouble to draw from the foun- *' tain- head * ?" Had Mr. Roberi followed that rule, and confulted Cbamphnn himfelf, he could .never have erred fo (hamefully as he has done in this fingle iufli^nce. . fiut however confiderable this depredation may Teem, it is but a trifle compared with ano- ther, which Mr. Robert to fignalize himfelf, we prefume, for his addrefs in geographical flight- of-hand, has committed in the fame map •, for by the title of it, he has made a feizure not only of that whole province, but of all the Bri' Ufh territories in general. It runs thus, A map of the £oimtries known by the name of Canada ; VI which are diftingnifhed the pojfeffions of the iFrench and E/iglilh. Mr. R. being an enter- prising gentleman, was refolved to ftrike a bold (troke at oncf, and dillance all the other French geographers to fuch a degree, that it fhould not be in the power of any of thetn to go beyond h\m. He was certainly in the right Ot it, when his hani't was in, not to mince the matter ; for the French may as well lay claim to the whole as a pa/L. As to his afcribing the province of df- ro'jna ta Canada, -which Mr. IVilliam de V JJle ascribed to Lnnijiana, or the impropriety of ex^ lending the Name of Canada over ail the Britijb ^^ * See Joufnal CEconomique, &/!/. J75Ji p. 88 ..::i.i ^ . -a dominions dominions In America, which in its original ftate was but a fmall province in the neighbourhood of Rebeck, as will be fhewn lower down : they are but trifling inconfiflencies, which the French geographers think no impeachment of either^ their knowledge or integrity, any more tliiin their contradicting one another fo enormoufly about the bounds of Acadia. Charlevoix forged feveral kinds of erroneous bounds for them, without declaring for any of therri himfelf; and they by adopting every one a different parry, contradid or difagree with each other. On this occafion, I may obfervc, that, at the farne time they feem to ftrive who fhall deviate from the truth, and curtail the En^lijh pretenfions moflr, they, by their wide di;'agreement fhew how much at a lofs they are what to fix on, and how little grounds they have for what they do. ^ ' ,*' Their diiagreement, which 'n reality at once difcrcdits and overthrows their fyftem^ is a fuf* ficient refutation of what they would advance- as well as a fufficient anfwer to thofe who Would build their demands on fuch feeble and preca- rious authority. However that be, there is no doubt but Mr. Buache (who is (b fond of every production of his own brain, that he will not part with one of them, however monftrous or deformed, when once his imagination has brought it forth : and has adually fallen out with his brother de L IJle for correding feme of his errors) will, with due acrimony, refenc this impeachment, of his father-in-law -s inte- grity or (kill, by Mr. Robert^ (with whom alfo he is at variance on the fame occafion as with his brother,) and oblige him to reftore Carolina to Louiftana^ In this, perhaps, he may have E 3 , i"^^t>re ^54] i;noi'c to fay for liimfelf than he lias faid, in his difin^ennous and ridiculous defence of the bhm- dering fituation which he has given to the Rio de los Reyi*^ and other places, in his map of the new dtfcoveries to the north cf the South-fea. . But it is time to return from whence wc disirefled : ^ .... . ;.. t . ' r. 1 /i. t Mud it not feem furprizing to every body, that notwithftanding by feveral treaties we gave up Nova Scotia to the French^ when only Acndia was mentioned ; yet now they refufe to give back the fame country, tho* it was ceded un- der both names by the treaty of Uircdt} But the pretence for fuch llrange redudtions is dill more furprizing, as it is taken from that very treaty which was made on purpofe to prevent any fuch pretences ; and from v/ords which ab- iblutely deftroy them. Tlie words, according to the original Latin, are^ •' Novam Scotiam five *' Acadiam tox.'uvn^ limitibus fuis comprehenfam, *' ut-et Annapolim ; that is, All Nova Scotia or " Acadia widi its ancient hmits, and alfo Port " Royaiy In thefe words, it feems, they have found out two forts of arguments, properly called ^libbks, by which they pretend to prove, That England is by the treaty intitled to no more than a p?irt of the peninfula of Nova Sco- tia^ or the whole at mod. iv>^j< ; > - vc, '\: , * ■ '*' . , • '^•^ri5a^d '^sr^ r .u; . ♦ For he places the mouth of that river in the latitude of 63 degrees, inftead of 53, contrary botli to the journal' afcribed to De FontSy and tiic exprefs defign of the voyage; which laft objeftion, found in the Remark before mcnti- cned, he for that