^ > IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 1.1 11.25 Ui|28 |25 tii Uii 12.2 Uf 114 ■" S^ 1^ |2-0 MUM i.4 11.6 6" Photographic Sdmoes Corporalion ^ a>^ <> ^. ^. ^"^^J^ ^^^ \ 93 vm MAINSTRIIT f.T»t*TIII,N.Y. M5tO (71«) •72-4503 CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHIVI/ICMH Collection microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes tacliniquaa at bibiiographiquaa Tlia instituta lias attamptad to obtain tha baat original copy avaiiabia for filming. Foatui js of this copy which may ba bibliographically uniqua, which may altar any of tha imagaa in tha raproduction. or which may aignificantly changa tha usual mathod of filming, ara chackad baiow. 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Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be ffilmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one expoaure are ffilmed beginning in the upper lefft hand corner, lefft to right end top to bottom, as many fframea as required. The ffollowing diagrama illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre filmAs A des taux da reduction diffffArants. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atra raprodult en un seul clichA, il est ffiimA A partir da Tangle aupAriaur gauche, de gauche A droits, et de haut en baa, en prenant la nombre d'imegas nAcessaire. lias diagrammas suivants illustrent la mAthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 di8 yel CO] mmmmmmmmm FEW WORDS UPON CANADA, AND HER PRODUCTIONS IN THE GREAT EXHIBITION. "Although every foreigner the instant he lands in England is struck with the evidence displayed before him, in every direction, of the wealth and energy of the British people, yet a much more striking exemplification of both is to be seen by any one who will carefully survey a Bbitish Colony."— Sir Francis B. Htad's " Emigrant." PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY. LONDON: W.&T. PIPER, PATERNOSTER ROW, UDCOCII. PRICE ONE PENNY. ^ The Header will find in the few pagesi which are here offered to him nothing more than a plain and truthful otatement of the advantages which the important colony of Canada presents to the British emigrant. It has been compiled with a view of afibrding such information upon the natural state of the country, and the positir- it has assumed since it became a part of the British dominions, as one premeditating a resi- dence there would be desirous of acquiring, and which it is absolutely indispensable for him to know ere he travels thitherward with the hope of turning his labours to a profitable account. The Canadians have gone to a very considerable expense in forwarding to the Great Exhibition a large supply of the Natural and Manufactured Produce of the Colony; and it has been deemed advisable, by those interested in its welfare and future success, to second their efforts by publishing some facts in con- nection with these productions. The writer beg& to acknowledge the assistance be has received from W. £. Logan, Esq., F.6.S., for his valuable remarks on the Minerals of Canada, and from A. Fergusson, Esq., for those on Agriculture : both of these gentlemen have been long resident in that country. He has also consulted with advantage Mr. T. C. Reefer's Prize Essay on " The Canals of Canada," and Mr. Warburton's " Hoche- laga, or England in the New World " — the work of an intelligent and observant mind. i London, June 4, 1851. CANADA. him ntages igrant. 1 upon 1 since 1 resi- ilutely ; hope 3 gone tion a )lony ; •e and 1 con- ge the iluable 1; for isident eefer's roche-' It and 3 '■a " The most powerful impression Ireceived wag on turning down into Canada and wandering among the products of that world we call our colonies ; those atranje grains, and woods, and animals; those barbarous utensils, arms, und ornaments, mixed up with all the evidences of English civilization ; those works of living savage populations— our fellow-subjects! Neither the mass nor the perfection of all that Birmingham, and Sheffield, and Manchester contribute, gave me such an awful sense of the power and the responsibility of England as these contributions of our remotest and earliest setllcmeuts to their glorious Mother Country." '• fVanderings in the Ch-ystal Palace"— JrU Journal, June, 1851. The opening of the Great Industrial Exhibition Is an event des- tined to occupy no unimportant page in the future history of Great Britain ; but the record cannot appear as a simple historical fact for the mere informa- tion of those who come after us ; its influence will not have passed away with the final closing of the doors of the " Crystal Palace;" nor will the lessons it has taught, whether of good or of evil, be lost when the nations that have thus been called together have returned " each to his own home." The summons England boldly, though not ostentatiously, put forth has been as boldly and as promptly answered from every quarter of the habitable globe ; and, while the congregated masses of human science, ingenuity, and labour are viewed by some only as examples of what the industry and know- ledge of men are capable of accomplishing, and are therefore regarded as objects of curiosity and of display ; there are thousands who recognise in them a higher and worthier motive, and regard them as matters in which they themselves are individually interested, and from which, either directly or indirectly, they are looking for some ulterior benefit. It would be easy to point out a variety of ways by which such advantage may be attained ; but the object of this little work being a specific one, and addressed to a par- ticular class, our remarks must be kept strictly within the limits we have assigned ourselves. Emigration now, as for years past, is occupying the attention of thousands of our fellow-countrymen, and there cannot be a doubt