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ST-r' .■•■"■: \ iLTi^-iip-; . ^^ . ^^ -'-j-^iy-^ ^j j^ ^^^ ^ I LL^.U.W I |J * . I L I U I) .H __ --■>, 'I ,..-,J,ia' *-* MAP OF oinr or HALIFAX & HANTS COUNTIES. 3HOWIR6 THE Ol/TC««^ IF THt G/^Ei SS AND THf rOJITIOK IF THt .JID OUTRICTI 8 K z SCALE;FOUR MILES ONE INCH Bv HtKRr vouLi HiMB M. A . Wind i an N J Jah. 6 > B70 B ^ S I ( Btr F CAKBONirCROUS L a WER SILUKIAN G- N£ I S S ( l4 I # 5^ M .^**?^ ^ CENFRAU StCTIOH FRUM LAURENCKTOWN T «2 3» > //^ /''y-/-// JECTIOM FROM PARKE RS LAKIE TO I^Af dtafl M LAURENCKTOWN TO WIHCSCR (A B ) 3» > ARKERS LAKJE TO I^ARGARFTS BAY (cn) ^m^it ia» /' i \ i V »■ I "• - « • • ')BOROUCH COUNTY m SlLVRI/iN ...C ^£/ S S 31:, :!-^o *T^.„ s^ \ \ ' I r lC^-. - ,- - 3 BE ^ -J *. . [ 1 I AY/r-Vf>r:r //ry^ /f^^//^^X,yy J-. SCCTfOKPR CUYSdOROUCH COUNTY J. S iLVRIAN ji ... C ^ £ J S S '^H^ j^'^r^^ f U ^ o ^ jj^ A J}^ i^^ ♦ »%.-•?: -' *v SCCTfOKPROW A TO B -^■'■^=mm fmm -J I..-.- .^■tn^.if.-.^ ■ -. ■(>-- ;r]^,,- •\_/ ^•^^'i ^:;»^%., ■*«■ ^fr:. L.: ;?«^^. T r — • • 4 "■« I_, REPORT pa TBI 5"53.4I mERBROOKE GOLD DISTRICT, TOGETHER WITH A PAPER ON THE GNEISSES OF NOVA SCOTIA, AND AN ABSTRACT OF A PAPER ON GOLD MINING IN NOVA SCOTIA. (Read before the Oeologie»l Soeiety of London, April, 1970. and the Sooiety of Artf, London, H»y, 1870.) Bt henry YOULE hind, M.A. • • • • •••• .'. ; • • « • • T HALIFAX, N. S. PRINTED BT CHARLES ANNAND. 1870. r*- ■r£* .' / > .•% . .1 J si- ?■ • tSu*^ i^ i ^. ■fWWWl'.' "If T»' CONTENTS. m % I. Letter to the Hon. R. Robertson, M.E.C. 1. iSherbrooke District. 2. The Gold-bearing Lodes. 3. Low grade Quartz or MineraL 4. Slate Bands. 5. Analysis of Tailings. 6. Alluvial Gold. 7. Ancient Auriferous Drifts. IL Introduction. III. Tlie Gneisses of Nova Scotia underlying the gold-bearing rocks. IV. Tbe Sherbrooke Gold District. 1. The Anticlinal Axis. 2. West side of St. Mary's River. 3. Dislocations. 4. The Lodes at Sherbrooke. 5. Mining Economics at Sherbrooke. 6. The Gold Stre.ik. 7. T.'ibles showing annual yield at Sherbrooke, v. On Gold Mining and its Prospects in Nova Scotia. Appendix. 57909 r ; t-',^ ~yV.:r « if >' LETTER. TO THE HON. ROBERT ROBERTSON, M. E. C. Sir, — Besides a Report on the Sherbrooke Gold District, the following pages embrace a paper read this spring before the Geological Society of London on the Gneissic Rocks of Nova Scotia, and an abstract of a paper read before the Society of Arts, London, on " Gold Mining and its prospects in Nova Scotia." 1. — Sherbrooke District. The Report on the Sherbrooke District is necessarily more condensed than it would have been in the absence of the other papers alluded to, with a view to avoid useless repetition. The importance of the Gold District of Sherbrooke is daily becoming more manifest, and the returns from some of the mines have latterly been very satisfactory, and a few of the enterprises there, which were not based upon a substantial financial footing, have given place to, or are in process of being represented by others of a more practical character. For obvious reasons I have carefully avoided referring to the names of different proprietors, but with a view of fairly representing the amount of gold obtained from different areas, a comprehensive table at the close of the Report, furnished by the Mines Department, gives the gold product from time to time of certain parcels of quartz, the quantity of quartz crushed, the areas from which the quartz was taken, and the leases in which those areas are now included. -J. 2. — The Gold-bearing Lodes. I have adverted at some length to the different kinds of gold-bearing lodes which are more or less worked in the several Districts in the Province. These are described as the bedded lodes, the intercalated lodes, the gash lodes and the VI. LETTER. r^ .! truG veins. Tlio bedded and intercalated lodes being lliose "wbich lie parallel uith the stratification, the gash and true veins cutting the strata at various angles. Recent experience shows that too little attention has been devoted to the true veins, which are generally of later ago than the bedded lodesi During the present year small, but remarkably rich true veins have been worked at Montague and Oldham, and formerly, at Mount Uniacke, a small true vein yielded valuable results. At Tangier the true veins, locally called " bull veins " have been entirely neglected, and during a recent examination of one of the mining properties at Tangier, the presence of a " bull vein " near a budded lode was represented to be very prejudicial, and " to make the bedded lode poor," where it cuts the bedded lode or closely approaches it. As long ago as 1864, Professor Silliman noticed this in a report on the then " New York and Nova Scotia Gold Mining Company." In speaking of the "Middle lode " he says " it is associated with what is locally called a ' bull lode,' or cross course, two or three feet thick, intersecting the place of stratification, and therefore a true vein. Lodes of this description in Nova Scotia are usually barren of gold. Hence a prejudice arose against this Middle lode, which shows but little sulphurets, and the quartz of which is of a compact, somewhat oilv character." A ''bull lode," or fissure vein, approaches, touches, but apparently does not cut the well known and ricli Leary lode at Tangier, and the crushings show that the Leary lode near the "bull vein" is much less rich than some few yards from the point of contact. Doubtless there has been a transference of minerals, gold included, from the older bedded lode to the newer "bull vein," and as this vein is many inches in thickness, although it may be poor compared with the Leary lode itself, it is a store in reserve which will one day become available when crushing can be profitably accomplished, with quartz yielding 4 or 5 dwts a ton ; which, with veins from 16 inches to two feet in thickness can be done with water power. Attention should be directed to these " bull veins," in consequence of their frequent occurrence in some districts, and the prejudice which attaches to them. They may yet be found to be well worth careful crushing, and in connection with the more frequent working of very rich, LETTER. Vll. ode/ or but small true veins, they reveal a sourco of gold wealth hitherto comparatively neglected in the Province. 3. — Low Grade Quartz or Mineral. It is a popular impression in Nova Scotia that large lodes, whether bedded or occurring as true veins, and showing a thickness of two, three and even four feet of white quartz are barren, although I am not aware that any attempts on a largo scale, say the crushing of ten to twenty tons of such quartz, with the subsequent analysis of the tailings to discover the loss, has ever been attempted in Nova Scotia. I have frequently urged the importance of a fair trial of some of these large lodes, in which analysis shows the existence of gold, but without success. The impression appears to prevail that unless gold can bo seen by the unassisted eye in a lode it is useless to crush it, and it is stigmatized as barren. These large lodes are common at Mount Uniacke, Sherbrooke, and especially at Mooseland. If they yield but 4 dwts to the ton and preserve a thickness of three feet, which they often show at the surf^Ace for many hundred yards, they can be profitably worked by water power and economical manipulation. 4. — Slate Bands. There is, however, another highly important source of gold which has not yet received due attention in any mining dis- trict in the Province. In several districts, among which Sher- brooke, Wine Harbor, Tangier, Mooseland, and EcumSecum, may be mentioned, there have been found belts of slate interseamed with numerous small and probably intercalated gold-bearing lodes ; the whole mass of slate and quartz yielding from four to seven pennyweigiits of gold per ton. On page 30 of this report, attention is drawn to the extra- ordinary low average yield of some mines in Victoria, which are worked with a profit. From 2 dwts. 2.38 grs. to 5 dwts. 9.01 grains per ton are recorded as the returns of more than one million tons of quartz crushed in Victoiia. The condi- tions are, an unlimited supply of ore cheaply obtained, and cheap crushing. I have been informed on the best authority that the cost of crushing mineral (drift on the bed rock, &c.) has been accom- Vlll. LETTER. plishod in Nova Scotia, by means of water-power, at a cost of from 35 cents to 40 cents a ton, including interest on the capital sunk in the construction of tlie mill. Large belts of slate holding small and intermittent lodes, common through- out Nova Scotia, can be mined and conveyed to the mill for from $\ to $1.50 a ton in some districts, when favorably situ- ated. By water-power this mineral can be crushed at a maxi- mum cost of 50 cents a ton ; hence the total cost will be $2 a ton. Any excess of gold over 2 dwts. and 3 grains per ton will be added to the profit side ot the account ; and here we may approach the successful mining operations pursued at Ballarat, Sandhurst, &c., in Victoria. Water-power is an essential requisite, for, with the utmost economy, it is barely possible to crush with steam-power at a less rate than $1 .25 per ton. Hence, I think we are justified in entertaining the opinion that the cheap crushing of low grade quartz will soon attract the attention it merits in Nova Scotia. In one district I have recently had the opportunity of ex- amining, the enterprising proprietors of a large mining proper- ty, wliich embraces numerous belts of auriferous slate with small lodes, are now constructing a water-power mill capable of driving from forty to fifty stamps. They propose to direct especial attention to the slate belts, and to adopt the principle of crushing cheaply mined, low grade mineral, with the utmost economy. The multiplication of enterprises of this character will rapidly change the general features of Nova Scotia gold mining. 5. — Analysis of Tailings. The systematic analysis of tailings is very generally neglected throughout the Province. Without this guide it is impossible to know the amount of daily loss in the manipulation of the quartz. The concentration of the tailings by means of Buddies, Blanket Strakes, &c., is still unknown, although about to be adopted in one instance, and the use of long sluices and sluice boxes to save floured mercur}' is not practised. The analysis of the tailings would not only afibrd a fair idea of their value, but the greater or less daily loss would lead to the adoption of changes in the mode of manipulation which I I « 1 LETTER. IX. will gold erally it IS ation ans of about s and ridea sad to vhich i would result in tho saving of a considerable quantity of gold. The alterations which suggest themselves in some instances are a change in the size of the screen meshes, the prevention of the splash in the stamp boxes, a diminution or increase in the quantity of mercury introduced into the stamping boxes, a less or greater inclination in tho copper plates, and where arsenical ores prevail the adoption of proper artiBces to keep tho plates clean. Attempts have frequently been made to roast the pyrites, and highly pyritous ores previously to crushing, the object being to drive off the arsenic and sulphur. This has been attempted in some instances in kilns, in others in open air. In both cases failure is a necessary consequence of the mode of attaining the object in view. The heat and access of heated air in a kiln, and still less in an exposed heap, is wholly insufficient to drive off the arsenic and sulphur. A part only is driven off, and the condensation of a portion on the cooler exterior of the mass of ore does more harm than good by coating the gold and preventing its amalgamation. A rever- batory furnace is alone capable of completing the operation in a thorough manner. In the works of Brough Smyth, Phillips, and more especially of Kustel, descriptions of these furnaces are given. At some of the mining establishments at Sherbrooko, where successful operations are now being carried on, the employment of a few of the artifices alluded to, especially where water power is available, will enable them to manipulate low grade quartz profitably, which has hitherto been considered worthless, and thus largely extend their sphere of successful operations. 6. — Alluvial Gold. Alluvial gold mining has not been carried on in Nova Scotia in any degree commensurate with the value of tho auriferous deposits which are in a greater or less degree known to exist, and which in all probability occur to a much larger extent than is generally supposed. An impression has arisen that the gold districts of Nova Scotia as well as the greater portion of the Province, present nothing but rocky denuded areas, without any or at least very small drift deposits. The contrary is indeed the case iu X. LETTER. r !•! I some districts, nnd numerous wiJo spread surfucos exist where alluvial gold raining cannot fail to be pursued with great profit if sufficient capital is embarked in the enterprise. Drift deposits are found at Waverley, upwards of fifty feet deep, and at Tangier, similar deposits exist which have already yielded remarkable returns and have been abandoned on account of want of means to copo with the influx of water. A moment's reflection Avill satisfy the most incrodulous, that where rich gold-bearing lodes are exposed near the surface, in the valleys adjacent to such exposures or in crevices in the rocky surfaces, the gold from the denuded lodes must have accumulated by its gravity. Wimn, however, the lodes occur at the summit of a hill or on its slope, in tlie valley below, whether occupied by a lake, swamp, or l>y drift, much of the liberated gold will be found on the bed rock and in the cre- vices, or in the lowest stratum of drift. It has been alleged that the greater part of the former auriferous drift of Nova Scotia has been carried by glacial action into the Atlantic, and now forms the submarine banks of the coast. Any one fami- liar with the laws which govern the distribution of gold in sand and drift gravels know well, that unless intercepted by a bed of clay, gold, however fine, will always filter through sand, and the allegation that sand j)e)^ se is auriferous any- where must bo received with due caution. Some retentive substratum must exist to arrest tl^e downward progress of the gold. Nowhere do we meet with a more striking illustration of the wonderful facility with which gold seeks the lowest level than in the tailings of our crushing mills. It is useless to search the sands of the tailings for gold. The metal may be found, and is largely found in the cemented masses of sand whose particles are agglutinated by oxide of iron, and thus arrest the downward progress of the gold ; but in pure sand, gold, however fine, is always moving downwards, im- pelled by its great specific gravity, which is from seven to seven and a half times that of the sand. Bains, variations of the atmosphere, and vibrations, all accelerate the downward progress of gold, and in examining tailings, apart from the cemented masses, we must look at the bottom of the heap. So also in natural gravels, they must be examined at or near the bed-rock; if they coutaiu a notable per ceutage of clay I LETTEH. Xl i.st "wlicro ith great ise. fifty feet already lonod on of water. louH, tliat ) surface, )vices m lust liavo lies occur 3y below, )h of the k the cre- 1 alleged of Nova uitic, ami one famU i gold ill force pted tlirough 0U3 any- reteutivo )S8 of tho ut>tration e lowest s Uf^eless tal may asses of ron, and in pure irds, im- oven to ations of wnward rom tho »o heap, or near of clay aomo gold will bo arrested, but in all cases the bottom of tho deposit will contain nearly all the gold, if the gravels or sands are of an incoherent nature : hence, it follows that lake bottoms lying at the base of hills where auriferous lodes occur will be found rich in the metal. Precisely this condition of things occurs at Tangier. Copper Lake and Rush Lake lie at the base of tho hill where many gold bearing leads are exposed, and on tho bed rock and especially in the crevices of the euifaco and some feet downwards, gold to an extent, probably wholly unexpected, will, during ages of denudation, have accumulated. Already attempts have been made to drain Copper Lake, but the drainage channel carried off only the visible water of tho lake, so that as soon as shafts were sunk in the former bot- tom, water soon arrested progress in the absence of proper pumping machinery. It is now proposed to drain Copper Lake effectually by moans of an adit level on the course of the Field lode. Already upwards of 400 feet have been excavated at a depth considerably below tho level of the lake as far as known. There remains but a distance of 200 feet to tunnel, and in all probability the greater portion, if not tho whole of Copper Lake, will be easily and successfully