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AOORgStRO TO THS EZOlIT HOHOOKAIt* THE EARL OF SHELBURNB; ^Ifi MAJEBTY*^ FIRST LORI> C0MMI8II0NI|k V OF THB treasure: BY JOSIAH TUCKER, D.It OEAN OP GLOCESTBR. G L O C E S T E R« FRINTED BY R. RAIKlt^ FOR T* CADEL, IN THE STRAND, LONDOi?* M DCC LXXXIII. vs '•mmmmmmmi fim ' txs . ^-1 '•^- ,v Tf O 1 g-''JI, f.- •'fifHIf^^'^'^^ll^"'^ i » X K Jt u ;v-'i u M OH T '1 ',> : i OT : [ vii ] \ : : , 6th. A Polity for conftituting a Guard Marine on different Parts of our Coafts, fo as to enable the Nation to cgrry on a defenfive War a confiderablc Time, with- out preffing Sailors, or deranging i\it Operations of Commerce. : ythly. A Polity for encouraging in- duftrious Foreigners, who have Money in our Funds, and can promote the Sale of our Manufactures in foreign Countries, to come and fettle among us. These were the Obje^s of his firft Intentions; which he may either carry on, or difcontinue, according as his pre- fent Endeavours ihall be received. LET. ' • 't, I ! -/■ t^V J.t.'.'.f'J ■ ►• ■; .* * .' h \ M* ■#■ ^^-■'v'l • .;^-^'"^. -V,' ;X!;\J ^\.bf\. n •??■.' ■>i fi^C^ii/^j'i ;«"> 01 '!; o: •.(f:'t > ?5ir{;r» j; « »i'*; '«..V/ .J ^ ID i>.f? i-.torf f « l'4l^^£ (1^ '•■;■■; ,■•'■« ; '•»■.>•■ '•^ r.<: .1x^0 l-f J Ir-S ■,, ... -fr' 't S ? . si.| i '.c '^\. ■'.^ /■' .^rma ^A'^Myl v-nchSiub i->.l. t j.i'iV\ 11-r.' rL ;> rt .'\ ■.,>,, ^M ij:;u Id 1 t i.*: ! • K (. ' H-> >1bn f «> /•#«• V.-. r-, »• ■t -A' fJW 'dZ nnT at: :;i. ;7 ; 2 n.' .'ill's:? tut U' ■:'f*;*Vi<' !"»!"' J.) iUiO'jLb 10 c^'o 'v.-i .:.Ti ■ ij.^ , )«a •*,-<'rv ! I ,1 Mi i^' LtE T T E R I. THE OCCASION OF THE WORK. k } '■ v ;'V.? fi^^ My Lord, A MAN of your Lord(hip*s Rank, and in your Station, will not want Addrefles of fome Sort, or other. Mine perhaps will be as equally remote both from fulfome Flattery* and grofs Abufe, as any you can receive. It will, I fuppofe, contain fome Truths not alto- gether agreable to your Lordfhip's Ear 5 yet fuch as you had Reafon to expedl would come from a Quarter, where fo much Juftice would not be done to your Lordfhip's Charader, as I intend to do. And if to this I ihould be fo happy as to fuggeft any Hint, which may be of ufe to you in your minifterial Capacity, I flat- ter myfelf, you will not think me the worft Correfpondent you ever had. • . - B . Some / \ ■:?*' 1 y'f >!. . /•■^ [ * ] - '^^• -^ Some Ycarr ^igo, when yoor LoretAnp firft began your political Career, you honoui^ tke Dean of 'Ghce^er^ with a Vifit at Brifioli and you were pleafed to repeat It. *i1ie Pu^rt of thcfe Vifits was, to define my Opinion in Writing concerning the bed Regulations { hoiv much it may be in my •** Power to fervemy Friiinas, ^nd ptx>- ** mote deferving McJii. 1 (ball be er- quiiitely r 1 A ,»' -a*- f 3 1 j^^qwHtdy happy in conddering yqa '^ aiQong the Number.''"— To whidi I inadc Anfwef , JWy LorJ, I fludl execuU iiU ^afk you Juve hem pksfed t^Jit mi, U Mr kift ofm^ Atilittej. As io any Vkvff afJht^ment, though J kumhfy t^amkyew IsfM^Jor yoiut kind htonsioms, I Move none 4ft oMi being quite contented WM my Statimt. It was very vliible, that tkh Aniwer father chagniic^, than pleafed you ; and tltat the Peer did pet exped iiich a Spee^ from th« Prieft. Soon after this your Lordfiiip dianged Sides, and became as violently antiminiile" lialy as you had bepn miniflerial before. This, of Couricy made no Alteration in my Hopes, or Ffors \ tho' I own, it cau&d fome Variation in my Opinion concerning the political Merit of a certaip great Man. T^To confirm nie, that I was not mif- taken, a Pamphlet appeared £bme Time afterwards [faid to be wiitten by a yo ing Dsiart difienting Minifter, who had fre~ .■«£» ^A i ^;;.i, i : B 2. quen< :•' ^V-. qucnt Accefs to your Lordfhip] wherein, beiides rhe ufual Strain of Scurrility and Abuie> I was alfo reproached with being a Minifterial Scribler, hired to write a- gainft the Colonies. This, I own, ra- ther furprifed me, bccaufe I thought it hard to be thus fligmatifed, after the Con- verfation which had patifed between us. But now I atn taught, by long Experi- ence, to be furprifed at nothing. Even very lately your Lordfliip hath munifi- cently rewarded two of my Antagonifts for their meritorious Deeds. Whether, this will not draw upon you the Expedta- tions and Clamours of Twenty more, I leave to your Lordfhip to determine. For my own Part, as it is a Matter of perfe^ Indifference to me, I only beg Leave to inform you, that the Catalogue of thofe who have equal Merit with an Ibbetson, -or an EsTwiciK, is v ry great, and every Day encreafing. There is a Dr. Dun- bar, a Dr. Towers, a Major Cart- , WRIGHT, 9, Mx, . Jf^ToRXHCOTE, with ^ H numberlefs ■s.? ■\ ^ ■1^'-:^ ' lif^jtK^p ^h humberiefs^ anonymous Writers in News- papers and Magazines ; — hot to mention one or two Poets, and Haifa Dozen Poe-* taftcrs. Heavens! what aLiftofLoaKI- -<^^ AN Heroesi' t^ili^i -iiiiba^r vaK:^ ^m % ■ ■ , • Si Pergama dtxtfis , _ ^ ^, yf M -' C De/endi toJRntf-etiam his defen/aJuiftHt, *• film? if^ 'f5:?}0i I fU^;1T 5^7/^ cf 'njHiMTg t^fe ? Yes, my Lord, all thele having en- lifted themfelvcs under thfe glorious Ban- ners of blefted Independence, have a Right to demand thofe Rewiards they have fb Jewell deferved. And therefore you ^ moft expedt to hear their own delightful and pithy Sentence, Give us our Rights, ever founding in your Ears. In- deed, to confefs'^he Truth, I think thefc doughty Champions of thfe- republican Caufe, have not Scope enough at prefent for the Difplay of their great Abilities. They are confined within too narrow Bounds : And therefore, if I dared to compare fuch noble Beings as they are, to thofe vile Animals, which chew the '^W -r Cud A '•i . ■" f-^ CM Cvd»-^lw(m}4 fay. tbaH f^r Want qf llftW Matter^ ^y feive bec» tpQ fopf lalfe, were nothing ta the ParpQi^] ii^ iEead of frefh Pafliire to feed iqpon. lu Pity therefore toi^ieir diilreffed Ckfb» I do pfomife to give them Ptenqr of freih Fod4» Aittftfale m l^eir Pg|at^» li^lpfe I (^o-f^feaVh-tl 3; BiTT, mjr Lor4 my Resii9n$;lQP ildf cfec^og myielf lo your LordO»p in.'^iiy fM^ Manner* are not mrrdy ftrkaoL A» I have 4edkatpd my Tin>e wid T«^ ieiit& to the Semlce of my Conntiy, y^ ai t» wdl Jc^own, wil^oQl i}egjecr Dittief of my ProfcffioQ, and 4kat too [increjifnk ^u\ wiihoirt Fee Ip^r JReward^^— J haT^ the Sotiafiu^iofi t^ heUeve, th that the Colonies never did trade with the Mother- Country, with an Intent merely to ferve us, and not themfelves : Nor was it in our Power, even when we were ftrongeft, and ihey in the weaked Stage of their Exigence (as ap- pears from their whole Hiftory) to com- pel them to trade with us to their own Lofs. Mutual Intercft was the only Tie between America and Great-Britain 2X all Times and Seafons. And this Prin- C ciple ._.,.- -rr- ■•.■■ . -?■ ' K '^ r [ 10 ] ciple will hold good, I will be bold t« fay, till the End of Time j whether they are dependent on, or independent of us. —As to the Planting of Colonies for the Sake of a monopolizing, or exclufive Trade, it is tlie arrantefl "^heat, and Self-Deception, which poor, Ihort-fight- cd Mortals ever put upon themfclves ;-— at leaft in a national View : — For I am not here confidering, and neVer will con- fider, the Interefts of Individuals, when they are facrificing the Public Good to their own private Emolument; no, not even though they were popular Orators, or republic, n Patriots. ^ ■ ■ • Thus far in regard to America, its In- terefts, and Connexions. — As to Ireland, (refpeding which Country much the fame Artifices have been ufed for ftirring up popular Difcontents and Tumults) the Time is not yet come, wherein we can pronounce with fufficient Certainty, con- cerning the finallffue of fuch Proceedings.- —The I \:t .'■/■;; :..■ '■,rr-:,j:,.. t " ] — The more probable Conjedture feems to be» that after our dear Couiins and AfTociates, the illuftrious patriotic Bands of that Country, (hall have exhaufted all their oratorical Stores of Tropeb and Fi- gures, in promoting Difcord among their Country- men ;— after thofe celebrated Heroes, the Citizens and Tradefmen of Dublin, (who ought to have been in, their Shops, or at their Looms, inflead of marfhalling themfelves in Battle Array) fhall have had theirFiLL of Volunteering, and Encampments ; — after they fhall have difcpvered that important Secret^ which has lain fo long concealed, that Idlenefs is a very different Thing from Induftryi and that the drinking of ten Thoufand Bum- pers to the Profperity of poor Ireland^ is not the Means of advancing that Profpe- rity; — after they (hall have found, that they grow poorer, inftead of richer, by launching into Expence and Parade; — and that they can never rival, much lefs excel the Manufadtures of Great -Britain, ■ -- C 2 but r bot by fuperior Frugality, Diligence* and Skill.-«-After, I fay» dear bought Expe^* rience ihall have taught them thefe Lef- ibns, which otherwife they would not Iearn>-— perhaps they may come to their Senfes at laft: Perhaps they will end, where they ought to have begun, by requefting to be incorporated with Great'Brifaiftf and of becoming one united Empire under one I^ing, and one ttnited Parliament. Had they propofed this at firil, their Kefblutions and Efforts would have been truly laudable, truly wife, and patriotic. But alas ! an Union with England would have claflied with the popular Prejudices of Ireland: Moreover^ it would have been particularly difkgreeable to thefe filly Mortals (who know not their own Inttrcil) the Populace of Dublin. There- fore their Leaders, though knowing that they did what was wrong, and injurious'^ * to their Country, preferred a total Sepa- ■ >.^5,: . .- ■, tion !f'\: idm [ '3 ] ratioM from QreahBrifaiug and zn Op^ fq/ition to it, btfore fuch an Union and Incorporation of both thcfe neighbouriiig Iflands, as would have rendered the In- tereAs of them both, one and the hmt Thing. Thus, my Lord, were the real Jnterefls of Ireland facrificed for the Sake of gaining the fhadowy Popularity of the Day : — I call it, a Jhadawj Fofuhrity^ which wiU foon pafs away, and be no more. When the Bulk of the Irijh Na- tion fhall difcover, that all their fine Schemes have ended in DifappointmenC» and that they have been put upon a wrong Scent W hvmt after Riches, extended Commerce, and enlarged Navigations^ where nothing but the Reverfe of each could be obtained by the Means they were purfuing; — it is not improbable, but their Indignation will recoil on the Authors of their Misfortunes, and that they will at laft didinguifh their real» from their pretended Friends. In p. I ' M I i' > ': I 14 ] In the mean Timei it is certainly our Wifdom as a Nation to interfere with their internal Police as little as poffible; letting them alone, and fufFering them to do as they pleafe, all they themfelvcs (hall be tired of their Folly, and fhall wifli to be delivered from thofe Evils, which were of their own creating. But before this fhall come to pafs, it is very probable, that fome Blood will be fhed, and many Outrages committed. The Big-endians, and Little-endians will tear and worry one another to Death. Nay, when the County- Volunteers, the City- , Volunteers, the Provincial- Volunteers, &c. &c. &c. (hall have no external Ene- my to encounter with, — What are they to do ? — And how are they to prove the Manlinefs of their Courage, or their fol- dier-like Attainments in the Ufe of their Arms, unlefs they fhall be allowed to cut and flafh, fire and thruft at each other? This Liberty ^they will take, whether allowed or not. And then too, V !i ••'// another \ f '■■'\. ' "^ , % H«i [ 'J 1 another Difcovery will be made, whidli it feems cannot be made at preient, •' That Men with Arms in their Hands, ** and no Money in their Pockets, will not " be over-nice or fcrupulous, as to the *« Means of providing for themfclves." But neverthelefs, as I faid before, :it is our Buiinefs to be quiet, till the Irf/i Nation thcmfelves fhall petition for ouf AfUflance. Necefllty will open their Eyes at laft, and oblige them to purfuc the only Means, which can render them a well regulated, a rich, commercial, and induftrious People, namely^ a thoioggh Union and Incorporation with Greats Britain. It is a melancholly Refledtion, but for the mod Part it is too true, that Nations, as Nations, never can leara Wifdom, till Neceffity becomes their Schoci-Miftrcis. - ^-rr The laft Confideration mufl: turn on the Injuries, which Great-Britain, or rather the internal Government of Great- ■■■^ •;^- -o-*- \y':: Britain iMtmn hath received from the im^elTant Labours of the fame iUt^icus Band',--- Or, if not immediately from them, from their numerous Allies, and boibm Friends, and Favourites, the republican Writers and Orators of the prefent Times. By the Help of that equivocal Phrafe,*RE- voLUTioNAL PRINCIPLES [which never ought to fignify any thing more, than that the Governed^ in Cafes of the Iqfl Extremity, and after all other Means liave been tried in vain, have a Right to have Recourfe to their laft Remedy namely, to depofe their Governors, and chufe others]. I fay, by the Helpof thefe ambiguous V/ords, fuch Doftrines h*./e been incelTantly inculcated, as tend to over-turn every Government upon Earth, 'Without crcdting, or eftablifhing any. The Sun is twelve Months in perform- ing its Revol uion j the Moon is one Month. But if our modern Dodtrines 0iould prevail, if the Arbitrium popula* ris aura is to be the only ReguUtor of ^'■"'^^ ;; .. ■ the >■■ .