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 DESCRIPTIO^f 
 ov 
 
 Prince Edward Island^ 
 
 IN THE 
 
 GULF OF ST. LAURENCE, 
 
 HfOKTR AMERICA; 
 
 WITH 
 
 A MAP OF THE ISLAND, 
 
 AND A FEW 
 
 CURSORY OBSERVATIONS 
 
 RESPECTING THE 
 
 CLIMATE, NATURAL PRODUCTIONS, AND ADVAN- 
 TAGES OF ITS SITUATION, 
 
 IN REaARD TO 
 
 AGRICULTURE JND COMMERCE; 
 
 TOGETHER WITH 
 
 Some Remarks, as Instructions to new *% tilers. 
 
 BY A 
 PERSON IIANT YEARS RESIDENT THERE. 
 
 LONDOW: 
 
 PRINTED AKD SOLD OY ROBERT ASHBY AND CO. ITO. 4, LOMBARB-STREKTi 
 
 AND Vr. WINCHESTER AMD SON, N9. 6l, 8TIIAN>* 
 
 [Entered at Stationers-Hall. 1 
 1805. 
 

 X HERE being but a very short and imperfect 
 accountof Prince Edward Island in anyof the 
 present Geographical Publications, it is pre- 
 sumed this Description (which has been honoured 
 with the approbation of the Governor, Edmund 
 Fanning, Esq.) will be acceptable to the Pro- 
 prietors of Lands therein, who reside in Great- 
 Britain, as it will enable them to give every neces- 
 sary information to those whom they wish to send 
 out as Settlers, and also contribute to make the 
 Island more generally known. 
 
( 3 ) 
 
 The following Testimony y from the Officers of a British 
 Amtrican Corps, stationed in the hland of St. John, 
 (noiv called Prince Edward Island^) at the close 
 of the Jmerican fVar, they being wholly disinterested 
 and perfectly well acquainted with the different 
 American States, is at once the most unequivocal, 
 as well as the least to be suspected tvidence that can 
 possibly be given of the National advantages^ and 
 superior excellence, of that truly valuable and 
 delightful Island, 
 
 EXTRACT from the New York Royal 
 Gazette, March 5, 1783. 
 
 ADDRESSED to such Loyalists who either have 
 aheady left, or who hereafter may leave their respec- 
 tive Countries in search of other Habitations. 
 
 * • ' i' 
 
 We the subscribers (your countrymen and 
 ♦el low sufferers) hearing that several families have 
 already arrived in Nova Scotia from New York, and 
 that many others intend coming to some of these north*- 
 em colonies next spring, think it our duty to point out 
 this island to you as the most eligible country for you 
 to repair to, of any we know between this and New 
 Jersey. The soil is good, it is well wooded, and free 
 from rocks. The climate so good that fevers and agues 
 are unknown ; water every where excellent. The har- 
 bours spacious, numerous and safe.' The rivers, beys, 
 lakes, and coasts, abounding with a great variety of 
 shell and almost all other sorts offish, and good in 
 their kinds. The government is mild. But very few 
 taxes ; these very light, and raised solely for the benefit 
 of the island. There is room for tens of thousands, and 
 lands in the finest situations, on harbours, navigable 
 rivers, and hays, to be had exceedingly reasonable. 
 Cattle are plenty. Witness the droves which have 
 been this year taken to Halifax market. Before we 
 came here, we were told, as perhaps you may be, the 
 
« 4 i 
 
 worst things possible of the country ; such as that tlic 
 people were starving ; we shoi^Id get nothing to eat ; 
 and should ourselves be eaten by insects; and much 
 more, equally groundless, for we have found the reverse 
 to be the truth ; therefore do not attend to such reports, 
 but come and see, and depend on the evidence of your 
 own senses. Voti will not imagine iis to be interested in 
 Ihtp advice we here give you, or in the character ci' the 
 place, as we may be ordered awny to-morrow ; be assured 
 of the contrary, what we have said is intended purely 
 for your good, afid if you attend to it wc shall hereaflcr 
 ttceWt your thanki. .«. w \^ ^v>^ 
 
 
 \t\'\ 
 
 In the mean time, believe us, sincerely, 
 . .;;\7. ,• Your friends, die. u 
 
 i 
 
 8. HayAcn, Captain ionmMndini; iUt KingS Rangers. 
 £dward Mainwaring, Captain King's Rangers, 
 John Throckmorton, Lieutenant King's Rangers. 
 John Robins, Ensign King's Rangers. _ »..-:> 
 
 Joseph Beeflri, £nMga King's Rangers. 
 Alexander Smyth, Ac(jutant King's Rangerc 
 Ltwfo Davfi, Surgeon King's Rangers. > ^^ : 
 
 ; i . H • ; ' ••/ f 
 
 /' ' 
 
 M&iA ifo. /«A«, Culfh of St, Ltmrence, 
 
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 ■('>■/< .>.V ''I'-i' JP :^'i 
 
DESCRIPTION 
 
 or 
 
 PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND. 
 
 SITUATION AND EXTENT. 
 
 Length 
 lirtudlU 
 
 GO) 
 
 Between 
 
 C 61 and 6\ West Longitude. 
 I 46" und 47 North Latitude. 
 
