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Lee diegrammea suivants illuatrent le mAthode. »y erreta edto int no peluro, I90n A 1 2 3 a2x 1 2 3 4 8 6 -^ji^y AN ABRIDGMENT OF MimRAY'S ENGLISH GRAMMAR, AND EXERCISE ; WITH QUESTIONS, ADAPTED TO THE USE OF SCHOOLS AND ACi \ytLSO AN APPEI CONTAINING RULES AND OftSSftlUTIONJ WRITING WITH PERSPICUITY Axf" BY M. J. KERNEY, AUTHOR OF COMPENDIUM OF ANCIENT AND MODERN HISTORY. MONTREAL: ARMOUR & RAMSAY. KINGSTON: KAMSAYj ARMOUR AND CO. /^^ *^^^ HAMILTON: RAMSAY AND M^K £ N D R m^ ^^ 11347. •jf ' ^ V. » 5," I \ ■ ,' 1 V. ■il f !VI N T It K A L. :?KlM'tU 13 Y AKMOUB AND HAMSAY. S^ Ff'.mgois Xavier StieeL mS . ■? PREFACE. Thk long cstablisliod reputation of Murray's Eng- lish Grammar rondors it uiiiiccossary at the present time to add any comment on its merits. The large Gram- mar, however, has been generally found too prolix to render it a suitable text-book for the younger class of learners ; but on the other hand the abridgments, that have already ai)pearcd, are in many respects too con- (?ise to meet the ends fo*' which tliev were designed. The pi'incipal object, therefore, of the pres^ent abridge- ment is to obviate tho objection urged against the former, and to supply the deficiency of tlio latter. All experi- onc per diphthong ? What is an improper diphthong '/ 3. ils, pronounced in beat, ou in se vowels, pro- y, tew in yiew. the vowels are An improper ed : as, the e of consonant may be e articulate sound, lion of the breath ith or any motion ocal sound begins rfectin itself, but )d by a particular ! consonants, if hen admitting the in-* improper to say, a vowel without youth. That they ir regularly taking dofu in saw, few, sonants are distin- pronouncing them s are those formed 1 by the teeth ; as, )m the throat j as, le ; as, m, n. The re are those whose e impure are thos(? short space ; as, b, cal and aspirattd. !, m, n, r, t>, w, y, :/, A, s, th and th. : as, cart, cottage, is a syllable; as, i y, as face, civil, andr,' as, game, )f words ; as, bag, re e, t and y ; as, ; ? What is a pro- ORTHOGRAPHY. EXERCISE. 1. Full many a gem of purest ray serene, The dark unfathomed caves of ocean bear ; Full many a flower is born to blush unseen, And waste its sweetness in the desert air. Down by yon woods where oaks llieir branches wave. The bloom of youth fades with advancing years. 2. Vital spark of heavenly flame, Quit, oh ! quit this mortal frame, Trembling, hoping, lingeiing, flying. Oh ! the pain, the bliss of dying. Exalt the brave and idolize success. The zealous mind is ever anxious to improve. 3. Earth, tear, boil, read, toil, pain, day. Beauty, people, oil, new, always, react, die. Guess, heroic, sound, taught, aunt, joy. Coal, violet, bilious, adieu, poniard, coil. Factious, lieu, speak, situation, down, Foe, doubt, precimis, buy, dew, deceit. CHAPTER II. OF SYLLABLES AND WORDS. 1. A syllable is a sound, either simple or compound, pronounced by a single impulse of the voice, and constitu- ting a word, or part of a word ; as, a, an, ont. Spelling is the art of rightly dividing words into their syllables, or of expressing a word by its proper letters. 2. Words are articulate sounds used by common con- flent as signs of our ideas. A word of one syllable is termed a Monosyllable ; a word of two syllables, a Dissyllable ; a word of three syllables, a Trisyllable ; and a word of four or more syllables, a Polysyllable. 3. All words are either primitive or derivative. A 1 . Point out the vowels t Point out the consonants ? Point out the words in which w and y, are vowels 1 In what words are they con« sonants t And why f 2. Point out the mutes f Point out the jemi-vowels and liquids 1 3. Point out the diphthongs in the abort words 1 Point out tiie triphthongs 1 What are the words in which two vowels come together, but do not form a diphthong 1 1. What is a syllable 1 What is spelling 1 2. What are words f What is a monosyllable ? a dissyllable ? a trisyllable? a polysyllable t 3. What are all words ? What is a primitive word 1 What is a deri- vative word 3 ; / 10 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. If '■?■ i- 1 n I i ! I primitive word h that which cannot be reduced to any simpler word in the language ; as, man, gcodf content, A derivative word is t*^at which mav be reduced to another word in English of greater simplicity ; as, handful ^ good' ness, conienimemt. Note. — A primitive word is the simplest form to which a word can be reduced ; as, pen, tea, man. A derivative is a word compounded of two or more primitive words, or derived from a primitive word ; as, pen-knife, tea-cup, manly. Words are derived from each other in various ways, viz. ; nouns arc derived from verbs ;,as, from to lovey comes loecr ; to visit, visitor ; to survive, survivor y to act, aetor. Verbs are derived from nouns ; as, from salt, to salt ; also from adjectives and adverbs ; as, length, to lengthen ; short, to shorten ; forward, to forward. Nouns are derived from adjectives ; as, from white, whiteness ; good, qoodncss. Adjectives are derived from nouns ; as, from health, healthy ; joy, joyful ; care, careless. Nouns are also derived from other nouns ; us, from king, kingdom'f\aiw, lawyer ; senate, senator. Adverbs arc derived from aidjecUves; as, from slow, slowlit ; base, basely ; able, ably. r EXERCISE. 1. Lo, the poor Indian ! whose untutored mind Sees (»od in clouds, or hears him in the wind. His soul proud science never taught lo stray Far as the solar walk or milky-way. 2. And thou, who, mindful of the unhonored dead, Dost in these lines their artless tale relate. By night and lonely contemplation led To wander in the gloomy walks of fate. Hark ! how the sacred calm, that breathes around,. Bids every fierce tumultuous passion cease. 3. Man, earth, healthy, oak, manhood, earthly. Toil, careless, child, toilsome, joyful, fruit, Joy, manful, childii::h, childhood, sin, kind, Sinful, lover, kindness, white, fruitful, oaken* Worth, whiteness, freedom, kingdom, beautiful, Salt, shortness, saltish, good, goodness. 1. Point out the words containing but one syllable 1 What woitta contain two or more syllables { 2. Point nut the monosyllables 7 the dissyllables 7 the trisyllables 7 the polysyllables 1 3. Point out the primitive words in the above section '( Point out the derivatiTt words 7 From what are they derived 1 ORTHOGRAPHY^ m jduced to any dy conienU A ced to another kandful, good' rhich a word can vord compounded I primitive word ; I from each other ;.as, from to love^ »r } to act, aetor. salt; also from lort, to shorten f ectires ; as, from rived from nouns ; ?ss. Nouns are cm ; law, lawyer ; ectives', as, froia mind wind, stray •red dead, tte, ihcs aroundf ase. irthly,. liitf ind,. oaken« )eaiitiful» We 1 What word* monosyllables 1 the 3. Point out the out the derivatiTt PART 11. ETYMOLOGY. CHAPTfiR I. The Parts of Spi 1 . The second part of Grammar i^ treats of the different sorts of words, cations, and their derivation. There^ sorts of words, or, as they are commonlv^'li ybjfl p rgto Btf'^F Speech ; namely, the Article, the StUnianitt^t^oun, the Adjective, the Pronoun, the Verb, the Adverb, the Preposition, the Conjunction, and the Interjection, 1. An Article is a word prefixed to nouns io point them out and show how far their signification extends; as, a field, a house, an eagle, the woman. 2. The Substantive or Noun is the name of any thing that exists, or of which, we l^ave any notion ; as, London, man, virtue. Note. — Whatever has a name is a noun. A noun, therefore, may be known by asking the question. Is it the name of a thing t *1 he word noun is more appropriate than substantive, because it is much more general in its application; the latter in' its literal sense signifies something that has tubstnnce. The words, idea, thought, tpirit, angel, be, are not properly substantives, because they contain no substance, nothing that we can hear, taste, feci ; but they arc nouns, because they arc the names of certain things. 