mined for alluvial gold. Hush Lake, on the other hand, is about 23 feet above the sea level. It is proposed to ex(%avato an open trench from the sea-shore to Kush Lake. The distance does not exceed 1850 feet, and the streamlet would afford the water supply of the filuiecs. Not only is the whole of Rush Lake a very promis- ing field of " Pay dirt," but also the valley through which tho streamlet flowing from it, finds its way to the sea. Care must be taken to wash only the lowest stratum of gravel and to excavate the channel in the bed-rock if possible, washing the whole of the excavated rocky portion. Numerous quartz boulders will be found in the drift ; these- should be reserved for the mill. So large indeed is the num- ber of these boulders, most of those visible showing gold,, that the works for draining Rush Lake, and sluicing the " Pay dirt," will very probably be paid for out of the yield of the quartz boulders alone. In order that operations for winning the alluvial gold in # ff I XII. ^, LETTER. Copper and Ruwh Lakes may be entirely Biiccessful, the work must be thoroughly done. The lowest attainable level should bo preserved, and only the hiwesl stratum of gravel passed through the sluice, without the excavations reveal, which is not probable, a retentive bed of clay in the drift. The large I boulders need not bo touched, unless they rest on bed rock it is desirable should be sluiced. The area where alluvial gold will be found in richly paying quantities is not confined in this district to Copper and Rush Lakes, a considerable portion of the valley leading into Pope's Harbour lies under gold-bearing lodes, which occupy the neighbouring hill and pass tiirough this denuded valley itself. It is here that attempts were made some years since to win alluvial gold, many nuggets were found and a considerable quantity of fine and coarse gold, but here as elsewhere, water arrested the progress of the enterprise, which was not carried on with adequate moans or appliances. I have adverted at some length to this subject, because there appears to be no doubt that there are many localities in Nova Scotia where all the conditions are favourable for alluvial mining, and it is advisable that attention be directed to this important source of gold. 7. — Ancient Auriferous Drifts. In the paper read before the Society of Arts, I adverted very briefly to the occurrence of auriferous drift at the base of the Lower Carboniferous Conglomerate on Gay's River. Where the Carboniferous Conglomerates are seen to rest on the gold-bearing rocks, it is reasonable to supi)oso that much of the material of which they are composed will have been derived from the wearing away of the underlying gold-bearing strata, and here we may anticipate the occurrence of aurifer- ous drift, especially in ancient river valleys. These conditions appear to be fulfilled in the lower portion of the valley of the St. Croix, and some of its tributaries, also in the vicinity of the Renfrew gold district and elsewhere. The ancient river valle3'8 are b}' no means necessarily coincident with existing % valleys, but may be many hundred yards removed from them and far more profound, or on the adjacent hill-sides. It is clear, however, that when such an ancient river valley is onco LETTER. ••• Xlll. ed ase er. on ch jen Ing er- ns he of er ng em is lico discovered and found to hold auriferous drift, an immense field would present itself for enterprise. In Australia the ancient river valleys which have proved so productive are frequently discovered several hundred feet below the exist- ing surface and sometimes the gravels they contain are deeply covered willi basaltic ro(tks. In Bniugh Smyth's work many instructive sections are shown which may be studied with advantage in connection with the auriferous lower carbonifer* ous conglomerates of Nova Scotia. The supposition embodied in the foot note on page 8, that a synclinal fold exists in the black slates west of Ellerhouse Station, appears from recent examination to be very probable. This structure would involve the recurrence of the gold-hear- ing series between Ellerhouse and Newport Station, and the argillites there seen would represent the less altered portions of that series, which would sweep in the form of a very nar- row belt round the carboniferous basin of the Avon River towards the Falmouth Mountains. It is with reference to this probab'e extension of the gold-bearing rocks, that the conglomerate at the base of the lower carboniferous series acquires a similar interest to the auriferous conglomerate on Gay's River. I have the honor to be, Your obedient servant, HENRY Y. HIND. Windsor, June, 1870. 1 i • ■• i!: I .1.. . . »>. .!..x.-^ "4 Tr r - 1 INTRODUCTION. Throughout the length of Nova Scotia, from the Gut of Caiiso to the Tusket Islands, their exists an interrupted axia of Granitic rocks, which have hitherto been regarded as almost altogether comporied of eruptive granite. The aspect of these rooks at the first glance tends strongly to support this vieN-*', and even a more minute examination of their relations to the gold-bearing quartxites which abut on tliem, appears to oifer additional proof of their igneous and intrusive origin. At the junction of the visibly stratified qiiartzites, sup- posed to be of Lower Silurian age, granitic veins are fre- quently seen to ramify throughout a few feet of the quartz- ites, and masses of a schist, resembling in some particular* the altered quartzites and slates near the granitic rocks ara wholly imbedded in the granite. Hence, any one relying upon the evidences which a cursory examination is capable oi affording in many places where the junction of the two rocks is visil !>, would be disposed to assert with confidence that the granite was an intrusive rock, and that there had been am outburst of this molten material from one end of Nova Scotia to the other. If, however, the relations of the granitic rocks- and the quartzites be examined in several different localities remote from one another, the conclusion is irresistible that the granite is a sedimentary deposit, and consists of two deposits resting unconformably upon one another. This is especially to be noticed about half a mile in the rear of Sherbrooke village, on Lynch'a Mountain, where the gold-bearing rocks are seen to rest on bedded gneiss holding boulders of a schist,, which is visible in beds with gneiss (granite) above and gneiss (granite) below, near Mount Uniacke. But the most remarkable proofs of the aqueous origin of the granite rocks and consequently of their stratified character are the boulders and pebbles they contain. These, except on freshly exposed surfaces, are rarely visible without careful i if u search, elsewhere than in railway cuttings and quarries. The granites almost always hold wator-worn pebbles and boulders, and this not near the junction with quartzites only, but remote from these rocks. Again, these pebbles are symmetrically arranged, showing the dip of the gneiss. They are often smooth and rounded; and sometimes also masses of schist, which do not present rounded edges, occur in the granite. Viewed on a large scale, the granite is seen to be arranged in the form of thick beds whose strike is the same as the pebbles. The granite, or rather gneisses, break through the gold-bear- ing series in many places, but they are bi;ought up by faults — and four miles from Sherbrooke this form of contact can be seen without the slightest alteration in the adjacent quartzites. In other places, as on the line of the Ilalifix and Windsor rail- road, the gneisses appear to have in a plastic slate where the uplift took place, for veins are found squeezed into the cracks ;and interstices of the thin bedded gold-bearing rocks, and it is ;this aspect which leads at the first blush to the impression that the " granite '' is an intrusive rock, and not a lower sories brought up by a fault, an illusion which careful examination at Sherbrooke and other parts of Nova Scotia server to dispel. In speaking of the granites in Victoria, Mr. Brough Smyth makes the following remarks : — "As connected with the theories of this writer (Thomas Belt, Esq.) it is not out of place to refer to the opinion of the Government Geologist, who says that ' granites are in no sense intrusive or irruptive unasses, but only the completely transmuted ends of the iSilurian rocks, which have either been lowered in early geo- 'loffical times to within the influence of central heat, or bv some means have been subjected to other powerful transmu- ting agencies.'* In Nova Scotia, the granites belong to a lower sedimentary series than the gold-bearing rocks which are supposed to be of Silurian age, since these deposits rests un conformably upon them. * Gold Fields of Victoria. 3 THE GNEISSES OF NOVA SCOTIA UNDERLYING THE GOLD- BEARING ROCKS* Tl\o descriptions contained in this paper, so far as they relate to Nova Scotia, are in the main the resnlts of observa- tions during the summers of 1868 and 1869, while making Geological surveys for the Nova Scotia Government, on tho gold districts of Waverly and Sherbrooke. The comparisons with New Brunswick are based on my official Report in the * (From the Abstracts of the Proceedings of the Geological Society of London.] " On tho two (-rncisaiod series in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, supposed to ba the oquiviilents of the Huronian (Carabrinn) and FiUarentian." By H, Ifoule Hind, Esq., M. A. Communicated by Professor Kamsay, F. R, S., F. G. S. 'L'lils- paper described the relations of two fjneissoid series in Nova Scotia and New Bninriwick, wliich have hitherto been regarded as intrusive granites and syenites, and have been thus n^presented on the published geological niaps of those provinces. The author conyidered that those gneisses were in tho main of Laurentian agf, tho Huronian or Cambrian rocks occurring only in patches over a vast area of Laurentian poiphyroid gneiss. Tlie old gneiss was stated to brought to the surface by three great undulations be- tween the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia and the Laurentian axis of America north of St. Lawrence, These axis were rudely parallel to one another, and in the troughs which lay between them the Silurian, Devonian and Carboniferous series occurred in regular sequence, tho New Brunswick Coal-field occupying the central trough. On the line of section, in troughs to the north-west and south-east, the Lower Carbo- niferous was stated to be the highest rock series which has escaped denudation. The gold-bearing nwks of Nova Scotia are of Lower Silurian ago, and rest either on Huronian strata or, where these have been removed by denudation, on tho old Laurentian gneiss. Tho gold is found chiefly in beds of auriferous quartz of contem- poraneous age with the slates and quartzites composing the mass of the series, which, in Nova Scotia, is 12,000 feet thick ; and the auriferous beds are worked, iu ouf dis- trict or another, through a vertical space of 6000 feet. Besides auriferous beds of quartz, intercalated beds and trne veins are found to yield gold, and are worked. A series of sharp and well defined anticlinals ridge the province of Nova Scotia from east to west, while another series of low broad anticlinals of much later date have a ineredianal course. At the intersection of these anticlinals the gold districts- are situated, because their denudation has best exposed the upturned edges of the auriferous beils of quartz, and rendered them accessible, sometimes exposing tho un- derlying gneiss. Plans of Waverly and Sherbrooke gold districts wore exhibited showing the outcrop of the edges of the slates and auriferous beds of quartz in semi- elh'ptical forms, with gneiss at tho base of the ellipse. On this ground it was su;_'gosted that a correct mapping of the gneisses of Nova Scotia would have an important influ- ence on the developement of tho mirionil resources of the province. A plan of some of the lodes in the Waverly gold district showed the result of opera- tions in 1869, subsequently to the publication of a geological map and sections of the district furnished to the department of Mines by the author in 1868. Citations were made from tho annual reports just issued by the Chief Commissioner of Mines and cf the Inspector of Mines, confirming the correctness of the author's plans exhibiting the geological structure of Waverly, which is a type of all tho Nova Scotian districts. Discussion. — Principal Dawson spoke in confirmation of the fact that tho Palas- ozoic rf)cks are underlain by Laurentian gneiss, &o., quite to tho eastern const of Biitish North America, and stated tlint the same i-olution occurred in Newfountlland, am! had been traced southward into Massachusetts. He confirmed Mr. Hind's views generally, and stated that the Lower Silurian of Nova Scotia includes no great fossi- liferous limestone like that of the interior of North America. The supposed Eozoon discovered by Dr. Honeyman, was probably distinct from E- canadense, but was certainly a Foraminiferal organism allied to Eozoon ; but as Eozoon bohemicum is of later date than E. canadense, the presence of Eozoon did not necessarily indicate Laiu-entian age. Professor Ramsay suggests that other organism besides Eozoon aided in building hi !i ir geology of that Province; * unrl tlie references to Capo T?retorr, when not otherwise stated, are from MS. notes of exploration* in that Island in 1866. The object of this paper is to »how thitt two giteissoid series- supposed to be the equivalents of the Huronian and Lauren- tian of Sir W. E. Logan^ are exposed over very large areas in Nova Scotia, the Island of Capo Breton, and in New Bruns- wick. The boundaries of the series luivo been tracecT through parts of Halifax, Hants, and Guysborough counties, in Nova Scotia. In New Brnnswick,| nuiuerons narrow beltt* extend- ing irom the Bay of Chaleur to the boundary line between Now Brunswick and Maine, are supposed to represent these Gneisses, and are described in niv Report on New Bruns- wick, published in 1865, (pp. 42-i>2.') Geological maps of Nova Scotia were pwbiishe-d bv Br. Abraham Gesnor, in 1836,^ by Dr. Dawson, 1865,|| ami 1868,§. and by Sir William E. Logan, in 1865,11 and 1869.** Sir William Logan states, in his introduction to his Atlas of Maps and Sections, that ior the Geology of Nova Scotia, '' a manuscript map by Dr. J. W. Dawson, compiled from his own re- sources and those of Messrs. B. Brown and H. Poi)le,has been the source of information." Heu'ce, in making the necessary comparisons between the subjects of thi« paper, and the published descriptions and maps of Nova Scotia, I shall havo to refer almost exclusively to Dr. Dawson's map of 1868, accompanying the 2nd edition of his beautiful work on Aca- dian Geology. up these great calcareous masses. He iiiquii-ed as to tlw mode of occurrence of gold, and suggested that the gold la obta»i>ed at tlm nnticlinals merely beeause the exposure is better, and that it will be found to (>ervade the syncliiiuis also. Mr. Henry Robinson had visited the WnveiTy district in company with Prof. Hind,, in the winter of Isr.S, at which time the mining on the lodes reftfrred to in the map before the Societ us at a standstill, the lodes having been lost by reason of a fault. He thought it very satisfactory to ftnd that the explorations of Professor Kind, andT the theoretical portion which ho assigned to the lodes, had been completely verified. Mr. Kobinson also stated that gold is being mined in the syiicliDals by sinking sbail^ and driving cross-cuts. Mr. Hind remarked that all the Lower Silurian in Nova Scotia was auriferous, and that the gold was derived from the underlying Lao-rcntian rocks. He stated that Sir W. E. Logan had indicated an anriferons zone in the Limientian of Canada. Gold was finely distributed in the slates of Nova Scotia, as in Victoria, in the neighborhood of lodes, according to Mr. Brough Smyth. * Preliminary Rejwrt on the Geology of New Brunswick, Fredericton, 1865. t In Southern Now Brunswick, Prof. Bailey and Mr. Matthew have discovered, and described rocks of Laurentiivn and Huronian age. — "Observations on the Geology of Southern Now Brunswick." Fredericton, 1865. Also, see an able paper by Mr. Matthew in the Journal of the Geological Society of London, for 1865. :{: Remarks on the Geology and Mineralogy of Nova Scotia by Abraham Gesncr, Halifax, 1836. II Acadian Geology. 