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(RacriTed Septnnbar 10, 18Sa> My Lord, Your Lordship is aware, firom the correspondence which has passed between the North American OoTeminents and the Colonial Office, that for some time past a deep interest Hm been felt by the people of these provinces in the promotion of railways. 2. So long as hopeb were entertained that Her Majesty's Government would aid in the construction of the line between Halifax and Quebec, public attention was concentrated upon that. As the prospects of its accomplishment became less definite and assured, other projects, either local or inter-colonial, were discussed, and resolutions or laws having relation to these were passed during the recent sessions of most of the Colonial Legislatures. 3. The construction of the electric telegraph, which now not only connects Halifax with tiie chief towns of New Brunswick and the State of Maine, but forms the most important link in the chain of communication between the Old World and tlie New ; and the success which has attended that appropriation of the public funds, have attracted public attention to tlie procticabihty and importance of placing a railroad beside the telegraph. 4. This would give to Nova Scotia and New Brunswick a noble highway through their territory, connect tbem by railway with a'l the principal cities of this continent, and secure to the port selected for the eastern termiims, commer- ciul aduantages with which no sea-port within the Republic could ever successfully compete. 5. Wliile these views were pressing up m the minds of the leading men in the provinces, the subject was taken up in tl, State of Maine, and a Convention, to which the colonists were invited, was i, lied, to meet at Portland on the 31st of July. 6. The proceedings of that Convention I Iwve now the iionour to inclose, together with the i-eports made by the delegates who attended f' .iu Nova Scotia, to the communities or committees by which they were severallv appointed. 7. On the return of those delceatcs, the public mind in Nova Scotia hecAmt: Lbyj ' B 'I f very highly excited, particularly in Halifax and in those counties through winch the road would pass. 8. Under tlior.o circniiistnni'C:;, my Government wen reiiuircd to deal with the (jucstion thus i-aiscd, and to decide whether they would stand aloof from this movement, and allow a ffi'eat liii,diway, which in peaee would be a tht.rouiih- fare of nations, and in war niiglit he of vast importance, to he constructed and eontrolled by foreiijn capitalists, or siiould at once grasp the enterprise, and by the aid of the public funds and credit, discharge towards the country the highest and most lci;itimate i'unctions dla vigorous Executive. 9. The latter determination was arrived at, and the opportunity was afforded to declare their policy at a public meeting held in tiie metropolis on the 24th, the proceedings of which will be found rcj)orted in the papers trans mitted by tiiis mail. 10. Tills movement, which meets ni\ entire approbation, has been received with great satisfaction by all jjaitii;.. Tile address of the citv council, with my answer No. 3, 1 have the honour tu inclose. 11. Tile details of this measure have yet to be adjusted, and it may be necessary to send to England some members of my (Jovernment, to communicate more ai large with your Lordshij) in rei'erence to them. 12. In the meantime, I should be glad to be informed wiiether, r.pon sucli pledgeo as have been regarded as >atisfactory in other colonies, being given, iJer Majesty's Government would be dis])osed to aid Nova Scotia, with its guarantee of such funds as she may find it necessary to borrow in England, in order to construct this road. Tliese would not exceed SOO.OUO/. sterling, and would probably be secured not only ni tl:e general revenues of the province, but upon the road itself. 13. Such a guarantee would enable the province to enter the market upon the best terms, and ePect a large saving in the accomplishment of the work. 14. 'i'he revenue of Nova Scotia is about 80,(1(10/. sterling; her debt but 87,892/. st^■l ling; of which 47,892/. sterling is repriscnted by province ])aper, on whieh no interest is paid. The permanent and indispensable charges are about 40.0(J()/. sterhng; leaving 4(),(l()0/. of surplus revenue, available lor jjublic imiirmeinents. The revenue has increased 4,4U(I/. within the j)resent year. The increase on the whole year will probably be IO,()(JO/. 15. If, therefore, as I anticipate, the Legislature sustains the jmlicv of the Government, they will have the means at their disposal to pay the'intere.-t promptly on any loan they may rtciuire to effect. l(i. I shall he very much gra'itied i)y an early ccmmuiatatioii of the deci- sion of Her Majesty's (Jovernnunt on tins point, "and of tlie Urms and nutme of the securities re(]uired. I have, &e. The Right Hon. E;,rl Grey, (Signed) J. HAR\ EV l^c. &c. &-C. (No. 232.) Xo. 2 Copy of a DESPATCH from i: -I {i'n.\ to Lieuteiiant-Govenur Sir J. IIarvev. Sir. f'oioriiil Office, Sejitdi ber 21, IS.'iO. I\ aeknowkdgiiig yonrde-j^'rl, No. 1 90 of tlu 2.1th ultiiho, on the Md.icet ol' the pnijecled line of lailwiiy fiein Halifax to Portliind in Maine. I liaxe to expiC" n,v entire ap[)iMliation of tin- degive of sui'port and ( ncourairi ruent given by yo-.r- jfiind the I'rovincial .Aijnliii^tvatiiin to this in;| ort.int undei-taking. 2. 1 r(-:ii(l the work as one e;;l(ul;ited to he of the highest service to \(!va Scotia iind New Brunswick: and ii!>;ead of considering it as Ikely to (ndaii;jir, by eoini-.tilion, tlic still iiioie ini|i(Htant schen;e whieh has heeii jiroposed ior Coi.LiriMi- Ualiliix with Qui bee, I believe that it is likelv to preiiaie the wav tor the ,\((utiop of the latter; and that it will contiibiit'e to the ^ame end', n..niely, t.al of renderiiiij: Halifax the great poit of communieation liitween ijie two Contiiiciiis ui i.,iuojH' and America. 3 But while I am most anxious to promote the success of tlrs enterprise, I rc-rctthat the same reasons which have hit. -to prevented Her Maj^' J s Go^^'ernment from recommending to Parliament any measure for affordrnj, nceuniarv assistance towards the constmction of t. • Qucdcc Kailway, will prohably stand equally in the way of their advisiuK the guarantee ot a loan tor the scheme now i-. contemplation. I have, &c. Lieutenant-Governor Sir J. Harvey. (Signed) GREY. &c. &c. &c. :u: (No. 204.) No. 3. Copy of a DESPATCH from Ueutenant-Govenior Sir J. IIarvev to Earl Grey. Governtiient House, Halifax, October 25, 1850. (Kcciivcd Novimbur 13, 1850.) My Lord, The n,"mbers of my Government, upon a full consideration of the contents of vour Lordship's communication of the 2ist 'iltimo, having deemed it to con- sist with what they owe to public feclin;; (which has been VC17 unequivocally expressed throughout the province), as well as to their own views i)t tlie great interests involved, to seek to present those views to Her Majesty's Government inasi)lain and forcible a manner as maybe consistent with the deep respect with which all decisions by vour Lordship have been and will at all times be receiicd by them; they have accordingly resolved on delegating one ot tlieir body to proceed to England, in the hope tiiat your Lordship will admit their delegate to an audience, and will afford him every facility in bringing the views which he is charged to advocate, under the consideration of Her Majc-sty s Government, which to vour Lordship may seem fit. . , . , ,t u^ 1 u Pcrniit :ne, therefore, to present to your lordship the Honourable Joseph Howe, a member of my Council, and a gentleman well quahtk-d, in niy judg- ment t(. afford to your Lordship and to Her Majesty's tiovernment the fullest information and the most correct views of the state of pubhc feeling in Nova Scotia. , ^ . 1 • » *■ The deep importance attached throughout the province to the subject ot Mr. Howe's mission, will, 1 Joubc not, plead my excuse from any deviation from existing regulations which may attend this mode of comniunicati.m with vour Lordship ; and I do not doubt that on this, as on some other points, Mr. Ilowe's local information, experience, and sound judgment, will be found useful and acceptable. ^ ■ a u- It is Mr Howe's present intention (should circumstances noi induce mm to alter it) to return to Nova Scotia before the meeting of the Legislature in the hope of enabling me to convey to that body, at their meeting, some dehmte information as to the prospect of being able to obtain the necessary- funds from London capitalists, either with or without the aid "f Her Majesty s Government As the latter alternative, however, would involve the diff^ercnce of from lb,O0O/. to 2U 090/. a-year, in the amount of interest to be paid by the co ony, 1 feel satisfied that your Lordship will be disposed to promote any woll-consulered measure by which so large a saving may be eflcctcd, without risk to the lu.perial Government. , , „ I have, &c. The Right Hon. Earl Grey. (Signed) J. HARVEY. &c. &c. &c. B2 M No. 4. Copy of a LETTER from Mr. Howu to Earl Grby. """' 5' ''^loane Street, November 25, 1850 «^pK^^'"''°' f ♦5^J°^"^e«^ «ith which I was honoured on the 18fh instant received your Lordship's instructions to place before vou in nffin.li ' "^,J' arguments on whkh. a« Representative from t^J Sm^nce of Nova S? L^Tk my application for the guimntee of the Imf^n^r (To^m^^ent in a J of t1!: pubhc works project xl by the Government Lf that eolonyTT be ° iJave ^ • h Regarding the period as rapidly approaching if it has not n,.f„Qii„ —• a when railroads must be laid do'vn thVSugh 1 er mU advwld aS^^ counties, east and west, Nova Scotia is called to Se wTf h tf.^ prosperous the world before her. upon the -asure^ttXt ^^^'cut f^rTerrp.f at the least expense, with the sli.-htest risk, and in the sho-^est t?m.'^7.r rtritr '.7^°^r"^- .Her people haVe been a^c!ustomedt S'r^ adT no toll-bars exist in the province. Her poaHa irn/lfl »♦ n """'"*='- ™aas, belong to the country. andL emphatiSy ^h^Quef„^ 1 id If In'^ "."'■ instances where she has deviated from this nolicv in rpWT ^.j''^ ''^^ ferries the cost and the inconveniences oft nSjlT/ have t'S ts' va uf^" " e««.nil r*^' "1 '"^'^"^^ "*■ ^" "°P'«^^ construction. tC are as essential to our advancer, ent and prosperity now. as common roads were' ntl!^ olden time. The service which the Goverament has performed for a InindrlH years m respect to the common roads, which probablv S le 8 500 J h-, w^ believe it to be capable of performing; in regard to railLvs tL AHn,- 1 ^ « content to assume the responsibi tv. anTthe p^Je Jnclult u/^^ majority of all political partie?. are wilii'ng and a^xC thai \llev 1 d """"" ^ 1 r ^°^^r""ient had means sufficient to build railroads and carrv fhp people free, we believe that this would be sound policy. If 'tolls must e ^S^r^rT.'"'"' "'.'