3. An Adjei'tive is a word added to a noun to express its quality ; as, An industrious man ; a viituous woman. Note.—'\n adjective simply expresses quality, and may be known by its making sense witli the addition of the word thing ; as, a good thing, a bad thinn; ; or of uny particular noun ; as, a wise man, an hufi^le mind ; or by answering tu the question, Whatis^thc quality of the noun ? as, ^ sweet apple ; What is the quality of the apple ? the answer is sweet. 4. A Pronoun is a word used instead of a noun to avoid the too frequent repetition of the same word ; as, *^ The man is happy, he is virtuous, he is benevolent, he \s useful." Note. — In the above example tlie pronoun he voids the repetition of the phrase tht man. Tl»c iidlowing are a few of the principal pro- nouns ; /, thou, he, she, it, we, you, they, him, her, them, who. 1. What is the second part of Grammar, and of whsA does it treat 1 In English how many parts of speech, and what are they 1 I 1. What is an article 1 2. What •djective 1 4. What ii a pronoun 1 is a noun 1 3. What is to T/. 12 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. : t !i^' !l t 5. A Verb is a word, which signifies, to be, to do, or to »uffet ; as, I am, 1 rule, I am ruled. Note. — A Verb may be more fully defined a word which exprcssea, first, a state of being ^ as, to be, to live ; or, secondly, an action per- formed by «pjne agent ; as, " Washington liberated his country ;" ^ or, thirdly, tnejpeceiving of an action ; as, " Washington was loved by his countryinen.'' A verb may be known by asking the question, ^ Does the word express being, action, or the receiving of an action ;'* if so, it is a verb. 6. An Adverb is a part of speech joined to a verb, an adjective, and sometimes another adverb, to express some quality or circumstance respecting them ; as, He reads well ; a tntly good man ; he writes veri^ correctly. iVo/ff.— The adverb may be generally known by its answering to the question, how '{ as, he reads correctly ; how does he read 1 the answer is correctly. The words, here, there, no, not, how, now, often, justly, yes, why, more, most, are adverbs 7. Prepositions serve to connect words with one another, and to show the relation between them ; as, " He went from London to York," *« She is above disguise," " Thejr are supported d^ industry." ffote. — Any word, which shows the relative position of two oMects is a preposition ; as, " The man descended into the well," " lie is fttar the bottom," " Place the book m the table." Prepositions nay be generally known by making sense with any of the personal pronouns in the objective case aderthem : as, " with him, /or her, by them, to you, in you, after them, on it, againat me," &c. 8. A Conjunction is a part of speech chiefly used to connect sentences, so as out of two or more to malce but one. It sometimes connects only words ; as, ** Tliou and he are happy, because you are good ;" " Two and tliree are five." 9. An Interjection is a word used to express some passion or emotion of the speaker ; as, " O virtue ! how amiable thou art !" " Jllas ! I fear ;" " ^A me ! EXERCISE. 1. The man, a boy, an apple, the book, the pen. 2. Men, the city, nation, the sun, an eagle, the moon, virtue* fame, the night, a king. .'). What is a verb 1 6. What is an adverb ? 7. What is a preposition 1 8. What is a coi^junction 1 9. What ia an interjection 1 Qutttiont on the Exergue. — 1. Point out the ariiclct t 2. Point out the nouns f STTMOLOCTr 10 , to be, to dOf or to word which expressei, condly, an action per- )erated his country j" Washington was loved )y askuig the question, Bceiving of an action ;'* nined to a verb, an dverb, to express ing them ; as, He ites very correctly. ivn by its answering to low does he read 1 the e, nOy not, how, now, bs is with one another, m ; as, " He went e disguise," " Thev position of two oMeeta nto the well," " He is table." Prepositions ith any of the pereonal s, " with him, /or her, ainat me," &c. ;ch chiefly used to I or more to moke words ; as, " Thou ;ood}" "Two and d to express some ?, « O virtue ! how " M me ! ook, the pen, on eagle, the moon^ :oi\iunctiQn *? 9. What the articles t 2. Point 3. A good man, a virtuous child, an humble mind, the diligent scholar, a faithful friend. 4. He is the person, of whom I spoke ; we saw them ; they were with you j she said it. 5. I love to read, he knows his lesson, they arrived, John writes, the grass grows, the bird sings. 6. He acted wisely and prudently j does he read well t No, not very well ; how seldom he comes ! 7. In the city, he gained it by labor, not for me, with it and without it, he sold it to the man, on the table, from his friend. 8. But, if you and your friend will go, I will also ; as neither you nor I can perform it, yet he or his friend may be able to do so. 9. Ah ! Alas! I fear for life ; virtue ! hark ! CHAPTER II. Of the Articles. 1. An Article is a word prefixed to a noun to point it out and show how far its signification extends j as, a fander, an eagle, the woman. Jn English there are but two articles, a and the : a becomes an before a vowel, and silent A ; as, an acorn, an hour ; but if the A be ■ounded, the a only is used ; as, a hand, a heart, a high- way. 2. Jl or an is styled the indefinite article, because it is used in a vague sense to point out one single thing of the kind ; as, " Give me a book ;" " Bring me an apple." The is called the definite article, because it ascertains what particular thing or things are meant ; as, " Give Die the book ;" " Bring me the apples ;" meaning some particular book or apples referred to. A noun without ftn article to limit it is generally taken in its widest lense ; as, " A candid temper is proper for man ;" that kl, lor all mankind. Quettiont on the Exercise. — 3. Point out the adjectives 1 4. Point out the pronouns 1 5. Point out the pronouns, Tcrbs, and nouns 1 6. Point out the adverbs t 7. Point out the prepositions and nouns Y 8. feint out the conjunctions t 9. And interjections ? Quettiont on tht Jirtkla. — 1. What is an article? In English llpw many articles 1 What does a become before a vowel or siltnt h t If the A is sounded, what is used ? 2. What is « or an atjltd 1 What if Uu oalled 1 How ia a noun without an artida takan 1 A2 I i 1^ ENGLISH GRAMMAR. CHAPTER Illi ' Of the JSfoun. 1. A Substantive or Noun is the name of any thing that exists, or of which we have any notion : as, Citifi Virtue^ Fame. Nouns are of two. kinds,, either proper or common. 2, Proper nouns are names appropriated to indivi* duals : as, George,. London, Thames. Common nouns are names which stand for species or kinds containing many- sorts, or for sorts containing many individuals under them : as, animal^ marif free. Nouns have a gender f number, and case ; they are all of the second person when spoken to, and of the third person when spoken of : " John, recite your lesson ;" " I saw the man." Note. — Proper nouns are names appropriated to individual persons and particular places or things, which are not common to any particu- lar class : as, John, James, Bostorii Paris. Common nouns are those which comprehend various kinds under one particnlar. class ; the word man is a common noun, because under that term Tarious species or kinds are comprehended, and it is common to the whole class of men. The noun tree is common, because there are many kinds of trees ; animal .ia common for the same reason. When pro- per nouns have an article annexed to them, they are used as com- mon nonns : as, " He is the Cicero of his age ;" <' he is a Wathing^ tort." When a common noun is particularly distinguished by aa article or pronoun, it may be used to signify an individual : u, **tk» boy is studious ;" " that girl is discreet.