1st Edition. § Acadian Geology, 2nd Edition. MacMillan & Co., London, 1868. IT Atlas of Ma|is and Sections. Montreal ; Dawson Brothers, 1865. *' Geological Maps of Canada and the adjacent regions; 1869, London, lildward StandTord, of In a prollininarv Report* on the supposed Lanrentian of l^ova Scotia, T have qnoted Kome passages from Dr. Dawson's "work, especially the explanation to the Geological map, in Avlii^h the uncertainty of" the boundaries of formations, and the doubtful age of some of the strata, is adverted to. The recognition of a very large gnnissoid area in Nova Scotia, supposed to represent two series not hitherto described as ■occurring in the Province, will enable some of the changes in pt\rt anticipated by Dr. Dawson to bo foreshadowed with some degree of accuracy; and it is proper to repeat here Dr. Dawson's first paragraph of the ^' Kxplanation to the Geo- logical Map:" — *' The Map in this edition though greatly im- proved, is still to be regarded as merely a rude approximation to the truth, and the colouring in many places, more especially in the interi(»r, remote from the coast lines, is little more than conjectural." In various parts of 'Acadian Geology,' reference is made to rocks which were suspected by Dr. Dawson to be older than tfie Lower Silurian slates and quartzites. (see particularly page €20, Acadian Geology, 2nd edition.) Tliese will probably now be classed with the IIunMiian series and the massive porphy- roid granitoid gneiss on whicli thoy rest with the Lanrentian. Dr. Sterry Hunt visited Nova Scotia in November, 1867, ■" for the purj)ose of making some observations on the gold- bearing rocks of that Province, with the view of comparing them with those of other parts of the Dominion, and also of obtaining sncu infornrntion as might be useful in the event of a Geological survey oi" Nova Scotia itself." Dr. Hunt's stay in the Province was limited to four weeks in the months of November and Deceinber, and in the descriptions which ho has given in his ofheial report to Sir W. E. Logan,f he quotes the following as the principal sources of information about the geology and mitieralogy ot Nova Scotia; Dr. Dawson's Acadian Geoiogy, 1st edition; ^h. Poole's report ; Mr. Camp- bell's reports-; Professor B. Silllman's reports on Tangier, Wa- verly, and Montagu gold districts. The ancient stratified rocks of the gold region are described !)y Dr. Hunt as extending along the Atlantic coast for a dis- tance of about 250 miles, from Cape Sable on the west to Cape ('ansoau on the east, with a suporfices of about COOO square miles, but this descri{)tion is stated to be on the authority of the 1st edition of Dr. Dawson's Acadian Geology, coupled \vith the observations lie was able to make during his brief * Pr<4iiTiiniiry Itoport o« h ftiipiiasoid St'ti<>M undorljing tho Gold rocks of Nova Scotia, iiiid supposed to l>o the eqiiivalt of ChcticBu Mand, on tho Gull" const, nnd at Trout Brook, five miles north-caat above Cheticun, mottled sandstones and conglomerates rests uncoiiformably on white and mottled snndstonea and bituminous shales, supposed to be of lower carboniferous age. These latter rest uncouformably, the first on red metamorphic rocks, the second are 8cen in close prox- imity to red, green, and black corrugated schists, supposed to be of lower Siluiiaa age. In Dr, Dawson's tabular view of the geological formations of the Acadian J*ro- vinces, (page 19 Acadian Geol.) tho Permian is stated to bo " not represented unless by the lower part of the sandstones of Prince Edward Island. May not the nncon- lormable patches iu Capo Breton be a continuation of these Prince Edward Island, deposits ?" t Pago 498 Dawson's Acadian Geology. 2nd Edition. T i 1 8 visionallv regarded as upper Silurian argiHitos. The grits dip N. 60° W. angle, 5° ; the argillltea S. 70° E., angle 50°. The argillltosaro generally very fine grained, green internally, but red weathering; they are interstratlfied with thin beds of quartziteH, and have a breadth near the railway of 170 chains, their dip being tolerably uniform, and no repetliiuns visible ; their thickness may approach 9,000 feet. Tlie argillites resemble in many particulars, argillltea seen on the Tobique, in New Brunswick, and there associated with thin calcareous beds, holding FavosUes GotJilandica. These are described in my Report on New Brunswick.* Towards the upper portion of the series the argillites are conformably succeeded by bluish black slates, holding cubical crystals of iron pyrites, and resembling roofing slates. A similar change occurs in the Tobique, in New Brunswick. These bluish black slates are exposed to a great extent on the Ardoise Hill range.f The Lower Silurian. A good exposure of the blue black upper Silurian slates is visible at the thirteenth telegraph post, south of Ellerhouso station on the Halifax and Windsor railway, dipping S. 20° E., and at the 38th telegraph post brilliant micaceous schists, overlaid by black corrugated slates, dip N. 40 E., the inter- mediate space being covered with boulder drift. The bril- liant micaceous schists, as v/ell as corrugated slates are much contorted, and overlie conformably the gold-bearing quartzlto series. The micaceous schists and the corrugated black slates can not be distinguished from similar schists and slates occurring on the Nlpisigult, and near Dumbarton station on tli'> New Brunswick and Canada railroad in New Brunswick, where they are associated with the red slates, supposed to be the uppermost member of the Quebec group of Sir W. E. Logan.* The corrugated slates and schists contain conformable aurifer- ous beds of quartz, but no mining is at present carried on In these deposits. They are about 3,000 feet in thickness. in the eastern part of the Province, but acquire double that thickness towards the western extremity. Underneath the black slates, the worked gold-bearing strata described sub- sequently, are conformably disposed. Their thickness being about 9,000 feet, the total thickness of the lower Silurian ♦Page '131. t The occurrence of a soriea of slates not differing widely from those on which they appear to rest unconformably, sugf^csts the possibility of their being n repetition of the same series in the form of a synclinal fold. The underlying Argillites may also be the gold bearing series, less altered, tlian beds on the opposite side of the synclinal which are in close proximity to the gneiss. Until actual contact is discovered, this scries is provisionally regarded as upper Silurian. 9 series, as far a8 ascortained in Nova Scotia is, from 12,000 to 15,000 loet. Some poculiaritios in thoao de|JOsit Aviil bo noticed further on. The Cambrian or Iluronian Series. In some parts of Nova Scotia tho known gol(l-l)oaring rocks rest unconforrnably on a gneissoid series, wliicli aro exposed to view on the Ilahfax and Windsor railway, between Stillwater and Monnt Uniacko stations, but more especially near the village of Sherbrooke, in Guysborough county. This series is composed of beds of gneiss, intcrstratified with micaceous scliists, schist conglomerate, beds of true quartzite, and grits. The gneiss is sometimes porphyritic_ and tho upper beds aro almost always conglomerate, holding pebbles and masses of schist, grits, and conglomerates, wliich are found in this series. Some of the gneissic strata are garnetiferous, as aro also the micaceous schists. Between Stillwater and Mount Uniacke stations the general strike of tho lower Silu- rian is N. 80°. E. dip N. angle 80°; the prevailing strike of the Huronian is S. 50° E., tho railroad track running for two or tbree miles on the strike of these rocks. Near to their junc- tion with the Huronian the Silurian strata are more altered than when remote from them, and hold numerous crystals of Andalusito. This series has been very extensively denuded, and in some places Silurian, Huronian, ftnd Laurentian aro seen in close juxtaposition. The thickness at Sherbrooke is about 1300 feet. When the Preliminary Report, already referred to, was in the hands of the printer, I satisfied myself by repeated obser- vations that a very decided unconformability existed between these supposed older strata and the gold-bearing series, also between the older series and the Ijaurentian ; and I have succeeded in discovering in various places: 1st. The unconformable contact of the lower Silurian gold- bearing strata with the underlying gneissoid and schistose series ; 2nd. The unconformable contact of this gneissoid and schis- tose series with the old porphyroid gneiss which I had before described as Laurentian ; 3rd. The uncomformable contact of tho gold-bearing series with the old Laurentian gneiss, showing the absence of the intermediate gneissoid series, or tlie Huronian. These several points of contact are visible at both extremi- .-. ..--.i^^. --■...-.■^ ■^j.J^'^tujtfA-L- JL.^I'^i.^.L., ...... T VI I 10 t ties of a patch of ITuroiiian strata about four miles broad, overlyiiifj^ the Laurciitian on tlio Windsor and Halifax railway, cominuiicin^ ouo milo or tlioroaboiit, Hoiith-oast of Now Still- ■watcu' station, and terminating at Uniaclco'n sooond lake, not moro than half-a-milo west of Mount Uniacko station. Oil the map showing tho distribution of the Lanrontian and JFTuronian in part of Halifax and IFants nounties, two patchea only of the IJuronian series are indicated. Tho existence of other patches ot Huronian are known to mo along tho indicated margin of the outcroj) of the Laurentian, but so little is known respecting tho extent, that I have i)referred to mark only the position of two im[)ortant areas, one near Mount Uniacke, tho other forming tho range of hills near AVindsor. The Laurentian Series. The rocks last described are visible, as already stated, in unconfoi'mablo contact with a coarse j)or{)hyroid, granitoid gneiss near Stillwater station. The strike of the granitoid gneiss is N. 10° VV., dip W., at an angle of about 48 degrees. Five miles further south, and within a third of a mile of Mount Uniacke station, the Silurian qiiartzitcs rest on tho Laurentian gneiss — tho quartzitcs having a strike N. 75° W., and tho old gneiss N. 20° W. Between Stillwater and Mount Uniacke, the Tluronian series rests on the old gneiss, and tho Silurian on the Huronian, but north of Stillwater and south of JMount Uniacke, the Silurian strata are in contact with tho Laurentian gneiss, and so continue until another patch of Huronian is reached, — this last named series appearing to cover compara- tively small areas in the great Laurentian valley between Halifax and Windsor, but in the moro western counties it is exposed, I have reason to believe, to a very considerablo extent. In the county of Guysborough, the gold-bearing rocks at Sherbrooke rest on the Huronian, which, again, is seen close at hand to repose on tho old Laurentian gneiss. Li tho middle and eastern part of Nova Scotia, the thickness of tho Hurtmian does not aj)pear to be very considerable, but no complete section has yet been crossed except at Sherbrooke. Between Halifax and Windsor, the lower Silurian series occu- pies a great valle}^ or synclinal fold in the old Laurentian gneiss. The average breadth of the valley is nine miles and its depth must exceed two miles Its general course is north- west (true), and the gold districts of Mount Uniacko and 11 Uuintnond's Plains aro armngod on its wcstorn boiiiidiiry, and thoso of Liiwronootown, VVaverly, Montagu, and llcn- frtnv, on the eaatcrn boundary of the valloy, ""nipying crowns of untidinals, which have a general north-t .^t by oast direc- tion. In one part of tlio county of Gnysborough tlio Laurontian, with a narrow band (as far as known) of Huronian, forms a nucleus, having an area of about 120 square niilen. Around this nucleus the Gold districts of Cochran's Hill, Sherbrooke, Wine Harbor, Isaac's Harbor, and Country Harbor, are arranged, also on the crowns of anticlinals, which have a general easterly and westerly direction. The profound Silurian valley shown in the ma]), between ITulitax and Windsor, divides the Atlantic portion of Nova Scotia proper into two distinct googra|jhical areas, in both of which the old porphyroid Laurontian gneiss Ibrms the axis around which Huronian and Silurian series aro arranged; but with respect to tho precise limits of their formations little is known west or east of tliis area shown on the plan. From I)r. Dawson's published maps and descriptions, Mr. Poole's manuscri[)t map of the western part of the peninsula, and the numerous rock specimens collected by that gentle- man, and placed at my disposal by the Commissioner of Mines, cou|)led with valuable information derived from other sources, I infer that this coarse Laurontian gneiss extends in ouo un- broken sheet of strata, but of variable width, a distance of 90 miles west of Windsor, and occupying a large pt)rtion oi the uninhabited wilderness in that j)art of the province. Much of the gneiss, schist, and mica slates seen by Mr. Poole, and described in his Report, and illustrated by his specimens, together with the gneiss, mica schist, and chloritic beds alluded to by Dr. Dawson, and by that geologist long ago spoken of as probably older than the lower Silurian, are pro- bably the representatives, in many instances, of the Huronian in tho district where they occur. In tho autumn of 1868, Dr. IToneyman, then engaged on the geological survey of Canada, discovered on the Gulf i;oast of Nova Scotia in the Arisaig district, and near the base of the Antigonish mountains, syenites, dioritos, and crystalline limestone with serpentine, which he states he then supposed of Laurontian age, as he informed me subsequently to the [lubli- cation of my preliminary Report on the Nova Scotia Lauron- tian. Specimens were sent to Montreal for examination, and instructions were given by Dr. Hunt, Avho also shared Dr. Honeyman's opinion, to tho lapidary, to jireparo sections of the serpentinous rock for microsco})ic examination. By some mischance this was neglected, and the specimens rcn)ained unexamined and indeed forgotten, until quite recently, as iHTilitfiiHi-'^ '■'-■''- i [ iilinril'ii--''-'" '■ ■ ^ 12 Dr. Hunt informs me, nndcr date of Feb. 3, 1870. — When submitted to the microscopic test the Eozoon Canadense was distinctly seen.* In other parts of Nova Scotia the Laurentian is yet known only in the form of coarse porphyroid gneiss; but the area it occupies is a lake and forest wilderness, frequented only by the lumberman and hunter. Around its outcrop, and that of the Huronian, which ap- pears to cap it at intervals, wherever the lower Silurian reposes we may expect to find new workable gold deposits occupying the crowns of the anticlinals which intersect the country with remarkable uniformity. The portions of Nova Scotia whi(!h I have personally ex- amined are shown on the accompanying maps of parts of Hants, Halifax, and Guysborough counties. In these the aspect of the series is distinguished by great uniformity, thick beds of coarse grained porphyroid gneiss being the characteristic rock. The description given by Sir W. E. Logan of a similar rock in the Laurentian of Canada, applies exactly to the characteristic strata in Nova Scotia : '* The coarse grained granitoid and porphyritic varieties, which often form mountain masses, sometimes have, at first sight, but little the aspect of stratified rocks, and might be mistaken for intrusive gran- ites. "f I have found almost invariably when districts in Nova Scotia have been described to me as consisting of ' granite ' that this coarse grained granitoid and porphyritic gneiss was the misnamed rock. The remarkable similarity which exists between the rocks constituting the great gneissoid axis of New Brunswick and the gneissoid series in Nova Scotia, coupled with the equally marked similarity which obtains between the paUcozoic strata resting on these gneisses in both provinces, satisfies me that they are ot the same age. * Some doubt appears to exist respecting the true character of this Eozoon as will be seen by reference to the foot note on page 3 t Page 587 Geology of Canada. 1863. I'' -When nse was known 5 area it only by lich ap- Silurian rleposits sect the lally ex- f Hants, jpoct of beds of 3teristic I similar to the grained lountain spect of ^e gran- ricts in sting of phyritio rocks v'ick and equally ic strata mo that oon as will 13 CAPE BRETON. The nndoubted recognition of the Laurentian h'mcstones and Serpentinea in the Arisaig district of Nova Scotia is of great significance and an important link m the chain of evi- dence Avhich will nltimately establish the correctness of the supposition, that a great belt of rocks, the age of the Lanrentian series, is exposed at short intervals apart, from Newfoundland in latitude 51" to Shelburne in Nova Scotia, in latitude 44°.