^. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) K<^ ^ ^ ^0 1.0 M St IB 140 IL25 i 1.4 Ui& 1.6 6" FhotDgraphic Sciences Corporation .^"^^^ 23 WKT MAM STRMT WIUTM,N.Y. 14SM <71«)t73-4S09 '^ r i\ CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHIVI/ICIVIH Collection de microfiches. ! Canadian Inatituta for Hiatorical Microraproductiona / Inatitut cansdian da microraproductiona hiatoriquaa ii » Technical and Bibliographic Notaa/Notas taohniquaa at bibllographiquaa T Tha Inatituta haa attamptad to obtain tha baat original copy availabia for filming. Faaturaa of thia copy which may ba bibliographically uniqua, which may altar any of tha imagaa in tha raproduction, or which may aignificantiy changa tha uaual mathod of filming, ara chackad balow. L'Inatitut a microf limA la nailleur exemplaire qu'il lui a Hih poaaible de ae procurer. 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Thia item la filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document eat filmA au taux de rAductton indiquA ei-deeaoua. 10X 14X 18X 22X 2SX »X J 12X itx 20X MX 2IX lax Th« copy fllmod h«r« hm bMn raproducMl thanks to tho gonorotity of: Ubrary AgrieultMra Canada Tho imagoa appooring hara ara tha baat quality poasibia eonaidaring tha condition and iagibiiity of tha original copy and In (.taping with tha filming contract apaeificationa. L'axampiaira fiimA fut raproduit grica A la gAnAroaitA da: BiMiodiiqiM Agrioulturt Canada Lat imagas sulvantaa ont At* raproduitas avac ia piua grand soln, compta tanu da ia condition at de la nattatA da TaxampiaSra filmA, at an conformitA avac las conditiona du contrat da filmaga. Original copiaa in printad papar eovars ara filmad baginning with the front covar and anding on tha laet paga with a printad or illuatratad Impraa- aion, or tha bacic covar wUm appropriata. All othar original copiaa ara filmad baginning on tha first paga with a printad or illuatratad impras- sion, and anding on tha laat paga with a printad or illuatratad impraaaion. Las axamplairas origlnaux dont ia couvartura an papiar aat ImprimAa aont filmAa an commandant par la pramiar plat at an tarminant soit par la darnlAra paga qui comporta una am; rainta d'impraaaion ou d'llluatration, soit par la sacond plat, aaion la cas. Toua las autraa axamplairaa origlnaux sont filmAs an uommanpant par ia pramlAra paga qui comporta una amprainta d'imprassion ou d'lllustration at an tarminant par ia darnlAra paga qui comporta una talla amprainta. Tha laat racordad frama on aach microficha ahaii contain tha aymbol "-^- (moaning "CON> TINUED"). or tha symbol ▼ (moaning "END"), whichavar appliaa. Un daa aymbolas suh^ants apparattra sur ia darnlAra imaga da chaqua microficha, salon la cas: la symbols -^ aignifia "A SUiVRE", ia symbols ▼ signifis "FIN". Maps, plataa, charts, ate, may i»a filmad at diffarant raduction ratioa. Thoaa too larga to ba antiraly includad in ona axpoaura ara filmad baginning in tha uppar laft hand cornar, laft to right and top to bottom, aa many framaa aa raquirad. Tha following dia^ :ama illuatrata tha mathod: Las cartaa, planchaa, tablaaux, ate, pauvant Atra filmAa A daa taux da rAduction diff Aranta. Loraqua la document ast trap grand pour Atra raproduit an un aaul clichA, 11 ast filmA A partir da I'angia aupAriaur gaucha, da gaucha A droita, at da haut an baa, wi pranant la nombra d'imagaa nAcaaaaira. Laa diagrammaa suivanta llluatrant la mAthoda. 