^' Some nouns are thus distinguished : 1st. Collective nouns, or nouns of multitude : as, the people, the parliament, the fled, the army. 2d. .^bttraet nouns : as, tvhiteneas, goodness, knowledge. 3d. Verbal or participiaL nouns: as, be^nning, ending, writing. EXERCISE. 1. A flower, a tree, an apple, an orange, the field, vir- tue, temperance, a prince, the laws, beauty. 2. Washington, Europe, wisdom, America, the sun, Boston, street, house, Baltimore, winter, heart, Gregory, a volume, the stars, a book, Mary, Delaware, city, animal, a country, Bristol. Questions on th* Abtiiu.— 1. What is • noun t How many kinds of nouns 1 2. What are proper nounet What are common nouns t What have nouns F Qutstions on Ksercise.-'l . Point out the articles and nouns 1 S. Point out the proper and common nouns 1 ' ETTMOLOGT. 15 lame of anjr y notion r as, kinds,, either ii\ to indivi- >mnion nouns /s containing^ viduals under ^e a gendcff Bcond person n spoken of: dividual person* 1 to any particu- mon nouns are articular class ; at term various )n to the whole there are many n. When pro- ! used as com- ! is a Wa$hing' nguished by aa ilual : as, ** tht nouns are thus Ititude : as, the raet nouns : as, icipiai nouns : he field, vir- ca, the sun, irt, Gregorj, iware, city, >w many. I DOOM t Wbat d nouMl S. 4 SECTION II. — Gender. 1. Gender is the distinction of nouns with regard to sex. There are three genders, the Masculine, Feminine and JiTevter, 2. The Masculine Gender denotes animals of the male kind : as, a man, a horse, a king. The Feminine Gender signifies animals of the female kind : as, a woman, a qveen, a htn. The Neuter Gender denotes objects whif h are neither males nor females : as, a field, a house, a garden. Some nouns, naturally neuter, are by a figure of speech converted into the masculine or feminine gender: as, when we say of the sun, he is setting ; and of a ship, she sails well. NoU. — Nouns, which signify either males or femaleSf hate, what is usually termed, the Common Gender ; because their,gender is co^i-. jnon to both sexca ; as, parent, friend, servant, cousin. Figuratively in English the Masculine Gender is given to noups which are con- ■spicuous for their attributes of imparting or communicating, or which are naturally strong and eflicacious. Those again are mads feminine, which are conspicuous for their attributes of containing or bringing forth, or which arc peculiarly beautiful or amiable. On these prin- ciples the sun and timt arc said to be in the masculine gender; whUe the moon, the earth, a ship, a city, a country, and virtue are in the feminine genden EXERCISR. 1. Mother, table, book, desk, woodj boy, wife, king, lady, husband, tree, knife, cup, sea, lion, son, daughter, lioness, fear, axe, aunt. 2. Parent, child, friend, servant, the earth, the sun, the moon, virtue, Boston, France, Asia, Paris, spairow, dove, face. SECTION uu— of dumber. 1. Number is the consideration of an object as one or more. Nouns have two numbers, the singular and the plural. The iiingular number expresses but one object: aa, a chair, a table. The plural number signifies more objects than one : as, chairs, tables. Question* on Gender.— 1. What is gender t How many genders 2. What is the masculine gender 1 The feminine 1 The neuter 1 Whi is said of some nouns naturally neuter 1 Q}iestions on.Ex€reise.—l. What is the gender of the nouni ia paragraph 1st. 2. What is the gender of parent, &c. Qiustiont on Number.— 1 . What is number '( How many numbers have nouns 1 What b the singular number 1 What is the plural number ? t What r 16 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. I ! II Ml 2. Some nouns, from the nature of the things which they express, are used only in the singular form : as, wheat i goldf sloth, pride, &c. ; others only in the plural form ; as, bellows, scissors, ashes, riches, &c. ; some are the same in both numbers, as deer, sheep, swine. 3. The plural number of nouns is generally formed by adding s to the singular: as, dove, doves ; face, faces j pen, pens. But, when the singular ends in x, ch soft, sh,ss, or s,ihe noun takes es in the plural : as, box, boxes ; church, churches ; lash, lashes ; kiss, kisses ; chorus, choruses. If tho noun ends in ch hard, the plural is formed by adding s : 9S monarch, monarchs. 4. Nouns endmg in / or fe are rendered plural by the change of these terminations into ves ;"as, half, halves ; loaf, loaves ; knife, knives ; except grief, relief, and some others which have s ; those in ^ have s: as, muff, muffs. Noun, swhich have y in the singular with no other vowel in the syllable, change it into ies in the plural : as, beauty, beauties ; fly, flies ; but the y is not changed when there is another vowel in tne syllable : as,key, Arcys ; delay, delays. Note. — Some nouns are rendered plural by the change of a into #, man, men ; woman, women ; others by the change of oo into ee ;^ai, foot, feet ; goose, geese ; ox and child, oxen and children. The word news lis considered singular, and the noun means ii uied bothnumbers. EXERCISE. 1* Book, table, gloves, dollar, nail, trees, pen, canes, horse, farms, river, cities, bank, streets, parent. 2. Box, foot, man, fly, goose, wife, ruff, calf, faith, piety, temple, spy, deer, alms, pride, bird, house, flower, poet, boy. SECTION IV. — Case. 1. In English nouns have three cases, the .N'ominO' tive, the Possessive, and t' e Objective. The nominative Questions on^Number. — 2. How are some nounn used ? 3. How ii the plural number of nouns formed ? When do nouns take tain the plural ? 4. How are nouns ending inforfe rendered plural 1 What are the exceptions t Nouns in y t Questions on Exercise. — 1 . What is the number of the nouna in paragraph Ist 1 2. Write the plural of the nouns in the 2d 1 Questions on Case. — 1. How many casei have nouiui? What \§ the nominatire caac 1 ;«he ETTM0L06T. n he things which igular form : as, ily in the plural , &c. ; some are swine. erally formed by face, faces ; pen, ch soft, «A ,55, or , boxes ; church, , choruses. If tho ed by adding s : red plural by the as, half, halvet ; relief, and some as, muff, muffs. 1 no other vowel ural : as, beauty, pd when there is If ; delay, delays, change of a into «, gc of 00 into ee ;J|af , and children. Tht lun mtant is uied 'ees, pen, canes, arent. ruflT, calf, faith, I, house, flower, 3, the J^omina- The nominative IS used 7 3. How louns take <«in the ercd plural % What ter of the nouni in in the 2d % ) nouiui? What if ffcase simply expresses the name of a thing, or the subject |of the verb : as, " The boy plays," " the girls learn.'* i 2. The possessive case expresses the relation of proper- |ty or possession, and may be known by having generally fan apostrophe with the letter s coming after it : as, " My '^father's house," " the scholar's duty." When the plural ends in «, the other s is omitted, but the apostrophe is retained : as, " On eagles' wings," " the drapers'' com- pany." When the singular ends in ss or *, the apostro- 'phic s is oftenomitted : as, " For goodness^ sake,"" James^ book," " Thomas'' hat." 3. The objective case expresses the object of an action or of a relation, and generally follows a verb active or a preposition: as, "John assists Charles,* "they live in London.