* In Cv,pe Breton, I saw in 18G6, the black corrugated slates forming the summit of the gold-bearing rocks of Nova Scotia, about four miles north of Chcticamp Island — and on the Mac- Kenzie River, near Red Capo, I crossed part of a great gneiss- oid series as represented on the accompanying plan, where the strike and dip are shown. In various parts of Cape Breton, I hav'3 seen similar gneisses, as for example near the mouth of North River, St. Ann's Bay, and on the peninsula opposite Baddeck. Dr. Honeyman informs me that ho considers the golding-bearing rocks of Middle River of the same age aa those of Nova Scotia. Hence it becomes n)ore than probable that a large portion of the area colored by Dr. Dawson as upper Silurian in northern Cape Breton, is of Huronian and Laurentian age. PROBABILITY OF GOLD IN THE HURONIAK OR LAUREN- TIAN GNEISS. The uniform distribution of gold thronghont the Silurian quartzites and slates in Nova Scotia viewed in connection with the origin of these deposits, renders it probable that aurifer- ous deposits, veins and dykes will be found in the underlying gneissoid series, which have constituted the chief source of the material from which the gold-bearing quartzites and slates were elaborated. Hence, the search for gold in the popularly misnamed gran- ites of Nova Scotia, is by no means likely to result in disap- pointment. On the contrary, judging from the occurrence of a zone of auriferous deposits in Ontario in the Laurentian series, and of gold in the '' granites " of Australia, the proba- bility that mining districts will bo successfully established * Vide page 11 Preliminary Report. i ?i*iiiiiii^^hiti JiM^ ..M :.^. ^ I ' w \ i r ' 1 il! H 14 in the Laurentian and Hnronian of Nova Scotia, becomes of sufficient importance to merit not only serious discussion, but also systematic search. Mr. Brough Smyth* states that in Victoria the granites of the colony, at or near their junction with the older sedimen- tary deposits, contain gold. Tlie precious metal is also found in the syenitic diorites of the colony. " It is necessary,'' says Mr. Smyth '• to bear these facts in mind : they have a value altogether independent of their significance in geological in- vestigations, because they may load to explorations which will add to the permanent wealth of States." Granite dykes in which quartz viens exist extremely rich in gold, also contain the metal. AURIFEROUS ZONE IN THE LOWER LAURENTIAN OF ONTARIO. In Ontario, Sir W. E. Logan has indicated the position ot an auriferous zone in the lower Laurentian. In a summary Peport of progress in Geological investigations, dated Ist May, 1869, Sir Wm. Logan states as follows: — '* For the last three seasons the attention of Mr. H. G. Ven- nor has been bestowed upon the investigation of various rocks which are spread out in the counties of Addington, Hastings, and Peterboro', in the province of Ontario, and which have been more than once mentioned in previous reports. Their lithological characters and economic con- tents were given in some detail in the Report of Mr. Thomas McParlane for 18G6. Ores of iron, lead, copper and antimony were then known to be found in them, and to these have since been added, gold, silver, and bismuth." "After much research in tracing out the distribution of these rocks, Mr. Vennor has been able to determine the geological structure of the district and the stratigraphical relation of the iron and gold. The series consists in descending order of the following general divisions : — 1. Calc-schists, dolomites, mica slates and siliceous slates, the latter two characterized by extensive lenticular masses of conglomerate with pebbles of quartzite gneiss and green stone, at the base of which there appears to be an auriferous band. * The Gold Fields and Mineral Districts of Victoria, page 286. 15 10, and 2. Hornblendic, pyroxenic and cliloritic slates, characterized at the bottom by passing occasionally into beds of mag- netic iron ore of commercial importance, and succeeded ill some places by gray and red granitic gneiss, and horn- blendic schists, interstratified with bands of crystallino limestone. 3. Syenitic rocks, varying in color from flesh red to brick red, and forming the base on which the rocks appear to rest throughout the district. This series lies in a general synclinal form between the counties of Addington and Peterboro', with a breadth of about thirty-five miles, which has been traced to the north-eastward from the position where it emerges from beneath the overlying lower Silurian rocks on the soutii-wost, to within half a mile of the York branch of the Madawaaka River, a distance of about forty-five miles. Many subordi- nate undulations striking to the north-east, and affected by transverse geological depressions and elevations, cause the distribution to assume a very complicated figure, presenting a number of basins in the upper division, more or less united with one Juiother, the intricate outline of which can only be made intelligible by being represented on a map. The iron ore beds of i3elmont, Marmora, and Madoc, which have often been separately described in previous reports, are found to be on the same horizon with one another, at the base of the upper division, while the localities in which gold has been discovered, appear to show an auriferous zone at a short distance above the iron belt, the separation between the two being seldom more than the breadth of half a lot, or between three and four acres. The Calc- schists are in one or two places marked by the presence of Eozoon Canadense, and anorthosite rocks have been found rising above the upper division in isolated masses; but from the dilliculty of finding any marks of stratification in them, it can scarcely be decided whether or not they are conformable, and before the question wheiher the Hastings series belongs to the upper or lower Laurentian can be satis- factorily determined, further investigation will be required. Provisionally the series is classed with the lower Laurentian." Dr. Sterry Hunt, in a Report under date January, 18G7, ad- dressed to the Hon. Commissioner of Crown Lands, on the Gol'l region of Hastings, Ont., describes at some length the gold-bearing rocks of tliis county, and considers probably that they are an upper member of the lower Laurentian series. " This series of rocks,'' sa^'s Dr. Hunt, " many thousand feet in thickness, appears to be conformable with the adjacent ^'. ii jf , Y'^ I^^BB l| le coarsely crystalline gneissic strata, which form a continuous Sart of the great Laurentian area of Canada and northern few York. These rocks of Hastings thus appear to be a portion of the true Laurentian series, in proof of which they are in the township of Lake, apparently overlaid unconform- ably by rocks bearing tiie mineralugical characters of the anorthosites of the Labrador or upper Laurentian series. To these facts is moreover to be added the evidence of organic remains. The Eozoon Canadense, which characterises the uppermost or Grenville band of the Laurentian limestones, on the Ottawa, has been detected in the grey fine grained lime- stones of Hastings ; in a fragmentary condition in Madoc, and more recently in a large and well defined shape, on the weathered surface of a similar limestone in Tudor ; in both cases, however, filled, not with serpentine, but with carbonate of lime. " Although these rocks have been traced over a consider- able area, it is not yet certain whether their distribution is due to a synclinal or an anticlinal form. In the latter case they would be an older series than the other Laurentian rocks of the region, and probably than any others as yet examined in Canada. If, however, as seems more probable, they occupy u synclinal, they will represent an upper member of the true or lower Laurentian, and it will then remain to be decided whether these Hastings limestones belong to a higher position of the system than any yet examined in the Ottawa district, or whether they are the equivalents of the Grenville band, of which they contain the peculiar fossils. In this case, their peculiarities, both in texture and mineral characters, must be regarded as due to original local differences.*" * Ii«port on the Gold Region of the County of Hastings. By Dr. Sterry Hunt -L^ • 1 iijtf'r' ■fi MlAi iJB M^m, ■ ?■ 1».',''l mnmtm RMM«4*M Of 1 H S IlllilSfK iiS SCALE; 161] D !^y TQ MOT E , THE CON'INUOUS LINES REP«E5EMT AUR' '•Hf nm'f.n LINE') REPRFC'Mr 5UFP0SE Tc aci-G-'nvaH-'j at 7'everc i-n rne t By 'henry V hind M a T i \ [^ lL ill l^ bx^ LK! ^ y a 9 /^ a \ a \ \ ■t AiM mmmmfiii^^ ni^ii" 1 :-. 160 D f : TQ ONK INCH NtS REP«E5EMT AURKED PPRTIUN.S OF LF-ACi 'y^v. D L i OhVr'M:-)) REFRF.C 'NT 5UfP0SEQ C 0>n i NUA ! iO fi (J F Li'.AOS R >f Y H I N D M A \ :=^ I \y*\t t Mil: POST ')f fic£ \ \ \ \ \ \ m iw fV L ^ A V /H E R b R K F. V I L 1. A r F ^ ^ V ^■ s V \ \ 41 IV V ^>, y \' \ "-\ ►J» Hn WI --:^--.:^ri:-. l-^ Li* \ ^ \ \ ■r ' \ "\ 4- X. '-■ /■ \ • ■X \ s V\ .^_L i F^ •-V \ ,... \'v^ \' \ \ \ \ ,1 i II /A 6 L ^ '-• '- ■" ^^^^Yi^^iZ f b^^ 0^ riK 1,111; V.,X^ N^ \ \ \ \ §§(girD®53 m w Otaa m ^j M> L J I' n 3^^ 10. 'Cl :'^. J__L.J. C K ^ I SCUEiiFSECTiONSJOO ff[T Jo 5hF NCH \ \ \ \ ^SSTTOSR] m ^J. -_- si / r«K\\ .— -^ ? cZ I- S^Si]0®?SI.S? n a U E \. \ iii rrnjT i 1! ■ i i' '■■ M' »:«•!•« rtAits ^ssifcia ij? li TlTi T~TT- — n-T fll i t li ^' I \ w :l :?) li i.:j o V ''% *^ V 'v \* ' \\ \ \ \ \ vf. r? il'^^'' n if I T' J v./ u \J \ ■ .V- \ V v m 76&'-. ■'^770 ND ADJACENT LEA OS AT SHERBRGOKQ 771 SCALUIIIUO FEET ONE NCH s Kirf>»' lai^^ ^^M f7^~ ^ urmn e- r/f <■ -imt- i.aovr i^i wt i-^'-i^HcA t: ih ualczn Ja m,a,Kj rh ,<,u ou-im^ iije tc Jan. ,J7u\ sc/*.e:-:jc fee- j*,e ^nch CUM uutcri;^ JlSi'CPt.p'tu ; ^ * T ^ H :> ^ ■f s ) ' •^f^ 1 17 THE SITRRBROOKE GOLD DISTRICT. 1 Tlio GoM (listrictt of Slierbrooko is sitnated al)out twelve iilos iVdin tlio mouth of tlio St. Mary's River, in the county (luysl)oniugh. Us f>;eolof!jical relations are sliown on tlio jcompiiiiying map. A broad nucleons of old gneiss, part of rliicli is I'rouglit up by a fault, representing, it is supposed, le lianrcutian series, has a narrow bsmd of Huronian (Cam- •ian) rocks encircling it, and on these the nearly vei'tical iges of strata of the lower Silurian slates and quartzites. h beds of auriferous quartz are seen to rest. On areas G25, [4, block 7, the attitude of the quartzites is such as to convey impression that they havo slid over the surface of the leiss during the ft)lding. The section exhibited by a bold iff, shows the gold-bearing strata dipping north at an anglo about 70 degrees, with their edges resting on felspathic leiss dipping south at an angle of 45 degrees. The edges thin alternating beds of quartzite, slates, and quartz reposo sheets of gneiss which have been broken by faults, and jis form of contact can bo seen at intervals for a considerable Istance. On the road from Shcrbrooko to the Indian Harbor Lakes, |c quiirtzites are sometimes, but rarely, seen to be penetrated granitic veins, as well as near the head of the Indian Har- ^r Lakes, about four miles from Sherbrooke. But the edges of the beds of quartz which exist in the bid-bearing Silurian rocks on Lynch's mountain to the east of lerbrooke village, rest, like the slates, on the gneiss and ter- ^nate at the point of contact, apparently having no counec- )n with any granitic veins penetrating the series, none having ken recognized near the worked lodes. From six to eight indred yards east of the areas, whose numbers are given in I'oregoing paragraph, a bold precipice averaging one ^ndred leet in altitude, rises like a wall, and extends for re than a mile. A similar and parallel wall of equal alti- "e stretches from the head of the Indian Harbor Lakes le miles to the southward. It is composed of coarse por- yroid granitoid gneiss. Near it, as represented on the map I part of Guysborough county, the red gneiss of this sup- Jed Huronian series has crushed through the Silurian irtzites and contact is visible about an eighth of a mile the head of the last of the Indian Harbor Lakes. a. P ' iittrita ^%, <^;.< ^%. o^/Vt>Tv% IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) !.0 I.I IM 112.5 IIIM '' iU |||||Z2 i lis lllllio 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 •« 6" ► % / /y y //a Photographic Sciences Corporation 4. ^^ fV 4^ \ \ 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 % V 6^ Jt flm-'p^fW-WW^PI*'!!* 22 ' 'I i this to be contrary to. fact,'^ but the structure and origin of the lodes render it highly probable. But I think it very ad- visable to point out the reasons why disappointments might arise if this expectation were to be entertained with regard to every lode. In making crosscuts at some distance below the surface, lodes are frequently cut which do not appear in the surface trenches. And in broad bands of slate, lodes thicken to the breadth of 10 to 12 inches and thin out to a film of quart/ or disappear altogether in the space of a few hundred feet. But before they thin out altogether, another lode begins to a]ipear separated from the first by a few inclies, more or less, of slate or quartzite. This cannot be strictly regarded as a continu- ation of the lode which has ' thinned out,' — although it may thin out, and be in part overlapped by another lode in the strike of the first one which had disappeared. Some lodes of this description appear to belong to the class of intercalated lodes, that is, they are sheets of quartz that have been formed at a later date than the enclosing rock, and weru produced by the replacement, particle by particle, of pre-existing beds of some other soluble material. In lodes of this class, which generally occur in slate, the slate itself is found to be aurifer- ous, and the whole mass is frequently worth crushing. The strong persistent lodes, generally occur in quartzites, or with quartzites on one side and slate on the other. The intercalated lodes occur in slate, Avith sometimes thin bods of quartzite, which are also intermittent, that is 'thin out' and * take up ' again. The intercalated lodes are to bo distinguished from lodes which occur in disturbed })orti()ns of the strata, as well shown on the free claim at Renfrew, where short and well de- lined sheets of quartz, rich in gold occur round the curves of a sharp twist in the strata, ^riiese lodes hold much carbonate of lime, and some of them abound in specular iron. These lodes are noticed in my report on the Waverley district, page 25. Recent operations in the Gold district of Waverley have afforded very satisfactory proofs of the contemporaneous bedded structure of many of the Nova kScotia lodes, of the general structure assigned to the districts, and of their occur- rence at the intersection of cross antlclinals as represented in the plan of the recovered Tudor and North lodes at Waverley and in the district plans of Waverley and Sherbrooke. These proofs are thus referred to by the Chief Commis- sioner of Mines in his report for last yearf : " The most * Soo letters in Appendix relnting to the Tudor lode, &c., nt Waverley ; also, plan of the Tudor and Soulli Lodes. t Report of the Chief Commissioner of Mines for the Province of Nova Scotia, for the year 18G9. Halifax, 1870. Page 9. origin of it very ud- ents nijf^'ht 'ith regard he surface, he siirtace ken to the F quartz or feet. But 3 to appear !89, of slate a continu- gh it may ode in the ne lodes of ntercalated eon formed I'oduced by ng beds of lass, which bo aurifer- ing. quartzites, ther. The lin beds of n out ' and from ludes a, as well nd well de- e curves of 1 carbonate on. Those ict, page 25. ^erley have nporaneous des, ot the their occnr- resented in t Waverley )oke. of Commis- •'The most rley ; tilso, plan jf Nova Scotia, 23 noticeable feature in this district is the tracing of the southern outcrop of the celebrated Tudor lode, by a series of openings connecting_two points eleven Imndred feet distant, and thus proving the correctness of the views entertained by Professor Hind of the geological structure of this district, as described in his report and fully exempliiied in the map accompanying that report." They are also referred to by Mr. Rutherford, the Inspector of Mines, who states in the same annual report: " The trending of the strike of this lode towards the north and east has been followed from the shafts to within a few feet of the old workings on the Tudor lode, and its identifica- tion with that lode been established ; and the construction assigned by Professor Hind to this part of Waverley district confirmed."* The Lodes in Nova Scotia may be grouped as follows; — 1. The Bkdded Lodes, consisting of beds of quartz, inter- stratified with the slates and quartzites, and of contem- poraneous age with them. These are the most abun- dant and from them a considerable proportion of the gold is obtained. 2. The Intercalated Lodes. — These almost always, as far as known, occur in slates, and are most numerous in broad bands of slate varying from 10 to 70 feet in width. AVhere these lodes abound, it would be profitable to crush both slate and quartz, for gold is not unfrequently found in the slate. The best illustrations of the inter- calated lodes occur at Sherbrooke and Wine Harbor. 3. The Gash Lodes, occurring where the strata has been locally squeezed out of place, also on broad bands of quartzite. Instances are known in various districts, but the most important are those already mentioned in connection with the free claim lodes at Renfrew. 