reafon n^ever takes notiu of, :vf til ,\''::-i^\^ . -^ Tho «c i( ..; - , ' . t 55 ] ' ' The fird is extorted from the words. All Novs Scotia^ QX Acadia y m\h\ts ant ient boundaries, ^ The (ccond from the words, And alfo Anna- polis Royal. With regard to the fird argument, they pre- tend, that " the words Ancient limits refer fole- ly to Acadia^ whofe bounds originally being very fmall, thofe words were inferted by Prance ** to limit Nova Scotia.'' Now this allegation is made up of feveral falf- hoods. , Firft, in affirming that the words ancient li- mits vf&xt inferied by France-, whereas they were inferted at the inflance of Mr. Secretary St. John (afterwards Lord Bolingbrcke) to Mr. de 'Torcy. Whence it follows that they could not be in- ferted to limit Nova Scotia : for the Enghflj mi- nifters did not want to lefleli the Britifb pre- tenfions: nor would France have fuffered the name of Nova Scotia only, to be inferted after- wards, in the part which relates to the fifhery, if they had inferted the word Acadia here with any fuch defign. The fecond falfhood is in affirming that the ancient (by which are meant the original) h- mits of Acadia^ were very fmall ; fince, accord- ing to Champlain himfelf, the father and founder of the fettlements in Canada, as the French call him, they exceeded thofe of Nova Scotia in therr firft eftablifhment by King James I. in 1621. And fmce that author, the firft who hath men- tioned the limits of Acadia, hath declared the river St. Laurence to be the boundary of that country, this river muft be confidcred as its E 4 "-'ancient, itncienty or rather moft ancient limit, "whether it had any other before his time Or not. ,, And here it mnft be obferved, that the pof- feflion of this teflimony of Champlain is of great importance in the queftion ; as it will be a perpetual bar againrt the French claims, and , a decifive anfvver to all objedions which may be grounded, on the words antient limits^ or any other found in the treaty relative thereto : for what are a thoufand infernal arguments againft one pofitive Voucher ? Such arguments indeed, when the cafe will admit of no other, may be confidered as fair reafoning ; but muft be looked on as mere chicane and quibble, . when fet to oppofe abfolute proofs. As therefore a clear teflimony or fa<5\ like this, IS not to be diiputed, and is more eafily under-^ Hood than a courfe of arguments, we might ipare our felves the trouble of dwelling any lon- ger on tnis topic : but being defirous thoroughly to expofe the injuftice and fallacy of the ob- jection, we fliall undertake to fhew, from the obvious meaning of the words themfelves, , ... 1 . That the words antient limits do noV refer folely to Acadia, I . . / ■ '- . V , 2. That in cafe they did, yet they would not limit or reduce thofe of Nova Scotia. •3. That fuppofing they did limit or rc- duoe Nova Scotia^ and the ancient hounds of Acadia were as fcanty as the French pretend,, yet the Englijh pretcnfions Vvould not be lefien- ed thereby. ^^^- •-- "^*-'p* -■- ^ "■ "'^' -^ '^ . I. That t 57 ] t. That th€ words ^«alf«/ limits do not relate to Acadia only, or more to it than to Nova Scotia i is clear from the form of exprelTion, and natural conftruAion of the words. VfW" '\ ■ ',-• ,'irv,n '.yA tl'inr 1\ Mi t'or as the countries of Nova Scotia and Acadia^ however different or diverfified by fituation, di- itienlions, or otherwife, before their union, be- come, by the words of the treaty, not only infe- parably united, but alfo identified, or one and the fame •, Therefore nothing can be applied to cither, as in their feparate (tate, but what muft relate lo the whole in their united ftate. ^ >". :\ In like manner, the names Nova Scotia^ and Acadiay however different before in their figni- fication, on account of the countries which they denominated, in virtue of the words of the trea- ty, become fynonimous, or fignify one and the fame thing : So that whatever is applied to one is applied to the other, or equally afFe(5ls both. And thus the words ancient limits as well as the adjunct ally do not relate more to one than to the other. . . , v. <. - - In effedV, the words have the fame force as if they had flood thus. All Nova Scotia^ with its ancient limits^ and all Acadia 'with its ancient limits ; as they muft have flood, had the coun- tries ceded been different in fituation : But as they were fuppofed to have been co-extended be* fore, or at leaft one included within the bounds of the other, therefore the prefent form of flilc was ufed, which faves the repetition of the words in (queflioii._^ ^^ ;. .,; „ 1 f -^ , ,: -, :;^a; i '^ . It .,.