that a large number of those who visit the Exhibition will do so for the pur- pose of seeing with their own eyes the productions of distant lands, and of acquiring some knowledge that may be practically available in those coun- tries whither it may be their intention to migrate. Canada, from its com- parative nearness to England, has long been a favourite place of settlement with the British emigrant, and it is with the view of offering some useful and available information upon the country to such as may entertain an idea of settling there, that those interested in the welfare of this important colony are induced to put forth a few brief remarks upon the advantages it presents, and upon its natural and manufactured produce as seen in the Great Exhibition. But, for the better understanding of the subject, it will be necessary to make some preliminary observations on the country itself, with reference to its particular locality, and on its climate. Canada occupies a space on the continent of North America of about 300 miles in length from south to north, by about 1000 miles in breadth. On the south, and partly on the east and west, it is bounded by the United States, and on the north by other British possessions; it is difficult, however ,-to describe its exact limits so as to render them comprehensible without the aid of a map. It is divided into Upper and Lower Canada, but both are under the same rule of government, and are sabject to the laws made by the united members of the two divisions ia one Legislature. The country is intersected by numerous rivers, which b2 TAIfADA. run oithor into tho gront liikni thnt Nopnratu It on thn anuth nnil on the wi^it from tlio UoIUmI Htiilon, or into llio Hr. t.nwn'nro ltlvi>r, wlilcli lolnn tlicio lalt«<« witli ilio /Vtliinllo Duoiiii. Ily nionnii o( tlio Wolliind ('iiniil, rucontly complctoil lit u viiHl oxponHo to itvoiil thn IntorniptionM of tlio I'iiIIn or thn NlHgiii'ii, Itotwocn Iiiil«>ii Krio iiiiil Ontario, tlio niivi^^iitlon Into tlio intrrlor hnn hoon rt montli of tin* St. Ijiwnii'on to tlio Ih I'nitcil StatcM. Fiirtlicr iniiind, l.iilti'Sn|Mtrior, liirKO ononKli to tut worthy of tlio niiinc of ii hch, In niivlKiiliio iit rrrtiiln hcm- •onM of tho ycHr ; iinil, iiltlioiiKh tlui cliiiiint'l cxlHlin^ luttwirn It iinil I.iilio Huron Ih not iiviilhilil«>, ii Nyntcni of IkiiiI riirrliiK«' rn'rvcn to Niipply ItN pluc<<. Tho country ly!n|( to tho north of liiilio Miip(>rior, mo fur ii'h It Ihin lioon oiirofully oxpiorod, )>roHontK liltio iitti notion to thi>m>ttlor; It Ic ^onoraily dn>nry, its HtroiiuH iiro Htnuil, and it Ih dollolcnt in wood lit for oonnnorcial purpoHOD. Tlio olliiialo in oohl, thoiiKli not lyln^ in a lilKhor latiiiido than Quoboo, and Kiinio and ONOiilont pInntH iiro cxooodin»(ly riiro. Tlio iiortli uinl north-oiiMt »)ioro>« of Liilio Huron aro modoratoly olovatod and hrokon. Oil tho forinor Ihoro Ik u hroadlli of aliout ton miloH, of wliioh tho vulioyN and HlopoH, yioldluK valuabiti wood and a good Hoil,aro capabloof notfloniont, but tliu oonntry in tlio roar In inforior ; whiio, on tho luttor, tlio oouNt In rnoliy, but tlu'ro In Nnid to bo land of ^ood quality lioyond. Tliu traotn of oonntry botwo'Mi tho Lako Huron and LukoH Krio and Ontario, und on tho baidcN of tlio (ifroat St. Lawronco, to Qiioboc, uro thoHu wliloli aro moro thickly popu- latod, and wlioro Moiitroai, Toronto, and all thu principiilHtowiiNaroNltuatod. Tho cliinato of Canada K>'i?utly rosombloH that of tho north of ( lonnany and the centre of KiisHla. Tlio ((routor part of tho oonntry In covisrod witli niiow from two to four monthii in tho year, and inuHt of tho rivorH aro illiod with Icti for nearly tho Niiino period, ho as to nlop tho navlKatl(Mi ; but, on tho other hand, the Mimmor is hotter than in Kuropoan countricH lying under the muno latitude, and tlio climate in HltoKother moro ooiiNtant ; the extroinoN, appa- rently 80 objoctionable, rendering tlio natural pioduetioiiH of the country moHt varied. Tlio strong and steady heat of the sutniner inatiiroH with grout rapidity tlie most valuable plants and fruits, while the severe cold of thu winter enables the inhabitants to oomliine tlic products of tlu; northern witli those of the aonthorn elinics. Thus tho grapo, poach, and melon como to perfection in Western ranudu without tlio iiecossity of forcing ; while wheat, which cannot bo grown in Norway, ripeiiH in similar latitudes of East'irn Canada. At Quebec apples und pears are abundant, bnt tlio peach and the grape do not succoi-d. At Montreal these fruits ripen ; but in tiio districts surrounding Lake Erie grapes, peaches, and nectarines are produced in abundance and perfection. The purity of tlie air, und the aiiHonco of fogs at all times, mainly contribute to this result. All tho vei;otubles grown in England can lie raised in Canada. Canada ia strictly an agricultural country, throe-fourths of its inhabitantfl, on the lowest computation, being engaged in funning operations. The grains principally cultivated arc wheat, barley, oats, rye, Indian corn, and buck- wheat ; hemp, flax^ and tobacco are also produced in many districts. We shall, however, find occasion hereafter to enter at greater lengtii upon this part of the subject. But one of the great sources of the wealth of this country arc its vast forests, covering a large extent of the surface of the land, and yielding annually an abundance of the finest timber, not only of the commoner kinds, but of those adapted for ornamental purposes. This mutter must also be enlarged upon in a future place. The domestic animals are nearly the same as our own— horses, cattle, sheep, and swine. The wild animals are bears, wo'ves, foxes, deer, moosedeer, beavers, otters, Sec. The skins of most of tliese are in much request for articles of apparel, and some of them are valued at a high price. Fish is abundant in the numerous lakes, where a field of enterprise is at this date almost untouched. Cod is taken in various parts in great quantities ; and the herring and salmon fisheries are also considerable. Some idea may be formed of the value of the Canadian animals and their productions when I T c CANADA. • It liitnlMl tliutlii thrycar 1H4!) thu uiniiuiitorauch export* nachnil £1U4,:U1, of wliitili luin iK'iirly X'*.iO,000 worth wont tu tliu Uiillnl Slutim; Hrid t)in lu porta urittlog from tliuir lUhurlu* wuro in ttiu biiiou ycur vuliiud ut Jtr.HO*).