4. True Lodes or Veins, cutting the strata. Some of these are very rich, but those which have been worked have proved very narrow. From their origin it is to be supposed that this class of quartz will yet yield very important returns. The irregularity of true lodes is well known and the fact that hitherto, this class has yielded comparatively inconsiderable results, should not discourage operations, for true lodes frequently thin out to a mere h'lm of quartz, and increase to the thick- ness of several feet within a vertical distance of a few fathoms.f The origin of the intercalated lodes is obscure, but the con- * Rt'port of the Chief Commissioner of Mines for the Province of Nova Scotia, for the year 18G9. Halifiix, 1870. Pngt! 38. t For iidditional notices of the character ol the leads see my Report on the Wa- verley Gold district, pages 22-27. ? 24 U ditions required for their formation appear to bo in a p^reat part satisfied, if we suppose that they represent lines of mini- mum j)ressure during the folding, denudation and faulting of the strata. Along the linos of minimum pressure the strata are neces- sarily more porous than where their particles are pressed closely together and consolidated by the superincumbent masses bearing upon them. Large areas of minimum pressure must occur during the slow formation of a fold whether it has an anticlinal or synclinal form. If the fold were perfectly uniform no such areas would bo produced, but as tlie plica- tions of the strata, however large, are very far from uniform, and often assume that of an overturn with an irreii''ulitr axis, it is not difficult to conceive that numerous areas ol iuinimum pressure are produced coincident with the stiatification. Along such lines the flow of aqueous currents would be de- termined, and particle by y)article of soluble strata be re- moved, and in their place other particles be deposited, by the ordinary process observed in the replacement of one mineral by another. Intercalated lodes are most commonly found as already observed in the slates or softer strata. These in the folding would be most likely first to yield to forces acting in dilfer- ent directions during the folding, and the process of inter- calation would continue until the aqueous currents were diverted into some other channel opened for them by the same cause, namely, a minimum pressure. According to this view, the formation of intercalated lodes is continually going on, for the pressure upon any given point at any given depth is continually changing, owing to denuda- tion and other causes constantly operating although in no form perceptible to the senses. The slow elevation and subsidence of a wide extent of country may be alone sufficient to produce variations in the pressure on any portion of strata whether folded, or inclined, and thus determine the flow of aqueous currents. In this manner we may account for the formation of the short intercalated lodes on the free claim at lienfrew. The innumerable intercalated sheets of quartz in the great slate bands at fc^herbrooke and Wine Harbor ; the bulging out of bedded lodes in one place and thinning to fihns of (piartz or tlieir total diijappearance in another. The passage in a zig- zag form of a bedded sheet of qiuxrtz from one plane to another, as seen in several instances at Mount Uniacko and in other diiitricts, without any dislocation of the strata; the pre-exist- ing minerals having been removed and their replacement by silica occurring on the line of minimum pressure. Other phenomena may be accounted for on the same hypo- \ 3 ill ii p;reat los of mini- iluiltiug of » are neces- ire pressed rincumbent im prossuro etlior it liii8 perfbctly ^ the |)lica- om uniform, ?fnliir axis, of minimum hatification. ould be de- ;rata be re- sited, by tbe one mineral as already the fold in j;; ng in diifer- 3ss of inter- rents were luni by the alated lodes given point >; to denuda- ougli in no e extent of tions in the or inclined, it ion of the ifrew. The great slate ging out of )t (pjartz or >e in a zig- e to another, lid in other le pre-exist- acemcnt by same hypo- 25 thesis. At the Wellington mine, in tli3 Shcrbrooko district, and elsewhere, tlie slates arc characterized by numerous small elongated concretionary forms enclosing particles of arsenical iron pyrites, and symmetrically arranged on the face of the laminio of the slates. Those particles all point in one direc- tion ; they are about two lines in length and one in diameter. Whatever determines the flow of aqueous currents will also determine the movement of minerals, and consequently of the gold. The same reasoning which is applicable to the formation of intercalated lodes, may render it doubtful whether any bedded lode not clearly a fissnre lode, can strictly be regarded as altogether a lode of contemporaneous age with the enclosing rock. The statement that it is so, may apply to certain por- tions of such a lode, but it is diflicult to conceive that during the infinity of changes of pressure \vhich must have occurred in any given area, aqueous currents may not have Di.^en suc- cessively determined towards every part, and caused a greater or less displacenient of particles. The same currents which would affect the lodes would also affect the wall rocks, and it may be that by such agents the distribution of particular minerals in certain lines of disposition has been occiisioned. The motion of partich^s in the strata long subsequent to their consolidation is shewn in the regular arrangement of chrvstals and nodules of arsenical iron pyrites, cubic pyrites and other minerals. The peculiar corrugations of the Barrel ([uartz and the enclosing rocks may be occasioned in the same way. The corrugated quartz is generally, though not always, found on the crown of anticlinals, which would represent areas of mini- mum pressure. It is, however, in the broad belts of slates, where the inter- calated lodes are numerous, and the gold is sometimes found in Alms btitween the lamin;e, that we find the most suggestive supjjort of this explanation of their origin. Both at ISher- brooke and Wine Harbor, and to a less extent at Wavorley, the slates showing this class of lodes are nearly vertical, on the steep side as it were of the anticlinal. The strata on the op- posite side being inclined at an angle of about 45 degrees, if a lateral jiressure operated during the folding, or at any time subsequently to the assumption of an anticlinal or synclinal form, the lines of minimum pressure Would be on the steepest sido and the softest strata would yield the most, thus determin- ing the flow of aqueous currents through the more porous or least compressed. Such a lateral pressure would necessarily occur during the folding of the north and south anticlinals, which occurred after the east and west anticlinals were pro- duced. The faulted structure observed in all the districts examined were probably occasioned at the same period. M I I i; '.I I! I 26 MTNING ECONOMICS AT SIIERBROOKE. ^Fr. R. Brong-Ii Smyth in liis work on "The Gohl FioM,^ and Mineral Districts ot" Victoria," states that " tiio records of the Mining Department sliow that the average yield of gold IVom quartz crushed at J3allarat is very low. This, instead of hav- ing a prejudicial effect on mining operations generally, has been singularly beneficial. It has induced economy in work- ing, brought nito use, and to completeness, many excellent appliances for saving fine gold, and has served to train mana- gers and workmen better, and more effectually than any Mining school teaching could do." Mr. Symth gives instances of the successful and profitable manipulation of quartz, which in Nova Scotia would bo considered jtractically imi)()ssible, simply because nolhing comparatively is known in that Province of economical manipulation. At one mine in Ballarat 7,453 tons of quarts yielded no more than 2 dwts. lOi grs. per ton, yet the company paid in dividends X2,101 10s. The quartz was easily obtained, and at sHiall cost, but the manipulation was very economically coTubicte(h At the l?lack Hill Mine, Ballarat, the total quan- tity of quartz crushed up to 18G8 was 190;118 tons, yielding* 22,801 ozs. 18 dwts. 13 grs. The average yield being 2 dwts. 9.7 grains per ton. 'i'he lode is of great thickness and the cost of getting out the qiiartz is, for open cutting 4s. 2d. per ton, from levels; tlirough shafts 8s. Od. per ton. Cost of crushing 4s. per ton. Wages 7s. Od. per diem, for miners 8s., second 7s. Gd., boys Gs. The stamps are provided with self-feeding apparatus, and the occasional attendance of one boy is sufficient for supply- ing the whole battery of 60 stamps with the material brought to the hoppers. Amalgamating troughs and blanket strakes are employed for collecting the fine gold. Hot water is used. The gold obtained from the different ])arts of the reduction machinery averages about 75 per cent, from the stamp boy^s ; 25 per cent, from the Mercury troughs.; 5 per cent, from the blankets. From the year 18G2 to 18G8, the quantity of quartz crushed in Nova Scota is returned at 147,680 tons; the quantity ot gold at 139,118 ounces, which amount to 19 dwts. per ton nearly. In Victoria the yield of gold from 5,811.669 tons of quartz crushed during a period of 10 years (from 1859 to 1868) has averag(id 11 dwts. 12.37 grains.* * The Gold Fields of Victoria. ii 27 Fiokls and :)r{ls of the n-old from Gild of liav- rally, has y in work- ' oxcullent ;rain rnana- than any 1 profitable won Id bo se noil ling' eoononiical yielded no !uiy ])aid in tained. and coiiouiically total qnan- ns, yielding ing 2 dvvts. ting ont the s; tllrough i)\\. Wages s Gs. iratus, and tor supply- •ial bronght attcry Amalgamation (universally cm- ployed in Nova Scotia) can not be considered a proper way of saving gold. THE GOLD STREAK. In the report on the Waverley District, the disposition of the gold in certain zones in the quartz lodes was noticed. At Shcrbrooke the same peculiarity exists, on the north side of the anticlinal the dip of the zone oi streak is to the west, at an angle of about 35 degrees in the plane of lode : on the soutli side I he dip is nearly vertical, but slightly to the east in the plane of the lode, as might bo supposed from the circum- ■A Wm^'WH.HWi-'v.l U|ppi»l|U,'J.I ' ■•■ "fl'rWT^W^: 32 I' ' stance of tbo form of the anticlinal being that of an overturn to the south. As observations accumulate with reference to the gold streak the importance of a better knowledge of the subject becomes more evident. At Isaacs' Harbour the gold streak dips to the cast at a high angle in one of the lodes, and when projected it lias the form of a very acute triangle. In sinking some hun- dred feet east of the rich auriferous zone in the lode, with a view to strike it at a depth of about 300 feet, the miners at Isaacs' Harbour came across another and parallel streak. At Montague, as stated in the report on Waverloy, there are two parallel zones on the belt lode. In California the gold streak is known by the name of" paj"- chimneys,'' and Mr. Ross Brown describes the want of know- ledge respecting " pay chimneys " as one source of the dis- couraging results of quartz mining in California during its early stages. Professor Silliman states that " the rich chimneys or pro- ductive zones of ore ground are known to be of various extent in quartz veins, from a few feet to many hundreds of feet, and it is impossible to assign any valid reason why we may not expect the same changes in a vertical direction which wo find in an horizontal." (Quoted by Ross Brown.) .» « ■I I • ' !i|ii|iigii).uv|iiiiii I ■ j/r^mmmi^ ^ -7fr an overturn > gold streak 3C!t becomes c dips to the projected it g some Iiun- lode, with a e miners at streak. At lere are two imo of " pa)"- nt of know- of tlie dia- i during its ays or pro- ious extent of feet, and A'e may not lich we find , -i-r V * '^^ * I • • >f * 4 ■ - ■ uli I 1 .1 ^ »> ^ 1 1 1 5^ , "^ > ! 1 ! ^-.1 1 - y ^ 1 / 1 ! 1 •>s \ •1 "^ \ . ^N 1 ! i ^~. oo 1 •^ ■M 1 =* ■ r ■ ■ - 1 1 1 i .^ 1 — 1 I ^1 ><^ < .^ ^^ =o K 1 .-_i_ c? „_ _— , - _ -t-.-- ^i-^ - ..X ifikiiA ■■■■■ m^mm ^H^ w^mi^Sm ^1^ __ <5» l»0 1 J- **> "O I"*' •-*• <5> " ■• 1 >• »-, '^ ^ 1 "^ .? 1 ■* 1 „._ K 1 ' Bum/F i \? 4 ^ 1 »^ «^ i 1 •^ ("-^ K "~1 1 t — <^ . -^ r ""^ - ' - ' ' ^> 1 l*^ -^ _ 1 -" ^ ■-*. N.. "•- 1 K •v^ 'S vt. 1 1 1 Mi - _ 1 V). ^^^ ^^ 1 ' r- — f -- C^ u«^r^ "Z^^""^ -^ ^ . >-'' : »« ' ~^, ' •i. , - "T 1 i 1 •* 1 -4. i ; ^^— 1 — — ■ § 1 i ,— — •• - ,...L==r1-__ 1 r y i : f «?rv^^ 1 1 ' ..... '-■—~' •^ :? 1 ! 1 ! 1 i K 1 1 1 -1 — 1 -f , ' "1 — L i ; 1 i ^ *3 1 1 n — !~ I r 1 ! 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O O O O ;, «o -^ -+ oo ^^* CO o zo " CO >— > CO >^~i^ ;_ 01 CO rE. T" '^ ^ '~Z '•S> O T3 Si - ,. =y — C: to .^ X O o x^ ";.• cc' -1- o-i~ -7 £1 ~ 7 5 -; CO CO CO —I T3 O "* C3 4-1 «s O 09 C o Oi iri -H X! O »0 O O Ol i-H o '"' '"^ ""^ I— I r— 1 (Tvl ?o — ' (M I- o o • .- 1- "*" • '- . o . 3 oi o • — t^ \, ■ .-r ' "^ '^ • to t^ 1- • CC t- O -ii! • to o o : c - ^ -2 ■-+--•§ tc • oc t^ 5 tr • "-O -o ^ >= ■— t- ^ .^-^ ^ lO o ^ -^ -z " I- - ' s ^ ^ ^ >S '^ — t- -;-5 >Q 01 __^ CO -r Y-' t" o to :o CO a^ CO o o o oo ^ •o "^ oo oo ..CO CO ' lO C5 '—I oo CO -H to I— 2 I- O ^ 00 c: CO CO r: CO o oo O CO 3: o <^ '^1 I V 01 Ot CO — - rtl cr. S CO — 01 46 SCHEDULE A. No. of Lease. No. 141 (155) (151) (152) (153) (154) 177 171 175 196 (193) (194) (195) 270 (2GG) (2G7) (2G9) 290 Number of Areas. Areas 559, 574 to 589, G04 to Gll,Gl8to G21,block3 Includos loivso.j 151, 152, 153, 154. ,715, 71G. 717, 718, 720, G85, G8G, G87. G88, GS9, 690 and 719, block 4. 705, 706, 707, 708, 709, Mock 4. 777, 778, 779, 780, Mock 3. 521, 498, 582, 583, 584, 585, 58G. 587. 558, 552. 553, 554, 555, 5.-G, 557, 558, 493, 528, Mock 4. ' 559, 574. 575, 576, 577, 578, 579, 580, 621, 581, 582, 583, 584, 585, 586, 587, 588, 589, 620, 604, 605, 606,607,608.609, 6 10. 61 1,617, 6 18, 61 9. Mock 3. 802, 803, 804. 805, 831, 832. 833, 834, 835, 836, 859, 860, 861. 862, 863. 864, 887, 888, 889, block 8. 711, 712, 713, 742, 743, 741, block 3. Tnciiulos lease."- 193, 194, 195. 708, 739, block 3. 887, 888, 889, 890. 89\ block 2. 704, 705, 706, 735, 736; 737, 764, 765, 766, 767, 768, 769, 799, 800, 801, block 3. Tncliules leases 266, 267, 269. 711, 712, 713, 742, 743, 744. Mock 3. 802, 803, 804. 805. 831, 832, 833, 834, 835, 836, 859, 860, 861, 862, 863, 864, 887, 888, 889, l)lock 3. 717 and 748, block 3. 714, 715, 745, 746, E. half 777, 778, 779 and 780, block 3. n J>» p SCHEDULE B. n, block 3 , GS9, GOO 552, 553, r 4. 581,582, G()4, (105, ). I)l()ck' 3. 830, 859, block 3. 7G7, 768, =^3n, 859, )]uck 3. ind 780, No, of LCilHO. No. of Areas, No. 177 270 (2(;(;) (207) (2G0) 300 307 323 324 325 331 344 Z. 290 353 354 W. 322 349 378 30 AiHMs— 559, 574 to 580 to 589, G04 to GU 617 to 621, block 3, ' OontJiiiis loMsos 206. 267, anr] 269. 711,712, 713, 742. 743, 744. block 3. 802 to 805, 831 to 836, 859 to 864, 887 to 889, luock 3. 717, 748, block 3. 795, 796, 797, 798, 827, 828, 829, 830, 858, block 3 690 to 691, 719 to 722, 751 to 753, block 3 ; 721 to 726, 752 to 757, 784 to 788, 813 to 818, 661, 691 and 692, block 4. ' ; ^ 069, 670, 671,699, block 4. 704. 734, 735, 736, 765, 766, 767, block 4. 615, 616, and 617, block 4. 700, block 4. 701, block 4. 568 to 570, 599, 600, 629 and 630, block 3. Kastcilv parts of areas No. 714 and 748, block 3 718, 749, 781 t.. 785, 812 to 817, 844, 875, block 3. 714 to 715, 745, 746, E. half 777 to 780, block 3. 30x33 in N. W. corner of 776, block 3. lifdf 777, b!,K-k 3. 601 to 606, 631 to.G36, 662 to 665, 693 to 695, bIo(;k 4. 690 ro 698, 727 to 730, 758 to 761, 789 to 794, 819 to 824, 849 to 851, block 4. ' 707, 708, 738, 739, 768, 769, 800 and 801 block 3. 27 to 37, 74 to 86, 128 to 133, block 11. rr ' \ r # J ''. \i I r: 11 if ^ i 1 ; 1 1 1 ;ii: j 49 '^ ABSTRACT OP A PAPER ON GOLD-MINING AND ITS PROSPECTS IN NOVA SCOTIA : Embodying the results of Geo- logical Surveys of the Districts of Wiwerley and Sherbrooke, for the Provincial Government. By Henky Youle Hind, M.A. A paper* read before the Society of Arts, May 25th, 1870 ; Waringlon W. Smyth, Esq., F,Ii,S., in tfte Chair. (Reprinted for trmtnitons distribution from tlio Journal qf the Society of Aris^, May 27tli, 1870, bv Jamks Tksnant, F.R.G.S., Miiieriilojrisl to Her MigValy, rro(i!8sor of Minerulogy in King's College, &c., 149 Slraad, W.O.) I. General Description of the Relations of the Gold-bearing Mocks. Tlie area occupied by tlio lower Silnrian pold bearinpj rocks of Nova Scotia has boon variously estimated at from 6,000 to 7,000 square miles.f Since these estimates were made, llioro lias beeu described a series of gueissic rocks, supposed to be the equivalents of the Cambrian and Laurentian,! which occupy at least one-half of the area hitherto assigned to the lower Silurian. These rocks are not vet known to bo auriferous, although from the discovery of an auriferous band in the lower Laurentian, in On:ario, beneath tlie great iron deposits, § there is good reason for the expectation tinp;th of )ntiunity of averaging A.tli\ntic, at 10 Basin of valley, tiie ter or less it present of Gviys- indsor, the lerley, and lev ; Mount iroiiiid the lie districts [try Harbor iTlie other ind Fifteen areas, but [escription. llf miles to it the same |At Mount lost of the lissic areas, has been iDticIinals, nnd has roinovod the Silurian strata, thus axposinj^ tho under- lying gneiss. When conif)arativ»;ly low untiulinals int(»rsect, there is no gnoissic exposure. Two sets of main anticlinah' intersect tnie another in Nova Scotia, one set having an easterb nnd westerly direction, tlu; other at nearly right angles, or a northerly and southerly course. At tho intersections of these anticlinals tho gold districts are situated, and hero, also, where dtMuulation has removed the Silurian strata, tho underlying gneisses arc exposed, or have been brought to tho surface by the griMit tlislocations which accompanied tho last, or north and south folding.