-.1 ^:ti\l ^m'i'i . <-,.* • t 58 1 . "^'It IS for this reafon, that we render the paf- ftgc Ntrva Svotia or Acadia^ with its ancient li- mits, rather than with their ancient limits ; for the Latin will admit of this way as well as the other i and thus it muft be rendered, if the countries be confidered in their feparate date, 0S the French^ on this occafion, would have tbem. .^ 4.. • r i '/ ;< \\, It is evident then, that the words ancient limits do not relate to Jlcndia only •, but in cafe they did, they could not limit or reduce Nova Scotia : It would only follow that yfcadia accord- ing to its antient bounds, was equivalent to Nnva Scotia J for the whole of both countries being ceded, as before fee forth, there could be no fach redu(5tion. - • > , . ^ ,j '■ . } : ."Bat in ca(e Acadia had been lefs than Nova Scma^ that would mqke no alteration in the queition : For the words unite or incorporate the ttvoi they do not curtail either. In order to jrwke one country equal to the other, they ope- rate not by reducing Nova Scotia to the diminu- tive fize of Acadia^ but by enlarging Acadia to ttee full extent of Nova Scotia, Where two coun- tries of unequal bignefs are united, will any body pretend to fay, that by tlie union the larger is re- duced to the dimenfions of the fmaller, unlels liich reduction had been exprefly fpecified in the article ? Let them produce an inftance of fuch an afefurdity, if tliey can. r"(«' tl/» •'' The words taken feparately alfo declare in the ftrongeit manner, againft any fuch meaning, with which they are wholly incompatible. "^On one hand, to apply the word all to either of the countries in qiieftion, under fuch fcanty dimen- fions or for the the ate, lavc iing no t ?9 1 ^lons fis tlwy are reprefcnted with by the French^ looks more like jefl than earnclt. What moc- kery or nonfenfe is it to declare, that the wljoh of fuch extenlive countries is yielded, when only a piece of fea-coaft is yielded ; not the hundredth part of the whole : A mighty j//, truly ! Rifum tetiealis ? To lay all JSova Scotia or Acndia^ that is, only a part of Nova Scotia or Acadia ; or el(c, all Nova Scotia or Acedia ; that is, all Acadia,^ and only a part of Nova Scotia^ is a contradidion in terms ; and yet one of thefe mufl: be tlie meaning in the fenfe of the French^ if they mean any thing. On the other Iiand, if no more be ceded than a bare coaft^ or the peninfula, how can all, or fhe vnole of both, be faid to be given up ? — And if all, or the whole of both be given up, h(;w oin it be pretended that only a pa'-t is given up ? tt cannot be pretended, that Aradia^ m^^u fr.ch contraded bounds, is eqiiiii to Nova Scotia. \ or that, if only Acadia vas yielded im- der thofe circumftances, all Nova Scc>':a wf.« yielded. ' - . - » • • - The article being worded and fu^ered t;> pafs in the prefent form, is a phm indication that the French minifters never intended to li- mit Nova Scotia^ as is pretended. That a^l ftionld be mentioned to be ceded by them, anr' only a fmall part intended^ feems impofliblc. If they had intended to limii-, or reduce one country to the other, they would have taken fome other method, confident with fuch a de- fign^ and not one- io very repugnant to it. They wonld not have faid, all Nova Scotia^ or Acadia^ with its antknt limit s^ (hall be ceded ; but, fo much only o/' Nova Scotia Jhall be ceded, as an- pwers [6o] fivers t(y Acadia ; not in the mofi a MP lb, lut in the moft contracted manner^ according to its antient limits^ which bounds likewife would have been fpecified, nor would the expence of either words, or thought^ have been much greater in one cafe than the other : But to fiippofe things were intended in alight fb con*- trary to that in which they appear, is to fay, that the French nlinifters thought one thing, and •wrote another; that they did not underftand Latin or Grammar ; that they were afleep while the article was drawn up and figned ; or elfe, what will feem altogether as incredible to the world, that the Engltjh had for once outwit- ted them. : ' ., >- ''■'.