* MINKHALM. Tlir nilnomlH of Cnnndii tint both vuricd and Impnrtnnt, itnd offer ron- Mdcriililc iiidiicrmrntN to thn MclfiitiflR ncttliT. Tli«> coiintry iiboiitiil^ In the orcH of Iron, connlNttn^ of lh(Mnu|{nH.lRHnd nprriihir oxidfM, and thtt hv'lntt,ml pcroxidt! or lio^ on>. Thn Itrnt orciirH in hcdM, Roni«>Hni IVuni l.iiko Huron to Liihradnr, llo dintiinra nortli from thtt li-ft lmnl< of tlio ItlvtT Ht. f.awronrti and Km laltrN, rroNNlni; tlio rivor iit (ho TliouHiind iHlnndH only hcl(»w Klnf^ton, to form u Junction with a KD-at pt'oinHulHr-Nhapt'd nrcit of thn HHOir, orrnpyioK n nionntalnouH rculon in Nortlirrn Now Yorl<, Iti'twpcn l.iiltcN Clianipliiin and Ontario. Tlic producn of thooro in puro mi>tMl K<'ni'rnlly ranj^oH from (iO to 70 per cont. Wood for fuel Ih in ahundanco near all itn loculitlrn. HpfRuiar Iron orooRCMm In flio towoMlilp of Marnah, wli<>r«i tlicrts In n vnlimldn and Important l»«'d, and niHo on tlot north ttlioro of l,alen In tiie lilxhiliition. liead ore Ih finind In Heverai parfn of C'unada, altout Itedford, ItiiHtard, ritxroy, and otln-r placen, and uMHoclated with copper on tin; Oaiiiirlian Hlioro of Lalugh cake eoftper has l>cen oliipptHl for tlie United Htates. One of such cakes may now l>e seen in the Kxliiitition. Nntivo gold exists ir the EuHtern Townships, along the south-eastern side of the Green Mountain range, and in localities too numerous to mention, but nowhere in such quantities as to render tiie search for it deHirablo in comparison with the other metallic ores. Selected specimens fnmt the worl(ing8 of the Chandi(>re Mining ('ompany, weighing from a few grains to a quarter of a pound, and smaller pieces from other localities, contril)uted from thfc Museum of the Ucolugical Survey, have, however, been forwarded to the Exhibition. Many of the rocks and earthy minerals of the country are worthy of attention as commercially valuable. Among these may be mentioned a puro white dolomite, and a nearly pure carbonate of magnesia ; of stone paints, barytcs occurs in large veins on Lake Superior, and in smaller quan- tities about Bedford and Hathurst, as well us a great abundance of iron ochres, in many places producing several beautiful tints allied to Sienna brown. Lithographic stone is found at Marmora, whence it appears to range for about seventy miles towards Rama, on Lake Simcoe. Of these there are specimens in the Exliibition. Of materials applicable to jewellery, agates and jasper pebbles abound on Lake Superior and in other places, and jasper is found at Sberbrooke. Ame- thysts occur on the north shore of Lake Superior, and hyacinths, at (irrenville, on the Ottawa. White quartzosc sandstone, suitable for glass-makiug, exists * It should be here stated that the suniB mentioned throu|;hout this work are stated in Tvhat the Canadians call "currency." An English soverei^ is worth in Canada jffl. 4s. 4d; so that about one-sixth must b« deducted from these lereral sums to ^ive their relativa Kuglish value. b3 CANADA. in various parti of tho provincp, and glasii U made from it at Vaitdruell and St. John. Plumbago Is found at Orcnviile, asbestus in DulhouMie, and largo beds of pure soapstono in the ea(>tern townships, well adapted for the lining of furnaces, baldng-stones, See. Canada is not deficient in mineral manures, such as phosphb*:^ of lime, about Burgess, Westmeath, und Hull. Oypsum is met with along the course of the Grand River from Cayuga to Dumfries, and is svorlced in various places. When ground in mills it constitutes a considerable article of trade for agricultural purposes. Shoil marl Is a vury abundant production in numerous parts of both sections of the country. Various rocks of the country, such as granite and whitish trap, afford excellent millstones; and whetstones have been manufactured from bands of talcose slate in Madoc, Stanstead, Hatley, Sec. Hoofing slates have been quarried in Frampton, and they occur in ground not yet worlced about Kingsey and Halifax, and in greater abundance on the Riviere du Loup, in Jersey. Flagstones are abundant In the vicinity of Toronto and in the eastern townships. Building ptones of different qualities may l)» met with almost everywhere. Various useful kinds of marble are obtained at Mac- nab, Orenville, f'hillipsburgh, St. Dominique, and other places, and ser- pentine abounds in the Eastern Townships. Peat occurs in some abundance in the flat country on the south sHe of the ▼alley of the Ottawa, and in a similar district on the south side of the St. Lawrence. Coal has not hitherto been discovered, but this is amply atoned for by the existence of magnificent timber serving for fuel and all other purposes to which reference will now be made. WOODS AND FORESTS. All who are acquainted with the commerce of Canada are aware that her timber exportations form a very important item In it ; and this will afford no matter of surprise when the variety of her forest growth is considered. Birch, ouk, black walnut, hard and soft maple, ash, red rock elm, pine, bird's-eye maple, spruce, basswood, butternut, white oak, ironwood, tama- rack, and others, are found in various places growing in luxurious abun- dance ; but the white and the red pine are what the Canadians chiefly export. The