* The districts of Waverloy and Shcrbrooko liavo been care- fully surveyed, and their geological structure worked out with considerable detail. I was engaged in this duty during part of the autumn of 1808 and the summer of 180!), for the De- partment of Mines, and the maps which illustrate this paper are those which I f)repared for the Department, and which, by permission of the Chief Commissioner, I have brought with mo. Waverloy and Shcrbrooko are types of all the known gold districts in Nova Scotia. One (Waverloy) occurs with several others in a Silurian valley between two great exposures of gneissic rocks, the other (Shcrbrooko) is one of many arranged round an island of gneiss. II. — Origin of the Gold. The results of my surveys do not show any direct relation between the origin of the gokl and the gneissic areas, I consider that all the evidence hitherto accumulated in Xova Scotia tends to show that tho gold was originally dopasited from oceanic waters, and diffused throughout their sedimx^nts, especially in beds of quartz. Much of it was, no doul>t,.snbse- quently concentrated in intercalated beds of quartz,, ajid some instances in fissure veins. There is no evidence to show that intrusive rocks, or veins, or dykes had any share in tho introduction of the gold; indeed, I have not j'et seen any rocks in Nova Scotia, near tho gold districts, which, upon close examination and study, can bo regarded as intrusive rocks. Gold is found and worked in beds of quartz of contemporaneous ago with the interstra- tiGcd slates and quartzites, and in thin beds of slate adjacent to beds of quartz, throughout a vertical thickness of 0000 ft- These beds are worked in one district or another throughout that thickness of strata on anticlinal or synclinal folds. *For a deecription of the structure of the gold districts, see reports on Wareoley and Sherbrooke. 62 Waverley and Shnrbrooke districts are eighty miles apart in an air lino, and yet so nniform is tlio mineral composition of the series, that certain beds of grit can be identified at these distances, not only by the occnrrence of peculiar forms, supposed to be an Eospongia, but by their mineral characters. It must not be supposed, however, that all the Avorkod auriferous lodes of Nova Scotia are contemporaneous beds. I conceive that a large number are intercalated, as subsequently described, and of the contemporaneous auriferous beds many have suffered much modification since first deposited. III. — Structure of Waverley Gold district.* The strata at Waverleyf are arranged in the form of a long elliptical dome, tilted over to the north. This form was occasioned by the intersection of two great anticlinal folds, ono having a course from east to west, the other from north to south. The east and west fold has a slight overturn to the north. At Mount Uniacke the east and west fold has an over- turn to the south, which is also the case at Sherbrooke. Tlio thin contemporaneous beds of auriferous quartz, or lodes, necessarily partook of all the movements to which the fstrata with which they are associated were subjected ; hence. wo find the outcrops of the lodes curving round the axis of the tilted cast and west anticlinal in the form of long semi- ellipses, where denudation has exposed the edges ot the beds. This distribution of the outcrop of the lodes is ot the first dmportance, and it may be easily illustrated by bending a iiun:'>er ol sheets of paper in the form of an arch, to represent the east and west anticlinal, tilting up one extremity to represent one side of the north and south anticlinal, and then .cutting off a portion horizontally, to represent the ctFecfs of •denudation. The exposed edges of the paper will then have the lorm of loTig semi-ellipses. It is evident that the outcrop of the lodes will be dependent upon the nature of the inter- secting anticlinals, and the extent of denudation to which tli'^v have been subjected. Anyone familiar with the forms prod ced by the intersection of plain and curved surfaces, will resulily understand how the mapping of the outcrop of these bedded lodes becomes a question belonging to stratigraphical geol.^gy. In the autumn of 1868, the accompanying map of the Waverley district was prepared, and a litliographed reduction .accompanies my report on that district. One of the most im- po:tant lodes there is the Tudor lode, which was " lost," so to * 1 liH details nf tlio structure of tnis dntrict are givea iii my *' Report on the "Wiiv. rU-y Gold Dwtiict," liiililMx, N. S., 1869. ■f- v\ av«!rli\v gold dialrlot itt lliirtuoii mitea Irotn Halifax, on tho lino of railway from JI X to Wiudaor. li Ics apart in position of ed at tliesG iliar forms, characters, he worked ns hcds. I ibsequently beds many ed. ]* m of a long a form was iclinal folds, from north rturn to the has an over- ooke. qiiartz, or to which the ?.ted ; hence. the axis of if long semi- ot the beds. ot the first bonding a represent xtremity to d, and then e edecfs of 1 then have the ontcrop f the inter- n to which ) the forms nrfaces. will )p of these iitigraphi("al Tiap of the 1 reduction ho n)ost im- h)9t," 80 to I R«'port on the of railway from 63 speak, at the point where tlie continuous lino ceases on the map. This lode had yielded 8,727 ounces of gold from 6,972 tons of quartz, in 1805, averaging 1 oz. and 6 dwts. per ton. From a study of the structure of the district, the details of which are given in my official report, I indicated the course of the " lost'- Tudor, as represented by the dotted line on the plan. Operations were commenced, late in the autumn of 18G8, to discover this lode on the south side of the anticlinal, about 770 feet from the place where its alleged disappearance had occurred. In January, 1870, it had been traced, and in part worked back to the area where it had been " lost,'- through a distance on the curve of about 1,100 feet, cotniection with the original lode being; broken by a small fault. The mean dilference between the ascertained ontcrop and the theoretical outcrop is 25 feet 9 inches in 1,100 feet horizontally. The north lode is also a valuable lode at Waverley. This lode runs parallel to the Tudor on the north side of the anti- clinal, and it has also lieen recently traced, and in part worked, parallel to the Tudor lode on the south side of the anticlinal, through a horizontal distance of 900 feet, the mean diiferonce between the theoretical outcrop and the actual outcrop dis- covered being 25 feet 7 inches. The rocks throughout these distances of 1,100 and 900 feet are deeply covered with boul- der drift, and of uneven surface, so that I may reasonably claim a closer approximation between theory and fact than a mean difl'erence in outcrop of 25 feet 8 inches over a hori- zontal space of 2,000 feet.* The geological structure of the Waverley gold district being the typo of the structure of most of the other known districts, the importance of ascertaining the correctness of the views I had expressed respecting the origin, distribution, and general course of the lodes, and the laws to which they were subjected, acquired some iiiterest, for, if generally true, some miin"ng operations would be much facilitated in a country sometimes deeply covered with drift clays and gravels. Henco I (piote, with much satisfaction, the following testimony from the Chief Commissioner of Mines, taken from his official report for the year 1869, p. 9 :— (See page 23.) The so-called barrel quartz, at Waverley, is a fair represen- tation of a corrugated lode occurring on the crown of an anticlinal. In nearly all the gold districts the same form of quartz beds may be seen, and in similar relative positions. The corrugated structure is not confined to the quartz, but spreads fan-like into the overlying rocks, and a[)pears to be in part tho result of unequal pressure during the folding of the strata. ♦For dctiiils, see letters entitled " Theory and Piactico at Waverley," appended to* n " I'reli ninury lii'port on a Gneissoid Series, underlying tho Gold-bearing Kocks of Nova Scotia." ■ r<^y ;- K i i h 1 :^ •"!' H 54 The foret^oingj observtitions apply to tlio old contomporane- ous beds of auriferous quiirtz ; but there is anotlier class of lodes which have geuernUy a bedded stnicture, but are of subsequent origin, and may bo styled intercalated beds. These will be noticed in subsequent paragraphs. In every district in Nova Scotia, it is remarked that tho gold frequently " runs in streaks," that is to say a zone of rich auriferous quartz occuj)ies a certain breadth in the lode, while to the east and west of that zone the qnartz is comparatively poor in the [)recions metal. It is also found in diilerent dis- tricts that tho " gold streak " has a dilferent angle with the horizon, and that sometimes the course of the rich zone cor- responds, or is coincident with the ripples or swells in tho lodes, and also that the gold streak varies in direction in different leads. The position and dip of the gold streak being found on one side of the anticlinal, it can be traced to corresponding lodes on the other side, with such variations in dip as agree with the section of the curve of the anticlinal. The term " gold streak," in Nova Scotia, is synonymous with the term " chimneys," in California, and *' pipes," in Australia. IV. — Stnicture of Sherhroolze Gold District.^ If a slightly undulating line l)e drawn on a course S. 83 ^ We^t (IrueJ, or N. 75^ W. magnetic, from area 775, on the east side t)f the St. Clary's River, it will represent ])art of the axis of the Sherbrooke anticlinal. On tiie north side of the axis, the lodes dip to the north, at an angle generally < ''about 45 degrees, except when a[)proaching the axis, where they commence to curve. On the south side, the dip varies from 80 degrees to vertical, except when making the curve, i'ro- ceeding south from the axis, the lodes become more persistently vertical, until they acquire a sliglit northerly dip, thus show- ing that the form of the anticlinal is that of a slight overturn to the south, as represented in the sections. On making the curve, some of the lodes sweep graduallv round with a dip, varying from 80 degrees south to 00' S.W., 35= S. W. by W., 2G=" W., then gradually increasing until they accpiire the normal dij) on the north side of the anticlinal, of about 45 degrees north. Tho plan of the Hoot-hog lode shows this curvature with some degree of detail. The stiata and contemporaneous lodes at Sherbrooke, like those at Waverley, may be described as beds of slate and quartzite Avith thin sheets ol auriferous quartz 'folded in an overturn anticlinal form, ami subseiiuently *Tlic' wold flislrict of Sliorbrooko is situated tiboiit twclvo miles from tlio month of St, MiiiyV Uiver, in tho county of Guysborough, It iti eighty niilui east of HulilU.r in an air line. 3raporano- V class of lit are of tod beds. 1 that the ne of rich jde, while paratively lerent dis- with the 1 zone cor- dis in the irection in lid on one ding lodes igroe with mo us Avith Australia. so S. 83 => 7'), on tlie )art ot" the ido of the y ( '' about hero they laries from |rve. Iho- rsistently bus show- ertnrn to Itlio curve, ), varying 2G= W., lual (b'p on bes north. Ituro with ous lodes cribod as liu rife runs se(iuently I the month of St of HuUl'ur 55 t^.lted to the east b}' a cross anticlinal. The den\ided crest of the intersection of the anticlinals has exposed the sheets of quartz in the form oi long semi-elli[)ses, whose bases rest upon Cambrian gneiss, from wiiic^h the Silurian quartzites and slates have been removed by denudation. Nujnerous dislocations, having generally a north and south course, occur at Sher- broolce. These appear, like those at Waverley,* to have taken place during the north and south folding; some of them are represented on the plans and in the sectiotis. V. — The Auriferous Lodes. As niuch misapprehension might arise from the broad state- n^ent that all the auriferotis lodes in Nova Scotia are sheets of quai;tz, generally traceable froui one side of a tilted anticlinal to the other side, in unbroken continuity, it is necessary to state distinctly that, although the sections exhibit this relati(m, yet it holds good only with reference to certain lodes which have been so traced, and tt) groups of lodes. This arises from the structure of the lodes. (See page 20 to 25.) VL — Aiming Economies in Nova Scotia. I projiose now to glance briefly at the condition of mining in Nova Scotia, and then to furnish some facts from official returns, which will enafjle a correct appreciation of the gold wealth of the Nova Scot Ian lodes to be formed. From the most relialile information accessible, it appears that there are now seventy ct)mpanies or associations engaged, actually or nou»inally, in gold mining in Nova Scotia: — So, of Coiiipaiilus. 16 6 7 2 10 2 12 3 3 3 1 2 6 Where oj-siniisi-'d. Montreal . . . . Toronto .... Kingston ... New York . . (Boston St. John, N. B. Halifax, N. S United States Ontario ... Nova Scotia Liverpool, England, London, do. Private Kstimftti'd c ist 111 il actual jvoikiiig caj) ital. 480.000 d ols.~" 240,000 u 210.000 li 250,000 >i 500,000 u 50,000 i. i;u,ooo a 00,000 u 00,000 It 10.000 u 25.000 a 85,000 li 20,000 u 'Fura (Jesetiptioii of tho di.Jocations at Waveilisy see ri'port on Ihat tlistiict. 56 ! I* ■; 1 h ! Some of tlie.se are ol a purely speculative character, sotdb have ceased working, others are profitably carrying on the business, but, as shown in succeeding paragraphs, in a very unscientific and wasteful manner. A few are working with comparative economy, but no approach is made to the admira- ble system which frequently obtains in Victoria, where that best of mining schools, experience, has taught miners to con- duct gold mining with the same attention to detail as is thought absolutely essential to success in any other branch of industry. In very many cases, mismanagement has been the cause of the suspension of works, which, with ordinary care in the hands of an expeiienced agent, would have proved successful. Local companies have been often formed in the following manncM- : — A prospector finds a lode showing numerous spgcks of gold at the surface. Three or four speculators join together and form a company, purchasing the property for a nominal sum, and a considerable portion of so-called paid-up stock. They put the capital at 100,000 dollars (100,000 shares at one dollar a share). The shares are sold at two cents and upwards. With the money thus obtained, work is commenced, and if the quartz continues promising, enough capital is raised to erect a mill, and there is a prospect that the speculation may turn out profitably ; but if the auriferous character of the quartz diminishes, the collapse of the company becomes a niere question of time, for the shareholders almost invariably refuse to submit to a call. The following tables show the average yield of gold from quartz in Nova Scotia and in Victoria (Australia) : — Average Yield of Gold in Victoria from the year 1859 to 186S inclusive.* Year. Quantity crushed. Total produoi. Average yield pep ton. tons. cwts. OZ. ( Iwts. ox. dwts. (jrs. 1859 39,034 47,524 14 1 4 8.4 18G0 86,594 16 81,905 2 18 22 1861 350,409 299,482 13 17 2 1862 567,208 310,725 4 10 22 1863 523,226 328,190 14 12 8.5 1864 843,515 10 433,981 16 10 6.9 1865 705,134 419,325 3 11 21.4 1866 861,468 13 459,895 7 10 16.2 1867 948,850 12 498 677 12 10 12.2 1868 886,228 18 47 ,493 3 10 15.37 Totals.... 