^^"^'' ^' '""^ moderate' and^alr i Lermnen! regulate them by the cost of construction and management, than f nonoDXnrl created, and speculators regulate the tolls only ^th retferent^ to t^^dh iS'ndT If there be risk or loss, we are content to bear it lfthlH\t. I'l^ aiviaends. S'.hf "?• 7 "","'? '»"■ "" »°^'"° ^»"« ' op"?! °'„ "^rr? or to the reduction ot the cost of transportation. ^ '' '' of .nSAS^^r— Ste^;^^^^^ western counties first these being the'^^nost'populous andlp'ro'ed ' "' An inter-colonial railroad, ,n which the adjoining colonies loel an intem.t Offers more genera advantages than a mere locll line: I fence he h"en2 St the Quebec .{ailroad. which woukl have drawn to Halifax much t^ l" V i to com,,lete it. the united resources o, the ^^p^u^"i;'^;J'''^;^ work, without ver> liberal aid from the British Government • th^'n.i " ^" rs.;;'^/'P^'::i' 'r r ""■ '- r-^^-u a,.::- .js* '--^ not It u TT^ offers nmny advantages which one to Quebec does not. tuill cost only about hall ;.s much. It must run neiriv mM Yl p v! llie lortland Railroad would secure to Nova Srnfii tlw i,l,o„f .,...„ ,i,,,„„.d I,,,. ,„ ..„j„ .„„.j;^i:;:;:i:;;zz^n:s^:,:z^ N;A:;™;,^s;;;:;-i;;r'S';:!"S'rH::s::;' ™!'-^™^i' ,|.„ HlZ^Z^rh \° o'-tr"'' "" »>■«-' -"■«»■= ">'•»"., 3,100 mil,, ., :{8 From Halifax to Galway is Dublin to Holyhead Holyhead to London 263 Dublin to the South-West Coast of Ireland .120 Halifax to St John'« . .266 at. .John's to Waterville. . 200 Waterville to New York . 410 Miles. 2,130 63 2,193 1,2.'J9 3,452 making ihe whoL' land and sea distance 152 miles more than the present sea passajre. Rut the se-i voyagv, by tly? oni' rome, would be 1 107 miles shorter than by the other. To run these 1107 miles by steamboat, at 12 miles an hour, would require 92 hours ; to run them by rail, at 30 miles an hour, would require but 36 hours. This route would therefore save, in the communication between Europe and America, 56 hours to every individual, in all time to come, who passed between the two continents ; the sea-i.^hs to life and property being diminished by one- third of the whole. The States lyin- east t.f New York a ill be benefited in a ratio corres- ponding with their r-lative distances iW.m t!'?**^ c ty. A merchant travelling from London to Portland, not only wastes 5G lioura in going to New York, but must turn back and travel 400 miles on the route to Halifax besides, which will require 13 hours more. It is clear then, that when the line !icr< ss 'rflano i? completed, and that from Halifax to Waterville (from tiicnc" the lines an continuous all over the United States), this route may deiy coni])efition. No business man will travel by a route which leaves him 56 or 69 hours behind tim>-, which givps to others deahng in the same articles, and entering tlia same markets with the same intbrmation, such very decided advantajres. No person trayelUng for pleasure will waste 56 hours, at some peril, on the ocean, where there is nothing to ^ee, who can, in perfect security, run over the same distance by land, with cul'ivated country and a succession of towns and villages to relieve the eye. The Ainericaiis assembled at the I .tiand Convention pledged themselves to make this lire through the territory of Maine. Cajjitalists and contractors in that country profess their readiness to complete the whole through the IJrilish provinces, provided acts of incorporation are given to them with liberal grants of land and money in addition. For various reasons, the Government of Nova Scotia are reluctant to permit this to he done. They are unwilling to surrender that which nmst become for ever the great highway between the capital of Nova Scotia and her eastern counties, to the management and control of foreign capitalists. Tlu y believe it to be, my Lord, eciually sound provincial and sound national poliey, that that portion of what must become a great highway of nations, which lies vithin the territories of Nova Seotia and New Brunswick, should be kept undei Hritish control ; and they believe tli;it the security and defence of the maritime provinces are involved in adlierenee to that policy. They believe that the honour of the Crown is concerned in this cjuestion, to an extent which calls upon the.n to pledge the entire credit and resources of the province, that it may not be tarnished. Having done this, they believe that the Imperial Government ought to take at least sufficient interest in the ques. tion to enable them to enter the Eni,'lish nioney-markct on the best terms, and ertect a large saving in the expenditure recpiired. Money is worth, in the United States and in the British provinces, 6 per cent. Suppose this -ailroad to be constructed by American or provincial capitalists, it is evident th.fit our uortion of it. wiiic!! will cost HOO.OOO/. F.tsr!ini». m.'.isf ".-" 4H,()(K)/. sterling, or 60,000/. cuiTcncy, over and above its working expenses. With the Imperial j^iarantcc, wc can obtain the funds rcqiiiird nt H^ per cent., reducing? the annual interest to 2H,('0()/. steilinp, or Mr),()()U/. cunentv. The Government o( Novii Scotia helievc, that if Hritish capital, so niuch of which Hows into foreign States, when it is always insecure, and in times ol trial is found to have invarial)ly strenirtlieiied our enemies, can l»e safely invested in the Queen's dominions, the Imperial (iovernment should take an iiiterest in its legitimate employm nt ; a:id tiny ai^ quite prepared to invest an e jual sum to that now retpiired in hiii'-ling a line through the western counti< s of Nova Scotia, whenever the eastern p;iys its working expenst 8 and interest on the sum expended. They believe that, even if tlic |)rovince could niise this amount of capital, to withdmw so large a sum from tiic ordinar; channels of circulation, whcro it is beneficially empl>)yed, and earning interest and jirotits, would cramp the trade of the country, and produce, on a small scale, embarrassments similar in their nature to those experienced in the parent State. They believe that a low ntte a' interest would lead to tlie establishment o«'a low rat" -<■ fares, of which every t.nglislnnan passing over the line would feel the advanti.,^ They are prepared to carrj- tlic Hritish and American mails at reasonable rates, and to authorize the British (!()\ eminent to pay the amounts contracted for, to the credit of the interest on tlic loan. They believe that Her Majesty's Government legitimately employed tlieir influence in securing, by the Nicara,;ua Treaty, a passage for British subjects and commerce to the East. They believe that "lo control the great highway to the West, and to secure to a Britisli province the advantages of oceanic steam navigation, would be an equally legitimate object. They believe that if Her Majesty's Government takes the lead in these noble North American ent rprises, they w'H make the Queen's name a tower of strength on that continent. They apprehend that il the colonists are driven to seek sympathy and assistance from the United States, in aid of their public works, to become large debtors to their capitalists, at extravagant interest, to employ their citizens habitually in the bosom ol th''r country, a revulsion of feeling, dangerous to British interests, will he created, u liich statesmen sliould foresee and avoid. WheJher, my Lord, it was jirudent m the Provincial Government to ask for the Imperial guarantee, 1 would rrs|)ectfully suggest that it is now tod late to consider. The refusal will wound the pride of every Nova Scotinn, and strengthen the belief that England is inditierent to the industrial development of the maritime provi-.Kcs: that she h.as no policy, by hacking which their fuhabitnnts can bt elevated to lair competition with their Republican neigh- boiirs , and that when they ask her countenance and co-operation in measures whicli are as essential to the national dignity and security, as they would be productive of internal improvement, the reply, though courteous, shuts out hope. An impression prevails in the Lower Provinces, that either from the imme- diate presence in Canada of nohleineii generally standing high in the confidence of the .Ministry at home, or from tiie sensitive' irritability with which ail parties reeort to open violence in tliat province, more weiirht is given to representations affecting her interest, than to those which concern the maritime colonics. Nova Scotians, compelled to sacrifice '_'■_',()()()/. a-year in the completion of a national work, by the refusal of tiie Imperial (iovcrnment to guarantee to the capitalists of England the interest on this loan, cannot fail to contrast the relative positl'm in wiiich tliey are plac.-d by that refusal. That they may not copy the evil c xamples by which a larger share of fraternal consideration will appear to them to iiave been secured, sluili he my sincere and anxious prayc. TheCanadas, seeking ResponMble Government in the Erencli mode, resorted to armed insurrections, which it cost England 4 or 0,000,000/. to suppress. Immediately after the restoration ut' tranquillity, the British Ciovernment lent the Canadas l,.'iO(),000/. Had the rnaritini'; provinces participated in those rebellions, eyer\ regiment tliat marched through them in the- winters of 1«.17 and 1831) would have been cut off. They did not. They adhered to their allegiance, and denounced the r b-'ls. Tney cheered the soldiers on their winter marches, and provided for their wjv s and children, 'iet Canada has been rewarded for bad faith and the vNasle ti'iia lonui resources, by a bonus of a miiiion and a iialf ; ind 1 know no 'hj terms in wliirh I can drscribc what my countnmen will feci, if, with a nurplua n-vemie already available to secure the piireiit State from risk, they are refused the f;iiar«ntee tor half that amount. In I8;j',), the State of Maine called out its militia to overrun the Frovmce of New Brunswick. Nova Scotia, tlioui;!! not directly menaced, promptly tendered her entire pecuniary and physical resources in vindication of the national honour. She had no direct intercHt in the Houndary question. Not an acre of her soil was menaced ; yci she did not hesitate to tender her means, and to set an example of loyal unaniiiutv, much wanted on the continent at that moment, and which, had war commenced, could not have failed to have drawn it into her hosom. Yet now, the people she would have fought tender their co- operation to make a tjreat national hifihway a( r{)Bs her soil ; and I submit, with all delcrence, my Ixnd, whether the Sover.iirii, whose honour she war prompt to vindicate, shouhl i)e advised to refuse her aid, and view with unconcern the probable construction of such a work in our very midst, by foreign capital, to be subject to (brciiin influence and control. \\ hen the storm blew from .Maine we wrapped our loyalty around us. Who can tell what may happen, should the sun of prosperity shine from that quarter, and coldness and neglect appear on the other side i* Knjiland would not allow foreigners to control a great line of railway reachinir (roin Dover to Aherdee i. Sliould she permit them to control S.'iO miles of railway through Nova Scotia and New Brunswick 1 When the I'rencii propagandists menaced Belgium, the Belgian Govern- ment controlled the railways. The invaders were ambushed and overpowered ; and through all the convulsions of lH4f< — 1850, Belgium has remained tranquil and secure. When the mob of Montreal seized upon the capital of ('ana iw must inevitably lead to but one lesult. Should it be objected, my Lord, that to coni])ly with the request preferred by Nova Scotia, would be to delay or peril the completion of the great railway projected by Lord Durham, and whiclnvas designed to form a back-bone for the North Aineriian Provinces, and to open up large tracts of waste land to colonization ; wc answer — Show u.s tll.'