valley of the Ottawa Is one of the great sources of these two species, whence it is brought down the river, a distance of 660 miles, to the shipping port of Quebec, in enormous rafts, some of which cover a superficial space of 80,000 feet. In Mr. Warburton's interest- ing and valuable work, '' Hochelaga, or England in the New World," we find the following description of one of these huge floating fields :— " For 100 miles up the great river the scene is the same, monotonous, if you will, but monotonous in beauty; the shores all along thickly dotted with the white cottages of the simple inhabitants. A short distance above Cape Rouge we met a large raft of white pine, one of the strange sights of the St. Lawrence. It was about three acres of timber, bound together by clamps of wood into a solid stage ; on this were erected five or six wooden houses, the dwellings of the raftsmen. The wind was in their favour, and they had raised in front a great number of broad, thin boards, with the flat sides turned to the breeze, so as to form an immense sail. These floating islands are guided by long oars ; tliey drop down with the stream till they meet with the tide, then anchor when it turns, till the tide again comes to their aid. They have travelled from many hundred miles in the interior ; by the banks of the far-distant Ottawa those pines were felled ; in the depth of winter the remote forests ring with the woodman's axe; the trees are lopped of their branches, squared, and dragged by horses over the deep snow to the rivers, where, upon ttte ice, the rafts are formed. When the thaw in the spring opens up the mountain streams, the stout lumberers collect the remains of their winter stock with their well-worn instruments, and on these rafts boldly trust themselves to the swollen waters." The largest white pine trees of the Ottawa are used for masts, and are of sufficient diameter to yield planks five feet in breadth, i and CANADA. 7 free from sap. The largest red pine tree will give logs of about 18 incliei square and 40 feet long. White oak is another of the important com- merciul woodii of Canada: it grows principally in the western division of the country, and Is much used both there and elsewlicro for Hhlp-building. A large plunii, 2(i inches in breadth, of this wood is in the Exhibition. From the same part of the province of Canada is chiefly derived the black walnut, the use of which for ornamental furniture may be seen in 'he various manufactured articles contributed to the Exhibition. It also forms a con- siderablc material in the interior decoration of houses, and, as it growM in Immi-n^e quantities, the inhabitants can afford to export it freely, which they do, generally to the United States. The curled maple, bearing so strong a resemblance to satin-wood, and the bird's-eye maple, both well adapted for ornamental purposes, are abundant; the soft or sugar maple is not much used by the manufacturer, the proprie- tors of the land reserving it for its yield of the matter from which it has acquired its name. Hard maple is made up into the best articles of common furniture, and, with the black and red beech, it. is extensively imported Into the United States, where, as in Canada, it is used for similar purposes. These three kinds of wood and beech constitute the staple domestic fuel of i';e Canadians ; the latter wood affords a peculiar acid, for the manufacture of which several establishments have recently been erected in the country. The presence of all the woods here enumerated is considered an undoubted sign of the soil being good and fruitful ; as is also that of the bass, or white- wood tree, growing most extensively in both parts of the province. This kind Is much used for the pannels of carriages of every description, as well aa for the Interior of cabinetwork, and for some of the commonei' domestic articles. The butternut tree is a si^n of good dry land ; it forms one of the best materials for veneering cabinetwork, as it Is not liable to warp or crack. White spruce is almost exclusively applied to building purposes; it forms a considerable branch of export trade, large quantities of it as well of white pine being sent to Europe and the United States. Samples of the hickory>wood may be seen in the various agricultural and mechanical imple- ments in the Exhibition; its toughness adapting it, in a peculiar degree, for the handles of axes and tools of all kinds, for grain-cradles, &c. ; it is of sufficient importance to be made an article of export to Great Britain. This brief allusion to the principal trees that make up the vast forests of Canada will suffice to show their great importance to the settler in that country ; and it is with this view that the Canadian authorities have been induced to contribute the various specimens that are placed in the Exhibition. The total value of the timber imported from Canada in the year 1849 was £1,327,537. ISs. 4d. Of this vast sum upwards of one million's worth came to Great Britain, and the far larger portion of the remainder was sent to the United States. AGRICULTURE. Agriculture, as a science, it must be acknowledged is almost, if not entirely, unknown, or, at least, very partially developed ; and it would scarcely be reasonable to expect it otherwise, considering the spontaneous fertility of the soil, and the desultory character of those who have assumed the business of farming. Men are not naturally inclined to spend their means and their labour liberally, where neither is required to make a profitable investment ; and the settler in Canada frequently finds that such an outlay of his capital and his toil is not absolutely needful, for no formidable difficulties present themselves in regard to the climate as affecting farming operations. The topographical position of Upper and Lower Canada, in