■■4M [ n ] the Revolution of our political Suns and Moons, probably the Government mult be ch^ged as often as onee a Fort- night, if not oftencr. Was it, for this^ my Lord, that you. ftruggled fo hard tor get ihto Power? And if you thought,, that ypu were. to hold yodr Seat as Pre^.- mier, only fbi^ ft Fortnight, a Month, or a Yeari how would you like ftich revo-- ■ lutional Principles as thefe ? ex ore tuo, "^Beside^, the whole Mafs of the Peo- ple have been told a thoufand Times, over, that Government, in its owii Frame and Conftitution, is rather an Ene*-"; my, than a Friend to the original Li- berties of Mankind, by abridging and depriving them of thofe Privileges and that Freedom, which Nature had given them to enjoy. Hence furely the Infe- rence is juft, that according to this State of the Cafe, the People ought to carry on as fierce and as fettled an Oppofition agi^infl every Species of Government, as D they 51^? ■- ■■" ■ ^- .'>■ ; ^*-' .d .-' '' -■ - ,j^j^' • ■ ■,- '.\ 4 :*-. . ■%• i -v %. *.- -" !'" ' : if ■ they poiibly can. They iouglit to clog the Wheels of > th^s poiiitijcal Machine, afid to retard, or £oxinte^a^ its Mo- tions to the utihoft of their Powers — provided they do not break forth inta opeji Rdbellio^. And even if they fliould proceed to^ch Leiogdis, they have been inftruded bojthiil Prys, \v^i|:^ |2pa<%4 %erc Penaltjef c?gJ^nft ^"pt iji^ritofious I)f eds, are grq^yn (obfole|;c : BefJ^ies, tl>ey were] 'm^de at a Time, >y'hen thp natura) ^nd u^^Uep^l^le Rights of a ffee People were not properjy jui^derjloiod ; theriefpre fuch Reftraint$ are npf binding ov\ the pre- ■ fent wife Generatipn.— Npjt to mentioi> J the grand Prriflcipjp of all, which lays the Axe to the Root of every Kjpd r* •> > « V, ^,.' ■> « « I '9 ] of Subordinatjoft whatevei', *f JW^ never gave our exprefs Gonfent to ai^ f^ch Regulation j( -we never entfr^d into any, *' f^tin>e M^n^ag^ment or Compad of^f «* tl^t Sorl, - v^e never vot^' for it s-*- . V therefore we will not obey i;/* * . v^ -"O; - ^j ,IJe»etofqre>' my Lord^ Cfovernment was fdppofed to be bujiU on twoprinci** pal Foundalfipns, Opinio^,^ — and pe>* N At SAHOTiqm. Refpedjin^, ^he/ fpr- mer, the People were taiightifO; believe^ that it was ^^ Matter of , Duty and Cfl»- fcience to obey Magift^ates, to fubmit to the Laws of theif Country, s^nd to re^ verence their Superiors* J^ilt now we are told, at lea*fl? by Inference and De- dUtStion; thftt all this is Grimace and Impofture. " For every Man has a na- " tural and unalienable Right to con* " fider himfelf as( being equal to every " other Man whatfoever." And the grand Maxim of a republican printed Letter now in Circulation, is, I'hat D 2 thofe ■■\'-i\ H ! |l m'' ( ao J tho/e Laws, which are -''to- bind all, ought to he aJl^nted to Sy all. In Con- fequence of thefe bleffed Dodtrines con- tinually ipropagated among us, the very Idea of Authority [excepting the Autho-e rity of Mi. ^liOCKE and his DifciplesJ is turned into a Jeft, and a Laughing-"* Stocki ** Sbkmn Forms, and Robes- of ** State, Eiifigns of Dignity and Office/ ♦*^€rowns and Sceptres, and even Coro-j. **nets and Maces! What are- they? Bau-ii^ \' bles all ! • ' We can fee : through rfie "' Cheat j and 'Will not beheld in Bondage ^« by fufh airy Trifles. And even as t% ** penal Laws, let v^ho Will make them'; ** it is the Bulinefs of every genuine Son *« of Freedom to find Flaws in, and ei»* ** ther to eludes or defy them. Suppofe ** the worft, fuppofe a Profecution was to ** enfiie, we have Refources ftill rcraain- ** ing, the noble Cry of Liberty, and an Ap- ^* peal to the natural Rights of Mankind, *' together with the Chicane to be prac- ^* ticed on fuch Occaiions, may influence :l ./.-■■ f ii ■J ■ t , [ ±t 1 «* ^^mpatktzing jury, and briftg us off: « -^Or ' at Ittft* we. can Btit die 5 and w« « will die like Heroes. The Multitude ** will applaud our undaunted -Cbufagei *« and Th6uf€irids ivill grace our -Exit* «^with t^efr Tear8.*Uv/uii^iJ, ' This"^ you know, " niy Lord,' is tooj much the Stjite of Things at prefent. How Matters have been brought into this woful, this alarming pafs, is a me- lancholjy Refledion ; ahd I will avoid the difcuffion of it as much as poffiblc. Rather' Jet me, Itt'ievery true Friend to ]VJankin(i> .of , whatever Party, or Con- nedlion he' may be. Civil or Reiigious, endeavour to find out thofe Remedies, which may cure, or at leaft may palli- ate thefe Difeafes, without introducing others in their Stead. Once I had the Opportunity of obferving to your Lord- fhip, when you honoured me with a" Call at Glocejier, that almoft all great* Men were deceived, and did woefully "i 4 d . ; deceive [ 2Z } d^oivo thehifelves in oAt mstteria} PcMn**;;. Tti^: thcraght it ^ds as eify a Mftller: t^ lay an. eyil Spirit qI Difcon- tern and' HuriMilehce m tht P^opk^ afr ite waa fo laife k :-*^But in? this tjity would always find themfeltics misftakeifh. May the Dean of Glocefter prove a falfe Pro- phet on, the prefeiit QecafiooJ This ihy Liordy iis the iitieefe and eai'neft Prayer of , '>v.;r: ?'iDJlt:]Vi ' w>n '';<^>rTX, fi'f ,''*■''} 'ir"S!''t^ ''i^';''- '"i''"''' '[f'Mi.'' -'^fii' i^. Yotir )LqrdI(]iip's. mqft faitfafutfcJoiff:! k» ^ •»,'^ ,' , < < ' ^ J (. • , '•T\ *» • •■ ■■ T . L) hi>^^ ot^Wt, humble Servant,f,„5i M ,' AKrn vt'i f}i:;or tB^'tn ' ^rn^h '\;Km' tnl^^w r.^fj W,A' I '^'^nO .hsrj$B •ii'^Hr iti ^riibrs ''('t tyjtiiuiA'fj 1*07 irjfiw /;'4' O'l'l V' tl J'. ilJ ^A*i'.s;\'a ■ ^f * i . > [•a > ;v/ Mf, ' Knr ,65^>b%h^' f #• T/r-v^'^h LET- I n ] ^, h v L E T T E R II. The evil Qonfs^uences of debajmg the r^i Jnfluencep and exalting the arifldcrati' cal $r the popular ^ bmnd their due Fr^ portion^, My Lord, WERE Mankind thofe abfolutely /ree, and independent Beings, which fome of our republican Doctors have reprefented then^ to hs, it would he inj- ppffible for them tp be under any Influ- en^ce at all. They would be fuch Maftcrs of themiiblves^ that i^o Power pn E?irth could biafs their Judgments, or compel their Aftjions. But this is fuch a Syftem of me^i^phyfical Politics, as none but the wprft of jVJen would attempt to incul- cate, and none, but the weakeft, could really bejieve. It being th^pfore to be afn^ipied, ^s a given Point in this Debate, that In(l^ence pf fome Sort, and in fome Degree *mnr I If f » i- I H ] , Degree or other, will ever take Place in human Affairs^ the next Thing ob- fervable is, that fuch Influence may be either morally good, or mor*ally bad, of perfectly indifferent, according to the Nature and Tendency of it, and the in- ternal Perfuafion of the Perfon fo be af- * fedied by it. ', ,cufoJ , IFoK Example, k \/'^' ^* 'A Perfon, who has a Vote dther as ft JFree-holder, or a Freeman, is defired td giye it for a certain Candidate, either in the -Cou^t or Anti- Court l.itereft, it Mattersi not which. — He is under fome prior Ob- ligation to, or has fome future Favour to : aflc^ which he hopes to obtain from one of the Candidates, or from one of his , . Friends. Now the firfl Step to be taken in . fuch a Cafe is, to inform himfelf as well as he can, both of the private Charadlcr, and public Connexions of fuch a Perlbn. And after he has done this, if he fhould think the Life and Converfation of fuch • a Per- // •\ '■■) [ ii ] a Perfoni or the Caufc he efpoufesy t6 bci upon the whole, better and mort worthy, or even to be lefs detrimental to the public Welfare, than thbfe of his Antagonid, he is bound in Confcience to vote for fuch a Candidate.— I fay, he is bound in Confcience \ becaufe he cannot otherwife difcharge his Duty, as a good Citizen, and a faithful Member of So- ciety. But if the Reverfe of this fliould be the Voter's inward Sentiment, he ought in Confcience not to vote for fuch a Man, let the Consequences to himfelf be whatever they may. — For, my Lord> we have a Rule in Divinity, to which all Statefmen are almoft equally Strangers^ That we oiight not to fear thbfe who caii kill the Body, but cannot kill the Soul : -—Whereas we ought to fear him only, who can deftiroy both Soul and Body in Hell. As to the Cafe of perfedt Indiffe- rence, few Words may fufEce. For if ihe Merits, or even Demerits of the tiandidates, or of their feveral Connec- E . tions ' via ■■ -...■■' '■i "■■■ ', ■ ' i --■'% < '4 (■-. l^,' \m [ j6 ] ' t^n^ 2if& equa% balanced in the Votier's Mind, Gratitude for paft Favours ought to preponderate : — And, I am fure, I need not add the Views of Self-Intereft will as certainly prevail, if there ihould be a Profpeft of Favours to be received.— Indeed it is to be feared, that this latter Confideration will too often prevail, where it ought not. ; I HAVE now finifhed my little Sketch of cafuiftal Divinity on the Subjeft of Electioneering. And upon the Whole ^ am fo tihoroughly perfuaded of the Juftncfs of it, that I would venture to fubmit even to Dr. Price, or to his AiTiftant Dr. Towers, to pronounce Sen- tence upon it, and to condemn it, if they can. Words, I know by fad Ex- perience, may be fo twifted, and dif- torted, as to fpeak a Language quite fo- reign from the Intention of the Author : But every Reader of an ingenuous Mind will fee through the Cheat, and readily diflingui£h :\\:- r [ 27 ] diftinguifli the Author's genuine Senfc and Meaning from the forced Interpre- tation put upon them. Influence, therefore, of fome Sort, and in fome Degree or other, there ever was, and ever will be, ufed in the Conduct of human Affairs. Good Influence ought to be encouraged ; bad Influence ought to be difcouraged as much as pofTibie : — Or rather (and to ftrike at the Root of the Evil) the Caufes which create it ought to be removed out of the Way, fo that frail, imperfedt human Nature may not be led into Temptation : [And this I (hall at- tempt to do in the Courfe of this Work.] As to all indifferent Cafes, they fpeak fo clearly for themfelves^ that more need not be faid about them. - t t i Now, my Lord, be pleafed to examine your own Condudl, and that of your [late] illuftrious AfTociates by this Teft. The Thing, which you have all taken for granted, and which has been laid down E 2 as •t ,• np [ 28 ] ^8 a fundamental Rule, is, that the In- fluence of the Crown is always bad. [Heretofore it was a Maxim in our com- mon Law, that the King can do no Wrong: ^ Now the Maxim feems to be reverfed, — the King can do no Right.] Indeed I do t, not fay that regal Influence is always ' rightly applied : And I defire your Lord- Ihip to take Notice of this voluntary Acknowledgment. But I will be bold to fay, that for thefe fifty Years laft paft. Courtiers have been as often in the Right , as Anti-courtiers, and have ufed their In- • fluence to as good national Purpofes, — if ' not to better. Nay, perhaps, now that your Lordftiip has obtained your End in being the Pilot of the State, with fo many ■... others under you, even Lord Shelburne may be more of my Opinion than he pro- fefled to be a few Months ago. Either ' therefore all Influence ought to be con- demned alike; or that of the Crown ought not to be branded more than the refl:, as being peculiarly criminal, and to be held up as // tha m m s ■'•' [ «9 ] the only Object of public Hatred, and national Deteilation. Your Lordfliip has the Command of two Boroughs already : And the Public (hrewdly fufpedt, that you would have no Qualms of Gonfcienceagainft commanding two more,— or