^.t Mer .\f:i.!eRtvV. f Tnver!in*.e!^.t aeririi'.'-lv f^t^.tfT'tr:?": tt^nt nr.'tir.'^t - that they arc prepared to go down to I'arliainent and demand that it shall be It realized; and Nova Sootiu will at oncp honourably redeem the pledges which, in ai>tici|)iit on of what she conceive ' 'o bo ihc Iniperiul pohcy, were recorded upon her statutc-kMX)k. However the (pie-tion niav liavi; changed its aH|>ect, Novu Sc-otia will not swerve Ir-Jiu any line of intcr-coloiiial policy which the parent State regards as of paranujuni importance. But the question iias cliank'fii it-*aHiRvt. Whether Canada, with itn railway lines, connecting Montrt-al and Qutlx-c with the sea, rid Melbourne and Portland, and which will, by the coni|)leliim of the line now proposed through the culti- vated parts .f Nev/ Brunswick, unite botii these givat cities with Halifax, by distances severally of 82^* and Hdj miles, will Ik- disposed to embark fur.ds in another, through a comparative wililcrness, remains to be proved. Nova Scotia, wiiatever msv la- the predilections of the Imperial (Jovcrn- ment, or the delennination n' Cuiiida, possesses tiiis advaulane ; The line which she proposes to construe! il roii^h her territory, must be a common trunk- line for both the Portland and tlie Quebec Railroiids, whenever these are completed. Nova Scotia cannot be wroni; in constructing her 130 miles. If the Port- land Railroad onlv is built, she is content to share the fortunes of that enterprise. if the British (Jovernment prell r, and choose to aid the work originally pro- posed. Nova Scotia will either pay lur contribution, already pledged, or she will make that portion of the common line to the St. Lawrence which passes through her territory. We hope to see both lines tinislied. One continuous railroad eommunica- tion with the great rivers and lakes of Canada, or with the principal cities of the United States, would give an impetus to the social and material prosperity of Nova Scotia, wliieh her pe()i)U' iiiiticipate, in confident reliance upon their own resources and on the bounties of i'rovidenee. Give tiiem both, and t'.ie trunk- line through their country must become a source of prosperity to the province, and of revenue to its Government. — only to be paralleled, in the histoiy of the New World, by the celebrated Krw Canal. But, my Lord, it may be iirjicd that the parent State has many colonies, and that she may be enibarrussed by other clain.s of a similar natua'. if this is granted. Admitting the soimdiu^s nf the objeetion, 1 respecttully submit that it comes too late. The British (invernment has already established the prece- dents of which Nova Scotia would claim the benefit. The grants to Canada have been already referred to. hi 18-4>^, a law was jiassed by Parliament, guaranteeing the interest re((uire(l mi a loan for the puii'.ic works of the West Indies and the Mauritius, ineludini: Railways. But we hur.ibly conceive th.it no general rule of this kind ougiit to apply, even if the exceptions to which I have referred did not exist. The Gi eminent of Englan! does not place a liglitliouse on every headland, nor maintain a garri- son in evv V English town. It dor-; not build a dockyard in every county, nor in every C' lony. The prominent points of the sca-eoa«t arc occupied for com- mercial .security, and the most emniiianding positions for the preservation of internal tranquillity and national delence. Gibraltar is a barren rock, yet miLions have been expended in its c:ipture and defence. Bermuda, i.i intrinsic value, is not worth a single county of .New Brunswick, yet it commands the su.rounding seas, and is tiierefore occupied for national objects. In like manner, I would !es[iectfully submit, -honld the commanding position of Nova Scotia be appreciated, occupied, and rendered impregnable — not by the presence of fleets and aiiuies — but by insi)iriiig its peojde with full confidence in the justice, niiignaniuiity and wi.sdoiu of the Imperial (iovernmcnt — by promptly securing to tiie province all the advaiitay;es arising froin its proximitv to Europe— from its eontiiiuing within its bosom the lii;,Hi road, over which, in all time to come, the Anglo-Saxon race must pass in tiieir social and commercial intercourse with each (jtlier. There are otiier views of this question, my Lord, which ought to have their weight with the (iovenimcul and pc()])le of England. The pusition of the North- .\mcrican Provinces is peculiar, and the temptations and dangers which surround them, trust me, my Lord, require, on the part of the Imperial Government, a policy at once conciliatory and energetic. The concessions already made, and the principles acknowledged by Her "/o Majcsly's Goverr.men*, leave us nothin« to desire, and Imperial statesmen little to do, m rci^rd to the iiiUraal adiiii.iiHtmtioti of our artai'ii. Hut ■omethinc more than this is rc«|uir»-d by th.- high-si.irit.d race who inhuhit British America. Placed bctwi-eii two miKhty imtiois, wc somctiniesfeel that wc l)ek)ng, in fact, to neither. Twenty inillioiift of |hh)|.Io hve beside us, frotu whose markets our staple productions are excluded, or in which tl, v are burthened with hi^'h duties, »)ecau8e we arc British subjects. For the sii'me reason, the higher paths of ambition, on every hand inviting the ardent spirits of the rnion,are cloHed to us. From ecpul participation in common riudits, fniin f.ir coui|)etiti()n with them in the more elevated duties of (iovernment and the distrioution of iu prizes, our British brethren, on the other side, a^ carefully exclude us. The President of the United States is tbe son of a 8cli().,lnm>ter. There are more than 1000 schoolmasters teaching the rising youth of Neva Scotia, with the vlepressinf? con- viction upon their minds, that no very elevated v\alks of an.bition are open either to theii pupils or their children. Protection to any spec ies of industiy in .Nova Scotia we utterly repudiate ; but your Lordship is well aware that ni'unv branches of industry, niany delicate and many coarse manufactures, recpiire an extended demand bjfore they can lie sustained in any country. This extended demam! the citizcn.-j of the great P2j)ublic enjoy ; and it has done more tor them than even their high taritlk or their peculiar institutions. The wooden nutmeg of Connecticut may tlavour. untaxed, the rice of Cuiolina. Sea-borne in a vessel which traverses tv.u mighty oceans, the coarse cloths of Massachusetis enter the Port of St. i -iuicisco without fear of a custom house or ^.ayment of duly. The staple exports of Nova -Scotia cannot cross t!ie Hay of Fundy without paving .»() per cent. ; and every species of colonial nmnulacture ib excluded from Great Britain by tl- 'iompara- tively low price of labour here, and from tlic wide range of the Kepubhc by prohibitory duties. The patience with which this state of things lias l)cen borne ; the industry and enterprise which Nova Scotia has exhibifed, in facing these difficulties, entitle her to some consideration. But a sin.'lo century has passed away since the first permanent occupation of her soil by a British rac.'. During all that time she has preserved her loyalty ui.tarni-,he(l, and the property cre.'ted upon her soil, or which floats under her flag upon the sea. is estimated at the value of 15,000,000/. She provides for her own tivil Government, — guards her criminals,— lights her coast.— maintains hir poor,— and educates her people, from her own resources. Her surface is cvtrywherc intersected with tree roads, inferior to none in America ; and her hardy shoresmen not only wrestle with the Republicans tor the fisheries and commerce ot the surrounding,' seas, but enter into successful competition with them iu the carrying trade of the- world. Such a country, your Lordship wil' readily |)ardon me for su!j;!;estiii<:, even to my gracious .Sovereign's confidential advisus, is worth a thought. Not to wound the feelings of its inhabitants, or even seem to disregard their interests, may he worih the small sacririce she now re(|Uires. Nova Scotia has a claim upim the British Government and Parliament, which no other colony has. The mineral »"easnres in her bosom are supposed to be as inexhaustible as the fisheries upon her coast or the riilies of her soil. Nearly the whole have been bartered av,ay to a single company, for no adequate provincial or national object. A monopoly lias thus been created, which wounds the pride, while it cramps the industiy oi' the people. If Nova Scotia were a State of the American Union, this monopoly would not last an hour. If she now asked to have this lease cancelled or boujrhi up, that her indu.stry might be free, she would seek nothing unreasonable. The euiancijiation uf our soil is perhaps as much an obligation resting u|)()n the people ot England, as was the emancipation of the slaves. No (iovernment dare create such a monopoly in Kngland or in Scotland ; and bear witii nu , my Lord, wlien 1 assure your Lordship that our fcelinL;s are as ki en, our pride as scii-iti\c, as those of Englishmen or Scotchmen. Break up this monopoly, an ' ?;ii)ital would dow into our mines, and the mines would fnniisli not only emiilc i.u'iit for railroads, but give an impetus to our coasting and torei^'u trade. Nova Scotians have seen 20,000.000/. not lent, but given, to theii fellow- colonists in the \Ve;,t Indies. They admired the spirit wh . !i overlooked I'ecuniary considerations in view of great principles of natioiuil honour a".d 10 humanit) . But by that verv act they lost, for a time, more than would irrxke this railroad. Their commerce with the West Indies was seriously deranged by the chang;e, and the ((tiismnptioii of hsh, their great staple, largely diminished. If money is no object wlien the national honour is at stake in tiie West Indies, why should it be in British American' If the emancipation of 800,000 Blacks is a moral obligation, to li.' redi-emed at the tost of 20,000,000/., surely a territory, which now contains double the number of Whites, attached British subjects, 'and which will ulwnmtely contain ten times tliat number, is worth risking a million or two to preserve. The national bounties of Fnmee and America, my Lord, also p'ace Nova Scotia in a fi'lse and untavoiMiibK- position. These Imunties are not anned at our industry, but at British naval >ui)rcinac\ . Vet they subject us to an unfair c.mpetition upon the .sea, as galling as is the mineral and metallic monopoly upon the land. For every quintal of Hsh a Frenchman catches, bis Government pays hmi 10 francs, or bs. -Id. sterling;, and every man and boy emidoyed receives 50 francs for each voyage besides. For every ton of shippini; an American employs in the fishery, his Government pays iii'm liO.s-. per ton. Nova Scotia juts into the .h Amencan Provinces, oriirinated with lx)rd Dm ham. In the confident belief that this work was to be rcij^arded as one of national importance, Nova Scotia jiaid towards the survev of the line nearly 8000/. I'lie anticipaticm that the completion of this gi-eat work, in connexion with a Mheme of colonization, would redress many of the evils and iiR(iuahties under wi-ili the provinces labour, l()r son.e time buoyed ;p the spirits of tlu' ptople, and the di^appointment is keenly telt in pioporticm as hopes were sani,'uine. If tli u the British (icverninent has aliandcncd the policv to wliicli, perhaps too lia-l.ly, we assumed that it was plcdijed ; if the empire will make no roads tliiouuli its terriltaies (and the leij;ioiis of Britain might be wdrse employed); mil Iv it cannot be less than madness to permit loreiiriier- to nial^e them ; ami ii must he sound .stiitemaiisliip to aid the Coloinal (;o\t!