 Silualloii ] — It lies in tliu Gulf of Saint Laurence, 
 Nortli Amcrici, ami is separated from Nova Scotia, 011 
 the Sout!», hy u cluaincl from three to six leagues in 
 width. It is distant from Cape Breton, on the East, 
 about fifteen leagues ; and lias New Brunswick and 
 Lower Canada o!» iIk: Nortli-West, distant, to difl'crent 
 points, from eiolil to twenty lea<rnes. 
 
 Uiven and liat/s] — The Island is intersected with 
 numerous bays and rivers; so that there arc very fe\t 
 |)laces at a greater distance than six miles from the 
 flowing of the tide, and none above eight miles. 
 The principal rivers are those called Hillsborough, 
 Eliot, York, Cardigan, Brudenell, and Montagu, which 
 are large enough to admit ships of the line. Dunk, 
 Ellis, Vernon, and Murray rivers, will contain vessels 
 of 300 tons burthen, by taking advantage of the tide ; 
 and there arc many other rivers which are navigabltj 
 for vessels of 100 tons burthen. Powriall, OrwelJ, 
 Richmond, Grcnville, Harris, Bedford, Saint Peter*s, 
 Colville, andCardigan bays, afford good and safe anchor- 
 age for vessels from 100 tons upwards. 
 
 Jir and C/imate.] — The air is remarkably clear; a 
 fog is rarely to be seen. From the beginning to 
 the middle of April, the ice in the rivers breaks up, 
 the navigation is open, and the inhabitants begin 
 their fishing, agriculture, and gardening. The 
 Spring is very rapid, the degree of heat in Sum- 
 n.er is nuich the same as in England, but more regular: 
 the Autumn is long and pleasant ; the Winter in general 
 sets in from the middle to the latter end of December, 
 at which time the rivers and bays begin to be frozen 
 over, and the snow to fall; after which it continues a 
 steady frost, with a very clear air, with intervals of 
 snow-falls; sometimes the snow is accompanied with 
 boisterous winds; the suow in the woods is in general 
 
 i .< 
 
( 4 ) 
 
 I!' 
 
 It? 
 
 Irom two to three feet deep on an average : lliu biMcln;^ 
 cold ill the Avintcr is far more healthy , and, to umny 
 people, much more pleasant to hear, ilian tlie variety 
 and sudden changes of the weatlier in Kngland. 
 
 Face of the Countrif, and Natural Pivdnctiorts.] — 
 The country is in general level, interspersed with oeiitle 
 risings and gradual descents, there being but few large 
 hills on the Island. It aboands with springs ol the finest 
 water ; and as the rivers are very numerous, there are 
 a great many excellent situations for mills. The far 
 greater part of the Island is in its original wild and 
 uncultivated state, covered with groves of various kinds 
 of trees, among whicli are the following, the white and 
 yellow pine, the hemlock, the red, white, and black 
 spruce treeSjtwo or three kinds of iir trees, and the larch 
 tree ; all of which are described by the inhabitants a*^ 
 soft wood trees : there are also oak, ash, elm, poplar, 
 and cedar trees, but not in great plenty. The most 
 prevailing hard wood trees are, birch, beech, and maple; 
 of the former there are three kinds, the white, yellow, 
 and black; the white or curled maple, and tije black or 
 sugar maple trees, and various other kinds of trees and 
 shrubs. There are also wild cherries, gooseberries and 
 currants ; and the wild raspberries, strawberries, cran- 
 berries, and blueberries, are in some parts in great 
 abundance, and very fine. A fruit in this Island, called 
 the Indian Pear, is very delicious. There arc a great 
 many salt, and some inland marshes, from which con- 
 siderable quantities of hay arc cut. 
 
 Tame and Wild Fowl and Bm/s.]--Turkies, geese, 
 ducks, and other poultry, are in ]>lenty. Wild gecae 
 and brant, and various kinds of wild ducks, are in very 
 large flocks in the Spring and Autumn, and Hocks ot 
 wild pigeons in the Suuuner. A great many jjartridges, 
 much larger and finer than in England; several sorts 
 of plovers and snipes; the large grey and black eagle ; 
 different kinds of hawks and owls, the raven and the 
 crow, and many birds of beautiful plumage, arc found 
 in the woods : various other kinds of birds appear, as 
 the inhabitants extend their improvements ; amjjng 
 ■which are the spring-bird, the robin, a blackbird, and 
 the snowbird, and the beautiful humming-bird frequents 
 the gardens. 
 
 ius/t.] — The Fish of this Island are, cod, herrings, 
 mackarel,salmon,salmon-trout, bass, haddock, sturgeon, 
 perch, flounders, eels, smelts, tomy-cod, ehyivcs, ike. 
 
 
( 
 
 5 ) 
 
 -liebiMcini^ 
 
 to many 
 llie variety 
 likI . 
 
 utions.] — 
 kvitli gentle 
 t few large 
 i the finest 
 
 there are 
 The far 
 
 wild and 
 rious kinds 
 
 white and 
 and black 
 d the larch 
 ibitants as 
 n, poplar, 
 The most 
 nd maple; 
 ;e, yellow, 
 »e black or 
 f trees and 
 Jerries and 
 ries, cran- 
 > in irreat 
 ind, called 
 •c a great 
 hich con- 
 
 t;s, gccse, 
 I'ild geese 
 re in very 
 
 Hocks of 
 )artridges, 
 eral sorts 
 ick caijle ; 
 11 and the 
 arc found 
 jipear, as 
 ; umijng 
 bird, ancl 
 
 frequents 
 
 herrings, 
 sturgeon, 
 rivcsi ike. 
 
 most of tliese in great abundance ; also lobsters and 
 oy^-ters, \vl)icb are easy to be obtained in many of the 
 bays and rivers, and many kinds of shell and other fish, 
 i.eals, and sea-cows. 
 