even twenty-two. Mr. Fox and Lord Holland's Family com- mand one : The late Marquis of Rockingham had at leaft two, which he might, and did call his own: And were I to proceed after the fame Manner throughout the Peerage, and the great Landed Intereft, alfo the Commercial, and the Manufadturing Intereft of the Realm, perhaps I might enumerate not Icfs than two Hundred, viz. Boroughs and Cities, and even Counties, whofe Voters chufe Reprefcntatives, and return Members to Parliament, more according to the good Will and Pleafure of thofe who have the Afcendency over them, than according to their own private Judgments, or perfonal Determinations. ' Therefore ;'?' . V UEL.JiHini M Therefore, my Lord, will you pro- pofe a Law, that no Afcendency of this Sort fhall be fuffered to prevail for the fu- ture ? Will you bring in a Bill to enadt Pains and Penalties againft all Landlords, their Stewards, or Agents, who (hall dare to interfere diredtly, or indirectly, with the Votes of their rc^peftive Tenants, Tradefmen, or Dependents ? — Againft all Magiftrates, &c. in Corporations, or againft Juftices of the Peace at their County Meetings, if they fhould inlinu- ate to the Keepers of Ale-Houfes, and to others, that the granting of Licences, or any the like Favours, vefted in them by Law, will depend on th^ giving of their Votes for this, or that particular Candi- date ? — Againft all Mafters of Families, principal Manufadlurers, Merchants, and Tradefmen, who (hall prefume to whifper to their Journeymen, Servants, or Un- derlines, that they exf ed: them to vote according as they fhall diredt, — and that a Submiifion muft be paid to their Wills and Pleafures, if they hope to be employed by 1 ■ w , I by tkem> or retained in their Service ? Much more niight be added : — But Oh I! my Lord, lay your Hand on your Heart, and tell me plainly,— or rather tell your Country, which hath a Right to alk the \ Queftion, — Was this ever any Psrt of the Plan either of yourfelf, or of your quon- dam, or prefent AfTociatea ? Did either you, or they, when fuch tragical E:^cla- mations were raifed againft the Influence of the Crown, ever intend to leflen your own ? Did you ever propofe to iet the firft Example by enadting a Self-denying Or- dinance againftyourfelves? — No, my Lord', fofarfromit, thatmany, if notmofl ofyour ^''''uftrious Band grounded all their Hop^s, r,ncl all their Schemes, for their own Ex- altation, on the Depreffion, and Huxnili- ation of the Monarchy. In fhort, while . the general Liberty of the People was the Pretence and Cry, the particular Emolu- ment and Grandeur of about a Score of Lor- .,r rir ■? V( lii- (:' 'V. Traniaftion, and from the Papers of the Britijh Minifter at that Court, now in the Paper Office] had very diffierent Ends ia View. Under the Mafque of procuring the Liberty and Independence of the Sub- je<5t, they aimed at a cruel Tyranny and Oppreffion over their Fellow-Subjedbs. As to political Liberty, or the Share which the Swedijh Nation in general had in the Government, this I o\yn was the Era, Tv bon ihtiv political Liberties were the moft extended -, and let my Adverfaries make the moft of this Conceilion, provided they will alfo remember, fj^ that this was likewife the black Era, when their Civil Liberties were the leaft fecured, and the moft fhamefully invaded 5 — their Per- fons and Properties, and their deareft Rights :n;i Liberties being continually in Dang'T r L'^ing feized upon by Order of the Secrei^ Zymmitteey that political Engine of a State Inquijition, Moreover that which was the Cafe fo lately in Sweden, is now the Fad with regard to the enflaved V ,' F Americans, m i II 'VI [ 34 ] American ft groaning under the Domina- tion of their haughty Lords and Mafters, once their Fellow- Subjedts. Nay, my Lord, it is much to be feared, that this will be our own Cafe, unlefs your Lord- fhip will ftep forth in Time, and prevent thofe Evils from growing to a greater Height, which are now impending over us ; and to which h '.)'^rto, I am forry to fay, you have not be*. .he moft adlivc Oppofer. But to return. — • .%^. The Swedijh Nation never felt the Iron Hand of defpotic Power under their ' moft abfolute Monarchs more feverely, :than under the tyrannic Sway of thofe ' pfeudo Patriots, who ruled the State from the Year 1726, or thereabouts, to almoft 1770. During this Period more innocent Blood was (lied upon the Scaffold, — more Confifcations took Place under the fhame- ' lefs Pretence of public Safety, ^ yes, and ' ■ \ all Kinds of Bribery and Corruption ap- peared more open and bare-faced, than- • had si r I 1 H' V, had been known before. Refpeifting the laft of thefe Evils, Bribery and Cor- ruption, be it obferved, and duly remem- bered, that French Gold, even Vopifh Money, was the primum Mobile of thefe Patriots, fo zealous for the ProfeJiantCaufe,^ The Kingdom, and the Intercfts of the. Kingdom, were bought and fold with as, much Impunity, and confcquently wi^Jt as little Rcferve, as Cattle at a Fair, of Goods at a Market.— Nor indeed, my Lord, is this fo much to be wondered at, when the Affair is duly weighed^ with all its Circumftances. For when the Interefts and Prerogatives of the Crown were fo to- tally annihilated, as they were then inSwe^ deny — what Barrier [politically fpeaking] was there ftill remaining to ftand in the Way of foreign Bribery and Corruption. The Crown, we n>ay naturally fuppofe, would not become * Felo deje^ and fell- itfblf: il iA "1 • There is one Exception to this Rule, and only one that lean think of: The infamous C. II. fold himfelf, and his CrowQ, and became a Penfioner of /"raw^.— Regard- F 2 Icfs ■ ■■ ^l. ;•■■ .-• ■ : it^lf. Therefore as long as it had an In- tereft of its own to preferve, it muft, and would be a Check on all Trafic of this Na- ture. Not to mention, that the moft a- bandoned proftitutc Patriot could not, under fuch Circumftanccs, proceed with thait Audacity, as if he was under nd Con* trou!. Nay, the foreign Corrupter him- ffelf would be rather ftiy of lavifliing away hk bribes and Pensions, when he found, that the internal Frame of the Conftitu- tion defeated his Proje(5ts» and rendered abortive his deepefl laid Defigns: But when all Reftraints whatever were ;• mpved, he had then free Scope of pi*ac- tifing every Myftery of Iniquity that Ma- chivellian Policy could fuggeft. — And he fuccecded accordingly. For we are told by a very intelligent and faithful Hifto- rian [Mr. Sheridan, Secretary to the lefs both of his perfonal Honour, and his own Intereft, he cared for nothing, but how to procure prefent Money to fupport his Pleaftires, and pay his Miftreffes. The Reader will fopply the reft. »>• 'i. X Britijh ■■■ I*.. -■%■■■•■ ->i*.' >*. V * ' [ 37 ] Briti/h Envoy iti Sweden] that Franck^ vertifed Siveden by her Bribes and Pehfions, with ^s much Eafe as flie governs one of her own Provinces. - And no\t, my Lord, is not this too tr* 3 a Picture of what is likely to come to pafs ill our own Country, according to the prefetit Appearances of Things ? The Influence of the Crown is marked out as the grand Objed: of public Scorn, and Hatred i- — Its Servants are already deprived of their Birth-Rights, the Pri- vilege of Votihg : They are ftigmatized by Law, as the moft infamous of Men, for no other affignable Reafon [no other Reafon having ever been affigned] but becaufe the Crown retains, as yet, the Nomination or Appointment of them. Nay, we have been told over and over and over again in the moll vehement patriotic Language, that even this No- mination, or Difpofal of Places ought to be taken away, and put into other Hands. '.. .// ■m m t. ' ■■'i [■ 38 ] --'r ■ Hands. [As indeed was the Cafe in Sweden"^ \nl then what remains? Your T ordf^, can eafily guefs at the Confei^aence. One Thing more permit me to ob- " ferve.— Monf. Necker hath aflurcd us in his Compte Rendu [See my Cut Bono, i p. 1 2th of 3d Edit.] that the King of France expends yearly in Penfions, up- wards of Twelve Hundred Thoufand Founds Sterling! Suppofe therefore, that . he allotted annually onlyOne-fixth Part, ■ .or jT. 200,000. Sterling, of that Sum, to be diftributed among his trufty and ■ well-beloved Friends, the Ring-leaders •of the Populace of Great-Britain for the Time being: — In that Cafe, would none . of this chofen Band fall down and Wor- fhip the Golden Image, which he had ;' fet up? Would they all refufe to be guilty of this political Idolatry ? If your Lordfhip can be of that Opinion, I re- tra<5l : But till I hear that you are, per- --" .J^ -^It*-^--' "-■•■"■ ^ ^^^ ^ ' i ■*i 1 I. \ ■\p mJ ' ■ [ 39 ] mit me to fuppofe, that Men, needy in their Circumftances, abandoned in their Morals, and totally devoid of any reli- gious* Principles whatever, would not Icruplc to fall down and worfhip any Gol- den Image, which could be propofed to them, provided it ihould prove the Means of fupplying their Wants, and gratifying their Vices. ■i1 ' But this is not all : For were I to car- ffy on the Parallel between the Corrup- tions of Sweden, and thofe of England, it would appear, that the latter Set of Patriots cannot flop where they are. They muft go forward, or found a Re- treat. If we may judge of their future Condudb by the paft, or prognofticatc, by their printed Denunciations, what they intend to do, we may conclude, that they will not reft contented, till every Prop is taken away, and the whole Fabric of Monarchy is fo undermined, that it muft fall of itfelf. And then. •■\X ' :4:-i'-,ii M -:.<> S\ ,.■-.-... i 40 1 , , :::- at the Demife of (God prc- ferve his Life) it will be no difficult Matter to declare at once, that Mo- narchy is an unneceiTary Part of the Englifli Conflitution, a Burthen, rathei[ than a Benefit. :. Indeed I am informed, this hath been faid already [not by fome worthlefs Up- ftart, or by the Unprincipled, Profli- gate, and Neceffitous; for that would have been no Wonder, but even] by a Man defcended from noble Anceftors, and himfelf in many Refpeds an Orna- ment to his Country, but unhappily too much infe(5ted with the Republican Ma- lady of the Times. It is confidently re- bat even this eood, but miftaken portedj Man hath faid. If we muft have a K — , I Jliould prefer the prefent to any other ; hut I do not fee what Need there is to have any K— at all. Little, furely, did he think, that with a very fmall Change in the Expreflion, and none at all -\. 1 \ ,..r) *. fj l\ U'XJ atl in ttl'e Sentiment^ the fame Apha- rifm is applicable to himfelf, and to the very bed and greateft Landed Men thtbiighdut ih€ Kingdom. * it" we muft * h^^ Lirtdlbfds, faith the tenant, I * ifiotlld pitfef the prefeht to another. ^ But I db ttbi fee wkl I^ecd there is to * have any Landlord at sfll. We are all * his Equals by Nature, as free and inae- * pendent as himfelf ; and the Earth was '■ giVeft fd ii^ art. Therefore we ought to '*' claifh dur Ri|liti, and ho longer fubmit ^ rb jfuch Ufurpations.' Shall I add, that the modern Doctrines of the perfedi Equality or afl Manlund, — of their ori- ginal, natural, and inherent kights, never td^be t;ransfcrred, or aliena^ ^d, and of the Neceffity of contending for them even to the l!)eath, tend to confirm all thefe wild and extravagant Conceits ? — Yes, my Lord, they do tend to confirm them all; for they BecefTarily demolifh not oiily Crowns, but Cfh'omts too, levelling aft Diflindtions ■-'^■;.;ig»»;t4.t.*-^ with 'At ■..*■' 'iisril 11 [ 42 ] with the Ground. All ye great ones hear itiis, and tremble ! H\' 111 It If after this, any Thing could be fup- pofed to render the Conduct of our Bnglijli Republicans more abfurd in itfelf, and more contradictory to Common Senfe, than it already appears, it is the following Confideration.— — That whilft they are taking away fo much Infli jnce from the Crown, good2i% well as bad^ by profcribing its Servants, and ftripping thejn of the Kights of free Citizens,— they, in the , fame Breath, maintain the unalienable •^ Rights of all Mankind, to give their Suf- frages as they pleafe, and tp chufe their own Governors, and be their own Legi- flators. Shameful Prevarication! grofs Inconfiftency 1 But what elfe can we ex-- .■.V: ■ • .'. • ^ /^ ■ ■ ■.-,■■' ^. I have' now fpoken the honeft Truth, without Referve ; and yet | hope, all Things ii: lUiW '/,/ .>,i»/ \, .'