** Note. — Nouns in English are thus declined : Singular. Plural. Nominative. A mother. Mothers. Possessive. A mother's, Mothers'. Objective. A mother, Mothers. Nominative. Tho man, Men. Possessive. The man's Men's. Objective. The man, Men. Exercise on Case. 1. Charles reads his lesson. The cars have arrived in ^he city. John lost his brother's cap. The wrath of Peleus* son. The author wrote a book. The child tore the book. The boy plays with a ball. Thomas broke John's cane. Peace of mind is virtue's reward. The president's chair. Virtue rewards her followers. Csisar fonquered Pompey. i CHAPTER IV. Of the Jldjective. 1. An Adjective is a word added to a noun to expreii Ha quality : as, An industrious man, a benevolent mind. In English the adjective is not varied on account of gen- der, number, or case : as, a careless boy, careless girls. The only variation, which it admits, is that of the degrees Quesf tons on Case. — 2. What is the posBessive t When is the'other t omitted ? 3. What is the objective case 1 Decline mother t man 1 QtMsfio/w on Exeiciae. — 1. Point out the nominative caies t Tht poHeuive cases 1 The objective cases '{ i C:] t ! H ■' if li ! t8 INGUSH GKAMtf AR. of comparison. There are commonly reckoned three degrees of comparison, namely, the Pcsitive^ Comparativcy and Super Iniive, 2. The Positive state expresses the quality of an object without any increase or diminution : as, good, wise, great- The comparative degree increases or lessens the positive in signification : as, wiser, greater, less wise. The super- lative increases or lessens the positive to the highest or lowest degree : as, wisest, greatest, least raise. 3. The Comparative is formed by adding r or er to the positive : as, wise, wiser ; great, grea/cr ; aad the eui^crla- tive by adding stor est : as, wise, wisest ; great, greatest. The adverbs more and most, placed before the adjective, have the same eifect : as, more wise, most wise. 4. Monosyllables, for the most, are compared by er and est ; and dissyllables by more aod most : as, mild, milder, mildest ; frugal, tnore frugal, most frugal. Some words have an irregular comparison : as, good, belter, best; bad, worse, worst;. Utile, less, leait; much, or many, more, most ; and a few others. When an adjective, with the definite article before it, is used without a noun, it is taken as a noun : as. The virtuous are always happy j Provid- ence rewards the good and punishes the bad. Note. — The termination ish is sometimes employed as a degree of comparison, and tends to diminish the signification below the positive: n$, black, blackish. ; salt, saltish. The word rather expresses a sma^ degree, or excess of quality : as, '' She is rather profuse in her ex- penses." In comparing two things the superlative should never be employed; these expressions, <' the wisest of the two;" " the eldett, the best of the two," he. are improper ; it should be '' the tviter, the elder, and the better of the two." The same noun may be qualified by several adjectives in the same sentence : as, << a true, vtr/uout, and benevolent man. Adjectives that have in thamselves a superlative ■ignification do not admit of the degrees of comparison : as chief, extreme, supreme, right : chiefest, extremest, rightest, be., are im- proper. Various nouns placed before other nouns express some quality, and may be considered as adjectives in that position : as, se^ fiih, icftTM-vessel, uiindoto-glasa, ^nrpowder, corn-field, lie. Ad- Quettioni on the Adjective. — 1 . What is an adjective t In Eng^ih what is said of the adjective 1 What variation does it admit 1 2. Wh«i is the positive 1 the comparative 1 the superlative Y 3. How ii this comparative^formed 1 How is the superlative formed 1 Whet effect kave mere and most f 4. How are monosyllables and diasylleblef compared t What worde have en irregular comperiionl /Wfacn ji ap. , •Elective takon u e noun 7 BTVMOLOGT. 19 reckoned three 'e^ Comparativct lity of an object oodf wise, great . ens the positive ise. The super- the highest or wise, ngr or er to the aadthe 8U])eria- great, greatest. •e the adjective, t wise. ipared by rrand as, mild, milder, . Some words elttr, bests bad, or many, more, ective, with the noun,it is taken happy J Provid- oyed as a degree of below the positive : '.r expresses a sma|l profuse in her ei- ve should never be wo j'» " the eUett, be " the wiser, the n may be qualified itise, virtuous, tni elves a superlative (iparison: as chief, itest, file., are im- luns express some t position : as, Hf^~ -n^field, lie. Ad- ectivel InEngysh it admit 7 2. Wh^ t 3. How is ths ned? What effect les and dissyllablef risonl \S^heii|iap.. •a: jectives expressing number are called numeral abjcctives, of wfaidi there are two kinds ; the cardinal : as, two, three, four, &c. ; and the ordinal: as, first, second, third, &c. Adjectives derived from parti- ciples are called participial adjectives : as, " a loifijig child," " a htated imagination." Exercise on the Adjective. 1. A sweet apple, A good and wise man, A strong body. Verdant fields, A happy parent, A peaceful mind; A mutual agreement, A rapid and limpid stream, A senr Bualmind, An obdurate heart, Tender feelings. Composed thoughts, A woman amiable, A better world. An obedient son, Shady trees, A fragrant flower,. Steamboat, An ap- ple pie, A wine glass. 2. High, Wise, Sweet, Happy, Noble, Short, Elegant, Magnificent, Candid, Unfortunate, Good, Little, Bad, Chief, Extreme, Thin, Full, Proper, Disastrous, Cooling, Two, Three, Six, Nine, Firtjt, Second. CHAPTER V. Of Pronouns. 1; A Pronoun is a word used instead of a noun to avoid the too frequent repetition of the same word : as, " The man is happy, Ae is benevolent, he is useful." There are three kinds of pronouns, namely the Personal, the Relative, and the Jldjedive Pronoun, SECTION i. — Of Personal Pronoun9, 1 . There are three Personal Pronouns, namely, /; thou ; he, she, or it ; with their plurals we ', ye or you ; they. 2. Personal pronouns admit o( person, number, gender, and ease. The persons are three in each number, namely : /, is the first person, Thou, is the second person. He, she, or it, is the third person. We, is the first person. Ye or you, is the second person. ^ Plural. Thev, is the third person. 3. Pronouns have two numbers, the singular and p|u- (iuestioM on Exercise. — 1.. Point out the adjectives, and tell wliai nouns they qualify 1 2. Compare the above adjectives 1 What adj«e- tives are net compared 1 ^ Questions on Pronouni.— What is a pronoun ? How many Mud* of proDounel isi Singular, i! •I ! 1 ''( I 11 ^ . I . ,| i; I h 'it ] '■ ; * i 1 L J 1*^, 10 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. ral J as, /, Mow, he, we, ye or you, they. Gender hat respect only to the third person singular : as, he^ she, it. He is masculine, she is femine, and it is neuter. 4. Personal pronouns have three cases — the nomina tive, possessive, and objective : they are thus declined : Person. Case. Singular. Plural. FirsU J^om, I. We. Poss. Mine. Ours. Obj. Me. Us. Second, J^om, Thou Ye or you. Poss, Thine. Yours. Obj, Thee. You. Third JN'om, He. They. Masc. Poss. His. Theirs. Obj. Him Them. Third J^om, She. They. Fern, Poss, Hers. Theirs. Obj, Her. Then. Third Jfom. It. They. Jfeut, Poss, Its. Theirs. Obj. It. Thera. Note. — The objective of the pronoun has in general a form different from that of the nominative or possessive case. Personal pronouns, compounded with the word self, arc called compound personal pro- nouns; they are employed to denote emphasis, or distinction, and they are used either in the nominative or objective cases only : as, " he came himself;*' " I saw the person himself;'' "she herself -nxW doit;" « this is the book itself;'^ and in the plural, " they themselves per- formed it," we heard from the men themselves." SECTION 11 — Of Relative Pronouns . 