5,811,669 9 3,346.201 8 11 12.37 •'• The Gold Fi«lds of Australia." By R. Brough Smyth, F.G.a. !?ter, some ng on tlio , ill i\ very iking with lie admira- k'here that ens to con- is thought f induHtry. e cause of aro in the uiccessfnl. folh)\ving' 3118 spQcks n together a nominal -up stock, ires at ono I upwards, and it' the d to erect may turn he quart55 s a nioro biy refuse gold from )9 to 1868 irifld per ton. ts. jfra. 4 8.4 5 22 J 2 ) 22 I 8.5 ) 6.9 21.4 ) 16.2 } 12.2 1537 12.37 67 Statement showing the member of tons of Quartz crushed, the yield of Gold, and the average yield per ton, in the Province of Nova Scotia, during the years 1862 to 1869 inclusive. Yoar. Quartz crushed. Yield of gold. Yield per ton. tons. oz. dwts. gra. oz. dwts. grs. 1862 6,727 6,799 1 5 1863 17,001 13,973 14 17 16 12 1864* 15,316 14,526 18 5 19 1865 23,835 24,725 22 22 1 21 1866 30,963 24,125 13 18 15 14 1867 30,673 27,534 4 14 17 23 1868 31,242 20,518 10 14 13 3 1869 35,424 17,690 2 8 10 2 Totals 191,181 149,894 7 2 15 16 From careful assays of numerous parcels of tailings in Nova Scotia, as they came from the mill, and selected indis- criminately, the average quantity of gold contained Avas found to exceed 4 dwts. per ton. In many instances the assay gave a very much larger yield. These tailings lie around the mills in every direction, or are allowed to run into the nearest stream ; in no instance known to me are the}' concentrated, even to save the pyrites, or arc any really valuable appliances used to save the free gold they contain, which has escaped from the stamping boxes or the amalgamating tables. ********** A year ago, attention having been called to the escaped gold in tho tailings at one of the mills at Waverley, portions were re-crushed and passed over the amalgamating tables ; and in the official returns for 1869 we find tho following statements : 288 tons of waste from dump gave 32 oz. 5 dwts. 11 grains ; 63 tons of waste from dump gave 13 oz. 12 dwt. 16 grains. From this experiment some idea may be formed of the amount of gold allowed to escape in the tailings from upwards of 190,000 tons of quartz, tho quantity already crushed in Nova Scotia.f VII. — Mining Economics at Waverley. Tho mine which I shall select, as an illustration of gold mining at Waverley, is tho oue where part of the Tudor lodo is * Nine months. t Stt« nlao tables showing returns from Sberbrooko district for remarks on gold in the tailings. F ; ? i 58 worked. The following extracts from my official report in 18G8, compared with what is now being done in 1870, will afford a fair example of the improvement of which Nova Sco- tia mining is susceptible : — The mill at this mine is driven by water; it has sixteen stamps; amalgamation takes place in the battery and on tables ; no blankets are used, or concentrating apparatus of any kind to save the pyrites or free gold which have escaped amalgamation ; the tailings flow into the stream and are lost. In the year 1865. G,072 tons of quartz were crushed and treated in the manner described. The yield of gold amounted to 8,727 ounces, or 1 oz. 6 dwts. 12 grains per ton. The total cost of getting the gold, up to the close of 1866, averaged 12 dwts. (12 dollars) a ton. In 1867, the works were carried on with greater economy, and the lode, at a depth of 300 feet, averaged 15 inches in thickness, and yielded (not including the tailings) 8 dwts. a ton, and was worked with a small profit. When tlie average yield fell to 7 dwts. a ton. the works were stop[)ed, on account of not paying expenses. This was the condition of the mine during my visit in the autumn of 1868. * ■ ■» * * •«. •«■ -Sf * * it- Let these statements of facts in 1868 be contrasted with the following in March. 1870. My authority is one of the mine-owners at Waverley, to whom I applied for information respecting the progress of his works, in February of the pre- sent year. The mill and mine are the same as referred to in the preceding paragraphs : — " I work at present four shafts on the south side, on tribute which leaves n)y men with a yield of 3 dwts. per ton on average, from 1 dol. to 1 dol. 50 c. clear wages for every working day, and to me something over 50 cents per ton. The difference betwen 1 dol. and 1 dol. 50 c. wages depends entirely upon the greater or smaller ability and industry uf the miners, by which they will raise larger or smaller quan- tities of quartz per day, which, with such a small yield as 3 dwts. per ton is all important. '' My arrangement with the miners is, that they get for their labour and the expenses, except crushing and hauling, all the gold, and pay me for crushing and hauling 1 dol. 25c. per ton. " The lode is from twelve to eighteen inches thick, and three men raise, on an average, from fifty to sixty odd tons of quartz per month. That the lode works extraordinarily easy is a matter of course ; deducting the crushing and hauling, there remains not much more for the raising of the quartz than a little over 1 dol. 50c. per ton. " In proof of my own profit of at least 50 cents per ton, you will find the following calculations : — I crush with eight I'cport in 1S70, will s^ova Sco- rivon by .CO ill the nitrating Id which e stream rtz were yield of ains per close of 867, the I lode, at ?ss, and and was fell to 7 t paying ring rny ed Avitli of the irination the prc- ed to in tribute ton on r every I. The epends stry of r qiian- d as 3 r their all the |5c. per three oils of y easy iiiliiig, piartz sr ton, eight 69) stampers, in twenty-four hours, at least 13 tons on the average, and lor this work I employ two very experienced feeders, who have, at the same time, charge of the mill, and two breakers. Of the feeders, one receive 1 dol. 40 c, aii'l tho other, 1 dol. 35 c. a day ; and of the breakers, one, 1 dol. 25 c., and tlie other, a boy, 1 dollar per day, that is altogether 5 dollars. This makes, with 13 tons, $38. G per ton. Tho wdiole expenses of wear and tear (in the main part stamper shoes) and loss of quicksilver, are under no circumstances higher than 15u. per ton, which would bring the crushing expenses up to $53.6 per ton. The hauling costs 20c. per ton, and this shows that I make at least 50c. per ton clear. " I think this is the first instance that a lode of this thick- ness has ever been worked with a profit, at a yield of 3 dwts. "Quite different is it with the Soutli Tudor lode, which works very hard, a great deal harder than ever the north dip worked. The two reasons of this are, first, that the south dip is so ver}'' much flatter than the north dip, and, second, that the small band of soft slate (goudge) which was nearly everywhere (with some interruptions^ on the north dip, is nearly entirely wanting on the south dip, which makes tho stripping of tho lode a by far more difficult task. Nevertheless, I work the lode as cheap as I ever worked the north dip in the clieapest time ; but the men have to work harder to make a living by it than they ever worked beibre. If it was not for the great scarcity of work, they scarcely would endure it long, particularly in this humid winter, where half their time is lost by water-])ailing ('hoisting water in buckets^. " I pay 10 dollars for sinking and 40 ce..ls for stopeing, the men to find everything, which brings up the cost, crushing and hauling included, to about 9 dollars per ton. I am putting up now a gin and commence to sink down one shaft in advance of the others, preparatory to dispensing with all sinking except in tho one shaft, which will always bo tho deepest point, and from which the lode is stoped out east and west in the form of terraces. I have no doubt that this arrangement will bring down the expenses to 8 dollars per ton, everything included. How long I shall bo able to work without a pump I cannot say, but Lake jNIajor Compaii}* has worked without it down to 300 feet, though I have at present by far more water than there was in this part of the north dip. " My experience on the north dip has convinced me that, as long as the formation remains the same, the mining expenses do not increase, down to at least 300 feet, and 1 am sure a good deal further, except in expenses of tlie pump. Wlioro there is a pump, a horse gin will raise from two shafts all tho quartz that can be mined, just as well from 300 foot depth as 1^ 60 I! 1 i from 100 feet. I do not save the pyrites yet, because I have not yet put up a German huddle.*' The system of mining generally adopted in Nova Scotia greatly increases the expenses of T«i»!ng the quartz. On the plan of Waverley the positions are marked of the shafts on part of the Tudor and north lodes. The north lode and the Tudor Irde are, on an average, 60 feet apart at the outcrops, their dips being nearly the sumo. The number of shafts sunk by rlilferent companies on theso lodes, within a mean distance of 2,000 feet, is 54, having a mean depth of 200 feet. This is equivalent to a shaft to every superficial area of 47 feet square. **if-:f ****** The reasons why failure a)id collapse, in place of continued prosperity, have characterised some mining properties in Waverley, and indeed throughout Nova Scotia, I have already oflScially stated to be as follows* : — 1. The absorption of all returns to pay large dividends, 2. The small size of some of the properties. 3. Insufficient working capital at the outset. 4. A uniform neglect in preserving records and plans in detail of the works. 5. Inadequate machinery and appliances to save gold. 6. The want of labour-saving machinery. 7. Ignorance respecting miningoperations, the "gold streak," or " chimneys," or " pipes," or zone of auriferous quartz. 8. General neglect of the contract and tribute system. 9. And, as a necessary result of the foregoing, the frequent incompetency of some of the so-called managers. I t VIII. — Mining Statistics. The following tables have been kindly supplied by the Com- missioner of Mines at Halifax, and they have all the seal of the office attached to them. A glance at these tables will show that the gold yield from quartz of some of the Nova Scotian districts is in excess of the average of gold mining countries generally. Tables are also given of the yield of certain mines in each district, from which some ideas may be formed of the productiveness of the quartz, and of the extent to which the returns might be increased if the same economy in mining, skill in manipulation, and eagerness to adopt im- provements existed in Nova Scotia which are now common in Australia and California. The decrease in the general annual average at Sherbrooke is due to the cessation of the process * Vide report on the Waverley Gold DLitriot. . i Com- soal of will Nova liniiip^ 61 of nulling tlin quartz, wliicli was to a largo extent common in the infancy of mining in Nova Scotia. At the present time, not only is the qiuvrtz of the lode crusherl, but alf»o some inches of the adjoining slate, and at Musquodoboit and Isaac's Harbour, broad bands, from 14 to 20 feet of mixed slate and quartz, are crushed with returns shown in the tables : Sherrbrooke Gold District. Statement of Quartz crushed, and Gold obtained from the Sherbrooke Gold District, during the years 1863 to 1869 in- clusive, together with the average and maximum yield of Gold per ton, as shown by the Quarterly Beturns rendered the Department of Mines. Year. Quartz raised. Gold obtained. Average yield. Maximum yield. Tons. 0!!. Dwts. Or. Ob. Dwts. Qr. Oz. Dwts. Gr. 1863 3,454 3.304 14 12 • • • • • 12 1864* 1,909 2,611 6 22 . . . • • 20 1865 2,637 3,137 9 5 • « • • • 8 3 1866 2,684 5,157 14 17 1 22 16 6 16 1867 5,809 8,522 -8 11 1 9 8 11 13 5 3 mos. do. 2,376 2,708 8 18 1 2 19 6 1868 8,880 7,070 5 16 12 15 1869 11,500 5,546 11 16 9 15 6 9 13 Total 39,249 38,058 14 10 19 9 20 * Nine months to Septtmber 30. In 1862 there was obtained 2,023 ounces, as near as could be ascertained. 62 Statement of labour performed on areas G50, 651, 052, G80, 681 682, block 3, Sherbrooke District, the property of the Welling- ton Gold Mining Company, daring the years 1863 to 1869 inclusive, and results. ■ -i Days, Date. QunrU ciusheil. Yield of aold. tons. cwts. ()!!. dwts. grs. 1,800 1863. Dec. 31.... 149 16 222 15 2 500 1864. Mar. 31.... 32 15 95 10 22 300 June 30.... 40 4 71 5 5 780 Sept. 30... . 16 1 39 12 2 666 Dec. 31.... 13 27 10 12 459 1865. Mar. 31.... 18 19 13 11 16 710 June 30... 109 107 17 19 737 Sept. 30.... 107 428 15 1,297 Dec. 31.... 285 18 766 15 2 1,400 1866. Mar. 31.... 219 10 298 12 1,244 Juno 30.... 409 14 991 6 3 700 Sept. 30.... 389 871 18 22 1,650 Dec. 31 266 18 864 4 15 3,000 1867. Mar. 31.... 400 940 3,004 June 30 465 634 6 2,800 Sept. 30.. .. 335 10 314 14 2,000 Dec. 31.... 312 iQ 507 3,600 1868. Mar. 31.... 596 10 1,061 18 6 4,600 June 30 550 16 456 11 16 3,510 Sept. 30.... 844 12 644 5 3,500 Dec. 31.... 448 12 515 11 10 4,000 1869. Mar. 31.... 682 600 12 4,000 June 30.... 1,059 794 3 5 3,244 Sept. 30 ... . 731 10 281 2 18 3,800 Dec. 31.... 500 17 666 17 53,301 8,984 12 12,215 13 7 G3 , G80, 681 s Welling' 3 ^0 18G9 f Gold . UwtS^ gra. J5 2 10 22 5 5 12 2 10 12 11 16 17 19 15 15 2 12 6 3 18 22 4 15 6 U 18 6 [1 16 5 1 10 12 3 5 2 18 7 Renfrew District. Tahle shewing the date, tons of Quartz crushed, and Gold oh HarUs/'''''' ^ '' '"'* ^^''^''''" ^''^''^'^' County of Date. 1866. Sept. 30. Dec. 31 . . 1867. March 31 June 30 . . Sept. 30 . , Doc. 31.. 1868. March 31. June 30.. Sept. 30 . Dec. 31 . . 1869. March 31. June 30 . . , Sept. 30 . . . Dec. 31. . Total Tons. Cwts, 077 1,208 1,395 1,503 1,656 946 15 704 1,317 1,385 2,029 1,562 1,285 850 1,915 Oz. Dwt». Grs , 1,000 10 2,142 4 1,885 15 1,674 1,587 5 907 571 10 736 3 706 15 1,046 10 724 18 612 10 302 571 10 10 18,432 15 14,468 10 10 / 64 Waverley District. H Table nhoivhg the quantity of Quartz crushed, and amount of Gold obtained from the German Mines on the ludor and North Lodes, Wavcrlet/ District, County of Halifax. f Date. Days* labour. tuna. cwts, 0B8, dwts, grs, 1863. Dec. 31.. 3,370 381 15 151 7 9 u « 338 47 9 33 18 12 1864. Mar.3l!! 1,360 212 10 125 16 14 « « 3,083 263 134 5 14 June 30.. 1,700 162 15 132 8 3 « « 4.800 331 224 12 17 •i « 2,550 40 30 Sept. 30.. 6,100 759 704 11 3 u «( 2,300 294 317 12 i( <( 4,700 306 216 15 3 Doc. 31.. 5,000 757 608 5 5 2,300 396 517 4 <. « 4,000 1,352 1,226 12 21 Dec. 31 .. 1,100 355 432 18 « « 1,300 250 225 3 u i< 3,000 1,611 1,253 2 12 1866. Mar. 31 1! 1.400 350 188 3 II i< '500 70 23 6 « u 3,000 1,210 609 1 June 30.. 6,080 1,500 995 (( It 2,000 245 141 18 Sept. 30.. 2,300 293 235 9 15 <( « 5,415 1,406 923 Dec. 31.. 1.800 248 172 15 « « 3,000 833 316 Total 96,896 17,655 9 15,698 15 18 65 Stormon-^ District (Isaac's IIaurour). Table showing the qnantitf/ of Quartz crushe'l, and amount of Gold obtained from areas 12 and 13, and other mines on the Muhjrave lode, Stormont district, Guysborough Counti/. Diite. 1863. Jan. 30.. . Sept. 30.. . Deo. 31... 1864. Mar. 30. .. Days. 468 780 750 700 1.026 650 720 900 80 tons, 20 55 57 oz, 120 119 126 (Iwts. gr«. Itcmarks, Area No. 12.* 150 ft. on lode 250 ft. across Jan. 30... Sept. 30... Dec. 31... 1865. Mar. 31... Jan. 30... 100 368 22 90 :2 13 437 22 48 • • • • • 64 42 210 95 :7 6 18 3 4 16 18 Total 6,074 1,056 8 1863. June 30... Sept. 30... 1864. Mar. 31... 416 208 600 650 250 127 52 145 228 '260" 97 "12" 7 Area No. 13.* June 30... Sept. 30. .. Dec. 31. .. 16 18 1864.April 1... 8 184 1 13 6 Total 2,403 722 13 16 Other mines on shoot (see Report for 1868^. Date. 1864 Days. tons. 59 535 07,. 183 924 dwts. grg. 3 11 8 12 1865 *Thes>p areas were mined in 1862, but there was no regular system of return until May, 1863. 5 66 li :ti! MUSQUODOBOIT. Table showing the quantity of Quartz crushed, and amount of Gold obtained at the Busliirnj Mine, at Musquodoboit ^^ Jen- nings''^ district, in the county of Halifax, Bate. Remarks. 1869. April ]\Iav tons. 50 IIG 158 10 155 190 5 102 94 124 7 07,, 37 40 53 19 46 51 9 32 26 35 12 (hvts. 10 8 10 2 2 9 2 15 grs. Area 19, 20, 21, 22 and 23. Lar^-e lode, about 20 ft Juno Julv ill tliickii(;ss. com- u August Sei)tomber posed of" quartz and slate ; about half quartz. October Nov(Mnl>iir DiiCL'Uibor Total 1,017 308 18 April Jniiti July 8t'utoniber 10 34 14 7 7 8 28 7 1 1 48 10 5 17 18 15 (T llvde lode ; area 221 and 231; about 5 in. thickness. Novoinber Total 72 5 A n^ust 22 23 52 71 31 28 131 17 10 ~7~ Drunbrack lode. SeDf einber 15 in. ; area 327. OiT()l)or Total 97 Hyde's Mine ON Ah EAS 221, , 222, 223, 224. 1869. October tons. 92 137 79 90 07.. 