•f \v ■•) I ' V *^ 'h r Things coniidered, with fufficient De-« cency. A thanly F^reedom is necefTary to be difplayed by that Man who has neither ' Hopes nor Feats^ as far as himfelf, and his own Intereils are concerned ; who th::refore is only anxious for the Good of his Country ; and would willingly preferve the beft Conftitution in the World from Ruin, if he. could* * , v;WiTH thefe Sentiments,^-With Senti- lA^nts of Humanity towards all Mankind, a'^d with my b^ft Wiflies for your Lord- 's Profperity as a Minifter, if your political Coiidu^ fhall deferve it. Your Lordfhip^s moft faithful wo. And obedient humble Servant, ■ ^ inr j. TUCKER. LET- f.;''' ^^ Fi [, iT J LETTER. III^ T OND^N, the Metropolis of Great" fof; A^s ij^^ a^ a KJ^d qf JVIp^e^ vj^^ a^eaq enormonfly l^r^e, ai>d out of all Proportion tqits. Qody. Anc(*3^jet ajt tjiat^ JuiK^re, when this Cbipplaint was firft made [about 200 Years ago]' the Buildings, qf .Z-?^^(?« were. h^dI)L advanced beyond the City-BoundS : As to Weft- minjier. 2C[i^. Sautifv^f^rJ^ [wlych we now confider as united to the former by their Buildings and Bridges, and making on the whole, a City of a moft immenfe Size] they were then litt)«? better than large ftraggling Vill'ages. If therefore the In- .4, . . ". creafe :V-'c<.i.::' .A W T L 45 ] • cre^ dp, not think thofer Protuberances^ a)»: rqfe to anjf, very, alarming; Magnitude i *tUl{ within thefe 60 or 70 Years. Andfi they owed, their- Rife; to various CauAss^/ "all coBcurriag together,, aa^d all cf thertp! evident Alterations from the- Plan of tb©^ old. Engfijh. Conftitution j— cc»nfequently}f tVy ara ffich as niay be ccnfidered to- be Enoroachments upon, if not a Ufufpations of, the Rights aid Privi- ^ leges o£ tLe^eil of the Kingdoms ,^^^igMJi 10 l*i0 -liaA - ; ^*, J''- Among the principal of thof^ Chang or Alterations^ which produced fuch afto-- niihing Quantities of new Buildings, the • following ought to be par ticuiarly men- •» tioned : — The Royal Reiidence, and the ^ ,,;m„." . Reiidence \..m I IS •1 \^ ml \m [ 46 ] Refidence of Parliament, now fixt to one particular Spot, which heretofore were moveable (if I may fo fpeak) from one' Part of the Kingdom to the other. This- Event drew after it the chief Nobility and Gentry of the Realm ; who all diofe to" refide as much as poflible in Ldridom And' rach an Afflux, orConcourfe of Strangers fiom the Country, was naturally attended with many other Circumftances, which' ^ followed each other in Succefflbh r— Such as the fixing of the public Treafury neaif ^ theXourt, and the Parliament, with all - the fubordinate Offices belonging to itj ' confcquently the Mint, the general Poft-N Office, the Admiralty, the Navy and Vic^ tualling Offices, and all other Agencies*^ and Appendages, whether for the Land, or Sea Service :— And if to thefe we add that great national Shop, the Banky and ■ another over-grown Monfter, the EafiH^ India Company -, — but above all, if we take into Confideratio* thofe Aggregates of ^jf., .^ " public \s . / ■h . [ 47 1 public DebtSf called the Funds or Shocks, virhich now may be faid to contain the cir- cj^lating Property of the Nation, and per- haps of other Nations too [the Manage- ment of which is confined to London]^-' we can be at no Lofs to account for the immediate Growth of this Metropolis, or why it is become fo much larger than any City in the Univerfe, in Proportion to the Size, or Extent of the Country, to which |t belongs. - *i'i\ Now, my Lord, as the modern Re- publican Doctrine requires, that thoie Laws which bind all, ought to be affented to by all, I humbly beg Leave to appeal to your Lordfliip, whether you think, that the reft of the Kingdom ever gave their pofitive and exprefs Confent to thefe feveral Alterations, thefe Encroachments and Mo- nopolies continually operating to their own P ifad vantage ? And confcquently, whe- Jther according to the fame Dodtrine, this 11 -:| ■> (•* ♦ r\ over- ml ! * ■' .<' t 48 ] «vcr-grown Metropolis ou|Jht nbt to lie •Gripped ofks borrowed being filore ^ than One- third of the Magnitude of Ettg»^ lanii therefore has acquired an inherent and unaUenatbk Right [You fee, my Lord, that \ have now learnt to fpcak the patriotic DideA] to havt * general Parliament of the united Kingdom held in its own Me- tropolis every third Year. But even this is not all : For as 75 Years fince the U- nion in 1707 are no^v elapfed [during wlwch long Period Scot land has been de- prived, and defrauded of her natural and indefeaiible Right] it follows of Courfe, that in order to make a jud: Com- H ,^ ( peniinion. § -.1 :j vil [ p ] • _ penfation, the Parliament o( Great-Britain ought to be transferred from Wefiminfier to Edinburgh, for 25 Years to come, and then all Accounts will be balanced ; and Things will go on in a regular Rotation of every third Year, from England to Scot^ kndf '■* Irs W« i But perhaps my pa^iotic Readers of the Wejiminfter Committee would wifh, that this triennial Scotch Account, with a Balance in its Favour of 25 Years, were entirely pmitted i^-though it is the very ^intejence of their own DoSirine, And^ you, my Lord, even you, I fmcerely be-^ lieve, would be as well pleafed, were no more to be laid about it. I will therefore endeavour to gratify you both j an^, in- ftead of urging it any more, I will totally forego it (unanfwerable as it is,) and ven- ture to meet their grand Argument itfelf Face to Face^ — the ^Argument for an pqual Reprefcntation of the People. ■i«: *^i,u«> f& The capital Lockian Principle, as ilated by ',1 ■ i V V. [ 5i J / by jh6 Republicans themfelves in their xir<;ular Letter, is as follows :— A^ter )i;aiviog prefaced, * That Conftitutional * Trads tending to revive io the Minds of * the Comtfmaliy at large 2^ Knowledge of ^ their kfi Rights^ particularly fuch as re- l * fpe<5t the Eledion and Duration of the * reprefentative Body, and to impi'^fs them * with a Senfe 6f their Importance, b6 * diftributed at the Expence of the Sci^ * ciety, and under its Direction/— They then go on to obfcrve * I. That in entering unto Civil So- " * ciety. Men give up no more of their na" , • iurat Rights than what may be neceffary '.* for the good Government of Society; I* and, that there are Rights which rc- * main undelegated; that neither the Vi- * olence of the Times, nor the Power df f * Magiftrates, nbr Decrees or Judgments, £*'nor AkM^/ g^^m^^¥i£ rnAT ■1 m ■,!■ !i ■ I > i-'i I it: •m 3" IJ IfJii. !^i ,« II. That L^w [which is] to Bind f 3]I> muil be aiTeoted to by all ; and ' that is not ]Law, but Servitude, for the .f Peopk jto be l^eld to that, to which they * have aotconfented.' ■'■■si After this the Letter proceeds to flate other Articles, which tho' of the fame general Tendency with the former, yet as they do not fo diredly ftare us in the Face as the foregoing, may, for the Sake of Brevity, be omitted :— Only let it be dflly rcmenabered, that the Committee declare in their 7th Propofition, * That y' the triennial and fcptenmal ,A6ts are con- ;' trary to the Conilitutioi^ were ena^ed ..^without the Gonfeiit of the People, and * ftgainft natural Right i and , « VHI. That under the prefent im- . « perfe■• V ■.'-■ . 1 ■ { S3 ] lefs and Peate-making Performance, with warmly* recommending the • Eftablilh- * ment of p^irochial Societies for the Pur- * pofes of forwarding the Petitions for a * p;trliamentary Reformation (imiUr to « that lately fct on Foot in JVeJiminJier* -.«•' " ■: Now, my Lord, the only Truth in the above-cited four Propofitions, is that which had no Bufinefs among them, and was only added by Way of Blind to hide the Pefprmi.ty of the reft : Namely, that there are certain Rights ip human Nature, which are unalienable', that is to fay, they cannot be delegated, or transferred, even with the Confent of the Parties, fup- pofing it pofUble that fuch Confent could be obtained. For this, and nothing but this, can be an unalienable Right. And , therefore every Moral Agent muft perform fuch Ads in Perfon, otherwife they will be of no EfFed, and not be va- lid, if done by another. Thefe, aslob- fervcd in my Anfwer to Mr. Locke, are ^the Fun(aions of Animal Life, and the i-'' n Duties m ■ '4 1 , ■m 1 1 k t 54 1 buties of perfonal Religion. Therefore^ my Lord, if your Lordfhip, or any other Minifter, through the Violence of the Times, or if the Judges fliould decree, if the King and Parliament, or even the whole People united (hould make a Law ■for appointing certain Deputies or Repre- fentatives to perform thofe A<5ts ; that ia to fay, if any of you feparately, or all of '^you jointly, fKould delegate one Man, one Member of Parliament, [fuppofc the Honourable Mr. Fox] to eat and drink, * and to faft and pray, inftead of his Con- 'ftituents,—- 1 will heartily join the fFe/i^ msnjier Committee in condenaning Aich a /Law :— And though I do not declare what Appellation I fliould give to fuch Law- f givers, moft certainly I fhall not call theiii ^'Conjurers, ,^ /The patriotic Committee and myielf /^ being for once happily agreed, I will now* ' proceed to examine [their grand Project for giving a Vote or Suffrage to every ■ Moral Agent, in order that thofe Laws, '"■ "V/"- ,, - which / ' r^ ■ :\ ■ M •m ^ ,1 which bind all, may be aifented to by ali^ according to the 2d "*ropofition in their circular Letter. And this Attempt I will undertake to prove to be abfurd, — imprac- ticable, — ufelefs,-^and very mifchievous. •ift. The Attempt itfelf is abfurd, by proving too much. For if all Perfons have a Right to vote for thofe Laws, to which they are fubjecS, and ought to fubmit [which is particularly the Cafe with re-- fpedt to Revenue Laws, and all Kinds of Taxes and Excifes] then it inevitably foU lows, that every Woman, and all the Youths of both S xes throughout the Na- tion, as foon as they grow up to be Mo- ral Agents, ought to be admitted to vote, as well as Men. Now this is a Principle fo very unreafonable, that i\\c bare men- tioning of it is an Infult to Common-Senfc, And yet, my Lo/d, how can this In- ference be poffibly avoided, if the above Propofition of the Wejiminjier Committeq is \o be admitted ? ^<.v f'i n " If / / ^ -V ^4 -■» ' m - i , - ■* , X ♦ Aa * in M 1 [ 56 ] As to Women in particular, Mr* Cart^ Wright's Pretence for excluding them from this unaiienable Right of voting, is, that God and Nature has excluded them. But here my Lord, permit me to afk when ? where ? and after what Manner ? For if God and Nature gave to aH Moral Agents this unalrenable Right [and farely Women are Moral Agents as well as Men] making them accou*^ table fiW the Ufe, or Ahufe of fuch a TalcAt* how can it be fuppofed, that God anc^ Nature refufed them the Exercife of it ? Either there- fore Women (hot to mention Boys and Girls) have an unaKenable i?ight to votc,-^or they have not; htt Major GaRtwright take his Choice;— and attend to the Confequences either Way, h ■•'•mm- Dr. f o^tRs was aware of this Diffi- cu;;y : Therefore he wilhes to affign another fteafon, wliy Females fhould be deprived of this unalienable Privilege. For he feems to allow, that they have this Right' •?!■■: I • ■;/■ •i'V ' '■' •'■i, '.....• M I , \': f 57 3 Right By Nature % but ftppofes, that wc Males, on account of the Delicacy of the Sext YiQLyc^exfludedtt. or rather htvc £xc^i thcm^ fi»mi ibe Trou^ of vt>f£ng. But here again, a like Qu^ftion may be afked : By what Pi«tence, or Colour of Jufticx can wc exehedtt or even «era/2^tlienl, if they do not exchide, or excu(b themfelves? Befidlcs, it may be further aiked. What IS \\tW LftHcacy of the Sex, to which the Dodbor flies for Succour on the prefent Oo- cafion ^ How is it to be defined ? And according to what Standard are we to afeertain it ^ Or who wiH undertake to conftrur'^ an ele^ioneerJng Barometer, fo that wc may know when this Delicacy of the Sex^rifes, or fells to the voting Point ? Some Females are very high fpirited Dames ; others are exceedingly 1qw» apd fuU of Yappu^-s :. And not a few ace both high and tewwirf^in the feme Half Hbur. What then is to be done in fuch a per- plexing Cafe ? And muft w« at kft hava recourfe tQ the Poet*s Ruku, and apply /\ '" 1 his h I ■^ a m }} ■-^>. i I «)4 m 111 ,1:; i;| v>. [ S8 ] L!s Advice ^o the Purpofes of an clccr tioneering Cpnteft ? Chufe a firm Cloud, and in it Catch, 'ere ihe change, the Cynthia of this Minute. Much more might be added, by rer ferring to feme late Occurrences, wherein the Delicacy of the Sex did not appear tq be the predominant Quality; and Dr.