-niiients, whenever iliiv will assume the resp(m^ibility of const! iiel- in:' ;.iu' I (i.itvollin'-' tbc great ln-lnvays, no less necessary for internal impiove- menl t.iaii i'..- national cjelenee. It' ti.e riiad acro.is No\.i ^eura is comiiieneed, the s|)irit3 of the coloiii-ts will revivi . 1; extended hist to I' nhmd, it will " jireiiare the wa;. ," to employ ....... I . :,i^!,;...v .-■.•.\ r- !-:!i-..ii;;:r;- ■ '.):t- •\-.!^ ev.".'!'* Iiin ii!' fhi' V'.v.o to (,>!!ebee: :!!<(! !t will contriliute to the .~anie end, nunielv, that of rendering llalitax the Lcreat port olcoiimmnie.ition between the two continents of F^urope and .\merica." '/^ It I liavc said that the cailroad across Nova Scotia will be the common trunk for the (Juebec and Portland lines, whenever these are made. The former cannot be constructed by the colonists, unless the British Governnient make liberal contributions. The line to I'ortland will be made either with British or American capital. It' by the latter, then, my Lord, it is worth while to inquire in what position the British Government will stand, should they ever attempt to realize I.okI Durham's magniliccnt conception, and find that the first link in the great chain of inter-colonial communication is already in possession of their enemies ? The Americans at this moment are putting forth their utmost skill to compete with our ocean steamers. When tiie milroat". is constructed across Nova Scotia and New Bmn^vick, their boats imist start from and return to Halifax, or the competition wiu be at an end. A rivalry, honourable to both nations, may still continue ; but, however the odds may turn, at least wo shall have the satista( tion to reflect, that the inevitable result of that eompetition is to build up a noble maritinie city within Her Majesty's dcuiuniuns. The British (Government now pays, for the conveyance of the North American mails between England and New York. 145.000/. sterling per annum. By this an-angement, 1 107 miles of si'a are traversed more than arc necessary. The correspondence of all Europe with all America is delayed fifty-six hours beyond the time which will be actually reciuired for its conveyance, when the railroads across Ireland and Nova Scotia are completed. One set of these British mail-steamers pass by our own ])rovin(es, and, to the mortification of their inhabitants, carry tlieir letters, and even the public despatches of their (Government, to the United States, to be sent back some 800 miles, if they come by land ; at least 500, if sent l.y sea. While tiie nearest land to Europe is liritish territory, — while a harbour, almost matchless for security and capacity, unites Eni^lisiuuen to build up within the empire a fitting rival to tlie great conunercial cities which are rising beyond it, your Lordship will readily comprehend the depth and earnestness of our impatience to be rescued from a position which wounds our pride i>s British subjects, and is calculated rapidly to generate the behef, that the conn. lauding position of our country is either not understood, or our interests but lightly valued. My Ltird, 1 do not touch the (jue^tioi; of Emigration ami Colonization, because I have already trcsjiassc ■' hugely upon your Lord.-hip's patience, and because 1 do not wish to encuiiili( . the suhjeet. There is another reason, my Lord. I do not desire to enter incidentally iipen a field which has yielded so many crojis of liillaeies, bu* which, properly cultivated, n ay yet bear noble liuit. I wish to e\amiii;> what may have been recently said and written in England, on this ini|;oi"tant subject, before expressing my opinion, 'lliis only I may s;iy, that if the British Islands have sur|ilus labour, there is ror^ui for it all in tiie North American Provinces ; and »^liat the honour and the interests ol' England are dtcjily concerned in planting that labour in the right place. 1 am !iware, my Lord, that it is the fasliion, in certain (luarters, to sneak of the fiaternal lieliiigs which, henceforward . are to nuitu;illy animate the ]>' ipu- hitidii ( f (ill :it Britain and of the I'liitid t>tafes. I wish 1 could credit tiie reality (if their existence ; but 1 must hslitve the evidence ot'my own senses. A lew years ago I spent the 4tli of July al Albany. The ceremonies of the day were imposing. In one of the largest public lialK of the city, an immense bodv of persons were assembled. Eimlish, Irish, and Scotch lines were neither few nor lar between. In the pre>eiuc of that breathless aiuliciiee, the o'd hill ot' indielinent against Englaiul, the Deelaratic n of Iiidepeiidenet', was read; and at everv clause each vouiilc .\ merit an Unit his Iudws, and every Briton hung his head with shame. Then folhwid tlie (»i.iti(Hi u\ the day, in which every nation, eminent t'or arts, ov arms, or civili/atu)P, received its me( as the univt-rsal oppressor a"d -rourge of the whole earth, — whose passage dnwii the stream of tune was marked liy blood and usurpation. — whose certain wrcK. a nidst the ti'oiililcd waves, was hot the inevitalile rctril ution attendant on a coiiisc so rutliKss. As the n.ator dosed, the young Amcrieans knit their brows again ; and the recent eirigrants, I liar, carried away by the spirit of the scene, cast aside tluir alleiriancc to the land of their fathers. " D ^ " 12 Had this scene, my Lord, occurred in a single town, it would have made but a slii,'lit impression ; but, on tiiat very day, it was acted, with more or less of skill and exagi^eration, in everv' town and villaije of the Republic. It has been rei)eated oireverv -4th of July since. It will be repeated every year to the end of time. And so lonu' as that ceremonv turns upon Kncjland, every twelve- month, the concentrated hiitrcd of Republican America, it cannot he a question of inditfcrencc, whether the emii;rants who desire to leave the mother-country, should settle within or bevond the boundaries of the empire. There is, my Lord, 'another view of this question, that is presnant with materials for retlection, and tiiat should task the statesmanship of England, inde- pendently of it, tluRi-h desciviiii; to be glanced at in this connexion. I have said that' the North American Provinces lie between two mijihty nations, yet belon-, in fact, to neither. 'J1iis l)ranch of the subject is wide, and may be variously illustrated. Perhai)s, before leaving England, I may call your Lordship's attention to it again. For the present I conline myself to a single illustration. Whatever mav be the decision of Her Majesty's Government upon this claim, which, on the part' of the |)rovince 1 represent, l have endeavoured respectfully to press upon your Lordshiji's notice, I believe, and every one of my countrymen will believe, that if presented to the magnanimous and enlightened Assembly where we are not represented, bv a few Nova Scotians, whose iiearts were in the enterprise; whose knowledge 'of the position and re(iuiienients of British America was minute and various; whose zeal tor the integrity of the empire, and the honour of the Crown, could not be questioned, the House of Commons would not permit tiiem to plead in vain. But, my Lord, we have no such privilege. We daily sec our friends or acquaintance across the frontier, not only distinguishing tiiemselves in the State Le'^islatures which ku; ni their munici|ial interests, hut enriching the national councils with the varied eloquence and knowledge drawn from every ^ >rtion ot the Union. From the national councils of his country, the British American is shut out. Every dav he is beginning to feel the contrast more keenly. 1 was not at the recent Portland Convention, but the colonists who did attend, asto- nished the Americans by their general bearing, ability, and eloquence. But when these men separated, it was with the depressing conviction in the hearts of our people, that one set would be heard, perhaps, on the floors t)f Congress the week atler, or be convevcd in national ships to foreign Embassies ; while the other could never \\i\ their 'voices in the British Parliament, nor aspire to higher employment tlui" their several provinces could bestow. Let us then, my Lt)rd, at lea.st feel, that if thus excluded, we have but to jiresent a claim or a case worthv of consideration, to have it dealt with in a fair and even generous spirit. The warrior of old, whose place was vacant in the pageant, was yet present in the hearts of the peoi)le. So let it be with us, my Lord. If the seats which many whom I have left behind me, could occupy with honour to themselves, and advantage to the empire, are still vacant in the national councils, let Nova Scotia at least he consoled by the retleclion that her past Instory pleads tor her on everv littiiui occasion. 1 hrvc. &c. The Riglit lion. Earl (Jrev, (Signed) JOSEI'II HOWE. &c." &c. &c. No. Cov\ of a LE'ITEU from Mr Howi. to Earl Guky. j^j^ I oi:i). 5, Sioanc Strivt, January If), 1851. l.