■ ^:- ; ; v' ) ; JvJ, i-yf This confideration, likewife, would be fuffici* ent to overthrow the credit of the aflertion, that the words Acadia^ with its antient limits, were in- ferted at the demand of France^ if we had no o* f her authority to prove the contrary, as before fet forth. In (hort, the only way to reduce Nova Scotia^ by the treaty, to the limits they aim at, is to make appear, th^t, according to its ancient bounds, it was no larger than Acadia^ according to its ancient bounds \ fuppofing them to be fuch as they pretend. Charlevoix probably was awai-e of this ; and to obviate the difficulty, took it in his head not only to fupprefs one pafTage of Champl.un^ which makes the original limits of Acadia equal at lead to thofe of Nova Scotia^ and corrupt another, in order to reduce Acadia to a bare coaft, but alfo to affirm, that Nova Scotia ori- ginally was no more than that coaft. But this, wc prefume, none will be found hardy enough, ''-' '^V like [ 6i ] like the jefuit, to venture upon; and, befides, the pretended Hmiting words are againft fuch a modification as they fuppofe iVo-y^ Scotia to have been greater than Acadia, . : in. However, fupppfing, in the laft place, that we fhould grant Charlevoix^ and his followers, all they contend for, and allow that the antient bounds both of Acadia and Nova Scotia wer« no more than the (biith coaft of the peninfula j "yet it wovild avail him nothing, on his own prin- ciples, as fuch bounds would be quite out of tl>e queflion : For by antient bounds they all along underftand moft antient bounds ; therefore, to ufe his own way of reafoning on the fame occafion, cited at the beginning of thi3 merpoir*, " Thefe are the moft antient limits ; whereas th^ " difpute between the Englijh and the Frencij *' is about the antient bounds of Acadia or Nov£^ ^' Scotia." , .. . . .r:.i -' nib -r: ■• . Now it mud be confidered, that fince the t-ime of thofe fuppofed fcanty limits^ Acadia. has often changed its boundaries. In Champlain% time they were the river St. Lawrence^ and that of Penobfcot. In 1632, Lewis XIII. ex- tended them wetlward to the river Kinihekt: By the treaty of Breda in 1667, they were re^ ftrained to the river Penobfcot ; and by the treaty of Ryfwick in 1697, inlarged again to the ri- v-er St. George. jSo that the antient bounds of Acadia mirfl: be one of the firft three determinar tions, any of which will give to England all whicfh (he lays claim to. > -li Thus, by a blunder committed in the capital point, as >weil as m the reft, he renders abor- tive ? Page 7. tive his own Iniquitous fclieme ; and lofes all the advantages which he propofed by the many facrifices which he had made of both his under- ftanding and confcience, to bring it into the world. We have now, I prefume, refuted all the principal arguments raifed by the French on thefe words of the treaty under confideration : but we niuft not quit this head, without let- ting our readers fee how ftrongly the Englifh <:laim is fupported and enforced by tlie reft of the article. That the treaty fuppofes no fuch fcanty bounds to be ceded, as that author and his followers alledge, nor any thing lefs than the whole, both of Norua Scotia and Acadia, in the ampleft manner, and with their moft ex- tenfive limits, will appearfrom the extraordinary circumfpedlion which is fhewn in wording tlie article in general, more than is to be found in any preceding treaty on the fame occafion. England was not barely content with the men- tion of Acadia, as in the treaty of Breda, but, befides the addition of the name of Nova Scotia, caufed to be inferred every thing elfe wliich could be thought proper for conveying and fe- curing to her fubjedts the whole, without omit- ting any thing which might give occafion to future cavils. For France is obliged to de- liver up all other things in thofe parts mhich depend •»;< the f aid lands and i (lands ; together with the dominion, property, and poffejpon of the /aid lands, ijlands, and places ; and all right wbat^ foever, hy treaties, or by any other way ohtainedj which the moll Clmflian king, the crown of France, or any the fubjecis thereof, have hitherto had to the ijlands, lands, and places, or inhabitants of the ail lany der- the the on on : tbefanfey wJ/ich a^e yielded and made over to the ^een of Great Britain, and to her crown for n -I fF" >■■'.■•?» V>.»<» > k »-«r) 1 .1 i 1^ Now let me afk any unprejudiced foreignert even a French min himfelf, whether it call poflibly be imagined, that fo much care wast taken in drawing up this article, lb many differ rent kinds of right as well as polleffion men- tinned, and fo many ftrong words employed the more firmly to convey them, cnly to fecure to us a piece of coaft,- or at mcfl- the peainfuia of Acedia, which is not above one fifth part of the whole ? For it is clear, from the exprefs words, that not only the whole of both coun- tries is to be deHvered up •, but likewife all the lands, places, iflands, of each country which at any time the French were ever rn poflefTiDa of, by virtue of treaties or otherwife. ^Jow, as it is notorious from the articles of feveral treaties between England