1. Relative Pronouns are such as relate in general to some word or phrase going before, which is thence called the antecedent ; they are who, which, and that: as, " The man is happy who lives virtuously." Questions on Personal Pronouns. — 1. How many personal pro- nouns 1 2. Of what do they admit t How many are the persons, asd what are they 1 3. How many numbers have pronouns 1 What is stid of gender? 4. How many cases have pronouns ? Decline tb* pro- nouns in both numbers '{ Quations on Relaiive Pronouns. — 1 . What are relative pronovm f y; ITTM0L06T. 31 ly. Gender has : as, he, she, it. neuter. s — the nomina thus declined : Plural. IVe. Durs. Us. Jfe or you. ifouii. You. They. Theirs. rhem. rhey. rheirs. 'hPii. ;hey. 'heirs. 'hem. Tal a Torm differeot *ersonal pronouns, tnd personal pro- istinction, and thej ' nly : as, " he came iraelfmW doil;»» |r thenuelvti p«r- ! in general to 3 thence called ifl/.-as, « The ny personal pro- ! the persons, asd nslWhatissttd Decline tfaa pro- ilativepronoms f What is a kind of compound relative including both ;]the antecedent and the relative, and is mostly equivalent |to that which : as, " This is what I wanted ;" that is to Isay, the thing which I wanted." 2. Who is applied to persons, which to animals and in- animate things : as, " He ha. friend, who is faithful in ^adversity :" *' The bird, which sung so sweetly, is flown ;" I " This is the treCt which produces no fruit." That, as a relative, is often used to prevent the too frequent repetition of who and which. It is applied to both persons and things : as, " He that acts wisely de- i ■ deserves praise :" " Modesty is a qxiality that highly adorns a woman." 3. Who is of bo*h numbers, and is thus declined : Singular and Plural. J^ominative, Who. Possessive. < Whose. Objective. Whom. Who, which, and what are called Interrogatives, when they areused in asking questions : as, " Who is he ?" " Which is the book ?" « What are you doing?" SECTION in. — Of Mjective Pronouns. 1. Adjective Pronouns are of a mixed nature, partici- pating of the properties both of pronouns and adjectives. The adjective pronouns may be subdivided into four sorts ; namely, the possessive, tiie distributive, the de- monstrative, and the indefinite. The possessive are those which relate to possession or property. There are seven of them, viz., my, thy, his, her, oxtr, your, their. Mine and thine, instead of my and thy, were formerly used before a substantive or adjective beginning with a vowel or a silent h : as, " Blot out all mine iniquities.'* Questions on Relative Pronouns. — 2. What is said of what f To what are who and which applied 1 What is said oC that t 3* What number is who 7 Decline it '{ What are who, which, and wha^ ealled when used in asking questions ? Questions on Mjective Pronouns. — 1. What are a(\jective pro- nouns ? How are thiey divided 1 What are the possessive ? ' i [T .} i-i \ I i-'^t 22 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 2. The di&tributive are those which denote the per- sons or tilings that make up a number, as taken separ- ately and singly. They are each^ every, either: as, *< Each of his brothers is in a favorable situation ;" " Every man must account for himself j" " I have not seen either of them." 3. The demonstrative are those which precisely point out the subjects to wliicli they relate : Mm and thaty these and thoscf are of this class : as, " This is true charity, that is only its image." This refers to the nearer person or thing, and thai to xhe more distant: as, " This man is more intelligent than ihat?^ This indicates the latter, or last mentioned ; ihaii the former, or first mentioned ; as, Wealth and pover- ty are both temptations ; that tends to excite pride, this^ discontent." 4. The indefinite are those which express their sub- jects in an indefinite or general manner. The following are of this kind : *o7we, otheTy anyy one, all, suchf &c. Other and one are declined in the following manner :, Singular. Flural. Singular. Plural. Nom. other. others. one. ones. Poss. other's. others.' one's, • nes'. Obj. other, others. one. ones. Note. — 1 he words ovm and self are frequently added to the posset-, •ive adjective pronouns ; tlicy are used to express emphasis or opposi- tion : as, " I live in my own house ;" that is, the house belongs to me, not a hired house ; " 1 myself will do it ;'* that is, " no other, person j" * We may blame ourselves^* " It is her cum book/' " It IS their own fault," kc. ; these are called compound adjective pronouna. The words former and latter may be properly ranked among the demonstrative pronouns : as, " John and Thomas are rival class- mates ; the former possesses the better judgement, the latter, the better memory." EXERCISE — On Pronouns. 1. I wrote to him ; You know that we sent it to them ; They told her ; She gave it to me ; 1 hey sold it for more ^an, its. value ; He read his lesson to us; Ye should learn. QuetHons on Mjective Pronouns. — 2. What arc the distributiTe pronouns 1 3. AVhat are the demonstrative 1 4. What are the inde- finite 1 Decline other and one. ■ Questions on Exercise. — 1 . Point out the[penonal pronouju, an4 tell their number uud case 111 ' I jloni je CO iatf( le? 3. Iiouse t>vvn fell'; This and a flBN^.1 I denote the per- 38 taken separ- 'ery^ either: as, rable situation ;" fj" «1 have not h precisely point this and ihat^ " This is true ling, and thai to more intelligent last mentioned ; '^ealth and pover- Jxcite pride, Mw, cpress their sub- The following z//, such, &c. owing manner :; lar. Plural. ones. • nes'. ones. added to the posset- emphasis or opposi- he house belongs to * that is, " no other T own book,'* « It adjective pron&unt. ranked among the as are rival class< the latter, the better sent it to them ; sold it for more life should learn. arc the distributive What are the inde- )nal pronouns, an<) ETYMOLOGY. 2. The man who sent it ; The person to whom it jlongs ; The book which 1 sent ; The lady whose name je could not recollect ; The hoy that brought it; The house lat fell down ; He has brought what I wanted ; Who i» ie? What is that ? Which is the way? 3. My book j His lesson ; Thy hat ; Her desk ; Our jhouse ; Your duty ; Their farm ; My own hat ; It is their !>wn business ; We ourselves will go ; I will bring it my- lelf; Her task is performed ; My cane is at your house ; This man ; That book ; These boys ; Those apples ; One and all must go ; Some person ; No thing. CHAPTER VI. Of the Verb. SECTION 1 — Of the nature of Verbs. 1. A Verb is a word which signifies, to be, to i/o^ or to suffer: as, I «m, I rule, I am ruled. Verbs are of three kinds ; namely, jJctive, Passive, and Neuter. Tiiey ire also divided into Regular, Irregular, and Defective. 2. A Verb Active expresses action, and always implies an agent, and generally an object acted upon : as, lotovef «* I love my parents ;" " John recites his lesson." Tho active verb is either transitive or intransitive. An active-transitive verb expresses action which passes from the agent over to some other object : as, ** The tutor instructs his pupils ;" " I esteem the man i*'* ** Emily loves her mother.'''^ An active-intransitive verb expresses an action whicf^ is confined to the agent, and has no effect upon any ex- ternal object : as, to walk, to run, to fly ; " the man walks ;'* the boy runs ;" the birds j/?y." 3. A Verb Passive expresses passion, or the receiving of some action or impression by the nominative or agent ; Qnestions on Exercise. — 2. Point out the Relative prenoun& and the nouns to which they relate 1 Point out the interro^atives ? 3. Point out the possessive pronouns ? Point out the compound adjective pru'* nouns 1 Point out the demonstrative 1 and the indefinite t Questions on the Verb^ — 1. What is. a. verb'? How many kinds of rerbs, and how are they divided I 2. What is a verb active 1 What .is •aid of the \erbi active '{ What does an active-transitive verb express t What does w. activ^-intraiiaitiyQ verl» express ? 