\ the letter which 1 '. ad the honour to address to your Lordship on the 2.')lli Novcuiher, 1 ar-ued li.e ri.sc ol Nova Scotia on its own merit.s, and viiitund to claim tiie -uarantee of the IiiqK'Pial (Jovernment in aid of iier public woik-, upon grounds wliicii atlcctrd iier material iuterest.s, lier \opulation, the development of her resources, the occupation of her wild lands, the e.vtension of her conmierce, and of her niciuis of easy internal and external communication, I believe too far transcend the interest, great as that it, which the several provinces feel in these very important questions. Should the aid of the parent State he rit'used, the Northern Provinces would still, but with less rapidity, complete Mieir pulilic works. Thniijrh not an emigrant landed on their shores, the populntion they have would live in plenty, and double every twenty years. Should tluv change tlicir political relations, the worst that could hefal them, would \w as^oc isition with their Anglo-Saxon neighbours, or an independent positio:i, mods rately secure, and full ' of future promise. But England cannot afford to descend from the high position which she occupies among the nations of the earth, i hiving lost one-half of a mightv con- tinent, won by the valour and enteri)iisc of a n(,ble ancestry, jhe can as little afford to confess, in the presence of all the world, her iiiabilitv to wisely rule the other half, and preserve the attachment of its inhabitants.' Besides,' there are within her own populous cities, and uixjii the surface of her highly-cultivated rural districts, certain evils, disorders, and burthens, with which it behoves her, as a good economist, and as a wise, entcipiising, and Christian nation, ener- getically to deal. For more than a month I have sun-eyed, with intense earnestness, the wide circle of her colonial dependencies, and studied in parliamentary and official papers, for some assured prospect of relief from these evils and disorders. I have examined with care the policy of tlie present and of i)ast Governments, and the plans and suggestions of puhli? wiitcrs and associations ; and have invariably turned to the North American Provinces with the conviction tUat they present, at this moment, the most available and diversiticd resources for the relief of England ; the noblest field foi- the lurtlicr development of her industry, philanthropy and power. In offering suggestions to the Ministers of the Crown, I feel, my Lord, the distance which divides me, in lank and intelligence, from those I would presume to counsel ; and yet 1 am not without a liope that they will give some weight to the position I occupy and to the trainini; which my m'iiid has rccvivcd. If I understand the questions to be aiiiiroached he'ter than manv persons of lar higher attainments— if I feel more acutilv their commanding importance, It IS because, being a native of North Ainericn" I have travelled much over the provinces, and mingled familiarly, and tur many years, with all classes of their mhatiitints; and being a member of Her -Maje.-t'v's Council in the province I represi iit, I am hound by my oath to otflr mv 'advice, tluou-h the channels istal.li>hcd by the Constitution, to my Sovcreii^rn, in matters ol State, which I believe to invcdve the honour of th.e Crown anu the intci^ritv and proMieritv of the enr,)ire. ■ • i . To provide employment for her sur|iiiis cai)ital and labour— to extend her home markets—to relieve iier poor-rates— to ensptv her poor house— to relWrm iier coiivicts— to (liniinish crime— to fill np tlie wa'ste places of the empire, and to g.ve the great mass of her pr)pulation a >hare of real estate, and an interest in jirop.ity, I believe to he pre-. niinentlv the nii»ioii and the diitv of ' - -veat Cvyuntiy at the present time. The period is favourable. The i-enioMil of iiupohile iv^trietioiis !ias Icsse.ied to some extent the i)!-essiire upon tn;' puhlic finances, and -iven to the people that li.eaMiie of relief which allnids time for ivfleetion upon t'.e means oy whieh the still existing pressure upon huhi.trv !ii ly be furthe;- ivl'.ved. In a colonial i)oint ol view, tli liod is ,iUo ,^ ,,::,al):^. Thank-, lo the policy v.nchthe present Cabinet ...,e carried out. t!ie North .\nienean IVovinees ar'c relieved, so far as free eoimtrics ever ean he. lioni internid di>-. iisions. Invc-tcd Willi <'/mtr.,iil ,,.•,.„ »1...:_ if ■ I ^1 . ... ••• •• •-■ • ■■•.!! •,;.•.:; .ii. .;;;:, ,;;.;; :..■.; ; ; ,,, , iu v iia\i imu tile ieiMiii', its tiicv a-sureclly have a sincere desire, to consult v ith t'heir brethren on this side ol the Atlantic on common measures of mutual a Ivantage. • think I may sav D2 ^ ' ' 'ir- n 14 that while they anticipate great benefit from the co-opcmtion and aid of the mother-country in promotint; their public works, they are not unmindful oftlieir duty to consider the peculiar (luestions in which this country feels an interest ; and to take care that wliile availing; tlienis-lves of the credit of En-laud, no pennanent addition is niiuU; lo lur public burthens. The subjects of ' .ni/ntiou and Emigration have been most elaborately discussed. I pass nwv the points in wiiich writers and speakers differ; in this they all agree, that the Uritish Islands bavc an interest in these subjects, second to none tiiat has ever been teit by any uatioti in ancient or modern times. The enumeration of a few facts will l)c sufficient to exhibit the grounds otthis bcliet. The statistical returns of \8r>0 will, I have no d()ui)t, show a state of things much n)ore favourable, but cHU I fear not so favourai)!e as to siiake the general conclusions at which I have amved. Tlu e are founded upon facts, as I lind them stated inofficial documents and works of approval authority. In Ireland the lives of the poi)ulati(>n have for years been dependent upon the growth of a single vegetable. Hut when it grew, as was stated by tiie late Charles BuUer, uncontradicted, in the Hou'e >)f Connnons. cm an average there were 2,000,000 persons who, in that island, were uni'midoyed for thiity weeks in the year. 'l"o what extent famine and emigration have since dnninished the numbers. 1 nave no means of aceurattly judging; but it appears that n. 1848, besides the 10,000,000/. granted by Parliament for the relief of Irish distress, and provisions sent from other countries. I ,'21G,()7'.)/. were raised in Ireland for the support of the poor, and tiiat l,lj7,194, or near'y 1 out of ."> of the entire population, received rcliif. In Scothmd, where the population is only 2,620,000. a fifth more than tliat of British America, 'yi4.[i^4l. were expended'for the relief of the poor in l!^48, more tlian was spent bv the four British provinces on their civil government, roads, education, liglits, interest en debts, and all other services put togetiier; 227,647 persons were relievec'. the amount expended on each being 2/. 7s. ()(/.; a Slim (piite suificient to have paid, in a regularly-appointed steamboat, the passaire of each recipient to British America. In England, in the same vear, ' ,,sO,76')/. were raised for t!ie relief of the poor, or U: 107. in the pound on 67,300.587/. The number aided was 1,876,541, or about 1 out of every 11 persons oceui>ymg this garden of tiie world. The sum jmid fbi each was even higher tiia.i in Scotland, being :y. 5v. 10(i. per liead, more than sufficient to have p 'd tiie passage to .North America from Liverpool ,)i' Southampton. I turn to the workhou>.s of England, and find that in 18 10 there were m the.se receptacles, ;}0,15S bovs and 26,165 girls, of whom 8,2r)4 were tit for service. In Irelmd, under "l8, there wire 60,514 boys and 6(i,2S5 girls, the ag<;re_ te in the two countries being 185,122 Tanv.n:' to the criiiiinal calendar, it apjiears that in l'^4> there were com- mitted tor oHeneis in England, ;50,:M',» ; in Scotland 4,',)()0: and in livluul. ;38,; makiiiLr 7 ;5. '1 in all; of whom 6.208 were transported, and :i7,:i7-i Ireland a constabulary of I2,s:2>^ ihc precedini: vear a> a t, taking 5fi2 5(K;/, 1(),v. In Eiiudand and Wales yon em])lo\ed 0.820 pollieine-i iin ludm- the l.or.don pollen, at a cost of 570,';{2r/. 4.s'. .^r/. Erom Se,,tiand 1 have no i-ctnin, lint takiiiir the above fi.-ts to guide us, it ai)iiear.> t'.iat, fur nieiy pur- pii-is of inlenial repits>ion. and the arrest of ci iiiiinals. to sav liotbing of bvulfs and iniiuuier.i!)le pan>h otlieei-. you maintained, in addition to your arnn, a civic for'-e doulle in nuniher the entire army of the I'liited St it.-, at a cost ^'eotland not beimi included; of EHl,*^.'?.'!/. 14.s-. 8,/. Tiiiiik \'>u. my Euvd. tli:it \\hen a Kepnbliean points exiiltini-dy t^. the lefi.ni-., and r, intrants tlic-e stali-tics of |M)Vcrty and crime with tlic^ CKiiijiaiMt :'-e ;d)iiM(li:Ke and innoceuce of lii- own ciaintry. and wlT'cii lie attributes to in- lAVji |).'ciili ;r institutions, tliat a British coloni-t does tml turn, w ilh a -tdin-h- iMcni at the :i],at:iv of tn-land, to the millions of s(|Uare miles of t'erliic territory which -nircnnd hi'iii; to the laiblc rivers, and lake-, and forc-ts by wiiii h llu' -ceiiei-v is dixi rsitied ; to the Vxhau-tless fisheries; and to the motive-iinwcr, ni-liip.- fV"!!! a thou-jnd hi!!- 'in:o the se:i, and witii which all the steain-eni:ines of IMiain eaaiiot compete .' Driven to attribute to British and Irish statesmen a want of counig' and 4s 15 forccaste to make these great resources availal)le to maintain our brethren and protect their morals, or to suspect the latter ol being more i'lie, degraded, and criminal, than their conduct ahroud .vouid wai-nmt, we Kladly escape from the apprclicnsion of doin nenenil injusti(r, by layinir the blame on our rulers. May it be the elevated determination of Her Majesty's Advisers to relieve us froni the dilemma, by wiping o'lt this national reproach. One set of economists propose toremtdy this state of things by restraints upoa nature, which are simply impossil)le, and would be wiclh interests and of alleiriancc to the Crown of England. In twenty-two yiars IJ4,'27'J setllcis h.ive gone to Australia and New- Zealand ; .ihout half the number on th.e pooi-iale of Scotland in 1S4I^, not a 1 nth |'a;-t t f the paiijirrs relieved in Ireland, or one in fourteen of those who \M ri' sinijioited hy l-'.nL'laiid's heavily-taxed industry in that single year ; rot nn.ie, I appichend, thiin died of famine in a ^in^le countv of Inland I'roin 1846 to 1N")(); and l(^s, hv GO.OdO, than the iiuinher ot' the voung peo|'le who were in the --',(!-, l^il(lu^es of Eiiulaiid and Ireland in 1849. \ ;diial)le as these l''.astern Cohrics may be, rcs|iccta!ile as may ha^c been the etlbrts to iinprovc them, it is manifest that wliether we regard them, as extensive fields for c -loni/ation, or as indastriil aids for tlie removal of pressure on the lesuijii i^ (.i i i;e I iiiicii Kinudolii. i'le iieiii i'. iiowi'ver ioiiiiiv nKiui;;eii, i.-^ iiui a delu-ion and a snare. Were 1 to l-o into a calculatioo of '.he expense, to show- M l! 1 i« what this emifrration has r -st tlic Government inrf n,>n„i„ ^r r i ^ r The average pass;;';!? vl^^.^lll^j^/-'-;;;; t'^ilVSr?."" '"^ ^^'^ inents are complete to whi,.h I hope to have ur Lo.'.irn " "'■'■""°': support, emit,Tants e.nbarkin!; I„r the \ rtl.^A ^''"J«' P ^countenance and Nova S<-otia'and New Hru ^v 1 n 8 or ^l"'"'"'" / '."^'"r^: ""''>■ ••^'"^'' expense of a passage to the Eastis to tl" Z^:;^^ t'l ""''' '" ". '"" the cap,talist. to whom 1k> bcco.ues a dehtor2)rTe'crsc •;''"'■""'•, '",/" \V est rarely exm.ds 3/. 10,., and n.i.v he reduced to '>t T), f r""'^*;" I'"' the poor are employed. """''-'' ^o -''<»■'■. if steun-ships for 100 acres of land Ifb^oeLiheV'..