1 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 II w ARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN LXX. O tti ce o f Experiment Stations. «ec'd...il.?2.9... Ans'd • m GRADE STEERS OF DIFFERENT BREEDS BT TH0UA8 SHAW, PBOFKBBOR OF AORICUITURB, AND C. A. ZAVITZ, KXPERIMENTALIBT. \UBLISHED BT THE OEPAItTMENT OF AOBJCVLTUMM nee. 1, 1891. TORONTO PRINTED BY WARWICK A SONS :^^:;i^>;(*i;^V*t*,*'f"V*^^*«'«^»^^ |2''".l in I MINISTER OF AGBICDLTUBB Hon. John Dryden, Toronto. Oitario Agricultural College and Experimental Farm, Gi| under control of the Minister of Agriculture. W^^^W^'^ 'm J AMIS Mills, M. A. Thomas Shaw Professor of Agriculture and Farm Superinti A. E. Shdttlkworth, B. A. So Professor of Gbij J. HoTES Panton, M.A., F.G.S. Professor of Natural History and I F. 0. Grknsidk, y.S.. Professor of Veterinary! H. H. Dkan, B.S.A. Professor of Dairy Hu E. Lawbbnob Hunt, B. A Assistant Resident and Mathematical! Oaftain Walter Clabu Instmotor in Drill and Gj O. A. Zavitz, B.S.A.. Experii H. B. Shabmak, B.S.A. Assistanti A. MoOallum, AD^^ISOBT BOABD. O. G. James, M.A., Seeretary JoHK I. HOBSON, Chairman Deputy Minister of Agrievlture, ' Moiborongh, Oounty of ^ '*-i^tym>'jum'*^,ma,xi>i^ '*att»,Kfti» iS»««,'«fcrtrV'*^^j^„ , ' . Table i gives particulars regarding the breeding and thel ing characteristics of the different animals : Grade. Date when calved. Sire. Dam. Oharact of Ht Galloway... Nov. 2, 1889 Rajah of Brooke (3970). ^ Shorthorn and i Canadian. Short If blocky Shorthorn . . Dec. 22, 1889 Methlick Hero, =2723= (imp.) A Shorthorn grade. Rather 1 Shortho Aberdeen Poll. Jan. 1, 1890 Runnyinede2nd, 6220. A common two- year-old heifer. Not robu velope( Hereford . . . Jan. 5, 1890 King Hal A good common cow. Short l(s heavy Devon Jan. 8, 1890 Duke (947) A Shorthorn grade. Neatly i square frame. Hohtein . . . Feb. 17, 1890 African Prince, (H. F. H. B.) 1270. A common cow Large sii rather in thel Shorthorn . . April 1, 1890 Macduff A Shorthorn grade. Medium neatly frame. Native or scrub. April 16, 1890 A native bull of the rangey type. A three-year-old native. Narrow flat rib long le| Food and Feeding. Milk was fed to eUch of the until six months old. 0£ this they were given a fair allowaoj not all they would take. They were all given whole milk : in Table ii, except one of the Shorthorn grades, which skim milk. They were fed by hand morning and eveningj skim milk was warmed by heating before being fed. The fed in addition to the milk were clovery hay cut, green foddet| season, and meal consisting of equal proportions by weight! oats, wheat screenings and bran. None of the meal was givenj with the milk. During the second six months they were f green food, roots and meal. The hay was similar in kindj mentioned above. The green fodder consisted of oats an clover and millet, as these crops came in season. The rooj prised turnips and mangels. They were not fed at the sad and were sliced before being fed. The meal during the firaf months of this period consisted of peas, oats and wheat sen ground, bran and oil cake in the proportions of 4, 4, 4, i| parts respectively. During the next three months they re meal ration of pease and oats ground and bran, in the proporl 2, 2 and 1 respectively. The meal throughout was fed dry, alo the hay, which was cut. The aim was to give each animal ab same quantity of meal, but some would not take so much wi ch accounts for th& difference in the amount ea^en as given in the joincfd table. The food was given in three meals per day, and they [ually had access to water at will. The animals wore kept in stalls until they were about six months old. After that time were tied in stalls and were allowed to exercise about one hour |y in the barnyard. The first six months will be referred to safter in this bulletin, for the sake of convenienoe, as the first or period, and the next six months as the second period. ODD Eaten. It will be observed in the subjoined table that I consuuiption of food was largo, more especially with the more centrated and costly rations, as milk and meal, but thir^ was in )ing with the objects of the experiment, as already expressed. kinds of meal fed were doubtless too concentrated and costly, the quantities too large to give the best results financially. ['able II ^ives the consumption of food during the first and bd periods respectively : Grades. Ilcway kthorn Brdeen Poll |ref ord ?on latein Lverage (six animals). lorthorn nb or native 1 First six months. 