3. Wbat i« « \^f:h passive t m M 1l 2i ENGLISH GRAMMAR. as, to be loved ; " Emily is loved by her mother j" *' the man was discharged.'** 4. A Verb Neuter expresses neither action nor passion, but simply being, or a state of being : as, I a»i, I sleep, I fit. Auxiliary Verbs are those by the aid of which the other English verbs are principally conjugated ; they are do, be, have, shall, will, may, and can, with their varia- tions ; and let, when used as an auxiliary, and must, which have no variation. Note. — The above division appears to be the most consistent with the definition and nature of the verb. An active verb expresses action, and conveys to the mind the idea of motion ; the passive verb ex- presses passion or the receiving of some action or impression by tho nominative ; but the neuter expresses neither action nor the receiving of an action ; therefore, to call the verbs, to walk, to run, to fly, to •wim, Sec, neuter, would seem to be contrary to the deflnition of.a neuter verb, because they give the idea of action or motion. They ex- press action, but do not generally admit after them the objective ca«c ; they are denominated intrantitive, to distinguish them from those verbs which admit an object after them. An active-transitive verb, that has no immediate object after it, may be taken as intransitive : as, " he mCoes the book ;" the verb is transitive ; *' he moves forward ;" the rerb is intransitive. An active-transitive verb n»ay be known by observing that the action always passes from Uie nominative to some object : as, " John assists Charles." The intransitive may be known by the action being always confined to its nominative, without aflccting any object: as, *• John walks." The passive may be known by the action always passing from some other object to the nominattve ; as, *' John is assisted by Charles ;" and tjjc neuter verb, by expressing limply a state of being without action or motion ; as, " John stands.*' EXERCISE — On Verbs, 1. ^c/. Trans. Verb. Virtue rewards her followers ; Sarah loves her parents; She wrote a letter; Charles nbuses Saiuuel ; The man assists me ; I removed the books; John sold tho knife ; James bought it ; Send them tome; The trees bear apples; Caisar conquered Pom- pey. 2. Jld. Intrans. Verbs. The ship sails ; the fish Nvvim ; the boy runs ; the birds fly ; the man walks ; tho rain falls ; the enrth revolves; he reflects. Questions on the Verb. — 4. AVhat is a verb neuter 7 What are auxiliary verbs, and what are they '{ Q*i*stions on the Exercise. — 1. Point nut the verbs, and tell their nominatiioa and^the object after them t 2. Point out the iutrantitire verbs i 3. JjvritU frere een |hey ■'? 5. ^''-K ETTlfOLOGT. t5 er mother j" *' the action nor passion, IS, I am, I sleep, I fiid of which the jugated ; they are with their varia- ciliary, and must, most consistent with verb expresses action, the passive verb cx- or impression by tho ition nor the receiving vallc, to run, to fly, lo to the definition of.n or motion. They ex- Em the objective ca«» ; them from those verbs ansitive verb, that has intransitive : as, "he moves forward ;" the b may be known by ic nominative to some nsitivc may be known itivc, without aflTecting lay be known by the > the nominattve ; as, r verb, by expressing ; as, " John stands." • rds her followers ; a letter; Charles ; I removed the ght it ; Send thoni conquered Pom- p sails ; the fish e man walks ; tho ;ts. rb neuter 7 What are e verbs, and tell their lit out the iatranutir* First Person. Second Person. Thud Person. 3. Passive Verbs, Sarah is loved ; the letter was |«rritten j Charles is abused ; I am assisted ; the books Jfvere removed ; the slate was ; broken the knives have seen sold ; Pompcy was conquered. I 4. J^euter Verbs. I am j he stands ; the men sleep j Jpey lie ; she sits; they seem. • 5. Promiscuous. They know him ; the glass is bro- ken ; Henry stands ; he struck the horse ; the boy goes :home ; he runs j Emily is loved ; pay the boy j they sit ; tlie child sleeps. SECTION II — OfJ^vmber and Verson, 1. Verbs have two numbers, the Singular and Plural: as, "I run, we run." In each number there are three persons: as, Sin^lar. Plural. 1 love. We lore. Thou lovest. Ye or You love. He, she, or it lovesThey love. Note. — The verb in the three persons plural has, in general, the Mune termination as the iirst person singular ; the second and third p^sons singular only vary in termination. SFXTioN III — Of Moods and Paiticiples. 1. Mood or Mode is a particular form of the verb, •hovving the manner in which the being, action,or passion, ii represented. • There are five moods of verbs, viz. the Indicative, the Imperative, tho Potential, the Subjunctive, and the Injiniiive. •. Tiio Indicative Mood simply indicates or declares a thing: as, " Ho loves ; he is loved ;" or it asks a question ; IS, '• Docs 1)0 love ? Is ho loved 1" The Imperative Mood is used for commanding, exhort- ing, entreating, or permitting; as, " Depart thou; mind Vj ; let us stay ; go in peace." The Potential Mood implies possibility or liberty, power, Qucsliom on the Exercise. — 8. Point out the passive verbs ^ 4^ The neuter verbs ? 5. Point out th(^ active, passive, and neuter verbs 1 Qui'stiont on Number.— I. What have verbs » How many persona ? • (^stions on Mood. — 1. What is mood? What is the number of the moods • 2 AVhat is Uic indicative mood ^ The imperative ? The ^Veutial < ^ii H 26 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. will, or obligation ; as, " It may rain ; he may go or ttay ; I can ride ; he would walk ; they should learn." 3. The Subjunctive Mood represents a thing under a condition, motive, wish, supposition, &c. ; and is preceded by a conjunction expressed or understood, and attended by another verb : as, " I will respect him, though he chide me ;" " Were he good, he would be happy :" that is, " t/ he were good." The Infinitive Mood expresses a thing in a general and unlimited manner without any distinction of number or person : as, " to act, to speak, to be feared." The participle is a certain form of the verb, and de- rives its name from its not only participating, the proper ties of a verb, but also those of an adjective : as, " i air desirous of knowing hi in ;" " Mmired and applauded. he became vain ;" " Having finished\m work, he submit- tedit ;'* &.c. There are three Partiri[)les, the Present or Active, the Perfect or Passive, and the compound Perfect ; or »* lov jng, loved, having loved." NoU. — The imperative mood in its literal sense implies a com- mand ; it must, however, be employed on occasions cf a very diflercnt nature, oflen to express ihc humblest supplication of an inferior bein^ to one who is intinitely his superior ; as, " Give us this day ou; daily bread ; txixA forgive us our trespasses." Participles convey un iiloii of lime, nnd also signify action ; but, if from the participles wv tnUc iuvay the idea of time, they simply ezpresi quality, and are called partici|)ial adjeetivrs ; us, " Writing to a friend ; moving' in haste ; heated with wine ;" here the words writing, moving. and lieated, are participles, caiivcyiiiK a reference to the time at which the actions were performed ; but in the following sentences they arr adjectives; *' toritine; pa|)cr ; a lauvi'r)? spectacle ; a /ica/ctf imagina- tion." Every present participle in English ends in ing : as, reading, doing, flying, &lc. SECTION IV — Of Tense. 1. Tense, being the distinction of time, might seem to ndmit only of the present, past, and future ; but, to mark it more accurately, it is made to consist of six variations; viz, the Present^ the Impeifedy the Perfect, the Pluper- fect, and the First and Second Future Tenses, Qntttioni on Mood. — 3. What is the subjunctive ^ The infinitife* What is a participle 1 Their number ? Quutiofu on Tenat.