^"^'^ In Western Canada UXle ' mo '■> ''f '""^^ I'">' ^""'• 40/. ; in Lower Canada for 'S /n w n" l''''! '""^^ '" ^''^' ^"'I''^^' '"'• declares more wh,-at is-i" ; o' t a U "nin't 1 '" "'T ^"''^^'" ■'"'"'^^°" of New York), for i'V 10s- .n 1 n \« 1^ •'' /'* I'"''" "» the .^tate extent of n.ineral .. ^^r s tileZ ^ niu o F.?'"'' 'T ^°'-', r''"'' *'•"'" *'- and the faclities for and api I. wf n viS oj^'l V""'''' °'.' "'^ «-^''-'eS tions, and will soon beeonie in ' l f ''""' ''^""^ '' ""^^' '" '""".v sec- Colonial Dominion, "''"'''''' "' '" ^"-^ P^^ of Her Majesty's Efa-hLr forests of New Bru's wi 'k in c'n t ; "''"'T '" "'n '""'■'''' '"^"•'^'^ "'• ''■"•^^■>- hi. land. ' ''"" '''' ^ '^ '""'■'' ^^ ^^■'" P».v >»>• liis passage and .miiS^i; wS.u"', •Jn.nlf'v'rrr ''f- ^^i '^^■"^'^ ^•"-' '-^ '- ^'-e schools, for .eh-gi us en .. : , ,1 ', ''"'' '^^'f-^-'- ^<'"''«, ''n'is-. nt,.- ti,„ i> , , . everv house, and few u.^ives of tl„. ,., ■ ^"""^> ' /''^'f is a Hihle in and -evpher. The sa e „ k. " he ' ''.i""' 7 ^'' '"''"' ™" ••™''' ^^'it^-- .>l.evs the laws and pi s ;„:o I v '"^'^Lu L ^ Z'Sl '''" T' '"• -^ pa...c,patH.n in then: all. an.l mav-.n,' fo). v ' 1 1 , ?' i/^ :^;^]:'"?' ^" .n J;;o;;;^::;.'^r;^;';.;r;;:i;ir- --T''- "'- -- ""'' ' '' '^:- this te.t, the \^.1h An <;p ,,''■''"";;''/' '"'••■^•^""'l^' -''nne. Triul bv I-i- oftl.e Que.n-s "u-l,!."'"'""^ "'" "''''' -'I'anson whh any o.hc. colleet.velv m I s4fi h„t , 1 2 V^ ei^ i,- 'I > n f T^ ""' ^ ' ^ '""• "^^ '"''' Americanl^roup, iiuludn. Cm d V '^ S v'''V'' '^"^r^. '''•"' •'^"'O' -1 l'ri.,ce I-d.Iard Island; oi " i,n i t^I^ ^i;^' ;:;rT'^' New.oun.lhuHi, tons Of these. ,\ova S.„t; ,..." ' ;/'" ■''! I \' .\' T' ''' '_■" ■'^'"■"■^' ^i!».'{,sj2 than the ,,ther (bur put togeth(>rror2!58;r''"' '"'"'■'■ '""^ '" ""'"'^^'- '""'-^ 17 Put it may be iw^sorted that the climate of North America is rigorous and «evf ., . I lu. answer wc North Anu-ricnns pive t., this objection is simple. Do nlL^p'.. T'lr nifT"\ 1"^' ^I'i'^'!^ "'^ luMnisphcre which contains the three uartci. vt the Old World, and dividinj; tl,e no., hern countries from the south the riuorous climate from the warm and en. rvaiin-, satisfy yourself m which reside i,t this moment the domestic virtues, the pith of manhood, the seats of commerce, the centres of intelligence, theaHs of peace, the dL^ciplineof war, the political p.)-er and doinmion— assuredly in the northern half And yet it was not always so. I he .southern and eastern p„rt,ons. blessed with fertilitv, and con- taining the cradle of our race, filled up tirst, i,nd ruled for a time the territories to ihe north, but as civilization nnd population advanced northwards, the bracing climate did its work, as it willcNer do, and in physical ••ndurance and intel- iectua. ercr-y, the north asserted the superioritv which to this hour it maintains L(.ok now, my Lord, at the map of America. A very common idea pre- vails in this country that nearly the whole Continent of North America was lost to bn^land at the Revolution, and that onlv a few insignificant and almost wort liless provinces remain. 'Iliis is a i:reut, and if the error extensively prevail, may he a tatal mistake. Cireat Britain, vour l^,r,lsl,ip is well aware, owns up to Ins moment one-half the continent : and, takin- the example of Europe to guide us, 1 believe the best half. Not the best tor slavery, or for growiuR cotton and tobacco, but the best for raisin- men and women ; the most congenial to the constitution of the northern European; the most provocative of steady inuu>try ; and all things else bcin- equal, the most impregnable and secure liut thiy are not and never have been equal. The first British emigration r.d went to the southern half of the . oiitinent, the northern portion, for 150 years, being occupied by French hunters, traders, and Indians. The liriMsh did not hegin to settle in Nova Scotia till 1741), nor in ( anada till 1763. Prior to i on /w.n "''.■P"''°'*' ^V;;f':'''cl'usetts had a population of 160,000, Connecticut ; "/•V^*^; ' 'f -'^y "I I'l'iladelphia had |k,()()() inhabitants before an Englishman had lunlt a house m Hahfax; .Maine had 2.4^3 enrolled militiamen before a Kritish settlement was formed in the Province ..f New Brunswick. The other Mates were proportionally advanced, belbre Eiiudi.hmen turned their attention to the Northern Provinces at all. The pirmanent occupation of IbdifaN. and the Lovalist emigration from the older provinces, gave them their tirst impetus. But vour I^irdsbip will perceive liat 111 the race o; miprovement. the old thirteen Stat'es had a long start. They liad three millioiis of Britons and their descendants to begin with at the Kevoliition. But a few hundreds occupied the provinces to wiiich I wish to call attention at the commencement of tlu- war, onlv a few thousands ut its close Vour l.oi-.Mnp will, i trust, readily perceive that, had hoth portions of the American (ontiren'. enjoyed the same advantages from the jjeriod when the ircatyot fans was signed, down to the present hour, the southern half must ia\e improved and increased its miinbers mneb fiister than the northern, DecauH^ It had a numerous population, a riouiishing commc.ce, and much wealth to besnn with. But the advant^.^es have not been equal. The excite- ment and tlie necissities of the War of Indepeiuience inspired the people of the S<,ulh with enterprise and self-cntideiiee. Be^des. mv Lord, thev had free trade with ea.h other, and, so far as they chose to have or could obtain it by their own diplomacy, with all the world. riie Northern Provinces had sei)arate C,ovenin.ent.s halt-paternal despotisms, whicii repressed rather than encouraged enterprise, ll.ev had often hostile tariHs, no bond of union, and, down to 'the advent ot M,. Huskisson, ami from thence to the final repeal of the naviimtion la-As, wvre cramped m all their comincreial cut, rp)i>i.s by the restrictive policy ot hiiglan.l. ' ■' 111 other respects the Southern .^tates had the advantage. From the '""meiit that their ni.icpendcnee was reeo-iii/ed. thev enjoved the absolute contn.l over then- internal aflairs. Vour Lordship, who "has had the most ample opi'or i.imy ot estimating the repressiiiir infiueiuv of the old colonial system, and tiapinlN tor us, hav swept it away, can rcadilv fancv what advaiita-es our neighi.<;urs derived irom exemption li-..ii. its tran.inels. On reflection vou will inn k It less remaikahle that the smithern half of the continent has imoroved taster tlian tiie northern, than that tlu' latter >h(mld have improved at all. Init ! have not enumerated all th. sources of (i;c,.,n..;f. 'ri „»:_.,.,i 1 Government of tlip Unitrd Statrs early saw M.e v-.I„ . ..,,1 ■ part of Euro,,., by .. c-rv t'ur an,l olU., l.v l^^un ; 1 n uIh V" "''■'■ ration. The (Jcneral Governin. nt skillUlK "" I i "'"'""'- "'"^ •■^''-'■- Hirv 'l'l,»..- c^ I "Ni u niiiuiij m(<).1(Il'(I, or ratlicr siiirire^tft this ic\. 1 tiey tranii-d constitutions su ted to th.x,. .„.vi,. ...f.i -r-i i^". nii> then, with modified Conns of s.H<^ovennner n. . t \ ''''^'T'l ' ;"'■'""■'' simple materials ,or organisation w.!,;! "1, ', ZT iV^'' "■"'' new 'st-itoc ,. ;»i ■ '"^' uiniii.ttcd ; and (orint'i them infd nZwiTAOm "'"^"""' " ^'"^ •^•"""-' ^'-'-'^. whenever ti:':' suhsidi/mJforei.m IW^ ,, ,^^ 'iiploma.v. \V,,s(,n^, „i|iio„,, ,„ Canadian lake would ;,vt.S"\lT'- 'TT'''!'"''^ '"'" ^ to fill np the northern ten t " W ^.oull dLr I" '" "^ 'IwV-'"'"'^ wereenj,a.edi.rKn" I'? eont wm '""'"^'•■^ ^ "- l'-->t Cahinet. we I lit contract hetwein the two s di^a ,ii" fi,,, ;» • i. . national dis-niee to Fn-linH I, i / "''■"-'"" ^'■"""<''' '^ « "ceo.iplish.i/ ^W'l' , ' ''f '! '^'"f ;;'^"1-. ''^'y""-; what has been I'ave be,.. >,.arrd ■ I • "'^t under the eueuiustanees in wliieh we connnereialpro^^-L butt .e: :ri-b "'' -^ T'^'""^^' '" ">"' -'i^' ""d an inferioritt tlut m^ do ,, t f ' ■ 'V^''^'"'' ^^ *" '''^' ""P'"at:on of --Iv .ban thj; have in Umt;!:; "'' '" "" ^""'""' ^'""'"'-'^ ""- disadvantages u d' , w , d ,. ■ ""''-^ ",' "^T'' •.^""'•i-'. ''-V ■•^■'-'••vm..- the thev feel. ""• '•''"^"■' '»"' '■^■'J'-^'^>'n'_^ the ine.p.alities which of ee!.l";:;^' ':rx/z:::'l;:;tTi' ":■ -'tj'^'' ='^ ^^ -- -i-^-n rel.ir.ous .>bh^,a,on i " ZTTv ?'' ,"f' ""''' '^'"^""■^- ='" l^"- ^1'^" of Amenea, pen,, t ne , nw ' , • ' f^"-'^'"' , " turn her attention to .\orth to ti>e .eiih;; : e ; : „;;,."";r';; 'V'■;■•!,^■*"^'•'■'■''^'"|'■^ =^»-tion '"•'"in-. nr.,.n.:e, and ,' tan. ^ ^ ^'"'''' "' "''^^' ^ '""■•' '<'"^'<1omis to of s,,uare miles o ; i,;;;^'' ;^ ' 'i^"' "' '' ^''''/' !''-"t .siaiuls, 4,0()().00() I5nta,n. measure hut 7 "h"! "m '■ /o^o ?'k/^'""'"' ""■''"''"- Great I 'las of greater evt n t-nf .i,s, h'-' r'"" * "'"^"^ ""'^•^' *"'■ '"'^'"^ b.-u.d a. the who e o? Eur ' r"" '"1 "m""^'"^' "^' '^""'^ >"^^ '>- '•"e as and reduce the mies to iere- 1 ' '' '"""'' ""'">"'•"•• 4,<)()0.0()U. rnne. to aeres, we have about outh .American vessel from the Pacific and .Atlantic Oceans. i am not an alarmist, my Lord, hut there ajjpear to be many in England, ami some ^,t^ them holding high military and >ocial positions, who consider these i.-'lands di eiueless from continental iiivi.sion by any first-rate European Power. ('outidi lit a.> I am in then- resources, and hopeful of their destiny, I must amfess that the rmiitaiy and naval poAcr of Frame or Russia, aided bvthe steam fleet and navy (if the United States, \\\,vk\ make a c^.ntest doubtful tor a time, however it nuitht iiltimalely t>. uinate. Hut suppose the United States to extend to Hudson's May, with an extension over the other half of the continent, of the spirit uhieh animates the Rei)ulilic now; imagine Great Brhuin without a haihour on the Atlantic or the I'aeirie that she could call her own, without a ton of co.d (or her steamers or a s|.ar to repair a ship; with the rAMO vessels which the Noitiiein Provinces even now own. with all tlair crews, and the fishermen who line their shores, added to the maritime strength of the enemy, whose a;'sena!s and outjio^ts would then l>e advaiueil .')l'0 n.iles nearer to kiii,dand ; even if NcwIOLMidland and the Wi-t lii.lia Mar.ds could be retaim'd, which is I'.ireuiely doubtlel. The picture is ton painful to be d'- 't on longer than tc show how intimatdy iiitc "woven are the (past inis to which 1 have ventured to • I'un.l „rer i:";:.;T„:,'i'^T - '•"•i-" v:jt::;;: ';,i;:"";- -'•i.-...-. ,.„ „„ .„, , i>'"iii. I' roll 1 I 11^ , 1- ' " "'i)n» ()i lu'u iiw.,1.. . 1 I ■ . '^' evcT .small no I ' . "f'^"'"^ """ '"• l^-t o l„. i i'^'" '"" ^''■"^ "'"^^ nCfj.e •^^■i-J- tliem down fi 1 ' ^'';; -'^""'i"^' anny and t hj ;. win ' '"■''''""""am "atunllv arises, /,„',;'r- ^'^'"- ^-vn ./' tlu-v , 7 ;"'^^' ^•'"'r^^'''''- '"av ''-"morKn.la„, '.;^., ;;- '•""-•-.. ,ou^, ,;n,,i" -;--tl.o question . ,,„,.A now a.,.ec. would ^ S;;;;'.^,;-""''^"""- -d .a,./' """"^■"" '" ^'- oiidition of pi„,Hrtv -.t I, ■ "'' ''"' 'lut'stions wl,i,-i, '•-'•'^■theempi, '>;;'':''''•'''' ^^'^^ "Pl-o .riatio v^ '^ 'T^ T'f "' ""^ •,\'"enca, puril.a ed • t '' ,''"r''"'-'' -'''> ''"s o I, , " T V" "":" ;''-'^'" ''"ifJ f- ir i.fi ,.. •!