1 ■■' Second six aionths. Milk. Hay. Meal. ciJ.2 Hay. lb. 721 Meal. lb. 826 1 lb. 2091.5 lb. 215.5 lb. 281.5 lb. 20.0 lb. 1489 lb. 511 4383.6 107.0 196.5 68.0 855 1779 615 1675 4182.2 118.0 195.5 57.0 717 1500 867 906 4154.0 140.0 243.5 66.0 788 1754 561 1600 3611.4 112.0 134.5 70.5 912 1682 b48 1541 4475.5 110.0 190.5 125.5 884 1744 219 2377 3816.4 132.9 207.0 67.8 812.8 1658 604.3 1401.7 4691.5 175.5 188.0 212.0 1059 1652 3261 3761.7 71.6 92 4 148.0 757 1246 ■ ••••■ 2898 * Fed on skim milk. [t has been already mentioned that the Galloway grade did not 'ih. the faim until 53 days old. Prior to that time he was ded by the dam. The estimate for the consumption of whole by this animal during that period was the average of the con- iption by all the other animals which were given this ration. It be noticed that the total consumption of milk by this calf was 1^11 relatively. This waa owing to the fact that he would not ik it regularly, but made up for the deficiency apparently in the ' consumption of hay and meal. The Shorthorn grade to which milk was fed, took more of this in quantity than the average • 6 grade consumed of whole milk, and also more of hay and roots, b little less of meal. The native or scrub consumed considerably than the average of all the food factors, («xcept roots. W K I G u T 8 . Table in gives an analysis of weights. Grades. Weights at end of — Daily increase during— First six months. Second six months. First six months. Second six months. First tw moiul ft. 2.11) 2.'H 2.o; 2.41 2.20 2. -12 2.30 2.^2 1.02 Galloway lb. 457 530 485 545 • 434 537 498 lb. 800 890 754 900 803 883 838.3 lb. 2.51 2.91 2.66 2.99 2.38 2.95 2.73 lb. 1.86 1.96 1.46 1.93 2.01 1.86 1.85 Shorthorn Aberdeen Poll Hereford Devon Holstein ' Average (six breeds). *Shorth(irn 454 380 848 m 2.49 2.12 2.16 1.76 Scrub or native *Fed on skim milk. Note. In all the figures given in Table in the weight at is included. It was impossible to ascertain the birth weight ov to the way in which the calves were obtained. It will be observed that at the close of the first period, the aim to which skim milk was fed was but forty-four lb. less than i average grade in weight, while he weighed sixty eight lb. more til the native or scrub. At the end of one year he weighed 9,i more than the average grade, and 148 lb. more than the nativel scrub. The latter weighed 1 12 lb less than the average grade atf end of the first period, and 138.3 lb. less at the end of the seci period. It will also be observed that the lightest aniraai at the of both periods is the native or scrub. Estimated Value of the Food. The fodder, thegraini the roots were estimated at the current market values in Guelpli, I the cost of marketing from an Ontario farm under average coij tions, (see Bulletin lx^^iii, p. 5). The home value put v pon the! therefore, when cut, was $5.00 per ton ; the green fodder 5$2.O0| ton ; the oats 24^ cents per bushel ; the peas 47 cents ; the wli screenings 30 cents, and the roots when sliced 8 cents. The gri^ ing of the grain was put at six cents per 100 pounds. The y and roots, b| considerably r its. ights. icrease during— cond six nonths. First tw montl lb. ft. 1.86 2.19 1.96 2.4^ 1.46 2.o; 1.93 2.41 2.01 2,20 1.86 2.42 1.85 2.30 2.32 2.16 1.76 1.92 ;he we-ght at li irth weight ow ani!| r lb. loss than i ight lb. more til le weighed 9,i than the nativel erage grade at end of the seel animal at the Ider, the grain i ues in Guelph, 1 der average coij i put I oon the 1 1 fodder 12 OOi cents ; the wb cents. The gri^ pounds. The I oil cake reckoned as delivered at the average Ontario farm put at $12.80 and $26.66^ per ton respectively. The home put upon the whole milk was 60 cents per 100 pounds. This lusion was reached by valuing the milk delivered at ah average )rio factory at 70 oents per 100 pounds, and allowing 10 cents [lOO pounds for delivering the same. The price allowed for nng the milk may be considered a shade high for some localities. Ihome value put upon the skim milk, the buttermilk reckoned )o same rate, was 15 cents per 