relation to each other, is apt to convey an impression of superior geniality as regards the latter. This, however, is altogether incorrect ; in fact, the very reverse is the case. Both divisions of the province possess advantages peculiar to themselves, and calculated, in a considerable degree, to equalize success among the settlers. As an example, we may in Upper Canada look in vain for peas rivalling those which Lower Canada grows in abundance, and of Which she has seat such fine samples to the Exhibition. A pestilent insect CANADA. knowa •• the " pea*bug," too often blaatt the expcetations of the Upper Canadian ; while, aa a Mt-off, he is inorr than compensated by hiK splendid crops of winter wheat. AlthouRh allusion has already been made to the climate of the countrr, a few more extended remarks will not bn deemed oat of place here ; and of this Mr. Warburton's book, before referred to, glvea the following information :— •" With the exception of a very few bitterly cold days, the winter is far from being disagreeable ; the pure, dry, fronty air haa at times a most exhilnratlnK effect ; and the blue, unclouded nky above relicTes the eye from the almost painful monotony of the snowy earth. While the snow is melting away in spring, tlie weather Is usually beautiful and very warm. Then, when the young summer fairly sets in, nothing can lie mora charming than the climate, bright and warm during the day, with the air still pure and clear as ever ; and the transition from bare brown flelds and woods to verdure and rich green foliage is so rapid that you can almost fancy you see Its progress; while at night light frosts refresh the atmosphere, and brace the norves relaxed by the delicious warmth of the day. " To this succeed July and August, almost terrible in tlinir intonno heat; the roads and rocks so hot at midday as to be painful to the touch, and the strength of the direct rays of the sun even greater than in the tropics ; but the night always brings a rcinvigorating coolness, and the breezes of the morning are ua fresh and tempered as in England. The autumn, or the ' Fall,' as the Canadians call it, rivals the spring in its healthy and inonerate warmth, and far excels it in the beauty of the colouring which it bestows." It must be remembered that this eulogium in favour of the climate of Canada is not written by one who had an object of self-interest in painting it in the most glowing colours, but by an intelligent and bbservant traveller who passed through the length and breadth of the land for the purpose of making himself thoroughly acquainted with all Its peculiaritks, and of ren- dering a truthful report of what he saw and felt — a report which fully corro- borates the accounts of other writers, both residents and visitors. The country, as a whole, is a valuable agricultural one, and it would be futile to speculate upon the supplies she may furnish, should her farmers once bt'coroe acquainted with ai-d carry out the improvements of modern husbandry, so as to deve- lop all U'-^r natural resources. Attention to these improvements is absolutely necessary, whatever natural qualities any country may possess ; but, at the present time, it cannot be denied that the Canadian larmer is wofully addicted to slovenly habits, for, when crops fail, or fields become overgrown with weeds, instead of ridding the land of its rubbish, he lays his axe to a few fresh acres of the " bush," and so perpetuates the evil. This system will, however, no doubt come to an end by and by, as the population increases, and as land becomes more difficult to acquire. It is, perhaps, not too much to affirm that a finer tract of country for the operations of the industrious and intelligent agriculturist is nowhere to be met with, bounded by the in- land seas of Canada, while those mighty lakes and the giant rivers, and the canals connected with them, offer mill power and means of transport perhaps unequalled in the universe. On this point Mr. Warburton says : — " To the emigrant from the British islands there is, perhaps, no place in the world offering a better settlement than the eastern townships of Lower Canada. There, in his log hut, with his wife and children round him to cheer bis labour, he may speedily cut out his independence from the magnifi- cent forests, and possess the fertile land. In less than twelve months of patient toil enough is cleared for the production of sufficient potatoes and corn to place him beyond the reach of want, and set him in the road to competence. In Upper Canada also the prospects of the settler are not less encouraging. The Canada Company published a statement a few years ago of the condition of the people at the settlement of Goderich ; in 1829 was the first commencement; in 1840 six thousand people had established themselves there and made improvements in the lands, and acquired live stock to the amount of £242,287 ; nearly half of this was in the possession of families who had originally nothing, or, at roost, some few of them had £10 to start with; the remainder was accumulated by people who had been slightly better off la the world. Most of the first 8etU«^j-s haTe < CAKAPA. i and alrcarly paid oat aliin the full extent of their piirehaM-money, and are now freeholders of the 1 nd. With a aufilci0nt capital hnd extmt of land under cultivation to miilie it worth 'hit whiie to devote hia time to it, a man who understood it woiiid at once be able to live in comfort and muke money on a farm." The quality of the various xrains commonly produced in the country the visitor of the Rxhibition has abundant opportunity uf testing in the contents of the cmUs exposed to view, lie will And there sprintc wheat, and autumn or " fail " wheat, as It is termod ; barley, oats, lionns of varloua kinds, peas, flaxseed, clover, buckwheat, flour, Iniiian meal, hops, oiitmeal; in short, everything, with many additions, which ho would see in an l-]nffli«h market tow:i upon a market>day. The cultivation of fltix is at present much occupying the attention of the Canadian ai^rlculturist, and considerable rivalry exists as to the liest method of preparing it for the manufacturer. In the yenr 1HI<) Canada exported agricultural produce to England to the value of .