 Animals.] — Theic are black cattle, sheep, hogs and 
 horses ; some bears, wild cats, red, silver-grey, and 
 black foxes, otters, martins, minks, mnsk-rats,and several 
 kinds of squirrels; a great, number of hares, which arc 
 grey in Stuumer, and white in Winter: no reptile is 
 Ijere to be met with, except a small harmless snake. 
 
 Soil and Producc.\ — 'The soil is deep and light, but 
 very fertile, if properly cultivated ; in most places there 
 are few or no stones to be seen, except on the shores, 
 or by digging three or four feet for them. The land 
 ])roduces very good wheat, barley, oats, rye, j)eas, &.c. 
 and the various sorts of vegetables, as in Engkmd, «uch 
 as potatoes, parsnips, carrots, cabbages, peas, the dilVe- 
 rent kinds of beans, asparagus, cauliilowers, onions, 
 cucumbers, melons, pumpkins, radishes, lettuces, cele- 
 ry, &c. ike. Hops grow exceedingly well, with little 
 trouble. The Knglish a})ple and cherry trees thrive 
 very well, the cardeii "ooseberrv and currant trees yield 
 very great crops. Tne land produces very good herbage, 
 botii for hay and pasturing of cattle, which thrive ex- 
 tremely v/ell : the farmers, in general, have good stocks 
 of black cattle, sheej), hogs, and horses: the sheep, for 
 the mo;>t part, produce double, and scarcely a disease 
 is ever known amongst tliem. 
 
 Government, Cutninen'c, 'I owns 1 The Island is 
 and Military Slrettgth. j governed by a 
 Lieutenant Governor, Council, and General Assemhiy, 
 by whom the Laws are enacted : the Council consists 
 of six or eight Members, who are appointed by the 
 Governor, and, by the King's instruction, are to be 
 l*roprietf)rs aiul principal Landholders. The General 
 Assembly aro eighteen in number, who are chosen by a 
 majority olthe Liuidholders, Leaseholders, and resident 
 Housekeepers. All laws that respect property, are, by 
 the King's instruction, to have a clause to suspend their 
 operation till tlxiy hav(! been sent to England and re- 
 ceived the Uoyei Assent. The only tax paid here is a 
 small duty on li(i\u)rs imported, which is appropriated 
 to the purpose of improving the roads, and other insular 
 expences. The commerce is, at present, chiefly con- 
 fined to the exportation ot" cattle and sheep, with othec 
 productions of the farm, which the iiihubitunts send to 
 
 .'i^^ 
 
! 
 
 I ' 
 
 ( 6 ) 
 
 Newfoiiiidland, and of wheat, and other grain, which 
 is sent to Halifax. Some persons have carried on a 
 considerablct arlemt 'iP cod and herrino fisheries; thcpro- 
 duce of which t )cy s- nd to Euro}>e and t'»e West Indies, 
 and lumber, oil, skins, and furs, to En«>land. The 
 towns, laid down or* the plan, or general survey of tiio 
 Island, are PriiKe Town, C'lariotte Town, and George 
 Town; Charlotte Town, is the seut of Government, 
 It is pleasantly situated, and regularly laid out. It has 
 two forts and a blork-'/Jouse, and there are two conii- 
 panies of soldiers in the <;arrison in war time, and the 
 militia of the Island for it^ defence ap;ainst privateers. 
 
 Inhabitfitits, and general Emploi/ment.] — The inhabi- 
 tants, consist chiefly of emigrants from England, 
 Ireland, Scotland, the States of America, and a 
 few from Germany. There are also about six or 
 seven hundred of the original Acadian French settlers, 
 who occupy three villa;ves, and live comfortably by 
 farming and fishing. The generality of the inhabitants 
 are employed in farming, except a verv few mechanics, 
 such as blacksmiths,carpenters,sbipwr!ghts,mi 11 Wrights, 
 coopers, siioe-makers, weavers, and masons ; and soms 
 few in the cod and herring fisheries, as they can spare 
 time from their farms, which may be carried on to great 
 advantage, as the Island becomes more ]iopulous; the 
 fi:hing-banks extending all along the north and north- 
 east coasts of the Island, where a great number of ves- 
 sels come from the States of America to catch fish. The 
 farmers begin to plow and sow in April ; tliey endeavour 
 to get all their Summer wheat sowed before the 10th of 
 May, but it is generally the latter end of that month, 
 ©r the beginning of June, before tliey have all their 
 oats, barley, pease, and potatoes, in the ground, as 
 labourers are scarce ; notwithstanding, as vegetation is 
 quick, they begin to reap about the middle of August. 
 Between seed-time and harvest, some are employed in 
 burning the wood that has been cut in the winter for 
 clearing new land, and some in cutting and making hay. 
 The Autumn bting long and pleasant, in the early part 
 ©f it, some sow their Winter wheat, and afterwards get 
 up their potatoes, which they raise in great quantities. 
 In the Winter, some are employed in cutting the trees 
 down for clearing new land ; others in threshing 
 their corn and getting home their hay for their cat- 
 tle, which are mostly housed in the winter nights; 
 