* Towers was to blame for calling fuch Frolicks to our Remembrance. But I forbear. — Leaving therefore all modern lUjftrauons, f'lppofe my Lord I was to adduce a clailical one : Suppofe I was to appeal to the Condud of Penthesilea, the gentle PenthesiLEA, as defcrihed by Virgil, and as now adling her Par^ as a Manager at a PFeJlminfter Rkdion; .„,.i^ ' Duett Amazontaum lunaUs agmtna pettts ' ; ■ r P E N T H E b I L ii A furtns, tnedusque in tnilUhus ardtt t ^ Aursa JubneSem exert a cingula mamma ^"•■. '^ f'^' !*i' BellatriXf audetque viris concurrere 'virgo. / would Dr. Towers admit this delicate Lady, this Woman of the People, to vote for »♦ M V i ■'*i / ■ ■.-■"•'■*-;'■ -■ ■''^f■.■"^; "A."-- ■.■.^/».( ji-,'-' j^.- " for tfie Jlfo« of the People, on fotiie trying Occafion ? I am in no Hurry tor an An- ' fwcr I The Dodor may take his own ; Time for deciding this important Quef- ...■'■-V tion. g.\y :X. *x I therefore proceed to obferve 2dly,» that the fore-going Scheme is an impraSfi^ cable one ;— at lead in fo populous a Diflriift as the City of Weftminfier. ,4 .■^.f T' I.'-* To make this evident, let it be firft pre- mifed, that if the whole Number of In- habitants uf Great-Britain are about eight Millions [which is the common Calcula- tion] and thefe reprefented by 558 Mem- bers in Parliament : — If moreover hori'-t^ don, Wejiminfler, and Southwark do con-' tain, according to the Account of the Pa- triots, one Million y — then it follows, by the Rule of Proportion, that this fvoollen and bloated Metropolis ought to have 69 6-8ths, Or to avoid the FradHon, 70 Members to reprefent it, inftead of eight.- ii ■'M '■'I ■ ^^t ■I m ■t :||'{i ti ■m !• dm ■v., I", [ 60 ] ixKUle of thorn a^Qf the blowing Mail- ncr ) Tb H^mi^r, its fseiag now thd ktngdib Mftri^iBBid ^ontflifiMng the greiiteft Number of Perfons to be reprefented; thirty Reprefentatives i — to London, Twen^ tyilj^ :--^d' to' ^Smfmatk, f^tn, A giiM\f N«6!rrAef^*rti!y, t^llttch' |rtWhifes ^ a glori««K8 Rtfo*toa«Jon f^E^eciaMy* wfiw it is alfo confidiefed, thiaft for the Ghoifce of thefe fcventy Reprefcntatives, we arc to be blcilcd i^Jtli aniraal fileftit^is ! ' - wW ^A'ND nxywr, ■myXord, the "Cbini-tra- gedy fce^ns. Prodai nation is imade for the gtroeral mnual Eledtion df thirty Re- ppefentativcs for the City atid Liberties of Wi^minftBr, Men «h4 W^en, young ai^i oidf Boys as>d Gids, all ademble on thiis joyful Oocaiion. Silence is pro- daiimed : But alas ! who is able to enforce the Proclamationi ? Who is to keep Ordo a^iwi Regularity in this vaftj confufed, and head^fs Multitude ; — all equal by Nature, all ' -^^lllireie, Mid ini&pendcWti %nd all of liiom taught a Lei(i^ [which tfiey wiU qviddy leat^B, and remember] (t^thsEt they >sire to obey «o Laws, but thofe to wbfch they have themfdves aflented ?— ^ Nay further, who is to judge, and who ^tf» Judge, whether they all rclide, and how long they have refidcd within the Liherties prefcribed ? — Lodgers, In-matesi F&Otmcn, Water- Men, Barge- Men, Blackihoes, Chitnney-Sweepers, com- mon Pro^itutes, Wheel-barrow Women, Fifli- Women, Waflier- Women, old- Cioaths Women* Cinder Wenches, 4kc» 6cc. &CC. all, all have a Right, an unali- enable Right to vote ! And if they intend to vote for their full Number of Repre- fentatives, all of them muil learn to re- peat diftindUy the Names of thirty Can- ididates, whofe Names perhaps they never heard before ! Is not this a comfortable Profpedt ! Likely to do much Good ! and ittuch to be dcfircdl — O Liberty! O my Country / V,7.:V^i-- '>'■;'. -''' BfJT, ill ill m B »>■..; Ill ih f 62 ] ^ But, to fay the Truth, fome of the Contrivers of thi; Iic>peful Plan, being duly fenfible, that it is abfolutely imprae- ticable in fuch a Form, though the juft Confequenpes of their own Principles, have themfelves propofed another Mode of conducing it, viz. by Decennaries, or by Streets, or Parifhes. — The former of this, I confefs, was once the Mode, and ai) excellent one too, at that Time of Day, namely, about a thoufand Years ago- m >^ But my Lord, what have King Al- fred's Tythings, or Decennaries to do with modern Times ? Or is it indeed in- tended to revive the Cuftom, where ten Men [Freemen, my Lord, not Slaves, or Copy-holders] were bound with their whole Families to the King, and mutu- ally to each other, for their good and peaceable Behaviour ? Where of Courfe,* eac' had a Right to infped the Adtions of his Neighbour, — to vifit his Houfe at any feafonable Hour, and to pry into his moft domeftic Concerns ? — Nay, and even to ftojUiis Proceedings, if found to be repug- nant \'' '!'• :-. r f 63 ] nant to the Rules of this little Fraternity P —Where therefore the whole Tything 'made, in a civil or political Senfe, but one large Family^ with a common Head, or Chief? — Sure I am, that if fuch a Cuildm is now to be revived, it muft be in the Dcfarts of America, and not in England.-'-^'^To America therefore let it be configned, with an hearty Good- Will. And may all our modern republican Pa-* triots fpeedily retire thither, to make as many political Experiments, and try as many Prcyedts as they pleafe. May thefet. State- Chymifts, and Rofi-crucian Poli-^ ticians have a free PalTage to that defirable Country !' — to that rifing Empire, with-* out Bithops, without Nobles, and with- out Kings ! And I am much miflaken, if even your Lordfhip would refufe them a Paffbort. ^ ,i A- 1% As to the Scheme of voting by Pariflies, or Streets, almoft all the fame Difficulties would arife, which occurred before. If any of the Parijhes bordered upon the ^- '^; • . Thames, -^^ ■ifl IlKi' :i I i *■ m I' 11 f 6* 1 Bargiesr mig^ be moQired U> thf; Stores, [and fureljp ^; Shpres^ are: Parts, of the PariihesJ to^ iiei^^ce the Purpofesrof a«^ decr^ tiooecriirgCowteft,?-— FoF„ if tke temper. tairy Inhabitants (iS4aile^ ok Feiiiakr)t of thefe wQodea Houies choie to eat aiKi 'drink, andtop-wiiihintKenv whacould refufe them the Exercifc^ of their 2;««;tf/r% £nahle RigJ^As of votiagt ? Who, \ meaa, according to the Psim^ks hene hwd down ? If voting: by- particular iS/Ew^/ji fhould be attempted,v whatsis- to become o£ the mimbefflefe- Lanes, Goint8>. AHies,. and Faflag tf,> which adjoin tadtflSerentt Streets anfi whife e<|iually; nwgbt fecve as Coaa-* nxunicajtions to eitheir I la fuck a Caie,, what Maiik or Tokea is t® be fixt on each of tbefe Baekdaor ¥oterSi (aathey might be called) to prevent him, or her, froni^ voting a feCond, a third, or fourth Time, 4^6. in a different Stceet, oi^ at a diflibrent Place ? Atnd indeed! \vsm. m Refidence in general to be defined ; oe by what ILaiW, Ruk« or Limitation, is it to be determined^ ' ..;^ But t^ 5^" ■%■■ V. [ 65 ] But above all, were the Poll to be takea in the Winter, or during the SeEons oft Parliament, would not the Number of -f Inhabitants, of Lodgers, In-tenants, Ser- vants, and even of young Mafters, and pretty Miffes, not to mention occafionallS Servants, and Multitudes of Helpers of ii * various Kinds, Male and Female; — I fay, / would not the Numbers be more than dou^> f ble in the Winter, than in the Summer ;t Monthsi and during the long Vacation Fj;^ And what would be the neceflary Confe- ^j^ quences of all thefe Things? — Un-^^ doubtftdly falfe Returns and double Re- jf' turns, with Petitions on Petitions, Suits ft in WeJimin/ier^Hally and Appeals to the fyj Houfe of Commons without Number i—^j^j So that the Parliament Houfe [the Seen© |» itfelf being in Weflminjier] would be be- j|, fet with Mobs and Riots, and tumultu- ous Proceffioris, all clamorous for their unalienable Rights, from the beginning ^ of the Seffions to the End of it. And\^ what is worfe ftill> no fooncr would onc-^ contefled Eledtion be decided; than ano - ,.-*;., 1^ ... , ;. ■ .._ ^ ...■ ther ' ■ il i 1 :!11 u. w ^ m Mil; 'M i! ■ , .. [l 6(6- ]i thcr (a» in antient R^meJ wowkJ begin tw following Y^ari and the fame Game would be to be played over again^j' '^ If to remedy thefe Evils,' and to put aff ' ' efFedtual >Stop to fuch Oatrages [which; t if -not timely prevented, muft tdeftroy the ' whple] an Attempt were made to abridge *: Imports in 20 of the People of their (pre- tended) unalienable Rights, and to reduce the Number of adtual Voters to Maie Tn- habitants only, paying Sect and Lot, and " , of' 21 Year5 of Age and upwards :^If *^ Thtngs were to be put on this Footing, this would be in reality to return to that identical Spot, from whence we fet out, and to take up at laft with that very Syftem, againft which fuch tragical Giit- ■ cries hadbcen raifed.— P^r/wr/««//?7(?«/^/. "'"[^ But, niy Jl.Qrd* were thifi. Equation- j Scheme not altogether .fo.tfi^r^, or fo ww-.is/ tra^kMe., as. here reprefented, it is an fe> usEJ»JiS5 AxTEMFT, anfwcring no good w I. i iJ- ■ f n '[ -^ '] '^Paifpdfe. Ttos 'Wis 'the ^Jd Mtltl ilrf- •tiertook tb ;^rox^;"ffnd fli ofder tHfetetd, wemaft%aih^bav« 'fecoarfe to Pigtiffc*. ^Blgfeft'MiHioiisxSif ^P-rfbplfc are rdprefetiwH ill Pririhtmem % 5^5^ DcptiffeS. Maftjr -tJf^dfelJ.otbjbdb^fe^dfc Rifants, U¥t fhey tatfflOt fpcafc, «fti 6thfers 'caitfildt '^6A Jpiath. f hafc, it is to be 'hopfcft, -fli^y withodt'Offfehce be ftruck ofF from '^^ 'vStiHg ^X^. Neift ^6 \H^fe kffe to bfe tJfttfed all Idebis and t,ttriri!cs : For thijr likfeMe c^nifiot be afedmcSd t6 ht^rhoral ^f^Wts, AM t will d6 tRie LbckiANk %h<5 Jnftifce t6 afclthbWldd^c, that wheh thfey inffifcd fo taMi tfti the nabril and Ihdefeaflblfe Ri^ht^ oF kiahkiha; thejr meant ieffil^ thb Rights oT mi\ Part of Mdt^kiridi Who tt mbfkl Agebts; ahi ihfetHiffiii'e ca{)aB!e df ni^klB^ k Choice of thMr om. Graiiiirt^ this, tlie Niiniiie^r of adtital Vdfcfer^,^or fc^ thbfe, who, ^c-' colrdirtg ft) th6 LoCKlAK ft^pothefis^^ <)6|ht tt^ bfe dfe6rtt^d ^^/^ Vbtfer^, ^ifl I. i-.' -Ji^i K 2 Be oj itil iifl ill i !i *;■ ■'■■^ V 1 68 ] • be confiderably diminiihed* perhaps a fourth Part. But not to {lick at little Difficulties, we w'll fuppofe fo many to be ftruck off, as will reduce the Number to 5,580,000 moral Agents, Male and Fcpiale. This gives exadlly looo Per- fons to vote for eaph Reprefentative. And then fome good Reafon ought to be affigned, t^ why One Thoufand Vo- ters are fitter to niake a worthy Choice than One Hundred. For my Part, \| ,fCan think but of pne Pretence for this equalizing Scheme, whi'''" hath not been confuted already :— Ana that is, that a thoufand Voters always dif- play more Wifdom and Judgment in the Choice they make, than one hundred can be fuppofed to do. This, I own, would effedtually reconcile us to the Meafure, could the Fa6t be as eafily proved as it can be afferted. 5ut there lies the Diffi- culty. And 1 , 4p not fee, that an Ap- peal to Experience ^yould mend the \'! al- ter. However, let us try. According ■ to w r 69 ] to this Dodtrine, the Aphorifms muft ftand thus,—** Few Voters, little Wif- " dom — Many Voters, great Wifdom," Therefore if there be a certain Borough, which hath the fewcft Voters of any in the Kingdom, their Reprefentatives muft of Courfe be the duilefl : They are the Standard of political Dulnefs ; — Where- as the four Reprefentatives of our great Metropolis muft, for the fame Reafon, be the brighteft : They are the Standards of political Wifdom. Q^^E. D. i S This, my Lord, accounts for one thoenomenOn in the Politics of this King- dom, which perhaps could not otherwifc have been accounted for ; as it enables us to explain, how it comes to pafs, that the Members for the City of London have always outftione, and eclipfcd the reft of the f^natorial Order, in their political Underftandings, the Depths of their Judgments, the Readinefs of their Inven- tions, i \ hs^ W-^h !:■;;'■ ;i/,.!'ii A. ■litiU!;, ; '1 1? '^ Ji [ 70 •] j^ions, and the Happinefs of -their Elocu- tipos. The Wonder DOW xeafqs. ,Th^y Are ch^ofen by the Livery of the City of Ifondon ^(themfelves ,a feleift and chofen Band j) and therefore they have all the JVifdoms of fo mai^y .'Thouiands cxnicen- tred, compared, and condenfed (if t may ufe the Expreflioa) into fo narrow a Compafs as four fenatorial Heads.— ^ .