£;i'i(l,5l(). 8s. 4d. ; North America received to the amount of £l05,r)H0.' «. 1 Id. The increase during the past year was very large. And it must not bo forgotten that thJH large amount accrues from a country not one-tenth or one-twentieth part of which Is under cultivation, even of those localities host adapted for the operations of the farmer. Tiio cry there la still for more cultivators. The thousands of emigrants continually passing thither arc Hoon scattered over the vast ten'ories thai 1ai:k inhabitants, and appear to make but little difference in the extent occupied. The solitary places and the wilderness have as yet found no civilized tenant in proportion to the number they could maintain. MANUFACTURES. It cannot reasonably be expected that a country like Canada, whose inhabitants are mainly occupied in procuring the necessaries of life, should have paid much attention to the production of its luxuries. Its social and domestic comforts arc what man generally — and more especiaily an English- man, and those of like di^iposition with him, us the Canadian — flrst looks for. When he has gained this, and his circumstances permit it, he seeks after what will add to his mental and physical enjoyment. And thus it is we And the contributions of the industrial art of the Canadian consist more of the useful than of the ornamental, though there is no lack of the latter. Of the former we may instance as suitable for domestic and personal use the blankets, of a quality scarcely, if at all, to be surpassed in England ; counterpanes, table-cloths, linens, carpeting, cloths of various kinds suited to the climate of the country, leather, &c. Sec. ; and among the ornamental we may point out the furniture adapted for the mansion of the wealthy ; the carriages and harness, &c. ; while the artisan and the ?chanic will And in the specimens of tools of all sorts everything requisite for the promotion of his trade and manufacture, with a special reference to the peculiarities of the country. Nor will the scientiflc operative pass by this department of the Great Exhibition without seeing in it something worthy of his notice to prove that there is here also room for the display of his skill in what relates to machinery and such matters, as the powerful and beautifully-constructed fire-engine, the model of a locomotive, models of bridges, &c. In short, the rapidly-increasing population of this colony within the last few years has called into operation a corresponding increase in every description of its manufactures, and still the supply is unequal to the demand. There Is no doubt that skilful and intelligent mechanics, men altogether of a superior class, would find there a wide and remunerating field for the exercise of their talents. It may be mentioned, as a proof of the value and extent of the manufactures of Canada, that in the year 1849 she exported to the United States and other places gooda to the amount of £30,000 and upwards. STATISTICS. The population c f Canada, in proportion to the extent of the country, is not very large, but it increases annually to a considerable amount ; this is 10 CANADA. reMonably to be looked for from the aeoession it reeeinM from the numeroae emignMita who take up their residenee there. The oenins taken in 1848 showed a popalation of 1,406,000 in the imd provineea; that of Lower Canada exceedioK Upper oy about 50,000. In 1849 the number of inhabi- tcnta had increased to 1^2,000, equally distributed between the two proTinees, and showing a surplus over the preceding year of 177,000. This increase is so enormous thnt we are almost compelled to doubt its accuracy, soeing Li amounts to about one-ninth of the entire «H>pnlation ; but it is so stated in " Scobie's Canadian Almanac" for 1851, a work of good authority in the country. Nearly, if nut quite, one-half of the inhabitants, being descended from French or Irish settlers, are of the Roman Catholic religion, whose church establishment is richly endowed ; nor is the Protestant faith less liberally cared for both by the friends of the English Church, and by those who dissent from it ; indeed, wherever a congregation exists able to support a place of worship, such an edifice will be found. In 1818 schools were generally established in Lower Canada under ft settled syfttem, supported by a grant from the provincial Legislature ; but in 1832 this grant was reduced, and the year after discontinued altogether; for a separate plan had been commenced in 1829, giving a school to every parish, under the care of trustees elected by the landholders, who were allowed ';o ho^d and manage the school property, and receive benefactions. At this time there were 1344 elementary schools in Lower Canada, besides a certain nemher of girls' schools, each attached to a Roman Catholic church. In io36 two normal schools were established by the Legislature, and con- siderable grants of money were made for the purpose of training teachera for the country districts. In 1849 the number of schools in operation in Upper Canada, under what is termed the "Common School Acts," was 2871, attended by 138,465 children; and in Lower Canada 1417 schools received 68,422 children. It may, therefore, be remarked that throughout the whole of Canada, except in the remote and very thinly-settled districts, there are fair opportunities of ordinary useful instruction for every one. The higher classes of educational