• '"' <''""-^''d file CMLMMV .t ''"''''' ''"'I'l'cd tlicir «'"H.rvativc-oftl!ori h r '" '■""^''^- f''^'"' "Vct S d ' ,"' •'^^"'■'-'"P ^vuuldsilc.„cx.a.'mri^^':'^''.'"''l*''^>-^^ l-nnancMitlv . " '7'">' """''' ^^ ""■^■<' its value to l.iil "•" '""-^'i' eiiw the Hrjtiri, ,? ' '"' "'<"' "c'es, ^. i^ut it .m.v ;,e i^r :;rr ; '-^ -- ""^ "-i .i 'i:::!;;- " '"'-^ ^^^^^'^ ,'^>n.-flonis infu-.\o,f » , '" " ""^ P"'>W be adopted it , '" " , !()ll. .\l ^"■^■at Mritain or irer , ,1 '"'^■'•tained. There •,■ 'i' '"'i'' ■^" "PI"''-'- "'>' ic-straiut. 'iC ,.'"""■'.""■'' all its eud,.uin ■ 7 '" "">^^'"Te •''"••-voahln-e^.ses "'^V V l'"'" "''' -^ ^'^'n., "r,;:' I"'!--' '''-•'- tl-o ^•"■'^t who can l.e profi,,, "'";' '" ""' '"'-'H" niarket . I, ""' '"-''^■'- and »>'o on .'nh^rp. . , ,• I !" '"' '■"-'■ '"'"-n.Teial a- nnn, T'"'"'"''"'''' ''''P^al. '""e-'^ahroad, N.dlh,. , , „ '^''^"''•^ <'nn:;rants who I, , • *"'*' '''''^'ved ^'"'^' •'"'' 'Vnnsyhania, ; T 31 Btill enlarge tlu-ir vii'ws, and j,'r<>w in wealth niul |M)|)ulati()n, though all the rich IuikLs of thf R«'|)ul)lic- invito their [Moplc to tiiiiifratc, and then- is no otfan to cross. The natural laws which protcd tiuiii would oi»Tate inort- j'owfrt'ully hcfi', when- the attractions arc so inucli i;ic;itcr. Mut it is time, my L>rd, that I >h(iuld anticipate the (|ucstion>> that will naturullv arise. Assuming the policy to he -tiuiid. what will it cost to carry it out? ■ L*t us first M-e *\hat the present ^^VHteni, ir rather the puhlic t-stahlisiinients, without a system, cost now : I'oor lintel Kngland Scotland Ireland Const abula III- Kni;land Ireland Convirtu at home and ahroad Eiiiiijration, 1H4I( (exciusiye of cahin passengers) Paid from Private or ParcK'liial Funds Paid l)v (iovernmciit £ (■..iRojo:) .'■>44,334 l,lil(J,G79 57!) .327 .')62,'>0H 378.000 1, 500,000 228,300 11,189,911 The cost of prisons, or that proportiup. of them which mitflit be saycd if the criminal calendar were leiis, mif^lit tiiirly he added to the amount. The prison at York cost 1200/. per head for eiich criminal. — a sum lari;e enough, the inspector ohserves, " to build for each jirisoner a separate mansion, stable, and coach-house." A large projjonion of tiic (n.-t of trials might also he added; and as twelve jurymen must have been sunnnoned to try most of the 43,(J71 persons convicted in lH48, the waste of valuable time would form no incon- sidenible item, if it were. The loss of |)r()perty .stolen liy thore whom poverty first made criminal, no economist can estimate ; and n() human skill (an calculate the value of lives and property dcstroyid in agrarian outrages, wlien wretchedness has deepened to despair. My plan of Colonization and Kniigration is extremely simple. It end)race.s — Ocean Steamers for the jioor iis well us the rich ; The preparation of the W ild Laiids of North America for settlement ; and I'ublic Works t') employ the pcDjile. I do not propo-e that the hritish liovernmenl should pay the passage of anybody to America. I do not, thcret()re, recjuiie to combat the ;;"gument upon this point with which the Commissioners of Liind and Emigration usually meec crude schenies, |)ressed witho'it much knowledge or refleeticm. The pcopL- must pay tiicir own passages; but the ( J(-\irmnent, or some national association, or pul)lie coiii|)any to he organized for that jjurpose. must protect them from tile ca>ualtics that beset them now, and secure for them cheapness, spi'cd, and certainty ni' departure and arrival. If this is done, hy the employment of steam-, nips of |iroper construction, all the miseries of the long voyage, with its .sure concomitants.- -dl.^eaiic and death ; and all the wa.-'te of time and means, wai'in:: tii' the sailinij of me'ehant-sliii)s on this side of the Atlantic, and for friends and conveyances on the other, would he obviated by this simple pro- vision. A bounty to half the extent of that now given for carrying the mails would provide the ocean-onmibuses for the ])oor Or. it Cjovernment, by direct aid to public works, or b.y the interposition of Imi)erial credit, to enable the ei)li)nies to construct thi'in, were to create a labour market, and open lands for settlement along a railway line of O."?.') miles, these ships might be provided by private enterprise. By reference to the |)ublished Rejjort of the Conmiissioncrs for 1HI7, your I-rfirdship wdl perceive that in that year of famine and disease, 17,44.'} British subjects died on the passage to Canada and New Brunswick, in quanmtine, or in the hos|)ita's, to say nothiii'j: of tlios<' who perished by the contagion which was dirtused over the provincial citie> iind settlements. An equal number, there i^-i TrA; liiiiv'ii reiu-^oit io cipjii\ IKiUi, lii^u uli riu )'rl.>scu;e to vti' iii trio Uuitcu r^tdLcS In ordinary seasons, the mortality will ot' course be mucii less, and in all may be V. 2 » t (liiiiiiii>lii(l hy llic more strinifcnt pnivisiuriH sinre cnforcfd by I'lirliunuiit. Hut Imil liarvrsts, mminrriiiil (lf|>ie»s!(ms, with tlicir im'\ italilc ti'iidriicv to ilnvc ofl' l.tru'c |iurtioiis ofndciiv |i(i|iill.iti()n, xlmiild Im' niitK ir>Mtrd; and no rc.'nl.itioii ciiii profict liiru'f iiiiisMH ol' >., tliat iiic ImHv or tiOy duv-. nt nch, to ^i^v iiotliinu' ol' tin- p.TJU of collision and stiipwric k. Murk the ctfi cts prodiict'cj ii|>iiii thr poorer (•l.i{)S( -. ol' iImn connfrv. ICiiii gnition is not to tlicin whiit it nii:;ht !)<• iiiado, — 11 i luirl'ui rxcnrMo Mcarc h of liiiid. ciiiiiloMiu lit, foituiu'. It IS a forlorn lio|if, in wliiili a \tv\ Liiiff propoitioii piTisii, III yi'ars of faiiiiin and (||,tit>.-i, uikI vtry ( oiisidcralili' ni:>nliiT.>t in ordinary •■•aMins, even with the !» -t rt'u'iilations that i'.irhaimiit can |ii..vidc. The remedy for all tlll^ — Muiplc, sure, and not \iry lApiiiMvc is tlic ocei'n oninihns. Sicatn-ships may he ciiii'li iictdl to carry at ica-t li'OU passciiLicrs, with (juitc as much coml'oit as is now ^rcund in a lirsi-i lass r.iiU\a\ (aniai.'(', ami with space enough for all the lu.'-a.; hesides. if lluse vessels U \\ l.omlon, Southampton, Liverpool, Glasi^ov'., IJi Ifast. t'oi k, or ( J. iKvay, alternately, or as there ii'i!,'ht he demand t'or tluiii. on certan appointed days, emi«Taiits would know where and when to einhark, and would he secured from the coiise(|U'. nces of delay, fraud, and mi-direction. The Commi'sioiurs icpoit, that last year the sum spent in "tiiecostof extra provisions and comevaiiee t. tlie p.nfs of emharkation, and maintenance there, amounted to .'540.00(1/." The cosi (,f reaching' the sea-perls cannot he eeonomi/.ed. hut the extra pro\ isioiis and iiiiiintenaiue ut the ports of t inliarkation would he materially reduced. Hut how mu( h more would he saved .' The averaire sailini; pasxaire from London to Quehec is 52 d.ivs ; trom Liveijiool 4.') ; from l..o'i(lon to New York. 4.'{ , I'lom Liverpool, .'t,'). The avera^'e passai,'e, hy steam, from any of tile ports 1 li.ve named, need not exceed— to Nova Scotia 10, to Now Brunswick and Canada, I'J days; hut assumin;,' AD days as the aveiaire sailing? passaire from KiikLukI to America, an> ki„(lrf<» a-.'„(i«s, i.re|m.T tl ■... t",- occ-up'tH n. ^, • ,, ,„r ,l„. poor, and All this ...av In. do,,.- I,y the ^•'"l''".V" ';''!. v.v w.tl.uut' i.nv .osl dn...u.d lor .aili..j;-v.-ss.'ls 1 "';;;";„ •.„.i Cul.uial to,u,an.-, to c -rv ,,c a„ a„.,ually ...cTCiM... />'"'^" ' ' ^ J ' , , ' this l.calthv ^.i^rution would „n thf couiuinvc au.l ,'oc,i..-ofal tx.l,a.,,i^ tl.a, <'«i"to. . • , 1,,,,^, Htiai..tTs on another account ; But.u.v b.nl. I a,n anx.ous "''^'.'''•^'' ' ' ^„„, ti,,ir desce.ul.u.ts. fro.n that th.-y ,...,v hri... Kn.l.sl,. l^f;^^:^ ' : u- d tl.o sec... .l.,eh h.«tory tiu,et..ti....Nbukto thela... .. th.. t" ■'^ ,o„t.M.,,.l,.t.- the ...odern ""'"S:?;^^ -«. „. ,0 .'«- «:i;t;,n:it,^^™;r;,r;? and to ri-vere,.ee he,' i.,st,tut,o.,s. si.i:ies."e . tl. •J''^ , j ,,^, ,,„,.„, ..f en..«rat.o,. lazarett.Hs an.l .,..anu.t,.,e, '"; ''Y '^ ^^^ Jl s ,.t the [.ul-iic service whi.'!. wouhl at one- ^.v.' t., >...-.e. .1 ""» ;' ^ • ...t asli.ht' calc.h.tiun tosh..w n.nvcst 1K<).)0,(M)0/ stc.hn^'. Itwcui r. .,. ^ ^.^^^^,^ Amcncan that the ,.h.,.tit.g of halfanulho., o ^^J^^ ,Vo,..(ii to \2\ per |',-ovinces: wh.re the duty on bi.t.sh "J "'J , . [„ n,u per cent., would cent. ; ami in the United Stat.., wl.e.e ,t ra, u n t , ^ ';o..;.t to n.ore than the whole su.n ^^^ .^'^ f E; U.,.te.l St..tes- Taritf; of To ilh.^ti'ate this. I have ina.lc a .cUcl.on ti.. ne i.,nbraces ..nail, articu. .>, which ^^f;^:::^:^^:^ - ^--^ ^-^"'• linli.l, Mnufnctures which pay \:> P^r rnU. in the United State... Tow. heuip or flax, manufactured. Steel in barb, cast or shear. Tin plates, ti,.-foil, tin in sheets. /i,ie or spelter. That pay '20 pn rent. Afids of every description. Articles used in tau.iing or dyeing'- Blankets. Blank hooks, hound or »•> 'o^'"' ^tockin.'S, wove shiils and Caps, stoves, Icgijmss, m,t^, socks, stocK,n„. , diawers. Chocolate. CoDDcrus and vitriol. 1 t 24 'I Copper rods, bolts, nails and spikes, copper bottoms, topper in sheets or plates. Dressed furs. Glue. Gunpowder. Hats, or hat bodies of wool. Oils used in painting. Lampblack. Leather. Lead in pigs, bars, or sheets ; lead in pipes, and leaden shot. Linens of all kinds. Litharge. Malt. Manufactures of tiax. Manufactures of hemp. Marble, unmanufactured. Mineral and bituminous substances. Medicinal dnigs. Metals, unmanufactured. Musical instruments oi' all kinds. Needles of all kinds. Paints, di-y or ground. Paper-hangings. Tiles and bricks. Periodicals. Putty. Quills. Saddlery. Salts. Sheathing-paper. Skins, tanned and dressed. Spermaceti candles i'nd tapers. Steel. Stereotype-plates, type-metal, types. Tallcw candles. Thread laces. Velvet. White and red lead. Window idass of all kinds. That pp'j 25 per cent. Buttons and butto.-moulds of all kinds. Baizes, flannels, 'loor-cloths. Cables and co' la,:'^. Cotton laces, .nsertinLis. .ind braid.s. Floss-silks. All nnuiufaciuics of liiur of coarse descriptions. Cotton niaiiulactures. Manufactures of moluiir. Silk maruiiuturcs. Manufactures of worsted. Mais and matting. Slates. Woollen and v.orsted viuii. T/iiit jKiy 30 per cent. Ale, beer, and jiortc;' Manufactures ,)!' ArgnUine or ricrmnii silver. Articles worn liy men. women, or eiuKireii, ot' wliati'ver material coni|)os,,'d, made up in whole or in part by haiiil. Perfumis. Xlnni'.facturt's of trrass. straw, or palm-leaf. Head.