%... k:^' An^ y^ vof/ LfQFdj Bd iboaer is this Difficulty' falvod, tkaxk innotjlher occursi, which I own, appears to me altogether iRftxpUcabJe^ ciamely, why, according tp ^t»e fpre^oing Hypothefis, were not Mr, Du^NNiNG an4 Col. Bar re {not to ^en^tfi^n other emii^ent Senators] whofe J,4|ei>t$ are ujjijMeflionably great, and 4efery^dly admired ;^WJjy were they not chafen for the City of London, m- iiejid of being returned for fuch iofigni- j^c;f^)t Eproughs, comparatively fpeaking, as Jiig/i^Wycvmk and Cake i Nay, why ,8'rrofet /] above \^ m. li \» above aH, wa^- thfe great :Mil. Pitt hiitt- felF thofen-iQnly'by tht thirty-three Fcf- ^foiM inthfe Corporatibn-t)f" Bath^ irtft'cad ' of being returned -by- thfc Thbufands of, L^ndofi or JTtfimm/ier^ ' TheCe ^rc Diffi- cttkiesi I 'fairly own, I ^cannot mafter : Therefore I wiHihgly con fign them over^^ to thofd'great Adepts -in LbCKi an ^Poli- tics, the JVgflfhinJier Committee, td folve, ^ if^th^can.* A f'b .' >,ialt it williikdwife be incumbent on them ^ [in order to prove the Utility of their /f own Plan, and the Advantage of aug- ^r menting the Niimber of Rcprefentativesj ,^, fo' as to bear a juft Proportion to the t ' Number repr^efented] I fay, it will be infcumbent on them to fhew, that the- eight Mehibers for London^ Wejlmin/ier, [^x and Southibark, were always the foremoft in promoting the^ public . Good ; 5:3^' That they might eafily be diftin- , guiihed from little Borough-Members, by 4TiK.x*: i-1 ^ -1, w ll V'M m m m ti?eir m ! : ' their Zeal iii prcpounding Laws of gc-^ neral Utility; wherein the particular,^ ' or kial Interefts cf Londm^ Wejiminfler^ '*■ 01 Southivark were no more concerned^ o f han other Parts of the Kingdom j — andC j that in fhort, they never employed the great Weight and Influence, which thefei[* three great Cities gave them, in prc-^ curing partial Favours for their Confti-?^ tuents; — fuch as for Example, exclufive Charters of Trade for the City, or Boun- ties for the Pert of London ; or Grants and Donations of public Money for build- rr ing or .epairing their Goals, their Bridges, &c. &c. — or for procuring any other Monopoly, or Job. A faithful Lift, my Lord, of futh frufy pairiotiCf and impartial Laws, propofed, fsconded, and conduded by City Members, would be a greater Curlofity, than has ever yet been difcovered in our political Hemif- pbere. And a Table oft heir Contents • would deferve a Place not only in Guild- Hall, ajjii > « t 73 3 V Hall, but alfo in the Houfes af the Lords and Commons, of Great-Britain — 1» perpetuam ret memortam. ^ - -.*T-i3r In the mean Time, that is, till a pub* lip Exhibition of thefe Tables of Merit ' in the above-mentioned Metropolitan-Re- prefcntatives fhall be made, I cannot re- trad: my prefeht Opinion, grounded hi- therto on the ftrongeft Evidence, namely, ' that the Scheme of thefe Projedtors, even when viewed in the moft favourable Point of Light, is dltogcther Juper^uous, a very ufelefs and unnecejfarj Thing. e« ■^"m '^^UT, my Lord, medr Superfluity ana Infignificance is the very leaft Evil at- tending it. For I am now to proves 4thly, That it teems with Mifchief^* and is full fraught with Anarchy and Confufion, and all their black Atten- ^ Nothing is more trite than the Ob* L lervation« i 1 ' ; '■IP "J .-../^' ", 1 ii»i '1 I irJxs fefVafibn, tliat PdvVef Is of an encrd.4eii- irtg Nature : The Truth of which is al- ways verified by Experience, wherever there are no other Powers to counter- balance Its Operations, or check its PrQ-= girefs. Yef the prefent Scheme, of the Weflmtnfter Committee, tends to encreafe the Power of the Populace of that gr^at and growing City [v^hofe Fury hath al- ready made the ftouteft pf you trembl^j even to fourteen Time^ greater than it was before. Is it credible, that fuch a Scheiiw; as this cln ever be adopted either by Men of Senfe or Virtue? A Scheme in which the unthinking and undefigning many will infallibly become the Tools and Dupes of the crafty and defigning^. ^ ^ ^10•i] If, ft ^-Q ' Here therefore let as Ai^poffe a CiMe; which it is to bt feared, wiil- too :foOA become a Reality, if this equahBiug Scheme fhall be adopted. — After -^ gene- fal annual Ele^i^n of 50 Rcprefenta- ". * ' .rro . t tives. > • "x { n 3 lives, one of them is fuppofed to flep |prjvar4'0|i ithp Hwftin^s, and to haran^i^c the |;^ping Popi^)a9|B jin lmii^^^%^ \o XH following Eftftrt. • ^ l^A.^^ M^ dear F4l(m Gtisims, and Wei- otffff f hv^ farms i^ _^^ *^ ^^ 'The l*eopie are 'the Fountain of "* Power: Ye are' the People ! \Hear htm! * hear him f] Kin^s and Padiartieftts,. and * yujlkes of tfie Peace, have no Authority, * but what you give them : They ought * not to acSt, but ajs you fhall diredt, or '^continue longer m Commiffion, than ' ^during your Will and Pleafure [Q hear * him ! hear him!} We, GeJitlemen, ' * m particular, whom you have now * honoured with your Choice, are your * immediate Servants j and we acknow- ' ledge no Power upon Earth fuperior to /j^oJLVS. [Hear him ! hear Iiim !] It is /our Joy and Glory t^ reprefent true *^ Engli/Jime::, the bravcft People in the ' World; a People, who will be free. M L 2 and m ■-\\ ..''■.•... ./ l.'^* f and adt like Freemen } a People who * will no longer fubmit to the Violation * of their Rights, biit are determined tb * demand the Reftoration of them. And, * Gentlemen, it will be the happieft Pe- •i'riod of our Lives to receive your Or- * ders for fuch glorious Purpofes, and to ^'execute eyery Cong^mand, with which , * you fhdl honour us. [Three Cheers three Cheers y my Lads, three Cheers to /% 3p Reprefentafyves of Weflmiji/ierA , . "^* To which End 2(ive us Leave to :* fuggeft to yoii a Plan for making your .* own Importance fliU more confiderable, * and for obliging your Enemies to feel * the Weight of your Indignation :— A '^ Plan it is, to enable us, your Servants, * to execute your Wills and Pleafures \vi * the fulleft Manner, and with Certainty ^'^ of Succefs : A Plan, in fliort, whereby * you will put the Means in our Hands * to make all Oppofition die before you, \Hear him! hear html] ■ c J * Gentlemen, .<. r. ' T > -b^ittijtq^f) I 77 3 ■Vff ivv^f '« CMntlemeit, .'irnf^ nr! fliw ,ii^f You have now here [pointing to * them] a faithful an4 trufty Band. of -* Patriots, the Members of your honour- * able Committee, who have condudted * your Councils with fuch glorious Suc- '.VcefSk jThefe have flood the Teft : They >» remain utscorrupted in the worft of « Titpes; and they fear not the Face of .< Man* Therefore, can you chule fitter * Men for conveying your Orders and In- j^f, ftrudions to us, your Servants, than * thefe, your faithful Committee ? [The faithful Committee Jor ever. Huzza /] * And, Gentkmcn, as they are fighting * your Battles, Will you not arm your- * felves in your own Defence ? They, * and you, and we, your Servants, and * Reprefentatives, have all but one Caufe, ^ the great Caufe of Liberty, and the * Reftoratiuii of our Rights, Aflbciate, * therefore, arm and alTociate, be firm f and Heady. The daftard Souls of thofe, * who i.fii ft! si'. If r * who have fo long injured and opprefled ' us, will be ftrucfc wji^h T^iw aind Dif- ' may, when they fee us armed to take *.V^n|;canpe on them. And, Gemknlen, /|f let rtie tell you. There was a, Time, ^ when your brav« Fore-fathers never ap- If peared in Co«inci]» hut with Amis in their * Han^ ■ ^ I have now the Honour to be^~"''^- a ?•:■ Your Lordfhip's mod faithful ^ -^ ^^ And obedient humble Servant, * tjJ Mmq'n nDi?^iii^t>.l J, TUCKER* f^J { 8i \ ■. '■»( P. 5. As References are often madij \o the Number of conftitutional Voters ift former Times, in this and in the fore^ going Letter ;-*-and as the Obje^ions brought againft my Account of the an- tient, or original Gothic Conftitution^ iii my Anfwer to Mr. LocR£> after every Effort to multiply them, are reduced td twot I will here beg Leave to give a4 full a Confutation of theni^ as fuch fu-^ tile Things dcfervc. -^; ^j >' ^' Tnk one is by Mr. Ibbetson, whoih I %^^ your Lordfhip has lately preferred^ ^nd who maintains, ' That Lands held * in Socage even from the Beginning of * the Saxon Monarchy, as well as in la- * ter Times, were not held by a Servi-* ^tium Serviie, but by a frank, and Ao- * nourable Tenure." In reply to this I Can only fay, that the learned Judges Lyttleton and CokE, Sir Walter Rawleigh, Mr. Campden, and his Tranllator Bilhop Gibson (not to men- m Iii f-Ai'^vV' 'i Vrf" M tion i:. if i' I 'f ! ^r - ■■-'■{ 88 ] -"■ ■' ■■ - i\m many others) had the Misfortune 10 differ hpm the learned Counfellor on ihis Head. And I am content to fuffer ^y Abuiif he, may be pleafed to bcftow lyion tt^e^nfiijph good Company, Jf he {thinks hfs has npt beet) liberal, enough already, he may give i|K)rCi— 7Xhe Point i^fqli ^s npt worth contending for. And fay genera/ ^^g*^*^^'*^ is juil as good wjthout it, as wjth ii.rinjsndiecd the very Queftion is fitter for the PifculHofi J$f an Antiquarian, than for any other ; and the. Proofs relating to it cannot amount to a Certainty pither W;ay- The nc^orc probable Opiniqn f^ems to be, that as aJJ ^Q .J^^rbar^t^s Nations thjroughout the kn^'i^n Wprld had, an.d . (jo itiU retap a mo^ fovercign Contpqapt for eyefy Trade or Occupation except that of Ari|^s,--fhey would not adniit to be upon a P«?r with tbemfelves either thpfe who were doop^ed to till the Ground, or to ^l:»oi)r ^at any mechanic Trades. Hence' Yf^ read, that both |he Qauh and the pr^jj Mi; Germans . ■ A't.. •,.'0 ,Jf uiim •f}'^7r- Germans came^tq their pubjijC; yVilb^hljkftr ^heir Parliaments, or Diets^ jp^.a UM\^i^^ like Mannefi^ iha^; h,, wid^ their AroE^ in their Hand^. i; But th^r^; is no liin fiance upon Record, that tjic Satm^ng or afty other of .that Clais^ > appear cd ofl any public Meeting of his -Tribe, Hoid^ or Clan, with his Spade ^orijMattocki his Share or Coulter. This ftems^ t^ have been the or/^/W ^tate of Things; ;t — nanieJy, that the Voting at ; their public AffemblJes, when any military Expedi^ tionwas to be undertaken^ was confined to Warriors pnl^ , As to thofc AlteratiQ«)«, which fuccefTively to0k Place in Propor» tion as Civilizntionl advailced, and Bar<- barifin difappeared ; and to wii ^h f ud^e Blackstone fc Tis to allude:-— Tli:s i« another Queilion, in regard tor- whicii I ftin not at all iconeerned : Th. refbrc Mr. Ibbetson is ^ghting with his uwn Sha- dow in fo fiercely contending for it, -''i' riR fbtA "y 'ivfJi/l'!»l5?{E'I.V0fi'l?' linn r>ht:rfi':r;H ^'' t^ifi otSer Ohjeaion Is ftfade by Major *' M^. Cart- r^ I #, .^^^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) 1.0 I.I Uf U* 12.2 auuu IIIIIM. 1 1.25 |,.4_,,.6 ^ 6' ► Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WIST MAIN (TRlET WEBSTER, N.Y. WSIO (716) •72-4503 d z «-;-'v C 84 I - Cartwright and Co. who roundly afitrt, that every Man in a County, whe- ther Freeholder, or not, had a Right to' vote for a Knight of the Shire, 'till the dilabling Statute of 8th of H. VI. C. /iJ which disfranthtfeJ the People, 2Lnd re- D;rained tjie Qualificatioh to a Freehold of 408, a Year.— Unluckily forthefe Gentle- men, a Friend of mine, eminent in the Law> hath enabled me to give them fuch an Anfwer, as perhaps they did not exped from one not bred to theProfeffion. Every Election for a Knight of the Shire muft be made at a County Court, and by the Members of that Court onjy ; that is, by fuch as are bound to do Suit and Ser- vice at that Court, if legally required. Now thefe muft be Frank'tsnanU, or Freeholders; for none but they can be bound ift Duty to attend the Sheriff's •Sunimons : And none but Freeholders can vote in that Court. If any other Perfon ihould be prefent [as in an open Court Hundreds and Thoufands may] of fuch an pne it may be faid, that h^ is non re^w in ,. ^^ Curia, 4 [ 8j ] ■ - Curia. This is fo true, that a Gopy^ holder, even at this Day, though wortl^' lool. a Year, cannot give a Vote fgr inot - Election of a Coroner -, whereas a Free- ^ holder of no more than iS. a Year Value, may demand his Vote to betaken, and^ hath a good A<^ion againft the Sherifi^i^ were he to be refufcd. The Cafe re-r. ferred to in this Difpute, was fipiply thisiif — Afitecedently to the Statute made ip the 7th of H. IV. 1 495, the Sheriffs J00I5 upon them to fummon only their Friends and Partizans to come to the County-r Court for the Eledion of Knights cf thfi Shire, peremptorily forbiddinc|?^ others : B ;: which Means they became ab** folute Matters of the Eledtion. Such an intolerable Abufe called aloud {ot Redrefs, Therefore the above-mentioned Statute was made, e^adting, that public Notice (hould be given by Proclamation, when ^he Eledion was to begin, and likewife ordaining, that all who had a Right to, vote, might vote, whether they were particularly fummoned, or not ; nay, even \ tho' '^i,.