establishments it is unnecessary to refer to here, as they scarcely come within the scope of the object of this pamphlet ; it is sufficient to state they are within reach of all who can avail themselves of them. The extent of the commerce of this important colony may be gathered from the following statement : — In the year 1849 there entered the port of Quebec 1328 vessels, measuring 465,088 tons ; and the port of Montreal 144 vessels, measuring 37,425 tons ; and there cleared outwards from the former place 1243 ships, measuring 481,237 tons ; and from the Utter 149 ships, measuring 40,377 tons. The imports consist chiefly of sugar, molasses, tea, tobacco, wines and liquors, salt, fruits and spices, salt and fresh meat, leather, oils, eotton goods, iron and hardware, woollens, linens, silks, &c. &c., valued at £3,002,599 ; while the exports, the particulars of which have been already given, amounted in the same year to JS2,327,564. The Custom-house receipts average about ; £800,000 annually, and up to (he 31st October of last year, (the Government expenses and interest of debentures having been paid,) there was a surplus oil half a million currency to the credit of the revenue. Railroads, which have of late years done so much to bring " nations, peo- ple, and tonguee" into frequent and rapid commanication with each other, have nol been forgotten amid the many improvements lately introduced into Canada. The Great Western Railroad extends from Hamilton to Detroit, with a branch from London to Samia, and another from Hamilton to Lewiston, connecting the great lines to Chicago and St. Louis with Boston and New York, and with Toronto, Montreal, and Quebec ; besides bringing down all the produce and copper o.e from Lakes Superior and Huron. The Canadian Government has ::lso consented to undertake a railway from Halifax to Quebec, a distance of 600 ra'let; this will be extended to Mel- bourne, in the Eastern Townships, and wi'I form a junction with the line between Montreal and Portland, of ^h^ch 100 miles is completed. The canals, having nine feet of water, are open to Hamilton, and a vesael of nearly 400 tons may sail from that port to the sea. J 4i a CAITADA. 11 It msy not be ont of place to remark here, that tlie great canals on the 6t. Lawrence have opeiMd up a route for emigrants to the western parts of Canada, and to all parts of the United States of America bordering on the graat lakes, which possesses considerable advantages over that previously nsed by the way of New York and the Erie Canal. In the first place, the passage money to Quebec is generally less than that t'> New York, and the distance from England to the former port is shorter by about 250 miles than to the latter ; but the chief advantage is this, that emigrants, on ar- riving at Qaebec, are at once placed on board large and commodious steam- vessels which convey them, without any delay, to their several places of r^es- tination j whereas, if travelling by way of New York, they are compelled to land, with all their luggage, in that city ; and are subjected, for a time, to all the annoyances of lodging-house-keepers, agents, &;c. &c. After leaving New York they are conveyed by steamers 160 miles up the River Hudson to Albany, where they are transferred to boats on the Erie as far as Buffalo, a distance of 363 miles; the boats are towed by horses, so that the passage occupies from eight to ten days, while the passage from Qaebec to Buffalo is completed within three days ; first-class steamers conveying the traveller to Lewiston, 520 miles, and the railway from Lewiston to Buffalo the remaining distance of 30 miles. Her Majesty's Colonial Land and Emigration Commissioners, referring to the St. Lawrence canals and steamers, observe that **they offer great a^antagee to emigrants proceeding to th» Western States, as they make therotUe of the St. Lawrence mwh shorter and cheaper than by the way of the United States." »ns, peo- !h other, troduced ilton to (amilton Boston bringing n. The ay from to Mel- the line id. The veasel of GENERAL OBSERVATIONS. Thanks to various concurrent circumstances, the British farmer who emi- grates to Canada may rest assured that nowhere will be be less sensible of having made a change of home than by fixing himself there, especially in the western province, always premising the serious consideration tchether he should make a change at all. He must not lie so unwise as to indulge in golden dreamsof amassing wealth quickly, but he may confidently anticipate an abundance of the necessary comforts of life, and avoid many of those anxieties concerning the future well-being of himself and bis children, tliat, perchance, disturb his mind and depress his energiec here ; at all events, lie will escape the trials with which he has struggled to meet his engageme< ts to his landlord, who would relieve him if he could, but who is, probably, w.ore willing than able to exercise feelings of kindness and consideration. Little, indeed it may be said no, method or definite system is pursued in Canadian husbandry, and, in consequence, much evil has frequently resulted from growing wheat to excess. A judicious rotation will effect wonders, especially when combined with due attention to the products of the dairy, to improvement in the breed and treatment of live stock, and the composition and application of manure, hitherto not unfrequently deposited upon the ice in place of the land, and Uiere left to fioat off in the spring, or else allowed to accumulate year after year, until it becomes necessary to erect new stables to abate the nuisance. While it will be found that Canada contains, comparatively, but a small portion of sterile land, there is yet a very considerable differenoe in the quality of different distances. Clays of various degrees of tenacity ; sands of a poor, and othti s of a fertile, nature ; loams of a greater or less vdaable description ; swamps which, when drained, will become fertile meadows: these, and many others, present themselves on every hand, and wiU command the attention of int!