and France \ from the' grants of Lems XHl. and XIV. as well as other authentic ads, as before mentioned in this memoir, that the French have at various periods, claimed and been in adual pofleffion of all the country to the fouth of St. Lawrence river, from the gulf of the fame name to the river Penoh- fcot, or 6*/. George's, what manner of doubt can be made but that England is intitled to at lead fo much by the treaty of Utrecht ? That this is a true ftate of our claim, appears to be confirm'd from the following fadts. " Owjunc \\\z loth 1 71 2, Lewis XIV. offered ''• to yield up 'Newfoundland and other hlands *' to Queen Ann, provided (he would confent to reftorc Acadia^ of which the river St, Georgt " Ihould (( i|5- ** fliould hereafter be the bounds,'* as before mentioned : but the Queen being refolved that all the country between New England and the ^\x\i o^ St, Lawrence^ which (he was then in poffeflion of, (hould be formally yielded up and telinquiflied by France^ rejected the offer : and IS it likely that by the treaty of Utrecbt fhe (hould give up yet more ? At the treaty of tjtrecbt ^\\y and much more than what Lewis XIV. wanted us to reftore, was in our hands -, and it appears from the tranfaclions during the negotiation, that i^r^w^^ e^Qemcd Great. Britain to have been in adual poflelBon of the whole country of Acadia. By one of the preliminary articles of peace, figned in 171 1, " Eachn^- •^ tion was to keep, what at the publication there- *< of in North America they were polfefTed cf.*' Is it not ftrange effrontry then, to pretend that 110 more was yielded up to England by the treaty q{ Utrecht than the peninfula, or part of it ? The French may as well fay, and in effeft it is faying, that inflead of France yielding up all Nova Scotia or Acadia to us, we yield it up to them, by that treaty. In (hort, it appears f^om the tranfadions of this affair, that the whole of Nova Scotia was infifted on by the Englijh mixix^txsy without the leaft redudion ; 3,na by the treaty it appears that the whole was given up : and yet the French pretend, that by the whole is only to be underftood a part, contrary to the fad, and contrary to reafop. , »ij'.r'* The fecond argument or cavil, alledged by the French^ is taken from the infertion of the words* andalfo Annapolis Royal : but to give this ar - gumesit its full forpe, we l)iall fta,te it in the wo;ds s . A > . ' of o c f( 11 CI < i i c « . c ( i « ( fore [hac [the in md land (he of of their falfe oracle CbarkvoiXy who, after re- citing the quadrupartite divifion of the country fouth of the river St. Lawrence^ by which Madia is reduced to the fouth coaft of the pen- infula, " Would not one fay," adds he, " that " the treaty-makers had in view the opinion of the *• two mod ancient authors, in relation to Acadia^ [meaning Chdmplain and Denys^ as he hath falfely quoted them] when they declare, in the tf-eaty of Utrecht^ That the moft chrijtian King cedes to the ^een of England and her *' fuccejfors for ever^ All Acadia or Nova Sco- *' tia, conformable to its ancient boundaries^ as *« alfo the city of Port Royal now called Annapolis ** Royal, and in general, every thing which de- ^^ pends on the faid- lauds and iflands of that coun- *« /ry F For fince this treaty adds Port Royal V to Acadia or Nova Scotia^ it feems from thence to follow, that the whole peninfula was not comprized under the name of Acadia proper *^ ox Nova Scotia*'* ...... cc cc • N - [ 68 ] 1 • agree better with the words Nova Scotia «r Acadia, ,# ■ • - f» . »j ■ t .fc ' ' iii. ■ » ' ' V* . ' *. T 1 '.^.. t . . » ' / •. r .i_ Am ^ .^^ -_ .1 •- pccalion. In the inference which he draws ^rom the words cited by him, he ufes the term Acadia proper^ which impHes that there is an Acadia in generc^h or at large y from which the lelTer is dilhnguifhed by the word proper^ as it is ufual in books of geography, when a pro- I'ince bears the fame name with the Kingdom* as we have already obferved. This Acadia at large, which our impartial author never fpeaks of, is Acadia in its ancient and moft extended Hate, as it exifted from the firft ; that is, in the time of Champlairiy or was fettled by Lewis Xllt. It is with this general Acadia that Charlevoix^ and the French geographers, ought to have joined Nova Scotia^ initead of the proper Acadia^ as he has done in confequence of two very falfe aflertions, 'y/z." That the name of Nova Sco- tia^ m England itieJf, is given only to the peninfula ; and that it never extended over . *' both the peninfula and continent at the fame •• time." But. as we have proved the contrary beyond exception, this