- i; I ; ! -■'Hi M "I'' '111 ,' !■'; lit' ' ' m' u ■-- ■'- ^^■■"- ... . . ■ -' ". tho' ^hey had received a A'egitf/i, or C^/»* 'ifeiiM»>/?/to the ebhtrary. - Thefb are the V*f^ Wards of the SfMWteV ' -^ -ti-3 i 'i, ^^- j< , ^..H. «'» f < Iw^f ^ofcefeof Time, iihis' Mbdie of ad^ mitftin^all the little Freeholders tCKvotc for Knights of the Shir^^ \*'as fbiiiidtobe' atterided with great Inconvetaienees: [The* the total NurtiheFof Freeh(!Jder& at thaf Tknfe were not a fifth Part ol^ what they^ are at prefent] Aind another Statute was* madciil the 8th of H. VI. C. 7. Anno^ ^42*^* - to ' reftrain the Qijalification of toting, iniJiiV fariicuhr Cafi, to 40s. i^ gyeair. But all the other Parts of tho former Statute of H. IV. refpe^«, (Ireland) had been leafed out to the Jews in Perpetuity. •—What to the Jews f Yes, my Lord,. -flSfjMi N . . to I III ■'; rll i'.!l M ■:il mi; !! \v I 90 ] to them; who were to employ the mife- rable Natives in any Service, or bru(igery they plearcd, for' the fieilefit of their Lords and Maflers of [Oceana, or Oid England : ^ And the Rci^foh \vhich he affigns is equally curious ; ' It is becaufe * Pdnopea, (Ireland J is thefbft Mother of 'a (lothfiil and puiillanimous People, an- * tierttly fubjedled by the Arttig of Oceana, * fince almofl depopulated for (baking th6 * Yoke, and at length replanted with a * new Race, But (thro* what Virtues of * the Soil, or Vice of th« Air foever it * be) they come ftill to degenerate. * Wherefore, feeing it is neither likely to ' yield Men fit for Arms, nor neceffary it « ihodldj ith^d been the Intcreft of Oce- ' ana — to have leafed it to the Jews* And now, my Lord, after fuch Authori- ties as thefe, (all Champions for the Rights and Liberties of Mankind) what can this paultry Scribler oi Ghcefter fay ? How dares he to hold up his Head? — But to return.] The celebrated Mr. Richard Baxter (whom I moft fin- eerely believe to be a very honeft, and well ^f inten- ,v;,l ' 'J Ai * ■i intehtibned Man, tho' fbnietitl|es grdatl^ miftaken) anfwered both Hobbs and Harrington in a fet Treatifc 5 wherein he discovered a much founder Judgment than either, and laid down fuch Maxims of Government, as would hive made a very good Syftem ; — had he not marred it all by endeavouring to introduce a Theo- cracy into an Englijh Government and Conftitution. This capital Error led him of Courfe to maintain intokrant Principles in Religion 5 Principles, which could not be juftified any where, except in Judea\ which little * Territory was poffefled by one peculiar People, holding the fame by b^tJ?'^ \ c li ittt * Many Places in the Writings of Moses refer t^ 'his very ilngular Inftitution ; particularly Levit. xxv 24. The Land [of Canaan] is mine; for ye are Strangers «nd Sojourners with me [youir King Jehovah, who gave you this Land.] And then it foUpws of Courfe, that this Circumllance created, as it were, a diftinSl Right to bind the Children of Jfrael to fuch Terms of Loyalty and Obedience, as were npt laid on other Nations, who were not under alike Form of temforai Government, noi* had a Country given them to hold on the fame QondJU vim N2 fuch '} H iL .ft *i?i| 'I \t r i.>..„^^.. " i .tViv -f iV '-^ .*.; j^^.vi^ . "^ i;. J,Mtn'JU'< .l;(j.V'7', -^ ,"V ^. ,; ^/ :(j-'jry-mi -nfi', sud'^ ^"isi^rjA-.jJ'S^i^i.t^^mfei- ;|. C 9S li though ijbemingly arifing from op*- pofite Schemes, tend to the fame Centre* and reft on the fame Foundation \ namely, A falfe Idea of the prefent (fuppofcd) Perfections ^nd Excellencies of Human Nature. Sir Robert's Syftem muft fup* pofe (whether he intended ii, or not) that a mortal Man, by being exalted into the highefl Station of all, and invefted with arbitrary Sway over his Fellow- Mor- tals, becomes fp much the better, and wifer, and fitter to govern, than he was before : Whereas the very Reverfe to this is nearer to the Truth. Mr. Locke's Syftem is much alike ; for it fupnofes,r that Mankind, taken in their aggregate or coikdlive Capacity, are fo much the lefs pofitfve and dogmatical in their Opinions^ the Jefs liable to be perverted in their Judgments, the more humane and candid in their Deciiions, and the more difcreet ! ^hAffT"- '- o and I .K "?>> \ m [ 98 ] And difpaffleriite in their R«folvcs, thaii Otherw-fethey wcwldliavebeen. Whereas every Tittle 6f this is faHe. In fhort, if Experience ihall be aHow^d to decide this Queftion, it will dmoft univerMly tell us, that when a Multitude are in- ' veiled with tLc Power of governing, they prove the very worft of Governors. They ^re raih and precipitate, giddy attd in- conflant, and ever the Dupies of deigning Men, who lead them to commit the moil atrocious Crimes, in order to make them fubfervient to therr own Purpofes. Be- fldes, a democratic Government is defpbtic in its very Nature ; becaufe it fuppofts it-, felf to be the only Fountain of Powerj from which ihere can be no Appeal, Hence, therefore, it f^omes to paf§, that this many headed Monftcr, an abfolute Democracy^ has all the Vices and Imper- fedions of its Brother-Tyrant, an abfolute Monarchy^ without any of the fhining Qualities of the latter to hide it$ Defor- mity. And what is flill worfe, it feels no Remorfe IF tlie^eiore DotH ffieie^^^^ of (jo- vernnient are generally fo bad,, that they . ought to he; aybiied as much as poffible/^ i^, ■ — perhaps your L^drdfhip might hefe be .; apt to a A:, * Is there iany that is gopd, * according to your pjetent liefcription } *^For Government of fortie Sort or other ' there n^uil be, notwithflanding its ma« * nifold Imperfections.* To this I an^ fwer, that that Government may be de^ ,^ nomiiiated good, in this relative or com- : parative Senfe, which grants fufficient , Liberty both civil and * religious, to t% . . *.It is r^markablci that the faihoCis Republics of Antiquity* both of Greece and Home, never allowed Li- berty of Confcience, or the Rights of private Judgment in Matters of r(;Hgi6us Wo^lKip. — All wtre obliged ei- ther to conform to the nonfenfical SupierftitiOns, the grofs Immoralities;, cruel and Aiocking Idolatries of the Heligiott of the State, or to undergo thkC moft grievous P*rfecuti6hs, in Cafe of Non-compliance. This I in- fill on as a FA£t : A": \1 JDoverncd to 'do what is right, agr^dbl)^ to the Didtates of found Reafoh > anct yet retains Power and. Authority enoi^gh to reftain the iU-intentioned, and to puni/h the wrong Poers.— Doubtlefs many Checks may be 'introduced into every Government, for preventing an Abufe of Power to a great Degree;— ^ and many Expedients may be devi^4 for giving Energy to a weak and impo- tent Conftitutipn : — Yet, after all, I think it mqft be allowed, ttxat the very beft Form of Government for anfwering thole ^gopd Purpofes, feems to be the mixt— • ^ib mixt, as to partake of the Firmqefs ^ oif a regal Form, and the Credit or Repu- ^ tation of a popular one. For by fuch •an happy Temperament, many of the Advantages of both may be obtainedj^ * and their chief Inconveniences be avoided* > But in order to enfure this good End, ■ and to make it permanent, by keeping a ^ due Medium between both Extremes, the / Regal and the Popular, a thirdl Power. fcarri'. /- fhould "^ • ' I loi I \'..'- fhould intervene : — A Power, whofe pe- culiar Int^refl it is, to maintain the Ba^ lance even between the oppofite and con- tending Parties, and to prevent either of them getting fuch an Afcendency, as would render the other ufelefs or unn^- ceflary. And fuch a Power can be no Other than an hereditary Nobility invefled with Privileges of a peculiar Nature, for ereSfing aCounter-poife, This Inftitution here in England is honourably diftin- guiftied by the Title oi an Houfe of Lords ; and is fo conflituted, as to par- take of the Qualities both of the regal and of the popular State j becaufc it would inevitably lofe by the Lofs or Deftruc- tion of either of the other two, and yet be no Gainer by its Exaltation. There- fore fuch a balancing Power will of Courfe,-^! might fay, it will through NeceJJity^ throw its Weight into the op- pofite Scale, if either of the other Powers ilipuld be fouad to preponderate too much, ' m \ ■ ill T..'V- ■;in to ? V, ij<. ■ And, [ 102 ]; .t And, my Lord, it was this very Cir-* cuiiiflance, ami no other, which pro- duccd the glorious Revolution of 16884 , King James attempted to be arbitrary ; [ His Deiigns of engroffing all Power to himfelf, were too apparent to be . de^ nied; and no RemonftranCes> however full of Duty and Rcfpedt, could flop .. his Proceedings. Then he was dppofedi moft juflly oppofed,— not by the People only, but by the Nobility alfo. Nayi I might add tvith the ftriaeil Truth* that the Nobility were the Joremqfi, be*- caufe they led the Way in thifl AfFain For it cannot be denied, but that they htid ortginaffy a much greater Share in bringing about this Event, than mofl Commoners, though aftehvards they feemed rather tardy. — Many Proofs and Evidertces might be adduced ; but they are needlels. ' 7* ^ ^ . : .: '^-'- ^ \:..w-.' tjjiiio im!'-} -a M^c J^t^^c^l i. J t\^*^: Jt= Let us now fee what Ufe has Mr. Locke made of this Matter; and how ,./a far. . ) fjtr, or how well, doth his Syftem com- port with this plain Narration of in- tcrefting Fadls. In the 2d Part of his Treatife on Government, inflead of men- » tioning the three balancing Powers of the Con/iitutron, and of the good Confe- qtiences refulting from the Jundion of two of them againfl the third, if it &ould attempt to predominate; which he ought to have done ; — he afcribes all Authority, Power, and Pre-eminence to the People only, as Cromwell's Level- lers had done before him. And he finks the Nobility into a total Infignificance,— never afcribing to them any Right or Privilege, or even fo much as an Ex- iflence in the State, any other wife than as they make a Part, and a very fmall one too, of the Mafs of the People. Nay, in his 19th Chapter, of the Dijfo- httion of Government y he lays down fuch a Polition, as annihilates the Houfe of Lords at once, abfolutely fbrbiding us to acknowledge them, as a Branch of ■'■■•'■■ ■• ■' ' - the ) it t". *• I- the Legiflature, diJitnB from the People* His Words arc thcfe: " When any one,. ** or HGiore, (hall take upon them to •* make Laws [whether conjundtively with the other Branches^ or fole-" by themfelves, he doth not fay, but ihall take upon them to make Laws]** ^f^vthovsi the People have not appointed [or e- ledled] fo to do, they make Laws without Authority, which the People ** are not therefore bound to obev, — and may conftitute a new Legijlative^ as they think beft." The neceflary Con- fequence of which *s, That an Houfe of[ Lords, unlefs they will acknowledge, that they are appointed by, and the Crea^ iures of the People, are a Pack of U- Jurpers, who ought at leaft to htfet qfide^ if not to be puniflied for daring thus to infringe the Prerogatives of their Superi- ors. A fine Leflbn this for your Lord- ihip, and the whole Body pf thp Peerage! «<^ «( «( <( «( ,?'■ But what is ft ill more extraordinary ^Tf IS, ■:> ^^ vif- [ 165 ] is. That this fame Power of the i*eople^ though Lord Paramount over all, 19 neverthelefs the moft fleeting and uri- fettled Thing upon Earth. For the Soil is hot bound by the Adt of the Fslther, though it (hould be ever fo neceffary for the Safety and Prefervatiori of the State. The young Man, it feems, is no Subje^ of that Government under which he was born, and which continued to protedl him : No, he is flill as free and indepen- dent a 3eihg, as Robinson Crusoe iii his defert Ifland, — ^and wiH ever fo re- main, till he himfelf (hall hohcut fome Qovernment or other with his Choice, by a perfonal and exprefs Agreement with it. [Compare §. 116, and §. 122, of the 2d. Part of Mr. Locke together. See alfo my Confutation thereof. Pages 43 and 48.] An implied Contrad: in this Cafe, or what the Civilians term a ^qfi^ Contract, is^ it feenis, no Contract at all. And a virtual Reprefentation is to be hooted and fcouted at. — But why? P And I ::t if ip6 ] ij^fifi for ,:fvh^t Rqtiibn ^re a ^afi^Con- ctrad^, and a virti^l Repreijen^atiofi to be .trqatpd with ^ch Der^fiop aijd fDifdain ? ^JFor a veijy .p^in a^jd obvJQus one, yifJmfh Mr. iJvoc^E h^s ftggj?fti?d# «ainc- }y> J-hftt Wjcre thefc Things to he ^r lowed, \t ^puld then foUow, that Men ipigjit he boun4 jp Confcifacje to obey ^|i(:h Law$, to rfje framing of which |h.