—l . What is said of tense, and what on; tbej ' ETYMOLOGY. ft7 n ; he may go or ey should learn." \\s a thing under a ,c. ; and is preceded itood, and attended [n, though he chido lappy :" that is, " i} ng in a general and 'lion of number or a red." ■ the verb, and de- ipating, the proper eclive : as, *' I a in ed and applauded. is work, he submit isent or Active, the Perfect : or '* !ov sense implies a cnm- sions cf a very different inn of an inferior bein^' Give us this day our I signify action ; but, if ine, they simply express " Writing to a friend ; vf)rd8 Writing, moving. CO tu the time nt which iiig sentences thry arc ■!c ; a healed imagina- i\$ in ing : as, reading, se, me, might seem to itiirc ; but, to mark t of Kix variations ; effect, the Pluper ' Tenses, ictivc ' The infinitive * ise, and what arc tbej ' ' 2. The Present Tense represent an action or event as f issing at the time in which it is mentioned : as, *' I rule } am ruled; I think; I fear." I The Imperfect Tense represents the action or event* fither as past and finished, or as remaining unfinished at a pertain time past : as, " I loved her for her modesty and firtue ;" " They were travelling post when he met them." 3. The perfect Tense not only refers to what is past, but also conveys an allusion to the present time : as, " I have finished my letter ;" " I have seen the person that was recommended to me." The Pluperfect Tense represents a thing not only as past, but also as prior to some other point of time specified in the sentence ; as, " I had finished my letter before he arrived." 4. The first Future Tense represents the action as yet to come, either with or without respect to the precise time when : as, " The sun will rise tomorrow ;" " I shall see them again." The second Future intimates that the action will be fully accomplished at or before the time of another ftiture action or event: as,*'*! shall have dined at one o^clock ;" " The two houses will have finished their business when the king comes (o prorogue them." Note', — The presunt tense is sometimes used in reference to person* long since dead, whose writings arc still extant at the present time : •B, " Seneca reusom and moralizes well," " Job sj)ealc» feelingly in hia afflictions." The present tcns<; preceded by the words, when, beforty m soon as, Sic, is soniotimos used to point out the relative time of a ftlturc action : as, '•' W/ien he arrives he will hear the news ;" " He Will hear the news before he arrives, or as toon as he arrives." In animated historical narrations thi» tense \h sometimes used for the imperfect: as, ''lie enters the territory of his enemies, yigA<« and . conquers, takes an iniin What is the conjugation ol the active and passive voice styled ? In the Note what tenses arr called simple 7 What are the signs of the moods and tenses 1 # ETYMOLOGY. 29 ed ivithin a period of m to pass away : ts, irely ; the philosopher! eries ; I have written I returned to-day." of the Verb, s regular combin- lUmbers, persons, styled the Active 3 Passive Voice. the active Toice are a compounded with of emphasis : as, " I point out the moods he present tense indi- te imperfect did : as, ;ct is have : as, I havt 1 had written." The second future shall or ■ will have written." I may or can (( I might, could, thonld, write." The sign of >r can have written." mid, or would Aavs ,' :ten." ad, to write ; and the mless, or some other y learning the above gate any verb in the ve is conjugated 1. have. tr you have. have. I the conjugation oi )te what tenses arr Bind tenses 1 Singular. 1. I have had. i. Thou hast had. 3. He, &.C., has had. 1. 3. Singular. I had had. Thou hadst had. He, &c., had had. 1. Imperfect Tense, Singular. Plural. i. 1 had. 1. Wc had. . Thou hadst. 2. Ye or you had. . He, &c., had. 3. They had. Perfect Tense, Plural. 1. We have had. 2. Ye or you have had. 3. They have had. Pluperfect Tense, Plural. 1. We had had. 2. Ye or you had had. 3. They hud had. First Future Tense, Singular. Plural. I shall or will have. 1 . Wc shall or will have. 2. Thou shalt or r/ilt have. 2. Ye or you shall or will have. 3. He, &c., shall or will have. 3. They shall or will iiave. Second Future Tense, Singular. Plural. 1. I shall, &c., have had. 1. Wc shall or will have had. 2. Thou shalt or will have had. 2. Ye or you shall or will have He, 6ic. shall or will have had. had. 3. They shall or will have hail. Imperative IMood. Singular. Plural. Let me have. 1 . Let us have. Have, or have tliou, or do 2. Have, or have yc or you, or do thou liavc. ye or you have. 3. Let him, her, or it, have. 3. Let thcui ha\e. Or, without the auxiliaries. Singular. Plural. 2. HavCj &c., Ihdu. 2. Have, or liavc yc or you. Noli'. — The iuiponilivc mood is not properly enlitliul to ilinr per- aons. Tlie cdinniiiini, eutnaly, (ir pcriniission (expressed by the im- perative mooil, is always made to the second person, but never to the jirsl or third. The word /^r^ is one of those verbs uliieh have the infinitive n\ood after Ihcm without tlic siii;n io. and seems to be cijiiiv- alent to the word permit or allow ; as, '' Let mc have," that if, " I^ct mc to have," or, *' permit or allow mc lo buvt; ;" /(/ bciiiir in the second person iuiporativ(! niootl, atul /tavc in the intliiitivc uiood, tlic sign to i)eiiig understood. The phrases, *' Let .lohn go ; let them tpeak; li!t James rend," he, must be analysed in tiic same munner "ihttt tlicy may be properly parsed. B 3. 1. 2. urn [ i ' I .!!,• 30 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. Potential Mood. Present Tense. Singular. 1 . I may or can have. 2. Thou mayst or canst have. 3. He, &c., may or can have. Plural. 1 . We may or can have, il. Ye or you may or can haye. 3. They may or can have. Imperfect Tense. Singular. Plural. 1. I might, could, should, or 1. We might, could, should, or would have. "would have. 2. Thou mightst, couldst, 2. Ye or you might, could, should, shouldst, or wouldst have. or ivould have. 3. He, he, might, could, should, 3. They n.ight, could, should, or or would have. would have. Perfect Tense. Singular. Plural. 1 . I may or can have had. 1 • We may or can have had 2. Thou mayst or canst have 2. Ye or you may or can have had. l>atl. 3. He, &c., may or can have had. 3. They may or can have had. Pluperfect Tense. Singular. Plural. 1. I might, could, should, or 1. We might, could, ehould, or would have had. would luive had. 2. Thou ml:,'htst, couldst,shouldst, 2. Ye or you might, could, shouUlj or wouldst have had. or would have had. 3. He, &c., might, could, should, 3. They nught, could, should, or or would have had. would liavc had. Subjunctive MooJ. Present Tense. Singular. 1 . If I have. 2. If thou have. 3. If he, &.C., liavc. Singular. 1. If I had. 2. If thou hadst. 3. If he, &c., had. Singular. 1. If I have had. 2. If thou hast had. 3. If he, hi'., has had. Plural. 1. If we have. 2. If ye or you have. 3. If tlicy iiave. Imperfect Tense. Plural. 1. If we had. 2. If yc or you had. 3. If they had. Perfect Tense. Plural. 1. If we have had. 2. If ye or you hav iiad' 3. If they have had. 1.1 «. I 8. If *^iKu., ETYMOLOGY. 31 Pluperfect Tense, Plural. r can have, may or can haye. or can have. , could, should, or i. If he, &c. had had. First Future Tense. Plural. 1 . If we had had. 2. If ye or you had had. 3. If they had had. Singular. 1. If I shall or will iiavc. j2. If thou shalt or wilt have. •3. If ho, &c., shall or will have. Plural. 1 . If we shall or will have. 2. If ye or you shall or will have. 3. If they shall or will have. Second Future Tense. Singulur. 1. If I shall or will have had. 1. 