alone ought to oblige them to rctradt their errors and corredl their maps. cc KC 5 ri.l ■ t,i^ There is yet another claufc to be taken no- lice of, in th:: i2th article of the Utrecht trtatyj which contributes not a little to confirm all which we have faidwith relation to the bounds and extent of Nova Scotia or Acadia, as deli- vered up by the treaty. It is, that which con- cerns the fiil;iery : for by it the French are ex- (ludedfrom all kind of fijbingy within 30 leagues [ 6o ] of the JhorCy in the feas^ bays^ and other placc^ [that is, rivers, ports and banks] on the coafi of Nova Scotia, ftretching along to the S. W. ofdable Cor Sandy) illand. Obferve firft, that the name of Nova Scotia only is ufed here, which plainly indicates what has been already infifted on, that the country or countries comprized under that name, was the objedl which the French as well as Englijh minifters had chiefly in view. Secondly, the French are prohibited to fifh not only in a fingle fea, fuch as wafhes the coaft of the peninfula between the capes Sable and Sanfo^ but alfo in all the feas indefinitely, to the VV. or S. W. of the IJland Sable : Among which is included thut of Nova Scotia^ extend- ing weftward from Sable ifland to the borders o\ New England. In like manner to Nova Scotia^ -within thofe aforefaid limits, belong the bays, not only of all illes. La Have and the like, which are found on the laid coaft j but alfo the bays of St. Mary\ Annapolis .^ Minas, Chignckto^ St. Jehny and St. Croix., (all excepting the firll contained in the great bay of Argal or Fund) together with that of Pcnobfcot more to the welt. ■ --u. t:.K:; ■.;'- ^■ ' :r" ji m-'i../\ -■ ;..,• Laftly, the words, en thofc which lie towards the eaft^ imply that there were other coaffs belonging to Nova Scotia, befides thofc under confideration. Now, as thofe referred to by the words above cited, iockKle all which lie ajong the feas and bays to the W. or S. \V. of Ifie Sable ; that is, all the coalts both ol the peninfula ^\il\ the main, to the borders of New^ England^ as hath been proved in the lecoiici rymaik j coiifequcntly the implied coulb nuiil r 70 1 be thofe witMn, and out of, the St. Lawrenci bay, extending from CapeCanfo to Cape Rqfiers^ In eflfed the French^ by the claufe a[x>ve-cited were tacitly permitted to Hfh along this coaft of Nova ScQtia^ as not being prohibited from fiihing in the feas and bays to the eaft or north of JJle Sable \ but abfolutely excluded from cxercifing that bufinefs on any of the coafts of Nova Scotia to the weftward of ^ha| ' ifle, withui 30 leagues of the (hore, is- Having now done with the French demands on Nova Scotia \ it cannot be improper, in our turn, to iet forth the more juft pretenfions which the Englijh have to Canada. This I (hall do on much better grounds than thofe on which Mr. Robert^ has ventured to comprize the Britijh dominions, under the name of Canada^ without al- ledging any authority for his innovation or inva-^ fion : nor can he, I'm fure, produce any good cne. Some authors indeed have called the fame ex- tent of country New France^ from Ferrazzani's difcovcry, real or pretended, in 1724, which yet was 2 7 years pofteriorto that of the Cabats-. h\x% I do not remember that the name of Canada was ever given to it by any judicious and equi- table French geographer before Mr. Robert^ and this I may venture to aifert, that his na- tion has no right of conqueft to thofe domini- ons, as the Englijh have to Canada. We ground our claim to this country firft, as being the prior difcoverers of all the north part of America from 34 to 66 degrees of latitude under the CabatSy in 1497. Secondly, in the intire conqueft of it ill 1629, by Kirk, Thirdly, on the grant oi Cromwell in 1655,1 to Be La Tour^ Sir Thomas t7«l 7e0pli9 and others ; wherein a confiderable part^ if not the whole, of Canada, is made over to thofe proprietors. If the Frerub (hould fay* that Canada was given up to them by the treaty of St. Germain^ m 1632 9 we deny it, and infift, that the places only were given up, and not the lands: for which we quote the authorities before menti- oned, of both King Charles I. and CrmwelL Befides, in cafe both had been ceded, yet as the conditions of that treatv were never fulfilled, particularly with refpeft to the fums of money made payable thereby, for that reafon, the whole is void. It is void alfo by the trefpafs which the French have now made on Nova ^cotia^ according to the tenor of Queen Jnne*% manifefto, difperfed in Canada in 171 1*, when the expedition for the redudlion of it was on foot : wherein it is faid, " that Canada