100 pounds. This conclusion reached by deducting the value of the butter, less the cost of bng, from the home value of the whole milk. It was estimated Ithe average yield of butter from 100 pounds of whole milk in farm dairy is 3| lb., that the cost of making is 3.9 cents ptr id, and the average price obtained for it is IG cents per pound. /ill be observed that in all probability a profit has already made on the marketable food used, providing it has been ^n upon the farm, as in this experiment the food was charged le full market values, less the cost of marketing from an average irio farm. This profit will be represented by the difference ireen the cost of growing and the market value put upon it. .\ L u E s . Table period : IV gives the financial resu its at the close of ihe Grade. Coat of— Total Cost. Value of— Total value. Gain + or Loss— < 1 s a < 9 c. 2 60 2 60 2 60 2 60 2 60 2 60 2 60 h •ill .5.2 a CD i loway rlhorn jrdetn Poll... efoid ron $ c. 2 00 2 00 200 2 00 2 00 200 200 9 c. 11 79 28 11 26 89 27 93 23 01 28 66 24 40 $ o. 16 30 32 71 31 40 32 63 27 61 33 26 20 00 9 c. 25 14 29 15 26 (» 29 98 23 87 9 c 1 27 1 27 1 27 1 27 1 27 $ G. 26 41 30 42 27 06 31 26 26 14 26 78 27 00 9 c. +10 02 — 2 29 -364 - 1 28 - 2 47 — 6 48 - I 01 steiri verage (grade of six breeds). rthom xh or native . . 25 51 1 27 1 26 72| 1 27 200 1 00 906 23 68 260 2 60 13 66: 21 57 27 18 14 48 127 127 22 84 16 75 + 9 18 -11 43 *Fed on skim milk. conclusio ns should be drawn from this table without carefully ping all the facts contained in the bulletin. 8 The valoe put npon the animali at birth wai of neoeMity an mate that would be about the real value when they were drop; The ooit of attendance was reckoned on the basis that one would feed and care for 76 calves per day under ordinary conditio when the food has all been made ready. The following was the valuation put upon the different animals i the experiment, viz. : — Galloway grade, 5* cts. per pound live weigll Shorthorn grade, 5^ cts. ; Aberdeen Poll grade, 6\ eta ; Heiufcj grade, 5} cts. ; Holstein grade, 4} cts. ; Shorthorn grade fed on sk milk, 4| cts., and native or scrub, 3} cts. This valuation was mi at our request by Mr. James Millar a)id Mr. A. White, live st dealers, Guelph. Notwithstanding that each of those gentles estimated separately, th(» respective valuations made by them wei in substantial agreement. The estimated amount of manure made per animal durij the first period was 3,891} lb. This was reckoned as worl $1.00 per ton. From thn sum thus obtained the deduction made of 903} lb. of straw allowed for bedding, the home value i which was put at $1.60 per ton. This estimate was based up actual results obtained from a test conducted simultaneously wil| another calf, and mainly with the object of ascertaining the amou of manuro produced by a cattle beast during different stages of i| growth. The following facts stand out prominently at the close of tU period, viz. : — 1. The much greater cost of a whole milk ration wiJ adjuncts, as compared with a skim milk ration with the same. Wq the first the average cost of the food was $24.40 per animal, with the last $9.06, or nearly two-thirds less. 2. That although i the comparison just (Ira^u iuere is a difference of $15.34 in the ca of the food, the difference in the value of the animals at the close ^ the periods in only $5.16. 3. The small amount of milk consuo by the Galloway grade after the first 63 days reduced the cost of I ration fed to him to $11.79, or $12.61 less than the average, and; the difference in the average gains per day was not very marktl This would seem to indicate that a liberal whole milk ration is an absolute necessity after the first two months of the life of animal, and that the nature of the ration given affects the costj production more than the particular improve*^ breed with which animal is connected. 