^y had not a^kually or perfq^gjly con- f^pted* and to fuhmit to thpfe L^w- Givers and Magifl:ratc§, whom they hajl n,Qt efedled. And then farpwell to the grandPrinciple of all, the unalienable jg.iGijiTS OF HUMAN Nature! — Bah/fitf if JailenJ isJaUml t^'S^l vin But however ft range thefe Pofitiotis are, , I can aflure your Lordfhip, that ther6 are ft;anger yet to come. For thefe fame Rights, unalienable and untrans-- Jerahle as they are, and the very Pillars of the Lock I AN Caufe, will vanilh in a Moment, and difappear at once, [like die bafelefs Fabric of a Vifion] as foon as ' " ever [i 10/ ]1 ever the Majdnty my Lord, I was fo far from fup- prefiing thefe Paffages, that I quoted them at full Length in the 6th and loth Pages of ; my Anfwer :-— And I infifted on them> I , appealed to them> I laid all poflible Strefs upon them in many Plapes of n^y Treatife , [See particularly Pages 3 1 »— 36] And I now do make them the capital Article of my Charge againft his Dcdrine, as what over- turns itfelf, and deftroys his whole Syftem of unalienable Rights. Either, there- ' fore, thefe boafted Rights- are alienable^* or unalienable. — Let Mr. Locke's De-^ fenders chufe, which Side of this Qucf- ^ tion they will pleafe to maintain; and I^ am con^ep^ ; — provided they will adhere ^ to it, and not (hift about, and be guilty ' of thofe Tergiverfations which have hi- therto appeared in all their Writings. A ' Searcher after Truth, and a Praditioner of Legerdemain, are very different Cha- radters. I envy not the latter his Succefs. ^ As to Mr. Locke, confidered as a 4 M ■^t.^ I- [ IQ9 ] Man, it is impollible for me to have anj perfonal Ill-will againft him. And con- fidered as a Writer, I freely own, that when I was young and unexperienced, ^, about 20 Years of Age, I cftcemed him as a kind of Oracle both in Mctaphyfics, t and Politics, paying him all Kinds of De- ^ ferencefliort oi implicit Faith. But when I arrived at thirty, I began to find, that ^ he was not that original Author, en- riching the World with new Di/coveries,^ • which my unexperienced Youth had ima-*' gined, and which very many ftill fuppofc* to be the Cafe. Afterwards, at the Age of 40, 50, 60, and upwards, I was more and more convinced from the Labours of many learned Men, whofe Writings had ferved .0 open mine Eyes — and alfo from mine own Refledlion on the natural T*endency of his diftinguiflied Tenets, that his Works had done more Harm, than Good in the World; — and that there is a Mixture of Error in the very bed of them, which difguifes the Truth, and {prevents it from having its proper EfFedt. Mr. ^B »^ Mr. Lgcke is now tbeldalof the Free^ thinkers^ or ks P/iilo/bphes de France i^ becaufc he fuggefted the Hint, that Mat-- ter is capable of^ thinking; — On whicb- v^ry Foundationr they-build all- their Suj, perftru(fture of atheiitiGal Maserialifmj Hence, as. I was inforoiedby a Pdribo^, who ought to know, they confider him ^ as the Head and Founder of ' their Sedl. ^ This is undoubtedly doing, him no Ho- - Hour, but great Injuftice : For he never . intended, that any iuch Inference ihouW » be drawn from the Premifeg. Neverthe-f . lefs though the Man ought to be abfolved t from any Guilt on that Account : this cannot araornt to a Vindication of his.. Dodrine. Therefore, while Charity leads us to acquit the one, Juftice as r nccefTarily obliges u^ to condemn the- other Mc. Locke is dfo now the Idol of the" Levellers of £w^/^«^i-*-And if your Lord- .-. ihip iliould afki Why? Or for what' Reafon?.— I will frankly tell you: — In » . the- i I 1 { -III .] ..•- .c ^^.-..^ •|}*e 2d. Part of his TreatiTe oiTWoVem- ment, he fupplies them with fuch Ma- terials, as put it in their Power (were his Scheme to take Effed) to call for thou- sands and rhoufands of Alterations in the Forms and Modes, Management and Admihiftration of every Govtrn- ment upon Earth, and to unfettle every Thing. In ftiort, his Principles or Pofi- tions {whatever were his Intentions] give them ^ perpetual Right to fhift and change, to vary and alter, without End; That ijS, without coming to any folid -Eftablilhment, Permanence, or Dura- tion. Add to all this, that as the rifmg Generation are not bound, (according to Mr. Locke's Syftem) to acknowledge the Validity of the A<5ts of their Fathers, Grandfathers, &c. they mud of courfe have a new Set of unalienable Rights of their own ; for they are perfectly their ,own Mafters, abfolutely free, and inde- pendent of that very Government, under which they were born . In Confequence of this. !l it 1 t iiV 3 this, they alfo ha/e a Right to demand as many new Arrangements and Altera- tions, as they plcafe, agreably to their own Tafte and Humour: And if they are not gratified therein, have a Right to flir up new Commotions, and to bring about another and another Revo- lution, &c. What could the moft en- thufiaftic Republican wifli for more ? For thefe Reafoiis, my Lord, I can- not fubfcribe to the modern Notion, that Mr. LocKE*s Syftem of Politics has any Tendency to promote either genuine Liberty, real Safety, or focial Happinefs. On the contrary, it is my firm Opinion, that it can produce no- thing better than Anarchy and Confu- fion in every Country, where it is fuf- fered to operate to its full Extent. And Experience alas ! but too truly julti- fies this Obfervation, wherever his Syf- tem has had any confidcrable Influence. The poor Inhabitants oi North America, of Geneva, &c, will have Caufe to wifh, that the \ [ 113 i theLockiAN Syftem had never been known among them. — But though I am an Infidel in regard to the Merit of Mr. Locke's Notion or Maxim of unalienable Rig.itst for making perpetual Changes; — ^yet there is another Author> fornjerly of* fome Reputation in the Worlds whofe Maxim 1 moft cordially adopt; and if an old Plebeian in his 70th Year, dared to advife a young Nobleman and Prime Minifter, not much more than Half as old, I would earneilly beg Leave to re- commend it to your Lordfhip to do the* fame ; — namely, to fear God, — and ho" nour the King, — and not meddle with thofe who are given to (unneceflary) Changes. With thefe Sentiments I take Leavd of your Lordfhip at prefent ; And have the Honour to fubfcribe myfelft Your Lordship's V Moft faithful humble Servant> J. TUCKER. 1 BB^ -■■.>:\.:1' s. t-'iri^^-i ^'^m£^: \Ui^t>^^^ '-> - 1q ..YH;>;Tr:olt ; . t-?o-i--t;&' -i^dicci/;" ssi'v.;.:j':-r ^' i>j^i>''j .^'is ti I)//' '■"»'? r.'^ • «j ■,• •• Jl ^4 "■ ^ .. ■ . . » • ■ ■ ■-"•.-•. . »•..'■?• > ■ »- r ■ ■ « f. •?■■:•..._ • • ; 1 ' JI ... •,>! ^; i i I I { "5 } EflB^ ■1 ■ "f-'i ^^ P P E N D I X ' 'iO' TO TUB' Jts-^W^ ■ l;:,.ijj'ii;a FOUR I I iJ 1 ^ 1 ' E R S O R S • S ■ D T 6 LORD S H E L B U k N E. CJ'.ii-.' . ; ■■ .' "^ '- i-fi 1 My Lord, e ,- ' ^ > » 4 .1 ■^.: I HUMBLY beg Leave to add a few Paragraphs by Way of Appendix, occafioned by the feveral Committees,, who are now filling the News-Papers with their Refolves fbr a parliamentary Reformatibn. . * .' J - . J .:# t ^ I ■ 5 Your Lordihip cannot be ignorant of the Remark frequently made by Foreigners, that the Enghjh Nation is perpetually agitated by fome political Storm, or other; and that the People, like SV [ n6 ] like the tempeftuous Seas that furround them, can never remain long in a calm, or tranquil State. What Advantages have been taken, and efpecially of late, by crafty and defigning Men of this national Weaknefs and Imbecility of Mind, I need not fay. ^ < ^ Rather therefore, as it will be more for my prefent Purpofe, and as it may poflibly open the Eyes of fome well- meaning, but deluded People; permit ijie to attempt to lay before them a brief State of thofe great national Ob- jects, which our prefent Race of Patriots folemnly profefs, they conftantly bear in Mind, as the End and Aim of all their Labours; — and then to cqntraft them with thofe Meafures, by which they propofe to obtain fuch important Ends. By Means of this double View, every Man of plain Underftanding, if not ab- folutely blinded by Prejudice, or /old to ?)e ^ Siave to Party, may cafily judge 'of [117 ] of the Merits, or Demerits of the pre- fent Endeavours of our modern Re- formers. NATION JL OBJECTS io be perpetually kept in Fieiv, ^,' TO reform our cor- rupt and abandoned Morals,^— to encreafe our induftry, and to remove the Temptations to Vice and Piflipation, Idlenefs^ and Extravagance, as far as is pojjible, out of the Way of the common People,— hence alfo' to leflen the Burden of the Poor,— to reduce the Price of our Manufaftures, and thereby to make it the Interest of other Nations to buv our Goods, —■- to contract our Expences at hcie and abroad, as a Means of lef- fening our Taxes, — and to make a Beginning to- wards the Payment of our immenfe Debts. Reflexions, All thefe are undoubt- edly great and national Ob- jefts, ever worthy to be purfued ! and were a re- forming Spirit of this Na- ture to prevail among us, we WAYS AND MEANS propofrd by our p/efent Race of Patriots, for ob- taining fuch Nat ION Ai. Objects. \ .. „, \, AND firji (in Conformity to the grand Lock i an Principle, that thofe Laws which bind all, ought to be aflentedtobyall) to add many hundred Thoufands of the U'wefi of the People, the moft indigent, and the moji venal of them, (perhaps fome Mil- lions) to our ele Pioneering Liji of National Voters, This is propofed as the firfi Step toiuards reforming our Morals, and lejfening our Expences . — A good Beginning truly ! ! / „ THEN zdly, to create ad- ditional Reprefentati'vcs in Parliament for all thofe po- pulous Counties, Cities, and large Sea-port To^wns, nvhere the greateji Numbers of the abo'vc-mentioned poor, mife- rable and venal Creatures are knoiun to diuell : — Alfo to appoint new Members for the many Thoufands of poor Journey-Msn, Day-La- bourcrs, and lonu ignorant Me- chanics I -M f "8 } we coold not fail of being a great and flonrifhing People, numerous, and rich and happy at home, and refpe^led abroad, whatever were the Iflues of the pre- ient warr — But, without fuch a Re- form, let the Terms of Peace be ever fb glorious, and were all our Enemies even to kneel down before as, and to make every Con- ceflion we ourfelves fhould demand ; yet all fuch fplendid Viftories, toge- ther with their Confe- quences, great and diftant Po(re(fions, would foon prove to be nothing better than honourable Graves for interring the Strength, Power, Population, and Opulence of Great-Britain. Such is the Fate of all Con- quefts ! Such it ever was ! Sttif et iffa Roma virihus mit. chanicj refiJitig in Birming- ham, MancheRer, Leeds, Halifax, lie. tic. ami in e') '..^-''^H -Ur-r':.'' ■ '■ * ' ■ . . i i; 1-.. ■i "i-i And now, my Lord, what fhall we fay to thefe Things ^ Can any Scheme be more worthy of the Patronage of the honourable Family of the Wrongheads than this before us ? — A Scheme, where- m I\ I itf 3 jtn chefe ia fuch a thorough Knowledge of Human Nature ! Such a ftriking Con- formity between the great Ends to be obtained, and the fapient Means here propofed for obtaining them! But I forbear :— If Fame fays true, your Lord- ihip hath engaged yourfelf to aflift ia carrying this hopeful Projed; into Exe- cution. — For the Sake of yourfelf and your Country I hope this Report i» falfe : But I fear the worft. .T'-' Hh Itkactu ■ ' V 'A( 1 ' -J V • * ' - ^ • i F I N I ^. 'I ^ ■^ ^ -;' ['l k %-''V ^ > - --'■' "'I.e.: -:.;■* wm wmm •0 laefy puhkJJied ly tHt'fafAe A U t H O tt* iountqr, as a. Parf t/ihe ^prijk Empire ^ ioht'^tiiieeLtA by our hx^ti ^ni fupported ait dur EJtpeii'ce ; ^9hd' tHe itb^oljite Nec«4}ty of having no other Comnuuiictttion with it, thian-what maytrife front ))Mr/»AMi*//r/^i in tlus , • ^, , , . ■/ - ... » . ' 1 . . ^\^% t J^V Courfe of Trade and Con\merce. . . ' . >. i ■ . ... ,-..., :*.';;.. . _ - • -.:.>., ^ i JU A CONFU*rATION of Mr; Locke's LEVEL^ LING PRINCIPLES oT titcunalienaiU .^d utuiIteraAle RIGHTS of the Common People to VOTE in all important CASES of CIVIL GOVERNMENT : Aad that no Man is the SubjeA of any Oovemment* till his own aAual Confent had made him fb> III. cm BONO? the Third Edition. Proving, that alt the Powers engaged in the prefent War, are militating againft their own immediate Interefts ; and that the greateft Vi£lories- would in their Confequences prove th|ir gceateft LolTes* :;> ' I ''•^. , * IV. A TREATISE on WOOL, fetting forth thef prefent Dearn^fs of Price, and the mod prohable Means of ptocuriug a reafonable Vent for the fame* i i ♦• /' 5 };' ../ i i r .