142 120 00 93 (Iwts. 11 19 1 (frs. 13 November December 1870. Januavv ^ Total 398 422 11 21 67 quartz Jibout < iodc. 827. DISCUSSION, The CtlATRMAN, ill iiivitinp; discussion, said he desired to point out that tlie ]')aj)er divided the subject of gold mining into two important points, one being the question as to the ocL'nrren(!e of gold, lor it must be known first wliether there was a sufHcieiit quantity of gold in the district to make it worth while for companies to subscribe capital, and ex}>eiid money in a series, of operations carried on for many yetirs j and the second question reieri-ed to the method of, and econo- my in, extracting the gold. On the former question he should have something to suy himself; and with regard to the latter, Professor Hind had gone pretty fully into it, pointing out nine distinct caus(,'s of failure which had come under his own notice. If any gentleman present had any experience in Works of this kind it would be desirable that they should give additional information or confirmation of Mr. Hind's statements, j)articu1arly with reganl to the strii.tification of aurifei'ous quai'tz in Xova Scotia. Mr. RomxsoX said he might venture to make one or two remarks on the metho(\ of mining ado[)ted in Nova Scotia, having recently visited that country, and being acquainted with the progress of operations there. With refcreuco to the tlieort>tical part of t'le question, he might refer those interest- ed in it to a paper which wa;^ read before the Geological Society, a short time previously, by f'rofessor Hind, giving a a very elaborate account of the; structure of the province. Having visited Waverley M'ith that gentleman, he could con- firm generally what was stated with respect to the imj)erfect ari'an cements made for miniui' .-5 > m fact, it was not so much as tinkei'ing or sui'face \vt)r_k, as was shown l)y the fact that for a lode 1,500 feet in length 5i shafts were sunk to exti-act quartz. As to the arrangements of the strata also, he (]uito agreed with what had been stated, and in one district with which he had most to do. liawrentx'town, the strata was pi'oved to be a synclinal fold. In fact, alter working there ibr six months, the result showed that the form of the lode w;is as nearly as possible exactly what was predicted in the fiist in- vestigation of the ( listrict. With regard to WavL'rl IVLMMCV, the lode thei'c was lost l)y reason of a fault, and when he \ isited tlu^ ])lace with Professor ITind, in ISdS, its jiosition was of great importance, inasmuch as the whoh; settlement was at a standstill for want of employment. Snl)sequently to his investigation it was again discovered, and o|)erations were doubtless now in full swing again. One of the distri(.'ts, not specially alluded to in the paper, Montague, was very remark- able for the very large yield which had been found from the 08 i.H: commencement, tlie returns of the Olilof Gold Commissfoner showing: tliat, for a series of years, there had been a yield of 1 oz. 5 dwts. per ton, which was the hijjfhest on record. "J'lie taihng's there had also been assayed, wlien it appeared that ]d dwts. per ton were being thrown* away. Those acquainted with goUl rnim'ng knew tliat in a well mansiged mine, with good mill-power and proper machinery, the cost of gettinjj: did not exceed 4 dwts. to 5 dwts., so that when they foimd that 13 dwts were absolutely wasted, in addition to the 1^ oz. obtained, it was abundantly evident that the importance of Nova Scotia, as a gcjld fiehl, coijjd hardly be over-estimi»ted. Oldham was another part which he visited, and thero he found the yield of gold exceed 1 oz. per ton at some small workings ■which were now beini; considerahlv extended with the aid of i^^nglish capital. In conclusion he thought Professor Hind was entitled to the thinks of the public for bringing this matter forward, for it was now evident that, with such a sup- ply of gold in the nearest of England's dependencies, there "was an enormous source ot wealth only waiting the operation of English enterprise and capital. He held a decided opinion, which he had often expressed both in public and private, that Nova Scotia woidd be found to be one of the most iitiportant gold fields in the world when its resources where properly deveUjped. Mr. Arthur Sopwith said that he had just returned from Nova Scotia, and he could to the utmost corroborate the state- ments made by Professor Hind, as to the manner in which mining was conducted thero. One of the most important points in any hirge gold-producing country was the treatujcnt of the tailings and arsenical pyrites, from which the gold was more difficult to separate than fi'om any other metals with which it was found combined. It was not exactly within the scope of the paper, which treated principally of the other districts, but he might mention that in the JMontague mine, which was one of the most interesting in the province, and was in the neighbouriiood of Waverley, there were found in the loot wall of the lode masses of arsenical pyrites about the size of two fists joined together, at very short intervals, and this really amounted to a considerable portion of the lode, wdiich was only two inches thick ; but the persons Avorking that mine were so ignorant ol anything like the assaying of ores, that they were actually storing it, and proposing to send it over to Swansea, paying heavy freight to have it smelted there. It was very probable that this pyrites would give froui £80 to X120 per ton, at any rate if the statements made wire anything like correct, as it was in appearance exceeding- ly rich. VVitli regard to the cost of mining, the Nova Scotian methods of working were very limited ; but, on the other 69 hand, it mnst bo remembered that unless sufficietjt capital wero suhscrilied to carry on operatior's, for a Iom<^ time it would not pay to erect good macliinery and [»nmping gear, witli barren ground. It was the case in all metallilcrous niines, that a large proportion of barren ground had to be opened, and unless there were plenty of ca[)ital, a {)erson might be ruined iit once by setting up expensive machinery. The fact was, not a single mine in Nova Scotia had been started with anytliing like what would be considered in England a sufficient cajiital. Tliat the lodes were in some parts exceeding auriferous might be gathered from this fact: — he had iiimself been down nearly 200 f^^et, woi'king a lode of only four inches, whicii was woikod a length of abotit^iOO or 400 feet, which had necessarily required the taking away of a large [nirt of the adjoining rock, but, never- theless the work had been successful. Not only were there these position beds, for there could be no doubt tliey were t'ue heds. also a great number of cross leads was the richest part of the lode. This was a point which required a good deal of atten- tion, because if tlie cross lead were struck, it might cut through two or three lodes without being cut out, and at all points of intersection it might be very rich. By striking on H lenglh of cr'>ss lead, and through the main leails, which, as a rule, lay pretty close together, the work would be found much more productive tli.in trying here and there in a nuiiii lode, trusting to ch.ince to get a nest of gold. l>i-. I'oYCUTT said it ajtpeared, after all, that what was wanted for working these mines was, not so much money as more information and skilL It seemed a great pity that these o[)erations should be undei'taken by such ignorant people, for it appeared fu-ett)' |)Iain that many of the miners lacked the commonest information, which was now distril)uted pretty well all over the world, tliroiigh tlie influence of the School of Mines in Jermyn street. He was, therefori;, astonished to find that there was so much waste of money and lalxuir still going on, and that some means were not adopted for securing infor- mation. The mere statement of such facts sulliced to show the necessity for educaticni being extended in a greater mea- sure to our colonies, and, if po-!sibh^, he thought the govern- ment should send out inspectors to see that these mines wero proj)erly worked. He should like to know whether tlie Chair- man's opinion coincided with that of Proi'essor Hind as to the gold lieiiig deposited from sea water. Air. BoTLY said society at large mnst be ii\debted to ^]r. ITind for the papier he had prepai'ed, and ))articularly for call- ing attention to the nine causes which had produced fiiluro and (joilapse in so many cases. Several of them, sufdi as the absorption of the whole of the returns to pay large dividends, the ymallness of the operations, the want of labour-saving 70 maelilnery, and tlie incoinpotoncy of sotho so-cnlled miinftf!^or5? liad been Iruitfiil sources of lo?!.s in Enfrluml, jmrtieiilarly tlio last, and therefore lie conld wo]] believe that no succestsful c-okl operations conld be carried on Avhile they continned to exist. Mr. Robinson, in reference to what had fallen from Dr. Boycott, said that minin;>- in Nova Scotia was of very recent date, and, of course as in the case of all cxther countries, they liad to go through a sort of apjirenticeshij) beioi-e much pro- gress was made. There was an inspector of mines h\ Nova Scotia, who was well qualified to give every information, but he did not apprehend it came within his de|)artinent to tell persons when they were spending their money foolishly. Tiie CifATRMAN said that, as an old (?abbler h^ gold nn'nes i)> vai'ions pirts, he could not help feeding much interested in the I)aper, following up as it did the accounts AX'hieh had been received from other sources, with regin'd to a colcjjty so near to> the seaboard, and '.vhicli aj)[ieared to offer strmany iiKlnceirients to the capitalists to embark in niiniirg (niterprise. There was- nothing so pleasant as gold mining, if }'ou could only gtjt a suliicient yield, foi' there was Jio trouble whatcn-er in dis{)osing of the product, as was somcititties the case with large quanti- ties of l)ulky produce. JJuton the othei* hand thu-vc xvere cer- tain disadvantages, amongst the principal of which were the great uncertainty and the great proneness to accident amongst the veins which produced the gold. On this part of the suli- ject he could not hel[) saying that, ah hough Mr. Flind had appeared to make good his staten)ent as to the structure of this part of Nova Scotia, he could not help being still a little sce[)- tical as the fact of gold being distributee) st) reg-ularly through- out a series of beds of (piartz. It was true, in the fatter j)art of the paper, this statemeitt was somewhat " hedged," aikd it; was pointed out that there were irregularities, which one would have been scarcely in(hiced to expect fi'oin tho first account of" what appeared to l)e regidarly stratified l)ed"s. For liimself, he could not help con{)ling- what ^ras said a))oufe synclinal and anticlinal t)eds as a certain amount of theory,, and bringing it to bear u[)on tho (>xplan-"tion xvhi'^h was sug- gested of these facts, vi/., that t\ui gold had been de[«)sited' contemporaneously with the quartz by the seawater. It this were so, why was not all tho gold deposited at the bottoni of the sediment, by reason of its greater speciHc gravity ? Hut by another jjart of the paper it a[)[)eared that the gold rai> onlv in sti'eaks. and that it seen)ed to f)e acctimulated near ceiTain crossing of these bed.-. \*y other lines of quart:;;, which looked more like ti~ue veins. At present, therelbre, lie could not help saying he thought there was a gejod deal mom to be }nade out. lie had on Ibrnun' occasions visited certain locali- ties, tlijugh not in Nova Scotia, where- it was said that u»iueraU 71 occiirrerl rep;nlarly tlirongliout a stratified mass, bnt lio liad usually foiiiul such a stateinoiit to be the result of defioioiit observation. In a certain part of the stratified-looking- mass there had been a dissemination of mineral matter, but very frequently this apparently stratified mass was nothing- else but a mass of stratified material, ground and rubbed together, and existing between two walls resembling tlioso of a regular vein ; or agaiu that the mineral matter had been most denid- edly intercalated at a period long subsequent to the original formation of the beds. He could not help thinking, in spite of all the excellent accounts which had been brought forward, that this would prove to bo the real explanation of the occur- rence of the gold in a great part of these Nova Scotia deposits. With regard to the second part of the question, it appeared quite clear tliat there was, throughout a great p:irt of this district, a sufficiently large i)ortioii of gold extending tln'oughout tluise qnartzose deposits, whether beds or veins, to pay well for mining entei'pnse, and the (piestion nn'ght therefore bo asked why had it not succeeded better? F(U- a number of years, GOO or 800 men had been engaged in this M'ork, but only a few mines had been successful, and therefore they were much indebted to Professor Hind (or the valuable statistics he had brought forward, because the question seemed to be — Given that this was really a gold containing district, was it not possible, instead of these GOO or 800 uien, to ein|)loy G,000 or 8,000, or even more, in raising gold, to ihe advantage of all parties coiujerned ? Undoubtedly it ought to be so. for there was no doubt that here there was a gold-field such as was seldom to be met with ; and if the proportion laid down from the statistics fnniished by the Commissioner of Mines were to be dependc d upon, there ought to be machinery and appliances brough* to bear upon these mines, such as would ensure a very handsome return to capital invested in under- takings intended to last over a long series of years. This Avas really a point of almost imperial importance, for ita|>peared that, up to the present time, the resources of the country had been developed to a pitifully small exteui andjio doubt that this was because the inidertakings had been conducted by persons unprovideerati()ns for the search of the ** iSoutli Tudor" commenced late in the l"all of 1808, near the road marked on the plan, 770 feet from the point whore the lead was lost. At the date of Mr. Wilson's letter it had been traced backwards to area 201, through a distance of eleven hundred feet. 'J'he mean dilferonce between the ascertuined outcrop of the lead and the theoreti(;al outcrop, given on the })Ian in your office, is 25 feet 9 inches over a distance of 1109 feet. VVIkmi both theoretical and actual outcro])s are reduced to the same level, the mean dilferenco is considerably less. The mean dilferenco between the tlieoretical and actual outcrops of the North lead, over a space of niiie hundred feet, is 25 feet 7 inches. •' The rocks throughout tlieso distances of 1100 and 900 feet are deej)ly covered with boulder drift, and of uneven surface, so that I may rt.'asonably claim a much closer approximation between theory and fact than a mean difference in outcrop of 25 feet 8 inches over a space of two thousand feet. The accompanying f)lan is a copy of a portion of the plan in your office. The black dotted lines represent the probable outcrop I assigned to the leads in October, 18G8. The red lines show, according to Mr. Wilson's survey, the actual out- crop discovered up to January, 1870. p]nclosed is a copy of Mr. Wilson's letter. I have the honor to be. Your obedient servant, HENRY Y. HIND. Waverlcy Gold Fields, Sth January, 1870. Henry Y. Hind, P]sq. Dear Sir, — In reply to your favor of 27th Decomber, I beg to say that 1 have examined the formation as developed in Mr. Burk- ner's workings on the south dip, and around the curve of what is unquestionably the Tudor lode, and accompanying please 77 0. find a plan wliich will illustrate tlio courso with tho openings thereon. The dcvolopomonts so far determine — Ist. That the lodes? have been traced around the curve of the anticlinal axis, pi-ovini^ indisputably the continuation of the Tudor nnd other veins, from their east and west course, with a northern dip, around in tlie form of a parabolic cu?vo to a corresponding (cast and west) courso with a southern dip. 2n(l. That the sweep of the curve is much sharper on tho northern than on tho soutiuirn side of tlu; axis. ord. That the thiclvness of the veins and character of the ore in the northern and southern dips are comi)aratively idenlical. 4th. That on the south side the lode dips at an angle of about 45 degrees, and near the axis at abnut 40 degrees. 5lh. That the gohl streak is from east to west on the south side of the axis, following round the curve till it is from west to east on the northern side. 6th. That on the south side of the anticlinal the Tudor lode grows perccjjtibly richer and thiinier as it goes east, but increases in richness in de[)th. 7th. That the North lode on the southern side is 82 feet from the Tudor, and at 150 feet further comes the South lode, so called. 8th. That there is a fault or displacement about 00 feet north of the axis, the movement apparently having been from east to west, the Tudor lode being completely cut asunder, and the two ends shoved past erch other about ten feet; the texture of the intervening rock being completely de- stroyed. 9th. That the " South " lode (on the eastern side of the axisj 18 inches thick, has two partings in it, forming three distinct veins in one ; that the character of the ore is identi- cal with the three lodes (in one belt) lying some 90 feet north of the North lode, on the northern dip; the only ditferenco being that there the veins are separated by some two feet of slates, which on the southern side is represented by a mere seam only. I am, your obedient servant, B. C. WILSON, say lurk- diat jaso r 78 1 d CO O . 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