2. If thou shalt or wilt have had. 2. 3. If he, &c., shall or will have 3. had. Plural. If wc shall or will have had. If ye or you shall or will have had. If they shall or will have had. Note. — The indicative mood is converted into the subjunctive wiiCM- ercr a condition, motion, wish, or supposition is implied ; so tht potential mood may in tlic same manner be turned into the sub- junctive ; as, "' If I could dutrivc him, I would not j" " Though lie ahould iuci'eusc his wealth ;" Stc. It is not necessary that the coh- junction, wiiich accompanies the subjunctive mood, should be ahva)!.* expressed ; it is frequently undcrstcjud, as, Were I to go, he would not follow j" " Had he known me, lie would have treated me difl'cr- ently ;" that is, "Ifl were to go ; If he had known ;" &c. It should be observed that the present subjunctive often points oul the relative time of a future action ; <•' If they arrive to-morrow, I will ■ec tlieni ;" '' If I send the note this evening, he will receive it." The auxiliaries should and would are used to express the present and Alture, as well as the jinst ; so tliat the precise time of the verb in the subjunctive mood must often bo doterniiiicd by the nature niul drift of the sentoiiee ; as, "It is my desire tiiat he should or would come n()w or to-morrow j" "It was my desire that he should <'i W' »*^v~<. ETYMOLOGY. 88 been. u had been. , been. 1 or will be. )u shall or will be. ill or will be. [ or will have been. M shall or will have ill or will have been. To have been. Perfect. Been, laving been Regular Verbs. \r when they form ; mood, and their rerb erf, or d only Perfect Participle, Favoured. Loved, ularl Conjugate tte Led in the following I. >a love, vc. Singular. I loved. Thou lovedst. He, &c., loved. Singular. I have loved. Thou hast loved. Imperfect Tense. Plural. 1. We loved. 2. Ye or you loved. 3. They loved. Perfect Tense. Plural. if. I have loved. 1. We have loved. ' i. Thou hast loved. 2. Ye or you have loved. 9. He, &,€., has or hath loved. 3. They have loved. Plvperject Tense. Singular. Plural. It I had loved. 1. We had loved. 2. Thou hadst loved. 2. Ye or you had loved. 3* He, &c., had loved. 3. They had loved. First Future Tense. Singular. Plural. 1. I shall or will love. 1. We shall or will love. 2. Thou shalt or wilt love. 2. Ye or you shall or will love. S. He, &c., shall or will love. 3. They shall w will love. Second Future Tense. Singular. Plural. 1. I shall or will have loved. 1. We shall or will have loved. 2. Thou shalt or wilt have loved. 2. Ye or you shall or will have loved. 3. He, &c., shall or will have 3. They shall or will have loved. loved. Note. — The following forms are used in present and imperfect tenses when emphasis or positiveness is expressed, and when a quea- tSon is asked. Present Tense Emphatic. Singular. Plural. 1. I do love. I. We do love. 2. Thou dost love. 2. Ye or you do love. 3. He, &,c., docs or doth love. 3. They do love. Imperfect Tense Emphatic. Singular. Plural. 1. I did love. 1. We did love. 2. Thou didst- love. 2. Ye or you did love. ] 3. He, ikc.,^did love. 3. They did love. M" Present Tense Emphatic and Interrogative. Singular. Plural. 1. Do 1 love 1 1. Do we love ? 2. Dost thou love ? 2. Do ye or you love^t 3. Does or doth he, &c., love 1 3. Do they love 1 <.. 36 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. '! i i( i .' ^f liif !< ! I . 1 ft I Imperfect Tense Emphatic and Inferrogative* Singular. Plural. 1 . Did I love 7 1 . Did we love 1 2. Didst thou love ? 2. Did ye or you love 1 3. Did he, &c., love. 3. Did they love 1 Imperative Mood. Singular. Plural. 1. Let me love. 1. Let us love. 2. Love, or love thou, or do thou 2. Love, or love ye or you, or do love. ye or you love. 3. Let him, her, or it, love. 3. Let them love. Or, without the Auxiliaries. Singular. Plural. 2. Love, Or love thou. 2, Love, or love ye or you. Potential Mood. Present Tense, Singular. Plural. 1. I may or can love. 1. Wc may or can love. 2. Thou mayst or canst love. 2. Ye or you may or can love. 3. He, &c., may or can love. 3. They may or can love. Imperfect Tense, Singular. Plural. 1. I might, could, should, or would 1. Wc'j might, could, should, f love. would love- 2. Thou mightst, couldst, shouldst, 2. Ye or you might, could, shouk or wouldst love. or would love. 3. He, &,c., might, could, should, 3. They might, could, should, c or would love. %vould love. Perfect Tense. Singular. Plural. 1. I may or can have loved. 1 . We may or can have loved. 2. Thou mayst or canst have 2. Ye or you may or can ba^ loved. loved. 3. He, &c., may or can have 3. Tijey may or can have loved, loved. Pluperfect Tense, Singular. Plural. 1. 1 might, could, should, or 1. Wc might, could, should, c would have loved.1 would have loved. 2. Thou miglitst, couldst,shouldat, 2. Ye or you might, could, shouli or wouldst have loved. or would have loved. 3. He, kc, might, could, should, 3. They might, could, should, c or would have loved. would have loved. Subjunctive Mood. Present Tense. Singular. Plural J. If I love. 1. If we love. 2. If thou love. 2. If ye or you love. i. If he, &c., love. 3. If they love 'm Not its pre all its is teac teniin 1. their the ^ the p lovedj I'JIW* ... R* ETYMOLOGY. 37 Inierrogaiive* lural. love % or you love \ [ jy love % I. Mural. love. or love ye or you, or d; rou love. jm love. anes. ?lural. , or love ye or you. 1. ay or can love, you may or can love, nay or can love. ?. ural. night, could, should, c love. you might, could, shouli lid love. might, could, should, c I love. ural. lay or can have loved. r you may or can hav • may or can have loved. ural. might, could, should, c X have loved. you might, could, shoul ould have loved. might, could, should, ^ have loved. 0(1. Plural love. or you love. y love Singular. ir I loved. If thou lovedst. If he, &c., loved. Imperfect Tense* Plural. 1 . If we loved. 2. If ye or you loved. , 3. If they loved. Perfect Tense, Singular. Plural. 1. If I have loved. 1. If we have loved. % If thou hast loved. ^ 2. !f ye or you have loved. 8. If he, &c., has or hath luved. 3. If they have loved. lH Pluperfect Tense. Singular. Plural. 1. If I had loved. 1. If we had loved. 2. If thou hadst loved. 2. If ye or you had loved. 3. If he, &c., had loved. 3. If they had loved. First Future Tense, Singular. Plural. ? 1. If I shall or will love. 1. If we shall or will love. 2. If thou shall or wilt love. 2. If ye or you siiall or will love. 3. If he, &c., shall or will love. 3. If they shall or will love. Second Future Tense. Singular. Plural. 1. If I shall or will have loved. 1. If we shall or will have (loved. 2. Ifthoushalt or wilt have loved.2. If yc or you shall or will have loved. 3. If he, &c., shall or will have 3. If tliey shall or will have loved, loved. Infinitive Mood. Pnsent. To love. Perfect. To have loved. Participles. Present. Loving. Perfect. Loved, Compound Perfect. Having loved. Note. — The active verb may be conjugated differently by adding its present or active participle to the auxiliary verb to be through all fts moods and tenses j as, instead of " I teach, tliou teachest, he ttiVhes, &c., wc may say, " I am teacliing ; thou art teaching ; he is teaching ; he was teacliing ; I have been teaching," &c. The toMinations, st and etfi, are only used on grave subjects. PASSIVE. 1. Verbs passive are called regular wlien they form their perfect participle by the addition of d or eel to the the verb : as, from passive, loved, &c." «I am the verb, "to loved, 1 was B2 love," is formed loved| I shall be 38 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. t i : iili '.lite.:: U ' 'IB 11 ■ ■■e loved, , 3. If they be loved. Imperfect Tense, Plural. 1. If wc were loved. 2. If yc or you w( n- loved. If he. kc, i\