belonged ♦' to the Englijh^ by priority of difcovery 5 and •' that when the French pofTtfTed there, was by ** grants from the Englijh, and confequently ♦* hold it only as a fief ; and therefore where *' the pofTefTors turn enemies, it reverts." Now for my part, I know no greater fign of inimi- city, than to come and fettle in the midfl of their neighbour's country, not only without their tronfent, but even by downright force, ^' ,' .l.r The French cannot pretend that the above recited reafons are weak or infignificant, who yet alledge as very folid ones, others which are not near fo flrong. But, in cafe they were as frivolous as theirs, they can have no objecflion 10 them on that account. Nor ought they to have [7n if the/ have lefs force than folid arguments, were not fuch, becaufe in reality the French are not intitled to any : for with thofe who ufe chi- cane, chicane muft be taken for argument. Nei- ther can they pretend to alledge the fcnfe and meaning of the 6V. Germain treaty, againft the letter of it ; fince, altho* both fcnfe and letter of the treaty of Utrecht be clearly for us, they will allow neither. .::.; *^^: •:: i-:^ -7 ^k- 'Tis true, altho* we all along were apprized of our title to Canada^ yet we fufFered it to lie dormant, thro' a defire rather to lofe fomething, than to have difputes with our neighbours : how- ever, fince the French have not only feized on the greater part of one province, and invaded ano- ther [Virginia] with repeated hoftilitics, but begin by indiredt methods to lay pretenfions to the whole Britijb empire in America \ they have fhewcd the Englifh^ that it is high time for them to look to their interelts, and at the fame time put them in mind to revive their antient claim to Canada. Nor is this claim a novelty, llartc'd on the prefent occafion, but is a claim which England has always kept up, as appears from the chuife in Queen Jnne's manifefto above recited. Thefe reafons I think, are fufHcient to jultify our pretenfions to Canada. What fol- lews will flicw the vanit/ and impropriety with which Mr. Robert has included the Britifi domir nions in America^ under that name. -»>• - '^'' « I therefore in the laft place (hall perform my promifc, made p. 23, to refute the falfe afiertion of Ckarkvoix ; " that from the earlieft times the lavages gave the name of Canada to all '' th^ fc» S' [73] '^ the country on both fides of the rlve^ [of ^* Canada or Si. Lawrence] particularly from its ^' mouth to Saguenay^ This the hard-mouthM writer ventures to affirm, without the Jeaft proof to fupport his words ; on occafion of earlier (or the writer of liis voyage, who was with iiiin in 1534) faying, thai the country does not begin to he called Canada, till you come to the ijland " of Bacchus [now Orleans'] near Rebeck, In this he fays the relator *' is mod certainly wrong i" and having proved it with a mod im- pudent ipfe dixit, above recited, then drops it. Indeed that was all the beft of his play, nor durft he enter farther into the qucftion : for Car- tier exprefsly fays, that Canada was a country or kingdom, lying between thofe of Hvjhelaga (where Mont Real now is) and Saguenay ; and Mr. Roierval vfSis afterwards appointed by the King of France governor of them, as fo many' different countries. , ^i '• • • \' From hence we learn two things : firfl, that Canada v/as originally fo far from being the ge- neral name of the country, on both fides the river, or even of that at prefent fo called •, that it was no more than a fmall part or diflricl of it, on the north fide of the river only, whereof Kekk was the chief town : fecondly, that Canada^ inftead of lying from the mouth of the river St, Lawrence to Sagusnay, lay to the weft of the country of Saguenay (fo called from the river which flill bears that name) which therefore lay between it and the mouth of the river 250 miles diflant, if it did not extend fo far. What abandon'd principles muft the man be of, who can alTert fo many glaring falfehoods, as we have expofed, which may be fo eafily confuted ? But • - it r 74 1 it inuft be confidered, that as fome people think lying for the caufe is a proof of their zeal, fo the greater the lie the greater the merit ; which would not fufficiently appear, if the fourberie wasnot eafilydeteded. The French indeed, wanted very early to comprehend the lands on both fides of the river St, Lawrence under fome name which might feem of Indian original ; and as that of Canada had obtained among them for the river, they were defirous to give it to the country. Lejcarbot made the firft attempt, thinking it proper, *' that *' like the Indus