-. Hair manufactures of finer descnptions. India-rubber manufactures. Fur caps, hats, muffs, tippets. Carpets, carpetting, hearth -i-ugs. I'iirriages, and parts of carriages. Cheese. Clothing of every description. Coach and haniess furniture. Coal and coke. Combs. Confectionery. Corks. Cutlery of all kinds. .lewellerv. Toys. Earthern, china, and stoneware. Manufactures of gold. Artificial featliei-s and flowers. Umbrella materials. Cabinet and houseliold furniture. Stained glass. Glass and porcelain manufactures. Iron in bars or blooms, or other forms. Iron-castings. m!;;;;;:::^." cotton, nnen, silk, wool, or worsted, if embroidered. Marble manufactured. Manufactures of paper, or papier-mache. Manufactures of wood. Muslxcts, ride,., and other fire-arms. Ochres. Oil-cloths. I'latcd and gilt-ware of all kmds. Playing-cards. Soap. That pay 40 rn rent. Cut-i:lass. Manufactun- of expensive woods. Toliacco manufacti-res. Alabastar and spar ornamenf". Sweetmeats. Preserved meats, fish, and fruits. That pay lOO per cent. Bran'ly, wliiskey, and other spirits distilled from grain. \ -imilar list nntdit he made of Kast Indian and British Colonial staples and iln.lueti,,,-... .,.h the endless variety of .mall in.mutactures which they stimulate, and to which t!u -.■ hiizb duti. - apply. 1 pas> now to the only reu>a ning : p-c, the ton.ut.on ot ^^^ "^ ^ ; f ' ^^ appvn.'d utihtv. as a means of stren :the.un. the '"'l'"v.-K^V^l^P> . J rl'ou.,-,. of li.e provinces,-aad as an aid to more rapul and sv..tanauc ''"""n:::';g;mv Lord, m my former letter, enured lav.ely upon tins branc^h o. the -nerai suhiec't, 1 P.e.,i not repeat ^^\ui^ t ,at paper eon ams. _ bNcrv ma , 5. J evid' nc:. of ,:,e tever.sh' lon.m. a ,d intense anxiety with w hie ad el ' '. in the provinces look forward to t.,- e-ta hs-.ment of tl-- P-t us o uter-colonial and eontuiental eomnnuueauon. winch ai, ^1>\:;^'J^^^ tou'a„er. and ..cure lo i:,e lint.-h I'rounees i-^^-t'^""™^'^'' J,;"^ ''^^^^^^^^ ,v-hieh would, with cheap ste.nnhoats. reduce the Atlantic to ' l^'''^' >™; :„d commue'.lu Strand in a f.w years to Lake Huron. --^ f;T^ ^' even ,a , ur ovw. tnne, so rapidly d ks liu' world advance, to the lacihc Uccan. - o. 26 Tlio first 130 miles of this communicatic •; Nova Scotia will make, and amply secure the Rritish (Jovenimcnt from loss, slioukl the advantaj^e- i-t' its credit be given. We will do more — we will prepare our lands, collect returns, appoint an assent in each county, and repeal onr taxes on eirigrants ; otfci iiii;, on th.e best terms, a honu' to all who choose to come among us. If Her r»5'ijesty's (iovernment have iki olfjectious to the ein|)loynient of such portions of the troops as arc not reciuind to do garrison-duty, we will give tl>e:n a fair addition to their pay, or land iilong the line, to which in war their (hsciiilnie would be a defence; thus saving to the Hritish (ioveinmcnt the expense of bringing these veterans bi'ck to England. The ability of Xova Scotia to fulril any obligations slie may incur to the Imperial (iovernment. may be cstiniiUcd by relVivi.ce to her past proi^ress and present financial condition. MontgoniciT Martin, in his late work, estimates the value of the pro\ince, in moveable aiurinunoveablc property, at liOjCO.OOO/. Without counting wi.d lands and projicrty upon whidi labour has not been exj;en;lcd, we rate it at i j,0()(),()00/. This hah been civatcd in a century, by the industry of a few thousands of emigrants and loyalists, and their ik- cndants. 'l"o the amount of shi[)ping, as evidence of a prosperous commerce, I ,i;ive already reterred. Within the twenty years from 182G to 1H4G, the population more than doubled, the toimage rising, in the last ten years of this ]ieriod, frjin 'JG,;)9ale of Crown lands. There is no property-tax, income-tax, or assessed ta\e~, except poor and county rates raised by local assessments. Her tariff" is tlie lowest in No-^h America. Her ad valorem duty on British goods is G\ per cent. : that of Canada 12.^. All the liabilities of the proviirce amounted on the ,'?ist D.^cenibcr, 18!',), to 105.G4.3/. l.'Lv \(l. The Rmiver-tieaeral writes me that tluTc has been an increase of tiie revenue during tlie past year, of 15.000/., wliich will reduce tlie liabilities to 00,()4.'V. 13.«. If/. No part of this debt is due out of the proving. Province notes, which circulate and are sustained by the demand lor tliein to pay duties, represent .'i!»,8G4/. of the whole, which bears no interest. Ol' the balance, 40.000/. is due to d.-|»ositors in the Savings Hank, wiio receive 4 per cent. i he liolders of Stock trrtificates, covering tlie remainder, Tvceive A per cent. The public property held In- the Government in the city of Halitiix alone, would pav tlie whole debt, wliicli lould be extinguished by applying the suri)lus revenue to that object kor two veais. The income from all sour.vs fluctuates between OO.OOO/. aei' IIO.O;))/. The ])ermanent charges on this revenue secured to Her Majesty by the Civil Li.st Hill, are ^0/f£ The I. .dance is expended in inaintiiiiiiii- ot::er branches of the Civil Govt rninent, in opening and repairinu' road.-, and proiiioli.ig education. \\v s' ould \)\n'uv the intere-t of tlie loan we now re(|uire a tirst char i on tb.i- sur 111-, in the event of In/ railroad not yielding tolls suiKeient, which, juduMMLC i)\ t le e\|)erieiice of our neighbours, we do not appiclieiid. T lis sill jilu- must steadily i;u ivasc, because, while po^iU e.tion and rev iiiie will p o'la; l\ (ionl)le within the i,.\t twenty years, as it has done, aliini--t ui. lout tie past twenty, the expense- of t!ie ( ivil l\- aiiuineiited. cm ,1 I'.i 111 1)1 i..iii-oa{ls, duiii (jov !■ iir.e:!: A i'.l be but veiv -' t: reveliu ' Co Id )e. and if necessary would be, promptly incre i ijiistinix sjiecitic diitie-, or ii even, tie were I 1 tlie mot'ier-country. by a resort to a le.,acy. rai~i;i ;■ ' c a' rii' :,-iiii duty, re- nee ■- ■ y. I / u ain our credit w ilic :;e r p |i, r;y-ta\. Tlie (i v.ruuuat of Nm i Sciiia exchisivc ot land- in Ciipe liret e, m'II rcta'"- -T 8 yiMS ac.cs of uu^ni i,e 1 Crown la uls. These, if rciii.ired, could also I,,, I i ; _ d. 1).- the net amnnnt nf - i]c, df lauds almiic the liiu e.mld be p.ed over froill ti lie t) ti.iie in riqui'liitiini (if the loan. T".- w'.'.l ■ aui ) uit rc(i lireil is S();),000/. 'i'lie city of Halifax le in- p to tb ■ I'r )v nc d G neru neui to pav tlie interest on loil.OOl)/., the w ole a .. .aut ■ ■ ■ -alls ed .:ii:iai icvcau- k I on t'l ' ;ailr la 1 iiielu.led woul le ■J.\,MOl. fin V \ 37 Although having no authority to speak for the other colonies, I may observe, that the Province of New Brunswick, which lies between Nova Scotia and Canada, has, in addition to her ordinaiy sources of rever.i;e, 1 1 ,000,000 of acres of ungranted lands. She light pledge to Her Majesty's Government the procseds of as ma- millions of acres of these lands, along the lines to be opened, as mipht be .lecessaiy, in addition to tht- pledge of her public funds, to secure this coantry from loss The troops nnight be employed, and settled in this province also. The lands pledged could be sold to emigrants ; the Bntish mails - d soldiers would be transported at fair prices, and the amounts might be carried to tin -edit of the loans. I believe that New Brunswick couli, if moderately aided, ultimately make her great lines, absorb and provide farms for millions of emigrant.-, . increasing tiic home market for British goods by the annual amount of tlieir consumption ; i-.iul, in ii very few years, pay any loan she may require to contract, without costing Fnglaiid a fartiiinu;. The resources of Canada are well known to your LuKlship. Her interest in tliese r.. works cannot be c.xagiieratcd, and must be greatly enhanced by the e ■ :hing removal of the seat of Government to Quebec. They would bring . .roduetions to the seaboard at all seasims of the year; connect her bv lines oi communication with all the other provinces, and with the mother-country ; preparing the way for a great industrial, if not a political union, of whieli the citadel of Quebec would ultimately form the centre. That her Government would second any policy by which this might l)e accomplished, there is no reason to doubt. My Lord, there is one topic of extreme delicacy, perhaps, and yet, so far as my own province is concerned, 1 will venture to touch it without hesitation. Some of the British colonies aspire to obtain notoriety, just now, by spurning from their bosoms the criminals of England, without mode:itly remembering that some of them, at least, o\v3 their original prosperity to such emigrants, and that thousands are annually tempted or driven into crime in this country, by the absence of emplovment, and bvthe resistless pressure which the slightest derange- ment in this highlvartifieial" state of sceiety creates. I believe the*- among the 43,000 persons" convicted in this eountiy in 1848, some thousands were more to be pitied than condemned. It such {jtrsons. organized and dis- ciplined, were employed upon the puhlie works of North America, as has been suggested, 1 believe that thev would ultimatily be restored to society, and that the Government would be immediattly relieved Ironi serious embarrass- ment. I do not shrink from the rcsponsihility of nuikinij; this .ly employed on a large scale, in North America, for the cDUstrnetion of a railroad to the I'acitie. I should like to '•■ee the experiment tried upon a small scale tirst ; and do noC believe that it a juilieious selection were made of those whose oHeiues were suprriiiikiced by poverty and extreme distress, or of those whose conduct in some prc'.MtUinary course of punishment had heen exemplary, the North Amerifan Colonies would object to such a trial, it' an appio|)riate choice were made ot some locality along a great line in which they led an intere-t, and if th - men employed were i)ro])erly otlieered and eontrolkd by stringent regulations. A cori)s of TjOO might "be formed, subject to military oii:;;ni/.arion aiu', dis- cipline, with the usual prospect of pidiimtinii to Mtbordinate comuiaiuU M they behaved well. Siunmaiy trial and puiii>' nunt -hoiihl be ciiually cert: .n it tliey misbehaved; solitary eonlinement in t'le ('oioiu.il I'enitenti.ries would be an appropriate punislmient if they desi iti d or comnittcd any new ori'cni e. It a portion of comparatively wilderness couiiliy wer.— le ted for the experinent, the men might have six|)encc per day eairieu to t:,eir credit Irom colonial tiinds, while they labouri'd, to accumulate till il wa> -ullleieul to pureha-e land upon the line, wit'- seed and im|ileine:its to ( nable them to crop when tl.c period of service had lApiicd. This experiment wculd, 1 beUeve. succeed ft would cost the Imperial I tia.-t of xt in a tirst i>\ 28 Government nothing more than it now costs to maintain the people elsewhere. The colony where they were employed would get the difference between sixpence per day and the ordinary rate ot wages, to compensate for any risk -t might run, and would besides ultimately secure customers for wild lands, and many useful settlers. In conclusion, my Lord, permit me to crave your indulgence for the length of this communication, which would be an unpardonable intrusion upon your Lordship's time if the topics to be discussed were less numerous or important. I have, &c. The Right Hon. Earl Grey. (Signed) JOSEPH HOWE. &c. &c. &c. m \\f i %i '1^ § 1 ttn