 si 
 
 11 
 
 M 
 
 % 
 
( T ) 
 
 ain, which 
 arried on a 
 es; the pro- 
 test Indies, 
 and. The 
 vey of the 
 nd George 
 verrimerit, 
 Lit. It has 
 two conif 
 e, and the 
 •ivateers. 
 he inhabi- 
 England, 
 ), and a 
 ut six or 
 b settlers, 
 tably hy 
 'habitants 
 c-xhtinics, 
 Iwrights, 
 ind soms 
 :an sp;ire 
 1 1 o great 
 ^us; the 
 
 I north- 
 of ves- 
 
 ^h. The 
 deavour 
 
 10th of 
 
 month, 
 
 II their 
 md, as 
 ation is 
 Uigust. 
 )yed in 
 ter for 
 ig hay. 
 'y part 
 rds get 
 ntities. 
 e trees 
 eshing 
 ir cat- 
 lights J 
 
 some in cutting 
 
 and 
 
 bringing 
 
 home their 
 
 and making lumber, such as 
 
 shindes, laths, 
 
 fire-wood 
 hoops, 
 
 staves, &.C. and cutting and carrying pine-lugs for tli9 
 saw-mills. Some of tne women are employ^ in sp^n< 
 ning wool, and in knitting stockings and mitts ; the nax, 
 which they raise in Summer, is made into coarse cloth. 
 Some of the families make upwards of two hundred 
 yards of woollen and linen cloth in a year ; and many 
 families make two or three hundred weight of sugar, in 
 the early part of the Spring, before the snow is thawed 
 in the woods, from the sap of the maple trees; th^y 
 likewise make very good butter and cheese, ai>.d raisi^ 
 as much poultrv as they choose to keep. 
 
 Iteligion.] — There are a few persons who attend the 
 Estabhshed Church once in a week ; the far greater 
 part are Dissenters, of one description or other ; but as 
 they have but few religious meetings, and not anv 
 ministers, their sabbath-days are generally filled up with 
 looking over their past week's industry, and in visitinn- 
 thcir neighbours. When any dissenting minister has 
 happened to visit the Island from the Continent, many 
 of the inhabitants have attended, with an apparent desire 
 to he instructed. The native French, and Highland 
 Scotch, are Roman Catholics, who meet regularly for 
 worship every sabbath-day, and have a priest or two 
 who reside among them. 
 
 General Remarks.] — This Island, which possesses so 
 many natural advantages, such as a good soil, the finest 
 Mater, a clear air, good harbours, and fine rivers, with 
 Jibundance offish and wild-fowl, and good timber for 
 house and ship-building, and furniture, would, in all 
 probability, have been in a much forwarder state of 
 settlement, butforth*^ following reasons. It was origin- 
 ally granted by Government m townships of twenty 
 thousand acres each, and half townships toofificers who 
 had served in the army and navy, and others; the far 
 greitter part of whom have not taken the least p^ins to 
 send settlers to their lands, but have apparently lain by 
 to reap a future benefit from the active exertions of 
 other proprietors : and a difference some time since pre- 
 vailed between some of the Civil Officers of the Govern- 
 ment and some of the Proprietors and Merchants, which 
 has been very detrimental to the trade of the Island : 
 Some persons, whoare inclined to emisrrate,giveaprefer- 
 ence to the Government and advanced state of settlement 
 of the United States of America, it being much bettqr 
 
( 8 ) 
 
 known. Yet there are but few places in the States ot 
 America, from the best accounts, that are equal in fer- 
 tility and natural advantaji^es to this Island : and the four 
 diseases mentioned in Winterbotham's recent History 
 of America, namely, nervous disorders, rliennuitisms, 
 intermitting fevers, and premature loss of teeth, as there 
 so prevalent, by no means apply to this Island, it being 
 extremely healthy ; many of the native French evince 
 the truth of this by their longevity. In the States of 
 America, the lands, for a considerable distance from the 
 sea coasts, are chiefly occupied ; the back lands are 
 raised much in price, and the distance from a market 
 is a constant and unavoidable drawback on the active 
 exertions of the industrious farmers: but tlicrc is no 
 situation on this Island but where they may Inivc casv 
 access to navigjible rivers, and a constant market lor 
 their produce at Newfoundland and Halifax : the \\ c>t 
 Indies and Europe will also afford a market for them 
 in their more advanced state of settlement, agriculture, 
 and commerce. It has the advantage of Canada in 
 some points of commerce, not only on account of the 
 fishing-banks extending round the coast, but, that the 
 inhabitants of this Island can make two voyages to the 
 West Indies in the Summer, whereas from Canada only 
 one can be made. It is well known, that tlie principal 
 part of the farmers, who raise considerable crops of 
 grain, and possess stocks of cattle, from twenty to sixty 
 head, besides flocks of sheep, hogs, horstj, &c. came to 
 this Island with very little, and many with no property 
 whatever. The prospect of arriving at such a situation 
 stimulates the young farmer to encounter with pleasure, 
 and persevering assiduity, the difficulties of his infant 
 farm. Those, who come here with no property, 
 generally work for others till they have acquired 
 a Ihtle stock; and after such have began to farm, 
 they can got assistance by working for the neigh- 
 bouring farmers, till they have brought their own 
 farms gradually forward. An infant country i& 
 by no means calculated for indolent persons, except 
 they have some income to live on ; but there is a moral 
 certainty of an industrious person bettering his circum- 
 stances every year, with the same or less degree of ia- 
 bo'ir than must of necessity be used in England, to 
 procure a bare or scanty subsistance, with no oi'tn* 
 prospect in old age than the aid afforded him by the 
 