the banks on both fides fhould " bear its name *" To bring this about he pretentiS that the people of Gafhefe [or Gafpe^ and the Baye de Cbaleurs near it, arc called Ca- nadians 5 and {6 from a few people of that name, in tiiis corner of the continent, and at a vaft diftance from Canada itfelf, at leaft 360 miles, with other nations of Indians between, would have the country, at leaft the fouth bank of the river, called Canada, But, as neither Cartier^ Champlam^ nor De Monts^ who were in the fame bay for fome time, mention any thing of Cana- dians inhabiting the country, it is doubtlefs a Hdion of his own, grounded on an ancient tra- dition mentioned by authors, and among the reft by Charlevoix himfelf, viz, that certain *' Spaniards having entered the bay of Chaleurs •' or HeatSi before the time of Cartier, and •' finding no mines as they expefted, often re- *' peated the words Aca nada^ that is, here is *^ nothing ; which the Indians having fmce then «' often uttered when they faw any Frenchman^ . • Lefcarhoi. Hift, de la Nouv, Fran. I. J- p. 229. cc Jt [ IS 3 " thefe latter concluded that Canada was the *' name of the country*." On this falfe foundation fome geographers give the name of Canada to the country, which in De Mont\ patent of 1603, is termed Gafpe or Gajpefiay as it has been generally called ever fince. William de Uljle obferving the incon- fiftency of placing a colony of Canadians at fuch a diftance from Canada *, and on the other fide of the river, with other nations of Indians and countries between, in his map of New France^ or Canada^ publilhed in 1703, reftores Gajpejia to its ancient place, and tranfplants Canada from the eaftern to the weltcrn corner of Nova S€otia^ fouth of Sfuebek : which, though more confidently fituated than Lefcarbot's Ca^ nadaj is not, for any thing that apcars, at all more real. Thus, we think it is fufficicntly clear from what lias been faid, that the name of Canada was never given to the country fouth of the river Sf. Lawrence^ or to any part of it ; neither was the whole river it felf, any more than the country to the north, called Canada^ from the firft, even by the French : for as Canada was ori- ginally but a part of that country, fo the river was called Hojhelaga from the country of Hejhe-' laga^ before it took the name of Canada. In a word, the country fouth of the river 5/. Law^ rence^ being inhabited by different people, the fcveral parts of it took names according to the nations among whom it was divided : but it is clear from the teftimony of Ghamplain^ that from the firft the whole went under the denomi- nation of Acadia^ whether given to it by the ♦ Cbarlfv. Hift. de U Neuv, Fran. Vo]. i. p. 9. Indians [ 76 ] Indians or French, This name was confirmed to it, and its limits eftablilhcd by Lewis XIII. in 1632 or 33. From this time we find the name of Acadia conftantly given in treaties to the country yielded to the French ; and as both the main and peninfula were always given up, tho* no other name was ufed -, heixe 'tis plain all Nova-Scotia was comprized under that denomination, unlefs the French can fhew that, under the name of Acadia^ nothing befides the peninlula was given up. In (hort, there needs no plainer confutation of Charlevoix'^ aflfertion than this, that the coun- try fouth of the river 5/. Lofuorence does not at prefent go by the name of Canada among the French^ nor is it fo denominated in dieir maps, or indeed by any general name •, neither has that author told us when the name of Canada (if it ever had fach) ccafed, or what name took place of it. With regard to my flridlures on Charlevoix^ I prefume no reader, who is a f'-iend to truth and juftice, will think me too fevere on a man who proftitutes the two lacred characters of di- vine and hiftorian, to fcrve the caufe of impof- ture ; and is capable of forming the infamous defign of violating treaties, and defrauding a riation in amity with his own, of a confulerable country, by the grofTelb falfchoods, quibbles, and prevarications, which perhaps ever polluted hif- tory. I'he French themfelvcs have realbn to execrate both him and his legend, (which hence- forth they ought to i\,\i'^^(^ in every thing) fince to in id [ 77 1 fince his defign was evidently to embroil tlicm with their neighbours, and draw them into an unjuft war •, without the leafl: real ground or colour on their fide. By inventing fuch palpable falfehoods, he betrays their caufe inftead of de- fending it : and eftablifhes the evidence of the treaty of Utrecht in favour of the Englijh^ by the means which he hath employed to deteat it. II )f :n FINIS. r