>lMge£t seUlers. Asone general rule, and as evincing the gracious appoint- ment of Providence, the quality of the soil as we recede from the frontage sensibly improves In a measure more than suflQcient to compensate the extra expense of transit. The land which is covered in a natural state with the maple, elm, beech, and other deciduous trees, surpasses in value that where the pine, or even the oak, constitutes the natural product. And, as Sir Francis Head remarks, " while every backv^oodsman in America is occupying himself, as bethinks, solely for his own intirest, in clearing his location, every 12 CAD ADA. i •I tree whieh, fiilllng nnder hit axe, admits a patch of sunablne tj tbe earth, in an inflnitetimal degree aoftene and amelioratfs the climate oi' the vast con- tinent around him." Canada lies upon a substratum of limestone, and the geological survey which for some few years past has been in operation under the able superintendence of W. £. Logan, Esq., has been the means of pointing out her inexhaustible fields of gypsum, and various l)eds of rich marl, with many important mineral productions. The price of land varies of course according to relative advantages, as we find it does in England ; such as buildings and improvements already in exist- ence, convenience of situation, and productive powers. As a general rule it may be said that, presuming a similarity of quality,^0eAoM property in land may be acquired at a rate considerably lower tiian it is customary to pay for one year's rent of it in Britain. In becoming « Canadian settler, the British farmer, a little shy, perhaps, of at once fixing himself in the " Bush," or uncultivated parts, may purchase a farm under improvement, provided he can command £1000 or £1500. Houses, fences, and, indeed, everything except t^e soil itself, may come far short of his preconceived notions, yet he will soon discover, in all probability, that he has made a fair bargain ; one which skill and capital, eonUtined with induatriotis Aodi't*, will soon turn to good account. Some annoyances he must be prepared to meet with, but almost every change is subject to these : he must occasionally submit to substitute barter, or, as it is called, trade, for transactions in cash, and especially so when he is the seller ; but, on the other hand tithes are unlcnown, taxation is a mere trifle, wages by no means exor- bitant, and sufficiently good servants, farm labourers, and mechanics may l>e found in all parts of the provinces. Soap and candles may be manufactured by the thrifty housewife without any troublesome visit from the exciseman. A British farmer will find some difficulty in reconciling himself to the inferior quality of the live stoclL, with the exception of horses ; still improve- ments in the breed of cattle are annually taking place, and useful stock may be obtained from a well-bred short-horn bull and a country cow carefully •elected. Some uncertainty attends the growth of turnips, partly from a difficulty in procuring labourers at tbe critical period of transition from the smooth to the rough leaf, and partly from a scorching sun and the ravages of the fly ; yet it is well for the agriculturist to try some swedes for his young stock. The potato and mangel-wurzel are of great value, and may be more readily cultivated by horse labour. It is also to be l)orne in mind in discussing the provision for cattle, that large supplies of bran and pollard may be procured from the extensive mills in most parts of the province. The patriotic example of the Scotch Highland and Agricultural Society has been followed in Canada, and the provincial Government and Legislature have been prompt and liberal in granting tbeir aid. Both divisions 6t the province possess an association with large and well-supported exhibitions ; from these institutions great benefits may be looked for. At the University of Toronto there is a professor of agriculture, and an experimental farm is about to be attached ; it is also in contemplation to establish a library, museum, and a veterinary school. With regard to the political institutions of Canada, all that need here be stated is that they closely assimilate to our own ; a system of self-government, with uncontrolled fiscal regulations, has l)een wisely and generously conceded by the British Parliament. The entire administration of the colonial Post- office has l>een banded over to the provincial Legislatures. The roads, in times past the greatest<;impediments to improvement, are now consigned to the district councild, for the people to alter or amend as they may dt>em requisite for tbeir convenience. In short, every intelligent and unprejudiced inhabi- tant of Canada freely admits that the country has been kindly and liberally dealt with by tbe parent state; and the disinterested conduct of the Imperial Parliament can scarcely fail to main'i»in the loyalty and attachment of this fine territory, one of the brightest Jewels in the British crown. I s FrintAd by PAbxaa AND Clattom Cnme-court, Fleet-strett. mmmmmm i earth, la vaat con» !, and the ion under meauB of !)■ of rich (es, as we f in exist" ral rule it ty in land ;o pay for erhaps,of lurcbase a »r £1500. come far obability, lined with ranees he to these : trade, for the other ans exor- !8 may I)e ufactured seman. If to the improve- toclc may carefully y from a from the ■avages of lis young may be I mind in Hard may tciety has egislature ns of the libitions ; rniversity kl farm is % library, 1 here be ernment, conceded lial Post- I, in times id to the requisite d inhabi- liberally Imperial nt of this