( 9 ) 
 
 own 
 
 try i& 
 
 except 
 
 moral 
 
 re urn - 
 
 ot iil- 
 
 )cl, to 
 
 f)aris1i: wlkTorig, in sncli n country as tMs, unij'cmiu 
 )ereJ \vit!i titlu's or taxes, aiul the liuul in its oriijinal 
 btatc, at about one shillin'x |)>.'r acre ansuuilly for irvor, 
 or farnis to bo purclnisvtl on easy terms, his ortlinary 
 iiulnstry will soon procure him a comfortable provision, 
 wit!i the satisfactory prospect of seeing Ins faniilv fol- 
 low his example. A lar^e family, to a man in 
 low circnm^tunccs, may here be very properly 
 considered a great blessing, as they can uii assist 
 their pinents to great advantage during their minoritv, 
 and are under no necessity of being sent from home, 
 and by that means fre.juently exijosed to manv vices 
 in seeking a livelihood; on the contrary, they roniaiu 
 ivith th'j'v parents, who, to encourage them to indr.strv, 
 geULMMiiy make tluir. a present of a calf, or a sheep, 
 V* hen tliov' are young, wiiieh, by the time they are of 
 age to settle for tiiomselves, will have increa-^e:! to several 
 heads ; so that, witli a little further assistance from the 
 parents of a young couple, t'.iey begin oa a new farm 
 Avith an encouraging prospect. 
 
 Persons, with a fr'W hundred pounds, may soon place 
 themselves in a ( oir.fortable sitinilion, and of course 
 be relieved from many of the inconveniences. 
 
 w\ 
 
 which those who have no property are at first subjected 
 
 to. 
 
 Sotnc persons wlio have emigrated to America have 
 been extremely disappointed, by not having, in their 
 ideas, made a p!0[)er allowance for thedinercnce of an 
 infant country, compared to those scenes they have 
 been accustomed Lo ; others there are who read of liie 
 productions and advanlages of America, but do not 
 sufliciently consider, that if they emigrate there with 
 little or no property, it must be by their gradual and 
 persevering industry that they can obtain the comforts 
 and conveniences of life. 
 
 Persons of small property, who may be desirous of 
 emigrating to tliis Island lor the purpose of fiuining, 
 are naturally led toencpiire, how they are lo (ii>[)Ofe of 
 a family ontlieir landing there,and the be.stand cheapest 
 metho(l of proceeding r To which it may be answer- 
 ed — If the person has not fixed on the spot he intends 
 to m ike his residence, previous to Ins leavmg his 
 native country, it will be expedient, immediately on 
 his arrival (suppose at Charlotte Town), after having 
 obtained accoiiiinodations for his family (■vhich will 
 
( 10 ) 
 
 not be difficult), to apply to some persons in tiie Town, 
 who for the most part are able and read^ to inform a 
 stranger, who iiave lauds to Itase or dispose of, and 
 the part of the Island in which they are situated. It 
 will ihtn be proper to go and examine the spot, or 
 perhaps several, in order to make the best choice. 
 'i !icre are many places to be had, where the farms 
 front a navigable river, or a bay. In VVinterbotliain's 
 History, before all (ided to, is the following infornia- 
 {ion, which will apply to this Island: " When a settler 
 *' fixes oil as[)ot of laud, his first care is to cut down a 
 " a few trees to build his loi^-house. A man can cut 
 " down and lop from twenty to thirty in a day, of the 
 *' size proper for the purpose. These form the walls 
 »' of the building. In general the log-cabins of this 
 •* kind are such as half a dozen men will easily Hniili 
 " in three or four days (say a week) ten guineas worth 
 " of labour, tiuis employed, will lodge a family quite 
 " as comfortable as in the better kind of collages in 
 ** lilngland." 
 
 Such log-houses may be enlarged, as opportunity will 
 admit, or improved, by lining them with board, in the 
 nature of wamscot, or latfi and plaster; the out- 
 side covered with clapboards, and the roof with shin- 
 gles; or, as the person is disposed, and his circum- 
 .•Jtances will admit, he may, in a future period, build a 
 framed house, from sixty pounds to many hundreds, 
 according to the size, and the manner in which it is 
 finished : his first house may be then used for a cattle- 
 bouse. \V\\vn the person has his log-house finished, 
 he will find it to his advantage to remove his family 
 into it as early as possible, both for convenience and 
 and tosaveexpence; and of course must lay in such 
 necessaries as he thinks he dudl want, according to 
 the number of his family. He may form some 
 Estimate of a year's provision by the following prices, 
 alluding to the Autumn of 179^: Wheat at os. per 
 bushel; potatoes about Is. fkl. per bushel ; by a large 
 quantity they have been bought for one Is. per bushel ; 
 beef, mutton, and pork, from 3d. to 4d. per pound, ac- 
 cording to the season of the year; fowls from 4s. to 
 8s. perdozen ; ducks about is. geese about 2s. 6d. 
 turkies 5s. each : most people raise their own poultry. 
 Spruce beer, and rum and water, are the general li- 
 quors that are drank here, except water and milk; 
 