4. The difference in \.lie total value of animal fed on skim milk, as compared with the average of those I on whole milk, cost considered, is $10.19 in favor of the former i as compared with the native or scrub $20.61. 9 Ilk* V gives the financial results at the end of one year. ■(irades. Cost of — IS <5 5W!iy horn I'lecn Poll . . . ktord bn Itein ....... fcragc (grades Bf SIX breeds). Ithorn lb (ir native . « c. 200 2 00 2 00 200 2 00 2 00 2 00 1 I o Si $ c. 27 22 47 53 43 02 4G 47 41 62 48 t3 42 40 2 00 1 00 29 59 39 61 $ c. 5 63 5 63 5 68 5 03 6 63 5 63 5 63 5 63 6 63 Value of — Total coat. 00 'S < Manare. $ o. 9 c. « c. 34 86 44 00 6 00 55 16 48 95 00 60 65 39 59 6 00 54 10 49 50 00 40 26 44 17 6 00 56 16 41 94 6 00 60 03 44 09 6 00 37 22| 40 28 600 46 24 27 13 6 00 Total value. Gain + or LoHB. — y n. $ c, 60 Ou +15 15 64 05 46 50 65 50 50 17 47 04 60 60 46 28 - 21 - 6 06 + 1 40 + 92 — 8 22 + 66 + 9 06 33 1 3-13 11 *Fed on nkim milk. conclusions should be drawn from this table without carefully ling all the facts contained in the bulletin. |iring the second period the allowance for attendance is the same as previous one, with the difference, that one person is supposed to for 60 i.nimals instead of 75, as in the former period. The lis were valued at the same rate per pound live weight as at lose of the milk period. The amount of the manure made per i\ was put at 9,996 lb. and it was reckoned at $1.25 per ton, the sum thus obtained there was deducted 2,021 1 lb. straw, bd as in the former instance. This estimate was also based upon i\ results obtained as in the first reckoning of the manure. will be observed that the animal fed on skim milk cost $12.81 phan the average grade fed on whole milk, and $9.02 less than lative or scrub, whereas he gave a net gain of $9.72 in advance former, and of $22.17 in advance of the latter. While the [e or scrub cost $3.79 less than the average grade, the net [n given by him was also $17.56 less, that is to say, he cost T7 more than the former when one year old. He not only made 3west gain per day, but was also rated the lowest by the valu«. 10 ri Conclusions. The following are a few of the concluj that may be drawn from the experiment : 1. That we should be slow to draw conclusions as tol relative value of the different improved breeds for me beef as the food and individuality of the animal exeij marked an influence. 2. That the behavior of the Galloway grade gives coi] nance to the idea, that when a calf has been fed liberalll the dam for about two months, a milk ration is not pensable after that period. 3. That the average grade of the different breeds ini experiment when well fed, will make a daily gain ofl poundp during the first year, when the weight at birth i( eluded. 4. That animals without improved blood are not cap of making gains so rapidly as those of good breeding though fod with the same liberality, 5. That a young cattle beast fed on a skim milk . with adjuncts, may be made to wei^h almost as much one year old as one of similar breedmg fed on a whole ration with adjuncts similar in kind. . 6. That the cost of making beef from young anima which a who^e milk ration has been fed, is much grei relatively than from those to which a skim milk ration| been given. 7. That while making beef ftrom grade calves up to the! of one year is highly profitable when they are fed upon asf milk ration followed by a heavy meal ration, that but " profit can be obtained when they are fed upon a whole i ration followed by the same. 8. 'That some animals are more capable of producing] of a higher quality than others. 9. That it is decidedly unprofitable to attempt to beef fi-om native or scrub stock, even when the conditj are all favorable. V of the concluJ elusions as tol >reeds for mal 3 animal exeif •ade gives con en fed liberalll ation is not on^ breeds in I daily gain of| ight at birth i ►d are not cap good breeding skim milk . ost as much I on a whole! young anima , is much gre en milk rationl alves up to thej ire fed upon as Lon, that but ipon a whole i of producing! attempt to len the conditj