( u ) 
 
 but as barley and hops grow tery well, there can be 
 no doubt but malt liquor will be more generally intro- 
 duced, which will be far more beneficial to the iiilia- 
 bitants than the pernicious custom of drinking spiriis, 
 which is generally too prevalent in all America. Cows 
 with calves, in the spring of the year, from 5 1, to 
 about 61. ; a pair of middfing-size aged bullocks, that 
 will weigh five or six hundred each, may be bought 
 for 141. to 16l. per pair. Some of the bullocks on 
 this Island have weighed upwardsof a thousand weight. 
 Ewes with lambs, in the spring of the year, about <JOs. 
 to a guinea; sows with pig, according to their s'r/.c, 
 from 203. to 40s. The above prices are in the curren- 
 cy of the Island: if one-tenth is deducted from thesn 
 sums, it will reduce it to sterling It will be advisable, 
 that the new settler purchases a few poultry, a cow or 
 two, and a sow, as soon as he goes to bis farm, by 
 which means he uill have egg!<, butler, and milk for 
 the family ; if the farm is an entire woodland farm, 
 the cows will find sulhcient food in the woods, in the 
 Summer and Autumn, a«id come regularly home to he 
 milked, by keeping the calves up. and giving them a 
 portion of the milk. If there should be no marsh 
 ground to the farm, where fodder may be cut fur the 
 Winter, the new settler will be obliged to buy hay 
 till he can raise some from the woodland. When he has 
 purchased these necessaries, he has then to encounter 
 with the most difficult part of his farm, which is to 
 begin to clear away the woods. This labour is diffe- 
 rently pursued, according to the judgment of different 
 persons : some grub up the small trees and under- 
 wood by the roots ; these are burrtt on the ground; 
 and the large trees they girdle, by cutting a rim of ihc 
 bark round the tree, which kills it, and lets in the sun 
 to the ground ; they then plant potatoes and grain 
 between the trees : but, for the most part, the inhabi- 
 tants cut all the trees down from two to three feet 
 above the ground, and cut them into ten or twelve 
 feet lengths, and pile and burn them. But some 
 think the best way is, to take a crop or two at most off 
 the ground, and then lay it down to grass; and in a 
 few years, the roots of the stumps will get sufficiently 
 roilen, so that a man or two, with two pair of bullocks^ 
 and a chain fixed round the tops of the stumps, will 
 get up as many ia a day as they would in a month 
 
( 12 ) 
 
 I '/ 
 
 w«ne they to attempt it when ibc stumps were grccni. 
 The new farmer should aim to be there as early in the 
 Spring as possible, by whieh means he may get sufli- 
 oient land cleared, at least to get a good crop of pota- 
 toes in tlie ground, and other vegetables : the pota- 
 toc5 would not only ^erve his familv, but he might have 
 plenty to keep a sufficient number of hogs through 
 the Winter, so as to supply him wiih meat the ensuing 
 year. EIc might likewise sow some wheat in the Au- 
 tumn between the stumps; some hoe it in, others only 
 harrow it in ; and some there are that will plough be- 
 tween the stumps with a short one-handled pK)ugh; 
 and good crops have been produced by either method. 
 If the person has no sons of his own, capable of 
 assisting him in the labour, he would do well to take {> 
 stout boy or two with him, who might be indented to 
 him till they were twenty-one years of age : these 
 boys would be of great service to a new settler. 
 It is recommended to new settlers, to plant an 
 orchard as early as possible, as the young trees 
 will be growing while the stumps are decaying. 
 This has been much neglected by the early settlers, 
 ojily afewof late years have attended to it. Many 
 of the inhabitants who live in log-houses, as above 
 described, seem to feel but little emulation to build 
 themselves better habitations, although they have 
 abundance of property, and opportunity for the 
 purpose. This may arise cither from habit, or from 
 their having been accustomed to small cottages in the 
 country they have left. [t is recommended to 
 persons who may emigrate to this Island, to bring 
 their bedding and kitchen utensils, and as much 
 wearino; apparel as convenient, as the prices on the 
 articles which are brougiit from England are much 
 advanced, especially in war-time. 
 
 InWiNTKRDOTHAM'sMistoryofAmerieaare the follow- 
 ing Remarks, vol. III. p. 'i99, 300, 301, 302. 
 
 "What are the general inducements to quit Europe 
 " forthepurposc of settlingin America? — TothisQuory 
 " we shall, zcitliout hesitation, reply, that the first and 
 principal inducement to an European to quit his n.itive 
 country for America, is the total absenci: of 
 
 "ANXIETY RESPliCriNG THE FUTURE SUCCESS OF 
 ^' A FAMILY. 
 
 te 
 
 it 
 
ope 
 icrv 
 and 
 live 
 
 OF 
 OF 
 
 ( 13 ) 
 
 " In England the young man flies to prostllulion, 
 *' for fear of the cxptMise of a family (.stahlishineut, 
 " luid tlie, 7nore than probable, extravagance of a 
 *'\vife; celibacy is a part of prudence; it is openly 
 *' commended, and as steadily practised as ilie voice of 
 *' nature will allow. The married man, whose pas iun-; 
 " have been stronger, whose morals have bieii 
 " less callous, or whose interest has furnished motives 
 *' to matrimony, doubts whether each child he not a 
 '• misfortune, and looks uj)on his oflspiing with a 
 " melancholy kind of affection, that embitters somw 
 " of the otherwise most pleasurable moments of his 
 " life. There are exceptions to this, from great suo- 
 " cess in the pursuits of the father; there are cx- 
 ** ceptions from stronger degrees of parental atUction ; 
 " and the more sanguine look forward with stronger 
 " hope : but wc have seen too much not to be sa- 
 ** tisfied of the perfect truth of this general position. 
 " We do not care what may be the situation in life of 
 *' the parents, or the rank to which they belong; from 
 " the labourer at six or seven shillings per week, and 
 '^ many thousands of such theie are in Great Ihitain, 
 '* to the peer of twenty-five thousand pounds per aii- 
 *' num ; through many intermediate ranks we have hud 
 " too frequent occasion to observe this melancholy 
 " fact. 
 
 *' In the former instance, the labourer consoles him- 
 " self, with tears in his eyes, for the loss of his chil- 
 *' dren, because he hat one or more or iiss to provide for ; 
 " and, in the second instance, his lordship retrenches 
 *^ his pleasures, became lit /ins a large Jamiltj, 
 
 " In America, particula;ly out of the large towns, 
 " Human of moderate desires feels anxious about a 
 family. In the country, where the mass of the jx (j- 
 ple dwell, every man feels the increase of iiis family 
 " to be the increase of his riches : and no farmer 
 doubts about the facility of providing for his chil- 
 " dren as comfbrrably as they have lived, where land 
 is 81) cheap and so fertile, where society is so juuc h 
 on an equality, and where the inodigious inc^'case of 
 *' population, from natural and accidental causes, and 
 *' the improving stale of every p:i!t of the countiv,, 
 furnishes a market for whatever superfluous produce 
 he chuscs to raise, without presenting iiieessaiiLlv 
 that temptation to artificial expei; e and extrava-r 
 
 tt 
 
 ^( 
 te 
 it 
 
 *< 
 tt 
 
( 
 
 ( n ) 
 
 so I'll I nous III 
 
 " ffnnt conipriilion so common and 
 ** tniopeaij ronn tries. 
 
 " InGical-Briinin, perpetual i:xrrtion, inces- 
 
 " SANT, LNREMITTING INDUSTHY, DAILY DEPRIVA- 
 ** TM>N OF THE COMFORTS OF LIFK, aild ailxioilS iXttPU- 
 
 " tioi) to iij'miitc {'iiigalily, are almost inciimhtiit <jii 
 " a man o(" model ate rorliinc, and in the middle class ot* 
 " life : and ilie probabilities of Ultimate siieees.s are 
 " entainlv against a laicro tamiiv. In Eii^Iand, no 
 ** man lias a right, ealculjiimg upon the common chan- 
 " res, to CNpeet that five or six children shall all sue- 
 " ceed, however viriiions or industrious ihey may be. 
 
 *'ln Amcriea it is otherwise: yon may reasonably 
 *' rceKon upon aeomfoitablc settlement, according to 
 " your situation in liic, for every partota family, bow- 
 "ever numerous. Therein nothing in European coun- 
 '* tries equivalent to the taking off tliis weight upon the 
 "mind ot'a faiher of a lamiiy. It is fell in the occui- 
 "renccs of every day. Mr. Cooper remaiks, be has 
 "seen with pleasure the countenance of an European 
 "emigrant, in America, brighten up on this very com- 
 " fortable reflection; a reflection which consoles even 
 " for loss of friends, and exile from a native country. 
 
 " In England, if a man has been pecuniarily unfor- 
 "tunate the eager crowd press on and trample over him, 
 " and, once down, he is kept down. In America, a false 
 " ste[) is not irretrievable, there is room to get up 
 "again ; and the less unfortunate stumbler looksround 
 "at leisure, and without dismay, for some more pro- 
 " fitable path to l)c pursued. In England, every 
 "employment is full, we are pressed and elbowed on 
 "all sides: in America, every employment has room 
 <• for industry, and for many years almost every species 
 " of indir^trv must be successful." 
 
 Impart al persons, will not consider the above 
 remarks, of \\ interbolham, as exceeding the truth ; 
 for it is a well-known fact, tnal a great number of 
 appearances in life, from a kind of necessity, are carry- 
 iuii on their diflerent emnlovments with the most 
 distressing anxiety ; and if a few, among the many, 
 surmount these difnculties, after many years perse- 
 veranee they may, at last, be so fortunate as to acquire 
 a sufficient sum of money to enable them to put all, 
 or most of their children^ in the same perplexing 
 situation. 
 
lu Bucuan's hi)>hly.esteemed Treatise on Domestic Medicine, are 
 the following Remarks, treating on the Laborious and Sedentary. 
 
 " Though nothing can be more contrary to the nature of man 
 *^ than a sedentary life, yet this class comprehends the far greater 
 *' part of the species. Almost the whole female world, and, in 
 *^ manufacturing countries, the major part of the males may be 
 *' reckoned sedentary. Agriculture, the first and most healthful 
 ** of all employments, is now followed by few who are able to carry 
 '' on any other business. But those who imagine that the cul- 
 ^' ture of the earth is not sutUcient to employ all its inhabitants, 
 *' are greatly mistaken. An ancient Roman, we are told, could 
 '' maintain his family from the produce of one acre of ground : so 
 ^' might a modern Briton, if he would be contented to live like a 
 ^' Roman. This shews what an immense increase of inhabitants 
 ^^ Britain might admit of, and all of them live by the culture of the 
 'Aground. Agricultureisthegreat source of domestic riches. Where 
 ''^ it is neglected, whatever wealth may be imported from abroad, 
 '' poverty and misery will abound at home. Such is, and ever will 
 ^' be, the fluctuating state of trade and manufactures, that thousands 
 ^' of people mry be in full employment to>day, ar'^ in beggary 
 *' to-morrow. This can never happen to those who cultivate the 
 *' ground ; they can eat the fruit of their labour, and can always, 
 *' by industry, obtain at least the necessaries of life. 
 
 ^^ Labouring the ground is every way conducive to health. 
 ^' It not only gives exercise to every part of the body, but the 
 " very smell of the earth, and fresh herbs, revives and cheers the 
 ^' spirits, whilst the perpeturat prospect of something coming to 
 <' maturity delights and entertains the mind. We are so formed 
 ^' as to be always pleased with somewhat in prospect, however 
 *' distant or however trivial. Hence the happiness that most men 
 " feel, in planting, sowing, building, &c. These seem to have 
 " been the chief employments of the more early ages ; and when 
 '* Kings and Conquerors cultivated the ground, there is reason to 
 *' believe that they knew as well wherein true happiness 
 " consisted as wo do.'^ 
 
 This is not only true in theory, but it is confirmed by daily ob- 
 servation, that many eminent persons in great cities, after they 
 have been giving their attention to business the greater part of their 
 lives, are generally retiring to these rural employments, as most 
 congenial to human felicity ; especially to a religious mind, which 
 may enjoy such satisfaction in contemplating the wisdom and 
 goodness of God, in the ordinary operations of the works of 
 nature, in such innocent and harmless simplicity, compared with 
 the artifice and deceptive contrivance which the mind is engaged 
 in, in making and vending most of the works of art, which, 
 through the numerous competitors of every calling, operate nearly 
 as forcibly as the laws of necessity ; so that we ^' may be seeking 
 
16 
 
 death in the errors of Ufa, and bringing upon oursclvrs destruction 
 with 'he woiks of our hunds." 
 
 Siiici' the forogoin^ description was published, not withstanding 
 the circnmstnnccH of the latu war, which were a gr> at impediment 
 to emigration, yet the natural advantages of Princf Kdward Island 
 are Huch, that by the ordinary increase of population, and some^ 
 emigration, the number of inhabitants are now supposed to be 
 about twenty thousand. 
 
 The low price of Land in new Countries, generally advances in 
 proportion to the demand of an increasing population, especially 
 those Jjands situate near navigable Water. The price of Land, 
 Farming Stock, and Provisions is soniewlmt raised since the 
 publishing of the above account; yet good Land may now be' 
 purchased at from fifteen shillings to a guinea per acre, according 
 to its situation ; and Farms at no time have been rented at lower 
 than one shilling, nor higher than two shillings, sterling, per acre. 
 Some proprietors now let their I^nd in its natural state, the first 
 year at three pence per acre, and to raise three pence per acre 
 annually, till it comes to eighteen pence, sterling, per acre, and so 
 to remain for ever. The current prices for cattle and provisions 
 for the year 1818, may be averaged as follows: — A good 
 serviceable horse for draft or the saddle, abour 181.; a milch cow 
 and calf from 61. to 81. ; a pair of four-year old oxen, about 161. ; 
 ewes with lambs 25s. pigs, in abundance, in proportion toff 
 their size ; beef, mutton, and pork, from 4d. to 6d. per lb i| 
 according to the season of the year, and the demand for home 
 consumption or exportation. Butter, about Is. per lb. ; wheat,; 
 about 7s. ; barley 4s. ; oats 2s. 6d. ; and potatoes Is. 8d. per 
 "Winchester bushel. The Trade of the Island has also much 
 increased. From forty to fifty sail of shipping have been annually 
 loaded with timber for Great Britain these some years past ; and 
 there has likewise been a considerable export of cattle, sheep, 
 lumber, grain, and potatoes, to the neighbouring Colonies of Nova 
 Scotia and Newfoundland, and some to the West Indies, in vessels 
 built and owned by persons on the Island. This occasions a 
 considerablB demand and employment for industrious labourers, 
 both ift farming, and loading the Timber Ships, &c. and more 
 especially for those who can use the axe — an art which is very 
 . soon acquired. 
 
 There have also some Fisheries been established, for which 
 business this Island is peculiarly adapted. > 
 
 Since the increase of Population, several Dissenting Ministers 
 have come to reside on the Island, and Meeting Houses have been 
 built for thfir accommodation, which are numerously attended. 
 Those of the Established Church, Dissenters, and Roman 
 Catholics, appear to live in good neighbourhood, in being ready to 
 render mutuil assistance to each other. 
 
 FINIS. 
 
T 
 
 ( 
 
 J